The Strange Cosmic Ray Event of A.D. 774 that Shocked Medieval Time | Boring History

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Hey friends. 
Tonight, we're traveling back to

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the year 774 when something 
extraordinary happened in the 

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cosmos that left its mark on 
Earth. 

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In ways, people wouldn't 
understand for over 1,000 years.

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This is a story about mystery 
and evil life and how the 

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universe occasionally sends us. 
Puzzles wrapped in Starlight. 

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So as we ease in take a moment 
to like the video, and let me 

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know where you're tuning in 
from, and what time it is for 

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you. 
Let's open our first chapter 

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now. 
Imagine what the world was like 

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in 774 when Charlemagne was busy
becoming the Holy, Roman 

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Emperor, and most people thought
the Earth was the center of 

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everything. 
It was a time when the most 

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amazing piece of technology. 
You had was a Watermill, the 

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news traveled as fast as a 
horse. 

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You learned about the universe 
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 

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philosophy, Christian Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

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he saw in the sky that one 
night. 

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You lived in a world where the 
heavens were as reliable as 

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Clockwork or at least as 
reliable as a sundial, which was

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the most accurate. 
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.

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The moon went through, its 
phases and the Stars moved in 

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patterns that people have known 
about since the beginning of 

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recorded history in a time. 
When so much of life was 

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uncertainty, this Celestial 
reliability was more than just 

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useful, it was very comforting. 
Hollywood might make you think 

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that people in the Middle Ages 
were primitive but they weren't,

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they were skilled astronomers, 
who could predict when eclipses 

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would happen figure out when 
Easter would be years in advance

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and find their way by the stars.
With amazing accuracy Monastery,

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libraries kept careful, records 
of comets, the movements of 

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planets and other strange things
that happen in the sky for 

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hundreds of years. 
These people didn't freak out at

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every shooting star. 
They were experienced 

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skywatchers. 
Who could tell the difference 

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between normal and amazing in 
comparison to how complicated 

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things are today. 
The medieval view of the 

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universe was very simple Earth 
was in the middle of everything 

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and around it. 
Were Crystal Spears that held 

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the moon planets and stars in 
their never-ending dance. 

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The empyrean was beyond the 
sphere of fixed stars, and it 

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was where God lived in. 
Perfect Light, it was a universe

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that made sense where everything
was in the right place and had a

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reason for being there. 
People in 774 live their lives 

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in ways that most people today 
forgotten, you woke up with the 

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sun because candles are 
expensive and Firelight was hard

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to find the sun's path across 
the sky. 

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Not the clock. 
Told you how long your work day 

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was Farmers. 
Knew that certain crops should 

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be planted when certain stars 
came up at dawn and monks split 

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their prayers into different 
parts. 

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Based on the canonical hours 
that followed the sun's 

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movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

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lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

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closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

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only things that could reach 
your world. 

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If you were lucky enough to go 
on a pilgrimage, you could see 

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them, it would have seemed a 
strange to you, that things 

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happening. 
Millions of miles away in space 

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could affect your daily life as 
the idea that you could one day 

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video chat with someone on the 
other side of the world. 

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But even in this small world, 
people were very aware of the 

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sky, the night was really dark 
because there were no electric 

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lights to wash out. 
The Stars. 

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This made celestial events, much
more visible and dramatic than 

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they are now everyone could see 
a bright Comet not just 

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astronomers with special tools. 
The Milky Way looked like a 

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cosmic Highway across the sky 
and meteor showers were events 

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that Whole Villages would stay 
up to watch. 

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Everything was affected by 
religion, and people often saw 

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celestial events through 
religious lenses, strange things

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happening in the sky. 
Could be signs of political 

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change warnings from God about 
how to act morally or signs of 

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the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

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astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

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understand. 
God's will in 774 most Scholars 

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were monks and Priests who could
read The Works of ancient 

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Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 
and Pliny the Elder these texts.

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Helped people understand how the
world worked, but medieval 

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Scholars were just passive, 
recipients of ancient knowledge.

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They also made their own 
observations and sometimes came 

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to different conclusions than 
classical authorities. 

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People were curious and 
observant at the time, but only 

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up to a point natural 
philosophers endeavored to 

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comprehend God's creation 
through meticulous examination. 

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Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

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truth. 
It was important to pay 

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attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

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scientifically interesting. 
But also, because they could 

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Spiritual meaning, trade 
networks linked. 

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Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

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exchanges a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

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hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 

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paths and diplomatic channels to
reach chroniclers information 

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moved slowly but steadily making
a medieval version of an 

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intellectual Network that could 
keep, and share important 

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observations in this carefully, 
planned world of 774 Where the 

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stars, followed familiar 
patterns, and strange things 

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happened? 
So rarely that they were 

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memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

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The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

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that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

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records. 
It would take humans over 1,000 

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years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

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it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

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know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

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powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

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They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

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fields, praying and looking at 
the stars they knew they had no 

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idea that invisible radiation 
was about to fall from space and

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amounts. 
That would be seen again for 

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another Thousand Years. 
A match that you're a relaxing 

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in your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night, in 774, maybe 

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sometime between late winter and
early summer. 

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The exact date is lost to 
history. 

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Like so many other details from 
that time. 

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The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

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they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

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ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something 

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amazing. 
Is happening higher above the 

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Earth's atmosphere that people 
won't fully understand until the

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21st century. 
A huge burst of high energy 

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particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

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that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

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wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

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A falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

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radiation, carrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

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anything. 
Human technology can make even 

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today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

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medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

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This is partly because the 
people who are affected couldn't

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see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

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visible light change the night 
sky. 

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In any big ways or show any 
clear signs, that something 

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strange was happening unlike a 
comet or supernova. 

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It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing fireworks 

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show in the history of the 
universe, or wearing a blindfold

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what was going on even though it
could be seen, was truly 

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amazing, protons. 
And other high energy particles 

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were hitting Earth atmosphere. 
At, almost the speed of light, 

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this caused secondary particle 
to rain down toward the surface.

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The Steve was about 20 times 
higher than normal cosmic ray 

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levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

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spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

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These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

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atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon-14 the radioactive 

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isotope that archaeologists used
to date old things. 

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This process usually happens at 
a steady predictable rate like a

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cosmic clock that has been 
ticking steadily for thousands 

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of years but in 774 that clock, 
suddenly sped up, making carbon 

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14 at levels, that would leave a
mark on every living thing on 

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Earth forever trees did a great 
job of recording this event, 

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even though they didn't know 
they were acting as Cosmic 

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historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

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and 7775, which scientists would
later recognized as one of the 

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most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

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ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

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seen. 
The cosmic rays were all making 

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other isotopic. 
Signatures like Berlin, 10 in. 

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Nice cause and chlorine 36 in 
rocks, these records of the same

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event were spread out all over 
the world like pieces of a 

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puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

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for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

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invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

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here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

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cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

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of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last 

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maybe two neutron stars which 
are city-sized objects with the 

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mass of our sun crashed into 
each other, in our Cosmic 

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neighborhood, sending out a 
short, but very strong, burst of

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high energy particles, you can 
start to understand the energies

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involved. 
If you picked your two Atomic 

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nuclei, the size of Manhattan, 
crashing into each other at 

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speeds of thousands of miles per
second. 

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Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is neutron star

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with a magnetic field trillions 
of times stronger than Earth's 

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at a huge flare that sent 
radiation of cross. 

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Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy, Cosmic light houses 

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that sometimes Load with energy 
that can be seen from thousands 

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of light years away. 
If one of these huge stars, 

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hiccuped in the right way, Earth
would have been in the way of an

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invisible tsunami of high energy
particles. 

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One of the most interesting 
possibilities is that Earth saw 

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a gamma-ray burst, which is one 
of the strongest explosions 

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known to physics when huge Stars
collapse into black holes or 

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when strange Stellar, remnants 
collide with each other, in a 

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way that destroys everything. 
These events can outshine whole 

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Galaxies for a short time. 
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth

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directly could have caused the 
cosmic Race by that was seen in 

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774 the timing of this event is 
what makes it so interesting 

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from 774 to 776 medieval records
from all over the world. 

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Talked about strange thing that 
happened like strange lights in 

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the sky, strange weather 
patterns, and other things that 

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chroniclers thought were worth 
noting. 

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These observations may have 
natural explanations that have 

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nothing to do with cosmic rays, 
but the connection is 

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interesting enough. 
You think about what people, who

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looked at the sky in the Middle 
Ages might have seen that, they 

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couldn't explain the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 was short by 

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astronomical standards, it 
probably lasted months instead 

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of years. 
However it was strong enough to 

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leave permanent marks in Earth's
natural records. 

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It was like getting a cosmic 
Telegram in a language that 

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people wouldn't be able to read 
for more than 1,000 years when 

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they had better tools and 
theories from a medieval point 

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of view, this storm was 
completely invisible to any 

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technology or observation method
that was available at the time. 

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Cosmic ray events don't leave 
any visible signs, that would 

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alert people and like a clip's 
comets or supernovae. 

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The people of 774 were going 
through one of the most amazing 

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astrophysical events in history.
But they had no way of knowing 

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it was happening, but in a way, 
they were all part of a cosmic 

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experiment working together 
without even knowing it to make 

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a time capsule, that would help 
scientists. 

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Learn more about both medieval 
history and astrophysics. 

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Every tree that grew every piece
of ice that formed and every 

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living thing that developed 
during those important years was

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quietly, leaving behind 
evidence, that would be very 

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useful to researchers 13th. 
Centuries later even though 

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medieval people couldn't see 
cosmic rays. 

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The years 774 to 776 were not 
born for the people who lived 

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through them. 
There are records from Europe 

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and Asia that talk about strange
things that happened during the 

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time. 
He can't say for sure that 

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Cosmic radiation caused all of 
them. 

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But the timing is interesting 
enough to make you wonder what 

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people in the Middle Ages were 
really seeing imagine being a 

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monkey in a scriptorium in 775, 
keeping the chronicle that tells

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the story of your monasteries, 
most important events you dip 

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your quill in Oakley and write 
down that the winter has been 

231
00:11:28,200 --> 00:11:31,000
Usually harsh and that strange 
colors have appeared in the 

232
00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:34,200
northern sky a few times, you 
don't know that more Cosmic 

233
00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:36,700
radiation could change the 
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

234
00:11:36,700 --> 00:11:40,300
small ways or that high energy 
particles could cause stranger 

235
00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:43,400
auras to appear at lower. 
Latitudes than usual, the 

236
00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:46,200
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most reliable sources

237
00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,200
from the Middle Ages, says that 
a red crucifix appeared in the 

238
00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:52,700
sky after Sunset around this 
time, many evil chroniclers were

239
00:11:52,708 --> 00:11:55,400
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

240
00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:57,000
between normal and strange 
events. 

241
00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,000
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

242
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:01,900
events. 
They were probably seeing 

243
00:12:01,900 --> 00:12:06,100
something that was really 
strange between 700 and 774 and 

244
00:12:06,100 --> 00:12:11,400
776 Chinese astronomical records
from the Tang Dynasty, which 

245
00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:14,000
kept some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

246
00:12:14,008 --> 00:12:16,500
world noted, a number of strange
events. 

247
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:19,500
Chinese astronomers were a 
specialty, good at keeping track

248
00:12:19,500 --> 00:12:23,000
of comics Nova and other 
short-lived events their records

249
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:25,800
talk about guest stars and 
stranger atmospheric events that

250
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,100
don't match up with any known 
astronomical event. 

251
00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:31,900
From Earth, the annals of Ulster
say that there were strange 

252
00:12:31,900 --> 00:12:33,400
lights and weather patterns in 
Ireland. 

253
00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:36,000
During this time, Irish 
monasteries were places where 

254
00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,600
people could learn and keep 
detailed records of events on 

255
00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:41,500
Earth and in the sky. 
Their Chronicles often give us 

256
00:12:41,508 --> 00:12:43,700
information about things that 
other sources might miss. 

257
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:46,900
The fact that different 
independent Chronicle Traditions

258
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:49,100
or record strange things 
happening at the same time, 

259
00:12:49,100 --> 00:12:52,400
suggests that something strange 
was really going on. 

260
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,900
But this is where the story gets
really interesting. 

261
00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:56,900
From a human point of view 
people. 

262
00:12:56,900 --> 00:12:59,800
In the Middle Ages who saw these
things had to make sense of them

263
00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:02,600
using what they already knew 
this meant that they mostly 

264
00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:04,400
understood strange things 
through, religious and 

265
00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:06,800
philosophical lenses and of 
scientific ones. 

266
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,600
A strange light in the northern 
sky, could mean that the 

267
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:12,700
government is about to change. 
The God is unhappy with how 

268
00:13:12,700 --> 00:13:15,300
people are acting all that. 
The end of the world is near 

269
00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:18,300
people probably thought of the 
Red Cross in the Anglo-Saxon 

270
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,200
Chronicle, as a Christian 
Vision, may be showing God's 

271
00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:24,100
judgment or Mercy. 
These interpretations were 

272
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:27,200
simple or stupid. 
They were smart tries to make 

273
00:13:27,208 --> 00:13:30,100
sense of strange events with the
The best tools available at the 

274
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:32,100
time. 
It also looks like the weather 

275
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:36,600
in the Middle. 
Ages was strange from 774 to 776

276
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,600
with different records talking 
about harsh Winters, strange, 

277
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,400
storms, and other weather events
that were out of the ordinary 

278
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:45,700
cosmic rays. 
Don't directly control the 

279
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:48,600
weather, but they can change the
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

280
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:51,700
ways that might change how 
clouds form and how much rain 

281
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,100
falls medieval. 
People would have thought it was

282
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,000
magic that invisible particles 
from space, could change the 

283
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,100
weather on Earth. 
However modern research shows 

284
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:02,000
that these connections are 
possible in theory. 

285
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,400
Some agricultural records from 
this time. 

286
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,900
When they still exist, talk 
about strange, crop yields or 

287
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,400
growing conditions farmers. 
In 774 were very aware of small 

288
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:14,700
changes in the environment that 
could have an effect on their 

289
00:14:14,700 --> 00:14:16,600
crops. 
They would have noticed If 

290
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:18,600
plants were acting differently 
than they should have, 

291
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,500
theoretically increased Cosmic 
radiation could impact plant 

292
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:24,800
growth and development. 
In ways that seasoned Farmers 

293
00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:27,600
might notice, even if they 
couldn't articulate their 

294
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:30,900
observations, Monks may have 
noticed, small changes in how 

295
00:14:30,900 --> 00:14:33,900
plants grew or flowered in 
Monastery Gardens which were 

296
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:36,900
well kept places medieval 
monasteries kept very detailed 

297
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:39,500
records of farming. 
And some of these records 

298
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:42,500
suggest that the weather was 
strange during the mid 700s and 

299
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:44,700
70s. 
It is impossible to say, for 

300
00:14:44,708 --> 00:14:47,800
sure, if these changes were 
caused by Cosmic radiation or 

301
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:51,000
just normal changes in farming, 
but the timing is interesting. 

302
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:55,000
Even if the cosmic ray event 
itself couldn't be seen, it 

303
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,200
probably had a bigger effect on 
the minds of people living in 

304
00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,200
medieval times, even though, no 
one could say, for sure what was

305
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:02,300
going on. 
Strange lights in the sky 

306
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:04,500
strange, weather patterns and 
strange. 

307
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:07,500
Natural events would have made 
people feel like something big 

308
00:15:07,500 --> 00:15:09,800
was happening. 
People in the Middle Ages lived 

309
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:11,900
much closer to the Natural 
rhythms of the world. 

310
00:15:11,900 --> 00:15:15,300
And we do now, this made them 
more aware of small changes in 

311
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:17,900
the environment that people who 
live in cities today might not 

312
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:21,400
notice at all a farmer who slept
outside every night would notice

313
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:23,900
if the Aurora appeared at 
latitudes that were lower than 

314
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:26,300
usual. 
Similarly, among who prayed 

315
00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:29,400
regular times would notice if 
the colors of dawn, More dust 

316
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:32,200
looked different than usual when
strange things happened in 

317
00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:35,000
medieval communities. 
People usually turn to religion,

318
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,700
more asked learned people for 
advice and paid close attention 

319
00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:40,600
to other signs. 
That might help them understand 

320
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:44,000
what was going on communities, 
might set up special prayers 

321
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,500
processions or other religious 
activities to respond to Divine 

322
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:49,500
messages that are hidden in 
natural events. 

323
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:52,500
It is specially sad that people 
in the Middle Ages saw the 

324
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:55,300
aftermath of one of the most 
powerful astrophysical events in

325
00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:59,000
history, but they had no way to 
understand what it really meant 

326
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:01,800
or how important it was. 
They were like people who are 

327
00:16:01,808 --> 00:16:04,600
trying to understand a symphony,
but could only hear a few notes 

328
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:07,500
here and there or who were 
trying to enjoy a painting but 

329
00:16:07,500 --> 00:16:10,300
could only see random 
brushstrokes but their careful 

330
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:13,400
observations and detailed 
records, which are still kept in

331
00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,300
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 
annals on several continents. 

332
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:20,200
Give modern scientists important
information about both the 

333
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:23,500
cosmic ray of event and its 
possible effects on Earth 

334
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:26,600
medieval chroniclers writing by 
candlelight in stone. 

335
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:30,500
Scriptorium made records that 
Very useful to astrophysicists 

336
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:31,700
13th. 
Centuries later. 

337
00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:37,600
People living between 774 and 
776 experienced mystery in, its 

338
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,200
purest form things that were 
clearly important. 

339
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:43,100
But Wouldn't be explained by 
what they already knew. 

340
00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:46,800
They used the tools, they had 
careful observation keeping 

341
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:49,900
detailed records and thinking 
about what they saw using 

342
00:16:49,900 --> 00:16:51,800
religious and philosophical 
traditions. 

343
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,300
That had helped people 
understand things for a long 

344
00:16:54,308 --> 00:16:57,600
time, picture yourself as a 
detective, trying to figure out 

345
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:00,000
a mystery that happened more 
than 1200 years ago. 

346
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,100
The only Clues you have a 
scattered across Royal archives 

347
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:06,300
Monastery, libraries and the 
hidden records written in tree 

348
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,000
rings and Ice cores. 
When modern scientists first 

349
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,200
found proof of the 774 cosmic 
ray of event. 

350
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,599
They had to put together, 
medieval Chronicles and the most

351
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:19,300
advanced Astro physics to figure
it out in the early 2000s. 

352
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,599
Researchers looking at treeing 
data saw something amazing that 

353
00:17:22,599 --> 00:17:25,599
led to the big Discovery. 
The amount of carbon 14 in 

354
00:17:25,599 --> 00:17:31,100
Woodstock samples from 774 to 
775 went up a lot which hasn't 

355
00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:32,700
happened in the last few 
thousand years. 

356
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,800
There was like nature of 
suddenly switched pairs to write

357
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:37,900
the same story, making a 
signature. 

358
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:40,900
So unique that it could be seen 
in trees from Japan to. 

359
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:44,200
Germany to North America. 
But what makes this discovery so

360
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:46,600
interesting is that the same 
strange thing happened at the 

361
00:17:46,608 --> 00:17:49,900
same time in many different 
records all over the world, ice 

362
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:52,500
cores from Antarctica and 
Greenland had higher levels of 

363
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,200
beryllium 10 and other isotopes 
that are made. 

364
00:17:55,208 --> 00:17:58,600
When cosmic rays, hit other 
particles, Coral growth rings 

365
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,400
from tropical oceans, showed 
signs of the same event in their

366
00:18:01,400 --> 00:18:03,500
chemical makeup. 
It was like seeing the same 

367
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:06,700
fingerprint at crime scenes on 
different continents, medieval 

368
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:10,000
chroniclers who wrote by 
candlelight with quill pens and 

369
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,000
knowingly, recorded pieces of 
this Cosmic puzzle in their 

370
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:14,900
careful notes, about strange 
events. 

371
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,100
It was no longer just a strange 
medieval Superstition that the 

372
00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,300
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 
a red crucifix, in the sky. 

373
00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:24,600
It could be useful, scientific 
information about how Cosmic 

374
00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:28,100
radiation affects the atmosphere
Chinese astronomical records, 

375
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:31,100
were especially useful because 
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.

376
00:18:31,100 --> 00:18:34,100
Kept very detailed records of 
celestial events. 

377
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:38,600
Their records of guest stars, 
strange lights and Atmospheric 

378
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:44,900
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped
us understand how experienced 

379
00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:48,200
skywatches might have seen such 
an event with the tools they had

380
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:51,000
at the time to connect medieval 
Chronicles to Modern 

381
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:53,200
astrophysics. 
You had to think about things in

382
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:56,400
a way that was, like, going back
in time researchers needed to 

383
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,300
comprehend. 
Not only the observations made 

384
00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:01,400
by medieval individuals, but 
also how these observations 

385
00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:04,300
would have been interpreted and 
documented within their cultural

386
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,700
and scientific contexts medieval
Chronicles would have used the 

387
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:11,300
language of Omens wanders and 
divine signs to write about 

388
00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:14,100
something that we could describe
in terms of particle physics and

389
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:16,400
Atmospheric chemistry. 
The result of this 

390
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,200
cross-disciplinary detective 
work was a picture of an event 

391
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:21,100
that was both dramatic and 
invisible. 

392
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:24,300
Nobody Diesel technology could 
have detected the cosmic ray 

393
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:26,600
bombardment itself. 
Careful. 

394
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,100
Observers might have been able 
to see its secondary effects, 

395
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:33,200
such as strange, auroras 
atmospheric phenomena, and maybe

396
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:34,800
even small changes in weather 
patterns. 

397
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:38,400
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

398
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,400
matches. 
The time when cosmic ray levels 

399
00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:43,300
were high, this suggests that 
some of the strange things that 

400
00:19:43,300 --> 00:19:45,600
medieval writers wrote, about 
may have been caused by the 

401
00:19:45,608 --> 00:19:48,900
invisible radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

402
00:19:48,900 --> 00:19:51,600
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

403
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:53,700
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

404
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:56,300
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

405
00:19:56,300 --> 00:19:58,600
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

406
00:19:58,600 --> 00:20:00,700
strange things that happen. 
During this time. 

407
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:03,700
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

408
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:07,000
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

409
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:09,500
add to and clarify what, 
European, and Chinese sources of

410
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:11,900
said, the worldwide nature of 
these records. 

411
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,200
Suggest that what was happening.
Was truly Global not just in one

412
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:17,300
area. 
Modern researchers have a hard 

413
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:20,400
time figuring out which cosmic 
ray effects are real and which 

414
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,300
are just the normal background 
of strange events that medieval 

415
00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:26,600
Chronicles wrote about all the 
time people in the Middle Ages 

416
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:29,400
lived in a world where comets, 
eclipses, strange weather. 

417
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:31,700
And many other events were 
always happening. 

418
00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:34,800
And being soon as important to 
figure out which anomalies might

419
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,700
be linked to the cosmic ray 
event, you need to carefully. 

420
00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:41,100
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

421
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:42,800
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

422
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:45,800
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

423
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:47,400
how consistent. 
They are across different 

424
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:50,400
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

425
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:52,700
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

426
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:55,600
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

427
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:58,700
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

428
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:00,900
strange. 
And not just what people in 

429
00:21:00,900 --> 00:21:03,600
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

430
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,200
His Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science worked best when 

431
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:09,600
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

432
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:12,400
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

433
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:15,300
phenomena and their possible 
impacts historians and 

434
00:21:15,308 --> 00:21:17,900
archaeologists helped by sharing
their knowledge of medieval 

435
00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:21,200
sources and the historical 
context geochemists and 

436
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:25,100
climatologists study tree rings,
ice cores and other natural 

437
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:27,900
records that keep Chemical 
traces of events from long ago. 

438
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:32,900
The 774 event is especially 
useful for science because it 

439
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:35,100
can be used as a kind of cosmic 
calibration tool. 

440
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:38,600
Scientists can better understand
similar, but smaller events in 

441
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,800
the geological and historical 
record by studying how this 

442
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,200
intense cosmic, ray event 
changed Earth's atmosphere and 

443
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,800
biosphere. 
It's like having a Rosetta Stone

444
00:21:47,808 --> 00:21:50,300
to help you figure out what 
cosmic rays signatures mean in 

445
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:52,800
natural archives. 
The medieval chroniclers who 

446
00:21:52,808 --> 00:21:58,700
wrote about strange events and 
774 to 776 part of a scientific 

447
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:01,600
collaboration that they could 
never have imagined their 

448
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:04,200
meticulous observations 
documented in manuscripts, 

449
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:06,900
dispersed throughout Monastery, 
libraries and Royal archives. 

450
00:22:06,900 --> 00:22:09,700
Yielded essential evidence for 
comprehending. 

451
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:13,100
One of the most consequential 
Astro physical occurrences in 

452
00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:15,700
recorded, history. 
Scientists can now read the 

453
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,200
cosmic signatures hidden in tree
rings and Ice cores. 

454
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:22,000
Thanks to modern technology. 
However, medieval people who saw

455
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,600
the event gave scientists the 
context, they needed to 

456
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,000
understand how it might have. 
Looked to people who lived 

457
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,400
through it, the combination of 
high-tech analysis and careful 

458
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,400
historical research has 
uncovered a story that neither 

459
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:34,800
method could have found on its 
own. 

460
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,300
The people who saw the 7774 
cosmic ray of event had no idea.

461
00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:41,100
They were witnessing 
astronomical history. 

462
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,300
Careful record-keeping and 
detailed observations made a 

463
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:47,200
time capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

464
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,300
researchers more than 1,000 
years later. 

465
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:52,100
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

466
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:54,000
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

467
00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:56,500
Only when looked at from the 
point of view of later, 

468
00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:59,200
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

469
00:22:59,208 --> 00:23:02,500
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

470
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:06,000
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

471
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,900
the sun because that's when life
starts in a time before electric

472
00:23:08,900 --> 00:23:11,200
lights. 
When you step outside your home,

473
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,100
whether it's a peasants Cottage,
a monastery, sell or a 

474
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:16,600
Merchant's house. 
You might look up at the sky and

475
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,000
realize that something strange 
has been happening up there. 

476
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:23,200
The cosmic ray event, that 
peaked in 7774 was making small 

477
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,300
changes in your environment that
you couldn't see. 

478
00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:29,100
Strange things that Chronicles 
and travelers wrote about were 

479
00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:31,900
adding a sense of wonder and 
uncertainty to everyday life 

480
00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:34,900
people in the Middle, Ages were 
used to living with mystery. 

481
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:37,800
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world were 

482
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,708
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there were so many

483
00:23:40,716 --> 00:23:43,300
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like big 

484
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:45,300
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

485
00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:47,000
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

486
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,900
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

487
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:52,600
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

488
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,900
always start with prayers but 
prayers from the Middle Ages 

489
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:58,700
often ask for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

490
00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:01,500
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights, 

491
00:24:01,500 --> 00:24:03,900
and unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

492
00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:06,700
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

493
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:09,400
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanation was not

494
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:10,900
very clear. 
Strange. 

495
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:13,800
Things could be seen as either 
Divine messages or bad owners, 

496
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:18,500
most people in 775 were farmers.
So they had to pay close 

497
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:21,300
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time 

498
00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,600
to be successful in farming. 
In the Middle Ages, you had to 

499
00:24:24,600 --> 00:24:26,800
be able to read subtle signs in 
the Environment. 

500
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,700
Like when to plant based on the 
temperature and moisture of the 

501
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:32,500
soil, how to tell when the 
weather would change based on 

502
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:35,500
the clouds and wind patterns, 
and how to tell when it was time

503
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:38,900
to harvest people who survival 
depended on, being able to read 

504
00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,500
Nature's signals, would notice 
any strange changes in the 

505
00:24:41,500 --> 00:24:44,200
environment right away, the 
higher levels of cosmic 

506
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:45,700
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

507
00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:48,300
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

508
00:24:48,300 --> 00:24:51,000
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

509
00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:53,900
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how cropped, grew and

510
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:56,600
developed, even though the 
effects would be small. 

511
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:59,200
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

512
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,500
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

513
00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:04,600
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

514
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:07,300
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

515
00:25:07,300 --> 00:25:10,800
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces where small 

516
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:14,100
changes might be easier to see 
monks, who took care of herb 

517
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:17,100
garden and medicinal plants were
trained to be very observed and 

518
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:20,500
pay close attention to how 
plants grew and how healthy they

519
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:22,300
were. 
Because they knew so much about 

520
00:25:22,300 --> 00:25:25,000
how plants normally behave. 
They might have been able to 

521
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,500
spot things that less 
Experienced observers would have

522
00:25:27,508 --> 00:25:30,300
missed the psychological climate
of daily life. 

523
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:33,100
During this era was likely 
affected by the proliferation of

524
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:36,800
anomalous reports from various 
regions, and sources, medieval 

525
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:39,600
communication networks, which 
were based on trade, routes 

526
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,900
pilgrimage routes, and 
diplomatic contacts moved 

527
00:25:42,900 --> 00:25:46,000
information slowly. 
But steadily strange stories 

528
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:49,100
from Faraway places would slowly
make their way into local 

529
00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:52,600
communities, making people feel 
like the normal order of things 

530
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,600
was changing in some way people.
In the Middle Ages, knew that 

531
00:25:55,608 --> 00:25:58,600
big events often made themselves
known through natural signs and 

532
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:00,700
Omens. 
Medieval people strongly 

533
00:26:00,700 --> 00:26:03,400
believe, that strange events 
could happen before big changes 

534
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:06,900
and politics Society or religion
people who lived at the time 

535
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:08,700
would have thought that 
something important was going 

536
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:11,600
on, when several sources 
reported strange events 

537
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:15,100
happening at the same time, even
if they didn't know exactly what

538
00:26:15,100 --> 00:26:18,400
it was, people might have talked
about strange weather strange, 

539
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,100
lights, and other strange, 
things that Travelers and 

540
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:24,100
Chronicles had seen more often 
during this time because 

541
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:28,200
medieval communities were small 
in The news spread quickly, the 

542
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:30,100
collection of strange reports 
would have given people 

543
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,400
interesting things to talk about
at communal meals Market Days 

544
00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:36,400
and other social events people 
who worked outside would have 

545
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,400
had more chances to see strange 
weather patterns, but people who

546
00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:42,800
worked inside might not have 
seen blacksmiths carpenters. 

547
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:45,400
And other craftsmen who worked 
outside would have been in a 

548
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,400
good position to notice changes 
in the Colours of the sky 

549
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:50,400
strange. 
Cloud shapes or other 

550
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,200
atmospheric Oddities that could 
be related to The Invisible. 

551
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,000
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 
hitting the, upper atmosphere of

552
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,100
Earth. 
During this time, people might 

553
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:00,700
have spent more time watching 
the sky at night, because they 

554
00:27:00,700 --> 00:27:03,300
were more aware of the 
possibility of strange celestial

555
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:06,300
events people in the Middle Ages
were already good at looking at 

556
00:27:06,300 --> 00:27:08,800
the stars. 
A night sky was much clearer 

557
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:11,400
without light, pollution, and 
looking at the stars was 

558
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,700
important for keeping track of 
time and finding your way, but 

559
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:17,500
reports of strange, light and 
Atmospheric anomalies would have

560
00:27:17,508 --> 00:27:19,600
made them even more. 
Careful about what they saw at 

561
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:23,500
night during 775 religious, 
observance is made of 

562
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:26,100
encompassed specific prayers or 
rituals intended to 

563
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,800
Appropriately address the 
enigmatic signs that appeared 

564
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,500
with notable frequency, medieval
Christianity, offered Frameworks

565
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:34,800
for interpreting natural 
phenomena as Divine 

566
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:38,200
Communications and communities 
may have organized supplementary

567
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,400
religious activities to ensure 
appropriate, responses to 

568
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:44,000
perceived Celestial messages 
life in the Middle. 

569
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,700
Ages was still governed by the 
seasons even though strange 

570
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:47,800
things were happening in the 
background. 

571
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,800
No matter how many cosmic rays 
were in the air, or how many 

572
00:27:50,808 --> 00:27:54,300
strange lights were in the sky. 
Spring planting summer 

573
00:27:54,300 --> 00:27:58,400
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 
winter preservation, activities 

574
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,900
all followed their old patterns,
but there may have been more 

575
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:04,900
talks about what current events 
mean and what they could mean 

576
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:07,700
for the future while the work 
was going on, Merchants and 

577
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:10,400
travelers, who had the most 
information about different 

578
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,000
parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

579
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:15,500
important in spreading news, 
about strange events to 

580
00:28:15,500 --> 00:28:18,800
different areas, a merchant, who
traveled between cities a lot 

581
00:28:18,808 --> 00:28:21,100
could act as an unofficial 
Clearing House for stories. 

582
00:28:21,100 --> 00:28:24,200
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

583
00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:26,600
what happened in their own area,
with what happened in other 

584
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,700
places, the cumulative effect of
living through a time. 

585
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:32,300
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

586
00:28:32,300 --> 00:28:35,100
probably a stronger feeling of 
living in important times. 

587
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:37,900
People in the Middle Ages knew 
that they were part of ongoing 

588
00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:41,100
historical stories like the 
history of the kingdoms, the 

589
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:44,400
history of the Bible on the 
story of Kristen they thought 

590
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:47,600
that strange natural events 
might mean that important parts 

591
00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:49,100
of these bigger stories were 
being written. 

592
00:28:49,100 --> 00:28:52,400
What makes this a specialty sad?
Is that the people of 7? 

593
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:54,500
5. 
We're going through a very 

594
00:28:54,500 --> 00:28:57,900
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

595
00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:01,000
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

596
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:04,000
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

597
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,700
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

598
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:09,300
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

599
00:29:09,300 --> 00:29:12,200
That would be very useful to 
scientists to 1000 years later, 

600
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:13,900
but they didn't know it at the 
time. 

601
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,900
The story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

602
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:19,800
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

603
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,400
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

604
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:26,900
in Japanese cedar trees 
greenlandic ice sheets and the 

605
00:29:26,900 --> 00:29:30,500
margins of medieval manuscripts 
Its story that shows how the 

606
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:34,300
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

607
00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:37,400
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

608
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:39,600
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

609
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:41,300
them. 
As is often the case with 

610
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:44,400
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

611
00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:47,600
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

612
00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:50,900
studying radiocarbon levels and 
tree rings in the early 2000s 

613
00:29:50,900 --> 00:29:54,800
were creating detailed timelines
of past weather conditions when 

614
00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,300
they found something that had 
never been seen before. 

615
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,800
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 
that happen all over the world 

616
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:07,400
in trees between 774 and 775. 
Imagine the moment when these 

617
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:09,600
scientists first understood, 
what they were seeing 

618
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,800
radiocarbon dating works. 
Because cosmic rays change 

619
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:16,200
nitrogen in the air. 
Into carbon-14 at rates that are

620
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:18,200
fairly predictable for thousands
of years. 

621
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:21,600
This process has been running 
like a clock in space making a 

622
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:24,900
baseline that archeologists and 
climate researchers used to date

623
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:29,100
old things but in 774 that 
steady clock in space suddenly 

624
00:30:29,100 --> 00:30:33,500
sped up despite was Hugh about 
20 times higher than normal 

625
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:36,400
levels of cosmic rays and it 
happened all over the place. 

626
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:42,800
At the same time during their 
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 

627
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:45,800
in Japan, Germany, North America
and other parts of the world. 

628
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:49,600
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

629
00:30:49,600 --> 00:30:52,700
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

630
00:30:52,700 --> 00:30:56,200
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

631
00:30:56,200 --> 00:31:00,300
At first scientists didn't know 
A big and sudden event around 

632
00:31:00,300 --> 00:31:02,500
the world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

633
00:31:02,500 --> 00:31:05,800
1960s had caused fake 
radiocarbon spikes but the 

634
00:31:05,808 --> 00:31:08,600
natural historical record didn't
have anything like what they 

635
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,700
were seeing in 774 in theory 
solar flares could cause more 

636
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:17,500
cosmic rays but the 774 event 
was so big that was bigger than 

637
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:20,700
any known solar storm. 
The big step forward happened 

638
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,400
when scientists started looking 
for other natural records that 

639
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,500
keep Cosmic race signatures that
could back up their findings 

640
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:30,000
Antarctic Ice cores which 
trapped gases and particles from

641
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,500
the atmosphere in layers that 
look like pages and a Frozen 

642
00:31:32,508 --> 00:31:36,400
book showed higher levels of 
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes

643
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:39,100
made by cosmic ray interactions 
during the same time, period, 

644
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:42,900
Coral growth rings from tropical
ocean had other chemical signs 

645
00:31:42,900 --> 00:31:45,400
of the same event. 
Science was sure they were 

646
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,700
looking at something truly new 
in the historical record because

647
00:31:48,700 --> 00:31:50,300
evidence from many different 
sources. 

648
00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:55,800
Tree rings, ice cores and coral.
Reefs all pointed to the same 

649
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:58,900
amazing event. 
That happened in 774. 

650
00:31:59,100 --> 00:32:02,400
To 775. 
But figuring out what happened 

651
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,500
was just the first step in 
understanding it, what might 

652
00:32:05,500 --> 00:32:07,800
have caused such a strong burst 
of cosmic radiation. 

653
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:10,500
This is where medieval 
Chronicles became an 

654
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:13,400
unexpectedly important part of 
the scientific equation, 

655
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:16,600
scientists figured out that if 
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 

656
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:22,300
lot between 774 and 7775 There 
might be indirect proof of what 

657
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:24,300
happened in, historical records 
from that time. 

658
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,400
Chroniclers, from the Middle 
Ages were skilled at noticing. 

659
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:29,100
Strange things in the sky in the
air. 

660
00:32:29,108 --> 00:32:31,800
And they may have seen things 
that could be linked to higher 

661
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:34,800
levels of cosmic radiation. 
Researchers had to think like 

662
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:38,200
both scientists and historians 
in order to link medieval 

663
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:40,000
observations to Modern 
astrophysics. 

664
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:43,300
They had to know not only what 
people in the Middle Ages might 

665
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,100
have seen but also how those 
observations would have been 

666
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:49,200
understood and recorded in the 
8th Century ways of knowing and 

667
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:52,200
believing a phenomenon that 
contemporary scientists would 

668
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:54,300
characterize through the lens of
particle physics. 

669
00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:58,700
May be depicted in medieval 
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or

670
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:00,900
Divine. 
Sign the interdisciplinary 

671
00:33:00,900 --> 00:33:03,700
investigation yielded evidence 
that medieval observers 

672
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:09,200
discerned unusual phenomena. 
During the years 774 to 7776 the

673
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:12,400
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 
of a red crucifix in the sky, 

674
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:16,700
Chinese records of guest stars 
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 

675
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:19,200
other chronological accounts of 
strange lights and weather 

676
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:22,000
patterns from this. 
Time suddenly became more 

677
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,600
important as possible proof of 
cosmic ray effects, the 

678
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:27,600
scientific teamwork needed to 
solve this mystery. 

679
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:29,700
As an example of how modern 
research works. 

680
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:33,300
Best astrophysicists came up 
with theoretical models of what 

681
00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:36,900
could cause such strong cosmic. 
Ray bursts, scientists who study

682
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,400
the atmosphere talked about how 
high energy particles. 

683
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,700
Could change the chemistry of 
the upper atmosphere historians 

684
00:33:42,700 --> 00:33:45,400
and archaeologists offered their
knowledge of medieval sources 

685
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,200
and timelines. 
Geochemists created ways to get 

686
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:50,400
cosmic rays signatures from 
natural archives. 

687
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,500
Each piece of evidence backed up
and made the others clearer. 

688
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,500
The tree-ring data gave very 
accurate measurements of when, 

689
00:33:56,500 --> 00:33:59,700
and how big things were the 
analysis of ice calls confirm 

690
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:03,000
that the event affected the 
whole world, medieval Chronicles

691
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:05,700
provided perspectives on the 
potential perceptions of the 

692
00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:07,300
events. 
Secondary Effects, by human 

693
00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:10,500
observers, the heretical 
astrophysics proposed, potential

694
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:12,500
Origins for such a profound 
cosmic. 

695
00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:15,600
Ray burst the most likely 
explanation is that Earth was 

696
00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:18,900
hit by radiation from either a 
gamma ray burst which is one of 

697
00:34:18,908 --> 00:34:20,500
the strongest explosions known 
in. 

698
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:24,800
Universe or huge Stella Flair 
from a magnetar, which is a 

699
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,400
neutron star with very strong 
magnetic fields. 

700
00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,100
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

701
00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:33,500
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

702
00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:38,100
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

703
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:42,100
This discovery is especially 
important because it is one of 

704
00:34:42,108 --> 00:34:45,100
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

705
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,300
recorded gamma-ray. 
Bursts are so powerful that they

706
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:50,100
can briefly outshine whole 
galaxies. 

707
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:54,199
If one happened close enough to 
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 

708
00:34:54,199 --> 00:34:58,400
race Spike, there would be a 
very rare astronomical event the

709
00:34:58,400 --> 00:34:59,600
talking about things that 
happen. 

710
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,100
Maybe once every few thousand 
years in our part of the 

711
00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:05,300
universe, the effects go beyond 
just figuring out what happened 

712
00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:09,900
in one strange event. 700 774 
Cosmic race bike, is a good way 

713
00:35:09,900 --> 00:35:12,500
to figure out how these kinds of
events affect the atmosphere and

714
00:35:12,508 --> 00:35:14,900
biosphere of earth. 
Scientists can better, 

715
00:35:14,900 --> 00:35:18,100
understand similar, but less 
dramatic cosmic ray changes 

716
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:21,800
throughout geological history by
looking at the Topic, signatures

717
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:23,800
left behind by this well-known 
event. 

718
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:27,200
Modern technology has made it 
possible for scientists to read 

719
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,400
chemical, signatures in natural 
archives with amazing accuracy. 

720
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,000
However, medieval chroniclers 
gave us the human context. 

721
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:36,400
We need to understand how people
living through these events 

722
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:38,900
might have seen them the 
combination of high-tech 

723
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:41,000
analysis and careful historical 
research. 

724
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:43,700
Found a story that neither 
method could have found on his 

725
00:35:43,700 --> 00:35:47,600
own, those who lived through. 
The 774 cosmic ray event could 

726
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,700
never have guessed that their 
careful, observations would one 

727
00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:54,100
day help scientists learn more 
about neutron stars gamma-ray, 

728
00:35:54,100 --> 00:35:58,400
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 
but their details records, which

729
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:01,700
are still kept in Monastery. 
Library and Royal archives were 

730
00:36:01,700 --> 00:36:04,300
very important for solving. 
One of the biggest astrophysical

731
00:36:04,300 --> 00:36:06,700
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

732
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:09,700
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

733
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:11,600
let's think about how a cosmic 
event. 

734
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:17,000
That lasted only a few months in
774 has changed how we think 

735
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:19,200
about the universe for more than
1,000 years. 

736
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:22,700
It's a story about How things we
can't see, can leave permanent 

737
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:25,700
marks on the world and how those
marks can wait, hundreds of 

738
00:36:25,708 --> 00:36:27,600
years for someone to learn how 
to read them. 

739
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,900
Scientists now, call the cosmic 
ray event of 774, the most 

740
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,600
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 
recorded history. 

741
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:38,000
Its effects go far beyond just 
being an interesting data point 

742
00:36:38,008 --> 00:36:40,900
for astrophysicists. 
This event, fundamentally 

743
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:43,700
changed how we think about the 
relationship between Cosmic 

744
00:36:43,700 --> 00:36:47,400
phenomena and terrestrial life 
showing that even systems on 

745
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,100
Earth, that seem stable can be 
drastically Changed by rare but 

746
00:36:51,100 --> 00:36:54,700
powerful events happening 
millions of miles away in Space,

747
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:58,100
the tree rings that recorded 
this Cosmic bombardment are 

748
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:01,200
still around today preserved in 
old wooden buildings 

749
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,400
archaeological site and forests 
around the world. 

750
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:10,000
Every piece of wood that grew 
between 774 and 775 has a 

751
00:37:10,008 --> 00:37:13,800
chemical signature of that 
amazing year in its cells, like 

752
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,300
a molecular autograph with the 
universe itself. 

753
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:20,500
This invisible time stamp links,
medieval Cathedrals ancient, 

754
00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:23,800
Pools and archaeological 
artifacts from this time period 

755
00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:27,100
to one of the most important 
astrophysical events in human 

756
00:37:27,100 --> 00:37:30,200
history. 
The 774 event has changed the 

757
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,700
way we do. 
Modern radiocarbon dating before

758
00:37:32,700 --> 00:37:34,900
this discovery. 
Scientists thought that levels 

759
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:37,900
of carbon-14 in the atmosphere 
had stayed pretty stable over 

760
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:41,800
time with only small changes 
caused by solar activity and 

761
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:44,600
other things that could be 
predicted the sudden rise. 

762
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:48,700
In 774 showed that assumption 
was wrong, which led to more 

763
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,600
advanced calibration methods 
that take into account sudden. 

764
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,300
Cosmic ray of events, the 774 
event has helped make 

765
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:56,900
archaeological dating more 
accurate. 

766
00:37:56,900 --> 00:37:59,200
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 
signature. 

767
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,300
We can now date artifacts from 
the late 8th Century with more 

768
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:05,400
accuracy than ever before. 
It's like having a universal 

769
00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:08,200
time stamp that shows up in 
organic materials from all over 

770
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,600
the world. 
This lets archaeologists line up

771
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:12,500
their timelines with amazing 
accuracy. 

772
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:15,700
The effects on our understanding
of medieval history of being, 

773
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:20,600
just as big 774 cosmic ray of 
events serves as a stable Chron,

774
00:38:20,800 --> 00:38:23,500
Logical reference aiding 
historians and correlating 

775
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:26,300
events, across diverse cultural 
traditions, and geographical 

776
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:30,200
areas, when Chinese Chronicles, 
European monstrous and Middle 

777
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,300
Eastern sources. 
All write about strange things 

778
00:38:32,300 --> 00:38:34,600
happening. 
At the same time, it makes sense

779
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:37,300
that these events could be 
connected to the same Cosmic 

780
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:39,500
event. 
Climate science has also gained 

781
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:42,300
insights from comprehending, the
influence of cosmic rays on 

782
00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:46,800
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 
the 774 event was too short to 

783
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:49,600
change the climate in the long 
term, but it did show that 

784
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:52,700
Cosmic radiation can affect 
atmospheric processes in ways 

785
00:38:52,700 --> 00:38:55,700
that climate models need to take
into account, contemporary 

786
00:38:55,700 --> 00:38:57,400
researchers examining 
historical. 

787
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:00,400
Climate variations are 
increasingly focusing on cosmic 

788
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:04,000
ray fluctuations as a potential 
influence, on atmospheric. 

789
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:07,000
Chemistry of alterations 
researchers are now actively 

790
00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:09,400
looking for similar events in 
the geological record, 

791
00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:12,700
scientists are now looking for 
more Cosmic race bikes that are 

792
00:39:12,700 --> 00:39:15,900
hidden in tree rings. 
Ice, cores and other natural 

793
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:18,200
records. 
They want to find more times 

794
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:20,500
when Earth was hit by strong 
radiation from space. 

795
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:23,900
Every new piece of information. 
Helps us understand how often 

796
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:28,000
these things happen, and what 
they might do, the 774 event has

797
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:29,700
changed how we study space 
weather. 

798
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:32,900
Cosmic rays can damage modern 
satellites and electronic 

799
00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:36,100
systems and knowing how extreme 
events have happened in the past

800
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:38,400
can help engineers make 
technology that can survive 

801
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:41,700
them. 
The 774 spike is a good example 

802
00:39:41,700 --> 00:39:44,600
of the kinds of cosmic ray 
intensities that Earth's 

803
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:47,100
technology might need to be able
to handle during rare. 

804
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,300
But powerful astrophysical 
events, the need for scientists 

805
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:54,600
and historians to work together,
to understand the 774 event as 

806
00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,400
led to new models for how these 
two Fields can work together. 

807
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:01,600
Astrophysicists now, often ask 
medieval historians for help and

808
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:04,100
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

809
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,300
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

810
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:08,600
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

811
00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:10,400
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

812
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:13,000
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

813
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,400
This is made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

814
00:40:16,400 --> 00:40:20,800
clear, the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

815
00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:24,100
Science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

816
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,900
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

817
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:30,000
that people in the past. 
Couldn't get to while also 

818
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:31,900
showing how important it is to 
carefully. 

819
00:40:31,900 --> 00:40:35,100
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

820
00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:38,400
students learn to understand the
past, they often need to use the

821
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:40,200
best technology and the best 
research. 

822
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:44,100
The 774 event has also changed 
the way we think about how 

823
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:47,400
people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

824
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:51,900
about strange, weather events 
and 774 to 776. 

825
00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:54,900
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

826
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,900
imagined and the information 
they gathered would be useful. 

827
00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:00,900
A Thousand Years Later. 
Their careful observation was 

828
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:03,900
remind us that even records that
semen important might have 

829
00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:06,400
information that future 
Generations will find very 

830
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,800
useful. 
The 774 story has helped people 

831
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:12,600
understand astronomy better 
because it shows how Earth is 

832
00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:17,300
part of a changing and sometimes
violent Cosmic environment, the 

833
00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:20,300
774 event had a direct effect on
our planet. 

834
00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:24,300
Unlike black holes or galaxies 
that are far away, we can still 

835
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:27,100
see the effects today. 
It makes the universe seem more 

836
00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:28,700
real and important to Everyday 
Life. 

837
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,600
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

838
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:35,900
events might have changed human 
history in ways, we don't yet 

839
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:38,600
know about. 
If strong Cosmic radiation can 

840
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:41,100
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere and possibly change 

841
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:45,300
the weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

842
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:48,400
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

843
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,000
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

844
00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:55,400
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 
has helped shape, modern talks 

845
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:57,900
about existential risks and 
planetary defense. 

846
00:41:57,900 --> 00:42:01,100
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 
directly threaten Earth as much 

847
00:42:01,100 --> 00:42:04,000
as asteroid impacts or super. 
Volcanic eruption is due. 

848
00:42:04,800 --> 00:42:08,400
They do show that Earth is in a 
cosmic environment where rare 

849
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:12,100
but powerful events can have 
Global effects when making plans

850
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:13,800
for the long term survival of 
humanity. 

851
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:17,200
We need to think about all the 
cosmic events that could have an

852
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:20,400
effect on our planet. 
A 774 event has become a 

853
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,600
touchstone for talks about how 
scientific discovery and 

854
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:25,500
historical understanding are 
related. 

855
00:42:25,500 --> 00:42:28,800
It shows how the most advanced 
modern technology can sometimes 

856
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,400
show, that ancient observers 
were more accurate than people 

857
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,500
thought. 
And how careful historical 

858
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,100
research can help us understand 
scientific data better. 

859
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:40,600
The cosmic ray of event of 774 
is a reminder that the universe 

860
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:42,800
is full of things. 
We don't fully understand yet. 

861
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:45,800
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

862
00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:49,200
Ring every layer of ice core. 
And every well-preserved 

863
00:42:49,200 --> 00:42:51,500
medieval Chronicle that we 
haven't yet, figured out how to 

864
00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:56,200
find or understand the storm 
that hit Earth in 774 was 

865
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:59,500
invisible and waited, more than 
12, centuries for people to 

866
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:01,100
learn how to figure out what had
happened. 

867
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:05,500
The legacy of the 774 of event 
keeps changing As new ways of 

868
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:08,700
doing research and new ways of 
thinking about things come up, 

869
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:12,000
scientists in the future will 
surely find more proof and come 

870
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:15,000
up with new ways to explain what
happened that year as people 

871
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:16,800
learn more and Technology gets 
better. 

872
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:19,800
The cosmic race bike that people
in the Middle Ages didn't 

873
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:21,800
understand. 
Will keep giving up its Secrets,

874
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:25,100
what started as an invisible 
bombardment of high energy, 

875
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:28,500
particles has turned into a link
between medieval chroniclers and

876
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:32,400
modern astrophysicists ancient 
trees and modern climate science

877
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:34,700
and human observation and Cosmic
events. 

878
00:43:34,700 --> 00:43:38,100
It shows that the universe is 
always writing its own story in 

879
00:43:38,100 --> 00:43:41,400
the natural world around using 
languages that we're still 

880
00:43:41,408 --> 00:43:44,400
learning how to read, as we come
to the end of our journey 

881
00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:47,400
through this Cosmic mystery. 
It's a good idea to think about 

882
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:51,500
what the 774 event teaches us 
about how we fit into the larger

883
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:54,100
universe. 
This astrophysical event was so 

884
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:57,200
strong, that it left permanent 
marks on every living thing on 

885
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:00,200
Earth, Who were there? 
Couldn't see it at all. 

886
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:01,500
It's a humbling. 
Reminder. 

887
00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:04,300
That we are part of cosmic 
systems, whose working as we 

888
00:44:04,300 --> 00:44:08,900
were only starting to understand
in 774 radiation came down from 

889
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:12,000
space and connected Earth to 
events happening at distances 

890
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:14,700
and scales that are hard. 
To imagine the high energy 

891
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:17,100
particles that hit our 
atmosphere came from colliding, 

892
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:21,300
neutron stars, exploding 
magnetars or gamma-ray bursts 

893
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:23,600
from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

894
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,200
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

895
00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:28,900
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

896
00:44:28,908 --> 00:44:32,300
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

897
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,000
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

898
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:37,300
were around. 
This Cosmic link goes against 

899
00:44:37,300 --> 00:44:40,200
the medieval view that the Earth
was at the center of a small 

900
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:44,600
understandable Universe, the 
people of 774 lived in a 

901
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:46,200
universe. 
That seemed to be an order. 

902
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:50,100
The stars were in a celestial 
sphere with Earth at the center 

903
00:44:50,100 --> 00:44:52,300
and Divine Purpose as the main 
idea. 

904
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:56,300
The real universe that sent them
Cosmic radiation was so big that

905
00:44:56,300 --> 00:44:58,300
people in the Middle Ages could 
even imagine it. 

906
00:44:58,700 --> 00:45:01,400
It was full of things that could
affect Earth over distances. 

907
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:04,600
So great that light itself took 
years to cross them, the 

908
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:07,100
medieval view of how everything 
in the universe is connected, 

909
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:10,100
wasn't completely wrong though. 
Medieval thinkers thought the 

910
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,000
defense in the sky could affect 
things on earth, even though 

911
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,100
their ideas about how this 
worked were wrong. 

912
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:18,700
The idea that Earth is part of 
larger Cosmic systems, that can 

913
00:45:18,700 --> 00:45:21,100
affect local conditions, was 
very smart. 

914
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:25,800
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 
that explosions of stars that 

915
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:28,700
happen, light years away and 
have affects on things that 

916
00:45:28,700 --> 00:45:32,100
happen on Earth. 
The fact that the 774 event was 

917
00:45:32,100 --> 00:45:35,300
invisible, also shows how 
limited our sensors are and how 

918
00:45:35,300 --> 00:45:37,800
important it is to make tools 
that help us see more clearly 

919
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,300
people in the Middle. 
Ages were very good at watching 

920
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:42,200
the sky. 
They could accurately predict 

921
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,900
eclipses follow the movements of
planets and spots strange 

922
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:49,400
celestial events but in the 8th 
Century, there was no way to see

923
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:52,600
cosmic ray bombardment at all 
because of this technological 

924
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:55,300
limitation people who were 
witnessing one of the most 

925
00:45:55,308 --> 00:45:58,200
dramatic astrophysical events 
and recorded history. 

926
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:00,900
Had no direct way to find out 
what was going on. 

927
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:03,600
There was like trying to 
understand a symphony while only

928
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:06,700
hearing a few notes here and 
there or trying to enjoy a huge 

929
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:08,700
landscape. 
While only seeing small details 

930
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,800
through a small window, the 
creation of scientific tools, 

931
00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:13,900
that can find Cosmic race, 
signatures in natural. 

932
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:16,600
Materials is a big step forward 
for human senses. 

933
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:19,200
We can see things that we 
couldn't see directly by looking

934
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:22,400
at tree rings, high school 
chemistry and isotopic dating. 

935
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:25,100
We've learned how to read Cosmic
messages written in the 

936
00:46:25,108 --> 00:46:27,200
molecular structure of old 
wooden ice. 

937
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:29,900
This, lets us get information 
that no other Jenner. 

938
00:46:30,100 --> 00:46:32,000
Of humans could get this growth 
in. 

939
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:34,000
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

940
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:36,800
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

941
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:38,900
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

942
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:42,500
past cosmic, ray changes in 
every old tree, every ice sheet 

943
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:45,500
and every coral reef. 
The Earth is like a huge library

944
00:46:45,500 --> 00:46:48,300
of astronomical events just 
waiting for people to make the 

945
00:46:48,300 --> 00:46:52,500
tools, they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

946
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:54,900
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

947
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:56,800
different time scales to 
understand them. 

948
00:46:56,800 --> 00:47:00,400
The cosmic ray event itself may 
have lasted for months, but its 

949
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,500
effects can still be seen things
that are over 1200 years old 

950
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:06,700
chroniclers from the Middle Ages
wrote down what they saw within 

951
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:09,500
years or Decades of the event, 
modern scientists. 

952
00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:11,800
On the other hand, only found 
the cosmic race bike. 

953
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:14,500
After developing analytical 
methods that took hundreds of 

954
00:47:14,508 --> 00:47:18,500
years to perfect to understand 
the 774 of event. 

955
00:47:18,500 --> 00:47:21,900
People from different academic 
fields and historical periods 

956
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:24,800
had to work together. 
Medieval monks who kept careful 

957
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:27,300
records of the stars were 
knowingly, taking part of 

958
00:47:27,300 --> 00:47:29,000
research. 
That wouldn't be finished until 

959
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:31,400
the 21st. 
Luxury, their patient 

960
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:33,900
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery, libraries for

961
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:36,700
over 1,000 years, gave 
scientists the information. 

962
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,800
They needed to solve a cosmic 
mystery, they could never have 

963
00:47:39,800 --> 00:47:41,900
imagined. 
This temporary partnership makes

964
00:47:41,900 --> 00:47:44,800
me, think about what information
we might be recording today. 

965
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:47,900
That will be useful to 
researchers hundreds of years 

966
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:51,500
from now, our extensive records 
of whether climate and cosmic 

967
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:54,100
ray changes. 
Could one day help scientists 

968
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:57,700
figure out astronomical events 
that we can't see or understand 

969
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:01,400
right now we might be unwitting 
subjects and scientific studies 

970
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:05,500
that will not conclude until 
well after our departure the 774

971
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:08,900
event also shows that rare, but 
powerful events can have effects

972
00:48:08,900 --> 00:48:12,400
that lasts long after their over
the bombardment of cosmic rays. 

973
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,700
May have lasted for months, but 
it left behind permanent marks 

974
00:48:15,700 --> 00:48:17,800
that have changed our 
understanding of radiocarbon 

975
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:21,300
dating archaeological 
chronologies, and how Earth, and

976
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:23,700
space interact from more than a 
thousand years. 

977
00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:26,900
Short of events can have affects
that lasts for hundreds of 

978
00:48:26,908 --> 00:48:31,200
years, the 774 cosmic ray of 
Which makes us think about our 

979
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:33,800
place and systems that work on 
scales that are bigger than what

980
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,100
we can see. 
And feel we live in Galactic 

981
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:39,100
neighborhoods Where Stars can 
explode and change the chemistry

982
00:48:39,100 --> 00:48:41,400
of the atmosphere on planets 
that are light years away. 

983
00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:44,700
Every day we live our lives. 
Against the backdrop of cosmic 

984
00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:47,300
processes that follow physical 
laws were still learning about 

985
00:48:47,300 --> 00:48:51,200
the human response to Cosmic 
Mystery, exemplified by the 

986
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:54,500
meticulous, observation 
comprehensive, documentation, 

987
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,500
and profound interpretation 
exhibited by medieval 

988
00:48:57,500 --> 00:49:00,900
chroniclers signifies, a 
distinctively valuable aspect of

989
00:49:00,900 --> 00:49:03,000
the universe to the best of our 
knowledge. 

990
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:06,400
Earth is the sole location where
conscious entity is a 

991
00:49:06,400 --> 00:49:10,400
systematically observing, 
documenting and analyzing Cosmic

992
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:13,400
events, and an effort to 
comprehend their significance of

993
00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:17,100
consequences. 
The people of 774 were exposed 

994
00:49:17,100 --> 00:49:20,100
to Cosmic radiation without 
knowing where it came from or 

995
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:22,600
what it meant. 
They were curious and careful 

996
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,100
and made details records. 
That would be very helpful to 

997
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:27,800
Future Generations. 
Their reaction to the unknown, 

998
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:30,000
neither panicking, or ignoring 
stranger. 

999
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:32,300
Events. 
But instead carefully, observing

1000
00:49:32,300 --> 00:49:35,600
and recording shows the best of 
human scientific Instinct 

1001
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:40,000
researchers today who are 
looking into the 774 event a 

1002
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:42,800
following in the footsteps of 
medieval chroniclers, I 

1003
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:45,000
carefully observing and 
thoughtfully interpreting, what 

1004
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:48,200
they see they used tools that 
medieval chroniclers could never

1005
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:51,200
have imagined but they still use
the same basic methods of 

1006
00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:54,200
systematic data, collection, and
collaborative, analysis. 

1007
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:57,700
The enduring human curiosity 
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 

1008
00:49:57,700 --> 00:50:00,800
links us through the ages to 
individuals who marveled at the 

1009
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:04,100
universe's operations, as you 
get ready to end the story and 

1010
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:06,700
maybe go to sleep. 
Think about how you're a part of

1011
00:50:06,700 --> 00:50:09,500
this ongoing human project to 
understand Cosmic events. 

1012
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:12,600
Stars you might see through your
window or in the same part of 

1013
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:14,900
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 
radiation to Earth. 

1014
00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:19,400
In 774 the universe that made 
that old mystery is still 

1015
00:50:19,408 --> 00:50:23,200
telling its story and tree, 
rings, ice cores and things that

1016
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:25,400
people see that future 
Generations will be able to 

1017
00:50:25,408 --> 00:50:29,800
figure out the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 is a reminder 

1018
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,300
that there are many things in 
the universe that we haven't 

1019
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:34,900
yet, learned to see, or 
understand every night. 

1020
00:50:34,900 --> 00:50:37,400
Sky has signs of things that 
might be happening on Earth that

1021
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:39,900
we can't see yet. 
The invisible storm that hit 

1022
00:50:39,900 --> 00:50:43,100
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 
just one example of the cosmic, 

1023
00:50:43,100 --> 00:50:44,900
dramas that are always happening
around us. 

1024
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:47,800
Most of them are still waiting 
for humans to get the tools and 

1025
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:49,400
knowledge. 
They need to understand how 

1026
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:53,500
important they are sweet dreams.
I hope you dream of medieval 

1027
00:50:53,500 --> 00:50:56,200
monks carefully writing down 
strange things by candlelight, 

1028
00:50:56,200 --> 00:50:59,000
not knowing that they were 
making data for astrophysicists 

1029
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:00,600
13th. 
Centuries in the future. 

1030
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:04,100
This is a reminder that every 
Catholic observation every 

1031
00:51:04,100 --> 00:51:06,700
preserved record and every 
moment of wonder about the 

1032
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:09,500
cosmos white one day help us 
solve Mysteries. 

1033
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:13,900
We have Thought to ask about yet
as you fall asleep, wrapped in 

1034
00:51:13,908 --> 00:51:16,200
the warmth of your modern 
blanket in a world lit by 

1035
00:51:16,208 --> 00:51:20,000
electric lights, that would have
seemed magical to people in 774.

1036
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,200
Take a moment to think about the
Amazing Story. 

1037
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:26,900
We've shared over 1200 years 
ago, an invisible Cosmic storm 

1038
00:51:26,900 --> 00:51:29,700
hit Earth it left, its mark on 
every tree. 

1039
00:51:29,700 --> 00:51:33,300
That grew every piece of ice 
that formed and every living 

1040
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:35,500
thing that was alive. 
During those important months, 

1041
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:39,100
people, in the Middle Ages who 
lived through this event Farmers

1042
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:42,200
tending, their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

1043
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:45,400
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of planets

1044
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,900
had no way to see the high 
energy particles falling from 

1045
00:51:48,900 --> 00:51:52,000
space, but they reacted to the 
strange things they could see 

1046
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:55,000
with the same careful 
observation, and thorough 

1047
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:56,700
record. 
Keeping that is typical of the 

1048
00:51:56,700 --> 00:52:00,100
best scientific Instinct in 
humans their details records, 

1049
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:02,700
which were kept in monasteries 
and Royal archives all over the 

1050
00:52:02,708 --> 00:52:04,600
world. 
Eventually gave modern 

1051
00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:07,800
scientists important information
about one of the most powerful 

1052
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:11,500
astrophysical events in history.
He In the Middle, Ages who wrote

1053
00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:14,500
with quill pens are knowingly, 
helped researchers in the 21st 

1054
00:52:14,500 --> 00:52:16,800
century. 
He used particle accelerators 

1055
00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:20,700
and mass spectrometers as our 
analytical tools, get better and

1056
00:52:20,700 --> 00:52:24,000
our theoretical understanding of
Stellar phenomena grows the 

1057
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,900
cosmic, ray of 774 keeps giving 
us new information. 

1058
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:31,500
There is no doubt that future 
Generations will find more proof

1059
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:34,300
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

1060
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:37,100
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

1061
00:52:37,100 --> 00:52:40,300
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

1062
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:43,300
the universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

1063
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,100
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this 

1064
00:52:46,100 --> 00:52:49,500
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

1065
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:51,700
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

1066
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:54,300
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

1067
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:57,300
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

1068
00:52:57,300 --> 00:53:00,100
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

1069
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:03,300
know how to look for the natural
world keeps details. 

1070
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:06,100
Records of astronomical events 
and chemical languages that were

1071
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:08,900
still learning to read as you 
get ready for bed tonight. 

1072
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:12,500
Cosmic Softly falling on Earth 
from far away. 

1073
00:53:12,500 --> 00:53:15,800
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 
been happening every night for 

1074
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:19,000
billions of years. 
Most of this radiation is too 

1075
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:21,900
weak to leave any traces, but 
stars in our Cosmic neighborhood

1076
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:24,400
are living and dying in ways 
that could one day send more 

1077
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:26,400
powerful. 
Bursts of high-energy particles 

1078
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,500
toward Earth, future observers 
may be even your own 

1079
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:31,900
descendants. 
Might look back at this time and

1080
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:34,300
wonder what Cosmic events we 
went through without knowing 

1081
00:53:34,300 --> 00:53:37,000
they could find signs of Stellar
events and materials. 

1082
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:40,000
From our time signs that are 
current, technology isn't 

1083
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:43,500
Advanced enough to find or 
understand the universe might be

1084
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:45,900
sending us messages in our 
modern world that we won't be 

1085
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:48,500
able to understand until we come
up with new tools and ways of 

1086
00:53:48,500 --> 00:53:52,700
thinking people in 7774 were 
part of cosmic history, without 

1087
00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:54,700
even knowing it. 
They made records. 

1088
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:57,000
That would be very useful to 
researchers of thousand years 

1089
00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:59,100
later. 
We might also be unknowingly. 

1090
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:01,600
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

1091
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:03,000
until long after. 
We're gone. 

1092
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:06,300
Our careful observations and 
thorough record-keeping May one 

1093
00:54:06,300 --> 00:54:07,500
day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

1094
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:10,500
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invis. 

1095
00:54:10,700 --> 00:54:14,800
Cosmic storm of 774 connects 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

1096
00:54:14,800 --> 00:54:17,600
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

1097
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:21,800
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

1098
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:24,000
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

1099
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:26,600
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

1100
00:54:26,608 --> 00:54:28,900
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

1101
00:54:28,900 --> 00:54:33,400
to observe record and slowly 
understand these Cosmic events 

1102
00:54:33,400 --> 00:54:36,900
as you fall asleep, you're part 
of a story that has been going 

1103
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:40,000
on for a long time, from 
medieval chroniclers to Modern 

1104
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:43,700
scientists from observations 
made long ago to discoveries 

1105
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:46,700
that will happen in the future. 
The same universe that sent 

1106
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:50,600
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

1107
00:54:50,600 --> 00:54:53,900
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

1108
00:54:53,900 --> 00:54:56,300
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

1109
00:54:56,300 --> 00:55:01,900
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful record 

1110
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:04,400
keeping and working together to 
figure things out. 

1111
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:08,300
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know writing by 

1112
00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:10,300
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying. 

1113
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:14,100
The topic signatures today are 
both parts of the same big human

1114
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:17,900
project figuring out where we 
fit in the universe sleep. 

1115
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:21,100
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

1116
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:24,800
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

1117
00:55:24,800 --> 00:55:26,500
that future generations of 
curious. 

1118
00:55:26,500 --> 00:55:30,700
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these people will

1119
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:32,200
share our wonder about how the 
world. 

1120
00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:37,200
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

1121
00:55:37,200 --> 00:55:39,800
us that the most important 
events and Cosmic history might 

1122
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:43,400
happen, right next to us without
us, even knowing it leaving 

1123
00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:47,100
clues for future, observers to 
find and figure out every night.

1124
00:55:47,100 --> 00:55:51,700
The universe gets new cosmic 
radiation, new, Stellar events a

1125
00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:54,500
new chance to write its own 
history in the natural records 

1126
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:57,200
that are all around us. 
Think of the dreams of medieval 

1127
00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:59,900
chroniclers and modern 
scientists cosmic rays and 

1128
00:55:59,900 --> 00:56:02,900
ancient trees, invisible storms 
and careful observation. 

1129
00:56:02,900 --> 00:56:06,200
Think about the ongoing human 
project of figuring out the 

1130
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:08,800
universe and your place in a 
story that connects careful 

1131
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:11,600
observers across centuries of 
Cosmic mystery and discovery. 

1132
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:22,000
Born in the port city of Genoa. 
Christopher Columbus entered, 

1133
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:24,700
the world under a roof that 
smelled of Saltair and fish 

1134
00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:27,900
scales. 
Father, a woolweaver by trade, 

1135
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:31,800
held lofty aspirations that his 
son might avoid the repetitive 

1136
00:56:31,800 --> 00:56:36,700
grinding tasks of carding 
spinning and weaving the bustle 

1137
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:39,700
of people coming to trade in the
harbor yelling over each other. 

1138
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:43,700
In half a dozen dialects, made 
an indelible impression on young

1139
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:46,600
Christopher. 
As he wandered the narrow alleys

1140
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:49,500
that snaked through the city. 
He would often pause beside 

1141
00:56:49,500 --> 00:56:51,500
ships. 
Being loaded with cargos bound 

1142
00:56:51,500 --> 00:56:54,300
foreign Horizons. 
No matter the dampness, or the 

1143
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:57,200
fierce winds rolling in from the
ligurian sea, he remained in 

1144
00:56:57,208 --> 00:56:59,200
tranced by the idea of distant 
lands. 

1145
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:03,600
This Fascination set him apart 
from others, his age, he was far

1146
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,300
less interested in the local 
gossip about the new bishop or 

1147
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:09,800
who had Mary into which family 
instead, he chased fleeting 

1148
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:13,500
rumors about gold in Shores, 
where people spoke in languages 

1149
00:57:13,500 --> 00:57:16,600
sounding like music. 
When he was old enough to leave 

1150
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:20,600
home, Columbus began to sail 
modestly short voyages, in which

1151
00:57:20,608 --> 00:57:24,100
he served as a messenger or a 
humble hand making sure to note 

1152
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:28,100
every detail once, while aboard 
a small merchant ship, he in 

1153
00:57:28,108 --> 00:57:31,000
countered a fierce storm that 
pitched, the vessel so, 

1154
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:35,400
violently several men were lost 
at sea yet, Columbus persevered.

1155
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:38,500
Occasionally gripping, the 
rigging and feeling both dread 

1156
00:57:38,500 --> 00:57:42,400
and a certain strange euphoria. 
he later recalled this episode 

1157
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:46,400
as the exact moment he realized 
that fortune favoured Risk 

1158
00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:50,600
Takers the wind stung his face 
but he felt alive in a way that 

1159
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:54,800
overshadowed the fear At that 
time, the known world for most 

1160
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:57,100
Europeans was bracketed by 
misunderstandings. 

1161
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,600
About what labor on the horizon 
Maps were often imaginative 

1162
00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:04,000
featuring sea monsters, 
swirling, vortexes, or vast? 

1163
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:06,200
Empty spaces. 
Labeled Terror incognito. 

1164
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:09,700
Columbus devoured, any chart, or
ragged bit of parchment? 

1165
00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:14,400
He could find and he listened to
Old Sailors of land, Glimpse 

1166
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:17,500
through schools and thick fog 
and not showing on her official 

1167
00:58:17,500 --> 00:58:19,700
charts. 
While some dismissed these tall,

1168
00:58:19,700 --> 00:58:23,300
tales as Barbers fables 
Columbus, tuck them away in his 

1169
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:26,300
mind like Precious Cargo. 
He made sure to learn from the 

1170
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:29,000
best navigational minds of 
available by day. 

1171
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:31,700
He subjected himself to the 
strict discipline of mathematics

1172
00:58:31,700 --> 00:58:36,700
angles distance how to track the
sunners Stars by night. 

1173
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:40,100
He poured over translation of 
Ptolemy or any scraps 

1174
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:43,700
referencing far off kingdoms. 
His curiosity was insatiable, 

1175
00:58:43,700 --> 00:58:47,300
but always tinged with 
pragmatism even as he immersed 

1176
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:49,600
himself in Daydreams of unknown 
continents. 

1177
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:52,300
He meticulously built his 
fundamental knowledge. 

1178
00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:56,300
Pursuit of novelty was anchored 
in the discipline of rigorous 

1179
00:58:56,300 --> 00:58:58,700
study. 
A lesser known, anecdote 

1180
00:58:58,700 --> 00:59:01,100
concerns a letter Columbus 
received from the Venetian 

1181
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:04,200
traveler whose name has been 
largely forgotten by mainstream 

1182
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:07,000
history. 
This Venetian, teased glimpses 

1183
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:10,300
of a rumored, passage a route, 
leading west across the Atlantic

1184
00:59:10,300 --> 00:59:13,800
to Asia's richest, the letter 
wasn't coated with the Florida. 

1185
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:16,000
Hyperbole common in travel 
Accounts at that time. 

1186
00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:20,200
Instead it was almost stark 
describing a place where the sun

1187
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:23,100
set over expanses of water a few
dead Traverse. 

1188
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:27,100
Columbus cherished that letter 
convinced it held the colonel of

1189
00:59:27,108 --> 00:59:29,500
a secret known. 
Only to a handful of Traders or 

1190
00:59:29,500 --> 00:59:31,800
explorers who lacked the means 
to follow up on it. 

1191
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,300
The Venetian might never have 
expected his words to incite one

1192
00:59:35,300 --> 00:59:37,200
of the most daring Voyages of 
the age. 

1193
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:41,600
Yet, for Columbus that letter 
represented, a subtle push a 

1194
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:43,400
sign that the improbable might 
be real. 

1195
00:59:44,300 --> 00:59:47,500
In the decades leading up to his
famed Expeditions Europe, 

1196
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:50,700
wrestled with power shifts, 
Italy, city states squabbled 

1197
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:53,300
with each other. 
The Ottoman Empire Flex control 

1198
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:56,500
over trade routes and Portugal 
angled for maritime dominance. 

1199
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:00,100
People in Columbus's circles 
debated, the viability of 

1200
01:00:00,100 --> 01:00:02,200
sailing west, to reach the spice
Laden. 

1201
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:06,000
East the question was more than 
academic curiosity, it came down

1202
01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:09,900
to wealth alliances, and bending
the map to serve Power. 

1203
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:14,600
Genoa, sitting at the crossroads
of so many trading arteries was 

1204
01:00:14,600 --> 01:00:17,300
itself, a testament to how 
Maritime Acumen could drive 

1205
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:20,200
Prosperity. 
Columbus, was neither the best 

1206
01:00:20,200 --> 01:00:23,500
educated nor the wealthiest 
Visionary of his time, but he 

1207
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:26,600
excelled in marrying lofty, 
dreams with a canny political 

1208
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:29,000
sense. 
It became apparent to him. 

1209
01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:32,700
That some power be at Portugal 
Spain, or another kingdom. 

1210
01:00:32,700 --> 01:00:35,900
Would eventually roll the dice 
on a transatlantic venture. 

1211
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:41,200
He poised with a solid track 
record of smaller voyages, aim 

1212
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:43,200
to be the chosen, instrument of 
that gamble. 

1213
01:00:43,200 --> 01:00:46,600
He saw himself as indispensable 
in Bridging, the Gap between the

1214
01:00:46,600 --> 01:00:50,500
idea and the deed. 
Others might excel in and 

1215
01:00:50,500 --> 01:00:54,000
theorizing or financing. 
A Columbus believed he alone. 

1216
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:56,800
Carried the peculiar mix of 
unwavering faith and nautical 

1217
01:00:56,800 --> 01:01:00,700
competence necessary for Success
during these formative years. 

1218
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:04,100
What truly set Columbus apart 
was not just his willingness to 

1219
01:01:04,100 --> 01:01:07,500
take leaps but his ability to 
accumulate allies and supporters

1220
01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:10,500
behind closed doors. 
He had a gift for speech, 

1221
01:01:10,500 --> 01:01:14,400
particularly when discussing 
navigation or potential Wonders,

1222
01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:15,800
that might lie across the 
Atlantic. 

1223
01:01:16,700 --> 01:01:18,700
People described him as a 
steadfast man. 

1224
01:01:18,700 --> 01:01:22,000
Perhaps even stubborn whose 
Vision Shone through in 

1225
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:24,500
conversation. 
Some dismissed him as 

1226
01:01:24,500 --> 01:01:27,600
overzealous others were swept up
in his unwavering confidence. 

1227
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:32,500
Either way, they remembered him 
in a society where reputations 

1228
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:35,000
were currency. 
That was the first step toward 

1229
01:01:35,000 --> 01:01:37,300
finding patrons. 
Who could turn imagination into 

1230
01:01:37,300 --> 01:01:40,600
tangible backing? 
Stories about Columbus often 

1231
01:01:40,600 --> 01:01:43,600
skip from his boyhood in Genoa, 
straight to his lobbying at the 

1232
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:46,400
Spanish Court. 
Yet these in between years 

1233
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:50,100
during which he sharpened, his 
crafted cultivated friendships 

1234
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:54,100
and scoured every port for 
whispered Tales were pivotal 

1235
01:01:55,000 --> 01:01:57,700
They formed a crucible in which 
the idea of sailing west to 

1236
01:01:57,700 --> 01:02:01,100
reach what Europe called the 
Indies, hardened into a driving 

1237
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:03,700
obsession. 
By the time, he embarked on the 

1238
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:05,800
journeys, that would etch his 
name into his history. 

1239
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:08,800
He was already a seasoned 
Navigator with Connections in 

1240
01:02:08,800 --> 01:02:11,600
multiple courts. 
Many might have possessed 

1241
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:14,900
theoretical knowledge, or raw 
courage, but Columbus, combined 

1242
01:02:14,900 --> 01:02:17,100
them with the Strategic sense of
timing and persuasion. 

1243
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,200
Ultimately, the summer of these 
experience is the near death 

1244
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:23,300
storms. 
The Midnight Confessions of old 

1245
01:02:23,300 --> 01:02:25,700
Sailors. 
Letters, penned by obscure 

1246
01:02:25,700 --> 01:02:27,200
Travelers. 
Wove together. 

1247
01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:31,800
Columbus, stood, as a man on the
cusp of forging something vast. 

1248
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:34,900
He was ready to propose a 
radical plan to whichever 

1249
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:37,000
monarchy had the audacity to 
endorse him. 

1250
01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:40,900
And that moment was inching 
closer, every time he set foot 

1251
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:43,000
on a dock, every time he 
gathered new bits of 

1252
01:02:43,008 --> 01:02:45,900
intelligence and every time he 
closed his eyes at night 

1253
01:02:45,900 --> 01:02:49,200
visions, of Uncharted Coast 
dancing, just beyond the 

1254
01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:52,500
darkness. 
Spain in the late 15th century 

1255
01:02:52,500 --> 01:02:57,000
was an agitated, tapestry of 
ambition religious devotion and 

1256
01:02:57,000 --> 01:02:59,900
a desire to surpass other 
emerging European powers. 

1257
01:02:59,900 --> 01:03:03,500
After the Reconquista, the 
unification under the Catholic, 

1258
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:07,500
monarchs King, Ferdinand and 
Queen Isabella sought new ways 

1259
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:08,800
to Smith their place in the 
world. 

1260
01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:12,700
While Portugal was establishing 
itself along the African Coast 

1261
01:03:12,700 --> 01:03:16,600
using caravels to probe new 
Waters, Spain faced the 

1262
01:03:16,600 --> 01:03:20,300
possibility of being left behind
Columbus perceived this anxiety,

1263
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:22,400
like a cat sniffing out 
opportunity. 

1264
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:24,800
He had tried pitching. 
His Westwood plan to the 

1265
01:03:24,800 --> 01:03:28,700
Portuguese Crown previously, but
was met with hesitation some say

1266
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:32,800
scorn, his proposition sounded, 
suspiciously like gambling with 

1267
01:03:32,800 --> 01:03:35,900
the unknown. 
Portugal, after all already had 

1268
01:03:35,900 --> 01:03:39,600
an established route, circling 
Africa The Spanish Court was 

1269
01:03:39,608 --> 01:03:42,200
more impressionable. 
Perhaps because they were eager 

1270
01:03:42,200 --> 01:03:45,600
to LeapFrog over rivals in the 
exploration, race Columbus, 

1271
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:49,100
bided his time in Andalusian. 
Port Towns forging friendships 

1272
01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:51,500
with local captains 
cartographers, and the 

1273
01:03:51,508 --> 01:03:54,000
occasional monk with an interest
in exotic geography. 

1274
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:57,200
He cultivated at a sense of 
Mystique around himself, 

1275
01:03:57,200 --> 01:04:01,400
dropping hints, about rumored 
Islands, Beyond the Horizon and 

1276
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:04,300
yet winning over the Catholic 
monarchs demanded more than 

1277
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:07,900
Grand promises Columbus needed 
to demonstrate some shred of 

1278
01:04:07,900 --> 01:04:11,000
credibility. 
So he appeared at court armed 

1279
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:14,600
with numbers and references with
many modern experts debate, the 

1280
01:04:14,600 --> 01:04:17,700
accuracy of his calculations, 
especially his underestimation 

1281
01:04:17,700 --> 01:04:21,100
of Earth's, circumference, who 
was undoubtedly passionate about

1282
01:04:21,100 --> 01:04:23,300
them? 
He insisted that the distance 

1283
01:04:23,300 --> 01:04:26,200
Westwood to Asia wasn't as close
as mainstream Scholars, 

1284
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:29,200
maintained. 
Moreover, he insisted on titles 

1285
01:04:29,200 --> 01:04:33,300
and privileges for himself if he
was successful, this wasnt Mia 

1286
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:35,000
hubris. 
He believed that if he 

1287
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:37,900
discovered new lands or 
profitable routes he deserved 

1288
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:41,700
recognition and wealth it's 
worth noting that Columbus as a 

1289
01:04:41,700 --> 01:04:44,100
man of his era, cloaked his 
intentioned and religious 

1290
01:04:44,100 --> 01:04:46,200
justifications. 
He talked about bringing 

1291
01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:48,700
Christianity to the far reaches 
of the world. 

1292
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:52,300
This approach resonated with an 
Iberian Court fresh from the 

1293
01:04:52,308 --> 01:04:55,900
triumph, over Granada and eager 
to spread Catholic influence 

1294
01:04:55,900 --> 01:04:58,200
abroad. 
But behind the religious 

1295
01:04:58,200 --> 01:05:01,400
language, there was also a 
shrewd negotiator who understood

1296
01:05:01,400 --> 01:05:04,300
that spiritual rhetoric often 
smoothed the path toward 

1297
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:06,900
funding. 
If you could count your proposed

1298
01:05:06,900 --> 01:05:09,900
Voyage in terms of Salvation or 
the glory of God, you'd find 

1299
01:05:09,908 --> 01:05:12,000
fewer obstacles in the corridors
of power. 

1300
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:15,800
What followed were months some 
say years have haggling? 

1301
01:05:16,600 --> 01:05:19,400
Advisors, to the crown debated 
where the Columbus was an 

1302
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:22,400
inspired Savant or a full 
traditional geographers. 

1303
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:25,700
Scoffed, referencing ancient 
authorities, who argued that, 

1304
01:05:25,700 --> 01:05:29,700
the Atlantic was vast filled 
with unknown dangers, a few 

1305
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:31,300
murders. 
That even if Columbus did find 

1306
01:05:31,300 --> 01:05:33,500
land, it could be an 
inhospitable Wilderness. 

1307
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:35,600
Unworthy of the trouble 
Columbus. 

1308
01:05:35,600 --> 01:05:38,100
However, radiated a calm sense 
of certainty. 

1309
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:40,800
He occasionally flashed a map 
though. 

1310
01:05:40,800 --> 01:05:42,900
How detailed these charts were 
remains a mystery? 

1311
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:46,400
Scholars have speculated for 
centuries about the source of 

1312
01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:50,000
his unwavering Assurance, some 
posit hidden documents or secret

1313
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,300
Knowledge gleaned from seafarers
who stumbled upon unknown 

1314
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:56,500
islets, others assumed, it was 
sheer stubbornness and 

1315
01:05:56,500 --> 01:05:59,400
unshakable conviction that a 
western sea route must exist. 

1316
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:04,000
Eventually, the Catholic took a 
calculated risk. 

1317
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:08,000
They granted Columbus the funds 
for three ships, and modest 

1318
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:09,400
investment from their 
perspective. 

1319
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:13,100
The arrangement was that if he 
found nothing, the loss would be

1320
01:06:13,100 --> 01:06:15,000
brushed aside by the Spanish 
treasury. 

1321
01:06:15,000 --> 01:06:19,300
But if he succeeded Spain would 
catapult her head in Scramble 

1322
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:22,800
for Newlands and trading routes 
the recollection of Portugal's 

1323
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:26,200
Prosperity from Golden spices 
weighed heavily on their minds. 

1324
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:30,200
Nobody wanted to miss out on the
next wave of riches, Columbus. 

1325
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:33,600
Exultant with the Royal nod 
hurried to assemble a crew. 

1326
01:06:34,700 --> 01:06:36,800
People often Overlook the 
question of how, Columbus 

1327
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:38,700
gathered those men. 
It's true. 

1328
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:41,400
Many were from Modest 
backgrounds with some rumored to

1329
01:06:41,408 --> 01:06:44,400
be on the run from the law. 
Hoping to escape their past in 

1330
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:47,800
the expanse of the ocean, but it
wasn't just desperado's who 

1331
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:52,800
signed up skilled Navigators 
from Palos and Beyond joined in 

1332
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:57,200
by the potential for fortune. 
The ship's commonly referred to 

1333
01:06:57,200 --> 01:07:00,200
in simplified form as the Nina, 
the Pinta and the Santa Maria. 

1334
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:03,500
Where repurposed commercial 
vessels, not the grand 

1335
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:06,000
specialized craft of some Modern
imagination. 

1336
01:07:07,200 --> 01:07:10,200
In those final days before 
departure, Columbus prayed 

1337
01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:13,100
publicly at small monasteries 
and confided in a handful of 

1338
01:07:13,108 --> 01:07:16,900
confidants, the air crackled 
with anticipation Coastal 

1339
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:18,600
communities. 
Whispered about the boldness of 

1340
01:07:18,600 --> 01:07:21,400
it, all some saw it as an act of
Madness or vanity. 

1341
01:07:21,400 --> 01:07:24,500
Others felt the giddiness of 
perhaps witnessing, the dawn of 

1342
01:07:24,500 --> 01:07:27,200
a new era, though, they likely 
didn't praise it that way. 

1343
01:07:28,100 --> 01:07:30,700
For his part, Columbus 
maintained a controlled 

1344
01:07:30,700 --> 01:07:33,500
composure, but one can imagine 
the swirl of thoughts in his 

1345
01:07:33,508 --> 01:07:35,700
head. 
What if the critics were right? 

1346
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:38,100
And Asia? 
Lay much farther than he had 

1347
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:40,200
predicted? 
What if the currents were too 

1348
01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:44,600
treacherous or the men mutinied 
out of fear, despite the 

1349
01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:48,800
swirling uncertainty Columbus 
pressed on in the context of the

1350
01:07:48,808 --> 01:07:51,900
times caution off and yielded 
smaller gains. 

1351
01:07:51,900 --> 01:07:55,300
While boldness, specially an 
exploration could reshape 

1352
01:07:55,300 --> 01:08:00,600
kingdoms and redefine maps. 
And so in August of 1492 with 

1353
01:08:00,600 --> 01:08:04,600
the last fleeting gusts of 
Summer Wind, he led his ragtag 

1354
01:08:04,600 --> 01:08:06,500
Armada out of Palace, de La 
Frontera. 

1355
01:08:07,500 --> 01:08:11,500
Spain's Coastline faded behind 
the, under a brilliant sky and 

1356
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:14,000
all that remained was The 
Emptiness of the Atlantic. 

1357
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:17,600
No one aboard. 
Those three ships fully grasped 

1358
01:08:17,600 --> 01:08:20,200
the magnitude of what they were 
about to set in motion. 

1359
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:24,100
Columbus was convinced that on 
the other side of that endless 

1360
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:27,500
Horizon, play a gateway to Asia.
What? 

1361
01:08:27,500 --> 01:08:29,899
He actually found. 
Would Ripple through history in 

1362
01:08:29,899 --> 01:08:32,700
ways, neither he nor his 
Patron's could have been 

1363
01:08:32,700 --> 01:08:37,399
visited, Yet that departure day.
So often depicted in simplified 

1364
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:41,800
paintings was anything but 
routine attention on deck, the 

1365
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:45,300
unspoken prayers of the men, the
Specter of turning back of 

1366
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:49,100
storms threatened, it all brewed
a potent, mix of Hope, and Dread

1367
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:54,000
Columbus unwavering stood near 
the ship's Helm mentally. 

1368
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:56,899
Rehearsing his route, likely 
feeling the weight of his deal 

1369
01:08:56,899 --> 01:08:58,600
with Spain's, monarchy on his 
shoulders. 

1370
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,800
But as a faint Breeze, pushed 
them out to open sea. 

1371
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:05,000
He also might have felt an 
intoxicating Rush of 

1372
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:07,500
possibility. 
Sailing into the unknown 

1373
01:09:07,500 --> 01:09:09,899
demanded more than bravado. 
It demanded. 

1374
01:09:09,899 --> 01:09:12,899
An unspoken agreement among the 
crew that they would trust 

1375
01:09:12,899 --> 01:09:15,700
Columbus's instincts For Better 
or Worse. 

1376
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,899
For weeks, the men heard nothing
but the wind snapping, the sails

1377
01:09:19,899 --> 01:09:22,600
and the whole creaking under the
pressure of the Open Sea. 

1378
01:09:23,600 --> 01:09:26,200
Fears of sea monsters, and 
bottomless World Pools. 

1379
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:29,200
Circulated in hushed 
conversations each day. 

1380
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:31,700
Columbus measured. 
The sun's position with the 

1381
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:34,600
astrolabe. 
Jotting figures in a logbook he 

1382
01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:37,300
kept hidden from prying eyes, 
rumor has it. 

1383
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:38,800
He maintained two sets of 
Records. 

1384
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:41,899
One. 
Genuine one skewed to soothe 

1385
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:46,399
anxious Sailors As Time wore on 
their diet initially bred 

1386
01:09:46,399 --> 01:09:49,700
onions. 
Salted meat became stale and 

1387
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:54,400
monotonous water turned brackish
flared as frustrations. 

1388
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:57,200
Boiled over the scents of 
distance from any known. 

1389
01:09:57,200 --> 01:10:00,300
Shaw was paralyzing for some a 
few men muttered that they 

1390
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:04,000
should force Columbus to reverse
course Yeti evening. 

1391
01:10:04,000 --> 01:10:07,700
Columbus delivered, a kind of 
pep talk reminding them of the 

1392
01:10:07,700 --> 01:10:11,000
wealth rumored to be waiting, 
just Beyond the Horizon of the 

1393
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:13,300
possibility. 
That each day sale, brought them

1394
01:10:13,300 --> 01:10:17,600
closer to Asia's spice markets, 
From a modern perspective such 

1395
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:21,000
promises might seem manipulative
but within their historical 

1396
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:23,500
context. 
Columbus was playing the 

1397
01:10:23,500 --> 01:10:25,300
necessary role of morale 
Builder. 

1398
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:29,100
Along the voyage certain signs, 
stood, fleeting moments of 

1399
01:10:29,108 --> 01:10:32,900
optimism floating clusters of 
seaweed stray. 

1400
01:10:32,900 --> 01:10:36,300
Birds overhead, even the faint 
smell of unfamiliar vegetation 

1401
01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:39,000
on the breeze. 
Sailors, latched onto these 

1402
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:42,000
Clues like lifelines, 
interpreting them as evidence 

1403
01:10:42,000 --> 01:10:45,400
that land must be near. 
Some historians argue that these

1404
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:48,500
were the crucial threads holding
the Expedition together when 

1405
01:10:48,500 --> 01:10:53,000
mine's threaten to unravel, 
Columbus however, rarely 

1406
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:56,200
displayed his own doubts, his 
journals hint at the internal 

1407
01:10:56,200 --> 01:10:58,100
terminal. 
He felt when dazed stretched 

1408
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:02,000
into weeks and no solid 
Coastline materialized but to 

1409
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:06,600
the men he projected unwavering 
determination Then came a 

1410
01:11:06,600 --> 01:11:09,800
fateful night in October, when 
the Cry of Tierra Tierra, 

1411
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:13,400
finally broke the silents. 
The men scrambled to the side of

1412
01:11:13,400 --> 01:11:17,100
the ship eyes, scanning the 
darker eyes and Shrouded in 

1413
01:11:17,100 --> 01:11:21,600
Moonlight was a low dark outline
that could only be land relief, 

1414
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:25,000
excitement and a twinge of 
disbelief Shot Through The Crew.

1415
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:27,100
They had survived the dreaded 
emptiness. 

1416
01:11:27,100 --> 01:11:30,400
When morning came. 
They saw a lush Island beaches 

1417
01:11:30,400 --> 01:11:33,500
gleaming Under the Sun. 
Columbus convinced, he was near 

1418
01:11:33,500 --> 01:11:37,500
Asia unfilled, the Spanish flag 
and claimed the land for the 

1419
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:39,900
crown. 
In his diary, he described the 

1420
01:11:39,908 --> 01:11:44,600
islands inhabitants as friendly,
curious and naive about European

1421
01:11:44,600 --> 01:11:47,400
ways, though, he likely wrote 
with the tinted lens of an 

1422
01:11:47,400 --> 01:11:49,200
outsider imposing his own world 
view. 

1423
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:52,400
The early interactions between 
Columbus and the indigenous 

1424
01:11:52,400 --> 01:11:56,600
people often referred to as the 
Taino began with gestures of 

1425
01:11:56,608 --> 01:11:59,300
Goodwill. 
Small Gifts of glass beads and 

1426
01:11:59,308 --> 01:12:02,900
trinkets were exchanged for 
parrots cotton and rudimentary 

1427
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:06,100
gold ornaments. 
Columbus interpreted these 

1428
01:12:06,100 --> 01:12:09,400
gestures in a context, Shake by 
centuries of European feudal and

1429
01:12:09,400 --> 01:12:12,500
Mercantile culture. 
He wrote excitedly about the 

1430
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:16,100
potential for future riches and 
the ease with which Spain might 

1431
01:12:16,100 --> 01:12:17,800
extend its reach across these 
lands. 

1432
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:22,200
That initial moment of Wonder 
two, distinct worlds meeting for

1433
01:12:22,200 --> 01:12:26,500
the first time held a fragile 
promise of mutual Discovery yet.

1434
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,300
History shows us how Illusions 
can fracture under the weight of

1435
01:12:29,308 --> 01:12:32,800
greed and cultural 
misunderstanding Columbus 

1436
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:35,300
recorded that some of the 
Islanders directed him farther 

1437
01:12:35,300 --> 01:12:38,700
to the South and West mentioning
places with greater wealth. 

1438
01:12:38,700 --> 01:12:42,500
So he pressed on navigating 
among the islands of what we 

1439
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:43,600
now. 
Call the Caribbean. 

1440
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:47,100
The further, he traveled, the 
more he convinced himself that 

1441
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:49,500
the grandkids palaces might, 
like, just around the next 

1442
01:12:49,500 --> 01:12:52,900
Coastline, he heard stories and 
interpreted them through his own

1443
01:12:52,900 --> 01:12:54,900
lens and wrote letters back to 
Spain. 

1444
01:12:54,900 --> 01:12:58,300
Brimming with excitement, 
However, the land was not the 

1445
01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:01,700
Asia of silks and spices. 
He had imagined, the mistake was

1446
01:13:01,700 --> 01:13:04,900
largely geographical the world 
was Far bigger than he had 

1447
01:13:04,900 --> 01:13:08,800
presumed unwittingly Columbus 
had stumbled upon a separate 

1448
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:10,800
continent. 
That was new only to Europeans 

1449
01:13:10,800 --> 01:13:13,000
though, not to the millions who 
are already live there. 

1450
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:16,800
Seeds of future. 
Conflict was so in these early 

1451
01:13:16,800 --> 01:13:21,200
encounters, the Spanish, crowns 
policy was expansionist steeped 

1452
01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:24,500
in an ideology of superiority 
and Columbus's reports about 

1453
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:27,100
malleable Islanders, only fuel 
the monks Ambitions. 

1454
01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:30,900
He built a makeshift fort on 
Hispaniola leaving some men 

1455
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:33,600
behind while he returned to 
Spain with captured Islanders as

1456
01:13:33,600 --> 01:13:37,300
evidence of his discoveries. 
In modernize that action 

1457
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:39,300
signals. 
A grim for shadowing of how the 

1458
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:42,800
new worlds inhabitants would be 
treated as Curiosities labor 

1459
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:45,600
sources or impediments to 
Colonial aims. 

1460
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:49,300
But in Columbus's time, such 
Maneuvers were considered 

1461
01:13:49,300 --> 01:13:51,800
strategic. 
He wanted to ensure further 

1462
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:53,900
funding by demonstrating 
tangible results. 

1463
01:13:53,900 --> 01:13:57,700
Returning with natives though, 
entirely unethical by 

1464
01:13:57,700 --> 01:14:00,000
contemporary standards. 
Served as proof that he wasn't 

1465
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:03,700
just spinning tall. 
Tales as he sailed back Columbus

1466
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:07,300
already envisioned, subsequent 
Expeditions, likely anticipated,

1467
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:10,400
wealth honors and a permanent 
place in the aristocracy. 

1468
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:13,300
He had entered the islands as an
emissary of a new Empire in the 

1469
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:16,400
making much like a businessman 
presenting a prototype to 

1470
01:14:16,400 --> 01:14:18,100
investors. 
He came back with enough 

1471
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:21,800
evidence to secure additional 
patronage from Spain, Royal 

1472
01:14:21,800 --> 01:14:24,800
receptions greeted him upon his 
return and he responded by 

1473
01:14:24,800 --> 01:14:27,700
describing the islands as 
Paradise is brimming with 

1474
01:14:27,700 --> 01:14:29,900
potential for Christian 
conversion and resource 

1475
01:14:29,900 --> 01:14:32,500
extraction. 
The tale of first Contact is 

1476
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:35,900
often romanticized that the 
reality was more complex on 

1477
01:14:35,900 --> 01:14:38,500
ominous. 
Suspicion alert beneath the 

1478
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:40,600
surface. 
Both from the Spanish who found 

1479
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:44,000
less gold than rumored and from 
the indigenous people's who now 

1480
01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:46,700
witness the arrival of more 
foreigners seeking land and 

1481
01:14:46,700 --> 01:14:50,500
labor Columbus's navigational. 
Victory had unknowingly unlocked

1482
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:53,000
a door, that would soon. 
See wave of conquistadors 

1483
01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:56,000
missionaries and Fortune Seekers
flood. 

1484
01:14:56,000 --> 01:14:59,600
These Shores for now, though, in
the immediate aftermath of that 

1485
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:02,500
first voyage Europe, saw, 
Columbus as a triumphant 

1486
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:04,700
Discoverer, who validated the 
Westwood route. 

1487
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:08,300
The next chapter would unveil 
the consequences of that 

1488
01:15:08,300 --> 01:15:10,900
discovery. 
For a brief flickering moment 

1489
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:15,000
there existed and in between 
time when Europeans and Native 

1490
01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:18,100
elanders engaged with out fully 
understanding. 

1491
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,900
What was at stake? 
The aura of curiosity, pervaded 

1492
01:15:21,900 --> 01:15:25,000
their interactions. 
But behind the Curiosity layer, 

1493
01:15:25,000 --> 01:15:27,700
Chasm of cultural difference and
the looming possibility of 

1494
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:32,500
violence Columbus for all his 
Zeal and cunning remain somewhat

1495
01:15:32,500 --> 01:15:34,700
oblivious to the Pandora's Box. 
He had pried open. 

1496
01:15:34,700 --> 01:15:38,700
His mind was fixed on proving to
the Spanish crown that he was 

1497
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:41,400
the man to lead the next wave of
expeditions in to these 

1498
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:44,700
unfamiliar Waters. 
Confident that wealth and Glory 

1499
01:15:44,700 --> 01:15:47,300
laid just over the horizon and 
Not long. 

1500
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:50,600
After Columbus's, celebrated 
returned to Spain words, spread 

1501
01:15:50,600 --> 01:15:53,900
throughout Europe about the new 
lands, the name Indies stuck 

1502
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:56,800
reflecting Columbus's ongoing 
Miss belief that he had neared 

1503
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:00,100
the outskirts of Asia in 
response, Spanish Crown 

1504
01:16:00,100 --> 01:16:02,100
organized. 
A second Expedition on a much 

1505
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:04,600
grander scale. 
Columbus would no longer 

1506
01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:08,200
Commander modest Trio of ships. 
But rather a flotilla aimed at 

1507
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:09,500
establishing a permanent 
foothold. 

1508
01:16:10,500 --> 01:16:13,800
Soldiers settlers and clergy, 
accompany him each with their 

1509
01:16:13,800 --> 01:16:15,900
own agenda. 
What was the ultimate objective?

1510
01:16:17,100 --> 01:16:19,700
Transform these islands into 
profitable colonies for the 

1511
01:16:19,708 --> 01:16:22,700
Spanish Realm. 
The spectacle of this second 

1512
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:25,400
voyage, contrasted sharply with 
the tentative nature of the 

1513
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:30,200
first resources flowed in 
cannons, livestock seeds for 

1514
01:16:30,200 --> 01:16:32,400
European crops, the monarchy and
vision. 

1515
01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:34,700
These Distant Shores is an 
extension of Spanish 

1516
01:16:34,700 --> 01:16:38,500
civilization and Columbus's. 
Eyes project was both an 

1517
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:41,500
opportunity and a test. 
He welcomed the chance to govern

1518
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:43,900
as a Viceroy of sorts, but the 
weight of responsibility. 

1519
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:46,000
Also rested heavily on his 
shoulders. 

1520
01:16:46,000 --> 01:16:49,600
He had to turn Uncharted Islands
into functioning colonies, 

1521
01:16:49,600 --> 01:16:53,100
maintained favor with the crown 
and keep the natives from 

1522
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:57,300
slipping out of Spanish control.
Upon arrival back in Hispaniola.

1523
01:16:57,300 --> 01:17:00,900
The atmosphere was palpably 
different where before there had

1524
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:03,100
been curiosity, now there was 
tension. 

1525
01:17:03,900 --> 01:17:06,900
The men Columbus had left behind
in the makeshift Fort had 

1526
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:09,700
engaged in violent conflicts 
with locals straining 

1527
01:17:09,700 --> 01:17:12,400
relationships. 
The Taino were not a monolithic 

1528
01:17:12,400 --> 01:17:14,000
group. 
They had their own leadership, 

1529
01:17:14,000 --> 01:17:18,200
alliance's, an internal 
politics, but collectively, they

1530
01:17:18,200 --> 01:17:21,300
recognized that these foreigners
sought him land and resources as

1531
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:25,500
their own ignoring existing 
structures discontent and 

1532
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:30,200
confusion spread on both sides 
often fueled by the language 

1533
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:33,600
Gap. 
Columbus tried to govern but the

1534
01:17:33,600 --> 01:17:37,300
role required more than just 
navigation skills administering.

1535
01:17:37,300 --> 01:17:40,300
A settlement demanded diplomacy 
patients. 

1536
01:17:41,000 --> 01:17:44,400
And foresight pressed by the 
Spanish crown for gold. 

1537
01:17:44,400 --> 01:17:47,200
He imposed demands on the Taino 
for tribute. 

1538
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:51,400
This policy, alienated them 
transforming a guarded tolerance

1539
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:54,900
into outright hostility 
rebellions flared and the 

1540
01:17:54,900 --> 01:17:57,800
Spanish met them with harsh. 
Reprisals, Columbus found 

1541
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:00,500
himself caught between his 
promise to Spain that these 

1542
01:18:00,500 --> 01:18:03,700
territories would yield wealth 
and the reality that extracting 

1543
01:18:03,700 --> 01:18:07,200
riches from these communities 
required force, or at the very 

1544
01:18:07,200 --> 01:18:12,400
least intimidation, Meanwhile 
frictional arose among the 

1545
01:18:12,408 --> 01:18:16,100
Spanish settlers themselves. 
Not everyone respected Colombus 

1546
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:19,200
Aristocrats resented. 
Taking orders from a generous, 

1547
01:18:19,200 --> 01:18:23,200
Outsider soldiers chafed under 
what they viewed as In 

1548
01:18:23,208 --> 01:18:26,200
leadership, a swirl of 
accusation circulated. 

1549
01:18:26,200 --> 01:18:30,400
Mismanagement of Supply's, 
favoritism, and even cruelty 

1550
01:18:30,400 --> 01:18:32,700
toward both, settlers and mint 
on Native. 

1551
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:36,800
Columbus strove to maintain a 
grip on the situation but a 

1552
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:39,600
ships came and went They Carried
back to Spain letters and rumors

1553
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:43,200
that cast him in a questionable.
Light people who wants heralded 

1554
01:18:43,200 --> 01:18:46,600
him as a Visionary began to 
wonder if he was a tyrant and 

1555
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,800
yet Columbus managed to launch 
further exploration from these 

1556
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:53,200
Colonial footholds. 
He navigated around Cuba, 

1557
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:55,700
ventured into Jamaica and 
glimpsed. 

1558
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:59,600
More of the Caribbean's island 
chain, each landfall brought new

1559
01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:01,600
interactions with indigenous 
populations. 

1560
01:19:01,600 --> 01:19:05,400
Some initial encounters seemed 
peaceful enough featuring small 

1561
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:09,300
exchanges of goods or gestures 
of Amity but a Spanish 

1562
01:19:09,300 --> 01:19:11,400
Ambitions. 
Grew tensions invariably 

1563
01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:15,600
escalated into conflict even. 
So Columbus's spirit for 

1564
01:19:15,600 --> 01:19:19,100
exploration, never truly dimmed.
He continued sketching rough 

1565
01:19:19,100 --> 01:19:22,300
Maps confiding in his journals 
about how these islands, might 

1566
01:19:22,300 --> 01:19:24,000
connect to the broader Asian 
continent. 

1567
01:19:25,200 --> 01:19:27,300
An under-appreciated dimension 
of Columbus's. 

1568
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:30,300
Second voyage was the attempt to
introduce European Agriculture 

1569
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:34,000
and husbandry to the new world. 
Horses, pigs and cattle, 

1570
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:37,200
unloaded from Spanish ships, 
trotted across Caribbean Shores.

1571
01:19:37,200 --> 01:19:40,600
For the first time, we can 
sugarcane seeds were planted 

1572
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:42,000
with the hope that they would 
Thrive. 

1573
01:19:42,000 --> 01:19:45,200
These experiments would have 
eventually reshape local 

1574
01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:48,200
ecosystems though, Columbus and 
his contemporaries didn't 

1575
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:51,000
foresee how foreign plants and 
animals could disrupt native 

1576
01:19:51,000 --> 01:19:53,300
habitats. 
It also didn't foresee the 

1577
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:56,600
profound demographic collapse, 
that would be the keynote due to

1578
01:19:56,600 --> 01:20:01,100
disease forced labor. 
An armed confrontation Commit. 

1579
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:03,100
The daily swirl of colonial 
Administration. 

1580
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:06,400
Columbus, also wrestled with 
personal disappointment. 

1581
01:20:07,300 --> 01:20:09,900
Precious metals seemed less 
abundant than he had hinted in 

1582
01:20:09,900 --> 01:20:13,100
his early letters. 
The dream of easy gold faded. 

1583
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:16,100
Forcing him to tighten the 
screws on both colonists and 

1584
01:20:16,100 --> 01:20:18,400
Native populations to meet 
Spain's expectations. 

1585
01:20:18,400 --> 01:20:22,400
This pressure fueled further 
discontent, Some settlers 

1586
01:20:22,400 --> 01:20:25,800
plotted against him, drafting 
scathing reports to Royal 

1587
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:29,500
officials Columbus responded 
with imprisonments and strict 

1588
01:20:29,500 --> 01:20:32,900
measures hoping to maintain 
order and proved he could handle

1589
01:20:32,900 --> 01:20:34,700
the responsibilities vested in 
him. 

1590
01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:38,100
He was not entirely oblivious to
the unraveling situation 

1591
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:40,600
letters. 
He penned to the Spanish Crown 

1592
01:20:40,600 --> 01:20:43,600
reveal a weary individual 
pleading, for more support 

1593
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:46,800
complaining that rebellious 
colonists undermined his 

1594
01:20:46,800 --> 01:20:49,800
policies and defending his harsh
treatment of natives as 

1595
01:20:49,800 --> 01:20:51,300
necessary under the 
circumstances. 

1596
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:55,300
Historians continued to debate 
whether these please stemmed 

1597
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:58,300
from genuine concern or a 
desperate attempt to preserve 

1598
01:20:58,300 --> 01:21:01,800
his authority. 
Possibly it was both by this 

1599
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:04,800
stage Columbus was no longer 
just the triumphant Mariner who 

1600
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:06,700
had revealed unknown Islands to 
Europe. 

1601
01:21:07,500 --> 01:21:10,800
He was an in battled Governor 
pinned between Colonial demands 

1602
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:14,600
rebellious factions and 
Indigenous resistance eventually

1603
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:18,200
the tensions reached a point 
where the Spanish Crown could no

1604
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:20,400
longer. 
Ignore the colonial chaos, the 

1605
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,100
Spanish Crown, dispatched 
officials across the Atlantic to

1606
01:21:23,100 --> 01:21:25,600
conduct an investigation 
Columbus's name. 

1607
01:21:25,600 --> 01:21:29,100
Once applauded in Royal Halls 
started to be whispered with 

1608
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:31,600
skepticism. 
The monarchy needed order and 

1609
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:35,000
profit, not unending complaints 
and allegations of brutality 

1610
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:38,300
Columbus for his part and 
assisted he remained. 

1611
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:41,600
Steadfast in his loyalty, that 
his measures were misrepresented

1612
01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:45,400
that others were so in Discord 
against him, But the drumbeat of

1613
01:21:45,408 --> 01:21:49,100
criticism was relentless. 
These were pivotal years in 

1614
01:21:49,100 --> 01:21:51,500
which the promise of new lands 
collided with the Practical 

1615
01:21:51,500 --> 01:21:55,200
realities of Conquest, the idea 
of finding a paradise was 

1616
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:57,500
replaced by the harsh realities 
of colonization. 

1617
01:21:58,500 --> 01:22:00,400
Columbus is now. 
Navigational, achievements could

1618
01:22:00,400 --> 01:22:03,200
not Shield him from the 
complexities of trying to rule a

1619
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:05,100
far-flung. 
Colony under the watchful profit

1620
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:09,200
Hungry Eyes of the skull of 
Spanish crown and so amid 

1621
01:22:09,200 --> 01:22:11,800
fractious settlers and 
Indigenous communities on the 

1622
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:14,300
brink. 
Stage was set for a reckoning. 

1623
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:18,000
The once celebrated Admiral, 
whose unwavering conviction had 

1624
01:22:18,000 --> 01:22:20,800
brought him so far, found 
himself in snared in the 

1625
01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:23,100
bureaucracy and violence of 
Empire building. 

1626
01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:26,400
An empire that demanded more 
than a dreamer Spirit could 

1627
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:29,000
easily deliver. 
When people talk about 

1628
01:22:29,000 --> 01:22:32,100
Christopher Columbus today, they
often reduce him to a single act

1629
01:22:32,100 --> 01:22:36,500
that have discovering America. 
in that narrative, the Nuance of

1630
01:22:36,508 --> 01:22:40,000
his multiple voyages and the 
complexities of his tenure as a 

1631
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:43,500
colonial administrator often 
vanish yet its precisely in the 

1632
01:22:43,508 --> 01:22:46,500
aftermath of these voyages that 
the full dimensions of his 

1633
01:22:46,500 --> 01:22:49,800
influence and his failures come 
into Stark relief. 

1634
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:54,900
As Columbus initiated further, 
Journeys some leading him toward

1635
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:56,500
the coasts of Central and South 
America. 

1636
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:59,900
He found himself increasingly 
marginalized by Spanish 

1637
01:22:59,900 --> 01:23:02,700
bureaucracy. 
This shift manifested most 

1638
01:23:02,700 --> 01:23:05,100
dramatically in the arrival of 
Francisco. 

1639
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:09,700
A royal commissioner tasked with
investigating complaints about 

1640
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,000
Columbus's governorship. 
The new bureaucrat carrying the 

1641
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:16,300
weight of Royal Authority wasted
little time in gathering 

1642
01:23:16,300 --> 01:23:19,800
testimony Both Spaniards and 
local Islanders were counted 

1643
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:24,000
episodes of Cruelty nepotism and
questionable decisions. 

1644
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:27,600
Baba Diaz was a parently so 
appalled that he arrested 

1645
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:30,800
Columbus and his brothers 
sending them back to Spain in 

1646
01:23:30,800 --> 01:23:33,800
Chains. 
Legend has it that Columbus wore

1647
01:23:33,800 --> 01:23:37,000
his shackles defiantly, even 
when given the chance to remove 

1648
01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:39,500
them on the ship. 
He saw them as a symbol of 

1649
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:42,500
Injustice proof that his loyalty
and service were being raped 

1650
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:45,500
with humiliation. 
It was a potent image for 

1651
01:23:45,500 --> 01:23:48,200
someone who once stood 
triumphant before the same crown

1652
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:49,700
that now authorized his 
imprisonment. 

1653
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:53,800
Guilt remains Tangled in 
historical debate. 

1654
01:23:54,500 --> 01:23:57,700
Some accounts suggest that 
Columbus overwhelmed by the 

1655
01:23:57,700 --> 01:24:00,200
Labyrinth of colonial politics 
and the pressure for gold 

1656
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:03,600
resorted to Extreme. 
Measures others argue 

1657
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:07,000
bobadilla's actions were also 
politically motivated, using 

1658
01:24:07,000 --> 01:24:09,400
Columbus as a scapegoat to 
appease the Crown's 

1659
01:24:09,400 --> 01:24:11,300
dissatisfaction with the 
colonists performance. 

1660
01:24:12,400 --> 01:24:14,200
Pain returning to Spain in 
disgrace. 

1661
01:24:14,900 --> 01:24:17,200
Columbus, managed to secure an 
audience with Queen. 

1662
01:24:17,200 --> 01:24:21,600
Isabella Time suggests that he 
pleaded his case with tears. 

1663
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:24,200
In his eyes, lamenting how he 
had been treated. 

1664
01:24:25,200 --> 01:24:29,000
The queen who wants supported 
him, so fervently was moved 

1665
01:24:29,000 --> 01:24:32,800
enough to release him. 
However, his authority over the 

1666
01:24:32,808 --> 01:24:35,200
new world territory would never 
be fully restored. 

1667
01:24:36,100 --> 01:24:39,500
The monarchy recognized his 
contributions as Explorer, but 

1668
01:24:39,500 --> 01:24:42,700
deemed his administrative 
methods unacceptable, or at 

1669
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,200
least two fraught with 
controversy to continue under 

1670
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:48,800
his leadership. 
Despite these setbacks Columbus 

1671
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:52,800
managed to mount a fourth voyage
albeit with far, fewer resources

1672
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:56,300
and a more modest mission to 
find a passage to the Indian 

1673
01:24:56,300 --> 01:24:58,400
Ocean. 
He skirted the coast of Central 

1674
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:02,400
America enduring Hurricane's, 
shipwrecks, and near mutinies, 

1675
01:25:03,400 --> 01:25:07,200
Journey carried a distinct sense
of desperation Columbus remained

1676
01:25:07,200 --> 01:25:10,500
convinced he could unsub on a 
maritime straight, that would 

1677
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:12,900
vindicate. 
His original thesis that these 

1678
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:16,600
lands were indeed part of Asia's
outskirts, he found no such 

1679
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,700
passage of course and ended up 
stranded in Jamaica for a Time 

1680
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:23,200
relying on the uneasy Goodwill 
of local communities to survive.

1681
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:27,600
During that ordeal Columbus 
famously exploited, his 

1682
01:25:27,600 --> 01:25:30,600
knowledge of an upcoming lunar. 
Eclipse to secure Provisions. 

1683
01:25:30,600 --> 01:25:34,300
From the indigenous, people by 
predicting, the moon would turn 

1684
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:36,900
dark as a sign of divine 
displeasure. 

1685
01:25:36,900 --> 01:25:40,600
If they withheld supplies, he 
manipulated the local population

1686
01:25:40,600 --> 01:25:43,700
of this episode under schools, 
the lengths, he would go to 

1687
01:25:43,700 --> 01:25:46,700
maintain Authority and 
precarious circumstances, and it

1688
01:25:46,700 --> 01:25:49,700
also points to the lopsided 
power dynamics at Play. 

1689
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:54,100
Even when cut off from Spanish 
support, Columbus, found ways to

1690
01:25:54,100 --> 01:25:57,100
leverage Advanced European 
knowledge like astronomy for 

1691
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,500
short-term advantage. 
Eventually he managed to return 

1692
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:02,200
to Spain in failing Health 
battered. 

1693
01:26:02,200 --> 01:26:05,200
By the years at Sea, the 
illusions that he might still be

1694
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:08,300
recognized as the Viceroy of a 
new Empire, that he might 

1695
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:10,700
uncover the golden cities of 
Asia had diminished. 

1696
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:15,800
Queen Isabella's death in 1504 
further eroded his political 

1697
01:26:15,800 --> 01:26:18,500
support. 
King, Ferdinand was far more 

1698
01:26:18,508 --> 01:26:21,700
pragmatic and less inclined to 
indulge Columbus's petitions for

1699
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:25,700
power or wealth. 
Over time, other explorers such 

1700
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:28,000
as Amerigo. 
Vespucci began to map. 

1701
01:26:28,000 --> 01:26:31,300
The Contours of the so called 
New World, inadvertently 

1702
01:26:31,300 --> 01:26:35,000
challenging Columbus's fixation 
on Asia in his later years. 

1703
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:38,200
Columbus lived in 
semi-retirement dogged by 

1704
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:40,400
lawsuits over revenues. 
He believed were owed to him 

1705
01:26:40,408 --> 01:26:42,700
based on his original contract 
with the crown. 

1706
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:45,800
The once bold dreamer was 
reduced to lodging legal 

1707
01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:49,800
complaints, that oscillated 
between self-justification and 

1708
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:53,400
appeals to hire Christian 
purposes even on his deathbed in

1709
01:26:53,400 --> 01:26:56,900
1506, he seemed unwilling to let
go of the conviction that he 

1710
01:26:56,908 --> 01:26:58,700
had. 
Indeed found a western route to 

1711
01:26:58,700 --> 01:27:01,400
Asia. 
From a purely human perspective.

1712
01:27:01,400 --> 01:27:05,400
He's final chapter's present. 
A poignant figure, a man wants 

1713
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:08,700
lauded as an unrivaled. 
Pioneer brought Low by the 

1714
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:12,000
Machinery of the Empire. 
He helped expand It's tempting 

1715
01:27:12,000 --> 01:27:13,700
to cast him as the victim or 
villain. 

1716
01:27:13,700 --> 01:27:17,100
He was in truth. 
A complex amalgamation of 

1717
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:20,700
ambition, Faith, calculation, 
internal vision. 

1718
01:27:21,500 --> 01:27:24,300
His voyages Unleashed colossal 
consequences for countless 

1719
01:27:24,300 --> 01:27:27,200
indigenous people's Who Bore the
brunt of colonization's 

1720
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:30,000
brutality, Z's, and cultural 
upheaval. 

1721
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:33,600
And yet from European 
standpoint, he undeniably 

1722
01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:37,100
altered the map and opened a 
nearer of unprecedented Maritime

1723
01:27:37,100 --> 01:27:39,800
expansion. 
One might argue that his 

1724
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:42,800
ultimate downfall was that he 
neither adapted or let go of his

1725
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:46,000
initial misconceptions, had he 
recognized these territories as 

1726
01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:49,100
a separate land mass, he might 
have adjusted his strategies, 

1727
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,200
perhaps forging alliances or 
seeking more sustainable ways to

1728
01:27:52,200 --> 01:27:56,600
govern instead. 
He persisted year after year and

1729
01:27:56,600 --> 01:27:59,500
claiming the Asia was just 
around the corner that a 

1730
01:27:59,500 --> 01:28:02,000
straight or a city of gold would
validate his calculations. 

1731
01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:05,600
This inflexibility collided with
the messy reality of Empire 

1732
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:08,500
Building. 
The monarchy demanded tangible 

1733
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:11,800
riches and stability. 
Not unending, quests, based on 

1734
01:28:11,800 --> 01:28:14,900
outdated assumptions. 
By the time Columbus died. 

1735
01:28:14,900 --> 01:28:18,700
He had seen only fragments of 
his Grand Vision realized the 

1736
01:28:18,700 --> 01:28:21,400
world had indeed changed. 
But large lie, Beyond his 

1737
01:28:21,400 --> 01:28:23,700
personal control ships from 
other. 

1738
01:28:23,700 --> 01:28:26,500
European nations would soon 
arrive each with their own 

1739
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:28,900
agendas as the scramble to 
exploit. 

1740
01:28:28,900 --> 01:28:32,800
The newly unveiled continents 
gained momentum Columbus's name 

1741
01:28:32,800 --> 01:28:36,000
would echo through centuries, 
but his latter days were marked 

1742
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:39,500
by a troubled sense of having 
been eclipsed. the shimmering 

1743
01:28:39,500 --> 01:28:42,800
illusions that guided him across
unknown water's faded into a 

1744
01:28:42,800 --> 01:28:46,700
legacy far more complicated, and
far more transformative than 

1745
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:50,200
even, he could have imagined The
ramifications of Columbus's 

1746
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:54,000
Journeys extended far beyond the
man himself, unleashing, a chain

1747
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:57,400
of events that would reshape the
globe with each subsequent ship,

1748
01:28:57,400 --> 01:29:00,900
sailing Westward more European, 
settlers landed on Caribbean, 

1749
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:03,000
Shores, and eventually the 
mainland. 

1750
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:06,500
While the Spanish Crown, 
extracted, gold and silver from 

1751
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:10,300
mines, carved out of the soil 
indigenous societies buckled 

1752
01:29:10,300 --> 01:29:13,200
under forced labor and diseases 
like smallpox measles. 

1753
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:17,000
And influenza these illnesses 
new to the Western Hemisphere 

1754
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:21,500
devastated populations, who had 
no immunity communities that had

1755
01:29:21,500 --> 01:29:24,800
Thrive for Generations 
collapsed, a cultural practices 

1756
01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:28,500
disrupted or arrays. 
Within a single generation. 

1757
01:29:28,500 --> 01:29:31,900
The vibrant tapestry of the 
Taino and other native groups 

1758
01:29:31,900 --> 01:29:33,100
was forever. 
Transformed. 

1759
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,700
Some Scholars estimate mortality
rates? 

1760
01:29:35,700 --> 01:29:38,900
Well over 70%, in certain areas 
due to epidemics alone. 

1761
01:29:39,800 --> 01:29:42,000
The Spanish approach was 
typically to establishing 

1762
01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:45,300
communist. 
A system in which settlers were 

1763
01:29:45,300 --> 01:29:47,300
granted control over local 
communities. 

1764
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:50,600
They were supposed to protect an
educate them in Christianity, 

1765
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:54,000
but in practice, the system 
turned into a form of 

1766
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:57,500
enslavement extracting labor, 
while paying minimal heat to 

1767
01:29:57,500 --> 01:30:01,000
well-being, Columbus's initial 
governance might not have 

1768
01:30:01,000 --> 01:30:04,200
single-handedly created these 
policies, but his methods and 

1769
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:06,300
the crowns encouragement of 
resource exploitation. 

1770
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:09,300
Set the tone. 
The idea of the Columbian 

1771
01:30:09,300 --> 01:30:13,000
Exchange is often used to 
describe the massive transfer of

1772
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:17,000
plants and animals, people and 
ideas between the old and new 

1773
01:30:17,000 --> 01:30:19,600
worlds. 
From the Americas came crops 

1774
01:30:19,600 --> 01:30:24,200
like Maize potatoes tomatoes and
cacao which would revolutionize 

1775
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:25,900
European Cuisine and 
agriculture. 

1776
01:30:25,900 --> 01:30:30,300
Conversely old world animals 
like horses cattle and pigs 

1777
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:33,400
quickly became fixtures in the 
Americas, changing landscape. 

1778
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:36,700
And Indigenous livelihoods this,
exchangeable included, the force

1779
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:39,600
migration of African slaves who 
were brought in to replace 

1780
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:43,300
decimated local labor forces, 
Grimes that Columbus may never 

1781
01:30:43,308 --> 01:30:46,300
have directly orchestrated, but 
the followed from the colonial 

1782
01:30:46,300 --> 01:30:49,600
blueprint, he helped layout in a
broad sense, Columbus's voyages 

1783
01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:52,700
sparked the European 
imagination, Portugal, England, 

1784
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:56,000
France, and Netherlands soon. 
Launched their own mission's 

1785
01:30:56,000 --> 01:30:59,400
across the Atlantic driven by 
rumors of riches and conquered 

1786
01:30:59,400 --> 01:31:01,600
lands. 
Competing claims ignited, 

1787
01:31:01,600 --> 01:31:04,800
conflicts over territory, 
opening a new age of Imperial 

1788
01:31:04,800 --> 01:31:07,600
rivalry. 
The lines on maps were redrawn 

1789
01:31:07,600 --> 01:31:12,000
countless times each iteration 
leaving a trail of treaties Wars

1790
01:31:12,000 --> 01:31:15,700
and Boundary disputes and so the
impetus that began with 

1791
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:17,800
Columbus's belief in a Westwood 
path to Asia. 

1792
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:21,400
Spiraled into a global upheaval,
that reached far beyond the 

1793
01:31:21,408 --> 01:31:25,900
Caribbean. as these powers 
jostled for control indigenous 

1794
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:28,900
Nations across two, continents, 
faced waves of new arrivals, 

1795
01:31:28,900 --> 01:31:32,900
some groups formed alliances 
with Europeans leveraging 

1796
01:31:32,900 --> 01:31:36,300
firearms and trade relationships
to gain Regional advantages, 

1797
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,700
others resisted colonization 
with every means at their 

1798
01:31:39,700 --> 01:31:44,100
disposal whether through Warfare
or diplomatic negotiation, In 

1799
01:31:44,108 --> 01:31:49,100
that unfolding drama Columbus's 
role was recast overshadowed by 

1800
01:31:49,100 --> 01:31:52,600
conquerors like Cortes and 
Pizarro whose direct subjugation

1801
01:31:52,600 --> 01:31:57,000
of massive civilization has Tech
and Inca dwarfed, the swallowed 

1802
01:31:57,000 --> 01:32:01,500
conquest of the first Islands. 
Yet the initial Spark, the 

1803
01:32:01,500 --> 01:32:03,400
template for claiming land on 
the Royal Charters. 

1804
01:32:03,400 --> 01:32:06,800
Trace back to Columbus's 
insistence that these lands 

1805
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:10,100
belong to Spain. 
Over the centuries, his 

1806
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:14,400
reputation, waxed and waned in 
Spain, he was intermittently 

1807
01:32:14,400 --> 01:32:16,600
lionized as a national hero 
though. 

1808
01:32:16,600 --> 01:32:19,700
He was Italian born in the 
emerging United States. 

1809
01:32:20,800 --> 01:32:24,100
Columbus was mythologized as an 
emblem of pioneering Spirit, 

1810
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:28,100
particularly during the 19th 
century, when a young Nation 

1811
01:32:28,100 --> 01:32:30,500
sought founding myths, 
disconnected from British 

1812
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:34,600
colonial rule monuments, 
sprouted in his name poets and 

1813
01:32:34,600 --> 01:32:38,500
Chronicles polished away the 
unseemly details painting. as a 

1814
01:32:38,500 --> 01:32:41,600
Visionary, chosen by Fate, but 
as the modern era approached, 

1815
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:45,500
Historians began to piece 
together, the darker facets, the

1816
01:32:45,500 --> 01:32:48,500
enslavement of native peoples. 
The ruthless tactics to extract 

1817
01:32:48,500 --> 01:32:51,500
tribute and the catastrophic 
demographic collapse that 

1818
01:32:51,500 --> 01:32:55,500
accompanied European arrival. 
Within academic circles 

1819
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:59,000
Columbus's identity has been 
dissected with increasing rigor.

1820
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:03,300
Was he a brilliant if flawed 
Mariner Court in the Unstoppable

1821
01:33:03,300 --> 01:33:06,500
tide of Empire? 
Cunning opportunists who used 

1822
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:10,300
Royal favour to pursue his quest
for personal Glory or a tragic 

1823
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:12,000
figure who stumbled into a 
continent. 

1824
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:15,300
He never understood living long.
Enough to see his illusion 

1825
01:33:15,300 --> 01:33:18,400
crumble, the man's diary's the 
letters. 

1826
01:33:18,400 --> 01:33:21,100
He exchanged with monarchs and 
the records of those who 

1827
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,100
traveled with him, reveal 
contradictions, and complexities

1828
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:27,800
that defy easy categorization, 
social movements in the late 

1829
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:30,200
20th and early 21st. 
Centuries further, heightened 

1830
01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:33,900
scrutiny protesters targeted 
Columbus Day Celebrations 

1831
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:37,500
calling attention to the brutal 
Legacy of colonization for 

1832
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:42,100
indigenous people's Shoes were 
defaced public debates, raged 

1833
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:44,700
and local governments declared 
alternative holidays like 

1834
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:47,900
indigenous people's day. 
The conversation shifted from 

1835
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:50,600
glorifying Columbus's 
navigational, trials to 

1836
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:52,800
examining the price others paid 
for his Endeavors. 

1837
01:33:52,800 --> 01:33:56,800
Some people clung to the older 
narrative, seeing him as an icon

1838
01:33:56,800 --> 01:33:59,800
of exploration and progress. 
While others demanded a more 

1839
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:02,800
candid acknowledgment of the 
suffering woven into his story. 

1840
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:08,000
In many ways, Columbus, embodies
the Paradox of exploration, a 

1841
01:34:08,000 --> 01:34:10,800
thirst for new knowledge and 
wealth coupled with the violent,

1842
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:12,700
imposition of power over those 
encountered. 

1843
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:16,100
Modern sentiments, often try to 
reduce historical figures to 

1844
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:18,400
moral absolutes, hero or 
villain. 

1845
01:34:18,400 --> 01:34:21,200
But people and particularly 
those who lived centuries ago, 

1846
01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:24,800
exist in moral Shades shaped by 
the context of their times. 

1847
01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:28,500
Columbus was no exception, he 
followed the traditions of his 

1848
01:34:28,500 --> 01:34:33,200
Society, exploitation religious 
Zeal, hierarchical rule while 

1849
01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:35,900
also forging New Paths, the 
derivatively altered, the 

1850
01:34:35,900 --> 01:34:39,400
world's trajectory Reflecting on
this one. 

1851
01:34:39,400 --> 01:34:42,200
Sees that the significance of 
Columbus's voyages, cannot be 

1852
01:34:42,200 --> 01:34:45,100
understated. 
Regardless of how a one judges, 

1853
01:34:45,100 --> 01:34:49,300
his personal character, entire 
continents with rust in to a new

1854
01:34:49,308 --> 01:34:53,700
era of connectivity and strife 
Commodities, pathogens and 

1855
01:34:53,700 --> 01:34:56,500
cultural practices. 
Mingled in a transitioning dance

1856
01:34:56,500 --> 01:34:59,000
with consequences that continue 
to unfold. 

1857
01:35:00,000 --> 01:35:02,800
That Global transformation can 
be traced to this determined 

1858
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:06,100
Navigator, who despite incorrect
assumptions and an inflexible 

1859
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:11,600
mindset, was the Catalyst for an
epochal shift history for all 

1860
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,400
its tomb, tragedy, hinged on 
that moment. 

1861
01:35:14,400 --> 01:35:18,900
He and his crew, sighted land 
and one 1492 With the benefit of

1862
01:35:18,900 --> 01:35:20,900
hindsight. 
We might picture Columbus 

1863
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:24,000
standing at a symbolic 
Crossroads holding the map of 

1864
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:27,000
his flawed calculations in one 
hand and a fervent sense of 

1865
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:30,400
Destiny and the other. 
To some he remains an adventurer

1866
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:32,600
who proved the feasibility of 
crossing the Atlantic. 

1867
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:36,200
Bridging worlds that for 
thousands of years had developed

1868
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:40,400
independently to others, he 
represents the darkest impulses 

1869
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:44,700
of colonial ambition, unleashing
oppression and subjugation on 

1870
01:35:44,700 --> 01:35:47,700
societies that neither desired 
nor invited his arrival. 

1871
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:50,700
Through the prism of five 
centuries. 

1872
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:55,000
Perhaps both views, hold Merit 
intertwined in the complexities 

1873
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:58,800
of historical momentum. 
In contemporary times, the story

1874
01:35:58,800 --> 01:36:00,900
of Columbus resonates 
differently, depending on 

1875
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:05,500
cultural educational and 
National perspectives for those 

1876
01:36:05,500 --> 01:36:07,300
whose ancestors hail from 
Europe. 

1877
01:36:07,900 --> 01:36:10,600
His voyages might be hailed as 
the dawn of a new chapter, in 

1878
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:14,600
global Affairs, an invitation to
expand her Horizons and sharing 

1879
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:17,800
cultural exchanges for the 
descendants of indigenous. 

1880
01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:21,400
People's it can symbolize the 
devastating onset of invasion 

1881
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:24,300
and loss of sovereignty. 
And for countless African 

1882
01:36:24,300 --> 01:36:26,700
families. 
Columbus's break throughs in 

1883
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:28,600
navigational. 
Would pave the way for a 

1884
01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:31,900
transatlantic slave trade 
forcibly uprooting Millions from

1885
01:36:31,900 --> 01:36:34,800
their homelands to labor in 
Plantation cross the Americas. 

1886
01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:38,700
If we peel away the Mythic 
layers, we find a man both 

1887
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:41,200
guided and blinded by the 
conviction of his era. 

1888
01:36:41,900 --> 01:36:46,000
Columbus believed in a cosmology
that insisted earth size was 

1889
01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:47,800
smaller than many experts 
claimed. 

1890
01:36:48,500 --> 01:36:51,100
He also adhered to the 
conviction that Christianity had

1891
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:55,600
a mission to spread to every 
corner of the globe by force if 

1892
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:59,200
persuasion failed. 
Even as a young boy haunted by 

1893
01:36:59,200 --> 01:37:02,800
the brine centered heir of 
genoa's, docks He likely never 

1894
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:05,300
pictured how far reaching the 
consequences of his Ambitions 

1895
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:09,200
would be if anything his early 
dream was to find a direct route

1896
01:37:09,200 --> 01:37:12,500
to Asia, as well, not to become 
the instigator of a massive 

1897
01:37:12,500 --> 01:37:16,200
reordering of human societies. 
His navigational, prowess 

1898
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:19,900
remains undeniable crossing, the
Atlantic in those small vessels 

1899
01:37:19,900 --> 01:37:23,600
demanded skill. 
Courage and an uncanny ability 

1900
01:37:23,600 --> 01:37:27,200
to Rally, terrified Crews, 
navigated, with rudimentary 

1901
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,000
tools under harsh conditions 
forging routes. 

1902
01:37:30,000 --> 01:37:32,800
That would later become standard
passages for ships of 

1903
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:34,800
exploration, trade, and 
Conquest. 

1904
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:38,800
Indeed staying power of His 
Story, rests his partly on the 

1905
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:42,400
maritime accomplishment itself, 
proving that a trans, Oceanic 

1906
01:37:42,400 --> 01:37:46,300
Crossing could be repeated and 
systematized yet the same 

1907
01:37:46,300 --> 01:37:49,000
willpower that made him persist 
in the face of skepticism. 

1908
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:52,000
Also, fueled his unwillingness 
to abandon his original 

1909
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:55,700
assertion that he was in Asia. 
this insistence might appear 

1910
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:59,200
almost comical, given our modern
knowledge, but in his time, 

1911
01:37:59,200 --> 01:38:02,900
admitting error could jeopardize
not just personal Pride, but the

1912
01:38:02,908 --> 01:38:06,400
entire framework of Royal 
patronage, Stubbornness 

1913
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:09,600
ironically became a tool for 
survival in a Cutthroat 

1914
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:13,500
political environment. 
Historians continue to unearth 

1915
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:15,200
documents. 
The color in the details of 

1916
01:38:15,200 --> 01:38:17,800
Columbus's relationships. 
With both the Spanish monarchy 

1917
01:38:17,800 --> 01:38:20,700
and his relatives. 
Personal letters reveal a man 

1918
01:38:20,708 --> 01:38:23,400
vexed by the shifting. 
Allegiances at court and haunted

1919
01:38:23,400 --> 01:38:26,500
by Financial concerns. 
Yearned for the wealth and 

1920
01:38:26,508 --> 01:38:30,000
social status that successful. 
Explorers could attain believing

1921
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:32,600
that Divine Providence had 
chosen him to fulfill a 

1922
01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:34,200
Monumental role in human 
Destiny. 

1923
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:37,300
This near me, Messianic 
self-perception sometimes 

1924
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:40,800
contradicted the messy and often
brutal reality, he oversaw in 

1925
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:45,100
the colonies, Where the reviled 
or revered Columbus stands as a 

1926
01:38:45,100 --> 01:38:47,700
testament to how individual 
actions can reverberate through 

1927
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:50,100
the centuries. 
The controversies surrounding 

1928
01:38:50,100 --> 01:38:53,400
how modern societies. 
Commemorate him reflect broader 

1929
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:56,100
debates about how we confront 
our Collective passed. 

1930
01:38:56,800 --> 01:38:59,300
How do we honor navigational 
Feats, while acknowledging the 

1931
01:38:59,300 --> 01:39:01,300
suffering inflicted by Colonial,
Pursuits. 

1932
01:39:01,300 --> 01:39:04,700
How do we teach the achievements
of exploration, alongside the 

1933
01:39:04,700 --> 01:39:06,300
tragedies that followed in its 
wake? 

1934
01:39:07,500 --> 01:39:10,100
The question of where Columbus 
fits within the moral landscape 

1935
01:39:10,100 --> 01:39:14,600
of History has no simple answer.
For people in their middle years

1936
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:19,300
like those between 45 and 54 
revisiting Columbus can be a 

1937
01:39:19,300 --> 01:39:21,000
striking exercise in 
reevaluation. 

1938
01:39:21,000 --> 01:39:23,600
Many of us learned a sanitized 
version. 

1939
01:39:23,600 --> 01:39:28,100
In our youth, a simplistic epic 
of heroic Discovery over time, 

1940
01:39:28,100 --> 01:39:31,000
reading more broadly or hearing 
stories from descendants of 

1941
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:33,500
colonized communities. 
Might challenge those old 

1942
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,400
narratives The Hallmark of 
historical awareness. 

1943
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:39,500
In one's middle years, often 
involves reconciling childhood 

1944
01:39:39,500 --> 01:39:42,600
lessons with a more nuanced and 
frequently uncomfortable. 

1945
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:45,800
Truth. 
Columbus's story exemplifies 

1946
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:50,600
this process today as technology
allows us near, instant access 

1947
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:53,800
to the world's knowledge. 
It's sobering to recall the Day,

1948
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:56,400
Columbus ventured into the 
unknown with only sales and 

1949
01:39:56,400 --> 01:40:00,400
unwavering belief that leap 
underpinned by flawed 

1950
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:02,600
assumptions. 
Still gave birth to our 

1951
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:06,100
interconnected modern world. 
A world where the Ripple effects

1952
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:08,800
of his Crossing shape, our 
politics cultures and 

1953
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:11,400
environment. 
Whether we choose to cast him as

1954
01:40:11,408 --> 01:40:14,100
a Visionary, a reckless 
conqueror or both. 

1955
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:17,600
The fact remains his voyages 
forever altered the course of 

1956
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:22,000
history and in contemplating his
legacy, WE peer into the broader

1957
01:40:22,000 --> 01:40:25,800
quandary of how exploration's 
well-intentioned or not can 

1958
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,400
unleash forces that transcend 
the vision of those who first 

1959
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:31,700
set in motion. 
In closing, the life of 

1960
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:34,000
Christopher Columbus offers us 
know, tidy. 

1961
01:40:34,000 --> 01:40:36,800
Moral resolution only an 
evolving dialogue about 

1962
01:40:36,800 --> 01:40:40,300
exploration Legacy, and the 
burdensome complexity of the 

1963
01:40:40,300 --> 01:40:44,100
past, If there's a final 
takeaway, it might be this to 

1964
01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:46,800
remember that progress and 
tragedy can arrive hand in hand,

1965
01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:49,300
Columbus, dared to sail into the
unknown. 

1966
01:40:49,300 --> 01:40:53,600
And act that simultaneously 
expanded Horizons and contracted

1967
01:40:53,600 --> 01:40:56,700
the futures of countless others 
through his story. 

1968
01:40:56,700 --> 01:41:01,200
We see the power and Peril of 
bold Endeavors, reminding us 

1969
01:41:01,200 --> 01:41:04,900
that behind every famous voyage 
stands in Mosaic of human lives.

1970
01:41:04,900 --> 01:41:08,200
Some forging Destiny. 
Others swept aside by its 

1971
01:41:08,200 --> 01:41:17,600
Relentless tide Imagine your 
driving through the Rolling 

1972
01:41:17,600 --> 01:41:20,400
Hills of central Italy. 
Maybe humming along to the song 

1973
01:41:20,400 --> 01:41:24,300
on the radio in suddenly see the
landscape start to change the 

1974
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:27,800
soft Farmland gives way to 
something more dramatic, a huge 

1975
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:29,900
Limestone Mountain. 
That looks like the shoulder of 

1976
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:33,000
a sleeping giant with slopes are
covered in medieval Stone 

1977
01:41:33,000 --> 01:41:34,700
buildings. 
That look like they grew right 

1978
01:41:34,700 --> 01:41:37,000
out of the rock. 
This is Monty titano. 

1979
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:40,500
If you squint just right in the 
afternoon light, you can almost 

1980
01:41:40,500 --> 01:41:43,600
see the ghost of a stonemason 
named marinus from the fourth 

1981
01:41:43,600 --> 01:41:45,300
Century climbing, its Rocky 
Parks. 

1982
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:48,700
He is probably wondering why he 
left the relative comfort of the

1983
01:41:48,700 --> 01:41:50,900
crow Asian Coast for this 
Italian wilderness. 

1984
01:41:51,700 --> 01:41:55,200
We could say that marinas was a 
very religious person, he had 

1985
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:57,700
become a Christian at a time 
when being one was about as 

1986
01:41:57,700 --> 01:41:59,100
popular as being a tax 
collector. 

1987
01:41:59,100 --> 01:42:02,400
He thought the best way to serve
God was to build a church. 

1988
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:06,100
In the most inconvenient place, 
he could find Monte titano, must

1989
01:42:06,100 --> 01:42:08,400
have seemed like the perfect 
place because of its steep 

1990
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:11,400
Cliffs, unpredictable, weather 
and lack of amenities. 

1991
01:42:11,400 --> 01:42:14,400
The mountain itself, is an 
interesting geological feature. 

1992
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,600
It's a piece of limestone that 
sticks out from the surrounding 

1993
01:42:17,600 --> 01:42:19,700
area, like a medieval castle 
made by Nature. 

1994
01:42:19,700 --> 01:42:23,300
The Three Peaks make it a 
natural Fortress with steep 

1995
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:26,200
drops on most sides and only a 
few easy ways to get there. 

1996
01:42:26,200 --> 01:42:29,000
This Rocky outcropping looks 
like it was made just for 

1997
01:42:29,000 --> 01:42:30,500
Hermits. 
And people who want to prove 

1998
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:32,500
something. 
If you were trying to hide from 

1999
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:35,300
the world, you couldn't do much 
better than this Mariners came 

2000
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:39,100
to roam around 301 CE. 
When the Roman Empire was still 

2001
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:41,200
trying to figure out what to do 
about this new Christian 

2002
01:42:41,200 --> 01:42:43,200
religion. 
Most people were keeping their 

2003
01:42:43,200 --> 01:42:46,000
heads down and not saying 
anything but Miranda wasn't like

2004
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:48,500
most people. 
He built a small Hermitage on 

2005
01:42:48,500 --> 01:42:51,200
the side of the mountain and 
started letting other Christian 

2006
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:53,200
ref. 
Stay there over time. 

2007
01:42:53,200 --> 01:42:56,300
He built what was basically a 
very small, very high altitude 

2008
01:42:56,300 --> 01:42:59,000
religious community. 
In those days, the area around 

2009
01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:03,000
Monte titano was a mix of Roman 
Farms forest clearings and wild 

2010
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:05,900
Countryside that may Travel and 
Adventure in the most dangerous 

2011
01:43:05,900 --> 01:43:09,900
way possible wolves, still roam.
The hills and its use the Forest

2012
01:43:09,900 --> 01:43:12,900
roads as their own personal 
shopping centers and the weather

2013
01:43:12,900 --> 01:43:16,100
could change from nice to deadly
and the time it takes for a 

2014
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:18,200
toddler to get upset, but 
marinas. 

2015
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:20,200
And his growing Community, had 
found something that would 

2016
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:22,800
define San Marino for the next 
1700 years. 

2017
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:26,800
Sometimes the best way to 
protect yourself is to just be 

2018
01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:30,100
too much trouble to attack. 
The mountain was too steep for 

2019
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:33,200
an army to climb too far away 
from you to gain much from 

2020
01:43:33,200 --> 01:43:36,300
controlling it, and to poor for 
you to ever get back, what you 

2021
01:43:36,308 --> 01:43:39,500
spent to conquer it, the people 
who lived there at first Survive

2022
01:43:39,500 --> 01:43:42,300
by growing what they could in 
the thin Mountain soil and 

2023
01:43:42,300 --> 01:43:44,500
trading, with the fewer 
Merchants, who were brave enough

2024
01:43:44,500 --> 01:43:47,600
to make the climbed goats, 
because goats seem to, like, 

2025
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:50,500
living on the edge of cliffs, 
unlike sheep, they grew great, 

2026
01:43:50,500 --> 01:43:53,800
because great finds Hermits do 
well in Rocky hard to reach 

2027
01:43:53,800 --> 01:43:57,300
places and they got that kind of
mountain stubbornness that comes

2028
01:43:57,300 --> 01:43:58,700
from. 
Knowing that no one else will 

2029
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:00,700
care about you. 
If you don't, as you fall 

2030
01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:03,600
asleep, tonight, picture the 
sound of church bells. 

2031
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:07,000
Ringing off Limestone Cliffs, 
the smell of wood smoke mixing, 

2032
01:44:07,000 --> 01:44:10,200
with the smell of wild herbs, 
and the sight of a small group 

2033
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,200
of people who chose the hard 
path, because it was the right 

2034
01:44:13,200 --> 01:44:15,400
one. 
They had no idea they were 

2035
01:44:15,400 --> 01:44:17,800
making the groundwork for one of
the most successful countries in

2036
01:44:17,800 --> 01:44:20,700
the world by accident they were 
just trying to make it through 

2037
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:23,400
each day on a mountain. 
San Marino is the answer. 

2038
01:44:23,400 --> 01:44:26,000
If you've ever wondered what it 
would be like to live in a place

2039
01:44:26,000 --> 01:44:28,300
where you could walk from one 
end of your country, to the 

2040
01:44:28,308 --> 01:44:31,400
other, in about an hour, it's 
about the size of a small 

2041
01:44:31,400 --> 01:44:34,700
American suburb, but it has all 
the problems and quirks of a 

2042
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:37,600
real nation state. 
The Republic is like a ship's 

2043
01:44:37,600 --> 01:44:39,500
Crow's Nest. 
That looks out over the Emilia 

2044
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:41,600
Romania region of Italy from 
there. 

2045
01:44:41,600 --> 01:44:44,200
You can see all the way from the
Adriatic seat, the opinion 

2046
01:44:44,200 --> 01:44:47,500
mountains on clear days, which 
happened a lot because the 

2047
01:44:47,500 --> 01:44:50,100
mountain is so high. 
You can see all the way to the 

2048
01:44:50,100 --> 01:44:53,100
Croatian Coast where Started his
journey. 

2049
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:55,600
You can see why people in the 
Middle Ages thought. 

2050
01:44:55,600 --> 01:44:57,700
They could see the whole world 
from high places. 

2051
01:44:57,700 --> 01:45:01,300
When you look at this View 
guita, sester and montale are 

2052
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:04,200
the three peaks of Monte titano.
Each one is topped with old 

2053
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:07,200
fortifications, making a natural
defensive triangle that has 

2054
01:45:07,208 --> 01:45:10,300
never been breached by force. 
Of course, this wasn't planned, 

2055
01:45:10,300 --> 01:45:13,500
when you build a settlement on a
mountain with three convenient 

2056
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:16,800
Peaks and live in a time when 
people use swords to settle 

2057
01:45:16,800 --> 01:45:19,800
arguments, it's only natural 
that you would put watchtowers 

2058
01:45:19,800 --> 01:45:22,600
on the high points, Italians 
call the climate here, 

2059
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:26,700
Continental Mediterranean, which
sounds fancy, but really just 

2060
01:45:26,700 --> 01:45:29,400
means nice weather. 
Most of the time with enough 

2061
01:45:29,400 --> 01:45:33,000
seasonal change to keep things. 
Interesting Summers a warm but 

2062
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:35,800
not too hot. 
Thanks to the elevation and the 

2063
01:45:35,800 --> 01:45:39,000
breezes that come up from The 
Valleys around, the winters are 

2064
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:40,800
cool. 
And sometimes snowy, which makes

2065
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:43,800
the medieval Stone building's 
look like a Christmas card made 

2066
01:45:43,800 --> 01:45:47,400
by someone with great taste in 
architecture, the soil on Monty 

2067
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,800
titano is thin and Rocky, which 
might seem like a bad thing at 

2068
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:53,000
first. 
But this is The kind of land 

2069
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:55,000
that grows great wine, grapes 
and tough people. 

2070
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:58,200
The Vineyards in San Marino, 
grow on terrorist slopes that 

2071
01:45:58,208 --> 01:46:01,200
would scare a mountain goat. 
The wines they make taste like 

2072
01:46:01,200 --> 01:46:04,400
they've taken in the essence of 
limestone sunshine and sheer 

2073
01:46:04,400 --> 01:46:06,300
willpower. 
But maybe the most important 

2074
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,000
thing about San Marino's 
geography is that it is 

2075
01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:12,700
surrounded by nothing but Italy,
geographers call, the Republican

2076
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:15,800
Enclave, which means that it is 
a country that is completely 

2077
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:19,500
surrounded by another country. 
It's like being a tiny Island in

2078
01:46:19,500 --> 01:46:23,000
a huge Italian sea, which is 
affected every part of San 

2079
01:46:23,000 --> 01:46:26,300
Marino's growth from the Middle 
Ages to now this Geographic 

2080
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:29,200
reality made, what you could 
call the Goldilocks of effect of

2081
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:32,200
survival, San Marino was big 
enough to keep its own culture 

2082
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:35,100
and traditions, but not so big. 
That anyone really wanted to 

2083
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:37,300
take it over. 
It was rich enough to keep its 

2084
01:46:37,300 --> 01:46:39,300
people from having to move 
somewhere else because they were

2085
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:41,600
so poor. 
But not so rich that it got the 

2086
01:46:41,600 --> 01:46:44,100
kind of attention that makes 
Army show up at your door with 

2087
01:46:44,100 --> 01:46:47,600
paperwork, to take your stuff. 
The mountains location also made

2088
01:46:47,608 --> 01:46:50,300
it to Natural stop for people 
traveling between northern and 

2089
01:46:50,300 --> 01:46:52,500
southern Italy. 
People who were Merchants 

2090
01:46:52,500 --> 01:46:55,100
pilgrims, or even lost. 
Nobles would climb the winding 

2091
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:59,400
paths to monitor tetano, spend a
night or two there by supplies, 

2092
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:02,400
and then move on this. 
Kept the Republic from becoming 

2093
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:04,200
completely cut off from the 
outside world. 

2094
01:47:05,400 --> 01:47:08,100
There's never enough to threaten
its independence water. 

2095
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:09,700
Was always hard to find on the 
mountain. 

2096
01:47:09,700 --> 01:47:13,400
So people built complex systems 
to collect and store rainwater, 

2097
01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:16,300
you can still see the Old Stone 
channels and underground 

2098
01:47:16,300 --> 01:47:18,800
reservoirs that the saint 
Marinis built to catch every 

2099
01:47:18,800 --> 01:47:21,300
drop of water. 
It reminds us that Independence.

2100
01:47:21,300 --> 01:47:23,700
Often means learning how to 
survive, especially in small 

2101
01:47:23,708 --> 01:47:25,900
places. 
The forests that grew on the 

2102
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:27,700
lower. 
Slopes gave the Republic wood 

2103
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:31,700
for building fuel for heating 
and places to hunt that added to

2104
01:47:31,700 --> 01:47:35,000
the Republic's diet. 
There are enough wild boar deer 

2105
01:47:35,000 --> 01:47:37,700
and smaller game to feed the 
people, but the communities 

2106
01:47:37,700 --> 01:47:39,800
changing laws. 
Made sure that hunting rights 

2107
01:47:39,800 --> 01:47:42,800
were carefully controlled the 
mountains natural boundaries may

2108
01:47:42,800 --> 01:47:45,400
have given people a healthy 
sense of scale which is 

2109
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:48,300
something psychologists might 
recognize San Marino. 

2110
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:50,400
Was small enough. 
That everyone knew everyone else

2111
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:53,800
be enough to hold all the 
different parts of human society

2112
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:56,700
and far enough away from the 
rest of the world that problems 

2113
01:47:56,700 --> 01:47:58,200
could be solved by working 
together. 

2114
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:00,100
Instead of needing help from 
outside. 

2115
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:03,200
Imagine living in a house 
between two neighbors, who spend

2116
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:05,000
most of their time fighting over
property. 

2117
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:08,800
Fence lines and whose dog is 
making too much noise. 

2118
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:11,900
Now picture that your neighbors 
are huge, medieval kingdoms, 

2119
01:48:11,900 --> 01:48:15,700
with armies goals and a habit of
settling arguments by setting 

2120
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:18,000
things on fire. 
Instead of suburban homeowners, 

2121
01:48:18,000 --> 01:48:21,600
for most of its early history, 
this was the case in San Marino.

2122
01:48:21,600 --> 01:48:24,600
Amazingly, they turned what 
seemed like a disadvantage into 

2123
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:27,400
their biggest strength to the 
north and east were the lands 

2124
01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:30,300
ruled by different Italian city 
states Venice. 

2125
01:48:30,300 --> 01:48:32,900
Had its Maritime Empire 
Florence, had its banking 

2126
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:36,000
networks, and there was a 
rotating cast of Duchess, and 

2127
01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:39,100
Prince of pallets that changed 
hands faster than a cursed 

2128
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:41,500
Medieval sword. 
The Papal States were to the 

2129
01:48:41,500 --> 01:48:44,300
South and West. 
The pope had both spiritual and 

2130
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:46,600
political power there. 
And his armies could be blessed 

2131
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:48,500
by God and still stab you with a
sword. 

2132
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:51,700
San Marino was smart enough to 
know early on that when you're 

2133
01:48:51,700 --> 01:48:54,500
too small to fight the big 
Powers, the best thing to do is 

2134
01:48:54,500 --> 01:48:57,700
to make yourself, too useful to 
destroy and to harmless to fear.

2135
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:00,200
They were like Switzerland in 
medieval Italy. 

2136
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:03,400
Had a banking and chocolate. 
They offered strategic 

2137
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:04,900
neutrality and great 
hospitality. 

2138
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:09,000
To anyone who climbed their 
Mountain San Marino became very 

2139
01:49:09,000 --> 01:49:11,600
good at being diplomatically 
invisible during the long Wars 

2140
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:12,900
between the guelphs and 
ghibellines. 

2141
01:49:12,900 --> 01:49:16,400
These wars were like a political
argument that lasted for 

2142
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:19,300
centuries about who should be in
charge the pope or the Holy 

2143
01:49:19,300 --> 01:49:22,400
Roman Emperor as Guelph armies 
marched Through The Valleys 

2144
01:49:22,400 --> 01:49:25,700
below, the San Marino's would 
wave from their mountaintops and

2145
01:49:25,700 --> 01:49:28,600
offer to pray for their Victory 
when gibling troops came by, 

2146
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:31,200
they would do the same thing 
with the same enthusiasm and 

2147
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:33,300
sincerity. 
This wasn't cowardice. 

2148
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:35,900
It was smart politics by people 
who knew that. 

2149
01:49:35,900 --> 01:49:38,700
Sometimes you have to put aside 
your pride and serve tea to 

2150
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:40,500
everyone who might think you're 
an anime. 

2151
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:43,700
People started to think of the 
Republic as a place where people

2152
01:49:43,700 --> 01:49:46,800
from different sides could meet 
to talk things over where 

2153
01:49:46,800 --> 01:49:48,800
religious pilgrims could find 
safety. 

2154
01:49:48,800 --> 01:49:51,900
No matter what their political 
beliefs were and where tired 

2155
01:49:51,900 --> 01:49:54,600
medieval Warriors could rest 
without worrying about being 

2156
01:49:54,600 --> 01:49:57,400
attacked by their enemies. 
The relationship with the Papal 

2157
01:49:57,400 --> 01:49:59,900
States was a specialty fragile 
because San Marino was 

2158
01:49:59,900 --> 01:50:03,200
technically part of land that 
the pope claimed his own, the 

2159
01:50:03,200 --> 01:50:06,600
Pope's, who were busy running, 
both the church and a Usually 

2160
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,000
found it easier to recognize San
Marino's Independence than to 

2161
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:12,700
spend the time and money needed 
to take over such a small and 

2162
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:16,300
economically unimportant area. 
This led to a series of papal 

2163
01:50:16,300 --> 01:50:19,300
recognitions that were more like
acknowledgments of reality than 

2164
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:22,600
formal treaters. 
The Pope seem to be saying fine,

2165
01:50:22,600 --> 01:50:25,000
you can keep your little 
mountain Republic but don't 

2166
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:27,500
cause any trouble and remember 
to invite us to your important 

2167
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:31,900
festivals in return, San Marino,
stuck to strict religious rules,

2168
01:50:31,900 --> 01:50:35,100
and made sure that any Pope who 
came would get a warm, welcome 

2169
01:50:35,100 --> 01:50:37,800
that made the climb worth, while
the relationship with the 

2170
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:40,800
Italian Powers around. 
It was similar, San Marino would

2171
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:43,500
pay tribute when it was 
appropriate, help with military 

2172
01:50:43,500 --> 01:50:46,900
matters when it was asked for 
and possible and always always 

2173
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:50,200
show the kind of diplomatic 
courtesy that made it clear. 

2174
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:52,300
They knew their place in the 
ground scheme of things. 

2175
01:50:52,300 --> 01:50:55,000
They were like the ideal 
neighbor, who never complains 

2176
01:50:55,000 --> 01:50:58,100
about noise always returned 
borrowed, Tools in better shape 

2177
01:50:58,100 --> 01:51:00,900
than they got them and can be 
counted on to water your plants 

2178
01:51:00,900 --> 01:51:03,300
when you're away. 
But this plan of strategic 

2179
01:51:03,300 --> 01:51:05,600
insignificance needed to be 
adjusted all the time. 

2180
01:51:06,300 --> 01:51:08,500
If you are too independent, you 
might be seen as a threat. 

2181
01:51:08,500 --> 01:51:12,300
If you are too dependent, you 
might be completely absorbed for

2182
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:14,200
hundreds of years. 
San Marino, walked this 

2183
01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:18,000
tightrope developing an almost 
Supernatural sense of when to 

2184
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:20,300
stand up for themselves. 
And when to fade into the 

2185
01:51:20,300 --> 01:51:23,800
background of bigger events, the
Republic's location, also made 

2186
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:26,200
it natural place for people to 
go when they were fleeing the 

2187
01:51:26,200 --> 01:51:29,100
political unrest, that happened 
all the time in medieval, Italy,

2188
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:32,500
Nobles, who had been kicked out 
of their homes, intellectuals, 

2189
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:35,500
who had been persecuted, and the
occasional Merchant who had 

2190
01:51:35,500 --> 01:51:38,200
backed the wrong side in a 
city-state dispute, would all 

2191
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:41,200
make their way up Monty titano, 
to wait out the storm and plan. 

2192
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:44,400
Their next moves, this brought 
in a steady stream of outside 

2193
01:51:44,400 --> 01:51:46,800
Knowledge and Skills that made 
San Marino's culture. 

2194
01:51:46,800 --> 01:51:49,300
Better without ever threatening 
to, take it over. 

2195
01:51:49,300 --> 01:51:52,700
If you can imagine a community 
meeting where everyone has to be

2196
01:51:52,700 --> 01:51:55,000
there because there is no one 
else to make the important 

2197
01:51:55,000 --> 01:51:58,100
decision, you can start to 
understand how San Marino 

2198
01:51:58,100 --> 01:52:01,100
accidentally came up with one of
the most stable forms of 

2199
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:02,400
democratic government in the 
world. 

2200
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:06,600
Their political system wasn't 
based on ideas, it was Based on 

2201
01:52:06,608 --> 01:52:09,200
need and the kind of common 
sense that comes from. 

2202
01:52:09,200 --> 01:52:12,800
Knowing that if you fail, 
everyone will starve the early, 

2203
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:14,100
sand. 
Marines had a problem that 

2204
01:52:14,100 --> 01:52:16,200
anyone who has ever been in 
charge of a neighborhood 

2205
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,600
association would know about 
someone had to decide how to use

2206
01:52:19,600 --> 01:52:23,000
shared resources, cetl fights 
between neighbors and deal with 

2207
01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:26,000
emergencies, but they couldn't 
go to a higher authority, when 

2208
01:52:26,000 --> 01:52:27,700
things got tough, like most 
communities. 

2209
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:31,000
Could that would take days to 
get to the nearest Duke, bishop,

2210
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:34,200
or imperial representative. 
And they were probably too busy 

2211
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:36,400
with more important. 
Things to care about fights over

2212
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:39,100
goat grazing rights or when to 
clean the system. 

2213
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:42,000
So they did what people have 
always done when they lived 

2214
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:44,400
together. 
They made a system that let the 

2215
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,900
people who are most affected by 
decision's help make them the 

2216
01:52:47,900 --> 01:52:51,100
arengo, which is San Marino's 
General Assembly Grew From 

2217
01:52:51,100 --> 01:52:53,900
informal Community meetings in 
to something like a town hall 

2218
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:56,900
democracy, but the town was 
actually the whole country. 

2219
01:52:56,900 --> 01:52:59,200
The Argo wasn't a modern 
Parliament. 

2220
01:52:59,800 --> 01:53:02,000
Was more like a big family 
meeting where everyone had 

2221
01:53:02,000 --> 01:53:04,600
strong opinions. 
Most decisions needed to be 

2222
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:08,000
agreed upon and the loudest 
voice didn't always win in 

2223
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:10,600
medieval times. 
Every head of household could 

2224
01:53:10,600 --> 01:53:13,100
take part which meant adult 
males who owned land. 

2225
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:15,900
However, the property 
requirement was so low that it 

2226
01:53:15,908 --> 01:53:19,200
basically included. 
Anyone who owned a goat, kept a 

2227
01:53:19,200 --> 01:53:22,100
Vineyard or could show that they
weren't completely dependent on 

2228
01:53:22,100 --> 01:53:25,100
someone else for survival. 
The Dual captains he came out of

2229
01:53:25,100 --> 01:53:26,700
these meetings and became San 
Marino's. 

2230
01:53:26,700 --> 01:53:29,900
Most important contribution to 
political science they didn't 

2231
01:53:29,900 --> 01:53:33,000
choose one leader who might be 
tempted by power or corrupted by

2232
01:53:33,000 --> 01:53:35,600
Authority. 
Instead they chose two captains 

2233
01:53:35,600 --> 01:53:38,300
region to serve together. 
For six months it was like 

2234
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:40,900
having two presidents who kept 
each other Honest, by making 

2235
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:44,100
sure that any abuse of power 
would be seen right away by the 

2236
01:53:44,100 --> 01:53:47,000
person sitting next to you. 
This system came about because 

2237
01:53:47,000 --> 01:53:49,300
of Real World Experience, not 
political Theory. 

2238
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:52,500
They had noticed that single 
leaders often started to believe

2239
01:53:52,500 --> 01:53:54,500
they were more important than 
they really were. 

2240
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,500
But committees could argue about
decisions until the walls were 

2241
01:53:57,500 --> 01:54:00,700
actually at the door two people.
Chosen for their skills and 

2242
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,800
required to work together could 
make decisions quickly and keep 

2243
01:54:03,800 --> 01:54:05,600
an eye on each other's possible 
excesses. 

2244
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:07,700
The six-month term limit was 
also useful. 

2245
01:54:07,700 --> 01:54:10,600
Six months was enough time to 
deal with the complicated 

2246
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:13,800
business of running a small 
Republic, like negotiating with 

2247
01:54:13,800 --> 01:54:17,800
nearby Powers managing shared 
resources and settling major 

2248
01:54:17,800 --> 01:54:20,100
disagreements. 
But it was not long enough for 

2249
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:23,000
anyone to start thinking of the 
job as a career instead of a 

2250
01:54:23,000 --> 01:54:25,400
civic duty. 
It also meant that everyone knew

2251
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:27,300
that today's leader would be 
tomorrow's neighbor. 

2252
01:54:27,300 --> 01:54:30,200
This makes people much more 
polite when they are in charge, 

2253
01:54:30,200 --> 01:54:33,000
but maybe the most creative 
thing about San Marino's 

2254
01:54:33,000 --> 01:54:36,500
government was how it handled 
Law And Justice in using a 

2255
01:54:36,500 --> 01:54:38,600
complicated legal code that came
from above. 

2256
01:54:38,600 --> 01:54:41,700
They came up with a way to 
settle disputes that was based 

2257
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:43,500
on common sense and local 
Customs. 

2258
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:47,100
Most disagreements were worked 
out through mediation with the 

2259
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:49,700
Elders of the community, helping
neighbors, come to agreements 

2260
01:54:49,700 --> 01:54:52,700
that everyone could live with, 
they set up a system of Courts 

2261
01:54:52,700 --> 01:54:55,400
for more serious cases, that 
focused more on fixing things 

2262
01:54:55,400 --> 01:54:58,000
that on punishing people. 
If someone damaged their 

2263
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:00,700
neighbor's property, the goal 
was, Fix the damage. 

2264
01:55:00,700 --> 01:55:03,600
Not to get back at them. 
If someone broke the rules of 

2265
01:55:03,600 --> 01:55:06,500
the community, the usual 
response was to try to get them 

2266
01:55:06,500 --> 01:55:09,000
back in good standing instead of
kicking them out for good. 

2267
01:55:09,000 --> 01:55:12,200
This method Works in part 
because San Marino was small 

2268
01:55:12,200 --> 01:55:15,100
enough that everyone's 
reputation mattered and social 

2269
01:55:15,100 --> 01:55:17,300
pressure was more effective than
formal punishment. 

2270
01:55:17,300 --> 01:55:21,600
But in worked because the people
in the community knew that in a 

2271
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:24,600
place where everyone depended on
everyone else to live breaking 

2272
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:27,700
up relationships was a luxury 
they couldn't afford the way. 

2273
01:55:27,700 --> 01:55:31,300
The Republic handled taxes was 
also very practical instead of a

2274
01:55:31,308 --> 01:55:33,400
complicated system of taxes and 
fees. 

2275
01:55:33,400 --> 01:55:36,400
They mostly relied on people 
giving them goods and services 

2276
01:55:36,400 --> 01:55:38,900
everyone in the community 
pitched in to help build 

2277
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:42,600
fortifications by doing work or 
bringing materials, depending on

2278
01:55:42,600 --> 01:55:45,200
what they could do. 
Everyone pitched in to help pay 

2279
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:48,600
for diplomatic trips or toast 
important guests based on what 

2280
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:51,100
they could afford. 
This system of government had to

2281
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:54,100
create something amazing, a 
political culture where 

2282
01:55:54,100 --> 01:55:56,900
leadership was seen as service 
in state of privilege, where 

2283
01:55:56,900 --> 01:55:59,300
decisions were made to gather 
instead of by one person. 

2284
01:55:59,900 --> 01:56:01,900
And where the health of the 
community was more important 

2285
01:56:01,900 --> 01:56:04,300
than individual goals. 
That wasn't perfect. 

2286
01:56:04,300 --> 01:56:08,800
No human system ever is, but it 
was very strong and surprisingly

2287
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:11,800
good at managing the difficult 
task of keeping a small Mountain

2288
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:14,600
Republic free for more than 17 
centuries. 

2289
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:17,800
It's funny how a community 
suddenly realizes, it has become

2290
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:20,900
a country like someone who 
starts collecting stamps as a 

2291
01:56:20,900 --> 01:56:23,500
hobby and then finds out, 
they're running a philatelic 

2292
01:56:23,500 --> 01:56:25,900
Empire. 
San Marino slowly came to this 

2293
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:28,900
realization one day. 
They were just a group of people

2294
01:56:28,900 --> 01:56:31,300
living on a mountain. 
Trying to keep their traditions 

2295
01:56:31,300 --> 01:56:34,600
and Independence. 
The next day they were Sovereign

2296
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:36,500
Nation with diplomatic ties and 
everything. 

2297
01:56:36,500 --> 01:56:40,400
There wasn't a declaration of 
independence Revolutionary War, 

2298
01:56:40,400 --> 01:56:43,400
or even a very dramatic ceremony
to Mark the change. 

2299
01:56:43,400 --> 01:56:47,200
Instead, it happened through a 
series of small acknowledgments,

2300
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:51,200
practical agreements and the 
gradual building up of Preston's

2301
01:56:51,200 --> 01:56:54,400
that eventually led to something
that looked like statehood, it 

2302
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:57,100
was like becoming famous without
realizing when you stopped being

2303
01:56:57,100 --> 01:57:01,200
a private person in 1631. 
Hope and the 8th officially 

2304
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:03,200
recognized San Marino's 
Independence. 

2305
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:06,700
This was the first sign that the
small community had crossed an 

2306
01:57:06,700 --> 01:57:08,400
invisible line in to becoming a 
real country. 

2307
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,000
It wasn't that the pope was 
being especially nice. 

2308
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:13,900
It was more like a busy landlord
officially saying that the 

2309
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:16,300
tenants in the small apartment 
upstairs, could take care of 

2310
01:57:16,300 --> 01:57:19,900
themselves and probably didn't 
need to be directly supervised, 

2311
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:23,200
but getting the Pope's approval 
was one thing living in a world 

2312
01:57:23,208 --> 01:57:24,900
where nation states were getting
stronger. 

2313
01:57:24,900 --> 01:57:28,200
Was something else entirely 
during the 17th and 18th, 

2314
01:57:28,200 --> 01:57:31,900
centuries, Europe, saw the rise 
of territorial consolidation 

2315
01:57:31,900 --> 01:57:34,900
where bigger Powers took over 
smaller ones through War 

2316
01:57:34,900 --> 01:57:38,900
marriage or just to make things 
easier to run San Marino's 

2317
01:57:38,900 --> 01:57:41,900
continued Independence started 
to seem less like a strange 

2318
01:57:41,900 --> 01:57:44,600
thing from the Middle Ages and 
more like a political. 

2319
01:57:44,600 --> 01:57:48,100
They were able to stay alive 
because they were very good at 

2320
01:57:48,100 --> 01:57:49,900
what we might call Strategic 
relevance. 

2321
01:57:49,900 --> 01:57:53,600
They were too small to be a 
threat to port to be worth. 

2322
01:57:53,600 --> 01:57:57,100
Conquering for economic reasons,
and two well-positioned to be 

2323
01:57:57,100 --> 01:57:59,600
completely ignored. 
They were in a good place in the

2324
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:02,900
Located world of European 
politics, important enough to be

2325
01:58:02,908 --> 01:58:06,000
a neutral meeting place, but not
so important that they could be 

2326
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:08,800
dangerous on their own. 
This was a specially important 

2327
01:58:08,800 --> 01:58:11,700
during the time of Napoleon. 
When the French Emperor was 

2328
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:14,300
changing the map of Europe with 
the same excitement as someone 

2329
01:58:14,308 --> 01:58:17,300
who had just bought a house and 
was rearranging the furniture 

2330
01:58:17,300 --> 01:58:19,900
Napoleon. 
Strangely enough, not only left 

2331
01:58:19,900 --> 01:58:22,500
San Marino alone, but also 
offered to give them more land. 

2332
01:58:22,500 --> 01:58:26,000
The sand Marinis would be able 
to stay alive for hundreds of 

2333
01:58:26,008 --> 01:58:28,500
years. 
Politely said, no, they taking 

2334
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:30,700
gifts from Napoleon. 
Could mean making promises. 

2335
01:58:30,700 --> 01:58:32,000
They couldn't keep and getting 
attention. 

2336
01:58:32,000 --> 01:58:34,200
They didn't want the 19th 
century. 

2337
01:58:34,200 --> 01:58:36,900
Brought new problems as 
nationalism spread across Europe

2338
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,200
and the Italian Peninsula 
started. 

2339
01:58:39,200 --> 01:58:40,900
Its long journey toward 
unification. 

2340
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:44,100
San Marino was in the strange 
position of being asked to join 

2341
01:58:44,100 --> 01:58:45,600
something that didn't really 
exist. 

2342
01:58:45,600 --> 01:58:49,500
Yet, a unified Italian nation 
that was still more of a dream 

2343
01:58:49,500 --> 01:58:52,000
that a reality. 
They answered in a way that was 

2344
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:55,700
typical of them practical. 
They generally supported Italian

2345
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:59,000
unification gave political 
refugees from Austrian and 

2346
01:58:59,008 --> 01:59:01,900
people author. 
A place to stay and even offered

2347
01:59:01,900 --> 01:59:03,200
military help when they could 
do. 

2348
01:59:03,200 --> 01:59:06,200
So, without putting their own 
safety at risk, but they also 

2349
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:08,200
made it clear that they would 
not give up their own 

2350
01:59:08,200 --> 01:59:11,000
independence in order to support
Italian nationalism. 

2351
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:14,500
This job needed a lot of 
diplomatic skill, San Marino 

2352
01:59:14,500 --> 01:59:17,100
needed to show that they were on
the same page as their Italian 

2353
01:59:17,100 --> 01:59:19,000
neighbors. 
But they didn't want to look 

2354
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:21,800
like a remnant of the old feudal
system that the nationalists 

2355
01:59:21,800 --> 01:59:24,500
were trying to get rid of. 
They had to show the new Italian

2356
01:59:24,500 --> 01:59:27,400
state that they were useful. 
But not so useful that it would 

2357
01:59:27,408 --> 01:59:29,700
be tempted to take them in San 
Marino's. 

2358
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:32,000
Main idea that help them get 
through this time was 

2359
01:59:32,000 --> 01:59:34,400
understanding the difference 
between Independence and 

2360
01:59:34,400 --> 01:59:37,600
sovereignty, they could 
negotiate defend and keep their 

2361
01:59:37,600 --> 01:59:40,100
sovereignty. 
The formal recognition of their 

2362
01:59:40,100 --> 01:59:43,600
right to exist as a separate 
political entity through careful

2363
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,900
diplomacy Independence. 
The ability to make their own 

2364
01:59:46,900 --> 01:59:50,000
decisions about their own lives.
Was something they had to show 

2365
01:59:50,000 --> 01:59:52,500
through, good government and 
strong Community ties. 

2366
01:59:52,500 --> 01:59:55,800
The charismatic leader of 
Italian unification Giuseppe 

2367
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:59,800
Garibaldi new this different 
after a campaign he went to San 

2368
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:03,100
Marino Know for safety there, he
was not welcome as a Conquering 

2369
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:05,600
Hero, but as a guest who had 
earned Sanctuary through his 

2370
02:00:05,600 --> 02:00:08,600
dedication to Freedom, the 
Republic's decision to protect 

2371
02:00:08,600 --> 02:00:10,300
him. 
Even though the Austrian 

2372
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:12,200
authorities were putting 
pressure on them showed that 

2373
02:00:12,200 --> 02:00:15,700
their independence wasn't just a
legal technicality, but a real 

2374
02:00:15,708 --> 02:00:18,500
commitment to the values that 
had kept them going for hundreds

2375
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:23,200
of years by 1871 when Italy 
became a unified country, San 

2376
02:00:23,200 --> 02:00:26,200
Marino, a change from a medieval
Oddity into a real member of the

2377
02:00:26,200 --> 02:00:29,000
community of Nations. 
They had treaties with big 

2378
02:00:29,000 --> 02:00:32,100
countries, diplomatic 
representation in important 

2379
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:36,000
cities and most importantly, an 
international reputation that 

2380
02:00:36,000 --> 02:00:38,000
made, it seem normal for them to
stay independent. 

2381
02:00:38,000 --> 02:00:41,300
But the most interesting thing 
about San Marino's accidental, 

2382
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:44,300
nationhood is how little it 
changed the way, they ran their 

2383
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:46,000
government and lived in their 
communities. 

2384
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,800
They stayed a republic of 
neighbors who just happened to 

2385
02:00:48,800 --> 02:00:51,800
live in the same country, not 
subjects of a state who just 

2386
02:00:51,800 --> 02:00:53,000
happened to live in the same 
place. 

2387
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:56,400
The difference may seem small 
but it changed, how they saw 

2388
02:00:56,400 --> 02:00:58,600
their relationship with each 
other and the world around them.

2389
02:00:58,600 --> 02:01:01,400
Imagine waking up. 
Every day in a place where your 

2390
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:03,800
commute to work might take you 
past fortifications that are 

2391
02:01:03,808 --> 02:01:07,500
1000 years old, where your local
grocery store is built on a 

2392
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,900
foundation that is older than 
most European Cathedrals and 

2393
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:13,300
where you might run into your 
head of state at the market. 

2394
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,500
This was the daily life of 
people in San Marino, who 

2395
02:01:16,500 --> 02:01:18,200
somehow managed to live normal 
lives. 

2396
02:01:18,200 --> 02:01:21,700
And one of the most accidentally
amazing places on Earth, the 

2397
02:01:21,700 --> 02:01:24,400
mountain itself, set the pace 
for daily life, in the Republic,

2398
02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:27,400
the Eastern slopes of Monte 
titano, woke up early. 

2399
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:30,400
The warm Gold light painted, the
Limestone walls of the old 

2400
02:01:30,400 --> 02:01:33,300
towers and the lights slowly 
spread across the Terrace. 

2401
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:36,700
Vineyards, and Olive Groves that
clung to the Mountainside the 

2402
02:01:36,700 --> 02:01:40,000
air in the morning smelled like 
wild herbs like rosemary, thyme 

2403
02:01:40,000 --> 02:01:41,700
and Sage that grew in the Rocky 
crevasses. 

2404
02:01:41,700 --> 02:01:45,300
It also smelled like Woodsmoke 
from the chimneys of houses that

2405
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:47,900
looked like they were made of 
Mountain Stone as it. 

2406
02:01:47,900 --> 02:01:50,400
Always has been in farming 
communities where daylight is 

2407
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:52,300
precious and Seasons. 
Don't wait for anyone. 

2408
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:55,900
Work started early. 
The Vineyards needed constant 

2409
02:01:55,900 --> 02:01:58,600
care pruning in the winter 
training in the spring and 

2410
02:01:58,600 --> 02:02:01,600
harvesting in the fall. 
The thin Mountain soil needed, 

2411
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:04,000
careful cultivation to grow 
anything more than food. 

2412
02:02:04,000 --> 02:02:06,900
But maybe because of these 
problems San Marino's wines 

2413
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:09,500
became known far beyond the tiny
borders of the Republic. 

2414
02:02:09,500 --> 02:02:13,200
The olive Groves were just as 
hard to work in their silver 

2415
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:16,200
trees were routed into Terraces.
That previous generations had 

2416
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:18,900
carved out of the Mountainside 
with only their willpower and 

2417
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:21,300
simple tools. 
Olive oil wasn't just something 

2418
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:26,200
to cook with it was also money 
medicine and the basis for trade

2419
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:29,200
with the valleys below, a good 
harvest could pay for diplomatic

2420
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:30,900
missions, or infrastructure 
projects. 

2421
02:02:30,900 --> 02:02:34,000
But a bad one meant having to 
cut back and hope for a better 

2422
02:02:34,000 --> 02:02:36,700
year next year. 
But farming was only one part of

2423
02:02:36,700 --> 02:02:39,700
the Republic's economy because 
of where it was on Old trade 

2424
02:02:39,700 --> 02:02:41,900
routes. 
San Marino was a natural place 

2425
02:02:41,900 --> 02:02:44,400
for merchants to stop on their 
way between northern and 

2426
02:02:44,400 --> 02:02:47,000
southern Italy. 
The Republic's markets which 

2427
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:50,000
were held in the shadow of 
medieval Towers came known for 

2428
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:51,900
their honesty. 
In a world where traveling 

2429
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:54,700
Merchants never knew, if they 
would be cheated robbed, or both

2430
02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:59,700
San Marino offered something 
rare reliable Fair, dealing this

2431
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:01,600
rep. 
For honesty and business wasn't 

2432
02:03:01,600 --> 02:03:05,000
just a fluke in a community 
where everyone's actions had an 

2433
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,200
impact on everyone else as well.
Keeping trust, wasn't just the 

2434
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:11,400
right thing to do, it was 
necessary for economic survival.

2435
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:15,100
If a merchant cheated visitors, 
their neighbors would shun them.

2436
02:03:15,100 --> 02:03:17,700
Because they knew that their 
reputation as a group was their 

2437
02:03:17,700 --> 02:03:21,100
most valuable asset craft 
Traditions that grew up in San 

2438
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,400
Marino, were based on both need 
and charts, stonemasons had to 

2439
02:03:24,400 --> 02:03:27,000
learn how to work with the local
Limestone, for both building and

2440
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:29,800
decorating Woodworkers, who 
lived on the lower, slopes of 

2441
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:32,800
the mountain had access to the 
forests and learned how to make 

2442
02:03:32,800 --> 02:03:35,400
furniture and tools that could 
stand up to the mountains. 

2443
02:03:35,400 --> 02:03:38,500
Extreme weather at first, 
metalworkers only made weapons 

2444
02:03:38,500 --> 02:03:42,200
and tools for farming over time.
They became artists, whose work 

2445
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:44,400
was sought after by collectors 
all over Italy. 

2446
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:48,000
But the most unique thing about 
daily life in San Marino was how

2447
02:03:48,000 --> 02:03:50,400
everyone was expected to be 
responsible for their own 

2448
02:03:50,400 --> 02:03:53,200
actions in bigger countries. 
You have to deal with government

2449
02:03:53,200 --> 02:03:56,500
and San Marino. 
It was just as natural as taking

2450
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:57,900
care of your Vineyard or your 
home. 

2451
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:01,600
The erongo meeting's weren't 
official School events, they 

2452
02:04:01,600 --> 02:04:03,400
were Community. 
Gatherings, when neighbors 

2453
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:05,200
talked about things that were 
important to them. 

2454
02:04:05,200 --> 02:04:07,900
And made decisions together 
about things like how to keep 

2455
02:04:07,900 --> 02:04:10,800
the roads in good shape and how 
to handle Foreign Affairs. 

2456
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:14,100
The social calendar was made up 
of both religious holidays and 

2457
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:16,800
Civic festivals. 
This created a rhythm of 

2458
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:19,000
Celebration that made the 
community feel like they were 

2459
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:22,000
all part of something bigger. 
The feast of Saint Mariners, 

2460
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:25,200
which took place on September 
3rd was both a religious holiday

2461
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:28,400
and a national celebration. 
It included processions, 

2462
02:04:28,400 --> 02:04:31,600
traditional foods and the kind 
of communal activities that 

2463
02:04:31,600 --> 02:04:34,300
reminded everyone why they chose
to live on a mountain together. 

2464
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:38,000
The food culture in San Marino 
is unique because it is based on

2465
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:41,100
mountain and ingredients and 
Italian influences but it is 

2466
02:04:41,100 --> 02:04:44,700
still very local the food, 
tasted like the mountain itself 

2467
02:04:44,700 --> 02:04:47,200
because it was made with Wild 
game from the nearby. 

2468
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:51,300
Forests cheese from mountain, 
goats wine from terrorists, 

2469
02:04:51,300 --> 02:04:54,900
Vineyards and olive oil pressed 
from trees that grew in soil. 

2470
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:57,700
That was so Rocky. 
It seemed impossible, the 

2471
02:04:57,700 --> 02:05:00,300
Republic's approached education 
showed that it knew that in a 

2472
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:02,800
Small country. 
Everyone's work is important, 

2473
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:05,800
kids learned more than just 
reading writing and math. 

2474
02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:09,600
They also learned useful skills 
like farming making things and 

2475
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:12,300
how to be a good citizen. 
They learned as they grew up 

2476
02:05:12,300 --> 02:05:15,000
that they were inheriting more 
than just property or a job. 

2477
02:05:15,008 --> 02:05:18,300
They were all inheriting the 
responsibility of keeping a 

2478
02:05:18,300 --> 02:05:21,100
unique way of life alive. 
That had lasted for hundreds of 

2479
02:05:21,108 --> 02:05:23,000
years. 
Through the hard work of many 

2480
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:26,800
people San Marino's culture saw 
Public Service as a normal part 

2481
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:29,000
of adult life, not as a special 
job. 

2482
02:05:29,000 --> 02:05:33,000
This is perhaps the most amazing
thing about the country citizens

2483
02:05:33,000 --> 02:05:35,800
were expected to serve on 
committees help, make decisions 

2484
02:05:35,800 --> 02:05:38,800
about public issues and take 
turns in different government 

2485
02:05:38,800 --> 02:05:41,000
jobs. 
The captain's region were not 

2486
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:43,900
professional politicians, they 
were neighbors who had been 

2487
02:05:43,900 --> 02:05:47,500
chosen to run the communities 
business for six months before, 

2488
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:50,900
going back to their Vineyards 
workshops or whatever else they 

2489
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:53,500
did for a living. 
This blending of government into

2490
02:05:53,500 --> 02:05:56,200
everyday, life, made a political
culture, that was both very 

2491
02:05:56,200 --> 02:06:00,300
stable and very Dynamic changes 
occurred incrementally for 

2492
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:03,300
Facilitated by dialogue and 
consensus rather than through 

2493
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:06,700
Revolution or edict. 
However, they transpired as the 

2494
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:09,500
community of adjusted to 
emerging challenges while 

2495
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:12,600
preserving its fundamental 
values and traditions, when 

2496
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:15,000
you're not sure you wanted 
International recognition in the

2497
02:06:15,008 --> 02:06:17,400
first place, it can be a little 
awkward. 

2498
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:21,900
San Marino went through this in 
the 1800s and 1900s as the world

2499
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:25,800
slowly realized that this tiny 
Mountain Republic was more than 

2500
02:06:25,800 --> 02:06:27,900
just a Charming medieval 
curiosity. 

2501
02:06:27,900 --> 02:06:30,900
There was a real Sovereign 
Nation with all the rights and 

2502
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:32,600
duties that come with being a 
state. 

2503
02:06:32,600 --> 02:06:35,700
Getting formal, diplomatic 
recognition was like being asked

2504
02:06:35,700 --> 02:06:37,400
to join a club. 
You didn't know, you wanted to 

2505
02:06:37,400 --> 02:06:40,508
join only to find out that being
a member came with a lot of 

2506
02:06:40,516 --> 02:06:42,000
rules. 
You hadn't thought of before, 

2507
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:45,500
all of a sudden San Marino was 
expected to have opinions on 

2508
02:06:45,500 --> 02:06:49,400
global issues, follow formal 
diplomatic procedures and have 

2509
02:06:49,400 --> 02:06:51,800
the kind of bureaucratic system 
that bigger countries. 

2510
02:06:51,800 --> 02:06:55,200
Take for granted World War, 1 
was the first big test of their 

2511
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:58,200
new international status. 
Most of Europe was too busy 

2512
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:02,300
tearing itself apart over issues
of Nationalism, imperialism and 

2513
02:07:02,300 --> 02:07:04,800
royal family feuds that had 
gotten way out of hand. 

2514
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:08,000
San Marino, showing the 
Diplomatic skill that had kept 

2515
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:11,600
them free for hundreds of years,
declared neutrality, and spent 

2516
02:07:11,600 --> 02:07:15,000
the War years helping refugees 
while carefully avoiding any 

2517
02:07:15,000 --> 02:07:16,600
actions. 
That could be seen as taking 

2518
02:07:16,600 --> 02:07:18,900
sides. 
This neutrality didn't mean 

2519
02:07:18,900 --> 02:07:21,700
staying out of world affairs. 
It meant doing active 

2520
02:07:21,700 --> 02:07:24,100
peacekeeping work. 
That took a lot of skill and 

2521
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:27,200
resources, the Republic became a
safe place for people fleeing 

2522
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:29,400
the violence. 
A place where people from both 

2523
02:07:29,400 --> 02:07:31,800
sides could talk to each other 
and assign that. 

2524
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,500
Not every disagreement had to be
settled with guns. 

2525
02:07:34,500 --> 02:07:38,100
It was hard work that used up a 
lot of their resources, but it 

2526
02:07:38,100 --> 02:07:40,800
also made San Marino known as a 
real power. 

2527
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:44,400
Instead of just a country that 
was too small to matter during 

2528
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:47,100
the interval years, fascist 
movement spread across Europe. 

2529
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:49,900
And the old way of doing 
diplomacy fell apart into 

2530
02:07:49,900 --> 02:07:53,000
ideological conflict. 
San Marino was in a strange 

2531
02:07:53,000 --> 02:07:55,700
situation because it was 
surrounded by Mussolini's Italy,

2532
02:07:55,700 --> 02:07:58,900
while trying to keep Democratic 
institutions that their powerful

2533
02:07:58,900 --> 02:08:02,400
neighbors saw as out. 
The Republic's response was a 

2534
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:05,000
lesson in how to stay alive by 
being flexible in diplomacy. 

2535
02:08:05,000 --> 02:08:08,400
They got along well, with a 
fascist government while quietly

2536
02:08:08,400 --> 02:08:10,600
keeping up their usual 
democratic practices. 

2537
02:08:10,600 --> 02:08:13,800
They didn't say anything that 
would make things worse and they

2538
02:08:13,808 --> 02:08:16,900
continue to shelter political 
refugees overall. 

2539
02:08:16,900 --> 02:08:19,300
They acted like good neighbors, 
who just had different ideas 

2540
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:20,700
about how to run their own 
Affairs. 

2541
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:23,900
This Balancing Act needed to be 
adjusted all the time and 

2542
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:27,200
sometimes needed to be given up 
San Marino, couldn't openly 

2543
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:29,600
oppose fascism without risking 
being taken over. 

2544
02:08:29,600 --> 02:08:32,300
But, they couldn't support it 
without going against the 

2545
02:08:32,300 --> 02:08:34,400
democratic values that made them
who they are. 

2546
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:37,800
The answer was what we might 
call principal pragmatism, 

2547
02:08:37,800 --> 02:08:41,100
keeping their core value while 
changing, how they acted in 

2548
02:08:41,100 --> 02:08:43,700
order to stay alive in a world, 
that was becoming more hostile. 

2549
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:46,600
Potentials reached a breaking 
point during World War Two. 

2550
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:50,200
Even though San Marino was a 
fishy neutral, its location made

2551
02:08:50,200 --> 02:08:53,100
it impossible to be. 
Truly neutral, Allied planes 

2552
02:08:53,100 --> 02:08:56,500
flew over their land and German 
troops were nearby the Republic 

2553
02:08:56,500 --> 02:08:59,800
clearly sided with the 
Democratic Powers, even if they 

2554
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:02,900
couldn't say so out, Loud. 
The most dramatic event happened

2555
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:05,800
in 1944. 
When German troops, briefly, 

2556
02:09:05,800 --> 02:09:08,200
took over San Marino. 
They said it was to keep the 

2557
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:10,900
Allies from using their 
territory, but it was really to 

2558
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:13,900
show what could happen if the 
Republic's neutrality became a 

2559
02:09:13,900 --> 02:09:16,100
problem. 
The occupation only lasted a few

2560
02:09:16,108 --> 02:09:19,600
weeks, but it reminded everyone 
that Independence, no matter how

2561
02:09:19,600 --> 02:09:22,900
legally solid depended on the 
Goodwill of bigger Powers. 

2562
02:09:22,900 --> 02:09:26,600
After the war, San Marino became
independent and its wartime 

2563
02:09:26,600 --> 02:09:29,500
record made it even stronger. 
The Republic had been able to 

2564
02:09:29,500 --> 02:09:32,700
keep both Allied and axis 
refugees safe, avoid major 

2565
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:35,500
damage and show that small 
countries could stay strong. 

2566
02:09:35,500 --> 02:09:39,000
Even when things got really bad,
their reputation for principal 

2567
02:09:39,000 --> 02:09:42,100
neutrality, became one of their 
most useful diplomatic tools. 

2568
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:45,400
But being recognized came with 
new duties, that sometimes 

2569
02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:48,300
clashed with the old ways of 
doing things in international 

2570
02:09:48,300 --> 02:09:50,500
law, expected. 
San Marino to have up to date, 

2571
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:54,300
legal codes, standardized, 
administrative procedures and 

2572
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:56,700
the kind of institutional 
infrastructure that could work 

2573
02:09:56,700 --> 02:09:59,700
with other modern countries, 
this meant slowly changing 

2574
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:02,300
informal community. 
Practices into formal government

2575
02:10:02,300 --> 02:10:05,000
systems. 
This process kept the substance 

2576
02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:07,800
of traditional governance while 
changing its form to fit model 

2577
02:10:07,800 --> 02:10:10,700
needs tourism. 
Growth brought both chances and 

2578
02:10:10,700 --> 02:10:13,400
problems. 
San Marino is the world's oldest

2579
02:10:13,400 --> 02:10:16,500
Republic and its beautiful 
mountains and well-preserved 

2580
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:19,500
medieval buildings, make it a 
great place for travelers who 

2581
02:10:19,508 --> 02:10:21,100
want something different from 
the usual. 

2582
02:10:21,100 --> 02:10:24,600
European tourist experience, 
tourism brought in money and 

2583
02:10:24,600 --> 02:10:27,300
made the Republic known around 
the world, and it also 

2584
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:29,900
threatened to turn it from a 
real Community into a kind of 

2585
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:32,400
historical theme park to keep 
this balance. 

2586
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,100
They needed the same kind of 
wisdom that had helped San 

2587
02:10:35,100 --> 02:10:36,900
Marino. 
Stay in power for 100s of years.

2588
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:39,900
They needed to be able to 
welcome visitors without being 

2589
02:10:39,900 --> 02:10:43,300
over them to show off their 
history without being stuck in 

2590
02:10:43,300 --> 02:10:45,700
it. 
Stay true to who they were while

2591
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:48,000
taking advantage of the economic
opportunities. 

2592
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:51,200
That tourism brought the saint 
Marinis solution was to welcome 

2593
02:10:51,200 --> 02:10:52,900
tourists. 
While making it clear, which 

2594
02:10:52,900 --> 02:10:56,100
parts of their society were open
to business and which were still

2595
02:10:56,100 --> 02:10:58,900
private Community matters. 
People could visit the old 

2596
02:10:58,900 --> 02:11:01,600
fortification by local crafts 
and taste the wine. 

2597
02:11:01,600 --> 02:11:04,800
But the arengo meeting was still
only for Citizens and 

2598
02:11:04,800 --> 02:11:08,000
self-government went on mostly 
the same way as always had take 

2599
02:11:08,000 --> 02:11:11,800
a seat to think about this. 
Amazing fact, in an age, when 

2600
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:14,800
huge corporations span 
continents and Global Powers 

2601
02:11:14,800 --> 02:11:16,600
measure their power and billions
of people. 

2602
02:11:17,300 --> 02:11:20,200
San Marino has not only 
survived, but thrived as a 

2603
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:23,400
country with only 34,000, people
living there and governing 

2604
02:11:23,400 --> 02:11:26,100
themselves on a mountain that 
you could walk across in an 

2605
02:11:26,100 --> 02:11:28,100
afternoon. 
It's like finding out that a 

2606
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:30,400
community still runs by Town 
Hall meetings and everyone 

2607
02:11:30,400 --> 02:11:32,700
really goes. 
Even though we live in an age of

2608
02:11:32,708 --> 02:11:36,000
smartphones and space travel, 
the story of how San Marino went

2609
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:39,100
from being a medieval Mountain 
Village to a modern European 

2610
02:11:39,100 --> 02:11:42,100
nation, state is one of 
adaptation without abandonment. 

2611
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:44,800
The country kept the basic 
principles of traditional 

2612
02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:47,800
government while also adopting 
the Technologies and 

2613
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:49,800
institutions needed from a 
modern State. 

2614
02:11:49,800 --> 02:11:53,000
It's like fixing up a house that
is hundreds of years old by 

2615
02:11:53,000 --> 02:11:55,800
adding modern plumbing and 
electricity while keeping the 

2616
02:11:55,800 --> 02:11:58,800
stone walls and wooden beams 
that give it character, the 

2617
02:11:58,800 --> 02:12:01,200
Republic had to come up with 
some creative ways to solve 

2618
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:03,600
problems that bigger countries 
don't have to deal with when 

2619
02:12:03,600 --> 02:12:05,300
they join the modern 
international system. 

2620
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:08,600
How do you keep diplomatic ties 
with dozens of countries when 

2621
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:11,200
your whole country could fit in 
a medium sized sport Stadium? 

2622
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,100
How do you build a modern 
economy when your whole country 

2623
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:15,900
could fit on a big college 
campus? 

2624
02:12:15,900 --> 02:12:19,800
During Season when tourist out, 
number residents by a wide 

2625
02:12:19,800 --> 02:12:22,000
margin. 
How do you keep real Traditions 

2626
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:24,200
alive? 
San Marino's way of dealing with

2627
02:12:24,200 --> 02:12:27,400
these problems showed the same 
practical wisdom that had helped

2628
02:12:27,400 --> 02:12:29,100
them. 
Stay alive for 17 centuries 

2629
02:12:29,100 --> 02:12:32,600
instead of trying to compete in 
every area of national activity,

2630
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:35,200
they focused on doing a few 
things really well. 

2631
02:12:35,200 --> 02:12:38,200
San Marino like a small 
restaurant, that becomes famous 

2632
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:41,000
by perfecting a small menu 
figured out what made them 

2633
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:44,100
better than their competitors 
and built modern institutions 

2634
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:46,900
around those things. 
Their diplomatic strategy took 

2635
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:50,100
advantage of the fact that they 
were an ancient Republic with a 

2636
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:52,500
long history of staying neutral 
and running a democracy. 

2637
02:12:52,500 --> 02:12:55,400
San Marino, could be truly 
neutral because it has never 

2638
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:58,500
been powerful enough to make 
enemies while larger countries 

2639
02:12:58,500 --> 02:13:01,100
may have trouble letting go of 
old grudges and Imperial. 

2640
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:04,800
Baggage they became experts in 
international mediation and 

2641
02:13:04,800 --> 02:13:08,000
peaceful diplomacy which of the 
coming more and more important 

2642
02:13:08,000 --> 02:13:09,800
in a world that was getting more
complicated. 

2643
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:13,400
The Republic's way of growing, 
the economy was all so smart and

2644
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:16,400
stead of trying to compete with 
Italy's industrial centers or 

2645
02:13:16,400 --> 02:13:17,900
relying on one in. 
Street. 

2646
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,000
They branched out into areas 
where their small size was an 

2647
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:22,900
advantage asset rather than a 
hindrance. 

2648
02:13:22,900 --> 02:13:26,200
San Marino's reputation for 
being private and stable helped.

2649
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:29,700
Its Banking and Financial 
Services tourism took advantage 

2650
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:32,200
of their unique history and 
beautiful natural setting, 

2651
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:35,100
visitors looking for real 
alternatives to mass produced 

2652
02:13:35,100 --> 02:13:37,500
Goods, help traditional crafts, 
find new markets. 

2653
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:40,900
But the most impressive thing 
about San Marino is that they 

2654
02:13:40,900 --> 02:13:43,400
were able to modernize their 
government systems without 

2655
02:13:43,400 --> 02:13:46,500
giving up their basic commitment
to participatory democracy 

2656
02:13:46,500 --> 02:13:49,800
arango still meets. 
But now people who can't go in 

2657
02:13:49,800 --> 02:13:53,000
person can watch the meetings on
line, the Dual Captain Regency 

2658
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:56,300
is still going on but now the 
captains deal with both local 

2659
02:13:56,300 --> 02:13:59,300
and Global issues as well as 
working with International 

2660
02:13:59,300 --> 02:14:02,900
organizations and the media, the
community based way of solving 

2661
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:05,900
problems is still around. 
But now the problems include 

2662
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:08,500
things like adapting to climate 
change and protecting against 

2663
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:10,700
cyber attacks. 
The growth of Information, 

2664
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:13,800
Technology gave a country whose 
whole government was based on 

2665
02:14:13,800 --> 02:14:16,400
personal relationships and 
face-to-face interaction. 

2666
02:14:16,400 --> 02:14:20,400
Both Cancers and problems. 
How do you keep your community 

2667
02:14:20,400 --> 02:14:23,600
together when social media 
connects your people to Global 

2668
02:14:23,600 --> 02:14:25,000
networks? 
That are much bigger than their 

2669
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:27,000
own? 
How do you keep real civic 

2670
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:29,600
participation alive when it's 
easier to engage with people 

2671
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:31,600
online than to go to meetings in
person? 

2672
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:35,000
San Marino's, answer was typical
of how they think they saw 

2673
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:39,300
technology as a way to improve, 
not replace traditional ways of 

2674
02:14:39,300 --> 02:14:42,100
doing things in their 
communities online platforms. 

2675
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:44,400
Gave people new ways to get 
information and join 

2676
02:14:44,400 --> 02:14:47,600
discussions, but people still 
had to be there in person for 

2677
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:50,900
important meetings, digital 
communication, added to, but 

2678
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:53,800
didn't replace the personal 
relationships that were still 

2679
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:57,000
the basis of their political 
culture, the educational system 

2680
02:14:57,000 --> 02:14:59,600
of the Republic changed over 
time to get, people ready to be 

2681
02:14:59,600 --> 02:15:02,300
active members of both their own
community, and the world as a 

2682
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:05,500
whole students learned about the
history and Customs that link 

2683
02:15:05,500 --> 02:15:07,600
them to 17th centuries of self 
rule. 

2684
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:10,700
They also learned how to do 
well, in a modern economy and 

2685
02:15:10,700 --> 02:15:13,300
take part in international 
discussions, about a wide range 

2686
02:15:13,300 --> 02:15:16,600
of topics from protecting the 
environment to digital rights 

2687
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:19,900
this Dual Focus led to a 
generation of Saint Moranis 

2688
02:15:19,900 --> 02:15:23,200
citizens, who were both deeply 
connected to their local customs

2689
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:26,700
and open-minded about the world.
They knew that their Republic's 

2690
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:29,100
Independence depended, not on 
being cut off from Global 

2691
02:15:29,100 --> 02:15:32,400
Trends, but on being selective 
about which ones to engage with,

2692
02:15:32,400 --> 02:15:36,400
and which ones to change, it was
hard to keep real culture alive 

2693
02:15:36,400 --> 02:15:38,400
in a time of global media and 
mass tourism. 

2694
02:15:38,400 --> 02:15:41,500
So people had to be on the 
lookout all the time and come up

2695
02:15:41,508 --> 02:15:44,100
with new ideas. 
San Marino created, what we 

2696
02:15:44,100 --> 02:15:47,500
might call cultural curation, 
they carefully chose which parts

2697
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:50,900
of their society were open to 
outside as while keeping the 

2698
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:53,500
most important parts of their 
culture safe for the people who 

2699
02:15:53,500 --> 02:15:55,800
live there. 
For instance, the yearly 

2700
02:15:55,800 --> 02:15:58,200
celebration of Saint Marina 
stayed, a real Community 

2701
02:15:58,200 --> 02:16:00,400
Festival, where people 
reconnected with each other and 

2702
02:16:00,400 --> 02:16:03,300
their shared history. 
At the same time, some parts of 

2703
02:16:03,300 --> 02:16:05,800
the celebration were open to 
visitors who wanted to see, real

2704
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:07,300
traditional, instead of a fake 
show. 

2705
02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:10,600
It was like keeping up a family 
dinner tradition that sometimes 

2706
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:13,700
includes thoughtful guests, but 
still keeps the closeness. 

2707
02:16:13,700 --> 02:16:17,000
That makes it special for family
members because San Marino was a

2708
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:19,700
Number of international 
organizations, they had to learn

2709
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:21,500
things that their medieval 
ancestors. 

2710
02:16:21,500 --> 02:16:24,500
Could never have imagined. 
They needed to take a stand on 

2711
02:16:24,508 --> 02:16:27,700
climate change, which is 
surprisingly complicated for a 

2712
02:16:27,700 --> 02:16:31,000
mountain Republic, digital 
privacy rights, which were 

2713
02:16:31,000 --> 02:16:33,900
important for their banking 
sector and international trade 

2714
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:36,600
agreements, which are very 
important for their economy, 

2715
02:16:36,600 --> 02:16:39,600
which relies on tourism. 
But they dealt with these world 

2716
02:16:39,600 --> 02:16:41,700
problems. 
Using the same community-based 

2717
02:16:41,700 --> 02:16:44,200
decision making processes that 
had worked for them. 

2718
02:16:44,200 --> 02:16:47,000
For hundreds of years, the way 
the Republic dealt with the 

2719
02:16:47,008 --> 02:16:49,200
European. 
Union was a great example of how

2720
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:50,900
they handled problems in the 
modern world. 

2721
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,500
San Marino didn't want to join 
the EU but they made cooperation

2722
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,000
agreements that let them benefit
from European integration. 

2723
02:16:57,000 --> 02:17:00,799
While still being independent. 
They used the Euro's their money

2724
02:17:00,799 --> 02:17:04,299
took part in European programs 
that helped their people and 

2725
02:17:04,299 --> 02:17:07,200
made sure that their rules were 
in line with European standards 

2726
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:10,000
when it made sense to do. 
So, they did all of this while 

2727
02:17:10,000 --> 02:17:12,200
still being able to make their 
own choices about their own 

2728
02:17:12,200 --> 02:17:14,500
future. 
This selective integration 

2729
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,100
showed that they had a deep 
understanding of how small 

2730
02:17:17,299 --> 02:17:19,200
Countries can do well in a 
globalized world. 

2731
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:22,299
San Marino, didn't see 
globalization as a threat to 

2732
02:17:22,299 --> 02:17:25,700
their independence in Stead, 
they saw it as a chance to use 

2733
02:17:25,700 --> 02:17:28,600
their unique traits for the good
of everyone because they were 

2734
02:17:28,600 --> 02:17:31,000
smaller, they could be more 
flexible and responsive than 

2735
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:33,700
bigger countries their stability
and Democratic. 

2736
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:36,100
Traditions made them, good 
partners for international 

2737
02:17:36,100 --> 02:17:38,799
cooperation. 
As you get ready for bed, think 

2738
02:17:38,799 --> 02:17:41,000
about what San Marino. 
Strange story can teach us about

2739
02:17:41,000 --> 02:17:44,000
the good and bad things that can
happen when people live together

2740
02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:47,200
in today's complicated world. 
This is a place that almost 

2741
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:51,100
accidentally became a nation 
survived by being able to change

2742
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:54,400
rather than being strong and 
thrived by knowing that the best

2743
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:58,100
way to protect what matters most
is to be opened to change in all

2744
02:17:58,100 --> 02:18:00,600
other areas. 
The Republic's Journey from A 

2745
02:18:00,608 --> 02:18:03,400
hermits Refuge to a modern 
nation state over the course of 

2746
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:06,500
17th centuries. 
Teachers things that go far 

2747
02:18:06,500 --> 02:18:09,400
beyond its small boarders. 
San Marino shows that real 

2748
02:18:09,400 --> 02:18:12,600
participatory democracy is not 
only possible but also 

2749
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:16,600
sustainable when it is based on 
community responsibility, rather

2750
02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:20,299
than just Virtual writes, this 
is important in a time, when 

2751
02:18:20,299 --> 02:18:23,100
many people feel disconnected 
from the political systems that 

2752
02:18:23,100 --> 02:18:24,799
govern them their way of 
running. 

2753
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:27,500
Things shows that size and 
complexity, art always necessary

2754
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:30,500
for Effectiveness San Marino. 
On the other hand makes 

2755
02:18:30,500 --> 02:18:33,600
decisions as a group, using 
processes that value consensus 

2756
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:35,500
building over winner-take-all 
competition. 

2757
02:18:35,500 --> 02:18:39,100
This is in contrast to larger 
countries, which have problems 

2758
02:18:39,100 --> 02:18:42,000
with bureaucratic and efficiency
and political polarization. 

2759
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:45,200
It's a reminder that talking 
about problems is often better 

2760
02:18:45,200 --> 02:18:47,799
than fighting over them. 
The Diplomatic history of the 

2761
02:18:47,799 --> 02:18:50,600
Republic is a great example of 
how to use soft power and 

2762
02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:52,900
position. 
Yourself strategically San 

2763
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:55,100
Marino showed that power doesn't
come from having a strong 

2764
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:57,900
military or a strong economy. 
It comes from having a good 

2765
02:18:57,900 --> 02:19:01,500
reputation being reliable, and 
being able to offer something 

2766
02:19:01,500 --> 02:19:03,600
useful to others, their new 
reality. 

2767
02:19:03,600 --> 02:19:05,600
Wasn't just a way to stay out of
world events. 

2768
02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:08,200
There was an active Choice based
on principles. 

2769
02:19:08,200 --> 02:19:11,600
That people from all political 
backgrounds respected San Marino

2770
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:14,299
Story shows how important it is 
for communities to stick 

2771
02:19:14,299 --> 02:19:16,600
together to protect their 
independence and identity. 

2772
02:19:17,700 --> 02:19:21,000
Societies often have problems 
with social fragmentation and a 

2773
02:19:21,000 --> 02:19:23,600
lack of Civic engagement. 
The Republic on the other hand, 

2774
02:19:23,600 --> 02:19:26,900
kept strong Community ties by 
making sure that every citizen 

2775
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:30,100
had both opportunities and 
responsibilities to help the 

2776
02:19:30,100 --> 02:19:32,200
common. 
Good, the economic lessons from 

2777
02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:35,600
San Marino are just as important
instead of trying to compete in 

2778
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:37,600
areas where their size was a 
disadvantage. 

2779
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,700
They worked on building 
competitive advantages, based on

2780
02:19:40,700 --> 02:19:43,700
what made them unique, they 
became Specialists, instead of 

2781
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:46,500
generalists using their 
reputation and position instead 

2782
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:48,900
of trying to match their 
neighbor's industrial capacity. 

2783
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:52,200
Their way of preserving culture 
in the face of modernization and

2784
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:54,700
gives hope to communities all 
over the world that are trying 

2785
02:19:54,708 --> 02:19:58,100
to keep real Traditions alive. 
While also adapting to Modern 

2786
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:00,100
Life. 
San Marino showed that its 

2787
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:02,600
possible to welcome outside 
influences while keeping your 

2788
02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:05,200
own identity to join Global 
networks. 

2789
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:07,600
While keeping your local 
community and to embrace 

2790
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:10,200
positive changes while 
protecting your core values. 

2791
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:13,400
The way that generations of 
Saint Marinis of taking care of 

2792
02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:16,300
the environment is an early 
example of sustainable 

2793
02:20:16,300 --> 02:20:18,900
development. 
Carefully managing their limited

2794
02:20:18,900 --> 02:20:21,700
resources, water, soil, forest 
and stone. 

2795
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:24,700
They were able to live in a way 
that could last forever without 

2796
02:20:24,700 --> 02:20:26,900
damaging the natural systems 
that supported it. 

2797
02:20:26,900 --> 02:20:30,000
The terrorists Vineyards and 
Olive Groves that still doc. 

2798
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:32,200
The landscape are a type of 
partnership between human 

2799
02:20:32,200 --> 02:20:36,100
activity and natural processes. 
That modern environmentalists 

2800
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:38,700
are trying to bring back but 
maybe the most important thing 

2801
02:20:38,700 --> 02:20:40,700
we can learn from San Marino's 
accidental. 

2802
02:20:40,700 --> 02:20:44,400
Nationhood is what political 
legitimacy really means the 

2803
02:20:44,400 --> 02:20:46,300
Republic survived. 
Not because it was forced on 

2804
02:20:46,300 --> 02:20:49,900
people or kept Alive by force, 
but because its citizens still 

2805
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:52,400
saw value in their shared goal 
of self-governance. 

2806
02:20:52,400 --> 02:20:55,900
Their loyalty was not based on 
ethnic nationalism or 

2807
02:20:55,900 --> 02:20:58,800
ideological commitment. 
It was based on how well, the 

2808
02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:00,700
system worked for the people who
lived under it. 

2809
02:21:00,700 --> 02:21:03,700
This means that political 
systems that last must be earned

2810
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:06,200
all the time. 
Not just passed out the 

2811
02:21:06,200 --> 02:21:08,500
government of San Marino was 
still legitimate because it 

2812
02:21:08,500 --> 02:21:11,800
continued to serve its people. 
Well adapted to new situations 

2813
02:21:11,800 --> 02:21:15,300
while keeping important values 
and kept the trust needed for 

2814
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:17,000
generations of people to work 
together. 

2815
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:20,400
Story of the Republic, also 
shows how personal freedom, and 

2816
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:22,100
group responsibility are 
connected. 

2817
02:21:22,100 --> 02:21:24,600
Saint Marinis citizens. 
Had a lot of freedom because 

2818
02:21:24,600 --> 02:21:26,500
they also took on 
responsibilities to their 

2819
02:21:26,500 --> 02:21:28,700
Community. 
They were able to be free 

2820
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:31,200
because they understood 
interdependence, which means 

2821
02:21:31,200 --> 02:21:34,600
that personal freedom grows when
people help each other and are 

2822
02:21:34,600 --> 02:21:37,100
committed to each other. 
San Marino's model is becoming 

2823
02:21:37,100 --> 02:21:39,600
more and more important. 
As we Face, Global problems, 

2824
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:43,300
that need both local adaptation 
and international cooperation. 

2825
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:45,800
They showed that. 
It's possible to keep a strong 

2826
02:21:45,800 --> 02:21:49,300
sense of local identity while 
working well with bigger systems

2827
02:21:49,300 --> 02:21:52,600
to keep Traditional Values. 
While accepting new ideas that 

2828
02:21:52,600 --> 02:21:54,900
are good for you. 
And To be responsible with your 

2829
02:21:54,900 --> 02:21:56,600
sovereignty in a world that is 
connected. 

2830
02:21:56,600 --> 02:22:00,000
The Republic's way of resolving 
conflicts, which focuses on 

2831
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:03,700
mediation and of punishment 
Restoration in stead of Revenge 

2832
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:06,800
and Community healing. 
And of individual satisfaction 

2833
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:10,100
is different from the 
adversarial ways that most big 

2834
02:22:10,100 --> 02:22:13,900
political systems use their 
ability to keep social cohesion,

2835
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:16,500
through centuries of change 
shows that communities can 

2836
02:22:16,500 --> 02:22:19,400
become more resilient by putting
the needs of the group of those 

2837
02:22:19,400 --> 02:22:22,500
of the individual. 
The story of San Marino shows us

2838
02:22:22,500 --> 02:22:24,300
the countries can choose their 
own character. 

2839
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,600
Just like, people can, they 
could have turned into a tourist

2840
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:29,600
trap that traded authenticity 
for money. 

2841
02:22:31,000 --> 02:22:33,900
That put profit ahead of 
principles or a museum piece 

2842
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:36,800
that kept Traditions alive while
losing touch with modern times 

2843
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:39,000
in. 
They decided to stay a living 

2844
02:22:39,008 --> 02:22:41,600
community that honors its past 
while looking forward to its 

2845
02:22:41,600 --> 02:22:44,200
future. 
They became an accidental nation

2846
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:46,700
that accidentally learned 
something important about how 

2847
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:49,700
people can work together as you.
Fall asleep, picture yourself 

2848
02:22:49,700 --> 02:22:53,400
standing on the old walls of San
Marino's guiteau Fortress and 

2849
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:56,100
looking out over the lights of 
the Italian Countryside below. 

2850
02:22:56,900 --> 02:22:59,500
Which look like a constellation 
that has fallen to Earth. 

2851
02:22:59,500 --> 02:23:02,300
The wind brings the smell of 
wild herbs and the sound of 

2852
02:23:02,300 --> 02:23:05,500
church bells ringing in the 
distance, the same stars that 

2853
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:08,600
led some Marina to the mountain 
17th century ago are still 

2854
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:11,200
moving across the sky. 
From this point of view, you can

2855
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:12,600
see the whole history of 
humanity. 

2856
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,700
You can see the Roman roads, 
that still connects cities that 

2857
02:23:15,700 --> 02:23:18,700
are far, apart, the medieval 
towns that grew up around 

2858
02:23:18,700 --> 02:23:22,100
markets and Cathedral spiers, 
and the modern highways that 

2859
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:24,400
take people between ancient 
places at speeds. 

2860
02:23:24,400 --> 02:23:26,900
That would have seemed magical 
to people in the past. 

2861
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:30,300
But this little Republic on its 
unlikely, Mountain has somehow 

2862
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,000
stayed the same through all 
these changes, like the 

2863
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:35,900
Limestone under your feet that 
has changed and stayed the same.

2864
02:23:35,900 --> 02:23:39,300
The story of San Marino is 
ultimately about how people can 

2865
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:41,700
still make a difference. 
In a world war institutions. 

2866
02:23:41,700 --> 02:23:45,400
Often seem too big to understand
or change, its about the chance 

2867
02:23:45,400 --> 02:23:48,100
to have real community, in a 
world full of fake connections. 

2868
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:51,000
The strength of principal 
pragmatism in a time of 

2869
02:23:51,000 --> 02:23:54,800
ideological extremism and the 
long lasting nature of systems 

2870
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:56,900
on mutual respect and shared 
resp. 

2871
02:23:57,000 --> 02:23:58,800
Ability. 
But maybe the most important 

2872
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:01,600
thing is The Accidental wisdom 
that comes from paying attention

2873
02:24:01,600 --> 02:24:03,500
to. 
What works instead of what 

2874
02:24:03,500 --> 02:24:06,800
theory says should work. 
San Marino became a successful 

2875
02:24:06,800 --> 02:24:10,200
country not by following a big 
plan but by making good choices,

2876
02:24:10,200 --> 02:24:13,500
one at a time, not by trying to 
get power but by being 

2877
02:24:13,500 --> 02:24:16,100
responsible and not by trying to
get attention. 

2878
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:19,000
But by earning respect they're 
unintentional. 

2879
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:22,000
Success, gives hope to all the 
other unintentional communities,

2880
02:24:22,000 --> 02:24:25,900
neighborhoods groups, families, 
and friendships that make up our

2881
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:28,400
daily lives. 
Like San Marino, the smaller 

2882
02:24:28,400 --> 02:24:31,200
human systems often work best 
when they focus on working 

2883
02:24:31,200 --> 02:24:34,900
together in a practical way 
rather than, on abstract ideals,

2884
02:24:34,900 --> 02:24:37,600
when they value flexibility over
rigidity. 

2885
02:24:37,600 --> 02:24:40,400
And when they remember that, the
goal isn't to become something 

2886
02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:43,300
impressive. 
But to stay true to themselves a

2887
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:46,000
sleep approaches, the lights 
below start to blur, but the 

2888
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:48,900
lesson is still clear. 
Even though the world can seem 

2889
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:52,000
too big and complicated to 
navigate, there are still room 

2890
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:54,400
for small communities, where 
everyone's voice matters. 

2891
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:57,800
When Neighbors Know Each Other's
names And where the business of 

2892
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:01,000
living together is done with the
kind of practical wisdom, that 

2893
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:04,800
turns survival into thriving, 
San Marino became a country by 

2894
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:06,900
mistake because it wouldn't stop
being a community. 

2895
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:10,300
We can make something lasting 
real and worth. 

2896
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:12,700
Keeping for the generations that
will have to deal with the 

2897
02:25:12,700 --> 02:25:14,500
results of our choices. 
In the communities. 

2898
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:17,900
We accidentally create by 
choosing where to spend our time

2899
02:25:17,900 --> 02:25:21,600
energy and Care sleep. 
Well, knowing that the lights 

2900
02:25:21,600 --> 02:25:24,600
are still on in the world's 
smallest Republic, which is on a

2901
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:26,500
mountain in Italy, tomorrow's 
Captain. 

2902
02:25:26,500 --> 02:25:29,700
Regents might be tonight's 
Vineyard workers ancient Stones,

2903
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:33,100
protect modern dreams and The 
Accidental nation is still on 

2904
02:25:33,100 --> 02:25:35,600
its unlikely journey into a 
future that is uncertain. 

2905
02:25:35,600 --> 02:25:39,400
But hopeful the Republic of San 
Marino is still around, not 

2906
02:25:39,400 --> 02:25:42,900
because it was meant to be 
great, but because for 17th 

2907
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:46,100
centuries, ordinary people made 
extraordinary choices to protect

2908
02:25:46,100 --> 02:25:48,000
something. 
Valuable change, something 

2909
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:51,000
useful and make something 
beautiful out of the simple 

2910
02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:53,800
things that people could work 
together on like Mountain Stone.

2911
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:56,700
We all have the chance to build 
something worth keeping in our 

2912
02:25:56,708 --> 02:25:57,600
own. 
Small ways. 

2913
02:25:57,600 --> 02:26:00,400
And in the communities, we 
choose this can happen by 

2914
02:26:00,400 --> 02:26:04,100
accident, but it can also happen
with purpose care, and the kind 

2915
02:26:04,100 --> 02:26:06,800
of practical wisdom, that turns 
good neighbors into lasting 

2916
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:16,000
Nations. 
Aurelia was born into a world 

2917
02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:18,300
that prized lineage above all 
else. 

2918
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:22,600
It was the second century ad and
though Rome's Empire seemed 

2919
02:26:22,600 --> 02:26:25,500
Invincible quiet. 
Fishers ran through its 

2920
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:29,200
foundations, Whispers of unrest,
spread from remote Frontiers 

2921
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:32,800
contradicting, the grand arches,
and bustling avenues that 

2922
02:26:32,800 --> 02:26:35,700
proclaimed. 
Rome superiority, opulent 

2923
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:38,500
Banquets clashed with the daily 
struggles of the poor. 

2924
02:26:39,300 --> 02:26:42,700
This was a realm of paradox, 
where marble monuments Stood 

2925
02:26:42,700 --> 02:26:46,000
Beside rickety shacks and 
philosophers debated, lofty, 

2926
02:26:46,000 --> 02:26:48,600
ideals while Gladiators fought 
for public and amusement, 

2927
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:52,600
Aurelius family occupied a 
respected but modest position, 

2928
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:56,300
they were historians and scribes
known for capturing events with 

2929
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:58,700
honesty. 
A Pursuit that could be 

2930
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:02,000
dangerous in a city where power 
thrived on carefully polished 

2931
02:27:02,000 --> 02:27:05,100
images. 
Her father Marcus, Fabius 

2932
02:27:05,100 --> 02:27:09,500
Crispus meticulously documented 
senatorial proceedings, while 

2933
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:13,500
her mother Thule, emerged from a
lineage renowned for skillful 

2934
02:27:13,500 --> 02:27:17,700
mediation behind closed doors. 
Both parents nurtured or reel as

2935
02:27:17,700 --> 02:27:18,800
Keen. 
Sense of observation. 

2936
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:22,500
Teaching her that true influence
often came from knowing what 

2937
02:27:22,500 --> 02:27:24,900
others? 
Overlooked From a young age, 

2938
02:27:24,900 --> 02:27:28,600
really found magic in small 
details, while other children 

2939
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:31,900
lost themselves in Street games,
she lingered in corners of the 

2940
02:27:31,908 --> 02:27:34,700
atrium, listening to visitors 
subdued remarks. 

2941
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:38,300
A twitch of a senator's eyebrow 
might betray political tension 

2942
02:27:38,300 --> 02:27:41,700
just as an offhand remark from a
merchant could reveal bigger 

2943
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:44,200
undercurrents. 
Tully encouraged such 

2944
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:46,800
watchfulness. 
Stressing that words are 

2945
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:49,200
surfaced truth. 
Often swims beneath. 

2946
02:27:50,100 --> 02:27:54,600
Adorn Aurelia, took to wandering
The Forum a stolen enough to let

2947
02:27:54,600 --> 02:27:56,800
her blend with the throngs. 
There. 

2948
02:27:56,800 --> 02:27:59,600
She gathered tidbits from 
Merchants Hawking, produce and 

2949
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:01,600
strangers. 
Carrying rumors from distant 

2950
02:28:01,600 --> 02:28:04,800
province's Traders spoke of 
Uprising in the North or 

2951
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:08,200
shortages long trade routes. 
The cacophony of voices, painted

2952
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:11,000
Rome as a mighty tapestry 
stitched together, by 

2953
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:14,800
precarious, alliance's and quiet
Bargains on her 16th. 

2954
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:18,300
Birthday Aurelia was gifted a 
small study room in the family, 

2955
02:28:18,300 --> 02:28:22,000
Villa stacks of Scrolls wax. 
Tablets and half finished 

2956
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:23,700
transcripts. 
Filled the cramps space. 

2957
02:28:23,700 --> 02:28:27,100
She reveled in sifting through 
tax records, legionary 

2958
02:28:27,100 --> 02:28:30,600
petitions, and memorandum from 
minor officials each scroll. 

2959
02:28:30,600 --> 02:28:34,100
Hinted at how carefully roam 
balanced its Grandeur soldiers. 

2960
02:28:34,100 --> 02:28:36,900
Complained of late pay border 
Governors requested 

2961
02:28:36,900 --> 02:28:40,100
reinforcements and farmland 
disputes dragged on for years 

2962
02:28:40,100 --> 02:28:43,500
for raylius father, commanded 
her diligence, but warned that 

2963
02:28:43,508 --> 02:28:46,600
too much curiosity. 
Can cast unwelcome liked on 

2964
02:28:46,608 --> 02:28:50,100
things meant to stay in Shadow. 
It wasn't long before she 

2965
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:53,000
noticed the difference between 
the cities, official image and 

2966
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:56,300
its underlying truths. 
Public buildings, boasted 

2967
02:28:56,300 --> 02:28:58,600
inscriptions praising the 
emperor's benevolent. 

2968
02:28:59,300 --> 02:29:02,700
But in the margins of her 
father's notes, Aurelius or 

2969
02:29:02,700 --> 02:29:05,700
hints of legionary discontent 
and Senators pushing private 

2970
02:29:05,700 --> 02:29:08,500
agendas. 
She learned that roam for all 

2971
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:10,600
its Majesty. 
Sustained itself through a 

2972
02:29:10,608 --> 02:29:13,700
thousand unacknowledged 
compromises Talia. 

2973
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:16,400
Meanwhile, introduced her 
daughter to the subtleties of 

2974
02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:20,000
social dance at dinner. 
Gathering's, she guided all 

2975
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:22,400
really as gazed toward how 
swiftly the tone of conversation

2976
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:24,500
changed, when influential guests
arrived. 

2977
02:29:24,500 --> 02:29:27,800
A stray remark could be 
retracted in seconds of its 

2978
02:29:27,800 --> 02:29:29,300
threatened. 
The delicate web of alliances, 

2979
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:34,600
see how they pivot to whisper. 
That's where real power lies in 

2980
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:36,800
the shift between what's said 
and what's implied. 

2981
02:29:38,200 --> 02:29:41,800
Still a really a loved Rome. 
She admired the Feats of 

2982
02:29:41,808 --> 02:29:45,700
engineering, the traditions of 
debate and the vast spectrum of 

2983
02:29:45,700 --> 02:29:49,200
cultural influences, streaming 
through the city, Gates She 

2984
02:29:49,200 --> 02:29:51,700
believes that beneath the 
politics and strict hierarchies.

2985
02:29:51,700 --> 02:29:55,300
There was genuine Excellence, a 
civilization yearning for 

2986
02:29:55,300 --> 02:29:57,800
wisdom. 
If only its protectors were not 

2987
02:29:57,800 --> 02:30:00,400
so quick to silence inconvenient
voices. 

2988
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:04,500
One hazy morning, as she 
strolled toward the Forum 

2989
02:30:04,500 --> 02:30:09,200
Aurelia, noticed a disquieting 
hush A handful of vendors had 

2990
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:11,900
set up stalls, but the usual 
clamor was missing. 

2991
02:30:11,900 --> 02:30:16,000
People stood in small knots 
murmuring about a legion 

2992
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:18,800
commander, who had refused an 
imperial edict though. 

2993
02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:22,100
Unconfirmed, the rumor Caster 
Paul that lingered in every 

2994
02:30:22,108 --> 02:30:25,900
doorway. 
A really felt a chill even idle,

2995
02:30:25,900 --> 02:30:29,200
speculation carried weight, in 
an Empire with fear could bloom,

2996
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,100
instantly. 
She hurried home and tending to 

2997
02:30:32,108 --> 02:30:33,800
share her observations with 
Marcus. 

2998
02:30:33,800 --> 02:30:37,100
He listened intently his 
stylist, pause over a fresh 

2999
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:41,000
scroll, then he gave her a 
solemn look, We must be certain 

3000
02:30:41,000 --> 02:30:45,200
before recording rumors. 
He said unchecked talk can stir 

3001
02:30:45,208 --> 02:30:47,300
Panic or invite unwelcome 
attention. 

3002
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:52,700
Aurelia nodded but her curiosity
wooden rest that very evening. 

3003
02:30:52,700 --> 02:30:56,100
She opened her private journal 
and wrote Every scrap of 

3004
02:30:56,100 --> 02:30:58,900
hearsay. 
She had gathered Sentenced a 

3005
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:01,500
reckoning forming at Rome's 
edges, like a distant Thunder 

3006
02:31:01,500 --> 02:31:04,900
that like soon, reverberate 
through marble halls, even then 

3007
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:07,600
she had no inkling of how 
personal the storm would become.

3008
02:31:08,900 --> 02:31:11,700
The tensional really had sent 
soon, took shape in a single 

3009
02:31:11,700 --> 02:31:15,000
event Nicea. 
A Greek born, Olive merchants 

3010
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:18,000
and one of our Elias, most 
treasured confidantes, vanished 

3011
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:21,300
overnight Gossip whispered that 
the praetorian guard had 

3012
02:31:21,300 --> 02:31:25,200
arrested her before Dawn, 
unsubstantiated, talk claimed 

3013
02:31:25,200 --> 02:31:28,100
nisia possessed, letters 
challenging Rome, supposedly 

3014
02:31:28,100 --> 02:31:31,900
Divine Authority, an accusation 
severe enough to crush anyone 

3015
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:35,900
caught in its net. 
Alarm cost through Aurelia, 

3016
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:39,900
nietz had always been 
inquisitive reading Scrolls on 

3017
02:31:39,900 --> 02:31:42,400
Eastern philosophies and 
debating Plato's teachings with 

3018
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:45,600
anyone who would listen Aurelia 
couldn't imagine her as a 

3019
02:31:45,608 --> 02:31:49,800
threat, but in Rome's charged, 
climate curiosity often. 

3020
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:54,800
Bordered on sedition, to learn 
more Aurelia, combed the forums 

3021
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:57,700
edges and terrorism 
acquaintances, who might have 

3022
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:01,000
glimpsed the arrest Most 
Merchants lowered their voices 

3023
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:05,600
at the guards mentioned, wary of
drawing scrutiny themselves at 

3024
02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:07,600
home. 
Tulio observed, Aurelius 

3025
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:11,200
distress rather than scold her 
she murmured. 

3026
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:16,900
Prudence is our life line 
inquired gently yet Tulia 

3027
02:32:16,900 --> 02:32:19,700
herself covertly sought leads 
through acquaintances in minor 

3028
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:22,400
governmental posts. 
Markus on the other hand, 

3029
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:26,000
reacted with carefully measured 
concern, he understood the 

3030
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:28,700
stakes, but won't really that 
intervention might place the 

3031
02:32:28,700 --> 02:32:32,300
family Under Suspicion, though. 
Well, intentioned his caution 

3032
02:32:32,300 --> 02:32:36,500
left to feeling powerless. 
Determine not to stand idle, a 

3033
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:40,300
really visited petronius, nelder
rumored to have ties within the 

3034
02:32:40,308 --> 02:32:44,600
praetorian administration. 
His cramped, Workshop smelled of

3035
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:49,900
ink and musty parchment Scrolls,
spilling off the shelves after a

3036
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:53,000
furtive glance at the door. 
Petronius conceded that a woman 

3037
02:32:53,000 --> 02:32:54,700
matching. 
This year's description had been

3038
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:58,500
held for questioning. the 
claimed that certain documents 

3039
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:02,100
had been confiscated, 
referencing ideas unfit for 

3040
02:33:02,100 --> 02:33:05,300
Rome's ears, a really felt her 
blood chill. 

3041
02:33:05,300 --> 02:33:09,600
She recalled hernia once Muse, 
that no Empire should claim at a

3042
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:12,200
divine right to rule in a 
sensitive era. 

3043
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:14,400
That might be enough to Brand 
her. 

3044
02:33:14,400 --> 02:33:18,000
Treasonous. 
A dinner Tulia Carmen explained 

3045
02:33:18,000 --> 02:33:21,100
her plan, quite quietly, 
leveraged, the family's modest 

3046
02:33:21,100 --> 02:33:23,700
connections. 
They had distant cousins who 

3047
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:27,400
dabbled in bureaucratic circles.
Perhaps able to clean this 

3048
02:33:27,400 --> 02:33:30,700
year's whereabouts Aurelia 
brimmed with a mix of gratitude 

3049
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:34,100
and Dread She knew that every 
whisper to the guard was fraught

3050
02:33:34,100 --> 02:33:36,700
with risk. 
Still she nodded agreement. 

3051
02:33:37,500 --> 02:33:41,100
Silence would only Doom her 
friend days stretched into a 

3052
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:46,500
week, with no official word 
Araya Restless slip, back into 

3053
02:33:46,500 --> 02:33:50,500
the forum each morning. 
Vendors hide her rarely, even 

3054
02:33:50,500 --> 02:33:52,400
the ordinarily Gregory is fruit 
seller. 

3055
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:54,700
Offered only strange shrugs. 
When asked if he'd heard of 

3056
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,900
nisia, fear was contagious 
Aurelia. 

3057
02:33:57,900 --> 02:33:59,600
Felt its cold grip in every 
interaction. 

3058
02:33:59,600 --> 02:34:03,500
Each half uttered sentence 
trailing off as they were hidden

3059
02:34:03,500 --> 02:34:07,200
listeners, stood nearby, Late 
one evening Tully. 

3060
02:34:07,200 --> 02:34:08,900
Attacked likely on, aurelia's 
chamber door. 

3061
02:34:09,600 --> 02:34:11,700
Carrying a note from an obscure 
Court scribe. 

3062
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:15,700
Necia might still be alive but 
faced and definite detainment 

3063
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:18,700
that single line sent or really 
a reeling. 

3064
02:34:19,400 --> 02:34:22,400
She realized that in Rome 
indefinite detainment could 

3065
02:34:22,400 --> 02:34:24,300
easily stretch into months or 
years. 

3066
02:34:24,300 --> 02:34:28,100
Those who stepped into the guard
cells vanished from sight, 

3067
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:32,100
outraged Aurelia, argued that 
they should confront the 

3068
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:35,400
authorities directly Marcus 
quickly, admonished her 

3069
02:34:35,400 --> 02:34:38,700
reminding her that the guards 
power, extended Beyond 

3070
02:34:38,700 --> 02:34:42,600
senatorial oversight yet. 
Tulia metal as anger with 

3071
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:46,900
tempered resolve will find a 
path, but it must be carefully. 

3072
02:34:46,900 --> 02:34:49,200
Walked charging in blindly 
helps. 

3073
02:34:49,200 --> 02:34:53,700
No one Aurelia took a steady 
breath trying to absorb the 

3074
02:34:53,708 --> 02:34:58,100
lesson in a City built on 
negotiations brashness often led

3075
02:34:58,100 --> 02:35:00,700
to ruin. 
The next move was to visit a 

3076
02:35:00,700 --> 02:35:02,700
respected Senator known for 
supporting intellectual. 

3077
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:06,400
Pursuits the senator received 
Aurelia in a private Courtyard 

3078
02:35:06,400 --> 02:35:09,600
where columns draped in Ivy. 
Offered seclusion from prying 

3079
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:12,600
ears. 
He listened hands folded as 

3080
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:15,400
Aurelia described nicias passion
for knowledge rather than 

3081
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:18,900
sedition those sympathetic. 
He admitted that direct pleased 

3082
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:20,400
to the guard. 
Rarely succeeded without 

3083
02:35:20,400 --> 02:35:23,800
formidable backing. 
He promised discreet inquiries, 

3084
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:27,600
but cautioned that, Rome's, 
storms, can swallow lone voices 

3085
02:35:27,600 --> 02:35:31,200
one morning soon after he 
informed or reel of a 

3086
02:35:31,200 --> 02:35:33,300
breakthrough. 
Their distant cousin, had a 

3087
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:35,700
preliminary hearing regarding 
the sea. 

3088
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:39,300
As a rest, the praetorians would
permit, a minimal of her case. 

3089
02:35:40,200 --> 02:35:43,200
For a really felt like breathing
again, after suffocating in 

3090
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:45,600
dread. 
She entire spent long hours 

3091
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,400
preparing arguments to Carsonia 
not as a subversive. 

3092
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:51,400
But as a scholar enamored with 
the world's breadth of thought, 

3093
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:54,800
when the day of the hearing 
arrived, they were ushered into 

3094
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,700
a demonic near the palace. 
The junior officer studied them 

3095
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:01,000
coldly. 
Talia spoke with measured 

3096
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:04,500
deference emphasizing Rome's, 
proud, tradition of wisdom 

3097
02:36:04,500 --> 02:36:07,700
Aurelia, added hot. 
Felt descriptions of nice as 

3098
02:36:07,708 --> 02:36:10,900
harmless curiosity. 
The officers expression and 

3099
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:12,500
remained as still as a marble 
bust. 

3100
02:36:13,500 --> 02:36:16,900
He finally mumbled that he would
review the matter though, hardly

3101
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:19,000
reassuring, it was a door left 
slightly. 

3102
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:23,800
Ajar that night Aurelius mine 
teamed with both apprehension 

3103
02:36:23,800 --> 02:36:26,700
and Hope. 
She realized that roam for all 

3104
02:36:26,700 --> 02:36:29,800
its shining achievements could 
be brittle when threatened by 

3105
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:34,000
unorthodox ideas, determined not
to lose her friend that brittle 

3106
02:36:34,000 --> 02:36:36,400
machinery. 
Aurelia clung to the faint 

3107
02:36:36,400 --> 02:36:39,500
promise of another day. 
Another chance to pry open the 

3108
02:36:39,508 --> 02:36:42,800
iron walls of secrecy. 
Though the hearing had been 

3109
02:36:42,800 --> 02:36:46,100
minimal word of its bread, quite
quietly among those who municija

3110
02:36:46,100 --> 02:36:50,200
Whispers arose, mostly from 
Hollis and minor officials, who 

3111
02:36:50,200 --> 02:36:53,300
harbored out about the guards 
sweeping Powers, the city 

3112
02:36:53,300 --> 02:36:55,400
itself. 
However, offered little Comfort 

3113
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:59,900
fear, permeated the streets 
hiked by rumors of legionary 

3114
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:02,500
unrest. 
In the province's, more arrests 

3115
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:05,300
took place. 
Each one generating an echo of 

3116
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:09,900
anxiety that reverberated in 
every way Aurelia, redoubled her

3117
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:13,600
efforts to glean information, 
she spoke in hushed tone with a 

3118
02:37:13,600 --> 02:37:17,100
Tavern keeper near the circus 
Maximus who said that soldiers 

3119
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:19,700
returning from campaigns 
complained of harsh discipline 

3120
02:37:19,700 --> 02:37:22,700
and uncertain pay. 
Friedman who worked in the 

3121
02:37:22,700 --> 02:37:25,300
Palatine Stables reported over 
hearing fragments of 

3122
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:27,100
conversation. 
Suggesting, the emperor was 

3123
02:37:27,100 --> 02:37:30,800
deeply troubled by murmurs of 
disloyalty piece by piece 

3124
02:37:30,800 --> 02:37:34,100
Aurelia, sense, that Rome's 
outward Splendor concealed, a 

3125
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:37,200
precarious balance ready to 
topple under the slightest 

3126
02:37:37,200 --> 02:37:40,600
strain. 
Meanwhile Tulia continued her 

3127
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:43,600
shadow in negotiations. 
She attended Gatherings where 

3128
02:37:43,600 --> 02:37:47,300
influential matrons exchanged 
gossip like currency over 

3129
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:50,200
measured sips of wine Tulia 
would mention this year's 

3130
02:37:50,200 --> 02:37:52,400
plight. 
Emphasizing that punishing 

3131
02:37:52,400 --> 02:37:55,100
harmless curiosity stained 
Rome's Legacy of cultural 

3132
02:37:55,100 --> 02:37:58,200
tolerance. 
Some nodded politely a few 

3133
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:03,200
frowned, but no one left up to 
intercede fear Aurelia realized 

3134
02:38:03,200 --> 02:38:05,500
had a suffocating grip on the 
wall. 

3135
02:38:06,300 --> 02:38:10,900
One day, a Curt message arrived,
nesir had been transferred to a 

3136
02:38:10,900 --> 02:38:12,400
different holding facility on 
the city's. 

3137
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:15,700
Outskirts alarmed. 
Tuly explained that such 

3138
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:17,800
transfers often minting 
isolation. 

3139
02:38:19,000 --> 02:38:22,300
We must accelerate our approach.
She told her earlier her eyes 

3140
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:27,100
tight with worry. if they 
failure, would sink deeper into 

3141
02:38:27,100 --> 02:38:30,700
elaborate of cells and 
bureaucratic silence hoping to 

3142
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:35,500
muster support Tulia hosted, a 
modest salon at their Villa, A 

3143
02:38:35,500 --> 02:38:37,708
handful of guests who prided 
themselves on patronage of the 

3144
02:38:37,716 --> 02:38:39,700
Arts and letters, accepted the 
invitation. 

3145
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:43,100
The plan was to steer the 
conversation, toward Rome's, 

3146
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:46,500
intellectual Heritage, and then 
segue into necia, predicament 

3147
02:38:46,500 --> 02:38:50,200
Aurelia, circulated, bringing 
mulled, wine and listening for 

3148
02:38:50,200 --> 02:38:54,100
any sign of genuine concern. 
Yet most visitors offered only 

3149
02:38:54,100 --> 02:38:57,300
lukewarm platitudes. 
When taught grew too specific, 

3150
02:38:57,300 --> 02:39:01,200
they retreated behind polite, 
Smiles, afterward Tulia 

3151
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,900
confessed, her frustration 
ideas, Captivate them, right 

3152
02:39:04,900 --> 02:39:07,700
until they realize those ideas. 
Threatened, the status quo, 

3153
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:11,800
Days. 
Later, an urgent request back in

3154
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:15,700
the to Lucius Cassius longest, 
as Villa, the old lawyers hair, 

3155
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:18,400
Sean White in the afternoon, 
sun, as he placed beneath olive 

3156
02:39:18,400 --> 02:39:22,200
trees, without Preamble 
explained that the guard had 

3157
02:39:22,200 --> 02:39:25,700
intensified its Crackdown 
spurred by the recent reports of

3158
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:29,100
rebellion in a distant province 
in any of subversion. 

3159
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:33,100
He said, would now be met with 
swift unforgiving action. 

3160
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:37,500
Aurelia felt a surge of panic. 
If the texts found with nisia 

3161
02:39:37,500 --> 02:39:40,100
were deemed radical. 
He entire case could vanish into

3162
02:39:40,100 --> 02:39:43,500
a black hole of Suspicion. 
Lucius proposed a daring 

3163
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:46,300
Solution Direct petition to the 
empress counselors. 

3164
02:39:46,300 --> 02:39:49,900
He believed that by Framing 
nissi's release as a testament 

3165
02:39:49,900 --> 02:39:53,700
to roams and lightened grandeur 
They might circumvent the guards

3166
02:39:53,700 --> 02:39:56,800
hostility. 
Flatter the Empire's self-image.

3167
02:39:56,800 --> 02:40:00,200
He advised show them. 
This is an opportunity to 

3168
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:04,200
display magnanimity. 
Though it stung, Aurelia to 

3169
02:40:04,200 --> 02:40:06,200
consider placating those who 
prayed on fear. 

3170
02:40:07,000 --> 02:40:12,600
He saw no alternative. that 
night Tulia Aurelia and even 

3171
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:16,700
Marcus painstakingly, drafted 
the appeal, They sighted 

3172
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:19,400
historical precedence where Rome
had pardoned Scholars to 

3173
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:21,700
Champion its reputation for 
intellectual openness. 

3174
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:25,900
Every phrase was calculated 
tiptoeing, around any hint of 

3175
02:40:25,908 --> 02:40:30,100
challenging Imperial Authority. 
Marcus looked older than his 

3176
02:40:30,100 --> 02:40:33,300
years when he finally folded, 
the parchment, we Risk 

3177
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:36,200
Everything by The Shining a 
light into these shadows in her 

3178
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:38,000
murdered. 
They dispatched The Plea at 

3179
02:40:38,008 --> 02:40:42,100
dawn, then, settled in to an 
uneasy weight days stretched, 

3180
02:40:42,100 --> 02:40:45,700
each rumor of unrest striking. 
A really as Heart Like a hammer,

3181
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:49,700
She imagined this year in a 
cramps, sell uncertain where the

3182
02:40:49,700 --> 02:40:53,400
hopes still, flickered beyond 
the iron bars, tally, a paste 

3183
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:56,000
later at night her footsteps, 
echoing and Silent. 

3184
02:40:56,000 --> 02:40:58,700
Corridors. 
Marcus tried to focus on his 

3185
02:40:58,700 --> 02:41:02,000
historical transcripts but he 
kept pausing to rub his temples 

3186
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:06,000
at last a small motorized, they 
had been granted a brief 

3187
02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:07,600
audience with the empress 
counselors. 

3188
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:11,900
Aurelius, heart lurched. 
She knew enough of Roman power 

3189
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:13,800
to realize how dangerous it was 
to stand. 

3190
02:41:13,800 --> 02:41:16,600
So close to the throne one 
misstep. 

3191
02:41:16,600 --> 02:41:19,800
Could brand them, traitors 
still, it was a glimmer of 

3192
02:41:19,800 --> 02:41:23,900
possibility if they presented 
their case skillfully, perhaps 

3193
02:41:23,900 --> 02:41:28,600
nicias fate could be reversed. 
Dealing herself Aurelia, 

3194
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:30,400
recalled. 
How necia once spoke of Truth 

3195
02:41:30,400 --> 02:41:33,700
needing many voices to survive 
in a world that preferred 

3196
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:36,400
illusions. 
As she prepared for the audience

3197
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:39,900
Aurelia vowed that if Rome 
demanded flattery, she would 

3198
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:41,600
give just enough to open the 
door. 

3199
02:41:42,300 --> 02:41:46,600
Beneath that veneer her Devotion
to honesty and to her friend 

3200
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:50,600
would remain Unbroken. 
This moment might be the final 

3201
02:41:50,600 --> 02:41:53,400
chance to prime your free from 
the jaws of secrecy. 

3202
02:41:54,600 --> 02:41:57,700
Weeks of waiting brought, no 
definitive answer rumors 

3203
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:00,400
circulated that the guard grew 
more Vigilant each day. 

3204
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:05,100
Spectrum conspiracies in every 
shadow unsettled by the silence 

3205
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:08,100
Aurelia pressed on scouring 
corners of the forum. 

3206
02:42:08,100 --> 02:42:11,000
For any news, a fruit, vendor 
claimed someone matching. 

3207
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:14,000
This is description had been 
moved to a windowless cell near 

3208
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:17,100
the city's out a wall. 
Another insisted he'd seen her 

3209
02:42:17,100 --> 02:42:20,600
on a prison cart hidden. 
North Conflicting, Tales only 

3210
02:42:20,600 --> 02:42:24,700
Amplified or really as anguish. 
Thalia determined to avoid. 

3211
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:27,600
Stasis, scheduled another round 
of discrete visits. 

3212
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:31,100
She met with a senatorial wife, 
whose husband dabbled in legal 

3213
02:42:31,100 --> 02:42:33,600
reforms. 
She reconvened with an elderly 

3214
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:36,400
Diplomat known for bridging 
factions during prior unrest. 

3215
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:40,900
At each meeting Tully. 
A signature attacked reminding 

3216
02:42:40,900 --> 02:42:44,500
people of Rome's, vaunted, 
tradition of wisdom, If an 

3217
02:42:44,500 --> 02:42:46,500
inquisitive mind can be silent 
so easily. 

3218
02:42:46,500 --> 02:42:48,900
How does that reflect on our 
civilization? 

3219
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:53,100
She would Muse a few listeners 
showed sympathy yet. 

3220
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:57,000
None had the clout or courage, 
to confront the guard directly 

3221
02:42:57,000 --> 02:42:59,500
Marcus. 
Meanwhile, hovered at the edge 

3222
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:02,600
of involvement torn between 
paternal concern and her 

3223
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:06,200
historians in eight caution. 
He warned Orelia not to speak to

3224
02:43:06,200 --> 02:43:09,900
boldly in public the city 
crackles with tension, he said 

3225
02:43:09,900 --> 02:43:12,000
taping his stylus on a 
half-filled. 

3226
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:15,800
Scroll One Missed phrase, could 
label, you an agitator. 

3227
02:43:17,000 --> 02:43:19,600
Aurelius seeded at the 
constraints but forced herself 

3228
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:22,200
to comply. 
She recognized that their window

3229
02:43:22,208 --> 02:43:24,200
of opportunity to save nishio 
was shrinking. 

3230
02:43:24,200 --> 02:43:27,800
A breakthrough arrived via a 
faded letter from Lucius Cassius

3231
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:30,200
longinus. 
He advised that the empress 

3232
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:32,400
counselors had at least 
acknowledged the family's 

3233
02:43:32,400 --> 02:43:34,600
petition though. 
They offered no commitment. 

3234
02:43:34,600 --> 02:43:37,300
They requested more details 
about missus background. 

3235
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:40,900
Lucius suggested that Aurelia 
herself compiled, a short 

3236
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:44,800
dossier, an account of who nisia
was her upbringing and her 

3237
02:43:44,808 --> 02:43:47,500
intellectual Pursuits. 
Speak to her. 

3238
02:43:48,600 --> 02:43:52,000
That wrote an emphasize how her 
interests align with Rome's 

3239
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:56,000
cultural mosaic. 
Over the next two days or really

3240
02:43:56,000 --> 02:43:58,900
a toiled in her study. 
She recalled, how nessia 

3241
02:43:58,900 --> 02:44:00,700
discovered her first Greek 
manuscripts. 

3242
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:03,100
As a child. 
Reading them by Lamplight in her

3243
02:44:03,108 --> 02:44:06,400
uncles, cramped attic. 
She wrote of nicias fascination 

3244
02:44:06,400 --> 02:44:09,700
with comparing stoic ideas to 
Eastern thought, never out of 

3245
02:44:09,708 --> 02:44:12,400
malice toward Rome. 
But rather an eagerness to 

3246
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:16,000
understand The Human Condition 
Talia reviewed each sentence, 

3247
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,600
gently rephrasing any hint that 
could be misconstrued as 

3248
02:44:19,608 --> 02:44:23,900
undermining Imperial Authority, 
On the third morning, Aurora 

3249
02:44:23,900 --> 02:44:26,900
arrived to deliver the dossier 
to the counselors Aurelia. 

3250
02:44:26,900 --> 02:44:29,800
Felt a Pang of helplessness as 
she watched the parchment vanish

3251
02:44:29,800 --> 02:44:32,000
in his Satchel. 
They're done their best to 

3252
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,800
paint, dnicios a curious mind, 
not a threat, but would it 

3253
02:44:35,808 --> 02:44:38,300
suffice for those who saw 
Shadows of rosselli and 

3254
02:44:38,300 --> 02:44:42,000
everywhere? 
That afternoon Tulia hosted a 

3255
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:45,300
subdued gathering for a handful 
of respected Scholars hoping to 

3256
02:44:45,300 --> 02:44:49,800
quietly Master more support. 
Stooped rhetorically Fame for 

3257
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:53,000
his speeches on civic virtue. 
Listen, totally. 

3258
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:56,700
After a moment of reflection he 
admitted that, he admired this 

3259
02:44:56,700 --> 02:44:58,500
town. 
But dared, not provoke powerful 

3260
02:44:58,500 --> 02:45:02,300
figures really a bit back. 
Frustration reminding herself 

3261
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:05,300
that fear was a rational 
response in a city where to 

3262
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:08,700
centers could vanish overnight. 
Surprisingly, it was a younger 

3263
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:10,800
philosopher who approached 
Aurelia after the Gathering. 

3264
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:14,600
His brow furrowed with concern. 
He confided that he'd heard 

3265
02:45:14,600 --> 02:45:16,000
about foreign troops on the 
Move. 

3266
02:45:16,000 --> 02:45:20,400
Possibly quelling uprisings in 
Northern Territories, each rumor

3267
02:45:20,400 --> 02:45:23,100
of insurrection Titans. 
The guards grip at home, he said

3268
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:27,000
voice trembling I fear your 
friends case might be lost in 

3269
02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:30,800
the shuffle of bigger events. 
A really thanked him heart 

3270
02:45:30,800 --> 02:45:33,400
pounding at the possibility that
nicias fate might be 

3271
02:45:33,400 --> 02:45:36,700
overshadowed by Empire wide 
anxieties late that evening 

3272
02:45:36,700 --> 02:45:38,600
mother. 
And daughter sat beneath a 

3273
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:42,100
flickering, oil lamp rereading 
every letter, every note, every 

3274
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:45,800
snippet of progress, Talia 
rubbed, her temples exhaustion 

3275
02:45:45,800 --> 02:45:48,400
evident. 
We've tried appealing to reason 

3276
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,100
and honor. 
She said, Softly. yet reason 

3277
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:55,700
often surrenders, when paranoia 
sets in a really offered quiet 

3278
02:45:55,700 --> 02:45:58,600
reassuring. 
Even though her own, hope dimmed

3279
02:45:58,600 --> 02:46:03,500
she refused to betray defeat. 
A new summons arrived the next 

3280
02:46:03,508 --> 02:46:05,900
day. 
One of the emperor's counselors 

3281
02:46:05,900 --> 02:46:09,600
a figure named Albia Sutton, 9us
requested a meeting. 

3282
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:12,100
The Messengers words carried no 
warmth. 

3283
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:14,800
Only that further clarification 
was required. 

3284
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:19,100
Aurelius heartbeat quickened, 
this could be the pivotal 

3285
02:46:19,100 --> 02:46:23,600
moment. if saturnine has found 
their arguments lacking nisia, 

3286
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:26,700
could disappear from all 
records, if he chose leniency, 

3287
02:46:26,700 --> 02:46:30,300
perhaps a door would open Guided
by Tully as calm. 

3288
02:46:30,300 --> 02:46:33,600
Resolve Aurelia steadied 
herself, they dressed and 

3289
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:35,500
subdued. 
Finery mindful of appearances 

3290
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:39,500
outside, Rome's ever-shifting, 
tapestry of rumor and spectacle 

3291
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:42,700
buzzed with energy yet. 
Aurelia could only think of 

3292
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:46,100
nesir behind Cold bars as she 
followed her mother into the 

3293
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:48,300
street. 
She silently vowed that she 

3294
02:46:48,300 --> 02:46:50,700
would bend, every rule of 
flattery and caution. 

3295
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:53,700
If it meant freeing her friend 
from the darkest corners of the 

3296
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:56,300
Empire's fear. 
Their meeting with Albia 

3297
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:59,300
saturnina took place in a 
cramped, Annex near the Imperial

3298
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:02,900
offices, two prayers Torreon, 
guards flank, the door as Tulia,

3299
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:06,400
and Aurelia entered, a sparsely 
furnished room, a single torch 

3300
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:09,200
flick on the wall. 
Casting elongated Shadows, that 

3301
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:13,900
dance to Crossroads of Scrolls 
seated at a wooden desk saturnus

3302
02:47:13,900 --> 02:47:16,900
glanced up with cool. 
Detachment Aurelia Felton, 

3303
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:20,900
instinctive chilling. 
He was no near bureaucrat that. 

3304
02:47:20,900 --> 02:47:22,900
Someone accustomed to wielding 
real power. 

3305
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:26,900
He gestured for them to sit 
Tully opened, by the thanking 

3306
02:47:26,900 --> 02:47:28,400
him for a green to hear their 
case. 

3307
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:31,900
She spoke calmly of Rome's 
Legacy as a cradle of ideas 

3308
02:47:31,900 --> 02:47:34,900
explaining how her family 
believed that preserving 

3309
02:47:34,900 --> 02:47:38,000
intellectual curiosity. 
Only strengthened the empire 

3310
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:42,508
Cetinas listened in passively 
occasionally, making a note on a

3311
02:47:42,516 --> 02:47:46,100
wax tablet. 
When Tulia finished Aurelia 

3312
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:48,800
offered a brief testimony about 
nicias passion for scholarship, 

3313
02:47:49,900 --> 02:47:52,800
she sees knowledge, not as 
Rebellion, but as a way to 

3314
02:47:52,808 --> 02:47:56,500
celebrate Rome's greatness, 
Aurelius said, each word 

3315
02:47:56,500 --> 02:48:00,000
carefully chosen to flatter the 
regime Staten Island. 

3316
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:03,000
Attacked the tip of his stylus 
on the desk, you paint a 

3317
02:48:03,000 --> 02:48:06,300
virtuous picture. 
He said, however, the text found

3318
02:48:06,300 --> 02:48:09,900
with this nisia were not 
standard fare, they questioned 

3319
02:48:09,900 --> 02:48:12,500
the notion of divine, right? 
Do they not? 

3320
02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:17,400
Aurelius heart pounded. 
She admitted Nieto once read 

3321
02:48:17,400 --> 02:48:19,700
Scrolls that contemplated 
whether any ruler should play 

3322
02:48:19,700 --> 02:48:22,700
sacred authority, Saturnus 
frowned. 

3323
02:48:23,500 --> 02:48:27,500
Dangerous territory with rumors 
of descent royalty from tears. 

3324
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:32,300
Tulia calmly, pivoted. 
Deed but we must distinguish 

3325
02:48:32,300 --> 02:48:35,800
between abstract philosophical 
debate and genuine tradition. 

3326
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:39,400
My daughter can attest that 
nitya has always shown respect 

3327
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:42,600
for the emperor's role. 
Aurelia, nodded vigorously 

3328
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:46,600
emphasizing that Mrs. 
Inquisitiveness in the war in 

3329
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:51,200
broadening Horizons. 
Not toppling regimes continued. 

3330
02:48:51,200 --> 02:48:54,800
Scribbling as expression 
unreadable After what felt like 

3331
02:48:54,808 --> 02:48:58,900
an eternity, he lifted his gaze.
I will conduct a personal 

3332
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:01,700
review. 
If I find reason to believe her 

3333
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:05,300
curiosity is harmless. 
I may recommend leniency, but if

3334
02:49:05,300 --> 02:49:09,000
these ideas have spread Beyond 
her personal Circle, clemency 

3335
02:49:09,000 --> 02:49:12,500
grows unlikely, Tully inclined 
her head. 

3336
02:49:13,300 --> 02:49:16,600
We appreciate your fairness. 
She spoke the words with 

3337
02:49:16,600 --> 02:49:20,300
carefully measured gratitude 
there are really a suspected. 

3338
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:23,600
It was only the faintest glimmer
of hope returning home. 

3339
02:49:23,600 --> 02:49:27,200
He relayed, the conversation to 
Marcus who exhaled in relief, 

3340
02:49:27,200 --> 02:49:28,900
that at least the door remained 
a jar. 

3341
02:49:29,700 --> 02:49:31,700
Still. 
Tightness clung to the 

3342
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:34,700
household. 
Aurelia found herself plagued by

3343
02:49:34,708 --> 02:49:38,100
nightmares images of missile 
lost in a Torchic. 

3344
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:42,400
Corridor of cells, she spent her
days editing each draft, they'd 

3345
02:49:42,400 --> 02:49:44,500
written searching for any 
detail. 

3346
02:49:44,500 --> 02:49:47,900
That might strengthen Saturn 
Isis inclination towards Mercy, 

3347
02:49:47,900 --> 02:49:52,000
one afternoon an unexpected 
visitor arrived, the young 

3348
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:55,100
philosopher who had once worned 
Orly about the rise and clamped 

3349
02:49:55,100 --> 02:49:58,300
down carried a slim. 
Scroll eyes a light with urgency

3350
02:49:59,300 --> 02:50:01,800
I managed to speak with a 
contact in the praetorian guard,

3351
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:05,600
who Whispered, they say satin 
nine us as truly deliberating. 

3352
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:09,700
Pressures from above a mounting,
another wave of arrests. 

3353
02:50:09,700 --> 02:50:13,800
Could come at any moment. 
Aurelia thanked him heart heavy 

3354
02:50:13,800 --> 02:50:16,400
with the knowledge that Niecy is
life hung by a thread. 

3355
02:50:17,300 --> 02:50:19,700
The days that followed were 
filled with confusion. 

3356
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:23,100
Talia arranged, small, 
Gatherings subtly reminding 

3357
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:25,000
attendees of Rome's. 
Alleged commitment to 

3358
02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:27,900
enlightenment. 
She recounted the city's storied

3359
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:30,200
history of absorbing foreign 
traditions. 

3360
02:50:31,000 --> 02:50:34,400
If we punish those who explore 
New Perspectives, do we not 

3361
02:50:34,400 --> 02:50:38,000
undermine centuries of proud 
Heritage, she would ask voice 

3362
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,100
wavering just enough to stir 
emotion. 

3363
02:50:40,900 --> 02:50:42,500
Some listeners offered 
sympathetic. 

3364
02:50:42,500 --> 02:50:46,000
Murmurs others are verted their 
eyes unwilling to align 

3365
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:48,300
themselves against the growing 
tide of Suspicion. 

3366
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:52,300
Aurelia found solace and 
revisiting old notes from nitia.

3367
02:50:52,300 --> 02:50:55,900
Who had scribble translation of 
Greek vs about the pursuit of 

3368
02:50:55,900 --> 02:50:58,900
Truth Reading those lines by the
lamp light. 

3369
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:02,300
A really vowed she would not 
abandon her friend to the 

3370
02:51:02,308 --> 02:51:05,900
Machinery of fear. 
Even so the Unstoppable churn of

3371
02:51:05,900 --> 02:51:09,600
Roman politics loomed over them.
Each morning arrived with fresh 

3372
02:51:09,600 --> 02:51:11,900
rumors. 
A new rebellion in Gaul. 

3373
02:51:11,900 --> 02:51:15,000
A senator rumored to be 
conspiring against Imperial 

3374
02:51:15,000 --> 02:51:16,700
Authority. 
All the guard. 

3375
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:19,200
Arresting someone for uttering 
heretical claims. 

3376
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:22,400
The city's mood felt like a 
drawn both string ready to 

3377
02:51:22,400 --> 02:51:26,500
snack. 
Finally, on a cloudy afternoon a

3378
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:28,700
pale-faced courier arrived with 
a sealed message. 

3379
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:33,900
Trembling Aurelia, broke the 
wax, seal, Saturninus summoned 

3380
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:37,500
them for a final verdict. 
Marcus's hand gripped, Aurelius 

3381
02:51:37,500 --> 02:51:39,500
shoulder. 
As she read the words aloud, 

3382
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:42,800
Tulia said nothing. 
But her eyes were dark with 

3383
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:46,100
both, fear and resolve. 
The next morning, they dressed 

3384
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:50,000
carefully and subdued garments. 
Stepping into the street Aurelia

3385
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:52,900
noticed how the city seemed 
caught in a hush as though. 

3386
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:56,500
Bracing, for some unseen impact,
the approach to the Imperial 

3387
02:51:56,500 --> 02:52:00,000
Annex felt endless as they 
neared the guarded doors 

3388
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:03,400
Aurelia, prayed that every 
subtle argument, every measured 

3389
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:06,500
phrase, every small gesture of 
respect, they'd offered would 

3390
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:09,400
count for something. 
And above all, she prayed that 

3391
02:52:09,400 --> 02:52:12,700
nishir, might yet walk free 
rather than dissolve into the 

3392
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:15,700
silence that swallowed. 
So many fragile voices in Rome, 

3393
02:52:16,500 --> 02:52:19,700
Saturnus received them in the 
same start chamber with two, new

3394
02:52:19,700 --> 02:52:22,700
guards posted at the entrance, 
his expression remained 

3395
02:52:22,700 --> 02:52:26,100
inscrutable as he motioned, them
forward Tilly about polite, 

3396
02:52:26,100 --> 02:52:29,000
likely Yeshua tried to steady 
her breathing. 

3397
02:52:30,100 --> 02:52:32,600
Aurelia, caught a glimpse of a 
neat stack of documents on the 

3398
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,800
desk wandering. 
If those silent Pages summarized

3399
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:39,700
nicias life, Without Preamble 
saturnine has spoke. 

3400
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:43,900
I've reviewed the materials and 
considered your arguments by all

3401
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:46,200
accounts. 
This nisia is intellectually 

3402
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:50,500
curious not openly seditious 
Aurelia clutched, the edge of 

3403
02:52:50,508 --> 02:52:52,700
her cloak struggling to remain 
composed. 

3404
02:52:52,700 --> 02:52:57,900
However saturninus continued, 
the presence of anti-imperial 

3405
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:01,200
rhetoric in her possession. 
Cannot be dismissed, the Empire 

3406
02:53:01,200 --> 02:53:04,900
stands on uncertain ground, any 
perceived challenge to its 

3407
02:53:04,900 --> 02:53:07,500
Divine Authority. 
Risks igniting greater Discord 

3408
02:53:08,600 --> 02:53:12,600
Tense silence followed earlier, 
inclined her head, we understand

3409
02:53:12,600 --> 02:53:15,500
the Peril yet. 
We maintain the curiosity is not

3410
02:53:15,508 --> 02:53:18,700
conspiracy. 
Saturnus tap to finger on the 

3411
02:53:18,700 --> 02:53:21,700
scroll before him. 
I'm inclined to believe your 

3412
02:53:21,700 --> 02:53:24,300
friend poses. 
No immediate threat under 

3413
02:53:24,300 --> 02:53:27,400
ordinary circumstances. 
I might recommend her release 

3414
02:53:27,400 --> 02:53:30,300
with a warning. 
Beside sounding 

3415
02:53:30,300 --> 02:53:33,300
uncharacteristically, weary. 
And these are not ordinary. 

3416
02:53:33,300 --> 02:53:37,300
Time's, the provinces Grumble, 
the legion's grow restless, and 

3417
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:39,400
paranoia seeps from the highest 
ranks. 

3418
02:53:40,300 --> 02:53:42,000
Are we really felt her Hope's 
waiver? 

3419
02:53:42,800 --> 02:53:44,700
Is there truly no room for 
Clemente? 

3420
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:49,500
She asked voice trembling 
Saturnina studied her in Spoke 

3421
02:53:49,500 --> 02:53:53,400
slowly, I can arrange for 
nissi's transfer into a 

3422
02:53:53,408 --> 02:53:57,600
supervised residence. 
House arrest essentially under 

3423
02:53:57,600 --> 02:54:00,600
two conditions. 
First she must renounce any 

3424
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:02,600
texts that question Rome sankt 
Duty. 

3425
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:06,100
Second, someone must vouch for 
her continued, Good Conduct. 

3426
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:10,700
Tulia glanced Aurelia relief 
mixing with apprehension. 

3427
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:15,400
We will gladly vouch for her 
toliya said, set, Anonymous 

3428
02:54:15,400 --> 02:54:17,700
leaned forward voice dropping 
low. 

3429
02:54:18,400 --> 02:54:22,900
Be aware if anything else 
incriminating surfaces your 

3430
02:54:22,900 --> 02:54:25,600
family's name will be forfeit 
alongside hose. 

3431
02:54:26,300 --> 02:54:29,600
We let the warning hang in the 
stale air, Aurelius chest 

3432
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:32,200
tightened, but she would not. 
Abandon is here. 

3433
02:54:32,208 --> 02:54:35,400
Now, Tulia spoke with forced 
calm, we accept the 

3434
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:38,800
responsibility, he gave a Curt 
nod and scribbled instructions 

3435
02:54:38,800 --> 02:54:41,500
on a small tablet. 
I'll expedite the transfer 

3436
02:54:41,500 --> 02:54:44,900
expect to be notified when she 
arrives under guard. with that, 

3437
02:54:44,900 --> 02:54:49,200
he dismissed, the Aurelia 
managed to mermaids though. 

3438
02:54:49,200 --> 02:54:53,200
Her pulse hammered in her ears. 
Once outside Tulia, squeezed her

3439
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:56,700
hand, he did it. 
She whispered Aurelia took a 

3440
02:54:56,700 --> 02:54:59,800
deep breath in relief. 
They hadn't truly won but at 

3441
02:54:59,808 --> 02:55:03,300
least in a Seer was spared a 
grim fate in Hidden cells days 

3442
02:55:03,300 --> 02:55:05,300
passed. 
Each one stretching with 

3443
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:10,700
agonizing slowly prepared, a 
modest chamber and anticipating 

3444
02:55:10,700 --> 02:55:14,200
the Sears arrival in guarded 
custody, markers wrestled. 

3445
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:17,300
With anxiety is pacing across 
the atrium at odd hours. 

3446
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:21,100
We've taken a risk, if the 
climate worse and we could face 

3447
02:55:21,100 --> 02:55:24,800
the guards Wrath, Really 
recognize the danger, but clung 

3448
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:28,600
to the thought of reuniting with
her friend, finally, on a bright

3449
02:55:28,600 --> 02:55:31,500
afternoon, the clang of iron at 
the Villas gate signaled, the 

3450
02:55:31,500 --> 02:55:35,300
guards presence Aurelia, rushed 
to the entry finding two Stern. 

3451
02:55:35,300 --> 02:55:38,000
Soldiers, flanking a figure 
whose wrists were Bound by a 

3452
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:41,200
simple leather strap necia 
looked thinner, her eyes 

3453
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:45,200
shadowed with fatigue yet when 
she recognized Orelia a flicker 

3454
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:48,700
of relief, litter features, the 
LED guards stated that nishio 

3455
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:52,600
was now under house arrest 
pending further a review. any 

3456
02:55:52,600 --> 02:55:56,000
attempt to escape or spread 
subversive, materials will void 

3457
02:55:56,000 --> 02:56:00,300
the arrangement, he warned Once 
the soldiers left Aurelia, 

3458
02:56:00,300 --> 02:56:03,700
guided nicer inside Tulia, 
hurried forward with water and 

3459
02:56:03,700 --> 02:56:08,000
fruit her voice. 
Gentle tears eyes though, she 

3460
02:56:08,000 --> 02:56:12,300
tried to maintain composure. 
I didn't think. 

3461
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:17,600
I wasn't sure I'd ever leave. 
That place Aurelia fought back 

3462
02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:20,200
her own tears. 
Certain that the moment demanded

3463
02:56:20,200 --> 02:56:24,300
steadiness. 
Safe here. safe, as any of us 

3464
02:56:24,300 --> 02:56:27,900
can be, she Replied over the 
next hour. 

3465
02:56:27,900 --> 02:56:30,700
Recounted her ordeal in halting 
Tone's. 

3466
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:33,900
She had been interrogated. 
Repeatedly pressed to name 

3467
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:36,500
others who shared her dangerous 
viewpoints. 

3468
02:56:36,500 --> 02:56:41,000
She insisted, she had none to 
name A really felt a swell of 

3469
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:43,700
admiration niches loyalty to the
truth. 

3470
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:47,200
That outweighed, her fear yet. 
The cost was evident in every 

3471
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:50,500
exhausted breath. 
She took as dusk settled. 

3472
02:56:50,500 --> 02:56:54,300
Tully, insisted that necia, rest
Aurelia, remained by her, 

3473
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:57,200
bedside grappling, with an odd, 
blend of elation and worry. 

3474
02:56:57,900 --> 02:57:00,300
Though freed from the dungeon 
nisia. 

3475
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:03,300
Now lived under Perpetual 
threat, the looming presence of 

3476
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:06,600
the God was real one misstep. 
Could hurl them all into ruin. 

3477
02:57:07,400 --> 02:57:09,800
You must be careful. 
Aurelius said, her voice. 

3478
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:13,000
Trembling house. 
Arrest is a precarious Mercy. 

3479
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:16,500
And nodded wincing at some 
unseen. 

3480
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:18,800
Brews. 
I won't give them a reason to 

3481
02:57:18,808 --> 02:57:21,000
lock me away again, but I can't 
lie. 

3482
02:57:21,000 --> 02:57:25,800
I still believe what I believe. 
A really reached for her 

3483
02:57:25,800 --> 02:57:29,100
friend's hand, heart, pounding 
with the realization that this 

3484
02:57:29,100 --> 02:57:32,000
fragile bite might be the 
closest thing to Victory. 

3485
02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:35,900
They would find for now, at 
least they had rested necia from

3486
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:38,800
the Empire's deeper Shadows. 
Tomorrow would bring fresh 

3487
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:42,600
challenges presents in the 
village introduced both Hope and

3488
02:57:42,600 --> 02:57:46,600
New Peril day by day. 
She regained strength, although 

3489
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:50,600
she remained pale and Silent at 
times Aurelia, noticed, how 

3490
02:57:50,600 --> 02:57:54,000
nisia jumped at minor sounds as 
though it expecting the guard to

3491
02:57:54,008 --> 02:57:57,400
burst in at any moment? 
House arrest meant, the Empire 

3492
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:00,300
still held her on a leash ready 
to yank tight? 

3493
02:58:00,300 --> 02:58:04,400
If any hint of forbidden inquiry
resurfaced Talia took pains to 

3494
02:58:04,400 --> 02:58:06,000
comply with the guard 
stipulations. 

3495
02:58:06,000 --> 02:58:10,200
She dismissed most servants to 
avoid rumors limiting Outsiders,

3496
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:13,800
knowledge of nicias whereabouts,
family acquaintances, who came 

3497
02:58:13,800 --> 02:58:16,800
calling were informed that the 
household required privacy due 

3498
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:19,900
to an illness. 
Marcus withdrew further into his

3499
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:22,600
study of inadvertently drawing 
attention. 

3500
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:26,600
Meanwhile, Aurelia felt herself.
Teetering, between relief and 

3501
02:58:26,600 --> 02:58:30,600
anxiety, free issue was to 
wander that one, slip of the 

3502
02:58:30,608 --> 02:58:32,500
tongue could bring disaster 
crashing down. 

3503
02:58:32,500 --> 02:58:36,400
As necia recovered, they spoke 
in hushed, Tone's, about her 

3504
02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:39,900
personal deal, guards had 
demanded names, twisting every 

3505
02:58:39,900 --> 02:58:43,400
conversation into a potential 
confession, they wanted me to 

3506
02:58:43,400 --> 02:58:48,800
admit a conspiracy said, voice 
strained, but I had none to give

3507
02:58:50,200 --> 02:58:53,900
A really a bit her lip recalling
how dangerously close row was 

3508
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:55,700
paranoia. 
Had come to extinguishing her 

3509
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:57,800
friends life. 
Same. 

3510
02:58:57,800 --> 02:59:01,900
Paranoia still loomed. 
Ready to stifle any criticism of

3511
02:59:01,900 --> 02:59:06,200
Imperial might? 
One after noon Julian formed or 

3512
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:10,000
really of that Lucius Cassius 
longinus had invited them to a 

3513
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:12,500
private supper. 
He wished to discuss a path to 

3514
02:59:12,500 --> 02:59:14,500
concluding the Sears case 
permanently. 

3515
02:59:14,500 --> 02:59:17,900
Ideally, by persuading the 
authority to close the file. 

3516
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:21,300
He believes that with the right 
approach, we might seal this 

3517
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:25,300
matter, totally explained. 
No more indefinite, limbo. 

3518
02:59:26,900 --> 02:59:29,900
Aurelius heart lifted. 
If she feared illusions of 

3519
02:59:29,900 --> 02:59:34,200
finality, She had learned that 
in Rome Solutions were often 

3520
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:36,900
temporary compromised by hidden 
agendas. 

3521
02:59:38,500 --> 02:59:41,100
They left nicer in Marcus's 
care, and traveled to Lucius 

3522
02:59:41,100 --> 02:59:46,000
Villa, undercover of dusk. 
Soft lamp light glowed in The 

3523
02:59:46,008 --> 02:59:50,500
Colonnade where he waited a 
discreet of bread, olives and 

3524
02:59:50,500 --> 02:59:54,400
watered wine laid out. 
After greeting them Lucius Dove 

3525
02:59:54,400 --> 02:59:57,500
straight into the matter. 
Saturnine is his arrangement, is

3526
02:59:57,500 --> 03:00:00,200
conditional. 
We must convince the Imperial 

3527
03:00:00,200 --> 03:00:03,300
counselors that your friend is 
no longer a subject of concern. 

3528
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:06,900
He paused choosing his words. 
A formal statement. 

3529
03:00:06,900 --> 03:00:10,200
Disavowing any anti-imperial 
Notions might suffice. 

3530
03:00:11,300 --> 03:00:13,800
A really attempts. 
She knew nissi's stance on the 

3531
03:00:13,808 --> 03:00:16,500
Empire's. 
Divinity wouldn't change yet 

3532
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:19,000
Tulia ever. 
Pragmatic asked if the statement

3533
03:00:19,000 --> 03:00:22,900
could be phrased to avoid direct
falsehood Lucius nodded. 

3534
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:26,200
We can craft something that 
emphasizes loyalty to Rome 

3535
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:28,300
stability without forcing her. 
To recant. 

3536
03:00:28,300 --> 03:00:33,000
Every idea she has ever held 
Still a really a sense. 

3537
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:36,800
The moral quandary necia would 
essentially have to tiptoe 

3538
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:40,200
around her beliefs to survive. 
They agreed that truly owner 

3539
03:00:40,200 --> 03:00:42,900
really would draft. 
A declaration referencing how 

3540
03:00:42,900 --> 03:00:46,200
house arrest had clarified. 
Niches respect for Roman law. 

3541
03:00:47,200 --> 03:00:49,100
The next day or really are 
presented. 

3542
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:53,300
The idea to nisia bracing for 
conflict to her relief nisia, 

3543
03:00:53,300 --> 03:00:56,400
gave a weary nod. 
I won't lie about my convictions

3544
03:00:56,400 --> 03:00:59,300
but if there's a form of words 
that satisfies them without 

3545
03:00:59,300 --> 03:01:01,400
trampling the truth. 
Let's try. 

3546
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:07,200
I can't return to that sell 
Within two days, they produced a

3547
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:10,500
carefully, home statement 
Aurelia wrote it by hand, 

3548
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:13,900
ensuring each Clause under 
scored compliance with Rome's 

3549
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:16,600
order, while refraining from 
claims that the emperor was 

3550
03:01:16,600 --> 03:01:19,200
divine. 
Tulia smoothed out phrases, 

3551
03:01:19,200 --> 03:01:22,800
injecting enough deference to 
placate, suspicious, officials, 

3552
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:26,200
nicer, approved. 
They were really noticed her. 

3553
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:27,700
Fingers, trembling as she 
scrolled. 

3554
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:30,800
Her name at the bottom, Let's 
hope the city's thirst for 

3555
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:32,800
scapegoats as momentarily 
quenched. 

3556
03:01:32,800 --> 03:01:35,400
She murdered. 
A courier delivered, the 

3557
03:01:35,400 --> 03:01:38,700
statement to saturnine us and a 
fraught silence followed 

3558
03:01:38,700 --> 03:01:42,800
meanwhile in the Forum hinted 
that roams political storms 

3559
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:46,000
continued unabated for 
rebellious governor in the east 

3560
03:01:46,000 --> 03:01:48,700
coast on rest. 
String of questionable 

3561
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:52,200
executions rattled, the populace
against that backdrop. 

3562
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:56,200
Missy has predicament could 
easily vanish overshadowed by 

3563
03:01:56,200 --> 03:02:00,100
larger crises Aurelia felt a 
guilty relief that perhaps 

3564
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,500
anonymity might Shield them. 
One late afternoon. 

3565
03:02:04,500 --> 03:02:07,800
The Fateful reply arrived a 
letter sealed with the imprint 

3566
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:11,000
of Saturn, ionis declared that 
upon due consideration and 

3567
03:02:11,000 --> 03:02:13,900
demonstration, of loyalty, the 
matter is resolved. 

3568
03:02:14,800 --> 03:02:17,900
Nasir was released from official
custody provided. 

3569
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:20,800
She remained within City bounds 
and avoided any subversive. 

3570
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:24,400
Gatherings, aurelia's, knees. 
Nearly buckled with relief as 

3571
03:02:24,400 --> 03:02:26,600
Tully. 
A read the words aloud though, 

3572
03:02:26,600 --> 03:02:29,900
the stipulation lingered at 
least the threat of a renewed 

3573
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:33,600
arrested subsided that evening, 
The Villa filled with subdued 

3574
03:02:33,600 --> 03:02:38,000
Joy, necia Tears. 
In Her Eyes embraced, Tully and 

3575
03:02:38,000 --> 03:02:41,800
Marcus thanking them for risking
so much on her behalf Aurelia, 

3576
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:47,400
overwhelmed her friend aside we 
did it, she said, softly, your 

3577
03:02:47,400 --> 03:02:50,800
free needs your nodded yet, her 
expression was tinged with 

3578
03:02:50,800 --> 03:02:55,500
sadness, free enough, perhaps, 
but the Empire's fear remains, 

3579
03:02:56,500 --> 03:03:00,800
Really understood Rome's might 
still loomed and countless 

3580
03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:03,400
others languished in cells for 
lesser doubts. 

3581
03:03:03,400 --> 03:03:08,400
When Dawn broke Aurelia stood in
the atrium gazing at the Mosaic 

3582
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:10,900
floor. 
She recalled how she once 

3583
03:03:10,900 --> 03:03:13,800
believed Rome's Grandeur resided
in unwavering ideals. 

3584
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:17,500
Now, she saw that it Splendor 
was fragile maintained through 

3585
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:20,900
half truths subtle, 
negotiations, and a Readiness to

3586
03:03:20,900 --> 03:03:25,200
crush dissent still, she felt a 
spark of optimism and saving 

3587
03:03:25,200 --> 03:03:27,000
this year. 
They had proven that compassion,

3588
03:03:27,000 --> 03:03:29,800
could pierce the Empire's armor 
at least for a moment. 

3589
03:03:30,700 --> 03:03:34,000
Stepping outside Aurelia inhaled
the cool air and resolved to 

3590
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:37,600
keep her eyes open to document. 
Not just the marble triumphs. 

3591
03:03:37,600 --> 03:03:40,800
But also the hidden struggles. 
That shape Rome from within 

3592
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:48,000
yourself settling into a worn 
leather. 

3593
03:03:48,000 --> 03:03:51,200
Chair by crackling fire holding 
a steaming mug of something 

3594
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:54,500
warm. 
Now, let me tell you about a 

3595
03:03:54,500 --> 03:03:57,000
time, when your biggest medical 
worry, wasn't whether your 

3596
03:03:57,000 --> 03:03:58,300
insurance would cover a 
procedure. 

3597
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:01,000
But whether the local barber 
surgeon had remembered to 

3598
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:04,100
sharpen, his saw that morning, 
You're about to step into the 

3599
03:04:04,108 --> 03:04:07,600
wonderfully bizarre, world of 
medieval medicine, where logic 

3600
03:04:07,600 --> 03:04:10,100
took a permanent vacation and 
Common Sense. 

3601
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:12,400
Apparently got lost somewhere 
around the 5th Century. 

3602
03:04:12,400 --> 03:04:15,500
This book isn't just any old 
history lesson. 

3603
03:04:15,500 --> 03:04:18,800
It's a gentle stroll through 
Humanity's, most creative 

3604
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:21,600
attempts at staying alive. 
Back when people thought your 

3605
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:24,600
personality was determined by, 
how much yellow bile you had 

3606
03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:28,000
sloshing around inside you 
imagine waking up in the year, 

3607
03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:31,500
1347 with a headache today. 
You might reach for some 

3608
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:35,600
ibuprofen and call it good. 
But in medieval times, well, 

3609
03:04:35,600 --> 03:04:38,400
first someone would need to 
examine the color of your urine,

3610
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:41,400
preferably while holding it up 
to the Morning Light, like a 

3611
03:04:41,408 --> 03:04:43,300
sommelier of evaluating a fine 
wine. 

3612
03:04:43,300 --> 03:04:47,100
Next they would determine the 
direction of the wind consult, 

3613
03:04:47,100 --> 03:04:50,100
the position of Mars and 
potentially drill a small hole 

3614
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:53,100
in your skull to release any 
evil spirits, the headache 

3615
03:04:53,100 --> 03:04:54,800
remedy. 
Might involve wearing a necklace

3616
03:04:54,800 --> 03:04:56,900
made of peony roots or better 
yet. 

3617
03:04:56,900 --> 03:04:59,600
Having someone read Latin poetry
to your forehead. 

3618
03:05:00,700 --> 03:05:03,600
Medieval folks lived in a world 
where everything interconnected 

3619
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:06,900
in the most intricate ways 
possible, your health depended 

3620
03:05:06,900 --> 03:05:10,500
not just on what you ate or how 
much you exercise but on whether

3621
03:05:10,500 --> 03:05:13,900
you'd angered any Saints lately.
If you'd been looking at too 

3622
03:05:13,900 --> 03:05:17,700
many beautiful women apparently 
hazardous to male health or 

3623
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:20,400
whether you'd committed the 
grave of bathing to frequently. 

3624
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:24,300
The medieval medical toolkit, 
resembled a combination of a 

3625
03:05:24,300 --> 03:05:28,400
spice rack a garden shed and a 
church all combined with a 

3626
03:05:28,400 --> 03:05:31,700
generous dose of Wishful, 
Thinking positions of the time. 

3627
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:34,700
And I use that term loosely 
carried around bags filled with 

3628
03:05:34,708 --> 03:05:37,100
dried herbs that smelled like 
your grandmother's attic. 

3629
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:40,700
Stereos powders that might have 
been anything from ground pearls

3630
03:05:40,700 --> 03:05:43,500
to pulverize unicorn horn. 
Spoiler alert. 

3631
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:46,600
It was usually just regular old 
horn and an impressive 

3632
03:05:46,600 --> 03:05:49,600
collection of sharp objects that
would make a modern surgeon 

3633
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:52,000
weep. 
But here's what makes this all 

3634
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:54,400
so endearing. 
These weren't stupid people. 

3635
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:58,000
They were working with the best 
information they had, which 

3636
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:01,200
admittedly wasn't much. 
They looked at the human body. 

3637
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:03,700
Like it was a mysterious black 
box that occasionally made 

3638
03:06:03,700 --> 03:06:06,800
alarming noises and they did 
their level best to figure out 

3639
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:08,900
what all the buttons did 
occasionally. 

3640
03:06:08,900 --> 03:06:11,500
They encountered luck. 
More often. 

3641
03:06:11,500 --> 03:06:14,900
Well let's just say that 
surviving medieval medicine was 

3642
03:06:14,900 --> 03:06:17,600
almost as challenging. 
The surviving medieval diseases 

3643
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:20,800
Wonderful thing about medieval 
medical beliefs is how 

3644
03:06:20,808 --> 03:06:23,800
thoroughly they committed to 
their theories when they 

3645
03:06:23,800 --> 03:06:26,700
concluded that all illness stem 
from an imbalance of four 

3646
03:06:26,700 --> 03:06:30,000
bodily, fluids known as humans. 
They delve deeply into this 

3647
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:33,100
particular area of logic 
everything and I mean, 

3648
03:06:33,100 --> 03:06:36,400
everything got explained through
this lens feeling sad. 

3649
03:06:36,400 --> 03:06:39,600
If you're feeling sad, it's 
likely due to an abundance of 

3650
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:43,400
black bile angry undoubtedly. 
There is an abundance of yellow 

3651
03:06:43,400 --> 03:06:46,300
bile in love. 
Oh, that's just your blood 

3652
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:49,500
getting a bit too enthusiastic 
as you sink into your chair and 

3653
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:52,200
the fire pops, you may wonder 
how people survive back then, 

3654
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:54,800
the answer lies in a blend of 
exceptional. 

3655
03:06:54,800 --> 03:06:58,900
Human fortitude, serendipitous 
circumstances and the remarkable

3656
03:06:58,900 --> 03:07:00,600
ability of the human body to 
self-heal. 

3657
03:07:00,600 --> 03:07:05,100
Even when we attempt to disrupt 
this process, so pour yourself, 

3658
03:07:05,100 --> 03:07:07,900
another cup of whatever's 
warming your hands and let's 

3659
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:11,700
continue this journey together. 
We're going to delve into a 

3660
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:14,000
world where medical treatment 
was a blend of theater, 

3661
03:07:14,000 --> 03:07:18,300
chemistry, experiments and 
religious ceremonies, and yet 

3662
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:22,100
somehow miraculously people can 
continue to improve. 

3663
03:07:22,100 --> 03:07:26,000
Let's talk about the Cornerstone
of medieval medicine, the theory

3664
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:28,800
of the four humors. 
Think of it as the medieval 

3665
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:32,100
equivalent of personality tests 
except instead of asking, 

3666
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:35,600
whether you're more of a dog 
person or a cat person, they 

3667
03:07:35,600 --> 03:07:37,700
were checking how much phlegm 
you were producing and whether 

3668
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:40,300
your blood was feeling 
particularly sanguine that day. 

3669
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:46,200
you had four main characters, in
this bodily, drama blood, phlegm

3670
03:07:46,200 --> 03:07:50,800
yellow, bile and black bile, 
these weren't just random fluids

3671
03:07:50,800 --> 03:07:54,400
sloshing around inside you. 
Oh no they were sophisticated 

3672
03:07:54,400 --> 03:07:57,700
complex substances that 
determined everything from your 

3673
03:07:57,700 --> 03:08:01,200
mood to your favorite color to 
whether you are likely to become

3674
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:03,700
a successful Merchant or a 
Melancholy poet. 

3675
03:08:04,900 --> 03:08:08,200
Blood stood Out Among the group.
If you had too much blood, you 

3676
03:08:08,200 --> 03:08:12,200
were sanguine cheerful 
optimistic and probably the life

3677
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:16,300
of every medieval party. 
Sanguine folks were supposedly 

3678
03:08:16,300 --> 03:08:20,200
hot and moist but evil medicine 
was surprisingly concerned with 

3679
03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:23,500
everyone's internal temperature 
and humidity levels with rosy 

3680
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:26,300
cheeks and an unfortunate 
tendency to be overly trusting. 

3681
03:08:27,500 --> 03:08:29,600
Cure for excess. 
Blood was refreshingly 

3682
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:32,100
straightforward, just removed 
some of it. 

3683
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:35,900
Medieval Physicians, approached 
bloodletting with the enthusiasm

3684
03:08:35,900 --> 03:08:38,800
of a wine enthusiast, discussing
a particularly excellent 

3685
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:42,400
vintage. 
Phlegm, meanwhile was the calm 

3686
03:08:42,400 --> 03:08:44,600
steady type too much phlegm 
made. 

3687
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:49,500
You slow thoughtful and about as
exciting as watching paint dry 

3688
03:08:49,500 --> 03:08:52,300
in a monastery. 
For a mattock, people were cold 

3689
03:08:52,300 --> 03:08:55,600
and moist, which sounds deeply 
unpleasant when you put it that 

3690
03:08:55,600 --> 03:08:58,500
way. 
They were the reliable ones, the

3691
03:08:58,500 --> 03:08:59,800
people you'd want doing your 
taxes. 

3692
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:02,300
If medieval people had taxes, 
the way we understand them 

3693
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:05,300
today, yellow biles. 
Served as the Catalyst 

3694
03:09:05,300 --> 03:09:09,400
literally, it was hot and dry. 
And if you had too much of it, 

3695
03:09:09,400 --> 03:09:13,100
you became choleric quick, 
tempered, and ambitious, and 

3696
03:09:13,100 --> 03:09:15,600
probably the type who would 
challenge someone to a duel, 

3697
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,900
over a perceived slight about 
your horse choleric, people were

3698
03:09:18,900 --> 03:09:21,500
natural leaders, which was 
convenient because they were all

3699
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:24,400
so natural. 
Arguers, black bile was the 

3700
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:28,000
emotional side of medieval 
humors too much black bile made.

3701
03:09:28,000 --> 03:09:32,500
You melancholic sad artistic and
prone to staring wistfully out 

3702
03:09:32,500 --> 03:09:34,700
of Windows. 
While composing tragic, poetry 

3703
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:38,900
about unrequited love. 
Melancholic people were cold and

3704
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:42,400
dry and they were often 
incredibly intelligent though. 

3705
03:09:42,400 --> 03:09:44,800
They used that intelligent 
primarily to contemplate. 

3706
03:09:44,800 --> 03:09:46,700
The fundamental sadness of 
existence. 

3707
03:09:46,700 --> 03:09:49,400
Now here's where it gets really 
interesting. 

3708
03:09:50,300 --> 03:09:53,900
Your humoral balance could 
change based on your age diet. 

3709
03:09:53,900 --> 03:09:55,900
The season and Mercury's 
position. 

3710
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:58,400
Yes. 
Medieval medicine was also 

3711
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:01,900
surprisingly astrological. 
Perfectly balanced person would 

3712
03:10:01,900 --> 03:10:04,700
have, just the right amount of 
each humor creating a kind of 

3713
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:06,600
internal harmonie. 
That would make them healthy, 

3714
03:10:06,600 --> 03:10:09,600
why is and probably insufferably
well-adjusted. 

3715
03:10:10,700 --> 03:10:14,200
Practical implications of the 
system were enormous, medieval 

3716
03:10:14,200 --> 03:10:17,200
Physicians, didn't just treat 
diseases, they treated entire 

3717
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:19,400
personality types. 
They wouldn't just give you 

3718
03:10:19,400 --> 03:10:22,500
herbs and send you off. 
If you were sad, first, they 

3719
03:10:22,500 --> 03:10:24,500
determine that. 
You obviously had too much black

3720
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:27,600
bile, then they'd prescribe a 
complete lifestyle, overhaul 

3721
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:29,800
designed to heat you up and dry 
you out a bit. 

3722
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,100
Such an intervention might 
involve eating different foods 

3723
03:10:33,100 --> 03:10:35,300
or hot moist things to 
counteract. 

3724
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:39,500
All that cold dry black bile, 
changing your exercise routine. 

3725
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:42,900
Moving to a different climate or
even taking up a more cheerful 

3726
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:45,600
profession. 
Medieval medicine was nothing. 

3727
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:49,100
If not holistic though, there 
are idea of it included factors 

3728
03:10:49,100 --> 03:10:51,700
that modern medicine, might 
consider slightly irrelevant 

3729
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:55,300
like the moral character of your
ancestors and whether you'd been

3730
03:10:55,300 --> 03:10:57,100
exposed to Too Much Moonlight 
recently. 

3731
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:02,000
The beauty of the humoral system
was its elegant Simplicity every

3732
03:11:02,000 --> 03:11:04,800
medical problem had a clear 
cause and a logical solution. 

3733
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:07,800
Are you experience in symptoms 
of illness? 

3734
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:11,700
Clearly, your humors were 
imbalanced, pushing your humors 

3735
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:14,500
back into balance. 
Was the simple treatment, akin 

3736
03:11:14,500 --> 03:11:17,700
to adjusting the setting on a 
complex biological thermostat. 

3737
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:21,700
Of course, the challenge was 
figuring out exactly which jokes

3738
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:25,700
were misbehaving and by how much
This process required 

3739
03:11:25,700 --> 03:11:29,400
considerable skill or at least a
great deal of confidence which 

3740
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:33,000
explains why medieval Physicians
devoted so much time to 

3741
03:11:33,000 --> 03:11:36,800
examining bodily fluids with the
same intensity as wine critics 

3742
03:11:36,800 --> 03:11:39,600
at a taste in competition. 
Imagine you're not feeling well 

3743
03:11:39,600 --> 03:11:42,900
in medieval times so you decide 
to visit the local physician. 

3744
03:11:42,900 --> 03:11:46,800
As you enter their chamber who 
anticipate a setting akin to a 

3745
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:50,700
modern doctor's office but in 
Stead you encounter a scene akin

3746
03:11:50,700 --> 03:11:53,100
to a hybrid of an alchemist 
laboratory and a fortune, 

3747
03:11:53,100 --> 03:11:55,700
tellers parlor. 
Replete with jars filled with 

3748
03:11:55,708 --> 03:11:59,700
unidentifiable floating objects,
your medieval doctor would want 

3749
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:03,000
to see your urine first, not 
your insurance card or medical 

3750
03:12:03,000 --> 03:12:06,100
history. 
Not just a small sample mind 

3751
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:08,300
you, but a nice big floss of the
stuff. 

3752
03:12:08,300 --> 03:12:10,300
Preferably your first morning 
production. 

3753
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:12,800
When it was at its most 
diagnostically informative, 

3754
03:12:12,800 --> 03:12:16,500
medieval Physicians were 
absolutely obsessed with urine 

3755
03:12:16,500 --> 03:12:19,400
and they had elevated its 
examination to an art form. 

3756
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:22,900
That would make modern lab 
technicians jealous, a possessed

3757
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:27,100
special floss known as matures. 
Specifically designed for urine 

3758
03:12:27,100 --> 03:12:30,100
examination and they would 
scrutinize these flasks as if 

3759
03:12:30,100 --> 03:12:32,100
they were evaluating precious 
gems. 

3760
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:37,800
Color Clarity smell and even the
way it settled in the flask 

3761
03:12:37,800 --> 03:12:39,900
could tell them everything they 
needed to know about your 

3762
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:42,500
condition. 
If your urine had an unusual 

3763
03:12:42,500 --> 03:12:45,500
color, it could reveal a 
multitude of diagnostic 

3764
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,200
possibilities. 
Red urine might indicate too 

3765
03:12:48,200 --> 03:12:51,700
much blood clearly while dark 
urine suggested and excess of 

3766
03:12:51,700 --> 03:12:54,200
black bile. 
If your urine was particularly 

3767
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:57,600
aromatic that, could mean your 
kidneys were working overtime or

3768
03:12:57,600 --> 03:13:00,400
possibly that you'd be eating 
too much garlic which was 

3769
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:04,100
apparently a medical concern 
worth noting. some Physicians, 

3770
03:13:04,100 --> 03:13:07,000
they could tell not just what 
was wrong with you, but also 

3771
03:13:07,000 --> 03:13:10,700
predict your future health, your
romantic prospects and whether 

3772
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:13,700
your crops would do well that 
year all from a single flask of 

3773
03:13:13,700 --> 03:13:16,900
morning urine, that urine was 
just the beginning. 

3774
03:13:17,700 --> 03:13:20,700
Medieval doctors were also 
intrigued by your pulse but 

3775
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:23,400
their interpretation was more 
imaginative than todays. 

3776
03:13:23,400 --> 03:13:27,000
They didn't just count beats per
minute, it analyzed the quality 

3777
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:29,700
of the pulse, its Rhythm its 
strength and its character. 

3778
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:33,100
Pulse could be described as 
jumping like a grasshopper 

3779
03:13:33,100 --> 03:13:36,100
creeping, like a snake or 
flowing, like honey. 

3780
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:39,200
And each of these poetic 
descriptions supposedly revealed

3781
03:13:39,200 --> 03:13:41,100
different tasks of your internal
condition. 

3782
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:45,800
Your complexion was another 
crucial diagnostic tool medieval

3783
03:13:45,800 --> 03:13:47,900
Physicians. 
Could read your face like a map 

3784
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,500
finding clues in the color of 
your cheeks, the brightness of 

3785
03:13:51,500 --> 03:13:53,700
your eyes and the texture of 
your skin. 

3786
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:57,300
Erotic complexion might indicate
too much blood. 

3787
03:13:57,300 --> 03:14:01,300
While a pale one appearance, 
suggested insufficient vital 

3788
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:03,700
heat. 
They paid particular attention 

3789
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:06,600
to your nose, which they 
believed was directly connected 

3790
03:14:06,600 --> 03:14:09,800
to your brain and therefore, a 
reliable indicator of your 

3791
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:13,800
mental state. 
The examination process also 

3792
03:14:13,800 --> 03:14:16,600
involved a considerable amount 
of what we might call lifestyle 

3793
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:19,000
counseling. 
Your physician would want to 

3794
03:14:19,008 --> 03:14:22,600
know about your diet, you're 
sleeping habits, your emotional 

3795
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:24,600
state, and your recent 
activities. 

3796
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:27,900
Have you been exposed to any 
strong emotions lately? 

3797
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,900
Had you eaten anything, 
particularly heating or cooling?

3798
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:33,800
That you've been in the presents
of anyone with suspicious 

3799
03:14:33,800 --> 03:14:37,100
humeral imbalances. 
They were also deeply interested

3800
03:14:37,100 --> 03:14:40,100
in your dreams which they 
considered Windows into your 

3801
03:14:40,108 --> 03:14:42,900
internal state. 
Dreaming about water might 

3802
03:14:42,900 --> 03:14:46,500
indicate excess phlegm while 
dreams of fire could suggest too

3803
03:14:46,500 --> 03:14:49,100
much yellow bile. 
If you dreamed about flying, 

3804
03:14:49,100 --> 03:14:52,200
that was clearly a sign that 
your natural heat was trying to 

3805
03:14:52,208 --> 03:14:55,400
escape your body, which required
immediate cooling therapy. 

3806
03:14:56,200 --> 03:14:59,100
Medieval Physicians or paid 
attention to your astrological 

3807
03:14:59,100 --> 03:15:01,500
sign and the current position of
the planets. 

3808
03:15:01,500 --> 03:15:05,000
Your health was intimately 
connected to Celestial movements

3809
03:15:05,000 --> 03:15:07,800
and a good physician would 
consult Star Charts before 

3810
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:09,500
making any major treatment 
decisions. 

3811
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:13,000
If Mars was in an aggressive 
position, it might not be the 

3812
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:16,000
best time for bloodletting. 
While a favorable Venus might 

3813
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:18,000
enhance the effectiveness of 
love potions. 

3814
03:15:18,000 --> 03:15:22,100
Prescribed for melancholy The 
diagnostic process could take 

3815
03:15:22,100 --> 03:15:25,400
hours involving detailed 
questioning, careful, 

3816
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,700
observation and quite a bit of 
thoughtful stroking of beards. 

3817
03:15:28,700 --> 03:15:31,700
Medieval Physicians were 
apparently required to have 

3818
03:15:31,700 --> 03:15:34,100
impressive facial hair by the 
end of it. 

3819
03:15:34,100 --> 03:15:36,400
Your physician would have a 
complete picture. 

3820
03:15:36,400 --> 03:15:39,200
Not just of your physical 
condition, but of your moral 

3821
03:15:39,200 --> 03:15:42,800
character, your spiritual State 
and your place in the cosmic 

3822
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:44,700
order. 
Now we come to perhaps the most 

3823
03:15:44,700 --> 03:15:47,900
famous and from our modern 
perspective, most alarming 

3824
03:15:47,900 --> 03:15:51,700
aspect of medieval medicine 
bloodletting If you lived in 

3825
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:54,300
medieval times, you would have 
seen this practice as often as 

3826
03:15:54,300 --> 03:15:58,200
we see a spare in now headache. 
It's time to administer some 

3827
03:15:58,200 --> 03:16:02,000
bloodletting fever. 
Undoubtedly there is an 

3828
03:16:02,000 --> 03:16:05,000
abundance of blood present. 
Are you experiencing a mood 

3829
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:07,100
swing? 
Clearly, your blood needs some 

3830
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,300
attention, the logic behind 
bloodletting was actually quite 

3831
03:16:10,300 --> 03:16:12,900
elegant in A distinctive evil 
sort of way. 

3832
03:16:12,900 --> 03:16:15,900
Remember those four jokes? 
We talked about all blood was 

3833
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:18,900
the most active and abundant of 
these and medieval Physicians 

3834
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:21,800
believe that most illnesses were
caused by having too much of it.

3835
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:25,100
So the obvious solution was to 
remove the excess like letting 

3836
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:26,700
air out of an over-inflated 
balloon. 

3837
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:30,400
Except the balloon was you, and 
the air was your life force. 

3838
03:16:31,600 --> 03:16:34,400
Medieval bloodletting wasn't 
just a matter of making a small 

3839
03:16:34,400 --> 03:16:37,100
cut and collecting a couple too.
Oh no. 

3840
03:16:37,100 --> 03:16:40,100
They had elevated it to a 
sophisticated art with multiple 

3841
03:16:40,100 --> 03:16:44,100
techniques specialized tools and
elaborate theories about timing 

3842
03:16:44,100 --> 03:16:46,500
and technique. 
You could choose from various 

3843
03:16:46,500 --> 03:16:49,700
bloodletting methods, like, 
selecting items from a deeply 

3844
03:16:49,700 --> 03:16:52,900
disturbing medical menu. 
There was venous section which 

3845
03:16:52,900 --> 03:16:55,600
involved making strategic cuts 
into major veins. 

3846
03:16:56,400 --> 03:16:59,100
Medieval Physicians had mapped 
out the human body like a 

3847
03:16:59,100 --> 03:17:01,600
roadmap. 
Identifying the best veins for 

3848
03:17:01,600 --> 03:17:04,200
different conditions. 
Are veins, were good, for head, 

3849
03:17:04,200 --> 03:17:06,500
problems leg veins helped with 
abdominal issues. 

3850
03:17:06,500 --> 03:17:09,400
And there were specific veins 
that were thought to be 

3851
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:12,700
connected to different organs 
through invisible Pathways, that

3852
03:17:12,700 --> 03:17:14,700
make perfect sense. 
If you didn't think about them 

3853
03:17:14,700 --> 03:17:18,200
too hard, then there was 
cupping, which involved placing 

3854
03:17:18,200 --> 03:17:20,700
heated cups on your skin to draw
blood to the surface. 

3855
03:17:20,700 --> 03:17:23,600
The cups would create suction as
they called. 

3856
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:27,100
Pulling your skin up into little
domes and supposedly drawing out

3857
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:30,000
the problematic blood along with
whatever evil humors were 

3858
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:32,700
causing your trouble. 
occasionally, they'd make small 

3859
03:17:32,700 --> 03:17:35,900
Cuts, first turning the cupping 
session into a more efficient, 

3860
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:39,400
blood extraction process, 
Leeches were the Gen teal option

3861
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,300
considered more refined and 
controlled and crude cutting? 

3862
03:17:43,300 --> 03:17:46,300
Medieval Physicians maintained 
collections of medical leeches. 

3863
03:17:46,300 --> 03:17:48,700
Like, modern doctors keep 
stethoscopes. 

3864
03:17:48,700 --> 03:17:51,900
And they had strong opinions 
about leech, quality and 

3865
03:17:51,900 --> 03:17:54,300
technique. 
A good lead should be hungry but

3866
03:17:54,300 --> 03:17:58,300
not desperate active, but not 
overly aggressive and preferably

3867
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:01,700
sourced from clean running water
rather than stagnant ponds. 

3868
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:05,900
The timing of bloodletting was 
crucial and required Consulting 

3869
03:18:05,900 --> 03:18:10,000
multiple sources of information.
The phase of the moon matted 

3870
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,000
certain phases were better for 
bloodletting than others. 

3871
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:16,600
Your astrological sign was 
important as the current 

3872
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:20,200
position of planets. 
Season affected the quality of 

3873
03:18:20,200 --> 03:18:23,300
your blood and even the time of 
day could influence the success 

3874
03:18:23,300 --> 03:18:26,400
of the procedure. 
Medieval Physicians had 

3875
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:28,800
elaborate charts showing the 
best times to bleed from 

3876
03:18:28,808 --> 03:18:32,000
different parts of the body. 
Spring was generally beneficial 

3877
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:34,400
for blood letting because that's
where blood was thought to be 

3878
03:18:34,408 --> 03:18:37,000
most active like sap rising in 
trees. 

3879
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,300
But she had to be careful, not 
to overdo it during hot summer 

3880
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:42,300
months when your natural heat 
was already elevated. 

3881
03:18:43,200 --> 03:18:45,800
The amount of blood removed was 
determined by a complex 

3882
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,700
calculation involving your age 
Constitution. 

3883
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:52,300
The nature of your illness and 
various environmental factors. 

3884
03:18:53,300 --> 03:18:55,900
Young strong, people could 
handle more bloodletting than 

3885
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:57,300
elderly. 
All weekend, individuals. 

3886
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:00,000
Someone with a sanguine 
temperament, might need more 

3887
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:02,700
aggressive treatment and someone
who was naturally, flick Matic. 

3888
03:19:03,300 --> 03:19:06,200
What's remarkable is, how 
enthusiastic people were about 

3889
03:19:06,200 --> 03:19:08,600
this treatment? 
Bloodletting wasn't something, 

3890
03:19:08,600 --> 03:19:10,600
you endured. 
It was something you looked 

3891
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:12,600
forward to like a medieval spa 
day. 

3892
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:15,500
People would schedule regular 
bloodletting sessions as 

3893
03:19:15,508 --> 03:19:18,200
preventive medicine and 
Physicians, would recommend it 

3894
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:20,300
for everything from preventing 
illness to improving your 

3895
03:19:20,308 --> 03:19:22,500
complexion, to enhancing your 
mental clarity. 

3896
03:19:23,500 --> 03:19:26,300
Barber surgeons who combined 
haircutting with minor medical 

3897
03:19:26,308 --> 03:19:29,500
procedures, advertise their 
bloodletting Services, alongside

3898
03:19:29,500 --> 03:19:32,800
their grooming options, you 
could get a shave a haircut and 

3899
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:36,900
have some excess blood removed 
all in one convenient visit The 

3900
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,400
traditional barber pole with its
red and white stripes. 

3901
03:19:39,400 --> 03:19:42,700
Actually represents bloodied 
bandages wrapped around a pole, 

3902
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:45,500
a cheerful, reminder of the 
professionals medical heritage. 

3903
03:19:46,600 --> 03:19:48,900
Social aspect of bloodletting 
was also important. 

3904
03:19:48,900 --> 03:19:52,700
It was often performed in groups
turning medical treatment into a

3905
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:55,800
social event where people could 
catch up on local gossip while 

3906
03:19:55,800 --> 03:19:59,300
having their humors, rebalance 
wealthy families would sometimes

3907
03:19:59,300 --> 03:20:02,200
hire Physicians to perform blood
in session for the entire 

3908
03:20:02,200 --> 03:20:05,100
household, like, hosting a very 
specialized dinner party. 

3909
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:08,700
Medieval medicine cabinet were 
incredibly chaotic, causing a 

3910
03:20:08,708 --> 03:20:10,900
modern Pharmacy, to shudder and 
confusion. 

3911
03:20:11,700 --> 03:20:14,400
Imagine opening a medieval 
Physicians bag and finding 

3912
03:20:14,400 --> 03:20:17,900
everything from dried Beatles to
powdered unicorn horn, which was

3913
03:20:17,908 --> 03:20:21,300
actually narwhal Tusk. 
But don't tell anyone alongside 

3914
03:20:21,300 --> 03:20:24,100
herbs, that might actually work 
and substances that definitely 

3915
03:20:24,100 --> 03:20:26,300
wouldn't. 
But smelled intriguing enough to

3916
03:20:26,300 --> 03:20:30,000
see medicinal The medieval 
approach to herbal medicine, was

3917
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:33,500
refreshingly inclusive. 
If something existed in nature, 

3918
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:35,900
someone had probably tried using
it as medicine. 

3919
03:20:36,900 --> 03:20:38,600
This approach led to an 
enormous. 

3920
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:42,500
Pharmacopoeia that included, not
just plants but also animal 

3921
03:20:42,500 --> 03:20:47,200
parts, minerals and substances 
that defied easy categorization.

3922
03:20:48,200 --> 03:20:51,400
Medieval Physicians, were like 
enthusiastic collectors, who 

3923
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:54,100
never met a potential remedy. 
They didn't want to try at least

3924
03:20:54,108 --> 03:20:57,200
once. 
For instance the theory act 

3925
03:20:57,200 --> 03:21:01,200
regarded as the ultimate remedy 
could contain anywhere from 60 

3926
03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:03,700
to 100 different ingredients 
depending on the maker. 

3927
03:21:04,500 --> 03:21:07,600
The recipe included vipers 
flesh, which had to be prepared 

3928
03:21:07,600 --> 03:21:12,700
in a very specific way. 
Opium various spices herbs and 

3929
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:15,200
enough other ingredients to 
stock a small Apothecary. 

3930
03:21:15,200 --> 03:21:18,600
In some cities, the complex 
process of making Theory act 

3931
03:21:18,600 --> 03:21:21,700
became a public event. 
Drawing crowds to witness the 

3932
03:21:21,700 --> 03:21:24,300
master, apothecaries performed 
their mysterious Magic. 

3933
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:28,300
But most medieval remedies were 
more accessible built around 

3934
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:31,300
herbs and plants that grew 
locally and could be prepared in

3935
03:21:31,300 --> 03:21:33,100
any reasonably well equipped 
kitchen. 

3936
03:21:34,100 --> 03:21:36,900
People expected, medieval 
Housewives to understand, basic 

3937
03:21:36,900 --> 03:21:40,300
herbal medicine, just as modern 
parents, understand basic first 

3938
03:21:40,300 --> 03:21:42,800
aid. 
They maintained herb gardens 

3939
03:21:42,800 --> 03:21:45,700
with plants, specifically chosen
for their medicinal properties 

3940
03:21:45,700 --> 03:21:49,000
and they passed down recipes and
techniques through generations 

3941
03:21:49,000 --> 03:21:51,400
of women who took their healing 
responsibilities. 

3942
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:55,400
Seriously, Willowbark was used 
for pain relief and it actually 

3943
03:21:55,400 --> 03:21:58,900
worked because it contains 
salicin a compound related to 

3944
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:01,600
aspirin. 
Medieval people didn't know why 

3945
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:04,800
it worked, but they knew it did,
which was good enough for 

3946
03:22:04,800 --> 03:22:07,800
practical purposes. 
Similarly, digitalis from 

3947
03:22:07,800 --> 03:22:10,600
foxglove was used for heart 
problems and while it was 

3948
03:22:10,600 --> 03:22:13,800
dangerously easy to overdose on,
it was actually an effective 

3949
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:17,700
cardiac medication. 
But for every real remedy, there

3950
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:20,600
were many that were Pure Fantasy
dressed up in medical terms, 

3951
03:22:20,600 --> 03:22:25,200
people prescribed pearls for 
melancholy, presumably due to 

3952
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:27,900
the belief that their lustrous 
Beauty could uplift Spirits. 

3953
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:31,400
Crowned up precious stones were 
mixed into medicine's not 

3954
03:22:31,400 --> 03:22:34,600
because they had any therapeutic
value but because expensive 

3955
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:37,300
ingredients were obviously more 
powerful than cheap ones. 

3956
03:22:37,300 --> 03:22:40,000
Animal based remedies were 
particularly creative. 

3957
03:22:40,000 --> 03:22:43,400
Unicorn horn was the most 
prestigious thought to 

3958
03:22:43,400 --> 03:22:46,000
neutralize Poison's and cure 
virtually any ailment. 

3959
03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:51,000
Since actual unicorns were in 
short supply, most unicorn horn 

3960
03:22:51,000 --> 03:22:53,300
was actually powered or an 
offerus horn. 

3961
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:56,900
Now, while Tusk or just regular 
old animal horn that had been 

3962
03:22:56,900 --> 03:22:58,700
blessed by someone with 
impressive religious 

3963
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:02,600
credentials, Medieval Physicians
also, prescribed remedies made 

3964
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,900
from human body parts, which 
sounds ghoulish, but made 

3965
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:08,500
perfect sense. 
According to their logic, if 

3966
03:23:08,500 --> 03:23:11,600
someone had died in perfect 
health, usually a young person 

3967
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,500
who had suffered an accident. 
Parts of their body could be 

3968
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:16,500
used to transfer that Health to 
sick. 

3969
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:20,200
Patients This process led to a 
thriving trade, in various 

3970
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,300
human-derived medicines that we 
probably don't need to discuss 

3971
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:26,300
in detail during our cozy, 
bedtime story. 

3972
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:29,800
The preparation of these 
remedies was often as elaborate 

3973
03:23:29,800 --> 03:23:31,200
as their ingredients were 
exotic. 

3974
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:34,600
Medieval medicine involved. 
A lot of precise timing. 

3975
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:38,400
Specific astronomical conditions
and ritual elements that 

3976
03:23:38,400 --> 03:23:41,500
transformed simple cooking and 
to something resembling a 

3977
03:23:41,500 --> 03:23:44,600
religious ceremony. 
Herbs had to be picked at the 

3978
03:23:44,600 --> 03:23:47,700
right phase of the moon. 
Dried in particular ways and 

3979
03:23:47,700 --> 03:23:49,500
combined. 
According to formulas, that had 

3980
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:51,600
been passed down through 
generation of practitioners, 

3981
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:55,400
medieval people also believed 
strongly in the power of 

3982
03:23:55,400 --> 03:23:58,500
synthetic magic, which meant 
that remedies should somehow 

3983
03:23:58,500 --> 03:24:00,000
resemble. 
Either the problem they were 

3984
03:24:00,000 --> 03:24:03,600
treating all the solution, they 
were trying to achieve yellow 

3985
03:24:03,600 --> 03:24:05,800
herbs, were good for liver 
problems, because the liver 

3986
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,000
produced yellow bile red 
substances were good for blood 

3987
03:24:09,000 --> 03:24:12,100
disorders, heart-shaped leaves, 
were obviously beneficial for 

3988
03:24:12,100 --> 03:24:14,900
heart conditions. 
These discoveries led to some 

3989
03:24:14,900 --> 03:24:17,900
remarkably Creative Connections 
between appearance and function 

3990
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:21,800
Spotted leaves of lung wart were
thought to resemble diseased 

3991
03:24:21,800 --> 03:24:24,500
lungs, so they were used to 
treat respiratory problems. 

3992
03:24:24,500 --> 03:24:28,700
Walnuts, which looks somewhat 
like tiny brains were considered

3993
03:24:28,700 --> 03:24:31,600
brain food long before. 
Anyone knew about omega-3 fatty 

3994
03:24:31,600 --> 03:24:35,400
acids, The dosing of medieval 
medicines was more art than 

3995
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:38,600
science, relying heavily on the 
Physicians experience. 

3996
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:42,000
And intuition too. 
Little might not work too much. 

3997
03:24:42,008 --> 03:24:44,400
Could kill you. 
And the line between effective 

3998
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:47,000
dose and fatal overdose was 
often uncomfortably thin. 

3999
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:50,700
This is why medieval Physicians 
spent so much time, studying 

4000
03:24:50,700 --> 03:24:53,700
their patients, constitutions 
and carefully adjusting 

4001
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:55,600
treatments. 
Based on individual factors, 

4002
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:59,400
medieval surgery was not for the
faint of heart, and if you live 

4003
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,300
during this time, you would have
approached it with roughly the 

4004
03:25:02,300 --> 03:25:04,900
same enthusiasm. 
Most people today reserve for 

4005
03:25:04,900 --> 03:25:08,500
root canal surgery, Except 
medieval surgery was performed 

4006
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:12,100
with without anesthesia 
antibiotics or any real 

4007
03:25:12,100 --> 03:25:13,900
understanding of how infections 
worked. 

4008
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:17,400
The surgical toolkit of a 
medieval practitioner looked 

4009
03:25:17,400 --> 03:25:19,700
like something assembled by 
someone who had heard about 

4010
03:25:19,700 --> 03:25:22,600
surgery, second hand, but had 
never actually seen it 

4011
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:25,000
performed. 
Their Banks were filled with 

4012
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:29,800
saws, knives, hot ions for 
cauterizing, wounds, and various

4013
03:25:29,800 --> 03:25:31,300
sharp. 
Implements that appeared to be 

4014
03:25:31,308 --> 03:25:33,400
designed more for carpentry than
for medicine. 

4015
03:25:34,200 --> 03:25:36,600
Medieval surgeons approached, 
the human body with the 

4016
03:25:36,600 --> 03:25:38,900
confidence of people who had 
never heard of medical 

4017
03:25:38,900 --> 03:25:42,500
malpractice, lawsuits 
trepanation, drilling holes, and

4018
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,800
skulls were surprisingly. 
Common and was used to treat 

4019
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:48,500
everything from headaches to 
mental illness to what they 

4020
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:52,700
called, Melancholy Madness. 
The theory was that evil spirits

4021
03:25:52,700 --> 03:25:56,300
excess humor or bad are had 
gotten trapped inside the head 

4022
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,800
and needed a way to escape. 
Medieval surgeons would 

4023
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:01,500
carefully. 
Drill a small hole in the 

4024
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:04,700
patient's skull sometimes while 
the patient was fully conscious 

4025
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:07,400
and then wait to see if the 
problem Spirits would take the 

4026
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:09,400
hint and leave. 
What's remarkable? 

4027
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:11,500
Is that some patients actually 
survive? 

4028
03:26:11,500 --> 03:26:14,200
This procedure and even seem to 
get better off afterwards, 

4029
03:26:14,200 --> 03:26:17,300
though, such Improvement was 
probably more due to the placebo

4030
03:26:17,300 --> 03:26:20,400
effect, and sheer luck. 
And to any therapeutic value of 

4031
03:26:20,408 --> 03:26:21,900
having holes drilled in their 
heads. 

4032
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:25,800
Medieval people interpreted the 
successes as proof that the 

4033
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:29,000
treatment worked rather than 
evidence that the human body is 

4034
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,000
surprisingly resilient. 
Attract surgery was another 

4035
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:35,000
common procedure performed by 
traveling Specialists, who would

4036
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:38,700
arrive in town perform a dozen 
or so cataract operations in a 

4037
03:26:38,700 --> 03:26:41,600
day and then leave before anyone
had time to evaluate the 

4038
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,700
long-term results. 
The technique involved pushing 

4039
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:47,900
the clouded lens back into the 
eye, with a sharp needle, which 

4040
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:50,800
sometimes worked, and sometimes 
resulted in complete blindness. 

4041
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:54,600
But at least it was quick. 
But medieval medicine wasn't 

4042
03:26:54,600 --> 03:26:57,500
purely physical. 
It was deeply intertwined, with 

4043
03:26:57,500 --> 03:26:59,200
spiritual healing and religious 
belief. 

4044
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:02,800
Medieval people understood 
illness as having spiritual as 

4045
03:27:02,800 --> 03:27:05,700
well as physical causes which 
meant that treatment needed to 

4046
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:09,500
address both the body and the 
Soul misunderstanding led to a 

4047
03:27:09,500 --> 03:27:12,200
fascinating integration of 
medical and religious practices.

4048
03:27:12,200 --> 03:27:15,000
That would seem strange to 
modernize, but made perfect 

4049
03:27:15,000 --> 03:27:16,800
sense. 
In a world where the boundary 

4050
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:19,000
between physical and spiritual 
was much more fluid. 

4051
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,900
Saints were specialized medical 
Consultants each with their 

4052
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:26,500
areas of expertise. 
Assemblies was good for throat 

4053
03:27:26,500 --> 03:27:28,700
problems. 
Saint Lucie handled eye diseases

4054
03:27:28,700 --> 03:27:31,800
and Singaporean was the go to 
Saint for dental issues. 

4055
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:36,100
If you had a specific medical 
problem, there was probably a 

4056
03:27:36,100 --> 03:27:38,700
saint who had suffered a similar
Affliction during their 

4057
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:41,400
martyrdom and could therefore 
provide targeted assistance. 

4058
03:27:41,400 --> 03:27:44,800
Pilgrimage was considered both a
medical treatment and a 

4059
03:27:44,800 --> 03:27:47,600
spiritual exercise. 
Medieval people would travel 

4060
03:27:47,600 --> 03:27:49,600
hundreds of miles to visit holy 
sights. 

4061
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:51,600
Where miraculous healing was 
said to her. 

4062
03:27:52,300 --> 03:27:56,100
These Journeys served multiple 
purposes, the physical exercise 

4063
03:27:56,100 --> 03:27:59,100
was probably beneficial. 
The change of scenery might help

4064
03:27:59,100 --> 03:28:01,800
with mental health and the Hope 
and Faith involved in the 

4065
03:28:01,800 --> 03:28:04,200
pilgrimage could have real 
therapeutic effects. 

4066
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:07,600
Holy relics were another 
important category of medieval 

4067
03:28:07,600 --> 03:28:11,000
medicine a bone from a saint a 
piece of cloth that had touched 

4068
03:28:11,000 --> 03:28:14,300
a holy person or water that had 
been blessed by someone with the

4069
03:28:14,308 --> 03:28:16,100
right. 
Religious credentials, could 

4070
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:19,700
also serve as powerful medicines
the more exotic and well, 

4071
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:22,300
documented, The Relic, the more 
effective it was believed to be 

4072
03:28:23,300 --> 03:28:26,900
Medieval hospitals were usually 
run by religious communities and

4073
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:29,900
focused as much on spiritual 
care as on physical treatment. 

4074
03:28:31,100 --> 03:28:34,700
Patients, received regular 
prayers confession and spiritual

4075
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:37,100
counseling alongside whatever 
Medical Treatments were 

4076
03:28:37,100 --> 03:28:39,400
available. 
The idea was that healing 

4077
03:28:39,400 --> 03:28:41,700
involved. 
The whole person not just their 

4078
03:28:41,700 --> 03:28:45,200
physical symptoms, this 
spiritual dimension of medieval 

4079
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:48,100
medicine also included, 
elaborate rituals and ceremonies

4080
03:28:48,100 --> 03:28:50,800
designed to drive out evil 
influences. 

4081
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:54,600
Exorcism was a recognized 
medical treatment for certain 

4082
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:57,300
types of mental illness 
performed by clergy who 

4083
03:28:57,300 --> 03:28:58,800
specialized in spiritual 
healing. 

4084
03:28:59,600 --> 03:29:02,700
The ceremonies could last for 
hours or even days involvement 

4085
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:05,300
in prayers. 
Holy water, religious artifacts 

4086
03:29:05,300 --> 03:29:09,300
and considerable drama. 
Fascinating is how this 

4087
03:29:09,300 --> 03:29:12,100
spiritual approach. 
Sometimes produced Real Results.

4088
03:29:12,900 --> 03:29:16,100
The combination of Hope 
Community Support ritual, 

4089
03:29:16,100 --> 03:29:19,500
healing and focused attention 
could have genuine therapeutic 

4090
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:22,100
effects. 
Specially for conditions that 

4091
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:24,000
had strong psychological 
components. 

4092
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:27,600
Medieval people might not have 
understood the placebo effect, 

4093
03:29:27,600 --> 03:29:30,900
but they certainly knew how to 
harness the power of belief and 

4094
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:32,300
community in their healing 
practices. 

4095
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,200
The integration of physical and 
spiritual healing. 

4096
03:29:35,200 --> 03:29:38,600
Also meant that medieval 
medicine was deeply, personal 

4097
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:41,300
and holistic. 
Your physician wasn't just 

4098
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:44,300
treating your symptoms, they 
were treating your entire life 

4099
03:29:44,300 --> 03:29:48,400
situation, your spiritual State,
your relationships and your 

4100
03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:51,800
place in the community. 
It was an approach that modern 

4101
03:29:51,800 --> 03:29:55,500
medicine is in some ways, still 
trying to figure out how to 

4102
03:29:55,500 --> 03:29:58,000
replicate as we conclude our 
intimate. 

4103
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:01,200
Exploration of medieval 
medicine, you may be curious 

4104
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:03,600
about the fate of these vibrant 
theories and inventive 

4105
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:06,300
treatments. 
Did they just vanish overnight 

4106
03:30:06,300 --> 03:30:09,300
when someone invented the 
microscope or did they gradually

4107
03:30:09,300 --> 03:30:11,400
fade away? 
Like old tapestries left too 

4108
03:30:11,400 --> 03:30:14,100
long in the Sun? 
In the truth is, that medieval 

4109
03:30:14,100 --> 03:30:15,600
medicine didn't disappear all 
at. 

4110
03:30:15,600 --> 03:30:19,300
Once it evolved sometimes 
gracefully, and sometimes with 

4111
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,200
the awkward, stumbling of a 
teenager trying to learn new 

4112
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:26,200
dance steps, Many medieval ideas
hung around well into the 

4113
03:30:26,208 --> 03:30:28,700
Renaissance and Beyond like 
house. 

4114
03:30:28,700 --> 03:30:30,900
Guess who don't quite know when 
it's time to leave the party. 

4115
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:35,800
Four humors theory, for 
instance, continue to influence,

4116
03:30:35,800 --> 03:30:39,400
medical thinking well into the 
19th century even as new 

4117
03:30:39,400 --> 03:30:42,300
discoveries challenge. 
The basic premises Physicians 

4118
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:46,400
found ways to adapt and modify 
the system rather than abandon 

4119
03:30:46,400 --> 03:30:49,500
it entirely. 
The language of the humans 

4120
03:30:49,500 --> 03:30:52,400
became so embedded in how people
thought about personality and 

4121
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:55,900
health that we still use terms 
like sanguine flick, Matic 

4122
03:30:55,900 --> 03:31:00,000
choleric and melancholic today 
though, now they're more likely 

4123
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,600
to appear in literature classes 
than medical textbooks. 

4124
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:06,800
Bloodletting proved particularly
stubborn persisting as a 

4125
03:31:06,808 --> 03:31:08,800
standard medical treatment for 
centuries. 

4126
03:31:08,800 --> 03:31:12,400
After Medieval Times ended, 
George Washington himself was 

4127
03:31:12,400 --> 03:31:15,500
treated with extensive 
bloodletting during his final 

4128
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:19,900
illness in 1799, receiving what 
modern doctors would consider a 

4129
03:31:19,900 --> 03:31:23,100
fatal amount of blood loss in a 
well-intentioned but misguided 

4130
03:31:23,100 --> 03:31:24,900
attempt to cure his throat 
infection. 

4131
03:31:26,300 --> 03:31:28,700
It took until the mid-19th 
century for the medical 

4132
03:31:28,700 --> 03:31:33,400
establishment to finally admit 
that maybe just maybe removing 

4133
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:35,200
large quantities of blood from 
sick. 

4134
03:31:35,200 --> 03:31:37,000
People wasn't actually helping 
them get better. 

4135
03:31:38,300 --> 03:31:41,100
But medieval medicine gave us 
some genuinely valuable 

4136
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:44,800
contributions that we still use 
today. many of the herbal 

4137
03:31:44,800 --> 03:31:47,400
remedies that medieval 
Physicians prescribed contained 

4138
03:31:47,400 --> 03:31:50,200
active compounds, that modern 
science has validated and 

4139
03:31:50,200 --> 03:31:54,200
refined Aspirin comes from 
willow bark, digitalis from 

4140
03:31:54,200 --> 03:31:57,900
foxglove, and morphine from 
poppies all plants that medieval

4141
03:31:57,900 --> 03:31:59,700
healers used. 
Even though they didn't 

4142
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,800
understand the chemistry behind,
why they worked the medieval 

4143
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,300
emphasis on careful observation 
of patients, also, laid 

4144
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:08,000
important groundwork for modern 
diagnostic techniques. 

4145
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:11,300
Medieval Physicians might have 
been wrong about what they were 

4146
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:14,300
observing but they established 
the principle that healing 

4147
03:32:14,300 --> 03:32:17,300
required paying close attention 
to individual patients and their

4148
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:20,800
specific symptoms. 
The practices of taking detailed

4149
03:32:20,800 --> 03:32:24,400
medical histories examining 
bodily fluids and monitoring 

4150
03:32:24,400 --> 03:32:27,400
changes in patient conditions. 
All Trace their Roots back to 

4151
03:32:27,400 --> 03:32:30,500
Medieval Medical Practice, 
perhaps most importantly, 

4152
03:32:30,500 --> 03:32:33,500
medieval medicine established, 
the idea that healing was a 

4153
03:32:33,508 --> 03:32:37,300
professional skill that required
training study and ongoing 

4154
03:32:37,300 --> 03:32:39,900
learning. 
Medieval universities began 

4155
03:32:39,900 --> 03:32:42,700
offering medical degrees, 
creating the foundation, for 

4156
03:32:42,700 --> 03:32:46,200
modern medical education. 
The requirement that Physicians 

4157
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:48,600
study anatomy. 
Even if their understanding was 

4158
03:32:48,600 --> 03:32:52,100
limited established precedence, 
that eventually led to much more

4159
03:32:52,100 --> 03:32:54,400
accurate knowledge of how bodies
actually work. 

4160
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:58,600
Medieval medicine also gave us 
the concept of hospitals, as 

4161
03:32:58,600 --> 03:33:02,000
institutions dedicated to 
Healing, rather than just places

4162
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:05,900
where sick people went to die. 
Medieval hospitals, usually run 

4163
03:33:05,900 --> 03:33:09,200
by religious orders established,
the principle that Society had a

4164
03:33:09,208 --> 03:33:12,300
responsibility to care for the 
sick and that healing should be 

4165
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:14,600
available to everyone not just 
the wealthy. 

4166
03:33:14,600 --> 03:33:17,200
This approach was a 
revolutionary idea that 

4167
03:33:17,200 --> 03:33:19,700
continues to influence 
Healthcare policy discussions 

4168
03:33:19,700 --> 03:33:22,400
today. 
The medieval integration of 

4169
03:33:22,408 --> 03:33:24,300
physical and spiritual healing 
all. 

4170
03:33:24,300 --> 03:33:27,300
So contributed valuable insights
that modern medicine is still 

4171
03:33:27,300 --> 03:33:29,900
exploring. 
The recognition that illness 

4172
03:33:29,900 --> 03:33:33,600
affects the whole person, not 
just specific body parts, and 

4173
03:33:33,600 --> 03:33:35,600
that healing involves 
psychological and social 

4174
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,200
factors, as well as purely 
physical ones. 

4175
03:33:38,200 --> 03:33:41,700
Reflects an understanding that 
contemporary medicine is working

4176
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:44,400
to recapture. 
Even some of the more seemingly 

4177
03:33:44,400 --> 03:33:47,400
bizarre, medieval practices 
contained Colonels of wisdom 

4178
03:33:47,400 --> 03:33:51,300
that were only now, beginning to
appreciate the emphasis on diet,

4179
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:54,600
exercise and lifestyle factors 
in maintaining Health, was 

4180
03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:58,200
remarkably sophisticated even if
the specific theories were 

4181
03:33:58,200 --> 03:34:00,600
wrong. 
The comprehension that mental 

4182
03:34:00,600 --> 03:34:03,400
and emotional states. 
Could impact physical health was

4183
03:34:03,400 --> 03:34:06,900
centuries ahead of its era. 
As you settle back into your 

4184
03:34:06,900 --> 03:34:09,800
comfortable, chair, and finish, 
the last drops of your warm 

4185
03:34:09,800 --> 03:34:11,500
drink. 
You might reflect on how 

4186
03:34:11,500 --> 03:34:15,000
medieval medicine for all its 
apparent strangeness represented

4187
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:18,700
Humanities persistent creative 
and often touching attempts to 

4188
03:34:18,708 --> 03:34:21,600
understand and heal the 
mysterious vessel that carries 

4189
03:34:21,600 --> 03:34:24,700
us through life. 
These medieval Physicians and 

4190
03:34:24,700 --> 03:34:27,200
healers were working with 
limited information and 

4191
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:30,100
primitive tools but they 
approached their tasks with 

4192
03:34:30,100 --> 03:34:34,400
dedication, creativity and 
genuine care for their patients.

4193
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:38,500
They remind us that medicine is 
not just a science but also an 

4194
03:34:38,500 --> 03:34:42,200
art requiring not only technical
knowledge but also compassion 

4195
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:46,100
creativity and the willingness 
to keep trying new approaches 

4196
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:49,700
when old ones don't work. 
And perhaps most importantly, 

4197
03:34:49,700 --> 03:34:52,100
they show us that the desire to 
heal and help. 

4198
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:55,700
Others is one of Humanity's most
enduring and Noble impulses 

4199
03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:59,700
persisting across centuries and 
cultures adapting to new 

4200
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:03,000
knowledge while maintaining its 
essential character sleep. 

4201
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:06,200
Well, and be grateful for modern
medicine, but don't forget to 

4202
03:35:06,200 --> 03:35:09,200
appreciate the long winding 
often am using path that led us 

4203
03:35:09,208 --> 03:35:17,500
here. 
You get up early in your modest 

4204
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:21,000
room of the olive oil business. 
Not because you want to, but 

4205
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:23,600
because your neighbors donkey 
has decided that four in the 

4206
03:35:23,608 --> 03:35:26,200
morning, is the best time to 
practice his vocal scales, 

4207
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:29,300
Alexandria sleeps, under a 
blanket of stars that come 

4208
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:30,600
through the thin wooden 
shutters. 

4209
03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:33,300
But, you know, better than most 
that a good Merchant gets the 

4210
03:35:33,300 --> 03:35:35,800
worm. 
Or in your case the tastiest 

4211
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:39,300
fish before anyone else, 
discovers their hungry, You 

4212
03:35:39,300 --> 03:35:42,100
stretch out like a cap that has 
been sleeping on bags of grain. 

4213
03:35:42,100 --> 03:35:45,300
Instead of soft pillows. 
Your bare feet, touch the chili 

4214
03:35:45,300 --> 03:35:48,100
clay tiles, the smell of 
yesterday's bread, which will 

4215
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,300
smells better in memory than it 
did when it was fresh is mixed 

4216
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:55,000
with the smell of salt from the 
harbor and spices from a dozen 

4217
03:35:55,000 --> 03:35:57,500
other locations. 
You've come to love these quiet 

4218
03:35:57,500 --> 03:35:59,600
hours before the city knows how 
to make noise. 

4219
03:36:01,400 --> 03:36:04,100
The bronze mirror shows a face 
that has been through 40 Years 

4220
03:36:04,100 --> 03:36:08,300
of Mediterranean Sun wind and 
the occasional fight with people

4221
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:11,900
who think that negotiating means
starting at half your asking 

4222
03:36:11,900 --> 03:36:14,100
price and working your way down 
to Ridiculousness. 

4223
03:36:14,100 --> 03:36:18,200
Your hair used to be as black as
a Gyptian eyeliner, but now, it 

4224
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:20,100
has enough. 
Silver strands to remind you 

4225
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:23,500
that time is always moving, even
if you don't see it, but your 

4226
03:36:23,500 --> 03:36:26,000
hands stay stable. 
Your eyes are sharp enough to 

4227
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:29,300
spot a false coin from across 
the Market Square and your smile

4228
03:36:29,308 --> 03:36:32,200
is genuine enough to Greek, even
the grumpiest customers. 

4229
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:35,400
The coolness of the water when 
you Splash it on your face from 

4230
03:36:35,400 --> 03:36:38,600
the ceramic Basin wakes. 
You up every day, the city 

4231
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,500
changes from a peaceful sleeping
giant to a busy place where 

4232
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:45,000
people talk and do things. 
Priests in the temple calls The 

4233
03:36:45,000 --> 03:36:48,400
Devout to morning prayers from a
distance, his voice drifts over 

4234
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:50,500
the rooftops like incense on a 
light wind. 

4235
03:36:51,400 --> 03:36:55,300
Your tunic which is made of high
quality Egyptian, linen, slips 

4236
03:36:55,300 --> 03:36:57,400
over your shoulders like 
something you wear every day. 

4237
03:36:57,400 --> 03:37:01,400
It's more useful than beautiful.
The leather belt, which has been

4238
03:37:01,408 --> 03:37:03,900
worn smooth. 
Over the years Falls around your

4239
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:06,400
waist with satisfying weight of 
your coin purse. 

4240
03:37:06,400 --> 03:37:09,600
It's not heavy enough to make 
you worry about thieves, but 

4241
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:11,800
it's heavy enough to make 
dealing to day worth your time, 

4242
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:14,200
the leather straps, go back to 
where they belong. 

4243
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:17,400
As soon as you put on your 
sandals like old friends, the 

4244
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:19,900
wooden steps growing their 
morning song as you go down to 

4245
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:22,100
the shop below. 
You keep your real Treasures 

4246
03:37:22,100 --> 03:37:24,500
here. 
Small jars of the greatest oils 

4247
03:37:24,500 --> 03:37:27,800
flavored with herbs, that most 
Alexandria have never heard of 

4248
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:31,800
much less tasted Their next to 
enormous clay and free full of 

4249
03:37:31,808 --> 03:37:36,100
olive oil from Sicily and Cyprus
Anatolian Rosemary Greek island 

4250
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:40,200
time and your secret weapon, a 
special mix of herbs and spices 

4251
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:42,000
that makes ordinary oil taste. 
So good. 

4252
03:37:42,008 --> 03:37:45,000
That even the most sophisticated
Roman matron would ask for the 

4253
03:37:45,008 --> 03:37:47,600
formula. 
You carefully wrap each of these

4254
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:51,000
expensive containers and 
delicate fabric before putting 

4255
03:37:51,000 --> 03:37:53,500
them in a strong leather bag. 
To avoid the Calamity of broken 

4256
03:37:53,500 --> 03:37:56,400
pottery and squandered oil. 
You will walk like a drunk 

4257
03:37:56,400 --> 03:37:58,700
sailor before noon. 
If you carry too much weight on 

4258
03:37:58,700 --> 03:38:01,200
one side. 
It's too light and you don't 

4259
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:04,500
have enough stuff to make money.
It's a fine line, like most 

4260
03:38:04,500 --> 03:38:07,100
things in the merchants life. 
If you push the street door 

4261
03:38:07,100 --> 03:38:10,300
gently, it will open and welcome
you into Alexandria's world 

4262
03:38:10,300 --> 03:38:12,700
before Daybreak. 
The stone streets are still 

4263
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:15,500
called from the night. 
Are you can feel how solid they 

4264
03:38:15,500 --> 03:38:17,600
are. 
Other early risers are out and 

4265
03:38:17,600 --> 03:38:20,100
about in the dark Baker's 
heading to their ovens 

4266
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:22,200
fishermen. 
Coming back from nocturnal, 

4267
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:24,400
fishing trips with silver 
catches that gleam in the 

4268
03:38:24,400 --> 03:38:27,400
Moonlight and the odd City guard
trying to look alert, but 

4269
03:38:27,400 --> 03:38:29,500
clearly wanting to go back to 
sleep. 

4270
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:32,700
As you walk near the harbor, the
fishing boats will soon. 

4271
03:38:32,700 --> 03:38:35,700
Come back with the day's, catch 
the sound of your breathing and 

4272
03:38:35,700 --> 03:38:38,100
the rhythm of your foot fall on 
the stone provide, a mild 

4273
03:38:38,100 --> 03:38:41,200
percussion, and you start to 
feel the meditative state that 

4274
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:44,800
comes from completing familiar 
tasks and peace, the Satchel 

4275
03:38:44,800 --> 03:38:46,600
gently Taps. 
Your hip with each step 

4276
03:38:46,600 --> 03:38:50,100
reminding you that you're ready 
to compete with clients win 

4277
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:52,900
money from purses. 
And maybe if the gods are 

4278
03:38:52,908 --> 03:38:56,200
willing find something amazing 
and surprising and huge 

4279
03:38:56,200 --> 03:38:59,500
Marketplace of human trade just 
like you have for the last 20 

4280
03:38:59,500 --> 03:39:01,600
years. 
The port comes into view, is you

4281
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:03,400
round the last corner? 
It's Waters. 

4282
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:06,300
Reflect the last stars, like 
diamonds on Black Velvet. 

4283
03:39:07,100 --> 03:39:09,500
Sun will soon color, the sky, 
pink and gold. 

4284
03:39:09,500 --> 03:39:11,200
The fishing boats will come 
back. 

4285
03:39:11,200 --> 03:39:14,300
Full of the work they did at 
night, and Alexandria will be 

4286
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:17,700
awake and eager to buy sell 
trade and argue over everything 

4287
03:39:17,700 --> 03:39:20,400
from the price of grain to the 
quality of foreign. 

4288
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:24,300
But just now the city is owned 
by dreamers and Merchants who 

4289
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:27,600
know that the best transactions 
happen when the world is still 

4290
03:39:27,600 --> 03:39:31,000
soft around the edges. 
Like now when there are only a 

4291
03:39:31,000 --> 03:39:34,400
few minutes of silence left, 
Official boats appear on the 

4292
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:37,600
horizon like a fleet of moths 
drawn to the light house as 

4293
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:41,100
Blaze their triangular sails 
catching the first faint signs 

4294
03:39:41,100 --> 03:39:43,600
of dawn. 
He said up by the Stone Key 

4295
03:39:43,600 --> 03:39:46,500
where Captain Markus typically 
docks his ship because his crew 

4296
03:39:46,500 --> 03:39:49,100
always brings in the biggest 
catches in Alexandria's Harbor. 

4297
03:39:49,100 --> 03:39:52,300
You don't like Marcus though 
because he tends to believe his 

4298
03:39:52,300 --> 03:39:54,100
own stories about the fish that 
got away. 

4299
03:39:55,200 --> 03:39:57,100
You can't help but sway a little
as you. 

4300
03:39:57,100 --> 03:40:00,200
Wait because the smooth waves 
breaking against the port wall, 

4301
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:02,500
make a Cadence that calms your 
soul. 

4302
03:40:02,500 --> 03:40:05,600
As the other Merchants start to 
gather, you can hear the sounds 

4303
03:40:05,600 --> 03:40:08,500
of water and the distant screams
of Seagulls starting their own 

4304
03:40:08,500 --> 03:40:11,200
daily hunt. 
Everyone understands their place

4305
03:40:11,200 --> 03:40:14,800
in the pecking order because of 
years of successful deals failed

4306
03:40:14,800 --> 03:40:16,700
discussions. 
And the occasional huge fight 

4307
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:19,300
over fish prices. 
There is also an Unwritten code 

4308
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:23,100
of conduct for these morning 
meetings as Marcus's boat Glides

4309
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:25,200
to the pier with the comfort of 
countless mornings. 

4310
03:40:25,200 --> 03:40:29,100
The Silvery flash of fish in the
Nets, is already evident at the 

4311
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:31,200
front of the boat. 
The captain stands with a grin 

4312
03:40:31,200 --> 03:40:35,100
that splits his weathered face. 
Either a very good night of 

4313
03:40:35,100 --> 03:40:37,400
fishing or a really creative way
to explain. 

4314
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:39,000
Why the fish are smaller than 
usual. 

4315
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:42,900
It's not always easy to discern.
The difference with Marcus, the 

4316
03:40:42,900 --> 03:40:46,100
boat gently bumps against the 
peer as you sail forward with 

4317
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:48,400
the confidence of someone who 
has been playing this game. 

4318
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,600
Since Marcus was just a young 
fisherman with more enthusiasm 

4319
03:40:51,600 --> 03:40:55,500
and talent as the crew begins to
unload their haul, your 

4320
03:40:55,500 --> 03:40:57,700
experience die. 
Quickly, make a list of the 

4321
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:02,600
option's Sea bass with bright. 
Clear eyes, red mullet that 

4322
03:41:02,608 --> 03:41:06,400
sparkle like rubies and a number
of fish species whose names. 

4323
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:09,200
You haven't bothered to learn, 
but whose quality you can tell 

4324
03:41:09,200 --> 03:41:12,800
with a single look, you easily 
pull the cork out of a tiny 

4325
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:15,200
ceramic container. 
You take out of your bag, the 

4326
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:17,500
smell of your special, Urban 
fused olive oil. 

4327
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:20,900
Hints at what could be making 
the simple Act of picking out, 

4328
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,200
fish a sign of the supper to 
come the smell that escapes, 

4329
03:41:24,200 --> 03:41:25,700
makes a lot of adjacent 
Merchants. 

4330
03:41:25,700 --> 03:41:27,800
Look up markers, raises an 
eyebrows. 

4331
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:31,600
He sees the well known ritual. 
You gesture to a really nice sea

4332
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:33,600
bass with two fingers and don't 
say anything. 

4333
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:37,200
Marcus nods and begins to wrap 
the fish and wide seaweed 

4334
03:41:37,200 --> 03:41:39,600
leaves, which is the 
old-fashioned way to package 

4335
03:41:39,600 --> 03:41:41,700
things. 
He likely sprays, the fish with 

4336
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:43,500
the oil and then puts it back in
its container. 

4337
03:41:43,500 --> 03:41:46,200
When you give it to him, this is
a cooperation between 

4338
03:41:46,200 --> 03:41:48,900
Specialists to recognize that 
the best deals are good for 

4339
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:52,900
everyone, not just one person. 
Years of practice of made it 

4340
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:55,800
easy to trade coins. 
You both keep the Goodwill that 

4341
03:41:55,800 --> 03:41:58,700
will make future business 
successful and fun and Marcus 

4342
03:41:58,700 --> 03:42:00,200
gets paid properly for good 
fish. 

4343
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:03,900
You get a product that will sell
for high prices to Quality 

4344
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:07,000
conscious customers. 
No tense talks, no big gestures 

4345
03:42:07,000 --> 03:42:08,400
and no, trying to convince each 
other. 

4346
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:10,800
That prices should go down 
because times are tough. 

4347
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:13,800
It's just commerce between 
people who respect each other's 

4348
03:42:13,800 --> 03:42:16,300
knowledge. 
A young Egyptian quarter 

4349
03:42:16,300 --> 03:42:18,800
Merchant looks with interest as 
you weigh the wrapped, fish 

4350
03:42:18,800 --> 03:42:22,000
against the oil canisters, in 
your backpack, the sandals are 

4351
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:24,100
too fresh. 
His tunic is too clean. 

4352
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:27,400
And his face is too eager. 
These are all signals that he 

4353
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:29,800
hasn't yet, figured out that 
successful dealing is about 

4354
03:42:29,800 --> 03:42:32,700
building trust over time, rather
than making big deals. 

4355
03:42:32,700 --> 03:42:35,800
You look him in the eye and 
offer him a tiny nod of 

4356
03:42:35,800 --> 03:42:37,600
acknowledgment. 
You remember your own early 

4357
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:40,200
days, when every deal felt like 
a test you may fail. 

4358
03:42:40,200 --> 03:42:42,700
You know that everyone has to 
start someplace. 

4359
03:42:42,700 --> 03:42:46,200
It's not the right time or place
for long chats but the young 

4360
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:48,300
man's hopeful look. 
Makes it seem like he's hoping 

4361
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,400
you'll share some advice. 
No matter how curious or 

4362
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:53,500
well-meaning someone is the 
morning Market. 

4363
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:56,400
Never waits for them. 
Fish will go rock and eventually

4364
03:42:56,400 --> 03:42:59,100
the Harvest starts to fill up 
with activity. 

4365
03:42:59,100 --> 03:43:01,700
As more boats, come back and 
more, Merchants set up, shop 

4366
03:43:01,700 --> 03:43:04,300
along the key. 
You reached your main goal, but 

4367
03:43:04,300 --> 03:43:06,900
the Serene morning on Beyonce 
has slowly replaced by the 

4368
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:09,600
ordered bustle of business. 
The fish in your, Satchel 

4369
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:11,500
represents the key to your 
success today. 

4370
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:15,400
New better products that sustain
the Increased prices, your 

4371
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:18,600
devoted clients expect to pay 
for the things you propose. 

4372
03:43:18,600 --> 03:43:22,900
You start heading back to the 
middle of the city where the 

4373
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:25,000
huge Market Square. 
Would soon be full of people 

4374
03:43:25,000 --> 03:43:28,700
shopping merchants and The 
NeverEnding cycle of supply and 

4375
03:43:28,700 --> 03:43:31,800
demand that made Alexandria, one
of the most prosperous towns in 

4376
03:43:31,808 --> 03:43:35,300
ancient times the sun rising 
over the water, warms your 

4377
03:43:35,300 --> 03:43:38,000
shoulders and informs you. 
That today is a great day to do 

4378
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:41,300
business outside. 
Cobblestones Beneath Your Feet. 

4379
03:43:41,300 --> 03:43:44,500
Tell the story of thousands of 
traders who have walked this 

4380
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:48,100
same way with their products and
dreams and quest of money. 

4381
03:43:48,100 --> 03:43:51,700
Every morning, you can count on 
the same thing that somewhere in

4382
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,000
the huge Market. 
Someone needs what you have and 

4383
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:56,900
is willing to pay a fair price 
to take it home some days. 

4384
03:43:56,900 --> 03:43:59,300
You are lucky and get a lot of 
money while other days. 

4385
03:43:59,300 --> 03:44:01,900
You barely Break Even 
Alexandria's. 

4386
03:44:01,900 --> 03:44:04,500
Huge Market Square. 
Is like a blank canvas in front 

4387
03:44:04,508 --> 03:44:08,300
of you, waiting for artists to 
paint it with colors music in 

4388
03:44:08,300 --> 03:44:10,500
the beautiful. 
Chaos of people trading. 

4389
03:44:10,500 --> 03:44:13,400
You get there, early enough to 
obtain your preferred spot on 

4390
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:15,900
the Eastern side. 
Where the morning sun will warm 

4391
03:44:15,900 --> 03:44:18,400
your consumers without making 
them squint at your goods. 

4392
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:21,400
This is better than being in the
Middle where the crowds of 

4393
03:44:21,408 --> 03:44:23,400
biggest and the competition is 
strongest. 

4394
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:26,900
You stretched your woven Reed 
mat on the polished Stone 

4395
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:29,600
sidewalk. 
It felt like a cherished blanket

4396
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:31,200
and had the same weight and 
texture. 

4397
03:44:31,200 --> 03:44:34,400
This matters been with you to 
markets and three different 

4398
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:37,700
cities in. 
Countless transactions, soaked 

4399
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:40,700
up wine and olive oil, and 
somehow stayed strong after 

4400
03:44:40,700 --> 03:44:44,900
years of being folded, unfolded,
and even used as a seat during 

4401
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:48,200
long discussions. 
After 20 years of trying and 

4402
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,000
failing, you have learned how to
arrange items in a way that 

4403
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:54,300
makes them seem their best. 
The fish is the main thing, and 

4404
03:44:54,300 --> 03:44:57,100
it still smells like fresh water
and his raped with sea weed. 

4405
03:44:57,900 --> 03:45:00,400
You put the olive oil containers
around it in a way that shows 

4406
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:01,800
off a lot without making it 
look. 

4407
03:45:01,800 --> 03:45:04,800
Cluttered they are close enough 
to make a statement but far 

4408
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:07,400
enough apart so that customers 
don't get hurt when they reach 

4409
03:45:07,400 --> 03:45:10,700
for a closer look. 
Your exceptional herb, infused 

4410
03:45:10,700 --> 03:45:14,100
oils require their own section. 
They should be on a tiny wooden 

4411
03:45:14,100 --> 03:45:17,400
platform that's a little higher 
up and catches the light to show

4412
03:45:17,400 --> 03:45:18,900
off their beautiful golden 
color. 

4413
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:22,500
These little bottles of magic 
may turn ordinary veggies into a

4414
03:45:22,500 --> 03:45:25,500
meal suitable for a Senators 
table and plain bread into 

4415
03:45:25,500 --> 03:45:29,900
something extraordinary. they're
not just cooking ingredients as 

4416
03:45:29,900 --> 03:45:32,500
the morning sun shines, through 
the colored glass bottles of 

4417
03:45:32,500 --> 03:45:36,000
certain containers, tiny 
rainbows, dance over the mat 

4418
03:45:36,000 --> 03:45:39,800
like Promises of flavor You stop
for a moment to glance at your 

4419
03:45:39,800 --> 03:45:42,000
competitors. 
And the people who live near you

4420
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:45,600
to your left, an old rural woman
carefully, lays bundles of fresh

4421
03:45:45,600 --> 03:45:47,700
herbs. 
She knows the health things. 

4422
03:45:47,700 --> 03:45:50,100
Look, might be the difference 
between carrying home wilted 

4423
03:45:50,100 --> 03:45:52,600
items by Twilight or selling out
by noon. 

4424
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:56,100
You notice her and you not in 
admiration as her wrinkled 

4425
03:45:56,100 --> 03:45:59,000
hands, move with the confidence 
that comes from years of skill. 

4426
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:02,500
To your right. 
A young guy is struggling with a

4427
03:46:02,508 --> 03:46:05,900
remarkable arrangement of copper
pots that are clearly heavier 

4428
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:08,100
than he imagined. 
They would be when he loaded 

4429
03:46:08,100 --> 03:46:11,000
them onto his car, this morning,
his face shows the particular 

4430
03:46:11,000 --> 03:46:12,700
read that comes from physical 
exertion. 

4431
03:46:12,700 --> 03:46:15,700
And it also shows that he 
started to think he may have 

4432
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,400
misjudged how much he can take 
with such heavy products. 

4433
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:21,500
You want to help but you've 
learned from experience that 

4434
03:46:21,500 --> 03:46:24,700
sometimes people see help as 
criticism in stead of Goodwill. 

4435
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:30,300
The market is full of the first 
customers of the day who are 

4436
03:46:30,300 --> 03:46:32,500
moving slowly. 
And with interest, these early 

4437
03:46:32,500 --> 03:46:34,200
consumers are usually the 
pickiest. 

4438
03:46:34,200 --> 03:46:37,200
They know what quality is and 
are willing to pay a fair price 

4439
03:46:37,200 --> 03:46:39,200
for it. 
They examine swiftly, but 

4440
03:46:39,208 --> 03:46:42,500
carefully at the many options 
moving with the confidence of 

4441
03:46:42,500 --> 03:46:46,100
experienced buyers. 
A well-dressed woman is walking 

4442
03:46:46,100 --> 03:46:49,200
toward your display. 
Her gold, jewelry and linen 

4443
03:46:49,200 --> 03:46:51,500
outfit show that she is used to 
the better things in life. 

4444
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:55,400
She stops when she sees your 
herb, infused oils picks up one 

4445
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:57,300
of the containers and Pops. 
The cork to smell it. 

4446
03:46:57,308 --> 03:47:01,400
The face goes from polite, 
curiosity to genuine or like 

4447
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:03,700
someone who has just found 
something that blows their mind.

4448
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:06,900
You stay at a respectful 
distance so she can look at your

4449
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:08,300
things without feeling 
pressured. 

4450
03:47:08,300 --> 03:47:11,100
This client knows what she 
wants, and has the means to get 

4451
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:13,500
it. 
Your duty is to be available to 

4452
03:47:13,500 --> 03:47:15,300
answer her questions. 
While respecting her 

4453
03:47:15,300 --> 03:47:18,500
independence, she carefully 
replaces the cork, as someone 

4454
03:47:18,500 --> 03:47:21,500
who has been let down by bad 
Goods in the past would, and 

4455
03:47:21,500 --> 03:47:25,200
then looks at the fish noting 
its firm flesh and Clear Eyes. 

4456
03:47:27,500 --> 03:47:30,700
The morning Market has its own 
Rhythm different from the busy 

4457
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,000
midday Market or the nighttime 
Market. 

4458
03:47:33,000 --> 03:47:35,900
When people are looking for 
deals, people are more polite 

4459
03:47:35,900 --> 03:47:38,500
when they negotiate and 
conversations are quieter. 

4460
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:41,800
It appears like both buyers and 
sellers are taking their time to

4461
03:47:41,800 --> 03:47:44,800
make sure everyone is happy. 
The richest people shop at this 

4462
03:47:44,808 --> 03:47:47,900
time before the heat gets too 
hot and the crowds get too big 

4463
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:51,500
to shop comfortably. 
The sound of coins passing hands

4464
03:47:51,500 --> 03:47:55,300
is a gratifying metallic whisper
that marks, the official start 

4465
03:47:55,300 --> 03:47:57,600
of your business day. 
The well-dressed woman has 

4466
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:00,700
picked out the best fish from 
your display and a jar of your 

4467
03:48:00,700 --> 03:48:03,700
special oil. 
She paid without complaint and 

4468
03:48:03,700 --> 03:48:06,800
thanked you sincerely, you might
feel the same happiness. 

4469
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:09,600
You always do when you give a 
customer high quality Goods that

4470
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:13,500
they really love as she leaves 
with her delivery safely rapt 

4471
03:48:14,100 --> 03:48:16,600
More customers are coming into 
the markets since there are more

4472
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:20,100
things to choose from and trade 
is getting stronger as the sun 

4473
03:48:20,100 --> 03:48:22,300
rises in the morning. 
It warms the stones under your 

4474
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:25,600
feet and signals that another 
successful day is coming in the 

4475
03:48:25,600 --> 03:48:28,700
biggest Marketplace of all time.
Your remaining Goods shine 

4476
03:48:28,700 --> 03:48:32,100
brightly on their read map 
waiting to be found by consumers

4477
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:33,800
who know that some things are 
worth buying. 

4478
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,000
By mid-morning, The Market 
Square is full of people trading

4479
03:48:38,000 --> 03:48:41,200
doing business and having 
friendly arguments over prices. 

4480
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:44,700
That seemed too good to be true.
After years of practice, you've 

4481
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:47,300
discovered a comfortable Pace 
that keeps you aware enough to 

4482
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:50,600
see potential customers across 
the square and relaxed enough to

4483
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:53,300
stay away from the Frantic 
energy that makes Shoppers 

4484
03:48:53,300 --> 03:48:55,500
uneasy and more likely to keep 
going. 

4485
03:48:55,500 --> 03:48:58,300
Middle-aged guy in a toga that 
has seen better days. 

4486
03:48:58,300 --> 03:49:01,400
Approaches carefully trying to 
look more successful than he 

4487
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:03,500
really is? 
He looks at your things with the

4488
03:49:03,500 --> 03:49:06,200
kind of attention that only 
someone who cares about quality 

4489
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:10,000
and has to make every dollar 
count can have. you can see 

4490
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:13,500
immediately what kind of person 
they are not sloppy, but 

4491
03:49:13,500 --> 03:49:16,500
careful, they might be a 
mid-level manager or an Adept 

4492
03:49:16,500 --> 03:49:18,500
craftsmen, who knows the 
difference between cheap and 

4493
03:49:18,500 --> 03:49:22,000
affordable He grabs, one of your
normal, olive oil containers, 

4494
03:49:22,000 --> 03:49:25,200
weighs it and looks through the 
ceramic container to see how 

4495
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:27,400
clear the oil is. 
You take note of this 

4496
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:30,400
information for subsequent use 
in the debate because his manner

4497
03:49:30,400 --> 03:49:32,600
is knowledgeable enough to 
suggest that he knows how to 

4498
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:34,700
cook. 
Good salespeople, don't try to 

4499
03:49:34,708 --> 03:49:38,000
make people buy things instead, 
they help the proper individuals

4500
03:49:38,000 --> 03:49:40,400
comprehend, why they should have
your products in their homes. 

4501
03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:42,800
You don't try to sell him 
anything right away. 

4502
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:46,800
Instead you wait for him to 
finish his test a merchant best,

4503
03:49:46,800 --> 03:49:49,900
quality is patience, which is 
more important than making big 

4504
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,300
gestures or giving convincing 
speeches when he finally looks 

4505
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:54,800
up. 
You smile and tell him that the 

4506
03:49:54,808 --> 03:49:57,600
oil originates from olives, 
grown on the hills of Cyprus, 

4507
03:49:57,600 --> 03:50:01,100
where the sea wind gives them a 
particular flavor that goes well

4508
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:02,800
with anything. 
From simple bread to 

4509
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:06,700
complicated, stews. 
He clearly grows more intrigued 

4510
03:50:06,700 --> 03:50:10,100
and asks smart questions about 
how long this oil will last how 

4511
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:12,500
to store it and what the 
greatest users for it. 

4512
03:50:12,500 --> 03:50:16,400
Are you provide an honest answer
saying that this oil is fine for

4513
03:50:16,400 --> 03:50:19,600
everyday cooking, but your herb 
infused versions are better for 

4514
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:22,600
special Occasions, or when he 
wants to impress visitors at 

4515
03:50:22,600 --> 03:50:25,300
dinner, it's important to 
provide him options without 

4516
03:50:25,300 --> 03:50:27,700
making him feel bad for thinking
about the cheaper one. 

4517
03:50:27,700 --> 03:50:31,000
You can show the difference is 
by giving people, small samples 

4518
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:34,800
of both oils on pieces of bread 
that you set aside just for this

4519
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:36,900
purpose. 
The man's face shows that he 

4520
03:50:36,900 --> 03:50:38,900
found something. 
He didn't realize he wanted as 

4521
03:50:38,900 --> 03:50:42,700
he tasted the herb infused oil. 
The fight between want and 

4522
03:50:42,700 --> 03:50:45,900
budget has begun, you've learned
how to let customers decide for 

4523
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:48,800
themselves, what they need and 
how much it's worth without 

4524
03:50:48,800 --> 03:50:51,500
getting in the way. 
While he thinks about what to 

4525
03:50:51,500 --> 03:50:53,000
do. 
You hear a disturbance at the 

4526
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:54,200
Copper Pot? 
Sellers stand. 

4527
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:56,800
It sounds like thunder. 
As it rolls on the stone 

4528
03:50:56,800 --> 03:50:58,800
pavement. 
Like the young guy dropped. 

4529
03:50:58,800 --> 03:51:02,000
One of his heavier pots. 
We can't help but giggle at the 

4530
03:51:02,008 --> 03:51:04,800
Young, Merchants embarrassed 
face as he runs after his 

4531
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:08,000
missing products, other Sellers 
and customers run away to avoid 

4532
03:51:08,000 --> 03:51:11,200
the runaway kitchenware. 
This short break actually, helps

4533
03:51:11,200 --> 03:51:14,700
your buyer, make a decision. 
Sometimes people need to take a 

4534
03:51:14,700 --> 03:51:17,300
break from thinking too much and
simply go with their instincts. 

4535
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:19,100
He has already reached for his 
coin. 

4536
03:51:19,100 --> 03:51:22,100
Purse and asked how to store the
herb infused oil so that it 

4537
03:51:22,108 --> 03:51:24,400
keeps its flavor when he looks 
back at your display. 

4538
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:27,500
Now, that the deal is almost 
done, all you have to do is 

4539
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:30,000
giving great customer service, 
so he will come back and tell 

4540
03:51:30,000 --> 03:51:32,800
others about you. 
You carefully wrap his purchase 

4541
03:51:32,800 --> 03:51:36,200
in a clean cloth and then take 
the time to explain how to store

4542
03:51:36,200 --> 03:51:39,800
it and suggest foods that will 
bring out its unique flavor. 

4543
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:43,100
This extra knowledge, converts a
simple sale, in to an investment

4544
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:45,700
in client pleasure. 
And the only expense is your 

4545
03:51:45,700 --> 03:51:49,000
time customers who are happy 
with your service become, loyal 

4546
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:52,800
customers and loyal customers 
become brand ambassadors, who 

4547
03:51:52,800 --> 03:51:54,200
tell their friends about your 
booth. 

4548
03:51:54,900 --> 03:51:57,900
You think about the psychology 
of successful selling as he 

4549
03:51:57,900 --> 03:52:00,000
leaves? 
Evidently happy holding his 

4550
03:52:00,000 --> 03:52:02,400
package. 
When a customer comes to your 

4551
03:52:02,408 --> 03:52:05,300
display, they each have their 
own demands budget, and 

4552
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:07,800
knowledge of the products. 
You don't have to convince 

4553
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:09,900
everyone to buy your most 
expensive things. 

4554
03:52:09,900 --> 03:52:13,300
Instead, you should help each 
person figure out, which of your

4555
03:52:13,300 --> 03:52:16,300
products will make a small but 
important difference in their 

4556
03:52:16,300 --> 03:52:19,000
lives. 
The morning goes on with the 

4557
03:52:19,000 --> 03:52:22,100
steady stream of browsers and 
customers each of whom helps. 

4558
03:52:22,100 --> 03:52:25,300
You understand people better and
the thin line that separates 

4559
03:52:25,300 --> 03:52:28,300
Commerce from actual service, 
some customers buy things 

4560
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:31,000
quickly and easily because they 
know exactly what they want. 

4561
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,600
Some people need time to look 
into things ask questions and 

4562
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:37,800
slowly build their confidence in
their choices. 

4563
03:52:37,800 --> 03:52:41,400
Some visitors, use your stand as
a stop on a leisurely tour of 

4564
03:52:41,400 --> 03:52:45,000
Alexandria's shops enjoying the 
social side of buying at the 

4565
03:52:45,008 --> 03:52:48,800
market You keep acting with the 
friendly professionalism, that 

4566
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:50,900
has helped you build a good 
reputation over the years. 

4567
03:52:50,900 --> 03:52:54,700
Always honest about the pros and
cons of your products never 

4568
03:52:54,700 --> 03:52:59,100
pushy and always ready to help. 
In the long run this method 

4569
03:52:59,100 --> 03:53:02,600
builds trust contentment and the
kind of good word of mouth that 

4570
03:53:02,600 --> 03:53:05,400
drives new customers to your mat
week after week. 

4571
03:53:05,400 --> 03:53:08,300
This is better than the big 
sales that come from high 

4572
03:53:08,300 --> 03:53:11,200
pressure tactics. 
The Market Square becomes a 

4573
03:53:11,200 --> 03:53:13,800
sparkling seen as the sun rises 
to its highest point. 

4574
03:53:13,800 --> 03:53:17,900
Heat waves dance, like invisible
spirits of the stone pavement. 

4575
03:53:17,900 --> 03:53:21,500
Now tourists slaves, doing 
errands for their bosses and the

4576
03:53:21,508 --> 03:53:24,400
occasional local who can't wait 
until evening to shop or all in 

4577
03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:26,000
the market. 
Most of the mornings. 

4578
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:28,000
Refined customers have gone home
to cool off. 

4579
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:31,400
The neighboring column that 
gives a narrow strip of shade is

4580
03:53:31,400 --> 03:53:33,700
one of the numerous 
architectural features that make

4581
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:36,800
Alexandria's, Marketplace, 
beautiful, and sometimes 

4582
03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:39,400
beneficial. 
You've used it to your advantage

4583
03:53:39,400 --> 03:53:42,700
by repositioning your display, 
the heat from the stones are 

4584
03:53:42,700 --> 03:53:45,300
still powerful enough to make 
you appreciate the wide brimmed 

4585
03:53:45,300 --> 03:53:46,700
hat. 
You bought from a Craftsman in 

4586
03:53:46,700 --> 03:53:48,100
the Ethiopian quarter last 
summer. 

4587
03:53:48,100 --> 03:53:52,200
Even though your Reed mat is now
in a cooler place during these 

4588
03:53:52,200 --> 03:53:55,700
hot midday hours Commerce slows 
down but it doesn't halt 

4589
03:53:55,700 --> 03:53:58,600
completely as a party of Roman 
visitors, walk through the 

4590
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:01,000
market. 
Their Fair complexion is already

4591
03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:03,400
becoming pink. 
They seem to have miscalculated,

4592
03:54:03,400 --> 03:54:05,900
the North African sun, no matter
what. 

4593
03:54:05,900 --> 03:54:08,500
The weather is like they 
strolled from stall to vendor 

4594
03:54:08,500 --> 03:54:12,000
with the slightly overpowering. 
Excitement of individuals who 

4595
03:54:12,000 --> 03:54:14,300
are Keen to experience 
everything Alexandria. 

4596
03:54:14,300 --> 03:54:18,300
Has to offer a Roman woman with 
an expensive stroller. 

4597
03:54:18,300 --> 03:54:22,300
That shows she is used to luxury
stops by your display and looks 

4598
03:54:22,300 --> 03:54:25,000
at it within Pinterest, as 
someone who has access to the 

4599
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:26,700
best items from all over the 
Empire. 

4600
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:30,300
She knows how to spot quality 
when she Sees it, she carefully 

4601
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:32,100
looks over your herb and fuse 
oils. 

4602
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:35,700
She says, she sorry, she doesn't
speak the local dialect better, 

4603
03:54:35,700 --> 03:54:38,400
but her Greek with a latinx is 
easy to understand. 

4604
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:43,100
Your grammar isn't perfect, but 
you answering your own careful 

4605
03:54:43,100 --> 03:54:46,000
Latin, which you've learned over
the years of working with Roman 

4606
03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:49,300
clientele who appreciate the 
effort, the discussion flows 

4607
03:54:49,300 --> 03:54:51,200
smoothly. 
As you talk about where your 

4608
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:54,500
different oils come from and how
they can make the Italian meals.

4609
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:56,400
She says, she misses from home 
taste better. 

4610
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:59,500
Everyone likes the concept of 
adding unusual flavors to 

4611
03:54:59,500 --> 03:55:02,700
familiar items and she buys 
several containers with the 

4612
03:55:02,700 --> 03:55:06,300
explicit purpose of revisiting 
her taste memories in a unique 

4613
03:55:06,300 --> 03:55:08,800
area. 
You can see that the young 

4614
03:55:08,800 --> 03:55:12,400
Copper Pot seller has now fixed 
up his display and seems to have

4615
03:55:12,400 --> 03:55:15,100
learned from his mistake. 
In the morning, the Romans are 

4616
03:55:15,100 --> 03:55:17,900
still looking about the market. 
He has put himself in a good 

4617
03:55:17,900 --> 03:55:20,900
position to catch anything that 
could try to get away and his 

4618
03:55:20,908 --> 03:55:23,300
pots are now arranged in a way 
that makes them more stable. 

4619
03:55:23,300 --> 03:55:26,300
His serious look shows that he 
is taking his Merchant 

4620
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:30,100
education, seriously. 
The heat of midday brings both 

4621
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:33,300
chances and problems. 
Even while fewer people are 

4622
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:35,900
walking about at these hours, 
the ones who do tend to have 

4623
03:55:35,908 --> 03:55:39,000
specific needs that make them 
less sensitive to pricing and 

4624
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:41,400
more focused on obtaining 
exactly what they want. 

4625
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:43,500
People who live. 
There have been cooking 

4626
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:45,500
emergencies that can't wait for 
cooler weather. 

4627
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:49,500
Travelers are stocking up before
they continue their trips and 

4628
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:52,900
Rich families are sending slaves
to get certain items for fancy 

4629
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:56,400
meals. 
A man who seems agitated and has

4630
03:55:56,400 --> 03:55:59,000
the energy of someone going 
through a family crisis, walks 

4631
03:55:59,000 --> 03:56:02,400
up to your stand, his clever. 
Greek wife is making a special 

4632
03:56:02,400 --> 03:56:05,200
dinner for an important guests 
today, but she can't find her 

4633
03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:07,500
good olive oil. 
The teenage son. 

4634
03:56:07,500 --> 03:56:09,000
Who thinks that anything edible 
is. 

4635
03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:12,500
Fair game for experimenting. 
May have eaten it right now. 

4636
03:56:12,500 --> 03:56:15,400
The man needs oil and quality is
more vital than price. 

4637
03:56:16,200 --> 03:56:19,500
And times like these experience 
pays off, it only takes a few 

4638
03:56:19,508 --> 03:56:21,700
seconds to figure out what 
consumer really wants. 

4639
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:24,900
And it's clear that this man 
needs more than detailed product

4640
03:56:24,900 --> 03:56:28,700
descriptions to feel safe. 
You chose one container of urban

4641
03:56:28,700 --> 03:56:31,300
fused oil and one of your best 
regular oils. 

4642
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:34,000
You say that the two together 
will provide you reliable 

4643
03:56:34,000 --> 03:56:37,300
cooking outcomes and the chance 
to make something special that 

4644
03:56:37,300 --> 03:56:38,900
will impress even the pickiest 
guests. 

4645
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:42,400
Is obvious relief, as he passes 
over the money shows that you 

4646
03:56:42,400 --> 03:56:44,500
have correctly identified his 
problem. 

4647
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:47,200
And priorities, you think his 
wife will be happy with the 

4648
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:50,200
quality of her ingredients. 
And the fact that her husband is

4649
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:52,500
taking charge of the situation 
as he rushes off. 

4650
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:55,800
Holding his packages, like 
lifeline's people. 

4651
03:56:55,800 --> 03:56:58,300
Often come back to buy more 
after seeing the high quality 

4652
03:56:58,300 --> 03:57:00,200
ingredients can make cooking 
more special. 

4653
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:04,000
The heat keeps rising in the 
early afternoon making the 

4654
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:07,400
Market Square feel strange. 
People generally think that once

4655
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:10,700
the Sun starts to drop in the 
west everything will get serious

4656
03:57:10,700 --> 03:57:14,400
again and conversations will get
more tranquil and motions will 

4657
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,300
become more systematic. 
This is the time for patient 

4658
03:57:17,300 --> 03:57:20,000
businesses, that know that not 
everyone has the same chance to 

4659
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:24,000
make money. during this slower 
time, you organize the rest of 

4660
03:57:24,008 --> 03:57:27,000
your stock, wrapping up things 
that could be damaged by the 

4661
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:30,200
Heat and putting others in 
places where they can get little

4662
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:33,200
breeze that blows through the 
square, the stone column that 

4663
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:35,900
Shields, you creates small air, 
currents that make your location

4664
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:39,200
a little more comfortable than 
the open sections where some 

4665
03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:41,200
Merchants still have to deal 
with the full force of the 

4666
03:57:41,200 --> 03:57:45,200
Mediterranean Sun, during the 
warmest part of the Earth Day. 

4667
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:49,000
A few more people look around 
mostly tourists, who have not 

4668
03:57:49,000 --> 03:57:51,400
learned to respect local 
conventions about resting in the

4669
03:57:51,408 --> 03:57:54,400
afternoon or persons, with 
special needs, who put their 

4670
03:57:54,400 --> 03:57:57,200
requirements ahead of their 
comfort customers that shop 

4671
03:57:57,200 --> 03:57:59,700
during these hours, are 
sometimes very happy to locate 

4672
03:57:59,700 --> 03:58:02,300
exactly what they need when 
there are many other 

4673
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:05,400
possibilities, but each sale 
takes a little more patients 

4674
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:08,400
than in the morning. 
The Market Square comes back to 

4675
03:58:08,400 --> 03:58:11,900
life as the afternoon Sun starts
to set in a beautiful way over 

4676
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:14,600
the Western Horizon. 
It's like a sleeping giant 

4677
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:16,100
waking up. 
And remembering what it was 

4678
03:58:16,108 --> 03:58:19,400
meant to do when everything is 
bathed in warm amber light, and 

4679
03:58:19,400 --> 03:58:22,400
the Shadows are soft and 
forgiving the heat that made the

4680
03:58:22,400 --> 03:58:24,500
middle of the day. 
So unbearable, gives way to the 

4681
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:27,600
magical light that photographers
would later call Golden hour. 

4682
03:58:28,500 --> 03:58:32,700
As the sun moves, your shadowed 
spot becomes less significant. 

4683
03:58:32,700 --> 03:58:35,900
You move your display again to 
take advantage of the better 

4684
03:58:35,900 --> 03:58:37,700
lighting. 
Even though sales have been 

4685
03:58:37,708 --> 03:58:41,500
steady all day, there is still a
lot of stuff left over and it 

4686
03:58:41,500 --> 03:58:43,700
should be displayed in a way 
that makes the most of the 

4687
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:46,900
beautiful evening light. 
The urban fused oil seem to hold

4688
03:58:46,900 --> 03:58:51,100
on to the Warm Glow, creating a 
show that looks like a jewel and

4689
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:53,800
draws the attention of people 
from all parts of the square. 

4690
03:58:55,200 --> 03:58:58,400
People who shop in the morning 
and at noon, a considerably 

4691
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:00,400
different from those who shop at
night. 

4692
03:59:00,400 --> 03:59:03,800
These customers walk at a 
leisurely Pace, like people who 

4693
03:59:03,800 --> 03:59:06,700
have finished their daily tasks 
and have time to look around and

4694
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:10,100
investigate and maybe find 
something new people who work 

4695
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:12,600
during the day, can finally see 
their favorite vendors. 

4696
03:59:12,600 --> 03:59:16,200
Families can walk around the 
market together and servants can

4697
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:18,200
perform last minute tools before
going home. 

4698
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:22,300
A retired scholar walks up to 
your stall with a serious look 

4699
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:25,600
on his face and a walking stick 
that softly Taps on the stone 

4700
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:28,100
pavement. 
He looks over your products very

4701
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:30,300
thoroughly and asked questions 
that show. 

4702
03:59:30,300 --> 03:59:32,400
He knows a lot about 
Mediterranean cooking. 

4703
03:59:32,400 --> 03:59:35,300
It's clear that this person 
thinks cooking is both an art 

4704
03:59:35,308 --> 03:59:38,400
and a science and he's looking 
for items that will show off his

4705
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:40,900
skills. 
You have the kind of deep 

4706
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:44,700
conversations that make this job
so rewarding he wants to know 

4707
03:59:44,700 --> 03:59:47,900
where the herbs in your infused 
oils come from and how different

4708
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:50,800
combinations can perform better 
with different cooking methods. 

4709
03:59:50,800 --> 03:59:53,800
The talk goes across everything 
from Greek techniques to make 

4710
03:59:53,800 --> 03:59:56,600
veggies taste better to Roman 
ways to cook fish. 

4711
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,600
You also find out that your 
customer has traveled a lot and 

4712
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:02,200
collected recipes like some 
people collect coins. 

4713
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:05,600
He finally buys a lot of things 
including many containers of 

4714
04:00:05,600 --> 04:00:08,100
different oils. 
Each chosen for a specific 

4715
04:00:08,100 --> 04:00:10,800
cooking purpose that he happily 
describes. 

4716
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:13,800
He tells you about uses for your
items that you haven't thought 

4717
04:00:13,800 --> 04:00:16,600
of and he promises to send other
serious Cooks. 

4718
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:19,500
He knows to your stand. 
This is worth more than the 

4719
04:00:19,500 --> 04:00:21,700
rapid sale. 
No amount of yelling or 

4720
04:00:21,700 --> 04:00:23,600
flashing. 
Sails pitchers can compare to 

4721
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:26,200
the value of loyal customers 
telling their friends about your

4722
04:00:26,200 --> 04:00:28,500
business. 
You can tell that the young 

4723
04:00:28,500 --> 04:00:30,100
Copper Pot seller had a tough 
morning. 

4724
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:34,100
But as the day goes on, you can 
see that he has had a good day 

4725
04:00:34,100 --> 04:00:36,500
with the pleasure of someone who
has effectively. 

4726
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:38,200
Applied important Lessons 
Learned. 

4727
04:00:38,200 --> 04:00:42,100
He has cut down on his display 
by a lot and is carefully 

4728
04:00:42,100 --> 04:00:43,600
wrapping up the rest of his 
stock. 

4729
04:00:43,600 --> 04:00:46,600
It's nice to see new people get 
settled into the traditional 

4730
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:49,100
dance of business. 
The marketplace takes on a 

4731
04:00:49,100 --> 04:00:51,100
different identity as the day 
comes to an end. 

4732
04:00:51,100 --> 04:00:54,100
People seem to think that the 
serious business of buying and 

4733
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:56,500
selling is giving way to the 
social side of Market. 

4734
04:00:56,500 --> 04:01:00,000
Life has talks get more casual 
and transactions become less 

4735
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:02,300
tense, regular customers and 
sellers. 

4736
04:01:02,300 --> 04:01:05,100
Talk about neighborhood, gossip 
family news and what they expect

4737
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:07,300
to sell to sell tomorrow. 
Kids who have been stuck in 

4738
04:01:07,300 --> 04:01:10,300
doors because of the Heat come 
out with their parents and add 

4739
04:01:10,300 --> 04:01:12,800
their voices to the subtle 
murmur of evening Commerce. 

4740
04:01:13,800 --> 04:01:16,200
The well-dressed woman who was 
your first customer of the day 

4741
04:01:16,200 --> 04:01:19,800
comes back with two companions 
who are clearly from out of 

4742
04:01:19,800 --> 04:01:21,600
town. 
This leads to your last big 

4743
04:01:21,600 --> 04:01:23,800
transaction of the day. 
Something you didn't expect. 

4744
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:26,600
She talks about your 
herb-infused oils. 

4745
04:01:26,600 --> 04:01:28,900
With the eagerness of someone 
who has already used the oil, 

4746
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:31,600
she bought in the morning and is
happy with the results. 

4747
04:01:31,600 --> 04:01:34,800
You mentally, note your friends 
choices for later, use when they

4748
04:01:34,800 --> 04:01:38,800
buy in bulk as the sun sets 
painting, the Western sky with 

4749
04:01:38,800 --> 04:01:41,400
pink and gold colors, that would
make even the gods. 

4750
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:43,900
Stop and stare. 
You begin, the process of 

4751
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:47,800
closing down your stall for the 
day, your coin purse, which is 

4752
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,200
substantially heavier now than 
it was at Daybreak represents 

4753
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:54,800
both your financial success and 
the satisfaction that comes from

4754
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:58,100
pairing high quality Goods with 
happy clients all day long. 

4755
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:01,200
The last of the goods are 
carefully packaged for 

4756
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:04,400
tomorrow's Market, each box is 
wrapped and secured so that they

4757
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:07,000
will be in perfect shape for 
another day of probable sales. 

4758
04:02:07,800 --> 04:02:10,400
Your read mat, which has been a 
loyal friend on many Market days

4759
04:02:10,400 --> 04:02:13,700
is folded with the respect that 
comes from a reliable business 

4760
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:15,600
partner. 
You take apart the wooden 

4761
04:02:15,600 --> 04:02:18,200
platform that contains your 
special oils and store it with 

4762
04:02:18,200 --> 04:02:21,000
your other tools. 
The market square around you 

4763
04:02:21,000 --> 04:02:23,900
steadily empties out as other 
vendors conclude their own 

4764
04:02:23,900 --> 04:02:26,600
closing tasks. 
Some people are packing up empty

4765
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:29,000
containers with happy 
Expressions, after selling out 

4766
04:02:29,000 --> 04:02:33,400
others, who might not be as 
lucky or experienced emerging 

4767
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,300
their leftover goods and getting
ready for tomorrow's event. 

4768
04:02:36,300 --> 04:02:39,600
No matter what happens today, 
tomorrow brings new chances. 

4769
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:42,600
This shows that the merchants 
are always hopeful in every 

4770
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:44,600
face. 
Walking home through 

4771
04:02:44,600 --> 04:02:47,600
Alexandria's quiet evening. 
Streets is a nice break from The

4772
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,600
Busy Market Commerce and the 
more subtle pleasures of daily 

4773
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:52,800
life. 
Your leather bag, which now 

4774
04:02:52,800 --> 04:02:55,800
houses currency instead of 
products pleasantly brushes 

4775
04:02:55,800 --> 04:02:58,300
against your hip. 
With each stride, reminding you 

4776
04:02:58,300 --> 04:03:01,100
of what you've done that day. 
The cobblestones under your 

4777
04:03:01,100 --> 04:03:04,200
sandals, feel nice and familiar.
They are still warm from the 

4778
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:08,000
days heat but not too hot as 
people in the city, like their 

4779
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:10,400
oil lamps and the smell of 
dinner cooking wafted Through 

4780
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:13,300
the Windows and Doors. 
The city, relaxes in to its 

4781
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:16,000
nightly Rhythm. 
You smile at the prospect that 

4782
04:03:16,000 --> 04:03:18,600
the money made this morning. 
Might go to the family dinner 

4783
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,200
tonight. 
Someone nearby is cooking fish 

4784
04:03:21,200 --> 04:03:22,500
with herbs. 
That smell a lot. 

4785
04:03:22,508 --> 04:03:24,600
Like the ones you use in your 
own personal blend. 

4786
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,300
It feels great to know that. 
Your work helps people get 

4787
04:03:27,300 --> 04:03:28,800
together over good food and 
meals. 

4788
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:31,900
You buy a loaf of bread from the
bakery, where you've been a 

4789
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:35,500
regular customer for 15 years. 
The bread is still warm from the

4790
04:03:35,500 --> 04:03:37,700
ovens. 
The heavy set, man, who works as

4791
04:03:37,700 --> 04:03:41,300
a baker and constantly has flour
on his apron, asks, about your 

4792
04:03:41,300 --> 04:03:44,600
day, with the genuine interests 
of a small company owner, 

4793
04:03:44,600 --> 04:03:48,400
inquiring about another and not 
of approval and a loaf of bread 

4794
04:03:48,400 --> 04:03:50,100
that is a little bigger than 
what you paid for. 

4795
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:53,100
Are the fruits of your short 
report of steady sales and happy

4796
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:55,400
customers. 
This is the kind of small 

4797
04:03:55,400 --> 04:03:58,100
gesture of kindness, that makes 
a local business feel like a 

4798
04:03:58,100 --> 04:04:00,300
community instead of just a 
transaction. 

4799
04:04:01,400 --> 04:04:04,100
The Narrow Street that connects 
to your home and store feels 

4800
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:06,900
like a safe place after the 
Market Square is so bustling. 

4801
04:04:06,900 --> 04:04:10,500
The voice is a soft softer. 
The tempo is slow and the 

4802
04:04:10,508 --> 04:04:14,300
problems are more personal than 
business-related kids play games

4803
04:04:14,300 --> 04:04:17,300
and small Courtyards and their 
laughter Echoes off the old 

4804
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:19,300
stone walls. 
That have seen many nights like 

4805
04:04:19,300 --> 04:04:22,500
these elderly people sit at 
doorways and watch the world go 

4806
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:25,200
by, with the patient to tension 
of individuals who have learned 

4807
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:27,000
to enjoy the drama of Every Day,
Life. 

4808
04:04:27,900 --> 04:04:30,000
As you walk into your shop, 
which has been locked since 

4809
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:33,900
Daybreak, The Familiar smell of 
olive oil and the faint floral 

4810
04:04:33,900 --> 04:04:37,500
notes, that fill the whole 
building greet, you storage and 

4811
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:39,900
foreign which stand like 
motionless guards in the 

4812
04:04:39,900 --> 04:04:42,400
darkening Sky. 
Hold both the wealth of the 

4813
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:44,900
present and the promise of the 
future tomorrow. 

4814
04:04:44,900 --> 04:04:46,500
You'll need to restock some 
items. 

4815
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:49,300
Maybe test out a new herb 
combination that came to you 

4816
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:51,700
while you were talking to 
clients today and definitely 

4817
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:54,700
organized the best possible mix 
of products for another day in 

4818
04:04:54,700 --> 04:04:58,400
the market. 
Stairs to your living space 

4819
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:00,200
creaked. 
Their nightly greeting, as you 

4820
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:02,800
climb to the chamber, that 
serves as both a bedroom and a 

4821
04:05:02,800 --> 04:05:04,400
quiet escape from the business 
World below. 

4822
04:05:04,400 --> 04:05:07,700
You may finally relax here 
surrounded by things that tell 

4823
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:09,500
the story of your 20 years as a 
merchant. 

4824
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:13,000
The bronze mirror shows a face 
that is pleasantly tired from 

4825
04:05:13,000 --> 04:05:16,300
both mental and physical effort,
which is different from just 

4826
04:05:16,300 --> 04:05:18,600
being tired. 
You count the money, you 

4827
04:05:18,600 --> 04:05:20,900
generate every day because you 
need to keep an eye on your 

4828
04:05:20,900 --> 04:05:24,100
business's health. 
And prepare for future purchases

4829
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:26,800
and Investments. 
Not because you want to the 

4830
04:05:26,800 --> 04:05:29,500
coins are more than just money, 
they show that you have good 

4831
04:05:29,500 --> 04:05:32,200
relationships with your 
customers, that your pricing and

4832
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:35,000
quality, judgement are still 
good and that you'll have enough

4833
04:05:35,000 --> 04:05:37,900
resources for New Opportunities.
When the Market opens to 

4834
04:05:37,900 --> 04:05:40,400
tomorrow, you make the evening 
meal with food. 

4835
04:05:40,400 --> 04:05:43,300
You bought on your way home and 
it becomes a private celebration

4836
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:45,900
of the days. 
Work, a simple but full dinner 

4837
04:05:45,900 --> 04:05:49,000
made with bread from your local 
bakery cheese, from the seller 

4838
04:05:49,000 --> 04:05:51,100
to blocks away and a little bit 
of your own. 

4839
04:05:51,100 --> 04:05:53,800
Best olive oil, connects you to 
the business and community that 

4840
04:05:53,800 --> 04:05:57,100
makes Alexandria such a terrific
place to live and work. 

4841
04:05:59,400 --> 04:06:04,200
As night sets and the sounds of 
the evening distant shatter, the

4842
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:06,900
clip-clop of late Travelers 
donkeys and the closing of 

4843
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:09,800
shutters and doors. 
Create the sweet Lullaby of 

4844
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:13,200
urban life, winding down, you 
think about the routine and 

4845
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:17,100
Joyce of the merch. 
Existence each day, brings new 

4846
04:06:17,100 --> 04:06:19,900
challenges, and rewards the new 
group of people with different 

4847
04:06:19,900 --> 04:06:23,200
needs and personalities and 
opportunities, to match products

4848
04:06:23,200 --> 04:06:25,200
with clients who will really 
utilize them. 

4849
04:06:26,300 --> 04:06:29,200
As you get ready for bed, the 
lamp flame, flickers, softly 

4850
04:06:29,200 --> 04:06:32,100
making Shadows danced, on the 
walls that have kept. 

4851
04:06:32,100 --> 04:06:35,600
You safe during good times and 
bad when Alexandria was doing 

4852
04:06:35,600 --> 04:06:39,300
well, and when politics May 
trade harder, the basic appeal 

4853
04:06:39,300 --> 04:06:41,100
of being a merchant has never 
changed. 

4854
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,500
The satisfaction of delivering 
high quality Goods to happy 

4855
04:06:44,500 --> 04:06:47,200
customers, the intellectual 
challenge of understanding 

4856
04:06:47,200 --> 04:06:50,900
markets and people equally well 
and the knowledge that your work

4857
04:06:50,908 --> 04:06:54,200
is helping the great human 
effort to provide food shelter 

4858
04:06:54,200 --> 04:06:57,500
and care for one. 
Another tomorrow will bring a 

4859
04:06:57,500 --> 04:06:59,400
fresh opportunity to do business
ethically. 

4860
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:02,300
In one of the biggest markets on
the globe, you'll meet new 

4861
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:05,200
clientele with different needs 
and takes, and you'll have new 

4862
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:06,700
chance as to do business 
ethically. 

4863
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:09,600
You can rest easy tonight. 
Knowing that you did a good job 

4864
04:07:09,600 --> 04:07:12,900
kept your relationship strong 
and had another successful day 

4865
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:15,900
in the endlessly, interesting, 
Business of Being Human where 

4866
04:07:15,900 --> 04:07:18,900
everyone needs something. 
And the wise Merchants Joy is in

4867
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,000
helping find it. 
The donkey next door. 

4868
04:07:22,000 --> 04:07:24,500
Seems happy with how he sang 
this morning and goes to sleep 

4869
04:07:24,500 --> 04:07:27,800
peacefully while Alexandria 
sleeps the merchants of tomorrow

4870
04:07:27,800 --> 04:07:29,200
already. 
Dreaming of morning. 

4871
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,300
The day, my old name died began 
with crows on the battlements 

4872
04:07:38,300 --> 04:07:40,900
and ended with a circuit of 
hammered gold pressing a red 

4873
04:07:40,908 --> 04:07:44,400
welt into my brow. 
I had lived 17 Winters as a 

4874
04:07:44,408 --> 04:07:47,200
foster. 
Son Arthur was fit only to muck 

4875
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:49,300
stalls at selectors Holdings in 
the Welsh marches. 

4876
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:53,708
Yet here, I stood in a chill 
sunrise at Carlyle, wind off the

4877
04:07:53,716 --> 04:07:57,800
asking of iron filings while 
Lords who had never met me raise

4878
04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:01,600
Spears in a claim. 
The Herald's trumpeted pain drag

4879
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:03,800
and my ribs fluttered like a 
quails. 

4880
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:06,400
I will not pretend the cheering 
felt Noble. 

4881
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,900
Ift terrifying as though a 
roaring sea had broken through 

4882
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:13,600
the courtyard gate. 
So Kay whispered hold the sword 

4883
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:15,200
higher brother, they need to see
you. 

4884
04:08:16,100 --> 04:08:20,000
My arm shook under the hilt, 
surprising heft Excalibur, 

4885
04:08:20,000 --> 04:08:22,900
Merlin called it called, the 
hard bright Cleaver. 

4886
04:08:22,900 --> 04:08:26,400
Had looked weightless in the 
stone, but wielded, it was equal

4887
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:30,200
to a plowshare in wet, clay. 
A sunlight ran down the Fuller, 

4888
04:08:30,200 --> 04:08:33,600
the onlookers trained forward 
hedge, Knights and patched male 

4889
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:37,000
Sleek Barons whose Rings smelled
of Civic and Barefoot children, 

4890
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:40,500
craning between guard Shields, 
one could map the fractures and 

4891
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:44,300
Britain by their faces angles 
tight lipped beside downtrodden.

4892
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:47,900
Romano British Magistrate's Simi
Hill Kings glaring at 

4893
04:08:47,908 --> 04:08:51,900
northumbrian envoys All of them.
Watch the orphan who had slipped

4894
04:08:51,900 --> 04:08:54,700
a sword from an anvil. 
When were the men could not? 

4895
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,500
That first week passed in 
parchment dust and the Clack of 

4896
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:02,400
tally sticks, my new counselors 
educated me. 

4897
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:07,200
Mercilessly grain levies were 
overdue in the Y Valley mercian.

4898
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:09,600
Raiders had burned, the 
monastery of ilt Hood and the 

4899
04:09:09,608 --> 04:09:12,200
Royal minting Winchester lacked 
silver for coin dies. 

4900
04:09:12,200 --> 04:09:15,600
I listened numb. 
And when I spoke it was mostly 

4901
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:19,000
to ask why, why did assault tax 
vary between counties? 

4902
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:21,900
Why did we tie the fish to Rome?
When Rome was ashes? 

4903
04:09:21,900 --> 04:09:25,300
Each reason, produced new 
corridors of ignorance for me to

4904
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:29,100
explore and Secret. 
Night brought no truce Merlin 

4905
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:32,200
maddeningly Serene met me in the
candle at library of the old, 

4906
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:35,000
Roman Basilica. 
He smelled of peat smoke and 

4907
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:38,900
elderflower wine. 
The crown is a mask Arthur who 

4908
04:09:38,900 --> 04:09:41,300
told me while aligning Dusty 
Scrolls about irrigation. 

4909
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:45,100
Where it too Loosely in its 
slips or it too tightly and it 

4910
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:48,600
blinds. 
Wanted instruction not metaphor 

4911
04:09:48,600 --> 04:09:50,600
but his lessons remained 
riddles. 

4912
04:09:50,600 --> 04:09:54,300
He had not taught me to retrieve
Excalibur for his Amusement, he 

4913
04:09:54,300 --> 04:09:56,900
meant me to retrieve a future. 
No one else dared picture. 

4914
04:09:57,700 --> 04:10:01,600
Sleep refused me. 
I lay in the Solar on wolfskin, 

4915
04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:04,200
blankets, listening to the wind 
whistle through Arrow. 

4916
04:10:04,200 --> 04:10:07,300
Slits, revisiting the moment, 
the blade slid free. 

4917
04:10:08,300 --> 04:10:11,300
Scrape of metal echoed In My 
Memory, akin to a key 

4918
04:10:11,300 --> 04:10:16,100
reluctantly unlocking, a locked 
childhood, my pulse quickened 

4919
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:19,700
until its Dawn and with Dawn 
came fresh petitions, a widow 

4920
04:10:19,700 --> 04:10:23,200
from gwent begged, remission of 
scutage, a gaulish Mason offered

4921
04:10:23,200 --> 04:10:24,900
to rebuild the Roman Bridge 
inventor. 

4922
04:10:24,900 --> 04:10:28,500
If I would guarantee free toll 
for pilgrims, I granted both 

4923
04:10:28,500 --> 04:10:33,200
half from pity half because they
cost only my signature, On the 

4924
04:10:33,208 --> 04:10:36,300
7th day, I mounted a nervous, 
mayor and rode the perimeter of 

4925
04:10:36,308 --> 04:10:40,200
care owns out of Palisade alone.
Frost clunked a dead bracket and

4926
04:10:40,200 --> 04:10:43,400
missed curled between apple 
stumps where Orchards had been 

4927
04:10:43,408 --> 04:10:47,500
raised for sage Timbers. 
I thought this is my acreage of 

4928
04:10:47,500 --> 04:10:52,100
Sorrow to 10 yet. 
I also saw promise feels where 

4929
04:10:52,108 --> 04:10:55,600
spring barley could route of 
giving peace, kills, that might 

4930
04:10:55,600 --> 04:10:59,400
fire roof tiles instead of 
slingshot, by the time, I 

4931
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:02,600
reigned in the sun had melted 
the frost in to Silver rivets. 

4932
04:11:02,600 --> 04:11:06,800
Hope I realized was a crop that 
required cultivation as 

4933
04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:10,200
deliberately as wheat. 
Before he even song, I convened 

4934
04:11:10,200 --> 04:11:13,200
a rocky counts of blacksmiths 
scribes and two episodes. 

4935
04:11:13,200 --> 04:11:16,800
Who smelled them glue. 
I invited them to be good to 

4936
04:11:16,800 --> 04:11:19,500
speak first Keen to hear 
sentences on clouded by 

4937
04:11:19,500 --> 04:11:21,400
flattery. 
They were shocked in to 

4938
04:11:21,400 --> 04:11:24,300
plainness. 
Smith's wanted charcoal quotas 

4939
04:11:24,300 --> 04:11:27,600
scribes wanted tariffs on 
imported Papyrus lowered and 

4940
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:29,900
Abbotts wanted safe conduct for 
pilgrims. 

4941
04:11:29,900 --> 04:11:32,100
I promised, nothing recorded 
everything. 

4942
04:11:33,100 --> 04:11:36,200
When the assembly disbanded. 
So Kay slapped my shoulder. 

4943
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:40,500
You looked like a king, he lied.
I felt more like a bucket 

4944
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:42,300
catching leaks in a storm 
patched roof. 

4945
04:11:43,100 --> 04:11:46,500
Still, that night is rain drum. 
The shutters I wrote a single 

4946
04:11:46,500 --> 04:11:49,300
line into my ledger. 
A throne is not a chair, but a 

4947
04:11:49,308 --> 04:11:51,300
question asked daily and that 
admission. 

4948
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:54,700
I finally understood what Merlin
had meant, the mask must never 

4949
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:57,700
Harden, where a must keep 
adjusting, the fit or risk 

4950
04:11:57,700 --> 04:12:01,400
seeing nothing at all. 
By the time the crows returned 

4951
04:12:01,400 --> 04:12:03,600
to the battlements. 
I was ready to ask another 

4952
04:12:03,600 --> 04:12:05,900
question. 
What councils smelled of damp 

4953
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:10,500
wool, horse sweat and candle, 
grease hours, convened, on a 

4954
04:12:10,500 --> 04:12:12,700
ridge, above the veil of 
Dortmund Moore, where Saxon 

4955
04:12:12,700 --> 04:12:15,300
banners glittered like rows of 
wet scales in the distance, 

4956
04:12:15,300 --> 04:12:19,200
Wayne sketched deployment, Arts 
with a charcoal knob on his 

4957
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:22,700
Butler's inside archers here, 
heavy Spears there. 

4958
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:26,300
Well lady Gwen wife are read out
casualty projections from a 

4959
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:29,500
carved tablet. 
In that moment, I saw the round 

4960
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:33,800
table, not as Furniture, but as 
an algebra variables shifting 

4961
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:37,600
until valet equaled Victory. 
With minimum unknowns, we fought

4962
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:40,400
at first light for frost 
crunching under Greaves. 

4963
04:12:40,400 --> 04:12:43,700
Trumpets, blew a sour brassy 
note that made my teeth hurt. 

4964
04:12:43,700 --> 04:12:48,200
I led khaled's, Cavalry Wing 200
destriers snorting Steam. 

4965
04:12:49,100 --> 04:12:53,100
Gawain, brilliant and Reckless, 
angled the Infantry Phalanx 15 

4966
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:57,000
degrees off the expected axis, 
the Saxons, misread the faint 

4967
04:12:57,000 --> 04:13:00,700
plunging into our kill pocket. 
Where marshy ground devoured 

4968
04:13:00,700 --> 04:13:03,200
their footing. 
The real Slaughter though 

4969
04:13:03,200 --> 04:13:06,000
occurred at the Ford of barn K 
blocked it. 

4970
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:09,400
With a shield wall three men 
thick forcing enemy cohorts 

4971
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:13,300
East, where our Slingers perched
among Leaf, bear holders, Stones

4972
04:13:13,300 --> 04:13:17,600
whistled, helmets dented by 
noon, the river was pinkish yet 

4973
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:21,400
Triumph, tasted metallic I 
walked among the Fallen wearing 

4974
04:13:21,400 --> 04:13:24,400
a surgeons Grimace. 
Instructing Squires to bind the 

4975
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:26,000
wounded regardless of 
Allegiance. 

4976
04:13:27,500 --> 04:13:30,700
Should Saxon boy know, all of 
them. 12 try to spit at me but 

4977
04:13:30,700 --> 04:13:33,300
produced only blood holding his 
gaze. 

4978
04:13:33,300 --> 04:13:37,000
I ordered bandages. 
Mercy as harder than steel, it 

4979
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:38,800
resists temporary and bends 
toward for tea. 

4980
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:41,500
My captain muttered. 
I was naive. 

4981
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:44,700
I reminded them that a 
terrorized enemy often regroups 

4982
04:13:44,700 --> 04:13:47,700
in the dark while a respected 
one hesitate before we crossing 

4983
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:50,500
the border. 
Afterward we quartered in a half

4984
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:52,200
ruined Roman Amphitheater 
nearby. 

4985
04:13:53,300 --> 04:13:56,900
Curved seating became crude 
Barracks rain, filtered through 

4986
04:13:56,900 --> 04:14:00,300
collapsed, vaults pooling in the
arena, where Gladiators was bled

4987
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:03,500
under Imperial Applause. 
I addressed the fighters from 

4988
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:07,200
the old Emperor's box, what we 
win in fear, we lose and Seasons

4989
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:11,700
to come ruled by respect and we 
plant Hedges, no sword can share

4990
04:14:12,700 --> 04:14:16,300
Some nodded some scoffed, but 
the words lodged like seeds. 

4991
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:18,400
The campaign dragged into 
winter. 

4992
04:14:19,300 --> 04:14:21,400
We learned to move on Frozen 
Ground. 

4993
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:24,900
Sledging supplies on ox-drawn 
travois. 

4994
04:14:26,000 --> 04:14:27,800
My gauntlets cracked from the 
cold. 

4995
04:14:28,600 --> 04:14:31,000
Smell of pine pitch. 
Replaced blossom in my memory. 

4996
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:36,100
on Solstice deceive snow 
swirling like ghosts feathers, I

4997
04:14:36,100 --> 04:14:39,500
found Merlin Alone by a ruined 
Milestone reciting a fragment of

4998
04:14:39,500 --> 04:14:45,300
Virgil about husbandry Even 
Empires, he murdered beginners 

4999
04:14:45,300 --> 04:14:47,400
fences to keep goats from eating
winter, wheat. 

5000
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:51,400
I laughed despite for tea, he 
never preached. 

5001
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:55,600
He implied. 
By Spring piece, chatter reached

5002
04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:59,300
us from Saxon invoice. 
I drafted, terms on scrape, 

5003
04:14:59,300 --> 04:15:03,100
sheepskin a boundary set at the 
Limestone Ridge, hostages 

5004
04:15:03,100 --> 04:15:05,100
exchanged. 
But treated, as honored guests, 

5005
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:09,300
an intermarriage encouraged to 
weld Bloodlines Gawain bristled 

5006
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:12,500
wanting. 
A punitive March, when heifer 

5007
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:16,100
ever pragmatic pointed out. 
We lacked Surplus grain to feed 

5008
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:19,600
Concord households, the council 
split until I invoked the 

5009
04:15:19,600 --> 04:15:22,400
fording. 
Seen how are Mercy had softened 

5010
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:25,600
Saxon resolve? 
Reluctantly they consented 

5011
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:28,200
signing. 
The treaty took place in a smoky

5012
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:30,000
Timber Hall north of the new 
border. 

5013
04:15:30,000 --> 04:15:34,500
Both sides brought bars to 
witness a class, four arms with 

5014
04:15:34,500 --> 04:15:36,500
the eldrid, a war cautious 
Alderman. 

5015
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:40,400
Whose beard to Mead, he 
muttered, your sword could have 

5016
04:15:40,400 --> 04:15:45,200
drunk deeper I replied but your 
grandchildren will sit side in 

5017
04:15:45,200 --> 04:15:46,500
Orchards. 
We did not burn. 

5018
04:15:47,300 --> 04:15:50,800
His belly laugh, rattled roof 
beams alliances sometimes 

5019
04:15:50,800 --> 04:15:54,800
germinating unexpected, soil, in
the months after the veil of 

5020
04:15:54,808 --> 04:15:58,500
Dortmund under truce, a 
requisition stonemasons to 

5021
04:15:58,500 --> 04:16:02,400
repair Weirs reopened, Roman 
calls ways and established a 

5022
04:16:02,400 --> 04:16:04,900
bilingual Toll House. 
Where Ernst while enemies 

5023
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:07,800
haggled over Salt Lake using 
standardized counter stones. 

5024
04:16:08,700 --> 04:16:12,900
Commerce often clenches, what 
diplomacy initiates seeing Saxon

5025
04:16:12,900 --> 04:16:16,100
Traders, bow to simeri, Clarks 
over tariffs thrilled me as much

5026
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:18,900
as any martial cheer. 
Privately are wrestled 

5027
04:16:18,900 --> 04:16:21,900
nightmares. 
Blood slick reads dying boys 

5028
04:16:21,900 --> 04:16:24,500
with accents. 
I barely understood and my crown

5029
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,800
dipped in Gore. 
When Wi-Fi family pacing 

5030
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:31,900
ramparts emerged prayer. 
I preferred ledgers, I tallied 

5031
04:16:31,900 --> 04:16:34,400
War costs. 
Lost plowshares orphaned 

5032
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:36,500
stipends and forced the numbers 
to speak. 

5033
04:16:36,500 --> 04:16:39,000
He said moderation was cheaper 
than Triumph. 

5034
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,500
They never lied. 
One damp morning while all over 

5035
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:44,800
the quartermaster complained 
about dwindling pitch reserves. 

5036
04:16:44,800 --> 04:16:49,000
A courier arrived bearing. 
Aretha River reads from ID to 

5037
04:16:49,000 --> 04:16:53,000
the king who water's piece I 
pinned in the council chamber of

5038
04:16:53,008 --> 04:16:56,000
our campaign map. 
Some mocked The Rustic token, 

5039
04:16:56,000 --> 04:16:58,600
others touched it like a relic 
for me. 

5040
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:02,300
It represented both a reminder 
that swords and battles and a 

5041
04:17:02,300 --> 04:17:03,900
recognition that agreements and 
Wars. 

5042
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:06,900
Thus my second year of King ship
closed, not with the coronation 

5043
04:17:06,900 --> 04:17:09,000
Feast. 
But with an accounting Ledger 

5044
04:17:09,000 --> 04:17:12,300
and a wreath, made by a former 
though, I slept soundly that 

5045
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:14,000
night for the first time since 
lifting. 

5046
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:16,200
The blade Camelot was never 
marble. 

5047
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:20,300
It was coarse Sandstone sweating
like an scaffolds creaking like 

5048
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,000
old knees yet. 
Visitors entering its 

5049
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:26,700
magnificent Hall felt something 
rare, a geometry of Fellowship. 

5050
04:17:27,800 --> 04:17:29,900
Roundtables. 
Contrary to gossip. 

5051
04:17:30,400 --> 04:17:32,800
Are terrible for hierarchy and 
perfect for Candor. 

5052
04:17:33,700 --> 04:17:36,900
My Smith's forged a 30-seat 
monster from Oak and riveted 

5053
04:17:36,900 --> 04:17:40,400
iron bands. 
It smelled of resin and rain. 

5054
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:41,900
On the day, we slid it into 
place. 

5055
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:44,900
The crack it made across the 
flagstones felt like a Nell 

5056
04:17:44,900 --> 04:17:48,100
tolling for privilege. 
Within a month debates at that 

5057
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:51,400
board ranged from Maritime 
tariffs to whether owls could 

5058
04:17:51,400 --> 04:17:54,400
predict Frost. 
So bede sighted older ring 

5059
04:17:54,400 --> 04:17:57,400
thickness, charts game, Rihanna 
and cross-checked, shipping 

5060
04:17:57,400 --> 04:18:00,000
dockets from Cornish ports, 
laughter flared. 

5061
04:18:00,000 --> 04:18:03,600
Daggers flashed into tabletops 
for emphasis, but each voice 

5062
04:18:03,600 --> 04:18:06,700
found equal purchase. 
I learned to moderate like a 

5063
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:09,700
choir, Master Coke, sing Melody 
from the pinion. 

5064
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:13,700
Court politics, I discovered is 
less duel. 

5065
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:17,700
The duet themes, offered 
harmonies tested Discord 

5066
04:18:17,700 --> 04:18:19,700
resolved or Embrace as 
Counterpoint. 

5067
04:18:21,300 --> 04:18:24,000
Social experiments, however, 
breed social consequences. 

5068
04:18:24,000 --> 04:18:27,700
My Baron's grumbled that 
Franklin Farmers now alongside 

5069
04:18:27,700 --> 04:18:30,400
them during Harvest councils 
once neared. 

5070
04:18:30,400 --> 04:18:33,400
The peasants stank of manure a 
replied sweetly. 

5071
04:18:33,400 --> 04:18:37,900
So does the Earth we all depend 
upon The retort turned silent 

5072
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:42,500
respect and Silent enemies soon.
Anonymous leaflets with steel, 

5073
04:18:42,500 --> 04:18:45,400
tacky Inc. 
Accuse me of hobnobbing with 

5074
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:48,800
swine herds while. 
I neglected Noble Bloodlines I 

5075
04:18:48,800 --> 04:18:51,400
left the pamphlets tacked to 
gate-posts nothing. 

5076
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:55,600
Defanged slander like daylight. 
Domestic alliances formed in 

5077
04:18:55,600 --> 04:18:58,600
subtler currents, when we first 
established a guild of 

5078
04:18:58,600 --> 04:19:01,500
herbalists recruiting peasant 
women, whose willow bark 

5079
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:03,500
tinctures outperformed, monastic
leech. 

5080
04:19:03,500 --> 04:19:07,600
Craft Knights wounded in jousts,
found themselves with policies, 

5081
04:19:07,600 --> 04:19:10,400
prepared by hands. 
They want to dismissed heeling, 

5082
04:19:10,400 --> 04:19:12,600
unlike War proved in different 
to pedigree. 

5083
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:16,200
Watching the queen, Neil beside 
a Tanner's daughter grinding. 

5084
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:19,800
Sage into Salve reminded me, 
governance can bloom at ground. 

5085
04:19:19,800 --> 04:19:23,000
Level, evening's rippled with 
soft, softer intrigues, 

5086
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:28,300
minstrels sang, Brett on lays 
tossed, iron apples, Lance Lot 

5087
04:19:28,300 --> 04:19:32,100
brighter on new steel LED 
sparring exhibitions that Drew 

5088
04:19:32,100 --> 04:19:35,100
appreciative gasps. 
My admiration for him was a 

5089
04:19:35,100 --> 04:19:38,500
delicate balance. 
I felt pride in having a fierce 

5090
04:19:38,500 --> 04:19:41,200
comrade. 
Also unease at the way Gwen. 

5091
04:19:41,200 --> 04:19:44,200
He falls eyes Shone like 
Moonlight when Lance lock bowed.

5092
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,000
I told myself trust is stronger 
than jealousy. 

5093
04:19:47,000 --> 04:19:51,600
My heart argued otherwise and 
Sleepless, Whispers, a 

5094
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:54,000
commissioned, descriptor, 
torium, hiring Greek, copious 

5095
04:19:54,000 --> 04:19:58,000
formerly marooned in Exeter, by 
piracy they illuminated legal 

5096
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:00,900
code disease with Celadon, inks 
rendering statutes, almost 

5097
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:03,700
luminous, literacy rates, crept 
upward. 

5098
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:06,900
The stewards demanded to read 
decrees rather than memorize 

5099
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,400
them. 
When a reef from Devon 

5100
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:12,100
petitioned, for the right to 
cite code, in a land dispute and

5101
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:16,700
one the cheers in the hall out, 
Sean, any tournament raw words? 

5102
04:20:16,700 --> 04:20:19,700
Became both weapons and Shields 
and every child who learned to 

5103
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:23,000
etch letters into wax inherited 
a small amount of power. 

5104
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:27,700
Religion, that Restless Fox 
prowled, our henhouse, roams 

5105
04:20:27,700 --> 04:20:30,200
emissaries urged higher Tides, 
Druids. 

5106
04:20:30,200 --> 04:20:32,500
Insisted the Spring Equinox, 
remain a feast day. 

5107
04:20:33,500 --> 04:20:36,100
My compromise dual calendars 
duel. 

5108
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:40,000
The offerings did not fully 
satisfy the sect, but they 

5109
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:44,200
helped to prevent riots Unity. 
I learned is not homogeneity. 

5110
04:20:44,200 --> 04:20:48,600
It is The Artful overlap of 
dissimilar circles, Merlin 

5111
04:20:48,600 --> 04:20:52,000
called it interlace sovereignty.
Like Celtic knotwork where 

5112
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:55,200
strands meet part and meet again
with without severing, still 

5113
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,200
friction sparked. 
When a night struck a surface. 

5114
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:00,800
Stepping on his cloak I hold the
offender before the round table 

5115
04:21:00,800 --> 04:21:03,700
and find him triple the annual 
grain tribute. 

5116
04:21:03,700 --> 04:21:06,800
He collected How great among old
families? 

5117
04:21:06,800 --> 04:21:10,400
Peasant's toasted inside a Lofts
Justice though. 

5118
04:21:10,400 --> 04:21:13,400
Blind is rarely silent. 
Between crises. 

5119
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:16,600
I saw quiet with Gwen with far 
in the orchard Courtyard where 

5120
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:20,900
our first Apple crop dangled. 
She confessed fear of plague 

5121
04:21:20,900 --> 04:21:25,700
Invasion and her childlessness. 
I confessed fear of a kingdom 

5122
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:28,800
boyed by my Charisma rather than
structural strength. 

5123
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:32,200
Charisma dies when she said, so 
do kings. 

5124
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:37,500
We resolve to embed redundancies
delegate treasury to 3 Coast 

5125
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:39,700
stewards. 
Rotate militia captains 

5126
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:43,400
quarterly and copy archive. 
Scrolls in triplicate, we 

5127
04:21:43,400 --> 04:21:46,200
decided to govern by 
scaffolding, not by personality 

5128
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,700
one, Amber dusk Troubadours, 
rehearsed a ballad calling me 

5129
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:53,000
Rex Kwame. 
Rex, futurist The Once and 

5130
04:21:53,000 --> 04:21:56,000
Future King, the phrase sent a 
cold shiver along my spine. 

5131
04:21:56,000 --> 04:22:00,100
Legends petrified living men 
into symbols, symbols risk, 

5132
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:03,300
shattering under inquiry. 
I walked out before they could 

5133
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,300
finish and spent the night in 
the Smithy helping sharp and 

5134
04:22:06,308 --> 04:22:09,200
scythes for Harvest. 
Volunteers Sparks. 

5135
04:22:09,200 --> 04:22:11,900
Bit my sleeves, iron rang in my 
bones. 

5136
04:22:12,700 --> 04:22:15,200
Real king ship. 
I reminded myself smelled not of

5137
04:22:15,200 --> 04:22:19,000
incense, but of hot metal and 
tough questions as Autumn fog. 

5138
04:22:19,000 --> 04:22:21,900
Muffled Camelot, I watched 
Raven's pinwheel over parapets, 

5139
04:22:21,900 --> 04:22:25,300
their calls sounded like corals 
from a distance like counselor 

5140
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:27,500
at close range. 
I listened for patterns. 

5141
04:22:27,500 --> 04:22:30,500
Hoping that amidst the cause and
Council squabbles. 

5142
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:34,300
I could still discern the rhythm
of the realm chaotic diverse and

5143
04:22:34,300 --> 04:22:36,800
vibrant love. 
When braided with rulership 

5144
04:22:36,800 --> 04:22:39,700
Fraser stress points. 
I learned the truth, the night 

5145
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:43,000
Gwen, we are fail to return from
Vespers Lantern in hand. 

5146
04:22:43,000 --> 04:22:46,100
I combed The Cloisters until 
dawn finding only Footprints and

5147
04:22:46,100 --> 04:22:47,200
Stone. 
Cold beeswax. 

5148
04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:50,000
She reappeared at Sunrise cloak 
damp. 

5149
04:22:50,000 --> 04:22:52,500
Claiming prayer had carried her 
Beyond time. 

5150
04:22:52,500 --> 04:22:56,200
I believed her until a squire. 
Whispered of lancelot's horse 

5151
04:22:56,200 --> 04:23:00,100
seen tethered, near the aqueduct
ruins jealousy, can outpace any 

5152
04:23:00,100 --> 04:23:02,000
charger. 
That morning. 

5153
04:23:02,000 --> 04:23:05,700
I presided over petitions with 
iron politeness but parchment 

5154
04:23:05,700 --> 04:23:08,100
edges. 
Shredded, under my grip rumors 

5155
04:23:08,100 --> 04:23:11,900
possess a multi-faceted nature. 
A spilled cup in the refectory. 

5156
04:23:11,900 --> 04:23:13,900
Became proof of an adulterous 
packed. 

5157
04:23:13,900 --> 04:23:17,400
A misfiled stable roster, 
mutated into clandestine 

5158
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:20,300
Rendezvous. 
I addressed none directly hoping

5159
04:23:20,300 --> 04:23:22,800
discretion. 
Might starve speculation and 

5160
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:26,200
scared it. 
Plants a lot avoided my gaze 

5161
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:29,100
during Lance drills. 
When he founded herself in the 

5162
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:32,600
herb garden eyes. 
Rimmed red, Merlin sentencing 

5163
04:23:32,600 --> 04:23:36,200
fracture suggested a pilgrimage 
to Saint Albans for conjugal 

5164
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:40,100
renewal I nearly laughed 
miracles of the Sacred spring 

5165
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:43,900
would not meant brittle trust 
war in Scandal. 

5166
04:23:44,800 --> 04:23:46,700
Kish raids Harry died on 
Northern Garrison's. 

5167
04:23:46,700 --> 04:23:49,600
Forcing A muster atrium's broken
wall. 

5168
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:53,800
In frigid drizzle. 
I marched alongside Lancelot 

5169
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:57,800
sharing campfire, silence as men
shop and see axe blades on the 

5170
04:23:57,800 --> 04:24:01,700
eve of Engagement. 
He finally spoke Loyalty is 

5171
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:04,900
yours whispered. 
His voice is Roar as peat smoke.

5172
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:08,900
I wish he had said, affection or
even desire words that might 

5173
04:24:08,900 --> 04:24:11,100
name the shadow between us 
instead. 

5174
04:24:11,100 --> 04:24:14,200
Loyalty that slippery, coin, 
rolled into darkness. 

5175
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:18,900
Battle against the picts, proved
brutal, but brief their 

5176
04:24:18,900 --> 04:24:21,300
skirmishes scattered. 
After our heavy horse, flanked 

5177
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:23,900
them through. 
Misty Birch copses, the victory,

5178
04:24:23,900 --> 04:24:26,500
did not alleviate my emotions on
return. 

5179
04:24:26,500 --> 04:24:28,800
I found Gwen heifer pale and 
fevered. 

5180
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:31,200
She had miscarried a secret 
child. 

5181
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:35,500
I'd never known she carried 
grief, welded us strangely, wept

5182
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:38,200
together beneath quilts, while 
rain scratched, the shutters 

5183
04:24:38,200 --> 04:24:41,800
like quills script in tragedy 
special for a while. 

5184
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:45,300
Drowned beneath shared loss. 
Caught however has no patience 

5185
04:24:45,300 --> 04:24:48,208
for the private morning. 
Accuses soon hissed that the 

5186
04:24:48,216 --> 04:24:52,400
Lost babe or not Pendragon blood
but Lance a lots and furry I 

5187
04:24:52,400 --> 04:24:56,300
convened a closed tribunal 
Gawain Morgan and as a 

5188
04:24:56,300 --> 04:25:00,300
judicators evidence, proved 
vaporus testimony colored by 

5189
04:25:00,300 --> 04:25:04,000
Envy the panel. 
Dismissed, charges yet a quick 

5190
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:07,600
little cannot erase insinuation.
Lancelot requested leave for 

5191
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:10,900
solitary Penance. 
Gwen wife are prayed daily, in 

5192
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:13,700
the Chapel's darkest Niche. 
A hairline crack in the 

5193
04:25:13,708 --> 04:25:18,000
Kingdom's Foundation, spread 
like frost under paint politics 

5194
04:25:18,000 --> 04:25:21,900
sensed weakness Mordred, my 
nephew, fostered at court began,

5195
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:26,000
cultivating malcontents, 
dispossessed, Barons and debt 

5196
04:25:26,000 --> 04:25:29,300
burden Merchants his rhetoric 
skewered, my egalitarian 

5197
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:33,100
reforms, Arthur feeds peasants, 
but the star of the chivalry, 

5198
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:35,500
Listening from behind a 
tapestry. 

5199
04:25:35,500 --> 04:25:39,200
I recognized hunger in his tone 
not for justice, but for my 

5200
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:43,100
Throne betrayal by Blood weighed
heavier than adultery is Rumer 

5201
04:25:43,100 --> 04:25:46,000
yet. 
I hesitated public reprimand 

5202
04:25:46,000 --> 04:25:49,300
might matter him. 
I sought Merlin's counselor at 

5203
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:51,200
midnight under a sky braised by 
Aurora. 

5204
04:25:52,200 --> 04:25:54,600
He traced constellations in the 
frost on the parapet. 

5205
04:25:55,500 --> 04:25:57,200
King must prune to save the 
orchard. 

5206
04:25:57,200 --> 04:26:02,000
He said, but not all blossoms. 
You ever weeds his riddles, once

5207
04:26:02,000 --> 04:26:03,800
Charming now? 
Exhausted me. 

5208
04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:08,200
I snapped speak player speak 
plainly touch my shoulder. 

5209
04:26:08,200 --> 04:26:12,000
Waitlist pitying. 
Find the true route, he answered

5210
04:26:12,000 --> 04:26:17,600
or rocked and fruit alike. the 
next day I ordered tournament 

5211
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:21,700
Channel courtly aggression 
jousts clanged banners snapped 

5212
04:26:21,700 --> 04:26:25,500
and the populace Road approval, 
Lancelot newly returned 

5213
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:30,000
unseated, every Challenger until
only Mordred remained The final 

5214
04:26:30,008 --> 04:26:32,000
pass ended in a splintering 
collision. 

5215
04:26:32,000 --> 04:26:36,700
Mordred toppled lancelot's Lance
buried in Turf, cheers erupted 

5216
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:39,300
but Mordred Rose grinning blood 
on his lip. 

5217
04:26:40,000 --> 04:26:43,000
Behold your Champion. 
He called to the stands, friend,

5218
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:47,300
to Queen and King alike. 
Applause, faltered suspicion, 

5219
04:26:47,300 --> 04:26:49,900
rekindled. 
He claimed seemed to Exile 

5220
04:26:49,900 --> 04:26:52,000
Lancelot as he bowed stiffly and
left the field. 

5221
04:26:52,900 --> 04:26:56,400
That evening, I stared into a 
silver Basin watching Torchlight

5222
04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:59,800
Ripple across water like molten 
doubt choices. 

5223
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:02,700
Presented themselves. 
Like Duelists, expose the affair

5224
04:27:02,700 --> 04:27:05,800
and risks civil fracture swallow
pride, and risk. 

5225
04:27:05,800 --> 04:27:08,700
Moral, Decay or punished rumor 
and risk tyranny. 

5226
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:13,200
None felt Royal Alfred human. 
In the end, I chose delay 

5227
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:17,000
believe in time, could cauterize
wounds history, would call that 

5228
04:27:17,000 --> 04:27:19,200
indecision. 
Yet in that moment. 

5229
04:27:19,200 --> 04:27:24,000
I was still the boy of 17. 
A crown to Big calculating that 

5230
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:27,600
love even bruised was lighter to
Bear the bloodshed. 

5231
04:27:28,600 --> 04:27:31,300
A class, The Circle at 
straighten, my spine and 

5232
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:34,000
prepared for whatever Scabbard 
Destiny would draw next. 

5233
04:27:34,000 --> 04:27:38,300
Not every Saga of rule is 
wrought and Steele many unfold 

5234
04:27:38,300 --> 04:27:41,200
in Bali. 
Three Summers after the picture 

5235
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:43,100
Fair. 
Drought crisped the middellandse

5236
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:47,000
streams, shrank to Pebble 
staircases and sheep nibbled 

5237
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:50,200
dust. 
My Granary ledgers bled, red 

5238
04:27:50,200 --> 04:27:52,400
ink. 
Famine is a slower blade than 

5239
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:56,300
War but kills as surely I 
summoned economists though, we 

5240
04:27:56,300 --> 04:27:58,600
lack that word for emergency 
Council. 

5241
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:03,400
Gawain pragmatic as ever advise 
seizing Surplus from hoarding 

5242
04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:07,200
Barons Gwen Wi-Fi proposed seed 
grants and communal Mills 

5243
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:11,700
Lancelot recently returned from 
self-imposed Exile offered to a 

5244
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:15,100
skort relief. 
Convoys amid logistical, 

5245
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:19,200
squabbling among named Galion 
arrived, bearing Tales of a 

5246
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:21,500
relic. 
A chalice reputed to refill in 

5247
04:28:21,500 --> 04:28:25,400
exhaustively a Grail. 
He claimed it, lay hidden in the

5248
04:28:25,400 --> 04:28:28,700
ruined Valley of Anar guarded by
faith rather than fortification 

5249
04:28:28,700 --> 04:28:32,100
hungry people, overhearing 
seized upon myth. 

5250
04:28:32,100 --> 04:28:36,300
The way parched lips cling to 
Dream Water soon, pilgrims 

5251
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:39,600
clogged Crossroads, abandoning 
plows and Plumb lines to search.

5252
04:28:39,600 --> 04:28:42,800
Holy gullies grain yields 
plummeted further. 

5253
04:28:43,400 --> 04:28:47,400
I recognize danger, scarcity 
breeds credulity credulity 

5254
04:28:47,400 --> 04:28:50,400
baguettes chaos yet. 
I also recognize narrative 

5255
04:28:50,400 --> 04:28:54,400
power, Merlin once said stories 
are scaffolds humans climb to 

5256
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:56,500
reach outcomes. 
Reason alone, cannot fetch. 

5257
04:28:56,500 --> 04:29:01,100
So I sanctioned and exploratory 
Quest not to chase Miracles but 

5258
04:29:01,100 --> 04:29:03,800
to restore Focus. 
Lancelot would lead. 

5259
04:29:03,800 --> 04:29:08,000
Galion would guide I would 
underwrite supplies behind 

5260
04:29:08,000 --> 04:29:10,600
closed doors. 
I told them returned with truth.

5261
04:29:10,600 --> 04:29:16,200
Knot Talisman truth sells dear 
in famine, they departed in 

5262
04:29:16,200 --> 04:29:18,000
Midsomer. 
While I remained to wrestle 

5263
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:19,600
spreadsheets of oats versus 
population. 

5264
04:29:19,600 --> 04:29:23,300
A dispatched Riders to 
confiscate hordes at Cost Plus 

5265
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:28,000
10% a fair premium. 
Barons bought cayenne Force 

5266
04:29:28,000 --> 04:29:30,600
wagons. 
Rolled that night. 

5267
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:33,700
I walked in cognito through 
Village alehouses, listening to 

5268
04:29:33,700 --> 04:29:36,200
Whispers some cursed me as a 
grain Thief. 

5269
04:29:36,200 --> 04:29:41,000
Others blessed me for flatbread.
Still warm in asha's approval, I

5270
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:44,600
learned is never unanimous. 
Effective policy, quarts, equal,

5271
04:29:44,600 --> 04:29:47,600
praise and Scorn. 
Meanwhile Gwen with far 

5272
04:29:47,600 --> 04:29:50,600
organized spinning circles where
Idle Hands produced linen to 

5273
04:29:50,600 --> 04:29:54,000
trade for imported Rye. 
The queen who wants orchestrated

5274
04:29:54,000 --> 04:29:56,400
loot recitals. 
Now Battlefield thread counts 

5275
04:29:56,400 --> 04:30:00,200
against yield. 
Her eyes, lost some brightness, 

5276
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:02,400
but gained steadiness 
partnership. 

5277
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:04,600
We discovered a new could 
transcend Romance. 

5278
04:30:05,400 --> 04:30:09,600
In Autumn requesting party 
returned, gaunt, Mud Street and 

5279
04:30:09,600 --> 04:30:11,900
empty-handed. 
They found no Grail. 

5280
04:30:11,900 --> 04:30:14,700
Instead they discovered a 
collapsed Monastery Library 

5281
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:18,200
where architectural fragments 
indicated that Roman aqueduct 

5282
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:21,800
channels had rerouted spring 
water underground Galleon. 

5283
04:30:21,800 --> 04:30:23,100
Wept. 
His faith. 

5284
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:28,400
Cracked Lancelot knelt. 
Slab of marble etched with Latin

5285
04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:32,300
reading awkward, doctor vivifica
drawn water, brings life was 

5286
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:35,500
prophet before me. 
We found an engineering Marvel. 

5287
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:40,600
He murdered not a miracle. 
I hugged him publicly declaring 

5288
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,200
the inscription, a holy message,
directing us to practical 

5289
04:30:43,200 --> 04:30:47,300
salvation We mobilize Masons to 
rehabilitate those Subterranean 

5290
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:50,100
channels. 
When water surface, again in 

5291
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:53,000
frosted Fields Galleon 
proclaimed, its sign enough 

5292
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:57,100
pilgrims return to plows barley,
Germany and resected soil, 

5293
04:30:57,100 --> 04:30:59,800
famine abated. 
Not by chalice, but by 

5294
04:30:59,800 --> 04:31:04,100
Limestone, leveraged in labor, 
still barred sang of a Grail 

5295
04:31:04,100 --> 04:31:06,700
uncovered. 
Hope prefers cup imagery to 

5296
04:31:06,700 --> 04:31:09,100
culverts. 
I let the myths stand. 

5297
04:31:10,200 --> 04:31:12,900
People sleep easier, believing 
Providence favored them. 

5298
04:31:12,908 --> 04:31:16,500
Let them dream. 
The grain crisis taught me 

5299
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:19,000
economy. 
Nomics as theology wrapped in 

5300
04:31:19,008 --> 04:31:23,100
numbers to feed bodies, we must 
first feed belief belief that 

5301
04:31:23,108 --> 04:31:26,800
tomorrow's loaf exists without 
that Trust coin Hoards volt 

5302
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:29,200
upward, like drawbridges cutting
off circulation. 

5303
04:31:30,300 --> 04:31:33,900
The Roundtable issued, the first
bred depository notes, parchment

5304
04:31:33,900 --> 04:31:35,400
chips. 
Guaranteeing a fixed. 

5305
04:31:35,400 --> 04:31:38,900
Rational, redeemable in any 
County Granary some Scholars 

5306
04:31:38,900 --> 04:31:41,500
called it. 
Proto currently peasants called 

5307
04:31:41,500 --> 04:31:45,000
it Arthur's word. 
In either tongue famine loosened

5308
04:31:45,000 --> 04:31:47,000
its grip during the Harvest 
Festival. 

5309
04:31:47,000 --> 04:31:50,100
I addressed the gathered throng 
beneath bundled Chiefs stacked 

5310
04:31:50,100 --> 04:31:53,200
like copper obelisks The Grail. 
We saw it. 

5311
04:31:53,200 --> 04:31:55,900
I said, proved to be the will to
work together. 

5312
04:31:57,600 --> 04:31:59,000
To kill grunts mixed with 
cheers. 

5313
04:31:59,000 --> 04:32:01,000
But I sensed in Newton in the 
crowd. 

5314
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:05,500
A spark of Civic confidence. 
Legends, may spark action yet 

5315
04:32:05,500 --> 04:32:07,700
outcomes, a rooted in the 
tangible. 

5316
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:11,200
My realm learned that year how 
infrastructure can mask a 

5317
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:15,500
miracle if narrated properly. 
When the Revels subsided Gwen 

5318
04:32:15,500 --> 04:32:18,100
heifer and I walked the 
Yorkshire path under lanterns, 

5319
04:32:18,100 --> 04:32:21,000
he spoke no word of Lance a lot 
or miscarriage. 

5320
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:24,500
Only of next year's seed strains
and the color of dawn on 

5321
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:27,400
ripening grain. 
We discovered that piece was as 

5322
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:30,300
quotidian and delicate. 
As spider silk woven across plow

5323
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:35,100
farfaras easily broken readily 
revived and In my journal. 

5324
04:32:35,100 --> 04:32:38,100
I recorded the observation that 
a king is half Granary Clark and

5325
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:41,100
half Storyteller forget either 
half and the kingdom, starves 

5326
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:44,900
Merlin later, read the line 
chuckled and pronounced at the 

5327
04:32:44,900 --> 04:32:48,800
truest magic I would ever wield,
Prosperity, irritates complacent

5328
04:32:48,800 --> 04:32:51,200
adversaries. 
Five Winters after the drought 

5329
04:32:51,200 --> 04:32:55,400
Norse long ships knifed into 7 
Esters disgorging Warriors 

5330
04:32:55,400 --> 04:32:58,100
armored in Bear. 
Pelts, their raids threatened, 

5331
04:32:58,100 --> 04:33:01,700
our trade arteries. 
I mobilized a coalition Sim 

5332
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:05,300
racing as anglian Bowman and 
Saxon auxiliaries Bound by the 

5333
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:09,200
old Dortmund, treaty, even 
Mordred aging into statement, 

5334
04:33:09,200 --> 04:33:13,099
like gravity pledge spearmen our
muster at different Club was the

5335
04:33:13,099 --> 04:33:16,200
largest Britain had seen in 
generation's on the eve of 

5336
04:33:16,200 --> 04:33:17,800
battle. 
A red storm, birthed, 

5337
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:21,700
Thunderhead, anvils that blotted
out Stars superstitious murmurs 

5338
04:33:21,700 --> 04:33:23,800
surged. 
I convened, the Army around 

5339
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:26,099
Beacon fires and spoke not of 
divine mandate. 

5340
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:30,700
But of shared markets, shared 
marriages and shared bread, who 

5341
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:34,400
here eats grain milled Beyond 
his Parish hands Rose who drinks

5342
04:33:34,400 --> 04:33:38,599
cider pressed by folk with 
foreign grandmothers more hands.

5343
04:33:38,599 --> 04:33:42,300
Then you already fight to get 
together every Harvest tomorrow.

5344
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:45,099
Only formalizes. 
What you practice silence 

5345
04:33:45,099 --> 04:33:47,900
thoughtful? 
One answered combat exploded. 

5346
04:33:47,900 --> 04:33:50,500
At dawn Norse Berserkers Allowed
under. 

5347
04:33:53,800 --> 04:33:56,900
Center buckled. 
I rode the perimeter rallying 

5348
04:33:56,900 --> 04:34:00,500
foot arches into wedge formation
of are redirected reserves 

5349
04:34:00,500 --> 04:34:02,500
through Willow, scrub to flank 
their Shield wall. 

5350
04:34:03,099 --> 04:34:06,500
The rain slicks, the Helms and 
the clay sucked, the boots, I 

5351
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:09,000
witnessed death up. 
Close a flute Voice page 

5352
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,200
skewered through lungs. 
A pictish mercenary slipping on 

5353
04:34:12,200 --> 04:34:15,400
entrails and a priest clutching,
a splintered crucifix, like a 

5354
04:34:15,408 --> 04:34:17,200
cudgel. 
Wars. 

5355
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:20,400
Indiscriminate appetite, never 
altered mid-may. 

5356
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:24,700
I locked eyes with the North. 
Yale a giant crowned by a raven 

5357
04:34:24,700 --> 04:34:27,800
Helm. 
He charged excretion against my 

5358
04:34:27,800 --> 04:34:29,900
shield. 
Driving me backwards until 

5359
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:31,800
ex-boy caught the half and 
shared it. 

5360
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:34,599
Spark showered. 
His Helms skewed. 

5361
04:34:34,599 --> 04:34:39,700
Exposing startled, blue irises. 
Before I could finish a Saxon 

5362
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:43,599
Ally, intercepted with a spear 
thrust, the yawl fell victory, 

5363
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:46,900
pivoted in that flicker. 
The coalition's blade saving a 

5364
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:50,800
king who once viewed Saxons. 
Only as foemen irony, tastes 

5365
04:34:50,800 --> 04:34:54,000
metallic indeed. 
By dusk, the surviving enemies 

5366
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:56,800
fled, toward the surf, leaving 
behind a silence filled with 

5367
04:34:56,808 --> 04:35:00,800
death, our deadly interlaced, no
regard for ethnicity. 

5368
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:04,400
Just Stillness, I ordered a 
shared burial mound. 

5369
04:35:04,400 --> 04:35:08,700
No segregation by tribe and 
inscribed a little defense 

5370
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:11,300
weeked tomorrow. 
Some scoffed at the center 

5371
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:15,099
mentality yet I needed living 
mine's to remember costs that 

5372
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:18,400
night huddled under rain. 
Patched canvas, I felt an old 

5373
04:35:18,400 --> 04:35:20,700
wound near my ribs throb like a 
metronome. 

5374
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:24,000
Gwen heifer sat beside me her 
hand. 

5375
04:35:24,000 --> 04:35:27,200
Steadying the poultice we said, 
little understanding 

5376
04:35:27,200 --> 04:35:29,599
conversational would garnish 
exhaustion with regret. 

5377
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,599
Help Beyond tent walls. 
Bard's tuned Liars, to be 

5378
04:35:33,599 --> 04:35:37,099
Victory into oral tapestry. 
Before grief cooled, Legend 

5379
04:35:37,099 --> 04:35:41,900
Works fastest on Fresh blood. 
Mordred approached at dawn 

5380
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:46,200
helmet under arm expression. 
Unreadable, he congratulated me 

5381
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:48,400
yet. 
Something in his posture, too. 

5382
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:53,000
Straight to silent troubled me. 
Rumor later whispered he covered

5383
04:35:53,000 --> 04:35:54,900
the admiration. 
My Battlefield survival 

5384
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:59,099
commanded I made a mental note. 
Watch the nephew who smile 

5385
04:35:59,099 --> 04:36:02,900
revealed more teeth than warmth.
He returned to Camelot trailing 

5386
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:06,200
wagons of wounded. 
She is greeted us but eyes 

5387
04:36:06,200 --> 04:36:09,599
quickly, flicked to casualty 
carts, triumphs age rapidly when

5388
04:36:09,599 --> 04:36:12,400
widows count. 
Absences I declared a fortnite 

5389
04:36:12,400 --> 04:36:14,900
of mourning before any 
celebration and the court 

5390
04:36:14,900 --> 04:36:17,900
accepted this decision, however,
Merchants were concerned about 

5391
04:36:17,900 --> 04:36:20,700
the potential loss of Revenue 
and Council. 

5392
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:24,200
We moved to fortify Sue weary 
beacons, create River, patrols 

5393
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:26,800
and negotiate neutrality packs 
with Danish settlements. 

5394
04:36:27,599 --> 04:36:31,099
Strategy, matured. 
Not conquer but discouraged the 

5395
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:33,800
Kingdom's fabric now. 
Densely woven discouraged, 

5396
04:36:33,800 --> 04:36:37,400
single thread repairs Weeks 
Later, Merlin gaunt, coffin 

5397
04:36:37,400 --> 04:36:40,500
visited my solar. 
He traced campaign maps with a 

5398
04:36:40,500 --> 04:36:43,400
shaking finger pronouncing, the 
rail near its Zenith. 

5399
04:36:43,400 --> 04:36:49,400
I asked what follows zenith He 
answered Shadow unless vigilance

5400
04:36:49,400 --> 04:36:52,900
burns like a second Dawn. 
He then placed in feather on my 

5401
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:54,300
desk. 
Ravens. 

5402
04:36:54,300 --> 04:36:58,500
Remember kindness, but Feast on 
complacency he said to partying 

5403
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:02,000
before I frame to response. 
I stared long at that feather. 

5404
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:05,000
Complacency already nested in my
console. 

5405
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:10,099
Mordred stiff, congratulations 
repay played Gwen, Hue files, 

5406
04:37:10,099 --> 04:37:13,599
lingering sadness, remained 
unresolved, lancelot's loyalty. 

5407
04:37:13,599 --> 04:37:16,200
Persisted yet felt fragile 
Victory. 

5408
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:19,599
Paradoxically highlighted, the 
fractures that successor had 

5409
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:23,099
only partially sealed. 
Victory, similar to forged steel

5410
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:25,700
is hard yet susceptible to 
Hidden cracks caused by the 

5411
04:37:25,707 --> 04:37:28,700
quenching process. 
Still, I slept that night 

5412
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:32,599
content that the realm endured 
on the window ledge, The Raven 

5413
04:37:32,599 --> 04:37:35,800
feather, quivered in the breeze.
I dreamed, I planted it and 

5414
04:37:35,800 --> 04:37:37,900
soil. 
And it sprouted into a black 

5415
04:37:37,900 --> 04:37:40,200
leaf tree, cast of complicated 
shade. 

5416
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:43,700
When I woke Dawn pulled gold on 
the horizon in different 

5417
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:47,700
generous the kingdom, breathed, 
for now, peace unraveled, three 

5418
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:50,700
years later, not by Foreign 
sale, but by domestic ambition 

5419
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:53,700
Mordred bolstered by disaffected
Nobles. 

5420
04:37:53,700 --> 04:37:56,400
And Whispers of my failing, 
Vigor to clear, the realm should

5421
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,400
move from sentimental roundness 
to firm straight line. 

5422
04:37:59,400 --> 04:38:02,500
His manifestos crispell em 
Goulding. 

5423
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:06,000
Cried my tolerance, as weakness 
and my mixed councils as 

5424
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:08,200
Corruption of lineage older 
nights. 

5425
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:12,700
Shrugged Captain's listened 
momentum tilts kingdoms. 

5426
04:38:12,700 --> 04:38:15,200
I confronted Mordred in the 
council Hall. 

5427
04:38:15,200 --> 04:38:19,300
The air smelled of damp rushes 
and old Tallow he argued 

5428
04:38:19,300 --> 04:38:22,099
succession law claiming pain 
Dragon blood in titled him to 

5429
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:25,300
Regency while I convalesced from
Battle for Teague. 

5430
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:29,099
My anger sharpened, my voice 
leading me to label him as an 

5431
04:38:29,099 --> 04:38:31,700
oathbreaker. 
Yet, I hesitated to order an 

5432
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:34,400
arrest family, unprecedent 
Tangled my judgment. 

5433
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:38,000
That hesitation granted him 
Nightfall to abscond North with 

5434
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:40,800
300 Lancers. 
The treasuries reserve gold and 

5435
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:45,300
a captive Gwen Haifa. 
The pursuit culminated at 

5436
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:47,000
Cameron's, missed shrouded. 
Plane. 

5437
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:50,900
The rain fell heavily. 
Our armies formed up under a 

5438
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:54,400
slate Sky, transforming. 
The round table ideal into a 

5439
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:56,800
geometric horror before the 
charge. 

5440
04:38:56,800 --> 04:39:00,300
I tempted parley. 
I offered Exile and a stipend in

5441
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:03,099
armorica Mordred. 
Laughed calling me a relic. 

5442
04:39:03,099 --> 04:39:07,000
We clashed battle consumed 
vision and hearing until only 

5443
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:11,200
pulse remained I found Mordred. 
Amid Briar thickets red plume 

5444
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:15,800
soaked sword. 
Spoke his style mirrored mine 

5445
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:19,300
tempered by resentment. 
We traded blows until Excalibur 

5446
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:22,500
cleaved his shield. 
He lunged at me wielding iron, 

5447
04:39:22,500 --> 04:39:26,700
in both fists and stabbed my 
thigh pain detonated by my eyes,

5448
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:30,000
but I pivoted Excalibur upward 
into his queyras. 

5449
04:39:30,599 --> 04:39:34,000
Sword Lodge in bone, his breath 
exited like extinguished 

5450
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:37,000
Bellows. 
He whispered round ends here, 

5451
04:39:37,000 --> 04:39:39,600
then collapsed pulling my 
balance with him. 

5452
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:43,700
I told the blade, but I 
staggered as my thigh wound 

5453
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:47,400
gushed, warmth into the mud 
chaos ebbed by dusk. 

5454
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:51,400
Both armies leaderless. 
Withdrew in wounded whimpers. 

5455
04:39:51,400 --> 04:39:57,100
I lay under thorny Hawthorne 
reigning, the wound Gwen heifer,

5456
04:39:57,100 --> 04:39:59,700
found the hours later faced with
Ash. 

5457
04:39:59,700 --> 04:40:03,900
She pressed linen tears mixing 
with blood like blurred her 

5458
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:05,700
voice. 
Sounded like surf on a distant 

5459
04:40:05,700 --> 04:40:07,400
Shore. 
I felt softness. 

5460
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:10,900
Perhaps lancelot's cloak, 
covered me, someone wept the 

5461
04:40:10,900 --> 04:40:13,000
old, Brett and lament reserved 
for Harvest deaths. 

5462
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:16,400
They ferried me to Avalon's, 
marshy Isle accompanied by 

5463
04:40:16,408 --> 04:40:20,500
Merlin and three cloaked 
priestesses night heron shrieked

5464
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:24,000
overhead, In a reed. 
Roofed hospice, I hovered 

5465
04:40:24,000 --> 04:40:26,600
between sleep and Echo. 
Merlin mermaid. 

5466
04:40:26,600 --> 04:40:30,600
King's do not die. 
They redistribute into stories. 

5467
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:34,800
I wanted to ask about grain 
reserves and treaty renewal 

5468
04:40:34,800 --> 04:40:40,000
mundane legacies, but speak 
faltered when we fasted my hand,

5469
04:40:40,000 --> 04:40:44,000
the first uncomplicated 
gesturing Year's, Dawn's Hayes. 

5470
04:40:44,000 --> 04:40:47,900
I instructed to return ex 
caliber to the lake twice. 

5471
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:52,200
He bought unwilling to discard 
Legend the third time. 

5472
04:40:52,200 --> 04:40:55,400
He hurled the blade into the 
Mist a silver armed. 

5473
04:40:55,400 --> 04:40:59,300
They say, Rose to clean it. 
I never witnessed it yet. 

5474
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:03,100
I believe some objects deserve 
Mythic custody once human hands,

5475
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:05,200
exhaust them. 
Breathe in. 

5476
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:09,000
I recalled frost on my first 
Crown morning, the wreath of 

5477
04:41:09,000 --> 04:41:11,700
reads from Eldred. 
The grain, vouchers children, 

5478
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:15,000
scribbling letters Saxon 
Traders, bowing at toll houses. 

5479
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:17,800
When wife is Herb, Guild? 
And Lance Lot. 

5480
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:19,500
Spear snapping on Mordred 
Shield. 

5481
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:22,300
None of it is perfect, but all 
of it is real. 

5482
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:26,400
I hope to history would keep at 
least fragments intact as the 

5483
04:41:26,400 --> 04:41:30,500
Skylight brightened, a released.
When we fast fingers He kissed 

5484
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:32,700
my temple murmuring, 
forgiveness, neither of us, 

5485
04:41:32,708 --> 04:41:35,200
fully understood Merlin 
whispered. 

5486
04:41:35,200 --> 04:41:39,300
The final riddle. 
The Once and Future King, not a 

5487
04:41:39,300 --> 04:41:42,900
promise of bodily return, but a 
warning that any generation may 

5488
04:41:42,900 --> 04:41:44,700
need to wear responsibility in 
you. 

5489
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:48,500
I exhaled tasting, Apple 
Blossom, carried on assault 

5490
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:51,200
Breeze. 
When Consciousness lifted, I saw

5491
04:41:51,200 --> 04:41:54,900
not Gates of paradise but a vast
Round Table of faceless figures 

5492
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:57,200
debating drought relief and 
treaty clauses. 

5493
04:41:57,200 --> 04:42:00,200
I smiled. 
Work continues. 

5494
04:42:01,400 --> 04:42:07,300
Vision receded silence arrived. 
Coda Chronicle of The Ledger 

5495
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:10,500
King monks who recorded the 
comelon ruin would later puzzle 

5496
04:42:10,500 --> 04:42:13,300
over the scarcity of gold loot 
Gwen Hue far. 

5497
04:42:13,308 --> 04:42:16,500
Had secretly donated treasury 
bars to rebuild the hamlets that

5498
04:42:16,500 --> 04:42:20,200
have been displaced, Lancelot 
vanished into Hermitage copying 

5499
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:24,100
agricultural treatises for 
posterity the Roundtable burned 

5500
04:42:24,100 --> 04:42:27,400
in a later Siege, yet charcoal 
shards, discovered centuries 

5501
04:42:27,400 --> 04:42:29,300
later or scratches of early 
property. 

5502
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:33,600
Law Legends took shape in other 
places transforming, my identity

5503
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:36,400
into a romantic ideal that is 
acceptable. 

5504
04:42:37,900 --> 04:42:40,800
Let's songbirds have the shiny 
fragments while archivists told 

5505
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:43,600
the ledgers. 
If you ambitious reader seek 

5506
04:42:43,600 --> 04:42:47,200
guidance from my experience's 
consider this King ship 

5507
04:42:47,200 --> 04:42:50,600
parenting project management 
marriage and citizenship all 

5508
04:42:50,600 --> 04:42:54,700
require a similar approaches 
unlocked center of gravity 

5509
04:42:54,700 --> 04:42:56,200
forward. 
One question. 

5510
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:59,100
Always ahead. 
What does the next door require 

5511
04:42:59,100 --> 04:43:01,800
asking? 
Each morning crown or no crown. 

5512
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:05,600
Then lift, whatever sword Ledger
or laid, all the work demands. 

5513
04:43:05,600 --> 04:43:08,600
And remember grain sometimes 
matters more than Grails. 

5514
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:20,300
Clothing, you owned held the 
belief that the human body was 

5515
04:43:20,300 --> 04:43:23,500
merely a suggestion. 
Welcome to Victorian fashion 

5516
04:43:23,500 --> 04:43:26,500
were comforted became Obsolete 
and Common Sense took a long 

5517
04:43:26,508 --> 04:43:30,800
Hiatus picture. 
This it's 1850 and you're a 

5518
04:43:30,800 --> 04:43:32,400
well-to-do lady preparing for 
your day. 

5519
04:43:33,500 --> 04:43:36,600
First, you need to put on 
approximately 17 different 

5520
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,000
garments. 
Each one more bewildering than 

5521
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:41,400
the last. 
Your morning routine, doesn't 

5522
04:43:41,400 --> 04:43:43,900
start with coffee. 
It starts with an engineering 

5523
04:43:43,900 --> 04:43:45,600
degree in the patience of a 
saint. 

5524
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:49,500
The victorians had this peculiar
relationship with the human 

5525
04:43:49,500 --> 04:43:52,100
form. 
They believed that nature had 

5526
04:43:52,100 --> 04:43:55,100
created significant design 
floors, and they were determined

5527
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:57,400
to rectify. 
These floors using the materials

5528
04:43:57,400 --> 04:44:00,300
such as whale bone. 
Steel, and unwavering 

5529
04:44:00,300 --> 04:44:03,100
determination. 
It was like, they looked at the 

5530
04:44:03,100 --> 04:44:06,800
human body and said, you know 
what, this individual needs more

5531
04:44:06,800 --> 04:44:09,000
geometric shapes and less 
ability to breathe. 

5532
04:44:09,900 --> 04:44:12,100
But here's the thing that makes 
Victorian fashion so 

5533
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:15,400
fascinatingly absurd. 
None of these changes happen 

5534
04:44:15,400 --> 04:44:17,700
overnight. 
It wasn't like someone woke up 

5535
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:21,500
one morning in 1837 and declared
from now on women's waist shall 

5536
04:44:21,500 --> 04:44:22,900
be the circumference of a coffee
mug. 

5537
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:27,100
Know, the outcome was a gradual 
slide into sartorial Madness 

5538
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:31,500
that took Effect. 
A truly surprising aspect is 

5539
04:44:31,500 --> 04:44:33,900
that people at the time believed
they were acting completely 

5540
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:36,200
rationally. 
They had elaborate 

5541
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:38,500
justifications for every 
ridiculous element. 

5542
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:43,600
Corsets needless to say they 
were beneficial for posture and 

5543
04:44:43,600 --> 04:44:46,300
the skirts so wide that they 
can't fit through doorways 

5544
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:48,700
undoubtedly. 
They are essential for 

5545
04:44:48,700 --> 04:44:51,600
maintaining modesty to sleeves 
need their own unique. 

5546
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:54,100
Zip code, simply fashionable 
darling. 

5547
04:44:54,100 --> 04:44:56,300
You have to admire the 
dedication really. 

5548
04:44:57,100 --> 04:44:59,200
He's want people who have 
committed to anything. 

5549
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:02,800
When victorians decided to 
complicate fashion, they went 

5550
04:45:02,808 --> 04:45:06,100
all in like they were trying to 
win an Olympic medal in most 

5551
04:45:06,100 --> 04:45:09,700
impractical clothing design. 
They approached fashion the way 

5552
04:45:09,708 --> 04:45:13,200
modern people approach extreme 
sports with enthusiasm that 

5553
04:45:13,200 --> 04:45:16,500
bordered on the Reckless. 
Men were not exempt from this 

5554
04:45:16,500 --> 04:45:19,000
madness though. 
Their version was more subtly 

5555
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:20,900
ridiculous. 
While women were being 

5556
04:45:20,908 --> 04:45:24,100
transformed into human, 
geometric shapes men were busy 

5557
04:45:24,100 --> 04:45:26,900
perfecting the art of looking 
like very serious Penguins. 

5558
04:45:26,900 --> 04:45:30,400
They were top hats, that 
accentuated their height coats 

5559
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:33,400
with useless tales and enough 
starch in their collars to 

5560
04:45:33,400 --> 04:45:37,100
construct a miniature boat. 
Sneaking thing is how this all 

5561
04:45:37,100 --> 04:45:41,100
started with genuine intention 
the early victorians were trying

5562
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,400
to create a fashion nightmare, 
they were responding to real 

5563
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:48,100
social and economic changes. 
The industrial revolution had 

5564
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:50,600
created New Wealth, new social 
classes. 

5565
04:45:50,600 --> 04:45:54,500
New anxiety is about 
respectability fashion became a 

5566
04:45:54,500 --> 04:45:57,000
language a way to communicate 
your place in this rapidly 

5567
04:45:57,000 --> 04:46:01,200
changing world. somewhere along 
the way that language became 

5568
04:46:01,200 --> 04:46:04,800
increasingly complex, like a 
secret code that only the 

5569
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:09,000
initiated could understand What 
started as dressed nicely to 

5570
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,700
show your respectable? 
The Volta, transform yourself 

5571
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:15,500
into a walking architectural, 
Marvel or risk social 

5572
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:18,200
Extinction. 
The irony is delicious. 

5573
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:22,100
When you contemplate it here was
an ERA obsessed with moral 

5574
04:46:22,100 --> 04:46:25,600
virtue and proper behavior, yet 
they created clothing that made 

5575
04:46:25,600 --> 04:46:28,700
simple human activities like 
sitting walking or breathing 

5576
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:32,100
into minor athletic 
achievements. it was as if they 

5577
04:46:32,108 --> 04:46:35,000
believed that suffering for 
beauty was not just acceptable 

5578
04:46:35,000 --> 04:46:39,100
but actually virtuous, As we 
drift into this story together, 

5579
04:46:39,100 --> 04:46:43,500
imagine the rustling of silk, 
the creaking of whalebone and 

5580
04:46:43,500 --> 04:46:46,500
the gentle chaos of an era, when
getting dressed was an adventure

5581
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:49,500
and staying dressed was an 
endurance test. 

5582
04:46:50,600 --> 04:46:54,000
The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

5583
04:46:54,000 --> 04:46:56,200
one of them. 
Let's talk about the corsage, 

5584
04:46:56,200 --> 04:46:58,600
shall we? 
If Victorian fashion were a 

5585
04:46:58,600 --> 04:47:00,000
movie, The corset would be the 
villain. 

5586
04:47:00,000 --> 04:47:03,700
Everyone loves to hate 
simultaneously, fascinating and 

5587
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:07,000
horrifying, like a beautifully 
crafted instrument of torture 

5588
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:09,300
that someone decided to wear to 
afternoon tea. 

5589
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:12,000
You've probably heard the 
stories about women fainting 

5590
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:15,000
left and right their organs 
rearranged like Furniture in a 

5591
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:18,300
studio apartment. 
However, the truth about corset 

5592
04:47:18,300 --> 04:47:20,800
wearing was not as dramatic as 
the legend portray. 

5593
04:47:20,800 --> 04:47:24,900
It's like that friend, who tells
fish stories, the basic facts of

5594
04:47:24,900 --> 04:47:27,300
their but they've grown 
considerably in the telling 

5595
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:31,900
Let's first, tackle the issue of
the 18 inch waist in The Parlor.

5596
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:35,500
Do you notice the remarkably 
small waists and fashion plates 

5597
04:47:35,500 --> 04:47:38,400
and photos? 
Many of them were about as real 

5598
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:41,800
as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 
Victorian photographers, and 

5599
04:47:41,800 --> 04:47:44,700
illustrators were just as fond 
of creative editing, as modern 

5600
04:47:44,700 --> 04:47:48,400
Instagram, users, they pinch in 
wastes, enhance curves and 

5601
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:51,800
generally present an idealized 
version that was, as achievable 

5602
04:47:51,800 --> 04:47:53,500
as becoming a professional 
mermaid. 

5603
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:56,700
But that doesn't mean corsets 
were just gentle supportive 

5604
04:47:56,700 --> 04:47:59,400
garments either. 
These were indeed serious 

5605
04:47:59,400 --> 04:48:01,500
business. 
A well-made Victorian. 

5606
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:04,100
Corset was like wearing an 
architectural support system 

5607
04:48:04,100 --> 04:48:07,200
designed by someone. 
Who never actually met a human 

5608
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,800
spine, they were marvels of 
engineering really dozens of 

5609
04:48:10,808 --> 04:48:13,500
Peace of whale bone or steel 
carefully shaped. 

5610
04:48:13,500 --> 04:48:17,100
And so in what was essentially 
aware of cage, the thing is, 

5611
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:19,500
most women didn't tight lace to 
the extreme degrees. 

5612
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:23,100
You might imagine your average, 
Victorian lady, Lester corset, 

5613
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:25,300
snugly, indeed. 
But not to the extent that she 

5614
04:48:25,300 --> 04:48:28,100
required smelling salts each 
time she sended a staircase. 

5615
04:48:29,100 --> 04:48:31,700
A fainting epidemic was more 
about the combination of tight 

5616
04:48:31,700 --> 04:48:35,300
lacing, heavy clothing, 
overheated rooms and the 

5617
04:48:35,300 --> 04:48:38,400
Victorian ladies delicate 
Constitution which was often 

5618
04:48:38,400 --> 04:48:41,000
more performed, in January, 
think of it this way. 

5619
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:44,000
If women were really fainting on
Mass from their undergarments, 

5620
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:47,300
the Victorian era would have 
been remarkably unproductive. 

5621
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:51,700
Yet somehow the same corseted 
women managed to run households,

5622
04:48:51,700 --> 04:48:56,400
raise children, engaging social 
causes and even work in 

5623
04:48:56,400 --> 04:48:58,500
factories. 
They weren't delicate flowers. 

5624
04:48:58,500 --> 04:49:01,700
They were surprisingly Hardy 
individuals who happen to dress 

5625
04:49:01,700 --> 04:49:03,800
like they were preparing for 
battle with their bodies. 

5626
04:49:03,800 --> 04:49:08,200
The corset also served purposes 
beyond the aesthetic in an era 

5627
04:49:08,200 --> 04:49:11,400
before bras were invented, it 
provided necessary support for 

5628
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:13,900
women's busts. 
It also helped distribute the 

5629
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:16,200
weight of those massive skirts. 
We'll talk about shortly. 

5630
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:19,700
Imagine carrying a small tent 
around your waist all day. 

5631
04:49:19,700 --> 04:49:21,800
You'd want some structural 
support too. 

5632
04:49:22,900 --> 04:49:25,300
But here's where the corsets 
story gets really interesting. 

5633
04:49:25,300 --> 04:49:29,000
It became a symbol of women's 
oppression and Liberation. 

5634
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:34,100
Simultaneously, critics argue 
that tight lacing represented 

5635
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:36,200
societies. 
Control over women's bodies, 

5636
04:49:36,200 --> 04:49:38,800
forcing them into unnatural 
shapes to please. 

5637
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:42,000
Male, ideals of beauty 
supporters, countered that the 

5638
04:49:42,000 --> 04:49:44,800
corset gave women an hourglass, 
figure that emphasized, their 

5639
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:48,800
femininity and Power, The 
medical establishment never want

5640
04:49:48,800 --> 04:49:52,000
to miss an opportunity to have 
opinions about women's bodies in

5641
04:49:52,000 --> 04:49:54,800
with dial warning about the 
dangers of tight lacing. 

5642
04:49:55,600 --> 04:49:59,400
Doctors wrote lengthy treatises 
about corset liver and Corset 

5643
04:49:59,400 --> 04:50:01,800
lung conditions. 
That sound like they were 

5644
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:04,800
invented by someone who'd never 
actually examined a corseted 

5645
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:07,200
woman but had profound feelings 
about fashion. 

5646
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:10,200
Meanwhile the women actually 
wearing these garments had more 

5647
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:13,200
nuanced views, many found their 
corsets comfortable and 

5648
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:17,000
supportive when properly fitted 
others endured silent suffering 

5649
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:19,900
for the sake of fashion. 
Some rebelled entirely and 

5650
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:22,700
joined the dress Reform 
movement, which sounds much more

5651
04:50:22,700 --> 04:50:25,900
exciting than it. 
Actually was imagine a group of 

5652
04:50:25,900 --> 04:50:28,800
very Earnest women campaigning 
for the right to wear clothing, 

5653
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:32,700
that didn't require an 
engineering degree to put on The

5654
04:50:32,700 --> 04:50:35,600
corset industry itself. 
Was fascinating a complex 

5655
04:50:35,608 --> 04:50:38,900
network of Manufacturers from 
high-end Corsa tears, who 

5656
04:50:38,900 --> 04:50:42,500
created custom pieces, that fit 
like a second skin to mass 

5657
04:50:42,500 --> 04:50:44,500
Market. 
Producers who turned out ready. 

5658
04:50:44,500 --> 04:50:46,300
Made versions for the growing 
middle class. 

5659
04:50:46,300 --> 04:50:49,600
Getting a course at properly 
fitted was like visiting a very 

5660
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:52,400
specialized architect, who 
worked exclusively in human 

5661
04:50:52,400 --> 04:50:55,200
modification. 
As you settled deeper into your 

5662
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:57,300
comfortable uncorporated 
evening. 

5663
04:50:57,300 --> 04:51:00,800
Remember that for Victorian 
women, this daily ritual of 

5664
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:03,100
lacing and Lacey was simply part
of life. 

5665
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:06,900
He adapted to their constraints 
with remarkable engineuity 

5666
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:10,700
developing techniques for 
movement, breathing and even 

5667
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:13,500
danceing while wearing, what was
essentially a fabric covered 

5668
04:51:13,500 --> 04:51:16,500
cage? 
Human capacity for adaptation is

5669
04:51:16,500 --> 04:51:19,500
truly remarkable. 
Even when adapting to something,

5670
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:22,700
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 
here while you adjust your 

5671
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,500
position on the couch something.
Victorian women couldn't do 

5672
04:51:25,500 --> 04:51:29,300
quite so easily. 
If corsets were Foundation of 

5673
04:51:29,308 --> 04:51:32,800
Victorian fashion Madness, then 
skirts with a magnificent 

5674
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:35,000
impractical, superstructure on 
top. 

5675
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:37,700
We're talking about garments 
that required their own 

5676
04:51:37,700 --> 04:51:40,800
transportation planning, and had
a carbon footprint larger than 

5677
04:51:40,800 --> 04:51:43,300
some small countries. 
Picture yourself. 

5678
04:51:43,300 --> 04:51:47,300
Getting ready for a simple trip 
to the market in 1860 first, 

5679
04:51:47,300 --> 04:51:49,600
you'd need to consider your 
skirts diameter. 

5680
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:54,000
Typically, anywhere from six to 
12 feet across that's not a 

5681
04:51:54,000 --> 04:51:55,900
typo. 
We're talking about wearing a 

5682
04:51:55,900 --> 04:51:57,800
fabric tent that could house a 
small family. 

5683
04:51:57,800 --> 04:51:59,700
You couldn't just walk out the 
door. 

5684
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:02,800
You had to strategize your exit,
like you were launching a space 

5685
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:06,000
mission. 
The evolution of the Victorian 

5686
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:08,900
skirt can be compared to a 
person gradually, losing their 

5687
04:52:08,900 --> 04:52:13,700
sense of reality, albeit in a 
methodical manner, Started 

5688
04:52:13,700 --> 04:52:16,700
reasonably enough in the 1840s 
full skirts. 

5689
04:52:16,700 --> 04:52:18,400
Yes. 
But nothing that required 

5690
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:21,200
architectural consultation. 
Then something happened. 

5691
04:52:22,200 --> 04:52:25,300
Maybe it was competition. 
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 

5692
04:52:25,300 --> 04:52:27,800
someone made a bet about how 
wide they could make women 

5693
04:52:27,800 --> 04:52:31,000
Silhouettes before physics 
intervened by the 1850s. 

5694
04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:33,600
The crinoline had become 
ubiquitous and irreversible. 

5695
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:36,000
The crinoline was essentially a 
cage. 

5696
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:39,500
You wore under your skirt Hoops 
of steel or whale bone that 

5697
04:52:39,500 --> 04:52:42,800
created bell-shaped Foundation. 
It was like wearing a personal 

5698
04:52:42,800 --> 04:52:46,300
tent frame, except the tent was 
made of silk and you were 

5699
04:52:46,300 --> 04:52:49,600
expected to walk in it. 
The logistics of crinoline life 

5700
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:53,600
was staggering doorways, became 
navigation, challenges sitting 

5701
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:56,500
required, careful calculation 
and preferably a chair without 

5702
04:52:56,500 --> 04:52:59,100
arms. 
Getting into a carriage was like

5703
04:52:59,100 --> 04:53:01,800
solving a three-dimensional 
puzzle while wearing a small 

5704
04:53:01,800 --> 04:53:04,700
building. 
Victorian women of skills that 

5705
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:08,100
would have made NASA Engineers 
weep with admiration and yet 

5706
04:53:08,100 --> 04:53:11,100
they made it look. 
Effortless photos from the era 

5707
04:53:11,100 --> 04:53:14,000
show women gliding around in 
these massive skirts as if they 

5708
04:53:14,000 --> 04:53:17,500
were Perfectly Natural. 
However a complex science 

5709
04:53:17,500 --> 04:53:20,600
underlay, the management of 
criminals women learned to 

5710
04:53:20,600 --> 04:53:23,600
compress their skirts, by 
pressing down on the Hoops to 

5711
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:26,000
navigate stairs by lifting the 
front of their skirts. 

5712
04:53:26,000 --> 04:53:29,100
Just so And sit by effortlessly 
collapsing. 

5713
04:53:29,100 --> 04:53:32,200
Their criminals, the really 
magnificent part was how the 

5714
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:34,200
fashion industry supported this 
madness. 

5715
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:38,700
Crinoline manufacturers competed
on engineering principles, some 

5716
04:53:38,700 --> 04:53:40,700
crinolines. 
Had collapsible sections for 

5717
04:53:40,700 --> 04:53:43,800
sitting others featured 
graduated Hoops, that created 

5718
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:46,700
the perfect Bell shape, the 
advertisements read like 

5719
04:53:46,700 --> 04:53:49,400
technical manuals for personal 
Transportation devices, 

5720
04:53:49,400 --> 04:53:53,600
crinolines had their dangers, 
not just the obvious ones like 

5721
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:56,400
getting stuck in doorways or 
accidentally sweeping objects 

5722
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:59,200
off tables, fire was a genuine 
Hazard. 

5723
04:53:59,200 --> 04:54:03,600
All that fabric often treated 
with flammable starches and dies

5724
04:54:03,600 --> 04:54:06,500
combined with open Flames for 
lighting and Heating. 

5725
04:54:07,400 --> 04:54:10,300
Victorian newspapers are full of
tragic stories of women, who 

5726
04:54:10,300 --> 04:54:13,700
skirts caught fire and the width
of their crinolines made it 

5727
04:54:13,700 --> 04:54:15,700
difficult to extinguish the 
Flames quickly. 

5728
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:20,000
Then there were the weather 
related challenges winded, 

5729
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:23,300
crinoline into a sale, which 
sounds poetic Until you realize 

5730
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:25,100
it meant, women could be 
literally blown off. 

5731
04:54:25,100 --> 04:54:26,600
Course, during their daily 
walks. 

5732
04:54:27,700 --> 04:54:30,700
Rain was particularly 
problematic, imagine trying to 

5733
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:32,600
dry a tent. 
That you'd be wearing all day. 

5734
04:54:33,500 --> 04:54:36,800
The social implications were 
equally complex, a wide 

5735
04:54:36,800 --> 04:54:40,100
crinoline was a state of simple 
proof that you could afford not 

5736
04:54:40,100 --> 04:54:42,200
just the Garment itself. 
But the lifestyle that 

5737
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:45,900
accommodated it If you could 
wear a six foot wide skirt, who 

5738
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:48,900
didn't need to work, cook clean 
or engaging any practical 

5739
04:54:48,900 --> 04:54:52,500
activity, it was completely 
consumption in its most literal 

5740
04:54:52,500 --> 04:54:55,100
form. 
You were conspicuously consuming

5741
04:54:55,100 --> 04:54:58,100
space and here's what makes the 
crinoline era. 

5742
04:54:58,100 --> 04:55:01,400
So in Dearing in retrospect 
Victoria, women took these 

5743
04:55:01,400 --> 04:55:03,700
absurd constraints and somehow 
made them work. 

5744
04:55:04,500 --> 04:55:07,100
They developed elaborate 
etiquettes for criminal in 

5745
04:55:07,100 --> 04:55:10,500
navigation techniques for 
managing their skirts in various

5746
04:55:10,500 --> 04:55:13,700
social situations and even 
Sports modified for women 

5747
04:55:13,700 --> 04:55:17,200
wearing personal tents. 
Croquet became popular partly 

5748
04:55:17,200 --> 04:55:20,200
because it was one of the few 
activities were a crinoline, 

5749
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:22,500
wasn't a complete impediment 
dancing. 

5750
04:55:22,500 --> 04:55:25,800
Required choreography, that 
accounted for each partner's. 

5751
04:55:25,800 --> 04:55:28,600
Circumference even something. 
As simple as walking with a 

5752
04:55:28,600 --> 04:55:32,900
friend became an exercise in 
spatial coordination, The 

5753
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:37,100
crinoline reached its peak 
absurdity in the 1860s when 

5754
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:39,500
skirts achieved their maximum 
circumference. 

5755
04:55:39,500 --> 04:55:43,100
It was as a Victorian fashion. 
Had been steadily expanding, 

5756
04:55:43,100 --> 04:55:46,200
like a balloon and everyone was 
waiting to see, who would be 

5757
04:55:46,200 --> 04:55:50,300
brave enough to suggest that 
maybe just, maybe this was 

5758
04:55:50,300 --> 04:55:54,200
getting a bit ridiculous. 
Little did they know the next 

5759
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:56,300
chapter? 
Would involve bustles because 

5760
04:55:56,300 --> 04:55:59,100
apparently making skirts 
impossibly wide was wasn't quite

5761
04:55:59,100 --> 04:56:01,300
enough. 
Victorians were just getting 

5762
04:56:01,300 --> 04:56:03,300
warmed up. 
Just when you think the 

5763
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:05,900
victorians could not possibly 
make clothing, more complicated 

5764
04:56:05,900 --> 04:56:09,400
Along Came the bustle area to 
prove that human Ingenuity in 

5765
04:56:09,400 --> 04:56:11,800
the service of impracticality 
knows, no bounds. 

5766
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,400
If the crinoline was like 
wearing a bell, the bustle was 

5767
04:56:15,400 --> 04:56:18,100
like strapping a small shelf to 
your posterior and pretending 

5768
04:56:18,100 --> 04:56:19,500
your posture was perfectly 
normal. 

5769
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,100
The transition from crinoline to
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 

5770
04:56:24,100 --> 04:56:26,500
gradual. 
It was like watching a balloon 

5771
04:56:26,500 --> 04:56:29,300
deflate and then re-inflate in a
completely different shape. 

5772
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:32,700
One day, women were navigating 
doorways sideways because of 

5773
04:56:32,700 --> 04:56:35,700
their width and the next they 
were backing into rooms because 

5774
04:56:35,700 --> 04:56:38,000
their skirts projected three 
feet behind them. 

5775
04:56:38,000 --> 04:56:41,400
It was as if Victorian fashion 
designers had gotten bored with 

5776
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:44,100
horizontal challenges and 
decided to explore vertical 

5777
04:56:44,100 --> 04:56:47,600
possibilities. 
The bustle itself was a Marvel 

5778
04:56:47,600 --> 04:56:50,000
of engineering that would have 
made Bridge Builders jealous. 

5779
04:56:50,000 --> 04:56:53,500
Early bustles were essentially 
wire cages designed to create 

5780
04:56:53,500 --> 04:56:55,700
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

5781
04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:59,600
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate some had 

5782
04:56:59,600 --> 04:57:01,700
Springs. 
Others featured adjustable 

5783
04:57:01,700 --> 04:57:05,300
Frameworks in the most advanced 
models included collapsible 

5784
04:57:05,300 --> 04:57:09,200
sections for sitting Imagine 
attempting to sit down while 

5785
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:11,600
wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

5786
04:57:11,608 --> 04:57:13,500
bending at the waist. 
It required. 

5787
04:57:13,500 --> 04:57:16,900
A carefully choreographed 
sequence of movements viewed, 

5788
04:57:16,900 --> 04:57:19,200
the chair from the side, 
collapse, your bustle by 

5789
04:57:19,208 --> 04:57:21,700
pressing down on it. 
Lowering yourself carefully 

5790
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:25,200
while managing several layers of
skirt and then somehow arrange 

5791
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:27,000
all that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

5792
04:57:27,008 --> 04:57:28,300
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

5793
04:57:29,200 --> 04:57:32,000
The logistics of bustle. 
Life were even more complex than

5794
04:57:32,000 --> 04:57:34,900
criminal and management. 
At least with the crinoline. 

5795
04:57:34,900 --> 04:57:37,400
You needed extra space in all 
directions. 

5796
04:57:37,400 --> 04:57:40,300
You never know what's going on 
behind you, and there's a 

5797
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:42,300
bustle. 
Victorian women developed a kind

5798
04:57:42,308 --> 04:57:44,900
of spatial awareness, that 
modern people can't imagine. 

5799
04:57:44,900 --> 04:57:48,300
They could sense exactly how 
much room their rear projection 

5800
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:50,300
required and navigate 
accordingly. 

5801
04:57:51,500 --> 04:57:55,700
Doorways remain challenging, but
in new ways instead of squeezing

5802
04:57:55,700 --> 04:57:59,000
through sideways bustled women 
had to judge, angles carefully. 

5803
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:02,700
If your approach was too steep, 
your skirt, might snag on the 

5804
04:58:02,700 --> 04:58:05,100
door frame. 
If the approach was too shallow,

5805
04:58:05,100 --> 04:58:08,300
you wouldn't be able to pass. 
It was like parking a car, 

5806
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:12,200
except the car was attached to 
your body, and made of silk, The

5807
04:58:12,200 --> 04:58:16,600
bustle created intriguing, 
social dynamics conversations 

5808
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:20,000
became exercises and geometry. 
Her clothes, could you stand to 

5809
04:58:20,000 --> 04:58:22,200
someone when you were both 
wearing rear projections? 

5810
04:58:23,000 --> 04:58:26,300
Are required new techniques and 
something as simple as walking 

5811
04:58:26,300 --> 04:58:28,800
arm and arm with a friend, 
became a coordination challenge,

5812
04:58:28,800 --> 04:58:32,800
worthy of synchronized swimmers.
But perhaps, the most remarkable

5813
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:35,800
thing about the bustle area was 
how it demonstrated, Victorian 

5814
04:58:35,800 --> 04:58:37,200
societies. 
Ability to adapt. 

5815
04:58:37,200 --> 04:58:40,600
Absolutely anything. 
Furniture makers, began 

5816
04:58:40,600 --> 04:58:42,800
designing chairs. 
That accommodated bustles 

5817
04:58:42,800 --> 04:58:46,100
architecture started accounting 
for the extra space women 

5818
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:48,800
required. 
Social Customs evolved to 

5819
04:58:48,800 --> 04:58:50,400
handle. 
The new spatial requirements of 

5820
04:58:50,400 --> 04:58:53,000
female fashion. 
The fashion plates of the era 

5821
04:58:53,000 --> 04:58:55,700
show, women looking perfectly 
composed, in their bustle gowns.

5822
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:59,500
But the reality behind the scene
was a constant comedy of spatial

5823
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:03,100
miscalculations Taurean 
literature is full of subtle 

5824
04:59:03,100 --> 04:59:05,100
references to the challenges of 
bustled life. 

5825
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:08,100
Women getting stuck in 
carriages, skirts, caught 

5826
04:59:08,100 --> 04:59:11,300
indoors, and the general chaos 
of trying to live normally while

5827
04:59:11,300 --> 04:59:13,500
wearing architectural elements 
yet. 

5828
04:59:13,500 --> 04:59:16,400
Somehow Victorian. 
Women made it work. they 

5829
04:59:16,400 --> 04:59:19,500
developed techniques for bustle 
maintenance strategies for 

5830
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:23,300
navigation, and even created new
forms of social interaction that

5831
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:27,300
accommodated their enhanced 
silhouette Human ability to 

5832
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:29,300
normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

5833
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:32,800
The bustle went through several 
iterations, during its Reign. 

5834
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:36,300
The first bustle area featured, 
relatively modest projections, 

5835
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:38,800
consider it to be training 
wheels for posterior 

5836
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:42,200
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

5837
04:59:42,200 --> 04:59:45,100
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined, like likely 

5838
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:46,700
bringing a sense of relief to 
everyone. 

5839
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:51,800
But for Victorian fashion wasn't
done yet the second bustle era 

5840
04:59:51,800 --> 04:59:55,600
beginning in the mid-1880s 
brought projections that defied.

5841
04:59:55,600 --> 04:59:57,500
Not just Comfort but basic 
physics. 

5842
04:59:58,400 --> 05:00:01,400
These weren't just bustles. 
They were engineering Marvels, 

5843
05:00:01,400 --> 05:00:03,800
that critic Silhouettes. 
So extreme they looked like 

5844
05:00:03,800 --> 05:00:06,200
costume designs for a play about
furniture. 

5845
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:10,000
Final bustle designs were so 
elaborate, they came with their 

5846
05:00:10,000 --> 05:00:13,900
instruction manuals, some 
featured, multiple tiers, others

5847
05:00:13,900 --> 05:00:17,200
had adjustable angles, and the 
most advanced models included 

5848
05:00:17,200 --> 05:00:19,600
patented mechanisms for collapse
and expansion. 

5849
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:23,100
It was as if Victorian women 
were wearing Transformer, 

5850
05:00:23,100 --> 05:00:25,300
robots. 
Except in stead of turning into 

5851
05:00:25,300 --> 05:00:29,300
cars, they turned into chairs. 
As we move through this fashion 

5852
05:00:29,300 --> 05:00:32,700
timeline, remember that each of 
these Trends lasted for years. 

5853
05:00:34,000 --> 05:00:37,300
This was wasn't a brief moment 
of collective Madness, entire 

5854
05:00:37,300 --> 05:00:39,400
generations of women lived. 
Their daily lives. 

5855
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:42,700
In these Contraptions adapting 
with remarkable Grace to 

5856
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:44,900
constraints that seemed 
impossible from our modern 

5857
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:47,000
perspective. 
If you thought, Victorian 

5858
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:49,200
fashion was done. 
Surprising us after corsets 

5859
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:52,600
crinolines and bustles. 
You clearly underestimated their

5860
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:55,100
commitment to making every part 
of the human body and 

5861
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:59,600
engineering challenge, enter the
1890 sleeve all known as the leg

5862
05:00:59,600 --> 05:01:02,600
of mutton sleeve though, that 
name doesn't quite capture. 

5863
05:01:02,600 --> 05:01:05,600
The full absurdity of wearing 
Automotive to small, hot air 

5864
05:01:05,600 --> 05:01:07,100
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

5865
05:01:08,200 --> 05:01:10,100
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

5866
05:01:10,100 --> 05:01:12,300
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

5867
05:01:12,300 --> 05:01:15,000
movement. 
However, as the century 

5868
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:18,200
progressed slaves, began to 
expand, as if they were 

5869
05:01:18,200 --> 05:01:21,700
competing with skirts for the 
title of most impractical 

5870
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:25,900
garment component. 
By the 1890s slaves, had 

5871
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:27,700
achieved such Monumental 
proportions. 

5872
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:30,100
That women needed to turn 
sideways to fit through 

5873
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:32,400
doorways. 
Not because of their skirts this

5874
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:35,600
time but because their shoulders
are effectively doubled in 

5875
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:37,700
width. 
These garments were not. 

5876
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:40,000
Merely sleeves. 
They resembled fabric 

5877
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:42,200
architecture with arms hidden 
inside them. 

5878
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:45,000
Destruction of a proper leg of 
mutton. 

5879
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:48,000
Sleeve was an engineering 
Marvel, that required more 

5880
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:50,000
planning than most modern home 
renovations. 

5881
05:01:51,200 --> 05:01:54,400
Sleeve had to be supported from 
within using various Frameworks 

5882
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:58,000
wire, whalebone or even cotton 
padding arranged in precise 

5883
05:01:58,000 --> 05:02:01,100
configuration to maintain the 
proper shape, getting dressed 

5884
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:02,700
involved. 
Not just putting on clothing, 

5885
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:05,100
but assembling a complex 
structural system. 

5886
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:09,000
Agent, trying to eat dinner 
while wearing sleeves that 

5887
05:02:09,000 --> 05:02:10,900
extended. 
Well beyond your actual arms 

5888
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:14,200
band, Victorian women of eating 
techniques that would have 

5889
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:17,000
impressed contortionists. 
They learned to approach their 

5890
05:02:17,000 --> 05:02:20,900
plates at specific angles to cut
food using carefully, calculated

5891
05:02:20,900 --> 05:02:24,000
arm movements, and to drink tea 
without completely obscuring, 

5892
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:25,800
their faces behind walls of 
fabric. 

5893
05:02:26,900 --> 05:02:28,500
Practical challenges were 
endless. 

5894
05:02:28,500 --> 05:02:32,500
Embracing someone required 
strategic planning, getting into

5895
05:02:32,500 --> 05:02:34,300
a carriage. 
Meant compressing, your sleeves 

5896
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:37,800
like accordions, even something 
as simple as reaching for an 

5897
05:02:37,800 --> 05:02:40,700
object on a shelf, became an 
exercise and spatial 

5898
05:02:40,700 --> 05:02:43,400
mathematics. 
Victorian. 

5899
05:02:43,400 --> 05:02:45,700
Women lived in a world where 
their clothing had a larger 

5900
05:02:45,700 --> 05:02:47,200
footprint than their actual 
bodies. 

5901
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:51,300
But the sleeves were just large,
they were elaborately decorated,

5902
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:55,900
puffed, pleated, gathered. 
And trimmed with every 

5903
05:02:55,900 --> 05:02:58,900
conceivable ornament they were 
like, wearing two small 

5904
05:02:58,900 --> 05:03:01,800
ballrooms complete with their 
interior design schemes. 

5905
05:03:02,600 --> 05:03:06,200
Some sleeves featured, multiple 
tears of fabric creating layered

5906
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:09,000
architectural effect that would 
have made wedding cake. 

5907
05:03:09,000 --> 05:03:12,400
Decorators weep With Envy the 
maintenance requirements were 

5908
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,100
staggering. 
He sleeves needed to be pressed 

5909
05:03:15,100 --> 05:03:18,000
into shape regularly. 
Their internal structures are 

5910
05:03:18,000 --> 05:03:20,900
just did and repairs and their 
elaborate decorations kept 

5911
05:03:20,900 --> 05:03:23,900
pristine. 
Victoria women employed armies 

5912
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:26,900
of servants or spent hours 
themselves maintaining their 

5913
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:29,700
sleeve architecture. 
It was like, owning a very high 

5914
05:03:29,700 --> 05:03:32,000
maintenance, pet that you water 
social events. 

5915
05:03:32,700 --> 05:03:34,200
Then there were the seasonal 
challenges. 

5916
05:03:34,200 --> 05:03:37,800
Summer sleeves in heavy, Fabrics
created portable saunas. 

5917
05:03:37,800 --> 05:03:41,400
Around women's arms Winter meant
adding even more layers to 

5918
05:03:41,400 --> 05:03:43,100
already Monumental 
constructions. 

5919
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:47,400
Rain posed, a significant 
challenge, imagine attempting to

5920
05:03:47,408 --> 05:03:50,800
dry two fabric Pavilions, 
fastened, to your shoulders, the

5921
05:03:50,800 --> 05:03:53,700
social implications of extreme 
sleeves were fascinating. 

5922
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:56,800
They were clear indicators of 
Leisure Class status. 

5923
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:00,000
If you could wear sleeves that 
made practical work impossible, 

5924
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,600
you obviously didn't need to 
engage in any, they were an 

5925
05:04:03,600 --> 05:04:06,900
extreme form of conspicuous 
consumption demonstrating that 

5926
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:08,800
one could afford to be 
completely impractical. 

5927
05:04:09,900 --> 05:04:12,800
But Victorian fashion wasn't 
finished with extremities yet 

5928
05:04:12,800 --> 05:04:16,800
hats during this era became 
increasingly elaborate often 

5929
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:20,000
featuring entire Gardens of 
artificial flowers, preserved, 

5930
05:04:20,000 --> 05:04:22,900
birds, and decorative elements. 
That would have been impressive 

5931
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:25,500
on a parade float. 
These worked hats. 

5932
05:04:25,500 --> 05:04:28,900
They were portable ecosystems 
that happen to sit on people's 

5933
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:32,100
heads. 
The millenary Arts reached new 

5934
05:04:32,100 --> 05:04:34,300
heights of complexity during the
Victorian era. 

5935
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:38,200
Hat construction involved. 
Multiple Specialists one person,

5936
05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:39,800
might create the basic 
structure. 

5937
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:42,900
Another would handle the 
flowers, and a third would add 

5938
05:04:42,900 --> 05:04:44,200
the birds and ornamental 
elements. 

5939
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:47,400
Some Victorian hats required 
their own Structural 

5940
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:50,500
Engineering. 
Consultations gloves. 2 became 

5941
05:04:50,500 --> 05:04:52,400
exercises in extremity 
enhancement. 

5942
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:56,100
Victorian gloves were often so 
long they disappeared entirely 

5943
05:04:56,100 --> 05:04:58,800
under those enormous sleeves. 
Creating the impression that 

5944
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:01,500
women are simply ended in 
Fabrics somewhere around the 

5945
05:05:01,500 --> 05:05:04,400
elbow. 
The longest gloves extended past

5946
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:07,800
the elbow requiring complex 
systems of buttons and hooks for

5947
05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:11,200
removal even shoes. 
Join the extremity enhancement 

5948
05:05:11,200 --> 05:05:15,200
project Victorian boots, often 
featured dozens of tiny buttons 

5949
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:18,600
or an elaborate lacing system 
that required special tools to 

5950
05:05:18,600 --> 05:05:23,000
fasten getting dressed from head
to toe could take hours and 

5951
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:25,900
often required assistance from 
servants or family members. 

5952
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:30,100
The cumulative effect of all 
these extremity enhancements was

5953
05:05:30,100 --> 05:05:32,800
that Victorian, women became 
walking demonstrations of their 

5954
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:36,600
societies relationship with 
practicality, which was to say, 

5955
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:39,400
they broken up entirely and 
learned on speaking terms. 

5956
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:42,300
Now, settle in for this part of 
our story, because we're about 

5957
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:45,800
to explore how Victorian fashion
became more complex than quantum

5958
05:05:45,800 --> 05:05:48,900
physics, but with more rules 
about appropriate neckline. 

5959
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:52,600
Behind all this sartorial 
Madness was a scientific 

5960
05:05:52,600 --> 05:05:55,400
approach to respectability that 
would have impressed laboratory 

5961
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:57,800
researchers. 
The victorians didn't just 

5962
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:01,100
randomly decide to make clothing
complicated, they developed 

5963
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:04,300
elaborate systems of social 
communication through fabric, 

5964
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:07,700
creating a language. 
So complex, that anthropologists

5965
05:06:07,700 --> 05:06:11,400
are still trying to decode it. 
Victorian dress code wasn't just

5966
05:06:11,400 --> 05:06:14,100
about looking nice. 
It was about broadcasting your 

5967
05:06:14,100 --> 05:06:19,000
moral character, social status 
economic situation marital 

5968
05:06:19,000 --> 05:06:21,700
availability and probably your 
opinion on the weather. 

5969
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:24,600
All through carefully, 
calculated costume choices. 

5970
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:28,500
It was like, wearing a social 
media profile, except instead of

5971
05:06:28,508 --> 05:06:31,500
posting updates, you changed 
your outfit morning. 

5972
05:06:31,500 --> 05:06:35,400
Dress after noon, dress, evening
dress, calling dress, walking 

5973
05:06:35,400 --> 05:06:37,800
dress, traveling dress, 
Victorian. 

5974
05:06:37,800 --> 05:06:40,400
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

5975
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:43,900
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

5976
05:06:43,900 --> 05:06:47,200
an incredibly elaborate play, 
where the costumes changed every

5977
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:50,500
few hours and forget getting 
your Line's social death. 

5978
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:54,100
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

5979
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:57,300
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

5980
05:06:57,300 --> 05:07:00,500
of mourning, precise neckline 
depths for various social 

5981
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:04,100
occasions and exact sleeve links
that communicated whether you 

5982
05:07:04,100 --> 05:07:08,300
were available for courtship or 
properly chaperone Getting it 

5983
05:07:08,300 --> 05:07:10,500
wrong, wasn't just a fashion 
faux pair. 

5984
05:07:10,500 --> 05:07:13,600
It was a social catastrophe that
could affect your family's 

5985
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:16,600
reputation for Generations. 
Take more mourning dress for 

5986
05:07:16,600 --> 05:07:19,300
example. 
Victorian society had developed 

5987
05:07:19,300 --> 05:07:22,300
morning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

5988
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:24,900
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

5989
05:07:24,900 --> 05:07:28,100
production Full morning, 
required, completely black 

5990
05:07:28,100 --> 05:07:30,300
clothing, with no ornamentation 
for the first year. 

5991
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:34,000
Then came half morning, which 
allowed for touches of white, 

5992
05:07:34,000 --> 05:07:37,700
gray or purple. 
The gradations were so specific 

5993
05:07:37,700 --> 05:07:40,800
that there were etiquette books 
devoted entirely to appropriate 

5994
05:07:40,800 --> 05:07:44,100
mourning attire, The fabric 
choices alone were a science. 

5995
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:46,900
Certain materials were 
appropriate for certain Seasons 

5996
05:07:46,900 --> 05:07:50,700
social classes and life stages. 
Silk was appropriate for formal 

5997
05:07:50,700 --> 05:07:55,300
occasions cotton for everyday 
wear wool for winter and linen 

5998
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:57,900
for summer. 
But not just any type of silk, 

5999
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:02,700
cotton wool or linen. 
There were dozens of varieties 

6000
05:08:02,700 --> 05:08:06,100
of each and choosing the wrong 
type could broadcast ignorance 

6001
05:08:06,100 --> 05:08:08,700
of social codes more effectively
than wearing a sign. 

6002
05:08:09,700 --> 05:08:11,300
Color. 
Symbolism reached levels of 

6003
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:14,400
complexity that would have 
challenged medieval Scholars, 

6004
05:08:14,400 --> 05:08:18,600
white, symbolizes, Purity and 
youth, but this symbolism is 

6005
05:08:18,600 --> 05:08:22,200
limited to unmarried. 
Women specific Fabrics, And 

6006
05:08:22,208 --> 05:08:25,400
specific Seasons, black 
signifies, respectability and 

6007
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:28,200
Authority. 
Yet it significant fairies based

6008
05:08:28,200 --> 05:08:32,400
on factors such as age marital 
status and the particular shade 

6009
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:37,300
of black Purple was mourning but
also royalty but also dangerous.

6010
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:40,800
If worn by the wrong person at 
the wrong time, the trimming and

6011
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:44,500
decoration systems were equally.
Elaborate ribbons lace 

6012
05:08:44,500 --> 05:08:47,300
embroidery Buttons and Bows 
weren't just decorative 

6013
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:49,400
elements. 
They were parts of a complex 

6014
05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:52,200
Communication System. 
The amount of ornamentation 

6015
05:08:52,200 --> 05:08:55,600
appropriate for your age social 
status and the occasion, 

6016
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:58,600
required calculations more 
complex than filing tax returns.

6017
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:01,900
Even undergarments were part of 
this social communication 

6018
05:09:01,900 --> 05:09:06,000
system, the right corsage 
drawers, and petticoats were 

6019
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:07,600
just about creating the proper 
silhouette. 

6020
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:10,400
They were about demonstrating 
that you understood and could 

6021
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:13,300
afford to participate in the 
full complexity of Victorian 

6022
05:09:13,300 --> 05:09:16,600
fashion culture. 
The economic implications were 

6023
05:09:16,600 --> 05:09:19,200
staggering a proper. 
Victorian ladies wardrobe, 

6024
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:22,000
required a fortune, not just to 
acquire, but to maintain 

6025
05:09:23,300 --> 05:09:26,400
Cleaning pressing mending and 
updating needed to keep Pace 

6026
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:29,600
with fashion changes. 
Meant that clothing consumed a 

6027
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:32,500
significant portion of middle 
and upper class household 

6028
05:09:32,500 --> 05:09:36,400
budgets dressmakers became 
crucial figures in Victorian 

6029
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:40,000
society, not just as crafts 
people, but as cultural 

6030
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:44,600
interpreters, Competent 
dressmaker didn't just so she 

6031
05:09:44,600 --> 05:09:47,800
guided her clients through the 
complex social codes in bedded, 

6032
05:09:47,800 --> 05:09:50,100
in fashion choices. 
She was part. 

6033
05:09:50,100 --> 05:09:54,100
Counselor part artist part 
social strategist and part 

6034
05:09:54,100 --> 05:09:57,500
structural engineer. 
The seasonal transitions were 

6035
05:09:57,500 --> 05:10:01,400
particularly complex sprinkling 
was just about houses. 

6036
05:10:01,400 --> 05:10:04,100
It was about wardrobes summer 
and winter. 

6037
05:10:04,100 --> 05:10:07,200
Wardrobes were stored separately
with elaborate systems for 

6038
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:10,800
preservation moth prevention and
maintaining the shapes of 

6039
05:10:10,800 --> 05:10:15,100
complex garments during storage.
Magazines became essential 

6040
05:10:15,100 --> 05:10:17,500
reading, not for inspiration, 
but for survival. 

6041
05:10:18,300 --> 05:10:21,400
They provided the constantly 
updated information necessary to

6042
05:10:21,400 --> 05:10:23,700
navigate the changing rules of 
appropriate address. 

6043
05:10:25,100 --> 05:10:28,100
Reading goes ladies book or 
Peterson's, magazine wasn't 

6044
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:31,100
Leisure, it was continuing 
education in the science of 

6045
05:10:31,100 --> 05:10:34,400
social acceptability, the really
remarkable thing is. 

6046
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:37,300
How Victorian women managed to 
internalize all these rules 

6047
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:40,700
while making their complexion 
choices appear effortless and 

6048
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:43,000
natural. 
Behind every graceful. 

6049
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:45,600
Victorian lady gliding through a
social Gathering. 

6050
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:48,100
Was someone who had mastered a 
system of cultural 

6051
05:10:48,100 --> 05:10:51,300
communication, more complex than
most modern professional 

6052
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:54,500
training programs. 
By the 1890s, something crazy 

6053
05:10:54,500 --> 05:10:56,400
was happening in the world of 
Victorian fashion. 

6054
05:10:56,400 --> 05:10:59,300
People were beginning to realize
that clothing should allow for 

6055
05:10:59,300 --> 05:11:02,900
basic human functions like 
breathing sitting and moving 

6056
05:11:02,900 --> 05:11:05,900
one's arms. 
Though it took several decades 

6057
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:09,000
for this revolutionary concept 
to gain traction, women's 

6058
05:11:09,000 --> 05:11:11,900
freedom of move was a 
significant Catalyst for change.

6059
05:11:13,000 --> 05:11:15,500
The dress Reform movement had 
been percolating throughout the 

6060
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:19,600
Victorian era, led by brave, 
souls who dared to suggest that 

6061
05:11:19,600 --> 05:11:22,100
perhaps women's clothing 
shouldn't require engineering 

6062
05:11:22,100 --> 05:11:25,900
degrees to operate these fashion
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 

6063
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:29,800
like, skirts that didn't require
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 

6064
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:32,100
that acknowledge the existence 
of human arms. 

6065
05:11:33,200 --> 05:11:36,100
Dr. Gustav Jaeger introduced the
world to Woolen undergarments 

6066
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:39,100
that prioritized health over 
silhouette manipulation. 

6067
05:11:40,000 --> 05:11:42,600
The rational dress movement 
promoted clothing that allowed 

6068
05:11:42,600 --> 05:11:46,400
for actual physical activity. 
Casual clothing, that valued 

6069
05:11:46,400 --> 05:11:49,600
Comfort over structural 
soundness tea-gowns gained 

6070
05:11:49,600 --> 05:11:51,600
popularity. 
There was like watching 

6071
05:11:51,600 --> 05:11:55,100
civilization slowly. 
Remember that humans had bodies 

6072
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:56,900
underneath all that 
architectural clothing? 

6073
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:01,600
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 
delivered, a particularly 

6074
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:03,500
effective blow to impractical 
fashion. 

6075
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:07,100
You simply cannot ride a bicycle
while wearing a bustle and 

6076
05:12:07,100 --> 05:12:08,800
Victorian. 
Women were not about to give up 

6077
05:12:08,800 --> 05:12:11,400
this exciting new form of 
transportation just to maintain 

6078
05:12:11,400 --> 05:12:14,800
their rear projections. 
Cycling costumes, featured 

6079
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:18,800
revolutionary concept divided 
skirts, that allowed women to 

6080
05:12:18,800 --> 05:12:20,300
actually move their legs 
independently. 

6081
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:24,600
Exports in general began to 
influence fashion in ways that 

6082
05:12:24,600 --> 05:12:28,500
prioritize function over 4. 
Tennis required clothing that 

6083
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:31,600
allowed arm movement, golf 
needed skirts, that didn't 

6084
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:35,700
interfere with swing mechanics 
even croquet that most Victorian

6085
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:38,200
of games worked better. 
When players could actually see 

6086
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:41,100
their feet and move without 
strategic planning. 

6087
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:44,800
The influence of artistic 
movements cannot be understated.

6088
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:50,000
The aesthetic movement promoted,
artistic dress, that prioritized

6089
05:12:50,000 --> 05:12:54,200
Beauty and comfort over rigid 
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 

6090
05:12:54,200 --> 05:12:56,200
artists painted women in flowing
gowns. 

6091
05:12:56,200 --> 05:12:59,100
That actually followed the lines
of the human body rather than 

6092
05:12:59,100 --> 05:13:01,100
imposing geometric shapes upon 
it. 

6093
05:13:01,900 --> 05:13:04,600
It was as if artists were 
reminding Society, what people 

6094
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:07,000
actually looked like under all 
that Structural Engineering, 

6095
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:11,000
World War one would ultimately 
bring an end to the excesses of 

6096
05:13:11,000 --> 05:13:15,200
Victorian fashion but by 1900 
the seeds of change had already 

6097
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:17,800
begun to emerge. 
Women were entering the 

6098
05:13:17,808 --> 05:13:20,700
workforce, and increasing 
numbers pursuing, higher 

6099
05:13:20,700 --> 05:13:23,900
education, and engaging in 
social causes that required 

6100
05:13:23,900 --> 05:13:26,800
practical clothing. 
You can't effectively advocate 

6101
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:28,600
for social change, while wearing
a garment. 

6102
05:13:28,600 --> 05:13:32,200
That requires two people and a 
manual to put on the corset 

6103
05:13:32,200 --> 05:13:35,100
began its long, slow Retreat 
from Maximum tightness. 

6104
05:13:35,100 --> 05:13:39,000
The s-curve silhouette of the 
early 1900s while still 

6105
05:13:39,000 --> 05:13:42,300
involving, serious Foundation 
garments allowed for a somewhat 

6106
05:13:42,300 --> 05:13:46,300
more natural waste placement 
skirts began to narrow sleeves 

6107
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:49,200
returned to more reasonable 
proportions and hats stopped, 

6108
05:13:49,200 --> 05:13:50,700
requiring their own postal 
codes. 

6109
05:13:50,700 --> 05:13:53,700
Fashion magazines, began 
featuring articles about 

6110
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:56,700
healthful dress and rational 
clothing choices. 

6111
05:13:57,900 --> 05:14:00,500
Doctors who had warned for 
decades about the dangers of 

6112
05:14:00,508 --> 05:14:02,800
tight lacing were finally 
receiving attention. 

6113
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:06,100
Social pressure for impossible 
Silhouettes, was beginning to 

6114
05:14:06,100 --> 05:14:08,500
give away to the medical 
establishments concerned about 

6115
05:14:08,500 --> 05:14:10,300
corset liver and compressed 
organisms. 

6116
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:13,900
Perhaps most importantly, women 
themselves were beginning to 

6117
05:14:13,900 --> 05:14:15,800
question. 
Why their clothing should be 

6118
05:14:15,800 --> 05:14:17,800
more complex than their 
education's. 

6119
05:14:19,300 --> 05:14:22,700
The new woman of the 1890s and 
early 1900s wanted clothing, 

6120
05:14:22,700 --> 05:14:25,000
that matched her expanded role 
in society. 

6121
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:28,700
Practical enough for work 
comfortable enough for an active

6122
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:31,600
lifestyle and sensible enough to
allow for the full range of 

6123
05:14:31,600 --> 05:14:35,300
human activities. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

6124
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:38,100
or complete. 
Many Victorian fashion elements 

6125
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:41,700
persisted well into the 20th 
century and some never entirely 

6126
05:14:41,700 --> 05:14:45,800
disappeared. 
But by 1910, the era of truly 

6127
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:48,100
extreme fashion, construction 
was winding down. 

6128
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:52,000
Women were beginning to dress 
like human beings rather than 

6129
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:53,900
walking demonstrations of their 
families. 

6130
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:56,200
Economic status and their 
tolerance for physical 

6131
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:59,500
discomfort looking back at 
Victorian fashion from our 

6132
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:02,000
comfortable. 
Modern perspective, it's easy to

6133
05:15:02,008 --> 05:15:04,900
laugh at the absurdity of it 
all, but there's something 

6134
05:15:04,908 --> 05:15:08,400
admirable about the sheer human 
adaptability at represented 

6135
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:11,900
Victorian women took clothing, 
that seems impossible to live in

6136
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:14,300
and somehow build entire lives 
around it. 

6137
05:15:15,100 --> 05:15:18,600
They developed skills techniques
and social systems that allowed 

6138
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:21,200
them to function despite wearing
architectural elements. 

6139
05:15:22,300 --> 05:15:24,300
The Victorian fashion area 
teaches us. 

6140
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:27,400
Something important about human 
nature, we can adapt to almost 

6141
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:31,500
anything but that doesn't mean 
we should have to Admitting that

6142
05:15:31,500 --> 05:15:34,600
something widely accepted is 
actually ridiculous. 

6143
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:37,400
And needs change. 
Can often be the most 

6144
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:40,400
revolutionary Act. 
As you settle in, for a 

6145
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:42,700
comfortable night's sleep in 
your practical breathable 

6146
05:15:42,700 --> 05:15:45,000
pajamas. 
Spare, a thought for those 

6147
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:48,700
Victorian women who managed to 
build Rich complex lives while 

6148
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:51,200
wearing clothing that defied 
both physics and Common Sense. 

6149
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:54,200
They may not have been 
comfortable but they were 

6150
05:15:54,200 --> 05:15:57,700
certainly never boring. 
And with that we conclude one of

6151
05:15:57,700 --> 05:15:59,600
history's. 
Most intricate attempts to 

6152
05:15:59,608 --> 05:16:02,100
overly complicate daily life 
through fashioned. 

6153
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:15,100
Sweet dreams and be grateful for
elastic, waistbands Picture 

6154
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:17,300
this. 
You're walking down a city 

6155
05:16:17,308 --> 05:16:20,000
street in 1923 and the world 
around. 

6156
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:22,900
You is humming with an energy 
that feels almost Electric. 

6157
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:26,700
The atmosphere isn't quite 
electric, but it's close enough.

6158
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:29,600
Sure, there are more light bulbs
than ever before. 

6159
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:32,900
But the real electricity is in 
the air itself crackling with 

6160
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:36,200
possibility and change. 
You'd notice at first in the 

6161
05:16:36,200 --> 05:16:41,000
sound, the clip-clop of horses 
that dominated just a decade 

6162
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,100
ago, has been replaced by the 
puttering growl of automobiles. 

6163
05:16:45,000 --> 05:16:48,800
Sound is not the smooth pair of 
modern cars, but rather a sound,

6164
05:16:48,800 --> 05:16:51,200
akin to a coffee grinder arguing
with the lawn mower. 

6165
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,300
The Model T Ford despite its 
mechanical prowess was as 

6166
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:57,600
unassuming as a brass band, 
playing in a library. 

6167
05:16:58,700 --> 05:17:01,700
Smell hits. 
You next a cocktail of motor oil

6168
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:06,300
cigarette smoke and something in
definitely optimistic it's the 

6169
05:17:06,300 --> 05:17:08,300
center of a country that's just 
discovered it. 

6170
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:11,800
Can reinvent itself like a 
middle-aged person trying on a 

6171
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:14,500
completely different hair cut 
and deciding they rather like it

6172
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:17,300
your dressed in a tire that 
would make your great 

6173
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:19,000
grandparents cling to their 
pearls. 

6174
05:17:19,900 --> 05:17:23,100
If you're a woman, your hemline 
is scandalously revealing 

6175
05:17:23,100 --> 05:17:26,500
several inches of ankle and 
calf, your hair is Bob Short of 

6176
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:28,900
the most men's. 
You might be smoking a cigarette

6177
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:31,300
in public without a single 
person calling the authorities. 

6178
05:17:31,300 --> 05:17:35,500
If you're a man, your color is a
bit lower, your pants are bit, 

6179
05:17:35,508 --> 05:17:38,400
looser, and you've got enough 
hair, permeate to lubricate a 

6180
05:17:38,400 --> 05:17:41,600
small engine. 
The funny thing about the 1920s 

6181
05:17:41,600 --> 05:17:44,500
is that everyone calls them 
roaring but they didn't start 

6182
05:17:44,500 --> 05:17:47,500
out that way. 
The decade began with people 

6183
05:17:47,500 --> 05:17:50,000
suffering from severe hangovers 
from World War One. 

6184
05:17:50,900 --> 05:17:53,200
The country was like someone 
who'd been to a really intense 

6185
05:17:53,200 --> 05:17:56,800
party and was now standing in 
their kitchen at 2 a.m. eating 

6186
05:17:56,800 --> 05:18:00,000
cold, pizza and wondering what 
on Earth just happened. 

6187
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:04,000
However, the Americans with 
their unwavering optimism gazed 

6188
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:07,300
at the kale and expressed that 
was quite unpleasant. 

6189
05:18:07,300 --> 05:18:09,800
Let's try something completely 
different. 

6190
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:14,600
Boy, did they ever? 
Did the war had ended in 1918? 

6191
05:18:14,600 --> 05:18:18,700
And by 1920 everyone was ready 
to forget it had ever happened. 

6192
05:18:19,600 --> 05:18:22,200
It was as if everyone had 
experienced Collective Amnesia 

6193
05:18:22,200 --> 05:18:25,400
accompanied by jazz music and 
illegal cocktails. 

6194
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:30,500
People wanted to dance laugh, 
make money and generally behave 

6195
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:33,900
as a faded discovered the 
perfect cocktail sauce you'd see

6196
05:18:33,900 --> 05:18:36,600
this attitude everywhere, people
walked with a spring in their 

6197
05:18:36,608 --> 05:18:39,200
step, suggesting they were late 
for something fun. 

6198
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,800
Spoke faster louder. 
And with more slang than a 

6199
05:18:43,800 --> 05:18:45,900
teenager who had just discovered
they could invent their own 

6200
05:18:45,900 --> 05:18:49,700
language. 
Bees knees and cats Pajamas. 

6201
05:18:49,700 --> 05:18:53,700
Not only served as Expressions 
but also as Declarations of 

6202
05:18:53,700 --> 05:18:57,400
Independence from the Victorian 
era which had finally thankfully

6203
05:18:57,400 --> 05:19:00,700
left town The cities were 
growing like mushrooms after 

6204
05:19:00,700 --> 05:19:03,000
rain. 
People were flooding in from 

6205
05:19:03,000 --> 05:19:07,000
farms and small towns drawn by 
the promise of factory jobs and 

6206
05:19:07,000 --> 05:19:09,500
electric lights and the chance 
to reinvent themselves 

6207
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:12,400
completely. 
It was like the world's largest 

6208
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:16,000
costume party, except the 
costumes were new lives and 

6209
05:19:16,000 --> 05:19:17,800
nobody was planning to take them
off at midnight. 

6210
05:19:18,800 --> 05:19:22,400
Money was flowing like water 
from a broken pipe and everyone 

6211
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:24,100
was convinced. 
They could catch some in a 

6212
05:19:24,108 --> 05:19:26,600
bucket. 
People were buying stocks with 

6213
05:19:26,600 --> 05:19:29,400
the same casual confidence. 
They'd used to choose a new hat 

6214
05:19:29,400 --> 05:19:32,700
as the stock market soared to 
unprecedented Heights. 

6215
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:37,200
What could possibly go wrong? 
However, we are assuming too 

6216
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:38,900
much of this point. 
Right. 

6217
05:19:38,900 --> 05:19:41,800
Now, in this moment, your 
standing on a street corner in 

6218
05:19:41,800 --> 05:19:44,500
1923 and the future looks as 
bright. 

6219
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:47,900
As a freshly polished brass 
button, the air brims with 

6220
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:51,700
potential, your pockets, May 
hold some cash and a jazz band 

6221
05:19:51,700 --> 05:19:55,500
playing a tune in the distance 
and Tyson's, your feet to dance 

6222
05:19:55,500 --> 05:19:59,300
and dependently. 
Welcome to the Roaring Twenties,

6223
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:02,500
where the past was new in the 
future was whatever you did to 

6224
05:20:02,500 --> 05:20:04,700
make it. 
Let's now discuss your daily 

6225
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:07,300
activities. 
In the exciting world of 1923. 

6226
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:11,300
If you're fortunate enough to 
have a job, as most people did, 

6227
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:14,600
adding to the magic, you'd be 
engaged in a way that would have

6228
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:17,100
left your parents, scratching 
their heads and confusion. 

6229
05:20:18,200 --> 05:20:20,800
For the first time in American 
history, more people were living

6230
05:20:20,808 --> 05:20:24,200
in cities than on farms. 
This transformation wasn't just 

6231
05:20:24,200 --> 05:20:27,300
a demographic shift. 
It was like the entire country 

6232
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:30,700
had decided to change. 
Its personality, America was 

6233
05:20:30,700 --> 05:20:33,500
transforming from a nation of 
people who knew every neighbor's

6234
05:20:33,500 --> 05:20:36,800
Cow by name to a place where you
might not even know the name of 

6235
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:38,600
the person living in the 
apartment next door. 

6236
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,200
If you are a woman, you'd 
probably be working outside. 

6237
05:20:42,200 --> 05:20:44,500
The home in a way that would 
have scammed your grandmother. 

6238
05:20:45,100 --> 05:20:48,500
Instead of Performing strenuous 
Farm tasks or handling laundry, 

6239
05:20:48,500 --> 05:20:51,800
women found themselves seated at
a desk in an office building 

6240
05:20:51,800 --> 05:20:55,200
using Innovative typewriters 
that resembled a hybrid of a 

6241
05:20:55,208 --> 05:20:59,000
piano and a mechanical spider. 
you'd be earning your money, 

6242
05:20:59,000 --> 05:21:02,300
which gave you a kind of Freedom
that previous generations of 

6243
05:21:02,300 --> 05:21:06,100
women could only dream about The
work itself had a rhythm to it, 

6244
05:21:06,100 --> 05:21:09,800
that was entirely new. 
You'd clock in at 8 a.m. sharp 

6245
05:21:09,800 --> 05:21:12,800
because the whole concept of 
business hours was becoming 

6246
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:15,600
sacred. 
Launch was exactly one hour. 

6247
05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:18,100
Usually eaten at a counter lunch
spots. 

6248
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:21,100
That served food fast to the new
could say efficiently. 

6249
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:25,200
Everything was about speed and 
productivity and the wonderful 

6250
05:21:25,200 --> 05:21:27,000
terrible idea that time was 
money. 

6251
05:21:28,200 --> 05:21:31,400
But here's the thing that made 
the 20 special when that work 

6252
05:21:31,400 --> 05:21:33,300
day ended. 
The real fun began. 

6253
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:36,500
You'd step out of your office 
building into a world that was 

6254
05:21:36,500 --> 05:21:39,500
determined to entertain you. 
The streets were lined with 

6255
05:21:39,508 --> 05:21:42,200
movie theaters showing the 
latest, Charlie Chaplin or 

6256
05:21:42,200 --> 05:21:44,700
Buster Keaton films. 
These weren't just movies. 

6257
05:21:44,700 --> 05:21:48,100
They were escapes into Worlds 
where Anything could happen and 

6258
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:51,000
usually did. 
If you desire to dance, you 

6259
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:53,500
would make your way to one of 
the hundreds of dance halls that

6260
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:55,300
had sprung up like fervent 
plants. 

6261
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:59,100
Jazz new musical. 
Genre, resembled traditional 

6262
05:21:59,100 --> 05:22:00,700
music with a hint of 
improvisation. 

6263
05:22:00,700 --> 05:22:04,900
It was syncopated unpredictable 
and absolutely irresistible. 

6264
05:22:04,900 --> 05:22:08,700
You do the Charleston until your
feet hurt and keep dancing 

6265
05:22:08,700 --> 05:22:10,600
anyway because the music 
wouldn't let you stop. 

6266
05:22:11,700 --> 05:22:14,900
Food was changing too. 
Stead of the heavy Germanic 

6267
05:22:14,900 --> 05:22:17,000
meals that are dominated 
American tables. 

6268
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:19,300
You'd find yourself eating Light
Affair. 

6269
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:22,600
Salads became fashionable. 
Not because anyone was 

6270
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:25,300
particularly concerned about 
health, but because they felt 

6271
05:22:25,300 --> 05:22:29,000
modern and sophisticated canned 
foods were everywhere. 

6272
05:22:29,000 --> 05:22:31,700
Promising, convenience and 
consistently. 

6273
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:35,300
You could open a can of peaches 
in the middle of winter and feel

6274
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:36,500
like you were living in the 
future. 

6275
05:22:36,500 --> 05:22:39,700
And speaking of the future, 
everything was about being 

6276
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:43,500
modern, Furniture art and ideas 
were all model. 

6277
05:22:44,200 --> 05:22:47,500
If something was old, it was 
automatically suspect people 

6278
05:22:47,500 --> 05:22:50,300
were redecorating, their homes 
with clean lines and geometric 

6279
05:22:50,300 --> 05:22:54,100
patterns throwing out the heavy 
or Nate Victorian furniture that

6280
05:22:54,100 --> 05:22:55,900
had dominated parlors for 
decades. 

6281
05:22:56,800 --> 05:22:59,300
Seemed as though the entire 
nation had made a Resolute 

6282
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:02,300
decision to purge and never look
back or evening. 

6283
05:23:02,300 --> 05:23:05,000
Entertainment might include 
listening to the radio, which 

6284
05:23:05,000 --> 05:23:07,600
was still magical enough to make
you shake your head in wonder. 

6285
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:11,400
The are carried voices and music
directly into your living room, 

6286
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:15,200
you'd gather around the radio. 
Like it was a campfire listening

6287
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:18,200
to programs that connected you 
to the rest of the country in a 

6288
05:23:18,208 --> 05:23:21,800
way that had never been possible
before, but the real excitement 

6289
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:25,800
came from the speakeasies. 
Now, officially alcohol was a 

6290
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:28,700
legal thanks to Prohibition, 
which had gone into effect in 

6291
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:32,100
1920. 
But in reality people were 

6292
05:23:32,100 --> 05:23:35,300
drinking more than ever, and 
they were drinking it in Hidden 

6293
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:37,700
clubs that had the atmosphere of
a permanent party. 

6294
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:42,200
You'd knock on an unmarked door,
whisper a pass-word and suddenly

6295
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:45,200
you'd be in a world of dim, 
light, strong drinks and the 

6296
05:23:45,208 --> 05:23:47,600
kind of music that made you want
to dance until dawn. 

6297
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,700
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.
The Government tried to make 

6298
05:23:51,700 --> 05:23:54,900
America more moral by battling 
alcohol, but it made drinking 

6299
05:23:54,900 --> 05:23:58,700
more fun, social and exciting. 
There was akin to receive a ban 

6300
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:01,500
on desert which instantly 
elevated it to the Pinnacle of 

6301
05:24:01,508 --> 05:24:03,600
Desire. 
Let's settle in and talk about 

6302
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:06,800
money in the 1920s because this 
is where things get really 

6303
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:09,400
interesting. 
Imagine if everyone in your 

6304
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:11,500
neighborhood suddenly 
discovered, they had a talent 

6305
05:24:11,500 --> 05:24:13,800
for finding $20 bills in their 
Coke pockets. 

6306
05:24:13,800 --> 05:24:17,100
That's roughly what the economy 
felt like in 1924. 

6307
05:24:17,100 --> 05:24:20,100
You'd wake up each morning and 
check the newspaper for stock 

6308
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:21,600
prices. 
The way people today, check 

6309
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:24,400
their social media. 
The numbers, consistently 

6310
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:28,800
increased, akin to a helium 
balloon devoid of gravity, your 

6311
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:32,200
neighbor previously, sold 
insurance was now providing you 

6312
05:24:32,200 --> 05:24:35,400
with valuable insights about 
radio companies and automobile. 

6313
05:24:35,400 --> 05:24:39,000
Manufacturers, your Barber was 
talking about his portfolio 

6314
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:42,000
while he trimmed your hair. 
Even the woman who ran the 

6315
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,600
corner grocery store, was buying
stocks with the confidence of 

6316
05:24:44,600 --> 05:24:46,100
someone who had been doing it 
for decades. 

6317
05:24:47,100 --> 05:24:49,800
The beautiful thing was you 
didn't need to be rich to get 

6318
05:24:49,800 --> 05:24:52,700
started. 
You could buy stocks on margin 

6319
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:55,500
which meant you only needed to 
put down a small amount of your 

6320
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:59,000
money and borrow the rest. 
There was like a layaway but for

6321
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,000
wealth building. 
What could possibly go wrong 

6322
05:25:02,000 --> 05:25:03,400
with borrowing money to buy 
something? 

6323
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:06,600
That was guaranteed to go up in 
value your typical day might 

6324
05:25:06,600 --> 05:25:09,300
start with a quick stop at the 
bank where the teller would 

6325
05:25:09,300 --> 05:25:11,300
greet you with a smile that 
suggested. 

6326
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:14,000
He was personally invested in 
your financial success. 

6327
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:18,800
Banks were no longer, the stern,
intimidating institutions, 

6328
05:25:18,800 --> 05:25:20,300
they'd be in your grandfather's 
day. 

6329
05:25:20,300 --> 05:25:23,900
They were friendly welcoming 
places that were eager to lend 

6330
05:25:23,900 --> 05:25:25,200
you money for just about 
anything. 

6331
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:28,300
Want to buy a car, here's a 
loan. 

6332
05:25:28,300 --> 05:25:32,100
Want to buy a house is a 
mortgage want to buy stocks? 

6333
05:25:32,100 --> 05:25:35,900
Here's some margin financing. 
The bankers practically threw 

6334
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:38,900
money at you and stealing in you
a sense of gratitude for their 

6335
05:25:38,900 --> 05:25:42,400
faith in your future. 
The cars were a perfect example 

6336
05:25:42,400 --> 05:25:45,400
of how money was changing. 
Everything, Henry Ford had 

6337
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:48,400
figured out how to mass produce 
automobiles, which meant that 

6338
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:51,400
for the first time in history, 
regular working, people could 

6339
05:25:51,400 --> 05:25:55,400
afford to buy one. 
A Model T cost about 290 dollars

6340
05:25:55,400 --> 05:25:59,400
in 1925, which was roughly three
months wages for an average 

6341
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:03,400
worker. 
Today, when a new car cost, more

6342
05:26:03,400 --> 05:26:06,700
like 8 months wages, and you can
see why everyone was feeling 

6343
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:08,900
pretty optimistic about their 
purchasing power. 

6344
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:13,200
But the real magic happened when
you got that car home, Suddenly,

6345
05:26:13,200 --> 05:26:15,100
you weren't limited to your 
neighborhood anymore. 

6346
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:18,600
You could drive to the next town
over for dinner, or take a 

6347
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:21,400
weekend trip to the mountains or
simply cruise around on a Sunday

6348
05:26:21,400 --> 05:26:23,300
afternoon feeling like the king 
of the world. 

6349
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:25,700
The automobile didn't just 
change. 

6350
05:26:25,700 --> 05:26:28,700
How you got around it changed, 
how you thought about distance 

6351
05:26:28,700 --> 05:26:32,100
time and possibility? 
Consumer goods were flooding, 

6352
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:35,600
the market electric 
refrigerators vacuum cleaners 

6353
05:26:35,600 --> 05:26:39,400
washing machines radios. 
All of these things that had 

6354
05:26:39,400 --> 05:26:42,400
been luxuries for the wealthy 
was suddenly Within Reach of the

6355
05:26:42,400 --> 05:26:45,100
middle class. 
Could buy them on installment 

6356
05:26:45,100 --> 05:26:47,700
plans paying a little bit each 
month until they were yours. 

6357
05:26:47,700 --> 05:26:50,600
It was like Christmas morning. 
Every time you brought home a 

6358
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:53,600
new Appliance, Department stores
became Wonderland of 

6359
05:26:53,600 --> 05:26:56,300
possibility. 
You'd walk through Macy's or 

6360
05:26:56,300 --> 05:26:59,000
wannamakers and feel like you 
were touring a museum of modern 

6361
05:26:59,000 --> 05:27:02,700
living, everything was bright, 
shiny and available for 

6362
05:27:02,700 --> 05:27:05,100
purchase. 
The salespeople, made you feel 

6363
05:27:05,100 --> 05:27:08,200
entitled to the best and the 
credit terms were so generous 

6364
05:27:08,200 --> 05:27:11,200
that you couldn't afford not to 
buy the advertising was getting 

6365
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:14,300
more sophisticated too. 
And of just listing the features

6366
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:17,900
of a product advertisers, were 
selling you a Lifestyle by this 

6367
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,000
open, you'll be more attractive 
by this car, and you'll be more 

6368
05:27:21,000 --> 05:27:24,200
successful by this radio and 
you'll be more connected to the 

6369
05:27:24,200 --> 05:27:26,600
world. 
They were just selling products.

6370
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:29,600
They were selling dreams and 
business was booming. 

6371
05:27:29,600 --> 05:27:32,600
Your neighbor's were all 
participating in this wonderful 

6372
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:36,500
dance of prosperity. 
Everyone was buying everyone was

6373
05:27:36,500 --> 05:27:38,800
selling. 
And everyone was convinced that 

6374
05:27:38,800 --> 05:27:40,400
the music would never stop 
playing. 

6375
05:27:41,600 --> 05:27:45,000
The stock market was like a 
giant Casino where everyone was 

6376
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:47,200
winning and the house never seen
to mine. 

6377
05:27:48,300 --> 05:27:49,700
But here's the thing about 
dancing. 

6378
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:53,500
It's wonderful while the music 
is playing, but eventually the 

6379
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:58,400
band needs to take a break. 
Trouble was nobody in 1925 was 

6380
05:27:58,400 --> 05:28:00,500
thinking about what would happen
when the music stopped. 

6381
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:03,600
There were too busy, enjoying 
the Rhythm, the movement and the

6382
05:28:03,608 --> 05:28:07,100
sheer Joy of being part of 
something that felt bigger than 

6383
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:10,000
themselves. 
When the sun went down in 1925. 

6384
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:12,900
That's when the real personality
of the decade came out to play. 

6385
05:28:12,900 --> 05:28:16,300
Who'd finish your dinner 
straighten, your tie or powder, 

6386
05:28:16,300 --> 05:28:19,200
your nose, and step out into a 
world that was absolutely 

6387
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:21,000
determined to show you a good 
time. 

6388
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:24,600
Streets after dark were like 
nothing America had ever seen 

6389
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:27,300
before. 
Electric signs, blazed from 

6390
05:28:27,300 --> 05:28:31,200
every storefront turning Knight 
into a neon tinged approximation

6391
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:35,000
of the day. 
Cities had learned to stay awake

6392
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:37,900
and they were absolutely 
delighted with their owner. 

6393
05:28:37,900 --> 05:28:41,500
You'd walk down broad way or 
State Street or any main drag in

6394
05:28:41,500 --> 05:28:43,800
any City and the lights would be
so bright. 

6395
05:28:43,800 --> 05:28:45,700
You could read a newspaper 
without squinting. 

6396
05:28:46,600 --> 05:28:49,500
Your first stop might be a movie
theater because the pictures 

6397
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:51,900
were getting more elaborate and 
entertaining by the month. 

6398
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:56,100
These work just films. 
They were experiences the 

6399
05:28:56,100 --> 05:28:59,100
theater's themselves. 
Resembled palaces adorned with 

6400
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:02,700
elaborate ceilings luxurious 
seats and orchestras that 

6401
05:29:02,700 --> 05:29:06,800
accompanied the silent films Sit
in the dark with hundreds of 

6402
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:09,500
other people, all of you, 
gasping and laughing and 

6403
05:29:09,500 --> 05:29:12,900
collectively forgetting that the
real world existed Outside The 

6404
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:15,800
Velvet curtains. 
Charlie Chaplin was making 

6405
05:29:15,800 --> 05:29:17,900
everyone laugh with his little 
Tramp character. 

6406
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:21,100
A fellow who seemed to find 
dignity in the most undignified,

6407
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:24,500
situations Buster Keaton was 
performing. 

6408
05:29:24,500 --> 05:29:27,400
Stunts that defied both gravity 
and Common Sense. 

6409
05:29:27,400 --> 05:29:29,700
These comedians weren't just 
entertainers. 

6410
05:29:29,700 --> 05:29:33,300
They were philosophers of the 
Absurd showing you that life's 

6411
05:29:33,300 --> 05:29:36,200
problems could be sold with 
creativity persistence and a 

6412
05:29:36,208 --> 05:29:39,600
willingness to look ridiculous. 
But the real Adventure began 

6413
05:29:39,600 --> 05:29:41,300
when you decided to find a 
speakeasy. 

6414
05:29:42,300 --> 05:29:45,600
A 1925, the country had gotten 
very creative about working 

6415
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:48,300
around the five year. 
Old prohibition, he'd walked 

6416
05:29:48,300 --> 05:29:51,500
down a perfectly ordinary Street
counting doorways until you 

6417
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:53,900
found the right one. 
Maybe it was marked with a small

6418
05:29:53,900 --> 05:29:56,600
symbol or maybe you just had to 
know which daughter knock on. 

6419
05:29:57,400 --> 05:30:00,700
Password might be something like
bees knees or Oscar sent me, 

6420
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:03,600
you'd whisper it to a person 
whose eyes you could see through

6421
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:05,800
a small window and if you'd 
gotten it, right? 

6422
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:08,200
The door would swing open to 
reveal a world. 

6423
05:30:08,200 --> 05:30:10,500
That was half party, half 
conspiracy. 

6424
05:30:11,300 --> 05:30:14,000
Inside the atmosphere was thick 
with cigarette smoke and 

6425
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:16,700
possibility. 
The are practically vibrated 

6426
05:30:16,700 --> 05:30:19,500
with jazz music played by 
musicians, who seem to be making

6427
05:30:19,500 --> 05:30:21,800
it up. 
As they went along, numerous 

6428
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:24,100
incidents is their 
interpretations were accurate. 

6429
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:28,100
Jazz was all about improvisation
about, taking a familiar, tune 

6430
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:30,100
and twisting it into something, 
entirely new. 

6431
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:34,700
It was music that matched, the 
mood of the times, confident, 

6432
05:30:34,700 --> 05:30:37,400
experimental and slightly 
dangerous. 

6433
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:41,200
The drinks were stronger than 
anything you'd ever tasted 

6434
05:30:41,200 --> 05:30:43,400
partly. 
Because the Bootleggers weren't 

6435
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:45,000
particularly concerned with 
subtlety. 

6436
05:30:46,100 --> 05:30:49,700
They mixed gin that could strip 
paint with fruit juices and 

6437
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:54,000
served it in cocktail glasses 
reminiscent of fairy tales The 

6438
05:30:54,000 --> 05:30:58,100
cocktails had names like Gin 
Rickey, sidecar and bee's knees,

6439
05:30:58,100 --> 05:31:00,700
because if someone had decided 
that drinking should be an 

6440
05:31:00,700 --> 05:31:03,000
adventure in linguistics as well
as intoxication. 

6441
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:06,700
The dancing was unlike anything,
your parents generation had ever

6442
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:09,200
seen. 
Charleston was the signature 

6443
05:31:09,200 --> 05:31:12,700
move, all flying feet and 
Swinging arms and complete 

6444
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:15,400
abandonment of anything that 
might be considered dignified. 

6445
05:31:16,200 --> 05:31:18,200
The music would compel you to 
continue dancing. 

6446
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:20,500
Despite your clothes becoming 
soaked with sweat. 

6447
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:24,800
The women smoked cigarettes will
make up and generally behaved in

6448
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:27,700
ways that would have horrified 
their grandmothers known as 

6449
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:29,400
Flappers. 
They appeared to have 

6450
05:31:29,400 --> 05:31:32,200
collectively, decided to 
disregard the traditional Norms 

6451
05:31:32,200 --> 05:31:34,600
of feminine Behavior. 
They wore their hair short, 

6452
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:38,800
their skirts, short-term 
attitude, shortest of all The 

6453
05:31:38,800 --> 05:31:41,300
men were trying to keep up 
loosening their ties and 

6454
05:31:41,300 --> 05:31:44,000
learning dance steps, that would
have been considered scandalous 

6455
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:47,900
just a decade earlier. 
Everyone was engaged in a 

6456
05:31:47,908 --> 05:31:50,400
collective Rebellion against the
stuffiness of the previous 

6457
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:53,200
generation and they were 
thoroughly enjoying themselves 

6458
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,900
in the process. but here's the 
thing that made the Speakeasy 

6459
05:31:56,900 --> 05:32:00,000
culture, so special It was 
Democratic in a way that 

6460
05:32:00,000 --> 05:32:04,100
American Social Life had never 
been before rich and poor young 

6461
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:06,800
and old immigrants and 
native-born Americans. 

6462
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:10,300
All crowded together around the 
same, small tables drinking the 

6463
05:32:10,300 --> 05:32:14,100
same illegal liquor and dancing 
to the same outrageous music. 

6464
05:32:15,100 --> 05:32:18,400
Prohibition had inadvertently 
created a kind of social mixing 

6465
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:20,100
that the country had never 
experienced. 

6466
05:32:21,200 --> 05:32:23,800
The night would end with you, 
stumbling out into the door and 

6467
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:27,500
your ears, ringing with jazz and
your head spinning with gin and 

6468
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:29,800
the sheer exhilaration of being 
alive at a time. 

6469
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:33,600
When anything seemed possible 
Tomorrow was another day and 

6470
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:37,200
tomorrow's night would bring new
adventures, new music, new 

6471
05:32:37,200 --> 05:32:39,800
reasons to celebrate. 
The simple fact that you were 

6472
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:42,800
young and American and living in
the most exciting decade. 

6473
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:45,400
Anyone could remember. 
Now, let's talk about how the 

6474
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,100
1920s changed the way. 
People thought about everything.

6475
05:32:48,100 --> 05:32:51,800
Not only did the music enclose 
change, but the concept of what 

6476
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:54,300
it meant to be an American 
underwent, a complete 

6477
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:58,500
transformation, you'd wake up in
1926 and realize that the world 

6478
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:01,100
your parents had prepared you 
for no longer existed. 

6479
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:04,700
A kind of exhilarating 
uncertainty, replace the old 

6480
05:33:04,700 --> 05:33:08,800
certain teas making every day. 
Feel like an adventure was like 

6481
05:33:08,800 --> 05:33:10,500
someone had Rewritten, the rules
of Life. 

6482
05:33:10,500 --> 05:33:13,500
While You Were Sleeping, you had
to figure out the new version as

6483
05:33:13,500 --> 05:33:16,600
you went along. 
The most significant change was 

6484
05:33:16,600 --> 05:33:18,300
in how people thought about 
themselves. 

6485
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:21,400
Your great-grandparents had 
defined themselves by their 

6486
05:33:21,400 --> 05:33:24,300
work, their family, their church
and their community. 

6487
05:33:25,100 --> 05:33:27,600
But you are part of the first 
generation that could Define 

6488
05:33:27,600 --> 05:33:31,500
Itself by its entertainment, its
style and its attitude. 

6489
05:33:31,500 --> 05:33:34,800
You weren't just a blacksmith or
a farmer or a shopkeeper. 

6490
05:33:34,800 --> 05:33:37,700
You were someone who listened to
Jazz, drove a car. 

6491
05:33:37,700 --> 05:33:40,400
Went to the pictures and had 
opinions about everything. 

6492
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:44,000
The radio was particularly 
important in this transformation

6493
05:33:44,000 --> 05:33:46,700
every evening. 
You gather around that wooden 

6494
05:33:46,700 --> 05:33:49,900
box with its mysterious glowing 
tubes and listen to voices from 

6495
05:33:49,900 --> 05:33:52,300
New York, Chicago, and Los 
Angeles. 

6496
05:33:53,300 --> 05:33:56,200
For the first time in American 
history, the entire country was 

6497
05:33:56,200 --> 05:33:59,200
hearing the same jokes, the same
music and the same 

6498
05:33:59,200 --> 05:34:01,800
advertisements. 
You were part of a shared 

6499
05:34:01,800 --> 05:34:04,300
National conversation that 
stretched from coast to coast. 

6500
05:34:04,300 --> 05:34:08,200
These developments created a 
kind of cultural democracy that 

6501
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:11,500
was entirely new Song that was 
popular in Hallam, could be 

6502
05:34:11,500 --> 05:34:14,900
harmed by a farmer in Kansas 
within a week within a month. 

6503
05:34:14,900 --> 05:34:18,100
A dance that originated in 
Chicago might be performed at an

6504
05:34:18,108 --> 05:34:21,400
Alabama, High School Dance. 
The regional differences that 

6505
05:34:21,400 --> 05:34:24,600
had defined American culture for
centuries were beginning to blur

6506
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:27,700
into something more unified and 
simultaneously more diverse. 

6507
05:34:27,700 --> 05:34:29,900
The movie is were doing 
something similar. 

6508
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:33,500
But even more powerful, you'd 
sit in a dark theater and watch 

6509
05:34:33,500 --> 05:34:36,400
stories that took you places. 
You've never been showed you 

6510
05:34:36,400 --> 05:34:38,400
lives. 
You'd never lived made you feel 

6511
05:34:38,408 --> 05:34:40,100
emotions you'd never 
experienced. 

6512
05:34:41,200 --> 05:34:44,400
Stars were just actors. 
They were templates for how to 

6513
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:49,500
be glamorous sophisticated and 
modern Mary Pickford Charlie 

6514
05:34:49,500 --> 05:34:52,500
Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino 
weren't just entertainers. 

6515
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:54,800
They were teachers in the 
Academy of style. 

6516
05:34:54,800 --> 05:34:58,800
The magazines were changing too,
the previous generation serious 

6517
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:01,100
morally, instructive 
Publications gave way to 

6518
05:35:01,100 --> 05:35:04,500
magazines entirely focused on 
entertainment, fashion and 

6519
05:35:04,500 --> 05:35:07,000
lifestyle. 
You'd flip through pages of 

6520
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:10,100
photographs showing you how to 
dress, how to decorate your home

6521
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:12,000
and how to conduct yourself at 
parties. 

6522
05:35:12,000 --> 05:35:14,900
It was like having a personal 
tutor in the art of Being 

6523
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:17,500
modern. 
The younger generation were 

6524
05:35:17,500 --> 05:35:20,100
particularly enthusiastic about 
rejecting everything, their 

6525
05:35:20,100 --> 05:35:23,100
parents had taught them, they 
called themselves, The Lost 

6526
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:25,900
Generation. 
Which sounds Melancholy but was 

6527
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,800
actually a kind of Celebration. 
They were lost from the old 

6528
05:35:28,800 --> 05:35:31,600
certain to the old restrictions 
and the old ways of thinking 

6529
05:35:31,600 --> 05:35:34,700
about life and they were 
perfectly content to be lost 

6530
05:35:34,700 --> 05:35:37,600
because being lost meant being 
free to find their own way. 

6531
05:35:38,600 --> 05:35:40,300
Slang reflected, this new 
attitude. 

6532
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:44,200
Everything was swell or Keen or 
the cat's pajamas. 

6533
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:47,700
The language was becoming more 
playful, more inventive, and 

6534
05:35:47,700 --> 05:35:50,300
more fun. 
People were making up words and 

6535
05:35:50,300 --> 05:35:53,600
phrases with the confidence of 
poets and every one was eager to

6536
05:35:53,608 --> 05:35:56,700
adopt the latest linguistic 
Fashion's even the art was 

6537
05:35:56,700 --> 05:35:58,900
changing. 
Instead of the realistic 

6538
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:01,000
paintings and sculptures that 
are dominated. 

6539
05:36:01,000 --> 05:36:04,300
American culture artists were 
experimenting with abstract 

6540
05:36:04,300 --> 05:36:07,800
forms, bold colors and ideas 
that didn't necessarily make 

6541
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:10,800
logical sense. 
It was art that matched the mood

6542
05:36:10,800 --> 05:36:14,400
of the times. 
Experimental, confident and 

6543
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:17,200
slightly rebellious. 
The architecture was 

6544
05:36:17,200 --> 05:36:21,000
transforming to buildings, were 
getting taller sleeker and more 

6545
05:36:21,000 --> 05:36:23,800
geometric. 
The art deco style was emerging 

6546
05:36:23,800 --> 05:36:28,200
with its emphasis on clean lines
and mechanical Elegance cities 

6547
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:31,300
were beginning to look like the 
future which was precisely what 

6548
05:36:31,300 --> 05:36:34,200
their inhabitants wanted. 
Perhaps, the most important 

6549
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,600
change was in helping people 
thought about traditionally 

6550
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:39,600
itself. 
Previous generations had revered

6551
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:42,800
the past seeing it as source of 
wisdom and guidance. 

6552
05:36:43,700 --> 05:36:47,200
However, the 1920s generation 
viewed the past as a challenge 

6553
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:49,900
to conquer in enhance or 
disregard. 

6554
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:53,700
The future was more interesting 
than the past and the present 

6555
05:36:53,700 --> 05:36:57,500
was more fun than either. 
This perspective created a kind 

6556
05:36:57,500 --> 05:37:00,800
of cultural acceleration. 
That was both exhilarating and 

6557
05:37:00,800 --> 05:37:03,500
exhausting. 
Everything was changing so fast 

6558
05:37:03,500 --> 05:37:04,600
that you could bear, barely keep
up. 

6559
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:07,000
But that was part of the 
excitement. 

6560
05:37:07,000 --> 05:37:11,200
You lived in a time of global 
reinvention and were part of it 

6561
05:37:11,200 --> 05:37:14,200
by 1927. 
It was evident that something 

6562
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:17,300
was beginning to go awry. 
The party was still going 

6563
05:37:17,300 --> 05:37:20,300
strong, the music was still 
playing and everyone still 

6564
05:37:20,300 --> 05:37:23,400
dancing. 
But if you looked carefully, you

6565
05:37:23,400 --> 05:37:25,800
might have noticed that some of 
the dancers were starting to 

6566
05:37:25,808 --> 05:37:29,000
look a little worn out in some 
of the music was starting to 

6567
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:32,900
sound a little forced, the stock
market was still climbing, but 

6568
05:37:32,900 --> 05:37:35,300
it was climbing in a way that 
was starting to make thoughtful 

6569
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:38,300
people nervous. 
The numbers were getting so high

6570
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:41,700
that they seem to have lost any 
connection to reality companies 

6571
05:37:41,700 --> 05:37:44,600
that had never made a profit 
were worth millions on paper. 

6572
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:47,400
Stocks were doubling and 
tripling in value. 

6573
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:50,000
They on nothing more than the 
assumption that they would 

6574
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:53,700
continue to double and triple 
you'd over here conversation 

6575
05:37:53,700 --> 05:37:56,000
that would have been impossible 
just a few years earlier. 

6576
05:37:57,000 --> 05:37:59,700
Gaba would be talking about his 
stock portfolio, while he cut 

6577
05:37:59,700 --> 05:38:02,500
your hair. 
The woman who sold newspapers on

6578
05:38:02,500 --> 05:38:04,800
the corner would be discussing 
market trends with her. 

6579
05:38:04,800 --> 05:38:08,300
Customers, everyone claimed to 
be an expert and while many 

6580
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:11,100
appeared to be getting rich, 
nobody was asking the obvious 

6581
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:12,900
question. 
Where was all this money 

6582
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:15,900
actually coming from the answer?
It turned out was that it was 

6583
05:38:15,900 --> 05:38:18,800
coming from the future. 
People were borrowing against 

6584
05:38:18,800 --> 05:38:22,100
tomorrow's prosperity to pay. 
For today's lifestyle, they were

6585
05:38:22,108 --> 05:38:25,000
buying stocks on margin, which 
meant they were borrowing money 

6586
05:38:25,000 --> 05:38:27,700
to buy Investments, that they 
hoped would be worth more money 

6587
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:29,900
later. 
It was a pyramid scheme that 

6588
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:32,400
worked perfectly. 
As long as everyone kept 

6589
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:33,500
believing, it would work 
forever. 

6590
05:38:34,700 --> 05:38:37,600
The agriculture sector was 
already showing signs of strain,

6591
05:38:37,600 --> 05:38:41,200
Farmers had expanded their 
operations during World War, One

6592
05:38:41,200 --> 05:38:45,000
to meet the demand for food. 
But when the war ended that need

6593
05:38:45,000 --> 05:38:48,900
disappeared, Prices were falling
and farmers were struggling to 

6594
05:38:48,900 --> 05:38:51,200
pay off the loans. 
They taken to buy more land and 

6595
05:38:51,200 --> 05:38:53,700
equipment. 
No one in the cities was paying 

6596
05:38:53,700 --> 05:38:56,200
much attention to the fact that 
rural Banks were beginning to 

6597
05:38:56,200 --> 05:38:59,600
fail, The construction industry 
was beginning to slow down. 

6598
05:38:59,600 --> 05:39:02,400
There were only so many Office 
Buildings and apartment 

6599
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:06,100
complexes that any City could 
actually use the developers kept

6600
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:07,700
building them. 
Anyway, because construction 

6601
05:39:07,700 --> 05:39:11,100
loans were easy to get and real 
estate seemed like a guaranteed 

6602
05:39:11,100 --> 05:39:13,400
investment. 
Empty buildings were becoming 

6603
05:39:13,400 --> 05:39:16,400
more common but the newspapers 
didn't write much about that. 

6604
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:19,900
Even the consumer goods Market 
was showing signs of saturation.

6605
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:22,600
What is the Practical number of 
radio's? 

6606
05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:25,500
A family might need? 
What is the Practical number of 

6607
05:39:25,500 --> 05:39:28,600
automobiles? 
A person can drive The factories

6608
05:39:28,600 --> 05:39:31,300
were producing more than the 
market could absorb, but they 

6609
05:39:31,300 --> 05:39:34,400
kept producing any way because 
the credit was available and the

6610
05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:37,500
future looked bright. 
The international situation was 

6611
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:41,000
becoming more complicated too 
Europe, was still struggling to 

6612
05:39:41,000 --> 05:39:44,100
recover from the war and the 
German economy was particularly 

6613
05:39:44,100 --> 05:39:46,900
fragile. 
American Banks had loaned 

6614
05:39:46,900 --> 05:39:49,300
enormous amounts of money to 
European governments and 

6615
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:52,400
businesses but those loans were 
looking increasingly risky. 

6616
05:39:52,400 --> 05:39:56,100
If Europe couldn't pay back what
it owed American Banks would be 

6617
05:39:56,100 --> 05:40:00,100
in serious trouble. 
But in 1927, you probably 

6618
05:40:00,100 --> 05:40:01,500
wouldn't have noticed any of 
this. 

6619
05:40:01,500 --> 05:40:04,700
You'd be too busy, enjoying the 
prosperity, the entertainment, 

6620
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:08,200
and the sheer fun of being alive
in the most exciting decade in 

6621
05:40:08,208 --> 05:40:11,800
American history. 
Despite the presence of warning 

6622
05:40:11,800 --> 05:40:13,800
signs. 
It was effortless to overlook 

6623
05:40:13,800 --> 05:40:15,800
them when everything in your 
immediate experience was 

6624
05:40:15,800 --> 05:40:18,100
thriving. 
Speaking speakeasies were still 

6625
05:40:18,100 --> 05:40:20,200
packed, the Jazz was still 
playing. 

6626
05:40:20,200 --> 05:40:23,600
The stock market was still 
climbing and everyone was still 

6627
05:40:23,600 --> 05:40:25,600
convinced that the good times 
would last forever. 

6628
05:40:26,700 --> 05:40:29,200
The prospect of everything 
collapsing was too disheartening

6629
05:40:29,200 --> 05:40:31,900
to contemplate. 
This was America after all 

6630
05:40:31,900 --> 05:40:34,500
Americans didn't have economic 
disasters. 

6631
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:37,500
They had temporary setbacks 
followed by even greater 

6632
05:40:37,500 --> 05:40:40,200
prosperity. 
The newspapers were full of 

6633
05:40:40,200 --> 05:40:43,800
optimistic predictions about the
future by 1950. 

6634
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:47,100
They said everyone would have an
airplane in their garage and a 

6635
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,200
robot in their kitchen machine 
would do all the work 

6636
05:40:50,200 --> 05:40:53,800
eliminating poverty and disease 
and reducing the work week to a 

6637
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:55,800
few hours. 
It all sounded perfectly 

6638
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:58,400
reasonable science was advancing
rapidly. 

6639
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:02,000
Technology was solving problems 
faster than anyone could have 

6640
05:41:02,008 --> 05:41:04,300
imagined. 
And the American economy seemed 

6641
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:06,400
to have discovered the secret of
Perpetual growth. 

6642
05:41:06,400 --> 05:41:10,700
What could possibly go wrong. 
The answer to this question was 

6643
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:13,200
already beginning to emerge in 
the financial markets. 

6644
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:16,800
The agricultural sector the 
construction industry and the 

6645
05:41:16,808 --> 05:41:21,100
international banking system. 
But in 1927 you could still 

6646
05:41:21,100 --> 05:41:24,000
choose to ignore those warning 
signs and focus on the fun. 

6647
05:41:24,000 --> 05:41:26,400
And that's exactly what most 
people did. 

6648
05:41:26,400 --> 05:41:31,300
And then suddenly it was 1929 
and the music stopped. 

6649
05:41:31,300 --> 05:41:34,300
You'd wake up on a Tuesday in 
October in the world would look 

6650
05:41:34,300 --> 05:41:37,200
the same as the day before. 
You'd see the same building 

6651
05:41:37,200 --> 05:41:39,800
streets and people rushing to 
work with the same hopeful 

6652
05:41:39,800 --> 05:41:42,800
attitude. 
Something fundamental had 

6653
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:45,000
changed overnight. 
Something that would take months

6654
05:41:45,000 --> 05:41:48,700
or even years to fully 
understand, Stock market had 

6655
05:41:48,700 --> 05:41:52,400
crashed the stock market, not 
only experience to decline, 

6656
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:57,500
correction or adjustment, but it
plummeted akin to a chandelier 

6657
05:41:57,500 --> 05:41:59,200
plummeting from a ballroom 
ceiling. 

6658
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:02,700
Stocks that have been worth 100 
of dollars were suddenly worth 

6659
05:42:02,700 --> 05:42:06,400
pennies fortunes that had been 
built over years of careful. 

6660
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:08,700
Speculation were white out in a 
matter of hours. 

6661
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:10,700
The crash did not occur 
abruptly. 

6662
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:14,500
A protest began when a few 
nervous investors decided to 

6663
05:42:14,500 --> 05:42:18,000
sell their stocks leading to a 
slight drop in prices that made 

6664
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:21,600
other investors anxious. 
More selling cause prices to 

6665
05:42:21,600 --> 05:42:24,200
drop further, which made even 
more investors nervous. 

6666
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:27,000
The situation resembled a domino
effect. 

6667
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:30,300
But in stead of traditional, 
dominoes, the pieces consisted 

6668
05:42:30,300 --> 05:42:33,800
of money and confidence. 
In just a few days, the American

6669
05:42:33,800 --> 05:42:36,700
economy had experienced a 
significant decline of 

6670
05:42:36,700 --> 05:42:40,600
approximately 40% in its value. 
People who had gone to bed 

6671
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:44,900
wealthy, woke up poorly, the 
banks seemingly a solid as 

6672
05:42:44,900 --> 05:42:47,900
mountains revealed themselves to
be based on sand. 

6673
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:52,000
A Prosperity that had seemed so 
permanent was exposed as an 

6674
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:55,400
elaborative illusion. 
Human cost was staggering. 

6675
05:42:56,300 --> 05:42:59,300
Your neighbor would be bragging 
about his stock portfolio. 

6676
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:02,000
Was now trying to figure out how
to pay his mortgage. 

6677
05:43:02,000 --> 05:43:05,500
Suddenly the bank where you 
deposited, your savings clothes 

6678
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:08,300
and sign on the door. 
Declared your money unavailable.

6679
05:43:09,100 --> 05:43:11,400
The factory where you'd worked 
for years was laying off workers

6680
05:43:11,400 --> 05:43:13,900
because nobody could afford to 
buy what they were producing. 

6681
05:43:13,900 --> 05:43:17,700
But here's the thing about the 
crash, it wasn't really the end 

6682
05:43:17,700 --> 05:43:20,600
of the Roaring 20s. 
It was more like the moment when

6683
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:23,500
someone turned on the lights at 
the end of a party and everyone 

6684
05:43:23,500 --> 05:43:26,800
realized what the place actually
looked like. the problems had 

6685
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:29,400
been there all along hidden by 
the excitement, optimism, and 

6686
05:43:29,400 --> 05:43:33,000
sheer fun of it all We would 
call the decade that followed 

6687
05:43:33,000 --> 05:43:35,900
the Great Depression. 
A period marked by hardship. 

6688
05:43:35,900 --> 05:43:39,800
Struggle and Collective Soul 
searching But it would also be a

6689
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:42,400
time of innovation and 
resilience and the discovery 

6690
05:43:42,400 --> 05:43:44,700
that Americans could survive 
just about anything. 

6691
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:47,600
If they work together. 
Looking back from the 

6692
05:43:47,600 --> 05:43:52,100
perspective of 1932 or 1935, you
might have been tempted to 

6693
05:43:52,100 --> 05:43:56,800
dismiss the entire decade of the
1920s, as a foolish mistake, a 

6694
05:43:56,800 --> 05:43:59,400
time, when the country lost its 
mind, and forgot about the value

6695
05:43:59,400 --> 05:44:02,900
that made it great. 
But that would have been unfair 

6696
05:44:02,900 --> 05:44:04,600
to the genuine achievements of 
the era. 

6697
05:44:05,300 --> 05:44:10,400
The 1920s had given America Jazz
movies radio and Automobiles, as

6698
05:44:10,400 --> 05:44:12,500
well as the beginning of a 
modern consumer culture. 

6699
05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:16,300
It had liberated women from 
Victorian restriction and give 

6700
05:44:16,300 --> 05:44:19,700
him young people, the freedom to
Define themselves that had 

6701
05:44:19,700 --> 05:44:22,000
connected the country in ways 
that had never been possible 

6702
05:44:22,000 --> 05:44:24,900
before and created a shared 
National culture that 

6703
05:44:24,900 --> 05:44:26,600
transcended Regional 
differences. 

6704
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:29,600
Most importantly, it had shown 
American's that they could 

6705
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:32,700
reinvent themselves that they 
could reject the limitations of 

6706
05:44:32,700 --> 05:44:34,800
the past and create something 
entirely new. 

6707
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:37,700
That lesson would prove 
invaluable in the decades to 

6708
05:44:37,708 --> 05:44:41,600
come as the country faced the 
challenges of depression war and

6709
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:45,600
social transformation. 
The Roaring 20s of oaked a 

6710
05:44:45,600 --> 05:44:48,400
vision of immense prosperity and
boundless possibilities. 

6711
05:44:48,400 --> 05:44:53,400
It was excessive unsustainable 
and ultimately destructive but 

6712
05:44:53,400 --> 05:44:57,000
it was also created liberating 
and genuinely enjoyable. 

6713
05:44:57,000 --> 05:45:00,000
It was a time when Americans 
learned, they could be more than

6714
05:45:00,000 --> 05:45:02,300
they ever thought. 
Even if they couldn't keep it 

6715
05:45:02,300 --> 05:45:05,300
up, as you drifted off to sleep,
you may have realized that the 

6716
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:09,100
1920s True Legacy was the 
confidence, they gave Americans 

6717
05:45:09,100 --> 05:45:11,900
to believe, anything was 
possible, not the crash. 

6718
05:45:11,900 --> 05:45:14,600
That ended them. 
That confidence would be tested 

6719
05:45:14,600 --> 05:45:17,100
in the years to come but it 
would never be completely 

6720
05:45:17,100 --> 05:45:19,200
broken. 
And that perhaps was the most 

6721
05:45:19,200 --> 05:45:22,700
important lesson of all. 
The music had stopped at the 

6722
05:45:22,708 --> 05:45:24,500
memory of the dance would last 
forever. 

6723
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:34,700
Shirley Temple was born in Santa
Monica, California on April, 

6724
05:45:34,700 --> 05:45:39,000
23rd, 1928 into a family that 
was neither destined or 

6725
05:45:39,000 --> 05:45:42,000
lavishly. 
Wealthy, her father, George 

6726
05:45:42,000 --> 05:45:46,900
temple, worked in finance, and 
her mother Gertrude carried an 

6727
05:45:46,900 --> 05:45:49,200
almost obsessive. 
Desire to shape her daughter's 

6728
05:45:49,200 --> 05:45:52,300
destiny. 
The Santa Monica of that era was

6729
05:45:52,300 --> 05:45:54,300
a fast. 
Evolving Beachside Enclave 

6730
05:45:54,300 --> 05:45:57,900
brimming with both glamorous 
Illusions from the burgeoning 

6731
05:45:57,900 --> 05:46:01,000
film industry. 
And the more every day routine 

6732
05:46:01,000 --> 05:46:03,800
of middle class family is trying
to navigate to Mercurial 

6733
05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:06,500
economy. 
It was within this dual 

6734
05:46:06,500 --> 05:46:10,400
atmosphere flickering studio 
lights on one side and Thrifty 

6735
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:13,600
living on the other that Shirley
Temple began her path to 

6736
05:46:13,600 --> 05:46:16,200
stardom. 
Even before she could walk 

6737
05:46:16,200 --> 05:46:19,500
confidently, Gertrude 
recognized, something luminous 

6738
05:46:19,500 --> 05:46:23,000
in her daughter's presence. 
Shirley had a precocious way of 

6739
05:46:23,008 --> 05:46:25,300
mimicking gestures. 
She observed in adults. 

6740
05:46:25,300 --> 05:46:28,700
This knack for imitation would 
Define her early days, turning 

6741
05:46:28,700 --> 05:46:31,000
dance, and drama lessons into 
more than just passing 

6742
05:46:31,000 --> 05:46:33,400
Amusements. 
Gertrude seized every 

6743
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:36,100
opportunity to enroll Shirley 
and local dance classes. 

6744
05:46:36,100 --> 05:46:39,500
Meanwhile the child's father 
though, more reticent, 

6745
05:46:39,500 --> 05:46:41,900
eventually supported these 
Pursuits. 

6746
05:46:43,000 --> 05:46:45,600
Specially, as he sent that his 
daughter's talents might help 

6747
05:46:45,600 --> 05:46:48,800
the family rise above, its 
mundane Financial prospects 

6748
05:46:48,800 --> 05:46:51,800
Hollywood in the early 30s 
offered an odd mixer of 

6749
05:46:51,808 --> 05:46:54,800
unpolished opportunity and 
exploitative risk. 

6750
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:58,100
The Great Depression had 
shattered, many American's hopes

6751
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:02,700
Yet movie studio scrambled to 
produce a Escapist fare, child 

6752
05:47:02,700 --> 05:47:05,900
performers were, especially 
valuable used to deliver 

6753
05:47:05,900 --> 05:47:08,600
cuteness and innocent during a 
time of national hardship. 

6754
05:47:09,400 --> 05:47:11,100
Shirley with her natural curls, 
though. 

6755
05:47:11,100 --> 05:47:13,400
Constant. 
Lost over by her mother who 

6756
05:47:13,400 --> 05:47:16,600
insisted there. 
Be exactly. 56 of them and an 

6757
05:47:16,600 --> 05:47:20,300
almost hypnotic ability to 
project Joy fits seamlessly into

6758
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:22,500
this. 
Mold, she was introduced to 

6759
05:47:22,500 --> 05:47:26,300
Casting agents even before she 
turned four auditioning for bit 

6760
05:47:26,300 --> 05:47:29,500
parts that sometimes entail 
dancing routines with the adult 

6761
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:33,800
actors initially Shirley's, 
family juggled skepticism and 

6762
05:47:33,800 --> 05:47:37,200
ambition, the film sets you did 
were not always the polished 

6763
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:40,400
world's found saw on screen 
instead, they were chaotic 

6764
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:44,900
places, where directors yelled, 
lighting, rigs buzzed, and many,

6765
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:47,700
child performers discovered 
their so called cute Factor 

6766
05:47:47,700 --> 05:47:50,200
overshadowed. 
Any genuine acting skill, 

6767
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:54,400
Shirley however, proved a debt 
at capturing adult expectations,

6768
05:47:54,400 --> 05:47:58,000
a seeming earnestness paired 
with that bright. 

6769
05:47:58,000 --> 05:48:02,200
Dimpled smile one over producers
who recognized a phenomenon in 

6770
05:48:02,200 --> 05:48:06,500
the making by 1932. 
She had landed small roles in a 

6771
05:48:06,500 --> 05:48:08,200
series of shorts called Baby 
burlesque. 

6772
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:11,500
Comedy sketches, where toddlers 
were placed and decidedly 

6773
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:13,900
adults. 
At Situation's watching them 

6774
05:48:13,900 --> 05:48:17,800
today, many find the concept 
jarring, but in the economic 

6775
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:21,800
desperation of the 1930s, he 
short films, gain traction, and 

6776
05:48:21,800 --> 05:48:26,000
surely Star Quality began to 
glean Gertrude operating as both

6777
05:48:26,000 --> 05:48:29,500
mother and unofficial manager 
monitored every facet of 

6778
05:48:29,508 --> 05:48:32,900
Shirley's budding career. 
The mother's presence on set was

6779
05:48:32,908 --> 05:48:36,900
constant at times protective and
at other times, controlling. 

6780
05:48:38,200 --> 05:48:41,300
Tail circulated of Gertrude 
touching up, Shirley's curls 

6781
05:48:41,300 --> 05:48:44,600
between takes and showing that 
not a single ringlets strayed 

6782
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:46,100
from the image of cherubic 
perfection. 

6783
05:48:47,300 --> 05:48:50,600
A champion Shirley's needs but 
also drove her onward in a 

6784
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:52,500
business known for a discarding 
child actors. 

6785
05:48:52,500 --> 05:48:55,900
Once they outgrew their roles 
This mixture of maternal 

6786
05:48:55,900 --> 05:48:59,300
devotion and unwavering ambition
became a recurring theme in 

6787
05:48:59,300 --> 05:49:02,900
Shirley's early years, even so, 
Shirley's own temperament 

6788
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:06,000
provided account balance. 
Despite the intense schedule, 

6789
05:49:06,000 --> 05:49:09,100
she exuded genuine curiosity 
about her surrounding. 

6790
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:12,300
She asked questions about how 
cameras worked and who was 

6791
05:49:12,300 --> 05:49:15,900
responsible for set design in an
era where children were expected

6792
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:19,500
to be seen but not heard her. 
Inquisitive nurse made a subtle 

6793
05:49:19,500 --> 05:49:22,700
impression on directors and 
Stage hands alike. they realized

6794
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:26,200
the girl was not a living doll 
but a quick Thinking Child who 

6795
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:30,600
grasped far more than she let on
by 1934, she'd secured her first

6796
05:49:30,600 --> 05:49:33,900
break through roles in feature 
length films with Fox film 

6797
05:49:33,900 --> 05:49:37,300
Corporation soon to merge into 
20th Century Fox backing. 

6798
05:49:37,300 --> 05:49:40,300
Her Shirley Temple became one of
the Depression era as most 

6799
05:49:40,300 --> 05:49:44,600
iconic faces her movies, such as
stand up and cheer and Little 

6800
05:49:44,600 --> 05:49:47,100
Miss marker gave audience is a 
dose of optimism. 

6801
05:49:47,100 --> 05:49:50,600
They craved critics raved about 
her, bright eyes, and charity 

6802
05:49:50,600 --> 05:49:52,800
and tickets sales soared movie 
theater. 

6803
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:56,400
Saw a direct correlation the 
more Shirley Temple danced and 

6804
05:49:56,400 --> 05:49:59,300
sang on screen. 
The more American showed up in 

6805
05:49:59,300 --> 05:50:02,200
droves. 
Clinging to a child's radiant 

6806
05:50:02,200 --> 05:50:06,100
energy as a beacon in otherwise,
Bleak times at The Tender age of

6807
05:50:06,100 --> 05:50:09,900
six, Shirley transformed from a 
curious, toddler learning dance 

6808
05:50:09,900 --> 05:50:13,100
steps into a genuine star 
symbolizing, hope in a world, 

6809
05:50:13,108 --> 05:50:17,200
ravaged by economic hardships. 
However, behind the wide-eyed 

6810
05:50:17,200 --> 05:50:21,100
innocence of her film Persona, a
more complex story was forming a

6811
05:50:21,100 --> 05:50:24,200
dance of Parental Ambitions 
Studio pressures and her own 

6812
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:27,700
youthful resilience. 
That complexity would deepen as 

6813
05:50:27,700 --> 05:50:29,900
she soared to new heights of 
stardom in the years to come. 

6814
05:50:31,000 --> 05:50:34,400
In 1935 Shirley Temple. 
Underwent a significant 

6815
05:50:34,400 --> 05:50:37,100
transformation. 
When her Studio recognized the 

6816
05:50:37,100 --> 05:50:39,700
potential of their petite 
Leading Lady to lead full length

6817
05:50:39,700 --> 05:50:42,300
features. 
With the country still reeling 

6818
05:50:42,300 --> 05:50:46,000
from widespread unemployment and
red Line's her films provided 

6819
05:50:46,000 --> 05:50:51,400
escapism with optimism titles, 
like bright eyes and curly top 

6820
05:50:51,400 --> 05:50:54,900
showcase, not just heroic face, 
but an uncanny knack for 

6821
05:50:54,900 --> 05:50:57,000
on-screen chemistry with adult 
co-stars. 

6822
05:50:57,800 --> 05:51:01,500
She became the face of foxes. 
Silver Screen offering many 

6823
05:51:01,500 --> 05:51:04,300
established actors. 
Yep, behind the upbeat song 

6824
05:51:04,300 --> 05:51:07,000
songs and tap dancers 
negotiations and business 

6825
05:51:07,000 --> 05:51:10,200
Maneuvers were at play many of 
which set precedents for how 

6826
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:12,100
future child stars would be 
handled. 

6827
05:51:12,900 --> 05:51:15,600
Key among these developments was
the contract Shirley signed with

6828
05:51:15,600 --> 05:51:19,000
fox or more accurately, the 
contractor parent signed on her 

6829
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:21,600
behalf. 
His details, spark discussion 

6830
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:24,700
across Hollywood. 
She was guaranteed a significant

6831
05:51:24,700 --> 05:51:27,800
weekly salary. 
Those significant in the 1930s 

6832
05:51:27,800 --> 05:51:30,600
currency meant something 
different than it would today. 

6833
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:33,200
Plus bonuses if her pictures 
performed. 

6834
05:51:33,200 --> 05:51:37,800
Well, FOX also set aside funds 
for education and well-being the

6835
05:51:37,800 --> 05:51:40,300
lines often blurred between 
onset tutoring and real 

6836
05:51:40,300 --> 05:51:44,300
schooling, this Arrangement 
acknowledged her star power yet 

6837
05:51:44,300 --> 05:51:46,700
did little to protect her from 
an exhausting work schedule. 

6838
05:51:46,700 --> 05:51:49,700
That some might deem 
exploitative during this period 

6839
05:51:49,700 --> 05:51:53,600
is Marvel at Shirley's focused 
that necessitated multiple takes

6840
05:51:53,600 --> 05:51:56,500
for adult actors, which often 
concluded swiftly. 

6841
05:51:56,500 --> 05:51:59,400
Once Shirley achieved her marks,
she had a near photographic 

6842
05:51:59,400 --> 05:52:01,400
record for Line's and dance 
moves. 

6843
05:52:01,400 --> 05:52:03,800
A quality that impressed her 
choreographers. 

6844
05:52:03,800 --> 05:52:06,700
Equally striking was her 
composure Under Pressure. 

6845
05:52:06,700 --> 05:52:10,400
Fox Executives. 
Anxious to capitalize on her 

6846
05:52:10,400 --> 05:52:13,100
popularity, pushed for a film 
turnaround schedule. 

6847
05:52:13,100 --> 05:52:16,600
That left little room for a 
typical childhood, despite this 

6848
05:52:16,600 --> 05:52:19,600
Shirley consistently provided. 
The sunshine that the world 

6849
05:52:19,600 --> 05:52:22,500
craved. 
When an exhausted co-star. 

6850
05:52:22,500 --> 05:52:26,300
Once complained, your working, 
this kid to death, a stewed 

6851
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:31,400
Studio had electrically. 
If anything she's saving us. 

6852
05:52:32,900 --> 05:52:35,900
It was a half joking nod to the 
revenue, her success generated 

6853
05:52:35,900 --> 05:52:38,800
at a time when many studios 
teetered on the edge of 

6854
05:52:38,808 --> 05:52:43,800
bankruptcy fans of all ages. 
Idolized Shirley children, saw a

6855
05:52:43,800 --> 05:52:47,300
peer living a Fairytale life. 
While adults took solace in a 

6856
05:52:47,300 --> 05:52:49,100
Plucky on screen. 
Persona that seemed to say 

6857
05:52:49,100 --> 05:52:51,200
better days are just around the 
corner. 

6858
05:52:52,200 --> 05:52:55,700
Her likeness appeared on dolls 
dresses and countless products. 

6859
05:52:55,700 --> 05:52:58,700
And early instance, of celebrity
merchandising, that would 

6860
05:52:58,700 --> 05:53:02,500
foreshadow later Hollywood 
Synergy it popularity also had a

6861
05:53:02,508 --> 05:53:06,300
strange side rumors circulated 
that the bright-eyed star wasn't

6862
05:53:06,300 --> 05:53:09,400
a child at all. 
But a little person posing for 

6863
05:53:09,400 --> 05:53:12,800
the cameras, this bizarre 
conspiracy theory gained such 

6864
05:53:12,800 --> 05:53:15,400
traction overseas that the 
Vatican once considered 

6865
05:53:15,400 --> 05:53:19,400
investigating her age in truth, 
Shirley Temple was no more than 

6866
05:53:19,400 --> 05:53:22,900
10 at the time rapidly growing 
into a global household name 

6867
05:53:22,900 --> 05:53:26,100
curiously. 
Shirley's rise parallel shifts 

6868
05:53:26,100 --> 05:53:29,400
in the film industry itself. 
The production code Hollywood's 

6869
05:53:29,400 --> 05:53:32,400
moral guide lines tightened 
restrictions on home screen 

6870
05:53:32,400 --> 05:53:35,300
content. 
Shirley's clean wholesome image 

6871
05:53:35,300 --> 05:53:39,100
fit perfectly into this new 
environment gone with the agya. 

6872
05:53:39,100 --> 05:53:40,800
Comedic elements from her 
earliest shorts. 

6873
05:53:41,700 --> 05:53:44,000
In their place emerged, 
full-blown family friendly 

6874
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:47,400
musicals and romances. 
She sang with experienced adult 

6875
05:53:47,400 --> 05:53:50,700
Crews, sharing lines and Duets 
that might otherwise look 

6876
05:53:50,700 --> 05:53:53,500
awkward for a child. 
Yet her sincerity. 

6877
05:53:53,500 --> 05:53:56,900
Let her Glide past potential. 
Awkwardness audiences, believed 

6878
05:53:56,900 --> 05:54:00,200
her Rosy worldview if only for 
the duration of a matinee. 

6879
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:04,400
Not that it was all smooth 
sailing inside the temple. 

6880
05:54:04,400 --> 05:54:07,800
Household tensions. 
Simmered Gertrude clashed with 

6881
05:54:07,808 --> 05:54:10,700
producers who wanted to vary 
Shirley's look or storyline 

6882
05:54:10,700 --> 05:54:13,800
steadfastly defending her 
daughter's signature curls and 

6883
05:54:13,808 --> 05:54:17,300
sweet Persona George temple. 
Meanwhile found himself 

6884
05:54:17,300 --> 05:54:20,300
overshadowed primarily attending
to financial matters. 

6885
05:54:20,300 --> 05:54:23,400
While Gertrude guided their 
daughter's creative Direction. 

6886
05:54:24,200 --> 05:54:26,700
In a Twist reminiscent of many 
Showbiz families. 

6887
05:54:26,700 --> 05:54:30,500
The father sometimes felt 
sidelined overshadowed by the 

6888
05:54:30,500 --> 05:54:32,800
formidable bond between mother 
and star daughter. 

6889
05:54:33,900 --> 05:54:35,500
A Shirley approached her 10th 
birthday. 

6890
05:54:35,500 --> 05:54:38,400
The industry noticed that her 
Presence at the box. 

6891
05:54:38,400 --> 05:54:41,100
Office was not just consistent. 
It was heroic. 

6892
05:54:41,900 --> 05:54:44,600
Some of her films overshadowed 
even major adult releases. 

6893
05:54:44,600 --> 05:54:47,700
The juvenile star was 
effectively bankrolling foxes 

6894
05:54:47,700 --> 05:54:51,300
operations, preventing Pierre. 
Financial cuts that might have 

6895
05:54:51,300 --> 05:54:54,200
devastated the studio. 
It became a well known quip in 

6896
05:54:54,200 --> 05:54:57,600
Hollywood circle's that if he 
needed a guaranteed hit, you 

6897
05:54:57,600 --> 05:55:01,200
hired Shirley Temple yet. 
The Relentless Pace hinted at 

6898
05:55:01,200 --> 05:55:04,200
challenges to come. 
Charles actors grow their 

6899
05:55:04,200 --> 05:55:07,400
appeal, which Studios often 
reduce to cuteness, can 

6900
05:55:07,400 --> 05:55:11,400
dissipate Shirley's mother. 
Well aware of that fought to 

6901
05:55:11,408 --> 05:55:14,800
keep her enrolls that showcase 
her innocence wearing that a 

6902
05:55:14,800 --> 05:55:16,600
more mature role might fracture 
her image. 

6903
05:55:17,600 --> 05:55:21,200
Time was against them, the 
actress who had embodied the 

6904
05:55:21,200 --> 05:55:24,300
aspirations of a Depression era,
audience was approaching 

6905
05:55:24,300 --> 05:55:27,500
adolescence and the film roles 
accessible to a developing 

6906
05:55:27,500 --> 05:55:30,600
teenager seldom replicated. 
The formula that made her a box 

6907
05:55:30,600 --> 05:55:34,000
office phenomenon The real 
question became, how could 

6908
05:55:34,000 --> 05:55:36,400
Shirley Temple America's 
darling? 

6909
05:55:36,400 --> 05:55:39,900
Transition gracefully from 
juvenile novelty to enduring 

6910
05:55:39,900 --> 05:55:43,800
performer she entered, 
adolescence Shirley Temple found

6911
05:55:43,800 --> 05:55:47,300
herself at an unexpected 
juncture by 1939. 

6912
05:55:47,300 --> 05:55:50,600
She was 11 years old, though, 
still a beloved star, the 

6913
05:55:50,600 --> 05:55:54,100
realities of puberty loomed. 
Her face was ever so slightly 

6914
05:55:54,100 --> 05:55:56,700
less jury. 
Big, her limbs less stubby 

6915
05:55:56,700 --> 05:55:59,100
Hollywood appetite for her brand
of Plucky. 

6916
05:55:59,100 --> 05:56:03,200
Innocence began to want 
Executives who had previously 

6917
05:56:03,200 --> 05:56:05,100
viewed her as their most 
valuable asset. 

6918
05:56:05,100 --> 05:56:09,200
Gantt feel uneasy the frequency 
of scripts designed to highlight

6919
05:56:09,200 --> 05:56:12,800
her charm was gradually 
decreasing Despite these 

6920
05:56:12,800 --> 05:56:15,500
challenges Shirley maintained 
her impeccable. 

6921
05:56:15,500 --> 05:56:19,100
Professionalism on the set of 
the bluebird 1940. 

6922
05:56:19,100 --> 05:56:22,500
She embodied a dreamlike 
character in a lavish fantasy 

6923
05:56:22,500 --> 05:56:24,500
production. 
Clearly meant to replicate the 

6924
05:56:24,500 --> 05:56:28,200
success of The Wizard of Oz. 
But audience is perceived it as 

6925
05:56:28,200 --> 05:56:31,600
a half-hearted attempt critics 
pointed out that the film felt 

6926
05:56:31,600 --> 05:56:35,000
disjointed and box office 
receipts, fell short this. 

6927
05:56:35,000 --> 05:56:38,100
Setback marked the first real 
stumble in Shirley's, otherwise 

6928
05:56:38,100 --> 05:56:42,000
on stoppable career. 
Press, which had frequently held

6929
05:56:42,000 --> 05:56:45,000
her as America's sweetheart 
conjectured, whether her period 

6930
05:56:45,000 --> 05:56:48,400
of Fame, had come to an end. 
Gertrude Temple attempted to, 

6931
05:56:48,400 --> 05:56:51,700
reposition her daughter, pushing
the studio to consider more 

6932
05:56:51,700 --> 05:56:55,000
sophisticated scripts. 
However, Hollywood's type, 

6933
05:56:55,000 --> 05:56:58,600
casting machine, proved stubborn
producers struggle to Envision 

6934
05:56:58,600 --> 05:57:01,700
the newly teenage early as 
anything, apart from an 

6935
05:57:01,700 --> 05:57:05,700
endearing child and tap shoes. 
Meanwhile, the adult co-stars 

6936
05:57:05,700 --> 05:57:07,700
who wants enjoyed Waltzing with 
the little scene. 

6937
05:57:07,700 --> 05:57:10,400
Stealer now found themselves in 
awkward transitions. 

6938
05:57:10,400 --> 05:57:14,000
How do you frame a storyline 
around a t actress who strengths

6939
05:57:14,000 --> 05:57:17,900
lay in the cuddle Factor? 
That tension spelled trouble for

6940
05:57:17,900 --> 05:57:20,000
Shirley's future as the leading 
lady she had. 

6941
05:57:20,008 --> 05:57:24,000
Once been the family faced 
another dilemma Shirley's 

6942
05:57:24,000 --> 05:57:28,400
education on set to suffice for 
the early years but the demands 

6943
05:57:28,400 --> 05:57:30,500
of a teenagers. 
Curriculum were more complex. 

6944
05:57:31,400 --> 05:57:34,000
At her mother's urging Shirley 
enrolled in a private school 

6945
05:57:34,000 --> 05:57:36,400
when her Studio schedule allowed
there. 

6946
05:57:36,400 --> 05:57:39,900
She experienced assemblance of 
normal adolescents, passing 

6947
05:57:39,900 --> 05:57:42,500
notes, giggling with friends and
learning that. 

6948
05:57:42,500 --> 05:57:46,400
Not everyone orbited, her Fame. 
Is partial return to an ordinary

6949
05:57:46,400 --> 05:57:49,000
teenager routine. 
Offered a different perspective.

6950
05:57:49,000 --> 05:57:52,800
She began to realize that the 
wider world didn't revolve 

6951
05:57:52,800 --> 05:57:56,500
solely around Studio budgets and
box office numbers Financial. 

6952
05:57:56,500 --> 05:57:59,900
The temples were secure her. 
Early earnings have been proven 

6953
05:57:59,900 --> 05:58:03,600
managed, a rumors circulated 
about potential mismanagement or

6954
05:58:03,600 --> 05:58:07,000
lavish spending. 
For Gertrude the real worry 

6955
05:58:07,000 --> 05:58:09,400
wasn't money. 
But relevant she feared the day 

6956
05:58:09,400 --> 05:58:11,800
Hollywood might deem Shirley 
Temple and expired product. 

6957
05:58:11,800 --> 05:58:15,500
She even toyed with the idea of 
forging a career in radio or 

6958
05:58:15,500 --> 05:58:18,000
traveling Vaudeville acts of the
film roles, continued to 

6959
05:58:18,000 --> 05:58:20,300
dwindle. 
Shirley on the other hand, 

6960
05:58:20,300 --> 05:58:23,400
expressed a desire to explore 
new interests such as working 

6961
05:58:23,400 --> 05:58:25,700
behind the camera or even 
attempting to write. 

6962
05:58:26,600 --> 05:58:30,300
His Notions whispered among the 
family never gained serious 

6963
05:58:30,300 --> 05:58:33,900
traction, overshadowed by the 
immediate challenge of stalling 

6964
05:58:33,900 --> 05:58:37,300
stardom. 
When the United States entered 

6965
05:58:37,300 --> 05:58:40,100
World War Two, the entire 
entertainment industry shifted 

6966
05:58:40,100 --> 05:58:44,200
to a more patriotic agenda. 
Stars visited troops performed 

6967
05:58:44,200 --> 05:58:47,200
in Uso, tours and lent their 
faces to war bond drive. 

6968
05:58:47,200 --> 05:58:51,100
While teenage Shirley was a 
beloved figure, audience's 

6969
05:58:51,100 --> 05:58:54,200
tastes lean toward adult stars 
who carried an air of romantic 

6970
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:57,900
glamour or comedic relief. 
That spoke to wartime anxiety is

6971
05:58:57,900 --> 05:59:02,400
the Adolescent performer, 
suspended between child icon and

6972
05:59:02,400 --> 05:59:05,700
adult personality found herself 
in a precarious niche. 

6973
05:59:06,400 --> 05:59:09,400
She did participate in some 
charitable events, singing for 

6974
05:59:09,400 --> 05:59:13,100
servicemen, and endorsing the 
war effort, yet the studios 

6975
05:59:13,100 --> 05:59:16,300
increasingly fixated on adult 
drama and musicals tailored for 

6976
05:59:16,308 --> 05:59:19,000
older stars. 
So less need to Center entire 

6977
05:59:19,000 --> 05:59:22,400
pictures, around her. 
Still Shirley Temple's name, 

6978
05:59:22,400 --> 05:59:25,100
carried enough, clout to secure 
sporadic, roles at different 

6979
05:59:25,100 --> 05:59:27,500
Studios. 
Once a fox contract ended, 

6980
05:59:27,500 --> 05:59:31,700
notably she signed a brief 
contract with MGM culminating 

6981
05:59:31,700 --> 05:59:35,200
and a handful of features. 
Unfortunately, these projects 

6982
05:59:35,200 --> 05:59:38,200
never recaptured, the Luminous 
box office magic of her early 

6983
05:59:38,200 --> 05:59:43,700
output, the film Kathleen 1941, 
for instance, garnered lukewarm 

6984
05:59:43,700 --> 05:59:47,400
reviews with critics noting that
they yearned for the Sprite who 

6985
05:59:47,400 --> 05:59:50,000
had once brightened Hearts 
during the Depression rather 

6986
05:59:50,000 --> 05:59:53,700
than the uncertain teenager 
grappling with evolving taste in

6987
05:59:53,700 --> 05:59:56,700
entertainment. 
By the time, she reached her mid

6988
05:59:56,700 --> 06:00:01,000
teams Shirley was balancing on a
tightrope halter nostalgic, 

6989
06:00:01,000 --> 06:00:03,700
emblem of a vanished era and 
half a blossoming. 

6990
06:00:03,700 --> 06:00:06,700
Young woman searching for a 
place in an industry that rarely

6991
06:00:06,700 --> 06:00:10,400
allowed for graceful transition.
Yourself remained outwardly, 

6992
06:00:10,400 --> 06:00:14,200
composed leaning on the wellhome
discipline that had shaped her 

6993
06:00:14,200 --> 06:00:16,900
childhood yet behind those calm 
brown eyes. 

6994
06:00:16,900 --> 06:00:21,500
A more profound question arose. 
If Hollywood no longer needed 

6995
06:00:21,500 --> 06:00:26,100
her to be as dancing child star.
Who could she become in trying 

6996
06:00:26,100 --> 06:00:28,700
to address that question? 
Shirley Temple would soon. 

6997
06:00:28,700 --> 06:00:31,800
Embark on life experiences that 
were transformed her far beyond 

6998
06:00:31,800 --> 06:00:33,700
the realm of movie sets and 
scripts. 

6999
06:00:33,700 --> 06:00:36,700
The next phase of Shirley 
Temple's life revolved less 

7000
06:00:36,700 --> 06:00:39,100
around, Hollywood stage lights 
and more around personal 

7001
06:00:39,100 --> 06:00:42,700
milestones. 
At 15, she met John Agar. 

7002
06:00:42,700 --> 06:00:45,600
A sergeant in the Army Air Corps
from a socially prominent 

7003
06:00:45,600 --> 06:00:47,900
family. 
Their will win courtship 

7004
06:00:47,900 --> 06:00:51,600
fascinated fans who were curious
to see America's one-time Golden

7005
06:00:51,600 --> 06:00:57,000
Child stepping into adult hood. 
By 1945, just as the walking 

7006
06:00:57,000 --> 06:00:59,900
included Shirley married agar 
barbas. 

7007
06:00:59,900 --> 06:01:03,700
The media spun the wedding into 
a major event splashing photos 

7008
06:01:03,700 --> 06:01:07,400
across newspapers Nationwide. 
But if the public assumed she 

7009
06:01:07,400 --> 06:01:10,500
would settle into a conventional
Family Life, they underestimated

7010
06:01:10,500 --> 06:01:14,500
her capacity for reinvention. 
Shirley persistently ventured 

7011
06:01:14,500 --> 06:01:17,000
into the film industry, 
occasionally collaborating with 

7012
06:01:17,000 --> 06:01:22,600
her husband in Fort Apache. 1948
directed by John Ford Shirley 

7013
06:01:22,600 --> 06:01:25,500
co-starred with agar, John 
Wayne, and Henry Fonda. 

7014
06:01:26,400 --> 06:01:29,300
The Western genre was 
significantly different from her

7015
06:01:29,300 --> 06:01:31,900
previous musicals. 
She enjoyed the novelty. 

7016
06:01:32,600 --> 06:01:34,500
Despite her diminished star 
billing. 

7017
06:01:34,500 --> 06:01:37,000
She received solid reviews for 
her performance. 

7018
06:01:38,200 --> 06:01:41,100
The film's moderate box office. 
Success indicated that perhaps 

7019
06:01:41,100 --> 06:01:44,200
there was a viable path forward 
for her in Hollywood though. 

7020
06:01:44,200 --> 06:01:47,400
No longer as the Marquee name. 
While she Drew professional 

7021
06:01:47,400 --> 06:01:50,700
satisfaction from the project. 
Her personal life was more 

7022
06:01:50,700 --> 06:01:53,500
turbulent. 
Agar struggled with the weight 

7023
06:01:53,500 --> 06:01:56,400
of public attention on his 
famous wife and faced 

7024
06:01:56,400 --> 06:01:58,500
accusations of drinking and 
erratic Behavior. 

7025
06:01:58,500 --> 06:02:02,800
The marriage soon began to 
Splinter for Shirley the 

7026
06:02:02,800 --> 06:02:05,200
unraveling marriage, signaled, a
broader sets fashion. 

7027
06:02:05,200 --> 06:02:08,600
She could sense that the film 
industry still saw her through a

7028
06:02:08,600 --> 06:02:11,200
lens of childhood. 
Nostalgia, making it difficult 

7029
06:02:11,200 --> 06:02:13,000
to secure roles that challenge 
her. 

7030
06:02:13,000 --> 06:02:15,700
Meanwhile, her real life, 
responsibilities. 

7031
06:02:15,700 --> 06:02:18,500
Now included motherhood, she 
gave birth to a daughter. 

7032
06:02:18,500 --> 06:02:23,400
Linda Susan, in 1948 balancing 
the duties of parent Hood with 

7033
06:02:23,400 --> 06:02:26,700
diminishing, but still potent 
demands of a movie career proved

7034
06:02:26,700 --> 06:02:29,900
complex. 
She found some roles but mostly 

7035
06:02:29,900 --> 06:02:32,000
smaller parts in b-movies or 
Ensemble. 

7036
06:02:32,000 --> 06:02:35,600
Casts a handful of these roles 
allowed her to play more mature 

7037
06:02:35,600 --> 06:02:37,900
characters. 
Yet, none sparked to significant

7038
06:02:37,900 --> 06:02:41,400
comeback. 
By 1950 her marriage to Ager had

7039
06:02:41,400 --> 06:02:44,200
reached a Breaking Point 
culminating, in a high-profile 

7040
06:02:44,200 --> 06:02:48,800
divorce that tabloid newspapers 
giddily dissected the same fans 

7041
06:02:48,800 --> 06:02:52,400
who once showered her with 
unconditional, adoration read 

7042
06:02:52,400 --> 06:02:54,700
about the messy details of her 
domestic strife. 

7043
06:02:55,700 --> 06:02:58,700
Jarring, exposure taught Shirley
and uncomfortable lesson about 

7044
06:02:58,700 --> 06:03:01,300
public life. 
Once you step out of the child 

7045
06:03:01,300 --> 06:03:04,700
star bubble, the Press can turn 
your personal trials into 

7046
06:03:04,700 --> 06:03:08,100
Sensational fodder. 
Nevertheless, she remained 

7047
06:03:08,100 --> 06:03:11,900
composed determined to maintain 
dignity for her daughter's sake,

7048
06:03:11,900 --> 06:03:15,300
a new chapter Beckham, and when 
she crossed paths with Charles 

7049
06:03:15,300 --> 06:03:17,900
old and black and navy 
intelligence officer from a 

7050
06:03:17,900 --> 06:03:19,600
well-connected California 
family. 

7051
06:03:19,600 --> 06:03:23,800
Their first meeting ironically 
involved, neither film or 

7052
06:03:23,800 --> 06:03:27,200
Fanfare, just two individuals, 
sharing conversation at a dinner

7053
06:03:27,208 --> 06:03:30,200
party, Black plain. 
He had never seen a single 

7054
06:03:30,200 --> 06:03:32,700
Shirley Temple movie which she 
found refreshing. 

7055
06:03:33,600 --> 06:03:36,000
Their relationship blossomed 
quickly, partly? 

7056
06:03:36,000 --> 06:03:39,000
Because Shirley found an anchor 
in Charles's unpretentious yet. 

7057
06:03:39,000 --> 06:03:43,100
Cultivated Manor. 
They wed in, December 1950, a 

7058
06:03:43,100 --> 06:03:44,900
union, markedly different from 
her first. 

7059
06:03:44,900 --> 06:03:48,500
Charles's devotional, offered a 
calm Refuge from the swirling 

7060
06:03:48,500 --> 06:03:50,200
storms of the entertainment 
industry. 

7061
06:03:50,200 --> 06:03:54,000
Suddenly, the idea of continuing
a somewhat aimless pursuit of 

7062
06:03:54,008 --> 06:03:56,100
second-tier film, roles lost its
Allure. 

7063
06:03:57,000 --> 06:03:59,500
Facing the reality, that her 
Hollywood career was winding 

7064
06:03:59,500 --> 06:04:01,700
down. 
Shirley made a bold decision in 

7065
06:04:01,700 --> 06:04:04,400
1950. 
She retired from the Silver 

7066
06:04:04,400 --> 06:04:07,700
Screen at the age of 22, it was 
a startling move for someone 

7067
06:04:07,700 --> 06:04:10,900
whose name still held nostalgic 
weight among a wide swath of 

7068
06:04:10,900 --> 06:04:14,000
moviegoers yet she had reached a
point where the roles available 

7069
06:04:14,000 --> 06:04:18,300
to match her aspirations instead
of clinging to a diluted version

7070
06:04:18,300 --> 06:04:21,300
of her earliest, stardom, she 
chose to explore New Frontiers. 

7071
06:04:21,300 --> 06:04:25,200
She also recognized that the 
intense work she'd endured since

7072
06:04:25,200 --> 06:04:28,300
toddlerhood had left little room
for ordinary experiences. 

7073
06:04:28,300 --> 06:04:31,100
Eager to cultivate a more 
grounded lifestyle. 

7074
06:04:31,100 --> 06:04:33,900
She embraced family life with 
Charles Black in the San 

7075
06:04:33,900 --> 06:04:37,500
Francisco Bay Area. 
The late 1950s and early 1960s. 

7076
06:04:39,100 --> 06:04:41,400
She briefly returned to show 
business with the television 

7077
06:04:41,400 --> 06:04:43,900
series. 
Shirley Temple's storybook the 

7078
06:04:43,900 --> 06:04:47,200
show reimagined Fairy Tales and 
children's Classics, allowing 

7079
06:04:47,200 --> 06:04:50,000
her to explore a producing, and 
hosting role rather than front 

7080
06:04:50,000 --> 06:04:52,800
and center acting fans. 
Appreciated the chance to see 

7081
06:04:52,800 --> 06:04:56,000
her again, no longer, a child 
star, but a poised articulate 

7082
06:04:56,000 --> 06:04:59,700
adult this step back into the 
public, I felt more on her 

7083
06:04:59,700 --> 06:05:01,900
terms, without the constraints 
of a studio system. 

7084
06:05:01,900 --> 06:05:05,800
Dictating her every move though.
The glow of her child, stardom 

7085
06:05:05,800 --> 06:05:09,000
lingered in the cultural memory 
Shirley Temple black as she 

7086
06:05:09,000 --> 06:05:11,400
began calling herself, was 
discovering broader Horizons. 

7087
06:05:11,400 --> 06:05:15,000
A youth had exposed to the highs
and lows of the American 

7088
06:05:15,000 --> 06:05:18,400
celebrity culture. 
Now, she looked at life with a 

7089
06:05:18,400 --> 06:05:21,700
fresh perspective, realizing 
that her journey might shift 

7090
06:05:21,700 --> 06:05:24,500
away from film entirely. 
What emerged? 

7091
06:05:24,500 --> 06:05:27,200
Next would surprise, many a 
pivot from Hollywood. 

7092
06:05:27,200 --> 06:05:31,100
Starlet to public, servant and 
Diplomat roles that were defined

7093
06:05:31,100 --> 06:05:33,700
her final decades in a ways. 
Few observers could have 

7094
06:05:33,708 --> 06:05:37,600
predicted, while many child 
stars vanish Into Obscurity, or 

7095
06:05:37,600 --> 06:05:40,600
cling to their past Fame. 
Shirley Temple charted. 

7096
06:05:40,600 --> 06:05:43,900
A course that combined her 
innate poised with a new found 

7097
06:05:43,900 --> 06:05:48,700
dedication to Civic engagement. 
throughout the 1960s she and 

7098
06:05:48,700 --> 06:05:51,400
Charles Black settled in to a 
relatively private existence in 

7099
06:05:51,400 --> 06:05:55,300
the Bay Area, she embraced 
Community work volunteering for 

7100
06:05:55,300 --> 06:05:58,100
charitable organizations and 
quietly building relationships 

7101
06:05:58,100 --> 06:06:01,800
with local politicians, so she 
rarely sought publicity for 

7102
06:06:01,800 --> 06:06:05,000
these efforts, her ability to 
connect with people honed from 

7103
06:06:05,008 --> 06:06:09,400
early stardom, proved a valuable
asset Pivotal moment came in 

7104
06:06:09,400 --> 06:06:13,100
1967 when she declared her 
candidacy for congress. 

7105
06:06:13,100 --> 06:06:16,200
In a special election to fill a 
vacant seat running as a 

7106
06:06:16,200 --> 06:06:19,800
republican in California's 11th 
congressional district, Shirley 

7107
06:06:19,800 --> 06:06:22,000
Temple, Black surprised, 
political insiders with her 

7108
06:06:22,000 --> 06:06:24,000
articulate presence on the 
campaign Trail. 

7109
06:06:24,800 --> 06:06:28,000
She emphasized issues such as 
Urban Development, educational 

7110
06:06:28,000 --> 06:06:31,000
reform and tackling crime 
reflecting, the moderate 

7111
06:06:31,000 --> 06:06:34,200
Republican stances of the era. 
Reporters who covered her 

7112
06:06:34,200 --> 06:06:36,200
campaign quickly. 
Discovered that she was no 

7113
06:06:36,200 --> 06:06:38,500
lightweight. 
While her name recognition 

7114
06:06:38,500 --> 06:06:42,000
initially, Drew curiosity a 
policy discussion's resonated 

7115
06:06:42,000 --> 06:06:43,500
with a portion of the 
electorate. 

7116
06:06:43,500 --> 06:06:47,400
She did not Prevail in the 
primary finishing second, but 

7117
06:06:47,400 --> 06:06:49,300
she garnered a respectful share 
of votes. 

7118
06:06:49,300 --> 06:06:52,800
The campaign under scored her 
serious interest in governance 

7119
06:06:52,800 --> 06:06:55,200
and laid the foundation for 
future opportunities. 

7120
06:06:55,200 --> 06:06:58,900
A year. 
Later life took an Abrupt turn 

7121
06:06:58,900 --> 06:07:00,700
when Shirley was diagnosed with 
breast cancer. 

7122
06:07:00,700 --> 06:07:04,700
She underwent a mastectomy in 
1972 an experience. 

7123
06:07:04,700 --> 06:07:06,300
She chose not to hide from the 
public. 

7124
06:07:07,100 --> 06:07:10,400
Instead, she made a bold move by
holding a press conference to 

7125
06:07:10,400 --> 06:07:13,400
discuss her procedure. 
One of the first high-profile 

7126
06:07:13,400 --> 06:07:16,000
women to speak openly about 
battling breast cancer. 

7127
06:07:16,000 --> 06:07:20,000
This frankness challenge to 
booze and spurred an outpouring 

7128
06:07:20,000 --> 06:07:21,600
of support from women across 
America. 

7129
06:07:21,600 --> 06:07:25,700
A Candida helped to stigmatize a
condition, many at a treated, as

7130
06:07:25,700 --> 06:07:30,000
shameful or exclusively private.
Over time, her advocacy would 

7131
06:07:30,000 --> 06:07:33,100
shape public perceptions of 
cancer treatment, prompting more

7132
06:07:33,100 --> 06:07:35,800
open dialogue and encouraging, 
countless women to seek 

7133
06:07:35,800 --> 06:07:38,800
check-ups and information. 
Meanwhile, a political 

7134
06:07:38,800 --> 06:07:42,300
aspirations remained alive. 
President, Richard Nixon 

7135
06:07:42,300 --> 06:07:45,600
impressed by her Public Service,
ethos, and calm demeanor. 

7136
06:07:46,100 --> 06:07:49,200
Appointed her to represent the 
United States at the 24th United

7137
06:07:49,200 --> 06:07:51,900
Nations General Assembly in 
1969. 

7138
06:07:53,400 --> 06:07:56,600
During her time at the UN 
Shirley Temple, Black focused on

7139
06:07:56,600 --> 06:07:58,200
issues like Environmental 
Protection. 

7140
06:07:58,200 --> 06:08:01,100
And the rights of children, 
topics that echoed her personal 

7141
06:08:01,100 --> 06:08:04,300
passions colleague's noted her 
capacity to negotiate 

7142
06:08:04,300 --> 06:08:07,700
diplomatically, and her genuine 
interest in bridging cultural. 

7143
06:08:07,700 --> 06:08:11,800
Divides disappointment, though, 
short lived showcase Tara 

7144
06:08:11,800 --> 06:08:14,400
ability to navigate high stakes 
in international, setting's 

7145
06:08:14,400 --> 06:08:17,000
blending, the charm of her 
Hollywood pedigree with 

7146
06:08:17,000 --> 06:08:20,900
substantive policy engagement 
President Gerald Ford named 

7147
06:08:20,900 --> 06:08:24,200
Shirley Temple Black, the United
States ambassador to Ghana in 

7148
06:08:24,200 --> 06:08:29,000
1974, as a result of her success
ambassadorship was not a 

7149
06:08:29,000 --> 06:08:31,500
ceremonial position. 
Gone had undergone political 

7150
06:08:31,500 --> 06:08:34,100
upheaval and was strategically 
significant in West Africa. 

7151
06:08:34,100 --> 06:08:38,700
As Ambassador she navigated us 
interests promoting trade 

7152
06:08:38,700 --> 06:08:41,900
supporting development and 
working to maintain stable. 

7153
06:08:41,900 --> 06:08:43,500
Diplomatic relations in a 
region. 

7154
06:08:43,508 --> 06:08:46,900
Still adjusting to post, 
Colonial Realties, her presence 

7155
06:08:46,900 --> 06:08:48,600
in a cross. 
Signaled, that Washington took 

7156
06:08:48,600 --> 06:08:51,000
Ghana. 
Seriously in carne's, received 

7157
06:08:51,000 --> 06:08:54,100
her warmly, sometimes 
referencing Iconic childhood 

7158
06:08:54,100 --> 06:08:56,800
films. 
She responded by emphasizing 

7159
06:08:56,800 --> 06:09:00,400
shared cultural ties hosting 
local artists at Embassy events 

7160
06:09:00,400 --> 06:09:03,400
and traveling beyond the capitol
to better understand the 

7161
06:09:03,400 --> 06:09:07,400
country's complexities. 
A steady performance in garnered

7162
06:09:07,400 --> 06:09:10,300
her another diplomatic 
assignment this time as the 

7163
06:09:10,308 --> 06:09:12,900
first female chief of protocol 
under President Ford. 

7164
06:09:13,600 --> 06:09:16,600
She managed high-level 
ceremonies greeted visiting 

7165
06:09:16,600 --> 06:09:19,500
heads of state and guided 
official delegations. 

7166
06:09:19,500 --> 06:09:23,100
Although the role was largely 
ceremonial, she approached it 

7167
06:09:23,100 --> 06:09:25,600
with the thoroughness that had 
defined her entire career. 

7168
06:09:25,600 --> 06:09:29,700
Keeping track of protocols and 
cultural nuances, and forging 

7169
06:09:29,700 --> 06:09:32,400
personal bonds, within the 
national leaders became second 

7170
06:09:32,400 --> 06:09:34,800
nature. 
The highlight of her diplomatic 

7171
06:09:34,800 --> 06:09:37,900
career. 
However, arrived in 1989, when 

7172
06:09:37,900 --> 06:09:40,900
President George HW, Bush 
appointed to her ambassador to 

7173
06:09:40,900 --> 06:09:44,600
Checkers Slovakia, The Cold War 
was on the verge of a dramatic 

7174
06:09:44,600 --> 06:09:48,000
thaw and her posting to Prague 
placed her at the heart of 

7175
06:09:48,000 --> 06:09:51,200
historic change. 
As communism began to crumble 

7176
06:09:51,200 --> 06:09:54,100
across Eastern Europe. 
Shirley Temple, Black found 

7177
06:09:54,100 --> 06:09:55,800
herself. 
Witnessing The Velvet Revolution

7178
06:09:56,800 --> 06:09:59,400
Peaceful upheaval the ousted, 
the communist regime. 

7179
06:10:00,200 --> 06:10:03,700
She consulted dissidents shared 
perspectives with other Western 

7180
06:10:03,700 --> 06:10:07,100
diplomats and skillfully 
represented us interests without

7181
06:10:07,100 --> 06:10:09,200
overshadowing. 
The check people's pursuit of 

7182
06:10:09,200 --> 06:10:12,100
democracy. 
Once again, she relied on a 

7183
06:10:12,100 --> 06:10:15,700
blend of empathy and pragmatism 
traits that had served her. 

7184
06:10:15,708 --> 06:10:19,000
Well, since her early years on a
Hollywood set, by the close of 

7185
06:10:19,000 --> 06:10:22,300
the 1980s, Shirley Temple. 
Black stood, as a testament, to 

7186
06:10:22,300 --> 06:10:26,200
reinvention, From a child star 
who lit up to pressure screens 

7187
06:10:26,200 --> 06:10:29,700
to a diplomatic figure, forging 
connections and far-flung parts 

7188
06:10:29,700 --> 06:10:32,400
of the world. 
She demonstrated that stardom 

7189
06:10:32,400 --> 06:10:36,000
need not confine a person to a 
single storyline rather it could

7190
06:10:36,000 --> 06:10:38,800
be a launching pad for broader 
contributions that transcended, 

7191
06:10:38,800 --> 06:10:41,800
the realm of entertainment, 
impacting global politics. 

7192
06:10:41,800 --> 06:10:45,900
And societal attitudes alike, 
the late 1980s and early 1990s, 

7193
06:10:45,900 --> 06:10:48,500
and checkers. 
Slovakia were a swirl of 

7194
06:10:48,500 --> 06:10:50,800
political Transformations and 
surely Temple. 

7195
06:10:50,800 --> 06:10:54,600
Black was Square in the thick of
it serving as Ambassador at a 

7196
06:10:54,600 --> 06:10:55,800
time. 
When the nation's hopes for 

7197
06:10:55,800 --> 06:10:59,000
post-communist to democracy were
at their zenith, She found 

7198
06:10:59,000 --> 06:11:02,300
herself forging friendships with
figures like vat, slave hovel. 

7199
06:11:02,300 --> 06:11:05,800
The playwright turned president 
who led the Velvet Revolution? 

7200
06:11:06,900 --> 06:11:10,200
Diplomats often rely on tact and
formality to navigate tense 

7201
06:11:10,200 --> 06:11:13,500
transitions. 
Shirley's life experience her 

7202
06:11:13,500 --> 06:11:17,000
capacity to read a room to 
empathize and to adapt proved 

7203
06:11:17,000 --> 06:11:21,100
equally pivotal struck an 
approachable balance between an 

7204
06:11:21,100 --> 06:11:24,000
official stance and genuine 
curiosity about every day, check

7205
06:11:24,000 --> 06:11:26,900
life. 
Citizens who recognized her from

7206
06:11:26,900 --> 06:11:29,500
old Hollywood law. 
Marvel at how this former Child 

7207
06:11:29,500 --> 06:11:32,400
Star had become a calm presence.
Amidst their countries. 

7208
06:11:32,400 --> 06:11:35,900
Defining historical moment. 
Her scheduled brimmed with 

7209
06:11:35,900 --> 06:11:39,200
diplomatic engagements, 
addressing economic reforms, 

7210
06:11:39,200 --> 06:11:42,600
promoting trade opportunities 
and facilitating cultural 

7211
06:11:42,600 --> 06:11:45,100
exchanges. 
She also took time to visit 

7212
06:11:45,100 --> 06:11:48,600
schools and orphanages echoing. 
A child centered compassion that

7213
06:11:48,600 --> 06:11:50,700
had first won her. 
The Public's heart decades 

7214
06:11:50,700 --> 06:11:55,100
earlier, Than one local media 
cameras, captured her hugging 

7215
06:11:55,100 --> 06:11:57,600
children, an image that 
symbolized a connection. 

7216
06:11:57,600 --> 06:12:01,500
Transcending politics, first 
staff, it was standard to see 

7217
06:12:01,500 --> 06:12:04,600
school groups, flocked, the US 
Embassy, where the Ambassador 

7218
06:12:04,600 --> 06:12:07,200
would greet them. 
Personally, Saw in those 

7219
06:12:07,200 --> 06:12:11,000
students, the same spot that 
years before, propelled her own 

7220
06:12:11,000 --> 06:12:14,300
improbable journey, in the midst
of these responsibilities. 

7221
06:12:14,300 --> 06:12:17,700
She also wrestled with the 
complexities of representing a 

7222
06:12:17,708 --> 06:12:21,000
superpower, Well, us officials 
championed Market 

7223
06:12:21,000 --> 06:12:24,600
liberalization. 
Check populist, Harbor diverse 

7224
06:12:24,600 --> 06:12:29,000
views on how rapidly to embrace 
Western economic models, Shirley

7225
06:12:29,000 --> 06:12:31,500
sought to present America's 
stance in a measured way. 

7226
06:12:31,500 --> 06:12:35,000
Advocating for cooperation, 
rather than imposing directives.

7227
06:12:35,000 --> 06:12:38,900
This Nuance in dared, her to 
local politicians who 

7228
06:12:38,900 --> 06:12:41,800
appreciated that she was not 
just delivering lectures, but 

7229
06:12:41,800 --> 06:12:45,900
engaging in genuine dialogue. 
Observers credited, her with 

7230
06:12:45,900 --> 06:12:50,100
amplifying, America's soft power
in the region using her personal

7231
06:12:50,100 --> 06:12:52,400
warmth as an informal diplomatic
tool. 

7232
06:12:52,400 --> 06:12:56,500
Outside her official role, she 
relished exploring prague's 

7233
06:12:56,500 --> 06:13:01,700
architecture concert halls and 
cafes the city with its Gothic 

7234
06:13:01,700 --> 06:13:04,300
spiers and centuries old 
cobblestone streets. 

7235
06:13:05,000 --> 06:13:07,400
Fascinated. 
Her She told friends that 

7236
06:13:07,400 --> 06:13:09,800
wandering around the Old Town 
felt like stepping onto a 

7237
06:13:09,800 --> 06:13:13,000
meticulously designed film set. 
Except it was real history 

7238
06:13:13,000 --> 06:13:15,600
etched into every stone 
occasionally. 

7239
06:13:15,600 --> 06:13:18,200
She and her husband, Charles 
hosted small Gatherings, at the 

7240
06:13:18,208 --> 06:13:21,700
embassy residents inviting check
artists and intellectuals 

7241
06:13:21,700 --> 06:13:24,200
alongside visiting a fair and 
officials. 

7242
06:13:24,200 --> 06:13:28,500
He swari is bridging cultural 
gaps with music and conversation

7243
06:13:28,500 --> 06:13:31,900
mirrored a style of diplomacy 
that aligned with her Persona 

7244
06:13:31,900 --> 06:13:37,100
blending for Melody with the 
Personal Touch by 1992, the 

7245
06:13:37,100 --> 06:13:40,200
world was changing again 
Checkers Slovakia split 

7246
06:13:40,200 --> 06:13:42,200
peacefully into the Czech 
Republic and Slovakia. 

7247
06:13:43,200 --> 06:13:45,500
Shirley Temple Black's time as 
Ambassador wrapped up. 

7248
06:13:45,508 --> 06:13:48,700
And while the Region's politics 
continued, evolving, she left 

7249
06:13:48,700 --> 06:13:52,200
behind a legacy of empathy 
driven diplomacy stepping away 

7250
06:13:52,200 --> 06:13:55,300
from her official duties. 
She returned Stateside with a 

7251
06:13:55,300 --> 06:13:57,900
sense that her life second act 
had equalled, the first in terms

7252
06:13:57,900 --> 06:14:01,100
of impact, even if fewer 
Paparazzi cameras Trail her, 

7253
06:14:01,100 --> 06:14:05,100
every move retirement from 
formal diplomacy did not entail 

7254
06:14:05,100 --> 06:14:08,900
retreating into quite anonymity.
She took on roles with corporate

7255
06:14:08,900 --> 06:14:12,100
boards, notably with companies 
where her expertise and 

7256
06:14:12,100 --> 06:14:15,100
international relations and 
Public Communication offered 

7257
06:14:15,100 --> 06:14:17,600
value. 
Her Hollywood name still 

7258
06:14:17,600 --> 06:14:20,700
commanded attention. 
She leveraged its selectively 

7259
06:14:20,700 --> 06:14:24,400
more inclined Champion 
charitable cause and to cash in 

7260
06:14:24,400 --> 06:14:27,300
on Old Fame. 
Among her philanthropic 

7261
06:14:27,300 --> 06:14:30,300
interests cancer, research 
remained a focal point. 

7262
06:14:31,400 --> 06:14:33,800
He continued to Advocate 
publicly, for early infection 

7263
06:14:33,800 --> 06:14:36,000
recalling. 
Her battle with breast cancer, 

7264
06:14:36,000 --> 06:14:39,200
each time she spoke at 
fundraisers or medical 

7265
06:14:39,200 --> 06:14:41,700
conferences. 
Attendees saw not a fragile 

7266
06:14:41,700 --> 06:14:45,900
Survivor, but a Resolute voice, 
urging progress, those who 

7267
06:14:45,900 --> 06:14:49,200
encountered her social in these 
later years, describe a woman, 

7268
06:14:49,208 --> 06:14:52,500
both gracious and candid. 
She was not one to dwell on her 

7269
06:14:52,500 --> 06:14:55,700
childhood and unless prompted 
Deed. 

7270
06:14:55,700 --> 06:14:59,000
Many knew her as an ambassador 
or a board member noted. 

7271
06:14:59,000 --> 06:15:00,300
They often forgot. 
She had. 

7272
06:15:00,300 --> 06:15:02,000
Once been the biggest child star
on Earth. 

7273
06:15:02,700 --> 06:15:05,200
She was simply Shirley a 
thoughtful colleague, who asked 

7274
06:15:05,200 --> 06:15:07,900
incisive questions and brought a
wealth of worldly experience to 

7275
06:15:07,900 --> 06:15:10,500
any conversation. 
If pressed about her Hollywood 

7276
06:15:10,500 --> 06:15:12,800
days she might offer a light 
anecdote. 

7277
06:15:12,800 --> 06:15:16,700
Perhaps of about dancing with 
Bill Bojangles Robinson, but she

7278
06:15:16,700 --> 06:15:20,100
rarely glorified the spectacle, 
instead she framed it as a 

7279
06:15:20,100 --> 06:15:22,800
valuable, but distant chapter in
a life driven by personal 

7280
06:15:22,800 --> 06:15:26,500
growth. 
She moved into her. 70s Shirley 

7281
06:15:26,500 --> 06:15:28,200
Temple. 
Black observed with equal 

7282
06:15:28,200 --> 06:15:30,500
measures of Pride and humility 
the enduring affection. 

7283
06:15:30,500 --> 06:15:34,800
So many still held for her. 
Around the globe older fans were

7284
06:15:34,800 --> 06:15:37,100
called her films as a joyful 
beak and amid depression. 

7285
06:15:37,100 --> 06:15:40,000
Hardships, while younger 
generation's discovered on home 

7286
06:15:40,000 --> 06:15:43,600
video, It was a testament not 
just to her on screen persona, 

7287
06:15:43,600 --> 06:15:47,900
but also to the universal appeal
of sincere optimism yet for 

7288
06:15:47,900 --> 06:15:50,700
Shirley herself. 
The Highlight Reel comprised 

7289
06:15:50,700 --> 06:15:53,200
more than movie clips. 
It was her service to her 

7290
06:15:53,200 --> 06:15:56,300
country, her for forging, of 
diplomatic Pathways, and fraught

7291
06:15:56,300 --> 06:16:00,400
time and her unwavering ability 
to adapt that truly defined. 

7292
06:16:00,400 --> 06:16:03,500
Her adult identity. 
Reflecting on Shirley Temple's 

7293
06:16:03,500 --> 06:16:06,400
life is like cruising a 
panoramic album of 20th century 

7294
06:16:06,400 --> 06:16:10,000
America, spanning an era of 
economic term, oil World War, 

7295
06:16:10,000 --> 06:16:12,500
cultural upheaval and Global 
realignment. 

7296
06:16:13,600 --> 06:16:16,100
Departed. 
The world on February 10th, 2014

7297
06:16:16,100 --> 06:16:19,900
at age, 85 leaving behind a 
legacy that defies simple 

7298
06:16:19,900 --> 06:16:23,100
categorization. 
Most headlines upon her passing 

7299
06:16:23,100 --> 06:16:25,900
remembered her, as the dimpled 
darling, who danced? 

7300
06:16:26,100 --> 06:16:28,200
On staircase, railings in black 
and white musicals. 

7301
06:16:28,200 --> 06:16:32,700
Yet to view her exclusively 
through that nostalgic lens is 

7302
06:16:32,700 --> 06:16:34,800
to overlook the deeper Arc of 
her journey. 

7303
06:16:35,700 --> 06:16:39,200
Her funeral held privately 
revealed the quiet dignity. 

7304
06:16:39,200 --> 06:16:41,900
She had Long Preferred friends 
and family. 

7305
06:16:41,900 --> 06:16:44,700
Spoke of a person. 
Whose warm Spirit extended far, 

7306
06:16:44,700 --> 06:16:47,600
beyond the camera. 
Tributes poured in from around 

7307
06:16:47,600 --> 06:16:50,700
the globe movie fans recalling 
her as a childhood Idol 

7308
06:16:50,700 --> 06:16:53,300
diplomats and politicians 
lording. 

7309
06:16:53,300 --> 06:16:56,300
Her statesmanship and cancer 
survivors, thanking her for 

7310
06:16:56,300 --> 06:16:58,200
raising awareness when few 
others did. 

7311
06:16:59,100 --> 06:17:02,800
It was a moment when a Stars 
converged with the reality of a 

7312
06:17:02,800 --> 06:17:05,200
life world lived. 
In subsequent years, 

7313
06:17:05,200 --> 06:17:08,600
retrospectives have examined, 
the nuances that made surely 

7314
06:17:08,600 --> 06:17:11,100
Temple. 
So in during Scholars of film 

7315
06:17:11,100 --> 06:17:14,800
history point out, her unusual 
role in bridging adult and child

7316
06:17:14,800 --> 06:17:17,700
audience's during the 
Depression, her presence was 

7317
06:17:17,700 --> 06:17:20,100
never merely cute. 
She delivered genuine 

7318
06:17:20,100 --> 06:17:22,900
performance as that resonated 
with viewers longing for hope. 

7319
06:17:23,800 --> 06:17:25,600
Contemporary debates. 
Also, scrutinize the 

7320
06:17:25,600 --> 06:17:28,600
exploitative elements of 
Hollywood during the 1930s and 

7321
06:17:28,600 --> 06:17:31,400
their incorporation of child 
performers into adult driven 

7322
06:17:31,400 --> 06:17:33,500
stories Shirley was no 
exception. 

7323
06:17:33,500 --> 06:17:37,800
That baby burlesque short films 
of earliest career remain a 

7324
06:17:37,800 --> 06:17:40,600
stark reminder of how children 
were sometimes positioned in 

7325
06:17:40,600 --> 06:17:44,000
questionable scenarios yet, she 
transcended that environment 

7326
06:17:44,000 --> 06:17:48,100
emerging as a figure who buy her
fortitude and mother's Fierce 

7327
06:17:48,100 --> 06:17:51,500
oversight navigated the system 
without losing her essential 

7328
06:17:51,500 --> 06:17:53,800
Spark. 
Her personal Evolution, 

7329
06:17:53,800 --> 06:17:58,500
underscores an important lesson 
that Fame, especially at a young

7330
06:17:58,508 --> 06:18:00,700
age. 
Not Define one's entire 

7331
06:18:00,700 --> 06:18:04,700
existence while many child stars
collapse under the weight of 

7332
06:18:04,700 --> 06:18:07,900
early, celebrity Shirley Temple,
channeled it into fresh 

7333
06:18:07,900 --> 06:18:10,500
Pursuits. 
Where the campaigning for a 

7334
06:18:10,500 --> 06:18:13,900
congressional seat in California
or speaking openly about her 

7335
06:18:13,900 --> 06:18:16,500
breast cancer? 
Surgery she tackled each phase 

7336
06:18:16,500 --> 06:18:19,400
with authenticity. 
She displayed a consistent 

7337
06:18:19,400 --> 06:18:22,500
willingness to meet challenges 
head-on and attributes that 

7338
06:18:22,500 --> 06:18:24,900
stands in contrast. 
The perceived innocence of her 

7339
06:18:24,900 --> 06:18:27,800
childhood film roles. 
Perhaps it was that original 

7340
06:18:27,800 --> 06:18:31,300
Wellspring of discipline, 
memorizing, Line's perfecting 

7341
06:18:31,300 --> 06:18:34,300
dance, routines the carried, 
over into her adult life, 

7342
06:18:34,300 --> 06:18:37,500
enabling her to approach any 
hurdle with equal resolve, 

7343
06:18:37,500 --> 06:18:40,600
moreover, her diplomatic service
remains one of the more 

7344
06:18:40,600 --> 06:18:42,200
surprising chapters of her 
story. 

7345
06:18:43,300 --> 06:18:45,600
Stepping into the role of 
Ambassador in two distinct. 

7346
06:18:45,600 --> 06:18:48,400
Contexts Garner and checks, 
larkia reflected. 

7347
06:18:48,400 --> 06:18:53,200
And adaptability rarely seen in 
Showbiz alumni, while some saw 

7348
06:18:53,200 --> 06:18:54,600
her as merely a ceremonial 
figure. 

7349
06:18:55,300 --> 06:18:58,000
She quickly demonstrated that 
star quality could harmonize 

7350
06:18:58,000 --> 06:19:01,300
with serious policy work. 
By advocating for environmental 

7351
06:19:01,300 --> 06:19:05,400
issues at the UN fostering 
cultural exchanges in Ghana and 

7352
06:19:05,400 --> 06:19:08,700
navigating the complexities of a
post-communist check landscape. 

7353
06:19:08,700 --> 06:19:12,100
She expanded the definition of 
how a public figure can serve 

7354
06:19:12,108 --> 06:19:15,300
national interests tenure in 
Prague during the Velvet 

7355
06:19:15,300 --> 06:19:18,400
Revolution, coincided with a 
seismic shift in global politics

7356
06:19:18,400 --> 06:19:22,000
a pivotal moment that 
fundamentally reshaped Europe. 

7357
06:19:22,900 --> 06:19:25,800
That Vantage Point alone placed 
her in the orbit of towering 

7358
06:19:25,800 --> 06:19:28,700
figures like he forever linking 
her name to a Monumental 

7359
06:19:28,700 --> 06:19:31,500
historical pivot, even as 
critics to debate the merits of 

7360
06:19:31,508 --> 06:19:34,400
her early as films or the 
complexity of her mother's role 

7361
06:19:34,400 --> 06:19:37,500
in orchestrating her starter, 
Shirley Temple's narrative 

7362
06:19:37,500 --> 06:19:40,800
remains or inspiring for its 
breath, the child, who wants 

7363
06:19:40,800 --> 06:19:43,500
sparred with co-stars twice, her
height became an adult who 

7364
06:19:43,500 --> 06:19:47,000
regularly engaged with world 
leaders in the same life time. 

7365
06:19:47,000 --> 06:19:51,600
She delighted Depression, era 
audiences, and then half of a 

7366
06:19:51,600 --> 06:19:54,800
century later, watched democracy
break ground in Eastern Europe. 

7367
06:19:55,800 --> 06:19:58,800
That range of experiences 
underscores a singular life that

7368
06:19:58,808 --> 06:20:01,000
mirrored the transformations of 
a century. 

7369
06:20:01,700 --> 06:20:06,200
Today, her iconic cherub face 
continues to Adorn vintage movie

7370
06:20:06,200 --> 06:20:09,300
posters and DVD covers young 
dancers. 

7371
06:20:09,300 --> 06:20:12,800
Still attempt to replicate her 
signature tap, routines, parents

7372
06:20:12,800 --> 06:20:15,100
introduced her, black and white 
musicals to new generations. 

7373
06:20:15,100 --> 06:20:18,500
Yet parallel to that cultural. 
Imprint stands the Lesser 

7374
06:20:18,500 --> 06:20:21,500
celebrated. 
But equally significant tale of 

7375
06:20:21,500 --> 06:20:24,000
an American who chose to 
redirect celebrity into public 

7376
06:20:24,000 --> 06:20:26,400
service. 
Forging a second Legacy as an 

7377
06:20:26,400 --> 06:20:30,100
advocate and diplomat. 
And so doing Shirley Temple. 

7378
06:20:30,100 --> 06:20:33,100
Black left us a message about 
resilience that even the 

7379
06:20:33,100 --> 06:20:36,200
brightest, most ephemeral 
childhood glow can evolve into 

7380
06:20:36,200 --> 06:20:38,900
something more. 
Expansive guiding not just a 

7381
06:20:38,900 --> 06:20:42,000
film studios fortunes but 
International dialogues and 

7382
06:20:42,008 --> 06:20:45,500
philanthropic causes as well. 
And in the end, perhaps that 

7383
06:20:45,500 --> 06:20:48,800
quite metamorphosis is her most 
enduring if underappreciated 

7384
06:20:48,800 --> 06:20:50,300
achievement