Fall Asleep To What Medieval Life Was Like After Christmas | Boring History

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Welcome into my little humble of
Abode, friends. 

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I hope you guys had a blessed 
Christmas if you do celebrate 

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it, of course. 
Now it's time to get some sleep 

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so let's snuggle up and go back 
to Medieval England where the 

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echo of Christmas feasting has 
faded and the rhythm of winter 

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returns to Village Life tonight.
You'll step into the shoes of 

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someone navigating their life in
medieval times after Christmas. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down below

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where in the world you're 
listening in, from what time it 

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is for you. 
Now, while I do my brief little 

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paws, make sure to turn on a fan
of some kind for some 

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comforting, white noise, and 
let's get some perfect rest. 

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You wake to a silent that feels 
different from yesterday's 

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jubilant chaos. 
The straw mattress beneath you 

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still holds the warmth of your 
body and for a moment, you like 

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perfectly still listening to the
absence of bells and singing 

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your modest home shared with 
your family, in a village, whose

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name matters less than its 
sameness to 1,000 others. 

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It's cold and dim in the 
pre-dawn Darkness. 

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Single rooms smells of old smoke
damp wall and something else. 

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The faint lingering sweetness of
the spice. 

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Dale, you drank too much of the 
day before. 

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Your head doesn't pound. 
Exactly. 

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But it feels heavy as though 
stuffed with wool through the 

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shutters, you can see the barest
suggestion of gray light 

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beginning to leak into the 
world. 

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It's the day after Christmas and
the peculiar Stillness of it 

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settles over you like an extra 
blanket. 

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No one is shouting. 
No one is laughing. 

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The Village itself. 
Seems to be sleeping off its own

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excess. 
You push yourself up right? 

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Your breath visible in The 
Frigid are the fire in the 

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central half as to Ash and Ember
and the cold as crept in through

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every crack in the wattle and 
daub walls. 

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Your tunic hung on a peg near 
your sleeping area is stiff with

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cold. 
You Pull It On Any Way along 

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with your Woolen hose and the 
heavy outer tunic. 

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That bears, the stains of 100 
meals and 1,000 days of work. 

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Your leather shoes warns soft 
and shapeless. 

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Wait by the door where you left 
them outside. 

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The world is colorless, the sky 
holds that particular Shade of 

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Pale gray, that promises 
nothing, not snow, not son, just

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more of itself, The Village 
Street, rutted and Frozen 

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stretches between the clustered 
homes. 

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Like a scar smoke rises from the
future chimneys thin. 

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And hesitant as though even the 
fires are tired, Hear a cow 

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lowering somewhere, a sound so 
ordinary. 

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It becomes part of the silence 
rather than breaking it. 

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Your neighbor a man whose face 
is as familiar to you as your 

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own hands emerges from his 
doorway and nods. 

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Neither of you speaks. 
There's nothing to say Christmas

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is over the brief. 
Brilliant interruption in the 

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Years, Hardman not only has 
passed and what remains is the 

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Long Cold certainty of winter? 
You feel it in your bones. 

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This return to routine. 
It's not unwelcoming. 

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Exactly. 
It's simply what comes next? 

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The church stands at the Village
Center. 

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It stonewall's dark against the 
pale sky. 

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You walked there. 
Yes. 

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Today wearing your best clothes,
your stomach, warm with 

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anticipation of the feast to 
come. 

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Today, it looks smaller somehow 
less significant. 

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The priest will be inside 
preparing for the daily rhythm 

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of prayer's and masses. 
That continued regardless of 

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holidays, or hardships, you'll 
see him later. 

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Perhaps, when the day is worn on
and work as tired, you enough to

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make City in the cold Church 
feel like rest. 

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You walked toward the well, your
feet crunching on The Frozen 

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Ground. 
The wellness communal shared by 

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everyone in the village and the 
morning. 

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You're the first to reach it. 
The wooden bucket hangs on its 

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rope and you lower it into the 
darkness below. 

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As black Echoes up and you hold 
the bucket back, up hand over 

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hand, the rough rope burning 
against your palms, even through

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the cold. 
The water, sloshes dark and 

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clear, and you drink from your 
cupped hands, it tastes of 

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Earth, and stone and winter 
around you. 

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The village begins to stir. 
Was open children emerge, their 

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faces. 
Pinched with cold, their voices,

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subdued yesterday, they ran, and
shouted, drunk on Honey. 

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Cakes and freedom. 
Today, they move slowly, their 

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breath. 
Clouding, their eyes still heavy

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with sleep. 
A woman appears with an arm load

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of kindling, her shawl pulled 
tight around her shoulders. 

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She doesn't look at you. 
Everyone is turned in with this 

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morning, wrapped in their own 
small miseries and Comforts. 

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The Animals need 10.00 Family 
keeps a pig, two chickens and a 

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cow that produces just enough 
milk to make a worth the trouble

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of feeding. 
They live in a rough shelf, 

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shelter attached to one end of 
your home separated from your 

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living space by a woven 
partition that does little to 

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block the smell. 
You push through the load, 

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doorway into the animal space 
and the cow turned her enormous 

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head to look at you with an 
expression of infinite patience.

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Her breath steams in the cold. 
Are the chickens huddled 

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together on their Roost 
feathers, fluffed looking 

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affronted by the temperature. 
You scatter grain for the 

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chickens. 
Check the cows water and lean 

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against her warm flank for a 
moment. 

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Stealing her heat. 
She doesn't seem to mind 

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outside. 
You can hear the village 

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continuing, its slow. 
Awakening. 

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Somewhere. 
Someone is splitting wood. 

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The rhythmic thunk of the axe 
carries across. 

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The Frozen are steady and 
unremarkable. 

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It's a sound. 
You've heard every winter of 

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your life and it brings a 
strange comfort. 

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The day after Christmas holds? 
No special state in the church 

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calendar, no particular, 
observant or ceremony. 

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It is simply the 26th of 
December a day like any other 

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except that your body remembers 
yesterday's abundant and finds 

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today's return to scarcity, 
somehow sharper for the 

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contrast. 
Your stomach stretched with 

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goose and pottage and sweet 
things. 

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Now sits empty and vaguely 
dissatisfied. 

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You'll eat later. 
Something simple and plain and 

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it will taste like 
disappointment even though it's 

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the same food you eat every 
other day of the year. 

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He returned to the house where 
your family's beginning to move 

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about in the dim interior, your 
wife is coaxing. 

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The fire back to life, adding 
straw and small sticks to the 

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glowing Embers, blowing gently 
until Flames lick upward. 

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Your children are pulling on 
their own layers, preparing for 

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whatever small tasks. 
The day will demand of them. 

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No one speaks much. 
The house feels crowded and 

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empty at the same time full of 
bodies, but devoid of the 

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festive energy that animated it 
just yesterday. 

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Through the single window, you 
watch the light strength and 

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from Gray to a slightly paler 
gray. 

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This is winter in its truest 
form, not the dramatic depths of

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January or February, but this 
peculiar in between time, 

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neither Feast Norman, neither 
celebration nor crisis, Just the

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slow steady continuation of Life
at its most basic level. 

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You'll work today though. 
Not as hard as usual, you'll eat

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though, not as well as yes 
today. 

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You'll pray though, perhaps with
less further than the new 

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managed. 
When the Christmas spirit was 

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fresh and somehow in the 
quietness of it all, there's a 

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kind of Peace. 
The pressure of Celebration Has 

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Lifted, no one expects. 
Anything special from you today.

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You can simply exist. 
Moving through the familiar 

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patterns of an ordinary day in 
the knowledge that this is what 

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most of your life consists of 
Not the bright moments of feast 

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and Festival. 
But the long gentle stretches of

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sameness in between the work 
that waits for you is not the 

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work of summer or harvest time. 
There are no fields to plow no, 

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crops together and no desperate 
Rush against weather and season.

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Winter work is different, slower
harder in some ways and easier 

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in others. 
It's the work of Maintenance and

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survival of keeping things from 
falling apart until spring 

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returns and real labor begins 
again. 

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You walk out into the village 
common, where several other men 

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have already gathered near the 
woodpile. 

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Is smaller than it was a week 
ago, diminished by the Christmas

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fires that burned bright and 
wasteful for one glorious day. 

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Now you'll need to replenish it 
slowly and steadily through the 

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weeks ahead. 
The forest lies Beyond The 

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Village Fields a dark smudge 
against the pale sky and that's 

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where your headed. 
The walk to the forest takes 

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longer in Winter, the ground is 
frozen solid uneven and 

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treacherous where puddles of 
hardened in to ice. 

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You carry an axis handle warm 
Smooth by years of use its blade

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sharp enough to bite but not 
sharp enough to make the work 

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easy. 
Nothing about winter, work is 

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easy, that's not the point of 
it. 

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The point is simply to do it day
after day until winter ends. 

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Forest in December, is a study 
in Stillness. 

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Trees, stand bare their branches
black against the sky creating 

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patterns that seem almost 
deliberate in their complexity, 

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the underbrush is dead and 
brown, crackling beneath your 

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feet. 
Somewhere in the distance, a 

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crow calls out its voice harsh 
and lonely. 

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You pick your way through the 
undergrowth looking for Deadfall

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trees. 
That have fallen naturally 

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killed by age or disease or 
storm. 

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The lord of the manner is 
particular about, which trees 

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can be cut. 
Living Timber is his preserved 

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for his own uses, but the dead 
and dying would belongs to the 

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Village to anyone willing to do 
the work of harvesting it. 

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You find a Fallen Oak, its trunk
thick, and solid, despite its 

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death. 
The bark has already begun to 

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peel away in places revealing, 
the pale wood beneath You test 

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it with your axe. 
A few exploratory Taps to gauges

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soundless. 
It's Goodwood dry enough to 

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burn. 
Well, but not so rotted. 

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As to be useless, you begin the 
work of sectioning it, cutting 

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it into lengths. 
That can be carried back to the 

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Village. 
The rhythm of the axe swinging 

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becomes meditative lift swing 
strike lift swing strike the 

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blade. 
Bite into the wood. 

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Sending chips flying, your 
breath comes harder visible in 

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the cold air. 
Swept begins to prickle beneath 

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your layers, despite the 
temperature. 

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This is honest work, the kind 
that empties your mind of 

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everything, except the immediate
task, there's no room for worry 

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or planning or remembering 
yesterday's Feast, there's only 

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the word and the acts and the 
steady repetitive motion around 

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you. 
Others are doing the same work, 

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you can hear their axes are 
scattered percussion through the

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trees. 
Occasionally, you catch a 

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glimpse of movement, another man
bent to his task. 

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Another tree falling with a 
crack and crash that Echoes 

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through the forest. 
But mostly you work alone in 

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your own, small clearing 
surrounded by the winter strip 

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trees and the pale in different 
sky. 

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The work is hard on your hands, 
even through the cold. 

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00:11:10,700 --> 00:11:14,300
You can feel blisters forming 
hot spots of friction, where the

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axe handle rubs your shoulders 8
from the repetitive motion, your

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lower back, begins to protest a 
deep dull pain that you'll carry

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home with you and into your bed 
tonight. 

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00:11:25,900 --> 00:11:29,600
But this is normal. 
This is expected winter. 

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00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:32,900
Work leaves. 
Its marks on everyone by midday.

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00:11:32,900 --> 00:11:36,800
You've cut enough wood to make 
the Journey Back worth while You

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gather the sections into a 
bundle, binding them with rope 

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and Hoist, the load onto your 
back. 

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The wait, settles across your 
shoulders. 

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Like a yolk. 
The walk back to the village is 

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slower than the walk out. 
You have to stop twice to rest. 

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Lowering your burden to the 
frozen ground and standing bent 

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over hands on your knees. 
Waiting for your breathing to 

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steady. 
The Village appears gradually 

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through the trees, smoke rising 
from chimneys the church Tower 

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visible above the clustered 
roofs. 

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00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:09,300
Other men are returning to each 
carrying their own loads of, 

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00:12:09,300 --> 00:12:12,100
would you exchange nods? 
But don't speak. 

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00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:14,400
Everyone is too tired for 
conversation. 

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00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:18,000
The wood gets added to the 
communal pile and you stand from

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a moment. 
Looking at what you've 

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accomplished. 
It's not much tomorrow, you'll 

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00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,500
need to do it again and the day 
after that, and the day after 

231
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:31,000
that, this is how winter passes 
one load of wood at a time. 

232
00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:34,400
One day, at a time, the pile 
growing slowly while the cold 

233
00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:39,100
continues on a baited Some days 
when the weather allows you'll 

234
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,300
work on other tasks. 
There are fences to mend though 

235
00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:44,600
The Frozen Ground makes it 
nearly impossible to set. 

236
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:48,000
New posts, there are tools to 
repair handles to replace and 

237
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:50,800
Blades to sharpen. 
And the blacksmith's Forge 

238
00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,800
becomes a Gathering Place on the
coldest days with men crowding, 

239
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:56,200
around the fires heat while 
they. 

240
00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,600
Wait their turn to have some 
essential piece of equipment. 

241
00:12:58,600 --> 00:13:02,700
Mended, you spend an afternoon 
helping to repair the fat on a 

242
00:13:02,700 --> 00:13:05,800
neighbor's roof. 
The straw is stiff and unwieldy 

243
00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,500
in the cold difficult to weave 
into place. 

244
00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,200
You work from a ladder. 
Your hands clumsy with cold 

245
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:15,700
while below others hand up fresh
bundles of thatch. 

246
00:13:15,700 --> 00:13:17,900
The work is precarious and 
uncomfortable. 

247
00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:20,900
The wind cutting through your 
clothes, your fingers going 

248
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:24,100
numb, despite your attempts to 
keep them moving, but the roof 

249
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:27,400
gets fixed eventually. 
And that's one less family, who 

250
00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,300
lie, awake at night, listening 
to rain, drip through into their

251
00:13:30,300 --> 00:13:33,100
living space. 
The rhythm of winter work is 

252
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,500
slow but Relentless there's 
always something that needs 

253
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:39,300
doing some small repair or 
Preparation that can't wait 

254
00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:42,900
until spring. 
But it's never urgent in the way

255
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:46,400
that Harvest work is urgent. 
If you stop to rest, nothing 

256
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,100
catastrophic happens. 
The world doesn't end. 

257
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:51,700
The work. 
Simply waits for you to return 

258
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,100
to it. 
Patient and inevitable. 

259
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:58,200
In the evenings after the 
lightest and work becomes 

260
00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,900
impossible, you'll sit by your 
own fire and feel the days labor

261
00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:06,100
settling into your muscles. 
Your hands will throb your back.

262
00:14:06,108 --> 00:14:08,900
Will ache But they're 
satisfaction in it too. 

263
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:11,600
The bone deep contentment that 
comes from having spent your 

264
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:14,900
body on useful tasks. 
You've gathered wood, you've 

265
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,800
mended things. 
You've done your small part in 

266
00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:20,300
keeping the village functioning 
through another winter day, 

267
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:24,600
Tomorrow, you'll do it again. 
This is the bargain of winter 

268
00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:27,400
life work. 
That's hard enough to make rest 

269
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:30,300
feel earned but not so demanding
that it breaks. 

270
00:14:30,300 --> 00:14:34,000
You your wife ladles pottage 
into a wooden bowl and you 

271
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,400
accept it with without comment, 
the cottage is gray, and thick 

272
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,300
made from dried peas and 
whatever scraps of vegetable 

273
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:44,600
could be found a bit of our 
onion, some with a turnip herbs 

274
00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:47,300
that have lost most of their 
flavor to months of storage. 

275
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:50,400
It steams in the cold air of the
house and you eat it. 

276
00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:54,500
Slowly savoring the warmth more 
than the taste This is what food

277
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:57,000
becomes after Christmas. 
Yes. 

278
00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:00,200
Today there was Goose its skin 
crispy with fat. 

279
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:04,500
It's meat tender and Rich. 
There was bread made with wheat 

280
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:07,400
flour instead of the usual rye 
and barley mixer. 

281
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,200
They were sweet things, Honey, 
Cakes and preserved fruits 

282
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:15,300
luxurious saved all year. 
For this one day of a bundts, 

283
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:18,700
your stomach remembers these 
things with a kind of wistful 

284
00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:22,600
longing even as it accepts the 
reality of today's simple meal, 

285
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:25,000
The pottage isn't bad. 
Exactly. 

286
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,700
It's hot and filling, and that's
enough to make it acceptable. 

287
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:31,100
You soak a piece of dark bread 
in it. 

288
00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:35,400
Softening the breads tough crust
until it's edible The bread is 

289
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:37,700
dense, and heavy made from 
flour. 

290
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:39,500
That contains more chaff than 
wheat. 

291
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:42,500
And baked in the communal oven 
that serves the whole village. 

292
00:15:42,500 --> 00:15:45,100
It has the slightly sour taste 
of bread. 

293
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,400
That's been sitting for several 
days, but it's still food still 

294
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,200
fuel for another day of work. 
Your children. 

295
00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:54,100
Eat their portions quickly. 
Scraping their bowls clean with 

296
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:57,400
their fingers, their old enough.
Now not to complain about the 

297
00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,200
plainness of the meal though. 
Young enough that you can see 

298
00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:01,700
the disappointment in their 
faces. 

299
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:05,300
Yes, today's feast to set their 
expectations and made them 

300
00:16:05,308 --> 00:16:08,800
temporarily ungrateful for the 
ordinary Provisions that usually

301
00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:12,800
sustain them without complaint 
By tomorrow, they'll have a just

302
00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:15,800
to gain. 
Memory is short at their age and

303
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,600
the body's needs are insistent 
enough to make any food. 

304
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:21,500
Welcome. 
The cow has been milked in your 

305
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:23,400
wife, paused some of the milk 
into cups. 

306
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:27,600
It's thin and slightly bluish. 
Not the rich creamy milk of 

307
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:32,400
summer when the grazing is good.
Winter milk is sparse rationed 

308
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,300
carefully because the cows 
production slows when there's 

309
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:38,600
nothing fresh for her to eat. 
You drink yours in small sips, 

310
00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:41,900
making it last feeling its 
coolness against your teeth. 

311
00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:45,600
In the corner of the room, 
hanging from the rafters of the 

312
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:49,100
remnants of the year's Harvest 
strings of onions, Bunches of 

313
00:16:49,108 --> 00:16:52,400
dried herbs and a net bag, 
containing the last of the 

314
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,700
apples, small and wrinkled, but 
still edible these, your 

315
00:16:56,700 --> 00:17:00,100
reserves, the buffer between 
your family and hunger, they'll 

316
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:03,600
need to last until spring brings
fresh growth and you're always 

317
00:17:03,608 --> 00:17:06,599
aware of their gradual. 
Diminishment the way the 

318
00:17:06,599 --> 00:17:10,099
supplies shrink Weak by weak, 
despite your careful rationing 

319
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:14,099
The pig in its pain outside is 
growing, slowly fed on scraps 

320
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:17,400
and whatever can be spared, it 
won't be slaughtered until next 

321
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:19,400
door to him. 
When it's fat enough to make the

322
00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:24,099
killing worth wild until then it
represents future food, a 

323
00:17:24,099 --> 00:17:26,599
promise of a band that exists 
only in potential. 

324
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:29,400
You'll eat it eventually, but 
not today. 

325
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,300
Not this week and probably not 
this month. 

326
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:36,200
The waiting is part of Winter's 
discipline, he understanding 

327
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,500
that presents. 
Scarcity is the price of future 

328
00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:42,300
survival. 
Some days, there's fish dried 

329
00:17:42,300 --> 00:17:45,200
and salted so hard. 
It needs to be soaked before 

330
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:47,300
cooking. 
So salty, it makes your mouth 

331
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:50,600
pucker butt, fishes, protein, 
and protein is precious. 

332
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,600
So you eat it without complaint.
When it appears on the table, 

333
00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,500
the church requires fish on 
certain days. 

334
00:17:56,500 --> 00:18:00,100
Anyway, marking the calendar 
with dietary restrictions that 

335
00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,900
you followed your entire life. 
Without questioning their logic.

336
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,100
Friday is a fish day, so the 
various Saints days and holy 

337
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,100
observances, that scatter 
throughout the year like stones 

338
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:12,800
in a field. 
Your wife is skilled at making 

339
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:16,900
scarcity look like sufficiently.
She can take a handful of grain 

340
00:18:16,900 --> 00:18:20,400
a bit of fat and some dried peas
and transform them into 

341
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:22,800
something that fills bellies and
provides warmth. 

342
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:26,500
She knows how to stretch 
supplies how to make the stores 

343
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:29,100
last through the long winter 
months without running out 

344
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:31,700
before spring. 
This knowledge is valuable 

345
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:33,900
passed down from mother to 
daughter. 

346
00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:37,300
Refined through generations of 
women who learned to feed 

347
00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:40,000
families on almost nothing 
tonight. 

348
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,800
There's all so porridge made 
from oats, boiled in water until

349
00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:46,000
they soften into a pale sticky 
Mass. 

350
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,900
You eat it with a wooden spoon. 
Adding a tiny, scraping of 

351
00:18:49,908 --> 00:18:52,900
butter to give it some flavor. 
The butter is rancid. 

352
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:56,400
Everything goes rancid 
eventually and winter but you've

353
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:58,300
learned not to mine the slightly
off taste. 

354
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:03,200
Food is food. 
Your body needs fuel and it's 

355
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:05,700
not particular about whether 
that fuel tastes Pleasant or 

356
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:08,400
merely adequate. 
The contrast with yesterday's 

357
00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:10,700
Feast is Stark enough to be 
almost funny. 

358
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:14,900
You remember the long table set 
up in the Lord's Hall where 

359
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:17,900
every household in the village 
sent representatives to share in

360
00:19:17,900 --> 00:19:20,600
the Christmas meal. 
The table was crowded with 

361
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:23,900
dishes. 
Roasted Meats pies, filled with 

362
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:26,900
spiced fruit and loaves of fine 
white bread. 

363
00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:31,200
That seemed to Glow in the fire.
Like there was wine actual wine,

364
00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,200
red and warming. 
So different from the weekend, 

365
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:36,900
you drink every other day of the
year for a few hours. 

366
00:19:36,900 --> 00:19:40,700
You ate like nobility, helping 
yourself to second and third 

367
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:43,800
serving eating until your 
stomach hurt from the 

368
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:47,700
unaccustomed fullness. 
But that was yesterday, today is

369
00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:50,400
pottage and hard bread. 
And this is the food that 

370
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,100
defines your life simple. 
Plain. 

371
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:56,300
Just barely enough. 
You don't resent it. 

372
00:19:56,300 --> 00:20:00,000
Exactly your grateful to have, 
it hunger is a real thing in 

373
00:20:00,008 --> 00:20:02,300
Winter. 
A specter that haunts other 

374
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:05,200
Villages if the Harvest was bad 
or the stores were poorly 

375
00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:07,400
managed. 
Your village has enough. 

376
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,100
If barely, you'll all make it to
Spring without starving. 

377
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:13,400
That's a success worth 
acknowledging. 

378
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:16,200
Even if it doesn't feel 
particularly triumphant while 

379
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:18,300
you're eating gray, peas from a 
wooden Bowl. 

380
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:22,700
After the meal, your wife 
clears, the bowls and scrapes 

381
00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:25,000
them. 
Clean, saving every scrap. 

382
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,600
Nothing is wasted. 
The pig will get the leavings 

383
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,400
mixed with grain husks and 
vegetable peelings. 

384
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:34,600
Even the water used to wash. 
The bowls will be saved and 

385
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:37,100
added to tomorrow's pottage to 
give it extra body. 

386
00:20:37,100 --> 00:20:41,500
This is the economy of winter. 
Everything can served everything

387
00:20:41,500 --> 00:20:44,700
used nothing thrown away that 
might have value. 

388
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,200
You sit by the fire your stomach
comfortably full even if not 

389
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,000
satisfied in the way yes to 
these. 

390
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,500
Feast satisfied you the warmth 
of the fire on your face, the 

391
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:56,100
taste of foods still in your 
mouth. 

392
00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:59,600
The simple fact of being fed 
these things are enough. 

393
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,500
To be enough. 
This is what you have and you've

394
00:21:03,508 --> 00:21:06,300
learned through long experience 
that wanting more than what you 

395
00:21:06,308 --> 00:21:09,300
have is a waste of energy better
spend on simply living through 

396
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,100
another day, the bell rings for 
Vespers. 

397
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:16,500
It sound carrying across the 
village in waves of bronze Your 

398
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:20,700
expected to attend, not by force
of law, but by force of habit 

399
00:21:20,700 --> 00:21:24,700
and Community expectation. 
Everyone goes to church. 

400
00:21:24,700 --> 00:21:27,800
It's what you do. 
It's what everyone has always 

401
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:30,100
done. 
The rhythm of prayer marks the 

402
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:34,000
day as surely as sunrise and 
sunset, you pull your cloak 

403
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:37,200
tighter around your shoulders 
and step out into the late 

404
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:39,000
afternoon. 
Cold the Sun. 

405
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:43,000
What little of it managed to 
appear today is already sinking 

406
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:46,500
toward the Horizon. 
Turning the sky, a pale washed 

407
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:48,700
out. 
Orange, the temperature drops 

408
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:52,000
further as Darkness approaches 
and you can feel winter 

409
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:55,900
tightening its grip. 
The cold becoming sharper more 

410
00:21:55,900 --> 00:21:58,300
insistent. 
The church is the largest 

411
00:21:58,300 --> 00:22:01,900
building in the village built of
stone rather than wooden wattle 

412
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:05,300
its walls, thick enough to hold 
back the wind inside. 

413
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:07,600
It's not warm. 
There's no heat except what 

414
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,600
comes from the body's of the 
congregation but its sheltered 

415
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:15,500
and that something The space 
smells of old incense candle wax

416
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:18,300
and damps stone. 
The ceiling archers overhead 

417
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:21,300
disappearing, into shadow in the
windows filled with expensive 

418
00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:25,000
glass filter, the remaining 
daylight in to dim colored 

419
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:28,800
fragments You take your usual 
place, standing among the other 

420
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,300
men of the village, the women 
stand separately, clustered on 

421
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,800
the opposite side of the Nave, 
the children fidget and Whisper 

422
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:38,100
until their mothers. 
Quiet them with sharp looks 

423
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:42,400
Priest appears from the Sacristy
moving with the practice 

424
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:45,200
deficiency of a man, whose 
performed the same rituals 

425
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:49,500
thousands of times the services 
in Latin, which you don't 

426
00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:51,600
understand Beyond a few familiar
phrases. 

427
00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:55,200
Dominus vobiscum, the priest and
tones and you respond with the 

428
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,600
rest of the congregation, it 
comes spirited to all the words 

429
00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:02,000
automatic rising from memory 
rather than comprehension. 

430
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,800
The meaning of the prayers is 
less important than their 

431
00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:08,000
regularity, the comfort of their
unchanging nature. 

432
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:10,900
You've heard these same words. 
Every evening of your life. 

433
00:23:10,900 --> 00:23:14,000
In this same building from 
priest who came and went, but 

434
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,400
always said the same thing in 
the same ancient language. 

435
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,200
The priest voice Rises and falls
in practice Cadence. 

436
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:23,300
Moving through the SARS and 
prayers with mechanical 

437
00:23:23,300 --> 00:23:26,100
precision. 
You let the words wash over you 

438
00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:30,600
there with him hip noticed and 
soothing your mind wanders, to 

439
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,200
tomorrow's, work to the Aiken, 
your shoulders to the dwindling 

440
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:38,600
woodpile, but your body remains 
still your lips moving through 

441
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:42,300
the familiar responses. 
When required There's something 

442
00:23:42,300 --> 00:23:45,100
deeply restful about this 
routine, for this. 

443
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:47,500
Brief period. 
You're not required to work, or 

444
00:23:47,500 --> 00:23:51,800
think, or make decisions. 
You simply stand and respond and

445
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:53,900
let the familiar liturgy carry 
you along. 

446
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,400
The church is the one place 
where rich and poor stand 

447
00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:59,300
together or at least in 
proximity. 

448
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:03,200
The Lord of The Manor is here 
somewhere probably closer to the

449
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,900
altar the newer. 
But for this hour, you're all 

450
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:09,200
engaged in the same activity, 
all subject to the same 

451
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,400
Spiritual Authority. 
The candles on the altar 

452
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:15,700
flicker. 
They're like weak, but warm The 

453
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:18,900
priest raises, the Chalice 
consecrating, the wine that will

454
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:21,700
become the blood of Christ. 
You bow your head at the 

455
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:25,200
appropriate moment, cross your 
self and kneel when kneeling as 

456
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:27,700
required these gestures are so 
deeply. 

457
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:30,900
Ingrained that you could perform
them in your sleep, they can 

458
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:34,200
connect you to something larger 
than yourself, not just to God 

459
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,100
though, that's the official 
purpose. 

460
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,200
But to the long chain of people 
who have made these same 

461
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:43,700
gestures, in this same place 
year after year, generation 

462
00:24:43,700 --> 00:24:48,100
after generation, the sermon, 
when it comes is brief and 

463
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:52,300
predictable, the priest speaks 
about humility about gratitude 

464
00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:55,700
for God's gifts and about the 
importance of Charity and 

465
00:24:55,700 --> 00:24:58,500
patience. 
You've heard variations of this 

466
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:01,100
sermon. 
Countless times, the words are 

467
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:04,900
meant to instruct and improve 
you to guide you toward better 

468
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:08,600
behavior and deeper face. 
Mostly they make you sleepy. 

469
00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:13,500
The priest voice is a pleasant 
drone and the dim light and 

470
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:16,300
close are of the church. 
Create a drowsy atmosphere. 

471
00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:19,400
Several people's heads are 
nodding one old man in the 

472
00:25:19,408 --> 00:25:22,100
corner is frankly asleep. 
His chin on his chest, his 

473
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:26,000
breathing Audible, But no one 
Minds, the priest doesn't seem 

474
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,500
to expect rapt attention. 
He's fulfilling his duty, 

475
00:25:29,500 --> 00:25:32,200
delivering the required 
spiritual instruction. 

476
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,800
And whether anyone actually 
listens is between them and God,

477
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:39,100
you may make an effort to pay 
attention catching phrases here 

478
00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:41,300
and there patients and 
suffering. 

479
00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:45,600
The rewards of the faithful 
trust in Divine Providence and 

480
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,600
let the rest slide past you like
water. 

481
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:52,900
The service concludes with a 
final blessing, the priest makes

482
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:56,100
the sign of the cross over the 
assembled concrete and you cross

483
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:59,500
yourself in response. 
Then everyone files out, moving 

484
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:02,900
slowly reluctant to leave the 
relative shelter of the church 

485
00:26:02,900 --> 00:26:06,100
for the cold Darkness outside. 
You not to your neighbor's as 

486
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:08,600
you pass them. 
Exchanged brief pleasantries. 

487
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:13,100
God, keep you and you and step 
back into the night. 

488
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,700
The stars are beginning to 
appear hard and bright in the 

489
00:26:17,708 --> 00:26:18,800
clear. 
Winter Sky? 

490
00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,300
The cold hits. 
You like a physical thing? 

491
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:24,800
Making you catch your breath? 
Yahari home. 

492
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:27,100
Following the familiar path 
through the darkness. 

493
00:26:27,100 --> 00:26:30,000
Your feet finding the way 
without conscious thought. 

494
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:33,500
This pattern will repeat itself 
tomorrow and the day after, and 

495
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:36,700
the day after that, Morning 
prayers evening prayers and the 

496
00:26:36,708 --> 00:26:40,300
Sunday, mass that lasts longer 
and requires more from you the 

497
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:44,400
church's calendar structures, 
your year Advent and Christmas 

498
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,800
lent and Easter, and the endless
succession of saints days and 

499
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,700
holy observances. 
You mark Time by these religious

500
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:56,100
Milestones measuring your life 
in the space between them. 

501
00:26:56,100 --> 00:26:58,400
There's comfort in the 
predictability. 

502
00:26:59,700 --> 00:27:02,500
Churches constant when 
everything else is uncertain 

503
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:06,400
harvest fail. 
People die and the seasons turn.

504
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,800
But the Liturgy remains 
unchanged, the same prayers. 

505
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:14,100
The same rituals, the same 
assurance that someone somewhere

506
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:17,000
is paying attention to the 
spiritual welfare of your 

507
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,800
Immortal Soul. 
You don't think deeply about 

508
00:27:19,800 --> 00:27:22,400
theology or doctrine. 
That's not your job. 

509
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:27,200
Your job is to show up. 
To participate and to maintain 

510
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:29,200
your place in the community of 
believers. 

511
00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:35,800
That you do day after day with 
the same steady reliability. 

512
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:39,700
You bring to every other aspect 
of your life evening stretches 

513
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:44,100
before you long and dark. 
Outside the temperature 

514
00:27:44,100 --> 00:27:47,500
continues to drop Frost forming 
on every surface. 

515
00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:51,900
The ground hardening further, 
under the assault of cold inside

516
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:54,200
your home. 
The fire provides a small circle

517
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,900
of warmth and light Beyond which
the darkness presses close. 

518
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:01,600
Your wife has brought out her 
spindle and a basket of wool 

519
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:04,800
grey and greasy still smelling 
of sheep. 

520
00:28:04,800 --> 00:28:08,600
Despite having been washed, she 
settles herself on a low stool 

521
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:11,400
near the fire and Begins the 
rhythmic work of spinning. 

522
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:14,700
The spindle twirling is thread 
forms. 

523
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:17,600
Under her practice fingers. 
This is how she spends. 

524
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,800
Most winter, evenings spinning 
wool into thread. 

525
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:23,800
That will eventually become 
cloth though that transformation

526
00:28:23,800 --> 00:28:25,600
will take months of additional 
work. 

527
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,300
You have your own tasks. 
There's a basket that needs 

528
00:28:29,300 --> 00:28:32,000
mending. 
It's woven sighs beginning to 

529
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,700
split. 
You fetch it from the corner and

530
00:28:34,700 --> 00:28:37,200
examine it in the firelight 
determining where to begin. 

531
00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:41,100
The repair, the work is fiddly. 
Requiring more patients than 

532
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:44,800
strength in your cold stiffened.
Fingers, fumble at first with a 

533
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,100
thin strips of Willow, but 
eventually you find your Rhythm 

534
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:52,100
weaving, new material through 
old reinforcing the weak, spots,

535
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:54,900
the children are huddled 
together on the sleeping Palace 

536
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:58,400
in a shared blanket. 
They're not asleep yet though. 

537
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:00,900
They should be. 
You can hear them Whispering 

538
00:29:00,900 --> 00:29:04,300
telling each other stories or 
Secrets or nothing in 

539
00:29:04,300 --> 00:29:06,700
particular. 
Their voices are a soft murmur 

540
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:09,200
barely audible over the crackle 
of the fire. 

541
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,200
You don't tell them to be quiet.
There's no harm in their 

542
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:15,800
whispered conversations and 
they'll fall asleep. 

543
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:17,800
Soon enough. 
When exhaustion overtakes them. 

544
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:22,700
The fire needs constant 
attention would is precious and 

545
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:24,700
you can't afford to let it burn 
waste for me. 

546
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,600
You add sticks carefully, one, 
at a time, keeping the flame 

547
00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:32,100
small but steady, the smoke 
Rises toward the hole in the 

548
00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:35,200
roof meant to serve as a chimney
though much of its seems to 

549
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:38,000
linger in the room. 
Instead adding to the general 

550
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:40,500
Haze that makes your eyes water 
and your throat. 

551
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:43,400
It you've lived with smoke your 
entire life. 

552
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,500
You don't notice it anymore, 
except when it gets particularly

553
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:48,200
thick and you find yourself 
coughing. 

554
00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:52,600
Your wife begins to harm us. 
You Works a tune without words. 

555
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:55,300
Something, she probably learned 
from her own mother. 

556
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:59,800
The sound is Pleasant blending 
with the other small noises that

557
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,700
fill the evening. 
The pop and hiss of burning 

558
00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:06,400
wood, The Whisper of thread 
being spun and the soft 

559
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,300
breathing of animals. 
Beyond the partition, these are 

560
00:30:09,308 --> 00:30:12,500
the sounds of home was familiar 
as your own heartbeat. 

561
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:15,600
You think about tomorrow more 
wood together? 

562
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:18,200
Probably. 
Perhaps some work on the fence 

563
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:21,100
line, if the weather holds the 
usual round of feeding animals 

564
00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:24,600
carrying water, and maintaining 
the small Universe of your 

565
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,500
household, nothing dramatic or 
exciting, just the steady 

566
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,400
continuation of tasks that never
quite end. 

567
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:35,300
Your life is a series of these 
small repetitions each day. 

568
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:38,500
So similar to the one before 
that they blur together into an 

569
00:30:38,500 --> 00:30:41,600
undifferentiated. 
Stretch of time, marked only by 

570
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,100
the changing seasons. 
Sometimes on evenings like this,

571
00:30:45,100 --> 00:30:48,500
a neighbor might visit they'd 
bring their own hand work. 

572
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:52,300
Perhaps mending to do or carving
to occupy their hands. 

573
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:55,200
Sit by your fire for an hour or 
two. 

574
00:30:56,100 --> 00:31:00,200
Conversation would be sparse and
comfortable focused on practical

575
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,000
matters. 
Someone's cow has stopped giving

576
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:05,200
milk. 
Someone else has a loose shutter

577
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:08,200
that rattles in the Wind. 
The baker's wife is sick, 

578
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:11,000
nothing serious, but enough to 
keep her in bed for a few days. 

579
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,100
This is the stuff of Village. 
Life. 

580
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:16,700
A small concerns that seemed 
enormous when they're your 

581
00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:19,000
concerns. 
But trivial in the largest 

582
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,300
scheme of things tonight though 
no one visits. 

583
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:27,200
The coldest two severe the 
darkness to complete everyone. 

584
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,500
Stays in their own homes, 
clustered around their own 

585
00:31:29,508 --> 00:31:31,400
fires, doing their own quiet 
work. 

586
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:35,500
The village feels empty doubt. 
As though everyone has retreated

587
00:31:35,500 --> 00:31:39,500
into the themselves conserving 
energy and warmth until morning,

588
00:31:39,500 --> 00:31:43,900
makes emergence necessary again.
You finish with the basket and 

589
00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:46,400
set it aside. 
Your eyes are tired from 

590
00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:48,500
working. 
In the dim flickering, firelight

591
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:51,400
your fingers, ache from the 
detailed work. 

592
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,700
You lean back against the wall 
and close your eyes for a 

593
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:56,700
moment. 
Listening to the sounds of your 

594
00:31:56,700 --> 00:31:59,400
family. 
Your wife, spindles still 

595
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:03,000
turning your children. 
Their Whispers growing softer 

596
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:07,600
and sleep approaches the fire, 
settling and crackling This is 

597
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:12,200
piece of A Sort not the dramatic
joyful piece of Festival days, 

598
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:16,100
but the quiet unremarkable piece
of an ordinary evening in an 

599
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:18,300
ordinary life. 
Your fed. 

600
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:23,600
However, plainly your warm. 
However, barely Your family is 

601
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:27,300
safe and together tomorrow will 
bring its own challenges but for

602
00:32:27,300 --> 00:32:30,600
now in this moment everything is
as it should be. 

603
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:33,900
Your wife sets aside, her 
spinning and begins to prepare 

604
00:32:33,900 --> 00:32:37,100
the space for sleep. 
She Banks the fire for Lee 

605
00:32:37,100 --> 00:32:39,600
covering the coals with Ash to 
preserve them through the night.

606
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:44,000
She spreads the sleeping 
palettes thin mattresses stuffed

607
00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:48,000
with straw across the floor near
the fires warmth. the children 

608
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,200
are already half-sleep easily 
transferred to their palettes 

609
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,900
where they borrow immediately 
under the blankets, you lie down

610
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:59,000
on your own palette, your wife 
beside you, the straw Russell's 

611
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:02,300
beneath you poking through the 
thin Fabric and places but you 

612
00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:06,400
barely notice The day's work has
left, you exhausted in the good 

613
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:08,200
way. 
The way that makes sleep come 

614
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,100
easily and deeply. 
You pull the blankets up feeling

615
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:14,500
their weights, settle over you, 
and let your eyes close the fire

616
00:33:14,500 --> 00:33:17,700
glows, behind your eyelids, 
orange and warm. 

617
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,000
Outside the wind picks up 
whistling around the corners of 

618
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:23,900
the house, finding every Gap and
crack. 

619
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:27,300
But you're inside protected 
surrounded by your family. 

620
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,500
This is enough. 
This has always been enough you 

621
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:32,900
drift towards sleep with the 
knowledge that tomorrow will be 

622
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:35,700
much like today. 
And the day after will be much 

623
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:38,200
like tomorrow. 
And there's a deep comfort in 

624
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:42,000
that predictability, the days 
after Christmas Blend into one 

625
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,300
another, with a seamless, that's
almost comforting. 

626
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:46,900
One more thing you encounter 
your neighbor by the? 

627
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:50,300
Well, both of you there to draw 
water in the gray dawnlight. 

628
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:54,200
He nods in greeting, and you not
back for a long moment. 

629
00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:58,100
Neither of you speaks, the 
silence isn't awkward, it simply

630
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:02,100
the natural state of things. 
Finally, he comments on the 

631
00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:05,200
cold. 
Bitter, he says, and you agree. 

632
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:08,500
Bitter. 
You Echo this exchange of 

633
00:34:08,507 --> 00:34:11,100
observations about the weather 
constitutes, most of your 

634
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:13,500
conversation. 
There's nothing else that needs 

635
00:34:13,500 --> 00:34:17,500
saying, you both know what the 
day will bring work and cold. 

636
00:34:17,500 --> 00:34:21,500
And simple meals, talking about 
it won't change it later. 

637
00:34:21,500 --> 00:34:24,500
You see a group of women 
gathered near the communal. 

638
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,100
Bread oven, waiting their turn 
to bake. 

639
00:34:27,100 --> 00:34:31,500
They talk in low voices, their 
breath steaming their hands 

640
00:34:31,500 --> 00:34:33,500
tucked into their sleeves for 
warmth. 

641
00:34:33,500 --> 00:34:36,900
Their conversation, consists 
mainly of complaints, though, 

642
00:34:36,900 --> 00:34:40,500
the tone is mild or almost 
cheerful Someone's husband is 

643
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:43,000
lazy. 
Someone else's children in a 

644
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,500
difficult. 
The baker charged too much for 

645
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:47,800
flour. 
Last month, these grievances are

646
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,199
ritual rather than serious, a 
way of affirming connection 

647
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:54,500
through shared hardship. 
He passed the blacksmith's Forge

648
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:56,400
and see several men standing 
around the fire. 

649
00:34:57,300 --> 00:35:00,600
Stencil waiting to have tools 
repairs but really just 

650
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:03,400
absorbing the heat. 
They make room for you without 

651
00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:06,100
comment you join the Silent 
Circle. 

652
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:08,700
Extending your hands toward the 
Flames. 

653
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:13,100
The blacksmith Works deadly 
shaping hot iron with rhythmic 

654
00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:17,400
Hammer, blows sending sparks 
flying the men watching work, 

655
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,300
occasionally offering opinions. 
That edge needs more tapering 

656
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,500
the handle should sit 
straighter, which the blacksmith

657
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:27,700
mostly ignores social life and 
winter is like this. 

658
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:32,400
Brief Encounters minimal 
conversation and the simple 

659
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,200
pleasure of being near other 
people without the obligation of

660
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,800
extended interaction. 
The cold makes everyone 

661
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:43,300
economical with their energy. 
Why talk when silent serves just

662
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:46,500
as well, why gather for long 
periods, when everyone would 

663
00:35:46,500 --> 00:35:51,900
rather be near their own fires? 
On Sunday after Mass the 

664
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:55,000
slightly more lingering people 
stand outside the church and 

665
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:59,500
small groups stamping their feet
against the cold reluctant to 

666
00:35:59,500 --> 00:36:01,800
immediately dispersed to their 
separate homes. 

667
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:04,900
The priest moves among them 
offering. 

668
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:08,900
Greetings and gentle reminders 
about upcoming holy days, the 

669
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:12,400
Lord Stewart makes an appearance
announcing that rents will be 

670
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:13,700
collected at the end of the 
month. 

671
00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:16,600
Statement that's met with 
resigned knobs. 

672
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:20,800
Everyone knew this already. 
The announcement is a mere 

673
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:23,700
formality. 
You exchange a few words with 

674
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:27,100
the man you've known your entire
life, his father and your father

675
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:30,400
worked, the same Fields his 
children and your children will 

676
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,600
likely do the same. 
There's a kind of inevitability 

677
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,900
to these relationships. 
A sense that you're all trapped 

678
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:38,700
in the same slowly turning 
wheel. 

679
00:36:39,600 --> 00:36:42,500
He mentions that his wife's 
sister is visiting from another 

680
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,000
Village. 
Five miles away, which counts as

681
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,600
news. 
Visitors are rare in Winter. 

682
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:49,800
Travel is difficult and 
dangerous. 

683
00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:52,000
When the roads are frozen and 
the days are short. 

684
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:56,400
Someone starts telling a story. 
Something that happened years 

685
00:36:56,400 --> 00:37:00,600
ago, a minor Scandal involving 
someone who's long since died. 

686
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:03,200
Everyone has heard the story 
before but they listen. 

687
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,000
Anyway, chuckling at The 
Familiar Parts nodding along 

688
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:09,100
Story isn't meant to inform or 
surprise. 

689
00:37:09,100 --> 00:37:12,900
It's meant to fill time to 
create a moment of shared 

690
00:37:12,900 --> 00:37:16,400
attention and to remind everyone
that their part of something 

691
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:18,800
larger than their individual 
lives. 

692
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:23,000
The Villages small enough that 
everyone knows everyone else is 

693
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,700
business. 
Privacy is impossible when 

694
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:28,800
houses are clustered close 
together, when walls are thin, 

695
00:37:28,800 --> 00:37:32,500
and when everyone works in sight
of everyone else, You know, 

696
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:35,800
which families are struggling. 
Which marriage is a strained, 

697
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,100
and which children are sick. 
This knowledge isn't gathered 

698
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:42,300
through gossip exactly, though. 
Gossips, certainly exists. 

699
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:45,900
It's simply unavoidable. 
You live too close to each other

700
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:50,300
to dependent on each other to 
maintain any real secrets. 

701
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:55,300
Sometimes this intimacy feels 
oppressive, you'll never truly 

702
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:57,700
alone. 
Never able to escape the weight 

703
00:37:57,700 --> 00:38:01,800
of community expectations and 
observations but mostly it feels

704
00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:04,400
normal. 
This is how life has always 

705
00:38:04,400 --> 00:38:06,700
been. 
You don't know any other way, 

706
00:38:06,700 --> 00:38:10,700
the villages your world and 
everyone in it is permanently 

707
00:38:10,700 --> 00:38:12,900
woven into the fabric of your 
daily existence. 

708
00:38:14,100 --> 00:38:17,600
In the afternoon, when work 
allows some of the younger 

709
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,500
children Gather in the Village 
Square such as it is to play 

710
00:38:20,500 --> 00:38:24,200
their games, are simple, 
throwing stones at Mark's 

711
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,000
chasing each other. 
In circular patterns and acting 

712
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:30,900
out battles with sticks of 
Swords, their laughter rings out

713
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:32,800
sharp and bright in the cold 
air. 

714
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:36,400
And for a few moments, The 
Village feels less gray less 

715
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:40,100
burdened by Winter's weight. 
You watch them sometimes 

716
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:43,000
remembering when you were young 
enough to find joy in such 

717
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,500
simple things. 
Ages taught, you different 

718
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:49,300
lessons about work and 
responsibility about the way 

719
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:51,300
life Narrows and hardened around
you. 

720
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:54,300
But watching The Children, Play 
remind you. 

721
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:58,300
That Joy isn't gone. 
Just transformed into quieter 

722
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:01,800
less obvious forms. 
The warmth of your fire. 

723
00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:05,500
The taste of hot food. 
The comfort of familiar faces, 

724
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:09,600
and familiar routines. 
One evening, The Village gathers

725
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:12,800
for a small celebration. 
Someone Saints Day, though, you 

726
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:16,000
can't quite remember who's 
there's no Feast nothing 

727
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,300
approaching the abundance of 
Christmas, but there's ale 

728
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:22,500
slightly stronger than usual. 
And someone has brought out a 

729
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:24,900
pipe. 
The music is simple and slightly

730
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:27,100
off-key, but its music 
nonetheless. 

731
00:39:27,100 --> 00:39:30,800
A few people dance, their 
movement, slow and dignified 

732
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:33,200
more swaying than actual 
dancing. 

733
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:37,400
Others clap along, keeping 
Rhythm their faces, relaxed and 

734
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:40,800
almost Happy. 
You don't dance, you never 

735
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:44,200
danced, but you drink your ale 
and what watch and there's 

736
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:47,300
pleasure in that too. 
The Gathering doesn't last long,

737
00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:50,700
perhaps an hour before people 
begin drifting home called by 

738
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:52,600
the cold and the leikness of the
hour. 

739
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:55,300
But for that brief time, the 
village feels alive. 

740
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:57,500
In a way it doesn't during the 
ordinary working day. 

741
00:39:58,300 --> 00:40:01,800
Connected. 
Warm almost festive though. 

742
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:05,200
That word seems too grand for 
such a modest occasion, walking 

743
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:07,000
home. 
He passed house houses where 

744
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:09,900
Lamplight glows through 
shutters, where you can hear the

745
00:40:09,900 --> 00:40:13,200
murmur of voices. 
The sounds of family settling in

746
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:15,600
for the night. 
Each house can contains its own 

747
00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:18,800
small world, its own 
constellation of relationships 

748
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:22,200
and routines, but there are all 
variations on the same theme 

749
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:26,500
people trying to stay warm, stay
safe and stay together through 

750
00:40:26,500 --> 00:40:29,700
The Long Winter. 
The same as of it all is oddly, 

751
00:40:29,700 --> 00:40:32,100
reassuring. 
You're not alone in your 

752
00:40:32,108 --> 00:40:35,300
struggles or your small 
Pleasures, everyone is living 

753
00:40:35,300 --> 00:40:38,600
the same life give or take. 
A few details, the weather 

754
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:40,700
becomes the dominant fact of 
your existence. 

755
00:40:40,700 --> 00:40:44,100
Each morning you awake and 
immediately assess what the day 

756
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:48,400
will bring is the sky, clear, or
clouded is the wind sharp or 

757
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:51,500
still is there ice on the water 
in the bucket by the door. 

758
00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:55,400
These observations, determine 
how the day will unfold, what 

759
00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:58,600
work is possible and how much 
discomfort you'll need to 

760
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:01,800
endure. 
Some mornings you wake to find 

761
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:06,300
the world transformed by snow. 
Not the dramatic storm-driven 

762
00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:08,200
snow. 
That buries everything and makes

763
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:12,200
movement impossible but a light.
Dusting that covers the familiar

764
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:15,700
landscape in white. 
Making everything look cleaner 

765
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:19,600
and somehow more peaceful. 
The snow muffles sound turning 

766
00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:21,600
the village into a quieter 
version of itself. 

767
00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:24,900
Your footsteps. 
Make soft crunching noises as 

768
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:27,400
you walk to 10 the animals and 
the snow. 

769
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,600
Squeaks under your weight with 
that particular sound that only 

770
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,300
occurs when the temperature 
drops far below freezing. 

771
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,400
The children love the snow. 
Of course, they pack it into 

772
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:39,900
balls and throw them at each 
other, their shouts, echoing, 

773
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:43,800
they build small mounds and 
forts the hands red with cold, 

774
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:45,900
their faces bright with 
exertion. 

775
00:41:45,900 --> 00:41:48,200
You remember doing the same 
things. 

776
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,200
When you were their age though, 
the memory is distant and 

777
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:53,600
blurred. 
Now you're the adult watching 

778
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:57,900
calculating how wet, they'll get
how difficult it will be to dry 

779
00:41:57,900 --> 00:42:01,200
their clothes, by the inadequate
fire and whether anyone will end

780
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:04,700
up sick from the exposure. 
Other days bring rain instead of

781
00:42:04,708 --> 00:42:08,800
snow cold, penetrating rain, 
that Finds Its way through every

782
00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:11,900
layer of clothing. 
That turns the village paths 

783
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:15,500
into rivers of mud. 
That makes every task twice as 

784
00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:18,300
difficult. 
You hate the rain more than the 

785
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:20,200
snow. 
At least snow is clean. 

786
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:24,300
Rain is just wet and miserable 
and it lingers in your clothes 

787
00:42:24,300 --> 00:42:27,700
and in the air of the house, 
creating a damp chill, that's 

788
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:31,200
harder to banish the simple 
cold, the worst days when the 

789
00:42:31,208 --> 00:42:33,900
wind blows hard from the north, 
bringing with it. 

790
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:37,500
A cold that seems to penetrate 
bones and organs, making your 

791
00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:41,300
teeth ache, and your eyes water 
on those days, you work as 

792
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:45,000
quickly as possible doing only 
what absolutely necessary before

793
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:47,400
retreating to the inadequate, 
shelter of your home. 

794
00:42:48,300 --> 00:42:50,700
The animals huddle in their pen,
looking miserable. 

795
00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:54,700
The chickens don't lay the 
cow's, milk production drops 

796
00:42:54,700 --> 00:42:58,100
even further everything can 
tracked and suffers under the 

797
00:42:58,100 --> 00:43:02,700
assault of wind and cold. 
But there are also days rare 

798
00:43:02,700 --> 00:43:06,800
precious days when the Sun 
appears the light is thin and 

799
00:43:06,800 --> 00:43:10,000
pale lacking the warmth of 
Summer Sunshine but it's still 

800
00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:11,800
light and that counts for 
something. 

801
00:43:13,100 --> 00:43:14,900
On these days, The Village comes
alive. 

802
00:43:14,900 --> 00:43:18,200
In small ways. 
People linger outside longer 

803
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:20,900
than necessary. 
Work gets done with slightly 

804
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:24,100
more energy. 
Even the mood lifts perceptibly 

805
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:26,900
as though, everyone has been 
reminded that winter. 

806
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:30,100
However, endless it seems will 
eventually end. 

807
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:33,200
You learn to read the sky with 
the expertise. 

808
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:36,600
Born of necessity. 
Certain cloud formation means 

809
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:39,400
snow is coming. 
Particular quality of light 

810
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:43,200
suggest the day will stay clear.
The direction of the wind tells 

811
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:45,200
you, whether the weather will 
worse nor improve. 

812
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:48,100
This knowledge is practical 
rather than theoretical 

813
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:52,500
accumulated through years of 
observation and passed down 

814
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:55,500
through generations of people 
who needed to predict whether to

815
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:58,700
survive. 
Waiting becomes a skill in 

816
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:01,700
itself, you wait for better 
weather to attempt certain 

817
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:04,600
tasks, you wait for the ground 
to thaw before. 

818
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:08,400
You can dig your wait for the 
days to lengthen for the sun to 

819
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:10,500
return. 
And for the first signs of 

820
00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:12,300
spring that will signal Winter's
end. 

821
00:44:12,300 --> 00:44:16,300
The waiting is patient and 
resigned, not eager or hopeful. 

822
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:19,900
You know, winter will last as 
long as it lasts regardless of 

823
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:23,800
your wishes, impatience 
accomplishes, nothing some 

824
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:26,500
nights lying on your palate. 
You listen to the wind howling 

825
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,900
around the house, feeling the 
cold draft that seeps in, 

826
00:44:29,900 --> 00:44:32,000
despite your efforts to seal 
every Gap. 

827
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:36,000
The house shutters slightly when
the strongest gusts hit and you 

828
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:39,400
wonder how well the factual 
hold, whether the walls will 

829
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:43,000
stand through another winter. 
These are normal worries part of

830
00:44:43,008 --> 00:44:46,800
the background anxiety, that 
accompanies Winter life so far. 

831
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:49,900
Your house is stood. 
Probably it will continue to 

832
00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:52,100
stand. 
But there probably isn't 

833
00:44:52,100 --> 00:44:55,600
certainly and the wind reminds 
you of your vulnerability. 

834
00:44:56,500 --> 00:44:59,600
The animal suffer, the weather 
differently than you do the cow 

835
00:44:59,600 --> 00:45:03,400
stand in her pain, steam rising 
from her body, her eyes, patient

836
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:06,100
and dull. 
She doesn't complain or resist. 

837
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:11,200
She simply endures the same way 
you injure because there's no 

838
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:14,500
alternative, the chickens fluff,
their feathers and huddled 

839
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:18,000
together, share sharing, warmth.
The pig roots in its shelter, 

840
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:20,000
unbothered by cold or 
discomfort. 

841
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:24,000
Sometimes you envy the animals, 
their Simplicity, their lack of 

842
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:26,800
awareness about how long winter 
lasts or how much longer it will

843
00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:30,200
continue. 
Time passes strangely in Winter 

844
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:33,800
days blur together, 
distinguished only by small 

845
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:36,700
variations. 
This day was colder than 

846
00:45:36,708 --> 00:45:39,900
yesterday that day. 
Brought rain instead of snow, 

847
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:43,800
the major markers of the church 
festivals the Feast of Stephen, 

848
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:47,500
the circumcision and Epiphany, 
which break up the monotony 

849
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:49,200
without fundamentally changing 
it. 

850
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:54,200
You work, you eat, you sleep, 
and you attend church, the 

851
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:56,900
pattern repeats with minor 
modifications and until 

852
00:45:56,900 --> 00:45:59,500
eventually imperceptibly the 
days. 

853
00:45:59,500 --> 00:46:02,300
Begin to lengthen. 
But that won't happen for a 

854
00:46:02,300 --> 00:46:05,500
while yet. 
For now, your deep in Winter's 

855
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:09,700
grip and all you can do is, wait
it out work when work is 

856
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:13,000
possible rest. 
When it's not, keep the fire 

857
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:16,500
burning, keep the animals fed. 
Keep your family, warm and 

858
00:46:16,500 --> 00:46:19,000
together. 
These are simple goals, but in 

859
00:46:19,008 --> 00:46:22,500
the depths of winter, their 
ambitious enough survival is the

860
00:46:22,500 --> 00:46:24,900
victory. 
Everything else is luxury, 

861
00:46:24,900 --> 00:46:28,500
February arrives without 
announcement, bringing with it. 

862
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:31,500
The peculiar realization that 
you've survived the worst of 

863
00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:33,600
Winter. 
The days are still cold. 

864
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:36,700
The Works still hard, but 
there's a subtle shift in the 

865
00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:40,100
quality of light. 
He barely perceptible hint that 

866
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:42,100
the Earth is tilting back toward
the Sun. 

867
00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:44,500
You don't celebrate this 
knowledge. 

868
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:47,900
You simply knot it and continue 
with the day's tasks. 

869
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:50,900
Your body has adapted to Winters
demands. 

870
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,600
The aches and pains that seemed 
sharp in December, have become 

871
00:46:54,600 --> 00:46:57,100
background. 
Sensations barely noticed. 

872
00:46:57,100 --> 00:47:00,300
Your hands are calloused and 
cracked your skin. 

873
00:47:00,308 --> 00:47:03,600
Dry and rough. 
You've lost a little weight, the

874
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:06,500
winter diet, taking it slow 
toll, but nothing dangerous. 

875
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:11,300
Your thin rather than emaciated 
tired rather than exhausted. 

876
00:47:11,300 --> 00:47:14,400
This is normal. 
This is how everyone looks. 

877
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:17,300
By late winter. 
The food stores have diminished.

878
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:20,300
Noticeably the strings of onions
are mostly gone. 

879
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:23,700
The apples are finished. 
What remains are the basics 

880
00:47:23,700 --> 00:47:26,400
grain? 
Dried peas and a little 

881
00:47:26,408 --> 00:47:28,900
preserved meat. 
Your meals have become even 

882
00:47:28,900 --> 00:47:31,900
simpler stripped down to Pure 
sustenance. 

883
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:35,600
But you're not hungry. 
Not really hungry. 

884
00:47:35,600 --> 00:47:39,500
Would mean, there's not enough, 
there's enough, barely but 

885
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:43,600
enough The village is settled in
to a kind of hibernation people 

886
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,300
move slowly. 
Speak little and conserve their 

887
00:47:46,308 --> 00:47:50,700
energy for the essential tasks. 
There's no unnecessary activity.

888
00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:53,600
No wasted motion. 
Everyone has learned to live 

889
00:47:53,600 --> 00:47:56,200
small, to make their world as 
Compact and manageable as 

890
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:58,800
possible. 
The Horizon of your concerns 

891
00:47:58,800 --> 00:48:02,500
extends only to the next meal, 
the next load of wood and the 

892
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:05,900
next day's weather. 
In this state, there's a kind of

893
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:09,100
peace. 
Pressure to achieve or improve 

894
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:12,900
or strive as faded entirely, 
you're not trying to get ahead 

895
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:15,500
or make progress. 
You're simply trying to continue

896
00:48:15,500 --> 00:48:19,500
to maintain to endure until 
spring makes ambition possible 

897
00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:22,000
again. 
And there's something liberating

898
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:25,900
about this lack of expectation. 
You can't fail at winter. 

899
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:29,400
You can only survive it or not. 
And so far, you're surviving 

900
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:31,600
your children have grown quieter
too. 

901
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:34,600
They play less energetically 
entire more quickly. 

902
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:38,300
They've learned Winter's lessons
about conservation and patients.

903
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,000
They no longer ask when 
Christmas will come again. 

904
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:44,600
When they'll get to eat sweet 
things, they accept the reality 

905
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:48,400
of now, the cold the plainness, 
the endless sameness with the 

906
00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:52,900
adaptability of Youth one after 
noon, you notice the first small

907
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:55,800
sign of coming spring, it's 
nothing dramatic. 

908
00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:59,900
Just a slight softening in the 
quality of light, a bear 

909
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:02,800
suggestion of warmth in the sun 
when it appears from behind 

910
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:06,100
clouds. 
The ground is still frozen snow,

911
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:08,700
still covers the fields, but 
something has shifted. 

912
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:12,800
Some invisible boundary has been
crossed Winter's. 

913
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:16,300
No longer Advanced singing. 
His holding steady and soon it 

914
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:19,100
will begin its slow Retreat. 
You don't mention this 

915
00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:22,900
observation to anyone. 
It's too soon to 102. 

916
00:49:23,900 --> 00:49:27,200
Spring is still weeks away and 
much can happen in these weeks. 

917
00:49:28,100 --> 00:49:30,400
But you carry the knowledge with
you, like a secret. 

918
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:34,100
Small piece of hope, that makes 
the remaining cold days, 

919
00:49:34,100 --> 00:49:38,900
slightly more bearable. 
The work continues would still 

920
00:49:38,900 --> 00:49:42,000
need Gathering Animals. 
Still need tending. 

921
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:45,900
The church bells still ring 
their regular summons to prayer.

922
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:48,500
But now, each task carries with 
it. 

923
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:51,500
The understanding that you're 
counting down rather than simply

924
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:55,300
enduring each day, completed is 
one day closer to the end of 

925
00:49:55,308 --> 00:49:57,900
winter. 
One day nearer to the return of 

926
00:49:57,900 --> 00:50:02,500
warmth and growth and abundance.
At night lying in the darkness. 

927
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:04,800
You calculate how long the 
stores will. 

928
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:08,300
Last, if spring comes on 
schedule, you'll be fine. 

929
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:12,800
If it's delayed, things will get
tight, but not catastrophic, The

930
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:16,500
Village has survived worse, 
you've survived worse, the 

931
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:20,000
history of your life, is a 
series of winter survived each 

932
00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:22,000
one. 
Fading Into memory wants spring 

933
00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:25,900
arrives, each one teaching you, 
that endurance is its own kind 

934
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:28,600
of strength. 
Your wife sits by the fire, her 

935
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:31,700
hands, never idle, always 
spinning or mending or 

936
00:50:31,700 --> 00:50:35,100
preparing, she's thinner, too, 
her face, sharper her movements,

937
00:50:35,100 --> 00:50:38,700
more deliberate, but she's 
endured, you've both, endured 

938
00:50:38,700 --> 00:50:42,100
your family has, endured The 
Village has endured. 

939
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:46,200
This is the victory, not 
dramatic or glorious, but real 

940
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:50,400
nonetheless. the Stars on clear 
nights are brilliant and cold 

941
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:54,000
distant points of light, that 
seemed to promise nothing you 

942
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:56,600
look at them sometimes and 
wonder if they're the same stars

943
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:00,100
that Shone over the Romans over 
the ancient peoples whose names,

944
00:51:00,100 --> 00:51:04,700
you don't know, probably they 
are the stars don't change, only

945
00:51:04,700 --> 00:51:08,400
people change living and dying 
while the Stars wheel overhead 

946
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:12,300
in their Eternal patterns You're
not given to philosophical 

947
00:51:12,300 --> 00:51:16,100
thoughts, normally, but winter 
has a way of creating space for 

948
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:19,800
such Reflections when life is 
stripped to its Essentials. 

949
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:23,100
When each day is nearly 
identical to the one before the 

950
00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:26,400
mine turns inward, considering 
questions, that the Busy 

951
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:29,000
Seasons. 
Don't allow time for what is the

952
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:32,400
point of this endless cycle of 
work and rest, feast, and 

953
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:36,300
famine, birth and death. 
You don't arrive at answers. 

954
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:38,300
You're not sure. 
There are answers. 

955
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:42,500
But the questions themselves 
feel important somehow worth 

956
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:46,800
holding even without resolution 
morning comes again, as it 

957
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:49,800
always does. 
The sun rises late and sets 

958
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:52,600
early but it rises the days 
tasks. 

959
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:55,800
Wait. 
The animals need feeding, the 

960
00:51:55,800 --> 00:52:00,400
water needs carrying the fire 
needs. 10.00 you rise from your 

961
00:52:00,400 --> 00:52:04,800
palate, your body stiff from the
night's rest and begin again. 

962
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:10,200
this is life not the feast days 
or the celebrations but these 

963
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:15,000
ordinary mornings, these simple 
tasks, this steady continuation 

964
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,900
in the face of cold and 
difficulty And somehow it's 

965
00:52:18,900 --> 00:52:23,200
enough. 
The day passes evening comes you

966
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,400
gather with your family around 
the fire, you eat your simple 

967
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:31,100
meal, you do your evening tasks,
you lie down to sleep tomorrow 

968
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:34,600
will be the same and the day 
after and the day after that. 

969
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:37,700
But eventually not today. 
Not tomorrow. 

970
00:52:37,700 --> 00:52:42,300
But eventually spring will come 
the ice will melt the Earth will

971
00:52:42,300 --> 00:52:44,700
soften green. 
Things will push up through the 

972
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:48,500
soil and winter. 
This long quiet enduring winter 

973
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:52,900
will fade into memory making 
room for the next season the 

974
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:56,800
next cycle and the next turn of 
the Great Wheel that governs all

975
00:52:56,800 --> 00:53:01,400
things. 
Until then you endure you work, 

976
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:07,100
you rest you may maintain you 
survive and in surviving you 

977
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:09,500
honor. 
The simple profound Dignity of 

978
00:53:09,500 --> 00:53:13,300
an ordinary life lived as well 
as you can manage in a world 

979
00:53:13,308 --> 00:53:16,300
that asks for nothing more than 
your presence and your 

980
00:53:16,300 --> 00:53:18,100
perseverance through one more 
day. 

981
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:30,500
You're standing in a forest that
would make any modern jungle 

982
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:32,600
seem almost Barren by 
comparison. 

983
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:37,500
The air around you, hangs thick 
and warm carrying the scent of 

984
00:53:37,508 --> 00:53:40,200
wet bark and decomposing 
vegetation. 

985
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:46,100
That rich earthy smell 
intensified 100-fold. 

986
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:50,700
Above your head, the canopy 
stretches so high. 

987
00:53:50,700 --> 00:53:56,000
That the individual leaves blur 
into a green Haze and shafts of 

988
00:53:56,000 --> 00:54:00,400
Golden Light pierced through 
like spotlights on a stage. 

989
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:05,300
This is the late Cretaceous 
Period about 70 million years 

990
00:54:05,300 --> 00:54:08,800
ago and your witnessing an 
ecosystem functioning at the 

991
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:13,300
peak of its complexity. 
A herd of Edmonton Soros moves 

992
00:54:13,300 --> 00:54:16,500
through the undergrowth to your 
left, their duck bills. 

993
00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:19,600
Methodically, stripping leaves 
from low hanging branches. 

994
00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:23,000
They move with surprise and 
Grace for Animals. 

995
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:27,000
The size of large trucks, their 
footfalls creating a gentle 

996
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:32,300
Rhythm against the forest floor.
One of them pauses to scratch, 

997
00:54:32,300 --> 00:54:35,800
its flank against a tree. 
Trunk, sending a shower of bark,

998
00:54:35,800 --> 00:54:39,800
fragments tumbling down, the 
temperature, hovers around 85 

999
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:43,900
degrees, Fahrenheit, consistent 
and stable year-round. 

1000
00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:49,200
There's no winter here. 
No, Autumn chill to prepare for.

1001
00:54:49,900 --> 00:54:53,900
The seasons exist, but they're 
measured in subtle shifts of 

1002
00:54:53,908 --> 00:54:57,000
rainfall rather than dramatic 
temperature swings. 

1003
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:01,500
During the wetter months, 
shallow sees, creep, Inland 

1004
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:06,000
creating vast coastal wetlands 
where different communities of 

1005
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:10,000
dinosaurs gather. 
In the dryer times these areas 

1006
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:13,500
contract but they never truly 
disappear. 

1007
00:55:13,500 --> 00:55:18,800
You notice a Triceratops family 
browsing nearby, their massive 

1008
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:21,700
Frills Shields. 
Catching the dappled sunlight 

1009
00:55:23,000 --> 00:55:26,200
The youngest Ones, Still small 
enough, that its horns a mere 

1010
00:55:26,208 --> 00:55:29,200
bumps stays close to its 
mother's flag. 

1011
00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:33,900
They're eating psyched. 
Those palm-like plants with 

1012
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:37,800
thick Trunks and stiff waxy 
prawns. 

1013
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:41,800
The sound of their chewing is 
surprisingly loud. 

1014
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:46,800
Constant Crunch and tear that 
forms the background music of 

1015
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:51,000
this world overhead. 
A kettle Cutlass, Glides past, 

1016
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:54,300
its wingspan wider than a small 
airplane's. 

1017
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:57,100
It's not flapping, doesn't need 
to. 

1018
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:01,300
The warm air rising from the Sun
heated, Earth provides all the 

1019
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:04,800
lift it requires. 
You watch it, Shadow slide 

1020
00:56:04,800 --> 00:56:07,700
across the forest floor 
momentarily, darkening. 

1021
00:56:07,700 --> 00:56:11,700
The Edmontosaurus heard which 
doesn't even bother to look up. 

1022
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,300
They've seen this Shadow a 
thousand times before the 

1023
00:56:16,300 --> 00:56:18,400
balance. 
Here isn't peaceful in any 

1024
00:56:18,400 --> 00:56:22,300
sentimental sense. 
A pack of smaller, theropods 

1025
00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:25,700
drama Soros, each about the size
of a wolf. 

1026
00:56:25,700 --> 00:56:29,700
Worked together to separate a 
juvenile had resource from its 

1027
00:56:29,700 --> 00:56:34,100
group, its calculated official 
and over quickly. 

1028
00:56:35,300 --> 00:56:39,300
Nature's accounting system. 
Keeping populations in check. 

1029
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:44,400
Within an hour swarm of beetles,
and other insects will have 

1030
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:46,200
started their work on the 
remains. 

1031
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:50,200
By tomorrow, only scattered 
bones will Mark where it 

1032
00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:52,500
happened. 
But here's what strikes, you 

1033
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:57,700
most the sheer abundant. 
Everywhere you look, something 

1034
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:02,300
is eating growing reproducing or
decomposing? 

1035
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:06,800
The biomass of this world 
exceeds, anything you've ever 

1036
00:57:06,800 --> 00:57:11,000
experienced. 
A single acre of this Forest 

1037
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:15,400
contains more animal life than 
10 acres of modern rainforest. 

1038
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:20,600
The flowering plants, relatively
new arrivals on The evolutionary

1039
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:24,600
scene have exploded into 
countless varieties. 

1040
00:57:24,600 --> 00:57:29,100
And with them have come new 
species of insects which in turn

1041
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:33,400
support, new species of small, 
mammals and lizards you walk to 

1042
00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:36,700
the edge of a river. 
It's Waters murky with sediment 

1043
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:40,800
from recent rains Upstream. 
A group of parasaurolophus 

1044
00:57:40,800 --> 00:57:45,700
stands belly deep in the water. 
Their distinctive curved crests 

1045
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:49,300
creating haunting calls that 
Echo across the landscape. 

1046
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:54,500
Their communicating, but not in 
any way that suggests alarm. 

1047
00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:59,600
Just the ordinary conversation 
of a species comfortable in its 

1048
00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:02,800
environment. 
The water teams with life, too. 

1049
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:05,900
Turtles. 
The size of coffee, tables, 

1050
00:58:05,900 --> 00:58:08,000
boss. 
On half submerged logs. 

1051
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:10,600
Fish. 
You can't identify from any 

1052
00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:13,700
modern species. 
Dark between the dinosaurs legs.

1053
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:17,000
Feeding on particles stirred up 
from the riverbed. 

1054
00:58:18,100 --> 00:58:22,500
AKA Dillion relative longer than
your car watches from the 

1055
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:25,500
shallows with eyes that break 
the water's surface like 

1056
00:58:25,500 --> 00:58:28,200
periscopes. 
Its patient. 

1057
00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:31,500
It's been patient for millions 
of years. 

1058
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:35,900
This ecosystem has been refining
itself for longer than you can 

1059
00:58:35,908 --> 00:58:39,600
properly imagine. 
The ancestors of these creatures

1060
00:58:39,600 --> 00:58:44,100
emerged in the Triassic period, 
more than 200 million years ago.

1061
00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:49,100
since then they've survived 
planetary upheavals, sea level 

1062
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:53,900
changes and the breakup of 
supercontinents, They've adapted

1063
00:58:53,900 --> 00:58:57,100
ice ages and Global Hot House 
conditions. 

1064
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:03,100
They've evolved into forms that 
fly swim and dominate every 

1065
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:05,300
terrestrial Niche from Paul to 
pole. 

1066
00:59:05,300 --> 00:59:08,100
As evening. 
Approaches the light takes on a 

1067
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:13,300
honey colored quality. 
The Sounds shift to Daytime 

1068
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:15,800
species, settle into roosting 
spots. 

1069
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:20,400
While nocturnal creatures, begin
their preparation Hear the 

1070
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:24,200
distant call of a Tyrannosaur, 
not the Hollywood Roar but 

1071
00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:28,600
something deeper more resonant 
like an enormous drum being 

1072
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,200
struck underwater. 
It's not hunting yet, just 

1073
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:36,600
announcing its presence, marking
territory, in a language older 

1074
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:40,800
than mountains. 
The stars begin to emerge and 

1075
00:59:40,800 --> 00:59:42,600
they're different from the ones,
you know. 

1076
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:47,200
Constellations that won't exist 
for millions of years. 

1077
00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:52,700
Arrangements of light, that will
shift as continents drift and 

1078
00:59:52,700 --> 00:59:55,200
the Earth continues. 
Its patient rotation. 

1079
00:59:56,500 --> 01:00:01,000
But tonight, in this moment, 
everything seems eternal. 

1080
01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:05,700
This world feels like it could 
last forever balanced and 

1081
01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:09,000
perfect. 
In its ancient complexity your 

1082
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:12,400
back in the same Forest but 
something has shifted. 

1083
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:17,000
At first, you can't quite 
identify, what's different? 

1084
01:00:17,900 --> 01:00:19,800
The Edmonton Soros are still 
here. 

1085
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:25,200
The Triceratops still browsed, 
the sycan, the temperature feels

1086
01:00:25,200 --> 01:00:30,200
the same against your skin that 
familiar 85 degree embrace. 

1087
01:00:31,500 --> 01:00:35,700
But then you notice the wet 
season lasted three weeks longer

1088
01:00:35,700 --> 01:00:38,800
this year. 
And the dry season that followed

1089
01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:40,800
wasn't quite as dry as it should
have been. 

1090
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:44,600
This is 10,000 years after your 
first visit. 

1091
01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:50,200
A blinking geological time, 
barely a footnote in the Grand 

1092
01:00:50,200 --> 01:00:53,400
Story of Earth. 
Yet for the creatures, living 

1093
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:56,600
through it. 
These 10,000 years, represent 

1094
01:00:56,600 --> 01:01:02,200
400 generations of adaptation of
slight adjustments to changing 

1095
01:01:02,200 --> 01:01:06,200
conditions. 
The forest looks the same, but 

1096
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:10,000
if you examine it closely, you'd
find subtle differences in which

1097
01:01:10,000 --> 01:01:13,700
plants Thrive and which 
struggle, the rainfall patterns 

1098
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:17,700
are becoming less predictable. 
Some years dumped twice, the 

1099
01:01:17,700 --> 01:01:21,800
expected amount of water, 
flooding, lowland nesting sites,

1100
01:01:21,800 --> 01:01:25,200
and drowning eggs, that were 
laid in traditionally, safe 

1101
01:01:25,200 --> 01:01:28,800
locations. 
Other years bring drought that 

1102
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:33,100
last just long enough to stress 
the vegetation making certain 

1103
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:35,900
plants flower at the wrong time 
or not at all. 

1104
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:40,400
The dinosaurs are just, of 
course, they're remarkably 

1105
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:44,700
adaptable. 
But adjustment requires energy 

1106
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:49,300
and energy that goes toward 
coping with change is energy, 

1107
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:54,600
that doesn't go toward growth 
reproduction or storing fat 

1108
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:56,600
reserves. 
You, watch a herd of 

1109
01:01:56,608 --> 01:01:59,600
Hadrosaurus, migrating earlier 
than they would have a few 

1110
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:02,700
thousand years ago. 
They're following the rain. 

1111
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:06,700
Now, rather than the calendar. 
They're internal clocks set by 

1112
01:02:06,700 --> 01:02:10,600
millions of years of consistent.
Seasonal patterns are beginning 

1113
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:13,000
to conflict with external 
reality. 

1114
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:18,700
Some individuals migrated in the
old times in the new, the herd 

1115
01:02:18,700 --> 01:02:21,300
fractures becoming less 
cohesive. 

1116
01:02:22,100 --> 01:02:24,800
Smaller groups and more 
vulnerable to Predators. 

1117
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:28,200
The ocean temperatures are 
rising too, though. 

1118
01:02:28,200 --> 01:02:31,400
The change is measured in 
fractions of a degree per 

1119
01:02:31,400 --> 01:02:35,800
millennium. the warm water holds
less oxygen, and the great 

1120
01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:40,600
marine reptiles mosasaurs and 
plesiosaurs find themselves 

1121
01:02:40,600 --> 01:02:44,700
swimming deeper working harder 
to catch fish that have also 

1122
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:49,800
moved cooler depths, The coral 
reefs that line, the shallow 

1123
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:53,500
sees, begin to show signs of 
stress, their colors slightly 

1124
01:02:53,500 --> 01:02:57,600
less vibrant fast forward. 
Another 20,000 years. 

1125
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:02,700
Your standing in, what? 
Feels like the same spot but the

1126
01:03:02,700 --> 01:03:05,800
cycles that dominated. 
The understory have thinned 

1127
01:03:05,800 --> 01:03:09,400
noticeably. 
Flowering plants have moved into

1128
01:03:09,400 --> 01:03:12,600
the gaps but they're different 
species than before. 

1129
01:03:13,600 --> 01:03:17,300
Ones that tolerate more variable
moisture conditions. 

1130
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:23,400
The Triceratops are still here. 
Still eating But you notice 

1131
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:27,200
they're spending more time 
selecting their food passing 

1132
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:31,000
over plants, they would have 
eagerly consumed before the 

1133
01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:35,700
volcanic activity has increased.
Not dramatically, there's no 

1134
01:03:35,700 --> 01:03:40,400
single catastrophic eruption to 
point to but across the globe, 

1135
01:03:40,400 --> 01:03:44,400
the number of active volcanoes 
has slowly multiplied. 

1136
01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:49,300
In what will one day be India? 
Massive, lava flows. 

1137
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:52,600
Are beginning to build, what? 
Geologists will call the Deccan 

1138
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:57,300
traps Each eruption adds another
layer of Basalt and each 

1139
01:03:57,300 --> 01:04:01,900
eruption releases gases into the
atmosphere carbon dioxide levels

1140
01:04:01,900 --> 01:04:05,900
are creeping upward the 
greenhouse effect intensifies. 

1141
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:10,000
Slightly holding more heat close
to the Earth's surface, the 

1142
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:13,900
polar regions, which maintained 
ice caps for millions of years. 

1143
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:19,200
See those ice sheets retreat. 
Sea levels, Rising, criminally, 

1144
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:23,100
redrawing. 
Coastlines, turning peninsulas 

1145
01:04:23,100 --> 01:04:26,800
into islands and flooding the 
shallow Inland Seas. 

1146
01:04:26,800 --> 01:04:29,900
Even further, you notice 
something odd about the light. 

1147
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:34,100
On some days, there's a haziness
to the air that wasn't there 

1148
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:37,200
before. 
Volcanic aerosols, tiny 

1149
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:41,500
particles of sulfur and Ash. 
Scatter, sunlight differently, 

1150
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:46,500
creating spectacular sunsets, 
but also reducing the overall 

1151
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:51,400
Clarity of midday illumination. 
Plants photosynthesize slightly 

1152
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:55,400
less efficiently. 
The difference is small may be 

1153
01:04:55,400 --> 01:04:58,500
5%. 
But across an entire Global 

1154
01:04:58,500 --> 01:05:03,900
ecosystem. 5% compounds in to 
something significant the larger

1155
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:07,000
herb of Oz begin showing subtle 
changes in their behavior. 

1156
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:11,400
They feed longer each day to 
compensate for the decreased 

1157
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:16,300
nutritional value in their food.
This means less time for social 

1158
01:05:16,300 --> 01:05:21,400
bonding less time for careful 
selection of mates and less time

1159
01:05:21,400 --> 01:05:24,300
for the elaborate courtship 
displays that some species 

1160
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:26,200
developed over millions of 
years. 

1161
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:30,600
Evolution starts favoring 
efficiency over complexity, 

1162
01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:36,100
another 50,000 years pass You're
now about a million years before

1163
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:37,800
the end of the Cretaceous 
Period. 

1164
01:05:38,700 --> 01:05:42,600
The changes are no longer subtle
the forest around, you has a 

1165
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:46,900
different character more open 
with larger gaps in the canopy 

1166
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:49,600
where old Giants have fallen and
younger trees. 

1167
01:05:49,600 --> 01:05:53,900
Have not quite filled the space.
The variety of plants species is

1168
01:05:53,900 --> 01:05:57,600
decreased noticeably where there
might have been 30 different 

1169
01:05:57,600 --> 01:06:02,200
types of ferns in a given area. 
Now, there are 20 the Edmund of 

1170
01:06:02,200 --> 01:06:06,500
Soros herds, have grown smaller,
not because of predation, but 

1171
01:06:06,500 --> 01:06:10,900
because the carrying capacity of
the land has diminished they're 

1172
01:06:10,900 --> 01:06:14,900
still plenty of food, but it's 
not quite as nutritious not 

1173
01:06:14,900 --> 01:06:18,500
quite as abundant in the 
specific nutrients that massive 

1174
01:06:18,500 --> 01:06:23,700
bodies require The juveniles 
take longer to reach adult size,

1175
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:29,000
sexual maturity comes later. 
Fewer eggs are laid each season 

1176
01:06:29,000 --> 01:06:32,900
and fewer of those eggs. 
Hatch successfully the 

1177
01:06:32,900 --> 01:06:35,200
temperature swings of become 
more pronounced. 

1178
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:40,300
What used to be a stable 85 
degrees now, flucking between 

1179
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:45,600
705 and 905, depending on the 
season. 10 degrees might not 

1180
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:49,000
sound like much. 
But for creatures that evolved 

1181
01:06:49,000 --> 01:06:53,600
in stability, whose metabolisms 
are tuned and narrow ranges, it 

1182
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:58,000
represents a constant stress. 
The cold-blooded reptiles 

1183
01:06:58,000 --> 01:07:02,700
struggle most, but even the 
dinosaurs whose metabolism fell 

1184
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:06,100
somewhere between modern 
reptiles and mammals feel the 

1185
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:08,100
strain. 
You notice that the 

1186
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:11,200
quetzalcoatlus you see now are 
slightly smaller than their 

1187
01:07:11,200 --> 01:07:16,700
ancestors, not dramatically. 
But measurably Large body size 

1188
01:07:16,700 --> 01:07:19,600
becomes a liability when food is
less reliable. 

1189
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:23,700
Evolution begins favoring 
individuals who can make do with

1190
01:07:23,700 --> 01:07:27,900
less who mature faster and who 
reproduce young girl. 

1191
01:07:29,000 --> 01:07:33,200
The Magnificent Giants who took 
decades to reach full size find 

1192
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:37,000
themselves at a disadvantage. 
The ocean currents are shifting 

1193
01:07:37,000 --> 01:07:39,700
as the continents, continue 
their slow dance. 

1194
01:07:40,600 --> 01:07:44,500
Cold water that used to well up 
along certain coasts, bringing 

1195
01:07:44,500 --> 01:07:47,300
nutrients that fed. 
Vast schools of fish. 

1196
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:51,700
Now, follows different paths. 
The marine food chains 

1197
01:07:51,700 --> 01:07:55,500
reorganized. 
Some species of ammonite. 

1198
01:07:56,300 --> 01:08:00,900
Those spiral shelled swimmers 
that had flourished for hundreds

1199
01:08:00,900 --> 01:08:04,400
of millions of years. 
Begin to decline. 

1200
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:10,900
Not disappear, not yet. 
But their numbers thin standing 

1201
01:08:10,900 --> 01:08:12,800
here. 
In this changing world, you can 

1202
01:08:12,800 --> 01:08:17,000
see that it still beautiful, 
still functional, still teeming 

1203
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,300
with life. 
The dinosaurs still dominate, 

1204
01:08:20,300 --> 01:08:25,600
The Great herds still migrate 
Predators still hunt, but the 

1205
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:29,899
margin for error has shrunk. 
The buffer that allowed species 

1206
01:08:29,899 --> 01:08:34,200
to whether bad years to survive,
local catastrophes, and 

1207
01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:38,399
population. 
Crashes has grown thinner The 

1208
01:08:38,399 --> 01:08:42,600
ecosystem isn't collapsing, but 
it's becoming less resilient 

1209
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:47,600
less able to absorb shots. 
And the shocks you sent are 

1210
01:08:47,600 --> 01:08:51,100
coming your standing at the edge
of a marsh that didn't exist 

1211
01:08:51,100 --> 01:08:55,600
during your first visit. the 
land here is subsided slightly 

1212
01:08:55,600 --> 01:09:00,600
not from any sudden earthquake, 
but from the gradual settling 

1213
01:09:00,600 --> 01:09:03,800
that comes with changing sea 
levels and shifting settlement, 

1214
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:07,300
What was once solid forest 
floor? 

1215
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:11,600
Now, squelches beneath your feet
and the trees that grew here of 

1216
01:09:11,600 --> 01:09:14,300
giving away to reads and water 
loving plants. 

1217
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:17,700
This is a 100,000 years before 
the end. 

1218
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,800
The ecosystem hasn't collapsed 
but it is fundamentally 

1219
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:26,100
reorganized itself. the food, 
webs, you observed, in your 

1220
01:09:26,100 --> 01:09:30,700
first visit has been rewired 
with new connections forming and

1221
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:34,500
old ones severing The 
consequences Ripple through 

1222
01:09:34,500 --> 01:09:38,700
every level of life. 
Flowering plants of taken over. 

1223
01:09:39,399 --> 01:09:42,200
Where Ferns and cycads once 
dominated. 

1224
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:46,200
Now Magnolia like trees and 
primitive relatives of modern 

1225
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:50,600
roses and Lilies, create the 
canopy this shift happened 

1226
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:53,899
gradually enough that 
herbivorous dinosaurs adapted 

1227
01:09:53,899 --> 01:09:58,300
their diets But not all species 
adapted equally well. 

1228
01:09:59,300 --> 01:10:03,200
This territory, the family that 
includes Triceratops. 

1229
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:05,600
Handled the change better than 
most. 

1230
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:11,000
Their beaks and dental batteries
evolved to process, tough plant,

1231
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:15,800
material, and flowers and seeds 
fit nicely into their dietary 

1232
01:10:15,800 --> 01:10:19,100
repertoire. 
But the long neck saw a pods are

1233
01:10:19,100 --> 01:10:21,900
struggling. 
Their massive bodies were 

1234
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:26,100
optimized for processing. 
Huge quantities of relatively 

1235
01:10:26,100 --> 01:10:28,600
low nutrition Ferns and 
conifers. 

1236
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:33,000
The new plants are more 
nutritious per bite, but they 

1237
01:10:33,000 --> 01:10:35,200
require different feeding 
strategies. 

1238
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:40,400
A creature with a neck 40 feet, 
long can't easily browse the low

1239
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:45,100
growing flowering plants. you 
see, fewer sauropods now, and 

1240
01:10:45,100 --> 01:10:49,000
the ones you do, see a smaller 
species more adaptable in their 

1241
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:54,200
feeding habits this creates a 
Cascade The largest sauropods 

1242
01:10:54,200 --> 01:10:58,200
were ecosystem Engineers, their 
feeding habits shape the 

1243
01:10:58,200 --> 01:11:02,400
structure of forests, their 
migrations created Pathways that

1244
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:06,900
other species use and their dung
fertilized vast areas and 

1245
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:09,500
dispersed seeds across hundreds 
of miles. 

1246
01:11:10,600 --> 01:11:15,000
As their numbers declined. 
The forest changed again areas 

1247
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:18,100
that were kept clear by their 
browsing fill in with the dense 

1248
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,600
undergrowth. 
Species that depended on open 

1249
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:25,700
Woodland, find their habitat, 
shrinking, the insect population

1250
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:30,300
have exploded. 
The flowering plants and insects

1251
01:11:30,300 --> 01:11:33,500
evolved together in a feedback 
loop of mutual dependence. 

1252
01:11:34,300 --> 01:11:37,900
Plants offering nectar and 
pollen insects providing 

1253
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:42,300
pollination. 
But with more insects come in 

1254
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:46,300
more insect eaters. 
Small mammals, which spent most 

1255
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:49,200
of the Mesozoic Era as Mouse 
size. 

1256
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:53,300
Nocturnal creatures are 
diversifying into new forms. 

1257
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:59,000
You spot one now about the size 
of a modern raccoon digging, for

1258
01:11:59,000 --> 01:12:03,400
beetle larvae and rotting wood. 
Its ancestors would have been 

1259
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:06,300
terrified of even the smallest 
dinosaurs. 

1260
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:10,600
This one barely glances at the 
Edmontosaurus walking past. 

1261
01:12:11,300 --> 01:12:13,700
The Predator prey Dynamics are 
shifting too. 

1262
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:18,600
The great Tyrannosaurs are still
apex predators for their hunting

1263
01:12:18,600 --> 01:12:20,900
strategies. 
Have to adapt to changing 

1264
01:12:20,900 --> 01:12:24,900
pre-distribution. 
Herds that once congregated in 

1265
01:12:24,900 --> 01:12:28,000
predictable locations, now 
scatter across wider 

1266
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,300
territories, following 
unpredictable, rainfall, and 

1267
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:35,500
plant growth Hunting success 
rates declined. 

1268
01:12:36,200 --> 01:12:41,000
More energy must be expended per
kill this affects their breeding

1269
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:44,200
success. 
Tyrannosaurs, like, many, large 

1270
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:47,000
Predators, have relatively few 
offspring. 

1271
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,300
Each egg represents a 
significant investment of energy

1272
01:12:51,300 --> 01:12:55,000
and raising juveniles to 
Independence takes years. 

1273
01:12:56,000 --> 01:13:00,500
When food becomes less reliable,
the mathematics of reproduction 

1274
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:03,700
shift. 
Fewer eggs are laid. 

1275
01:13:04,500 --> 01:13:07,200
More juvenile starve during 
their first year. 

1276
01:13:08,100 --> 01:13:12,600
The population doesn't crash. 
These are resilient animals but 

1277
01:13:12,600 --> 01:13:15,600
it contracts slowly and 
steadily. 

1278
01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:18,100
You walk along the new marshes 
Edge. 

1279
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:22,600
And notice something else the 
diversity has decreased but the 

1280
01:13:22,600 --> 01:13:26,600
remaining species existing 
greater numbers. this is a 

1281
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:30,100
pattern, you'll see throughout 
the ecosystem where there might 

1282
01:13:30,108 --> 01:13:35,700
have been 10 species of small, 
theropods now, there are six but

1283
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:40,700
those six are more abundant 
Evolution favors generalists who

1284
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:43,600
can adapt to changing conditions
over Specialists. 

1285
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:47,600
Who excel in stable ones. 
The pterosaurs are perhaps the 

1286
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:51,900
most visibly affected. 
Their Mastery of the Skies is 

1287
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:56,100
being challenged by the earliest
true Birds, which evolved from 

1288
01:13:56,100 --> 01:13:59,400
small theropod dinosaurs 
millions of years early. 

1289
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:04,300
Birds with their more efficient,
respiratory systems and more 

1290
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:09,000
advanced flight capabilities 
compete increasingly successful 

1291
01:14:09,000 --> 01:14:11,500
for the same ecological 
Nature's. 

1292
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,000
The largest pterosaurs remain 
unchallenged. 

1293
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:19,900
No bird can match a kettle 
Catalyst for sheer size, but the

1294
01:14:19,900 --> 01:14:22,300
medium sized species find 
themselves. 

1295
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:26,400
Squeezed between Birds above 
them on the evolutionary ladder 

1296
01:14:26,400 --> 01:14:30,200
and Below them in efficiency in 
the oceans. 

1297
01:14:30,200 --> 01:14:34,500
The changes are even more 
dramatic the shallow Inland sees

1298
01:14:34,500 --> 01:14:38,600
a retreating a sea levels fall. 
These Seas were incredibly 

1299
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:43,400
productive, ecosystems nurseries
for a countless species of fish 

1300
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:49,700
ammonite and marine reptiles As 
they shrink, they fragment into 

1301
01:14:49,700 --> 01:14:53,800
isolated bodies of water 
populations, that could want in 

1302
01:14:53,800 --> 01:14:56,000
to breed find themselves 
separated. 

1303
01:14:56,800 --> 01:15:01,600
Genetic diversity decreases. 
Species that depended on the 

1304
01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:05,500
vast extent of the Seas. 
Find their habitat, literally 

1305
01:15:05,500 --> 01:15:09,000
disappearing beneath them. 
The coral reefs are bleaching 

1306
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:13,100
more frequently, they recover. 
But each recovery takes longer 

1307
01:15:13,100 --> 01:15:15,100
and is less complete than the 
last. 

1308
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:19,600
The fish populations that depend
on the reefs declined. 

1309
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:24,100
The mosasaurs that hunt those 
fish must range further to find 

1310
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:28,300
prey. 
Energy expenditure increases 

1311
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:33,000
while food intake decreases, 
never sustainable equation. 

1312
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:35,600
You notice the sounds of 
changed. 

1313
01:15:36,400 --> 01:15:39,900
The chorus of calls that fill 
the Cretaceous Forest has grown 

1314
01:15:39,908 --> 01:15:42,800
thinner. 
There are fewer voices and less 

1315
01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:46,200
variety. 
The Parasaurolophus still make 

1316
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,100
their haunting calls, but you 
hear them less frequently. 

1317
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:53,800
Communication between distant 
herds has become more difficult 

1318
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:58,600
as population to fragment and 
individuals spread out in search

1319
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:02,000
of adequate food. 
The nesting colonies of shrunk 

1320
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:07,000
too many dinosaur, species were 
communal nesters gathering in 

1321
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:10,200
traditional sights that might 
have been used for thousands of 

1322
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:13,300
years. 
But those sights depended on 

1323
01:16:13,300 --> 01:16:16,900
stable conditions. 
Specific soil, temperatures, 

1324
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:22,000
reliable food sources, nearby 
and protection from flooding. 

1325
01:16:23,100 --> 01:16:26,900
As conditions become less 
predictable, the communal 

1326
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:32,000
nesting tradition, breaks down. 
More dinosaurs nest in isolation

1327
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:35,900
and isolated, nests are more 
vulnerable to predators, and 

1328
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:40,700
whether standing here, watching 
a smaller heard of hydrosaurus 

1329
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:42,400
pick their way through the 
marsh. 

1330
01:16:43,100 --> 01:16:46,000
You realize your witnessing 
something, profound. 

1331
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:53,400
The ecosystem isn't dying that 
words to dramatic to sudden it's

1332
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:56,700
transforming that the 
transformation is taking it 

1333
01:16:56,700 --> 01:16:59,600
towards simplification rather 
than complexity. 

1334
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:04,300
The intricate web of 
relationships that took millions

1335
01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:08,400
of years to develop his 
unraveling thread by thread the 

1336
01:17:08,400 --> 01:17:10,700
individual animals seem healthy 
enough. 

1337
01:17:11,400 --> 01:17:14,800
That Triceratops drinking from 
the marsh shows, no obvious 

1338
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:18,600
signs of distress, but the 
population, as a whole is 

1339
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:23,100
shrinking fragmenting and losing
the genetic diversity, that 

1340
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:27,100
allows species to adapt to 
Future changes their using up 

1341
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:30,200
their evolutionary savings 
account drawing down reserves, 

1342
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:33,700
that won't be replenished. 
And you sense stand in here. 

1343
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:36,900
In this quieter world that the 
ecosystem has lost its 

1344
01:17:36,900 --> 01:17:39,300
resilience. 
It's a come brittle. 

1345
01:17:40,100 --> 01:17:46,100
A healthy ecosystem can absorb 
shocks droughts floods, volcanic

1346
01:17:46,100 --> 01:17:51,300
eruptions, and bounce back. 
This one is used up its capacity

1347
01:17:51,300 --> 01:17:55,300
to absorb shocks, it's like a 
person who has been sick for 

1348
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:57,200
months, they look. 
Okay. 

1349
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:02,300
They're still going to work 
still functioning But they're 

1350
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:06,400
one bad flu season away from 
serious trouble, the bad flu 

1351
01:18:06,400 --> 01:18:08,700
season. 
You know, is coming you've 

1352
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:12,700
arrived at a moment, 66 million 
and 100,000 years ago. 

1353
01:18:13,500 --> 01:18:18,400
The sky above, you has taken on 
a peculiar quality, not dark. 

1354
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:22,500
Exactly but muted as if you're 
viewing the world through tinted

1355
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:28,000
glass, the sun still rises and 
sets, but it's light seems 

1356
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:32,500
filtered diffused and less vital
than before the volcanic 

1357
01:18:32,500 --> 01:18:37,400
activity has intensified Across 
the globe but especially in the 

1358
01:18:37,408 --> 01:18:40,100
massive province that will 
become the Deccan region of 

1359
01:18:40,100 --> 01:18:43,000
India. 
Volcanoes are erupting with 

1360
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:46,800
increasing frequency. 
These aren't the explosive 

1361
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:50,500
Mountain shattering eruptions 
that will one day destroy 

1362
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:53,900
Pompeii. 
There are a few silver eruptions

1363
01:18:53,900 --> 01:18:57,600
where lava flows steadily from 
fissures in the Earth's crust. 

1364
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:02,600
breading across the landscape 
like slow-moving floods of malt 

1365
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:07,700
and rock each rocket, releases 
more than just lava, Sulfur 

1366
01:19:07,700 --> 01:19:11,900
dioxide rises in tremendous 
quantities, reaching the 

1367
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:15,500
stratosphere where it combines 
with water, vapor to form 

1368
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:20,700
aerosols tiny droplets of 
sulfuric acid suspended in the 

1369
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:24,900
upper atmosphere. 
These aerosols reflect sunlight 

1370
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,700
back into space, creating a 
gradual dimming effect. 

1371
01:19:29,700 --> 01:19:33,500
The temperature drops slightly, 
maybe two or three degrees on 

1372
01:19:33,500 --> 01:19:37,600
average, but the reduction in 
direct sunlight affect plants 

1373
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:41,700
immediately your standing in a 
forest that feels subdued. 

1374
01:19:42,400 --> 01:19:45,200
The plants are still 
photosynthesizing and still 

1375
01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:50,100
growing, but more slowly. 
Leaves a slightly smaller and 

1376
01:19:50,100 --> 01:19:52,100
colors are slightly less 
vibrant. 

1377
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:56,900
The flowering plants that 
revolutionize, the ecosystem are

1378
01:19:56,900 --> 01:20:00,200
producing fewer. 
Blooms the insects that depend 

1379
01:20:00,200 --> 01:20:05,000
on those flowers are declining. 
The Cascade continues upward 

1380
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:08,800
through every layer of the food 
web, the hydrosaurus, You 

1381
01:20:08,800 --> 01:20:10,900
observe a feeding almost 
constantly. 

1382
01:20:10,900 --> 01:20:14,900
Now, trying to compensate for 
the reduced, nutritional content

1383
01:20:14,900 --> 01:20:18,600
of their food. 
A plant grown on under optimal 

1384
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:21,500
sunlight packs. 
More energy into its tissues. 

1385
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:26,200
Then one grown under dim 
conditions, The difference might

1386
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:30,700
be 10 or 15%, but over months 
and years that deficit 

1387
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:34,100
accumulate. 
The dinosaurs are slowly. 

1388
01:20:34,100 --> 01:20:38,200
Starving on full stomachs, you 
notice the younger individuals, 

1389
01:20:38,200 --> 01:20:41,500
most acutely a juvenile 
Edmontosaurus. 

1390
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:45,200
That should be half-grown after 
two years is noticeably smaller.

1391
01:20:45,200 --> 01:20:48,600
Its growth stunted by inadequate
nutrition. 

1392
01:20:48,600 --> 01:20:52,600
It's not sick. 
There's no disease to 0.2 but 

1393
01:20:52,600 --> 01:20:56,400
it's not thriving either. 
And not thriving, in Nature's 

1394
01:20:56,400 --> 01:20:59,800
ruthless accounting, is often 
functionally equivalent to 

1395
01:20:59,800 --> 01:21:04,800
dying. seasons have become more 
extreme, the dim sunlight 

1396
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:08,300
affects different latitudes 
differently disrupting the 

1397
01:21:08,300 --> 01:21:13,100
atmospheric circulation patterns
that drive weather, Summary 

1398
01:21:13,100 --> 01:21:16,000
regions experienced 
unprecedented droughts While 

1399
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:19,500
others flood. 
The dinosaurs who evolved their 

1400
01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:23,200
migration patterns over millions
of years to follow predictable. 

1401
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:27,800
Seasonal changes find themselves
arriving at traditional feeding 

1402
01:21:27,800 --> 01:21:30,100
grounds to discover the food, 
isn't there? 

1403
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:34,600
Or it's already been consumed by
herds that arrived, early due to

1404
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:38,400
their own climate driven. 
Desperation the acid, rain has 

1405
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:42,100
begun those sulfur aerosols 
eventually fall, back to Earth, 

1406
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:47,700
carry down by precipitation. the
rain itself becomes slightly 

1407
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:52,200
acidic, not battery acid 
caustic, but enough to affect 

1408
01:21:52,200 --> 01:21:57,400
sensitive species, Amphibians 
and freshwater fish suffer 

1409
01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:00,300
first. 
The insects that spend part of 

1410
01:22:00,308 --> 01:22:05,500
their life cycle in water 
decline, again the Cascade 

1411
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:08,800
ripples upward you watch a 
Triceratops heard. 

1412
01:22:08,800 --> 01:22:10,600
Bunched together beneath the 
rocky. 

1413
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:13,100
Overhang waiting out a 
rainstorm. 

1414
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:17,600
Their behavior seems normal 
enough, but if you could measure

1415
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:21,700
the pH of that rain, you'd find 
its more acidic than any 

1416
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:24,000
rainfall, their ancestors 
experienced. 

1417
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:28,800
The water running off the Rocks,
carries dissolved minerals at 

1418
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:34,400
concentrations that will over 
time alter the soil chemistry of

1419
01:22:34,400 --> 01:22:37,500
the entire region. 
The forest floor is changing. 

1420
01:22:38,500 --> 01:22:42,200
The layer of organic matter, 
fallen leaves Deadwood and 

1421
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:45,600
decomposing plants. 
Seems thinner than before. 

1422
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:50,800
The decomposers The Beatles and 
fungi and bacteria that break 

1423
01:22:50,800 --> 01:22:55,100
down dead material and return 
nutrients, to the soil are 

1424
01:22:55,100 --> 01:22:57,200
stressed by the changing 
chemistry. 

1425
01:22:58,100 --> 01:23:02,800
Nutrients cycle more slowly, the
soil becomes less fertile. 

1426
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:08,900
Plants, grow even more poorly 
and the spiral Titans 50,000 

1427
01:23:08,900 --> 01:23:12,700
years pass. 
You're now just 16,000 years 

1428
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:15,600
before the end. 
Though, you don't know that yet.

1429
01:23:17,000 --> 01:23:21,600
The Skies of darkened further. 
Some days, the son of appears as

1430
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:25,700
a pale disc behind a veil of 
atmospheric Haze. 

1431
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:30,700
The temperature fluctuates 
wildly cold, snaps that would 

1432
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:33,700
have been Unthinkable. 
A million years ago followed by 

1433
01:23:33,700 --> 01:23:37,800
brief periods of intense heat as
the greenhouse gases. 

1434
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:41,200
Continue to accumulate, despite 
the cooling effect of the 

1435
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:44,700
aerosols, the dinosaur 
population have contracted 

1436
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:48,200
significantly, you're seeing 
perhaps a 10th of the 

1437
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:52,500
individuals, You observe during 
your first visit The great herds

1438
01:23:52,500 --> 01:23:55,300
of fragmented into small 
scattered groups. 

1439
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,700
The Edmontosaurus family or 
watching now numbers only 12 

1440
01:23:59,700 --> 01:24:02,700
individuals. 
What would want to be in a heard

1441
01:24:02,708 --> 01:24:05,400
of 100s. 
They're the survivors. 

1442
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:09,700
The lucky ones whose genetics or
circumstances, allowed them to 

1443
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:12,800
cope better than others. 
But even the survivors of 

1444
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:18,200
struggling You notice signs of 
malnutrition prominent ribs on 

1445
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:21,300
the herbivores and a certain 
lethargy in their movements. 

1446
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:25,500
The Triceratops You observe has 
an infection in one of its 

1447
01:24:25,500 --> 01:24:28,000
horns. 
Probably from a fight over 

1448
01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:33,100
increasingly scarce resources. 
In better times, its immune 

1449
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:35,300
system would have fought off the
infection easily. 

1450
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:39,400
Now compromised by chronic 
stress and poor nutrition. 

1451
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:43,500
The infection is winning, the 
Predators are desperately 

1452
01:24:43,500 --> 01:24:46,700
hungry. 
Pack of Dramas, orus takes down 

1453
01:24:46,700 --> 01:24:50,300
a young hadrus or and in the 
efficient kill you witness 

1454
01:24:50,300 --> 01:24:54,500
during your first visit. 
It's a prolonged Messier Fair. 

1455
01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:59,500
Predators weak too. 
Their reaction slower their 

1456
01:24:59,500 --> 01:25:04,300
coordination in perfect. 
After the kill they defend, the 

1457
01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:06,800
carcass more aggressively than 
necessary. 

1458
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:09,900
Fighting among themselves over 
scraps. 

1459
01:25:11,200 --> 01:25:15,500
Guess he breeds desperation. 
The smaller animals, the 

1460
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:17,700
mammals, the birds, and the 
lizards are fairing. 

1461
01:25:17,700 --> 01:25:22,300
Some, what better Their lower 
energy requirements and fast to 

1462
01:25:22,300 --> 01:25:25,800
reproductive Cycles. 
Allow them to adapt more quickly

1463
01:25:25,800 --> 01:25:30,000
to changing conditions. 
You spot more mammals now than 

1464
01:25:30,000 --> 01:25:33,900
you've seen before. 
Foraging and broad daylight no 

1465
01:25:33,900 --> 01:25:35,500
longer. 
Restricting themselves to 

1466
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:39,600
nocturnal activity. 
The dinosaurs weakened and 

1467
01:25:39,600 --> 01:25:44,000
distracted by their own Survival
struggles, pose, less threat, 

1468
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:48,200
the pterosaurs, are nearly gone.
You haven't seen one in hours. 

1469
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:52,700
The largest species, which 
required vast quantities of food

1470
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:55,800
to maintain their enormous 
bodies and power their flight 

1471
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:58,600
couldn't sustain themselves as 
food. 

1472
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:02,500
Chains collapse. 
The medium sized species, lost 

1473
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:07,600
their Competitive Edge to birds,
only a few species persist and 

1474
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,700
those in dwindling numbers in 
the ocean's. 

1475
01:26:10,700 --> 01:26:15,600
The situation is even more dire 
The marine reptiles those 

1476
01:26:15,600 --> 01:26:19,100
magnificent mosasaurs and 
plesiosaurs that ruled the Seas 

1477
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:21,600
for millions of years are 
starving. 

1478
01:26:22,700 --> 01:26:26,100
The fish population, they 
depended on have crashed as the 

1479
01:26:26,100 --> 01:26:30,800
base of the marine, food web, 
Plankton and algae, struggled 

1480
01:26:30,800 --> 01:26:33,600
under dimmed sunlight and 
changing ocean chemistry. 

1481
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:39,600
The ammonite those graceful 
spiral shelled cephalopods are 

1482
01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:43,000
disappearing. 
Species that numbered in the 

1483
01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:48,600
billions just 100,000 years ago 
are now rare finds you stand on 

1484
01:26:48,600 --> 01:26:51,300
a beach. 
Or what used to be a beach? 

1485
01:26:52,100 --> 01:26:56,200
The ocean has retreated leaving 
behind exposed mud flats studded

1486
01:26:56,200 --> 01:26:58,300
with the shells of dead 
mollusks. 

1487
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:01,800
The smell of Decay, hangs heavy 
in the air. 

1488
01:27:02,500 --> 01:27:06,200
Small scavengers pick through 
the remains, but there's a 

1489
01:27:06,200 --> 01:27:10,800
furtiveness to their movements 
and urgency born of uncertainty 

1490
01:27:10,800 --> 01:27:12,700
about where the next meal will 
come from. 

1491
01:27:12,700 --> 01:27:16,200
The light, has a strange quality
at sunset. 

1492
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:22,000
The volcanic aerosols scattered 
in unusual ways, painting, the 

1493
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:26,300
sky in shades of red and purple.
That would be beautiful if they 

1494
01:27:26,300 --> 01:27:31,400
didn't signify such devastation.
You watch as a loan Kettle, 

1495
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:35,400
Catalyst, Glides passed 
silhouetted against the Crimson 

1496
01:27:35,400 --> 01:27:38,600
clouds. 
It might be one of the last of 

1497
01:27:38,600 --> 01:27:43,700
its kind though neither you nor 
it knows that the world hasn't 

1498
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:48,200
ended. 
Life continues. the fundamental 

1499
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:52,000
processes photosynthesis 
predation and decomposition, 

1500
01:27:52,000 --> 01:27:58,000
still functioning But the 
abundance, the exuberance, and 

1501
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:00,900
the overwhelming Vitality you 
witnessed during your first 

1502
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:05,100
visit have drained away. 
What remains feels like an 

1503
01:28:05,100 --> 01:28:09,500
ecosystem running on fumes. 
Drawing down the last of its 

1504
01:28:09,500 --> 01:28:13,800
reserves with no Prospect of 
replenishment, the dinosaurs 

1505
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:18,300
themselves seem almost ghostly. 
Now, Shadows of their former 

1506
01:28:18,300 --> 01:28:22,100
glory persisting through 
momentum and evolutionary, 

1507
01:28:22,100 --> 01:28:25,700
inertia in a world that has 
fundamentally changed around 

1508
01:28:25,700 --> 01:28:28,400
them. 
They're not fighting Extinction.

1509
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:32,200
That would imply a battle, an 
active resistance. 

1510
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:36,200
They're simply trying to survive
one more day. 

1511
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:39,900
One more seasoned in an 
environment that grows more 

1512
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:44,500
hostile with each passing year 
and then on an ordinary morning.

1513
01:28:44,500 --> 01:28:49,400
66 million years ago, the sky 
catches fire your standing in 

1514
01:28:49,408 --> 01:28:52,000
Mexico. 
On what will one day be called 

1515
01:28:52,000 --> 01:28:56,300
the Yucatan Peninsula? 
the date is precise in a way 

1516
01:28:56,300 --> 01:29:01,400
that geological time rarely 
allows 66 million years ago, 

1517
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:03,900
give or take a few thousand 
years. 

1518
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:08,000
It's a morning, like many others
in this stressed but still 

1519
01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:12,200
functioning ecosystem. 
The sky is overcast with 

1520
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:16,300
volcanic Haze, the temperature 
cool for this latitude. 

1521
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:22,100
A small herd of hadrosaurs feeds
on the beach, vegetation, their 

1522
01:29:22,100 --> 01:29:24,800
duck bills. 
Methodically stripping seeds 

1523
01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:27,200
from low shrubs. 
Then you see it. 

1524
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:31,100
The asteroid is visible for 
perhaps 30 seconds before 

1525
01:29:31,100 --> 01:29:34,000
impact. 
A point of light in the southern

1526
01:29:34,000 --> 01:29:38,800
sky, that brightens impossibly 
fast growing from a Starlight 

1527
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:43,700
spec, to a blazing sphere that 
hurts to look at Its traveling 

1528
01:29:43,700 --> 01:29:49,400
at 45,000 miles per hour. 
A rock six miles in diameter 

1529
01:29:49,400 --> 01:29:53,400
that left the asteroid belt 
millions of years ago and has 

1530
01:29:53,400 --> 01:29:57,100
now through the blind 
mathematics of War tool 

1531
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:01,800
mechanics intersected with 
earth's path around the Sun, the

1532
01:30:01,800 --> 01:30:05,700
hadrah saws noticed the 
Breitling sky, Some of them. 

1533
01:30:05,700 --> 01:30:10,600
Look up a gesture that will be 
their last Others, continue 

1534
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:14,600
feeding unaware. 
That the world they know has 30 

1535
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:18,600
seconds left to exist. 
The impact occurs offshore in 

1536
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:22,400
the shallow sea, you don't see 
the moment of contact your eyes,

1537
01:30:22,400 --> 01:30:24,500
could not process it, even if 
you tried. 

1538
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:29,300
What you experience is a flash 
of light brighter than a 

1539
01:30:29,300 --> 01:30:32,200
thousand sons and then actually,
there is no. 

1540
01:30:32,200 --> 01:30:37,300
And then for anything within a 
thousand miles, the energy 

1541
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:40,500
released exceeds all of 
Humanity's nuclear weapons 

1542
01:30:40,500 --> 01:30:43,800
detonated simultaneously by a 
factor of 1,000. 

1543
01:30:44,800 --> 01:30:48,900
The asteroid vaporizes, 
instantly along with millions of

1544
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:51,000
tons of rock, from the Earth's 
crust. 

1545
01:30:52,100 --> 01:30:55,700
Crater 12 miles deep and 100 
miles wide. 

1546
01:30:55,700 --> 01:30:59,500
Excavating itself in less time 
than it takes to read this 

1547
01:30:59,500 --> 01:31:02,400
sentence. 
The hadrosaur's on the beach sea

1548
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:09,200
to exist, Not killed existence. 
Simply revoked. the thermal 

1549
01:31:09,200 --> 01:31:12,600
pulse, incinerates them before 
their nervous, systems can 

1550
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:17,100
register Heat the Shockwave that
follows traveling faster than 

1551
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:19,500
sound pulverizes. 
Whats left? 

1552
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:25,100
Within seconds, nothing remains 
of them or of any living thing 

1553
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:27,800
within 500 miles of the impact 
site. 

1554
01:31:28,600 --> 01:31:33,200
Pure observing from a safe 
distance. 1000 miles away in 

1555
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:36,800
what will become Texas? 
Even here the effects are 

1556
01:31:36,800 --> 01:31:41,100
immediate and devastating. 
The skylights up, as if someone 

1557
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:45,900
turned on a cosmic floodlight. 
The Horizon glows, orange red. 

1558
01:31:46,600 --> 01:31:50,300
The temperature spikes 20 
degrees in less than a minute, 

1559
01:31:50,308 --> 01:31:54,800
then the Shockwave arrives. 
It's not the crushing building 

1560
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:57,800
flattening blast. 
You might imagine from a bomb 

1561
01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:02,700
This is a planetary scale 
phenomenon, an atmospheric wave 

1562
01:32:02,700 --> 01:32:05,500
that encircles the globe. 
Trees. 

1563
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:10,000
Bend, horizontally their trunks 
flexing to Impossible angles 

1564
01:32:10,000 --> 01:32:14,300
before, snapping. 
Triceratops heard and knocked 

1565
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:16,300
off their feet like bowling 
pins. 

1566
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:21,700
They try to stand confused and 
terrified as debris begins to 

1567
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:25,400
Reign from the sky. 
The debris is unlike anything in

1568
01:32:25,400 --> 01:32:29,300
your experience. 
Molten rock vaporized by the 

1569
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:33,400
impact and flung into the upper 
atmosphere, begins to fall back 

1570
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:36,900
to Earth. 
These cereals of once, molten 

1571
01:32:36,900 --> 01:32:40,700
material glow, cherry red, 
setting fires, wherever they 

1572
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:44,200
land. 
Forest around you ignite in 

1573
01:32:44,200 --> 01:32:46,400
hundreds of places 
simultaneously. 

1574
01:32:48,000 --> 01:32:52,700
Within an hour, the fires of 
merged into a conflagration that

1575
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:56,500
will eventually consume millions
of square miles of forest. 

1576
01:32:56,500 --> 01:33:00,200
The Triceratops heard, those 
that survived the initial 

1577
01:33:00,200 --> 01:33:04,200
Shockwave Stampede in panic. 
There's nowhere to run that 

1578
01:33:04,200 --> 01:33:08,400
isn't burning or about to burn 
some plunge into a nearby river,

1579
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:12,700
which offers temporary Refuge 
others, simply flee, until 

1580
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:15,400
exhaustion or smoke inhalation. 
Drops them. 

1581
01:33:16,200 --> 01:33:20,200
The scene is replicated across 
continents animals, that 

1582
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:24,700
survived hundreds of millions of
years of evolution, undone in 

1583
01:33:24,700 --> 01:33:29,500
hours, the sky darkens, as dust 
and soot rising to the 

1584
01:33:29,500 --> 01:33:32,400
atmosphere. 
Not the gradual, dimming of 

1585
01:33:32,400 --> 01:33:36,000
volcanic aerosols, but to Swift 
to conclusion of sunlight. 

1586
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:42,500
By Nightfall, The Darkness is 
absolute no stars, no moon. 

1587
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:46,700
Just the orange glow of 
continent spanning wildfires 

1588
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:50,000
reflecting off the dust choked 
Clouds days. 

1589
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:52,900
Pass your somewhere in North 
America. 

1590
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:57,300
Watching what survives? 
Small mammals emerge from 

1591
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:01,300
underground burrows, confused by
the extended Darkness. 

1592
01:34:02,300 --> 01:34:05,000
Some dinosaurs have made it 
through the initial impact, 

1593
01:34:05,000 --> 01:34:09,500
those that were in the right 
places in valleys protected from

1594
01:34:09,500 --> 01:34:13,800
the thermal pulse near water 
sources, or simply lucky. 

1595
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:19,400
A group of Edmontosaurus huddles
in a ravine, their bodies 

1596
01:34:19,400 --> 01:34:21,800
pressed together for warmth as 
the temperature. 

1597
01:34:21,800 --> 01:34:24,700
Plummets with no sunlight 
penetrating. 

1598
01:34:24,700 --> 01:34:30,300
The dust cloud photosynthesis 
has stopped not slowed stopped. 

1599
01:34:31,100 --> 01:34:32,400
Plants. 
Begin to die. 

1600
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:35,900
Within weeks. 
The abyss dinosaurs or already 

1601
01:34:35,900 --> 01:34:39,800
stressed by years of difficult 
conditions, have nothing to eat.

1602
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:45,000
They wander through the darkened
Landscapes stripping bark from 

1603
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:49,900
trees digging for roots and 
consuming anything remotely 

1604
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:53,300
edible, you watch an adult 
Edmond Torres die. 

1605
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:57,200
It's not dramatic. 
The animal simply lies down one 

1606
01:34:57,200 --> 01:34:58,800
after noon and doesn't get up 
again. 

1607
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:02,800
Starvation hyperthermia or 
possibly both. 

1608
01:35:03,800 --> 01:35:07,300
Its heard mates, investigate the
body, briefly then move on. 

1609
01:35:08,100 --> 01:35:11,900
Their focused entirely on their 
own Survival now and the social 

1610
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:15,800
bonds that once held together 
heared under the pressure of 

1611
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:19,600
catastrophe. 
Predators fare, even worse. 

1612
01:35:20,300 --> 01:35:24,200
Tyrannosaurus. 
Apex predator of its ecosystem 

1613
01:35:24,200 --> 01:35:28,300
reduced to Scavenging. 
It feeds on a dead. 

1614
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:32,600
Triceratops, probably killed by 
the impacts aftermath but dead. 

1615
01:35:32,600 --> 01:35:37,100
Prey doesn't run away. 
And in this new world pray this 

1616
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:40,800
doesn't run away is also pray 
that won't be replaced. 

1617
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:45,900
Each carcass consumed brings the
Predator, one meal closer to 

1618
01:35:45,900 --> 01:35:51,400
starvation months. 
Pass the darkness persists. some

1619
01:35:51,400 --> 01:35:54,600
sunlight begins filtering 
through the upper atmosphere but

1620
01:35:54,600 --> 01:35:59,100
it's diffuse weak and unable to 
support the kind of 

1621
01:35:59,100 --> 01:36:03,500
photosynthesis that fuels 
complex food webs The 

1622
01:36:03,500 --> 01:36:07,300
temperature has stabilized, but 
at a much lower level than 

1623
01:36:07,300 --> 01:36:10,500
before. 
Water sources freeze at night, 

1624
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:15,600
even at equatorial latitudes, 
the large dinosaurs are dying. 

1625
01:36:15,600 --> 01:36:20,800
Not all at once but steadily 
inexorably. you find their 

1626
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:25,400
bodies, scattered across the 
landscape, Triceratops hadrus 

1627
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:29,400
Resorts, ankle assaults, and all
the Magnificent megaphone of 

1628
01:36:29,400 --> 01:36:34,400
that Define the Mesozoic Some 
died of starvation, others 

1629
01:36:34,400 --> 01:36:38,300
froze. 
Some probably died of injuries 

1630
01:36:38,300 --> 01:36:41,300
sustained during the chaos, 
following the impact or 

1631
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:45,500
infections that they're weakened
bodies, couldn't fight off the 

1632
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:50,000
smallest species persist longer.
Size, which was an advantage for

1633
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:52,100
millions of years has become a 
liability. 

1634
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:56,400
Large bodies need a large 
amounts of food and there isn't 

1635
01:36:56,400 --> 01:36:59,900
any. 
But small mammals eating insects

1636
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:03,600
and seeds and carrion can get by
on scraps. 

1637
01:37:04,400 --> 01:37:08,900
The early birds with their high 
metabolisms but small size find 

1638
01:37:08,900 --> 01:37:13,500
enough to survive lizards and 
snakes able to enter torpor and 

1639
01:37:13,508 --> 01:37:17,800
reduce their energy needs. 
Wait out the darkness, a year, 

1640
01:37:17,800 --> 01:37:21,000
after the impact, your standing 
in a landscape that would be 

1641
01:37:21,000 --> 01:37:24,200
unrecognizable to someone from 
the previous age. 

1642
01:37:25,200 --> 01:37:29,700
The forests are gone replaced by
a wasteland of dead trees and 

1643
01:37:29,700 --> 01:37:32,600
Ash. 
The air smells of smoke and 

1644
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:35,500
decay. 
The rivers run thick with 

1645
01:37:35,500 --> 01:37:39,600
sediment from erosion. 
Without living plants to hold 

1646
01:37:39,600 --> 01:37:44,100
the soil, every rainfall, washes
more Earth in to the streams. 

1647
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:48,800
You haven't seen a living 
dinosaur in weeks, Few must 

1648
01:37:48,800 --> 01:37:52,300
still exist, scattered 
individuals in isolated pockets 

1649
01:37:52,300 --> 01:37:57,500
of marginally better conditions.
But as a dominant life form, as 

1650
01:37:57,500 --> 01:38:01,400
the architect of Earth's 
terrestrial ecosystems, they're 

1651
01:38:01,400 --> 01:38:06,000
gone. 60 million years of 
evolutionary success ended. 

1652
01:38:06,000 --> 01:38:10,700
Not by a single Blow by that 
blows cascading consequences. 

1653
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:16,100
The impact killed Millions 
immediately The darkness killed 

1654
01:38:16,100 --> 01:38:20,500
billions over months. 
But it's the long-term effects 

1655
01:38:20,500 --> 01:38:24,800
that truly sealed the dinosaurs 
fate. the acid, rain persisted 

1656
01:38:24,800 --> 01:38:29,300
for years poisoning water 
sources and further damaging the

1657
01:38:29,300 --> 01:38:33,900
already devastated, plant life, 
The greenhouse warming, that 

1658
01:38:33,900 --> 01:38:37,800
followed the initial impact 
winter, as the dust settled. 

1659
01:38:37,800 --> 01:38:41,600
But the carbon dioxide released 
by the impact and by burning 

1660
01:38:41,600 --> 01:38:46,300
forests remained The ecosystem 
collapsed that left even the 

1661
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:50,100
survivors with nothing to eat. 
Standing here in this broken 

1662
01:38:50,100 --> 01:38:52,600
world. 
You realize your witnessing the 

1663
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:55,200
border between two ages of 
Earth's history. 

1664
01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:58,200
Behind you, lies the messers 
over here. 

1665
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:02,800
The age of reptiles a time when 
dinosaurs shaped every 

1666
01:39:02,800 --> 01:39:07,800
terrestrial ecosystem from pole 
to pole A head, lice something 

1667
01:39:07,800 --> 01:39:10,700
different. 
Something that will belong to 

1668
01:39:10,700 --> 01:39:14,000
other creatures. 
To the small mammals Sheltering 

1669
01:39:14,000 --> 01:39:17,100
in their Burrows. 
And the birds roosting in the 

1670
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:21,300
dead trees. 
The transition isn't clean, it's

1671
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:26,100
messy tragic and desperately 
unfair to the creatures who did 

1672
01:39:26,100 --> 01:39:30,500
nothing to deserve their fate, 
except have The Misfortune of 

1673
01:39:30,500 --> 01:39:33,400
existing at the wrong moment. 
In Cosmic history. 

1674
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:39,700
But it's also complete. 
The world that emerges from this

1675
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:44,800
Darkness will be fundamentally 
different and that difference 

1676
01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:47,500
will make possible forms of 
life. 

1677
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:52,400
Including eventually a species 
capable of understanding what 

1678
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:56,700
happened here. that could never 
have evolved in the dinosaurs 

1679
01:39:56,700 --> 01:40:01,900
Shadow your standing in the same
location but 5,000 years of pass

1680
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:07,000
and the impact The skies visible
again, not the Brilliant Blue of

1681
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:11,900
the Cretaceous, but a washed out
gray blue hazy with dust that 

1682
01:40:11,900 --> 01:40:16,500
still settling. 
The sun provides light and some 

1683
01:40:16,500 --> 01:40:19,300
warmth. 
Though, not yet enough to 

1684
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:21,600
restore the climate to its 
pre-impact state. 

1685
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:27,500
The temperature hovers around 50
degrees Fahrenheit cool but no 

1686
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:30,500
longer life. 
Threateningly cold the landscape

1687
01:40:30,500 --> 01:40:32,600
around. 
You looks like something from an

1688
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:35,400
alien planet. 
Where they used to be dense 

1689
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:37,800
forest. 
You see open terrain covered in 

1690
01:40:37,808 --> 01:40:41,000
low-growing plants. 
Ferns dominate. 

1691
01:40:41,000 --> 01:40:45,000
There are among the first plants
to recolonize Disturbed areas. 

1692
01:40:45,000 --> 01:40:48,900
Their spores surviving 
conditions that killed seed 

1693
01:40:48,900 --> 01:40:52,400
plants. 
The ground is carpeted in green 

1694
01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:56,600
but its a monotonous green 
lacking the diversity of 

1695
01:40:56,600 --> 01:40:59,700
observed before. 
Small mammals are everywhere. 

1696
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:04,000
They emerge from boroughs. 
And from beneath Fallen logs, in

1697
01:41:04,000 --> 01:41:06,900
numbers that would have been 
impossible when dinosaurs 

1698
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:11,800
control the ecosystem. 
A creature about the size of a 

1699
01:41:11,800 --> 01:41:15,100
modern possum. 
Picks its way through the firms 

1700
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:20,100
digging for insects. 
Another slightly larger, and 

1701
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:23,600
more of bust investigates, a 
puddle left by recent rain. 

1702
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:27,500
These mammals are dramatically 
different from their pre-impact 

1703
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:30,600
ancestors. 
Evolution does not work that 

1704
01:41:30,600 --> 01:41:35,500
quickly, but their behaving 
differently occupying ecological

1705
01:41:35,500 --> 01:41:38,400
niches that were until very 
recently. 

1706
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:41,400
The exclusive domain of 
dinosaurs. 

1707
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:46,600
That possum sized animal is 
browsing on ferns in broad 

1708
01:41:46,600 --> 01:41:50,000
daylight behavior. 
That would have been suicidal 

1709
01:41:50,000 --> 01:41:55,300
risky, 5,000 years ago, now, 
with no large Predators. 

1710
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:59,300
It's perfectly safe. 
Birds are abundant too. 

1711
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:03,800
You hear their calls simpler 
than the complex vocalizations 

1712
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:07,700
of modern songbirds but 
recognizably bird-like. 

1713
01:42:08,300 --> 01:42:12,300
A group of them works over a 
dead log, extracting beetle 

1714
01:42:12,300 --> 01:42:16,700
larvae with their beaks. 
Another species larger and 

1715
01:42:16,700 --> 01:42:21,000
heavier body walks along the 
shore of what was once in Inland

1716
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:24,700
sea. 
But is now a Shallow Lake It's 

1717
01:42:24,700 --> 01:42:28,700
probing the mud for small 
animals filling, the ecological 

1718
01:42:28,700 --> 01:42:32,500
role that Shorebirds will 
perfect over the coming millions

1719
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:35,400
of years. 
You notice something moving in 

1720
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:38,900
the ferns and freeze some 
instinctive part of you 

1721
01:42:38,900 --> 01:42:42,700
expecting a dinosaur. 
But it's just a large lizard, 

1722
01:42:42,700 --> 01:42:45,400
probably three feet, long 
hunting. 

1723
01:42:45,400 --> 01:42:49,600
The same, insects the birds are 
off after It's not a dinosaur, 

1724
01:42:49,600 --> 01:42:54,700
not even close. 
But in this empty World, it 

1725
01:42:54,700 --> 01:42:59,900
looks imposing. 
Give a few million years and its

1726
01:42:59,900 --> 01:43:03,400
descendants, might evolve to 
fill some of the niches. 

1727
01:43:03,400 --> 01:43:07,100
The dinosaurs left. 
Vacant the water bodies are 

1728
01:43:07,100 --> 01:43:11,400
recovering faster than the land 
algae bloomed, within months of 

1729
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:14,700
the impact winter ending and 
with algae came, Zoo Plankton 

1730
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:17,500
and with zooplankton came small 
fish. 

1731
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:22,500
The ecosystem is rebuilding from
the bottom up, starting with the

1732
01:43:22,500 --> 01:43:26,700
simplest organisms and gradually
adding complexity. 

1733
01:43:27,500 --> 01:43:31,100
You spot a turtle? 
One of the few reptiles to 

1734
01:43:31,100 --> 01:43:33,500
survived the catastrophe largely
intact. 

1735
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:38,700
Turtles with their ability, to 
survive months with out, food 

1736
01:43:38,700 --> 01:43:43,300
were well-suited to endure the 
impact winter, a crocodilian 

1737
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:47,500
surfaces in the lake. 
Its eyes above water watching 

1738
01:43:47,500 --> 01:43:52,100
you with ancient patients. 
Crocodilians made it through as 

1739
01:43:52,100 --> 01:43:55,500
well. 
Their semiaquatic lifestyle, and

1740
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:58,000
low metabolism. 
Carrying them across the 

1741
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:03,100
boundary between the Cretaceous 
and paleocene periods their 

1742
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:05,900
living fossils. 
Even now barely changed from 

1743
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:10,200
their pre-impact forms, the 
Dinosaurs, the non-avian 

1744
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:12,800
Dinosaurs, the ones that 
dominated the terrestrial 

1745
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:17,200
landscape are gone. 
You've searched walked miles 

1746
01:44:17,200 --> 01:44:20,300
through this recovering 
ecosystem and found nothing. 

1747
01:44:21,200 --> 01:44:25,308
No, Triceratops, browsing the 
ferns, no hadrosaurs in the 

1748
01:44:25,316 --> 01:44:30,600
distance notarizes. 
No sauropods, no ankylosaur, the

1749
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:33,500
largest land animal. 
You've seen is a mammal, the 

1750
01:44:33,500 --> 01:44:36,400
size of a raccoon. 
The fossil record tells the 

1751
01:44:36,400 --> 01:44:40,000
story clearly in rock layers 
deposited before the impact 

1752
01:44:40,000 --> 01:44:43,400
dinosaur. 
Fossils are abundant in layers. 

1753
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:45,800
Deposited, after they simply 
disappear. 

1754
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,800
There's no gradual decline know 
slow fade-out. 

1755
01:44:49,800 --> 01:44:52,900
The line is sharp. 
Absolute. 

1756
01:44:53,800 --> 01:44:59,800
Below it dinosaurs above it. 
Their absence tens of thousands 

1757
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:04,200
of years passed 50,000 years 
after the impact and the 

1758
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:07,900
recovery is more evident. 
The fern Prairie is of giving 

1759
01:45:07,900 --> 01:45:09,900
way to more diverse plant 
communities. 

1760
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:15,200
Early flowering plants have 
recolored from Refugee isolated 

1761
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:17,800
pockets where they survived the 
impact winter. 

1762
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:21,100
The forests are returning 
though. 

1763
01:45:21,100 --> 01:45:25,200
They look different from their 
Cretaceous, predecessors more 

1764
01:45:25,200 --> 01:45:30,700
open less dense and dominated by
fast-growing species that can 

1765
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:34,600
take advantage of disturbed. 
Conditions, the mammals are 

1766
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:38,900
diversifying rapidly. 
In the absence of large dinosaur

1767
01:45:38,900 --> 01:45:42,600
and predators, they are 
exploring ecological space. 

1768
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:45,500
That was close to them for over 
100 million years. 

1769
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:49,700
You spot a creature about the 
size of a German Shepherd? 

1770
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:52,800
One of the largest land. 
Mammals to exist. 

1771
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:57,600
So far in the Paleo scene. 
Its browsing on low vegetation 

1772
01:45:57,600 --> 01:46:01,100
filling a role that would have 
belonged to a small Dinosaur 

1773
01:46:01,100 --> 01:46:04,300
Before the impact. 
The pace of evolution has 

1774
01:46:04,300 --> 01:46:07,800
accelerated. 
When dinosaurs control the 

1775
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,200
ecosystems, they were so 
successful and so well adapted 

1776
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:15,600
that they limited opportunities 
for other groups, to diversify. 

1777
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:22,500
Their Extinction opened up those
opportunities, mammals birds and

1778
01:46:22,500 --> 01:46:26,400
even some fish and reptile 
groups are radiating into new 

1779
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:30,900
forms at an unprecedented rate. 
You find a fossil from before 

1780
01:46:30,900 --> 01:46:34,700
the impact, the Triceratops 
frill partially, whether but 

1781
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:38,500
still recognizable. 
It's embedded in a rock layer 

1782
01:46:38,500 --> 01:46:42,700
that's now at the surface 
erosion having removed sediments

1783
01:46:42,700 --> 01:46:46,800
deposited on top of it. 
You run your hand over the bone,

1784
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:49,400
feeling the texture of something
that was alive. 

1785
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:55,200
Just 50,000 years ago, a 
blinking geological time near 

1786
01:46:55,200 --> 01:46:57,400
the fossil ferns waving the 
breeze. 

1787
01:46:58,200 --> 01:46:59,500
Small mammal. 
Burrows. 

1788
01:46:59,500 --> 01:47:04,000
Beneath them building a nest. 
An early Songbird calls from a 

1789
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:07,000
nearby shrub. 
Life has moved on. 

1790
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:11,200
The world doesn't mourn. 
The dinosaurs doesn't mourn 

1791
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:13,900
anything. 
It simply fills the empty 

1792
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:19,200
spaces, they left behind 100,000
years after the impact your 

1793
01:47:19,200 --> 01:47:21,200
standing in an early paleocene 
Forest. 

1794
01:47:21,900 --> 01:47:26,900
The trees are taller now, 30 or 
40 feet creating a closed canopy

1795
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:30,500
in places. 
The plant diversity as increased

1796
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:33,900
dramatically. 
Dozens of flowering, plant 

1797
01:47:33,900 --> 01:47:38,800
species and various Ferns and 
horsetails growing near water 

1798
01:47:38,800 --> 01:47:41,900
sources. 
The ecosystem looks functional, 

1799
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:46,300
productive and alive but it's 
different in character from the 

1800
01:47:46,300 --> 01:47:51,100
Cretaceous forests. 
Quieter somehow The largest 

1801
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:55,900
urban Wars, a mammals weighing, 
maybe 50 pounds, the Predators 

1802
01:47:55,900 --> 01:48:00,400
are proportionally small. 
The overall biomass, the total 

1803
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:04,600
weight of all living things in a
given area is perhaps a tenth of

1804
01:48:04,608 --> 01:48:08,000
what it was before. 
The impact the world is healing 

1805
01:48:08,000 --> 01:48:10,700
but its healing into something 
new. 

1806
01:48:11,500 --> 01:48:15,900
The age of reptiles is over, the
age of mammals is beginning 

1807
01:48:15,900 --> 01:48:19,300
though, it will take millions of
years to fully develop. 

1808
01:48:20,500 --> 01:48:24,900
Birds, the only dinosaurs to 
survive are carving out their 

1809
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:29,300
own evolutionary trajectory. 
One, that will eventually 

1810
01:48:29,300 --> 01:48:33,100
produce the incredible diversity
of modern, avian life. 

1811
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:37,100
You watch a group of small, 
mammals feeding together in a 

1812
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:40,300
clearing. 
Their cautious constantly alert 

1813
01:48:40,300 --> 01:48:43,800
for danger but there's also a 
sense of opportunity in their 

1814
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:47,500
movements. 
This is their world now. 

1815
01:48:48,400 --> 01:48:51,900
The mammals inherited the Earth,
not through superiority, or 

1816
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:56,000
better design, but through luck 
and Circumstance, because they 

1817
01:48:56,000 --> 01:49:00,900
happen to have characteristics, 
small size, burrowing Behavior, 

1818
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:05,000
omnivorous diets, that allowed 
them to survive. 

1819
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:08,700
When larger more, specialized 
creatures, couldnt has 

1820
01:49:08,700 --> 01:49:12,800
nightfalls you hear sound, that 
would never have existed in the 

1821
01:49:12,800 --> 01:49:16,000
Cretaceous. 
Early primates calling from the 

1822
01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:19,400
trees. 
Small predatory mammals stalking

1823
01:49:19,400 --> 01:49:23,300
through the undergrowth The 
world is being rebuilt by 

1824
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,700
creatures that spent the 
Mesozoic era in the dinosaurs 

1825
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:29,600
Shadow and they're building 
something different. 

1826
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:33,300
Something that will eventually 
lead to Grasslands and coral, 

1827
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:39,600
reefs and rainforests to whales,
and elephants and Eagles and in 

1828
01:49:39,600 --> 01:49:43,500
a humid African Forest about 65 
million years from now. 

1829
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:47,900
To a species of primate that 
will develop the capacity to 

1830
01:49:47,900 --> 01:49:52,200
look back at this moment to 
understand what happened and to 

1831
01:49:52,200 --> 01:49:55,200
mourn creatures. 
They never met and can only know

1832
01:49:55,200 --> 01:49:58,700
through the fragmentary record 
of fossilized bones. 

1833
01:49:58,700 --> 01:50:02,900
You're now one million years 
after the impact the 

1834
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:06,100
transformation of Earth's 
ecosystems has progressed, 

1835
01:50:06,100 --> 01:50:09,900
remarkably Standing in. 
What will one day be Wyoming? 

1836
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,500
Your surrounded by a dense 
subtropical Forest. 

1837
01:50:14,600 --> 01:50:17,200
The climate has warmed 
considerably from the impact 

1838
01:50:17,200 --> 01:50:21,300
winter, in fact, its warmer than
it was even in the late 

1839
01:50:21,300 --> 01:50:25,400
Cretaceous. 
The carbon dioxide released by 

1840
01:50:25,400 --> 01:50:29,500
the impact and its aftermath has
created a greenhouse effect that

1841
01:50:29,500 --> 01:50:31,500
will persist for millions of 
years. 

1842
01:50:32,600 --> 01:50:36,000
Trees, around you include early,
relatives of modern, Oaks 

1843
01:50:36,000 --> 01:50:39,800
walnuts and Palms. 
They're not identical to their 

1844
01:50:39,800 --> 01:50:44,200
modern descendants but 
recognizably related a canopy 

1845
01:50:44,200 --> 01:50:47,500
stretches, overhead, creating 
layers of habitat. 

1846
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:51,900
Epiphytes plants that grow on 
other plants. 

1847
01:50:51,900 --> 01:50:55,900
Drape from branches, the forest 
has regained. 

1848
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:58,100
Its three-dimensional 
complexity. 

1849
01:50:58,100 --> 01:51:01,700
You hear something, moving in 
the canopy and look up to see a 

1850
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:03,400
mammal about the size of a 
house. 

1851
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:08,100
Cat leaping between branches. 
It's an early primate ancestor 

1852
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:12,700
though it would look strange to 
Modern Eyes more like a lemur 

1853
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:16,200
than a monkey with large eyes 
and adapted for nocturnal 

1854
01:51:16,200 --> 01:51:19,600
activity and a long tail for 
balance. 

1855
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:25,100
Its descendants will diversify 
into the entire primate lineage.

1856
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:31,100
But right now, it's just one of 
many small, mammals exploiting 

1857
01:51:31,100 --> 01:51:33,300
the resources of the recovering 
Forest. 

1858
01:51:34,000 --> 01:51:37,000
On the ground, larger. 
Mammals are beginning to appear.

1859
01:51:37,900 --> 01:51:40,300
You spot a creature about the 
size of a sheep? 

1860
01:51:40,300 --> 01:51:44,500
One of the early youngsters 
ancestors to the hoofed. 

1861
01:51:44,500 --> 01:51:47,700
Mammals that will eventually 
dominate grasslands that don't 

1862
01:51:47,700 --> 01:51:51,800
yet exist. 
It's browsing on low vegetation.

1863
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:56,100
Its teeth showing adaptations 
for processing. 

1864
01:51:56,100 --> 01:51:59,200
Plant material that are more 
advanced than those of its 

1865
01:51:59,200 --> 01:52:02,800
immediate ancestors. 
The forest floor is alive with 

1866
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:08,100
insects ants, March and columns 
along Fallen logs butterflies 

1867
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:12,100
and moths, visit flowers, 
continuing the co-evolutionary 

1868
01:52:12,100 --> 01:52:16,100
dance between insects and 
flowering plants that survived 

1869
01:52:16,100 --> 01:52:20,000
the impact. 
Beatles of astonishing variety 

1870
01:52:20,000 --> 01:52:22,100
Crawl. 
Through The Leaf litter. 

1871
01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:25,800
The insect of diversity as 
recovered to or perhaps 

1872
01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:29,300
exceeded. 
Its pre-impact levels, birds are

1873
01:52:29,300 --> 01:52:32,000
everywhere and their diverse 
flying rapidly. 

1874
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:37,000
You see early representatives of
modern bird groups, something 

1875
01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:39,600
that might be an ancestor to 
Modern parrots. 

1876
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:42,700
And another that resembles a 
primitive woodpecker. 

1877
01:52:43,600 --> 01:52:48,100
Their filling niches that flying
Terrace Halls want occupied but 

1878
01:52:48,100 --> 01:52:51,200
they're doing it in their own 
way with their own unique 

1879
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:55,400
evolutionary solutions to the 
challenges of aerial life, the 

1880
01:52:55,400 --> 01:53:00,200
rivers and Lake team with life. 
Fish, populations of not only 

1881
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:05,500
recovered but also Diversified. 
Turtles Sun themselves on logs, 

1882
01:53:05,500 --> 01:53:11,000
crocodilians, lurk in the deeper
pools unchanged by the passage 

1883
01:53:11,000 --> 01:53:15,400
of a million years. 
The Aquatic ecosystems bounce 

1884
01:53:15,400 --> 01:53:19,500
back faster than the terrestrial
ones and they show it in their 

1885
01:53:19,500 --> 01:53:23,400
abundance and variety. 
You find another fossil. 

1886
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,300
This one a hadrosaur bone 
mineralized and weathered 

1887
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:30,400
protruding from a riverbank the 
river has cut through millions 

1888
01:53:30,400 --> 01:53:34,500
of years of sediment exposing 
layers that tell the story of 

1889
01:53:34,508 --> 01:53:39,400
the impact in its aftermath 
Below the hadrosaur bone, layers

1890
01:53:39,400 --> 01:53:43,900
filled with dinosaur fossils, 
above, it layers, containing 

1891
01:53:43,900 --> 01:53:48,400
mammal fossils, and at the 
boundary between them, a thin 

1892
01:53:48,400 --> 01:53:53,500
layer of clay in riched with the
radium, a Rare Element more 

1893
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:55,900
common in asteroids than on 
Earth's surface. 

1894
01:53:56,800 --> 01:54:00,700
Physical evidence of the impact 
that changed everything 5 

1895
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,800
million years after the impact. 
Your in what will become 

1896
01:54:03,800 --> 01:54:07,000
Germany? 
The climate has called slightly 

1897
01:54:07,000 --> 01:54:11,800
from the post-impact peak 
settling into a warm wet regime 

1898
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:16,900
that supports vast rainforests. 
The forest stretch from Horizon 

1899
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:21,200
to Horizon unbroken, except by 
rivers and lakes. 

1900
01:54:22,200 --> 01:54:26,800
The diversity of life is 
staggering you estimate of 

1901
01:54:26,800 --> 01:54:29,300
species of plants within a 
square mile. 

1902
01:54:29,900 --> 01:54:33,400
Countless insects and dozens of 
mammal species. 

1903
01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:38,300
The mammals of grown larger. 
You observe a creature, the size

1904
01:54:38,300 --> 01:54:42,400
of a modern appear, a browser 
that feeds on leaves and shoots.

1905
01:54:43,400 --> 01:54:45,900
Another mammal built more, like 
a modern cat. 

1906
01:54:46,700 --> 01:54:51,400
Stalks through the undergrowth, 
an early Predator experimenting 

1907
01:54:51,400 --> 01:54:54,300
with the hunting strategies that
will eventually produce 

1908
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:57,000
everything from weasels to 
Lyons. 

1909
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:00,300
The ecological roles are being 
filled. 

1910
01:55:01,100 --> 01:55:05,600
But by different actors in the 
Cretaceous birds of achieved 

1911
01:55:05,600 --> 01:55:09,900
remarkable diversity. 
Early, representatives of most 

1912
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:11,900
modern bird orders and now 
exist. 

1913
01:55:12,900 --> 01:55:16,200
You spot something that might be
an ancestor to Modern Ducks 

1914
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:20,500
paddling in a lake. 
In the trees, early relatives of

1915
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:24,000
vowels, and Hawks are developing
the predatory skills that will 

1916
01:55:24,000 --> 01:55:28,400
make birds so successful. 
The songbirds are beginning to 

1917
01:55:28,400 --> 01:55:32,700
appear their vocalization still 
simple, but showing the 

1918
01:55:32,700 --> 01:55:36,900
potential for the complex songs 
that will evolve later the plant

1919
01:55:36,900 --> 01:55:40,000
communities of developed 
sophisticated structure. 

1920
01:55:40,600 --> 01:55:43,800
There are emergent trees that 
Tower over the main canopy, 

1921
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:49,400
creating a tier system that 
maximizes light capture Vines 

1922
01:55:49,400 --> 01:55:53,700
and lianas connect trees. 
Creating aerial highways for 

1923
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:58,200
climbing mammals and insects. 
The forest floor supports shade 

1924
01:55:58,200 --> 01:56:00,500
tolerant. 
Plants that can survive on the 

1925
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:02,600
dim light that filters through 
the canopy. 

1926
01:56:02,600 --> 01:56:06,300
You notice that certain plant 
families have come to dominate 

1927
01:56:06,300 --> 01:56:10,700
the legumes, The Palms and early
grasses in open areas. 

1928
01:56:11,600 --> 01:56:14,200
These are the groups that 
recovered fastest from the 

1929
01:56:14,200 --> 01:56:17,500
impact and that had 
characteristics allowing them to

1930
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:22,200
colonize Disturbed, habitats and
thrive in changing conditions. 

1931
01:56:24,000 --> 01:56:27,400
the forests of the Paleo seen 
art random assemblies, but 

1932
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:31,400
Community shaped, by the 
selection pressure of the 

1933
01:56:31,400 --> 01:56:34,800
extinction of event, and the 
recovery that followed 10 

1934
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:38,000
million years, after the impact,
your observing the transition 

1935
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:43,100
from the Paleo scene to the 
eocene epoch The climate is warm

1936
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:46,300
warmer than any time in the past
10 million years. 

1937
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:51,200
Crocodilians live in. 
What is now the Arctic palms 

1938
01:56:51,200 --> 01:56:53,900
grow in Alaska? 
The Earth has entered a hot 

1939
01:56:53,908 --> 01:56:58,600
house phase, possibly the 
warmest climate of the past 100 

1940
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:01,800
million years. 
The mammals have exploded in 

1941
01:57:01,800 --> 01:57:04,800
diversity and size. 
You see, creatures that 

1942
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:07,400
resemble. 
Modern horses, though, they're 

1943
01:57:07,400 --> 01:57:10,600
much smaller and have multiple 
toes instead of hooves. 

1944
01:57:11,400 --> 01:57:16,400
Early whales still retaining 
vestigial legs hunt in Shallow 

1945
01:57:16,400 --> 01:57:19,800
Coastal. 
Seas showing how some mammal 

1946
01:57:19,800 --> 01:57:22,600
lineages are returning to the 
water that their distant 

1947
01:57:22,600 --> 01:57:25,300
ancestors left. 
Hundreds of millions of years 

1948
01:57:25,300 --> 01:57:27,200
ago. 
Bats. 

1949
01:57:27,200 --> 01:57:31,300
The only mammals to achieve 
powered flight swooped through 

1950
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:36,000
the evening are using 
echolocation to hunt insects The

1951
01:57:36,000 --> 01:57:38,900
first grass dominated. 
Ecosystems are beginning to 

1952
01:57:38,900 --> 01:57:43,800
appear in drier regions. 
Grasses, which existed before 

1953
01:57:43,800 --> 01:57:46,800
the impact. 
But were never dominant are 

1954
01:57:46,800 --> 01:57:51,500
expanding their range. 
With them come new type of Wars,

1955
01:57:51,500 --> 01:57:55,700
mammals developing teeth that 
can handle the tough, silicon 

1956
01:57:55,700 --> 01:57:59,800
grass, blades. 
The stage is being set for the 

1957
01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:03,800
Savannah ecosystems that will 
characterize much of the later. 

1958
01:58:03,800 --> 01:58:07,700
Seen a zoic you stand on a 
Hilltop at Sunset watching the 

1959
01:58:07,700 --> 01:58:10,900
landscape spread before you 
Forests. 

1960
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:13,500
The rivers, the diversity of 
life. 

1961
01:58:13,500 --> 01:58:18,800
It's all magnificent, perhaps, 
as magnificent as the Cretaceous

1962
01:58:18,800 --> 01:58:21,200
ecosystems. 
You observed at the beginning of

1963
01:58:21,200 --> 01:58:23,200
this journey, but it's 
different. 

1964
01:58:24,100 --> 01:58:27,800
The dominant players of changed 
the evolutionary. 

1965
01:58:27,800 --> 01:58:31,600
Strategies of shifted. 
This is Earth renewed. 

1966
01:58:31,600 --> 01:58:36,100
But not earth restored. 
The dinosaurs won't come back. 

1967
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:40,900
Their ecological roles have been
filled by other creatures and 

1968
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:45,300
those creatures are now 
established evolving adapting 

1969
01:58:45,300 --> 01:58:49,000
and creating their own 
evolutionary trajectories. 

1970
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:53,900
The window during which 
dinosaurs could revolve his 

1971
01:58:53,900 --> 01:58:57,000
clothes. 
The Earth has moved on. 

1972
01:58:57,000 --> 01:59:02,000
But looking at this thriving 
complex ecosystem, you realize 

1973
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:06,800
something important The planet 
itself is resilient in a way 

1974
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:09,700
that individual species and 
lineages are not. 

1975
01:59:10,800 --> 01:59:14,300
The impact killed the dinosaurs 
and countless other species 

1976
01:59:14,300 --> 01:59:19,300
fundamentally restructured, 
ecosystems and altered the 

1977
01:59:19,308 --> 01:59:24,400
course of evolutionary history. 
But it didn't kill life itself. 

1978
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:29,100
It didn't prevent the rebuilding
of complex diverse ecosystems, 

1979
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:34,800
it changed what existed, but not
the existence of life itself, in

1980
01:59:34,800 --> 01:59:38,900
56 million years, descendants of
the small mammals, you see here 

1981
01:59:38,900 --> 01:59:41,000
will have Diversified into 
creatures. 

1982
01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:45,800
Ranging from blue, whales to 
shrews from giraffes to bats. 

1983
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:50,500
And from humans to elephants the
birds will have produced 

1984
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:54,000
penguins and peacocks, 
hummingbirds and Eagles. 

1985
01:59:55,200 --> 01:59:58,900
The plants will have created 
everything from giant sequoias, 

1986
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:02,800
to Tiny orchids. 
The impact was a tragedy for the

1987
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:05,900
dinosaurs and a catastrophe for 
the ecosystems. 

1988
02:00:05,900 --> 02:00:11,800
They inhabited But for Earth, as
a whole, it was a transition, a 

1989
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:14,500
reshuffling of the deck that 
opened up possibilities that 

1990
02:00:14,500 --> 02:00:18,100
wouldn't have existed. 
Otherwise, Standing here 

1991
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:21,800
watching the sun. 
Set over this renewed world. 

1992
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:26,600
You can appreciate both the loss
and the emergence. 

1993
02:00:26,600 --> 02:00:31,200
Both the ending of one age and 
the beginning of another, you're

1994
02:00:31,200 --> 02:00:34,700
no longer in deep time, your 
standing in a museum in the 

1995
02:00:34,708 --> 02:00:39,300
present day, looking at a 
fossilized Triceratops skull. 

1996
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:45,700
The bone is mineralized Turn to 
Stone over 66 million years, but

1997
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:48,900
it retains the shape and texture
that it had in life. 

1998
02:00:49,700 --> 02:00:51,800
The ice sockets stare at 
nothing. 

1999
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:55,300
The beak. 
Which once stripped vegetation 

2000
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:58,200
from plants that no longer 
exists is Frozen. 

2001
02:00:58,200 --> 02:01:00,800
In permanent Stillness behind 
you. 

2002
02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:05,000
A group of children, clusters 
around a full T-rex skeleton. 

2003
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:09,700
Their excitement is palpable, 
they've grown up with Dinosaurs 

2004
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:13,500
in their imaginations. 
These creatures from Deep time 

2005
02:01:13,500 --> 02:01:16,700
made for million through books, 
and movies and Museum visits. 

2006
02:01:17,800 --> 02:01:20,900
But the skeleton before them 
represents something more than 

2007
02:01:20,900 --> 02:01:24,100
entertainment. 
It represents one of the 

2008
02:01:24,100 --> 02:01:27,200
greatest detective stories in 
scientific history. 

2009
02:01:27,200 --> 02:01:30,700
The understanding of what 
happened to the dinosaurs came 

2010
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:33,300
slowly. 
Built from countless 

2011
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:37,900
observations and measurements 
from Decades of painstaking work

2012
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:42,500
by geologists paleontologists 
physicists and chemists. 

2013
02:01:43,700 --> 02:01:47,000
For over a century after the 
first dinosaur, fossils were 

2014
02:01:47,000 --> 02:01:51,300
recognized and described 
scientists knew that dinosaurs 

2015
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:55,700
had gone extinct but they didn't
know why some proposed that the 

2016
02:01:55,700 --> 02:02:01,000
dinosaurs had simply grown too 
large, too specialized and too 

2017
02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:02,600
slow to adapt to changing 
conditions. 

2018
02:02:03,700 --> 02:02:08,200
Others suggested disease or 
climate change or competition 

2019
02:02:08,200 --> 02:02:11,900
from mammals. 
Each Theory had problems. 

2020
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:15,600
The dinosaurs had survived 
climate changes before. 

2021
02:02:15,600 --> 02:02:20,600
They were not all large, many 
species were small and agile. 

2022
02:02:21,500 --> 02:02:25,800
Disease, doesn't typically cause
worldwide Extinction of multiple

2023
02:02:25,800 --> 02:02:29,600
unrelated groups. 
The Breakthrough came in 1980. 

2024
02:02:29,600 --> 02:02:33,600
When physicists Luis Alvarez and
his son, Walter a geologist 

2025
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:38,000
published a paper proposing that
an asteroid impacted caused the 

2026
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:41,600
extinction. 
Their evidence was a thin layer 

2027
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:45,100
of clay found at the boundary 
between the Cretaceous and 

2028
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:49,400
paleocene periods. 
The k-pg boundary that contained

2029
02:02:49,400 --> 02:02:54,000
unusually high concentrations of
iridium and element rare on 

2030
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:56,500
Earth. 
But common in asteroids, the 

2031
02:02:56,500 --> 02:02:58,500
scientific Community was 
skeptical. 

2032
02:02:59,200 --> 02:03:02,400
Catastrophic events weren't 
popular in geology, at the time,

2033
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:07,100
which favored gradual processes 
operating over long time scales.

2034
02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:12,100
But the evidence accumulated. 
The Iridium layer was found at 

2035
02:03:12,100 --> 02:03:16,400
sites around the world. 
Shocked, quartz quartz quartz 

2036
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:19,100
crystals fractured by immense 
pressure. 

2037
02:03:20,100 --> 02:03:24,100
Appeared at the boundary. 
Soot from continent spanning 

2038
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:28,400
wildfires. 
Tiny glass fear rules formed 

2039
02:03:28,400 --> 02:03:32,300
from vaporized Rock. 
The Final piece of evidence came

2040
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:36,300
in 1991 with the identification 
of the impact, crater itself. 

2041
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:41,000
The chicks love, crater bury 
beneath the Yucatan Peninsula 

2042
02:03:41,000 --> 02:03:45,700
precisely the right age, the 
right size and in exactly the 

2043
02:03:45,700 --> 02:03:49,700
kind of coastal location that 
would maximize the destructive 

2044
02:03:49,700 --> 02:03:52,600
effects of an ocean. 
In Impact, you walk through the 

2045
02:03:52,600 --> 02:03:56,100
museum, passing displays the 
illustrate, this scientific 

2046
02:03:56,100 --> 02:03:59,400
Journey. 
Here's a map showing a radium 

2047
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:03,400
concentration around the world. 
There's a sample of shocked 

2048
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:07,800
quartz, its crystal structure to
form by precious, that only 

2049
02:04:07,800 --> 02:04:11,400
asteroid impacts or nuclear 
explosions can generate. 

2050
02:04:12,400 --> 02:04:16,000
In another case, you see, 
computer simulations of the 

2051
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:19,800
impact and its immediate 
aftermath, but understanding 

2052
02:04:19,800 --> 02:04:23,300
that an impact occurred, doesn't
fully explain why the dinosaurs 

2053
02:04:23,300 --> 02:04:25,500
died while other groups 
survived. 

2054
02:04:26,500 --> 02:04:29,500
You pause it as display, that 
addresses this question. 

2055
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:32,200
The key factors. 
Scientists. 

2056
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:36,700
Now understand were size diet 
and habitat. 

2057
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:41,400
Large animals require more food.
When the impact shut down 

2058
02:04:41,400 --> 02:04:44,900
photosynthesis. 
And collapse food, chains, large

2059
02:04:44,900 --> 02:04:48,200
herbivores. 
Starved, first followed quickly 

2060
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:51,900
by the large predators that 
depended on them. smaller 

2061
02:04:51,900 --> 02:04:55,800
animals with lower caloric needs
could survive on the scraps 

2062
02:04:55,800 --> 02:05:00,100
seeds insects and carrion that 
persisted through the impact 

2063
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:06,200
winter dieted to Specialists 
creatures that depended on 

2064
02:05:06,200 --> 02:05:09,200
specific food. 
Sources fed worse than 

2065
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:12,100
generalists. 
Who could eat what ever was 

2066
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:16,300
available. 
The hadrus was you watched with 

2067
02:05:16,300 --> 02:05:19,200
their specialized teeth for 
processing, particular? 

2068
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:23,500
Types of vegetation, couldn't 
switch to a different diet when 

2069
02:05:23,500 --> 02:05:28,100
their preferred plants died. 
The small mammals you saw 

2070
02:05:28,100 --> 02:05:32,600
surviving omnivorous, and 
flexible could, and did habitat 

2071
02:05:32,600 --> 02:05:36,700
provided protection. 
Burrowing animals could escape 

2072
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:39,400
the thermal pulse and find 
shelter from the cold. 

2073
02:05:40,300 --> 02:05:43,300
Aquatic animals were buffered 
from temperature extremes. 

2074
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:47,300
Flying animals could migrate in 
search of food. 

2075
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:52,400
The large terrestrial dinosaurs 
Built For Life on land and 

2076
02:05:52,400 --> 02:05:56,600
unable to escape underground, or
underwater were maximally 

2077
02:05:56,600 --> 02:06:00,300
exposed to the catastrophe, you 
reach a display of the 

2078
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:04,200
survivors, the birds, of course,
technically dinosaurs themselves

2079
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:07,800
those small enough and adaptable
enough to make it through. 

2080
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:11,700
The mammals Sheltering 
underground in eating, whatever 

2081
02:06:11,700 --> 02:06:14,900
they could find the crocodilians
and turtles. 

2082
02:06:14,900 --> 02:06:19,800
Their low metabolisms allowing 
them to survive months without 

2083
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:23,400
food. 
The fish and insects and plants 

2084
02:06:23,400 --> 02:06:28,000
with seed banks, or spores that 
could wait out the darkness, the

2085
02:06:28,000 --> 02:06:31,300
extinction wasn't random. 
The display explained, it was 

2086
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:34,000
selective. 
The survivors shared 

2087
02:06:34,000 --> 02:06:37,200
characteristics, that happened 
to be advantageous during a 

2088
02:06:37,200 --> 02:06:40,700
short-lived but Extreme 
environmental catastrophe. 

2089
02:06:41,900 --> 02:06:45,300
Those characteristics had 
nothing to do with being better 

2090
02:06:45,300 --> 02:06:49,000
or more advanced in any general 
sense? 

2091
02:06:49,800 --> 02:06:53,300
In normal times being large, 
specialized and living 

2092
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,800
exclusively on land were 
perfectly good strategies. 

2093
02:06:56,800 --> 02:07:02,000
They'd worked for millions of 
years. but when the asteroid hit

2094
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:05,600
those strategies became 
liabilities, you moved to a 

2095
02:07:05,600 --> 02:07:09,500
section on the aftermath 
Scientists Now understand that 

2096
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:12,700
the recovery took much longer 
than the extinction itself. 

2097
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:18,200
The impact killed the dinosaurs 
in decades to centuries, but 

2098
02:07:18,200 --> 02:07:22,000
rebuilding complex ecosystems 
took millions of years. 

2099
02:07:23,300 --> 02:07:26,900
Fossil record shows a slow 
progression from simple 

2100
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:32,900
communities, dominated by Ferns 
and other disaster species to 

2101
02:07:32,900 --> 02:07:37,800
more diverse forests to the 
complex ecosystems of the eocene

2102
02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:41,200
and later ebooks. 
There's a display about impact 

2103
02:07:41,200 --> 02:07:45,400
winter illustrating how the dust
and soot blocked sunlight, 

2104
02:07:46,400 --> 02:07:49,800
another was about the greenhouse
warming that followed, once the 

2105
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:55,200
particular settled, but the 
carbon dioxide remained Third is

2106
02:07:55,200 --> 02:07:58,700
about ocean acidification from 
sulfur aerosols. 

2107
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:02,900
The extinction wasn't a single 
event but a Cascade of 

2108
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:06,900
environmental catastrophes. 
Each one weeding out species 

2109
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:09,800
until only the most resilient or
lucky remained. 

2110
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:13,600
You find yourself in front of a 
timeline showing Extinction 

2111
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:18,500
events throughout Earth's 
history. the kpg extinction, the

2112
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:22,700
one that killed the dinosaurs is
marked clearly, but it's not the

2113
02:08:22,700 --> 02:08:27,300
largest That distinction belongs
to the Permian Triassic 

2114
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:31,700
Extinction, 250 million years 
ago. 

2115
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:38,500
Which killed over 90% of marine 
species and 70% of terrestrial 

2116
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:42,700
vertebrates. 
The dinosaurs themselves Rose to

2117
02:08:42,700 --> 02:08:46,700
dominance in the aftermath of 
that early catastrophe, the 

2118
02:08:46,700 --> 02:08:49,200
timeline illustrates a humbling 
truth. 

2119
02:08:50,200 --> 02:08:54,500
Distinction is normal. 
The vast majority of species 

2120
02:08:54,500 --> 02:08:59,300
that ever existed are extinct. 
The average species lifetime is 

2121
02:08:59,300 --> 02:09:03,800
measured in millions of years 
long by human standards but 

2122
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:08,900
brief in geological time. 
What's unusual about the KP 

2123
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:13,000
Extinction, isn't that it 
happened but that it happened so

2124
02:09:13,008 --> 02:09:17,600
quickly and was caused by an 
external extraterrestrial event 

2125
02:09:17,600 --> 02:09:21,600
rather than by earth-based 
processes like volcanism or 

2126
02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:26,000
climate change you pause at a 
display about modern Extinction 

2127
02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:28,700
rates. 
Scientists estimate. 

2128
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:33,500
That species are currently going
extinct at rates 100 to 1,000 

2129
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:37,800
times higher than the background
rate not because of asteroids 

2130
02:09:37,800 --> 02:09:41,900
but because of human activity. 
Habitat destruction. 

2131
02:09:42,800 --> 02:09:47,200
Climate change. 
Pollution over hunting. 

2132
02:09:48,400 --> 02:09:51,600
The causes are different. 
But the results may be 

2133
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:54,800
comparable. 
Some scientists call it the 

2134
02:09:54,800 --> 02:09:59,100
sixth Extinction. 
Placing it in the same category 

2135
02:09:59,100 --> 02:10:00,800
as the event, that killed the 
dinosaurs. 

2136
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:05,500
The comparison makes you 
uncomfortable as it should, the 

2137
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:09,000
dinosaurs could not prevent 
their Extinction, they had no 

2138
02:10:09,000 --> 02:10:13,800
agency, no ability to change 
course or mitigate the impacts 

2139
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:17,000
of effects. 
They were victims of cosmic, bad

2140
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:21,400
luck. 
Humans in contrast understand 

2141
02:10:21,400 --> 02:10:24,600
what's happening and have the 
capacity to change it. 

2142
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,300
The knowledge gained from 
studying the dinosaurs 

2143
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:32,600
Extinction isn't just historical
curiosity. 

2144
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:36,400
It's a warning. 
You finish your Museum. 

2145
02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:39,800
Visit in a whole displaying 
living reptiles and birds. 

2146
02:10:39,800 --> 02:10:43,100
There's a parrot, its 
intelligence and social 

2147
02:10:43,100 --> 02:10:46,900
complexity rivaling. 
Many mammals a crocodile 

2148
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:52,000
outwardly unchanged from its 
Cretaceous ancestors, a turtle 

2149
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:56,300
carrying a body plan that has 
worked for over 200 million 

2150
02:10:56,300 --> 02:11:00,100
years. 
And prominently a display about 

2151
02:11:00,100 --> 02:11:03,700
bird evolution. 
Showing how the small theropods 

2152
02:11:03,700 --> 02:11:07,400
that survived, the impact 
Diversified into the 10,000 

2153
02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:11,800
species of birds alive. 
Today, looking at that parrot, 

2154
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:15,400
descendant of dinosaurs 
inheritor of their genetic 

2155
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:18,700
Legacy proof that not all the 
dinosaurs died. 

2156
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:23,200
You realize that the story of 
dinosaur extinction is more 

2157
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:26,400
nuanced than simple death and 
disappearance. 

2158
02:11:27,700 --> 02:11:29,700
The non-avian dinosaurs are 
gone. 

2159
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:33,900
Yes. 
The massive sauropods, the 

2160
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:39,100
horned sirat's and the 
Tyrannosaurs all extinct. 

2161
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:44,300
But the dinosaur lineage 
persists in birds, still 

2162
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:49,600
successful, still evolving still
filling ecological niches around

2163
02:11:49,600 --> 02:11:52,500
the world. 
The scientific understanding of 

2164
02:11:52,500 --> 02:11:56,800
dinosaur extinction is one of 
Humanity's great intellectual 

2165
02:11:56,800 --> 02:12:00,500
achievements. it required 
insights from multiple 

2166
02:12:00,500 --> 02:12:05,300
disciplines observations from 
around the world sophisticated, 

2167
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:10,900
analytical techniques, and 
Decades of dedicated work, It 

2168
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:14,300
revealed both the fragility and 
the resilience of life. 

2169
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:19,400
The power of catastrophic events
to reshape evolutionary history 

2170
02:12:19,400 --> 02:12:23,500
and the importance of 
understanding, our planet's past

2171
02:12:23,500 --> 02:12:28,100
to navigate its future, as you 
leave the museum, you carry with

2172
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:31,500
you, not just knowledge about 
what happened, 66 million years 

2173
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:36,000
ago, but perspective about where
we are now, what we're doing to 

2174
02:12:36,000 --> 02:12:39,200
the planet and what we might 
need to do differently if we 

2175
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:44,200
want to avoid, becoming the next
Triceratops. the next T-Rex 

2176
02:12:44,200 --> 02:12:49,000
successful for millions of years
until we weren't leaving only 

2177
02:12:49,000 --> 02:12:52,200
fossils for some future 
intelligence to puzzle, over 

2178
02:12:52,208 --> 02:12:57,000
your standing, in a forest, in 
Papua New, Guinea watching a 

2179
02:12:57,000 --> 02:13:01,000
casserole Pickett's, way through
the undergrowth The bird stands 

2180
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:05,300
nearly six feet tall, its body 
covered in black feathers. 

2181
02:13:05,300 --> 02:13:09,600
Its head sporting a bony Cask. 
That looks almost helmet. 

2182
02:13:09,600 --> 02:13:14,500
Like Its legs are powerful 
equipped with claws. 

2183
02:13:14,500 --> 02:13:17,000
That could easily disembowel a 
predator. 

2184
02:13:17,800 --> 02:13:22,100
Looking at it, you can't help 
but see the dinosaur Heritage. 

2185
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:27,100
This is what survived. 
Not the Giant's, not the 

2186
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:29,700
terrible lizards of popular 
imagination. 

2187
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:34,900
But this, A lineage of small 
theropods that happen to have 

2188
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:37,900
feathers happened to be small 
enough to survive. 

2189
02:13:37,900 --> 02:13:42,200
The impact winter, and happened 
to be adaptable enough to thrive

2190
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:47,100
in the aftermath The castle is 
ancestors walked among T-Rex and

2191
02:13:47,100 --> 02:13:49,200
Triceratops, and they're still 
here. 

2192
02:13:50,100 --> 02:13:52,100
Casserole moves, with the 
distinctive. 

2193
02:13:52,100 --> 02:13:56,900
Gait head, bobbing with each 
step, the same basic movement 

2194
02:13:56,900 --> 02:13:58,800
pattern. 
You'd see in any ground. 

2195
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:03,900
Bird from chickens to Austria's 
It's a Locomotion style 

2196
02:14:03,900 --> 02:14:09,100
inherited from bipedal theropod 
dinosaurs modified over millions

2197
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:12,200
of years, but fundamentally 
unchanged. 

2198
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:16,600
The birds eyes positioned on the
side of its head. 

2199
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:20,600
Provide nearly 362 degree 
vision. 

2200
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:24,400
Trait shared with its dinosaur 
in ancestors. 

2201
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:28,200
Useful for detecting, both 
predators and prey. 

2202
02:14:28,200 --> 02:14:32,900
You notice the birds feet. 
Three toes pointing forward. 

2203
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:37,900
One pointing back arranged in 
the same pattern as theropod 

2204
02:14:37,900 --> 02:14:40,900
trackways found in rock. 
Formations around the world. 

2205
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:45,700
Paleontologists recognized this 
connection long before the 

2206
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:49,000
broader scientific Community 
accepted that birds are 

2207
02:14:49,000 --> 02:14:52,300
dinosaurs. 
The anatomical evidence was 

2208
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:56,600
always there in the bones and 
Footprints waiting to be 

2209
02:14:56,600 --> 02:14:59,800
properly interpreted moving to a
different location. 

2210
02:14:59,800 --> 02:15:04,500
You're now in the Amazon 
rainforest, observing a hoax in 

2211
02:15:04,500 --> 02:15:09,000
a bizarre bird that retains 
juvenile claws on its wings, 

2212
02:15:09,000 --> 02:15:12,100
which the chicks used to climb 
through vegetation. 

2213
02:15:13,200 --> 02:15:17,300
It's one of the most primitive 
birds showing characteristics 

2214
02:15:17,300 --> 02:15:21,400
that hint at its dinosaur and 
Origins more clearly than most 

2215
02:15:21,400 --> 02:15:25,600
modern species. 
Watching it, clamber awkwardly 

2216
02:15:25,600 --> 02:15:29,000
through the branches. 
You can imagine the transitional

2217
02:15:29,000 --> 02:15:33,200
forms, the creatures that were 
neither fully dinosaurs nor 

2218
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:36,200
fully Birds. 
But something in between the 

2219
02:15:36,200 --> 02:15:40,200
fossil record has provided 
spectacular examples of these 

2220
02:15:40,200 --> 02:15:44,500
transitional forms. 
Archaeopteryx discovered in 

2221
02:15:44,500 --> 02:15:47,900
1861. 
Showed a mixture of reptilian 

2222
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:51,500
and avian features, so perfect 
that it could have been 

2223
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,200
manufactured to prove 
evolutionary theory. 

2224
02:15:55,000 --> 02:15:59,300
More recently, discoveries in 
China, have revealed dozens of 

2225
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:03,400
feather dinosaurs showing that 
feathers evolved long before 

2226
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:07,900
flight, probably for insulation 
or display and were later 

2227
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:11,900
co-opted for aerial Locomotion. 
You're holding a hummingbird in 

2228
02:16:11,900 --> 02:16:15,800
your hand, not literally, but 
watching One hover at a flower, 

2229
02:16:15,800 --> 02:16:19,000
its wings beating too fast to 
see clearly. 

2230
02:16:20,600 --> 02:16:25,100
This tiny creature, weighing 
less than a nickel is as much a 

2231
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:29,900
dinosaur as T-Rex. 
Its high metabolism, its hollow 

2232
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:33,000
bones, and its four chambered 
heart. 

2233
02:16:34,000 --> 02:16:36,799
All inherited from theropod 
ancestors. 

2234
02:16:38,000 --> 02:16:41,900
The hummingbird represents an 
extreme elaboration of the basic

2235
02:16:41,900 --> 02:16:46,200
dinosaur body plan optimized for
a lifestyle that requires 

2236
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:51,100
hovering in mid-air A feeding, 
on nectar, The evolutionary path

2237
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:55,799
from T-Rex to Hummingbird, seems
almost absurdly improbable but 

2238
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:59,900
it's documented in the fossil 
record and confirmed by genetic 

2239
02:16:59,900 --> 02:17:03,500
analysis. 
Birds and crocodilians are each 

2240
02:17:03,500 --> 02:17:05,400
other's closest, living 
relatives. 

2241
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:09,700
A fact that would surprise most 
people but makes perfect sense. 

2242
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:13,700
When you understand that? 
Their both archosaurs members of

2243
02:17:13,700 --> 02:17:16,100
the group, that dominated the 
messers zoic. 

2244
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:20,299
Crocodilians represent one line 
of Arceus or Evolution 

2245
02:17:20,299 --> 02:17:24,600
dinosaurs, including Birds 
represent another. 

2246
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:29,100
You're now in Antarctica 
watching Penguins Dive Into The 

2247
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:32,400
Frigid ocean. 
These birds have evolved to a 

2248
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:35,799
lifestyle so different from 
their flying ancestors that they

2249
02:17:35,799 --> 02:17:39,900
seem almost alien. 
Their wings of become flippers 

2250
02:17:39,900 --> 02:17:42,900
optimized for swimming, rather 
than flight. 

2251
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:47,400
They can dive 100 of feet, deep 
and stay underwater for 20 

2252
02:17:47,400 --> 02:17:49,900
minutes. 
Yet there's still dinosaurs 

2253
02:17:49,900 --> 02:17:54,299
still carrying the genetic 
Legacy of creatures that walked 

2254
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:59,400
on land. 66 million years ago, 
the adaptability that allowed 

2255
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:03,600
Birds to survive the kpg 
extinction and served them well 

2256
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:07,900
in the subsequent millions of 
years. they've diverse 5 to fill

2257
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,900
ecological niches on every 
continent and in every habitat 

2258
02:18:11,900 --> 02:18:16,500
type, Seabirds like, 
albatrosses, spend years at Sea 

2259
02:18:16,500 --> 02:18:21,299
almost never touching land. 
Forest birds like woodpeckers 

2260
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,900
have evolved specialized skulls 
that allow them to hammer on 

2261
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:26,900
trees with without getting 
concussion. 

2262
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:30,500
Owls hunt silently in the 
darkness. 

2263
02:18:30,500 --> 02:18:35,500
Their feathers modified to 
eliminate flight noise, walking 

2264
02:18:35,500 --> 02:18:38,799
through a city park, your 
surrounded by pigeons 

2265
02:18:38,799 --> 02:18:44,000
descendants of rock doves that 
humans domesticated thousands of

2266
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:47,299
years ago. 
These birds have adapted to 

2267
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:51,000
Urban environments, so 
successfully that they thrive in

2268
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:55,000
cities worldwide. 
They nest on buildings in stead 

2269
02:18:55,000 --> 02:18:58,400
of cliffs. 
Eat food scraps and stead of 

2270
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:02,000
seeds and navigate around 
traffic with ease. 

2271
02:19:03,100 --> 02:19:07,500
Their success in human-dominated
Landscapes is Testament to The 

2272
02:19:07,508 --> 02:19:11,600
evolutionary flexibility 
inherited from their dinosaur 

2273
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:15,299
and ancestors. 
You notice a crow investigating 

2274
02:19:15,299 --> 02:19:20,700
a puzzle box using tools to 
extract food Corvids the family 

2275
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:26,000
that includes crows Ravens and 
JS, display intelligence that 

2276
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:30,100
Rivals, great apes. 
They can recognize individual 

2277
02:19:30,100 --> 02:19:34,000
human faces. 
Hold grudges plan for the future

2278
02:19:34,000 --> 02:19:39,799
and even understand Concepts 
like zero. this cognitive 

2279
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:43,200
sophistication of evolved 
independently from a Malian 

2280
02:19:43,200 --> 02:19:47,299
intelligence showing that the 
dinosaur lineage was capable of 

2281
02:19:47,299 --> 02:19:52,400
producing complex brains and 
behaviors in a laboratory, your 

2282
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:57,100
watching a chicken embryo, 
develop, In the early stages, it

2283
02:19:57,100 --> 02:20:01,700
has teeth and a long bony tail. 
Characteristics, its ancestors 

2284
02:20:01,700 --> 02:20:06,000
lost millions of years ago, but 
which are still encoded in its 

2285
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:09,500
DNA. 
Scientists can reactivate these 

2286
02:20:09,500 --> 02:20:14,300
dormant genes creating chickens 
with Dinosaur like features. 

2287
02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:19,000
The experiment demonstrates that
Evolution doesn't create new 

2288
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:23,800
features from nothing but 
modifies and recombines, 

2289
02:20:23,800 --> 02:20:28,700
existing genetic material, and 
that modern Birds retain in 

2290
02:20:28,700 --> 02:20:32,000
their genomes. 
The instructions for building 

2291
02:20:32,000 --> 02:20:34,200
features their ancestors 
possessed. 

2292
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:39,300
The genetic studies of revealed,
fascinating details about bird 

2293
02:20:39,300 --> 02:20:43,000
evolution. 
The high metabolic rate the 

2294
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:46,500
efficient respiratory system 
with air sacs extending into 

2295
02:20:46,500 --> 02:20:49,900
hollow bones and the 
sophisticated color vision. 

2296
02:20:50,900 --> 02:20:53,800
All of these appear to have been
present in at least some 

2297
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:56,700
theropod dinosaurs before the 
kpg extinction. 

2298
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,500
Birds, didn't invent these 
features, they inherited them, 

2299
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:04,400
and then refine them over 
millions of years. 

2300
02:21:04,400 --> 02:21:09,300
In Madagascar, observing 
elephant, birds, or rather 

2301
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:11,700
looking at their bones, in a 
museum. 

2302
02:21:11,700 --> 02:21:16,000
Since they went extinct, only a 
few hundred years ago hunted, to

2303
02:21:16,000 --> 02:21:20,600
extinction by humans These 
flightless Giants, stood ten 

2304
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:22,600
feet tall and weighed half a 
ton. 

2305
02:21:22,600 --> 02:21:28,300
The largest Birds ever to exist.
Their Extinction illustrates 

2306
02:21:28,300 --> 02:21:32,400
that dinosaurs. 
Avian dinosaurs are still 

2307
02:21:32,400 --> 02:21:35,000
vulnerable to environmental 
catastrophes. 

2308
02:21:35,800 --> 02:21:39,700
Especially those caused by a 
species capable of rapidly 

2309
02:21:39,700 --> 02:21:42,900
transforming ecosystems in New 
Zealand. 

2310
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:47,700
The story is similar. 
Moa's giant flightless birds 

2311
02:21:47,700 --> 02:21:50,700
that evolved in the absence of 
mammalian predators. 

2312
02:21:51,500 --> 02:21:54,900
Thrived for millions of years 
until humans arrived. 

2313
02:21:55,700 --> 02:21:59,600
Within a few centuries. 
All mower species were extinct. 

2314
02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:04,000
Parallel to the non-avian 
dinosaurs is sobering. 

2315
02:22:04,800 --> 02:22:08,800
Evolutionary success measured in
millions of years offers no 

2316
02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:12,900
protection against rapid 
environmental change, but most 

2317
02:22:12,900 --> 02:22:16,300
birds species are still thriving
at least for now. 

2318
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:21,700
You're in a tropical rainforest 
adorned experiencing what 

2319
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:26,700
biologists call the dawn chorus.
Dozens of birds species calling 

2320
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:30,500
simultaneously creating a wall 
of sound that's almost 

2321
02:22:30,500 --> 02:22:34,800
overwhelming. 
Each species has its own song, 

2322
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:40,000
its own acoustic niche. 
Songbirds evolved their 

2323
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:44,400
sophisticated vocalizations 
about 50 million years ago and 

2324
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:48,400
they've been refining them ever 
since the ability to produce 

2325
02:22:48,400 --> 02:22:53,100
complex sounds required. 
Specialized Anatomy, a syrinx, 

2326
02:22:53,100 --> 02:22:57,500
the avian vocal organ, which 
allows some species to produce 

2327
02:22:57,500 --> 02:22:59,700
two different notes 
simultaneously. 

2328
02:23:00,900 --> 02:23:05,200
Lyrebirds can mimic almost any 
sound they hear including 

2329
02:23:05,200 --> 02:23:10,400
chainsaws and car alarms. 
This vocal flexibility may have 

2330
02:23:10,400 --> 02:23:13,700
evolved from the same 
neurological substrate that 

2331
02:23:13,700 --> 02:23:16,800
allows for complex Communication
in many dinosaurs. 

2332
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:21,000
We know from fossilized skulls 
that some had Resorts had 

2333
02:23:21,000 --> 02:23:24,300
elaborate nasal passages. 
Like Lee used for vocalization. 

2334
02:23:24,300 --> 02:23:28,400
You finish your journey in a 
backyard watching, common birds 

2335
02:23:28,400 --> 02:23:32,000
at a feeder. 
Barrows finches and Cardinals. 

2336
02:23:32,900 --> 02:23:35,900
These unremarkable birds. 
So familiar, they're almost 

2337
02:23:35,900 --> 02:23:39,000
invisible. 
Represent one of Evolution's 

2338
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:44,900
greatest success stories. 
Their dinosaurs refined by 66 

2339
02:23:45,000 --> 02:23:47,500
million years of natural 
selection. 

2340
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:52,400
Adapted to thrive in a world, 
utterly different from the one, 

2341
02:23:52,400 --> 02:23:56,800
their ancestors knew. 
They survived the asteroid, the 

2342
02:23:56,800 --> 02:24:00,300
impact winter and the millions 
of years of ecosystem 

2343
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:03,400
reorganization that followed 
looking at them. 

2344
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:06,800
You realize that the question 
isn't just what killed the 

2345
02:24:06,808 --> 02:24:10,800
dinosaurs but what allowed some 
dinosaurs to survive? 

2346
02:24:11,700 --> 02:24:15,000
The answer lies in the 
characteristics Birds inherited 

2347
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:19,200
and refined. 
Small size, high metabolism, 

2348
02:24:19,200 --> 02:24:24,100
adaptable, diet, and the ability
to move quickly across changing 

2349
02:24:24,100 --> 02:24:27,100
landscapes. 
These traits serve their 

2350
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:30,600
ancestors, well in the 
Cretaceous but they became 

2351
02:24:30,600 --> 02:24:34,200
absolutely crucial when the 
world ended and had to be 

2352
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:37,200
remade. 
The dinosaurs didn't disappear. 

2353
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:43,300
They transformed, they adapted. 
Sister through the worst 

2354
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:48,200
catastrophe to hit Earth in 100s
of millions of years and they're

2355
02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:51,800
still here, still evolving still
successful. 

2356
02:24:52,700 --> 02:24:56,900
Every bird you see is a living 
dinosaur, carrying genetic 

2357
02:24:56,900 --> 02:25:00,600
information that traces back 
through an unbroken chain to the

2358
02:25:00,600 --> 02:25:06,100
Triassic period, more than 200 
million years ago, thats, not 

2359
02:25:06,108 --> 02:25:12,100
Extinction that survival, your 
standing in the Badlands of 

2360
02:25:12,100 --> 02:25:15,200
Montana, as evening settles 
across the landscape. 

2361
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:20,100
The eroded Hills glow, pink and 
orange in the fading light. 

2362
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:24,600
Layers of sedimentary rock 
exposed like pages in a book. 

2363
02:25:25,600 --> 02:25:29,500
Each layer represents a slice of
time and somewhere. 

2364
02:25:29,500 --> 02:25:32,500
In these rocks lies the thin, 
dark line. 

2365
02:25:32,500 --> 02:25:38,400
That marks the kpg boundary The 
moment, everything changed, a 

2366
02:25:38,400 --> 02:25:42,900
paleontologist Works carefully 
at an excavation site brushes 

2367
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:45,700
and small tools. 
Revealing bone fragments from 

2368
02:25:45,700 --> 02:25:50,100
the late Cretaceous. 
Each fossil tells a story, but 

2369
02:25:50,100 --> 02:25:54,200
it's a story that ends abruptly.
Above the boundary layer. 

2370
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:58,100
No more Triceratops, no more 
hydross, no more. 

2371
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:03,500
Tyrannosaurs, Just the quiet 
testimony of absence the legacy 

2372
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:06,100
of the dinosaurs isn't loud or 
dramatic. 

2373
02:26:06,100 --> 02:26:11,300
Its subtle woven into the fabric
of the modern world, in ways. 

2374
02:26:11,300 --> 02:26:15,400
The art immediately obvious the 
birds in the Trees of the most 

2375
02:26:15,400 --> 02:26:20,300
direct Legacy, but there's more 
The flowering plants that the 

2376
02:26:20,300 --> 02:26:25,300
dinosaurs helped spread through 
their feeding and migration now 

2377
02:26:25,300 --> 02:26:30,800
dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
The small mammals that survived 

2378
02:26:30,800 --> 02:26:34,000
in the dinosaurs Shadow, have 
inherited the Earth. 

2379
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:38,300
And diversified into forms. 
The dinosaurs could never have 

2380
02:26:38,300 --> 02:26:41,400
imagined you. 
Think about the lessons embedded

2381
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:44,400
in this story. 
First is humility. 

2382
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:48,400
The dinosaurs were successful 
beyond measure. 

2383
02:26:48,400 --> 02:26:53,500
They dominated terrestrial 
ecosystems for over 160 million 

2384
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:57,700
years. 
Humans in our current form have 

2385
02:26:57,700 --> 02:27:00,700
existed for perhaps 300,000 
years. 

2386
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:06,300
Our civilizations are younger, 
still measured in mere thousands

2387
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:09,900
of years. 
By any objective measure, the 

2388
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:12,900
dinosaurs were more successful 
than we've been so far. 

2389
02:27:14,600 --> 02:27:18,200
Yet success, over millions of 
years, didn't protect them. 

2390
02:27:18,200 --> 02:27:22,100
When circumstances change 
catastrophically, the second 

2391
02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:25,100
lesson is about the nature of 
Extinction. 

2392
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:30,200
It's not always dramatic. 
Yes, the asteroid impact was 

2393
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:34,000
violent and sudden. 
But what killed most dinosaurs? 

2394
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:40,200
Wasn't the impact itself. it was
the slowest of the gradual cold 

2395
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:44,300
and the accumulating stresses of
an ecosystem that stopped 

2396
02:27:44,300 --> 02:27:48,600
functioning Most species die not
with a bang. 

2397
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:53,300
But with a whimper, Populations 
dwindling over Generations until

2398
02:27:53,300 --> 02:27:57,100
the last individual dies. 
Somewhere unnoticed and 

2399
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:00,100
unremembered. 
Except as a gap in the fossil 

2400
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:02,400
record. 
The third lesson is about 

2401
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:07,400
resilience and adaptation. 
The dinosaurs that survived, the

2402
02:28:07,400 --> 02:28:11,400
birds weren't necessarily 
Superior to those that died. 

2403
02:28:12,100 --> 02:28:15,500
They were lucky in their 
characteristics, fortunate. 

2404
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:19,100
That the traits, they happen to 
possess aligned with what was 

2405
02:28:19,100 --> 02:28:21,200
needed to survive the 
catastrophe. 

2406
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:27,600
Evolution doesn't produce better
creatures in any absolute sense.

2407
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,400
It produces creatures 
well-suited to their current 

2408
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:34,600
environment. 
When that environment changes 

2409
02:28:34,600 --> 02:28:39,400
radically, the well-adapted can 
become the extinct, your walking

2410
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:44,200
now through a modern Forest oak 
trees, maple trees, songbirds 

2411
02:28:44,200 --> 02:28:46,400
calling and a deer in the 
distance. 

2412
02:28:47,500 --> 02:28:51,000
This ecosystem has no direct 
connection to the Cretaceous 

2413
02:28:51,000 --> 02:28:54,500
Forest, you visited at the 
journeys beginning and yet its 

2414
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,000
built on the same fundamental 
principles. 

2415
02:28:58,200 --> 02:29:01,600
Sunlight converted to chemical 
energy through photosynthesis 

2416
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:06,700
herbivores, eating plants, 
carnivores, eating herbivores 

2417
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:09,800
and decomposers recycling 
nutrients. 

2418
02:29:10,900 --> 02:29:14,900
The players have changed but the
play continues somewhere in this

2419
02:29:14,900 --> 02:29:19,400
Forest a fossilized buried. 
Perhaps a tooth from a 

2420
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:23,000
Cretaceous mammal. 
Perhaps a fragment of petrified 

2421
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:25,800
wood from a tree that grew in 
the dinosaurs shadow. 

2422
02:29:26,800 --> 02:29:31,300
The Rock will erode eventually 
exposing the fossil to weather 

2423
02:29:31,300 --> 02:29:34,700
and chance. 
Maybe someone will find it, 

2424
02:29:34,700 --> 02:29:39,700
recognized it for what it is and
add it to the accumulated 

2425
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:44,500
knowledge of deep time. 
Or maybe it will crumble to dust

2426
02:29:44,500 --> 02:29:50,400
its story Untold the dinosaurs 
Left Behind more than fossils. 

2427
02:29:50,400 --> 02:29:53,900
They left behind ecological 
space that other creatures. 

2428
02:29:53,900 --> 02:29:56,800
Filled. 
They left behind evolutionary 

2429
02:29:56,800 --> 02:30:01,700
experiments, feathers hollow 
bones, efficient, respiratory 

2430
02:30:01,700 --> 02:30:05,300
systems, that birds refined and 
carried forward. 

2431
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:10,400
They left behind lessons about 
the fragility of dominance and 

2432
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:12,200
the arbitrary nature of 
survival. 

2433
02:30:13,000 --> 02:30:15,700
Standing here. 
You realize that humans are 

2434
02:30:15,700 --> 02:30:19,100
writing our own chapter in 
Earth's history, where altering 

2435
02:30:19,100 --> 02:30:23,200
climate driving species extinct 
and transforming Landscapes. 

2436
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:26,900
On a global scale were 
conducting an experiment whose 

2437
02:30:26,900 --> 02:30:30,200
outcome is uncertain. 
The dinosaurs didn't choose 

2438
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:33,200
their fate. 
They were victims of a cosmic 

2439
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:35,200
accident. 
We're different. 

2440
02:30:35,200 --> 02:30:39,800
We see what we're doing. 
We understand the consequences. 

2441
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:43,400
We have the knowledge and 
potentially the ability to 

2442
02:30:43,400 --> 02:30:47,600
choose a different path. the 
question is, whether we will, 

2443
02:30:47,600 --> 02:30:52,600
the Knight is fully Fallen now 
above used stars appear 

2444
02:30:53,400 --> 02:30:57,400
Different Stars than the 
dinosaurs saw constellations 

2445
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:01,800
that have shifted over 66 
million years as Earth, orbits 

2446
02:31:01,800 --> 02:31:04,900
the sun and the solar system 
moves through the Galaxy. 

2447
02:31:06,300 --> 02:31:09,900
But their fundamentally, the 
same stars burning the same, 

2448
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:12,700
nuclear fires following the same
physical laws. 

2449
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:17,100
You think about time about the 
vast stretches of it, that 

2450
02:31:17,100 --> 02:31:20,300
separate you from the 
Triceratops you watched browsing

2451
02:31:20,300 --> 02:31:23,800
cycle from the Edmonton Soros 
herds. 

2452
02:31:23,800 --> 02:31:28,200
And from the kettle Cutlass 
gliding on warm Cretaceous are 

2453
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:34,100
66 million years a number. 
So large it defeats 

2454
02:31:34,100 --> 02:31:37,400
comprehension. 
Yet in Earth's four and a half 

2455
02:31:37,408 --> 02:31:40,600
billion year history. 
It's just a brief moment. 

2456
02:31:41,500 --> 02:31:45,100
Less than one and a half percent
of the planet's total age. 

2457
02:31:45,100 --> 02:31:49,800
The dinosaurs Rose dominated and
fell within a portion of that 

2458
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:52,700
history. 
They didn't fail. 

2459
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:56,200
Failure implies, they were 
trying to achieve something and 

2460
02:31:56,200 --> 02:32:00,700
didn't succeed. 
They simply existed evolved 

2461
02:32:00,700 --> 02:32:03,500
adapted. 
And eventually encountered 

2462
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:06,700
circumstances, they couldn't 
adapt to quickly enough. 

2463
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:10,000
Their ending was neither tragic 
nor triumphant. 

2464
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:15,100
It was simply what happened? 
And now in this quiet evening, 

2465
02:32:15,100 --> 02:32:19,400
their legacy surrounds you in 
the birds roosting in the trees,

2466
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:24,200
in the fossil fuels, we burn 
created from organisms that 

2467
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:28,900
lived in the dinosaurs world In 
the Limestone building of cities

2468
02:32:28,900 --> 02:32:32,900
made from the shells of marine 
creatures that lived in died, 

2469
02:32:32,900 --> 02:32:34,800
while dinosaurs walked the 
Earth. 

2470
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:39,400
In the scientific knowledge 
accumulated from Decades of 

2471
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:43,900
studying their remains. 
In the wonder, they Inspire in 

2472
02:32:43,900 --> 02:32:48,000
children and adults alike, 
bridging millions of years to 

2473
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:52,000
create connections between 
modern minds and ancient lives. 

2474
02:32:52,000 --> 02:32:56,900
The gentle disappearance of the 
dinosaurs gradual at first then,

2475
02:32:56,900 --> 02:33:01,000
catastrophically accelerated and
slowly fading from memory. 

2476
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:04,700
Except for the clues, they left 
behind speaks to the 

2477
02:33:04,700 --> 02:33:09,600
impermanence of all things. 
Species, arise and vanish. 

2478
02:33:10,300 --> 02:33:14,000
Continents drift mountains, 
arose. 

2479
02:33:14,700 --> 02:33:18,800
Even the stars of eventually 
burn out, nothing lasts forever,

2480
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:23,300
no matter how successful, how 
well adapted, or how dominant. 

2481
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:28,700
But while things laughed, they 
matter The dinosaurs mattered to

2482
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:32,800
the ecosystems, they inhabited 
to the evolution of countless 

2483
02:33:32,800 --> 02:33:35,500
other species and to the shape 
of the world. 

2484
02:33:35,500 --> 02:33:40,300
They left behind They matter now
to the scientists to study them,

2485
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:44,700
to the people who Marvel at 
their reconstructed skeletons, 

2486
02:33:44,700 --> 02:33:48,600
and to the writers and artists 
and filmmakers who bring them 

2487
02:33:48,600 --> 02:33:51,900
back to life in imagination. 
Your heading back. 

2488
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:57,300
Now, leaving the Badlands behind
the fossils remain locked in 

2489
02:33:57,300 --> 02:34:01,000
stone waiting. 
Some will be found and studied 

2490
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:05,500
others will erode away their 
stories, permanently lost. 

2491
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:10,400
And in the fullness of time, 
even the fossils that are found 

2492
02:34:10,400 --> 02:34:13,900
and carefully preserved in 
museums, will eventually return 

2493
02:34:13,900 --> 02:34:19,200
to dust as everything does. 
But for now they endure The 

2494
02:34:19,200 --> 02:34:21,500
bones. 
Remember, even if the creatures 

2495
02:34:21,500 --> 02:34:25,200
are gone, they speak of a world 
fundamentally different from 

2496
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:27,800
ours, yet governed by the same 
principles. 

2497
02:34:28,700 --> 02:34:32,600
They remind us that Earth's 
history is long that our tenure 

2498
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:36,400
here is brief and that the 
planet existed for billions of 

2499
02:34:36,400 --> 02:34:40,700
years before us and will likely 
exist for billions more after 

2500
02:34:40,700 --> 02:34:45,100
us, the dinosaurs slowly 
disappeared, but they left 

2501
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:49,300
behind more than absence They 
left behind a record of, what's 

2502
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:53,300
possible of how life can 
diversify and adapt and fill 

2503
02:34:53,300 --> 02:34:57,300
every available niche. 
They left behind warnings about 

2504
02:34:57,300 --> 02:35:02,400
what can happen when conditions 
change faster than Evolution can

2505
02:35:02,400 --> 02:35:05,200
respond. 
And they left behind 

2506
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:10,000
inspiration. 
The sheer Wonder of creatures. 

2507
02:35:10,000 --> 02:35:13,800
So different from anything alive
today yet. 

2508
02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:18,600
So magnificently suited to their
time as you settle in for Sleep 

2509
02:35:18,600 --> 02:35:23,600
the days journey through deep 
time, Fading Into dream you 

2510
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:25,100
carry with, you an 
understanding. 

2511
02:35:26,300 --> 02:35:29,500
The dinosaurs story isn't 
separate from our own. 

2512
02:35:29,500 --> 02:35:34,400
We're all part of the same Grand
narrative, the story of life on 

2513
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:39,900
Earth unfolding across billions 
of years. the dinosaurs had 

2514
02:35:39,900 --> 02:35:44,400
their chapter were writing ours,
now how it ends are still up to 

2515
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:49,400
us, sleep, well, the stars that 
watched over the dinosaurs are 

2516
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:53,600
watching still patient and 
unchanging as Earth continues, 

2517
02:35:53,600 --> 02:35:57,400
its ancient rotation, through 
the vast darkness of space. 

2518
02:36:04,800 --> 02:36:07,600
Margaret Holloway had always 
prided herself on being the sort

2519
02:36:07,600 --> 02:36:09,300
of person who read instruction 
manuals. 

2520
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:12,900
Particularly for toasters her 
insurance company continued to 

2521
02:36:12,900 --> 02:36:16,000
mention the incident from 19 
years ago in hushed, traumatized

2522
02:36:16,000 --> 02:36:18,100
tones. 
So, when she inherited her, 

2523
02:36:18,100 --> 02:36:20,700
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar
collection of antiques, 

2524
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:23,900
including what appeared to be a 
medieval Astro, laid made of 

2525
02:36:23,900 --> 02:36:26,900
suspiciously, modern materials. 
She naturally assumed there 

2526
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:30,700
would be documentation. 
There wasn't What there was 

2527
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:33,700
tucked by the device like a 
guilty after thought was a 

2528
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:37,300
posted note reading don't touch 
the blue bits when Mercury is in

2529
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:39,400
retrograde. 
M. 

2530
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,000
Margaret, who possessed both a 
master's degree in library 

2531
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:46,600
science and a healthy skepticism
toward astrological nonsense, 

2532
02:36:46,600 --> 02:36:49,600
promptly touched the blue bits. 
It was Tuesday morning. 

2533
02:36:49,600 --> 02:36:52,400
She had already dealt with three
passive, aggressive emails from 

2534
02:36:52,400 --> 02:36:55,800
her supervisor and Mercury. 
Could frankly retrograde itself 

2535
02:36:55,800 --> 02:37:00,000
into the Sun, for all she cared,
The astrolabe hummed, this was 

2536
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:02,300
Margaret's first indication 
that, perhaps great art. 

2537
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:04,300
Millicent had been more 
eccentric than previously 

2538
02:37:04,300 --> 02:37:07,000
documented. 
The second indication, was the 

2539
02:37:07,000 --> 02:37:10,300
way her kitchen began folding 
itself, inside out, like origami

2540
02:37:10,300 --> 02:37:13,500
designed by a mathematician, 
having an existential crisis, 

2541
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:16,600
oh, bollocks. 
And Margaret said, which were 

2542
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:19,300
destined to be the last word 
spoken in her ranch style home 

2543
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,200
in Suburban, Ohio for 
approximately 700 years. 

2544
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:26,400
The world transformed into a 
pretzel, infused with Cosmic 

2545
02:37:26,400 --> 02:37:30,100
sold and offered itself to the 
universe accompanied by temporal

2546
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,200
displacement. 
Margaret found herself lying 

2547
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:36,200
face down in what smelled 
suspiciously like a combination 

2548
02:37:36,200 --> 02:37:39,200
of horses unwashed, humans and 
regret. 

2549
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:42,500
When she lifted her head, she 
discovered, she was wearing a 

2550
02:37:42,500 --> 02:37:44,400
brown wall, in dressed. 
That itched in places. 

2551
02:37:44,400 --> 02:37:47,600
She didn't know could itch and 
her sensible Flats had been 

2552
02:37:47,608 --> 02:37:50,500
replaced by leather things that 
appeared to have been crafted by

2553
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:53,300
someone who had only heard 
Footwear described second hand. 

2554
02:37:54,200 --> 02:37:57,500
Around her, a medieval village 
conducted its morning, business 

2555
02:37:57,500 --> 02:38:00,400
with the sort of casual chaos 
that suggested this was 

2556
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:02,100
perfectly normal Tuesday 
Behavior. 

2557
02:38:02,800 --> 02:38:05,600
A man chased a pig while 
shouting what Margaret assumed 

2558
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:09,200
were Medieval profanities. 
A woman emptied, a chamber pot 

2559
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:11,000
from a second story window with 
the practice. 

2560
02:38:11,000 --> 02:38:13,000
Aim of someone who had clearly 
done this before. 

2561
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:15,800
Children played in the dirt with
sticks. 

2562
02:38:15,800 --> 02:38:18,200
Apparently. 
Finding the activity, the height

2563
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:22,200
of entertainment Margaret, sat 
up slowly her librarian, 

2564
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:24,800
instincts immediately, 
cataloging the historical, 

2565
02:38:24,800 --> 02:38:27,800
inconsistencies, the 
architecture was wrong for any 

2566
02:38:27,800 --> 02:38:30,800
specific period. 
She could identify The clothing 

2567
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:33,900
was a mixture of styles. 
Spanning roughly three centuries

2568
02:38:33,900 --> 02:38:37,200
was the man over there wearing, 
what appeared to be a digital 

2569
02:38:37,200 --> 02:38:39,900
watch? 
Is this your first time after 

2570
02:38:39,900 --> 02:38:42,900
voice behind her Margaret turned
to find a woman in her 50s? 

2571
02:38:42,900 --> 02:38:46,100
Wearing robes that managed to 
look both authentically medieval

2572
02:38:46,100 --> 02:38:49,500
and suspiciously. 
Well tailored, a smile was 

2573
02:38:49,500 --> 02:38:52,300
knowing and her teeth were far 
too straight for someone living 

2574
02:38:52,300 --> 02:38:55,000
in the pre-dental era. 
May ask for your. 

2575
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:58,700
Pardon Margaret asked, Margaret 
asked then immediately regretted

2576
02:38:58,700 --> 02:39:02,200
it in her experience, begging 
anyone's, pardon, in an 

2577
02:39:02,200 --> 02:39:06,600
unfamiliar situation, typically 
led to complications Time travel

2578
02:39:06,600 --> 02:39:09,900
the woman clarified as if the 
solution were obvious, you've 

2579
02:39:09,900 --> 02:39:12,300
got that. 
Look, you've recently realized 

2580
02:39:12,300 --> 02:39:14,800
that physics is more of a 
suggestion than a law. 

2581
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:19,800
I'm sister Agatha formerly, dot,
Agnes, Whitmore of the Cambridge

2582
02:39:19,800 --> 02:39:22,900
medieval history department. 
And you're clearly, not from 

2583
02:39:22,900 --> 02:39:24,700
around here, temporarily 
speaking. 

2584
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:28,100
Margaret stared. 
This is impossible. 

2585
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:34,200
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,
a sound that carried distinct 

2586
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:37,000
notes of Hysteria carefully 
controlled through years of 

2587
02:39:37,000 --> 02:39:39,800
practice. 
Impossible was last Tuesday. 

2588
02:39:39,800 --> 02:39:43,200
This is just inconvenient. 
Come on, let's get you oriented 

2589
02:39:43,200 --> 02:39:44,700
before the anachronism. 
Please show up. 

2590
02:39:45,900 --> 02:39:49,300
The, what now? 
But sister Agatha was already 

2591
02:39:49,300 --> 02:39:51,700
walking away. 
Her robes wishing with the 

2592
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:53,900
authority of someone who had 
learned to navigate, both 

2593
02:39:53,900 --> 02:39:56,100
medieval politics and University
bureaucracy. 

2594
02:39:57,400 --> 02:39:59,700
Margaret scrambled to follow her
new shoes. 

2595
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:03,300
Making sounds like frustrated 
cats on the cobblestones as they

2596
02:40:03,300 --> 02:40:05,900
walk through the village, 
Margaret noticed more 

2597
02:40:05,900 --> 02:40:09,200
inconsistencies, a blacksmith 
hammered, what looks 

2598
02:40:09,200 --> 02:40:11,300
suspiciously like a smartphone 
case. 

2599
02:40:12,100 --> 02:40:15,600
A merchant sold authentic 
medieval remedies from bottles 

2600
02:40:15,600 --> 02:40:17,500
that clearly bore, modern 
safety, seals. 

2601
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:20,900
And everywhere people moved with
the particular sort of resigned 

2602
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:23,700
efficiency that Margaret 
recognized from her office 

2603
02:40:23,700 --> 02:40:25,300
environment. 
Right? 

2604
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:28,600
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 
outside what appeared to be a 

2605
02:40:28,600 --> 02:40:31,600
Tavern with a sign, reading the 
temporal refugee. 

2606
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:36,700
Here's the situation, welcome to
Kronos Commons, The Accidental 

2607
02:40:36,700 --> 02:40:39,600
Dumping Ground for temporal 
tourists, displaced individuals,

2608
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:41,700
and the generally temporary 
confused. 

2609
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:46,700
We've got Romans victorians a 
perplexed gentleman from 1623 

2610
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:49,100
who keeps asking about the 
location of the nearest 

2611
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:51,400
Starbucks. 
And last week, we acquired a 

2612
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:53,800
flapper from the 20s, who was 
already revolutionized our 

2613
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:57,200
cocktail menu. 
Margaret fell to familiar 

2614
02:40:57,200 --> 02:40:59,700
Sensation that she usually 
associated with faculty 

2615
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:02,400
meetings. 
The gradual realization that she

2616
02:41:02,400 --> 02:41:04,500
was trapped in something that 
made no sense. 

2617
02:41:04,500 --> 02:41:08,200
But with somehow become her 
responsibility, how do I get 

2618
02:41:08,200 --> 02:41:11,500
home? 
She asked Sister Agatha smile 

2619
02:41:11,500 --> 02:41:13,800
took on the sort of kindness 
typically reserved for 

2620
02:41:13,800 --> 02:41:17,400
delivering catastrophic news. 
Well that's the question, isn't 

2621
02:41:17,400 --> 02:41:19,000
it? 
Some people figure it out, 

2622
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:23,000
others don't but the good news 
is we've developed quite a nice 

2623
02:41:23,008 --> 02:41:26,000
little Community here. 
We've got running water, thanks 

2624
02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:29,300
to a Roman engineer, decent 
food, courtesy of a Victorian 

2625
02:41:29,300 --> 02:41:32,400
chef and surprisingly 
Progressive social policies 

2626
02:41:32,400 --> 02:41:34,700
implemented by a group of 
suffragettes who arrived last 

2627
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:37,400
spring. 
Margaret looked around at the 

2628
02:41:37,408 --> 02:41:40,200
village with new eyes. 
It wasn't medieval at all she 

2629
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:42,800
realized It was something 
entirely new. 

2630
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:47,100
A place where time had hiccuped 
collected, its mistakes and 

2631
02:41:47,100 --> 02:41:48,600
decided to make the best of 
things. 

2632
02:41:49,500 --> 02:41:51,000
How long have you been here? 
She asked. 

2633
02:41:51,900 --> 02:41:56,200
Five years as a subjective time.
It could be five minutes or five

2634
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:59,200
decades in the real world times.
A bit wobbly here. 

2635
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:03,100
Sister Agatha Shrugged, but I've
got to say the research 

2636
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:06,200
opportunities are unparalleled. 
Where else can you get primary 

2637
02:42:06,200 --> 02:42:08,400
source material from actual 
primary sources? 

2638
02:42:08,400 --> 02:42:11,900
Margaret felt itself beginning 
to panic, which was unfortunate 

2639
02:42:11,900 --> 02:42:14,200
because Panic had never been 
particularly useful in her 

2640
02:42:14,200 --> 02:42:16,400
experience. 
But I have a job. 

2641
02:42:16,408 --> 02:42:17,800
I have a mortgage. 
I have a cat. 

2642
02:42:17,800 --> 02:42:22,500
Had sister, Agatha corrected, 
gently past tense is crucial 

2643
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:24,800
when you're dealing with 
temporal displacement but look 

2644
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:27,300
on the bright side, no more 
mortgage payments. 

2645
02:42:27,300 --> 02:42:30,600
The temporal Refugee turned out 
to be precisely what it sounded 

2646
02:42:30,600 --> 02:42:32,700
like. 
A Tavern for people who had 

2647
02:42:32,700 --> 02:42:36,100
accidentally fallen through the 
cracks in time and were making 

2648
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:38,200
the best of it with their 
varying degrees of success. 

2649
02:42:38,200 --> 02:42:42,300
The proprietor was a cheerful 
woman named Gladys, who claimed 

2650
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:46,000
to be from 1943 and had arrived 
during the blitz expecting to 

2651
02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:49,800
find an air raid shelter. 
Instead, she found herself The 

2652
02:42:49,800 --> 02:42:52,900
Accidental mayor of history is 
most confused municipality. 

2653
02:42:53,900 --> 02:42:57,300
New arrival Gladys announced as 
sister Agatha LED Margaret 

2654
02:42:57,300 --> 02:42:59,900
through the door. 
Welcome to the club that no one 

2655
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:03,200
desired to join yet. 
Everyone inextricably finds 

2656
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,900
themselves a part of the first 
drink is free. 

2657
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:09,700
The second is on credit and the 
third is your responsibility 

2658
02:43:09,700 --> 02:43:13,800
because you should know our 
economy by then The taverns 

2659
02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:16,000
interior was a fascinating 
Collision of architectural 

2660
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:18,400
periods. 
Tudor beam supported. 

2661
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:21,600
What appeared to be Art Deco, 
light fixtures, while Roman 

2662
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:24,700
mosaics decorated floors laid 
with Victorian tiles. 

2663
02:43:24,700 --> 02:43:28,000
The overall effect was like 
walking into time and having an 

2664
02:43:28,000 --> 02:43:31,100
identity crisis. 
At a corner table, a man in what

2665
02:43:31,100 --> 02:43:33,300
looked like 18th century 
clothing was engaged. 

2666
02:43:33,300 --> 02:43:37,200
In animated conversational with 
a woman, wearing a 1960s, mod 

2667
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,700
dress, and a Roman Centurion who
had apparently decided to keep 

2668
02:43:40,700 --> 02:43:42,500
his armor, but updated at 
attitude. 

2669
02:43:43,200 --> 02:43:45,800
Their discussion appeared to 
center around the best methods 

2670
02:43:45,800 --> 02:43:47,300
for organizing a democratic 
government. 

2671
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:51,100
When your citizenry spanned 
roughly 2000 years of political 

2672
02:43:51,100 --> 02:43:54,000
evolution, That's our steering 
committee. 

2673
02:43:54,000 --> 02:43:57,800
Sister, Agatha explained, we 
found that representative 

2674
02:43:57,800 --> 02:43:59,800
democracy works. 
Surprisingly, well, when 

2675
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:02,700
everyone's equally confused 
about the present situation, 

2676
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:07,200
Thomas who hails from the year, 
1776 arrived shortly after 

2677
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:10,500
signing a document, he describes
as terribly important which is 

2678
02:44:10,508 --> 02:44:14,000
why he has strong opinions about
governance Veronica, who is from

2679
02:44:14,000 --> 02:44:19,000
1967 holds strong opinions on a 
wide range of topics Marcus, has

2680
02:44:19,000 --> 02:44:21,800
strong opinions, about military 
organization, primarily 

2681
02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:24,300
suggesting that all disputes 
should be settled through 

2682
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:27,200
combat. 
Margaret accepted a drink from 

2683
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:29,900
Gladys that tasted like, it had 
been invented by someone who 

2684
02:44:29,900 --> 02:44:33,200
remembered alcohol, fondly, but 
had to work with medieval 

2685
02:44:33,200 --> 02:44:37,200
ingredients, Although it wasn't 
entirely unpleasant, the drink 

2686
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:39,400
felt like a metaphor for her 
entire situation. 

2687
02:44:40,700 --> 02:44:42,900
So, how does this work Margaret 
asked? 

2688
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:45,800
The data day. 
I mean, you can't all just sit 

2689
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:47,400
around drinking and forming 
committees. 

2690
02:44:47,400 --> 02:44:52,000
Oh heavens, no Gladys laughed. 
We've got quite the economy 

2691
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:53,500
going. 
It turns out. 

2692
02:44:53,500 --> 02:44:56,100
When you put together people 
from different times you get a 

2693
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:57,400
lot of useful knowledge 
exchange. 

2694
02:44:57,400 --> 02:45:00,800
Markus taught us Roman 
construction techniques which 

2695
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:03,800
the Victorian engineer improved 
with modern Material Science, 

2696
02:45:03,800 --> 02:45:07,000
which Thomas enhance with 
Democratic labor practices, 

2697
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:10,600
which Veronica, revolutionized 
with modern efficiency methods. 

2698
02:45:11,600 --> 02:45:14,100
She gestured toward the window, 
where Margaret could see people 

2699
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:16,900
working on what appeared to be a
construction project involving 

2700
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:20,100
both medieval stonework and 
suspiciously modern looking 

2701
02:45:20,100 --> 02:45:22,900
Plumbing. 
We're building a proper Town 

2702
02:45:22,908 --> 02:45:24,700
Hall. 
Sister, Agatha explained 

2703
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:28,100
complete with meeting rooms a 
library and what Veronica 

2704
02:45:28,100 --> 02:45:30,400
insists on calling a social 
services department. 

2705
02:45:30,400 --> 02:45:33,900
Apparently, temporal 
displacement comes with its own 

2706
02:45:33,900 --> 02:45:35,700
unique set of bureaucratic 
needs. 

2707
02:45:36,800 --> 02:45:38,500
But surely someone's trying to 
get home. 

2708
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:42,100
Margaret asked The Tavern went 
quiet in a way that suggested 

2709
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:44,000
she touched on a sensitive 
subject. 

2710
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:48,300
Gladys polished a glass with 
unnecessary intensity, while 

2711
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:51,000
sister Agatha developed a sudden
interest in the pattern of the 

2712
02:45:51,000 --> 02:45:53,800
tablecloth. 
Well, Thomas said from the 

2713
02:45:53,800 --> 02:45:57,100
corner table, his Colonial 
American accent carrying clearly

2714
02:45:57,100 --> 02:45:59,400
across the room. 
That's rather the central 

2715
02:45:59,400 --> 02:46:02,000
question, isn't it? 
Some folk spend all their time 

2716
02:46:02,000 --> 02:46:03,100
trying to figure out the way 
back. 

2717
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:05,500
Others come to the conclusion 
that staying in. 

2718
02:46:05,500 --> 02:46:09,600
The present isn't necessarily A 
Bad Thing and some, he Trails 

2719
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:11,700
off. 
Some Margaret, prompted. 

2720
02:46:12,500 --> 02:46:14,700
Some discover that home isn't 
quite what they remembered 

2721
02:46:14,700 --> 02:46:16,900
Veronica. 
Finished her London accent, 

2722
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:19,200
Chris, despite the anachronistic
setting. 

2723
02:46:20,400 --> 02:46:23,400
Turns out when you've been gone 
for subjective years, certain 

2724
02:46:23,400 --> 02:46:25,700
assumptions about what you want 
to return to start looking 

2725
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:28,800
rather questionable. 
Markers, the Roman Centurion 

2726
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:31,600
nodded Gravely. 
I was fleeing Gaul when I 

2727
02:46:31,600 --> 02:46:34,700
arrived here, the situation 
which involved a superior 

2728
02:46:34,700 --> 02:46:36,900
officers wife and a 
misunderstanding about Roman 

2729
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:38,800
marriage. 
Customs was rather embarrassing.

2730
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:42,500
Point is going back, would 
involve considerably more 

2731
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:44,100
crucifixion than I am 
comfortable with. 

2732
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:50,000
Margaret felt the weight of her 
life settling around her like an

2733
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:53,300
ill-fitting coat. 
Her job at the library while 

2734
02:46:53,300 --> 02:46:56,700
stable had become increasingly 
automated and decreasingly 

2735
02:46:56,700 --> 02:46:59,400
fulfilling. 
Her marriage had ended two years

2736
02:46:59,400 --> 02:47:01,900
ago when her husband discovered 
that his midlife crisis 

2737
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:05,000
required, a motorcycle. 
And a 25 year old named Crystal.

2738
02:47:05,900 --> 02:47:08,500
Her mortgage was for a house 
that had always felt too large 

2739
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:10,400
for one person and two small for
the life. 

2740
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:13,700
She'd imagined she'd have how do
you know if you want to go back?

2741
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:17,700
She asked quietly. 
That said, sister is the 

2742
02:47:17,700 --> 02:47:20,600
question. 
Everyone asks and nobody can 

2743
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:24,300
answer for anyone else but I 
will say this in five years 

2744
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:27,600
here, I've published more 
original research than I did in 

2745
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:30,800
20 years at Cambridge. 
It turns out that primary source

2746
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:33,400
material is much easier to 
obtain when your sources are 

2747
02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:37,100
sitting at the next table. 
Gladys set down her glass and 

2748
02:47:37,100 --> 02:47:39,800
leaned against the bar. 
I've been thinking about that 

2749
02:47:39,800 --> 02:47:41,500
night in London, when I ended up
here. 

2750
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:44,900
The sirens were going off, bombs
were falling and I was more 

2751
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:46,900
terrified than I'd ever been in 
my life. 

2752
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:50,100
But I was also More Alive than 
I'd felting years. 

2753
02:47:50,900 --> 02:47:53,000
Three years had passed since my 
husband's death. 

2754
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:56,300
My children had grown and left 
and I was merely existing. 

2755
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:58,900
You need me here. 
I'm building something. 

2756
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:02,700
But don't you miss it, Margaret 
asked your real life. 

2757
02:48:03,400 --> 02:48:06,800
This is my real, life Gladys 
said, simply the other one was 

2758
02:48:06,800 --> 02:48:10,200
just what happened before. 
I started Living Tavern door 

2759
02:48:10,208 --> 02:48:14,400
abruptly opened suggesting 
either extreme urgency or poor 

2760
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:16,300
door. 
Maintenance a young man. 

2761
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:19,200
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 
that looked like a confused 

2762
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:22,000
merger between medieval peasant 
wear and what Margaret was 

2763
02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:25,300
beginning to recognize as the 
standard issue temporal Refugee 

2764
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:28,100
uniform Emergency committee 
meeting. 

2765
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:31,500
He announced breathlessly, we've
got anachronism policing coming 

2766
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:34,200
and there are asking about 
unauthorized timeline 

2767
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:37,400
modifications the tavaughn 
erupted into organized in chaos.

2768
02:48:37,400 --> 02:48:40,000
Thomas immediately began 
drafting what he called, 

2769
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:43,100
emergencies protocols for 
Democratic crisis management. 

2770
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:46,500
For Veronica started organizing 
people into what she termed 

2771
02:48:46,500 --> 02:48:49,200
efficiency groups. 
Markers began to discussing 

2772
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:52,300
defensive strategies that 
involved words like Phalanx and 

2773
02:48:52,300 --> 02:48:54,900
tactical retreat. 
An acronym. 

2774
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:57,900
Police Margaret asked sister 
about the commotion. 

2775
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,700
Time travels, governing body 
sister, Agatha explained 

2776
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:03,900
Grimley. 
Consider them to be the 

2777
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:06,800
universe's Hall monitors, but 
with the authority to erase 

2778
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,000
entire timelines. 
If they think things have gotten

2779
02:49:09,000 --> 02:49:13,000
too messy, they don't like 
places like this too many 

2780
02:49:13,008 --> 02:49:15,800
variables, too much potential 
for paradox. 

2781
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:19,100
What do they do? 
Best case scenario? 

2782
02:49:19,100 --> 02:49:21,900
They relocate us to approve, 
temporal zones. 

2783
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:25,700
Worst case scenario. 
They decide where too much of a 

2784
02:49:25,708 --> 02:49:29,200
risk and Sister Agatha made a 
gesture that could be 

2785
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:31,800
interpreted as either poof or 
obliteration. 

2786
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:35,700
Margaret felt that familiar 
librarian Instinct kicking in 

2787
02:49:35,700 --> 02:49:38,800
the one that appeared whenever 
someone threatened to reorganize

2788
02:49:38,800 --> 02:49:42,500
her carefully maintained systems
without consulting her first. it

2789
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:45,000
was the same feeling she got 
when patrons tried to return 

2790
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:48,000
books to the wrong shells, or 
when her supervisor suggested 

2791
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,700
improving efficiency through 
methods that would clearly make 

2792
02:49:51,700 --> 02:49:55,400
everything worse Right? 
She said surprising herself with

2793
02:49:55,400 --> 02:49:57,700
her decisive nurse. 
What actions are necessary. 

2794
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:01,200
The emergency committee meeting 
took place in what Gladys 

2795
02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:04,100
optimistically called the 
community center, which was 

2796
02:50:04,100 --> 02:50:06,400
actually the Tavon with the 
tables pushed together and 

2797
02:50:06,400 --> 02:50:08,200
everyone trying to look official
well though. 

2798
02:50:08,200 --> 02:50:11,600
Half of the drinking ale at 10 
in the morning, Margaret found 

2799
02:50:11,600 --> 02:50:14,400
herself appointed as Secretary 
of Records, primarily because 

2800
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:17,400
she was the only one present to 
new what carbon paper was and 

2801
02:50:17,400 --> 02:50:20,000
could also operate the hand 
cranked printing, press the 

2802
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:23,200
Victorian gentleman named Nigel,
had constructed from memory and 

2803
02:50:23,200 --> 02:50:26,600
spare parts. 
Right then Thomas said calling 

2804
02:50:26,600 --> 02:50:29,600
the meeting to order with the 
sort of Gravitas that suggested 

2805
02:50:29,600 --> 02:50:33,000
he'd had practice at this sort 
of thing Jeremiah report. 

2806
02:50:34,000 --> 02:50:37,100
Jeremiah the young man who 
brought the news stood up and 

2807
02:50:37,100 --> 02:50:39,600
consulted, what appeared to be 
notes written on bark. 

2808
02:50:40,400 --> 02:50:42,800
Three anachronism police 
officers arrived this morning 

2809
02:50:42,800 --> 02:50:46,100
via what looked like a temporal 
Vortex disguised as a traveling 

2810
02:50:46,100 --> 02:50:49,100
Merchants wagon they are staying
at the inn and asking questions 

2811
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:52,600
about unauthorized timeline 
modifications and dangerous, 

2812
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:57,100
temporal accumulations. 
Dangerous temporal accumulations

2813
02:50:57,100 --> 02:50:59,000
sister Agatha repeated 
thoughtfully. 

2814
02:50:59,800 --> 02:51:01,400
That's what they call places 
like us. 

2815
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:04,500
We have an excessive number of 
individuals from various eras 

2816
02:51:04,500 --> 02:51:07,500
residing in one place. 
Where apparently creating? 

2817
02:51:07,500 --> 02:51:11,200
What they term chronological. 
Instability bollocks said, 

2818
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:14,400
Veronica firmly were creating a 
chronological Community. 

2819
02:51:14,400 --> 02:51:17,400
There's a different Marcus 
nodded approvingly. 

2820
02:51:18,400 --> 02:51:21,900
In Rome, we had a say when the 
bureaucrats arrive, hide the 

2821
02:51:21,908 --> 02:51:25,200
wine and sharpen the swords. 
We're not hiding wine or 

2822
02:51:25,200 --> 02:51:28,400
sharpening swords Tom said 
quickly, we're civilized people 

2823
02:51:28,400 --> 02:51:31,100
have a civilized discussion 
about how to handle a 

2824
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:33,500
bureaucratic situation through 
proper Democratic channels. 

2825
02:51:34,600 --> 02:51:37,900
Have you met bureaucrats Gladys 
asked Riley? 

2826
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:41,000
In my experience, proper 
Democratic channels work about 

2827
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:43,100
as well for people in London 
during the blitz as they do. 

2828
02:51:43,100 --> 02:51:46,900
Now that is not at all and you 
mostly have to model through and

2829
02:51:46,900 --> 02:51:50,000
hope for the best. 
Margaret found herself taking 

2830
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:53,300
detailed notes, partly out of 
professional habit and partly 

2831
02:51:53,300 --> 02:51:55,000
because writing things down, 
helped her think. 

2832
02:51:55,700 --> 02:51:59,600
As she wrote patterns began to 
emerge the anachronism police 

2833
02:51:59,600 --> 02:52:02,200
seemed concerned about their 
communities effect on the 

2834
02:52:02,208 --> 02:52:05,300
timeline, but from what she 
could gather, they hadn't 

2835
02:52:05,300 --> 02:52:06,800
actually done anything to affect
it. 

2836
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:09,100
They were just living their 
lives in a place that 

2837
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:12,500
technically shouldn't exist. 
What exactly is the timeline 

2838
02:52:12,500 --> 02:52:15,900
we're supposedly affecting she 
asked the room went quiet. 

2839
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:19,500
Margaret was beginning to 
recognize this particular type 

2840
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:21,700
of Silence. 
It was the same one that 

2841
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:23,400
occurred in the library staff 
meetings. 

2842
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:25,900
When someone asked obvious 
questions that revealed 

2843
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:30,200
fundamental problems with the 
entire system, Well, sister 

2844
02:52:30,200 --> 02:52:33,200
Agatha set slowly, that's rather
complicated. 

2845
02:52:33,200 --> 02:52:36,600
See technically, none of us 
should be here. 

2846
02:52:37,400 --> 02:52:39,900
We should all be in our original
time's living. 

2847
02:52:39,900 --> 02:52:43,200
Our original lives, making our 
original contributions to 

2848
02:52:43,200 --> 02:52:45,500
history. 
But we're not affecting our 

2849
02:52:45,500 --> 02:52:48,100
original times. 
Margaret pointed out, we're not 

2850
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:50,400
there. 
If anything, our absence should 

2851
02:52:50,400 --> 02:52:51,900
have more impact than our 
presence here. 

2852
02:52:53,000 --> 02:52:56,700
Ah said Nigel the Victorian 
engineer speaking up for the 

2853
02:52:56,700 --> 02:53:00,400
first time, that's where it gets
intriguing, my research. 

2854
02:53:00,400 --> 02:53:03,000
Which I've dedicated a 
significant amount of time to 

2855
02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:05,800
indicate that our disappearances
of received compensation, 

2856
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:11,200
compensated, how Tom asked. 
Replacements, Nigel said, simply

2857
02:53:11,200 --> 02:53:14,800
the timeline has generated 
substitute versions of us to 

2858
02:53:14,800 --> 02:53:17,000
fill the gaps. 
We left behind my wife. 

2859
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:20,500
Believes I died in a factory 
accident, Sister Agatha's 

2860
02:53:20,500 --> 02:53:22,300
University believes. 
She took early retirement 

2861
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:25,800
Margaret's Library believed. 
She moved to Florida to care for

2862
02:53:25,800 --> 02:53:28,300
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

2863
02:53:28,300 --> 02:53:30,100
nothing to do with the medieval 
heating system. 

2864
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:33,600
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

2865
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:37,700
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

2866
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:41,100
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

2867
02:53:41,100 --> 02:53:44,700
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

2868
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:48,000
That's deeply. 
Unsettling Margaret said. 

2869
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:51,100
Welcome to time. 
Travel Gladys said, chiefly 

2870
02:53:51,100 --> 02:53:54,200
nothing about it makes sense. 
And the more you think about it,

2871
02:53:54,200 --> 02:53:59,200
the more you realize that sense 
was always overrated anyway, The

2872
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:02,000
meeting continued for another 
hour with various committee 

2873
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:05,000
members proposing solutions, 
that range from diplomatic 

2874
02:54:05,000 --> 02:54:10,800
negotiation Thomas to strategic 
misdirection Veronica to trial 

2875
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:14,100
by combat. 
Markus, predictably Margaret 

2876
02:54:14,100 --> 02:54:16,400
found herself thinking about the
other version of herself living 

2877
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:19,700
in her house doing her job, and 
presumably, feeding her cat. 

2878
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:22,000
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

2879
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:24,900
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

2880
02:54:24,900 --> 02:54:28,000
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

2881
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:30,600
a discussion about the proper 
protocol for addressing temporal

2882
02:54:30,600 --> 02:54:33,700
law enforcement that we find out
what the anachronism police 

2883
02:54:33,700 --> 02:54:35,900
actually want. 
Before we decide how to respond 

2884
02:54:35,900 --> 02:54:38,700
to them. 
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 

2885
02:54:38,700 --> 02:54:41,400
said approvingly gather 
intelligence before forming 

2886
02:54:41,400 --> 02:54:43,000
strategy. 
I like her. 

2887
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:46,900
It's called reconnaissance, 
Marcus added basic military 

2888
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:50,300
procedure. 
It's called Common Sense Gladys 

2889
02:54:50,300 --> 02:54:52,300
said but I suppose that's 
revolutionary enough. 

2890
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:56,800
In most situations Thomas nodded
thoughtfully Margaret raises an 

2891
02:54:56,800 --> 02:54:58,900
excellent point. 
We've been assuming they want to

2892
02:54:58,900 --> 02:55:02,200
shut us down or relocate us but 
perhaps their concerns are more 

2893
02:55:02,208 --> 02:55:04,500
specific. 
Jeremiah what? 

2894
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:08,900
Exactly were they asking about? 
Jeremiah, consulted, his bark 

2895
02:55:08,900 --> 02:55:10,700
notes. 
Again, they wanted to know, 

2896
02:55:10,700 --> 02:55:14,500
about unauthorized historical 
documentation and that chronic 

2897
02:55:14,500 --> 02:55:17,800
technological development and 
unsanctioned Temple. 

2898
02:55:17,800 --> 02:55:21,300
Education programs Margaret held
her librarian, instincts, 

2899
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:24,200
tingling, those are very 
specific concerns. 

2900
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:29,100
Not General timeline protection,
specific activities, Sister 

2901
02:55:29,100 --> 02:55:32,000
Agatha's been writing papers 
about medieval life, based on 

2902
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:34,100
Direct observation, Nigel said, 
slowly. 

2903
02:55:34,900 --> 02:55:37,500
I've been developing hybrid 
Technologies using Knowledge 

2904
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,400
from multiple times and we've 
all been sharing knowledge 

2905
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:43,800
across historical boundaries 
We've been learning from each 

2906
02:55:43,800 --> 02:55:46,800
other Margaret said, and 
apparently, that's what they're 

2907
02:55:46,800 --> 02:55:49,700
worried about. 
The room fell silent again but 

2908
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:51,800
this time it was the thoughtful 
Silence of people. 

2909
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:54,400
Realizing they were in more 
trouble than they initially 

2910
02:55:54,400 --> 02:55:57,000
understood. 
But also possibly more right 

2911
02:55:57,000 --> 02:56:01,500
than they dare to Hope. 
So Tom said, finally we're not 

2912
02:56:01,508 --> 02:56:04,600
just temporal refugees were 
temporal revolutionaries. 

2913
02:56:05,600 --> 02:56:09,000
Accidental, temporal 
revolutionaries or sister Agatha

2914
02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:12,000
corrected. 
The best kind of Veronica said 

2915
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:15,200
with satisfaction. 
Nobody expects The Accidental 

2916
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:18,400
revolutionaries. 
Margaret looked around the room 

2917
02:56:18,400 --> 02:56:21,400
at her fellow temporal Misfits 
and felt something she hadn't 

2918
02:56:21,400 --> 02:56:25,200
experienced in years. 
The sense that she was precisely

2919
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:27,000
where she was supposed to be 
doing it. 

2920
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:28,600
Exactly what she was supposed to
do. 

2921
02:56:28,600 --> 02:56:31,900
She appeared to be tasked with 
challenging, the fundamental 

2922
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:34,500
principles of temporal law 
enforcement by radically 

2923
02:56:34,500 --> 02:56:38,500
establishing a functional 
community. right then, she said 

2924
02:56:38,500 --> 02:56:43,000
surprise again with her decisive
nurse Let's go talk to these and

2925
02:56:43,000 --> 02:56:45,800
acronyms and police and find out
exactly what kind of Revolution 

2926
02:56:45,800 --> 02:56:49,100
were accidentally leading based 
on her experience, with various 

2927
02:56:49,100 --> 02:56:52,400
forms of bureaucratic Authority.
Margaret expected the 

2928
02:56:52,400 --> 02:56:56,300
anachronism police to be polite,
efficient and firmly convinced 

2929
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:58,400
that their approach was the only
logical one. 

2930
02:56:59,200 --> 02:57:02,400
They're taking up residence in 
The Villages only in which was 

2931
02:57:02,400 --> 02:57:06,200
run by a cheerful woman from the
14th century who had adapted to 

2932
02:57:06,200 --> 02:57:09,000
her unusual. 
Clown tell by developing what 

2933
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:12,400
she called a flexible approach 
to customer service. 

2934
02:57:14,100 --> 02:57:16,700
The three officers were sitting 
in the ins common room, when 

2935
02:57:16,700 --> 02:57:18,800
Margaret's diplomatic delegation
arrived. 

2936
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:23,300
Thomas had insisted on formal. 
Protocols Veronica, had insisted

2937
02:57:23,300 --> 02:57:25,500
on strategic positioning and 
Marcus. 

2938
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:29,300
Had insisted on bringing weapons
ceremonial purposes, only had 

2939
02:57:29,300 --> 02:57:32,500
assured them while checking the 
edge on his Gladius, Margaret 

2940
02:57:32,500 --> 02:57:35,000
had insisted on bringing tea 
service because in her 

2941
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:38,400
experience any difficult, 
conversation went better with 

2942
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:41,800
proper Refreshments, the lead 
officer was a woman who 

2943
02:57:41,800 --> 02:57:43,700
introduced herself as Inspector 
Chronos. 

2944
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,600
Which Margaret suspected was 
either an assumed name or 

2945
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:49,500
evidence that the anachronism 
police had a department devoted 

2946
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:53,300
entirely to ironic nomenclature.
She was wearing what appeared to

2947
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:55,700
be a uniformed designed by 
someone who had been told to 

2948
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:59,500
create Timeless professional 
attire and had interpreted the 

2949
02:57:59,500 --> 02:58:02,800
term as a boring Grace suit that
could plausibly exist in any 

2950
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:05,200
century. 
Thank you for meeting with us. 

2951
02:58:05,200 --> 02:58:08,000
Inspector Cronus. 
Said as Margaret arrange the tea

2952
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:09,400
service on the ins largest 
table. 

2953
02:58:09,400 --> 02:58:12,000
We appreciate your cooperation 
in this matter. 

2954
02:58:12,900 --> 02:58:17,400
Our pleasure Thomas replied 
smoothly. though, I confess were

2955
02:58:17,400 --> 02:58:19,700
uncertain about the nature of 
the matter that requires our 

2956
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:23,700
cooperation, Inspector Kronos 
consulted, a tablet that 

2957
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:26,100
definitely hadn't existed in any
time period. 

2958
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:29,200
Margaret could identify. 
You are aware that this 

2959
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:32,300
settlement exists in violation 
of several temporal Accords. 

2960
02:58:33,300 --> 02:58:35,800
We weren't aware. 
There were temporal Accords just

2961
02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:39,200
Agatha said mildly. 
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.

2962
02:58:40,200 --> 02:58:42,600
Margaret poured tea while 
listening to inspector, Kronos, 

2963
02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:45,000
explain the complex legal 
framework, that apparently 

2964
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:48,000
governed time travel. 
According to the temporal 

2965
02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:51,800
Accords unauthorized time travel
was prohibited, temporal 

2966
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:54,700
settlements were forbidden and 
crossed temporal knowledge. 

2967
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:57,500
Sharing was considered a class 
three chronological offense 

2968
02:58:57,500 --> 02:58:59,700
punishable by timeline 
rehabilitation. 

2969
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:02,900
Timeline. 
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 

2970
02:59:02,900 --> 02:59:05,700
Veronica of observed. 
It's a Humane process. 

2971
02:59:05,700 --> 02:59:09,700
Inspector Cronus, assured her. 
We simply relocated individuals 

2972
02:59:09,700 --> 02:59:12,100
to appropriate. 
Temporal Zone's, where they can 

2973
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:14,700
live productive lives without 
disrupting historical 

2974
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:17,200
continuity. 
Separators. 

2975
02:59:17,200 --> 02:59:19,500
You mean Margaret said offering 
the sugar cubes? 

2976
02:59:19,500 --> 02:59:22,500
Send us back to our original 
times where we want to go on or 

2977
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:24,500
not. 
The personal preferences of 

2978
02:59:24,500 --> 02:59:27,200
temporarily displaced persons 
are secondary to the stability 

2979
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:31,400
of the timeline inspector Kronos
replied, accepting her tea with 

2980
02:59:31,408 --> 02:59:33,100
the sort of politeness that 
suggested. 

2981
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:35,800
She had been trained in 
diplomatic protocols, but found 

2982
02:59:35,800 --> 02:59:38,400
them. 
Tedious Margaret felt that 

2983
02:59:38,400 --> 02:59:42,600
familiar librarian, anger Rising
the specific Fury that came from

2984
02:59:42,600 --> 02:59:45,100
dealing with people who 
prioritized systems over people 

2985
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:47,500
and called it necessary 
efficiency. 

2986
02:59:48,300 --> 02:59:51,400
And who decided that timelines 
stability was more important 

2987
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:54,400
than personal autonomy. 
Inspector. 

2988
02:59:54,400 --> 02:59:58,100
Kronos looked genuinely puzzled 
by the question. the temporal 

2989
02:59:58,100 --> 03:00:01,500
authority, of course, timeline 
stability, maintains, the proper

2990
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:05,800
order of historical events, 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

2991
03:00:05,800 --> 03:00:09,300
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

2992
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:11,900
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

2993
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:13,700
determine how people should live
their lives. 

2994
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:18,200
The Authority derives from 
temporal law, which exists to 

2995
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:20,200
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

2996
03:00:20,200 --> 03:00:24,000
Accuracy, inspector Cronus 
explained patiently as if 

2997
03:00:24,000 --> 03:00:26,300
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand basic 

2998
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:31,100
concepts. historical accuracy, 
according to whom sister asked, 

2999
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:34,200
I've spent five years here, 
conducting primary research. 

3000
03:00:34,200 --> 03:00:37,500
That revealed significant errors
in accepted historical, 

3001
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:40,000
narratives. 
Are you more interested in 

3002
03:00:40,000 --> 03:00:43,100
preserving factual accuracy or 
in upholding your own 

3003
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:47,100
interpretation of accuracy? 
Margaret watched inspector 

3004
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:49,900
chronosis face? 
Carefully years of dealing with 

3005
03:00:49,900 --> 03:00:52,900
Library patrons had taught her 
to recognize the exact moment 

3006
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:55,500
when someone realized their 
position might not be as 

3007
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:59,200
unassailable as they'd assumed, 
inspector Cronos was having that

3008
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:02,900
moment right now, your research 
is part of the problem, one of 

3009
03:01:02,908 --> 03:01:06,200
the other officers said speaking
for the first time you're 

3010
03:01:06,200 --> 03:01:09,200
creating unauthorized historical
documentation that could alter 

3011
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:12,800
scholarly understanding of past 
events, You mean it could 

3012
03:01:12,800 --> 03:01:17,000
improve scholarly understanding 
Margaret said sweetly refilling.

3013
03:01:17,000 --> 03:01:20,600
His teacup Isn't that what 
researchers supposed to do? 

3014
03:01:21,600 --> 03:01:24,200
Not when it disrupts established
historical consensus. 

3015
03:01:24,200 --> 03:01:27,600
The officer replied. 
Established historical consensus

3016
03:01:27,600 --> 03:01:29,700
has been wrong before ronika 
pointed out. 

3017
03:01:30,600 --> 03:01:34,100
I should know. 
I live through the 60s and the 

3018
03:01:34,100 --> 03:01:37,100
established historical consensus
about that decade is almost 

3019
03:01:37,100 --> 03:01:40,100
entirely bollocks. 
Margaret could see that this 

3020
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:42,400
conversation was heading toward 
the sort of philosophical 

3021
03:01:42,400 --> 03:01:45,500
impasse that typically resulted 
in either violence or very long 

3022
03:01:45,500 --> 03:01:48,500
meetings. 
In her experience, violence was 

3023
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:51,300
Messier but often more efficient
than meetings. 

3024
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:54,400
However both typically ended 
with someone feeling aggrieved 

3025
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:58,000
and nothing actually resolved 
Inspector. 

3026
03:01:58,000 --> 03:02:00,400
Kronos she said, interrupting 
what appeared to be the 

3027
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:02,500
beginning of a lecture about the
importance of historical 

3028
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:05,400
stability. 
May, I ask you a personal 

3029
03:02:05,400 --> 03:02:08,600
question? 
Inspector, Kronos looked weary. 

3030
03:02:09,400 --> 03:02:12,200
I suppose. 
When did you last have a 

3031
03:02:12,208 --> 03:02:15,200
vacation? 
The question clearly was what 

3032
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:19,600
inspector Kronos had expected. 
I that's not relevant to this 

3033
03:02:19,600 --> 03:02:22,700
investigation. 
Humor, me Margaret said, 

3034
03:02:22,700 --> 03:02:25,000
employing the same tone. 
She used with particularly 

3035
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:28,800
stubborn Library, patrons, When 
did you last take time off from 

3036
03:02:28,800 --> 03:02:31,200
work? 
Temporal Authority agents. 

3037
03:02:31,200 --> 03:02:34,500
Don't take vacations. 
Inspector Kronos, said, stiffly,

3038
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:39,100
we have important work to do. 
Everyone needs time off Margaret

3039
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:42,000
said gently otherwise work 
becomes the only thing that 

3040
03:02:42,000 --> 03:02:44,800
Gives Life Meaning and that's 
not healthy for anyone. 

3041
03:02:44,800 --> 03:02:47,200
Trust me, I speak from 
experience. 

3042
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:51,600
She gestured around the end 
common room, where the afternoon

3043
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:54,000
light was streaming through 
windows that had been designed 

3044
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:57,200
by someone from the 18th century
bill by someone from ancient 

3045
03:02:57,200 --> 03:03:00,900
Rome and decorated by someone 
from the 1960s, the result was 

3046
03:03:00,900 --> 03:03:04,700
chaotic but somehow harmonious 
Like A visual representation of 

3047
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:07,600
their entire community. 
This place works. 

3048
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:10,800
She said we have people from a 
dozen different times. 

3049
03:03:10,800 --> 03:03:12,900
Living together sharing 
knowledge, building something 

3050
03:03:12,900 --> 03:03:14,700
new. 
We're not disrupting the 

3051
03:03:14,700 --> 03:03:16,800
timeline. 
We're creating something the 

3052
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:19,200
timeline never had before 
something beautiful. 

3053
03:03:20,200 --> 03:03:22,700
Unauthorized beauty is still 
unauthorized. 

3054
03:03:22,700 --> 03:03:26,000
Inspector Cronos said, but her 
voice lacked conviction, 

3055
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:28,300
According to the temporal 
Accords. 

3056
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:29,300
Yes. 
Margaret. 

3057
03:03:29,300 --> 03:03:32,500
But have you considered that the
temporal Accords might be wrong?

3058
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:36,100
The silence that followed was 
different from the previous 

3059
03:03:36,100 --> 03:03:39,500
uncomfortable silences. 
This silence was the result of 

3060
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:42,700
someone who had blindly followed
the rules for years, suddenly 

3061
03:03:42,700 --> 03:03:46,000
forced to question their logic. 
The Accords exist for good 

3062
03:03:46,000 --> 03:03:48,400
reason. 
And Specter Kronos said, finally

3063
03:03:49,200 --> 03:03:52,800
I'm sure they do Thomas said 
diplomatically, but good reasons

3064
03:03:52,800 --> 03:03:55,900
can become bad reasons. 
If circumstances change in my 

3065
03:03:55,900 --> 03:03:58,600
experience, the best laws of the
ones that can adapt a new 

3066
03:03:58,600 --> 03:04:02,000
Situation's. 
What if Sister Agatha suggested 

3067
03:04:02,000 --> 03:04:05,100
carefully? 
Instead of shutting us down, you

3068
03:04:05,100 --> 03:04:07,700
studied us. 
We could be a pilot program for 

3069
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:10,600
controlled cross, temporal 
Community Development, think of 

3070
03:04:10,600 --> 03:04:14,100
the research opportunities. 
Margaret could see inspector 

3071
03:04:14,100 --> 03:04:18,000
Cronos from wavering years of 
bureaucratic training wearing 

3072
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:21,400
with what appeared to be genuine
curiosity and possibly the first

3073
03:04:21,400 --> 03:04:25,300
intriguing conversation she had 
in decades, That would require 

3074
03:04:25,300 --> 03:04:28,900
authorization from the temporal 
Authority inspector Kronos said 

3075
03:04:28,908 --> 03:04:31,500
slowly. 
Then let's get authorization. 

3076
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:34,900
Margaret said briskly, I assume 
there's some sort of application

3077
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:38,100
process. 
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 

3078
03:04:38,900 --> 03:04:41,400
You want to apply for legal 
recognition as an experimental 

3079
03:04:41,400 --> 03:04:43,700
temporal community? 
Why not? 

3080
03:04:44,600 --> 03:04:46,700
Margaret Shrugged, we're already
here. 

3081
03:04:46,700 --> 03:04:49,600
We're already functioning. 
And apparently, we're already 

3082
03:04:49,600 --> 03:04:51,700
breaking. 
The rules might as well break 

3083
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:54,200
them officially applying for 
legal recognition. 

3084
03:04:54,200 --> 03:04:57,400
As an experimental, temporal 
Community turned out to involve 

3085
03:04:57,400 --> 03:05:00,900
approximately 17 different forms
Each of which had to be filled 

3086
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:03,500
out in triplicate, using 
writing, implements appropriate 

3087
03:05:03,500 --> 03:05:06,700
to the time period of the person
feeling them out, Margaret. 

3088
03:05:06,700 --> 03:05:09,200
Found herself wielding a quill 
pen for the first time in her 

3089
03:05:09,200 --> 03:05:11,500
life. 
While cursing, whoever decided 

3090
03:05:11,500 --> 03:05:14,800
that bureaucracy should be 
deliberately difficult, This is 

3091
03:05:14,800 --> 03:05:18,200
ridiculous for Veronica, 
muttered struggling with what 

3092
03:05:18,200 --> 03:05:20,800
appeared to be a formed designed
to assess cross-temporal. 

3093
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:25,000
Cultural integration, protocols.
They want to know our policy for

3094
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:27,400
resolving conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

3095
03:05:27,400 --> 03:05:30,500
banking practices. 
We don't have conflicts between 

3096
03:05:30,500 --> 03:05:32,600
Roman law and Renaissance 
banking practices. 

3097
03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:35,600
Thomas pointed out working his 
way through a forum about 

3098
03:05:35,600 --> 03:05:38,600
Democratic governance, in 
multiple period communities with

3099
03:05:38,600 --> 03:05:41,200
the sort of methodical Precision
that suggested he'd had 

3100
03:05:41,208 --> 03:05:43,000
experience with Colonial 
paperwork. 

3101
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:47,800
Exactly sister Agatha said, 
Marcus handles military Justice,

3102
03:05:47,800 --> 03:05:49,800
Nigel handles infrastructure 
disputes. 

3103
03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:52,900
You handle governance issues and
Gladys handles everything else 

3104
03:05:52,900 --> 03:05:55,100
because she's the only one who's
actually good at managing 

3105
03:05:55,100 --> 03:05:57,900
people. 
Margaret looked up from form. 

3106
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:02,100
47b justification for temporal 
cohabitation and realized 

3107
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:04,900
something important. 
They hadn't just accidentally 

3108
03:06:04,900 --> 03:06:07,900
created a community. 
They'd accidentally created a 

3109
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:10,700
functioning government and not 
just any government. 

3110
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,400
But one that actually worked 
because everyone involved was 

3111
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:15,700
too confused and to practical to
waste time on politics. 

3112
03:06:15,700 --> 03:06:19,900
We need to document this, she 
said suddenly document, what is 

3113
03:06:19,900 --> 03:06:23,000
spectacular Cronus asked? 
She had remained at the end to 

3114
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:26,500
oversee the application process,
but Margaret suspected that her 

3115
03:06:26,500 --> 03:06:29,300
primary reason for staying was 
her interest in their Community,

3116
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:31,900
which she found far more 
engaging than her usual 

3117
03:06:31,900 --> 03:06:34,800
assignments. 
This is how we govern ourselves 

3118
03:06:34,800 --> 03:06:37,500
Margaret explained reaching for 
a fresh sheet of paper. 

3119
03:06:37,500 --> 03:06:41,100
If we're applying to be an 
experimental Community, we need 

3120
03:06:41,100 --> 03:06:43,900
to show that our experiment 
actually produces results. 

3121
03:06:45,000 --> 03:06:47,500
Over the next several hours, 
Margaret found herself doing 

3122
03:06:47,500 --> 03:06:49,800
what she did. 
Best organizing information, 

3123
03:06:50,800 --> 03:06:53,500
With input from the others, she 
documented their decision-making

3124
03:06:53,500 --> 03:06:56,800
processes, their conflict 
resolution methods, their 

3125
03:06:56,800 --> 03:06:59,600
resource allocation systems, and
their integration, protocols. 

3126
03:07:00,600 --> 03:07:03,500
What emerged was a picture of a 
community that had organically 

3127
03:07:03,500 --> 03:07:06,400
developed solutions to problems.
That political scientists spent 

3128
03:07:06,400 --> 03:07:09,400
decades debating This is 
extraordinary. 

3129
03:07:09,400 --> 03:07:13,100
Inspector Kronos said reading 
over Margaret's documentation, 

3130
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:17,200
you've created a functional 
multi-temporal, democracy within

3131
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,000
cultural sensitivity, protocols,
and adaptive governance 

3132
03:07:20,000 --> 03:07:22,900
structures. 
We've muddled through Gladys 

3133
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:25,500
corrected, bringing them all and
other round of tea. 

3134
03:07:26,300 --> 03:07:29,000
We've made the best of it, just 
like anyone else who finds 

3135
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:31,000
themselves in an unexpected 
situation. 

3136
03:07:32,000 --> 03:07:36,000
But that's precisely the point. 
Inspector Corona said it, 

3137
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:38,900
Excitement creeping into her 
voice for the first time since 

3138
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:42,200
Margaret had met her. 
Most temporal displacement, 

3139
03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:46,100
results in psychological, 
trauma, cultural, isolation and 

3140
03:07:46,100 --> 03:07:48,900
eventual breakdown. 
You've created something that 

3141
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:52,600
not only works but actually 
enhances the lives of everyone 

3142
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:54,800
involved. 
Margaret looked around the ends 

3143
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:57,500
common room where their 
impromptu government session had

3144
03:07:57,500 --> 03:08:00,100
attracted an audience of curious
community members. 

3145
03:08:01,000 --> 03:08:04,000
Marcus was explaining Roman 
military organization to a group

3146
03:08:04,008 --> 03:08:07,600
that included a Viking Warrior 
Two medieval merchants what 

3147
03:08:07,600 --> 03:08:09,800
appeared to be a flapper who had
arrived just that morning. 

3148
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:14,100
Nigel was sketching, engineering
diagrams, on a napkin, while a 

3149
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:16,600
Renaissance artist offered 
suggestions about aesthetic 

3150
03:08:16,600 --> 03:08:19,700
improvements. 
Thomas and Veronica were deep in

3151
03:08:19,700 --> 03:08:22,100
discussion about the Practical 
applications of democratic 

3152
03:08:22,100 --> 03:08:24,900
theory with a gentleman, who 
claimed to be from the court of 

3153
03:08:24,908 --> 03:08:28,200
Louis the 14th. 
It works because we need it to 

3154
03:08:28,200 --> 03:08:30,300
work. 
In Margaret said we can't go 

3155
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:31,800
home. 
So we have to make this place 

3156
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:35,100
home and that means figuring out
how to live together even when 

3157
03:08:35,100 --> 03:08:38,900
we come from entirely different 
worlds, the temporal Authority 

3158
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:42,300
should see this inspector Cronus
said, they've been trying to 

3159
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:44,600
solve the problem of the 
temporal displacement for 

3160
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:47,100
centuries and you've 
accidentally discovered the 

3161
03:08:47,100 --> 03:08:50,100
solution. 
What's the problem with temporal

3162
03:08:50,100 --> 03:08:54,200
displacement, Sister Act of 
their asked displaced persons 

3163
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:57,100
typically suffer from severe, 
temporal culture, shock 

3164
03:08:57,100 --> 03:09:00,800
inspector, Cronus explained. 
They can't adapt to their new 

3165
03:09:00,800 --> 03:09:03,300
time, but they can't return to 
their original time. 

3166
03:09:03,300 --> 03:09:06,000
Either most end up in 
Specialized Care for facilities 

3167
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,700
or isolated temporal, 
reservations, Margaret felt a 

3168
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:13,300
chill. 
Temporal reservations quarantine

3169
03:09:13,300 --> 03:09:15,900
zones were displaced. 
Persons can live out their lives

3170
03:09:15,900 --> 03:09:18,800
without affecting the timeline. 
Inspector Kronos said, 

3171
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:22,600
apparently not noticing the 
horror on everyone's faces is 

3172
03:09:22,600 --> 03:09:24,400
considered the most Humane 
solution. 

3173
03:09:25,700 --> 03:09:30,000
Humane Thomas, repeated flatly, 
you isolate people from society 

3174
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:32,900
and call it Humane. 
It's better than the alternative

3175
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:34,900
inspector. 
Kronos said defensively 

3176
03:09:34,900 --> 03:09:37,900
uncontrolled. 
Temporal displacement can cause 

3177
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:43,300
paradoxes timeline disruptions 
and even reality Cascades Has 

3178
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,600
that actually happened, Margaret
asked, or is it theoretical 

3179
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:50,500
inspector Kronos, paused well 
theoretical. 

3180
03:09:50,500 --> 03:09:53,900
But the risk is theoretical 
Margaret finished. 

3181
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:57,700
Meanwhile, the reality is that 
you're condemning people to 

3182
03:09:57,700 --> 03:10:01,600
isolation based on theoretical 
risks, she stood up feeling the 

3183
03:10:01,600 --> 03:10:04,200
same sense of righteous. 
Indignation, that had sustained 

3184
03:10:04,200 --> 03:10:07,300
her through years of fighting 
budget cuts and bureaucratic 

3185
03:10:07,300 --> 03:10:10,400
interference at the library. 
Inspector Kronos. 

3186
03:10:11,300 --> 03:10:13,700
I think it's time the temporal 
Authority met with some people 

3187
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:18,000
who have actually made temporal 
displacement work. you want to 

3188
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:21,300
petition, the temporal Authority
directly inspector, Kronos asked

3189
03:10:21,300 --> 03:10:24,900
looking alarmed, I want to 
invite them to visit Margaret 

3190
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:27,100
corrected. 
Let them see what we've built 

3191
03:10:27,100 --> 03:10:28,900
here. 
Let them meet our community. 

3192
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:31,200
Let them understand that 
temporal displacement. 

3193
03:10:31,200 --> 03:10:33,100
Doesn't have to be a problem to 
be managed. 

3194
03:10:33,100 --> 03:10:35,800
It can be an opportunity to be 
embraced. 

3195
03:10:37,100 --> 03:10:40,200
The room went quiet again, but 
this time it was the excited 

3196
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:42,000
Silence of people who had just 
realized. 

3197
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:45,200
They were about to do something.
Either very brave or very stupid

3198
03:10:45,200 --> 03:10:49,400
and weren't entirely sure. 
Which That said, Veronica slowly

3199
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:53,300
is either brilliant or 
completely insane. in my 

3200
03:10:53,308 --> 03:10:56,700
experience Gladys said, 
cheerfully the best ideas are 

3201
03:10:56,700 --> 03:11:00,600
usually both inspector Kronos 
looked around the room at the 

3202
03:11:00,608 --> 03:11:03,300
faces of people who had 
accidentally revolutionized 

3203
03:11:03,300 --> 03:11:06,500
temporal Community planning and 
we're now proposing to take 

3204
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:09,200
their Revolution directly to the
highest levels of temporal 

3205
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:12,500
Authority. 
Margaret could see her trying to

3206
03:11:12,500 --> 03:11:15,400
calculate the potential 
consequences, weigh the risks 

3207
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:18,300
against the benefits, and figure
out whether supporting this plan

3208
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:19,800
would Advance or destroy her 
career. 

3209
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:22,600
I'll need to send a preliminary 
report. 

3210
03:11:22,600 --> 03:11:26,300
First she said, finally, Prepare
them for the possibility of an 

3211
03:11:26,308 --> 03:11:28,600
unconventional solution to the 
displacement problem. 

3212
03:11:29,500 --> 03:11:32,800
Unconventional Solutions of the 
best kind of Marcus said 

3213
03:11:32,808 --> 03:11:35,700
approvingly. 
In Rome, we had a saying when 

3214
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:37,900
conventional tactics fail, try 
something. 

3215
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,800
So unexpected that your enemies 
defeat themselves through 

3216
03:11:40,800 --> 03:11:44,100
confusion Did Romans actually 
say that? 

3217
03:11:44,100 --> 03:11:48,400
Thomas asked, no Marcus admitted
cheerfully, but they should 

3218
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:50,400
have. 
Its excellent advice. 

3219
03:11:51,500 --> 03:11:53,400
Margaret looked at inspector 
Cronus. 

3220
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:56,100
He was staring at the community 
with the expression of someone 

3221
03:11:56,100 --> 03:11:58,900
who had come to enforce the 
rules and instead discovered 

3222
03:11:58,900 --> 03:12:01,700
that they might need changing 
inspector. 

3223
03:12:01,700 --> 03:12:05,500
She said gently, when did you 
last do something that made you 

3224
03:12:05,500 --> 03:12:09,500
excited about your work? 
Inspector, Kronos was quiet for 

3225
03:12:09,500 --> 03:12:11,600
a long moment. 
I can't remember. 

3226
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:14,700
She said, finally. 
Then maybe it's time to try 

3227
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:17,800
something new Margaret 
suggested, maybe it's time to 

3228
03:12:17,800 --> 03:12:19,700
help us show the temporal 
Authority. 

3229
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:22,300
That some problems are actually 
opportunities in Disguise. 

3230
03:12:22,300 --> 03:12:25,400
The temporal authorities 
response to inspect a chronosis 

3231
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:28,600
preliminary report arrived, 
three days later in the form of 

3232
03:12:28,600 --> 03:12:30,500
what appeared to be a medieval 
messenger. 

3233
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:33,600
Who wrote a horse that moved 
slightly to smoothly and cast. 

3234
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:36,500
No shadow. 
The message itself was written 

3235
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:39,100
on parchment that looked 
authentic, but felt like high 

3236
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:42,400
quality printer paper and the 
ink had the peculiar property of

3237
03:12:42,408 --> 03:12:45,400
remaining wet until someone read
it at which point it dried 

3238
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,500
instantly Margaret had become 
fascinated by these temporal 

3239
03:12:48,500 --> 03:12:51,200
inconsistencies. 
Everything about the temporal 

3240
03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:53,500
Authority seemed designed to 
look period appropriate while 

3241
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:55,300
functioning with modern 
efficiency. 

3242
03:12:55,300 --> 03:12:58,400
As if they couldn't decide 
whether they wanted to blend in 

3243
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:00,500
with history or transcended 
entirely. 

3244
03:13:01,300 --> 03:13:04,400
There, sending a delegation 
inspector Cronos announced 

3245
03:13:04,400 --> 03:13:06,900
reading the message allowed to 
the assemble Community. 

3246
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:11,000
Senior inspector Paradox, 
inspector's ality and directed 

3247
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,700
temporal will arrive tomorrow to
assess the viability of Cronus, 

3248
03:13:14,700 --> 03:13:17,000
Commons as an experimental, 
temporal community. 

3249
03:13:17,700 --> 03:13:21,300
Direct a temporal sister Agatha 
asked, that's either a critical 

3250
03:13:21,300 --> 03:13:23,700
personal someone with a deeply 
unfortunate name. 

3251
03:13:24,700 --> 03:13:28,500
Both, probably Veronica said, in
my experience the most 

3252
03:13:28,500 --> 03:13:32,100
important, bureaucrats always 
have the most ridiculous titles.

3253
03:13:33,400 --> 03:13:35,700
Margaret felt the familiar 
flutter of anxiety, that 

3254
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:37,500
proceeded any important 
inspection. 

3255
03:13:38,200 --> 03:13:41,600
Whether it was Library Auditors 
Health Department, officials or 

3256
03:13:41,600 --> 03:13:43,600
apparently temporal law 
enforcement. 

3257
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:47,600
But underneath the anxiety was 
something else excitement. 

3258
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:51,800
First time in years, she was 
part of something that mattered 

3259
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:56,900
something worth fighting for. 
Right then, she said Stan 

3260
03:13:56,900 --> 03:14:00,100
standing up with the sort of 
decisive that surprised everyone

3261
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:03,900
including herself. 
We have one day to prepare for 

3262
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:06,200
the most important visitors. 
This community has ever 

3263
03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:08,800
received. 
I suggest we show them exactly 

3264
03:14:08,800 --> 03:14:12,900
what we've accomplished here. 
The next 24 hours passed in a 

3265
03:14:12,900 --> 03:14:15,500
blur of organized. 
Chaos, that would have made any 

3266
03:14:15,500 --> 03:14:17,900
event plan a week with other 
admiration or despair. 

3267
03:14:18,800 --> 03:14:21,700
Gladys organized a feast that 
showcase culinary techniques 

3268
03:14:21,700 --> 03:14:25,700
from 12 different times, Nigel 
provided the entire village with

3269
03:14:25,700 --> 03:14:27,800
a comprehensive overview of 
infrastructure. 

3270
03:14:27,800 --> 03:14:30,900
Improvements highlighting the 
innovations that emerged from 

3271
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:34,500
the fusion of Roman engineering.
Victorian precision and modern 

3272
03:14:34,500 --> 03:14:37,700
Material Science. 
Thomas prepared, a presentation 

3273
03:14:37,700 --> 03:14:40,300
on their governance, structure 
that managed to be both 

3274
03:14:40,300 --> 03:14:42,600
academically rigorous and 
practically applicable. 

3275
03:14:44,300 --> 03:14:45,900
Margaret found herself 
coordinating. 

3276
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:49,200
The entire effort, which felt 
remarkably similar to organizing

3277
03:14:49,200 --> 03:14:52,900
the library's annual fundraising
Gala, except with more times 

3278
03:14:52,900 --> 03:14:55,100
involved and significantly 
higher Stakes. 

3279
03:14:56,000 --> 03:14:58,800
She discovered that her years of
managing Library events had 

3280
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:01,000
prepared her surprisingly, well,
for managing, temporal 

3281
03:15:01,000 --> 03:15:03,900
diplomacy. 
The delegation arrived precisely

3282
03:15:03,900 --> 03:15:07,100
at noon stepping out of what 
appeared to be a traveling 

3283
03:15:07,100 --> 03:15:10,200
Merchants wagon, that definitely
hadn't been their moments before

3284
03:15:10,200 --> 03:15:12,500
director. 
Temporal turned out to be a 

3285
03:15:12,500 --> 03:15:15,200
woman who looked like she could 
have been anywhere between 30 

3286
03:15:15,200 --> 03:15:18,800
and 300 years old wearing robes 
that managed to suggest both 

3287
03:15:18,800 --> 03:15:21,000
medieval Authority and modern 
professionalism. 

3288
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:24,400
Senior inspector Paradox was a 
tall man with the sort of 

3289
03:15:24,408 --> 03:15:26,500
precisely groomed appearance 
that suggested. 

3290
03:15:26,500 --> 03:15:29,300
He took temporal regulations, 
very seriously indeed. 

3291
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:33,600
Inspector's ality was younger 
with the eager expression of 

3292
03:15:33,600 --> 03:15:36,500
someone who had recently been 
promoted and was determined to 

3293
03:15:36,500 --> 03:15:39,700
prove worthy of the position. 
Welcome to Cronos. 

3294
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:42,300
Commons Margaret said, stepping 
forward with the sort of 

3295
03:15:42,308 --> 03:15:45,300
confidence, usually reserved for
dealing with particularly 

3296
03:15:45,300 --> 03:15:48,600
difficult Library board members.
We are honored by your visit 

3297
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:51,900
director, temporal looked around
the Village Square where the 

3298
03:15:51,900 --> 03:15:53,900
community had assembled to greet
their visitors. 

3299
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,500
Her expression was carefully 
neutral, but Margaret caught her

3300
03:15:57,500 --> 03:15:59,200
pausing to study the 
architectural. 

3301
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:02,400
Innovations, the way people from
different times were naturally 

3302
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:05,500
interacting and the general 
atmosphere of purposeful 

3303
03:16:05,500 --> 03:16:08,300
activity. 
Inspector Chronos has submitted 

3304
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:11,600
a preliminary report suggesting 
that this community represents a

3305
03:16:11,600 --> 03:16:13,800
viable alternative to 
traditional temporal 

3306
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:16,100
displacement. 
Protocols directed temporal 

3307
03:16:16,100 --> 03:16:19,200
said, we're here to assess the 
accuracy of that assessment. 

3308
03:16:20,300 --> 03:16:21,900
We'd be delighted to show you 
around. 

3309
03:16:21,900 --> 03:16:25,600
Thomas said stepping forward 
with Colonial diplomatic charm 

3310
03:16:25,600 --> 03:16:28,900
perhaps we could begin with our 
governance Center. 

3311
03:16:30,200 --> 03:16:33,000
What followed was the most 
unusual term Margaret ever 

3312
03:16:33,000 --> 03:16:35,700
participated in? 
They showed the delegation, 

3313
03:16:35,700 --> 03:16:38,800
their Democratic decision making
processes, their conflict 

3314
03:16:38,800 --> 03:16:42,100
resolution methods, their 
resource allocation system and 

3315
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:45,200
their integration. 
Protocols, At each stop 

3316
03:16:45,200 --> 03:16:48,000
community members. 
Demonstrated not just how their 

3317
03:16:48,000 --> 03:16:49,900
systems worked, but why they 
worked? 

3318
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:53,700
The key Insight sister Agatha 
explained as they stood in what 

3319
03:16:53,700 --> 03:16:55,800
had become their informal 
research center. 

3320
03:16:55,800 --> 03:16:59,200
Is that temporal displacement, 
doesn't have to mean cultural 

3321
03:16:59,200 --> 03:17:02,000
isolation, when you put people 
from different times together, 

3322
03:17:02,000 --> 03:17:03,600
they don't just adapt to each 
other. 

3323
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:07,500
They enhance each other. 
She gestured to a wall covered 

3324
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,800
with research notes, engineering
diagrams, artistic 

3325
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:14,100
collaborations and what appeared
to be a detailed analysis of 

3326
03:17:14,100 --> 03:17:17,300
democratic theory written in 
four different languages by 

3327
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:18,900
authors from four different 
centuries. 

3328
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:21,500
We're not just preserving 
historical knowledge. 

3329
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:25,400
She continued We're creating new
knowledge by combining 

3330
03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:28,400
historical perspectives in ways 
that have never been possible 

3331
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,100
before. 
Inspector call. 

3332
03:17:31,100 --> 03:17:34,100
Solati was taking in Milton 
notes while senior inspector, 

3333
03:17:34,100 --> 03:17:36,400
Paradox maintained, an 
expression of professional 

3334
03:17:36,400 --> 03:17:39,400
skepticism. 
Directed temporal, however, was 

3335
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,300
studying the research wall with 
the sort of intense Focus that 

3336
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:44,600
suggested she was seeing 
something she hadn't expected. 

3337
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:47,700
This is unprecedented. 
She said finally. 

3338
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:50,800
Crossed temporal knowledge 
synthesis on the scale. 

3339
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:53,300
The implications are 
extraordinary. 

3340
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:56,700
The implications are what we 
live with every day Gladys said 

3341
03:17:56,708 --> 03:17:59,700
chiefly appearing with a tray of
Refreshments that somehow 

3342
03:17:59,700 --> 03:18:02,200
managed to appeal to taste 
preferences from across the 

3343
03:18:02,200 --> 03:18:05,000
centuries. turns out when you 
stop worrying about the 

3344
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:07,800
implications and start focusing 
on the practicalities, most 

3345
03:18:07,800 --> 03:18:11,100
problems solve themselves, the 
tour continued through the 

3346
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:14,000
afternoon, with the delegation, 
observing everything, from 

3347
03:18:14,000 --> 03:18:17,300
Marcus's conflict, resolution 
sessions, which involve more 

3348
03:18:17,300 --> 03:18:19,400
shouting, the Margaret's 
comfortable with that seemed to 

3349
03:18:19,400 --> 03:18:23,100
work, To Nigel's engineering 
workshops which had produced 

3350
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:25,200
innovations, that probably 
shouldn't have been possible 

3351
03:18:25,200 --> 03:18:28,500
with available materials. 
However, Margaret was aware that

3352
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:31,200
the evening Feast would 
determine the success or failure

3353
03:18:31,200 --> 03:18:34,200
of their argument. 
As the community gathered around

3354
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:37,100
tables that have been built by 
combining Roman construction 

3355
03:18:37,100 --> 03:18:40,200
techniques with Victorian 
craftsmanship, and a modern 

3356
03:18:40,208 --> 03:18:43,300
ergonomic principles. 
She watched the delegation of 

3357
03:18:43,300 --> 03:18:45,800
observe something that couldn't 
be documented or measured. 

3358
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:50,300
The simple fact that their 
Community was genuinely happy, I

3359
03:18:50,300 --> 03:18:52,800
have a question directed 
temporal said as the meal wound 

3360
03:18:52,800 --> 03:18:54,700
down. 
What happens when someone wants 

3361
03:18:54,700 --> 03:18:57,300
to leave? 
The question lingered in the 

3362
03:18:57,308 --> 03:18:59,800
air. 
Akin to an uncomfortable truth. 

3363
03:18:59,800 --> 03:19:03,700
That everyone had been evading. 
Margaret felt her stomach 

3364
03:19:03,700 --> 03:19:06,300
clenched because this was the 
one aspect of their Community, 

3365
03:19:06,300 --> 03:19:10,700
they haven't fully addressed 
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 

3366
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,800
rather complicated. 
We haven't actually figured out 

3367
03:19:13,800 --> 03:19:16,000
how to leave even if someone 
wanted to. 

3368
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:18,800
But would you Inspector Calls a 
letter? 

3369
03:19:18,800 --> 03:19:20,500
He asked. 
Want to leave. 

3370
03:19:20,500 --> 03:19:24,400
I mean, if you could Margaret 
looked around the table at 

3371
03:19:24,400 --> 03:19:27,100
faces, that had become more 
familiar to her than her family.

3372
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:30,400
These people had become her 
colleagues, her friends, her 

3373
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:33,800
chosen community, in a way that 
her old life had never provided.

3374
03:19:34,500 --> 03:19:37,700
I think she said carefully. 
That's the wrong question. 

3375
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:41,300
The right question is, would we 
want to go back to the lives? 

3376
03:19:41,300 --> 03:19:42,600
We were living before. 
We came here. 

3377
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:46,800
And the answer to that question 
directed temporal asked Margaret

3378
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:49,900
smiled asked me to tomorrow. 
The temporal authorities 

3379
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:52,200
decision came in the form of an 
official Proclamation. 

3380
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:55,200
That somehow managed to be both 
bureaucratically, precise and 

3381
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:59,200
genuinely revolutionary. 
Chronos Commons was granted 

3382
03:19:59,200 --> 03:20:02,100
experimental status as the first
authorized cross. 

3383
03:20:02,100 --> 03:20:05,600
Temporal community development 
project with funding legal 

3384
03:20:05,600 --> 03:20:09,400
recognition and most importantly
official permission to continue 

3385
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:11,700
existing. 
Congratulations. 

3386
03:20:11,700 --> 03:20:14,100
Director. 
Temporal said, presenting 

3387
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:16,700
Margaret with a document that 
looked like a medieval Charter 

3388
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:19,900
but contained Clauses about 
Innovative, temporal integration

3389
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:23,700
methodologies and sustainable 
anachronistic Community Players.

3390
03:20:24,800 --> 03:20:27,000
You've accidentally solved a 
problem, we've been working on 

3391
03:20:27,000 --> 03:20:30,000
for centuries. 
You've accidentally sold several

3392
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:33,300
problems for on a corrected. 
Temporal displacement, 

3393
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:35,900
cross-cultural integration, 
sustainable Community 

3394
03:20:35,900 --> 03:20:38,100
Development and Margaret's 
midlife crisis. 

3395
03:20:39,000 --> 03:20:41,800
Margaret laughed because it was 
true somewhere between 

3396
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:44,900
organizing emergency committee 
meetings and negotiating with 

3397
03:20:44,900 --> 03:20:47,600
temporal bureaucrats. 
She had discovered that her 

3398
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:50,300
midlife crisis hadn't been about
her age, or her circumstances. 

3399
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:53,000
It had been about the fact that 
she hadn't been living a life 

3400
03:20:53,008 --> 03:20:56,500
that felt like her own. 
So what happens now she asked? 

3401
03:20:57,300 --> 03:21:00,600
Now, director temporal said, you
become a model for other 

3402
03:21:00,600 --> 03:21:02,400
temporal displacement, 
Situation's. 

3403
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:05,500
We'll be sending observers 
researchers and probably a few 

3404
03:21:05,508 --> 03:21:08,200
more accidental Time, Travelers 
your way you're going to be 

3405
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:11,000
busy. 
We're already busy Gladys 

3406
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:14,500
pointed out the good at busy. 
Busy is what happens when you're

3407
03:21:14,500 --> 03:21:18,200
doing something that matters. 
As the temporal Authority 

3408
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:21,500
delegation prepared to leave 
inspector Cronos, approached 

3409
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:24,500
Margaret privately, I've 
submitted a request for 

3410
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:26,900
reassignment. 
She said, I'd like to stay here 

3411
03:21:26,900 --> 03:21:29,600
as a permanently Azan between 
the community and the authority.

3412
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:32,000
Why do you want to be 
reassigned? 

3413
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:34,200
Margaret asked, though. 
She suspected. 

3414
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:37,300
She knew the answer because For 
the First Time in decades, I'm 

3415
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:40,600
engaged in work that feels 
significant inspector Cronus 

3416
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,800
stated plainly And because 
someone needs to document what 

3417
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:47,100
you're accomplishing here. 
Future temporal communities are 

3418
03:21:47,100 --> 03:21:49,400
going to need guidance and 
you've already figured out most 

3419
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:51,900
of the answers. 
Margaret nodded. 

3420
03:21:52,500 --> 03:21:53,700
Will need help with the 
paperwork. 

3421
03:21:53,700 --> 03:21:57,300
Anyway, temporal bureaucracy is 
even more complicated than 

3422
03:21:57,300 --> 03:22:01,200
regular bureaucracy. 
That evening as the community 

3423
03:22:01,200 --> 03:22:04,100
gathered for what had become 
their traditional end of day 

3424
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:06,000
meeting. 
Margaret reflected on the 

3425
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:07,800
strange Journey that had brought
her here. 

3426
03:22:08,400 --> 03:22:10,900
Six months ago, she had been 
living a life that felt too 

3427
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:14,500
small to predictable and too 
much like settling for less than

3428
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,200
she deserved. 
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 

3429
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:20,300
a new form of human community, 
that existed outside normal time

3430
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:24,300
in space. 
Any regrets sister Agatha asked 

3431
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:26,200
settling into the chair beside 
her? 

3432
03:22:26,900 --> 03:22:28,800
Margaret considered the question
seriously? 

3433
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:33,400
Did she miss her old life? 
Did she miss her house her job 

3434
03:22:33,400 --> 03:22:35,900
her routine? 
Or did she miss the person? 

3435
03:22:35,900 --> 03:22:38,000
She had been when those things 
had felt like enough. 

3436
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:41,700
I missed my cat. 
She said, finally the cats are 

3437
03:22:41,700 --> 03:22:44,800
adaptable if he could see me 
now, he'd probably approve. 

3438
03:22:44,800 --> 03:22:47,600
He always thought I was capable 
of more than I believed. 

3439
03:22:48,200 --> 03:22:50,200
Cats are excellent judges of 
character. 

3440
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:52,800
Tom agreed. 
They see potential that humans. 

3441
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:56,200
Often miss. 
Speaking of potential Veronica 

3442
03:22:56,200 --> 03:22:58,300
said what do we want to be when 
we grow up? 

3443
03:22:58,300 --> 03:23:01,400
Now that we're officially 
experimental, we get to decide 

3444
03:23:01,400 --> 03:23:04,300
what we're experimenting. 
With the questions sparked, the 

3445
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:06,700
sort of enthusiastic discussion 
that Margaret had learned to 

3446
03:23:06,700 --> 03:23:09,500
associate with her new community
ideas. 

3447
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:13,000
Flew around the room like 
butterflies establishing a 

3448
03:23:13,000 --> 03:23:16,100
university for cross-temporal 
studies, developing sustainable 

3449
03:23:16,100 --> 03:23:18,700
technologies that combined 
Knowledge from multiple time 

3450
03:23:18,700 --> 03:23:21,200
periods. 
Creating artistic collaborations

3451
03:23:21,200 --> 03:23:23,800
that had never been possible 
before and writing the 

3452
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:27,600
definitive guide to temporal 
Community planning We could 

3453
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:30,400
change how people think about 
time itself, Nigel suggested. 

3454
03:23:31,300 --> 03:23:34,400
Demonstrate that past present 
and future aren't separate 

3455
03:23:34,400 --> 03:23:36,900
things. 
Their different perspectives on 

3456
03:23:36,900 --> 03:23:40,600
the same Human Experience. we 
could revolutionize historical 

3457
03:23:40,600 --> 03:23:44,500
research, sister Agatha added, 
Imagine what we could learn. 

3458
03:23:44,500 --> 03:23:47,200
If historians could actually 
talk to the people, they study. 

3459
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:52,100
We could perfect democracy or 
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 

3460
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:54,500
of someone who had spent 
centuries thinking about 

3461
03:23:54,500 --> 03:23:58,200
political Theory. 
Test different approaches with 

3462
03:23:58,200 --> 03:24:00,100
people who have lived under 
different systems. 

3463
03:24:00,100 --> 03:24:03,000
We could just keep being 
ourselves and see what happens 

3464
03:24:03,000 --> 03:24:07,300
Gladys said pragmatically in my 
experience, the best revolution 

3465
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,000
of the ones that happen 
naturally because people are 

3466
03:24:10,000 --> 03:24:11,700
living the lives. 
They want to live. 

3467
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:16,000
Margaret listen to the 
conversation swirl around her 

3468
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:18,200
and felt something she had never
experienced before. 

3469
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:22,100
Complete certainty that she was 
precisely where she belonged 

3470
03:24:22,100 --> 03:24:25,900
doing exactly what she was meant
to do with exactly the people. 

3471
03:24:25,900 --> 03:24:30,100
She was meant to do it with I 
have a proposal she said and the

3472
03:24:30,100 --> 03:24:33,200
room quieted to listen. 
What if we stopped defining 

3473
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:35,400
ourselves and just become who we
want to be? 

3474
03:24:36,400 --> 03:24:39,000
We're not just a temporal 
Community or an experimental 

3475
03:24:39,000 --> 03:24:42,200
project or an accidental 
Revolution where people who 

3476
03:24:42,200 --> 03:24:44,700
found each other across time and
space and decided to build 

3477
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:49,600
something beautiful together. 
Said, Marcus are proving is the 

3478
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:53,500
sort of proposal that wins Wars.
Are we at War? 

3479
03:24:53,500 --> 03:24:56,100
Inspector causality asked, 
looking alarmed? 

3480
03:24:56,800 --> 03:24:59,400
We're at war with the idea that 
people have to accept the lives.

3481
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:01,300
They give an instead of creating
the lives. 

3482
03:25:01,300 --> 03:25:05,000
They want Margaret said, we're 
at war with the notion that 

3483
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:07,100
different is dangerous and stead
of wonderful. 

3484
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:11,000
The belief that the future must 
mirror the past simply because 

3485
03:25:11,000 --> 03:25:13,100
it's the norm is what we're 
fighting against. 

3486
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:17,600
Revolutionary Wars are the best 
kind of Veronica said with 

3487
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:21,000
satisfaction the specially when 
you win the them by accident. 

3488
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:24,800
Because the meeting wound down 
and people began drifting back 

3489
03:25:24,800 --> 03:25:27,700
to their homes homes. 
That had been built by combining

3490
03:25:27,700 --> 03:25:31,000
architectural Knowledge from 
across the centuries decorated 

3491
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:34,300
with art created through 
cross-temporal collaboration and

3492
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:36,500
filled with the sort of 
contentment that came from 

3493
03:25:36,500 --> 03:25:39,800
living in a community where 
everyone belonged Margaret 

3494
03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:42,500
stepped outside to look up at 
stars that had witnessed all of 

3495
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:44,900
human history. 
Tomorrow would bring new 

3496
03:25:44,900 --> 03:25:48,500
challenges, new visitors and new
opportunities to prove that 

3497
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:50,600
their accidental experiment in 
temporal Community. 

3498
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:53,700
Building could work on a larger 
scale, there would be more 

3499
03:25:53,700 --> 03:25:57,400
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 
more negotiations with 

3500
03:25:57,400 --> 03:26:00,100
authorities who still weren't 
entirely convinced that rules 

3501
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:04,200
were meant to be broken. 
But tonight Margaret was simply 

3502
03:26:04,200 --> 03:26:06,800
a woman who had accidentally 
time traveled into the best 

3503
03:26:06,800 --> 03:26:08,300
life. 
She'd never imagined living 

3504
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:12,000
surrounded by friends, she had 
never expected to make working 

3505
03:26:12,000 --> 03:26:14,700
on projects that mattered in 
ways she was still discovering. 

3506
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:18,400
She thought about the other 
version of herself living in her

3507
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,800
old house working at her old 
job, probably wondering why life

3508
03:26:21,800 --> 03:26:24,900
felt so unsatisfying. 
Margaret had been waiting 

3509
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:26,800
approval to pursue her desired 
life. 

3510
03:26:27,700 --> 03:26:29,400
This Margaret had learned that 
sometimes. 

3511
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:32,600
The best thing you can do is 
stop waiting for permission and 

3512
03:26:32,600 --> 03:26:34,200
start creating the life you 
deserve. 

3513
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:38,500
The Stars looked exactly the 
same as they had in her time, 

3514
03:26:38,500 --> 03:26:41,200
which somehow made everything 
else feel possible. 

3515
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:44,000
Time was more flexible than 
anyone had. 

3516
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:46,900
Imagined Community was more 
important than anyone had 

3517
03:26:46,900 --> 03:26:49,100
realized and revolution could 
happen. 

3518
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:52,400
Accidentally, when people simply
decided to treat each other with

3519
03:26:52,400 --> 03:26:55,100
kindness and respect across the 
barriers that were supposed to 

3520
03:26:55,100 --> 03:26:58,000
divide them. 
Margaret smiled and went inside 

3521
03:26:58,000 --> 03:27:00,500
to help Gladys, plant, 
tomorrow's menu because even 

3522
03:27:00,500 --> 03:27:03,700
accidental, revolutionaries had 
to eat, and someone needed to 

3523
03:27:03,700 --> 03:27:06,400
coordinate the logistics of 
changing the world on shared 

3524
03:27:06,400 --> 03:27:09,300
meal as time. 
After all, she was still a 

3525
03:27:09,300 --> 03:27:12,300
librarian at heart. 
And Librarians understood that 

3526
03:27:12,300 --> 03:27:14,400
the most important revolution's 
were the ones that happened. 

3527
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:17,800
Quietly, one person has a time 
through the simple Act of 

3528
03:27:17,808 --> 03:27:21,000
helping people find exactly what
they were looking for even when 

3529
03:27:21,000 --> 03:27:22,200
they hadn't known they were 
looking for it. 

3530
03:27:30,100 --> 03:27:34,400
You stand in mud that never 
quite freezes solid despite the 

3531
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:37,800
bitter December cold seeping 
through every layer of your 

3532
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:41,000
uniform. 
The trench stretches before you 

3533
03:27:41,000 --> 03:27:45,200
in a zigzag pattern carved into 
Belgian, Farmland, that five 

3534
03:27:45,200 --> 03:27:47,100
months ago, grew sugar beets and
wheat. 

3535
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:50,000
Now it grows nothing but more 
trenches. 

3536
03:27:50,000 --> 03:27:54,400
More wire more reasons for men 
to crouch below the Earth's 

3537
03:27:54,400 --> 03:27:57,900
surface, like reluctant miners 
the walls around You Weep with 

3538
03:27:57,908 --> 03:28:02,200
moisture sandbags sag under 
their own weight and wooden 

3539
03:28:02,200 --> 03:28:03,700
boards laid across the trench 
floor. 

3540
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:07,000
Float slightly when you step on 
them, releasing Brown water, 

3541
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:09,700
that smells of clay and 
something organic. 

3542
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:11,800
You've learned not to think 
about too carefully. 

3543
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:14,500
Your boots, good British 
leather. 

3544
03:28:14,500 --> 03:28:17,100
That your mother saved up for a 
permanently damp. 

3545
03:28:17,100 --> 03:28:21,900
You've forgotten what dry socks 
feel like above the trench, the 

3546
03:28:21,900 --> 03:28:25,800
winter Sky hangs low and gray 
the color of old pewter. 

3547
03:28:27,000 --> 03:28:31,300
It's the 23rd of December 1914 
and you've been in the 

3548
03:28:31,300 --> 03:28:35,400
particular stretch of hell for 
11 days. the landscape beyond 

3549
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:39,800
the sandbags offers no Comfort 
bare trees reduced to splintered

3550
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:44,200
stumps feels churned into 
moonscapes of craters and wire 

3551
03:28:45,100 --> 03:28:47,300
Farmhouse. 
Is that now just collections of 

3552
03:28:47,300 --> 03:28:49,900
broken brick gradually sinking 
into the mud. 

3553
03:28:49,900 --> 03:28:53,600
The cold Works its way into your
bones with patient persistence. 

3554
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:57,900
It's not the dramatic knife 
sharp cold of mounting Winter's 

3555
03:28:57,900 --> 03:29:02,400
but something more Insidious. 
The Damp chill that settles into

3556
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:04,700
your joints and makes everything
ache. 

3557
03:29:05,300 --> 03:29:08,700
Your fingers are always slightly
numb, even inside your gloves. 

3558
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:12,700
The tip of your nose, feels like
it belongs to someone else other

3559
03:29:12,700 --> 03:29:14,100
men. 
Share this trench with you 

3560
03:29:14,100 --> 03:29:17,000
shapes bundled in khaki. 
Wool faces. 

3561
03:29:17,000 --> 03:29:20,200
Reddened by wind and sprouting 
beards that never quite look 

3562
03:29:20,200 --> 03:29:23,500
intentional. 
Young Thompson from Sheffield 

3563
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:27,400
works on a brassiere coaxing 
reluctant Flames from scraps of 

3564
03:29:27,408 --> 03:29:30,400
wood. 
The smoke rises in a thin column

3565
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:31,900
before the wind snatches it 
away. 

3566
03:29:32,700 --> 03:29:36,000
Sergeant Davies sits on a firing
step with oddly cleaning his 

3567
03:29:36,000 --> 03:29:38,900
rifle with movements that have 
become automatic. 

3568
03:29:38,900 --> 03:29:42,200
After months of repetition, 
you've learned the rhythm of 

3569
03:29:42,208 --> 03:29:47,600
trench life, Stan to Adorn when 
attacks most likely. the long 

3570
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:51,200
stretches of waiting brief 
periods of activity when 

3571
03:29:51,200 --> 03:29:55,600
supplies arrive orders come down
the line, Constant noring 

3572
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:57,700
awareness that a few hundred 
yards away. 

3573
03:29:57,700 --> 03:30:01,900
Other men in different uniforms 
are doing exactly the same thing

3574
03:30:01,900 --> 03:30:06,100
in trenches, that mirror your 
own, the war itself has become 

3575
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:09,800
something strange and static. 
In August everyone moved 

3576
03:30:09,800 --> 03:30:12,600
quickly, armies marching 
battles. 

3577
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:16,900
Four cross Open Fields, Cavalry 
Charges that belong to earlier, 

3578
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:20,100
centuries. 
By September the movement 

3579
03:30:20,100 --> 03:30:23,600
slowed. 
By October it stopped entirely. 

3580
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:27,600
Now, both sides face each other 
across a strip of Devastation 

3581
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:31,400
called No Man's Land. 
Neither able to advance neither 

3582
03:30:31,400 --> 03:30:34,300
willing to retreat. 
Your trench connects to others 

3583
03:30:34,300 --> 03:30:37,800
in a vast Network that runs from
the English Channel to the Swiss

3584
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:40,700
border. 
Hundreds of miles of ditches, 

3585
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:43,200
all filled with men, who'd 
rather be somewhere else. 

3586
03:30:44,300 --> 03:30:46,400
You think about this sometimes 
during the quiet hours. 

3587
03:30:46,400 --> 03:30:50,900
How many trenchers, how many 
soldiers standing in cold mud? 

3588
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:55,200
How many families waiting at 
home the Germans occupy similar 

3589
03:30:55,200 --> 03:30:58,700
trenches across the way, you 
can't see them directly, but, 

3590
03:30:58,700 --> 03:31:01,500
you know, they're there. 
Sometimes you hear them. 

3591
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:06,200
Voice is calling back and forth,
the Clank of equipment, the same

3592
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:09,900
sound you make. 
At night, if the artillery Falls

3593
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:13,800
silent, you can hear their work 
parties reinforcing positions, 

3594
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:16,700
the scrape of shovels against 
Frozen Earth. 

3595
03:31:16,700 --> 03:31:19,600
Someone starting calling them 
Fritz, though. 

3596
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:21,600
You've never met a German 
soldier named Fritz. 

3597
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:23,600
They probably call you 
something. 

3598
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:27,600
Equally generic The proper 
Gander posters show monstrous 

3599
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:30,200
hands. 
But you've seen German prisoners

3600
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:33,100
being marched to the rear. 
Young man who looked tired and 

3601
03:31:33,100 --> 03:31:36,000
cold and remarkably like the 
fellows in your own Trent. 

3602
03:31:36,000 --> 03:31:40,300
The Frontline here runs through 
what was once farmland Before 

3603
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:42,400
the armies came Belgian Farmers.
Worked. 

3604
03:31:42,400 --> 03:31:45,300
These fields grew crops raised 
families. 

3605
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:49,300
You found a child's toy soldier 
in the mud last week, a little 

3606
03:31:49,308 --> 03:31:52,100
painted figure wearing a uniform
from some earlier War. 

3607
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:54,000
You kept it in your pocket 
though. 

3608
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:58,800
You're not sure why your trench 
has a name Piccadilly because 

3609
03:31:58,800 --> 03:32:00,500
some offers over the sense of 
humor. 

3610
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:02,800
Thought the trenches should 
sound like London streets. 

3611
03:32:03,500 --> 03:32:05,400
Other sections are called Regent
Street. 

3612
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:09,800
Bond Street, Leicester Square. 
As if giving them familiar 

3613
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:12,500
names, might make them less 
foreign less terrible. 

3614
03:32:12,500 --> 03:32:16,800
It doesn't work but the name 
stuck anyway the daily routine 

3615
03:32:16,800 --> 03:32:20,500
provides structure morning. 
Stan to win the grey light 

3616
03:32:20,500 --> 03:32:23,700
creeps across no man's land and 
everyone lands the fire in Step 

3617
03:32:23,700 --> 03:32:26,400
rifles. 
Ready, waiting for an attack 

3618
03:32:26,400 --> 03:32:30,100
that usually doesn't come 
Breakfast off to Wood tea that 

3619
03:32:30,108 --> 03:32:33,300
tastes of the iron Dixie its 
brood in bread that soften 

3620
03:32:33,300 --> 03:32:37,600
stale, sometimes Jam, the bread 
arrives and sandbags, which 

3621
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:41,100
strikes he was funny and a grim 
sort of way everything arrives 

3622
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:44,100
in sandbags. 
During the day, there are tasks 

3623
03:32:44,100 --> 03:32:47,200
repairs to the trench walls 
where rain is collapsed the 

3624
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:49,900
Earth. 
Filling new sandbags cleaning 

3625
03:32:49,900 --> 03:32:52,400
weapons writing letters home 
though. 

3626
03:32:52,400 --> 03:32:54,500
You've run out of things to say 
that won't worry your mother. 

3627
03:32:55,300 --> 03:32:57,200
The letters. 
All sound the same after a 

3628
03:32:57,200 --> 03:33:00,000
while. 
I'm well, the food's adequate 

3629
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:02,800
don't worry about me. 
You don't mention the mud, the 

3630
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:06,100
cold, the rats, the body. 
You saw last week, still hanging

3631
03:33:06,100 --> 03:33:09,800
on the German wire the rats 
deserve their own paragraph. 

3632
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:13,700
They're everywhere bold and fat 
unafraid of men. 

3633
03:33:13,700 --> 03:33:16,900
They Scurry along the trench at 
night and you've stopped trying 

3634
03:33:16,900 --> 03:33:20,300
to chase them away. 
They were here before you and 

3635
03:33:20,300 --> 03:33:23,100
they'll be here after you leave 
one way or another. 

3636
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:25,600
At least they're warm. 
Blooded company. 

3637
03:33:25,600 --> 03:33:27,800
Winter. 
Darkness comes early. 

3638
03:33:27,800 --> 03:33:30,200
This far. 
North by four in the afternoon, 

3639
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:34,300
the light starts failing. 
By five, you need lanterns for 

3640
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:39,600
any details work. the long night
stretcher head, cold and damp 

3641
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:43,400
filled with the small sounds of 
men, trying to stay comfortable 

3642
03:33:43,400 --> 03:33:47,000
in uncomfortable places, but 
tonight feels different somehow 

3643
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:50,000
Maybe it's because tomorrow is 
Christmas Eve. 

3644
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:53,300
Maybe it's the rumor that has 
been passing up and down the 

3645
03:33:53,300 --> 03:33:55,300
line about packages arriving 
from home. 

3646
03:33:56,200 --> 03:33:58,400
Maybe it's just the human need 
to believe that. 

3647
03:33:58,400 --> 03:34:01,800
Something somewhere like be 
different from the grinding 

3648
03:34:01,800 --> 03:34:05,500
sameness of trench warfare. 
You pull your coat Tighter and 

3649
03:34:05,500 --> 03:34:08,200
stamp your feet, trying to 
restore circulation. 

3650
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:12,400
Somewhere in the distance. 
Artillery rumbles. 

3651
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:15,300
But far away, someone else's 
problem. 

3652
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,800
Here in your section of 
Piccadilly, the evening, settles

3653
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:21,400
into something approaching 
quiet. 

3654
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:25,500
First stars appear in the 
darkening, Sky faint at first, 

3655
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:30,600
then brighter, as night deepens.
You've always liked Stars, they 

3656
03:34:30,600 --> 03:34:34,100
look the same, whether you're in
a trench and Belgium or standing

3657
03:34:34,100 --> 03:34:38,100
in your backyard in England. 
The war hasn't changed them, the

3658
03:34:38,100 --> 03:34:41,600
packages arrive on the afternoon
of Christmas Eve carried up the 

3659
03:34:41,600 --> 03:34:45,000
communication, trenches by men, 
who curse the weight in the mud 

3660
03:34:45,000 --> 03:34:48,200
in equal measure. 
Words, spreads quickly down the 

3661
03:34:48,200 --> 03:34:51,300
line. 
Males here, Parcels from home. 

3662
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:54,700
You watch as the bundles, get 
distributed each man's name 

3663
03:34:54,700 --> 03:34:58,900
called out the careful exchange 
of sake, cardboard boxes wrapped

3664
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:02,600
in string Some packages have 
clearly had difficult Journeys, 

3665
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:05,800
dented stained retired, multiple
times. 

3666
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:10,300
Others look remarkably intact as
if they've stepped through a 

3667
03:35:10,300 --> 03:35:12,800
portal from the normal World 
directly into this strange. 

3668
03:35:12,800 --> 03:35:16,500
One your own package Bears your 
mother's handwriting and you 

3669
03:35:16,500 --> 03:35:19,900
recognize the paper she saved 
from last year's holiday the 

3670
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:22,900
pattern of Holly and bells. 
Now strangely out of place in a 

3671
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:26,400
trench your hands shakes 
slightly as you untie, the 

3672
03:35:26,408 --> 03:35:31,000
string, not from cold this time,
but from something else, This 

3673
03:35:31,000 --> 03:35:34,200
box traveled from your kitchen 
table to your hands, crossing 

3674
03:35:34,200 --> 03:35:36,000
the distance between peace and 
War. 

3675
03:35:36,000 --> 03:35:39,800
Inside a knitted scarf in blue 
wool. 

3676
03:35:39,800 --> 03:35:43,400
Still smelling faintly of home 
that particular combination of 

3677
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:45,900
soap and cooking and the 
lavender, your mother keeps in 

3678
03:35:45,900 --> 03:35:50,600
drawers a tin of her shortbread 
somehow unbroken, despite the 

3679
03:35:50,600 --> 03:35:53,200
journey a letter in her, careful
script. 

3680
03:35:54,300 --> 03:35:56,500
Small Christmas pudding wrapped 
in cloth. 

3681
03:35:56,500 --> 03:36:02,600
A packet of real tobacco. 
The good kind Socks three pairs,

3682
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:05,800
thick and warm. 
A bar of chocolate. 

3683
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:09,200
You're not embarrassed by the 
tears that blur your vision. 

3684
03:36:10,100 --> 03:36:12,600
Around you other men. 
Open their own packages with 

3685
03:36:12,600 --> 03:36:15,700
similar expressions. 
Thompson, unwrap something 

3686
03:36:15,700 --> 03:36:19,900
knitted by his sweet heart. 
A scarf in regimental Colours 

3687
03:36:19,900 --> 03:36:23,700
slightly uneven in the way that 
proves it was made by hand with 

3688
03:36:23,700 --> 03:36:26,400
love. 
Davies receives a fruitcake from

3689
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:30,800
his sister hard as brick but 
precious nonetheless a packages,

3690
03:36:30,800 --> 03:36:34,100
transform the trench, 
temporarily for a brief period. 

3691
03:36:34,100 --> 03:36:37,600
The war received in your 
connected again to kitchens and 

3692
03:36:37,600 --> 03:36:40,700
parlors and people who remember 
you as something other than a 

3693
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:43,700
soldier. 
The trench fills with the smell 

3694
03:36:43,700 --> 03:36:46,100
of cake and chocolate and 
tobacco sense. 

3695
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:49,200
That belonged to peacetime. 
Some men receive packages from 

3696
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:52,000
strangers. 
The tobacco fund organized by 

3697
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:55,800
ladies in London charitable 
organizations, that send gifts 

3698
03:36:55,800 --> 03:36:59,200
to boys at the front. 
These contain practical items, 

3699
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:02,000
cigarettes socks, small tins of 
meat. 

3700
03:37:02,800 --> 03:37:06,000
They also contain handwritten 
notes from a Grateful Nation. 

3701
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:09,700
God bless you. 
Come home safe. the notes are 

3702
03:37:09,700 --> 03:37:12,400
signed by people, you'll never 
meet somehow that makes them 

3703
03:37:12,400 --> 03:37:15,300
more touching. 
Not less the officers receive 

3704
03:37:15,300 --> 03:37:17,500
packages too, though. 
They open them with more 

3705
03:37:17,500 --> 03:37:19,500
restraint conscious of 
maintaining dignity. 

3706
03:37:20,600 --> 03:37:23,900
Still, you see Lieutenant 
Kerry's face, soften the 

3707
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:25,400
unwrapped something from his 
wife. 

3708
03:37:26,200 --> 03:37:29,800
A photograph you think though? 
He tucks it away quickly the 

3709
03:37:29,800 --> 03:37:32,100
Christmas pudding, your mother 
sent his small but rich. 

3710
03:37:32,800 --> 03:37:34,900
Studded with raisins and 
candied. 

3711
03:37:34,900 --> 03:37:38,500
Peel you decide to save it for 
tomorrow for the actual day. 

3712
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:41,800
The shortbread. 
However you share with the men 

3713
03:37:41,800 --> 03:37:45,400
nearby, it breaks into crumbs 
easily and you only eat it 

3714
03:37:45,408 --> 03:37:49,500
slowly making it last letting 
the butter and sugar dissolve on

3715
03:37:49,500 --> 03:37:51,500
your turns your mum's. 
A good. 

3716
03:37:51,508 --> 03:37:54,500
Baker Thompson says shortbread 
crumbs in his mustache. 

3717
03:37:54,500 --> 03:37:56,500
She'd be pleased to hear you 
say. 

3718
03:37:56,500 --> 03:37:59,600
So your reply, the chocolate 
goes into your pocket for later.

3719
03:37:59,600 --> 03:38:03,800
You've learned to ration treats 
to spread them out over days 

3720
03:38:03,800 --> 03:38:05,700
rather than consuming everything
at once. 

3721
03:38:06,800 --> 03:38:08,500
The future is uncertain enough 
without all. 

3722
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:12,000
So running out of chocolate as 
evening approaches, the packages

3723
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:15,400
are mostly opened their contents
distributed or stored away. 

3724
03:38:16,300 --> 03:38:20,300
The trench settles back into its
usual rhythms, but something has

3725
03:38:20,300 --> 03:38:22,500
shifted. 
The presence of these objects 

3726
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:26,500
from home, these tangible, 
connections to another world has

3727
03:38:26,500 --> 03:38:30,500
reminded everyone of what exists
beyond the wire and mud this Sky

3728
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:34,800
clears as Darkness Falls unusual
for December in Belgium. 

3729
03:38:35,600 --> 03:38:38,400
Stars appear bright and sharp in
the cold air. 

3730
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:42,500
No, clouds means the temperature
will drop further tonight, but 

3731
03:38:42,500 --> 03:38:46,600
it also means visibility You can
see all the way across no man's 

3732
03:38:46,600 --> 03:38:49,200
land to where the German 
trenches, are marked by similar 

3733
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:52,600
lines of sandbags. 
Then, someone notices the trees 

3734
03:38:52,600 --> 03:38:56,200
small evergreen trees appearing 
along the German parapet. 

3735
03:38:56,900 --> 03:38:59,100
At first, you're not sure what 
you're seeing. 

3736
03:38:59,100 --> 03:39:03,800
Are they camouflage some new 
defensive Arrangement but no 

3737
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:08,800
their Christmas trees small 
Pines and Furs set up along the 

3738
03:39:08,800 --> 03:39:11,800
German trench line. 
And as Darkness deepens, they 

3739
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:15,700
begin to Glow with candles, the 
site stops conversation in your 

3740
03:39:15,700 --> 03:39:20,000
Trench, Men's stare across no 
man's land at the tiny Points of

3741
03:39:20,000 --> 03:39:21,400
Light flickering in the 
Darkness. 

3742
03:39:22,400 --> 03:39:26,800
It seems impossible, absurd even
creating trenches as if they 

3743
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:29,300
were parlors Yet, there they 
are. 

3744
03:39:30,100 --> 03:39:32,300
Little trees glowing in the 
winter night. 

3745
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:36,400
Each candle a small Defiance of 
the war's Darkness. 

3746
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:38,900
Well, I'll be damned Davies 
mutters. 

3747
03:39:38,900 --> 03:39:42,200
The candles multiplier is more 
trees appear along the German 

3748
03:39:42,200 --> 03:39:45,700
line. 
Dozens of small lights, warm and

3749
03:39:45,708 --> 03:39:49,500
gold, and utterly incongruous 
with the landscape of War. 

3750
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:52,500
Someone has carried those trees 
to the front. 

3751
03:39:52,500 --> 03:39:56,600
Lines has set them up as lit, 
candles despite the cold and 

3752
03:39:56,600 --> 03:39:58,900
wind. 
Someone decided that Christmas 

3753
03:39:58,900 --> 03:40:02,100
matted even here. 
You think about the effort 

3754
03:40:02,100 --> 03:40:04,400
involved. 
The trees would have come from 

3755
03:40:04,400 --> 03:40:07,900
supply lines carried through 
communication, trenches placed 

3756
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:10,300
carefully on fire steps or 
sandbags. 

3757
03:40:11,200 --> 03:40:15,500
Can handles precious. 
Scarce scandals used not for 

3758
03:40:15,500 --> 03:40:19,000
reading Maps or writing letters,
but for decoration for beauty 

3759
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:23,000
for Christmas, the German 
trenches are perhaps 200 yards 

3760
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:26,900
away, close enough to see the 
candles clearly too far to make 

3761
03:40:26,900 --> 03:40:30,400
out individual faces. 
But, you know, men are standing 

3762
03:40:30,408 --> 03:40:32,600
over there looking at their 
Christmas trees. 

3763
03:40:32,600 --> 03:40:35,600
Perhaps thinking the same 
thoughts, you're thinking now. 

3764
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:38,600
They've got the right idea, 
Thompson says quietly. 

3765
03:40:38,600 --> 03:40:43,100
It's Christmas Eve, isn't it or 
to have a tree, nobody responds.

3766
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:44,700
But the sentiment hangs in the 
air. 

3767
03:40:44,700 --> 03:40:48,500
It is Christmas Eve. 
The calendar doesn't stop for 

3768
03:40:48,500 --> 03:40:50,900
war. 
Somewhere in England, families 

3769
03:40:50,900 --> 03:40:53,400
are gathering churches are being
decorated. 

3770
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:56,900
Children are being tucked into 
bed, with promises about Father,

3771
03:40:56,900 --> 03:40:59,400
Christmas. 
The world continues, its 

3772
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:03,500
algorithms, even when part of it
is frozen in Belgian mud, the 

3773
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:07,100
temperature continues to drop 
your breath, makes clouds in the

3774
03:41:07,100 --> 03:41:09,900
air. 
The frost begins to Sparkle on 

3775
03:41:09,900 --> 03:41:13,900
the sandbags, on the rim of the 
trench on The Wire stretched 

3776
03:41:13,900 --> 03:41:18,900
across no man's land in the 
cold, clear are sounds carried 

3777
03:41:18,900 --> 03:41:21,600
differently. 
You can hear the Germans move in

3778
03:41:21,608 --> 03:41:25,500
about in their trenches, hear 
their voices then across the 

3779
03:41:25,500 --> 03:41:28,200
Frozen distance. 
Someone begins to sing The 

3780
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:31,400
Voice, carries across, No Man's 
Land, clear, and strong in the 

3781
03:41:31,400 --> 03:41:34,600
cold air. 
German words but the melody is 

3782
03:41:34,600 --> 03:41:38,400
unmistakable. 
Still not highly. 

3783
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:42,900
Silent Night. 
The singer has a good voice 

3784
03:41:42,900 --> 03:41:47,000
trained, perhaps and the notes 
rise, pure and true into the 

3785
03:41:47,000 --> 03:41:50,000
winter Darkness. 
Other German voices join in 

3786
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:54,500
creating Harmony the song flows,
over The Frozen Ground over the 

3787
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:57,500
wire and the shell holds over 
all the Machinery of War. 

3788
03:41:58,300 --> 03:42:01,700
You've heard this carol since 
childhood, sung it in church on 

3789
03:42:01,700 --> 03:42:03,800
Christmas Eve but never like 
this. 

3790
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:06,400
Never with such weight behind 
it. 

3791
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:10,600
When the Germans finished their 
verse silence Falls, then from 

3792
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:13,700
somewhere down your own trench 
line, a British voice takes up 

3793
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:17,300
the melody in English silent 
night, holy night. 

3794
03:42:18,400 --> 03:42:21,000
More voices. 
Join hesitant at first, then 

3795
03:42:21,000 --> 03:42:24,000
stronger. 
You find yourself singing to the

3796
03:42:24,000 --> 03:42:26,800
words coming automatically from 
years of Christmas services. 

3797
03:42:26,800 --> 03:42:30,300
The two sides trade verses 
German and English. 

3798
03:42:31,100 --> 03:42:33,900
The same prayer in different 
languages floating up towards 

3799
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:36,600
the cold Stars. 
If it feels dreamlike 

3800
03:42:36,600 --> 03:42:40,600
impossible, men who spent the 
day preparing to kill each 

3801
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:42,300
other. 
Now, sharing A Christmas Carol 

3802
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:45,900
across the space between their 
trenches other songs, follow the

3803
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:49,200
German Singh otan and Bam. 
And some of your comrades know 

3804
03:42:49,200 --> 03:42:50,900
it is. 
Oh, Christmas tree and sing 

3805
03:42:50,900 --> 03:42:54,800
along someone with a mouth, 
organ plays, The First Noel, and

3806
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:57,300
the reading notes carry 
surprisingly, well, in the still

3807
03:42:57,300 --> 03:42:59,500
air. 
A German voice. 

3808
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:04,400
Clear and young sing something 
you don't recognize a Carol in 

3809
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:07,200
German beautiful. 
Despite the language barrier, 

3810
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,900
you realize you're smiling 
around. 

3811
03:43:09,900 --> 03:43:13,500
You are the men smiling too. 
Davies, has his eyes closed, 

3812
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:16,300
listening. 
Thompson sways slightly keeping 

3813
03:43:16,300 --> 03:43:19,900
time with the music, even the 
officers of stopped their rounds

3814
03:43:19,900 --> 03:43:23,300
to listen to this strange, 
spontaneous concert, the singing

3815
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:27,200
continues for over an hour. 
Carols, you know, and carols. 

3816
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:29,800
You don't? 
German voices, and British 

3817
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:33,800
voices, sometimes separate 
sometimes blending together when

3818
03:43:33,800 --> 03:43:37,200
The Melodies match. 
No one seems to be organizing 

3819
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:39,800
it. 
The songs Just flow from one to 

3820
03:43:39,800 --> 03:43:42,200
the next as if the trenches 
themselves. 

3821
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:45,600
Having a conversation between 
songs you hear cheering and 

3822
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:48,800
Applause from both sides when a 
particularly good singer, 

3823
03:43:48,800 --> 03:43:51,900
finishes are so low. 
Both British and German voices. 

3824
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:55,600
Shout appreciation. 
It's absurd and wonderful and 

3825
03:43:55,600 --> 03:44:00,000
deeply strange applauding the 
enemies Christmas carols, the 

3826
03:44:00,000 --> 03:44:02,400
cold deepens, but nobody 
suggests going below to the 

3827
03:44:02,400 --> 03:44:05,000
dugouts. 
This moment feels too pressure 

3828
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:08,700
to fragile. 
Everyone seems to sense that 

3829
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:12,200
moving might break the spell, 
but remind the universe that 

3830
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:15,000
this shouldn't be happening. 
A German voice calls out in 

3831
03:44:15,008 --> 03:44:19,000
English thickly accented, but 
clear, happy Christmas, Tommy, 

3832
03:44:19,000 --> 03:44:21,600
happy Christmas Fritz. 
Someone from your trench calls 

3833
03:44:21,600 --> 03:44:25,600
back laughter, ripples along 
both lines, the tension that's 

3834
03:44:25,600 --> 03:44:28,600
been constant for months. 
Seems to ease slightly like a 

3835
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:32,200
held breath being released. 
More shouts are exchanged. 

3836
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:38,400
How is your Christmas? 
Cold here, all so cold. 

3837
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:42,900
This gets more laughed after. 
The shared misery of winter 

3838
03:44:42,900 --> 03:44:45,800
Warfare becomes briefly a joke, 
both sides understand. 

3839
03:44:45,800 --> 03:44:49,500
Someone from the German side 
shouts we have beer you have 

3840
03:44:49,508 --> 03:44:51,500
beer. 
Only Rama British voice 

3841
03:44:51,500 --> 03:44:53,100
response. 
Rum is good. 

3842
03:44:53,108 --> 03:44:57,700
Also this exchange somehow seems
hilarious and laughter Echoes 

3843
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:00,900
across no man's land. 
The idea that you're comparing 

3844
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:03,500
beverages with men, you might be
shooting at tomorrow, should be 

3845
03:45:03,500 --> 03:45:06,500
disturbing. 
But instead it just feels human,

3846
03:45:06,500 --> 03:45:09,600
The Moon Rises nearly full 
turning. 

3847
03:45:09,600 --> 03:45:12,500
The frost covered ground between
the trenches into something. 

3848
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:15,700
Almost beautiful. 
In the Moonlight, you can see no

3849
03:45:15,700 --> 03:45:18,700
man's land more. 
Clearly the wire the shell 

3850
03:45:18,700 --> 03:45:22,200
holes, the scattered debris of 
War, but also the untouched 

3851
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:24,600
patches of Earth, the stubble of
loss. 

3852
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:26,400
Some of his crops poking through
the snow. 

3853
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,700
A German soldier appears on 
their parapets silhouetted 

3854
03:45:29,700 --> 03:45:33,800
against the candle at trees. 
He's waving something a bottle 

3855
03:45:33,800 --> 03:45:35,400
may be. 
From a moment. 

3856
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:39,700
Everyone tenses is this a trick?
But no, he's clearly just 

3857
03:45:39,700 --> 03:45:42,600
showing off their Christmas 
beer, proving they really have 

3858
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:44,600
it. 
A British soldier from further 

3859
03:45:44,600 --> 03:45:46,500
down. 
Your trench line stands up on a 

3860
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:50,000
firing step visible above the 
parapet, your heart stops. 

3861
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:53,600
This is how men die, exposing 
themselves like that. 

3862
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:58,600
But nobody shoots. 
The German Soldier waves, the 

3863
03:45:58,600 --> 03:46:01,500
British soldier waves back, 
then, both dropped back into 

3864
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:04,100
their respective trenches. 
And you realize, you've been 

3865
03:46:04,100 --> 03:46:07,600
holding your breath left tenant,
carry appears, move moving along

3866
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:10,000
the trench. 
He's been to the command post 

3867
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,100
and he carries news. 
Stand Down from alert. 

3868
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:16,100
He says quietly. 
Normal, watch only tonight. 

3869
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:19,600
Command says, the Germans seem 
to be observing and informal 

3870
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:22,100
truce. 
He pauses then adds its 

3871
03:46:22,100 --> 03:46:23,600
Christmas Eve. 
Try to get some rest. 

3872
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:26,400
I too rest. 
Seems unlikely with all the 

3873
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,700
singing and shouting but the 
order to stand down from full 

3874
03:46:29,700 --> 03:46:33,000
alert means something. 
It means the officers recognized

3875
03:46:33,000 --> 03:46:36,200
that tonight is different. 
It means perhaps that they 

3876
03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:38,300
trust. 
The strange piece that settled 

3877
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,800
over the front line, more carols
drift Across The Frozen Ground 

3878
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:47,500
You recognize as Desta Fidelis. 
Oh Come All Ye Faithful sung in 

3879
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:48,900
Latin the old traditional 
version. 

3880
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:51,700
The Latin Works across language 
barriers. 

3881
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:56,100
Both sides can sing it together.
The combined voices creates 

3882
03:46:56,100 --> 03:46:58,900
something powerful. 
Hundreds of men singing. 

3883
03:46:58,900 --> 03:47:03,200
The same words to the same God 
under the same Stars Thompson. 

3884
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:06,600
Produces a harmonica from 
somewhere and plays along with 

3885
03:47:06,600 --> 03:47:09,400
the singing. 
He's not particularly skilled 

3886
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:13,400
but the effort is genuine and 
the simple notes, add to the 

3887
03:47:13,400 --> 03:47:18,300
strange beauty of the moment. 
A German voice calls out Bravo 

3888
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:22,900
harmonica and Thompson. 
Laughs delighted the singing 

3889
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:26,900
gradually winds down as the 
night deepens voices, grow 

3890
03:47:26,900 --> 03:47:29,000
tired. 
The cold becomes harder to 

3891
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:31,300
ignore. 
And Men begin to remember that 

3892
03:47:31,300 --> 03:47:33,700
tomorrow. 
Still exists with all its 

3893
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:37,300
uncertain tees. 
But the candles on the German 

3894
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:40,800
Christmas trees. 
Continue to burn small Flames 

3895
03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:44,200
steady in the still. 
Are you settle onto a Firearms 

3896
03:47:44,200 --> 03:47:46,400
step in your coat and the new 
scarf? 

3897
03:47:46,400 --> 03:47:50,800
Your mother sent The scarf still
smells like home and you pull it

3898
03:47:50,800 --> 03:47:53,400
up around your nose and mouth 
breathing in that scent. 

3899
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:58,400
Around you, the trench grows 
quieter men finding places to 

3900
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:02,200
rest or wrapping themselves in 
blankets for watched duty, but 

3901
03:48:02,200 --> 03:48:05,200
sleep doesn't come easily. 
You keep thinking about the 

3902
03:48:05,200 --> 03:48:09,100
singing about the German voices,
blending with British ones about

3903
03:48:09,100 --> 03:48:12,900
the man who stood up on the 
German parapet and waved About 

3904
03:48:12,900 --> 03:48:16,400
how easy it would be to imagine 
him as a friend, rather than an 

3905
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:18,800
enemy. 
The Stars wheel overhead in 

3906
03:48:18,800 --> 03:48:23,500
their ancient patterns Somewhere
far away in another world that 

3907
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,000
still exists, despite the war 
church. 

3908
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:28,600
Bells are probably ringing for 
midnight services. 

3909
03:48:29,500 --> 03:48:32,000
Here, the bells are replaced by 
silents. 

3910
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:37,100
A profound unusual silence as if
the Earth itself is holding its 

3911
03:48:37,100 --> 03:48:41,100
breath tomorrow's Christmas Day.
What that will bring you don't 

3912
03:48:41,100 --> 03:48:44,400
know. 
But tonight there was music and 

3913
03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:47,400
light and something that felt 
remarkably like piece. 

3914
03:48:47,400 --> 03:48:50,700
Christmas morning arrives with 
frost thick on everything. 

3915
03:48:50,700 --> 03:48:53,900
Turning the world into a study 
and white and gray. 

3916
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:58,400
You wake stiff and cold your 
breath, making clouds in the 

3917
03:48:58,408 --> 03:49:02,300
dugouts, dim interior. 
Above, you can hear movement, 

3918
03:49:02,300 --> 03:49:06,600
the usual sounds of mourning 
Stan too many taking their 

3919
03:49:06,600 --> 03:49:08,100
positions, along the firing 
step. 

3920
03:49:08,100 --> 03:49:12,000
He climb the Dugout steps, your 
joints, protesting, and emerge 

3921
03:49:12,000 --> 03:49:15,800
into surprise in sunlight. 
The sky is cleared completely 

3922
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:20,000
bright blue and cloudless the 
kind of winter morning that 

3923
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:21,700
makes everything sharp and 
clear. 

3924
03:49:22,500 --> 03:49:24,900
Ice crystals Sparkle on the 
sandbags. 

3925
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:27,700
No man's land looks almost 
peaceful in the Morning. 

3926
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:31,500
Light the horrors of War 
temporally softened by Frost and

3927
03:49:31,500 --> 03:49:34,200
sunshine. 
The German trenches are quiet 

3928
03:49:34,208 --> 03:49:38,000
but visibly occupied, you can 
see Men Moving about on their 

3929
03:49:38,000 --> 03:49:40,300
side going through their own 
morning routines. 

3930
03:49:41,100 --> 03:49:43,000
The Christmas trees from last 
night are still there. 

3931
03:49:43,000 --> 03:49:46,900
Candles unlit now, but the 
Evergreen branches, still green 

3932
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:49,500
against the brown Earth. 
Then something extraordinary 

3933
03:49:49,500 --> 03:49:53,000
happens, a figure appears about 
the German parapet. 

3934
03:49:53,700 --> 03:49:58,000
A man standing fully exposed. 
His hands raised above his head 

3935
03:49:58,000 --> 03:50:00,100
in Clearview. 
He's not armed. 

3936
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:03,700
You can see that clearly. 
He stands there waiting. 

3937
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:07,300
As if testing, whether the piece
of last night, will survive the 

3938
03:50:07,300 --> 03:50:09,200
daylight? 
Nobody shoots. 

3939
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:13,200
The German Soldier begins 
walking forward across No Man's 

3940
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:15,800
Land. 
Stepping carefully between shell

3941
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:18,400
holes. 
He's young, he can see that now,

3942
03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:22,700
probably about your age. 
He's wearing a gray uniform that

3943
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:25,100
looks as mud stained and worn as
your own car. 

3944
03:50:25,100 --> 03:50:27,400
Key left tenant carry appears 
beside. 

3945
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:29,800
You hold your fire. 
He says quietly. 

3946
03:50:29,800 --> 03:50:32,400
Nobody seems inclined to shoot 
anyway. 

3947
03:50:33,900 --> 03:50:37,200
The entire trench watches as the
German Soldier, walks, closer, 

3948
03:50:37,200 --> 03:50:41,300
hands, still visible. 
Clearly unarmed soldiers stops 

3949
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:43,000
about halfway across No Man's 
Land. 

3950
03:50:43,000 --> 03:50:45,200
Perhaps 100 yards from each 
trench. 

3951
03:50:45,200 --> 03:50:49,400
He stands there waiting. 
It's an invitation, you realize.

3952
03:50:49,400 --> 03:50:53,300
A question being asked Across 
The Frozen Ground permission to 

3953
03:50:53,300 --> 03:50:56,400
go out there, sir, you hear 
yourself asking carry looks at 

3954
03:50:56,400 --> 03:50:58,900
you, then out at the waiting 
German, then back at you. 

3955
03:50:59,800 --> 03:51:05,300
Something passes across his face
concern, calculation, and then a

3956
03:51:05,300 --> 03:51:08,800
kind of resignation. 
If you're going you're not going

3957
03:51:08,800 --> 03:51:11,100
alone. 
He says I'll come with you 

3958
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:13,800
others. 
Volunteer immediately Thompson 

3959
03:51:13,800 --> 03:51:15,700
Davies. 
Half a dozen more. 

3960
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:20,900
Caring nods right there. 
No weapons hands visible, slow 

3961
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:23,300
and steady. 
You climb up the side of the 

3962
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:27,600
trench, your heart hammering. 
This is how men die standing in 

3963
03:51:27,600 --> 03:51:32,400
the open exposed to enemy fire. 
Every Instinct screams at you to

3964
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:36,300
get back down to find cover. 
But you think of the singing 

3965
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:39,200
last night? 
Of the candles on the Christmas 

3966
03:51:39,200 --> 03:51:44,000
trees and you keep climbing the 
ground of No Man's Land is rough

3967
03:51:44,000 --> 03:51:48,200
under your feet. 
Frozen mud shell holes, Tangles 

3968
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:50,800
of wire. 
You've only seen this landscape 

3969
03:51:50,800 --> 03:51:53,600
through periscopes or in brief 
terrifying, moments during 

3970
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,600
raids. 
Walking across it in daylight. 

3971
03:51:56,600 --> 03:52:00,100
Feels surreal like breaking a 
fundamental rule of the universe

3972
03:52:00,100 --> 03:52:02,700
the German Soldier waits as you 
approach. 

3973
03:52:02,700 --> 03:52:08,000
You can see his face now young. 
Yes, with light hair and a thin 

3974
03:52:08,000 --> 03:52:12,500
mustache. he looks nervous, but 
determined When you're close 

3975
03:52:12,500 --> 03:52:14,000
enough to speak. 
He smiles. 

3976
03:52:14,000 --> 03:52:17,500
Uncertainly a good morgan. 
He says, good morning. 

3977
03:52:17,500 --> 03:52:21,300
Merry Christmas, Merry 
Christmas, you reply his smile 

3978
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:23,600
strengthens. 
He reaches into his coat and 

3979
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:28,800
produces a small flask Schnapps,
he offers for Christmas Eve 

3980
03:52:28,800 --> 03:52:32,600
tenant career, accepts the floss
takes a small Sip and passes it 

3981
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:36,400
around. the alcohol burns going 
down, but warms you from within 

3982
03:52:37,300 --> 03:52:39,900
when it comes to your turn, you 
drink and pass it. 

3983
03:52:39,908 --> 03:52:43,100
Back to the German Soldier, who 
takes a sip himself before 

3984
03:52:43,100 --> 03:52:45,900
offering it again. 
More soldiers are emerging from 

3985
03:52:45,900 --> 03:52:50,400
both trenches now tentatively at
first, then with more confidence

3986
03:52:50,400 --> 03:52:55,200
Germans and British walking out 
into No Man's Land meeting in 

3987
03:52:55,200 --> 03:52:57,700
the middle like delegates at 
some bizarre conference. 

3988
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:02,000
The Space Between The Trenches, 
which is been a killing ground 

3989
03:53:02,000 --> 03:53:04,000
for months becomes a meeting 
place. 

3990
03:53:04,000 --> 03:53:07,300
You find yourself shaking hands 
with the German Soldier, who 

3991
03:53:07,308 --> 03:53:09,700
offered the schnapps. 
His name is hands. 

3992
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:12,900
He tells you from Bavaria, he 
shows you a photograph of his 

3993
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:16,500
family, parents a sister, a 
sweetheart. 

3994
03:53:17,400 --> 03:53:20,300
You show him the photograph, you
carry of your mother and father.

3995
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:22,700
Neither of you speaks the others
language. 

3996
03:53:22,700 --> 03:53:26,000
Well but photographs need no 
translation around. 

3997
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:28,800
You are the meetings are 
happening soldiers, trading 

3998
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:31,900
cigarettes, showing photographs 
attempting conversation in 

3999
03:53:31,900 --> 03:53:34,300
broken English and German and 
lots of gesturing. 

4000
03:53:35,100 --> 03:53:37,300
Someone has produced a soccer 
ball from somewhere. 

4001
03:53:37,300 --> 03:53:40,800
You're not sure which side and 
men are kicking it around. 

4002
03:53:40,800 --> 03:53:42,900
Playing an impromptu game. 
In the frozen. 

4003
03:53:42,900 --> 03:53:46,900
Mud Thompson is engaged in an 
animated exchange with a young 

4004
03:53:46,900 --> 03:53:49,000
German who speak surprisingly 
good English. 

4005
03:53:49,800 --> 03:53:52,100
They're comparing rationals, 
apparently with Thompson 

4006
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,200
offering a tin of bully beef. 
While the German contributes, 

4007
03:53:55,200 --> 03:53:58,800
some kind of sausage The trade 
is made with all the solemnity 

4008
03:53:58,800 --> 03:54:02,400
of a diplomatic treaty. 
Dave is tempting to communicate 

4009
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:05,900
with an older German Soldier. 
His Sergeant by his insignia 

4010
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:10,300
they have no common language but
they're both Sergeant's and 

4011
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:14,200
apparently that transcends 
language barriers, They stand 

4012
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:17,900
together nodding at each other 
sharing the universal knowledge 

4013
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:20,500
of men, responsible for keeping 
younger men alive. 

4014
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:22,900
The soccer game, grows more 
organized. 

4015
03:54:22,900 --> 03:54:25,900
Someone has set up goals using 
coats and helmets. 

4016
03:54:25,900 --> 03:54:29,600
The teams are mixed Germans and 
British playing together. 

4017
03:54:29,600 --> 03:54:33,300
Nationality, forgotten in the 
simple joy of kicking a ball 

4018
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:35,500
around. 
You haven't played football 

4019
03:54:35,500 --> 03:54:39,000
since before the war, your legs 
are stiff from trench life. 

4020
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,700
But you join in any way laughing
as you slip on The Frozen 

4021
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:45,300
Ground. 
The ball is leather old and 

4022
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:48,300
scuffed and it skips 
unpredictably on the rough 

4023
03:54:48,300 --> 03:54:50,900
Terrain. 
Someone kicks it into a shell 

4024
03:54:50,900 --> 03:54:53,500
hole and three men to British 
one. 

4025
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:56,300
German climb down together to 
retrieve it. 

4026
03:54:56,308 --> 03:55:00,300
Helping each other up. 
The muddy side, the absurdity of

4027
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:02,000
it makes you laugh. 
Yes. 

4028
03:55:02,000 --> 03:55:04,700
Today that shell hole was 
something to be avoided part of 

4029
03:55:04,708 --> 03:55:08,400
the landscape of death today. 
It's just an obstacle in a 

4030
03:55:08,408 --> 03:55:12,900
football match, the sun climbs 
higher and despite the cold the 

4031
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:17,200
exercise warms you your 
breathing hard your face flushed

4032
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:21,300
and for a brief span, You Forget
Where You Are You could be back 

4033
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:25,200
home playing football on the 
Village Green instead of in no 

4034
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:28,000
man's land between armies, the 
game ends. 

4035
03:55:28,000 --> 03:55:30,700
When someone kicks the ball into
a particularly deep crater 

4036
03:55:30,700 --> 03:55:34,100
filled with water and everyone 
agrees, its two cold efficient 

4037
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:39,100
out, Men stand around panting 
and grinning British and German 

4038
03:55:39,100 --> 03:55:41,400
soldiers. 
Together looking remarkably 

4039
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:45,200
similar in their mud stained 
uniforms and genuine Smiles. 

4040
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:47,500
Hands. 
Find you again, he's been 

4041
03:55:47,508 --> 03:55:49,700
talking with Lieutenant, Kerry 
apparently showing him 

4042
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:53,000
something. 
When you approach Carrie, has a 

4043
03:55:53,000 --> 03:55:56,800
strange expression on his face, 
sad and amused at the same time 

4044
03:55:56,800 --> 03:55:59,500
hands. 
Here is a school teacher Carey 

4045
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:03,600
says, before the war in Bavaria 
taught English to Children, 

4046
03:56:03,600 --> 03:56:07,200
hands and nods enthusiastically.
Yes, yes! 

4047
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,100
English literature. 
I teach Shakespeare to students 

4048
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:14,400
very difficult Shakespeare. 
He laughs Hamlet is German, I 

4049
03:56:14,400 --> 03:56:17,400
think. 
All the worrying, this gets a 

4050
03:56:17,400 --> 03:56:19,800
laugh from the British soldiers 
Within airshot. 

4051
03:56:20,600 --> 03:56:23,400
The idea of a German school 
teacher teaching Shakespeare to 

4052
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:27,100
Bavarian children. 
Now standing in a frozen Belgian

4053
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:31,300
field where a Soldiers uniform 
it highlights the strangeness of

4054
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:35,500
everything I have brothers Han 
says his English careful but 

4055
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:39,800
clear one brother all so in the 
Army different place I worry for

4056
03:56:39,800 --> 03:56:41,500
him. 
He looks at you. 

4057
03:56:42,100 --> 03:56:45,700
You have brothers a sister you 
reply, she's nursing in London 

4058
03:56:45,700 --> 03:56:49,000
hands nod. 
Seriously nursing is important 

4059
03:56:49,000 --> 03:56:52,700
work very bravest nurses you 
realize he's right. 

4060
03:56:53,500 --> 03:56:55,500
Your sister faces. 
Her own dangers. 

4061
03:56:55,500 --> 03:56:59,200
Caring for wounded man in 
overcrowded hospitals. 

4062
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:02,100
The war has scattered families 
across Europe. 

4063
03:57:02,100 --> 03:57:05,600
Everyone in their own, kind of 
service, their own, kind of 

4064
03:57:05,608 --> 03:57:09,600
danger, more items are being 
traded around you, the German 

4065
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:13,200
Soldier offers cigars. 
Real cigars better than 

4066
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:15,600
anything. 
You've seen in months, British 

4067
03:57:15,600 --> 03:57:18,900
soldiers, share tins of tobacco 
chocolate from their Christmas 

4068
03:57:18,900 --> 03:57:22,800
Parcels, whatever small 
luxuries, they can spare the 

4069
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,900
trading has a ritual quality, 
each exchange a small Act of 

4070
03:57:26,908 --> 03:57:30,800
trust and Goodwill. 
Someone has found a camera a 

4071
03:57:30,800 --> 03:57:34,100
British soldier who works in the
Battalion signal section, as 

4072
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:37,200
brought his personal cameras to 
the front, and now he is taking 

4073
03:57:37,200 --> 03:57:42,000
photographs Groups of soldiers, 
posed together Germans, and 

4074
03:57:42,000 --> 03:57:45,200
British arms around. 
Each other's shoulders, grinning

4075
03:57:45,200 --> 03:57:47,400
at the camera. 
You wonder what these 

4076
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:50,800
photographs will look like later
where anyone will believe them. 

4077
03:57:50,800 --> 03:57:54,600
You pose with hands and tops. 
And a young German soldier named

4078
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:57,500
Carl who speaks? 
No English but smiles constantly

4079
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:01,900
The camera clicks capturing the 
impossible moment enemies 

4080
03:58:01,900 --> 03:58:05,800
standing together, treating each
other like friends the morning 

4081
03:58:05,800 --> 03:58:10,200
wears on surreal and peaceful 
men sit in small groups, sharing

4082
03:58:10,200 --> 03:58:14,000
food and cigarettes attempting 
conversation despite language 

4083
03:58:14,000 --> 03:58:16,700
barriers. 
Someone has produced a mouth 

4084
03:58:16,708 --> 03:58:18,600
organ and is playing Christmas 
carols. 

4085
03:58:19,400 --> 03:58:22,000
A few men, sing along the same 
songs from last night but 

4086
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,700
Stranger in daylight sung by 
mixed groups of soldiers who 

4087
03:58:25,700 --> 03:58:27,400
theoretically should be killing 
each other. 

4088
03:58:27,400 --> 03:58:30,800
You notice something else 
happening, the recovery of 

4089
03:58:30,800 --> 03:58:35,700
bodies, no man's land has held. 
Casualties from both sides, men 

4090
03:58:35,700 --> 03:58:39,300
who died in previous raids and 
skirmishes lying, where they 

4091
03:58:39,300 --> 03:58:42,300
fell because retrieving bodies 
Under Fire was impossible. 

4092
03:58:43,100 --> 03:58:46,200
Now, British soldiers are 
collecting their dead while 

4093
03:58:46,200 --> 03:58:49,700
Germans collect theirs working 
separately, but in parallel, 

4094
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:52,400
each side respectfully, ignoring
the others. 

4095
03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:56,100
Grim, task, you helped carry one
body back towards your trench. 

4096
03:58:56,100 --> 03:59:00,200
A British soldier, you didn't 
know dead for perhaps a week. 

4097
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:05,000
Frozen in the December cold. 
It feels right to recover him to

4098
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:08,300
bring him back, to let him have 
a proper burial in stead of 

4099
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:12,000
lying in the frozen mud forever.
The Germans are doing the same 

4100
03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:15,100
with their casualties, treating 
their dead with the same 

4101
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:18,300
respect. 
The work is hard and sad but 

4102
03:59:18,300 --> 03:59:22,300
there's a strange comfort in it.
These men will be buried prayers

4103
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:25,400
will be said their families will
eventually be notified. 

4104
03:59:26,800 --> 03:59:31,200
Small dignity in an undignified 
War by midday the recovery work 

4105
03:59:31,200 --> 03:59:34,200
is mostly complete the dead. 
Lion rows? 

4106
03:59:34,200 --> 03:59:36,300
Behind each trench line are 
waiting burial. 

4107
03:59:36,300 --> 03:59:41,100
It's sobering a reminder of what
this place usually is what it 

4108
03:59:41,100 --> 03:59:45,500
will be again. 
But for now the living room in 

4109
03:59:45,500 --> 03:59:48,900
no man's land, still talking 
still Trading still refusing to 

4110
03:59:48,900 --> 03:59:52,600
acknowledge that this can't last
the afternoon sun pale and 

4111
03:59:52,608 --> 03:59:54,500
winter week, hangs low in the 
sky. 

4112
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:58,100
You sit on the edge of a shell 
crater with hands and two other 

4113
03:59:58,100 --> 04:00:01,100
German soldiers, sharing the 
remains of your mother's 

4114
04:00:01,100 --> 04:00:05,200
shortbread, and a tin of German 
cheese that tastes sharp and 

4115
04:00:05,200 --> 04:00:08,600
strange. 
The conversation flows in broken

4116
04:00:08,600 --> 04:00:12,100
English and even more broken, 
German supplemented with 

4117
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:14,000
gestures and drawing in the 
frost. 

4118
04:00:14,000 --> 04:00:17,700
One of the German soldiers older
than the others with gray 

4119
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,600
threading, through his dark 
hair, sketches a house, in the 

4120
04:00:20,608 --> 04:00:23,100
ice crystals coating, a flat 
piece of shrapnel. 

4121
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:25,800
He points to it, then to 
himself. 

4122
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:31,300
Mine house. 
He says my house He adds figures

4123
04:00:31,300 --> 04:00:36,500
a woman three children, his 
family, you understand without 

4124
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:39,400
needing more words. 
He's showing you what he's 

4125
04:00:39,400 --> 04:00:42,800
fighting for, what? 
Waits at home or perhaps, he's 

4126
04:00:42,800 --> 04:00:44,600
just reminding himself that such
things. 

4127
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:48,100
Still exist that somewhere 
beyond the trenches and the wire

4128
04:00:48,100 --> 04:00:51,600
normal life, continues Thompson 
has found another English 

4129
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:54,600
speaker, a German soldier who 
spent two years working in 

4130
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:58,100
Manchester before the war. 
There engaged in an animated 

4131
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:01,100
discussion about football, 
proper football, not the 

4132
04:01:01,100 --> 04:01:04,200
impromptu game from this 
morning, Thompson. 

4133
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:07,900
Supports Sheffield United, the 
German fellow supported 

4134
04:01:07,900 --> 04:01:10,800
Manchester City. 
There are arguing about a match 

4135
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:14,100
from 1912 with the passion of 
men who have something normal to

4136
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:17,000
talk about something that has 
nothing to do with war. 

4137
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:19,900
The ref was blind tops and 
insists. 

4138
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:20,800
No. 
No. 

4139
04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:23,000
The call was correct. 
The German responds grinning 

4140
04:01:23,000 --> 04:01:27,200
your Defender was offside. 
It's absurd and wonderful. 

4141
04:01:27,900 --> 04:01:29,900
Two men who might be trying to 
kill each other tomorrow, 

4142
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:33,800
arguing about a football match 
from before the war as if 

4143
04:01:33,800 --> 04:01:36,400
refereeing decisions, Mata more 
than artillery barrages. 

4144
04:01:36,400 --> 04:01:39,300
You notice left-handed career 
standing at the edge of the 

4145
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:41,900
gathered soldiers, talking with 
a German officer. 

4146
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:45,400
Both men look serious, but not 
hostile. 

4147
04:01:46,200 --> 04:01:49,000
They're discussing something 
gesturing back toward their 

4148
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:52,100
respective lines. 
You wonder what officers talked 

4149
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:53,900
about during a spontaneous 
truce? 

4150
04:01:54,600 --> 04:01:58,000
Probably Logistics boundaries, 
how long this can reasonably 

4151
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:00,800
continue before someone higher 
up, notices, and orders? 

4152
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:04,300
It stopped, the sun continues, 
its descent, and the temperature

4153
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:07,100
drops. 
Noticeably Men, begin to shift 

4154
04:02:07,100 --> 04:02:09,100
pulling coats tighter stamping 
feet. 

4155
04:02:09,900 --> 04:02:13,700
The day has been extraordinary 
but cold eventually reasserts 

4156
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:16,100
itself. 
Reminding everyone that standing

4157
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:20,000
in a frozen field in December 
has its limits even during a 

4158
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:22,800
truce hands. 
Pulls out, a small package 

4159
04:02:22,800 --> 04:02:25,900
wrapped in brown paper. 
He opens it carefully. 

4160
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:30,000
Precious things are always 
opened carefully and reveals a 

4161
04:02:30,008 --> 04:02:32,100
photograph and some kind of 
sweet bread. 

4162
04:02:33,000 --> 04:02:35,100
He breaks the bread in half and 
offers you a piece. 

4163
04:02:35,100 --> 04:02:39,000
It's dense and Rich studied with
dried fruit. 

4164
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:41,800
Still fresh enough to be soft. 
My mother make this. 

4165
04:02:41,800 --> 04:02:45,600
He says for Christmas, she sends
it to me, she smiles. 

4166
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:47,600
Like your mother send you 
things. 

4167
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,900
Yes. 
You nod accepting the bread, it 

4168
04:02:50,900 --> 04:02:53,600
taste of cinnamon and raisins 
and something else you can't 

4169
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:57,900
identify It tastes like 
someone's kitchen like care and 

4170
04:02:57,908 --> 04:03:01,200
attention and normalcy. 
You pull out the photograph of 

4171
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,200
your own mother and show it to 
hands she's pretty. 

4172
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:06,900
He says politely though, your 
mother would laugh at being 

4173
04:03:06,900 --> 04:03:09,800
called pretty. 
She's practical and sturdy and 

4174
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:12,400
kind but not what anyone would 
call pretty. 

4175
04:03:13,200 --> 04:03:17,200
Still you appreciate hans's. 
Kindness the photograph had 

4176
04:03:17,200 --> 04:03:20,000
showed you is of a young woman 
with Fair hair and a serious 

4177
04:03:20,000 --> 04:03:22,100
expression. 
Mean of a lobster. 

4178
04:03:22,100 --> 04:03:25,900
He says my engaged. 
The woman. 

4179
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:28,600
I will marry your fiance, you 
offer. 

4180
04:03:28,600 --> 04:03:30,400
Yes, for your fiancee. 
Thank you. 

4181
04:03:30,400 --> 04:03:33,300
I forget the word. 
He looks at the photograph with 

4182
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:36,600
affection. 
After the war, we marry, she 

4183
04:03:36,600 --> 04:03:40,400
waits for me. you think about 
all the people waiting mothers, 

4184
04:03:40,400 --> 04:03:45,400
fathers sisters fiance's wives, 
On both sides, people waiting 

4185
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:48,800
for men to come home people. 
Checking casualty lists with 

4186
04:03:48,800 --> 04:03:52,400
Dread people trying to maintain 
normal life while part of their 

4187
04:03:52,400 --> 04:03:57,300
families absent, maybe forever. 
The war says quietly looking 

4188
04:03:57,300 --> 04:04:01,100
across no man's land is stupid. 
You're not sure how to respond 

4189
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:03,400
to that. 
It feels like dangerous 

4190
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:07,100
territory, criticizing the war. 
But hands isn't wrong. 

4191
04:04:07,800 --> 04:04:11,300
Sitting here sharing bread with 
a German soldier, who, teaches 

4192
04:04:11,300 --> 04:04:14,500
English literature to children 
who, as a mother who bakes for 

4193
04:04:14,500 --> 04:04:18,500
him and a fiance waiting, the 
war does seem stupid. 

4194
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:23,400
And vast and Beyond the control 
of any individual Soldier to 

4195
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,400
stop or change. 
Stupid, you agree, quietly, 

4196
04:04:26,400 --> 04:04:30,600
hands nods satisfied that you 
understand, the light is fading.

4197
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:33,400
Now the brief winter day drawing
to a close. 

4198
04:04:33,400 --> 04:04:36,300
Men are beginning to drift back 
toward their respective, 

4199
04:04:36,300 --> 04:04:40,000
trenches the day strange piece 
winding down. 

4200
04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:42,700
There's a reluctant in the 
movement. 

4201
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:46,700
Slowness, as if nobody really 
wants to go back to being 

4202
04:04:46,700 --> 04:04:50,700
enemies, you stand your joints 
stiff from sitting on cold, 

4203
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:54,900
ground handstands to and you 
shake hands formerly like 

4204
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:56,900
businessmen can concluding a 
transaction. 

4205
04:04:56,900 --> 04:05:01,300
Merry Christmas hands says Merry
Christmas you reply, he 

4206
04:05:01,300 --> 04:05:05,600
hesitates then adds. 
Maybe, maybe after the war, you 

4207
04:05:05,600 --> 04:05:09,400
visit Bavaria, I show you the 
mountains, very beautiful the 

4208
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:13,100
mountains, the idea of visiting 
Bavaria, after the war seems 

4209
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:17,100
almost impossible to imagine. 
The War ending life returning to

4210
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:20,300
something, resembling normal 
travel for pleasure, instead of 

4211
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:24,400
military orders. 
But you nod anyway I'd like 

4212
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:26,400
that. 
You say and you mean it you 

4213
04:05:26,400 --> 04:05:30,300
watch hands walk back toward the
German lines joining other Grey 

4214
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:33,700
Cloud figures heading home to 
their trenches Thompson appears 

4215
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:38,100
beside you his breath making 
clouds in the cold air Strange 

4216
04:05:38,100 --> 04:05:38,900
Day. 
Thompson. 

4217
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:40,800
Observes very strange. 
You agree. 

4218
04:05:40,800 --> 04:05:44,600
You both start walking back 
towards your own trench picking 

4219
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:46,300
your way across the uneven 
ground. 

4220
04:05:46,300 --> 04:05:50,400
No, man's land is emptying out 
soldiers returning to their 

4221
04:05:50,400 --> 04:05:53,600
positions as daylight fails. 
Behind you. 

4222
04:05:53,600 --> 04:05:56,400
The space between the trenches 
will soon be just that again. 

4223
04:05:56,400 --> 04:06:01,200
No man's land. 
Eddie and dangerous, a place of 

4224
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:05,100
wire and mud and death. 
But for now you can still see 

4225
04:06:05,100 --> 04:06:08,700
Footprints everywhere. 
British boots and German boots 

4226
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:12,500
all mixed together evidence of 
the Days Inn possible piece. 

4227
04:06:12,500 --> 04:06:16,000
When you reach your trench 
climbing down feels like 

4228
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:20,100
returning to a different world. 
The Familiar damp walls, the 

4229
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:24,400
smell of Earth and sandbags the 
narrow confines after the 

4230
04:06:24,400 --> 04:06:26,500
relative openness of no man's 
land. 

4231
04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:31,300
Other soldiers are climbing in 
settling back into positions 

4232
04:06:31,300 --> 04:06:33,400
resuming, the routines of trench
life. 

4233
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:36,600
Sergeant Davey's is organizing, 
the burial detail for the 

4234
04:06:36,608 --> 04:06:39,200
recovered bodies. 
They'll be buried properly with 

4235
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:42,100
prayers and marked Graves. 
The least that can be done. 

4236
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:46,200
The German dead have been left 
in no man's land but close to 

4237
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:49,200
their own trenches, where their 
comrades can retrieve them 

4238
04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:51,900
easily left tenant carry 
gathers, the officers for a 

4239
04:06:51,900 --> 04:06:54,300
brief meeting. 
You're not privy to what they 

4240
04:06:54,300 --> 04:06:58,800
discuss, but you can guess what?
To report to higher command, how

4241
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:02,000
to explain the days of events, 
whether the truce will continue,

4242
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:06,000
or if tomorrow brings a return 
to war, you find a spot on a 

4243
04:07:06,000 --> 04:07:08,600
firing step and settle in 
wrapping yourself in your coat 

4244
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:11,200
and scarf. 
The Christmas pudding from your 

4245
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:14,000
mother is still in your pack 
along with the rest of the 

4246
04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:16,300
chocolate, you decide to eat the
pudding. 

4247
04:07:16,300 --> 04:07:19,900
Now while Christmas Day still 
has a few hours left, the 

4248
04:07:19,900 --> 04:07:24,400
putting is dense and sweet rich 
with dried fruit and Brandy, you

4249
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:28,400
eat it, slowly making it last. 
Letting each bite dissolve on 

4250
04:07:28,408 --> 04:07:31,400
your tongue. 
Taste of home of your mother's 

4251
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:34,100
kitchen of Christmas mornings 
before the war. 

4252
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,700
He save a small piece and offer 
it to Thompson who accepts 

4253
04:07:38,700 --> 04:07:42,400
greatly best pudding. 
I've had in months tops and 

4254
04:07:42,400 --> 04:07:45,500
says, which isn't saying much 
given the usual rationals, but 

4255
04:07:45,500 --> 04:07:48,600
you appreciate the compliment. 
Anyway, Darkness settles over 

4256
04:07:48,600 --> 04:07:51,500
the trenchers. 
The stars come out again. 

4257
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:55,900
Bright in the clear sky. 
Across No Man's Land. 

4258
04:07:55,900 --> 04:07:58,800
You can see the German Christmas
trees being lit. 

4259
04:07:58,800 --> 04:08:01,700
Once more. 
Candles flickering to life in 

4260
04:08:01,700 --> 04:08:05,500
the Gathering dark. 
The site still seems miraculous 

4261
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:09,400
small Flames burning into 
science of everything. 

4262
04:08:09,400 --> 04:08:13,200
The war represents. 
Someone starts singing again, a 

4263
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:17,800
German voice from a way. 
Steele and knocked once more but

4264
04:08:17,800 --> 04:08:22,000
quieter tonight more intimate. 
Few British voices. 

4265
04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:25,600
Join in softly, the words 
floating up into the cold air 

4266
04:08:25,600 --> 04:08:28,800
like prayers. 
You think about hands probably 

4267
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:31,900
sitting in his own trench. 
Now, perhaps thinking about you,

4268
04:08:31,900 --> 04:08:34,500
perhaps looking at the 
photograph of his fiancee 

4269
04:08:34,500 --> 04:08:38,600
perhaps wondering, if tomorrow 
will bring more peace or a 

4270
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:42,000
return to violence. 
The singing Fades, the night 

4271
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:46,400
deepens men settle in to watch 
rotations the normal rhythm of 

4272
04:08:46,400 --> 04:08:50,000
trench life reasserting itself. 
But everything feels different 

4273
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:53,300
somehow changed by the days of 
vents in ways. 

4274
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:57,200
You can't quite articulate, you 
close your eyes, not really 

4275
04:08:57,200 --> 04:08:59,400
expecting to sleep. 
But the day has been long and 

4276
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:02,900
emotionally exhausting. 
Images drift through your mind. 

4277
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:07,300
Hands showing you his photograph
the soccer game in no man's 

4278
04:09:07,300 --> 04:09:09,600
land. 
The German Sergeant trading 

4279
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:12,800
tobacco with David's the candles
on the Christmas trees. 

4280
04:09:12,800 --> 04:09:16,000
All those footprints in the 
frost tomorrow will bring what 

4281
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:19,000
it brings. 
But today, today, there was 

4282
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:21,500
peace. 
Today, there were singing and 

4283
04:09:21,500 --> 04:09:24,500
laughter and shared food and 
handshakes between enemies. 

4284
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:29,800
Today for a little while the war
paused that's worth something. 

4285
04:09:30,600 --> 04:09:33,100
They're not sure what, exactly, 
but it's worth something. 

4286
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:36,400
You wake to the sound of rain 
soft at first. 

4287
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:40,500
Then harder The clear whether is
broken and water drips from 

4288
04:09:40,500 --> 04:09:45,100
every surface turns, the trench 
floor to deeper mud, soaks 

4289
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:49,600
through every layer of clothing.
The 26th of December arrives, 

4290
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:52,700
cold and wet and gray. 
The mood in the trench has 

4291
04:09:52,708 --> 04:09:56,800
shifted overnight. 
Men acquired her more withdrawn.

4292
04:09:56,800 --> 04:09:59,400
Yes. 
Sir is extraordinary piece feels

4293
04:09:59,400 --> 04:10:02,700
distant now. 
Almost dreamlike you wonder if 

4294
04:10:02,708 --> 04:10:05,700
it really happened or if the 
whole thing was some kind of 

4295
04:10:05,700 --> 04:10:08,800
shared hallucination brought on 
by cold and loneliness and 

4296
04:10:08,800 --> 04:10:11,300
Christmas longing. 
But then you see Thompson 

4297
04:10:11,300 --> 04:10:13,400
carefully. 
Tucking away, a German cigar 

4298
04:10:13,400 --> 04:10:17,500
wrapping cloth to keep it dry. 
You see, Davies wearing a scarf 

4299
04:10:17,500 --> 04:10:19,900
that looks suspiciously German 
in its weave. 

4300
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:24,000
You see the photographs people 
received the extra tins of food 

4301
04:10:24,000 --> 04:10:28,200
traded across the lines. 
It happened, all of it happened 

4302
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:32,200
left tenant Carrie, makes his 
rounds early, his face serious. 

4303
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:35,300
He stops at each group of men, 
speaking quietly. 

4304
04:10:36,300 --> 04:10:39,600
When he reaches your section, 
his message is brief and clear 

4305
04:10:39,600 --> 04:10:43,100
orders from command. 
He says, the truce is over, 

4306
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:46,500
we're to resume normal 
operations, immediately, no 

4307
04:10:46,500 --> 04:10:48,100
more, fraternization with the 
Enemy. 

4308
04:10:48,900 --> 04:10:50,900
He pauses then adds more 
quietly. 

4309
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:55,100
I'm sorry, lads. 
Today was yesterday. 

4310
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:59,500
Today is today. 
Nobody argues you all knew this 

4311
04:10:59,500 --> 04:11:02,200
was coming. 
Yesterday was a gift and 

4312
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:04,900
anomaly, a brief suspension of 
the wars reality. 

4313
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:07,900
But the war itself hasn't gone 
anywhere. 

4314
04:11:08,700 --> 04:11:11,400
Same trenches the same wire, the
same guns. 

4315
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:15,600
All still here, all still 
waiting, the rain continues, 

4316
04:11:15,600 --> 04:11:18,800
steady and cold. 
You stand, watch with water 

4317
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:22,200
dripping from your helmet 
running down your neck, soaking 

4318
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:25,600
through your gloves. 
Across No Man's Land, the German

4319
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:29,300
trenches, look the same as they 
did before Christmas sandbags 

4320
04:11:29,300 --> 04:11:31,500
and wire. 
And the occasional glimpse of 

4321
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,200
Grey uniforms, the Christmas 
trees are gone. 

4322
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:38,100
You notice taking down during 
the night, perhaps, or maybe the

4323
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:40,900
rain, put out the candles and 
someone decided there was no 

4324
04:11:40,900 --> 04:11:44,200
point keeping them up. 
Either way, the German parapet 

4325
04:11:44,200 --> 04:11:47,900
looks ordinary again, functional
and hostile and empty of 

4326
04:11:47,900 --> 04:11:50,300
decoration the day passes 
slowly. 

4327
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:54,900
Normal routines resume stand to 
at dawn and dusk. 

4328
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:57,900
The usual watch rotations. 
The usual maintenance of 

4329
04:11:57,900 --> 04:12:01,700
equipment and trenches. 
The rain makes everything harder

4330
04:12:01,700 --> 04:12:05,400
turning the clay wall. 
Slippery filling shell holes 

4331
04:12:05,400 --> 04:12:09,400
with water transforming the duct
boards into floating hazards. 

4332
04:12:09,400 --> 04:12:13,500
Around midday, the rain stops 
but the clouds remain, low and 

4333
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:15,800
heavy. 
In the afternoon, you hear 

4334
04:12:15,800 --> 04:12:19,100
artillery, fire in the distance,
not close, someone else's 

4335
04:12:19,100 --> 04:12:22,400
sector, but a reminder that the 
war continues along the rest of 

4336
04:12:22,400 --> 04:12:25,700
the front. 
The sound carries in the wet are

4337
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:28,400
dull thuds that Echo across the 
landscape. 

4338
04:12:28,400 --> 04:12:30,600
No, shots are fired in your 
sector though. 

4339
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:34,700
Not yet the officers on both 
sides seem to be maintaining a 

4340
04:12:34,700 --> 04:12:39,200
quiet understanding no shooting.
Unless someone starts it It's 

4341
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:42,100
not piece, exactly. 
But it's not quite War either. 

4342
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:46,900
Something in between uncertain 
and temporary Thompson, sits 

4343
04:12:46,900 --> 04:12:50,400
beside you during a break, in 
watch duty cleaning his rifle 

4344
04:12:50,400 --> 04:12:53,100
with movements that have become 
automatic think. 

4345
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:56,200
We'll see them again. 
He asked quietly The fritz Labs 

4346
04:12:56,200 --> 04:13:00,500
from yesterday, you shrug. 
Maybe we're not going anywhere. 

4347
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:03,100
They're not going anywhere that 
hands fellow. 

4348
04:13:03,100 --> 04:13:05,800
You were talking to Thompson 
says seen. 

4349
04:13:05,800 --> 04:13:09,600
Nice funny that nice frits. 
He's a school teacher. 

4350
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:14,200
You say in Bavaria teaches 
Shakespeare Thompson, absorbs 

4351
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:19,100
this My brother's a teacher, he 
says Primary School in Sheffield

4352
04:13:19,100 --> 04:13:22,708
wonder if they get along him and
hands, you wander the same 

4353
04:13:22,716 --> 04:13:24,800
thing. 
You wonder about a lot of things

4354
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:27,700
where the hands made it back to 
his trench safely yesterday 

4355
04:13:27,700 --> 04:13:31,200
whether he's standing watch 
right now in the rain, just like

4356
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:34,800
you, whether he's thinking about
the same things, you're thinking

4357
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:39,800
about the afternoon, wears on 
rations arrived, the usual stew.

4358
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:43,500
Bread tea, you eat, 
mechanically, not really tasting

4359
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:46,000
anything. 
Food is warm at least which 

4360
04:13:46,000 --> 04:13:49,700
matters more than flavor when 
you're cold and wet has Darkness

4361
04:13:49,700 --> 04:13:52,100
approaches men. 
Prepare for another night in the

4362
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:54,500
trenches. 
The routine is so familiar. 

4363
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:58,300
Now, checking weapons arranging 
equipment, settling into 

4364
04:13:58,300 --> 04:14:00,800
positions for the long dark 
hours ahead. 

4365
04:14:00,800 --> 04:14:05,100
You've done this 100 times, 
you'll probably do it 100 more 

4366
04:14:05,100 --> 04:14:09,200
but tonight feels different 
Can't quite explain, why? 

4367
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:13,300
But something has changed. 
Maybe it's just the memory of 

4368
04:14:13,300 --> 04:14:15,800
yesterday. 
The knowledge that the men 

4369
04:14:15,800 --> 04:14:17,500
across the way aren't faceless 
enemies. 

4370
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:20,900
But people, with names, and 
families and Christmas pudding 

4371
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:23,500
sent from home. 
The clouds break briefly as 

4372
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:26,500
night falls, and you catch a 
glimpse of stars before the 

4373
04:14:26,500 --> 04:14:29,700
clouds in again. 
You think about the Stars being 

4374
04:14:29,700 --> 04:14:33,700
the same everywhere in England 
in Bavaria in no man's land. 

4375
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:37,900
The same Stars looking down on 
everyone in different to human 

4376
04:14:37,900 --> 04:14:39,800
conflicts and truces and the 
rain. 

4377
04:14:39,800 --> 04:14:43,100
That soaked soldiers on both 
sides of the wire somewhere in 

4378
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:45,700
the darkness. 
You hear singing again just one 

4379
04:14:45,700 --> 04:14:47,700
voice. 
This time distant and faint 

4380
04:14:47,700 --> 04:14:49,900
singing. 
Something German that you don't 

4381
04:14:49,900 --> 04:14:54,200
recognize the voice is Young and
clear and it carries a cross. 

4382
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:56,400
No Man's Land. 
Like a message in a bottle. 

4383
04:14:56,400 --> 04:14:58,400
Reaching anyone, who cares to 
listen. 

4384
04:14:58,400 --> 04:15:02,100
Nobody sings Back. 
The moment doesn't feel right 

4385
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:05,000
for it. 
Somehow But you listen and you 

4386
04:15:05,000 --> 04:15:07,600
think others are listening to 
standing in their respective, 

4387
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:12,000
trenches hearing that lone Voice
singing in the dark, the singing

4388
04:15:12,000 --> 04:15:13,800
stops. 
The night. 

4389
04:15:13,800 --> 04:15:17,900
Settles into silence broken, 
only by the drip of water, and 

4390
04:15:17,900 --> 04:15:20,800
the occasional Sound Of Men 
Moving about in trenches. 

4391
04:15:21,600 --> 04:15:25,100
You lean against the wall of the
trench, your rifle beside you. 

4392
04:15:25,108 --> 04:15:28,400
And close your eyes. 
Tomorrow will bring what it 

4393
04:15:28,408 --> 04:15:30,900
brings. 
Maybe the informal truce will 

4394
04:15:30,900 --> 04:15:33,900
hold, maybe someone will fire a 
shot and everything will 

4395
04:15:33,900 --> 04:15:37,800
escalate back to normal Warfare.
Maybe orders will come down from

4396
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:39,800
command to resume active 
operations. 

4397
04:15:39,800 --> 04:15:44,300
You can't control any of it. 
But you had Christmas day, you 

4398
04:15:44,300 --> 04:15:47,100
had singing and football, and 
shared, food and handshakes in 

4399
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:48,900
no man's land. 
You met. 

4400
04:15:48,900 --> 04:15:51,600
A German school teacher named 
Hans, who wants to get married 

4401
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:53,800
after the war. 
And who thinks Shakespeare is 

4402
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:56,800
German, because of all the 
worrying, you saw Christmas 

4403
04:15:56,800 --> 04:15:59,800
trees lit with candles in the 
trenches and heard men from 

4404
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:02,600
different armies. 
Singing, the same carols that 

4405
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:05,200
happened. 
It really happened and nobody 

4406
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:08,100
can take it away from you. 
Whatever comes next, the days 

4407
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:11,500
after Christmas blur together, 
in a sequence of cold rain and 

4408
04:16:11,500 --> 04:16:14,300
gray skies. 
The Unofficial truce doesn't 

4409
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:16,500
exactly end but it arose 
gradually. 

4410
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:20,700
First come the long range shots,
distant and impersonal. 

4411
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:24,800
Then a few days into the new 
year, the artillery starts up 

4412
04:16:24,800 --> 04:16:28,500
again, tentative at first. 
Then more insistent, by 

4413
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:32,800
mid-January 1915, the war has 
resumed in full The Trenches of 

4414
04:16:32,808 --> 04:16:36,600
the same, trenches the wire, the
same wire but the brief period 

4415
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:38,500
of Peace might as well have been
a dream. 

4416
04:16:38,508 --> 04:16:42,700
You stand watch and fire when 
fired upon duck. 

4417
04:16:42,700 --> 04:16:45,900
When shells come over, maintain 
the deadly routine that has 

4418
04:16:45,900 --> 04:16:49,900
become normal but something has 
changed even if the war hasn't 

4419
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:53,300
you find yourself looking across
no man's land during Quiet 

4420
04:16:53,300 --> 04:16:55,200
Moments and wondering about 
hands. 

4421
04:16:55,200 --> 04:16:58,200
Is he still there in the 
trenches opposite? 

4422
04:16:58,200 --> 04:17:00,400
Yours? 
Did he survive the winter? 

4423
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:04,100
Did he get more packages from 
his mother or letters from his 

4424
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:06,500
fiancee? 
You'll probably never know. 

4425
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:09,400
Thompson. 
Still has the German cigar 

4426
04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:12,100
though, he hasn't smoked it. 
Saving it. 

4427
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:16,800
He says, when anyone asks for 
when the war ends His tone 

4428
04:17:16,800 --> 04:17:20,600
suggests, he's not entirely sure
the war will end, but the cigar 

4429
04:17:20,600 --> 04:17:22,400
remains carefully wrapped and 
stored away. 

4430
04:17:22,400 --> 04:17:24,800
A Talisman from that strange 
Christmas. 

4431
04:17:24,800 --> 04:17:27,500
The photographs people took 
during the truth. 

4432
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:30,100
Get passed around examined, in 
Quiet. 

4433
04:17:30,100 --> 04:17:34,800
Moments, you're in one of them 
standing with hands and tops and

4434
04:17:34,800 --> 04:17:37,700
all of you grinning at the 
camera, like old friends, 

4435
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:41,000
Looking at it. 
Now it seems impossible. 

4436
04:17:41,000 --> 04:17:44,800
You and a German soldier with 
arms around each other's 

4437
04:17:44,800 --> 04:17:48,200
shoulders, both smiling. 
But there you are captured on 

4438
04:17:48,200 --> 04:17:50,300
film proof that it really 
happened. 

4439
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:54,000
Davies mentions once that the 
German Sergeant, he met on 

4440
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:56,600
Christmas Day, wave to him one 
morning during quiet. 

4441
04:17:56,600 --> 04:17:59,400
Period. 
Just a brief wave across No 

4442
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:02,500
Man's Land acknowledged. 
And then both men went about 

4443
04:18:02,500 --> 04:18:05,200
their business. 
They didn't speak, they didn't 

4444
04:18:05,208 --> 04:18:08,800
meet again, but that small 
gesture of recognition meant 

4445
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:12,900
something the war grinds on. 
Men are transferred in and out 

4446
04:18:12,908 --> 04:18:15,800
of your section. 
Some face North to other parts 

4447
04:18:15,800 --> 04:18:19,700
of the front others to 
hospitals, others to cemeteries.

4448
04:18:20,500 --> 04:18:24,200
New soldiers, arrived to replace
casualties young men who aren't 

4449
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:26,700
here for Christmas. 
You don't understand when the 

4450
04:18:26,708 --> 04:18:30,400
veteran sometimes pause before 
fireing, as if remembering that 

4451
04:18:30,400 --> 04:18:33,500
the targets and gray uniforms 
have names and families too. 

4452
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,800
In February, your unit is moved 
to a different sector. 

4453
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:39,600
You leave the trenches. 
Where the Christmas Truce 

4454
04:18:39,600 --> 04:18:42,200
happened. 
Marching along muddy roads to 

4455
04:18:42,200 --> 04:18:46,200
take up positions further north.
The new trenches of the same as 

4456
04:18:46,200 --> 04:18:49,600
the old ones mud and wire and 
sandbags. 

4457
04:18:49,600 --> 04:18:54,300
But they feel different somehow 
These trenches have no memories 

4458
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:57,200
of singing. 
No invisible lines across no 

4459
04:18:57,200 --> 04:18:59,800
man's land where you want played
football with the Enemy. 

4460
04:18:59,800 --> 04:19:03,100
You write to your mother 
regularly though, you can't tell

4461
04:19:03,100 --> 04:19:05,000
her much about what you've 
experienced. 

4462
04:19:05,700 --> 04:19:09,700
The sensors would cut anything 
specific and besides, how do you

4463
04:19:09,700 --> 04:19:11,500
explain Christmas day in a 
letter? 

4464
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:15,200
How do you describe singing 
carols with German soldiers, or 

4465
04:19:15,200 --> 04:19:18,800
trading chocolate for cigars or 
meeting a school teacher named 

4466
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:21,900
hands? 
So you write around it, you tell

4467
04:19:21,900 --> 04:19:23,400
her the Christmas pudding was 
wonderful. 

4468
04:19:23,400 --> 04:19:26,300
You mentioned that Christmas was
quieter than expected. 

4469
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,300
He think of her for the scarf 
which is kept you warm through 

4470
04:19:29,300 --> 04:19:31,400
the winter. 
You don't mention that you 

4471
04:19:31,400 --> 04:19:34,300
shared her shortbread with a 
German soldier though. 

4472
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:37,700
You think she might understand 
if you did spring comes slowly 

4473
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:41,300
to Belgium. 
The mud doesn't improve that the

4474
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:44,300
days grow longer and 
occasionally the sun breaks 

4475
04:19:44,300 --> 04:19:47,700
through the clouds. 
The war continues its strange 

4476
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:51,900
static dance, months of 
stalemate, interrupted by brief 

4477
04:19:51,900 --> 04:19:55,200
of violent offensive that gain a
few hundred yards at terrible 

4478
04:19:55,200 --> 04:19:58,800
cost in may you see someone 
being transferred through your 

4479
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:00,600
sector who was at the Christmas 
Truce. 

4480
04:20:00,600 --> 04:20:04,000
He is from a different unit 
wounded in the arm but 

4481
04:20:04,000 --> 04:20:07,700
recovering being sent to a 
hospital in England, you stop 

4482
04:20:07,700 --> 04:20:10,700
him asked if he remembers it. 
Remember it. 

4483
04:20:10,700 --> 04:20:14,400
He says, I've told the story 100
times, nobody believes me, they 

4484
04:20:14,400 --> 04:20:15,700
think? 
I'm making it up or that I've 

4485
04:20:15,700 --> 04:20:19,100
gone shell shocked. 
He laughs, but without much 

4486
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:22,700
humor, but it happened. 
I've got a photograph to prove 

4487
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:24,300
it. 
People will believe it. 

4488
04:20:24,300 --> 04:20:26,600
Eventually you say though, 
you're not sure that's true. 

4489
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:31,100
Maybe he says after the war 
perhaps when people want to 

4490
04:20:31,108 --> 04:20:34,600
remember the good bits and of 
the rest, he's probably right. 

4491
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:38,100
The Christmas Truce will be the 
kind of story people tell, when 

4492
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:41,500
they need to believe that 
Humanity persists, even in 

4493
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:46,400
terrible circumstances, it will 
be simplified romanticized, 

4494
04:20:46,400 --> 04:20:49,900
turned into a parable about 
peace and goodwill. 

4495
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:54,300
The reality, the cold, the 
uncertainty, the knowledge that 

4496
04:20:54,300 --> 04:20:58,700
it could last will fade leaving 
only the bright Parts, but you 

4497
04:20:58,700 --> 04:21:00,900
were there. 
You know what it really was 

4498
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:04,700
complicated. 
And beautiful, and fragile born 

4499
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:08,400
from loneliness, and Christmas 
longing, and the human need for 

4500
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,400
connection. 
It was men making a choice for 

4501
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:14,300
one day to be something other 
than enemies. 

4502
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:17,900
It was imperfect and temporary 
and perhaps in the grand scheme 

4503
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,900
of the war meaningless. 
Except it wasn't meaningless. 

4504
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:25,100
Not to use standing in the 
Belgian mud. 

4505
04:21:25,100 --> 04:21:28,600
Remembering hands as smile and 
the taste of German cheese and 

4506
04:21:28,600 --> 04:21:31,400
the sound of mixed voices, 
singing Silent Night. 

4507
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:36,500
Not to Thompson who still 
carries that unsmoked cigar not 

4508
04:21:36,500 --> 04:21:40,200
to Davies who received away from
across no man's land and waved 

4509
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:43,300
back the war changes. 
You in many ways over the months

4510
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:47,900
and years you become harder more
cynical less, shocked by things 

4511
04:21:47,900 --> 04:21:51,400
that would have horrified your 
younger self You learn to sleep 

4512
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:55,000
in impossible conditions to eat 
food, you wouldn't have fed to a

4513
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:58,000
dog before the war to accept 
losses that once would have 

4514
04:21:58,000 --> 04:22:01,200
devastated you, but you never 
quite forget Christmas Day, 

4515
04:22:01,200 --> 04:22:05,000
1914. 
The memory becomes a small warm 

4516
04:22:05,000 --> 04:22:08,500
thing you carry with you 
protected from the cold and mud 

4517
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:11,900
and horror. 
On particularly bad days, you 

4518
04:22:11,900 --> 04:22:15,000
take it out and examine it. 
The candles on the Christmas 

4519
04:22:15,000 --> 04:22:19,500
trees, the football game hand 
showing you his photograph, the 

4520
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:22,200
feeling of standing in no man's 
land without fear. 

4521
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:25,200
You want to sometimes you have 
survived the war. 

4522
04:22:26,000 --> 04:22:29,900
If he made it home to Bavaria, 
married, his fiancee went back 

4523
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:31,500
to teaching Shakespeare to 
Children. 

4524
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:35,300
You like to think he did. 
He'd like to imagine him telling

4525
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:36,600
his students about the 
Christmas. 

4526
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:39,700
He spent singing carols with 
British soldiers, about the 

4527
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:43,000
strange and temporary piece, 
that came to the trenches, the 

4528
04:22:43,000 --> 04:22:46,500
war finally ends in November 
1918 for years. 

4529
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:49,000
After that Christmas the guns 
fall silent for good. 

4530
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,600
Not for a day not as a temporary
truce, but permanently. 

4531
04:22:54,900 --> 04:22:58,100
The news comes down the line on 
the 11th Hour of the 11th, day 

4532
04:22:58,100 --> 04:23:01,400
of the 11th month. 
The Armistice has been signed 

4533
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:05,400
the War is Over, You Stand in a 
trench, not in Belgium anymore, 

4534
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:07,800
but in France and hear the 
silence. 

4535
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:11,200
It sounds different from the 
Christmas Truce silence. 

4536
04:23:11,200 --> 04:23:17,800
This silence is final complete. 
Official, this silence means 

4537
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:22,700
going home, men around you, a 
cheering crying laughing. 

4538
04:23:23,500 --> 04:23:27,600
You feel oddly quiet inside. 
Four years is a long time. 

4539
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:32,600
The world you left in 1914, is 
gone replaced by something. 

4540
04:23:32,600 --> 04:23:37,300
You don't quite recognize yet. 
But the war is over and that has

4541
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:40,800
to be enough on the journey home
on the ship crossing the 

4542
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:43,700
channel. 
You think about Christmas 19414,

4543
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:47,500
you think about all the men who 
were there that day British and 

4544
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:49,600
German? 
And how many of them didn't make

4545
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:52,800
it to this moment? 
How many are buried in Belgian 

4546
04:23:52,800 --> 04:23:57,300
soil in French soil in Graves 
scattered across the continent. 

4547
04:23:57,300 --> 04:24:00,400
Han's might be one of them. 
You'll never know. 

4548
04:24:00,400 --> 04:24:04,800
The varia is a long way from 
England, and the war has made 

4549
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:07,000
Europe. 
Strange and distant in new ways.

4550
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:11,100
Probably you'll never see him. 
Again never know what happened 

4551
04:24:11,100 --> 04:24:13,000
to him. 
Never get to visit those 

4552
04:24:13,000 --> 04:24:16,800
mountains, he mentioned but you 
remember him, you remember his 

4553
04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:20,800
kindness, his broken English, 
his photograph of a fiance 

4554
04:24:20,800 --> 04:24:24,000
waiting at home. 
You remember standing in no 

4555
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:26,000
man's land together sharing 
bread. 

4556
04:24:26,000 --> 04:24:29,400
Talking about families and 
football and the stupidity of 

4557
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:31,700
War. 
You remember that for one day, 

4558
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:35,000
the war stopped, not everywhere,
not permanently. 

4559
04:24:35,000 --> 04:24:39,200
But in your sector of the front,
for one bright winter day, the 

4560
04:24:39,200 --> 04:24:42,300
guns fell silent and Men chose 
peace over violence. 

4561
04:24:42,300 --> 04:24:46,600
That's worth remembering that's 
worth carrying forward into 

4562
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:51,200
whatever comes next years pass 
the Great Wall becomes the first

4563
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:53,000
world war. 
When a second one proves that 

4564
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:56,800
Humanity hasn't learned quite 
enough from the first You grow 

4565
04:24:56,800 --> 04:25:00,500
older, the sharp memory of mud 
and trenches softening at the 

4566
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:02,900
edges. 
While somehow remaining intense 

4567
04:25:02,900 --> 04:25:06,700
Lee clear at their Center. 
You never forget Christmas 1914,

4568
04:25:06,700 --> 04:25:10,500
you tell the story occasionally,
when it seems appropriate to 

4569
04:25:10,500 --> 04:25:12,100
your children. 
When they're old enough to 

4570
04:25:12,100 --> 04:25:16,200
understand to fellow veterans 
who not knowingly, some of them 

4571
04:25:16,200 --> 04:25:18,500
were there too in other sectors 
where similar truces 

4572
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:22,500
spontaneously erupted to 
historians later who want to 

4573
04:25:22,500 --> 04:25:25,500
document what happened before? 
Everyone who remembers his gone.

4574
04:25:25,500 --> 04:25:29,400
The story gets told in 
newspapers in books in 

4575
04:25:29,400 --> 04:25:34,400
documentary's, it becomes famous
the Christmas Truce capitalized 

4576
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:36,900
and turned into a proper 
historical event. 

4577
04:25:37,900 --> 04:25:40,500
People are amazed by it moved by
it. 

4578
04:25:40,500 --> 04:25:43,800
Skeptical of it. 
Some call it propaganda. 

4579
04:25:44,800 --> 04:25:47,500
Some call it proof that humans 
are fundamentally good. 

4580
04:25:47,500 --> 04:25:51,100
It becomes both more and less 
than what it actually was. 

4581
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:54,000
But you know, the truth of it, 
you were there. 

4582
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:59,200
You stood in no man's land on 
Christmas Day, 1914 and shook 

4583
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:02,800
hands with a German soldier 
named hands, you played football

4584
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:06,200
in frozen mud, you sang silent 
night in two languages. 

4585
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:09,700
You saw Christmas trees lit with
candles and trenches small 

4586
04:26:09,700 --> 04:26:12,800
Flames burning in the dark. 
You never found out what 

4587
04:26:12,800 --> 04:26:17,300
happened to hands you tried 
after the war writing to schools

4588
04:26:17,300 --> 04:26:21,300
in Bavaria asking if anyone you 
a teacher named Hans who served 

4589
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:25,500
in the army, But Bavaria is 
large, and hands as a common 

4590
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:28,300
name and the chaos. 
After the war made searching 

4591
04:26:28,300 --> 04:26:32,300
difficult, eventually, you 
stopped trying accepting that 

4592
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:33,800
some questions don't get 
answered. 

4593
04:26:33,800 --> 04:26:37,500
But you think about him 
sometimes specially at Christmas

4594
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:41,300
when you hang decorations on 
your own tree, when you sing 

4595
04:26:41,300 --> 04:26:44,700
carols at church when you sit 
with your family and warmth and 

4596
04:26:44,700 --> 04:26:47,500
peace. 
You think about a young German 

4597
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:49,100
Man? 
Who Loved his fiancee, and 

4598
04:26:49,100 --> 04:26:52,300
Shakespeare, and wanted to show 
you the mountains of Bavaria. 

4599
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:56,200
You hope he survived, you hope 
he made it home married. 

4600
04:26:56,200 --> 04:26:59,000
His sweetheart taught children 
about literature and language, 

4601
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:03,300
grew old in peace. 
His memory of that Christmas is 

4602
04:27:03,300 --> 04:27:07,000
as clear and precious as yours, 
the world changes around you. 

4603
04:27:07,800 --> 04:27:10,300
Another War more terrible than 
the first. 

4604
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:16,300
Then peace again. 
Uneasy but lasting The trenches 

4605
04:27:16,300 --> 04:27:18,800
in Belgium and France are filled
in though. 

4606
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:20,800
The scars remain if you know 
where to look. 

4607
04:27:21,600 --> 04:27:25,000
The generation that fought in 
those trenches grows old then 

4608
04:27:25,000 --> 04:27:29,200
begins to fade but the story 
persists, the Christmas Truce 

4609
04:27:29,200 --> 04:27:31,700
becomes one of those moments 
that people need to believe in 

4610
04:27:31,700 --> 04:27:35,200
proof that even in the worst 
circumstances Humanity can 

4611
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:39,200
assert itself. 
It gets simplified romanticized,

4612
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:43,400
turned into a symbol. 
But that's all right, symbols 

4613
04:27:43,400 --> 04:27:46,500
matter. 
Story is matter, you know what 

4614
04:27:46,500 --> 04:27:48,900
matters most though? 
It really happened. 

4615
04:27:48,900 --> 04:27:53,500
The singing happened, the 
football game happened, the 

4616
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:57,700
handshakes and the shared food 
and the brief bright piece, all 

4617
04:27:57,700 --> 04:28:00,600
of it happened. 
Not because governments ordered 

4618
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:04,500
it or generals planned it but 
because ordinary soldiers chose 

4619
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:06,400
it. 
That choice Echoes forward 

4620
04:28:06,400 --> 04:28:08,700
through time, it echoes in the 
lives. 

4621
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:10,900
You all went on to live in the 
stories. 

4622
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:15,200
You told in the simple fact that
for one day, the war stopped 

4623
04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:19,200
because men on both sides 
decided it should on Christmas 

4624
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:21,400
Eve in your old age. 
You sometimes stand by the 

4625
04:28:21,400 --> 04:28:24,600
window and look at the stars, 
they're the same stars that 

4626
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:29,100
Shone over Belgium in 1914, 
unchanged by human walls or 

4627
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:32,700
truces or the passage of years. 
You think about all the men 

4628
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:36,600
standing in trenches that long 
ago night looking up at the same

4629
04:28:36,600 --> 04:28:41,800
Stars hearing the same carols 
and you remember You remember 

4630
04:28:41,800 --> 04:28:43,600
the candles on the Christmas 
trees? 

4631
04:28:44,300 --> 04:28:48,000
you remember hands his smile and
Thompson's harmonica and the 

4632
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:52,200
taste of German bread You 
remember standing in no man's 

4633
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:56,000
land without fear celebrating 
Christmas with men who were 

4634
04:28:56,000 --> 04:28:58,900
supposed to be enemies but chose
briefly to be something else. 

4635
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,600
He the guns fell silent once and
the memory of that silent 

4636
04:29:03,600 --> 04:29:07,000
carries forward. 
It reminds you that peace is 

4637
04:29:07,000 --> 04:29:11,400
possible that humans can choose 
kindness over violence, that 

4638
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:15,300
even in the darkest times like 
confined away through, that's 

4639
04:29:15,300 --> 04:29:17,700
worth remembering, that's worth 
preserving. 

4640
04:29:18,600 --> 04:29:20,300
That's the gift. 
Those soldiers gave to the 

4641
04:29:20,308 --> 04:29:23,000
Future. 
Proof that peace is always 

4642
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,500
possible. 
If enough people choose it, at 

4643
04:29:25,508 --> 04:29:30,200
the same time, the story ends 
where it began with men, 

4644
04:29:30,200 --> 04:29:33,100
entrenches cold and Far From 
Home. 

4645
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:36,100
Choosing to honor something 
larger than the war. 

4646
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:41,600
Choosing Christmas choosing 
Humanity choosing peace, even 

4647
04:29:41,600 --> 04:29:43,100
though they knew it couldn't 
last. 

4648
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:47,600
It lasted long enough. 
One day, one bright winter day 

4649
04:29:47,600 --> 04:29:51,200
when the guns fell silent and 
the world briefly remembered 

4650
04:29:51,200 --> 04:29:53,300
what piece felt like that was 
enough. 

4651
04:29:53,300 --> 04:30:01,400
That was more than enough. 
That was everything. in the 

4652
04:30:01,408 --> 04:30:04,700
late, 17th and early 18th 
centuries, France was a land of 

4653
04:30:04,700 --> 04:30:09,200
contrasts Like Candlelight in a 
grande chateau's garden, a 

4654
04:30:09,200 --> 04:30:11,600
curious Noble woman listens as a
witty philosopher. 

4655
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:14,200
Describes the stars of he 
explains that. 

4656
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:17,800
Those stars are Sons, like our 
own each perhaps circled, by the

4657
04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:20,700
world's of their own. 
A radical idea in an age, when 

4658
04:30:20,700 --> 04:30:22,700
questioning the heavens could be
dangerous. 

4659
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:26,100
The scene could be lifted from 
Bernard to fontanel's 

4660
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:30,800
conversations on the plurality 
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 

4661
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:33,500
where a lady and a scientist 
stroll nightly under the sky 

4662
04:30:33,500 --> 04:30:36,100
discussing copernicus', son, 
centered universe. 

4663
04:30:36,800 --> 04:30:39,400
Fontanelles, Charming Pros made.
The latest scientific 

4664
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,800
discoveries accessible to the 
layperson planting seeds of 

4665
04:30:42,808 --> 04:30:45,800
curiosity. 
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 

4666
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:50,100
rule, cast, Long, Shadows, his 
ideas along with those of fellow

4667
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:53,300
thinker, Pierre Baal formed a 
foundation, for what would soon 

4668
04:30:53,300 --> 04:30:56,500
be called The Enlightenment at 
the turn of the 18th century 

4669
04:30:56,500 --> 04:30:58,700
official. 
France was still firmly 

4670
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:02,300
absolutely distant devoutly 
Catholic Louis the 14th, the Sun

4671
04:31:02,308 --> 04:31:04,800
King had revoked, the Edict of 
Nantes in 1685. 

4672
04:31:04,800 --> 04:31:08,100
Driving Protestants like Bailey 
into exile? 

4673
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:12,500
It even as the king insisted on 
religious unity dissing ideas 

4674
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:16,200
quietly took root in his Safe. 
Haven abroad Baal wrote, a 

4675
04:31:16,200 --> 04:31:20,300
skeptical, historical and 
critical dictionary. 1697 the 

4676
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:22,700
poked holes in dogma and 
advocated tolerance. 

4677
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:27,100
These volumes printed in apps to
down and London were smuggled 

4678
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:29,800
over the borders in barrels of 
cloth and hidden compartments. 

4679
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:32,600
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leo. 

4680
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:36,700
A traditional was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

4681
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:39,800
easily extinguished. 
Bailey has called for a society 

4682
04:31:39,800 --> 04:31:42,800
of pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people have 

4683
04:31:42,800 --> 04:31:45,800
different beliefs might live 
together in peace, resonated 

4684
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:47,900
with a small, but growing circle
of French. 

4685
04:31:47,900 --> 04:31:51,900
Mine's Quietly. 
The suburb Monopoly of church 

4686
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:54,900
and crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

4687
04:31:54,908 --> 04:31:59,300
letters passed hand to hand. 
After Louis, the 14th death in 

4688
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:03,400
1715, the atmosphere in France, 
relaxed somewhat allowing these 

4689
04:32:03,400 --> 04:32:07,600
early Sparks to flare up in 
Paris coffeehouses and literary 

4690
04:32:07,600 --> 04:32:10,000
clubs with torque. 
One. 

4691
04:32:10,000 --> 04:32:12,900
Towering figure of this, early 
Enlightenment was Baron de 

4692
04:32:12,900 --> 04:32:16,500
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

4693
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,800
insight. 
In 1721 Montesquieu published 

4694
04:32:19,800 --> 04:32:22,400
the Persian letters a playful 
novel of letters. 

4695
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:25,000
In which two fictional Persian, 
Travelers Lampoon French 

4696
04:32:25,000 --> 04:32:27,500
Customs. 
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 

4697
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:30,800
Parisian High Society. 
The pretension of the king's 

4698
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:32,900
court, the absurdities of the 
Catholic. 

4699
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:36,400
Clergy all were held up to 
Gentle ridicule through these 

4700
04:32:36,400 --> 04:32:39,600
eyes of Outsiders. 
Readers were amused and 

4701
04:32:39,600 --> 04:32:42,700
intrigued beneath the satire 
lace serious critique of 

4702
04:32:42,700 --> 04:32:44,500
absolutism and religious 
hypocrisy. 

4703
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:48,000
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

4704
04:32:48,000 --> 04:32:51,500
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in a used 

4705
04:32:51,500 --> 04:32:54,500
Whispers Francis own in 
institutions were being examined

4706
04:32:54,500 --> 04:32:59,200
as if under a foreign lands and 
many found them wanting Wanted 

4707
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:01,000
to use success in bold and 
others. 

4708
04:33:01,800 --> 04:33:03,100
Soon. 
He would take his analysis 

4709
04:33:03,100 --> 04:33:07,200
further retiring to his estate. 
He quietly toiled on a magnum 

4710
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:09,200
opus about laws and governments 
around the world. 

4711
04:33:09,200 --> 04:33:14,000
By the 1730s, the term 
philosophy was coming into use. 

4712
04:33:14,700 --> 04:33:16,300
Not quite the same as 
philosopher. 

4713
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:20,300
It meant a man or occasionally, 
a woman of ideas who applied 

4714
04:33:20,300 --> 04:33:24,099
reason to all areas of life. 
These Enlightenment thinkers saw

4715
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:26,599
themselves as bringing light 
into the dark corners of 

4716
04:33:26,599 --> 04:33:29,300
ignorance and oppression. 
They drew inspiration from 

4717
04:33:29,300 --> 04:33:32,300
English writers, like John Locke
and scientists, like, Isaac 

4718
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:35,000
Newton, whose Works were now 
circulating in French 

4719
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:38,000
translation. 
In fact, a fashionable, young 

4720
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:40,300
writer named Voltaire had 
traveled to England and 

4721
04:33:40,300 --> 04:33:44,200
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 

4722
04:33:44,200 --> 04:33:46,500
and the English Spirit of free 
debate. 

4723
04:33:47,800 --> 04:33:51,800
He set about spreading both with
his vivacious lover, Emily duete

4724
04:33:51,800 --> 04:33:54,800
herself, a brilliant 
mathematician Voltaire explain, 

4725
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:57,099
Newton's finding in French and 
praise England. 

4726
04:33:57,099 --> 04:34:00,000
As relatively liberal Society in
his letters on the English. 

4727
04:34:00,700 --> 04:34:03,300
Though, the French authorities 
condemned his book and briefly 

4728
04:34:03,300 --> 04:34:06,400
imprisoned, its author for it, 
the ideas could not be unread. 

4729
04:34:07,200 --> 04:34:09,599
the taste of intellectual, 
Freedom abroad, only sharp and 

4730
04:34:09,599 --> 04:34:12,800
French appetites for more Thus 
in the decades before the 

4731
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:15,800
Revolution, the early stirring 
of Enlightenment thought took 

4732
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:19,599
hold a handful of bold voices, 
Fontenelle with his Popular 

4733
04:34:19,599 --> 04:34:23,300
Science Baal with his skeptical 
area Edition, want to skew with 

4734
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:26,599
his satire and Voltaire with his
shop Penn prepared. 

4735
04:34:26,599 --> 04:34:30,900
The ground The writing 
circulated in manuscript and in 

4736
04:34:30,900 --> 04:34:33,800
Contraband, print fertilizing 
Minds from Paris to the 

4737
04:34:33,808 --> 04:34:38,000
provinces over supper tables and
University, Halls, people began 

4738
04:34:38,000 --> 04:34:41,000
asking new questions. 
Could Reason Not tradition 

4739
04:34:41,000 --> 04:34:43,400
guide. 
Human Affairs must religious 

4740
04:34:43,400 --> 04:34:46,200
uniformity Trump individual. 
Conscience could a king's 

4741
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:48,000
Authority have limited set by 
natural law. 

4742
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:52,099
These questions sown in the 
early 1700s would Sprout 

4743
04:34:52,099 --> 04:34:55,400
dramatically as the century 
progressed, For now they were 

4744
04:34:55,400 --> 04:34:58,300
still whispered but the 
enlightenment in France had 

4745
04:34:58,300 --> 04:35:02,000
begun Adorn of new thinking that
promised to chase away medieval 

4746
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:06,300
shadows in the mid-18th century.
Some of the most radical ideas 

4747
04:35:06,300 --> 04:35:09,300
in France were not plotted in 
dark alleys but disgust over 

4748
04:35:09,300 --> 04:35:11,200
champagne in elegant drawing 
rooms. 

4749
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:14,099
The Parisian Salon was a unique 
Institution. 

4750
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:19,200
Part Social Club part 
intellectual seminar, typically 

4751
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:21,300
hosted by a wealthy or 
aristocratic woman. 

4752
04:35:21,300 --> 04:35:24,700
The salon are these gatherings 
brought together, writers, 

4753
04:35:24,700 --> 04:35:27,599
philosophers, artists, and 
Statesmen under one Chandelier 

4754
04:35:27,599 --> 04:35:30,599
on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongued

4755
04:35:30,599 --> 04:35:34,900
Voltaire trading barbs with a 
bishop or Jean-Jacques, Rousseau

4756
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:38,099
Charlie unveiling, his latest 
essay to a circle of curious. 

4757
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:42,300
Marquises salons were private 
and By Invitation Only yet, they

4758
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:44,200
became engines of public 
discourse. 

4759
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:48,400
There was a democratic 
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 

4760
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:53,500
atmosphere rare for the time 
time Nobles bourgeoisie and even

4761
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:57,599
an occasional Artisan or foreign
Savant, mingled politely United 

4762
04:35:57,599 --> 04:36:01,700
by a love of wit and ideas. 
Here in lightning month, thought

4763
04:36:01,700 --> 04:36:05,400
took on a human face as diverse 
guests, debated Arts, science 

4764
04:36:05,400 --> 04:36:07,599
and politics late Into the 
Night. 

4765
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:11,200
The women who ran these salons. 
Wielded subtle power in a 

4766
04:36:11,200 --> 04:36:15,000
society that otherwise can find 
female influencer take Madame 

4767
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:19,099
Jehovah, for example. 
Born Mary Terrace Rodriguez by 

4768
04:36:19,099 --> 04:36:21,800
the 1740s. 
She had established herself as 

4769
04:36:21,800 --> 04:36:25,400
the premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, a well-appointed 

4770
04:36:25,400 --> 04:36:26,900
home, on the cruise Sound 
honorary. 

4771
04:36:26,900 --> 04:36:30,700
Welcome the leading writers and 
philosophy to dinner Wednesdays.

4772
04:36:30,700 --> 04:36:34,599
Were reserved for artists with 
motherly Charmed from presided 

4773
04:36:34,599 --> 04:36:38,099
over the conversation tactfully 
steering away from overly 

4774
04:36:38,099 --> 04:36:40,099
explosive topic. 
So, as to keep the Gathering 

4775
04:36:40,099 --> 04:36:43,800
convivial, She even provided 
financial support to struggling 

4776
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,099
men of letters quietly paying 
debts, or buying paintings from 

4777
04:36:47,099 --> 04:36:50,000
her artist guests. 
The respect, she commanded was 

4778
04:36:50,000 --> 04:36:53,500
such that even the Crusty 
Voltaire deferred to her. in her

4779
04:36:53,500 --> 04:36:57,599
Salon, one had to follow certain
rules wit was appreciated, but 

4780
04:36:57,599 --> 04:37:01,599
vulgarity was not lively debate 
was welcome but shouting and 

4781
04:37:01,599 --> 04:37:05,099
personal attacks were frowned 
upon Under her Guidance, the 

4782
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:09,400
tone remained, civil clever and 
enlightening, a model of the 

4783
04:37:09,400 --> 04:37:12,599
refinement of manners and speech
that salons originally aimed 

4784
04:37:12,599 --> 04:37:15,200
for. 
Other Salon years adopted 

4785
04:37:15,200 --> 04:37:19,000
different styles Madame did you 
find and older contemporary of 

4786
04:37:19,008 --> 04:37:21,900
Jeffrey? 
Hosted, Gatherings from 1745 

4787
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:25,000
onward, but famously disdained. 
The more radical philosopher 

4788
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:27,599
except for Voltaire who she 
adored. 

4789
04:37:28,300 --> 04:37:31,300
Her Salon favored, High Society 
gossip and classical. 

4790
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:33,200
Letters over bold, new 
philosophy. 

4791
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:36,900
In contrast the witty, 
Mademoiselle Julie de lesbian 

4792
04:37:36,900 --> 04:37:38,700
ass. 
Ran a more freeing Salon in the 

4793
04:37:38,707 --> 04:37:41,500
1770s. 
Julie had been tutored in the 

4794
04:37:41,500 --> 04:37:45,700
art by Madame and until the 
falling out and with a small 

4795
04:37:45,707 --> 04:37:48,400
stipend from Madame jafra struck
out on her own. 

4796
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,599
She innovated by opening her 
home almost every evening to a 

4797
04:37:51,608 --> 04:37:55,300
select but Mixed Company, young 
intellectuals, older Statesman 

4798
04:37:55,300 --> 04:37:58,500
and foreign visitors. 
Nibbles and wine were served 

4799
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:01,200
nothing lavish but the talk 
flowed. 

4800
04:38:01,900 --> 04:38:06,500
One frequent guest, the writer 
Jean, Francois mamonty marveled 

4801
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:08,800
at Julia's, ability to inspire 
Frank discussion. 

4802
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:12,900
He described her as an 
astonishing compound of reason 

4803
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:16,400
and wisdom with the liveliest 
mind and most Ardent soul. 

4804
04:38:17,700 --> 04:38:20,500
Under her edifice philosophy, 
philosophers from diverse 

4805
04:38:20,500 --> 04:38:23,599
generations, convened, and 
exchanged ideas, while even the 

4806
04:38:23,599 --> 04:38:25,900
poorest Scholars, were welcome 
to express their thoughts. 

4807
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:30,700
Such inclusion was unusual. 
Many salons ones rank in a tire,

4808
04:38:30,700 --> 04:38:32,800
still mattered. 
The Julia de lesbianas. 

4809
04:38:32,800 --> 04:38:37,099
Proved the intellectual passion,
could Trump pedigree Typical 

4810
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:41,400
Selene evening might unfold like
this as dusk fell Avery. 

4811
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:44,599
Footman admitted, guest to a 
candlelit parlor decorated with 

4812
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:47,099
art. 
Gentle music, played in the Next

4813
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:50,800
Room, elegant women in silks, 
and men in embroidered, coats 

4814
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:55,400
form, small clusters, exchanging
news and balls marks the hostess

4815
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:58,200
circulated deathly. 
Introducing a young poet to a 

4816
04:38:58,200 --> 04:39:01,400
renowned scientist or drawing a 
shy scholar into a lively debate

4817
04:39:01,400 --> 04:39:04,700
about the latest play. 
conversation, was the main event

4818
04:39:04,700 --> 04:39:08,900
a good Salon guests had 
something to bring to this 

4819
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:13,500
conversation at the very least 
and elegant French A rising 

4820
04:39:13,500 --> 04:39:15,000
dramatist. 
Might recite a scene from his 

4821
04:39:15,000 --> 04:39:19,000
new comedy met with Applause and
gentle critique a visiting 

4822
04:39:19,000 --> 04:39:22,099
American like Benjamin Franklin,
might Regale the company with 

4823
04:39:22,099 --> 04:39:25,700
Tales of scientific experiments 
with lightning, Serious 

4824
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:29,099
discussions could break out the 
merits of voltaire's newest 

4825
04:39:29,099 --> 04:39:31,599
tracked or Rousseau's eccentric 
theories on education. 

4826
04:39:32,300 --> 04:39:35,800
But if tempers flared or someone
drowned on too long, the hostess

4827
04:39:35,800 --> 04:39:38,500
would smoothly change the 
subject or proposer diversion, 

4828
04:39:38,500 --> 04:39:42,000
perhaps a brief chamber, music 
performance, or around of cards.

4829
04:39:42,900 --> 04:39:45,600
The result was a peculiar mix of
ludic and learned. 

4830
04:39:46,300 --> 04:39:49,000
By evening's end ideas. 
That might have been seditious. 

4831
04:39:49,000 --> 04:39:52,200
In print could be bandied about 
safely in the South cushioned, 

4832
04:39:52,200 --> 04:39:54,700
by flightless and mutual respect
the salon. 

4833
04:39:54,700 --> 04:39:57,400
Thus served as an incubator for 
Enlightenment ideas. 

4834
04:39:57,400 --> 04:40:00,600
It connected thinkers to 
Patron's many. 

4835
04:40:00,600 --> 04:40:03,400
An author found a publisher or a
financier, through Salon 

4836
04:40:03,400 --> 04:40:05,100
contacts. 
It allowed women. 

4837
04:40:05,100 --> 04:40:08,500
A rare opportunity to engage in 
intellectual life will be as 

4838
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:11,400
conveners rather than professors
with notable exceptions. 

4839
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:14,100
Like Emily duchesse who though 
not to sell on. 

4840
04:40:14,100 --> 04:40:18,200
Are proved women could match men
in science. salons also helped 

4841
04:40:18,200 --> 04:40:22,300
Road class barriers if only 
slightly some hostesses Pride 

4842
04:40:22,300 --> 04:40:26,000
themselves on Gathering a pope 
Paris of talents regardless of 

4843
04:40:26,000 --> 04:40:29,500
noble birth there were limits, 
of course, peasants, and 

4844
04:40:29,500 --> 04:40:32,700
laborers did not stroll into 
these parlors The salons 

4845
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:36,200
primarily catered to the elite 
who were open to new talent and 

4846
04:40:36,200 --> 04:40:38,100
ideas. 
Not just those inherited from 

4847
04:40:38,100 --> 04:40:41,300
their lineage. 
In these candlelit rooms, the 

4848
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:43,000
public sphere had a private 
cradle. 

4849
04:40:44,000 --> 04:40:46,900
Before newspapers could freely 
criticize, the king, or church. 

4850
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:50,700
And before any elected assembly 
existed in France, the salons 

4851
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:53,700
were training grounds for a 
reason debate. they fostered, 

4852
04:40:53,700 --> 04:40:57,200
what one historian later called 
the Republic of letters, a 

4853
04:40:57,200 --> 04:40:59,700
community of Minds that 
transcended, social ranks, and 

4854
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:03,100
National borders, Foreigners. 
Like the Scottish historian, 

4855
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:07,000
David Hume while the Italian 
economist cesare beccaria were 

4856
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,500
defeated at Paris salons. 
When they visited in turn French

4857
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:13,100
philosophers, built, networks of
correspondence with thinkers 

4858
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:16,900
abroad, The Cosmopolitan chatter
in Madame jofran. 

4859
04:41:16,900 --> 04:41:21,500
Salo had echoes in London Geneva
or Berlin as ideas spread by the

4860
04:41:21,508 --> 04:41:24,900
1770s and 1780s. 
Even as economic troubles and 

4861
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:28,500
political conflict in France. 
One could still find On Any 

4862
04:41:28,500 --> 04:41:30,500
Given evening a salon in full 
swing. 

4863
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:34,600
A microcosm of an ideal in 
Lightroom and Society where 

4864
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:37,500
conversation flowed freely 
differences were bridge by 

4865
04:41:37,508 --> 04:41:41,200
Civility and a new rational. 
France was imagined in talk long

4866
04:41:41,200 --> 04:41:43,800
before it existed. 
In fact, by the middle of the 

4867
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:47,100
18th century, the written word 
in France was undergoing an 

4868
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:50,500
explosive proliferation and 
bustling Parisian, Prince shops 

4869
04:41:50,500 --> 04:41:53,400
in secret presses hidden in 
attics or a cross, the border 

4870
04:41:53,400 --> 04:41:58,000
printers turned out mountains of
paper books, pamphlets journals 

4871
04:41:58,000 --> 04:42:02,200
broadside and insatiable reading
public had Arisen, hungry for 

4872
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,500
everything from scandalous verse
to Serious treatises on 

4873
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:08,300
philosophy. 
The statistics, tell part of the

4874
04:42:08,300 --> 04:42:12,800
story by the 1780s literacy at 
risen markedly roughly half of 

4875
04:42:12,800 --> 04:42:16,300
French men and a quarter of 
women could read almost double 

4876
04:42:16,300 --> 04:42:17,700
the rates from a century 
earlier. 

4877
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:20,800
More people reading meant more 
demand for reading material, 

4878
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:23,800
where the state or the church 
try to sense or limit that 

4879
04:42:23,800 --> 04:42:26,700
material Enterprise in 
Publishers found ways to supply 

4880
04:42:26,700 --> 04:42:28,700
it. 
Regardless a vertical 

4881
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:31,500
underground press emerged and 
with it, a new kind of 

4882
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:34,800
intellectual Warrior, the hack 
writer and the clandestine 

4883
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:37,500
Bookseller. 
Together, they would spread 

4884
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:40,300
enlightenment ideas to every 
corner of France even as 

4885
04:42:40,300 --> 04:42:42,300
authorities scrambled to stem 
the tide. 

4886
04:42:43,100 --> 04:42:45,800
Officially the French Crown 
maintained strict censorship. 

4887
04:42:45,800 --> 04:42:49,400
All books were supposed to be a 
proved by Royal sensors and 

4888
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:52,900
carry the sensors name. 
Hundreds of titles were outright

4889
04:42:52,900 --> 04:42:56,200
banned, the Catholic Church 
through the sorbonne faculty and

4890
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:59,900
the infamous index, Libra, 
prohibitorum index of prohibited

4891
04:42:59,900 --> 04:43:02,300
books. 
Also condemned Works, deemed 

4892
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:05,100
heretical or immoral. 
Punishments, for illegal 

4893
04:43:05,100 --> 04:43:08,800
printing, could be severe fines 
imprisonment, even The Gallows 

4894
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:12,800
for repeater fenders but by the 
1770s enforcement was 

4895
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:15,000
increasingly like plugging holes
in a sieve. 

4896
04:43:15,000 --> 04:43:18,400
The appetite for new ideas was 
too strong in the profits to be 

4897
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:20,300
made from satisfied at two 
tempting. 

4898
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:23,900
Smugglers carried, forbidden 
books in France By The Crate. 

4899
04:43:23,900 --> 04:43:27,700
Stashing them in false bottom 
wagons or floating them down 

4900
04:43:27,700 --> 04:43:30,500
Rivers at night. 
It was said that in some 

4901
04:43:30,500 --> 04:43:33,900
Frontier towns, nearly every 
customer was officer could be 

4902
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:36,500
bribed. 
Meanwhile, within France, 

4903
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,300
pirate, printers secretly 
duplicated, popular Works 

4904
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:42,600
without permission. 
One way or another. 

4905
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:45,500
What was officially banned often
ended up widely read. 

4906
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:49,300
A few examples illustrate, the 
cat and mouse game of publishing

4907
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:52,600
in 1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

4908
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:56,200
encyclopedie, the great 
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 

4909
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,900
and trades edited by Denny 
diderot was banned by King 

4910
04:43:59,900 --> 04:44:01,700
Louis. 
The 15th, after the first seven 

4911
04:44:01,700 --> 04:44:04,600
volumes under pressure from 
church authorities, who found 

4912
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:08,200
its articles to Empires but 
diderot did not abandon it. 

4913
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:11,500
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders 
not least the enlightened 

4914
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:13,700
sensor. 
Male sharaba diderot continued, 

4915
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:17,000
the work in secret finishing 10,
more volumes of Articles and 

4916
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:19,100
plates under a false imprint in 
Switzerland. 

4917
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:23,000
Officially the encyclopedia was 
suppressed in reality 

4918
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:25,900
subscribers received the 
remaining volumes clandestinely 

4919
04:44:25,900 --> 04:44:29,000
by 1765 as one contemporary 
quit. 

4920
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:32,000
The authorities had winked. 
At the Enterprise, they 

4921
04:44:32,000 --> 04:44:35,200
pretended to shut it down to 
appease the church, but turned a

4922
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:37,500
blind eye to its continued 
existence because it employed 

4923
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:39,600
hundreds of workers and had 
powerful supporters. 

4924
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:44,900
This delicate dance ban in name,
tolerate in practice typified. 

4925
04:44:44,900 --> 04:44:47,000
The later old regimes lacks 
censorship. 

4926
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:54,600
By 1780 should complete at 35 
volume's and astonishing Trove 

4927
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,600
of Enlightenment knowledge made 
available to the public, despite

4928
04:44:57,600 --> 04:45:01,400
all edicts to the contrary, in 
addition to the encyclopedie 

4929
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:05,400
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the
Rhineland produced illicit 

4930
04:45:05,400 --> 04:45:08,700
literature. 
Scholars believe that around 600

4931
04:45:08,700 --> 04:45:11,300
prohibited books, circulated in 
France, before the Revolution. 

4932
04:45:12,300 --> 04:45:15,100
These included philosophical 
books, Scarlett's political 

4933
04:45:15,100 --> 04:45:18,800
pamphlets and censored novels. 
According to historian, Robert 

4934
04:45:18,800 --> 04:45:22,500
Danton several were forbidden 
bestsellers books to Filthy or 

4935
04:45:22,500 --> 04:45:25,400
seditious for the sensors. 
But eagerly read by everyone who

4936
04:45:25,400 --> 04:45:30,000
could Russo's Emil on education 
and the social contract were 

4937
04:45:30,000 --> 04:45:34,300
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 
volumes spread and made him 

4938
04:45:34,300 --> 04:45:37,000
famous. 
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 

4939
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:39,500
the Royal Family's morals and 
crazy stories. 

4940
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:42,300
About the king's ministers were 
other underground, best sellers 

4941
04:45:42,300 --> 04:45:45,500
grub Street. 
Writers hack authors living hand

4942
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:47,300
to mouth in Paris. 
Who wrote Whatever sold 

4943
04:45:47,300 --> 04:45:50,300
specialized in LaBelle's 
liberalist pamphlets. 

4944
04:45:51,000 --> 04:45:53,500
To get money, such writers, 
might mock the king's mistress, 

4945
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:57,200
one week composing natural 
rights tracked, the next, and 

4946
04:45:57,200 --> 04:46:00,000
spy for the police. 
The next Voltaire and diderot 

4947
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:03,400
mock this literary, underworld 
Voltaire called hackers things. 

4948
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,900
Ironically, radical ideas. 
Sometimes spread through these 

4949
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:10,500
less recognized venues the 
hackers hungry and alienated 

4950
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:13,600
from the previous regime, hated 
Authority and fueled the 

4951
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:16,300
revolution. 
Print circulation is immense. 

4952
04:46:17,100 --> 04:46:20,000
A recent police, inventory of a 
seized bookstore or the 

4953
04:46:20,008 --> 04:46:23,200
Bastille's confiscated shipment,
documents shows, thousands of 

4954
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:26,100
illegal books. 
Popular illegal titles have been

4955
04:46:26,108 --> 04:46:30,300
republished many times in the 
70s, the Swiss underground 

4956
04:46:30,300 --> 04:46:33,900
publisher Societe typographic de
no Chateau transported. 

4957
04:46:33,900 --> 04:46:37,500
Tens of thousands of volumes 
into France from voltaire's 

4958
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:42,700
philosophical fables to 
prohibited novels, By 1796 20 

4959
04:46:42,700 --> 04:46:46,600
sanctions pirated volumes of the
Forbidden anti-colonial work 

4960
04:46:46,600 --> 04:46:49,600
history of the two Indies 1770 
surface. 

4961
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:52,300
Abbey, right? 
Now's history of the two Indies 

4962
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,600
which boldly denounced slavery 
and tyranny was banned by the 

4963
04:46:55,600 --> 04:46:59,000
French government in exiled. 
While the clergy despised him as

4964
04:46:59,000 --> 04:47:02,200
one of the most seditious 
writers, which only peeked redis

4965
04:47:02,200 --> 04:47:04,800
in interest. 
Spiked the Embargo. 

4966
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:07,900
The book was a best-seller, an 
influenced American colonists 

4967
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:11,800
with its human rights advocacy. 
The Paradox of French 

4968
04:47:11,800 --> 04:47:14,600
Enlightenment, publishing was 
that repression, often increased

4969
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:17,800
a Works, Fame, and audience 
reading revolution spread 

4970
04:47:17,800 --> 04:47:20,700
outside the capitol. 
Provincial cities developed 

4971
04:47:20,700 --> 04:47:23,700
lending, libraries and reading 
societies where members pulled 

4972
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:25,300
funds to buy books and 
newspapers. 

4973
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:27,900
Under the watchful eye of a 
suspicious bishop or magistrate 

4974
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:31,400
literature was available to many
residents and artists by the 

4975
04:47:31,400 --> 04:47:33,900
7080. 
Budget-friendly. 

4976
04:47:33,900 --> 04:47:37,900
Bibliotech Blue Book simplified 
in lightning and ideals fairy 

4977
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:41,000
tales and practical information.
Peddlers sold chat. 

4978
04:47:41,000 --> 04:47:44,900
Books in local marketplaces 
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.

4979
04:47:44,900 --> 04:47:48,600
A peasant may hear a hot story 
about the king's mistress or a 

4980
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:50,000
Voltaire joke. 
Of course not. 

4981
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:53,600
Everyone liked this print Deluge
conservative voices, argued. 

4982
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:56,300
That excessive reading 
especially forbidden materials 

4983
04:47:56,300 --> 04:48:00,200
was corrupting Ordinary People 
one booklet at a time. 

4984
04:48:00,208 --> 04:48:03,200
Some worry that Authority was 
losing respect, they were 

4985
04:48:03,200 --> 04:48:06,900
partly, right? 
Before 1789 printed words, 

4986
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:08,400
affected for French public 
opinion. 

4987
04:48:08,400 --> 04:48:11,600
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 
public opinion after 

4988
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:15,100
high-profile scandals or trials 
like the diamond necklace 

4989
04:48:15,100 --> 04:48:19,900
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 
Marie Antoinette in lighting and

4990
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:21,700
authors and form an influence 
public opinion. 

4991
04:48:21,700 --> 04:48:24,600
They thought educational and 
critical thinking could improve 

4992
04:48:24,600 --> 04:48:27,600
Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

4993
04:48:27,600 --> 04:48:29,900
high expectations and simmering 
discontent. 

4994
04:48:30,800 --> 04:48:33,900
A prison kiosk sold, a cheap 
Russo, leaflet on the eve of the

4995
04:48:33,908 --> 04:48:37,300
Revolution, stating man is Born 
Free and everywhere he is in 

4996
04:48:37,300 --> 04:48:41,300
Chains, a body song, mocking the
fat Archbishop or a broadsheet, 

4997
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:44,500
celebrating America's successful
Uprising against its ruler of 

4998
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:48,200
available rights, Liberty and 
equality formally discussed in 

4999
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:50,700
salons, have permeated common 
consciousness. 

5000
04:48:51,800 --> 04:48:54,400
The future was printed on legal 
and unlawful presses. 

5001
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:57,500
Despite their efforts, the old 
orders Guardians could not. 

5002
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:02,300
Of the printers type and the 
rustle of secretly turned Pages 

5003
04:49:02,300 --> 04:49:05,700
shook a changing France, in a 
modest Paris apartment in the 

5004
04:49:05,708 --> 04:49:08,500
1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

5005
04:49:08,500 --> 04:49:12,000
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

5006
04:49:12,000 --> 04:49:16,100
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

5007
04:49:16,100 --> 04:49:20,200
most famous of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

5008
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:25,000
a skeptic who relishes skewering
folly on the other Jean-Jacques,

5009
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:30,100
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Tensley Ernest Ilona, who 

5010
04:49:30,100 --> 04:49:32,400
distrust, the very Society 
Voltaire. 

5011
04:49:32,400 --> 04:49:35,800
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

5012
04:49:35,800 --> 04:49:39,100
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

5013
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:41,700
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

5014
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,800
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

5015
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:48,900
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it Voltaire 

5016
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:52,800
rights with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

5017
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:54,600
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

5018
04:49:55,400 --> 04:49:58,200
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

5019
04:49:58,200 --> 04:50:03,000
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Rousseau's idealization 

5020
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:05,900
of primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

5021
04:50:05,900 --> 04:50:08,700
civilization. 
May be flawed, but it's far 

5022
04:50:08,700 --> 04:50:10,500
better than the Savage Life 
Rousseau. 

5023
04:50:10,500 --> 04:50:14,500
Extols this famous quip that 
Rousseau's philosophy is To make

5024
04:50:14,508 --> 04:50:18,400
a man want to become a beast, 
epitomizes the clash between two

5025
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:22,000
towering Enlightenment thinkers,
whose visions of human nature 

5026
04:50:22,000 --> 04:50:25,900
and Society were Worlds Apart, 
the enlightenment was not a 

5027
04:50:25,900 --> 04:50:29,000
singular entity, rather it 
represented a multitude of 

5028
04:50:29,000 --> 04:50:32,800
diverse perspectives frequently 
engaged in intense debate. 

5029
04:50:33,700 --> 04:50:37,400
Voltaire and Russo's rivalry as 
legendary Voltaire championed 

5030
04:50:37,400 --> 04:50:39,400
reasons. 
Science and a certain 

5031
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:42,700
Cosmopolitan elitism. 
He believed in lightened 

5032
04:50:42,700 --> 04:50:45,700
monarchs ideally advised by 
philosophers, like in himself, 

5033
04:50:45,700 --> 04:50:50,300
could gradually improve Society.
Religion to Voltaire was useful 

5034
04:50:50,300 --> 04:50:53,300
as a social glue that needed 
purging of superstition. 

5035
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:58,300
Echo, say land fam, crush the 
infamous thing of fanaticism. 

5036
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:01,000
He would famously declare of the
church's abuses. 

5037
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:04,800
Rousseau by contrast distrusted 
the pretensions of polite 

5038
04:51:04,800 --> 04:51:07,300
Society. 
He thought civilization had 

5039
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:11,000
corrupted man's originally, good
nature in works like discourse 

5040
04:51:11,000 --> 04:51:14,200
on inequality. 
He argued that Arts and Sciences

5041
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,000
had led not to progress, but to 
vanity and oppression. 

5042
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:21,200
His ideal was a simpler life in 
harmony with nature and a 

5043
04:51:21,200 --> 04:51:23,200
political Community Based on 
genuine. 

5044
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:25,300
Equality and the general will of
the people. 

5045
04:51:25,300 --> 04:51:28,700
As he later, outlined in the 
social contract to Voltaire, the

5046
04:51:28,708 --> 04:51:32,300
idea sounded naive at best 
dangerous at worst. 

5047
04:51:32,300 --> 04:51:35,700
Their correspondents started 
courteously, but soured over 

5048
04:51:35,700 --> 04:51:38,700
time. 
After the devastating Lisbon 

5049
04:51:38,700 --> 04:51:42,300
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 
wrote a poem questioning 

5050
04:51:42,300 --> 04:51:45,000
Providence. 
How could a just God Slaughter 

5051
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,000
Innocents? 
Russo. 

5052
04:51:47,000 --> 04:51:50,200
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 
people should not question God's

5053
04:51:50,200 --> 04:51:54,100
plan, and that if men didn't 
live packed in cities, The Quake

5054
04:51:54,100 --> 04:51:57,400
would do less harm. 
Voltaire privately scoffed at 

5055
04:51:57,400 --> 04:51:59,400
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

5056
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:02,800
One Longs in reading your book 
to walk on all fours. 

5057
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:07,100
He jeered by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

5058
04:52:07,100 --> 04:52:09,800
increasingly convinced that 
voltar in, his Clique were 

5059
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:12,700
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

5060
04:52:13,800 --> 04:52:15,900
By the 70s. 
Their relationship had fractured

5061
04:52:15,900 --> 04:52:18,600
complete. 
Rousseau even refused volta's 

5062
04:52:18,600 --> 04:52:20,500
offer of Refuge. 
When Rousseau was fleeing 

5063
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:24,300
arrest, the Voltaire Rousseau 
split was not just personal in 

5064
04:52:24,300 --> 04:52:26,800
symbolized, a deeper Divergence 
in Enlightenment thought. 

5065
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:31,000
Voltaire stood for the party of 
Reason progress through 

5066
04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:34,100
enlightened Authority and sharp 
criticism of traditional. 

5067
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:38,300
Rousseau became the voice of the
party of feeling valuing emotion

5068
04:52:38,300 --> 04:52:41,600
authenticity and the wisdom of 
the Common Man over the Polished

5069
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:44,900
salon sophisticate to Kruger 
their quarrel highlighted 

5070
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:47,400
contradictions. 
The enlightenment celebrated 

5071
04:52:47,400 --> 04:52:50,800
reason yet Rousseau accused 
reasons Apostles of being cold 

5072
04:52:50,800 --> 04:52:52,800
and elitist, it preached a 
quality. 

5073
04:52:52,800 --> 04:52:56,400
Yet Voltaire privately disdained
the uneducated masses and 

5074
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:58,900
preferred benevolent despacito 
to democracy. 

5075
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:02,800
In their ways, each was 
prophetic Voltaire of the 

5076
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:06,300
liberal secular values that 
would shape modern Europe Russo 

5077
04:53:06,300 --> 04:53:09,300
of the Romantic Democratic and 
even revolutionary currents that

5078
04:53:09,300 --> 04:53:12,600
would soon erupt. 
Its fitting that both men died 

5079
04:53:12,600 --> 04:53:15,600
in 1778. 
A decade before the Revolution, 

5080
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:18,900
almost, as if fate meant to 
clear the stage for the drama to

5081
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:21,800
come Beyond this. 
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 

5082
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:24,500
was Rife with intellectual 
rivalries, and collaboration's 

5083
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:28,100
Darrow and delamere co-editors 
of the encyclopedie had their 

5084
04:53:28,100 --> 04:53:31,400
share of squabbles dalomba quit 
the project in frustration in 

5085
04:53:31,400 --> 04:53:35,400
1759 leaving Dido to slog 
through the remaining volumes 

5086
04:53:35,400 --> 04:53:38,600
largely alone. 
D'idro also fell out bitterly 

5087
04:53:38,600 --> 04:53:40,800
with Rousseau who had once been 
his close friend. 

5088
04:53:42,100 --> 04:53:45,400
Diro and Barren holbach welcomed
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 

5089
04:53:45,400 --> 04:53:48,700
the 1740s. 
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 

5090
04:53:48,700 --> 04:53:51,700
in his paranoia grew, he came to
believe diderot had portrayed 

5091
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:53,500
him negatively in a satirical 
play. 

5092
04:53:54,400 --> 04:53:57,100
Their friendship collapsed 
illustrating, how personal 

5093
04:53:57,100 --> 04:53:59,400
slights could fracture even 
those working for the same 

5094
04:53:59,400 --> 04:54:02,100
broad. 
Cause meanwhile, Baron de 

5095
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:05,200
holbach, host of a famously 
irreverent, Salon of atheists 

5096
04:54:05,200 --> 04:54:09,300
published, the system of nature 
1770 a book denying, the 

5097
04:54:09,308 --> 04:54:13,800
existence of God outright This 
extreme materialism alarmed even

5098
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:15,800
Voltaire, who attacked whole 
bucks. 

5099
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:19,600
Atheism as fanatical in its own 
way, Voltaire believed Society 

5100
04:54:19,600 --> 04:54:22,800
needed belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

5101
04:54:22,800 --> 04:54:25,700
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

5102
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:28,900
Holdback and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

5103
04:54:28,900 --> 04:54:32,900
voltaire's deers and as a lack 
of nerve to them reason pointed 

5104
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:36,400
to a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus, even among 

5105
04:54:36,400 --> 04:54:39,200
Phyllis Hoffs United against the
church's tyranny. 

5106
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:41,600
There were deep fractures about 
religion's role. 

5107
04:54:42,900 --> 04:54:45,700
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

5108
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:50,100
political Theory montesquieu's, 
the spirit of the laws. 1748 

5109
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:53,800
argued for a balanced 
Constitution, like Britain's 

5110
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:58,500
with powers separated among King
Parliament, and quartz a 

5111
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:00,300
moderate Vision to prevent 
despotism. 

5112
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:05,800
Russo's social contract 1762 
dismissed montesquieu's models 

5113
04:55:05,800 --> 04:55:09,700
as two aristocratic instead 
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 

5114
04:55:09,700 --> 04:55:13,500
So egalitarian that in theory 
everyone would obey laws they 

5115
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:17,700
themselves willed Voltaire found
Rousseau's political ideas, as 

5116
04:55:17,700 --> 04:55:21,800
impractical as his primitivism 
equipped that Rousseau's ideal 

5117
04:55:21,800 --> 04:55:25,700
Republic was a city of ghosts. 
And indeed Rousseau's notion 

5118
04:55:25,700 --> 04:55:28,100
that citizens be forced to be 
free. 

5119
04:55:28,100 --> 04:55:31,400
If they violate the general will
would trouble critics for its 

5120
04:55:31,400 --> 04:55:34,100
potential for tyranny. 
Yet these quarrels were not 

5121
04:55:34,100 --> 04:55:37,000
destructive in the long run 
rather, they enriched the 

5122
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:40,000
enlightenment's Legacy by 
presenting contrasting ideas. 

5123
04:55:40,000 --> 04:55:43,500
That later generations could 
draw upon in the salons and 

5124
04:55:43,500 --> 04:55:45,300
imprint. 
I have a philosophy might 

5125
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:49,400
Lampoon each other, but they all
contributed to the into a 

5126
04:55:49,400 --> 04:55:53,100
broader movement questioning, 
the status quo, Occasionally the

5127
04:55:53,100 --> 04:55:56,500
debate's got personal and nasty 
pamphlets full of character, 

5128
04:55:56,500 --> 04:56:00,000
assassination of out. 
Voltaire was a master of The 

5129
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:05,700
Artful insult, When A pompous 
critic, the ABI death on 1088 by

5130
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:08,200
portraying death ones as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

5131
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:10,500
satire. 
Effectively, destroying the 

5132
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:14,600
man's reputation Russo to lashed
out in his late years. 

5133
04:56:15,700 --> 04:56:18,000
He wrote with ring letters 
accusing former friends of 

5134
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:20,600
treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

5135
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:24,300
larger consequences, the sharp 
exchanges clarified differences.

5136
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:26,600
And thought, what was the best 
form of government? 

5137
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:30,200
The true foundation of morality 
what is the role of religion? 

5138
04:56:31,400 --> 04:56:34,500
Through argument the philosophy,
refined their positions by the 

5139
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:36,800
70s. 
A new generation was emerging 

5140
04:56:36,800 --> 04:56:39,900
too figures. 
Like Condor SE a mathematician 

5141
04:56:39,900 --> 04:56:42,100
and protege of Dal on bear 
admired. 

5142
04:56:42,100 --> 04:56:44,400
Both Voltaire and Rousseau 
trying to synthesize 

5143
04:56:44,400 --> 04:56:48,100
Enlightenment ideals with 
practical reforms, condos at 

5144
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:50,700
would advocate for the abolition
of slavery and women's rights. 

5145
04:56:50,700 --> 04:56:53,900
Pushing the enlightenment 
egalitarian logic further than 

5146
04:56:53,900 --> 04:56:57,200
his predecessors dead. 
Meanwhile, the Rifts among the 

5147
04:56:57,200 --> 04:56:59,900
older philosophers per Sage 
splits in the coming Revolution 

5148
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:03,200
aristocratic liberals versus 
radical Democrats. 

5149
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:07,500
Deists vs atheists and 
pragmatists vs idealists. 

5150
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:11,300
The enlightenment was not one 
son, but a constellation with 

5151
04:57:11,300 --> 04:57:14,400
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of

5152
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:16,500
each other. 
Their clashes bitter. 

5153
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:18,900
Though they were gave the era 
much of its dynamism. 

5154
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:22,800
The salon gossip about Voltaire 
versus Rousseau was the talk of 

5155
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:25,500
intellectual Europe. 
Interestingly, when both 

5156
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:29,300
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 
away in 1778, they received 

5157
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:32,400
brief eulogies as if they had 
been complimentary Heroes. 

5158
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,000
Within a few years, the French 
Revolution would enshrine them 

5159
04:57:36,000 --> 04:57:40,700
by entering both their ashes in 
the pantheon in Paris Voltaire 

5160
04:57:40,700 --> 04:57:44,800
and 1791, Rousseau and 94. 
So, Bali reconciling the two in 

5161
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:47,700
the Republic of posterity. 
France. 

5162
04:57:47,700 --> 04:57:49,900
It turned out would need both 
voltaire's razor wit and 

5163
04:57:49,900 --> 04:57:52,700
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 
Freedom as it hurtled toward a 

5164
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:54,600
new age. 
The Palace of Versailles 

5165
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:59,100
Courtyard was packed on a sunny 
September afternoon in 1783 with

5166
04:57:59,100 --> 04:58:02,300
eyes fixed on the sky. 
To provincial Brothers, the 

5167
04:58:02,300 --> 04:58:05,200
montgolfier brothers were ready 
to attempt the first hot air 

5168
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:07,500
balloon flight by the living 
creatures in front of King 

5169
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,000
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 
Antoinette. 

5170
04:58:11,200 --> 04:58:13,900
Sheep duck and rooster were 
placed into a wicker basket 

5171
04:58:13,900 --> 04:58:16,000
under a taffeta balloon. 
At the sound of a cannon. 

5172
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:18,500
A second cannon. 
Fire announced release. 

5173
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:23,000
As the balloon gracefully 
climbed 600 meters. 10s of 

5174
04:58:23,008 --> 04:58:26,600
thousands of people gasped it 
carried its Barnyard, aeronauts 

5175
04:58:26,600 --> 04:58:28,100
through the heavens for eight 
minutes. 

5176
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,900
Royal biologists quickly, 
examined the animals, which were

5177
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:35,600
alive and eating hay after it 
softly landed, a few kilometers 

5178
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:39,800
away, the audience applauded, 
the King was thrilled or be at 

5179
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:43,000
the inventors deathly of voided 
his suggestion to use convicted 

5180
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:45,800
felons as test passengers more 
than the amusement. 

5181
04:58:45,800 --> 04:58:48,900
This balloon flight symbolized, 
the enlightenment's faith in 

5182
04:58:48,908 --> 04:58:51,800
science and reason to expand the
conceivable. 

5183
04:58:52,600 --> 04:58:55,900
That moment even the ancient 
dream of flights impossible. 

5184
04:58:55,900 --> 04:58:59,500
Ingenuity and experimentation 
had turned imagination into 

5185
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:03,300
reality before the French public
French Enlightenment science, 

5186
04:59:03,300 --> 04:59:06,700
provided daily life and great 
politics savants. 

5187
04:59:06,700 --> 04:59:10,000
Learned men and a few women who 
passionately studied, nature 

5188
04:59:10,000 --> 04:59:14,200
Rose in the 18th century. 
They studied chemistry anatomy, 

5189
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:17,700
botany astronomy, and electrical
importantly, they sought 

5190
04:59:17,700 --> 04:59:21,200
practical social reforms. 
The former Royal Academy of 

5191
04:59:21,200 --> 04:59:25,000
Sciences in Paris was full of 
experiments and one of waza-air,

5192
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:27,400
a rich Parisian tax. 
Officer who loved chemistry 

5193
04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:31,400
discovered Oxygen's role in 
combustion and established the 

5194
04:59:31,400 --> 04:59:35,700
idea of mass conservation. 
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who

5195
04:59:35,700 --> 04:59:39,000
illustrated and took notes 
measured gases and metals with 

5196
04:59:39,000 --> 04:59:42,500
astonishing Precision in their 
home laboratory, he proved that 

5197
04:59:42,500 --> 04:59:45,900
rusting metal games wait by 
mixing with Airborne oxygen 

5198
04:59:45,900 --> 04:59:50,400
disproving The Fugitive idea. 
Such work paved the way for 

5199
04:59:50,400 --> 04:59:53,400
Modern Chemistry was a 
systematic. 

5200
04:59:53,400 --> 04:59:56,700
Empirical in like moments of who
felt knowledge should Advance 

5201
04:59:56,700 --> 04:59:59,500
Humanity. 
Outside the lab, he improved 

5202
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,600
France's gunpowder industry, 
helping the military, an 

5203
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:04,400
agricultural research to boost 
yields. 

5204
05:00:05,100 --> 05:00:08,100
Science historically clashed 
with religious theology, but by 

5205
05:00:08,100 --> 05:00:10,500
mid-century many clergy were 
fascinated by it. 

5206
05:00:11,300 --> 05:00:14,000
After the Galileo, episode of 
century earlier, the church was 

5207
05:00:14,000 --> 05:00:16,900
cautious. 
Jesuit instructors in France are

5208
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:19,300
just adjusted Cartesian a 
Newtonian principles. 

5209
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:24,400
Still tensions. 
Grew in the 1770s, the Compton 

5210
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:27,400
Buffon, the king's naturalist 
proposed that the world may be 

5211
05:00:27,408 --> 05:00:31,400
far older than the Bible, 6,000 
years, paris's, faculty of 

5212
05:00:31,408 --> 05:00:34,400
theology forced him, to include 
a Pious disclaimer in his book, 

5213
05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:38,000
Enlightenment science favored, 
natural explanations above 

5214
05:00:38,000 --> 05:00:40,800
magical ones, contrary to 
traditional beliefs. 

5215
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:44,500
Many devout Christians or 
scientific findings, as proof of

5216
05:00:44,500 --> 05:00:47,800
God's laws medicine and public 
health were where science and 

5217
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:51,200
belief intersected. 
Most The introduction of 

5218
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:54,200
smallpox inoculation a 
predecessor to vaccination was 

5219
05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:58,600
noteworthy, Millions, including 
royalty, been doing or scarred 

5220
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:01,800
by smallpox. 
After Louis, the 15th died, 

5221
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:05,600
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 
The new King Louis, the 16th 

5222
05:01:05,600 --> 05:01:09,800
decided to undergo inoculation a
risky purposeful infection to 

5223
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:14,000
bestow immunity Marie, 
Antoinette supported it Parisian

5224
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:18,100
Milner's, produced, the poof, 
Elinor, a hairdo with symbols of

5225
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,600
medicine and Victory. 
A serpent in twine Rod, arising 

5226
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,900
Sun for the king and an olive 
branch for piece to commemorate,

5227
05:01:24,900 --> 05:01:29,100
the Royal inoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

5228
05:01:29,100 --> 05:01:32,800
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

5229
05:01:33,700 --> 05:01:36,200
After the monarchy is 
high-profile sponsorship, what 

5230
05:01:36,200 --> 05:01:39,500
many considered a dubious 
possibly impose activity, 

5231
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:43,000
deliberately infecting, someone 
gained legitimacy? 

5232
05:01:44,000 --> 05:01:47,800
It was the moment when empirical
knowledge inoculation success in

5233
05:01:47,800 --> 05:01:52,000
England and the Ottoman Empire 
Triumph Superstition people's 

5234
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:54,700
veins were filled with an 
Enlightenment Notions 

5235
05:01:54,700 --> 05:01:58,000
Enlightenment science 
influenced, common devices and 

5236
05:01:58,000 --> 05:02:00,900
advances the elite enjoyed 
mechanical and scientific 

5237
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:04,600
exhibitions salons had the 
electrical machines with 

5238
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:08,000
spinning glass globes that 
generated static electricity 

5239
05:02:08,000 --> 05:02:12,500
sparking and raising arm hair. 
These machines were novelty, but

5240
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:15,800
important research tools. 
When American scientist, 

5241
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:18,400
Benjamin Franklin showed 
lightning was electrical by 

5242
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:21,400
harnessing it with a kite Europe
was enthralled. 

5243
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:25,600
France, copied the experiment, 
Franklin was a star in Paris as 

5244
05:02:25,600 --> 05:02:28,600
a revolutionary Diplomat and 
scientists in his lightning rod 

5245
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:31,100
creation was praised as a reason
to defense against nature. 

5246
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:35,000
By the 1780s even churches were 
putting lightning rods. 

5247
05:02:35,000 --> 05:02:38,200
Possibly recognizing that saving
a steeple from blowing up, was 

5248
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:41,100
worth it. 
Some churchmen first, opposed 

5249
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:43,500
them believe in that it was 
Blasphemous to meddle with the 

5250
05:02:43,500 --> 05:02:46,500
artillery of heaven. 
So science quietly challenged. 

5251
05:02:46,500 --> 05:02:49,200
The idea that disasters were 
divine will by treating them as 

5252
05:02:49,200 --> 05:02:52,200
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

5253
05:02:52,208 --> 05:02:54,700
the philosophers to probe 
Enlightenment thinkers. 

5254
05:02:54,700 --> 05:02:57,800
Compared doctors discussions 
about the hearts to a state's 

5255
05:02:57,800 --> 05:03:00,800
circulation of Commerce 
philosophy considered 

5256
05:03:00,800 --> 05:03:04,000
classifying human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

5257
05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:07,600
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

5258
05:03:07,600 --> 05:03:10,900
from anatomical, diagrams to, 
Windmill Improvement designs 

5259
05:03:10,900 --> 05:03:13,500
aiming to gather and disseminate
a central knowledge. 

5260
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:17,500
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

5261
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:21,000
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

5262
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:22,900
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

5263
05:03:23,800 --> 05:03:27,600
Did hero published on Metallurgy
music, theory and other subjects

5264
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:30,300
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

5265
05:03:30,300 --> 05:03:33,500
enhance life. 
During this era, the state often

5266
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:36,900
linked scientific development to
its goals, fostering a culture 

5267
05:03:36,900 --> 05:03:40,900
of enlightened absolutism Louis 
the 16th and his ministers 

5268
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:44,800
wanted to use science to improve
armaments, maps and agriculture 

5269
05:03:44,800 --> 05:03:48,900
in the 1760s. 
The French government supported 

5270
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:51,800
the enormous Meridian voyages to
estimate the Earth's form, 

5271
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:55,300
reflecting Enlightenment 
curiosity and State pride. 

5272
05:03:56,200 --> 05:03:58,700
The Academy of Sciences 
researched ways to enhance, 

5273
05:03:58,700 --> 05:04:01,900
navigation, and chronometers, 
and gave prizes for practical 

5274
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:04,900
answers, nutritionists like par 
montier. 

5275
05:04:04,900 --> 05:04:08,500
Staged meals, featuring potato 
dishes to convince aristocracy, 

5276
05:04:08,500 --> 05:04:12,300
it could prevent starvation. 
To promote potatoes. 

5277
05:04:12,300 --> 05:04:15,600
Polmanteer had a field guarded 
by troops, but let peasants 

5278
05:04:15,600 --> 05:04:18,600
steal from it at night. 
In urban living, the 

5279
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,900
enlightenment provided New 
conveniences Paris is likely 

5280
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:25,500
Street illumination improved, 
bringing Enlightenment, public 

5281
05:04:25,500 --> 05:04:29,100
places like the jardan Dua. 
Now, Jada plant, offered 

5282
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:32,200
Botanical, Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

5283
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:35,200
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

5284
05:04:35,200 --> 05:04:38,800
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

5285
05:04:38,800 --> 05:04:41,500
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

5286
05:04:41,500 --> 05:04:45,900
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

5287
05:04:45,900 --> 05:04:48,500
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

5288
05:04:48,500 --> 05:04:53,000
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
in clubs mende debated, the 

5289
05:04:53,000 --> 05:04:57,000
ideas of Newton and Descartes 
while aristocratic women wore 

5290
05:04:57,000 --> 05:04:58,400
small, lightning rods as 
jewelry. 

5291
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:01,900
The Revolutionary idea of 
rationality, evaluating and 

5292
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:05,000
Engineering Society, also Drew 
inspiration from science. 

5293
05:05:05,900 --> 05:05:09,000
The scientists sought natural 
rules, philosophers sought 

5294
05:05:09,000 --> 05:05:12,000
social laws. 
Scientists skill in describing 

5295
05:05:12,000 --> 05:05:14,600
the world, encourage them to 
question whether social 

5296
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:17,800
structures like the monarchy 
church and feudal. 

5297
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:20,000
Privileges were logical or 
historical accidents. 

5298
05:05:20,000 --> 05:05:24,000
Why not redesign a kingdom. 
If a balloon could fly Science 

5299
05:05:24,000 --> 05:05:27,400
wasn't politically neutral. 
Some Enlightenment servants face

5300
05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:30,800
persecution and challenges, 
revolutionaries denounced 

5301
05:05:30,800 --> 05:05:34,500
Lavoisier for being a tax 
collector in 1794 despite his 

5302
05:05:34,500 --> 05:05:36,200
gunpowder and chemistry 
advances. 

5303
05:05:37,000 --> 05:05:39,700
Despite his scientific 
credentials Lavoisier face 

5304
05:05:39,700 --> 05:05:42,400
execution, when the public 
turned against experts with 

5305
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:45,700
links to the ancient regime, the
Republic has no need of 

5306
05:05:45,708 --> 05:05:47,900
scientists. 
The judge allegedly declared 

5307
05:05:47,900 --> 05:05:52,300
rejecting, Mercy requests, the 
new Administration returned was 

5308
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:55,800
things to his widow with a note 
to the Widow of Love waza-air 

5309
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,800
who was falsely convicted a year
after his execution 

5310
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:02,300
acknowledging, his innocence and
genius mathematically. 

5311
05:06:02,300 --> 05:06:05,600
Grange mourned, it took them 
only an instant to cut off that 

5312
05:06:05,600 --> 05:06:08,800
head and 100 years may not 
suffice to produce another like 

5313
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:11,500
it. 
The convergence of Enlightenment

5314
05:06:11,500 --> 05:06:13,900
science and revolutionary 
politics was fragile. 

5315
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:17,800
Science permitted, Salon State 
policies and Street culture in 

5316
05:06:17,800 --> 05:06:20,800
Enlightenment France. 
It offered control over nature 

5317
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:25,500
and reflected Society, people 
cooked healed, and illuminated 

5318
05:06:25,500 --> 05:06:28,200
their home's differently. 
It also influenced their 

5319
05:06:28,200 --> 05:06:30,500
Thinking by encouraging them to 
believe that empirical 

5320
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:33,300
observation and reason could 
explain and improve the natural 

5321
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,200
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

5322
05:06:36,200 --> 05:06:38,300
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

5323
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:42,100
The Monk Coffee, a balloon, 
soaring to cheers at Versailles.

5324
05:06:42,100 --> 05:06:44,900
Showed how knowledge May lift 
Humanity. 

5325
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:49,900
Once a place of gods and mystery
the sky today hosted, human 

5326
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:54,000
achievement everything appeared 
possible currently and a social.

5327
05:06:54,000 --> 05:06:57,400
And political revolution was 
about to happen spurred in part 

5328
05:06:57,400 --> 05:06:59,800
by Enlightenment science is 
confidence and inquisitive 

5329
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:02,700
attitude Toulouse, experience to
horrible scene. 

5330
05:07:02,700 --> 05:07:05,000
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fighting against

5331
05:07:05,000 --> 05:07:09,700
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel, punishment, sentenced 

5332
05:07:09,700 --> 05:07:13,400
Protestant, Merchant Jean death,
for the murder of his son, who 

5333
05:07:13,400 --> 05:07:15,100
was reportedly converting to 
Catholicism. 

5334
05:07:16,800 --> 05:07:19,900
Kalis claimed in a sentence, but
anti-protestant, sentiment 

5335
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:23,200
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

5336
05:07:23,200 --> 05:07:26,000
until death. 
Volta learned about this 

5337
05:07:26,000 --> 05:07:29,600
Injustice at his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

5338
05:07:29,600 --> 05:07:32,100
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

5339
05:07:32,100 --> 05:07:34,900
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

5340
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:39,000
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

5341
05:07:39,000 --> 05:07:42,700
to abandon Humanity. 
Full, tap pursued, classes 

5342
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:45,200
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

5343
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:47,900
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

5344
05:07:47,908 --> 05:07:52,000
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

5345
05:07:52,000 --> 05:07:54,500
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

5346
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:57,500
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765. 

5347
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:01,300
The king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

5348
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:04,400
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

5349
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:06,200
Reason. 
Over bias was applauded by 

5350
05:08:06,200 --> 05:08:09,600
Europe and the age Voltaire. 
The kalas Scandal proved that 

5351
05:08:09,608 --> 05:08:13,100
the monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong and advancing 

5352
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:15,500
Enlightenment religious 
tolerance, and legislative 

5353
05:08:15,500 --> 05:08:19,400
change voltaire's economy. 
Lane fam, crushed, the infamous 

5354
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:22,100
thing, inspired the 
Philosopher's Legacy 

5355
05:08:22,100 --> 05:08:26,700
Superstition and Priests misuse 
of Authority or his concerns not

5356
05:08:26,700 --> 05:08:29,900
religion itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

5357
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:34,100
The philosophy 1766, saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

5358
05:08:34,100 --> 05:08:37,200
Aristocrats of Valley for Empire
party. 

5359
05:08:37,200 --> 05:08:39,800
For not removing his hat during 
a religious procession of 

5360
05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:43,800
defacing a crucifix, the 
authorities, fastened voltaire's

5361
05:08:43,800 --> 05:08:46,200
philosophical dictionary to 
labar's, Burning. 

5362
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:48,900
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

5363
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:52,800
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at Labor's 

5364
05:08:52,800 --> 05:08:56,000
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

5365
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:59,500
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

5366
05:08:59,500 --> 05:09:02,900
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

5367
05:09:02,900 --> 05:09:05,900
presses in lighting. 
Mint ideas, held the monarchy 

5368
05:09:05,900 --> 05:09:09,500
and religion accountable to 
reason justice and human rights.

5369
05:09:10,600 --> 05:09:14,800
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

5370
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:18,100
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

5371
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:21,200
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

5372
05:09:21,200 --> 05:09:23,300
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

5373
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:28,600
Some went further Russo's social
contracts 1762 opens with the 

5374
05:09:28,600 --> 05:09:32,300
Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere 

5375
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:37,100
he is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

5376
05:09:37,100 --> 05:09:40,500
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

5377
05:09:40,500 --> 05:09:44,000
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

5378
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:46,800
illogical. 
Secret copies of the band and 

5379
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:49,200
destroyed book disseminated its 
ideas quickly. 

5380
05:09:50,000 --> 05:09:53,400
In later works Deidre focused on
colonialism and slavery and 

5381
05:09:53,400 --> 05:09:55,500
suggested that a press people 
should rise up. 

5382
05:09:56,200 --> 05:09:59,700
Reynolds did popular history of 
the two Indies predicts a slave 

5383
05:09:59,700 --> 05:10:02,700
Insurrection and the fall of 
European Authority overseas, 

5384
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:06,200
that conversation exploded, the 
French Crown. 

5385
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:09,700
Spam does sensors tried to crush
it, but they merely pushed it 

5386
05:10:09,700 --> 05:10:11,700
underground where it became more
appealing. 

5387
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:14,500
Not all in lighting month 
Figures were radicals. 

5388
05:10:14,500 --> 05:10:18,200
Many favored in despotism? 
Which held at a wise and 

5389
05:10:18,200 --> 05:10:20,200
sensible King could reform from 
Power? 

5390
05:10:21,000 --> 05:10:23,800
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the
great of Prussia and praised 

5391
05:10:23,800 --> 05:10:25,700
Emperor. 
Joseph, the second of Austria 

5392
05:10:25,700 --> 05:10:29,600
for religious toleration and 
serfdom reform, Enlightenment 

5393
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:32,500
influenced, French ministers and
nobility included turgut. 

5394
05:10:32,500 --> 05:10:36,000
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

5395
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:38,600
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

5396
05:10:38,600 --> 05:10:41,700
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

5397
05:10:41,700 --> 05:10:47,100
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

5398
05:10:47,100 --> 05:10:51,300
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis 16th, 

5399
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:54,300
prohibited torture and 
interrogation inspired by 

5400
05:10:54,308 --> 05:10:56,700
kesari. 
Becca's Enlightenment essay on 

5401
05:10:56,700 --> 05:11:00,200
crimes and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

5402
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:03,700
rights in 1787. 
He advocated immunization and 

5403
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:06,900
religious tolerance. 
The monarchy often fail to face 

5404
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:10,700
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

5405
05:11:10,700 --> 05:11:13,900
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

5406
05:11:13,900 --> 05:11:17,400
opposed privileged reduction. 
French Catholic Church was a key

5407
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,300
and light to Target. 
The church had long ruled 

5408
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:22,900
education literature and 
dissenters were to immense, 

5409
05:11:22,900 --> 05:11:26,700
great riches philosopher. 
The mostly Deus or agnostics 

5410
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:30,800
denounce Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

5411
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:33,300
like the calus Scandal to Humble
the church. 

5412
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:38,100
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

5413
05:11:38,100 --> 05:11:41,800
other flaws. 
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 

5414
05:11:41,800 --> 05:11:44,800
mocked European religious, 
communion by comparing Pacific 

5415
05:11:44,800 --> 05:11:47,200
island, accustomed to European 
religious communion. 

5416
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:50,400
Barren holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

5417
05:11:50,400 --> 05:11:53,300
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

5418
05:11:53,308 --> 05:11:55,900
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative 

5419
05:11:55,900 --> 05:11:58,500
Toulouse. 
Experienced a horrible scene 

5420
05:11:58,500 --> 05:12:00,600
that exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

5421
05:12:00,600 --> 05:12:05,300
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel, punishment sentenced 

5422
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:08,000
Protestant Merchant, Jean 
Calista death, for the murder of

5423
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:10,700
his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

5424
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,500
Calus claimed in a sense, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

5425
05:12:15,500 --> 05:12:18,800
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

5426
05:12:18,800 --> 05:12:21,700
until death. 
Volta, learned about this 

5427
05:12:21,700 --> 05:12:25,100
Injustice of his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

5428
05:12:25,100 --> 05:12:27,700
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

5429
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:30,500
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

5430
05:12:30,500 --> 05:12:34,600
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

5431
05:12:34,600 --> 05:12:38,100
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

5432
05:12:38,100 --> 05:12:40,800
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

5433
05:12:40,800 --> 05:12:43,500
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored a Treasures on 

5434
05:12:43,500 --> 05:12:47,600
tolerance 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

5435
05:12:47,600 --> 05:12:50,100
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

5436
05:12:50,100 --> 05:12:53,100
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765. 

5437
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:56,900
The king's Council in Paris, 
overturned, calluses sentence 

5438
05:12:56,900 --> 05:13:00,000
and exonerated. 
Him posthumously this victory of

5439
05:13:00,000 --> 05:13:02,800
Reason over bias was applauded 
by Europe and the age of 

5440
05:13:02,808 --> 05:13:05,200
Voltaire. 
The kalash Scandal proved that 

5441
05:13:05,208 --> 05:13:08,800
the monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong advancing, 

5442
05:13:08,800 --> 05:13:11,600
Enlightenment religious 
tolerance and legislative change

5443
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:14,500
voltaire's. 
A line, fam, crushed. 

5444
05:13:14,500 --> 05:13:18,100
The infamous thing inspired the 
philosophy of Victory 

5445
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,700
Superstition and Priests misuse 
of authority with his concerns. 

5446
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:25,500
Not religion itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

5447
05:13:25,500 --> 05:13:29,800
The philosophy 1766 saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

5448
05:13:29,808 --> 05:13:33,700
Aristocrat. 
Chevrolet for not removing his 

5449
05:13:33,700 --> 05:13:36,700
hat during a religious 
procession and defacing a 

5450
05:13:36,700 --> 05:13:38,900
crucifix. 
The Authority's fastened 

5451
05:13:38,900 --> 05:13:41,900
voltaire's philosophical 
dictionary to labar's, Burning, 

5452
05:13:41,900 --> 05:13:44,500
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

5453
05:13:44,500 --> 05:13:48,300
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at labas 

5454
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:51,600
execution wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

5455
05:13:51,600 --> 05:13:55,100
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

5456
05:13:55,100 --> 05:13:58,500
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as 

5457
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:01,900
oppressors in lightening ideas, 
held the monarchy and religion 

5458
05:14:01,900 --> 05:14:05,100
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

5459
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:10,400
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

5460
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:13,600
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

5461
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:16,800
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

5462
05:14:16,800 --> 05:14:18,900
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

5463
05:14:19,500 --> 05:14:24,200
Some went further Russo's social
contracts 1762 opens with the 

5464
05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:27,900
Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere 

5465
05:14:27,900 --> 05:14:32,600
he is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

5466
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:36,100
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

5467
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:39,600
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

5468
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:43,000
illogical secret copies of the 
band and destroyed book 

5469
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:47,300
disseminated its ideas quickly. 
In later works Dedra focused on 

5470
05:14:47,300 --> 05:14:50,400
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

5471
05:14:50,400 --> 05:14:53,200
should rise up. 
Rain and did Rose popular 

5472
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:55,800
history of the two Indies 
predicts a slave Insurrection 

5473
05:14:55,800 --> 05:14:59,100
and the fall of European 
Authority overseas that 

5474
05:14:59,100 --> 05:15:01,800
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown. 

5475
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:05,200
Spam does sense as tried to 
crush it, but they merely pushed

5476
05:15:05,200 --> 05:15:07,400
it underground where it became 
more appealing. 

5477
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:11,300
Not all in lightening Figures 
were radicals, many favored in 

5478
05:15:11,300 --> 05:15:14,500
lighting despotism, which held 
at a wise and sensible King 

5479
05:15:14,500 --> 05:15:18,200
could reform from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

5480
05:15:18,200 --> 05:15:19,800
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

5481
05:15:19,800 --> 05:15:22,800
Joseph, the second of Austria, 
for religious toleration of 

5482
05:15:22,808 --> 05:15:25,700
serfdom reform, in 
Enlightenment, influenced, 

5483
05:15:25,700 --> 05:15:28,200
French, ministers, and nobility 
included turgut. 

5484
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:31,600
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

5485
05:15:31,600 --> 05:15:34,200
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

5486
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:37,400
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

5487
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:42,700
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

5488
05:15:42,700 --> 05:15:46,900
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

5489
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:48,700
prohibited torture in 
interrogations. 

5490
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:52,200
Inspired by kesari. 
Becca's in lightning and essay 

5491
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:55,700
on crime and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

5492
05:15:55,700 --> 05:15:59,300
rights in 1787. 
He advocated immunization and 

5493
05:15:59,300 --> 05:16:02,500
religious tolerance, the 
monarchy often fail to face 

5494
05:16:02,500 --> 05:16:06,300
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

5495
05:16:06,300 --> 05:16:09,500
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

5496
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:13,000
opposed privileged reduction. 
French Catholic Church was a key

5497
05:16:13,000 --> 05:16:15,900
and Target. 
The church had long ruled. 

5498
05:16:15,900 --> 05:16:18,500
Education literature and 
dissenters were to immense, 

5499
05:16:18,500 --> 05:16:22,300
great riches philosopher. 
The mostly Deus or agnostics 

5500
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:26,400
denounce Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

5501
05:16:26,400 --> 05:16:29,000
like the calus Scandal to Humble
the church. 

5502
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:33,700
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

5503
05:16:33,700 --> 05:16:37,400
other flaws. 
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 

5504
05:16:37,400 --> 05:16:40,500
mocked European religious, 
communion by comparing Pacific 

5505
05:16:40,500 --> 05:16:42,900
island, accustomed to European 
religious communion. 

5506
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:46,000
Bar and holbach system of nature
atheism. 

5507
05:16:46,000 --> 05:16:48,900
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

5508
05:16:48,908 --> 05:16:52,200
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative, the 

5509
05:16:52,200 --> 05:16:56,600
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal nobleman Marquis De 

5510
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:59,000
Condor. 
Say died in a dismal arrange, 

5511
05:16:59,000 --> 05:17:02,900
jail cell in August of 1794. 
He fled from the extremists 

5512
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:04,300
jacket regime that called him a 
traitor. 

5513
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,500
Condor say who championed human 
rights slavery. 

5514
05:17:07,500 --> 05:17:11,600
Abolition, and women's suffrage 
almost alone among his peers, 

5515
05:17:11,600 --> 05:17:15,200
was now a victim of the 
Revolution he supported His 

5516
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:17,400
lifeless body was uncovered by 
guards. 

5517
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:20,700
He may have died from disease 
and exhaustion from Poison. 

5518
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:23,600
He hid when the guillotine 
approached, the Terrors Gloom 

5519
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:25,500
killed, one of the 
enlightenment's brightest 

5520
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:29,200
lights, his demise typified, the
tragic irony, that Bethel many 

5521
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,200
in like moment luminaries during
the Revolutionary storm. 

5522
05:17:32,200 --> 05:17:35,800
Their promised progress had 
turned on them as previously 

5523
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:39,100
mentioned Lavoisier faced 
execution, despite his claims 

5524
05:17:39,100 --> 05:17:42,700
that his scientific efforts 
benefited, the nation, But I'm 

5525
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:46,900
just saw her Salon acquaintances
scattered some executed as 

5526
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:50,700
Gentile reform conversations 
gave way to mobs even after 

5527
05:17:50,700 --> 05:17:54,400
their deaths in 1793 Voltaire 
and Rousseau were disputed by 

5528
05:17:54,408 --> 05:17:57,500
revolutionaries with radicals. 
Favoring Rousseau's 

5529
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:00,700
egalitarianism and moderates 
voltaire's tolerance, the 

5530
05:18:00,700 --> 05:18:03,400
enlightenment inspired the 
revolution, but the revolution 

5531
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:07,600
tested it The French Revolution,
both upheld and undermined in 

5532
05:18:07,600 --> 05:18:09,900
Enlightenment values on one 
hand. 

5533
05:18:09,900 --> 05:18:13,300
It formalized, many philosophers
essential ideas based on 

5534
05:18:13,308 --> 05:18:15,600
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 
and Locke. 

5535
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:19,200
The Declaration of the rights of
man and citizens 1789. 

5536
05:18:19,200 --> 05:18:23,300
Advocated freedom of speech and 
religion a quality before the 

5537
05:18:23,300 --> 05:18:25,600
law and the right to resist 
Injustice. 

5538
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:29,500
The philosophers dream of a 
meritocratic society was 

5539
05:18:29,500 --> 05:18:33,600
realized on August 1789 when 
feudal Privileges and tithes 

5540
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:37,400
were abolished in one night. 
The constitution of 1791 

5541
05:18:37,400 --> 05:18:40,700
established a constitutional 
monarchy with a Montesquieu like

5542
05:18:40,700 --> 05:18:43,700
division of powers. 
The revolution fulfilled 

5543
05:18:43,700 --> 05:18:46,500
voltaire's calls for Toleration 
by seizing Church property in 

5544
05:18:46,500 --> 05:18:50,000
1790 and awarding full 
citizenship to Protestants and 

5545
05:18:50,000 --> 05:18:53,800
Jews in 1791. 
When Louis, the 16th was 

5546
05:18:53,800 --> 05:18:57,800
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 
vision of popular sovereignty, 

5547
05:18:57,800 --> 05:19:00,000
the people's will above Divine, 
Right? 

5548
05:19:00,000 --> 05:19:03,400
Kingship was most clearly 
confirmed however, the 

5549
05:19:03,400 --> 05:19:06,800
revolution's violent illiberal 
term, troubled, many The 

5550
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,300
enlightenment sought to replace 
tyranny with reasoned 

5551
05:19:09,300 --> 05:19:12,100
conversation not crowd or one 
party power. 

5552
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:15,400
The Committee of Public Safety 
murdered thousands of enemies of

5553
05:19:15,408 --> 05:19:19,000
the Revolution during the reign 
of terror 1793 to 4. 

5554
05:19:19,600 --> 05:19:23,000
A terrible inversion of 
Enlightenment ideas, reason gave

5555
05:19:23,000 --> 05:19:26,300
way to another frenzy under 
Robespierre, the revolutionaries

5556
05:19:26,300 --> 05:19:29,100
formed, a municipal religion of 
the Supreme Being and held 

5557
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:32,200
deistic festivals. 
The guillotine enforced version 

5558
05:19:32,200 --> 05:19:36,300
of Rousseau civil religion. 
People executed under the guise 

5559
05:19:36,300 --> 05:19:39,100
of reason for being Aristocrats 
or moderate. 

5560
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:41,100
Republicans would have horrified
Voltaire. 

5561
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:45,100
The Tara exposed in 
Enlightenment contradiction the 

5562
05:19:45,100 --> 05:19:48,600
confidence in a single truth 
rational or ideological can lead

5563
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:51,700
to tyranny. 
Philosophers like the whole back

5564
05:19:51,700 --> 05:19:54,700
and helvetius were as intolerant
of religious people. 

5565
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:58,000
As atheists the revolution 
showed how abstract and like 

5566
05:19:58,008 --> 05:20:02,500
become dogmatism, no one shall 
spread Darkness on pain of 

5567
05:20:02,508 --> 05:20:05,100
death. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 

5568
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:08,400
not want democracy. 
Voltaire favored, an enlightened

5569
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:12,000
Monarch over an uninformed mob. 
Some intellectuals said, early 

5570
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:14,800
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

5571
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:20,600
right about the Canela rabble. 
Before his 1784 death d'idro had

5572
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:24,600
become pessimistic arguing. 
That despotism might only cease 

5573
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:27,800
when the last Monarch was 
strangled with the last present,

5574
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:30,300
Trails, the Dismal. 
Hyperbole the revolutionaries 

5575
05:20:30,300 --> 05:20:33,400
half-jokingly repeated diderot 
probably wouldn't have 

5576
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:38,300
celebrated the 1793 masculinity 
Philosophers had not solved how 

5577
05:20:38,300 --> 05:20:42,200
to justly implement principles, 
this Gap existed, between theory

5578
05:20:42,200 --> 05:20:45,100
and practice. 
In lightning supporters, face 

5579
05:20:45,100 --> 05:20:48,200
social contradictions few 
addressed women's condition 

5580
05:20:48,200 --> 05:20:50,400
directly although they promised 
a quality. 

5581
05:20:51,300 --> 05:20:54,100
Though, a proponent of democracy
Rousseau believed, women should 

5582
05:20:54,100 --> 05:20:56,800
be educated exclusively to 
please men and stay at home, 

5583
05:20:56,800 --> 05:21:00,700
contrary to our lamp to gouge 
and Condor say, who authored an 

5584
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:03,800
essay in 1790 advocating, for 
women's political rights. 

5585
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,400
After writing a declaration of 
the rights of woman, the 

5586
05:21:07,400 --> 05:21:10,400
Revolutionary Authority 
Guillotine de guzz, the 

5587
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,000
enlightenment fraternity had 
excluded, their sisters from 

5588
05:21:13,000 --> 05:21:15,400
Universal rights. 
There was division among 

5589
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:17,000
Enlightenment views on race and 
slavery. 

5590
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:21,300
Some like Dido and condos. 
A strongly criticized slavery is

5591
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:25,300
against natural law. 
The 1788 Society of Friends of 

5592
05:21:25,300 --> 05:21:27,700
the blacks founded by 
Enlightenment influence, men 

5593
05:21:27,700 --> 05:21:31,400
sort of volition others like 
Voltaire criticize. 

5594
05:21:31,400 --> 05:21:34,600
The slave trade in the abstract 
but made racist statements and 

5595
05:21:34,600 --> 05:21:37,400
invested in colonial 
corporations Enlightenment. 

5596
05:21:37,400 --> 05:21:41,300
Universal human nature battled 
with pseudo, scientific racism. 

5597
05:21:41,300 --> 05:21:45,600
Ironically a consequence of 
species classification the 

5598
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:49,200
revolution of abolished slavery 
in 1794 after a massive slave, 

5599
05:21:49,200 --> 05:21:53,000
Insurrection in Santa mang, 
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,

5600
05:21:53,000 --> 05:21:57,000
it Ideal and reality. 
Differed relationship between 

5601
05:21:57,000 --> 05:21:59,100
intellect and emotional, was 
another tension? 

5602
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:02,700
Rousseau noted that humans are 
not rational, but the 

5603
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:05,600
enlightenment praise reason. 
The revolution showed that 

5604
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:09,100
passions anger in Justice's 
desire for vengeance. 

5605
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:12,600
Hope for Glory driver vents more
than academic treatises. 

5606
05:22:13,400 --> 05:22:16,900
Romanticism a 19th century. 
Counter-attack accused the 

5607
05:22:16,900 --> 05:22:19,900
enlightenment of disregarding, 
the heart, tradition and faith. 

5608
05:22:20,600 --> 05:22:23,800
Edmund Burke in England and 
Joseph de Maestro in France, 

5609
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:27,300
held the Philosopher's unfairly 
responsible for the 

5610
05:22:27,300 --> 05:22:29,700
revolution's, Bloodshed by 
unmooring Society from 

5611
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:33,400
traditional institutions, He 
said that the enlightenment's 

5612
05:22:33,400 --> 05:22:36,400
abstract reasoning had dissolved
Authority and led to chaos and 

5613
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:40,600
Napoleon's rule. 
While this view is debatable by 

5614
05:22:40,600 --> 05:22:43,300
the early 1800s, the 
enlightenment was hailed for the

5615
05:22:43,308 --> 05:22:46,400
Declaration of Rights and 
scientific advancement but also 

5616
05:22:46,400 --> 05:22:49,900
accused of revolution. 
Long-term the French 

5617
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:52,300
Enlightenment left, a deep and 
mostly good influence. 

5618
05:22:52,300 --> 05:22:56,000
It inspired the French American 
and later Independence movements

5619
05:22:56,000 --> 05:22:58,800
worldwide. 
Many Enlightenment goals were 

5620
05:22:58,808 --> 05:23:01,800
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

5621
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:06,400
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain, 1833 

5622
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:10,600
of public education, the rise of
secular States and the reduction

5623
05:23:10,600 --> 05:23:13,000
of church. 
Temporal power, the gradual and 

5624
05:23:13,000 --> 05:23:16,500
uneven expansion of suffrage and
the advancement of Science and 

5625
05:23:16,500 --> 05:23:20,800
Technology without Dogma. 
The 1948, un Universal 

5626
05:23:20,800 --> 05:23:24,000
Declaration of Human Rights is 
based on Enlightenment ideas. 

5627
05:23:24,800 --> 05:23:27,600
Today we Echo voltaire's calls 
for press and conscience, 

5628
05:23:27,600 --> 05:23:30,500
freedom. 
Government site, Montesquieu and

5629
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:33,400
creating checks and balances 
when protesters invoke. 

5630
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,900
The will of the people Rousseau 
is followed, however, the 

5631
05:23:36,900 --> 05:23:38,800
enlightenment left more 
uncertain. 

5632
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:41,700
Legacies, the Scientific 
Revolution and industrial 

5633
05:23:41,700 --> 05:23:45,600
society were fueled by reason, 
but romantic and later, 

5634
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:49,100
existentialists criticized it 
for promoting technocracy, and 

5635
05:23:49,100 --> 05:23:53,200
solarus rationality, Westerners 
defended imperialism as bringing

5636
05:23:53,200 --> 05:23:56,600
civilization. 
An attitude oddly at conflict 

5637
05:23:56,600 --> 05:24:00,100
with the enlightenment's empathy
but facilitated by its aim 

5638
05:24:00,100 --> 05:24:04,300
Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

5639
05:24:04,300 --> 05:24:07,500
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

5640
05:24:07,500 --> 05:24:11,200
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

5641
05:24:11,200 --> 05:24:14,000
the better. 
After Napoleon's, collapse in 

5642
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:17,700
1815 France is monarchy 
re-established Church dominance 

5643
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:21,600
and conservative Tendencies. 
Intellectual life had changed. 

5644
05:24:21,600 --> 05:24:26,000
The genie could not be put back.
French politics, alternated 

5645
05:24:26,000 --> 05:24:28,900
between liberal and conservative
in the Vietnamese meeting 

5646
05:24:28,900 --> 05:24:31,400
Century. 
But in Enlightenment ideas set 

5647
05:24:31,400 --> 05:24:35,000
the standard even conservatives 
had to justify themselves in 

5648
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,400
terms of logical, government and
National interest, not Divine 

5649
05:24:38,400 --> 05:24:41,600
Authority. 
France will officially divorce 

5650
05:24:41,600 --> 05:24:45,200
church and state in 1905, 
fulfilling the philosophies as 

5651
05:24:45,200 --> 05:24:50,200
aim of a secular Republic based 
on Liberty Fraternity in 

5652
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:52,700
lightning principles. 
Filtered through revolutionary 

5653
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:55,800
experience. 
The French Enlightenment did not

5654
05:24:55,800 --> 05:25:00,100
finish neatly in 1789. 
The Revolution was chaotic and 

5655
05:25:00,100 --> 05:25:03,300
its aftermath complicated, 
perhaps that emphasizes. 

5656
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:06,700
The last Enlightenment lesson, 
the movement always understood 

5657
05:25:06,700 --> 05:25:09,800
that human Affairs are imperfect
and progressed zigzags. 

5658
05:25:10,500 --> 05:25:13,100
Deidre. 
Observed passions are the only 

5659
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:16,900
orators that always persuade 
conceding that reason, doesn't 

5660
05:25:16,900 --> 05:25:20,800
control the world. 
Later in life Voltaire, tempered

5661
05:25:20,800 --> 05:25:24,400
his mockery with appeals for 
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 

5662
05:25:24,400 --> 05:25:28,000
even radical Rousseau caution 
that abrupt upheaval could lead 

5663
05:25:28,000 --> 05:25:31,200
to harsher despotism. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers 

5664
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:33,900
realized, that Enlightenment 
would be a long-term tense 

5665
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:36,300
project. 
Thus the enlightenment's 

5666
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:38,300
Twilight transformed, rather 
than ended. 

5667
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:42,200
People called the themselves 
ideologues or intellectuals 

5668
05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:46,800
instead of philosophy in the 
19th century, but they inherited

5669
05:25:46,800 --> 05:25:49,900
the enlightenment's, realm 
questioning Authority, demanding

5670
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:52,800
reasoned answers, and claiming 
individual dignity became 

5671
05:25:52,800 --> 05:25:54,000
entrenched in western 
civilization. 

5672
05:25:55,400 --> 05:25:58,600
When we read voltaire's, witty 
courageous, writings Rousseau's 

5673
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:02,900
profound challenges DeRose, and 
cyclopedic labors, or condor 

5674
05:26:02,900 --> 05:26:05,600
sets prescient humanism. 
We are reminded of the 

5675
05:26:05,600 --> 05:26:07,100
enlightenment's, very human 
story. 

5676
05:26:07,100 --> 05:26:11,800
Salon Gathering and clandestine 
pamphlets, friendships and feuds

5677
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:15,100
and people risking prison for a 
pamphlet or exile for a 

5678
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:18,000
principal ideas. 
Could overthrow thrown in that 

5679
05:26:18,000 --> 05:26:20,600
age. 
Its Legacy lives on every time, 

5680
05:26:20,600 --> 05:26:22,700
an informed public holds a 
tyrant accountable. 

5681
05:26:22,700 --> 05:26:26,300
A youngster is taught science 
without Superstition, various 

5682
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:29,500
individuals, sit down to talk 
and debate rather than fight and

5683
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:32,800
we chose light over Darkness. 
The French Enlightenment was 

5684
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:41,500
truly a turning point in human 
history. picture yourself 

5685
05:26:41,500 --> 05:26:45,000
stepping off a Dusty Stagecoach,
in 1882 somewhere, in the 

5686
05:26:45,000 --> 05:26:47,500
Arizona territory, Your back 
aches. 

5687
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,200
As if you've been sitting on a 
concrete park bench for 12 

5688
05:26:50,200 --> 05:26:54,400
hours, a situation that given 
the suspension system of 

5689
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:57,400
Frontier Transportation isn't 
too far from reality. 

5690
05:26:58,600 --> 05:27:00,200
The Sun is setting behind the 
mountains. 

5691
05:27:00,200 --> 05:27:02,200
Painting everything in that 
golden hour. 

5692
05:27:02,200 --> 05:27:05,500
Light that would make a modern 
Instagram influencer of weep 

5693
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:09,200
With Envy Your searching for a 
place to eat drink and maybe 

5694
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:10,900
wash off three days worth of 
trail dust. 

5695
05:27:10,900 --> 05:27:13,500
And there it is right across the
street. 

5696
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:18,200
The Silver Dollar Saloon It's 
painted sign creeks in the 

5697
05:27:18,200 --> 05:27:20,900
evening Breeze and those iconic 
batwing doors. 

5698
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:24,600
You know, the ones that swing 
both ways and come up to about 

5699
05:27:24,600 --> 05:27:27,000
chest height, a practically 
calling your name. 

5700
05:27:27,900 --> 05:27:30,500
Now before you push through 
those doors, let's pause for a 

5701
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:33,300
moment you're about to enter 
what was essentially the social 

5702
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:36,600
media platform of its day. 
Imagine a wild west Saloon as a 

5703
05:27:36,608 --> 05:27:39,200
few of Facebook, Twitter and 
your local Starbuck's. 

5704
05:27:39,200 --> 05:27:43,100
All housed within a single 
wooden structure that exudes a 

5705
05:27:43,100 --> 05:27:45,800
center of tobacco whiskey and 
surreal dreams. 

5706
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:50,000
The Batwing doors weren't just 
for show, by the way, they were 

5707
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:52,900
brilliantly practical, like 
cargo shorts, but actually 

5708
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:55,600
useful. 
They kept out dust and Tumble 

5709
05:27:55,600 --> 05:27:58,600
weeds while letting in fresh air
and allowing people to see who 

5710
05:27:58,600 --> 05:28:02,000
was coming and going. 
In a place where your reputation

5711
05:28:02,000 --> 05:28:05,200
literally, determined, whether 
you lived or died knowing who 

5712
05:28:05,200 --> 05:28:07,300
just walked in, was rather 
important information. 

5713
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:11,200
As you approach the entrance, 
you notice the doors are worn 

5714
05:28:11,200 --> 05:28:13,500
Smooth by thousands of hands 
pushing through them. 

5715
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:17,000
The wood has that patina that 
only comes from Decades of use, 

5716
05:28:17,000 --> 05:28:20,000
like the handle of a well, loved
baseball bat or your 

5717
05:28:20,000 --> 05:28:22,500
grandmother's rolling pin. 
Inside. 

5718
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:26,200
You can hear the sounds of 
laughter glasses, clinking, a 

5719
05:28:26,200 --> 05:28:29,500
slightly off-tune piano and the 
occasional of boots on wooden 

5720
05:28:29,500 --> 05:28:32,400
floors. 
You take a deep breath catching 

5721
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:36,000
sense of wood, smoke roasted 
meat and something that might be

5722
05:28:36,000 --> 05:28:38,300
coffee, but could just as easily
be paint thinner. 

5723
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:42,200
Your stomach rumbles reminding 
you that hardtack and jerky, 

5724
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:44,900
don't constitute fine, dining, 
no matter how you. 

5725
05:28:44,900 --> 05:28:48,300
Look at it, here's where your 
modern sensibility start to kick

5726
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:51,600
in your accustomed to perusing, 
online restaurant reviews and 

5727
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:54,200
perhaps observing the Health 
Department's rating prominently 

5728
05:28:54,200 --> 05:28:57,800
displayed in the window. 
But this isn't that world, the 

5729
05:28:57,800 --> 05:29:00,200
only reviews system here is 
whether people are still alive 

5730
05:29:00,200 --> 05:29:03,000
after eating the food and even 
thats not always a reliable 

5731
05:29:03,000 --> 05:29:05,800
indicator, giving the general 
life expectancy of the frontier.

5732
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:09,100
You adjust your hat because 
everyone wore caps. 

5733
05:29:09,100 --> 05:29:12,500
Then it wasn't optional, like, 
wearing pants to Walmart, and 

5734
05:29:12,500 --> 05:29:15,500
push through those Swinging 
Doors, they spring back behind 

5735
05:29:15,500 --> 05:29:19,200
you with a satisfying whoosh. 
And suddenly, you're inside and 

5736
05:29:19,200 --> 05:29:22,500
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 
The first thing that hits you 

5737
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:26,100
isn't the site. 
It's the sound, it's loud. 

5738
05:29:26,100 --> 05:29:29,700
It's not as loud as a rock 
concert, but rather as loud as a

5739
05:29:29,708 --> 05:29:33,600
busy restaurant on a Friday 
night, Conversations overlap 

5740
05:29:33,600 --> 05:29:37,200
like competing radio stations 
punctuated by the occasional 

5741
05:29:37,200 --> 05:29:40,000
burst of laughter. 
The scrape of chairs on wooden 

5742
05:29:40,000 --> 05:29:43,800
floors and the rhythmic Funk 
Funk of someone dealing cards at

5743
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:46,800
a table near the back. 
The second thing that hits you 

5744
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:49,600
is the smell. 
It's a complex bouquet that no 

5745
05:29:49,600 --> 05:29:52,900
modern knows is quite prepared 
for, there's the obvious whiskey

5746
05:29:52,900 --> 05:29:55,000
and tobacco. 
But underneath, that is the 

5747
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:59,000
earthy scent of wool and leather
metallic Tang of Gun oil and 

5748
05:29:59,000 --> 05:30:01,900
something that might charitably 
be called from Tia cologne. 

5749
05:30:01,900 --> 05:30:05,300
But more accurately described as
three weeks without a proper 

5750
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:08,000
bath. 
The lighting is dim, not 

5751
05:30:08,000 --> 05:30:11,400
romantic restaurant dim, but we 
only have oil lamps and candles.

5752
05:30:11,400 --> 05:30:14,000
Dim your eyes. 
Take a moment to adjust. 

5753
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:16,900
Like, when you walk into a movie
theater, except the movie 

5754
05:30:16,900 --> 05:30:19,400
theater, doesn't have armed 
Patron's and questionable 

5755
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:22,200
hygiene standards. 
And there you stand, just inside

5756
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:25,800
those famous Swinging Doors 
taking in your first real wild 

5757
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:28,800
west Saloon. 
The adventure is about to begin 

5758
05:30:28,800 --> 05:30:31,500
and honestly, you're not 
entirely sure whether to be 

5759
05:30:31,508 --> 05:30:35,200
excited or concerned may be 
both, probably both. 

5760
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:38,800
You can now see the faces around
you as your eyes have adjusted 

5761
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:43,400
to the oil lamps Amber glow and 
what faces they are. it's as if 

5762
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:46,200
you've stepped into a dynamic to
Guerra type only with everyone 

5763
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:50,000
in motion and some armed The 
first rule of saloon etiquette 

5764
05:30:50,000 --> 05:30:52,400
which nobody bothered to mention
in your guidebook is this. 

5765
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:55,700
Don't just stand there. 
Gawking like a tourist at Times 

5766
05:30:55,700 --> 05:30:57,800
Square, you need to move with 
purpose. 

5767
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:01,300
Even if that purpose is simply 
find a place to sit without 

5768
05:31:01,300 --> 05:31:04,500
getting shot. 
The bartender, catches your eye 

5769
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:08,400
and nods, the universal gesture 
that transcends time and roughly

5770
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:10,600
translate to buy something or 
get out. 

5771
05:31:11,700 --> 05:31:14,200
He's a large man with sleeves, 
rolled up past his elbows. 

5772
05:31:14,200 --> 05:31:17,500
Sporting the kind of mustache 
that required, serious daily 

5773
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:20,700
maintenance think, Tom Selleck 
but with more experience, 

5774
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:23,400
breaking up fights and less 
experience solving crimes in 

5775
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:25,700
Hawaii. 
You scan the room for seating 

5776
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,300
options. 
There's the bar itself naturally

5777
05:31:28,300 --> 05:31:30,700
with a few empty stools that 
look about as comfortable as 

5778
05:31:30,700 --> 05:31:33,000
sitting on a fence post. 
The bar is actually quite 

5779
05:31:33,000 --> 05:31:35,400
impressive. 
A long stretch of polished wood,

5780
05:31:35,400 --> 05:31:39,100
that seen more drama than a soap
opera Behind the bar bottles 

5781
05:31:39,100 --> 05:31:40,700
lined, the shelves, like glass 
soldiers. 

5782
05:31:40,700 --> 05:31:43,500
However, several of them have 
handwritten labels that raise 

5783
05:31:43,500 --> 05:31:45,100
questions about quality control 
standards. 

5784
05:31:45,100 --> 05:31:48,300
Then there are the tables 
scattered around the room. 

5785
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:51,400
This is where the study of 
social anthropology becomes 

5786
05:31:51,400 --> 05:31:54,000
fascinating. 
Each table seems to have its 

5787
05:31:54,000 --> 05:31:58,200
ecosystem, its own unspoken 
rules, and its potential for 

5788
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:02,700
sudden violence. 
A table of real cowboys, not the

5789
05:32:02,700 --> 05:32:04,600
Hollywood version sits near the 
front window. 

5790
05:32:04,600 --> 05:32:08,300
They're Dusty Sun weathered and 
looked like they haven't seen a 

5791
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:10,800
bar in months. 
Their hats are sweat, stained 

5792
05:32:10,800 --> 05:32:12,900
and practical. 
Their boots are scuffed from 

5793
05:32:12,908 --> 05:32:16,400
actual work, and their clothes 
have that lived in quality that 

5794
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:18,000
comes from spending weeks on the
trail. 

5795
05:32:18,900 --> 05:32:21,000
Their nursing beers and 
discussing something that 

5796
05:32:21,000 --> 05:32:24,400
involves a lot of gesturing 
toward the door. he decided to 

5797
05:32:24,408 --> 05:32:28,200
file these observations under 
information to remember and keep

5798
05:32:28,200 --> 05:32:31,500
looking in the corner, there's a
poker game happening at around 

5799
05:32:31,500 --> 05:32:34,200
table. 
The players are a mixed bunch a 

5800
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:35,800
man in a slightly too fancy 
vest. 

5801
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:38,800
Who might be a traveling 
salesman a grizzled prospector, 

5802
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:40,700
who's a beard? 
Could hide a small animal. 

5803
05:32:40,700 --> 05:32:43,600
And two other gentlemen, whose 
occupations are harder to 

5804
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:46,700
determine but whose serious 
expression suggests the stakes 

5805
05:32:46,700 --> 05:32:50,900
are real The fourth rule of 
saloons survival which follows 

5806
05:32:50,900 --> 05:32:53,100
the first three rules of. 
Don't stare. 

5807
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:57,000
Don't touch anyone's hat and 
don't ask about anyone's past. 

5808
05:32:57,000 --> 05:33:01,200
Is this never sit at a poker 
table unless you're invited and 

5809
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:03,300
prepared to lose your shirt, 
literally. 

5810
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:07,400
There's a piano in one corner 
and upright, that seemed better 

5811
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:10,400
decades where a woman in a blue 
dress is playing something that 

5812
05:33:10,400 --> 05:33:13,100
might be. 
Oh, Susanna if you squint your 

5813
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:16,400
ears, just right, she's what 
they called a saloon girl and 

5814
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:19,700
her job description, included 
entertainment, conversation and 

5815
05:33:19,700 --> 05:33:22,700
selling drinks, despite what 
Hollywood might have suggested, 

5816
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:25,700
most saloon girls were 
essentially, the taverns 

5817
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:28,200
customer service 
Representatives, not anything 

5818
05:33:28,200 --> 05:33:31,200
more scandalous. 
The characters continue to 

5819
05:33:31,200 --> 05:33:34,800
unfold before you like the pages
in a very dusty book. 

5820
05:33:35,600 --> 05:33:38,500
The gentleman at the bar dressed
in Immaculate and a black suit, 

5821
05:33:38,500 --> 05:33:41,500
a clean hat and Shining boots is
a sight to behold. 

5822
05:33:41,500 --> 05:33:45,000
He could be a banker a preacher 
or someone you really don't want

5823
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:47,300
to accidentally bump into his 
coat. 

5824
05:33:47,300 --> 05:33:49,200
Hangs. 
Just so, and you can't tell if 

5825
05:33:49,200 --> 05:33:51,100
that is because he's very 
particular about his appearance 

5826
05:33:51,100 --> 05:33:53,700
or because he's carrying 
something under there, that 

5827
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:57,200
requires easy access at a small 
table near the back. 

5828
05:33:57,200 --> 05:33:59,600
A couple of older men are 
engaged in what appears to be 

5829
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:02,300
either a heated philosophical 
debate, or an argument about 

5830
05:34:02,300 --> 05:34:03,900
whose turn it is to buy the next
round. 

5831
05:34:04,700 --> 05:34:08,100
The voices rise and fall like a 
verbal tide an occasionally. 

5832
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:10,500
One of them pounds. 
The table for emphasis, making 

5833
05:34:10,500 --> 05:34:13,200
the glasses jump. 
You realize, you're still 

5834
05:34:13,208 --> 05:34:15,700
standing there like a 
decoration, so you make your 

5835
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:18,500
move toward the bar. 
The bartender watches your 

5836
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:21,200
approach with the expression of 
someone who seen everything at 

5837
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:22,900
least twice and isn't easily 
impressed. 

5838
05:34:23,700 --> 05:34:25,200
As you climb onto one of those 
fence. 

5839
05:34:25,200 --> 05:34:27,200
Post stools. 
You notice the bars surface 

5840
05:34:27,200 --> 05:34:31,400
tells its stories ring stains 
from countless glasses, small 

5841
05:34:31,400 --> 05:34:34,000
Nicks from knives. 
And what might be initials 

5842
05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:36,400
carved by patrons with too much 
time and whiskey. 

5843
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:40,800
The stool creaks ominously under
your weight, not because you're 

5844
05:34:40,800 --> 05:34:43,700
heavy, but because it's held 
together with hope Nails 

5845
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:46,400
impossibly some very determined 
termites. 

5846
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:50,100
You settle in trying to look 
like you belong or fighting the 

5847
05:34:50,100 --> 05:34:51,700
urge to ask if they have a wine 
list. 

5848
05:34:53,000 --> 05:34:56,200
The bartender approaches wiping 
his hands on a towel that has 

5849
05:34:56,200 --> 05:34:58,600
witnessed better days. 
What will it be? 

5850
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:02,000
He asks, and you realize you're 
about to make your first real 

5851
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:06,800
decision in the Wild West. 
Choose wiseley your stomach and 

5852
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:08,200
your reputation may depend on 
it. 

5853
05:35:08,200 --> 05:35:12,600
What it be the bartender asks 
again, and you realize that this

5854
05:35:12,600 --> 05:35:15,500
isn't like browsing through a 20
Page menu at the Cheesecake 

5855
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:18,800
Factory. 
Your options are limited and 

5856
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:20,400
some of them might be 
questionable for your long-term 

5857
05:35:20,400 --> 05:35:23,200
Health prospects. 
Let's start with the drinks, 

5858
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:25,900
shall we? 
The house specialty is whiskey 

5859
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,800
and buy specialty. 
I mean, it's basically the only 

5860
05:35:28,800 --> 05:35:30,800
option that won't require you to
lie down afterward. 

5861
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:34,500
However, it's important to note 
that the master distiller did 

5862
05:35:34,500 --> 05:35:36,500
not age Frontier whiskey and 
Charming. 

5863
05:35:36,500 --> 05:35:40,600
Oak barrels for 12 years. 
Oh no, this whiskey was aged for

5864
05:35:40,600 --> 05:35:43,000
about as long as it took to make
it, which was roughly the same 

5865
05:35:43,000 --> 05:35:45,200
amount of time. 
It takes to microwave a burrito,

5866
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:48,500
the bartender holds up a bottle 
with a handwritten label. 

5867
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:51,600
That simply says whiskey in 
letters that suggest the writers

5868
05:35:51,600 --> 05:35:53,400
hand was an entirely steady at 
the time. 

5869
05:35:54,100 --> 05:35:57,400
The liquid inside has an amber 
color that could generously be 

5870
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:02,400
called rustic or more accurately
described as concerning. but you

5871
05:36:02,400 --> 05:36:05,100
know what, when you've been 
eating Trail Dust for three 

5872
05:36:05,100 --> 05:36:08,600
days, your standards become 
remarkably flexible, Whiskey 

5873
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:11,900
sounds, perfect. 
You say, because when in row, or

5874
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:14,600
in this case, when in a place 
where Rome seems like a distant 

5875
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:18,300
fever dream, you do as the 
locals, do the bartender pause? 

5876
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:20,000
You a shot in a glass, that's 
clean enough. 

5877
05:36:20,000 --> 05:36:22,200
Assuming you don't look too 
close closely at The Rim. 

5878
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:25,700
The whiskey boasts, a color 
reminiscent of weak tea and an 

5879
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:28,200
aroma reminiscent of what could 
want to have been caught. 

5880
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:32,700
You take a sip and wow, it's 
like liquid campfire with hints 

5881
05:36:32,700 --> 05:36:34,400
of regret and finish that 
suggests. 

5882
05:36:34,400 --> 05:36:36,400
You should probably eat 
something soon. 

5883
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:41,800
Speaking of food, let's talk 
about your dining options, the 

5884
05:36:41,800 --> 05:36:45,700
menu such as it exists is posted
on a chalkboard behind the bar 

5885
05:36:45,700 --> 05:36:48,700
written in the same shaky 
handwriting as the whiskey label

5886
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:52,500
your choices are beef. 
Stew beans and bacon, cornbread 

5887
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:54,600
and something. 
Optimistically labeled fresh 

5888
05:36:54,600 --> 05:36:57,100
fish. 
Now you're in the middle of the 

5889
05:36:57,108 --> 05:37:00,000
desert. 
So the fresh fish raises, some 

5890
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:03,700
immediate questions fresh from 
where exactly, how can the fish 

5891
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:06,100
be considered fresh, when the 
nearest substantial body of 

5892
05:37:06,108 --> 05:37:09,600
water is a three-day ride away. 
The bartender notices, your 

5893
05:37:09,600 --> 05:37:12,600
expression and Chuckles, don't 
worry about the fish. 

5894
05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:15,500
He says he's been on the menu 
for two years, nobody's ever 

5895
05:37:15,500 --> 05:37:18,100
ordered it. 
You decide beef stew? 

5896
05:37:18,100 --> 05:37:21,400
Sounds like the safest bet. 
It's a decision that shows 

5897
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:24,200
wisdom beyond your years or at 
least beyond your experience 

5898
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:27,500
with Frontier cuisine. 
The bartender calls your order 

5899
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:30,200
back to the kitchen which is 
apparently just behind a curtain

5900
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:33,000
doorway where you can hear the 
sound of serious cooking 

5901
05:37:33,000 --> 05:37:36,500
happening, lots of clanging, 
some creative vocabulary, and 

5902
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:39,000
what might be prayer while you, 
wait, you notice the other 

5903
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:42,000
patrons dining choices? 
The Cowboys at the front table 

5904
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:44,900
are sharing a plate of beans and
bacon, that could probably feed 

5905
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:47,400
a small army or at least three 
famished Cowboys. 

5906
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:50,200
They're eating with the 
efficiency of people who view 

5907
05:37:50,200 --> 05:37:53,800
food as fuel rather than an 
experience, which is probably 

5908
05:37:53,800 --> 05:37:56,400
the right attitude when you're 
dining options are limited to 

5909
05:37:56,400 --> 05:37:58,300
brown stuff and other brown 
stuff. 

5910
05:37:59,300 --> 05:38:01,200
The poker players have ordered 
rounds of everything, 

5911
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:04,400
apparently, because their table 
looks like a frontier Buffet. 

5912
05:38:05,100 --> 05:38:09,000
There are plates of cornbread 
bowls of Sears to Stew stripped 

5913
05:38:09,000 --> 05:38:11,300
of bacon and enough whiskey to 
fill a small boat. 

5914
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:13,400
Of course, they're playing for 
money. 

5915
05:38:13,400 --> 05:38:16,000
So they might be trying to 
fortify themselves for a long 

5916
05:38:16,008 --> 05:38:19,000
night of cards and potentially 
life-changing losses. 

5917
05:38:19,900 --> 05:38:22,200
The well-dressed gentleman at 
the bar is nursing a single 

5918
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:25,500
glass of whiskey and a plate of 
cornbread eating. 

5919
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:28,100
With the careful, Precision of 
someone, who's either very 

5920
05:38:28,100 --> 05:38:31,000
refined or very suspicious of 
the food quality. 

5921
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:34,800
He cuts his cornbread into 
perfect squares and chews. 

5922
05:38:34,800 --> 05:38:37,700
Thought for me, like he's 
conducting a scientific analysis

5923
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:41,700
of its ingredients. 
Your stew arrives carried by a 

5924
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:45,300
woman who emerges from behind 
the kitchen curtain like she's 

5925
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:48,300
stepping onto a stage. 
She's the cook clearly. 

5926
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:51,500
And she sets the ball down with 
the pride of someone who knows 

5927
05:38:51,500 --> 05:38:53,600
her craft. 
A pinball. 

5928
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:57,900
Hot enough to Brand cattle, 
holds the stew and its contents 

5929
05:38:57,900 --> 05:39:00,100
appear. 
Substantial, the stew contains 

5930
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:02,500
chunks of beef that were once 
tough, but have now become 

5931
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:05,000
tender vegetables. 
That could be charitably 

5932
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:08,400
described as rustic and a gravy.
Thick enough to serve as a 

5933
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:10,600
mortar. 
It smells fantastic actually, 

5934
05:39:10,600 --> 05:39:13,600
like, comfort food made by 
someone who understands that 

5935
05:39:13,600 --> 05:39:15,300
Comfort. 
Sometimes comes in the form of 

5936
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,000
calories and warmth, rather than
presentation and Molecular 

5937
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:21,000
Gastronomy. 
You take a spoonful and it's 

5938
05:39:21,000 --> 05:39:24,000
delicious, really good. 
The kind of good that makes you 

5939
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:26,300
understand why people wrote 
songs about home cooking. 

5940
05:39:27,100 --> 05:39:30,200
The cornbread that comes with it
is dense and filling with a 

5941
05:39:30,200 --> 05:39:33,000
slightly sweet taste that 
balances the hearty stew 

5942
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:35,500
perfectly. 
There's nothing like the fluffy 

5943
05:39:35,500 --> 05:39:37,700
cake like cornbread. 
You might know from Modern 

5944
05:39:37,700 --> 05:39:40,600
restaurants. 
This bread symbolizes business 

5945
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:43,400
and can sustain you throughout a
long day of your planned 

5946
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:46,800
Frontier activities. 
As you eat, you start to relax a

5947
05:39:46,800 --> 05:39:49,700
little, the whiskey has smooth, 
some of your rough edges. 

5948
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:53,200
The food is warming, you from 
the inside out and the general 

5949
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:56,500
atmosphere is starting to feel 
less like a movie set and more 

5950
05:39:56,500 --> 05:40:00,400
like the place where people come
to eat and drink and escape from

5951
05:40:00,400 --> 05:40:02,400
their day. 
But then you notice something 

5952
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:06,000
that makes your spoon. 
Pause halfway to your mouth, The

5953
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:08,900
conversation at the Cowboys 
table has gotten quieter more 

5954
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:11,000
intense. 
They keep glancing toward the 

5955
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:12,900
door and one of them has shifted
his chair. 

5956
05:40:12,900 --> 05:40:14,300
So he has a better view of the 
entrance. 

5957
05:40:15,200 --> 05:40:17,700
The world dress gentleman has 
also noticed the changes and as 

5958
05:40:17,700 --> 05:40:19,900
angled himself slightly on his 
stool up. 

5959
05:40:19,900 --> 05:40:22,700
Oh, you get the feeling that 
your peaceful dinner is about to

5960
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:25,200
become significantly, more 
interesting, you're just 

5961
05:40:25,208 --> 05:40:28,400
starting to feel settled. 
The stew is warming, your belly.

5962
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,400
The whiskey is taking the edge 
off, three days of Stagecoach, 

5963
05:40:31,400 --> 05:40:34,100
travel and your beginning. 
To think that was whole Wild. 

5964
05:40:34,100 --> 05:40:37,100
West experience might be more 
civilized than the story 

5965
05:40:37,100 --> 05:40:40,300
suggested. 
At that moment, the Batwing 

5966
05:40:40,300 --> 05:40:43,900
doors opened forcefully, causing
the rooms temperature to drop by

5967
05:40:43,900 --> 05:40:47,900
approximately 10 degrees. 3 men 
walk in and they walk like they 

5968
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:50,500
own the place they appear as 
though their contemplating 

5969
05:40:50,500 --> 05:40:52,400
acquiring it without the need 
for paperwork. 

5970
05:40:52,400 --> 05:40:56,300
They're different from the other
patrons cleaner better dressed. 

5971
05:40:56,300 --> 05:40:59,200
But with an edge that makes 
everyone else look like Sunday 

5972
05:40:59,200 --> 05:41:02,900
school teachers by comparison. 
The leader is tall and lean 

5973
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:06,300
wearing a black coat that seen 
some use, but not much abuse. 

5974
05:41:07,100 --> 05:41:10,400
His hat is perfectly positioned 
and his boots exuded a shine 

5975
05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:12,400
that suggests. 
He either meticulously 

5976
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:15,100
maintained his belongings or 
hasn't been traversing the 

5977
05:41:15,100 --> 05:41:18,700
desert dust for days. 
His eyes scan the room with the 

5978
05:41:18,700 --> 05:41:22,000
methodical, Precision of someone
conducting an inventory, his 

5979
05:41:22,000 --> 05:41:24,500
companions. 
Flank him like bookends one 

5980
05:41:24,500 --> 05:41:27,200
shorter and stockier. 
Bill, like a man who settles 

5981
05:41:27,200 --> 05:41:30,400
disagreements with his fists and
another whose trying a little 

5982
05:41:30,408 --> 05:41:33,400
too difficult to look casual 
while obviously being anything 

5983
05:41:33,400 --> 05:41:37,100
but They moved to the bar but 
not before the tall one makes 

5984
05:41:37,100 --> 05:41:40,200
eye contact with several patrons
including you? 

5985
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:44,300
Now you've never been in a 
situation quite like this, but 

5986
05:41:44,300 --> 05:41:48,000
some instincts are Universal, 
it's akin to being an a 

5987
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:49,800
restaurant. 
When a group enters that exudes 

5988
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:53,400
an unsettling presence, 
excessively loud overly 

5989
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:55,700
aggressive and behaving, as 
though they are seeking 

5990
05:41:55,700 --> 05:41:59,400
confrontation, Except in this 
case, the people who might find 

5991
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:03,100
trouble or armed and there's no 
manager to complain to the 

5992
05:42:03,100 --> 05:42:06,400
bartenders demeanor changes. 
Subtly, he's still approaches 

5993
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:09,100
them and asks what they want but
now there's tension in his 

5994
05:42:09,100 --> 05:42:11,800
shoulders the Cowboys at the 
front table of gone, completely 

5995
05:42:11,800 --> 05:42:15,000
quiet which is probably the 
frontier equivalent of turning 

5996
05:42:15,000 --> 05:42:16,700
off your phone. 
When you sense drama Brewing. 

5997
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:20,200
Whiskey says the tall. 
Stranger the good stuff. 

5998
05:42:20,200 --> 05:42:21,800
Not what you've been serving in 
everyone else? 

5999
05:42:23,000 --> 05:42:26,100
This story is interesting. 
Apparently, there's a two-tier 

6000
05:42:26,100 --> 05:42:28,600
beverage system in operation 
here and you've been drinking 

6001
05:42:28,600 --> 05:42:32,400
from the economy section The 
bartender reaches under the bar 

6002
05:42:32,400 --> 05:42:35,800
and produces a different bottle.
This one with an actual printed 

6003
05:42:35,800 --> 05:42:38,200
label and liquid, that doesn't 
look like it could strip paint. 

6004
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:41,600
As the strangers get their 
drinks, you notice the poker 

6005
05:42:41,600 --> 05:42:44,900
game has paused, the players are
still holding their cards, but 

6006
05:42:44,900 --> 05:42:46,100
nobody's looking at them 
anymore. 

6007
05:42:46,900 --> 05:42:50,200
The saloon girl has stopped 
playing piano mid-song, which 

6008
05:42:50,200 --> 05:42:53,500
creates an awkward Sans that 
everyone pretends not to notice 

6009
05:42:53,500 --> 05:42:56,800
you can continue eating your 
stew, trying to channel the 

6010
05:42:56,800 --> 05:42:59,100
energy of someone who's totally 
absorbed in their meal and 

6011
05:42:59,100 --> 05:43:01,900
definitely not eavesdropping on 
potentially dangerous 

6012
05:43:01,900 --> 05:43:04,500
conversations. 
Your task is harder than it. 

6013
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:07,300
Sounds when every instinct is 
telling you to pay attention to 

6014
05:43:07,300 --> 05:43:10,600
the new arrivals The tall 
stranger turns from the bar, 

6015
05:43:10,600 --> 05:43:12,900
whiskey and hand and addresses 
the room in general. 

6016
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:15,900
Evening, folks. 
Beautiful night, isn't it? 

6017
05:43:15,900 --> 05:43:19,200
His voice is Pleasant enough, 
but there's something underneath

6018
05:43:19,200 --> 05:43:22,800
it like a velvet glove with 
brass knuckles inside. 

6019
05:43:23,700 --> 05:43:27,300
A few people Mumble responses, 
someone asks a question, but 

6020
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:28,900
you're uncertain. 
If the right answer could lead 

6021
05:43:28,900 --> 05:43:32,000
to your death. 
We're looking for someone, The 

6022
05:43:32,000 --> 05:43:35,000
Stranger continues, taking a 
casual sip of his whiskey. 

6023
05:43:35,000 --> 05:43:37,700
We're searching for a friend by 
the name of Thompson. 

6024
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:40,900
Bill Thompson heard, he might be
in these parts. 

6025
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:44,600
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson but you can feel 

6026
05:43:44,600 --> 05:43:47,700
the collective tension in the 
room ratchet up another notch. 

6027
05:43:47,700 --> 05:43:51,400
It's like when someone asks who 
broke this and even though 

6028
05:43:51,400 --> 05:43:53,100
you're innocent, you still feel 
guilty. 

6029
05:43:54,500 --> 05:43:56,100
One of the Cowboys clears his 
throat. 

6030
05:43:56,900 --> 05:43:59,500
A lot of Thompsons in these 
parts, he says carefully. 

6031
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:02,000
Might help if you could be more 
specific. 

6032
05:44:03,500 --> 05:44:06,100
The Stranger smiles and it's not
entirely a pleasant expression. 

6033
05:44:07,100 --> 05:44:11,400
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 
If you saw him about 40 brown 

6034
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:14,500
hair scar on his left cheek from
a disagreement about cattle 

6035
05:44:14,500 --> 05:44:19,200
ownership 10s to be memorable. 
The description hangs in the air

6036
05:44:19,200 --> 05:44:22,900
like smoke from a bad cigar. 
You notice the well-dressed 

6037
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:25,600
gentleman at the bar has become 
very interested in the bottom of

6038
05:44:25,608 --> 05:44:28,900
his whiskey glass and the poker 
players have the Frozen Look of 

6039
05:44:28,900 --> 05:44:31,800
people trying to become 
invisible through sheer force of

6040
05:44:31,800 --> 05:44:34,000
will. 
Can't say the name rings, a 

6041
05:44:34,000 --> 05:44:35,600
bell. 
The cowboy says, which is 

6042
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:37,700
probably true, but also probably
not the whole truth. 

6043
05:44:37,700 --> 05:44:40,600
The Stranger nods like he 
expected this answer. 

6044
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:44,100
Well, that's disappointing. 
But understandable. 

6045
05:44:44,100 --> 05:44:47,500
Sometimes people's memories need
a little encouragement. 

6046
05:44:48,700 --> 05:44:51,300
And that's when you realize your
peaceful evening, has officially

6047
05:44:51,300 --> 05:44:53,100
taken a turn toward the kind of 
excitement. 

6048
05:44:53,100 --> 05:44:55,800
You read about in dime novels, 
but, never actually wanted to 

6049
05:44:55,800 --> 05:44:59,600
experience first hand The stew 
suddenly tastes like cardboard 

6050
05:44:59,600 --> 05:45:02,800
and the whiskey isn't warming. 
Your stomach so much as 

6051
05:45:02,800 --> 05:45:05,700
churning. 
It you keep eating trying to 

6052
05:45:05,700 --> 05:45:08,200
look like someone who's 
completely oblivious to the 

6053
05:45:08,200 --> 05:45:11,400
growing tension, while your mind
races through your options. 

6054
05:45:12,500 --> 05:45:15,200
You could finish quickly and 
leave, but that might draw 

6055
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:17,500
attention. 
You could stay and hope things 

6056
05:45:17,500 --> 05:45:20,200
settle down, but that could mean
getting caught in whatever is 

6057
05:45:20,200 --> 05:45:22,500
about to happen, or you could 
just keep eating stew and 

6058
05:45:22,500 --> 05:45:24,800
pretend you're anywhere else, 
which is your current strategy, 

6059
05:45:24,800 --> 05:45:26,500
but probably not a long term 
solution. 

6060
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:30,800
The Stranger takes another sip 
of his whiskey and smiles. 

6061
05:45:30,800 --> 05:45:34,000
That unsettling smile again. 
Well no hurry, we've got all 

6062
05:45:34,000 --> 05:45:37,100
night. 
Oh good, they're staying, this 

6063
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:39,600
should be interesting in a 
situation like this. 

6064
05:45:39,600 --> 05:45:43,300
It can be quite challenging to 
focus on your own Affairs. 

6065
05:45:43,300 --> 05:45:45,500
When everyone else is 
activities, are taking place 

6066
05:45:45,500 --> 05:45:48,200
right next to you. 
It's like trying to ignore a 

6067
05:45:48,200 --> 05:45:52,000
fire alarm technically possible,
but probably not advisable for 

6068
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:55,500
your continued well-being. 
You've developed a sudden, 

6069
05:45:55,500 --> 05:45:58,700
intense fascination with your 
stew examining each piece of 

6070
05:45:58,700 --> 05:46:00,200
beef. 
Like you're conducting a 

6071
05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:02,200
scientific study on Frontier, 
cooking techniques. 

6072
05:46:02,900 --> 05:46:05,900
Meanwhile the three strangers 
have settled in at a table near 

6073
05:46:05,900 --> 05:46:09,000
the center of the room close 
enough to watch everyone far 

6074
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:11,500
enough from the door to make 
leaving quickly a challenge for 

6075
05:46:11,500 --> 05:46:14,100
anyone else. 
The tall one seemingly 

6076
05:46:14,100 --> 05:46:17,000
representing the group has 
initiated a conversation with a 

6077
05:46:17,008 --> 05:46:19,600
variety of patrons. 
Is the kind of conversation 

6078
05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:21,900
where one person asked questions
and everyone else provides 

6079
05:46:21,900 --> 05:46:24,800
answers that are technically 
truthful, but carefully and 

6080
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:26,700
complete. 
Nice Town, you've got here. 

6081
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:30,000
He says to the room in general 
quiet peaceful. 

6082
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,000
The kind of place, where a man 
could disappear if you want to. 

6083
05:46:34,100 --> 05:46:37,600
the Cowboys nod polite, similar 
to how one might nod when 

6084
05:46:37,600 --> 05:46:40,000
someone makes a comment about 
the weather, that could be 

6085
05:46:40,000 --> 05:46:43,500
interpreted as a threat The 
poker players have resumed their

6086
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:46,800
game but you notice their beting
much more conservatively than 

6087
05:46:46,800 --> 05:46:49,400
before. 
Nothing dampens, the spirit of 

6088
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:52,000
gambling, more than the threat 
of unexpected violence. 

6089
05:46:52,800 --> 05:46:55,900
The bartender continues wiping 
glasses with that towel. 

6090
05:46:56,500 --> 05:46:59,400
Which by now must be either 
perfectly clean or completely 

6091
05:46:59,400 --> 05:47:02,300
contaminated. 
He's developed the expression of

6092
05:47:02,300 --> 05:47:05,200
someone who's seen this movie 
before and knows, it doesn't end

6093
05:47:05,200 --> 05:47:07,400
with everyone shaking hands and 
sharing recipes. 

6094
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:10,500
You're making excellent progress
on your stew. 

6095
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:12,300
When the shorter of the three 
strangers. 

6096
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:15,300
The one built like a human, 
Cannonball, stands up and 

6097
05:47:15,300 --> 05:47:17,800
stretches. 
It's an innocent enough gesture.

6098
05:47:17,800 --> 05:47:20,900
Except for the way, his coat 
Falls open just enough to 

6099
05:47:20,900 --> 05:47:22,800
reveal. 
What's definitely not a pocket 

6100
05:47:22,800 --> 05:47:25,600
watch on his hip. 
Think I'll take a look around in

6101
05:47:25,600 --> 05:47:27,500
ounces. 
Get familiar with the local 

6102
05:47:27,500 --> 05:47:30,100
geography. 
He starts wandering between the 

6103
05:47:30,100 --> 05:47:31,700
tables, not bothering anyone. 
Exactly. 

6104
05:47:31,700 --> 05:47:35,300
But making his presence felt 
It's like having a tiger 

6105
05:47:35,300 --> 05:47:36,900
casually stroll through your 
living room. 

6106
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,200
It might not eat you, but you're
definitely going to keep track 

6107
05:47:40,200 --> 05:47:43,600
of where it is. 
When he gets to the poker table,

6108
05:47:43,600 --> 05:47:45,800
he pauses to watch the game. 
Interesting. 

6109
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:48,700
He says, looking at the cards, 
that's almost a winning hand. 

6110
05:47:48,700 --> 05:47:51,600
You've got their friend 
Prospector with the impressive 

6111
05:47:51,600 --> 05:47:55,000
beard looks up nervously just 
having a friendly game Mr. 

6112
05:47:55,000 --> 05:47:58,200
Nothing serious. 
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 

6113
05:47:58,200 --> 05:48:00,600
applies, though. 
I noticed you've got quite a 

6114
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:02,800
pile of coins there. 
Lucky night. 

6115
05:48:04,000 --> 05:48:05,200
Some nights are better than 
others. 

6116
05:48:05,200 --> 05:48:08,700
The prospector, says carefully. 
The Stranger nods thoughtfully. 

6117
05:48:08,700 --> 05:48:11,000
That's true. 
Some nights. 

6118
05:48:11,000 --> 05:48:14,100
A man's luck can change. 
Very suddenly, it's not exactly 

6119
05:48:14,100 --> 05:48:16,800
a threat but it's not exactly 
not a threat either. 

6120
05:48:16,800 --> 05:48:19,700
It's that special, kind of 
Frontier Communication. 

6121
05:48:19,700 --> 05:48:22,900
That says everything while 
saying nothing like a passive 

6122
05:48:22,900 --> 05:48:24,900
aggressive email written with 
six shooters. 

6123
05:48:24,900 --> 05:48:27,700
The wandering stranger continues
his tour. 

6124
05:48:27,700 --> 05:48:32,400
Eventually making his way toward
the bar toward you you become 

6125
05:48:32,400 --> 05:48:35,400
intensely interested in the last
few spoonfuls of your stew, 

6126
05:48:35,400 --> 05:48:38,300
hoping to project the aura of 
someone completely absorbed in 

6127
05:48:38,308 --> 05:48:42,100
their dinner and definitely not 
worth talking to Evening, he 

6128
05:48:42,100 --> 05:48:45,700
says settling onto the stool 
next to you evening, he reply, 

6129
05:48:45,700 --> 05:48:47,300
because ignoring him would be 
rude. 

6130
05:48:47,300 --> 05:48:49,300
And rude. 
Miss in the situation could have

6131
05:48:49,300 --> 05:48:51,600
consequences that extend beyond 
hurt feelings. 

6132
05:48:52,700 --> 05:48:54,800
Good stew. 
He asks, looking at your bowl. 

6133
05:48:54,800 --> 05:48:58,300
Yes, quite good. 
You are honestly no point in 

6134
05:48:58,300 --> 05:49:02,100
lying about something so easily.
Verified, You're not from around

6135
05:49:02,100 --> 05:49:05,600
here, he observes. 
It's not a question, just 

6136
05:49:05,600 --> 05:49:08,500
passing through you say, which 
is true and hopefully boring 

6137
05:49:08,500 --> 05:49:11,500
enough to end the conversation. 
He nods and orders a whiskey 

6138
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:14,200
from the bartender. 
Not the good stuff, you know, 

6139
05:49:14,200 --> 05:49:17,000
notice which suggests either 
budget constraints, or that he's

6140
05:49:17,000 --> 05:49:18,800
not as important as his tall 
friend. 

6141
05:49:19,600 --> 05:49:22,400
While he waits for his drink, he
studies you with the Casual 

6142
05:49:22,400 --> 05:49:25,200
interest of someone examining a 
potentially interesting bug. 

6143
05:49:26,400 --> 05:49:29,900
Passing through to where he asks
now, you're in slightly trickier

6144
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,700
territory too much detail. 
Might make you memorable in 

6145
05:49:32,700 --> 05:49:34,700
ways. 
You don't want to be too little 

6146
05:49:34,708 --> 05:49:38,000
might make you seem suspicious. 
You go with vague but plausible.

6147
05:49:38,700 --> 05:49:40,700
West. 
You say, looking for 

6148
05:49:40,700 --> 05:49:42,200
opportunities. 
He Chuckles. 

6149
05:49:42,200 --> 05:49:44,600
Aren't we all friend? 
Aren't we all? 

6150
05:49:45,800 --> 05:49:48,300
his whiskey arrives, and Takes a
sip. 

6151
05:49:48,300 --> 05:49:51,200
Then he leans slightly closer, 
and you catch her with of 

6152
05:49:51,200 --> 05:49:53,600
tobacco leather. 
And something that might be made

6153
05:49:53,600 --> 05:49:56,900
or might be bear Grease. 
But of advice, he says quietly 

6154
05:49:56,900 --> 05:50:00,100
sometimes the best opportunity 
is knowing when to keep moving. 

6155
05:50:00,100 --> 05:50:04,200
No I mean you nod because you do
know what he means and because 

6156
05:50:04,200 --> 05:50:05,800
agreeing seems like the safest 
option. 

6157
05:50:05,800 --> 05:50:09,300
He's telling you in the polite 
as possible terms that this 

6158
05:50:09,300 --> 05:50:11,700
might be a good night to finish 
your dinner and find somewhere 

6159
05:50:11,700 --> 05:50:16,100
else to be. appreciate the 
advice you say, He Nots and 

6160
05:50:16,100 --> 05:50:18,500
returns to his whiskey 
apparently, satisfied. 

6161
05:50:18,500 --> 05:50:20,500
That his message has been 
delivered and understood. 

6162
05:50:21,300 --> 05:50:24,200
He finished the last of your 
student cornbread trying to eat 

6163
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:26,900
at a pace that suggests your not
hurrying, but not lingering 

6164
05:50:26,900 --> 05:50:29,300
either. 
That's when the Batwing doors 

6165
05:50:29,300 --> 05:50:32,100
swing, open again. 
And this time you know, before 

6166
05:50:32,100 --> 05:50:34,900
you even look at whoever's 
coming in is going to make the 

6167
05:50:34,900 --> 05:50:36,700
evening significantly more 
complicated. 

6168
05:50:37,700 --> 05:50:39,800
Because that's how these things 
work in the wild west. 

6169
05:50:39,800 --> 05:50:43,400
Just when you think you've got a
handle on the situation, the 

6170
05:50:43,400 --> 05:50:46,700
situation decides to handle you 
instead the man who walks 

6171
05:50:46,700 --> 05:50:50,000
through those batwing doors is 
about 40 years old has brown 

6172
05:50:50,000 --> 05:50:52,700
hair and sports a scar on his 
left cheek. 

6173
05:50:52,700 --> 05:50:55,400
That looks like it came from a 
disagreement about Catalonia 

6174
05:50:55,400 --> 05:50:57,900
ship. 
In other words, he matches the 

6175
05:50:57,900 --> 05:51:01,200
description of Bill Thompson 
perfectly, which means your 

6176
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:02,900
peacefully. 
Evening has just transformed 

6177
05:51:02,900 --> 05:51:06,900
into front row seats for 
whatever's about to unfold. but 

6178
05:51:06,900 --> 05:51:09,200
here's the thing that makes this
intriguing from a social 

6179
05:51:09,200 --> 05:51:12,800
dynamics perspective, Bill 
Thompson doesn't look surprised 

6180
05:51:12,800 --> 05:51:15,100
to see the three strangers. 
He doesn't pause. 

6181
05:51:15,100 --> 05:51:18,300
He doesn't scan the room, 
nervously and doesn't show any 

6182
05:51:18,300 --> 05:51:20,100
of the signs. 
You'd expect from someone who's 

6183
05:51:20,100 --> 05:51:23,200
being hunted. 
Instead, he walks to the bar 

6184
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:26,300
with the Casual, confident of a 
man whose precisely where he 

6185
05:51:26,300 --> 05:51:30,100
wants to be evening Jake. 
He says, to the bartender who 

6186
05:51:30,100 --> 05:51:32,800
suddenly looks like, he'd rather
be anywhere else, perhaps 

6187
05:51:32,800 --> 05:51:35,400
somewhere peaceful like the 
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 

6188
05:51:36,600 --> 05:51:39,200
The tools stranger at the center
table doesn't say anything 

6189
05:51:39,200 --> 05:51:41,600
immediately. 
He just watched his Thompson 

6190
05:51:41,600 --> 05:51:44,700
order a whiskey and settle 
against the bar, like he owns 

6191
05:51:44,700 --> 05:51:48,100
it. 
The silent stretches out like 

6192
05:51:48,100 --> 05:51:51,800
taffy and you can practically 
hear everyone in the room. 

6193
05:51:51,800 --> 05:51:54,200
Not breathing. 
Finally, the tall stranger 

6194
05:51:54,200 --> 05:51:57,100
speaks build Thompson That's 
right. 

6195
05:51:57,100 --> 05:52:00,700
Thompson replies without turning
around and you'd be Carson 

6196
05:52:00,700 --> 05:52:03,500
unless I miss my guess. 
Carson. 

6197
05:52:04,300 --> 05:52:07,100
Now, the tall stranger has a 
name, which somehow makes the 

6198
05:52:07,100 --> 05:52:09,600
whole situation feel more real 
and more dangerous at the same 

6199
05:52:09,600 --> 05:52:12,900
time. 
Carson stands up slowly the kind

6200
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:15,300
of deliberate movement that 
suggests, he's very comfortable 

6201
05:52:15,300 --> 05:52:17,200
with everyone's attention, 
focused on him. 

6202
05:52:18,100 --> 05:52:21,100
Being looking for you, Bill. 
I figured that was the case 

6203
05:52:21,100 --> 05:52:23,200
Thompson says taking a sip of 
his whiskey. 

6204
05:52:23,700 --> 05:52:26,400
Heard you boys were asking 
around thought I'd say you the 

6205
05:52:26,408 --> 05:52:27,800
trouble of hunting all over 
creation. 

6206
05:52:28,700 --> 05:52:31,300
Now, this is intriguing. 
Instead of a Manhunt your 

6207
05:52:31,300 --> 05:52:32,700
witnessing. 
What appears to be a plan 

6208
05:52:32,708 --> 05:52:34,900
meeting? 
The question is whether it's 

6209
05:52:34,900 --> 05:52:37,400
going to be a civilized 
conversation or something that 

6210
05:52:37,400 --> 05:52:39,000
requires you to duck under 
tables. 

6211
05:52:40,600 --> 05:52:43,500
The cowboy at the front table, 
shifts slightly in his chair and

6212
05:52:43,500 --> 05:52:46,200
you notice his hand resting 
casually near his side. 

6213
05:52:47,100 --> 05:52:49,700
The poker players of giving up 
all pretense of playing cards, 

6214
05:52:49,700 --> 05:52:52,800
and openly watching the 
proceedings, even the saloon 

6215
05:52:52,800 --> 05:52:55,600
girl as positioned herself near,
what you hope is a back exit. 

6216
05:52:56,400 --> 05:52:59,000
Carson moves away from his table
but not quickly, not 

6217
05:52:59,000 --> 05:53:02,200
aggressively, it's more like a 
dance where both Partners know 

6218
05:53:02,200 --> 05:53:04,500
the steps. 
You've got something that 

6219
05:53:04,500 --> 05:53:08,000
belongs to my employer bill. 
That's so Thompson says what 

6220
05:53:08,000 --> 05:53:09,900
might that be? 
Don't play games. 

6221
05:53:09,900 --> 05:53:13,300
The money from the Tucson job 
Thompson Chuckles, but it's not 

6222
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:15,600
a particularly amused sound. 
Money. 

6223
05:53:15,600 --> 05:53:17,500
What makes you think? 
I've got any money. 

6224
05:53:17,500 --> 05:53:18,900
Look at me. 
Carson. 

6225
05:53:18,900 --> 05:53:21,600
Do I look like a man who's 
recently come into wealth and 

6226
05:53:21,600 --> 05:53:24,100
he's got a point. 
Thompson's clothes are born, but

6227
05:53:24,100 --> 05:53:27,400
clean his boots are scuffed and 
his hat has seen better years. 

6228
05:53:28,300 --> 05:53:30,600
If he's sitting on a pile of 
stolen money, he's either 

6229
05:53:30,600 --> 05:53:32,900
excellent at hiding it or 
terrible at spending it. 

6230
05:53:33,800 --> 05:53:37,200
My employer seems to think 
otherwise Carson says your 

6231
05:53:37,200 --> 05:53:39,800
employer thinks many things 
doesn't make them true. 

6232
05:53:39,800 --> 05:53:43,500
The conversation is polite or 
almost casual, but you can feel 

6233
05:53:43,500 --> 05:53:46,200
the undercurrent of violence 
running beneath it like a stream

6234
05:53:46,200 --> 05:53:48,500
under ice. 
Both men are armed. 

6235
05:53:48,500 --> 05:53:51,600
You can tell by the way, they 
carry themselves, the way their 

6236
05:53:51,600 --> 05:53:54,100
coats, hang and the way they 
position their hands. 

6237
05:53:54,100 --> 05:53:57,300
The question is whether they're 
going to keep talking or start 

6238
05:53:57,300 --> 05:53:59,100
shooting. 
You're beginning to understand 

6239
05:53:59,100 --> 05:54:01,800
why the bartender was nervous 
about the fish on the menu. 

6240
05:54:02,600 --> 05:54:04,500
In a place where business 
disputes are settled. 

6241
05:54:04,508 --> 05:54:07,700
With gunpowder freshness, 
standards are probably flexible.

6242
05:54:07,700 --> 05:54:10,300
The shortest. 
Stranger, the one who gave you 

6243
05:54:10,300 --> 05:54:12,500
the friendly advice about 
knowing when to keep moving. 

6244
05:54:12,500 --> 05:54:14,600
Has positioned himself near the 
door? 

6245
05:54:14,600 --> 05:54:16,600
Not blocking it. 
Exactly. 

6246
05:54:16,600 --> 05:54:19,100
But making it clear that anyone 
wanting to leave would need to 

6247
05:54:19,100 --> 05:54:22,500
get past him. 
The third member of their group 

6248
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:24,100
has moved to cover the back of 
the room. 

6249
05:54:24,100 --> 05:54:27,000
Thompson seems to notice these 
movements without looking 

6250
05:54:27,000 --> 05:54:29,800
directly at them. 
What the whole crew did you? 

6251
05:54:29,800 --> 05:54:32,900
That's flattering though. 
I have to say for a friendly 

6252
05:54:32,900 --> 05:54:36,000
conversation about money. 
I don't have you boys seem a 

6253
05:54:36,000 --> 05:54:40,100
little prepared. 
Just being careful, Carson says 

6254
05:54:40,100 --> 05:54:45,200
nothing personal. oh, I'm sure 
Thompson replies just like what 

6255
05:54:45,200 --> 05:54:48,500
happened in Prescott was nothing
personal Carson's expression 

6256
05:54:48,500 --> 05:54:51,500
changes slightly At The Mention 
Of Prescott and you get the 

6257
05:54:51,500 --> 05:54:53,000
feeling that there's a whole 
other story. 

6258
05:54:53,000 --> 05:54:57,200
There probably involving more 
cattle, more disagreements, and 

6259
05:54:57,200 --> 05:55:00,200
definitely more scars. 
That was business. 

6260
05:55:00,200 --> 05:55:03,300
Carson says so is this Thompson 
replies. 

6261
05:55:03,300 --> 05:55:06,200
And that's when you realize that
you're not just witnessing a 

6262
05:55:06,200 --> 05:55:08,700
confrontation between men with a
disagreement about money. 

6263
05:55:09,800 --> 05:55:12,200
You're watching the continuation
of something that started 

6264
05:55:12,200 --> 05:55:15,400
somewhere else, probably 
involving cattle because 

6265
05:55:15,400 --> 05:55:18,200
everything in the west, seems to
involve cattle and definitely 

6266
05:55:18,200 --> 05:55:20,800
involving the kind of business 
that leaf scars on people's 

6267
05:55:20,800 --> 05:55:23,000
faces. 
The room has gone completely 

6268
05:55:23,000 --> 05:55:26,300
quiet except for the sound of 
your own heartbeat which seems 

6269
05:55:26,300 --> 05:55:28,600
unreasonably loud. 
Give them the circumstances. 

6270
05:55:29,500 --> 05:55:32,000
You're trying to decide whether 
finishing your whiskey would be 

6271
05:55:32,000 --> 05:55:34,500
a good idea. 
Liquid courage, or a terrible 

6272
05:55:34,500 --> 05:55:38,200
idea, compared judgment, when 
Thompson turns slightly and 

6273
05:55:38,200 --> 05:55:40,900
catches your eye. 
You might want to step outside 

6274
05:55:40,900 --> 05:55:42,400
for some are friend. 
He says quietly. 

6275
05:55:43,200 --> 05:55:45,200
Sometimes these business 
discussions, get a little 

6276
05:55:45,208 --> 05:55:48,500
heated, which is probably the 
polite way anyone has ever 

6277
05:55:48,500 --> 05:55:50,900
suggested that you evacuate 
before the shooting starts. 

6278
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:53,700
Here's the thing, about the wild
west, that all those Hollywood 

6279
05:55:53,700 --> 05:55:56,600
movies, got wrong, most 
confrontations didn't end in 

6280
05:55:56,600 --> 05:56:00,200
gunfights the ended in 
negotiations, compromises, and 

6281
05:56:00,200 --> 05:56:02,600
people finding ways to settle 
their different cities without 

6282
05:56:02,600 --> 05:56:05,600
ventilating each other because, 
despite what the dime novel 

6283
05:56:05,600 --> 05:56:08,300
suggested most folks preferred 
being alive to be legendary. 

6284
05:56:09,200 --> 05:56:11,800
Your contemplating Thompson 
suggestion about stepping 

6285
05:56:11,800 --> 05:56:14,400
outside when something 
unexpected happens. 

6286
05:56:15,500 --> 05:56:18,700
Carson. 
Laughs Carson, laughs not with a

6287
05:56:18,700 --> 05:56:21,600
menacing or bitter laugh but 
with an actual genuine laugh 

6288
05:56:21,600 --> 05:56:24,100
that changes his entire face. 
You know what? 

6289
05:56:24,100 --> 05:56:28,000
Bill your absolutely right. 
This idea is ridiculous. 

6290
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:31,800
He sits back down at his table 
and the tension in the room 

6291
05:56:31,800 --> 05:56:35,000
doesn't exactly disappear, but 
it shifts into something more 

6292
05:56:35,000 --> 05:56:38,700
manageable, removing the timer. 
Instead of cutting wires is akin

6293
05:56:38,700 --> 05:56:41,500
to diffusing a bomb. 
Were both getting too old for 

6294
05:56:41,500 --> 05:56:44,500
this Carson continues. 
And honestly, my employer is an 

6295
05:56:44,508 --> 05:56:47,100
idiot. 
Thompson turns around still 

6296
05:56:47,100 --> 05:56:48,800
holding his whiskey eyebrows. 
Raise. 

6297
05:56:48,800 --> 05:56:51,200
That's quite an admission coming
from you. 

6298
05:56:51,200 --> 05:56:54,300
Well, it's true. 
Sending me in the boys all the 

6299
05:56:54,308 --> 05:56:57,300
way out here to collect money. 
That probably doesn't exist from

6300
05:56:57,300 --> 05:56:58,900
a job. 
That went sideways six months 

6301
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:01,600
ago from a man who has been 
trying to go straight to ever 

6302
05:57:01,600 --> 05:57:03,500
since. 
Carson, shakes his head. 

6303
05:57:04,200 --> 05:57:06,100
Some days. 
I wonder why I don't just buy a 

6304
05:57:06,100 --> 05:57:09,400
farm and raise chickens. 
The shortest Ranger looks 

6305
05:57:09,400 --> 05:57:12,100
confused by this turn of events 
boss. 

6306
05:57:12,700 --> 05:57:15,300
We came all this way. 
I know what we came here for. 

6307
05:57:15,300 --> 05:57:18,300
Mike, Carson says, but 
occasionally, you get somewhere 

6308
05:57:18,300 --> 05:57:19,900
and realize the trip wasn't 
worth taking. 

6309
05:57:20,600 --> 05:57:23,200
Thompson moves away from the bar
but toward Carson's table, not 

6310
05:57:23,200 --> 05:57:25,800
towards the door. 
He pulls out a chair and sits 

6311
05:57:25,800 --> 05:57:28,600
down still cautious but no 
longer looking like he's 

6312
05:57:28,600 --> 05:57:31,200
expecting to dodge bullets. 
So what happens? 

6313
05:57:31,200 --> 05:57:34,900
Now. 
Thompson asks now, Now we finish

6314
05:57:34,900 --> 05:57:37,500
our drinks, you tell me what 
really happened in Tucson, and 

6315
05:57:37,500 --> 05:57:39,700
maybe we figure out how to 
explain to my employer, that his

6316
05:57:39,700 --> 05:57:42,400
money disappeared Into Thin Air 
without anyone getting shot over

6317
05:57:42,400 --> 05:57:44,800
it. 
And just like that, the standoff

6318
05:57:44,800 --> 05:57:48,300
becomes a conversation The 
Cowboys at the front table, 

6319
05:57:48,300 --> 05:57:50,600
start breathing again. 
The poker players. 

6320
05:57:50,600 --> 05:57:51,900
Remember they have cards to 
play? 

6321
05:57:52,800 --> 05:57:55,800
The saloon girl begins playing 
the piano again but this time 

6322
05:57:55,800 --> 05:57:58,200
she selects a more cheerful tune
than the one she played 

6323
05:57:58,200 --> 05:58:01,300
previously, you decide to stay 
put and order another whiskey 

6324
05:58:01,300 --> 05:58:04,200
because the scene is turning 
into exactly the kind of 

6325
05:58:04,200 --> 05:58:06,300
Frontier drama, you came West to
experience. 

6326
05:58:07,300 --> 05:58:10,000
Except without the Mortal Peril 
you hadn't really plan on. 

6327
05:58:11,600 --> 05:58:14,200
Thompson signals, Jake from 
another drink, and settles into 

6328
05:58:14,200 --> 05:58:16,900
his chair. 
Tucson was a disaster from the 

6329
05:58:16,900 --> 05:58:17,800
start. 
He begins. 

6330
05:58:17,800 --> 05:58:21,400
Your employer had a bank that 
turned out to be expecting us. 

6331
05:58:22,400 --> 05:58:26,400
Side information had to be. 
We walked into that bank and 

6332
05:58:26,408 --> 05:58:28,700
found half the territorial 
militia waiting for us. 

6333
05:58:28,700 --> 05:58:33,200
Lost two, good men, barely got 
out alive and came away with 

6334
05:58:33,200 --> 05:58:35,300
exactly nothing except a 
newfound. 

6335
05:58:35,300 --> 05:58:38,500
Appreciation for honest. 
Work, Carson nods thoughtfully. 

6336
05:58:38,500 --> 05:58:42,200
That explains some things. 
My employer has been mighty 

6337
05:58:42,200 --> 05:58:45,700
closed, mouth about the details,
probably because he set us up. 

6338
05:58:45,700 --> 05:58:49,200
Thompson says my guess. 
He made a deal with the law 

6339
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:52,500
decided We Were Expendable and 
figured he'd collect the reward 

6340
05:58:52,500 --> 05:58:57,000
money in stead of paying us. 
The shortest Ranger Mike looks 

6341
05:58:57,000 --> 05:58:59,900
between his boss and Thompson 
like he's watching a tennis 

6342
05:58:59,900 --> 05:59:01,900
match played with words instead 
of bulls. 

6343
05:59:02,600 --> 05:59:04,200
So there never was any money to 
recover. 

6344
05:59:05,000 --> 05:59:08,000
Oh there was money. 
Thompson says just not wear my 

6345
05:59:08,000 --> 05:59:11,200
employer thinks it ended up He 
reaches into his coat. 

6346
05:59:11,200 --> 05:59:12,900
And for a moment, everyone tends
his again. 

6347
05:59:12,900 --> 05:59:16,000
But what he pulls out is a 
folded piece of paper, not a 

6348
05:59:16,000 --> 05:59:18,500
weapon. 
Bank draft, he explains showing 

6349
05:59:18,500 --> 05:59:20,900
it to Carson. 
It was intended for the Tucson 

6350
05:59:20,900 --> 05:59:23,100
orphanage. 
Figured if I was going to steal 

6351
05:59:23,100 --> 05:59:25,400
money, I might as well, steal it
for someone who needed it, more 

6352
05:59:25,400 --> 05:59:28,600
than your employer did Carson 
examine the paper and his 

6353
05:59:28,600 --> 05:59:31,400
expression shifts to one that 
could be interpreted as respect.

6354
05:59:32,400 --> 05:59:34,600
You donated stolen money to an 
orphanage. 

6355
05:59:35,400 --> 05:59:36,400
Seemed like the right thing to 
do. 

6356
05:59:36,400 --> 05:59:40,600
At the time, Thompson says, with
a shrug still does actually Mike

6357
05:59:40,600 --> 05:59:43,800
looks completely baffled by this
turn of events boss. 

6358
05:59:43,800 --> 05:59:45,300
What do we tell him back in 
Phoenix? 

6359
05:59:45,300 --> 05:59:48,400
Carson folds, the bank draft, 
and hands, it back to Thompson. 

6360
05:59:48,400 --> 05:59:50,800
We tell him that Bill Thompson 
is dead. 

6361
05:59:51,800 --> 05:59:53,800
What? 
Mike's voice goes up. 

6362
05:59:53,800 --> 05:59:56,500
An octave died in a gunfight 
tragic, really? 

6363
05:59:57,200 --> 06:00:00,000
We buried him outside of town 
and said some words a very 

6364
06:00:00,008 --> 06:00:03,200
touching ceremony Carson's dead.
Panda delivery would make a 

6365
06:00:03,200 --> 06:00:04,700
professional poker player. 
Proud. 

6366
06:00:05,600 --> 06:00:08,700
Money was never recovered. 
He probably spent all the money 

6367
06:00:08,700 --> 06:00:12,100
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died Thompson grins. 

6368
06:00:12,100 --> 06:00:15,200
I like it, though. 
I prefer to think I spent it on 

6369
06:00:15,208 --> 06:00:18,800
Whiskey and tight women. 
Details Castleton waves. 

6370
06:00:18,800 --> 06:00:21,800
Dismissively point is, as far as
Phoenix is concerned. 

6371
06:00:21,800 --> 06:00:24,800
This case is closed and that's 
when you realize you've just 

6372
06:00:24,800 --> 06:00:27,800
witnessed something remarkable. 
A problem solve not with 

6373
06:00:27,800 --> 06:00:31,800
violence but with creativity 
pragmatism and a healthy dose of

6374
06:00:31,800 --> 06:00:34,800
Frontier Justice. 
This solution ensures that 

6375
06:00:34,800 --> 06:00:37,500
everyone leaves with their lives
and dignity intact. 

6376
06:00:38,200 --> 06:00:40,400
The Sloan has returned to 
something approaching normal. 

6377
06:00:40,400 --> 06:00:43,000
The poker game has resumed with 
renewed, enthusiasm. 

6378
06:00:43,000 --> 06:00:46,300
Apparently nothing makes cards 
more captivating than the 

6379
06:00:46,300 --> 06:00:48,700
possibility that you might not 
live to play another hand. 

6380
06:00:49,700 --> 06:00:52,300
Cowboys have ordered another 
round and a back to discussing 

6381
06:00:52,300 --> 06:00:54,600
whatever, important Cowboy 
business they were discussing 

6382
06:00:54,600 --> 06:00:58,600
before the excitement started. 
Carson stands up and extends his

6383
06:00:58,600 --> 06:01:01,000
hand to Thompson. 
It's been a pleasure doing 

6384
06:01:01,000 --> 06:01:04,000
business with you Bill, or 
should I say, it's been a 

6385
06:01:04,000 --> 06:01:05,100
pleasure, not doing business 
with you. 

6386
06:01:05,800 --> 06:01:09,900
Thompson shakes, his hand. 
Likewise give my regards to 

6387
06:01:09,900 --> 06:01:12,300
Phoenix. 
Tell them I died bravely. 

6388
06:01:13,200 --> 06:01:16,200
Oh, I will, I will probably 
include some details about how 

6389
06:01:16,200 --> 06:01:18,600
you took three of us with you 
just to make the story more 

6390
06:01:18,600 --> 06:01:22,500
interesting. 
Mike still looks confused, but 

6391
06:01:22,500 --> 06:01:25,500
the third member of Carson's 
group whose been silent through 

6392
06:01:25,500 --> 06:01:29,600
most of this, finally speaks up.
Does your statement mean we can 

6393
06:01:29,608 --> 06:01:31,900
go home now? 
I'm tired of sleeping on the 

6394
06:01:31,900 --> 06:01:34,300
ground. 
Yes, Eddie we can go home. 

6395
06:01:34,300 --> 06:01:37,600
Carson says patiently and we can
stop at that hotel in Flagstaff 

6396
06:01:37,600 --> 06:01:40,600
on the way back. 
The one with the actual beds, 

6397
06:01:40,600 --> 06:01:44,500
the one with the actual beds. 
Eddie brightens considerably at 

6398
06:01:44,500 --> 06:01:46,800
this news. 
Apparently even in the wild 

6399
06:01:46,800 --> 06:01:49,400
west, a good night's sleep was 
worth more than a questionable, 

6400
06:01:49,400 --> 06:01:53,000
gunfight As Carson's group 
prepares to leave. 

6401
06:01:53,700 --> 06:01:55,300
The Tall Man pauses at your 
table. 

6402
06:01:55,300 --> 06:01:58,800
Thanks for the entertainment. 
He says not often do we get to 

6403
06:01:58,800 --> 06:02:00,900
watch a business meeting that 
ends with everyone still 

6404
06:02:00,900 --> 06:02:03,900
breathing? 
my pleasure, you reply, raising 

6405
06:02:03,900 --> 06:02:06,800
your glass in a small salute, 
here's to creative problem, 

6406
06:02:06,800 --> 06:02:10,800
solving I'll drink to that. 
Carson says, and surprisingly, 

6407
06:02:10,800 --> 06:02:14,500
he does finishing his whiskey in
one, smooth, motion before 

6408
06:02:14,500 --> 06:02:16,200
tipping, his hat and heading for
the door. 

6409
06:02:17,600 --> 06:02:20,200
The saloon settles into a 
comfortable evening Rhythm. 

6410
06:02:20,200 --> 06:02:22,600
As the three strangers 
disappear, through the Batwing. 

6411
06:02:22,600 --> 06:02:25,400
Doors, Thompson moves to the bar
orders. 

6412
06:02:25,400 --> 06:02:28,400
Another whiskey and Strikes up a
conversation with Jake about the

6413
06:02:28,400 --> 06:02:31,400
weather and the price of cattle.
You sit back in your chair. 

6414
06:02:31,400 --> 06:02:34,500
Nursing your second whiskey and 
marveling at what you've just 

6415
06:02:34,500 --> 06:02:37,500
experienced. 
In the span of two hours, you've

6416
06:02:37,500 --> 06:02:41,200
witnessed a Manhunt a standoff 
and negotiation and a resolution

6417
06:02:41,200 --> 06:02:42,800
that would have made Solomon 
proud. 

6418
06:02:42,800 --> 06:02:46,200
You've seen grown men solve 
their problems with words and of

6419
06:02:46,200 --> 06:02:48,400
weapons and creativity and of 
violence. 

6420
06:02:49,200 --> 06:02:52,300
The saloon girl starts playing 
Red River Valley and this time 

6421
06:02:52,300 --> 06:02:55,500
she gets all the notes, right? 
The poker players are laughing 

6422
06:02:55,500 --> 06:02:58,100
at something. 
The prospector said, the Cowboys

6423
06:02:58,100 --> 06:03:01,100
are planning their next cattle 
drive and you're sitting in a 

6424
06:03:01,100 --> 06:03:03,200
wild West Haven drinking 
whiskey. 

6425
06:03:03,200 --> 06:03:06,300
That tastes like liquid. 
Campfire, eating stew, that 

6426
06:03:06,308 --> 06:03:09,800
could keep you going for a week 
and thinking that maybe just 

6427
06:03:09,800 --> 06:03:12,900
maybe the real wild west was 
more intriguing than any 

6428
06:03:12,900 --> 06:03:16,900
Hollywood movie ever suggested. 
Because the truth is most 

6429
06:03:16,900 --> 06:03:20,100
people, then just like, most 
people now were just trying to 

6430
06:03:20,100 --> 06:03:22,000
get through their day without 
too much trouble. 

6431
06:03:22,000 --> 06:03:25,200
They wanted to read a decent 
meal, have a drink with friends,

6432
06:03:25,200 --> 06:03:28,000
maybe play some cards and go 
home to their families. 

6433
06:03:28,700 --> 06:03:31,600
The fact that they sometimes 
carried guns and settle disputes

6434
06:03:31,600 --> 06:03:34,300
with jewels doesn't mean they 
preferred violence. 

6435
06:03:34,300 --> 06:03:37,300
It just means they lived in a 
time and place where being 

6436
06:03:37,300 --> 06:03:39,500
prepared for trouble was a 
practical necessity. 

6437
06:03:40,400 --> 06:03:43,200
As the evening winds down and 
you consider heading to whatever

6438
06:03:43,200 --> 06:03:47,100
passes for lodging in this 
Frontier Town, you reflect on 

6439
06:03:47,100 --> 06:03:48,300
the lesson you've learned 
tonight. 

6440
06:03:49,200 --> 06:03:52,000
Sometimes the most dangerous 
situations are resolved, not by 

6441
06:03:52,000 --> 06:03:54,500
the fastest gun or the strongest
fighter. 

6442
06:03:54,500 --> 06:03:57,900
But by the person clever enough 
to find a solution that lets 

6443
06:03:57,900 --> 06:03:59,900
everyone walk away with their 
pride intact. 

6444
06:04:01,500 --> 06:04:04,200
Thompson glances at you from the
bar, raising his glass and a 

6445
06:04:04,200 --> 06:04:08,800
small salute to orphanages, he 
says, quietly to orphanages your

6446
06:04:08,800 --> 06:04:10,400
reply. 
And you both drink to the kind 

6447
06:04:10,400 --> 06:04:12,900
of justice that doesn't make 
headlines, but makes the world a

6448
06:04:12,900 --> 06:04:15,400
little bit better. 
One, small Act of decent time, 

6449
06:04:15,400 --> 06:04:17,800
outside. 
The desert Knight is clear and 

6450
06:04:17,800 --> 06:04:22,100
cold full of stars that seem 
close enough to touch inside the

6451
06:04:22,100 --> 06:04:24,800
Silver Dollar. 
Saloon the oil lamps burn warm 

6452
06:04:24,800 --> 06:04:28,500
and steady the piano plays soft 
Melodies and people who've never

6453
06:04:28,508 --> 06:04:31,900
met before tomorrow will be 
strangers again, sharing stories

6454
06:04:31,900 --> 06:04:34,300
and whiskey and the kind of 
companionship that Travelers 

6455
06:04:34,300 --> 06:04:35,900
have always found in places like
this. 

6456
06:04:36,700 --> 06:04:40,300
And that more than any gunfight,
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 

6457
06:04:40,300 --> 06:04:43,900
Rush drama, is what the wild 
west was really about people 

6458
06:04:43,900 --> 06:04:47,700
finding ways to connect to solve
problems and to help each other 

6459
06:04:47,700 --> 06:04:50,500
through the challenges of living
in a hard place during a hard 

6460
06:04:50,500 --> 06:04:53,200
time. 
Your stew is long, finished. 

6461
06:04:53,200 --> 06:04:56,100
Your whiskey glass is empty and 
your adventure. 

6462
06:04:56,100 --> 06:04:57,700
In Frontier. 
Dining is complete. 

6463
06:04:58,600 --> 06:05:01,100
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 
that Stagecoach and continue 

6464
06:05:01,100 --> 06:05:04,500
West carrying with you, the 
memory of an evening, when the 

6465
06:05:04,500 --> 06:05:08,000
wild west revealed itself to be 
not quite as wild as advertised,

6466
06:05:08,000 --> 06:05:11,000
but infinitely more fascinating 
than you'd expected. 

6467
06:05:11,900 --> 06:05:14,600
Sometimes the best stories 
aren't about the fastest, guns, 

6468
06:05:14,600 --> 06:05:17,700
or the biggest fights, sometimes
they're about the moments. 

6469
06:05:17,700 --> 06:05:20,600
When Ordinary People find 
extraordinary ways to be decent 

6470
06:05:20,600 --> 06:05:23,900
to each other? 
Even when a specially when it 

6471
06:05:23,900 --> 06:05:27,200
would be easier, not to be And 
with that thought you finish 

6472
06:05:27,200 --> 06:05:30,900
your whiskey tip your hat to 
Jake the bartender nod, farewell

6473
06:05:30,900 --> 06:05:33,400
to Thompson and the other 
Patron's and pushed through 

6474
06:05:33,400 --> 06:05:36,200
those famous batwing, doors into
the Starfield. 

6475
06:05:36,200 --> 06:05:39,300
Desert Knight carrying with you,
a story worth telling and the 

6476
06:05:39,300 --> 06:05:41,900
kind of satisfied tiredness that
comes from a day. 

6477
06:05:41,900 --> 06:05:45,700
Well, lived and an evening. 
Well, spent the Silver Dollar 

6478
06:05:45,700 --> 06:05:47,900
Saloon settles into its 
nighttime Rhythm by. 

6479
06:05:47,900 --> 06:05:50,400
You ready to welcome the next 
traveler. 

6480
06:05:50,400 --> 06:05:53,700
The next Story. 
The next small drama of frontier

6481
06:05:53,700 --> 06:05:56,100
life. 
Because that's what places like 

6482
06:05:56,100 --> 06:05:58,500
this. 
Do they provide a stage where 

6483
06:05:58,500 --> 06:06:01,600
ordinary people can have 
extraordinary moments where 

6484
06:06:01,600 --> 06:06:04,100
strangers can become friends 
over a shared meal and a glass 

6485
06:06:04,100 --> 06:06:06,800
of something that might 
charitably be called whiskey? 

6486
06:06:07,600 --> 06:06:10,400
And in the morning, the 
stagecoach will come and you'll 

6487
06:06:10,400 --> 06:06:12,300
climb aboard for the next leg of
your journey. 

6488
06:06:12,300 --> 06:06:14,900
But you'll always remember the 
night, you learned that the real

6489
06:06:14,900 --> 06:06:18,400
wild west wasn't one with guns. 
It was one with conversation 

6490
06:06:18,400 --> 06:06:22,600
creativity and the kind of human
decency that transcends time and

6491
06:06:22,600 --> 06:06:26,000
place sweet dreams traveler the 
frontier awaits. 

6492
06:06:26,000 --> 06:06:28,700
And now you know, it's not quite
as dangerous as the story 

6493
06:06:28,700 --> 06:06:31,500
suggests, just infinitely more 
interesting than you ever 

6494
06:06:31,500 --> 06:06:32,000
imagined.