Saint Nicholas: The Real Story Behind Santa Claus | History for Sleep

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Hey, my tired peeps, I sent you 
yawning over there so let's 

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snuggle up because on tonight's 
journey, we'll discover the real

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story behind Santa Claus. 
That's right. 

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You'll travel from the Frozen 
Landscapes of ancient winter, 

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celebrations to the warm half of
a fourth Century. 

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Bishop whose quiet acts of 
kindness sparked, a legend that 

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would span continents and 
transform cultures settle in as 

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we uncover House, Saint, 
Nicholas of Myra became the 

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figure, we know today, Story of 
generosity faith and the 

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enduring power of giving without
seeking recognition. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down below

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where in the world you're 
listening in from, and what time

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it is for you. 
Now, while I do my brief little 

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paws, make sure to turn on a fan
for some comforting, white 

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noise, and let's ease into that 
jolly Christmas spirit. 

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You stand at the edge of a 
northern European forest in the 

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depths of December centuries. 
Before anyone had heard the 

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name, Nicholas the air bites 
that your cheeks with a cold. 

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So complete, it seems to 
crystallize your breath before 

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it can escape above. 
You bare, branches sketch, 

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patterns against the sky that 
darkens by mid-afternoon and the

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snow beneath your boots. 
Squeaks with each step, that 

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particular sound that only 
happens when temperatures plunge

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well below freezing, your 
ancestors understood. 

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Something profound about this 
season. 

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Winter wasn't simply cold 
weather, to be endured it 

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represented. 
A threshold between the living 

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world and something else 
entirely when the sun weakened 

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and Shadow stretched across the 
land for most of each day. 

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The boundary between ordinary 
existence and the realm of 

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spirits grew thin as parchment. 
You can feel it even now that 

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peculiar quality of winter 
Twilight when familiar landmarks

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take on unfamiliar shapes the 
Romans called this period 

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saturnalia and this celebr Began
on the 17th of December for 

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them. 
Winter's Darkness demanded light

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feasting and the temporary 
suspension of ordinary rules. 

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Master served meals to their 
slaves. 

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People exchange, small gifts, 
usually candles or Clay 

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figurines. 
Everyone wore the pillars, a 

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soft conical cap that normally 
marked freed slaves. because 

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during Saturn earlier all were 
equal, the rigid social 

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hierarchies that governed every 
other day of the year dissolved 

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like frost in the morning sun, 
you would have loved the chaos 

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of it. 
Gambling normally forbidden 

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became not just permitted but 
encouraged wine flowed. 

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Freely people sang in the 
streets at hours that would 

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normally bring sharp reprimands 
from authorities. 

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The Hall of fair served a 
purpose deeper than mere 

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revelry. 
It was a collective 

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acknowledgment that darkness and
cold held power and the only way

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to survive them was to gather 
with warmth and light and the 

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bonds of community further north
Germanic peoples observed, their

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own winter Customs, they brought
Evergreen boughs into their 

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home's, Holly Ivy missile toe, 
and pine as reminders. 

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That life persisted even when 
the world seemed Dead The 

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Evergreens weren't decorations 
in the modern sense, they were 

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statements of defiance against 
Winter's grip. 

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Symbols of resilience when snow 
piled shoulder high and wolves 

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howled in the forests. 
Those green branches, whispered 

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a promise Spring, will return. 
The Norse had Yule their own 

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winter celebration that 
stretched across 12 nights. 

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They burned enormous logs, the 
bigger the better because the 

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Yule logs Flames were thought to
hold back. 

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The darkest forces of winter 
families gathered around these 

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fires and told stories that 
lasted hours Tales of gods and 

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Giants and the endless struggle 
between Order and Chaos. 

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Stories weren't entertainment. 
They were instruction manuals 

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for living reminders of courage,
and cunning, and the importance 

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of loyalty to Kin. 
During these ancient winter 

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celebrations. 
Mysterious figures sometimes 

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appeared. 
Not the Jolly returned 

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character. 
You know, from shopping malls 

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and holiday cards, but stranger 
more unsettling beings in some 

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Germanic Traditions. 
Odin himself was said to lead a 

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wild Hunt across the winter Sky.
A ghostly procession of spirits 

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and lost souls children left 
offerings for his eight. 

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Legged horse, slight near, hey 
and carrots set out in hopes of 

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receiving gifts and return. 
The practice carried an edge of 

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fear alongside hope these 
weren't beings to be trifled 

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with elsewhere. 
There were Tales of an Old Woman

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Who visited Holmes during winter
checking, whether children had 

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behaved themselves in some 
regions, people spoke of spirits

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that traveled with Winter Winds 
able to see into homes through 

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cracks in walls and gaps and 
shutters. 

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The message was clear, Winter's 
Darkness allowed for judgements 

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and reckonings, your actions. 
Throughout the year would be 

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weighed. 
You see how the pattern forms 

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long before Christianity spread 
across Europe. 

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Winter already belonged to 
gift-giving to mysterious 

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visitors and to the idea that 
generosity and Community 

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celebration could push back 
against the harshest season. 

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The Customs ran deep braided 
into the very fiber of how 

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people understood time and 
survival when you live close 

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enough to Nature, that ailed 
Harvest means starvation when 

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wolves are real threats and not 
metaphors winter become 

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something more than a season 
marked on calendars. 

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It becomes a test. 
Now imagine you're in a small 

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village somewhere in what would 
become Germany around the year 

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200? 
Your family's home is a single 

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room structure with walls, of 
wattle and dorbz, woven sticks 

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plastered with mud and straw. 
The thatched roof keeps out most

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of the rain and snow, though, 
not all of it. 

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The central Hearth provides the 
only heat and light. 

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At night, everyone sleeps near 
the fire on platforms, covered 

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with straw and Furs. 
The smoke from The Hearth 

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escapes through a hole in the 
roof though. 

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Much of it lingers, stinging, 
your eyes and coating 

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everything. 
In a fine layer of soot during 

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the darkest days of December. 
Your father brings in the Yule 

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Log, a massive piece of Oak. 
He's been saving for this 

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purpose. 
It takes three grown men to 

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maneuver it into position. 
Once lit, the log will burn for 

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the entire 12-night celebration.
Your mother has been preparing 

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for weeks preserving foods and 
Brewing, special Ale on the 

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first night of yule. 
She brings out bread shaped like

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boars and horses. 
Sacred shapes though, your two 

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young to fully understand why 
the village Elder comes to your 

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home. 
As he does to every home 

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carrying a carved staff older 
than anyone can remember. 

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He speaks words in a language. 
That sounds almost like yours 

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but not quite An older tongue 
that people only used during the

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ceremonies. 
You don't understand all of what

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he says, but you catch phrases 
about honoring the ancestors 

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about the sun's return, and 
about the debts and bonds that 

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hold your community together 
later. 

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After the Elder is left and the 
Yule Log crackles with Fierce 

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heat, your father tells you 
about the gods, not in the 

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sanitized way, the stories are 
sometimes presented today but in

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their original form, bloody 
strange and full of Bargains and

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Transformations. 
He tells you about Odin trading,

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his eye for wisdom, about Thor, 
defending the gods realm from 

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Giants and about Loki's tricks 
that sometimes helped and 

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sometimes nearly destroyed 
everything, but the story that 

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captures your imagination. 
Most is simpler, your father 

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describes a figure, neither 
quite God, nor quite human, who 

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travels during the darkest 
nights, observing households, 

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this being notes on which family
share their food with Neighbors,

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which ones taken Travelers 
despite having Little themselves

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and which children show kindness
to animals and respect to elders

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and on your morning, those who 
have shown generosity find small

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gifts, carved, wooden toys, 
Honey, Cakes, and nuts, preserve

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from Autumn's Harvest. 
Father doesn't explain this as a

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moral lesson. 
He simply describes it as fact, 

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the way he described the 
changing of Seasons or the 

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habits of deer in winter. 
Generosity attracts Good. 

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Fortune selfishness invites 
hardship. 

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The mysterious winter visitor. 
Merely makes these natural 

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consequences visible. 
Fall asleep that night with the 

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Yule logs warmth on your face 
and the smell of pine boughs in 

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your nostrils. 
Outside wind howls across the 

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Frozen Fields, but inside, 
surrounded by family in the 

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certainty of community winter 
feels less like a threat and 

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more like a challenge, you'll 
meet together. 

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These were the beliefs, the 
customs, and the Deep rooted 

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traditions in which Christianity
slowly spread, The new Faith, 

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didn't erase the old ways, not 
entirely, not immediately. 

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Instead something more 
interesting happened, the two 

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streams of tradition merged 
creating something neither could

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have produced alone. 
Now shift forward in time and 

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South in geography, you're in 
patara a prosperous Port City, 

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Inn Lithia, a region on the 
southwestern coast of what is 

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now turkey. 
The year is approximately 270 

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the air here, carries the salt 
sharp smell of the Mediterranean

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and sunlight, bounces off 
whitewashed walls with an 

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intensity. 
That makes you squint even in 

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winter. 
This is where Nicholas was born 

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though. 
Precious few reliable facts 

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about his early life of survived
history offers fragments 

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glimpses and stories that may or
may not be true, but that people

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believed so fervently. 
They shape reality through sheer

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force of repetition. 
What we do know is that Nicholas

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came from wealth. 
His parents were devout 

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Christians at a time. 
When practicing this Faith, 

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required genuine courage. 
The Roman Empire which 

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controlled, this region viewed 
Christianity with suspicion that

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frequently erupted into active 
persecution, Christians refused 

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to honor the emperor's Divine. 
A refusal that authorities 

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interpreted as disloyalty even 
treason Your neighbors might 

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know your Christian and say 
nothing or they might report you

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to the magistrates. 
Either outcome remained 

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possible. 
At any moment. 

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Nicholas is parents died during 
an epidemic when he was young 

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probably in his teens. 
Ancient sources, don't specify 

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the disease. 
But epidemic swept through 

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Mediterranean cities with grim 
regularity smallpox typhoid 

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plague. 
Any of these might have been the

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culprit. 
In a matter of weeks perhaps 

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days, Nicholas found himself 
orphaned and in possession of a 

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substantial Fortune. 
Picture yourself in his 

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position, your wealthy beyond 
what most people in your city 

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will ever experience. 
You could live comfortably for 

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the rest of your life without 
working. 

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You could indulge every desire, 
build a grand home commission 

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art, and travel to distant 
lands. 

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The entire Known World lies open
to you, limited only by 

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imagination and the reach of 
Rome's roads. 

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Nicholas chose a different path,
he became a priest. 

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Then eventually a bishop, the 
bishop of Myra, a city about 60 

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miles from his birthplace, being
a bishop in the fourth Century 

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Ball. 
Little resemblance to the role 

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as it would later develop 
Nicholas had no ornate Cathedral

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know vast bureaucracy and no 
political power in the modern 

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sense. 
He led a small community of 

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believers who met in homes and 
when possible in modest 

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buildings that could be quickly 
abandoned if persecution 

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resumed. 
Myra itself was built into 

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Coastal Hills, its buildings, 
rising in tears from the harbor 

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ships arrived carrying grain 
from Egypt, Timber from the 

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Black Sea forests and wine from 
Greek Islands. 

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The cities theater could seat 
more than 10,000 Spectators of a

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performance. 
That would last entire days of 

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the city tombs, carved into 
Cliff faces. 

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Stared down like empty, eyes, 
monuments to listen. 

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Nobles from centuries past long 
before Roman Conquest. 

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As Bishop Nicholas became 
responsible for his community's 

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spiritual welfare and 
increasingly their physical 

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welfare, too. 
Christianity, as it was 

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practiced. 
In those early centuries placed 

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enormous emphasis on caring for 
the poor. 

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This wasn't optional or 
supplementary to the faith. 

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It was Central definitional. 
If you had resources in your 

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neighbor lacked food, shelter or
clothing in your resources 

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weren't truly yours. 
They were held in trust for the 

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community. 
You would have seen Nicholas 

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walking through Myra streets in 
the early morning, when Shadows 

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still stretched long and 
shopkeepers were just opening 

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their stalls. 
He dressed simply no elaborate 

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vestments or symbols of office. 
People recognized him, not by 

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costume but by reputation he 
knew the poor by name. 

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He knew which families were 
struggling with debt which 

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widows had no one to support 
them and which children were 

232
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,400
going hungry, the stories that 
accumulated around Nicholas 

233
00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:00,800
during his lifetime. 
And after his death chess 

234
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:05,100
certain themes, he gave 
secretly, he intervened to 

235
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:08,200
prevent Injustice. 
He showed particular concern for

236
00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:11,000
children and for anyone 
powerless in the face of 

237
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:14,700
institutional Authority, some of
these stories may be embellished

238
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:18,100
or entirely legendary, but they 
point to a consistent character 

239
00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:21,900
someone who understood well as 
responsibility rather than 

240
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:25,100
reward. 
The most famous story takes 

241
00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:29,400
place in Myra and involves a 
desperate father, this man wants

242
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:32,700
prosperous had lost everything 
through some combination of bad 

243
00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:36,300
fortune and unwise decisions. 
He had three daughters of 

244
00:13:36,300 --> 00:13:39,800
marriageable age but without 
dowries they couldn't marry in 

245
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,800
fourth Century. 
Lithia, an unmarried woman from 

246
00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,900
a good family who lacked 
resources faced limited options.

247
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:51,200
Most of them Grimm Father, 
seeing no other choice prepared 

248
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:52,900
to sell his daughter's into 
prostitution. 

249
00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:57,400
Nicholas learned of the 
situation rather than 

250
00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:00,900
confronting the father directly,
which would have shamed the man 

251
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:04,300
publicly and accomplished 
nothing Nicholas waited until 

252
00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:07,200
night. 
The family's house had windows 

253
00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:11,300
that opened onto the street as 
most houses did for Leighton 

254
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:14,000
ventilation. 
Nicholas approached after dark 

255
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:15,600
when the household had settled 
for sleep. 

256
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:20,100
He carried a bag of gold coins. 
Probably a substantial portion 

257
00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:23,100
of his inherited wealth. 
Through the open window. 

258
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:26,700
Nicholas tossed, the bag of gold
it, landed, according to Legend 

259
00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:30,500
in a stocking or shoes that had 
been left by the fire to dry The

260
00:14:30,500 --> 00:14:33,900
gold was exactly enough for the 
eldest daughter's, Dowry, she 

261
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:37,000
could now marry honorably. 
You might picture the father's 

262
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:40,200
confusion the next morning, 
where had this gold come from? 

263
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:42,800
Who knew of their desperate 
situation. 

264
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,900
The daughter married her future 
secured. 

265
00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:49,900
But the father still had two 
more daughters and no prospects 

266
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:52,800
for them. 
Nicholas waited some time 

267
00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:58,300
perhaps weeks, perhaps months, 
then on another night, he 

268
00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:02,300
returned and repeated the gift. 
Another bag of gold through the 

269
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:05,100
window and another daughter's 
future secured. 

270
00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:09,600
By now the father was determined
to discover his mysterious 

271
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:13,000
benefactors identity. 
When the time came for the third

272
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:16,900
daughter's Dowry, he stayed 
awake watching the street from a

273
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:20,500
darkened room. 
And he saw Nicholas approach saw

274
00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:24,100
him hefted the third bag of gold
and saw him prepare to throw it 

275
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:27,000
through the window. 
The father rushed out and fell 

276
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,500
at Nicholas's feet, overwhelmed,
with gratitude and shame. 

277
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:34,600
Gratitude for the generosity and
shame that he'd been reduced to 

278
00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:39,100
accepting charity, Nicholas's 
response, became Central to his 

279
00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:41,500
Legend. 
He asked the father to tell no 

280
00:15:41,500 --> 00:15:43,300
one of the gifts while Nicholas 
lived. 

281
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,300
The generosity was to remain 
anonymous known only to The 

282
00:15:47,300 --> 00:15:51,600
Giver, the receiver and God. 
Why did this story resonate? 

283
00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:55,200
So powerfully across centuries. 
Partly, because it demonstrated 

284
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:58,200
an alternative to the zero-sum 
thinking that governed most 

285
00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:02,300
economic relationships in the 
ancient world. the wealthy 

286
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:05,700
hoarded resources because wealth
meant Securities, power and 

287
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:10,100
Status the poor resented, the 
wealthy, sometimes violently 

288
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:14,700
Nicholas's actions suggested a 
different possibility that 

289
00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:17,400
abundance could float or need 
without diminishing. 

290
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:21,000
The Giver that generosity could 
be practiced without seeking 

291
00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:24,600
credit or control. 
Stories power also comes from 

292
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,500
its specificity. 
Nicholas didn't distribute 

293
00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:31,100
charity to Anonymous masses. 
He learned about one family's 

294
00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:34,700
particular, crisis, and 
responded with exactly what they

295
00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:37,300
needed. 
Delivered in a way that preserve

296
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:40,300
their dignity, the gift, through
the window allowed, the father 

297
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,600
to believe. 
If he chose that Providence 

298
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,200
itself had intervened rather 
than accept that he'd become a 

299
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:48,800
supplicant to his Bishop another
story places. 

300
00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:53,100
Nicholas at the Council of 
Nicea, in the year 325, the 

301
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:55,500
Roman emperor Constantine had 
recently converted to 

302
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:59,200
Christianity and called together
bishops from across the Empire, 

303
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,400
to settle theological disputes, 
that threatened to fragment the 

304
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:06,200
new Faith, the central question 
concerned, the nature of Christ.

305
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:11,300
Was, he fully Divine merely an 
exceptional human or something 

306
00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,500
in between a priest named Arius 
argue that Christ. 

307
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:18,599
The exalted and perfect was 
created by God and therefore, 

308
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:23,000
subordinate to the father, this 
position called arianism struck 

309
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:27,300
many Bishops as heresy. 
fundamental misunderstanding 

310
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:32,200
that undermined Christianity's 
core claims This was among those

311
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,900
who passionately opposed Arias, 
the legend says that during one 

312
00:17:35,900 --> 00:17:39,600
heated debate, Nicholas became 
so frustrated with our SS 

313
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,700
arguments that he struck him, 
actually struck him in the 

314
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:45,600
middle of the council, the 
accounts vary on whether it was 

315
00:17:45,608 --> 00:17:49,100
a slap or a punch, but the Act 
was shocking regardless. 

316
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:52,800
Bishops were supposed to be 
models of self-control and 

317
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,700
peaceful Behavior. 
Physical violence during a 

318
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:58,400
theological debate was 
completely unacceptable, 

319
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:03,000
Constantine himself into veined.
Nicholas was temporarily 

320
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:05,700
stripped of his Bishops office 
and possibly imprisoned. 

321
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:08,100
But here the story takes an 
interesting. 

322
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:11,700
Turn other Bishops reported that
Nicholas received a vision 

323
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:14,900
during his imprisonment Mary and
Christ appeared to him. 

324
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,200
Returning, his vestments and 
gospel books symbols of his 

325
00:18:18,208 --> 00:18:21,400
authority. 
Interpreting this, as Divine 

326
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:25,400
approval, the council reinstated
him, whether this story is 

327
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:28,300
historically accurate matters. 
Less than what it reveals about,

328
00:18:28,300 --> 00:18:30,500
how people understood Nicholas's
character. 

329
00:18:31,200 --> 00:18:34,800
He combined profound generosity 
with Fierce conviction. 

330
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,700
He could give away everything he
owned to help the poor, but he 

331
00:18:38,708 --> 00:18:41,000
couldn't tolerate what he viewed
as a tax on truth. 

332
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:44,900
The same passion that drove his 
charity drove his anger at the 

333
00:18:44,908 --> 00:18:47,700
council. 
You see, then a more complex 

334
00:18:47,700 --> 00:18:49,600
figure than later, Legends would
suggest? 

335
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:54,300
Nicholas wasn't simply kind in 
some generic harmless way his 

336
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:58,400
kindness had teeth, he fought 
Injustice directly whether the 

337
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:02,400
Injustice came from poverty, 
exploitation, or theological 

338
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,200
error, he made enemies. 
He took positions that brought 

339
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:09,800
consequences during the 
persecution of Christians under 

340
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:13,700
emperor Diocletian, which began 
around the year 303. 

341
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:18,000
Nicholas was imprisoned by a 
cliches persecution was 

342
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,200
systematic and brutal. 
That the most severe, the 

343
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,000
Christians had yet faced 
churches were destroyed, 

344
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,900
scriptures, burned and clergy 
imprisoned or executed. 

345
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,000
The goal was nothing less than 
Christianity's. 

346
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:36,000
Complete a radican from the 
empire Nicholas survived many 

347
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,700
others did not the experience of
imprisonment of seeing fellow 

348
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:42,900
Believers, tortured, and killed 
for their faith, shaped him 

349
00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:45,300
profoundly. 
When Constantine later 

350
00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:48,400
legalized, Christianity, and the
immediate threat passed, 

351
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,600
Nicholas, understood, that, 
freedom and safety were neither 

352
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:55,200
permanent or guaranteed, the 
gift of safety demanded. 

353
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:58,800
Gratitude expressed through 
action specifically through 

354
00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:01,000
protecting the vulnerable, who 
couldn't protect themselves. 

355
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:05,700
The practice of secret giving so
Central, to Nicholas's life, 

356
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:08,500
carried particular resonance in 
the ancient world. 

357
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:13,300
Gift-giving in Greek and Roman 
society was rarely private or 

358
00:20:13,300 --> 00:20:17,400
selfless, wealthy patrons. 
Gave publicly to gain honor to 

359
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:20,600
bind, recipients in webs of 
obligation and to demonstrate 

360
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,600
status. 
The gift, created a debt. 

361
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,700
That recipients were expected to
repay through loyalty service or

362
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:28,600
public. 
Praise. 

363
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,800
Nicholas is anonymous gifts, 
represented, something 

364
00:20:31,800 --> 00:20:36,200
different. form of generosity 
that expected nothing in return 

365
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:40,200
because the givers identity 
remained hidden, This must have 

366
00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:43,700
seemed strange even suspicious 
to many of his contemporaries. 

367
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:46,000
Like if you won't receive 
credit. 

368
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:48,400
What kind of power game was 
this? 

369
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:52,000
But for Nicholas anonymity was 
precisely the point. 

370
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:56,300
The moment a gift became public,
it changed character, it became 

371
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,300
leverage, it became control and 
became an investment in 

372
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,100
reputation. 
A Anonymous, giving allowed the 

373
00:21:02,108 --> 00:21:04,200
recipients dignity to remain 
intact. 

374
00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:07,000
They could receive help with 
without becoming subordinate, 

375
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,600
without entering a patron client
relationship that would define 

376
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:12,300
this social position 
permanently. 

377
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:16,200
Imagine you're a struggling 
merchants, in Myra unable to pay

378
00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,800
your debts after a shipment was 
lost to Pirates, you've borrowed

379
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:24,500
from multiple sources and the 
interest compounds daily Family 

380
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:29,000
faces, losing everything home, 
business, and respectability. 

381
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,400
One morning you discover that 
someone has paid your largest 

382
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:36,300
debt. 
There's no note No Name and no 

383
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:40,300
demand for future loyalty, just 
the debt erased. 

384
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:44,600
You never learn who helped you. 
For the rest of your life, you 

385
00:21:44,600 --> 00:21:47,900
wonder was it the wealthy Widow 
who lives near the harbor. 

386
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,500
The olive oil export, who 
occasionally nods to you in the 

387
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:54,200
market or was it the bishop? 
The man who seems to know, 

388
00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:57,600
everyone's troubles, not knowing
changes everything. 

389
00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,100
You can't repay the specific 
person. 

390
00:22:00,100 --> 00:22:03,700
So in Stead, you find yourself 
looking for others who need 

391
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:06,600
help, when you see someone 
struggling, you remember your 

392
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:10,000
own rescue and act. 
The anonymous gift ripples 

393
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:13,800
outward, creating a culture of 
generosity rather than a single 

394
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:16,700
transaction. 
Nicholas understood this 

395
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:19,500
intuitively. 
His gifts weren't charity in the

396
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:22,800
modern sense, with its 
implications of distance between

397
00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:25,900
giver and receiver. 
They were more like adjustments 

398
00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:29,000
to the Natural order. 
Redistributions that moved, 

399
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:33,200
abundance toward need the way, 
water flows downhill the stories

400
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:37,200
accumulated, Nicholas savings 
Sailors caught in storms by 

401
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,200
appearing to them in dreams, 
with navigation instructions. 

402
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,400
Nicholas rescued boys who had 
been kidnapped and sold into 

403
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:45,900
slavery. 
Somehow always learning of these

404
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:48,600
crimes and intervening before 
the situation became 

405
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,900
irreversible Nicholas. 
Providing dowries for poor 

406
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:55,600
girls, not just once but 
repeatedly making this his 

407
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,900
particular mission. 
Some stories stretched 

408
00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:02,600
credibility, they included 
miraculous elements that modern 

409
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:05,900
audiences might dismiss as 
impossible but focus on the 

410
00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:08,200
pattern rather than the literal 
details. 

411
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,800
Every story emphasized 
intervention on behalf of the 

412
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,600
powerless. 
Every story featured, generosity

413
00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,900
delivered with discretion every 
story, showed Nicholas 

414
00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:21,600
responding to specific needs 
rather than Distributing generic

415
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:24,200
Aid. 
You're in Meijer Harbor on 

416
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,800
winter morning watching workers 
load grain onto ships Bound for 

417
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:31,100
Constantinople. 
The work is hard and dangerous 

418
00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:35,500
men balance on narrow gangs 
carrying sacks that way. 

419
00:23:35,500 --> 00:23:39,700
Nearly as much as they do. 
A misstep means a fall into cold

420
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:44,000
water or Worse. 
Being crushed between ship and 

421
00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:48,600
dock as the tide shifts. 
The workers are mostly free men,

422
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,900
but desperately poor. 
They're paid by the load and the

423
00:23:51,908 --> 00:23:54,000
work is a regular. 
Some days. 

424
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,900
There are ships to unload other 
days, there's nothing. 

425
00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:00,700
No work means. 
No food, their children, go 

426
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:03,100
hungry. 
More often than not, Nicholas 

427
00:24:03,100 --> 00:24:05,900
appears regularly at the Docks. 
Not to preach, but simply to be 

428
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:09,700
present He knows the workers 
names and knows whose child is 

429
00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:11,500
sick and whose mother recently 
died. 

430
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:17,000
Sometimes he brings food bread 
and dried fish nothing fancy. 

431
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,900
Sometimes he simply listens as 
men talk about their troubles, 

432
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:22,600
their fears, and their small 
hopes. 

433
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:27,400
One of the workers a man named 
Cyrus tells you about a morning 

434
00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:29,700
when he woke to find a small, 
Leather Pouch outside. 

435
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:34,200
His door inside was silver coins
enough to buy medicine for his 

436
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:36,800
daughter who had been burning 
with fever for three days. 

437
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:39,400
Cyrus never learned who left the
pout. 

438
00:24:39,400 --> 00:24:42,300
He suspects, Nicholas. 
But can't prove it. 

439
00:24:42,300 --> 00:24:45,600
And when he tried to thank the 
bishop, Nicholas simply said 

440
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,500
that. 
God provides in mysterious ways 

441
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:51,600
and then change the subject. 
This is the pattern that would 

442
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:54,700
echo through. 
Centuries not grand gestures 

443
00:24:54,700 --> 00:24:58,600
witnessed by crowds, but small 
specific acts of generality, 

444
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,000
delivered quietly. 
And without expectation of 

445
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:05,000
recognition, the approach seems 
almost calculated to prevent the

446
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,200
kind of institutional charity. 
That would later develop in 

447
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:11,300
Christianity, Charity is 
bureaucracy. 

448
00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:16,000
The social control as distance 
between wealthy benefactors and 

449
00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:19,500
Anonymous. 
Poor people who exist mainly as 

450
00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:22,100
statistics. 
Nicholas died on the 6th of 

451
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:30,100
December, probably in the year 
3, 4 3 He was buried in Myra's 

452
00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:33,100
Cathedral and his two 
immediately became a pilgrimage 

453
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:35,900
site. 
The faithful reported Miracles, 

454
00:25:35,900 --> 00:25:38,600
healings visions and answered 
prayers. 

455
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:42,600
Within a generation. 
Nicholas was recognized as a 

456
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:45,500
saint, but his association with 
children developed gradually 

457
00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:49,900
emerging from specific stories 
that emphasized his protection 

458
00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:53,000
of the young and vulnerable. 
The tales became darker and 

459
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:56,400
stranger as they spread across 
cultures absorbing local, 

460
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,500
Legends, and pre-christian 
folklore. 

461
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,700
The most disturbing story 
concerns three boys traveling to

462
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:05,500
study in Athens, they stopped at
an inn. 

463
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:08,700
For the night, The Innkeeper, in
his wife facing poverty and 

464
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:11,100
seeing an opportunity. 
Murdered the three boys 

465
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:14,100
butchered their bodies and 
preserved the meat in brine 

466
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:16,400
planning to serve it to Future 
guests. 

467
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:19,500
Nicholas traveling. 
The same route stopped at the 

468
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:23,100
end immediately sent something 
wrong the account. 

469
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:25,200
Say he perceived the crime 
through divine revelation. 

470
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,800
He confronted The Innkeeper who 
confessed in Terror their 

471
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,200
Nicholas prayed over the barrels
of Brine and the three boys were

472
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:36,700
restored to life. 
Completely whole as if nothing 

473
00:26:36,700 --> 00:26:40,000
had happened. 
Modern readers might recoil from

474
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,700
this story's grotesque elements,
but in medieval Europe where 

475
00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:45,200
child mortality was 
staggeringly. 

476
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:49,100
High and dangers, both natural 
and human constantly threatened 

477
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:52,300
the Young Tail carried, enormous
power. 

478
00:26:52,300 --> 00:26:54,500
Nicholas appeared as a 
protector. 

479
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:57,300
Who could reverse even death 
itself, when children were 

480
00:26:57,300 --> 00:26:59,800
threatened? 
The story all so connected, 

481
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:03,200
Nicholas to older pre-christian 
myths, about death and 

482
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,900
Resurrection about Journeys to 
underworld and returns to life. 

483
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,300
In Greek, mythology, Demeter 
searches for her daughter 

484
00:27:10,300 --> 00:27:14,100
Persephone who has been dragged 
to the underworld in Norse 

485
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:16,600
myths. 
The god Boulder is killed and 

486
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,900
mourned by all creation. 
These ancient patterns. 

487
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:24,500
Lost searching miraculous 
return, echoed in the story of 

488
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:28,700
Nicholas and the three boys, As 
Nicholas's cult spread across 

489
00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:32,500
Europe during the Middle Ages. 
Local communities, adopted him 

490
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:35,200
as the patron. 
Saint of children, parents 

491
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,200
prayed to him for their 
children's safety children, left

492
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:42,000
offerings, at shrines, dedicated
to him, and gradually the 

493
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,500
tradition developed that. 
Nicholas brought gifts to good 

494
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:47,200
children on his Feast Day, the 
6th of December. 

495
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:51,300
You're in a Germantown in the 
year 1300, it's late Autumn. 

496
00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:54,600
You're a child of perhaps seven 
or eight, your parents have told

497
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,700
you about Saint Nicholas. 
The holy Bishop, who watches 

498
00:27:57,700 --> 00:28:00,400
over children and brings gifts 
to those who've been good 

499
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,100
throughout the year. 
Watching over isn't entirely 

500
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:06,900
comforting according to, what 
you've heard from older 

501
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:08,400
children. 
Nicholas knows everything. 

502
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,700
You've done every lie, you've 
told every time you've been lazy

503
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,800
with your chores, every unkind 
word to your siblings. 

504
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:18,800
All of it has been observed and 
recorded on the night before 

505
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,900
Nicholas's feast day. 
He'll review this record and 

506
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:24,100
decide whether you deserve a 
gift or punishment. 

507
00:28:25,100 --> 00:28:28,700
The fear is real. 
But so is the anticipation. 

508
00:28:28,700 --> 00:28:32,400
If you've tried your best to be 
good and you have tried mostly 

509
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:34,700
then Saint Nicholas might leave 
something for you. 

510
00:28:34,708 --> 00:28:37,700
Maybe nuts or fruit preserve 
from the Harvest. 

511
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:41,300
Maybe a small carved toy, maybe 
sweet bread. 

512
00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:44,400
Baked in special shapes. 
On the evening of the 5th of 

513
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:47,400
December, you help your mother 
set out your shoes by the half 

514
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:49,900
just as every child in town 
does. 

515
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:54,000
Shoes are meant to receive 
whatever Nicholas leaves where 

516
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,100
the gift or punishment. 
You've heard stories of 

517
00:28:57,100 --> 00:28:59,200
children, who received switches 
or coal. 

518
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,500
Instead of treats your stomach 
churns with nervousness. 

519
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,300
You go to bed but sleep come 
slowly. 

520
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:10,100
Every sound in the house, makes 
you wonder is that him? 

521
00:29:10,900 --> 00:29:14,700
Has he come your younger brother
is snoring softly beside you? 

522
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:18,100
Apparently, unbothered by the 
momentous judgment occurring 

523
00:29:18,100 --> 00:29:22,100
down stairs. 
Morning arrives eventually as 

524
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:24,500
mornings. 
Do you creep from bed? 

525
00:29:24,500 --> 00:29:28,800
Heart hammering and descend to 
the main room there in your 

526
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:30,800
shoes. 
You find an Apple three wall 

527
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,300
nuts and a small, wooden horse 
beautifully, carved with real 

528
00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:36,100
horse hair for the mane and 
tail. 

529
00:29:36,100 --> 00:29:39,600
Your brother has received 
similar gifts, your parents are 

530
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:41,700
smiling. 
The relief is overwhelming. 

531
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:44,000
You've been judged and found 
worthy. 

532
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:48,100
But beneath the relief is 
something else and awareness 

533
00:29:48,100 --> 00:29:51,000
that you're seeing that your 
actions throughout the year 

534
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,400
matter and that someone is 
paying attention, it's not 

535
00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:56,600
entirely comfortable this sense 
of being watched. 

536
00:29:57,500 --> 00:29:59,300
But it's also not entirely 
unpleasant. 

537
00:30:00,200 --> 00:30:03,400
Someone cares enough to walk 
someone cares enough to judge 

538
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:07,300
someone cares enough to give. 
The tradition spread with 

539
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:12,000
regional variations in some 
areas, Nicholas traveled with a 

540
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:16,100
dark companion, connect route, 
pricked, or black Peter, or 

541
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:18,100
Krampus, depending on the 
region. 

542
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,300
This figure punished, bad 
children while Nicholas 

543
00:30:21,300 --> 00:30:25,000
rewarded, good ones, the 
companions appearance varied but

544
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,500
was always frightening. 
Sometimes devil, like with horns

545
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:32,500
and chains sometimes dressed in 
dark furs with a black and face 

546
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:36,100
and sometimes described as a 
captured devil or demon, that 

547
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:38,300
Nicholas had bound to his 
service. 

548
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,000
These dark companions 
represented, something important

549
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,200
that later, more sanitized 
versions of the traditional, 

550
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:48,400
would lose their acknowledged 
that judgment had two sides that

551
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:51,400
rewards implied the possibility 
of punishment and that 

552
00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:53,200
protection required in 
forcement. 

553
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:58,100
Nicholas wasn't simply a gentle,
gift-giver, he was a figure who 

554
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:01,200
maintained moral order, who 
insisted that actions had 

555
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:05,400
consequences, but the 
traditional emphasized, Mercy 

556
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,000
stories frequently featured, 
Nicholas intervening on behalf 

557
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,900
of children, who had been 
labeled bad, but who had 

558
00:31:11,900 --> 00:31:15,700
understandable reasons for their
misbehavior Child, who stole 

559
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:19,100
food because the family was 
starving might still receive a 

560
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:22,000
gift. 
Child who lied to protect a 

561
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,600
sibling, might be forgiven. 
Nicholas. 

562
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:28,400
According to these Tales saw 
past surface actions to 

563
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:33,200
intentions and circumstances as 
Christianity spread deeper into 

564
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,300
northern Europe. 
Nicholas's cult traveled with it

565
00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:39,000
monasteries and churches were 
dedicated to him. 

566
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:44,100
His relics fragments of bone 
bits of cloth that had touched 

567
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,400
his tomb, were distributed to 
churches across the continent 

568
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:52,400
and became focal points for 
local devotion in the year 1087.

569
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:54,400
Something. 
Extraordinary happened. 

570
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:58,800
Italian, merchants and sailors 
from Bari a port city in 

571
00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:03,500
southern Italy, traveled to Myra
with a specific goal to steal 

572
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:08,300
Nicholas's remains Maya had 
fallen under Muslim control, and

573
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,600
the Christian Merchants argued. 
They were rescuing. 

574
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:12,800
The Saints Bones from Infidel 
hands. 

575
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:17,700
They bribed guards, broken into 
the tomb and extracted the bones

576
00:32:17,700 --> 00:32:20,400
though. 
According to some accounts, they

577
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:22,900
left some skeletal material 
behind in their haste. 

578
00:32:23,800 --> 00:32:26,700
They ship the relics to Barrie 
where they were installed in a 

579
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:27,900
special. 
Basilica. 

580
00:32:27,900 --> 00:32:30,900
Mira was Furious. 
Barry was jubilant. 

581
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:34,000
The pope officially recognized 
Barry's claim. 

582
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:38,800
This theft matted enormously 
relics in medieval Christianity 

583
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,600
were powerful objects. 
They could heal the sick, 

584
00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:45,000
protect cities from plague and 
Invasion and attract pilgrims 

585
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:50,200
who spending in Rich, local 
economies, By pausing Nicholas's

586
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:52,700
relics. 
Barry instantly became a major 

587
00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:56,300
pilgrimage destination. 
The city's wealth and Prestige 

588
00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,600
grew accordingly. 
But the theft also demonstrated 

589
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:04,200
Nicholas's pan-european reach. 
His cult wasn't confined to his 

590
00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,800
original Homeland, he belonged 
to all of Christian Europe and 

591
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:10,200
multiple cities competed for 
connection to him. 

592
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:13,800
Churches across the continent 
claimed to possess secondary 

593
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,900
relics a finger bone, a tooth 
fragments of clothing. 

594
00:33:17,900 --> 00:33:20,900
Whether these were genuine was 
almost beside the point. 

595
00:33:20,900 --> 00:33:25,300
The claims themselves showed How
Deeply Nicholas had penetrated 

596
00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,700
European consciousness. 
You're in Lorraine in. 

597
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,300
What is now Eastern? 
France in the year 1200. 

598
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:34,900
Your village has a small church 
with a wooden statue of Saint 

599
00:33:34,900 --> 00:33:37,600
Nicholas. 
In a side Chapel, the statue 

600
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,700
shows him dressed as a bishop 
wearing a mighty and holding a 

601
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:44,200
staff at his feet. 
To three boys emerging from a 

602
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:47,000
barrel, the visual short hand 
for The Innkeeper story. 

603
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,400
Statue isn't beautiful in any 
technical sense. 

604
00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:55,100
The Carving is rough and the 
paint has faded and chipped but 

605
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:57,700
it's yours. 
Your grandfather helped build. 

606
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:01,400
The chapel that houses, it your 
mother likes candles before it 

607
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:03,000
when children in The Villages 
are sick. 

608
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,800
And every year on the 6th of 
December the entire Village 

609
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:10,100
gathers here for a feast and 
celebration, the celebration 

610
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:15,000
isn't solemn, it's loud chaotic 
and joyful, someone dresses as 

611
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,400
Nicholas. 
Usually, the richest man in the 

612
00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:19,600
village though. 
He pretends to be humble about 

613
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,500
it, he processes through the 
streets, followed by children 

614
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:27,400
singing, traditional songs about
Nicholas and his miracles, he 

615
00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,300
stops at each home where 
children live and the children 

616
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:33,000
must answer questions about 
their behavior during the past 

617
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:35,600
year. 
Have you obeyed your parents? 

618
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:38,400
Have you been kind to your 
brothers and sisters? 

619
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:41,000
Have you said your prayers 
Faithfully? 

620
00:34:41,900 --> 00:34:45,300
Children are sometimes, 
truthfully sometimes. 

621
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:49,500
Hopefully Nicholas actually 
Martin the Miller in borrowed 

622
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:54,300
robes nods sagely and distribute
small gifts, even the poorest 

623
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:55,300
children. 
Receive something. 

624
00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:59,100
The gifts aren't equal. 
Wealthy families, can afford to 

625
00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:01,900
contribute more, but everyone 
participates. 

626
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:05,800
No child is excluded. 
Later. 

627
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:09,400
After Nicholas has finished his 
rounds the adults Gather in the 

628
00:35:09,408 --> 00:35:11,200
church for a more formal 
service. 

629
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,600
The priest speaks about the 
real, Nicholas about his 

630
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,600
generosity, and faith, and 
courage during persecution. 

631
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:21,400
But the sermon is brief because 
everyone's hungry and eager to 

632
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,300
get to the feast. 
Tables have been set up in the 

633
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:28,200
church's yard loaded with food. 
Each family has contributed, 

634
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:32,400
there's roasted meat, a rare 
luxury for most families as 

635
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,600
bread and cheese, stewed 
vegetables and pastry sweetened 

636
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:38,200
with honey. 
The Villages modest resources 

637
00:35:38,200 --> 00:35:41,400
have been pulled to create 
abundance, at least for this one

638
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:44,200
night. 
Children run between the tables 

639
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,900
wild with excitement and sugar 
old women. 

640
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:51,100
Gossip about whose children were
best behaved during Nicholas's 

641
00:35:51,100 --> 00:35:54,100
Inquisition young men flirt with
young women. 

642
00:35:54,100 --> 00:35:56,600
Emboldened by The Feast Day 
atmosphere. 

643
00:35:57,500 --> 00:36:01,400
Through it all there's a sense 
of community of shared tradition

644
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:05,500
of connection across 
Generations, your grandfather 

645
00:36:05,500 --> 00:36:08,400
sitting beside the fire. 
With a wooden cup of wine in his

646
00:36:08,400 --> 00:36:11,100
niled hands. 
Tells you about Saint Nicholas's

647
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:13,500
day, when he was young, just the
same. 

648
00:36:13,500 --> 00:36:16,400
He says, my grandfather told me 
it was the same when he was a 

649
00:36:16,408 --> 00:36:20,400
boy, too, the saint watches over
as generation after generation. 

650
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:24,900
some things don't change, but of
course, things were changing 

651
00:36:24,900 --> 00:36:29,400
trade, routes expanded, cities, 
grew, books, and ideas, 

652
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:33,400
circulated more freely, A 
Nicholas's tradition traveled 

653
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:37,000
with these changes adapting to 
new contexts while retaining 

654
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:39,200
core elements in the 
Netherlands. 

655
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,800
Nicholas became Santa Claus 
arriving each year by steamship 

656
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:45,700
from Spain. 
A detail that reflected Dutch 

657
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:47,600
Maritime trade and conflict with
Spanish. 

658
00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:50,800
Rulers, Sinta class. 
Rode a white horse across roof 

659
00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:54,200
tops and children left, carrots 
and hay for the horse in their 

660
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:56,600
shoes. 
The tradition maintained in 

661
00:36:56,608 --> 00:37:00,300
Nicholas's Bishops attire and 
his focus on judging children, 

662
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:03,500
children's Behavior. 
But it added theatrical elements

663
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:06,700
that made the annual visit 
increasingly elaborate, the 

664
00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:09,000
Dutch version of Nicholas. 
Traditions, would eventually 

665
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:11,500
prove crucial for the 
traditional transformation in 

666
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,600
America but first it flourished 
in the Netherlands as a cultural

667
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:18,700
phenomenon that bounced together
communities through shared 

668
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:22,700
rituals and expectations. 
You're an Amsterdam in the year.

669
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:26,000
1600, the Netherlands has 
recently won independence from 

670
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:30,400
Spain after a brutal War. 
The nation is experiencing a 

671
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:33,300
golden age. 
Well from trade artistic 

672
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:37,100
achievement and religious 
tolerance unusual for the era. 

673
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:41,800
And Santa Claus is everywhere. 
He arrives in mid-november by 

674
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:47,100
steamship accompanied by his 
helpers, spotted ptin dressed in

675
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,000
colorful Renaissance style, 
costumes. 

676
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:53,100
The arrival is a public 
spectacle, the entire city turns

677
00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:56,200
out to watch the ship dock to 
see Santa Claus disembark on his

678
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:58,900
white horse. 
The mayor greets him officially 

679
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:01,000
children, sing traditional 
songs. 

680
00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:05,100
The saint processes through the 
streets, waving to crowds before

681
00:38:05,100 --> 00:38:06,900
taking up residence somewhere in
the city. 

682
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:12,000
The location kept secret part of
the mystery for the next three 

683
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:14,500
weeks until his feast day on the
6th of December. 

684
00:38:14,500 --> 00:38:17,200
Cinta class maintains his 
presence. 

685
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:19,400
Children. 
See him in the streets, 

686
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,200
occasionally parents warned, 
misbehaving children. 

687
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:25,400
That Santa Claus is watching and
they point to the helpers who 

688
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,700
seem to be everywhere, carrying 
large books, supposedly 

689
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:32,800
recording each child's Deeds. 
The book is Central to the 

690
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:36,100
Traditions Power Center, class 
knows everything, because it was

691
00:38:36,100 --> 00:38:38,500
all written in his book, every 
act of kindness. 

692
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:42,100
Every moment of laziness. 
Every lie, and every truth 

693
00:38:42,100 --> 00:38:47,000
recorded in permanent ink. 
The book will be consulted when 

694
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,800
gift-giving decisions are made 
on the evening. 

695
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:52,300
Before his Feast Day Children, 
placed their shoes by the 

696
00:38:52,300 --> 00:38:55,200
fireplace. 
Some families have elaborate 

697
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:58,700
rituals particular songs. 
That must be sung specific 

698
00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:02,200
treats for the sense horse, and 
handwritten notes with wishes or

699
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:04,900
confessions. 
The anticipation is almost 

700
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:07,300
unbearable. 
You've been mostly good this 

701
00:39:07,300 --> 00:39:10,200
year, but there was that 
incident with your sister's toy 

702
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:11,700
that you broke and tried to 
hide. 

703
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:14,000
And you wonder if sinclairs 
knows about that. 

704
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:18,900
Sleep is impossible, you lie 
awake, listening for sounds from

705
00:39:18,900 --> 00:39:23,400
the main room at some point. 
You're not sure when you finally

706
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,100
drift off. 
In the morning you find your 

707
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:28,200
shoes filled with treats and 
small gifts. 

708
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:32,400
Your parents are already awake. 
Smiling mysteriously your 

709
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:35,900
sister's shoes are all so full 
even the family dog seems to 

710
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:38,700
have received treats. 
But there's something else in 

711
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:42,300
your shoe, a note written in 
elaborate script completely, 

712
00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,900
unlike your parents handwriting.
It's addressed to you by name. 

713
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:48,500
It mentions specific incidents 
from the year. 

714
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:52,100
Some you'd almost forgotten it 
Praises you for helping your 

715
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:55,600
grandmother without being asked.
It gently chides you about the 

716
00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:58,700
broken toy and suggest you 
apologized your sister. 

717
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:02,200
It ends with encouragement to 
continue growing in kindness and

718
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:07,700
responsibility the note staggers
you How did Santa Claus know 

719
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:10,300
these details? 
Your parents claim ignorance, 

720
00:40:10,300 --> 00:40:12,800
though. 
They're not very convincing. 

721
00:40:13,500 --> 00:40:16,800
But the effect is profound. 
Someone is paying attention to 

722
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:21,200
your life, in its specifics, 
your actions matter, your scene.

723
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:24,500
The Dutch tradition. 
Succeeded partly because it 

724
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:28,700
balanced judgment with mercy and
accountability with Grace 

725
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:31,700
sinter, Klass recorded 
everything, but almost always 

726
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:35,100
gave gifts anyway, Threat of 
punishment remained, mostly 

727
00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:38,700
theoretical coal or switches 
could appear in shoes. 

728
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:41,800
But this happened rarely and 
usually only for truly serious. 

729
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:45,300
Misbehavior Traditions genius 
was maintaining moral 

730
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:49,300
seriousness, while ensuring the 
almost every child experience 

731
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:52,800
affirmation and joy. 
Dutch immigrants would carry 

732
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,200
this tradition to New Amsterdam 
later called New York in the 

733
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:59,500
17th century, but the tradition 
didn't transfer on. 

734
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:03,900
Change it encountered different 
cultures, different expectations

735
00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:07,200
and different economic and 
social realities, and it began 

736
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:11,200
to transform the transformation 
of Saint Nicholas into Santa 

737
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,800
Claus happened. 
Gradually across decades through

738
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:19,400
the work of writers artists, 
marketers and families adapting 

739
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,700
old traditions to new 
circumstances, The figure who 

740
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:26,000
emerged bore resemblance to the 
original Nicholas but had become

741
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:29,800
something new, more secular, 
more commercial, and more 

742
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,700
focused on material abundance 
than on moral judgment. 

743
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:37,600
You're in New York City in the 
year 1810 America is Young. 

744
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:40,000
Still defining itself. 
Still figuring out which 

745
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:44,100
European Traditions to keep and 
which to discard Christmas 

746
00:41:44,100 --> 00:41:47,600
itself isn't yet the major 
holiday, it will become many 

747
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:50,300
protests in Americans view, 
Christmas celebrations with 

748
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:55,100
suspicion, considering them to 
Catholic to Pagan and to prone 

749
00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:58,200
to drunken revelry. 
But New York has a large Dutch 

750
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:00,600
population. 
Descendants of the original New 

751
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:03,700
Amsterdam settlers and they 
maintain their seem to Cluster 

752
00:42:03,700 --> 00:42:06,300
Traditions. 
A writer named Washington Irving

753
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:10,500
fascinated, by Dutch culture and
history Publishers, a satirical 

754
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:13,100
history of New York. 
That includes descriptions of 

755
00:42:13,100 --> 00:42:16,600
these Traditions Irving's 
writing emphasizes the quaint. 

756
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:18,400
Charming aspect of Dutch 
Customs. 

757
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,400
Making them seem appealingly 
exotic yet. 

758
00:42:21,400 --> 00:42:24,400
Harmless Irving described. 
Saint Nicholas. 

759
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:27,800
He calls him. 
Both that and sankt Claus riding

760
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:31,000
over Treetops in a wagon and 
dropping presents down chimneys.

761
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:35,500
The details are deliberately 
fantastic part of Irving's 

762
00:42:35,500 --> 00:42:38,300
comedic approach but the image 
captures imaginations. 

763
00:42:38,300 --> 00:42:41,800
Other writers, begin 
incorporating similar elements 

764
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:46,000
in their work. 
In 1823, a poem appears in a New

765
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,900
York newspaper. 
A visit from Saint Nicholas 

766
00:42:49,900 --> 00:42:54,200
later known as to the Night 
Before Christmas Poem attributed

767
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:57,700
to Clement Clarke Moore though. 
Authorship remains disputed 

768
00:42:57,700 --> 00:42:59,400
transformed the tradition 
completely. 

769
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:03,600
Poems Saint. 
Nicholas is explicitly magical. 

770
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:07,600
He drives a miniature sleigh 
pulled by eight flying reindeer 

771
00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:11,200
each named. 
He's described as an elf, a 

772
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:14,400
little old driver. 
So Lively and quick with a round

773
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,000
belly that shakes when he laughs
like a bowl full of jelly, he 

774
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:21,000
enters home through chimneys 
carrying a sack of toys. 

775
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:24,300
He knows which children sleeping
and which are awake. 

776
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:27,400
He delivers presents and departs
within minutes. 

777
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,300
The poem made no mention of 
judgment or moral instruction. 

778
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:34,000
This Saint Nicholas simply 
brought Joy. 

779
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,800
He didn't carry a book of Deeds.
He didn't discriminate between 

780
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,800
good and bad children or at 
least the poem didn't address 

781
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:43,200
that question. 
He was purely benevolent, 

782
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:46,500
magical and dedicated entirely 
to making children. 

783
00:43:46,500 --> 00:43:49,000
Happy The image proved a 
resistible. 

784
00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:53,300
Poem was reprinted in newspapers
Across America year after year. 

785
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:56,200
Families began. 
Reading it aloud on Christmas 

786
00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:58,500
Eve. 
The tradition shifted from the 

787
00:43:58,500 --> 00:44:03,200
6th of December to the 25th. 
So Nicholas became an essential 

788
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:06,400
part of Christmas celebrations 
rather than a separate feast 

789
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:09,100
day. 
But the transformation wasn't 

790
00:44:09,100 --> 00:44:11,700
complete. 
The figures appearance remained 

791
00:44:11,700 --> 00:44:14,700
unsettled. 
Some illustrations showed him in

792
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:19,100
Bishops robes, others, depicted 
him in various costumes, his 

793
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:22,600
size varied. 
Sometimes elf, like sometimes 

794
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:26,500
normal human proportions, the 
reindeer was established but 

795
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,500
almost everything else remained 
flexible Thomas. 

796
00:44:29,500 --> 00:44:32,700
Nast a political cartoonist 
working in the mid to late 

797
00:44:32,700 --> 00:44:35,200
1800s. 
Created a series of 

798
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:37,400
illustrations that gradually 
standardized. 

799
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,100
Santa Clauses appearance. 
NASA Santa was returned and 

800
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:43,800
jolly dressed in fur. 
Trimmed robes. 

801
00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,700
Usually read but sometimes tan 
or brown. 

802
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:51,300
He lived at the North Pole. 
Nests in Innovation where we 

803
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:53,000
maintained a workshop for toy 
production. 

804
00:44:53,800 --> 00:44:55,600
He kept lists of good and bad 
children. 

805
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:59,100
Naughty children. 
Still face consequences though. 

806
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:02,100
These were usually depicted as 
receiving fewer or less 

807
00:45:02,100 --> 00:45:04,000
desirable gift rather than 
punishment. 

808
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:08,900
Nas illustrations appeared in 
Harper's Weekly during and after

809
00:45:08,900 --> 00:45:12,600
the Civil War in those drawings,
Santa Claus sometimes, appeared 

810
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:15,700
visiting Union Army Camps, 
bringing Comfort to soldiers. 

811
00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:19,400
The figure became associated 
with American nationalism with 

812
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,900
Union values and with hope 
during a brutal conflict that 

813
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:26,300
threatened the nation survival 
after the war as American, 

814
00:45:26,300 --> 00:45:29,500
industrialized and consumer 
culture developed Santa Claus 

815
00:45:29,500 --> 00:45:33,400
evolved further, Department 
stores began featuring Santa 

816
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:36,500
displays where children could 
sit on Santa's lap and tell him 

817
00:45:36,500 --> 00:45:39,400
their Christmas wishes. 
This served obvious commercial 

818
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,900
purposes. 
Parents took note of what 

819
00:45:41,900 --> 00:45:43,900
children requested and chopped 
accordingly. 

820
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:47,900
But it also created a ritualized
encounter that millions of 

821
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:50,700
American children. 
Shared you're in a Manhattan 

822
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:54,800
department store in 1895 your 
six years old and your mother 

823
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:56,200
has brought you to meet Santa 
Claus. 

824
00:45:56,200 --> 00:46:01,000
The stores display is elaborate 
fake snow evergreen trees. 

825
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:05,000
A throne like chair for Santa 
and elves busy wrapping 

826
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:08,100
presents. 
A line of children snakes 

827
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:11,700
through the display, each 
waiting, their turn, when your 

828
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:15,600
turn comes an assistant elf, 
really a store employee in 

829
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,200
costume, lift you onto Santa's 
lap. 

830
00:46:18,900 --> 00:46:24,500
Santa is enormous warm and soft.
His beard is white and full 

831
00:46:24,500 --> 00:46:26,600
though, you're pretty sure it's 
fake. 

832
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:30,400
His suit is deep red velvet with
white fur trim. 

833
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:33,100
He smells like peppermint and 
pipe tobacco. 

834
00:46:33,700 --> 00:46:36,900
Have you been good this year? 
Santa's voice is deep and kind 

835
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:41,000
you nod suddenly shy. 
What would you like for 

836
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:44,300
Christmas you've rehearsed this?
You've thought about nothing 

837
00:46:44,300 --> 00:46:48,900
else for days a toy train. 
You say the kind that goes in 

838
00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:51,800
circles on a track. 
Santa nods seriously as if 

839
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:56,100
considering that's a fine gift. 
I'll see what I can do. 

840
00:46:57,100 --> 00:46:59,600
He hands you a candy cane and 
helps you down from his lap. 

841
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,600
You leave the store convinced 
you've met the real Santa Claus.

842
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:06,000
Your mother doesn't contradict 
this belief though, she 

843
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:09,600
exchanges a knowing look with 
another parent in line and on 

844
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,400
Christmas morning. 
There's a toy train under your 

845
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:14,100
family's tree. 
Not exactly like the ones you 

846
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:17,900
saw in the store but close 
enough to seem miraculous the 

847
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:20,200
modern Santa Claus. 
The one, you know, from 

848
00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:23,200
countless movies, had 
advertisements, and shopping 

849
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:26,900
mall displays reached his final 
form through 20th century 

850
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:30,800
marketing, particularly through 
Coca-Cola, advertisements 

851
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:35,300
illustrated by Haddon sunbloom 
starting in 1931. 

852
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:40,600
Santa was definitively human 
sized, not elf like his suit was

853
00:47:40,608 --> 00:47:42,700
always bright red with white fur
trim. 

854
00:47:42,700 --> 00:47:46,600
The red matching cocoa colas 
brand colors though, Santa at 

855
00:47:46,600 --> 00:47:48,400
Warren red in early depiction 
too. 

856
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:52,400
He was grandfather Lee warm and 
absolutely benign. 

857
00:47:53,300 --> 00:47:56,600
He appeared in various domestic 
scenes reading letters from 

858
00:47:56,600 --> 00:47:58,500
children. 
Checking his list. 

859
00:47:58,500 --> 00:48:02,400
Taking a break, to enjoy a 
Coca-Cola and interacting with 

860
00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:04,900
his reindeer. 
The illustrations were painted, 

861
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:08,500
realistically, making Santa seem
like someone who might actually 

862
00:48:08,500 --> 00:48:13,100
exist somewhere These diverts 
ran for decades and were seen by

863
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:15,100
hundreds of millions of people 
worldwide. 

864
00:48:15,100 --> 00:48:19,500
They cemented a single 
consistent image of Santa Claus,

865
00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:22,000
that transcended National 
boundaries, and cultural 

866
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:24,400
differences. 
Santa might be called different 

867
00:48:24,400 --> 00:48:27,200
names in different countries. 
Father, Christmas in England, 

868
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:31,100
Papa Noel in France, but his 
appearance became remarkably 

869
00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:34,600
uniform The commercial 
appropriation of Santa Claus 

870
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:38,300
raises obvious questions. 
Had a figure originally based on

871
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,600
a saint dedicated to Anonymous, 
generosity become nothing more 

872
00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:43,100
than a tool for selling 
products. 

873
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:48,500
Had the meaning been lost 
entirely Maybe partly, but 

874
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:50,400
something more complicated was 
happening too. 

875
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:54,200
The Santa Claus tradition in its
American Forum, maintained 

876
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:57,300
elements of the original 
Nicholas's approach even while 

877
00:48:57,300 --> 00:48:59,100
transforming almost beyond 
recognition. 

878
00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:04,400
Santa's anonymity, persisted 
children believed gifts came 

879
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:07,900
from Santa, not from their 
parents, the generosity 

880
00:49:07,900 --> 00:49:12,100
appeared, magical, unearned and 
disconnected from economic 

881
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:15,500
Exchange. 
Parents gave without expectation

882
00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:17,600
of. 
Thanks, because in the child's 

883
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:22,300
mind, thanks belong to Santa. 
A tradition still connected 

884
00:49:22,300 --> 00:49:26,000
generosity to moral Behavior. 
Children were told that Santa 

885
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:27,800
brought more or better gifts to 
good children. 

886
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:32,500
Whether parent actually enforce 
this varied enormously, but the 

887
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:36,600
idea persisted that actions had 
consequences that someone was 

888
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:39,400
paying attention, and that 
behavior throughout the year 

889
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:42,500
mattered, and the tradition 
remained focused on children, 

890
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:46,000
particularly on children's joy 
and wonder in a world 

891
00:49:46,008 --> 00:49:48,500
increasingly complex and often 
harsh. 

892
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:52,000
The Santa Claus myth created a 
space where children could 

893
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:56,100
believe in pure benevolence, 
where magic seemed real and 

894
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:59,100
where kindness could arrive 
unexpectedly without strings 

895
00:49:59,100 --> 00:50:04,300
attached your in Suburban 
America in 1975, you're a parent

896
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:08,600
now, with two children of your 
own Christmas Eve has arrived 

897
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:11,700
and after the kids are finally 
asleep you and your spouse, 

898
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:14,500
begin the elaborate ritual of 
becoming Santa Claus. 

899
00:50:14,500 --> 00:50:17,500
You retrieve the carefully 
hidden gifts from various 

900
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:21,100
closets and storage spaces. 
You arrange them under the tree,

901
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:23,500
according to a mental 
calculation about which should 

902
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,400
be opened first, and which 
should be saved for last you eat

903
00:50:27,400 --> 00:50:29,900
the cookies, the children left 
for Santa, and drink the milk 

904
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:31,800
though. 
You'd prefer coffee at this 

905
00:50:31,800 --> 00:50:35,000
hour, you write a note from 
Santa thanking them for the 

906
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:37,600
snacks and commenting on how 
good they've been this year. 

907
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:40,800
It's past midnight. 
Before you finish your 

908
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:42,800
exhausted, tomorrow will be 
chaos. 

909
00:50:42,800 --> 00:50:46,300
Wrapping paper everywhere 
children hyper with excitement 

910
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:50,400
and sugar relatives arriving and
a massive meal to prepare and 

911
00:50:50,400 --> 00:50:52,900
clean up after. 
But right now, looking at the 

912
00:50:52,900 --> 00:50:56,100
tree lit up in the dark room, 
the presence are arranged 

913
00:50:56,100 --> 00:51:01,500
underneath you feel something 
unexpected, contentment Pride. 

914
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:04,700
A sense of continuity with your 
own parents. 

915
00:51:04,700 --> 00:51:08,100
Who did this for you? 
Your perpetuating a lie. 

916
00:51:08,100 --> 00:51:11,700
Technically, your children 
believe Santa Claus is real and 

917
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:14,400
you've carefully maintained that
belief through various acts of 

918
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:17,100
deception. 
But it doesn't feel like lying, 

919
00:51:17,100 --> 00:51:19,700
it feels like giving them 
something precious. 

920
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:24,400
Few years of believing that 
magic exists that someone cares 

921
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,400
about the monk conditionally and
that the world contains 

922
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,600
benevolent forces dedicated to 
Children's happiness. 

923
00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:33,900
Eventually they'll learn the 
truth eventually. 

924
00:51:33,900 --> 00:51:36,200
You'll have awkward 
conversations about how Santa 

925
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:38,100
isn't real. 
But the spirit of giving is 

926
00:51:38,100 --> 00:51:41,100
eventually they'll feel the 
complicated mix of 

927
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:43,500
disillusionment and 
understanding that comes with 

928
00:51:43,500 --> 00:51:45,500
that knowledge. 
But not yet. 

929
00:51:46,300 --> 00:51:50,200
For now, Santa Claus live and 
tomorrow morning when your 

930
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:52,800
children, race down stairs and 
see the presence and the eating 

931
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,400
cookies, and the note, their Joy
will be real even if it's 

932
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,500
proximate. 
Cause is based on a carefully, 

933
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:00,700
constructed fiction, the 
historical. 

934
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:04,200
Nicholas of Myra would probably 
not recognize the Jolly figure 

935
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:07,400
in the red suit. 
Transformation has been too 

936
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:11,100
complete to Thoreau. 
A fourth Century Bishop who gave

937
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:13,900
away his wealth to prevent 
desperate fathers from selling. 

938
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,200
Their daughter's, has become a 
magical being who lives at the 

939
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,700
North Pole and manages a toy 
factory staffed by elves. 

940
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:25,700
And yet something persists, 
something essential survived the

941
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:30,600
journey from Lisa to America 
from Saint to secular icon, the 

942
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:33,700
impulse toward generosity, 
without expectation of return. 

943
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:38,100
That remains parents give to 
their children through Santa 

944
00:52:38,100 --> 00:52:40,300
Claus without seeking 
recognition for themselves. 

945
00:52:41,300 --> 00:52:44,800
The Joy comes from the giving 
itself from seeing children's 

946
00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:48,500
delight and from maintaining a 
tradition that stretches back 

947
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:51,500
through generations, the 
protection of children and the 

948
00:52:51,508 --> 00:52:55,500
powerless That Remains Santa 
Claus in virtually all his 

949
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:58,900
incarnations belongs to 
Children, he exists to bring 

950
00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:03,000
them joy to Shield them from the
world's harshness for at least a

951
00:53:03,000 --> 00:53:06,300
few magical moments. 
This Echoes, Nicholas's original

952
00:53:06,300 --> 00:53:09,700
concern for children, in danger,
the idea that generosity 

953
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:13,800
observes and responds to 
individual needs that remains at

954
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:17,700
least in theory Santa Claus. 
Supposedly knows what each child

955
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:21,100
wants and brings gifts, tailored
to individual wishes rather than

956
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:25,800
identical generic presents. the 
practice often falls short of 

957
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:29,400
this ideal but the aspiration 
persists and the connection 

958
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:33,600
between moral behavior and 
reward That Remains the weakened

959
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:37,900
and complicated Parents still 
tell children that Santa watches

960
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:41,700
their behavior and still 
sometimes use santa as an 

961
00:53:41,700 --> 00:53:45,300
incentive for Good Conduct. 
The approach is problematic in 

962
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:48,700
various ways but it maintains a 
thread to Nicholas's original 

963
00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:52,800
witness at how we treat others 
matters that our choices have 

964
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:56,100
consequences and that attention 
must be paid. 

965
00:53:56,100 --> 00:54:00,200
The winter Customs that existed 
before Nicholas the ancient 

966
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:03,400
celebrations that marked the 
darkest time of year with light 

967
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:07,500
and feasts and Gifts. 
Those persist too woven into 

968
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:09,900
Christmas traditions. 
That combine Christian elements 

969
00:54:09,900 --> 00:54:13,300
with Pagan survivals, with 
commercial Innovations, with 

970
00:54:13,300 --> 00:54:16,900
family specific, rituals that no
one quite remember starting, but

971
00:54:16,900 --> 00:54:19,800
which feel essential anyway, 
you're in your living room on a 

972
00:54:19,808 --> 00:54:23,300
cold, December night. 
Snowfalls outside visible 

973
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:25,500
through the window where 
Evergreen branches, frame the 

974
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:27,800
glass. 
Tree lights, glow. 

975
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:30,800
Softly. 
Children are asleep up stairs, 

976
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:34,100
somewhere in the house gift to 
Hidden waiting for Christmas 

977
00:54:34,100 --> 00:54:37,800
morning, your tired. 
The season has been hectic, 

978
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:41,800
shopping decorating, cooking and
attending various events. 

979
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,500
But you're also satisfied, 
you've maintained Traditions, 

980
00:54:45,500 --> 00:54:48,500
your parents kept and added new 
ones, your family created 

981
00:54:48,500 --> 00:54:50,900
together. 
You've given your children, the 

982
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:54,200
experience of believing in 
something magical, even if that 

983
00:54:54,200 --> 00:54:56,700
belief is temporary. 
And maybe you think about 

984
00:54:56,700 --> 00:55:01,000
Nicholas the actual man who 
lives 17 centuries ago in a city

985
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:05,200
on the Mediterranean Coast. 
A man who inherited wealth and 

986
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:08,400
gave it away. 
A man who protected children and

987
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:12,300
14, Justice, a man who believed 
that how we treat the most 

988
00:55:12,308 --> 00:55:15,400
vulnerable members of our 
society defines us more surely 

989
00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:18,700
than any other measure. 
The modern Santa Claus isn't 

990
00:55:18,700 --> 00:55:23,600
that man, but he grew from seeds
that man planted the radical 

991
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:27,600
idea that generosity needed, not
to be transactional that gifts. 

992
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,800
Give an in secret, have 
particular power that children 

993
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:34,400
deserve protection and joy and 
that abundance should flow 

994
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:36,700
toward need on this winter 
night. 

995
00:55:36,700 --> 00:55:40,400
With Darkness, pressing against 
your windows and cold wind 

996
00:55:40,400 --> 00:55:43,400
rattling. 
The shutters your participating 

997
00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:46,300
in a tradition that stretches 
back through centuries and 

998
00:55:46,300 --> 00:55:49,500
across continents, the 
particulars of changed almost 

999
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:53,600
beyond recognition. 
But the core impulse remains to 

1000
00:55:53,600 --> 00:55:57,700
create light and darkness to 
share abundance to protect 

1001
00:55:57,700 --> 00:56:00,800
innocence and to give without 
seeking return. 

1002
00:56:00,800 --> 00:56:05,300
That's Nicholas's Legacy. 
Not the red suit or the flying 

1003
00:56:05,300 --> 00:56:06,800
reindeer or the North Pole 
Workshop. 

1004
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:10,600
Those are decorations 
elaborations and the accumulated

1005
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:14,500
Barnacles of cultural Evolution.
The legacy is the idea that 

1006
00:56:14,508 --> 00:56:18,100
generosity freely give an, 
especially to those who cannot 

1007
00:56:18,100 --> 00:56:20,600
repay it makes us more fully 
human. 

1008
00:56:21,300 --> 00:56:24,300
That attention to individual 
need matters, more than grand 

1009
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,200
gestures. 
That children deserve particular

1010
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:31,200
care and protection that secret 
giving preserves dignity for 

1011
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:34,900
both giver and receiver. 
These ideas aren't uniquely 

1012
00:56:34,900 --> 00:56:37,100
Christian or uniquely 
Nicholas's. 

1013
00:56:37,900 --> 00:56:40,700
They appear in various forms 
across cultures, and religions, 

1014
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:44,100
but Nicholas embodied them in 
ways that resonated across 

1015
00:56:44,100 --> 00:56:47,500
centuries and transformed 
cultures, his particular witness

1016
00:56:47,500 --> 00:56:51,900
a wealthy man, who chose poverty
and service to others, a bishop 

1017
00:56:51,900 --> 00:56:55,400
who struck another Bishop for 
what he viewed as heresy, and a 

1018
00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:58,200
saint who somehow became 
associated with flying reindeer,

1019
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:02,200
proved durable enough to survive
Transformations. 

1020
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:04,700
That would have destroyed most, 
historical figures, beyond 

1021
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:07,200
recognition. 
So when you bite into a 

1022
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:09,700
gingerbread cookie or sink 
carols, or place presents under 

1023
00:57:09,700 --> 00:57:13,500
a tree, your participating in 
something ancient and layered, 

1024
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:17,800
You're honoring Nicholas of Myra
whether you know, his story or 

1025
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:20,600
not, your maintaining winter 
Customs, that predate 

1026
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:24,100
Christianity by centuries. 
You're adapting Traditions to 

1027
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,100
contemporary circumstances. 
You're giving your children 

1028
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:29,100
experiences. 
They'll remember for the rest of

1029
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:33,300
their lives and maybe if you're 
paying attention, you can feel 

1030
00:57:33,300 --> 00:57:36,600
the thread that connects all of 
this, the thread of generosity 

1031
00:57:36,600 --> 00:57:39,700
of care for the vulnerable of 
light and darkness. 

1032
00:57:39,700 --> 00:57:43,400
That thread runs from 
prehistoric winter celebrations,

1033
00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:47,200
through Nicholas's lifetime 
through medieval feast days and 

1034
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:50,400
through, Modern Christmas 
mornings, it's been bent and 

1035
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:54,000
twisted and recolored until it 
barely resembles its Origins, 

1036
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:57,600
but it's never broken. 
That's what remains that's what 

1037
00:57:57,600 --> 00:58:01,300
endures, not the specific 
Customs or the particular myths,

1038
00:58:01,300 --> 00:58:05,100
but the impulse they serve to 
create warmth and joy in the 

1039
00:58:05,108 --> 00:58:08,900
coldest darkest season to share 
what we have with those who need

1040
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:11,100
it. 
To protect those who cannot 

1041
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:15,400
protect themselves and to give 
without demanding recognition or

1042
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:18,300
return this historical. 
Nicholas would understand that 

1043
00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:21,900
impulse, even if he wouldn't 
recognize the fat man in the red

1044
00:58:21,900 --> 00:58:25,200
suit because at its core, the 
Santa Claus tradition, still 

1045
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:28,100
serves the same purpose that 
drove Nicholas to throw bags of 

1046
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:29,700
gold through Windows later at 
night. 

1047
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:33,200
To meet need with abundance 
quietly. 

1048
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:37,400
And without Fanfare, trusting 
that the act itself is reward 

1049
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:40,400
enough. 
And on this December night, a 

1050
00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:42,900
snow continues falling. 
And the house settles into sleep

1051
00:58:42,900 --> 00:58:47,800
that ancient purpose. 
Continues the names, change the 

1052
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,800
costumes evolve, the story is 
grow more elaborate, but the 

1053
00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:55,100
gift at the center, the gift of 
generosity given freely 

1054
00:58:55,100 --> 00:58:59,300
expecting nothing in return, 
that gift persists, precious and

1055
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:02,800
unchanged from Nicholas's time 
to ours and onward to 

1056
00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:13,100
Generations yet Unborn Your 
standing at the edge of 

1057
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:16,700
something, vast before you 
stretch as an ocean of grass, 

1058
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:20,500
rolling toward mountains, that 
seem painted against the sky in 

1059
00:59:20,500 --> 00:59:26,200
shades of blue and purple. 
The year is 1843 and you've just

1060
00:59:26,200 --> 00:59:30,400
arrived in Oregon territory 
after six months of wagon 

1061
00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:33,800
travel. 
Your hands are calloused from 

1062
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:37,400
gripping rope and leather. 
Your boots are held together 

1063
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:41,900
with wire and determination. 
And now for the first time in 

1064
00:59:41,900 --> 00:59:45,200
your life you're looking at 
land, that doesn't have a fence 

1065
00:59:45,200 --> 00:59:48,500
line anywhere in sight. 
The Stillness out here, isn't 

1066
00:59:48,500 --> 00:59:51,400
like the quiet back home in 
Pennsylvania or Ohio. 

1067
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:56,000
This silent has weight to it. 
When the wind stops moving 

1068
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,100
through the Tall Grass, you can 
hear your own heartbeat. 

1069
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,000
You can hear the creek of Your 
Wagon settling. 

1070
01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:05,900
You can hear. 
Absolutely nothing for miles in 

1071
01:00:05,900 --> 01:00:09,500
every direction and it's both 
terrifying and Strangely 

1072
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:12,500
Beautiful. 
Back East silence meant 

1073
01:00:12,500 --> 01:00:15,300
something was wrong. 
The Millard stopped the church. 

1074
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:19,400
Bell, hadn't rung out here 
silences just Tuesday. 

1075
01:00:19,400 --> 01:00:22,100
Your nearest neighbor will be 
three miles away. 

1076
01:00:22,100 --> 01:00:24,500
Assuming anyone else settles 
nearby? 

1077
01:00:25,400 --> 01:00:28,100
The closest town with an actual 
is a two-day ride. 

1078
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:30,600
You've got the supplies that fit
in Your Wagon. 

1079
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:33,700
The knowledge, you carry in your
head and what ever you can 

1080
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:35,300
figure out before winter 
arrives. 

1081
01:00:35,300 --> 01:00:38,600
No pressure. 
The first thing you learn is 

1082
01:00:38,600 --> 01:00:40,700
that the frontier has a 
particular way of teaching. 

1083
01:00:40,700 --> 01:00:43,900
It doesn't hand you a manual. 
It doesn't offer. 

1084
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:47,300
Second Chance is your other 
notice the lesson while you 

1085
01:00:47,300 --> 01:00:50,600
still have time to apply it or 
you become a cautionary tale. 

1086
01:00:50,600 --> 01:00:53,400
That Travelers mentioned when 
they pass your empty claim years

1087
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:57,000
later, That's where the 
Hendersons tried to settle, 

1088
01:00:57,000 --> 01:01:00,100
they'll say without elaborating 
on what went wrong. 

1089
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:03,200
You'd very much prefer not to be
a Henderson. 

1090
01:01:03,200 --> 01:01:07,000
So, you start paying attention 
to everything land out here. 

1091
01:01:07,000 --> 01:01:09,700
Speaks a language, you've never 
heard before, and you're 

1092
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:13,000
learning vocabulary at an urgent
Pace that depression in the 

1093
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:16,600
meadow where water pools after 
rain, that is not just a low 

1094
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,900
spot, that's where you'll dig 
your well, comes spring, because

1095
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:22,100
if water shows up their 
naturally, it's close to the 

1096
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:25,400
surface. 
Those Aspens growing in a line 

1097
01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:27,800
across the hillside. 
They're marking an underground 

1098
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,700
stream, their Roots. 
Reaching toward moisture, you 

1099
01:01:30,700 --> 01:01:35,400
can't see but can definitely use
the deer trails that converge 

1100
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,200
near that. 
Stand of Willows, animals aren't

1101
01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:41,000
stupid, they've been finding 
water here for generations. 

1102
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:44,800
And you're the newcomer, who 
should probably take notes, you 

1103
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:47,000
walk your land every morning for
the first month. 

1104
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:50,300
Not because you're bored, but 
because each morning reveals 

1105
01:01:50,300 --> 01:01:54,200
something new, the way Frost 
settles heavier in certain 

1106
01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:58,900
Hollows tells you where cold air
pools at night, the sections 

1107
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:03,800
where Grass, Grows taller and 
Greener indicate better soil The

1108
01:02:03,800 --> 01:02:06,400
Rocks scattered across one area 
suggests. 

1109
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:11,200
This field used to be underwater
a very long time ago which means

1110
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:14,700
the dirt here might be richer 
than it looks reading the land 

1111
01:02:14,700 --> 01:02:18,500
becomes your favorite morning 
activity even though favorite is

1112
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:21,100
a relative term, when every 
morning all involves hauling 

1113
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:24,300
water splitting wood and 
preventing your own milk. 

1114
01:02:24,300 --> 01:02:26,500
Cow from wandering, into the 
next territory. 

1115
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:31,200
You start noticing patterns, the
elk move up hill in later. 

1116
01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:35,100
After noon, The Raven Circle 
above something dead or dying, 

1117
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:37,800
which is useful information if 
you're tracking game. 

1118
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:41,400
The particular way the grass 
bends tells you which direction,

1119
01:02:41,400 --> 01:02:44,700
the prevailing wind comes from, 
which tells you which side of 

1120
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:47,400
your cabin will take the worst 
beating during storms. 

1121
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:50,800
There's a kind of satisfaction 
in learning to read the land 

1122
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:53,300
that you weren't expecting. 
Back East. 

1123
01:02:53,300 --> 01:02:55,100
You knew whether it would rain 
by checking? 

1124
01:02:55,100 --> 01:02:57,100
If Mrs, Peterson's joints were 
aching. 

1125
01:02:57,900 --> 01:03:01,300
Out here, you watch the ants. 
If they're building their Hills 

1126
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:03,200
higher than usual ceiling 
entrances. 

1127
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:06,500
And moving their eggs up from 
the lower Chambers rain is 

1128
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:09,000
coming, the answer, never lied 
to you. 

1129
01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:13,400
Mrs. Peterson was only write 
about 60% of the time but you'd 

1130
01:03:13,400 --> 01:03:16,700
never tell her that the soil 
itself tells stories if you 

1131
01:03:16,708 --> 01:03:19,700
know, how to listen. 
You dig test holes in different 

1132
01:03:19,700 --> 01:03:24,700
areas of your claim examining 
what comes up dark crumbly soil,

1133
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:28,100
that smells rich and earthy. 
That's good land. 

1134
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:31,700
Full of organic matter, broken 
down over centuries. 

1135
01:03:32,500 --> 01:03:36,600
Clay, heavy soil, the clumps and
holds water that's challenging 

1136
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:38,400
for most crops, but perfect for 
building. 

1137
01:03:39,400 --> 01:03:42,600
Sandy soil that drains to 
quickly, you'll need to amend 

1138
01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:46,500
that with whatever organic 
matter you can find rocky soil, 

1139
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:50,400
that's more than dirt. 
Well, that's where you'll graze 

1140
01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:53,500
livestock, instead of planting 
vegetables, you learn to 

1141
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:55,400
identify plants. 
You've never seen before, 

1142
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,200
starting with the ones that 
might kill you because that 

1143
01:03:58,200 --> 01:04:00,100
seems like practical 
prioritization. 

1144
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:04,600
Poison, hemlock grows near water
and it looks disturbingly 

1145
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:08,108
similar to Wild carrot until you
notice the purple spots on the 

1146
01:04:08,116 --> 01:04:11,500
stem and the musty smell when 
you crush the leaves. 

1147
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:15,700
Water hemlock is even worse and 
you give any plant growing in 

1148
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:19,200
wet areas are very suspicious 
inspection before deciding 

1149
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:22,200
whether it's edible or deadly, 
but there are also plants that 

1150
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:26,100
become Staples biscuit. 
Root has a Tap Root that starchy

1151
01:04:26,100 --> 01:04:28,800
and filling. 
When roasted Karma's bulbs. 

1152
01:04:28,800 --> 01:04:32,000
If you dig them at the right 
time taste, sweet and can be 

1153
01:04:32,008 --> 01:04:35,600
baked or dried for winter 
storage. while Wild Roses 

1154
01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:39,600
produce hips that are rich in 
whatever prevents scurvy, You're

1155
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:42,800
not sure of the exact science 
but, you know, Sailors used to 

1156
01:04:42,808 --> 01:04:45,900
die from not eating them. 
So you collect them in Autumn 

1157
01:04:45,900 --> 01:04:48,800
and drive them for tea. 
The trees on your land, aren't 

1158
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:52,200
just seen or resources waiting 
to be understood. 

1159
01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:55,900
You learned to identify them by 
bark, by Leaf shape. 

1160
01:04:55,900 --> 01:05:00,000
And by the way they grow Douglas
fir provides strong straight 

1161
01:05:00,000 --> 01:05:03,300
timber for building. 
Cedar resist rot and makes 

1162
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:08,000
excellent shingles. 
Pine is abundant but soft better

1163
01:05:08,000 --> 01:05:10,100
for interior walls and 
structural support. 

1164
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:14,700
Older grows near water, and 
provides wood that burns hot and

1165
01:05:14,700 --> 01:05:17,900
clean with minimal smoke. 
Each tree species has 

1166
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:21,000
particularly uses Beyond 
Building Material, you collect 

1167
01:05:21,000 --> 01:05:23,900
pitch from pine trees. 
Heating it to make a waterproof 

1168
01:05:23,900 --> 01:05:26,700
sealant for cracks. 
In your cabin, walls, you 

1169
01:05:26,700 --> 01:05:30,100
harvest in a bark from certain 
trees in spring when the sap is 

1170
01:05:30,100 --> 01:05:32,400
running. 
Its edible though, calling it. 

1171
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:35,900
Delicious would be generous. 
You learn which trees, provide 

1172
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:39,400
the best firewood, which ones 
Harbor edible mushrooms at their

1173
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:42,500
base and which ones attract deer
during certain Seasons. 

1174
01:05:42,500 --> 01:05:46,600
The rhythm of the land, becomes 
your clock, you stop thinking 

1175
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:50,200
and terms of specific dates and 
start thinking in terms of 

1176
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:54,000
what's Happening, when the 
service buries blue, it's time 

1177
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,500
to plant crops that can handle 
cool soil. 

1178
01:05:57,700 --> 01:06:00,800
When the bolt some root flowers 
carpet, the Hillside and yellow.

1179
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:03,800
The last frost is probably 
passed. 

1180
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:08,400
When the choke cherries ripen, 
Summers half over you'd better. 

1181
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:12,300
Start thinking about Harvest. 
When the Tamarack needles turn 

1182
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:16,700
gold winter is 6 weeks away and 
you're either Ready or Not 

1183
01:06:16,700 --> 01:06:19,600
water. 
Becomes your obsession, which 

1184
01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:23,000
makes sense, considering your 
maid of approximately 60% of the

1185
01:06:23,000 --> 01:06:25,900
stuff and would prefer to 
maintain that ratio. 

1186
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:30,400
The creek runs about a quarter 
mile from your cabin, which is 

1187
01:06:30,400 --> 01:06:33,400
close enough to be convenient, 
but far enough to be annoying. 

1188
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:35,300
When you're hauling buckets 
twice a day. 

1189
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:40,600
In summer, it's a cheerful 
little stream, clear, and cold, 

1190
01:06:40,600 --> 01:06:44,500
and reliable in winter. 
It's a frozen challenge that 

1191
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:48,500
requires you to hack through ice
with an axe, which is exactly as

1192
01:06:48,500 --> 01:06:52,100
fun as it sounds, you learn to 
collect rainwater in barrels, 

1193
01:06:52,100 --> 01:06:55,300
positioning them under the eaves
of your cabin to catch run off. 

1194
01:06:55,900 --> 01:06:59,400
you dig a root cellar that stays
cool and damp perfect for 

1195
01:06:59,400 --> 01:07:04,000
storing vegetables and keeping 
milk from spoiling You fashion a

1196
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,600
simple filter using sand and 
charcoal because the creek runs 

1197
01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:11,300
clear, most of the time, but 
occasionally gets murky after a 

1198
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,200
hard rain upstream. 
And drinking mud is bad for 

1199
01:07:14,200 --> 01:07:16,600
morale. 
The frontier teaches you to be 

1200
01:07:16,608 --> 01:07:19,200
creative about water in ways you
never imagined. 

1201
01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:22,200
You save your washing water to 
pour on the garden. 

1202
01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:26,300
You learn to judge exactly how 
much you need for cooking for 

1203
01:07:26,300 --> 01:07:29,300
cleaning and for drinking and 
you waste nothing. 

1204
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:32,900
Spilling, a bucket of water 
becomes genuinely. 

1205
01:07:32,900 --> 01:07:35,500
Upsetting. 
Not because your pressures about

1206
01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:38,900
it, but because that's another 
trip to the creek and you've 

1207
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:41,700
already made four today, and 
your shoulder is starting to 

1208
01:07:41,700 --> 01:07:45,600
file a formal complaint, finding
the best place to dig a, well, 

1209
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:48,500
become a spring project that 
occupies weeks of planning and 

1210
01:07:48,500 --> 01:07:52,600
days of Labor, You watch where 
morning due lingers longest on 

1211
01:07:52,608 --> 01:07:55,600
the grass. 
You observe which area Stay 

1212
01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:59,200
Green during dry spells, you 
talk to a Trapper who passes 

1213
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:02,800
through and he mentions that 
Willows and cottonwoods always 

1214
01:08:02,800 --> 01:08:06,400
grow near water, which you 
already knew, but he also 

1215
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,800
mentions that certain types of 
moss preferred damp ground. 

1216
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:13,200
Which you didn't know you 
finally choose a spot near that 

1217
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:15,000
line of Aspen's and start 
digging. 

1218
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:19,300
The first three feet are easy 
relatively speaking. 

1219
01:08:19,300 --> 01:08:22,700
Just top soil and rocks that you
can move with a shovel. 

1220
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:26,899
The next five feet are harder, 
the soil becoming dense and 

1221
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:30,700
heavy. 
At 8 feet down, you hit clay 

1222
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:33,600
which is encouraging because 
clay usually means you're 

1223
01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:37,500
getting close to the water 
table. 12 feet, your shovel 

1224
01:08:37,500 --> 01:08:41,800
blade breaks through into wet 
sand and water begins seeping 

1225
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:44,899
into the bottom of the hole. 
You've never felt proud of a 

1226
01:08:44,899 --> 01:08:47,399
hole in the ground. 
You reinforce the walls with 

1227
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:51,500
stones stacking them carefully 
to prevent collapse, you 

1228
01:08:51,500 --> 01:08:54,100
fashion. 
A wooden frame for the top and a

1229
01:08:54,100 --> 01:08:57,800
simple windlass with a rope and 
bucket drawing water from your 

1230
01:08:57,800 --> 01:08:59,700
own well and of hauling it from 
the creek. 

1231
01:08:59,700 --> 01:09:02,500
Saves you hours each week and 
provides water. 

1232
01:09:02,500 --> 01:09:04,500
That's consistently clean and 
cold. 

1233
01:09:05,300 --> 01:09:08,700
The well becomes one of your 
most valuable assets right up 

1234
01:09:08,700 --> 01:09:11,300
there with your acts and your 
rifle and your ability to make 

1235
01:09:11,300 --> 01:09:14,899
fire snow becomes a resource 
rather than an inconvenience. 

1236
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:19,000
You pack it into barrels to melt
near the fire, which is easier 

1237
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:21,399
than Breaking Creek. 
Ice and Hauling frozen water 

1238
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:24,399
uphill. 
You learn that fresh snow melts 

1239
01:09:24,399 --> 01:09:26,899
into more water than old 
compressed snow. 

1240
01:09:26,899 --> 01:09:29,800
You learn to taste the 
difference between snow, that's 

1241
01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:32,000
clean and snow. 
That's been sitting around 

1242
01:09:32,000 --> 01:09:33,600
collecting dust and pine 
needles. 

1243
01:09:33,600 --> 01:09:38,399
You become Against All Odds a 
snow Conor sir. 

1244
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:42,300
If someone had told you back in 
Philadelphia that you develop 

1245
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:45,500
opinions about snow quality, 
you'd have assumed they'd been 

1246
01:09:45,508 --> 01:09:47,899
drinking medicinal whiskey, 
without the medicinal part, 

1247
01:09:47,899 --> 01:09:51,399
finding food on the frontier is 
less about hunting, big game and

1248
01:09:51,399 --> 01:09:53,700
more about paying attention to 
what's already around you. 

1249
01:09:53,700 --> 01:09:57,600
Yes, you hunt deer and Elk when 
you can and you're getting 

1250
01:09:57,608 --> 01:10:00,600
better with the rifle though. 
Your aim still suffers from what

1251
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:03,300
you privately, call enthusiasm 
over accuracy. 

1252
01:10:04,300 --> 01:10:07,100
But most of your food comes from
sources that don't require you 

1253
01:10:07,100 --> 01:10:10,500
to shoot anything, which is good
because ammunition is expensive.

1254
01:10:10,500 --> 01:10:13,100
And your success rate is 
hovering around occasionally 

1255
01:10:13,100 --> 01:10:15,600
adequate. 
The land provides if you know 

1256
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:19,700
where to look Wild onions grow 
in The Damp areas near the creek

1257
01:10:19,700 --> 01:10:21,600
and their stronger than 
anything. 

1258
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:25,300
You grew in a garden back, home.
You learned to harvest them in 

1259
01:10:25,308 --> 01:10:27,800
Spring before they flower 
digging up. 

1260
01:10:27,808 --> 01:10:31,300
The bulbs and using both the 
greens and The Roots, they make 

1261
01:10:31,300 --> 01:10:34,300
everything taste better, which 
is important when everything is 

1262
01:10:34,300 --> 01:10:38,000
often just beans and potatoes, 
Cattails are everywhere along 

1263
01:10:38,000 --> 01:10:39,700
the creek and every part is 
useful. 

1264
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:43,800
The Roots can be roasted or 
pounded into flour that starchy 

1265
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:46,600
and filling the new shoots that 
emerge in Spring. 

1266
01:10:46,608 --> 01:10:49,600
Tastes like cucumber and provide
fresh vegetables. 

1267
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:52,400
When you're desperate for 
Anything Green, the immature 

1268
01:10:52,400 --> 01:10:56,000
flower heads can be boiled and 
eaten like corn on the cob, the 

1269
01:10:56,000 --> 01:11:00,200
mature seed heads produce fluff 
that works as insulation or Fire

1270
01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:03,300
Starting Tinder. 
You feel slightly smug about the

1271
01:11:03,300 --> 01:11:06,200
cat tails until you mention this
to a Nez Perce woman at the 

1272
01:11:06,208 --> 01:11:09,100
trading post and she politely 
informs you of six. 

1273
01:11:09,100 --> 01:11:12,400
Additional uses you hadn't 
considered, including weaving, 

1274
01:11:12,400 --> 01:11:15,600
the leaves into mats and using 
the pollen as a flower extender.

1275
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:20,100
You take notes berries, ripen in
waves throughout summer and you 

1276
01:11:20,108 --> 01:11:22,400
learned to follow the 
progression like a calendar. 

1277
01:11:23,500 --> 01:11:26,600
First come the wild, 
strawberries small and intensely

1278
01:11:26,600 --> 01:11:29,200
sweet hiding under the leaves in
the meadow. 

1279
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:33,200
The tedious to pick because you 
need about a thousand of them to

1280
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:35,300
fill a basket. 
But the flavor is worth the 

1281
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:39,700
effort, then raspberries appear 
along the forest edge, the canes

1282
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:42,600
protected by Thorns that leave 
your hands, scratched and 

1283
01:11:42,600 --> 01:11:45,900
bleeding. 
Thimbleberries grow in shaded 

1284
01:11:45,900 --> 01:11:49,100
areas producing fruit. 
That's delicate and doesn't 

1285
01:11:49,100 --> 01:11:52,700
travel well but tastes wonderful
when eaten fresh huckleberries 

1286
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:56,000
ripen in the High Country during
late summer and picking them 

1287
01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:58,600
requires hiking up the mountain 
to where they grow thick on 

1288
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:01,000
bushes and clearing and burned 
over areas. 

1289
01:12:02,300 --> 01:12:04,200
You make the trip with empty 
buckets. 

1290
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:07,900
Spending entire days is picking 
berries in the thin Mountain. 

1291
01:12:07,900 --> 01:12:12,400
Air swatting away mosquitoes and
watching for Bears who also 

1292
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:15,500
appreciate huckleberries and 
arrived at these bushes. 

1293
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:19,700
Several million years before you
did, you learned to spot Barry 

1294
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:22,500
patches From a Distance by 
watching where Birds concrete 

1295
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:26,200
You learned to check for Bears 
before you start, picking making

1296
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:30,500
noise and scanning the area for 
fresh gas or overturned logs. 

1297
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:33,700
You learn that the best berries 
are always on the branch that 

1298
01:12:33,700 --> 01:12:37,200
just slightly Out Of Reach which
seems like deliberate mockery 

1299
01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:40,100
from the universe, but is 
probably just confirmation by US

1300
01:12:40,100 --> 01:12:44,600
service berries, choke cherries 
and Oregon, grapes each have 

1301
01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:48,600
their season and you harvest 
them all processing, berries, 

1302
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:51,700
until your hands are stained 
purple and you're having dreams 

1303
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:54,100
about jars and sugar and 
preservation. 

1304
01:12:54,900 --> 01:12:58,200
You dry berries in the sun, 
spreading them on canvas and 

1305
01:12:58,200 --> 01:13:01,600
covering them with cheesecloth 
to keep flies away, you make 

1306
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:03,900
jam, when you have enough sugar,
which isn't often. 

1307
01:13:03,900 --> 01:13:07,900
You pack dried berries into 
containers for winter, knowing 

1308
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,800
they'll provide vitamins and 
variety when the snow is deep. 

1309
01:13:10,800 --> 01:13:14,400
And fresh food is a memory, your
garden grows vegetables, you 

1310
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:18,600
recognized alongside plants. 
You're still figuring out Did 

1311
01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:20,200
you brought from home? 
Do reasonably? 

1312
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:23,400
Well though, the short growing 
season means you're in a 

1313
01:13:23,400 --> 01:13:25,000
constant race against the first 
Frost. 

1314
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:28,900
You plant potatoes and every 
available space because Potato 

1315
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:31,300
Store. 
Well, fill you up and don't 

1316
01:13:31,300 --> 01:13:33,300
complain about being ignored for
days. 

1317
01:13:33,300 --> 01:13:36,700
While you handle emergencies, 
the potatoes do better than 

1318
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,000
expected, which is fortunate 
because almost everything else 

1319
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:43,800
does worse than expected. 
Your corn grows tall, but 

1320
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:47,200
doesn't produce much because the
nights are too cold. your 

1321
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:51,300
Tomatoes provide exactly seven, 
fruits before Frost kills the 

1322
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,900
plants and you eat those 
Tomatoes, slowly savoring, every

1323
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:59,300
bite, Your beans do well enough,
and you let some mature fully on

1324
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:01,300
the vines, so you can save seeds
for next year. 

1325
01:14:01,300 --> 01:14:06,100
Squash becomes a surprise, the 
plants sprawl across, half the 

1326
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,800
garden producing pumpkins, and 
winter squash that store for 

1327
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:13,000
months in The Root Cellar. 
You learn to appreciate squash 

1328
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:15,600
in ways. 
You never did back east, roasted

1329
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:19,000
squash. 
Boiled squash squash soup 

1330
01:14:19,000 --> 01:14:21,300
squash. 
Mixed into bread dough. 

1331
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:25,000
You develop a dozen recipes and 
you're still tired of squash by 

1332
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:27,400
February. 
It keeps you fed when other 

1333
01:14:27,400 --> 01:14:31,200
options are limited the turnips 
Thrive, which is unfortunate 

1334
01:14:31,200 --> 01:14:33,000
because you don't particularly 
like, turnips. 

1335
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:35,700
But you plant them anyway, 
because they're Hardy and 

1336
01:14:35,700 --> 01:14:37,900
productive and stall. 
Well, You eat them. 

1337
01:14:37,900 --> 01:14:41,500
Roasted added to stews and 
occasionally raw. 

1338
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:44,700
When you're too hungry to care 
about, preference, you develop 

1339
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:47,000
several recipes. 
That make turnips, almost 

1340
01:14:47,000 --> 01:14:49,900
tolerable. 
All most you supplement your 

1341
01:14:49,900 --> 01:14:51,900
diet, with whatever you can 
catch or trap. 

1342
01:14:52,700 --> 01:14:56,000
Its a common and you get better 
at setting snares along their 

1343
01:14:56,000 --> 01:14:59,000
runs. 
You use thin wire or strong 

1344
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:02,800
cord, positioning the snares at 
head height, where rabbits 

1345
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:06,900
naturally pass under brush. 
The first dozen snare as catch 

1346
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:10,300
nothing but air and one 
unfortunate Branch. 

1347
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:14,600
The next doesn't catch two 
rabbits, which you can consider 

1348
01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:17,900
progress. 
Eventually, you develop an 

1349
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:21,500
instinct for placement and your 
success rate, improves to maybe 

1350
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:25,000
one in three snares producing 
results fish from the creek, 

1351
01:15:25,000 --> 01:15:27,100
provide protein. 
When you have time to sit with a

1352
01:15:27,100 --> 01:15:30,900
line, you fashion hooks from 
Thorns or carved bone when your 

1353
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:34,300
metal hooks run out. 
He used grasshoppers or grubs 

1354
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:36,700
for bait. 
You learn which holes in the 

1355
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:40,100
creek hold larger fish, which 
times of day are most productive

1356
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:42,900
and which techniques work in 
different water conditions. 

1357
01:15:44,000 --> 01:15:47,400
Fishing becomes more meditation 
than food acquisition though. 

1358
01:15:47,400 --> 01:15:51,400
The food part, certainly helps 
Grouse and wild turkey, require 

1359
01:15:51,400 --> 01:15:54,600
patience and stealth both of 
which your developing out of 

1360
01:15:54,600 --> 01:15:59,200
necessity Grouse have a tendency
to freeze when startled, which 

1361
01:15:59,200 --> 01:16:01,400
makes them easier to approach 
than you'd expect. 

1362
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:06,200
You learn to walk slowly through
areas where they feed scanning 

1363
01:16:06,200 --> 01:16:09,300
for their mottled Brown plumage 
against fallen leaves. 

1364
01:16:09,300 --> 01:16:13,100
A successful Grouse hunt 
provides enough meat for several

1365
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:16,500
meals and feels like a. 
Genuine accomplishment turkey is

1366
01:16:16,500 --> 01:16:19,900
more challenging with Kenai site
and attendance to at the first 

1367
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:22,900
sign of danger. 
You learn to use turkey calls 

1368
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:25,900
making sounds that supposedly 
mimic their communication. 

1369
01:16:25,900 --> 01:16:29,400
Though you suspect you sound 
like a dying cat than an actual 

1370
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:32,000
turkey. 
Occasionally, it works anyway 

1371
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:35,300
and you manage to harvest a bird
that provides meat for a week. 

1372
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:38,400
The real trick to Frontier Food 
isn't finding it. 

1373
01:16:38,400 --> 01:16:42,800
It's preserving it. 
You smoke meat, over green older

1374
01:16:42,800 --> 01:16:45,400
wood until it's dry enough to 
keep without spoiling. 

1375
01:16:46,300 --> 01:16:49,800
The process takes days, 
maintaining a steady smoke 

1376
01:16:49,800 --> 01:16:51,400
without enough heat to cook the 
meat. 

1377
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:55,500
You build a small Smokehouse 
from scraps of lumber and canvas

1378
01:16:55,500 --> 01:16:58,600
positioning it far enough from 
the cabin, that smoke doesn't 

1379
01:16:58,600 --> 01:17:02,500
fill your living space. the 
smell of smoking, meat becomes 

1380
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:06,300
one of the defining sense of 
late summer, Pickled vegetables 

1381
01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:09,500
in brine packing them in barrels
and hoping you made the solution

1382
01:17:09,500 --> 01:17:10,800
strong enough to prevent 
fermentation. 

1383
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:13,200
But we can have to remain 
edible. 

1384
01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:17,800
Pickling is part science, part, 
guesswork and part prayer. 

1385
01:17:18,900 --> 01:17:22,400
You lose an entire barrel of 
cucumbers to spoilage the first 

1386
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:25,400
year which teaches you to be 
more careful about brine 

1387
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:27,200
concentration and Barrel 
cleanliness. 

1388
01:17:28,100 --> 01:17:32,200
The second year goes better. 
You dry berries in the sun on 

1389
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:35,400
canvas racks, that you can move 
under cover, if rain threatens 

1390
01:17:36,300 --> 01:17:39,500
The bearish swivel in to dark 
sweet nuggets, that store 

1391
01:17:39,500 --> 01:17:42,000
indefinitely and taste like 
concentrated summer. 

1392
01:17:42,800 --> 01:17:45,800
You pack them in cloth, bags? 
Hanging the bags from the 

1393
01:17:45,808 --> 01:17:47,600
ceiling to keep them away from 
mice? 

1394
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:50,900
Who also appreciate dried 
berries and have strong opinions

1395
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:54,200
about sharing. 
You render fat into Tallow for 

1396
01:17:54,200 --> 01:17:57,900
cooking and candles. 
The process is messy and smelly 

1397
01:17:57,900 --> 01:18:02,000
involving heating, fat scraps, 
until they liquefy straining 

1398
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:05,700
out, the solid bits and pouring 
the clean Tallow into molds or 

1399
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:08,500
containers. 
The smell of rendering fat is 

1400
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:12,000
not pleasant and it lingers in 
your clothing for days 

1401
01:18:12,000 --> 01:18:15,000
afterward. 
But taller is too valuable to 

1402
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,300
waste it. 
Provides light cooking fat 

1403
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:21,900
waterproofing for leather and 
material for soap. 

1404
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:25,800
Making speaking of soap, you 
learn to make that too using 

1405
01:18:25,800 --> 01:18:29,200
wood, ash lie and rendered fat 
in proportions that take several

1406
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:32,600
attempts to get, right? 
Your first batch of soap is too 

1407
01:18:32,600 --> 01:18:36,900
coir stick and nearly takes the 
skin off your hands, your second

1408
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:39,600
batch doesn't Harden properly 
and remains a gooey mess. 

1409
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:44,100
Your third batch actually works 
producing rough bars, that clean

1410
01:18:44,100 --> 01:18:46,500
adequately. 
If not elegantly you, waste 

1411
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:50,300
nothing, use everything and 
still, sometimes lie awake at 

1412
01:18:50,308 --> 01:18:52,400
night, wondering, if you've 
stored enough to make it through

1413
01:18:52,400 --> 01:18:55,200
winter. 
You count jars of preserved, 

1414
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:59,000
food, mentally calculating how 
many meals each represents? 

1415
01:18:59,900 --> 01:19:03,500
You check the smoke to meet 
Supply, the dried beans and the 

1416
01:19:03,508 --> 01:19:06,400
root vegetables in the cellar. 
You do math. 

1417
01:19:06,400 --> 01:19:09,500
That never quite adds up to 
definitely enough, but hopefully

1418
01:19:09,500 --> 01:19:12,200
reaches probably adequate 
shelter. 

1419
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:14,600
Kraft, become less about 
building, something pretty and 

1420
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:16,700
more about building something 
that won't kill you. 

1421
01:19:17,700 --> 01:19:21,200
Your first cabin is small, rough
and profoundly ugly. 

1422
01:19:21,200 --> 01:19:24,800
The logs don't fit together as 
tightly as you'd like, leaving 

1423
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:27,600
gaps that require chinking with 
mud and Moss. 

1424
01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:31,200
The roof leaks in three places, 
which you discover during the 

1425
01:19:31,200 --> 01:19:34,700
first Reign, and then four 
places during the second Reign. 

1426
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:37,800
Because apparently roofs, get 
worse with practice the door 

1427
01:19:37,800 --> 01:19:39,900
hangs. 
Crooked scraping the floor. 

1428
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:43,000
When you open it, you've learned
to warn visitors about the 

1429
01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:45,700
threshold because tripping is 
surprisingly common. 

1430
01:19:46,400 --> 01:19:50,300
The windows are small precious 
glass being expensive and 

1431
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:53,200
fragile letting in light but not
much of it. 

1432
01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:57,300
The floor is packed, Earth 
covered with split logs that 

1433
01:19:57,300 --> 01:19:59,000
you've smoothed as much as 
possible. 

1434
01:19:59,000 --> 01:20:02,400
Those smoothies relative when 
working with hand tools and 

1435
01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:07,000
limited patience but the cabin 
stands, it keeps out most of the

1436
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:11,800
wind most of the rain and all of
the larger predators fireplace 

1437
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:14,700
draws properly after you 
extended the chimney though, it 

1438
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:17,500
took three tries and some 
creative profanity to get the 

1439
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:20,500
draft, right? 
You've wedged wool fabric into 

1440
01:20:20,500 --> 01:20:24,200
the worst gaps between logs 
which helps with warmth, even if

1441
01:20:24,200 --> 01:20:26,400
it makes the walls. 
Look like they're growing fuzzy 

1442
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:28,500
patches, the process of 
building. 

1443
01:20:28,500 --> 01:20:30,600
The cabin, took six weeks of 
hard labor. 

1444
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:35,200
You felled trees stripped bark a
notched end, so they'd fit 

1445
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:38,400
together in layers. 
You discovered that building a 

1446
01:20:38,400 --> 01:20:40,800
structure that actually 
functions requires more planning

1447
01:20:40,800 --> 01:20:44,400
than you initially invested. 
The walls aren't quite vertical.

1448
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:47,400
There's a slight lean that you 
tell yourself AIDS character. 

1449
01:20:48,100 --> 01:20:51,500
The roof Peak isn't quite 
centered, there's an asymmetry, 

1450
01:20:51,500 --> 01:20:53,200
that visitors are too polite to 
mention. 

1451
01:20:53,200 --> 01:20:55,900
You learn, to think about 
shelter in layers. 

1452
01:20:55,900 --> 01:21:00,100
The cabin is your first defense 
against weather inside the 

1453
01:21:00,100 --> 01:21:02,100
cabin. 
You create smaller zones of 

1454
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:04,900
warmth. 
A bed built into a corner where 

1455
01:21:04,900 --> 01:21:09,000
heat from the fireplace collects
curtains made from old blankets 

1456
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:12,700
that section off sleeping areas 
from the draft main room, and 

1457
01:21:12,700 --> 01:21:16,500
rugs woven from grass and scrap 
fabric that provide insulation 

1458
01:21:16,500 --> 01:21:18,500
between your feet. 
And the Frozen floor. 

1459
01:21:18,500 --> 01:21:21,700
Your bed is a wooden frame 
strong with rope in a grid 

1460
01:21:21,700 --> 01:21:24,200
pattern. 
Supporting a mattress stuffed 

1461
01:21:24,200 --> 01:21:27,000
with dried grass and whatever, 
soft materials you can find. 

1462
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:31,300
It's not comfortable by 
civilized standards, but it's 

1463
01:21:31,300 --> 01:21:33,900
better than sleeping on the 
ground, and the corner. 

1464
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:36,600
Location means two walls, help 
contain warmth. 

1465
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:41,100
You hang a blanket as a curtain,
creating a small sleeping Alcove

1466
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:43,200
that stays warmer than the rest 
of the cabin. 

1467
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:47,100
The main room serves as kitchen 
Workshop, dining, area, and 

1468
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:50,800
living space, all at once. 
Your furniture is minimal and 

1469
01:21:50,808 --> 01:21:53,900
handmade. 
Table built from split logs 

1470
01:21:53,900 --> 01:21:57,200
benches. 
Instead of chairs and shelves, 

1471
01:21:57,200 --> 01:22:00,800
hung on the walls for storage. 
Everything serves multiple 

1472
01:22:00,800 --> 01:22:04,900
purposes because spaces, limited
and materials are precious. 

1473
01:22:05,700 --> 01:22:08,200
The table doubles as a work 
surface for food. 

1474
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:11,500
Preparation and repairs. 
The benches can be pushed 

1475
01:22:11,500 --> 01:22:14,000
against the wall. 
When you need floor space the 

1476
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:17,600
shelves, hold food tools and 
supplies and careful 

1477
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:19,700
organization that sometimes 
actually works. 

1478
01:22:19,700 --> 01:22:24,100
Your roof is made from split 
Cedar Shakes each one fitted 

1479
01:22:24,100 --> 01:22:28,800
over the next like scales on a 
fish In theory, this creates a 

1480
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:33,500
waterproof barrier in practice. 
This creates a mostly waterproof

1481
01:22:33,500 --> 01:22:36,400
barrier that requires 
maintenance after every major 

1482
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:39,300
storm. 
You become intimately familiar 

1483
01:22:39,300 --> 01:22:44,400
with your roof climbing up there
to replace shakes reseals seems 

1484
01:22:44,400 --> 01:22:45,300
and clear. 
Debris. 

1485
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:48,300
You develop a pinions about 
Cedar quality. 

1486
01:22:49,000 --> 01:22:51,400
You have a least favorite corner
of the roof, where problems 

1487
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:54,700
congregate you name it, the 
Northwest Territory and you hate

1488
01:22:54,700 --> 01:22:57,600
the north-west territory. 
The Root Cellar dug into the 

1489
01:22:57,600 --> 01:23:01,000
hillside behind your cabin 
becomes crucial for storage. 

1490
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:05,300
You excavated during summer 
digging into the slope and 

1491
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:08,600
creating a space about eight 
feet deep, and six feet wide. 

1492
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:12,400
The temperature underground 
stays cool in summer and doesn't

1493
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:16,300
freeze solid in Winter, hovering
around 40 degrees year round 

1494
01:23:16,300 --> 01:23:18,100
which is perfect for food 
storage. 

1495
01:23:18,100 --> 01:23:21,800
You line, the walls with rocks 
to prevent collapse fitting 

1496
01:23:21,800 --> 01:23:24,700
Stones together without mortar 
in a technique, that's more 

1497
01:23:24,700 --> 01:23:28,300
puzzle solving than engineering.
You build wooden shelves, along 

1498
01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:30,700
the walls. 
Creating storage space for 

1499
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:33,800
vegetables, preserved foods and 
supplies that need protection 

1500
01:23:33,800 --> 01:23:37,600
from temperature extremes. 
You install a heavy door made 

1501
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:40,900
from thick planks fitting. 
It tightly to keep animals from 

1502
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,800
investigating your supplies, the
seller smells like Earth and 

1503
01:23:44,800 --> 01:23:48,100
potatoes and the particular 
mustiness of underground spaces,

1504
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:52,000
but it's a good smell. 
It's the smell of food that will

1505
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:55,600
last until spring of 
preservation, Done, Right of 

1506
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:59,400
security against hunger. 
You visit the seller regularly 

1507
01:23:59,400 --> 01:24:03,900
checking on supplies rotating 
stock to use older items first 

1508
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:08,200
and generally reassuring 
yourself that yes, you do have 

1509
01:24:08,200 --> 01:24:11,300
food stored. 
And yes you're probably going to

1510
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:13,900
survive. 
You also build a small structure

1511
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:16,100
for your milk cow. 
And the few chickens you 

1512
01:24:16,100 --> 01:24:18,500
acquired from a passing family 
who was downsizing their 

1513
01:24:18,500 --> 01:24:21,500
livestock. 
The shelter isn't elaborate 

1514
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:24,400
three walls and a roof. 
Open on one side for 

1515
01:24:24,400 --> 01:24:27,100
ventilation. 
It provides protection from the 

1516
01:24:27,100 --> 01:24:29,100
worst weather without being 
fancy. 

1517
01:24:29,100 --> 01:24:33,000
The cow seems satisfied with the
arrangement and the chickens 

1518
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:36,800
have yet to file complaints, 
fire and warmth occupy. 

1519
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:39,300
Your thoughts more than seems 
reasonable for someone who isn't

1520
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:42,300
actually cold at the moment. 
But you're learning to think 

1521
01:24:42,300 --> 01:24:46,200
ahead to imagine winter while 
standing In Summer Sunshine. 

1522
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,400
And to prepare for problems, 
that won't arrive for months, 

1523
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:52,800
the frontier Awards planning, 
and punishes optimism. 

1524
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:56,700
You spend late summer, cutting, 
firewood, felling, dead, trees 

1525
01:24:56,700 --> 01:24:59,600
that are already dry and 
splitting logs into your arms, 

1526
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:01,700
ache and your hands. 
Develop blisters on top of 

1527
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:05,100
calluses. 
Use a felling axe to drop trees.

1528
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:08,400
Making angled cuts that control 
the direction of fall. 

1529
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:12,000
You trim branches using a 
hatchet working your way up each

1530
01:25:12,000 --> 01:25:15,200
trunk and creating increasingly 
large piles of brush that. 

1531
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:18,200
You'll burn later. 
The logs get cut into rounds 

1532
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:21,300
using a cross-cut saw which is 
easier with two people but 

1533
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,300
possible alone, if you're 
stubborn and determined You 

1534
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:27,600
position a log set, the sword 
blade and pull in Long, steady 

1535
01:25:27,600 --> 01:25:29,700
Strokes, that gradually work 
through the wood. 

1536
01:25:29,700 --> 01:25:33,400
Each cut takes several minutes 
and leaves you breathing hard. 

1537
01:25:34,200 --> 01:25:37,800
He cuts of rounds throughout the
summer creating piles. 

1538
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:41,300
That gradually transformed into 
your winter survival supply. 

1539
01:25:41,300 --> 01:25:45,100
Splitting the rounds requires an
axe, a mall and occasionally 

1540
01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:46,800
steel wedges for stubborn 
pieces. 

1541
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:51,100
You position around on your 
chopping block, study the Grain 

1542
01:25:51,100 --> 01:25:53,200
and aim for cracks or weak 
spots. 

1543
01:25:53,200 --> 01:25:58,100
A good swing splits, the wood 
cleanly, a bad swing results in 

1544
01:25:58,100 --> 01:26:01,300
the axe head sticking while the 
round refuses to separate, 

1545
01:26:01,300 --> 01:26:05,900
requiring you to lift the entire
assembly and slam it down, until

1546
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:10,000
something gives you learn to 
read would identifying, which 

1547
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:12,400
pieces will split easily and 
which will fight you. 

1548
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:17,600
Clear, grained rounds split with
satisfying ease, not errands. 

1549
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:19,700
Resist with spiteful 
determination. 

1550
01:26:20,500 --> 01:26:23,800
Round cut from where branches 
joined the trunk and Nightmares 

1551
01:26:23,800 --> 01:26:26,800
that sometimes require hours of 
work and creative wedge 

1552
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:29,500
placement. 
You stack wood in Cordes against

1553
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:32,900
the cabin wall measuring your 
progress, not in ours worked but

1554
01:26:32,900 --> 01:26:36,700
in rows completed. 
Each chord represents roughly a 

1555
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:38,400
week of heat during the coldest 
months. 

1556
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:42,200
You calculate the you need at 
least 20 chords to survive 

1557
01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:45,508
comfortably. 
You cut 25 just in case 

1558
01:26:45,516 --> 01:26:48,800
mathematics fails you or winter 
decides to be particularly 

1559
01:26:48,800 --> 01:26:52,600
vindictive, the process of 
cutting splitting and stacking. 

1560
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:54,700
Wood becomes meditative after a 
while. 

1561
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:57,500
Swing the axe, split the log and
stack. 

1562
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:02,300
The pieces repeat 5,000 times 
your mind wanders while your 

1563
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:05,400
body works and you think about 
everything and nothing you can 

1564
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:07,800
pose letters, you'll never send 
to people back home. 

1565
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:10,800
You plan, next year's Garden in 
excessive detail. 

1566
01:27:10,800 --> 01:27:14,100
You wonder if anyone back East 
thinks about you and whether 

1567
01:27:14,100 --> 01:27:17,300
they'd recognize the person 
you're becoming out here, fire 

1568
01:27:17,300 --> 01:27:19,300
management turns into a careful 
science. 

1569
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:23,000
Once winter arrives you learn 
which would burn hottest and 

1570
01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:27,500
longest Oaken Maple when you can
find them, burn hot and leave. 

1571
01:27:27,500 --> 01:27:29,700
Excellent, coals that hold heat.
Overnight. 

1572
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:34,500
Pine Burns fast and hot but 
doesn't last but making it good 

1573
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:37,500
for Quick Heat or cooking but 
poor for maintaining steady 

1574
01:27:37,500 --> 01:27:40,000
warmth. 
Fur is somewhere in between 

1575
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:43,200
reliable. 
If not exceptional, you learn 

1576
01:27:43,200 --> 01:27:45,600
that green would smoke. 
But doesn't provide much heat 

1577
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:48,300
while seasoned wood that has 
been drawing for at least six 

1578
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:51,800
months, burned clean and hot. 
You discover that the pitch 

1579
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:56,000
heavy not from Pine stumps, make
excellent firestarters, burning 

1580
01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:58,300
hot enough to ignite even damp 
kindling. 

1581
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:02,000
You collect these notes whenever
you find them, storing them, in 

1582
01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:05,900
a dry place near your fireplace.
Your fireplace becomes the heart

1583
01:28:05,900 --> 01:28:08,600
of your home in ways that phrase
never meant back east. 

1584
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:12,000
It's not just decoration or 
occasional Comfort. 

1585
01:28:12,000 --> 01:28:17,400
It's the center of survival. 
You cook in it, using a cast 

1586
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:21,100
iron pot suspended from a crane 
arm that swings over the flames.

1587
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:24,100
The pot, hangs at different 
heights, depending on whether 

1588
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:26,500
your boiling simmering or just 
keeping food, warm. 

1589
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:30,000
You heat water in the fireplace 
for washing filling a kettle and

1590
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:32,500
setting it near the coals until 
steam Rises. 

1591
01:28:33,200 --> 01:28:36,200
You dry wet clothes near it. 
After trudging through snow 

1592
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:40,100
draping items over a rack 
positioned at a safe distance 

1593
01:28:40,100 --> 01:28:43,000
from flames. 
You sit beside it on winter 

1594
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:47,000
evenings reading by firelight or
mending clothes or carving 

1595
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:50,400
wooden implements or simply 
watching Flames Dance in the 

1596
01:28:50,408 --> 01:28:53,500
Dark. 
The fire is companion tool and 

1597
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:56,800
Lifeline all at once. 
It's the difference between 

1598
01:28:56,800 --> 01:29:01,000
being alive and being cold meat,
You develop a relationship with 

1599
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:02,900
your fire. 
That would seem strange to 

1600
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:05,900
explain to anyone who hasn't 
spent a winter on the frontier. 

1601
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:11,000
Carefully feeding it throughout 
the day, adding logs in the 

1602
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:14,800
morning, adjusting colds, in the
evening and maintaining steady 

1603
01:29:14,800 --> 01:29:17,300
heat without wasting fuel 
banking. 

1604
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:21,500
The fire at night, becomes a 
careful ritual, you rake Kohl's 

1605
01:29:21,500 --> 01:29:24,900
into a pile position, a large 
log that will burn slowly 

1606
01:29:24,900 --> 01:29:28,100
through the night and cover 
everything with Ash to slow, 

1607
01:29:28,100 --> 01:29:30,500
combustion. 
Done correctly. 

1608
01:29:30,500 --> 01:29:33,800
You wake to glowing, coals. 
That can be encouraged back into

1609
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,900
flame with kindling and gentle 
blowing. 

1610
01:29:36,600 --> 01:29:40,300
Done incorrectly. 
You wake to cold Ash and face 

1611
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:42,300
the miserable task of Starting 
Over. 

1612
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:45,800
You Feel genuine anxiety. 
If you wake to find the fire 

1613
01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:49,300
reduced to cold Ash because 
starting over with flint and 

1614
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:53,000
steel, in a freezing cabin is 
miserable You've done it twice 

1615
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:56,200
and both times you. 
Swore you'd never let it happen 

1616
01:29:56,200 --> 01:29:58,700
again. 
And both times you were to 

1617
01:29:58,700 --> 01:30:00,500
yourself because it will 
definitely happen again. 

1618
01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:05,900
Third time you let the fire die 
completely you sit there in the 

1619
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:10,000
dark cold striking Flint against
steel cursing. 

1620
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:13,200
Your inner tension and planning 
elaborate systems to prevent 

1621
01:30:13,200 --> 01:30:15,900
future failures. 
You still let it happen a fourth

1622
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:19,700
time, tools and craftsmanship 
become Central to survival. 

1623
01:30:19,700 --> 01:30:23,100
Because the nearest hardware 
store is approximately 200 miles

1624
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:27,600
away and probably doesn't exist 
yet. you brought basic tools 

1625
01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:33,200
from back east and acts a saw a 
hammer chisels and Augusta 

1626
01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:37,100
drilling holes and a plane for 
Smoothie would These tools are 

1627
01:30:37,100 --> 01:30:40,800
precious and irreplaceable until
you can reach a trading post and

1628
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:43,600
subject to constant. 
Use that gradually dulls and 

1629
01:30:43,608 --> 01:30:46,200
damages them. 
Keeping tools sharp and 

1630
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:48,700
functional becomes a regular 
chore right up there with 

1631
01:30:48,700 --> 01:30:50,500
hauling water and feeding 
livestock. 

1632
01:30:51,400 --> 01:30:54,300
You learn to sharpen your axe 
using a wet stone and water. 

1633
01:30:54,300 --> 01:30:58,400
Maintaining the edge with long, 
patient Strokes, that gradually 

1634
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:02,700
restore the blade. you learn 
that a sharp axe is safer than a

1635
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:06,200
dull, one, because it cuts where
you aim instead of glancing off 

1636
01:31:06,200 --> 01:31:09,900
and potentially cutting you You 
learn this lesson before the 

1637
01:31:09,900 --> 01:31:14,200
axe, teaches it to you, the hard
way, which makes you lucky your 

1638
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:17,200
knife becomes an extension of 
your hand, used for everything 

1639
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,900
from cutting food, to shaving 
kindling, to minor carpentry to 

1640
01:31:20,900 --> 01:31:23,100
cleaning game to countless other
tasks. 

1641
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,700
You never anticipated. 
You wear it on your belt, all 

1642
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:30,000
ways and you feel genuinely 
uncomfortable on the rare 

1643
01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:31,300
occasions. 
You don't have it. 

1644
01:31:31,300 --> 01:31:36,000
The knife is a tool weapon and 
security blanket. 

1645
01:31:36,000 --> 01:31:39,800
Rolled into one piece of Steel. 
You may maintain your saw by 

1646
01:31:39,800 --> 01:31:42,400
keeping the blade clean and the 
teeth properly set. 

1647
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:45,500
You learn to file the teeth when
they become dull. 

1648
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:49,000
Maintaining the alternating 
angles that allow the saw to cut

1649
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:53,000
officially It's tedious work 
that requires patience and 

1650
01:31:53,000 --> 01:31:56,500
precision but a sharp sword 
makes every task easier. 

1651
01:31:56,500 --> 01:32:00,400
So you invest the time but tools
wear out and break and 

1652
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:03,100
replacement parts don't 
materialize out of optimism. 

1653
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:07,900
So you learn to make things you 
carve wooden handles for tools 

1654
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:10,900
when the original split from 
repeated impact or whether 

1655
01:32:10,900 --> 01:32:13,400
damage. 
You shape replacement handles 

1656
01:32:13,400 --> 01:32:16,600
from straight grained, Hardwood.
Fitting them carefully and 

1657
01:32:16,600 --> 01:32:19,900
securing them with wedges, you 
forge simple items in your 

1658
01:32:19,908 --> 01:32:22,700
fireplace heating. 
Metal and coals that you 

1659
01:32:22,700 --> 01:32:25,100
encouraged to extreme 
temperature using a makeshift 

1660
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:29,000
Bellows, a leather bag attached 
to a wooden nozzle that you 

1661
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:31,700
squeeze rhythmically to force 
air into the fire. 

1662
01:32:32,500 --> 01:32:34,900
You heat metal until it glows, 
orange red. 

1663
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:38,400
Then shape it on a flat rock 
that serves as an improvised 

1664
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,100
Anvil. 
Using your Hammer to bend and 

1665
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:44,500
form the hot metal. 
You're not a blacksmith, but you

1666
01:32:44,500 --> 01:32:48,100
can repair a broken, hinge 
straighten, a bent nail or 

1667
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,600
fashion, a simple Hook, when 
needed you make nails by cutting

1668
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:55,300
short, lengths of iron Rod 
heating them and hammering, one 

1669
01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:57,700
end into a point in the other 
into a flat head. 

1670
01:32:58,500 --> 01:33:01,700
Your nails aren't as uniform as 
manufactured ones, but they hold

1671
01:33:01,700 --> 01:33:04,400
boards together which is the 
only requirement that matters 

1672
01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:07,700
leather working becomes 
necessary for maintaining boots 

1673
01:33:07,700 --> 01:33:12,000
harnesses and countless small 
items that break or wear 

1674
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:14,800
through. 
Your boots came from Back East 

1675
01:33:14,800 --> 01:33:17,800
made by an actual cobbler, but 
they're wearing out from 

1676
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:19,900
constant use and Frontier 
conditions. 

1677
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:22,900
You learn to cut Patches from 
scraps, of leather. 

1678
01:33:22,900 --> 01:33:26,900
Stitch them over worn areas, 
using an all-in wax, thread and 

1679
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:29,200
treat the leather with Tallow to
keep it Supple. 

1680
01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:31,900
You learn to stitch using 
techniques learned from a 

1681
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:33,800
Trapper who passed through last 
spring. 

1682
01:33:34,700 --> 01:33:37,500
He showed you how to punch holes
with an awl, how to use two 

1683
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:40,900
needles working from opposite 
sides for maximum strength and 

1684
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:44,400
how to wax thread. 
So, it resists rot and slides 

1685
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:48,000
through holes more easily. 
Your stitches aren't pretty, but

1686
01:33:48,000 --> 01:33:51,600
they hold your patch is aren't 
elegant, but they work. 

1687
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:54,400
Function. 
Trump's Aesthetics, when your 

1688
01:33:54,400 --> 01:33:56,500
boots are the only pay you own 
you make. 

1689
01:33:56,508 --> 01:33:59,800
Simple harnesses for your cow, 
cutting and assembling straps 

1690
01:33:59,800 --> 01:34:01,500
and patterns you copy from the 
harness. 

1691
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:04,100
You brought. 
You fashion bags and pouches 

1692
01:34:04,100 --> 01:34:07,300
from leather scraps stitching 
them together and adding 

1693
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:10,900
drawstring closures, you repair 
tears, and your leather gloves, 

1694
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:14,300
your belts, your knife sheath 
and anything else that shows 

1695
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:19,400
where you make rope from various
fibers, metal stems dog, Bane 

1696
01:34:19,400 --> 01:34:22,200
and cedar bark. 
The process is time-consuming 

1697
01:34:22,200 --> 01:34:27,300
and meditative you strip fibers 
from Plants, dry them, then 

1698
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:29,800
twist them into cordage while 
sitting by the fire in the 

1699
01:34:29,808 --> 01:34:32,400
evening. 
You start with thin threads, 

1700
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:36,400
twist two together, then twist 
pairs together to create thicker

1701
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:41,000
rope, each length of rope 
represents hours of work, your 

1702
01:34:41,000 --> 01:34:44,400
fingers, rolling fibers against 
your thigh, maintaining steady 

1703
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:47,600
tension and adding new fibers to
extend the length. 

1704
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:51,800
But rope is endlessly, useful 
for everything from securing, 

1705
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:56,100
loads, to Hanging food, away 
from animals to making snares to

1706
01:34:56,100 --> 01:35:00,200
replacing broken lines on tools.
Buying it at the Trading Post 

1707
01:35:00,200 --> 01:35:02,300
cost money. 
You'd rather spend on flower and

1708
01:35:02,300 --> 01:35:05,500
ammunition baskets, woven from 
Willow shoots store. 

1709
01:35:05,500 --> 01:35:08,300
Everything from vegetables to 
kindling to collected nuts to 

1710
01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:11,600
dried herbs. 
You learn the patterns from a 

1711
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,500
neighbor's wife, who takes pity 
on your initial clumsy attempts.

1712
01:35:15,400 --> 01:35:18,000
She shows you how to prepare 
Willow shoots by soaking them 

1713
01:35:18,000 --> 01:35:21,700
until their pliable, how to form
the base, how to weave the side,

1714
01:35:21,700 --> 01:35:25,500
and how to create a rim? 
That doesn't unravel your first 

1715
01:35:25,500 --> 01:35:27,400
boss kit. 
Looks like a bird's nest 

1716
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:29,600
designed by someone, who's never
seen a bird? 

1717
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:34,600
The weaving is loose. shape is 
irregular and it falls apart 

1718
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:38,200
when you try to put anything 
heavy in it, Your 10th basket is

1719
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:41,600
actually functional holding 
items without collapsing. 

1720
01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:45,400
Your 20th basket is something 
you're quietly. 

1721
01:35:45,400 --> 01:35:48,300
Proud of though. 
You'd never say that out loud 

1722
01:35:48,300 --> 01:35:51,600
because Pride over basket, 
weaving seems ridiculous until 

1723
01:35:51,600 --> 01:35:54,300
you try to weave a basket. 
You make wooden implements 

1724
01:35:54,300 --> 01:35:57,400
spoons, bowls handles and simple
furniture. 

1725
01:35:58,300 --> 01:36:01,100
You carve them during winter, 
evenings sitting near the fire 

1726
01:36:01,100 --> 01:36:04,900
with a knife and a piece of wood
gradually shaping useful objects

1727
01:36:04,900 --> 01:36:08,100
from raw material. 
The work is slow and requires 

1728
01:36:08,100 --> 01:36:11,800
patience, but it fills empty 
hours and produces items. 

1729
01:36:11,800 --> 01:36:15,300
You'd otherwise need to buy 
whether and Seasons govern your 

1730
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:17,400
life in ways they never did back
east. 

1731
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:22,200
In town bad weather meant 
staying inside out here. 

1732
01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:25,500
Bad weather means planning ahead
or suffering consequences. 

1733
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:30,200
You become obsessed with signs 
and portents, watching animal 

1734
01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:33,400
behavior, studying clouds and 
feeling shifts in air pressure 

1735
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:37,100
that signal approaching storms. 
You learned to read clouds with 

1736
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:39,200
the attention. 
Most people reserved for books. 

1737
01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:43,900
Hi wispy, cirrus clouds often 
precede changing whether by day 

1738
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:47,000
or two, Building cumulus clouds 
in the afternoon. 

1739
01:36:47,000 --> 01:36:50,000
Might bring evening, 
thunderstorms low. 

1740
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:53,800
Grey stratus clouds mean steady 
rain or snow is settling in for 

1741
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:56,700
a while. 
Dark towering cumulonimbus 

1742
01:36:56,700 --> 01:36:58,900
clouds mean. 
You should probably get inside 

1743
01:36:58,900 --> 01:37:01,600
immediately because something 
violent is about to happen. 

1744
01:37:01,600 --> 01:37:04,900
The animals provide weather 
predictions more reliable than 

1745
01:37:04,900 --> 01:37:08,000
any Almanac. 
Squirrels Gathering extra food 

1746
01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:10,600
or building thicker, nests 
suggest a harsh winter is 

1747
01:37:10,600 --> 01:37:12,300
coming. 
Birds flying. 

1748
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:14,700
Lower than usual means. 
Air pressure is dropping and 

1749
01:37:14,700 --> 01:37:18,000
storms are approaching. 
Your cow becomes restless 

1750
01:37:18,000 --> 01:37:21,700
before, major weather changes, 
pacing and refusing to settle. 

1751
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:25,500
The chickens go into their 
shelter early than usual, when 

1752
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:29,000
they sense and coming cold. 
Even insects provide clues, 

1753
01:37:29,000 --> 01:37:33,300
crickets chirp faster in warm 
weather and slower and cold and 

1754
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:36,200
you can actually estimate 
temperature by counting chirps. 

1755
01:37:37,000 --> 01:37:40,800
These return to their hives 
before storms even when the sky 

1756
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:43,700
looks clear. 
Spiders become more active. 

1757
01:37:43,700 --> 01:37:47,900
Before fair weather, and Retreat
before rain Autumn arrives with 

1758
01:37:47,900 --> 01:37:50,100
shocking speed. 
Summer. 

1759
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:51,200
Ending. 
Almost overnight. 

1760
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:54,200
One day your working shirts 
sleeves. 

1761
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:56,800
The next day, you're wearing a 
coat in the morning and 

1762
01:37:56,800 --> 01:37:58,500
wondering where these three 
weeks went. 

1763
01:37:59,500 --> 01:38:01,700
The Aspen leaves turn gold all 
at once. 

1764
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:05,900
Covering Hillside and color that
seems almost aggressive in its 

1765
01:38:05,900 --> 01:38:08,700
brightness. 
The Tamarack needles turn golden

1766
01:38:08,700 --> 01:38:12,300
orange, creating splashes of 
color among the Evergreens 

1767
01:38:12,300 --> 01:38:15,700
before dropping completely, then
the leaves fall and the World 

1768
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:18,700
Turns Brown and gray. 
And you realize winter is 

1769
01:38:18,700 --> 01:38:20,200
coming, whether you're ready or 
not. 

1770
01:38:21,800 --> 01:38:25,100
The air takes on a particular 
sharpness, the morning Frost 

1771
01:38:25,100 --> 01:38:28,900
lingers longer each day and the 
sun sets early every evening. 

1772
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:32,800
You can feel winter approaching 
like a physical pressure pushing

1773
01:38:32,800 --> 01:38:35,700
down from the north. 
You spend autumn in a controlled

1774
01:38:35,700 --> 01:38:38,200
Panic, trying to finish 
everything that can't be done. 

1775
01:38:38,200 --> 01:38:42,500
Once snow arrives, you finish 
cutting firewood racing to 

1776
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:44,100
complete your supply before the 
ground. 

1777
01:38:44,100 --> 01:38:47,400
Freezes and felling trees 
becomes dramatically harder. 

1778
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,100
You insulate, the cabin walls 
with additional chinking, 

1779
01:38:51,100 --> 01:38:53,200
pressing mud and Moss into every
crack. 

1780
01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:56,300
You can find He repair the roof 
sections. 

1781
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:59,500
You've been ignoring all summer,
climbing up with extra shakes 

1782
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:01,500
and doing work. 
You should have done months ago,

1783
01:39:01,500 --> 01:39:06,100
you harvest the garden pulling 
up every last potato and carrot 

1784
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:08,900
and turnip because once the 
ground freezes, you won't get 

1785
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:11,900
another chance. 
You dig until your hands are 

1786
01:39:11,900 --> 01:39:15,800
caked with dirt and your back is
screaming protests you sort 

1787
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:19,200
vegetables, setting aside 
damaged ones, due to immediately

1788
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:21,600
and storing perfect specimens in
The Root Cellar. 

1789
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:25,600
You hunt and smoked meat trying 
to build up protein stores. 

1790
01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:29,400
You track deer through the 
forest moving quietly and hoping

1791
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:32,500
for a clear shot. 
You check your snares daily 

1792
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:36,700
hoping for rabbits, you fish the
creek aggressively pulling out 

1793
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:38,500
trout. 
And whatever else bites. 

1794
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:41,900
Every pound of meat preserved is
one less thing to worry about 

1795
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:44,200
when snow covers. 
Everything you check your 

1796
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:47,500
supplies obsessively, counting, 
flowers, sacks and bean bags, 

1797
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:50,800
and dried fruit doing math, that
never quite adds up to 

1798
01:39:50,800 --> 01:39:53,900
definitely enough. 
You list, everything you have 

1799
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:57,400
estimate, how long it needs to 
last, and calculate daily 

1800
01:39:57,400 --> 01:40:01,200
rationals that are depressingly.
Small, you worry that you've 

1801
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:04,200
forgotten something critical. 
You worry that winter will last 

1802
01:40:04,200 --> 01:40:07,400
longer than your supplies. 
You worry that worrying is 

1803
01:40:07,400 --> 01:40:11,000
wasting time you could spend 
preparing more winter. 

1804
01:40:11,000 --> 01:40:14,400
When it finally arrives, comes 
with authority. 

1805
01:40:15,500 --> 01:40:18,600
The first real snowstorm dumps, 
three feet overnight. 

1806
01:40:19,400 --> 01:40:23,200
Transforming the landscape into 
something alien and beautiful 

1807
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:26,000
and hostile. 
You wake to silence? 

1808
01:40:26,000 --> 01:40:28,300
That's different from any 
silence, you've known. 

1809
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:33,400
The Deep muffled, quiet of the 
world, buried under snow. 

1810
01:40:34,300 --> 01:40:37,300
You open your door to a wall of 
white that you have to dig 

1811
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:40,700
through to get outside the world
shrinks to what you can see, 

1812
01:40:40,700 --> 01:40:44,000
from your cabin windows. 
And what you can see is mostly 

1813
01:40:44,000 --> 01:40:48,100
White The mountains disappear 
behind curtains of falling snow.

1814
01:40:49,100 --> 01:40:51,200
The trees are buried to their 
lower branches. 

1815
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,500
The creek is invisible under 
snow and ice. 

1816
01:40:54,500 --> 01:40:58,700
Everything looks the same and 
landmarks you relied on to 

1817
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:01,100
navigate to gone the creek 
freezes. 

1818
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:05,400
Solid by mid-December the water 
going still and Silent under 

1819
01:41:05,400 --> 01:41:09,100
inches of ice You cut holes 
through the ice to reach water, 

1820
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:12,500
using an axe to chip through 
layers that get thicker as 

1821
01:41:12,500 --> 01:41:16,000
winter deepens. 
Each trip to the creek requires 

1822
01:41:16,000 --> 01:41:19,200
effort, and you start relying 
more heavily on melting snow 

1823
01:41:19,200 --> 01:41:21,900
near the fire. 
The air itself, seems Frozen. 

1824
01:41:21,900 --> 01:41:25,700
So cold. 
That breathing hurts and Exposed

1825
01:41:25,700 --> 01:41:30,200
Skin goes numb in minutes on the
coldest days temperatures drop, 

1826
01:41:30,200 --> 01:41:34,300
far below zero and simply 
existing requires constant 

1827
01:41:34,300 --> 01:41:37,600
attention to staying warm You 
learn what? 

1828
01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:40,200
Frostbite feels like the 
tingling. 

1829
01:41:40,200 --> 01:41:43,700
Numbness. 
The white patches on skin and 

1830
01:41:43,700 --> 01:41:47,900
the burning sensation when 
frozen areas warm up You learn 

1831
01:41:47,900 --> 01:41:52,200
to recognize the signs early and
get inside before damage becomes

1832
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:55,100
permanent. 
You settle into winter routines,

1833
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:57,300
that revolve around staying warm
and staying fed. 

1834
01:41:58,100 --> 01:42:01,200
You go outside only when 
necessary to gather firewood 

1835
01:42:01,200 --> 01:42:04,200
from the stack to check on 
Livestock in their shelter to 

1836
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:05,700
break ice on the creek for 
water. 

1837
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:10,500
Each trip outside requires 
preparation, a heavy coat 

1838
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:14,700
mittens lined with rabbit fur. 
A scarf wrapped around your 

1839
01:42:14,700 --> 01:42:17,400
face. 
A wall hat, pulled low. 

1840
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:19,300
Over your ears. 
You move. 

1841
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:23,400
Quickly accomplish your tasks 
and Retreat to the cabin's, 

1842
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:27,000
warmth outside time is measured 
in minutes before your fingers. 

1843
01:42:27,000 --> 01:42:30,700
Start going numb, you develop a 
fishy, born of necessity 

1844
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:33,700
planning tasks. 
So you accomplished multiple 

1845
01:42:33,700 --> 01:42:37,400
things in one trip, rather than 
making repeated Ventures into 

1846
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:40,800
the cold, you combined gathering
firewood with checking on the 

1847
01:42:40,808 --> 01:42:45,100
cow with fetching water creating
circuits that minimize exposure 

1848
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,100
inside you. 
Stay busy with tasks that don't 

1849
01:42:48,100 --> 01:42:51,500
require going anywhere. 
You can close by firelight 

1850
01:42:51,500 --> 01:42:55,900
repairing tears and replacing 
buttons and reinforcing seams 

1851
01:42:55,900 --> 01:42:59,500
that are starting to fail. 
Your clothing takes constant 

1852
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:03,000
abuse from frontier life. 
And winter is when you catch up 

1853
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:05,700
on repairs, you read the same 
three books. 

1854
01:43:05,700 --> 01:43:09,200
You own until you've memorized, 
passages you own a Bible? 

1855
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:12,600
Because everyone owns a Bible a 
collection of Shakespeare plays 

1856
01:43:12,600 --> 01:43:16,100
that you bought on a whim before
leaving Philadelphia and a 

1857
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:19,700
Farmer's Almanac from 1841 
that's wildly out of date. 

1858
01:43:19,700 --> 01:43:22,600
But still interesting. 
You read each book multiple 

1859
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:25,100
times finding new details on 
every pass. 

1860
01:43:25,100 --> 01:43:28,400
You carve wouldn't spoons 
because you need spoons, but 

1861
01:43:28,400 --> 01:43:30,300
also because your hands need 
something to do. 

1862
01:43:31,500 --> 01:43:33,800
You sit by the fire with a piece
of wood and a knife. 

1863
01:43:33,800 --> 01:43:37,500
Gradually shaping implements 
you'll use for years, you 

1864
01:43:37,500 --> 01:43:40,000
practice wrote making rolling 
fibers. 

1865
01:43:40,000 --> 01:43:43,400
You prepared last summer into 
cordage You plan, next year's 

1866
01:43:43,400 --> 01:43:47,100
Garden in excessive detail. 
Sketching layouts on precious 

1867
01:43:47,100 --> 01:43:49,800
paper and reconsidering every 
decision. 

1868
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:53,300
You think a lot. 
Sometimes too much. 

1869
01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:57,200
The isolation and darkness of 
winter creates space for 

1870
01:43:57,200 --> 01:43:58,900
thoughts. 
That might stay buried during 

1871
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:01,700
busiest Seasons. 
You think about the life, you 

1872
01:44:01,700 --> 01:44:05,800
left behind about family, you 
don't see about choices you've 

1873
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:08,900
made and whether they were 
right, you think about the 

1874
01:44:08,900 --> 01:44:12,400
future what your building 
whether it matters and who it's 

1875
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:16,200
for the hardest part of winter. 
Isn't the cold or the isolation?

1876
01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:19,100
It's the not knowing how long it
will last. 

1877
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:23,400
Winter could end in March. 
If you're lucky releasing its 

1878
01:44:23,400 --> 01:44:27,700
grip and allowing early spring 
planting It might drag into May 

1879
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:31,300
if you're not keeping the ground
Frozen and making you eat 

1880
01:44:31,300 --> 01:44:33,100
through supplies that should 
have been adequate. 

1881
01:44:33,100 --> 01:44:36,300
But somehow aren't you? 
Rationed food, conservatively, 

1882
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:39,700
trying to stretch supplies 
without knowing exactly how long

1883
01:44:39,700 --> 01:44:42,200
they need to last. 
You measure out beans. 

1884
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:44,600
Carefully counting how many 
meals remain? 

1885
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:47,800
You slice meat thin making 
portions? 

1886
01:44:47,800 --> 01:44:50,300
That seem inadequate. 
But multiply the number of times

1887
01:44:50,300 --> 01:44:54,100
you can eat You eat less than 
you'd like, maintaining survival

1888
01:44:54,100 --> 01:44:58,300
rather than comfort, you burn, 
firewood steadily, watching the 

1889
01:44:58,300 --> 01:45:01,900
stack, shrink out your window 
and doing calculations that 

1890
01:45:01,900 --> 01:45:05,500
always include a margin for what
if winter decides to be 

1891
01:45:05,500 --> 01:45:08,600
terrible. 
Each log that goes into the fire

1892
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:10,800
is one less log. 
Protecting you from cold. 

1893
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:15,200
You become miserly with heat 
letting the fire burn lower than

1894
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:18,100
comfortable rather than burning 
through your supply to quickly. 

1895
01:45:18,100 --> 01:45:22,100
February is the worst month. 
Your supply is a diminished, 

1896
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:26,000
your file would stack is 
noticeably smaller and winter 

1897
01:45:26,000 --> 01:45:27,500
shows. 
No signs of ending. 

1898
01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:33,000
The days are still short, the 
coldest is still intense and 

1899
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:37,300
your tired of being inside, 
tired of the same food and tired

1900
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:40,100
of your own company. 
You understand why? 

1901
01:45:40,100 --> 01:45:44,100
Some settlers don't make it not 
because they starved or froze. 

1902
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:46,800
Exactly. 
But because winter grinds them 

1903
01:45:46,800 --> 01:45:51,200
down until they stop trying. 
You keep trying, you maintain 

1904
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,300
your routines, tend your fire 
ration your food and wait for 

1905
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:57,000
spring with determination. 
That's part stubbornness and 

1906
01:45:57,008 --> 01:46:00,500
parts. 
Spite winter will not win, you 

1907
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:03,300
will Outlast it. 
You will survive to see grass 

1908
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:07,600
again spring arrives tentatively
as if testing whether winter is 

1909
01:46:07,600 --> 01:46:10,900
really gone. 
Snow melts in patches revealing 

1910
01:46:10,900 --> 01:46:13,600
mud and dead grass and the 
general mess that winter has 

1911
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:17,900
been hiding. 
The process is gradual, a warm 

1912
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:22,200
day, followed by a cold night, 
two steps forward and one step 

1913
01:46:22,200 --> 01:46:25,200
back. 
The land slowly waking from 

1914
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:29,000
months of Frozen sleep, the 
creek thaws starting as a 

1915
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:31,800
trickle under the ice that 
gradually expands until the ice 

1916
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:34,100
breaks up and flows Downstream 
in chunks. 

1917
01:46:35,000 --> 01:46:38,600
Sound of running water after 
months of silence is startling 

1918
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:41,400
and wonderful. 
He stand by the creek listening 

1919
01:46:41,400 --> 01:46:44,300
to it. 
Flowing the noise wash overview,

1920
01:46:44,300 --> 01:46:47,900
like a physical sensation. 
You step outside without a coat 

1921
01:46:47,900 --> 01:46:50,900
and feel sunshine on your face 
and realize you survived another

1922
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:54,200
winter. 
The feeling of spring warmth. 

1923
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:57,900
After months of cold is better 
than any luxury, you knew back 

1924
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:00,500
east. 
You stand in the sun with your 

1925
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:03,400
eyes closed. 
Letting it soak into your skin 

1926
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:07,200
feeling life returned to a body.
That's been merely surviving. 

1927
01:47:07,900 --> 01:47:11,300
The first green shoots appear in
the meadow small and tentative. 

1928
01:47:11,300 --> 01:47:15,500
But undeniably alive, Birds 
returned from wherever they 

1929
01:47:15,500 --> 01:47:18,100
spent the winter filling the air
with songs. 

1930
01:47:18,100 --> 01:47:21,800
You haven't heard in months. 
The chickens emerge from their 

1931
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,100
shelter and actually seemed 
happy for once. 

1932
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:28,700
Scratching in the mud and making
satisfied noises, you inventory 

1933
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:31,200
your remaining supplies 
counting, what's left? 

1934
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:34,800
And what you used your 
calculations were pessimistic 

1935
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:39,600
enough that you have a surplus, 
not much but some You'll have 

1936
01:47:39,600 --> 01:47:43,000
flour until the trading post 
trip, you'll have enough smoke 

1937
01:47:43,000 --> 01:47:44,900
to meet to supplement spring 
foraging. 

1938
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:48,200
You didn't starve, didn't freeze
and didn't fail. 

1939
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:51,300
That's Victory enough. 
Community on the frontier is 

1940
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:54,600
sparse, but crucial. 
Your nearest neighbors of the 

1941
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:56,500
thoughts. 
Three miles south. 

1942
01:47:57,300 --> 01:48:00,700
The Andersons are five miles 
west, the blackwoods are six 

1943
01:48:00,700 --> 01:48:03,300
miles east. 
These distance is would be 

1944
01:48:03,300 --> 01:48:06,200
nothing back home. 
A pleasant walk, maybe 20 

1945
01:48:06,200 --> 01:48:08,200
minutes on a horse. 
Out here. 

1946
01:48:08,208 --> 01:48:10,500
They're significant enough that 
you don't make the trip without 

1947
01:48:10,500 --> 01:48:12,800
purpose. 
You see these people, perhaps 

1948
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:16,000
once a month during good weather
less often in winter. 

1949
01:48:17,000 --> 01:48:20,400
But when you need help, when 
something breaks or someone gets

1950
01:48:20,400 --> 01:48:24,000
hurt or a tree falls on your 
cabin, these distant neighbors 

1951
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:27,200
become lifelines. 
The frontier creates a 

1952
01:48:27,200 --> 01:48:30,400
particular kind of community. 
Not intimate. 

1953
01:48:30,400 --> 01:48:33,400
Exactly. 
But reliable you help others, 

1954
01:48:33,400 --> 01:48:35,000
because you'll need help 
eventually. 

1955
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:39,500
Mutual assistance isn't charity,
its investment in your own 

1956
01:48:39,500 --> 01:48:43,100
Survival, you help raise the 
thoughts bar in exchange for 

1957
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:44,800
their help. 
Preparing your whack and wheel 

1958
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:47,600
at cracked on a rock. 
You didn't see that doesn't 

1959
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,200
neighbors gather for a 
barn-raising working together to

1960
01:48:50,200 --> 01:48:52,300
lift, heavy Timbers, and secure 
the frame. 

1961
01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:56,000
The work goes fast with multiple
people and there's something 

1962
01:48:56,000 --> 01:48:59,100
satisfying about collaborative, 
labor toward a shared goal. 

1963
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:02,500
You assist the Anderson's during
Harvest because they're 

1964
01:49:02,500 --> 01:49:05,400
short-handed after Mr. Anderson 
broke his arm falling off his 

1965
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:07,400
roof. 
While doing repairs, he should 

1966
01:49:07,400 --> 01:49:10,900
have asked for help with You 
spend three days working their 

1967
01:49:10,900 --> 01:49:14,700
fields, and they'll remember 
when you need similar help, you 

1968
01:49:14,700 --> 01:49:17,900
share surplus food. 
When you have it, knowing others

1969
01:49:17,900 --> 01:49:19,400
will share. 
When you're the one running 

1970
01:49:19,400 --> 01:49:23,100
short last spring, the thoughts 
gave you two chickens. 

1971
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:27,600
When your own flock was reduced 
to one surviving hen This Autumn

1972
01:49:27,600 --> 01:49:30,800
you gave them a bag of dried 
berries and some smoked venison.

1973
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:35,200
The accounting is informal. 
The trades unequal but everyone 

1974
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:37,800
understands the system Community
out here. 

1975
01:49:37,800 --> 01:49:40,200
Isn't about friendship exactly 
though. 

1976
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:43,300
Friendships do develop It's 
about survival through 

1977
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:46,100
cooperation. 
You might not particularly like 

1978
01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:48,800
your neighbors and might not 
choose to spend time with them 

1979
01:49:48,800 --> 01:49:52,100
if you had other options, but 
you respect their competence, 

1980
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:55,900
trust their reliability and 
value their existence. 

1981
01:49:55,900 --> 01:49:59,200
In this empty landscape, The 
Trading Post, 60 miles away, 

1982
01:49:59,200 --> 01:50:01,800
becomes your connection to 
civilization and supplies. 

1983
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:05,000
You can't make yourself. 
You make the trip twice a year 

1984
01:50:05,008 --> 01:50:08,900
spring and fall spending four 
days, riding their and back. 

1985
01:50:09,700 --> 01:50:12,600
The journey is long enough to 
require planning and short 

1986
01:50:12,600 --> 01:50:16,200
enough to be worthwhile you 
travel with a pack horse loaded 

1987
01:50:16,200 --> 01:50:19,600
with items to trade. 
First, if you've trapped smoke 

1988
01:50:19,600 --> 01:50:24,000
to meet leather goods, baskets, 
whatever you've made, that might

1989
01:50:24,000 --> 01:50:27,200
have value. 
The trailer is rough Crossing 

1990
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:30,500
streams and climbing ridges 
following paths that are barely 

1991
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:32,500
marked and sometimes disappear 
entirely. 

1992
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:36,600
The post is run by a man named 
Fitzgerald who stalks everything

1993
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:41,400
from flower to fabric to 
ammunition to farming tools. 

1994
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:45,000
His prices are high because he 
knows you have no Alternatives, 

1995
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:48,000
a bag of flour, cost twice, what
it would back east. 

1996
01:50:48,900 --> 01:50:51,800
Ammunition is expensive enough 
that you calculate the value of 

1997
01:50:51,800 --> 01:50:54,300
each shot. 
Tools are precious because 

1998
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:57,400
breaking one means months 
without replacement, you pay 

1999
01:50:57,400 --> 01:50:59,800
anyway because you need what 
he's selling you. 

2000
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:03,800
Restock flour, sugar, salt 
coffee ammunition and whatever 

2001
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:08,000
else your supplies lack, you buy
needles and thread, you purchase

2002
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:10,700
a new file for sharpening. 
Your saw, you can consider 

2003
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:14,300
buying a second axis backup, but
decide the cost isn't Justified 

2004
01:51:14,300 --> 01:51:16,400
yet. 
Trading Post visits become 

2005
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:20,000
social events despite the 
commercial nature you see people

2006
01:51:20,000 --> 01:51:23,700
from other claims exchange news 
and gossip and here about who's 

2007
01:51:23,700 --> 01:51:26,800
arrived and whose left, You 
learn that the Hendersons 

2008
01:51:26,800 --> 01:51:30,200
abandoned their claim after two 
Winters that the Mitchells lost 

2009
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:33,700
their oldest child to fever and 
let a new family is settling 

2010
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:36,900
near the blackwoods you hear 
about developments in Oregon 

2011
01:51:36,900 --> 01:51:40,800
City about ships arriving with 
supplies and immigrants and 

2012
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:43,900
about political discussions 
regarding territorial status. 

2013
01:51:44,900 --> 01:51:48,600
You absorb information, like a 
sponge because news is rare and 

2014
01:51:48,600 --> 01:51:52,000
valuable everything from where 
the predictions to crop 

2015
01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:55,900
recommendations to rumors about 
Indian tensions, gets disgusted 

2016
01:51:55,900 --> 01:51:57,300
and debated. 
You all. 

2017
01:51:57,300 --> 01:52:00,800
So trade at the post bartering 
items you've made for supplies. 

2018
01:52:00,800 --> 01:52:04,100
You need Your woven baskets, 
fetch a decent price. 

2019
01:52:04,100 --> 01:52:07,600
Your smoked meat is popular, 
among Trappers preparing for 

2020
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:09,900
expeditions. 
The leather items. 

2021
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:12,800
You've learned to craft have 
value because quality leather 

2022
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:15,400
work is rare out here. 
Money is scarce. 

2023
01:52:15,400 --> 01:52:19,100
So trade becomes the primary 
economy you calculate value in 

2024
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:23,100
terms of usefulness, rather than
currently a good knife is worth 

2025
01:52:23,100 --> 01:52:25,300
a month of flour. 
A waterproof. 

2026
01:52:25,300 --> 01:52:28,600
Tarp is worth more than money 
because it solves problems money

2027
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:31,900
can't fix. 
You negotiate trades carefully. 

2028
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:35,500
Valuing items based on how much 
they'll improve your survival 

2029
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:38,100
prospects. 
Fitzgerald keeps a ledger 

2030
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:40,700
tracking trades and debts with 
careful notation. 

2031
01:52:41,700 --> 01:52:44,700
You can buy on credit if 
necessary though the interesting

2032
01:52:44,700 --> 01:52:46,800
charges make that option 
unappealing. 

2033
01:52:47,900 --> 01:52:50,800
Prefer to trade directly 
settling accounts immediately 

2034
01:52:50,800 --> 01:52:53,400
rather than carrying debt 
through Seasons, that might 

2035
01:52:53,400 --> 01:52:56,400
prevent repayment. 
You spend one night at the post 

2036
01:52:56,400 --> 01:53:00,000
sleeping in a rough shell, to 
the passes for logging before, 

2037
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:03,300
starting the two-day journey 
home, you travel carefully, 

2038
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:06,400
protecting your newly acquired 
supplies from whether and 

2039
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:09,100
accident. 
The flour sacks of precious 

2040
01:53:09,100 --> 01:53:11,800
cargo the ammunition needs to 
stay dry. 

2041
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:14,200
The fabric, must arrive 
undamaged. 

2042
01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:17,500
The journey home always feels 
longer than the journey there 

2043
01:53:17,500 --> 01:53:21,200
may be because you're holding 
more weight or maybe because 

2044
01:53:21,200 --> 01:53:22,900
you're eager to return to your 
claim. 

2045
01:53:23,700 --> 01:53:26,700
You think about all the work 
waiting at home, all the 

2046
01:53:26,708 --> 01:53:30,000
projects, you left unfinished 
and all the tasks that 

2047
01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:33,600
accumulated during your absence?
The frontier doesn't make you 

2048
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:36,800
religious if you weren't before 
but it does make you think about

2049
01:53:36,800 --> 01:53:40,000
larger questions. 
You spend a lot of time alone 

2050
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:43,000
with your thoughts and those 
thoughts wander into territory. 

2051
01:53:43,000 --> 01:53:46,700
They never explored back east. 
You think about why you came 

2052
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:50,400
here, what your building and 
whether this life is better or 

2053
01:53:50,400 --> 01:53:53,800
just different, you think about 
the indigenous people who lived 

2054
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:57,400
here for Generations before you 
arrived who these lands 

2055
01:53:57,400 --> 01:54:00,400
intimately and were forced out 
to make room for settlers like 

2056
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:04,400
you, The Trading Post owner 
mentioned treaties and 

2057
01:54:04,400 --> 01:54:06,300
relocations without much 
reflection. 

2058
01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:10,500
You can't help wondering what it
costs, those communities to lose

2059
01:54:10,500 --> 01:54:13,400
access to the land. 
You now claim you've seen 

2060
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:17,200
artifacts occasionally stone 
tools pictographs on Rock faces 

2061
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:20,000
and the remains of structures. 
You don't fully understand 

2062
01:54:21,500 --> 01:54:24,400
Discovery reminds you that this 
land has history or not. 

2063
01:54:24,408 --> 01:54:26,800
Part of stories, you'll never 
know. 

2064
01:54:27,700 --> 01:54:30,400
You wonder about the people who 
made those tools what their 

2065
01:54:30,400 --> 01:54:33,700
lives were like, and what they 
thought about the same mountains

2066
01:54:33,700 --> 01:54:36,800
and Creeks, yes, the ethical 
weight of settlements sits 

2067
01:54:36,800 --> 01:54:39,300
uncomfortably. 
Sometimes, you didn't personally

2068
01:54:39,300 --> 01:54:43,200
Force anyone from this land, but
your benefiting from systems 

2069
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:46,100
that did. 
You claim ownership of land that

2070
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:49,700
nobody owned in the same way 
before settlers arrived with 

2071
01:54:49,700 --> 01:54:51,700
concepts of property and 
boundaries. 

2072
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:54,800
The frontier offers 
opportunities you couldn't find 

2073
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:57,700
back East but those 
opportunities came at someone 

2074
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:01,000
else's cost. 
You wonder about Legacy what 

2075
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:04,500
you're building and who it's for
some settlers have children 

2076
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:08,300
raising families in remote 
cabins, creating the next 

2077
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:12,000
generation of Frontier people. 
You watch those children grow up

2078
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:15,500
knowing no other life 
comfortable with isolation and 

2079
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:18,100
hard work in ways that seem 
almost alarming. 

2080
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:21,300
They'll never understand City 
life, the way you do. 

2081
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:26,100
Having been born into this, vast
empty challenging place, other 

2082
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:29,400
settlers are building in Hope of
profit planning to improve their

2083
01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:32,200
claims, and eventually sell to 
newcomers willing to pay for 

2084
01:55:32,200 --> 01:55:35,500
established Farms. 
The frontier is investment as 

2085
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:38,500
much as home for them. the 
calculate their efforts and 

2086
01:55:38,500 --> 01:55:41,900
terms of future value working 
toward the day, they can leave 

2087
01:55:41,900 --> 01:55:46,000
with money in their pockets and 
some settlers if you're honest a

2088
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:50,900
simply hide in Running from 
debts, from family, from past, 

2089
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:53,400
mistakes from lives. 
That didn't work out. 

2090
01:55:54,500 --> 01:55:56,300
The frontier doesn't ask many 
questions. 

2091
01:55:56,300 --> 01:56:00,300
It provides distant and 
anonymity and the chance to 

2092
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:03,600
become someone new. 
You've met men who won't discuss

2093
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:06,400
their past and women who've 
clearly left something painful 

2094
01:56:06,400 --> 01:56:08,800
behind. 
You don't press for details 

2095
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:12,800
because you appreciate that, the
frontier allows reinvention your

2096
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:16,500
own reasons for being here are 
complicated, you wanted land. 

2097
01:56:16,500 --> 01:56:18,700
Yes! 
You wanted opportunity and 

2098
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:21,000
Independence. 
You wanted to build something 

2099
01:56:21,000 --> 01:56:24,400
that was entirely yours shaped 
by your own decisions and 

2100
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:27,400
efforts. 
But you also wanted distance 

2101
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:30,700
from the life, you left behind 
from expectations that didn't 

2102
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:33,600
fit from a future that felt 
predetermined. 

2103
01:56:33,600 --> 01:56:37,200
And from the sense that you were
living, someone else's plan out 

2104
01:56:37,200 --> 01:56:39,400
here. 
Every decision is yours. 

2105
01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:43,300
Every success is yours. 
Every failure is definitely, 

2106
01:56:43,300 --> 01:56:47,600
undeniably yours, it's 
terrifying and liberating in 

2107
01:56:47,600 --> 01:56:51,100
equal measure. 
You can't blame circumstances or

2108
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:54,100
other people or bad luck when 
things go wrong, but you also 

2109
01:56:54,100 --> 01:56:56,100
can't share credit when things 
go, right? 

2110
01:56:56,100 --> 01:56:59,800
The responsibility is absolute 
the skills. 

2111
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,600
You've learned over these years 
of changed you in fundamental 

2112
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:06,700
ways your harder than you were 
not emotionally, but physically.

2113
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:11,100
your hands are permanently 
calloused, your muscles adapted 

2114
01:57:11,100 --> 01:57:13,900
to constantly labor and your 
body accustomed to whether 

2115
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:17,700
extreme You can work all day in 
conditions that would have 

2116
01:57:17,700 --> 01:57:20,400
defeated. 
You years ago, you've developed 

2117
01:57:20,400 --> 01:57:22,100
endurance. 
You didn't know was possible. 

2118
01:57:22,100 --> 01:57:25,600
You're also more patient and 
more impatient simultaneously 

2119
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:28,400
patient with processes that 
can't be rushed. 

2120
01:57:28,400 --> 01:57:32,800
Crops growing would seasoning 
Winter, Passing impatient with 

2121
01:57:32,800 --> 01:57:36,900
inefficiency with wasted effort 
with anything, that doesn't 

2122
01:57:36,900 --> 01:57:40,600
serve a clear purpose, you've 
learned to identify what matters

2123
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:44,500
and ignore, what doesn't the 
frontier strips of a pretense 

2124
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:47,700
leaving only function. 
You've become comfortable with 

2125
01:57:47,700 --> 01:57:51,600
discomfort which sounds 
contradictory but isn't You're 

2126
01:57:51,600 --> 01:57:54,800
not happy about cold hands or 
sore muscles or not in this 

2127
01:57:54,808 --> 01:57:58,700
food, but you accept these as 
normal rather than problems are 

2128
01:57:58,700 --> 01:58:02,400
requiring Solutions. 
Discomfort is just part of the 

2129
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:05,300
deal. 
You work through it live with it

2130
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:08,100
and stop wasting energy 
complaining about things. 

2131
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:11,100
You can't change. 
Most surprisingly, you've 

2132
01:58:11,100 --> 01:58:14,700
learned to find satisfaction in 
smaller, accomplishments a 

2133
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:16,600
cabin. 
That doesn't leak a garden. 

2134
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,700
That produces food a winter 
survived. 

2135
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:23,500
A cow, that doesn't die. 
These aren't achievements. 

2136
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:26,300
Anyone would celebrate back East
but out here they represent 

2137
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,400
genuine success. 
You've learned to measure 

2138
01:58:29,400 --> 01:58:33,500
progress in Practical terms to 
take pride in function over form

2139
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:36,300
and to appreciate competence 
more than Elegance. 

2140
01:58:36,300 --> 01:58:40,100
The frontier doesn't make you a 
better person necessarily, but 

2141
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:43,700
it makes you a more capable one.
You can do things now that you 

2142
01:58:43,700 --> 01:58:47,500
couldn't do before. 
Build shelter, find food, create

2143
01:58:47,500 --> 01:58:50,900
tools, and survive Seasons, that
would have killed you without 

2144
01:58:50,900 --> 01:58:54,200
preparation. 
These skills won't help you in a

2145
01:58:54,200 --> 01:58:55,900
city. 
They won't impress anyone. 

2146
01:58:55,900 --> 01:58:58,800
A dinner party. 
But they'll keep you alive out 

2147
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:02,500
here and sometimes that's the 
only measure that matters. 

2148
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:06,200
You think about the generations 
that will follow assuming people

2149
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:09,400
keep coming West. 
Will they remember how hard the 

2150
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:12,400
early years were? 
Will they appreciate the skills 

2151
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:16,000
that made survival possible or 
will those skills Fade Into 

2152
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:20,000
history by easier? 
Methods better tools and systems

2153
01:59:20,000 --> 01:59:22,300
that eliminate the need for 
self-sufficiently. 

2154
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:25,600
You like, to imagine your great 
grandchildren, visiting this 

2155
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:29,700
land someday standing, where 
your cabin stood, trying to pick

2156
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:32,600
her, what life was like, when 
everything had to be built from 

2157
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:34,900
nothing. 
You hope they'll understand the 

2158
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:37,800
work, it took, you hope they'll 
appreciate the knowledge. 

2159
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:40,600
That was earned through cold 
Winters and Hungry Springs and 

2160
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:44,000
mistakes that taught harsh 
lessons, but mostly you hope 

2161
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:47,300
they'll never need these skills.
You hope the frontier becomes 

2162
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:51,100
settled, civilized and easier. 
You hope they'll have stores and

2163
01:59:51,100 --> 01:59:54,000
Roads and neighbors close enough
to talk to without planning a 

2164
01:59:54,000 --> 01:59:56,700
half-day trip. 
You hope they'll take hot water 

2165
01:59:56,700 --> 02:00:00,800
and warm houses and reliable 
food for granted never knowing 

2166
02:00:00,800 --> 02:00:03,700
what it's like to wonder. 
If you've cut enough firewood or

2167
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:06,500
stored enough potatoes or 
prepared adequately for the 

2168
02:00:06,500 --> 02:00:09,300
season ahead, because that's 
what you're building out here. 

2169
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:12,700
Really not just a cabin or a 
clay or a farm. 

2170
02:00:12,700 --> 02:00:16,100
You're building a foundation for
a future that's less harsh than 

2171
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:18,800
your present. 
You're doing the hard work so 

2172
02:00:18,800 --> 02:00:22,700
that someday, maybe Generations 
from now, someone can live on 

2173
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:25,500
this land without needing to 
know which trees Mark 

2174
02:00:25,500 --> 02:00:28,600
underground streams or how to 
weave a basket or what. 

2175
02:00:28,600 --> 02:00:31,800
It feels like to go hungry and 
March because winter lasted too 

2176
02:00:31,800 --> 02:00:33,500
long. 
The Sun is setting. 

2177
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,600
Now dropping behind the 
mountains in that dramatic way 

2178
02:00:36,600 --> 02:00:38,600
it does out here. 
Painting. 

2179
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:41,700
The sky in colors that still 
surprised you even after all 

2180
02:00:41,700 --> 02:00:45,500
this time, you stand outside. 
Your cabin looking across the 

2181
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:49,100
land, you've claimed and worked 
and learned to read the evening 

2182
02:00:49,100 --> 02:00:53,200
as cool, but not Cold Spring, is
firmly established summer as 

2183
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:55,300
coming. 
He got seeds to plant tomorrow. 

2184
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:57,700
Inside the cabin, the fire 
burns. 

2185
02:00:57,700 --> 02:01:00,300
Deadly. 
Smoke rising from the chimney 

2186
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:04,200
into the purple sky. 
Your wood stack is rebuilt after

2187
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:07,000
Winter's depletion standing 
ready for next. 

2188
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:10,900
Year's cold, your garden is 
plowed and ready for planting 

2189
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:13,900
the soil turned and waiting for 
seeds. 

2190
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:18,100
Your tools are sharp and 
maintained hanging on their 

2191
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:21,900
designated hooks. 
You're prepared or as prepared 

2192
02:01:21,900 --> 02:01:24,300
as anyone can be for whatever 
comes next. 

2193
02:01:24,900 --> 02:01:27,700
The frontier is still vast and 
challenging and occasionally 

2194
02:01:27,700 --> 02:01:30,000
hostile. 
But it's also home. 

2195
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:32,400
Now in ways you couldn't have 
predicted when you first 

2196
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:35,600
arrived. 
You've learned its language and 

2197
02:01:35,600 --> 02:01:38,700
your place in its landscape and 
survived its tests. 

2198
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:41,700
The skills you've developed 
aren't just techniques for 

2199
02:01:41,700 --> 02:01:44,100
Staying Alive. 
There are way of seeing the 

2200
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:48,000
world, a finding Solutions of 
building something meaningful, 

2201
02:01:48,000 --> 02:01:51,700
from raw materials and 
determination you head inside, 

2202
02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:54,700
as Darkness settles over the 
land secure in the knowledge 

2203
02:01:54,700 --> 02:01:56,700
that you're ready for another 
cycle of seasons. 

2204
02:01:57,800 --> 02:02:00,100
Tomorrow will bring work as 
every day. 

2205
02:02:00,100 --> 02:02:03,600
Does. 
But tonight your warm and fed 

2206
02:02:03,600 --> 02:02:07,700
and adequately, supplied your 
cabin stand solid around you, 

2207
02:02:07,700 --> 02:02:10,600
each log and Shake representing 
work. 

2208
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:12,200
You can completed with your own 
hands. 

2209
02:02:12,200 --> 02:02:15,100
Your fire burns bright in the 
half. 

2210
02:02:15,100 --> 02:02:17,400
Casting warm light across 
floors. 

2211
02:02:17,400 --> 02:02:22,800
You've walked 10,000 times. 
And somewhere in the distance, a

2212
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:27,100
coyote calls into the night, its
voice carrying across miles of 

2213
02:02:27,100 --> 02:02:31,500
open country that you're slowly 
carefully learning to call your 

2214
02:02:31,500 --> 02:02:35,500
own, the quiet Frontiers taught 
you, well, and you're finally 

2215
02:02:35,508 --> 02:02:46,200
learning to listen. 
You are now seeing the birth of 

2216
02:02:46,200 --> 02:02:48,700
an industry that now makes 
hundreds of billions of dollars 

2217
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:52,200
every year as you picture, these
old scenes, but more than that, 

2218
02:02:52,200 --> 02:02:55,900
you're seeing a behavior that is
uniquely human and goes beyond 

2219
02:02:55,900 --> 02:03:00,600
culture, geography and time. 
The desire to change how we look

2220
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:02,900
to show who we are through color
and pattern. 

2221
02:03:02,900 --> 02:03:06,700
And to take part in the ancient 
ritual of enhancement, these 

2222
02:03:06,700 --> 02:03:09,300
urges can connect you directly 
to the cave dwellers, who mixed 

2223
02:03:09,300 --> 02:03:12,900
up by firelight, when you next 
open a lipstick or eyeshadow 

2224
02:03:12,900 --> 02:03:14,600
palette. 
You're doing something that 

2225
02:03:14,600 --> 02:03:16,600
people have been doing since the
beginning of time. 

2226
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:19,800
The tools are better, the colors
are more varied, and the 

2227
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:22,900
techniques are more advanced, 
but the basic Drive is still the

2228
02:03:22,900 --> 02:03:25,000
same. 
Your changing yourself for a 

2229
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:27,900
short time just like people have
done since we first looked at 

2230
02:03:27,900 --> 02:03:31,300
our reflection in Stillwater and
thought about how we might look 

2231
02:03:31,300 --> 02:03:33,400
different. 
As you get more comfortable in 

2232
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:36,100
your blanket, let your mind 
drift down the Nile River to 

2233
02:03:36,100 --> 02:03:39,500
ancient Egypt where the art of 
Cosmetics reached Heights. 

2234
02:03:39,500 --> 02:03:42,000
That would not be reached for 
thousands of years. 

2235
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:46,100
Imagine yourself walking through
the busy streets of Thieves on a

2236
02:03:46,100 --> 02:03:50,000
warming in 1350 BCE. 
When the famous boy, King 

2237
02:03:50,000 --> 02:03:53,600
Tutankhamun was in charge. 
The sun is already Rising toward

2238
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:56,500
its harsh noon position, but the
city is still busy. 

2239
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:59,900
The first thing you notice about
the Egyptians you meet is their 

2240
02:03:59,900 --> 02:04:02,300
eyes. 
Everyone from men to women to 

2241
02:04:02,300 --> 02:04:05,600
children, to Nobles, to 
servants, whereas dramatic eye 

2242
02:04:05,600 --> 02:04:08,600
makeup that makes their eyes 
look bigger, more intense and 

2243
02:04:08,600 --> 02:04:11,400
almost Supernatural. 
In some way, the effect is 

2244
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:12,800
amazing. 
As if you're in a room. 

2245
02:04:12,800 --> 02:04:16,100
Full of people who have borrowed
the eyes of gods, this wasn't an

2246
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:18,100
accident. 
The Egyptians thought that the 

2247
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:20,800
eyes were not only the windows 
to the soul, battle butt lips 

2248
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:23,600
all. 
So to the Divine world, the 

2249
02:04:23,600 --> 02:04:26,200
intricate eye makeup, had 
practical spiritual and 

2250
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:28,800
aesthetic uses. 
That was so close closely linked

2251
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:30,300
to. 
The ancient Egyptian would have 

2252
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:32,300
thought it was strange to try to
separate them. 

2253
02:04:32,300 --> 02:04:35,100
Cole was the most famous part of
Egyptian eye makeup. 

2254
02:04:35,100 --> 02:04:38,600
It was a dark substance that was
put around the eyes in dramatic 

2255
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:40,900
lines that went beyond the 
natural shape of the eyes. 

2256
02:04:41,700 --> 02:04:44,900
But Cole wasn't just one thing. 
It was made from a mix of 

2257
02:04:44,900 --> 02:04:47,000
things. 
Each with its own uses and 

2258
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:50,300
properties. 
Galena, a lead sulfide mineral 

2259
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:52,700
that made a deep shiny. 
Black was the most common. 

2260
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:56,400
Egyptians ground, this mineral 
into a fine powder and then 

2261
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:59,300
mixed it with animal fat, 
vegetable oil, or even honey to 

2262
02:04:59,300 --> 02:05:01,900
make a smooth paste. 
Making coal was almost like a 

2263
02:05:01,908 --> 02:05:04,600
religious ceremony. 
Families would have special 

2264
02:05:04,600 --> 02:05:08,200
grinding palettes that were 
often made of slate and shaped 

2265
02:05:08,200 --> 02:05:11,200
like fish birds or other 
important symbols. 

2266
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:14,800
People took good care of the 
grinding, stones and passed them

2267
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:17,100
down through the years. 
Like valuable heirlooms. 

2268
02:05:17,800 --> 02:05:20,900
The sound of stone scraping 
against Stone to make coal would

2269
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:23,800
have been as common in Egyptian 
homes as the sound of coffee 

2270
02:05:23,800 --> 02:05:27,200
brewing is in ours, but 
Egyptians didn't only use black.

2271
02:05:27,200 --> 02:05:30,700
They made a whole range of eye 
makeup colors each with its own 

2272
02:05:30,700 --> 02:05:32,100
meaning and way of getting 
ready. 

2273
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:36,700
Malachite, a green copper 
carbonate, mineral was grounded 

2274
02:05:36,700 --> 02:05:39,500
into a fine powder to make 
bright green eyeshadow. 

2275
02:05:40,400 --> 02:05:43,600
Green wasn't just pretty, it was
a symbol of rebirth and 

2276
02:05:43,600 --> 02:05:46,300
fertility. 
Which made it very popular with 

2277
02:05:46,300 --> 02:05:49,100
women who wanted to have 
children or who grieving the 

2278
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:51,800
death of a loved one. 
Putting on Egyptian, eye makeup 

2279
02:05:51,800 --> 02:05:55,900
was an art that needed skill, 
patients and steady hands, most 

2280
02:05:55,900 --> 02:05:58,700
wealthy families, had special, 
makeup applicators made of wood 

2281
02:05:58,700 --> 02:06:01,600
Ivory or metal. 
These tools were often 

2282
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:04,900
beautifully carved and decorated
making putting on makeup every 

2283
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:06,300
day. 
Feel like a special event. 

2284
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,300
The richest Egyptians might have
their own makeup artists, who 

2285
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:12,400
were skilled servants. 
Who could make the complicated 

2286
02:06:12,400 --> 02:06:15,100
designs that showed someone was 
from the upper class? 

2287
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:18,300
Imagine a rich Egyptian woman 
starting her daily makeup 

2288
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:20,800
routine. 
She sits on a low stool in front

2289
02:06:20,800 --> 02:06:22,900
of a polished metal mirror 
around. 

2290
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:25,900
Her are a lot of cosmetic 
containers made of alabaster 

2291
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,800
wood and precious metals. 
Her makeup artist starts by 

2292
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:33,400
washing her face with a mixture 
of animal fats and nature a 

2293
02:06:33,400 --> 02:06:36,400
naturally occurring salt. 
That acted as soap, the cleaning

2294
02:06:36,400 --> 02:06:39,600
process is gentle but thorough 
getting the skin ready for the 

2295
02:06:39,600 --> 02:06:41,700
days makeup. 
The eye makeup is the most 

2296
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:44,200
complicated and important part. 
So it goes first. 

2297
02:06:45,100 --> 02:06:48,100
The artist uses a thin Reed or 
bronze applicator to draw 

2298
02:06:48,100 --> 02:06:50,200
precise lines of coal around the
woman's eyes. 

2299
02:06:51,100 --> 02:06:53,600
The lines, go past the outer 
Corners to make an almond shape,

2300
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:55,600
that makes her features look 
even more beautiful. 

2301
02:06:56,600 --> 02:06:59,600
If the lines aren't perfectly 
straight, it will be clear right

2302
02:06:59,600 --> 02:07:01,100
away. 
That the work is bad. 

2303
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:05,600
Next, the eye shadow the artist 
carefully puts green malachite 

2304
02:07:05,600 --> 02:07:08,200
powder on the woman's eyelids, 
with the different applicator 

2305
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:11,300
blending its smoothly from the 
Lash line to the brow bone. 

2306
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:13,500
The green color catches the 
light. 

2307
02:07:13,500 --> 02:07:16,300
When she blinks giving her eyes,
a soft glow. 

2308
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:18,900
That makes them look like 
they're on fire, but Egyptian 

2309
02:07:18,900 --> 02:07:22,508
makeup wasn't just for the eyes,
both men and women used a lot of

2310
02:07:22,516 --> 02:07:25,100
other beauty products that 
anyone who is into Beauty today 

2311
02:07:25,100 --> 02:07:28,200
would know about. 
They put red ocher and fought 

2312
02:07:28,200 --> 02:07:30,900
together to make Rouge which 
they put on their lips and 

2313
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:33,300
cheeks. 
They used henna to color their 

2314
02:07:33,300 --> 02:07:36,000
hair nails, and sometimes even 
their palms and feet. 

2315
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:39,400
The patterns, they made showed 
this social status and personal 

2316
02:07:39,400 --> 02:07:42,300
taste, people all over the 
ancient world knew about 

2317
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:45,300
Egyptian, perfumes. 
They made complicated sense by 

2318
02:07:45,300 --> 02:07:49,000
soaking, flowers, herbs, and 
spices, and oils, and fats. 

2319
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:52,700
Some of the most valuable 
ingredients were Rose, Jasmine, 

2320
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:56,000
frankincense and myrrh, people 
who were Rich would put these 

2321
02:07:56,000 --> 02:07:59,300
expensive oils on their bodies 
every day and the smells would 

2322
02:07:59,300 --> 02:08:01,600
stay with them. 
Like invisible auras of luxury. 

2323
02:08:01,600 --> 02:08:05,500
The boxes the Egyptian Cosmetics
came in were often works of art 

2324
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:08,200
on their own. 
Richard Egyptians kept their 

2325
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:12,000
makeup in fancy boxes and jars 
made of valuable materials and 

2326
02:08:12,000 --> 02:08:13,800
decorated with religious 
symbols. 

2327
02:08:13,800 --> 02:08:16,100
These containers weren't just 
useful. 

2328
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:19,000
They were also a sign of the 
owners wealth and taste. 

2329
02:08:19,000 --> 02:08:22,300
Some cosmetic containers that 
were found in tombs are so 

2330
02:08:22,308 --> 02:08:25,700
beautiful that they are now on 
display in museums as examples 

2331
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:29,000
of ancient craftsmanship. 
Egyptian Cosmetics, have a lot 

2332
02:08:29,008 --> 02:08:32,100
of religious meaning different 
gods and goddesses were linked 

2333
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:35,000
to certain colors and patterns, 
the green eyeshadow was a 

2334
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:38,500
tribute to hathor, the goddess 
of beauty and love people 

2335
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:41,200
thought that black coal could 
protect them from the evil eye 

2336
02:08:41,200 --> 02:08:44,800
and call on Raw the sun god. 
Putting on makeup was even seen 

2337
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:47,500
as a way to worship the gods 
every day by making oneself. 

2338
02:08:47,500 --> 02:08:50,000
Beautiful. 
Modern science has shown that 

2339
02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:52,400
Egyptian Cosmetics also had 
useful effects. 

2340
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:56,400
Coal contains lead, which is 
poisonous in large amounts but 

2341
02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:58,500
actually killed bacteria and 
stopped eye. 

2342
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:02,100
Infections, the oils and fats 
and cosmetics, protected skin 

2343
02:09:02,100 --> 02:09:04,400
from the harsh sun and wind in 
the desert. 

2344
02:09:05,500 --> 02:09:08,200
Many of the ingredients had 
antimicrobial properties. 

2345
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:11,000
That helps keep both the 
cosmetics and the skin of the 

2346
02:09:11,000 --> 02:09:14,200
people who use them safe back. 
Then it was amazing. 

2347
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:17,100
How Beauty became available to 
everyone in ancient Egypt. 

2348
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:20,600
Rich people could buy more 
expensive makeup and higher 

2349
02:09:20,600 --> 02:09:24,200
professionals to put it on but 
even servants and workers were 

2350
02:09:24,200 --> 02:09:28,000
basic eye makeup, people didn't 
think of this as vanity, they 

2351
02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:30,300
thought it was necessary for 
health spiritual protection and 

2352
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:33,300
being accepted by others. 
Some of the makeup techniques 

2353
02:09:33,300 --> 02:09:36,200
used in ancient Egypt weren't 
found again until modern times. 

2354
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:39,600
They knew how to make makeup. 
That wouldn't wash off pigments,

2355
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:42,900
that would last a long time and 
even early versions of what we 

2356
02:09:42,900 --> 02:09:44,600
might call foundation and 
concealer. 

2357
02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:48,000
Then knowledge of color, theory 
preservation and application 

2358
02:09:48,000 --> 02:09:50,100
techniques. 
Formed the basis for cosmetic 

2359
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:51,700
practices that are still used 
today. 

2360
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:55,300
As you think about these old 
beauty, rituals you're seeing a 

2361
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:58,300
civilization that knew a lot 
about how looks and identity are

2362
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:01,800
connected make up, was more than
just decoration for Egyptians. 

2363
02:10:01,800 --> 02:10:05,200
It was a way to change their 
appearance, protect themselves 

2364
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:08,700
and show their devotion. 
All at once, we can see the 

2365
02:10:08,700 --> 02:10:11,500
beginning of Cosmetics as both 
art and business in their 

2366
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:15,100
painted eyes and colored lips. 
These products that standards 

2367
02:10:15,100 --> 02:10:18,300
for beauty that would last for 
thousands of years as you travel

2368
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:20,400
through the ancient world. 
Let your mind take you from the 

2369
02:10:20,400 --> 02:10:25,000
Nile River to the sun, drenched 
Hills of Greece, around 450 BCE 

2370
02:10:25,000 --> 02:10:29,400
when Athens was at its best. 
The Aegean Seas, salty Breeze 

2371
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:32,300
and Olive blossoms. 
Make the air smell, good in this

2372
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:34,400
land, that gave us democracy and
philosophy. 

2373
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:36,700
You'll find a very different 
idea of beauty. 

2374
02:10:36,700 --> 02:10:39,700
One that values. 
Natural Perfection over dramatic

2375
02:10:39,700 --> 02:10:43,100
change on a nice morning. 
If you walk through the Agora of

2376
02:10:43,108 --> 02:10:45,900
Athens, you'll notice something 
about the people around. 

2377
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:49,200
You, that stands out the Greeks.
Look almost plain next to the 

2378
02:10:49,208 --> 02:10:52,500
Egyptians, who painted their 
bodies in very dramatic ways. 

2379
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:56,500
But if you look closer, you'll 
see that this simple look hides.

2380
02:10:56,500 --> 02:10:59,900
A complex and carefully crafted 
style that still affects 

2381
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:03,000
standards of beauty today. 
The Greek ideas of beauty were 

2382
02:11:03,000 --> 02:11:05,700
very philosophical. 
They believed in the idea of 

2383
02:11:05,700 --> 02:11:09,900
Kalos, which meant both physical
Beauty and moral goodness, a 

2384
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:12,700
person had to find a balance 
between their looks and their 

2385
02:11:12,700 --> 02:11:14,600
inner goodness to be truly 
beautiful. 

2386
02:11:15,600 --> 02:11:18,200
This meant that Cosmetics were 
just about looking good. 

2387
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:21,900
They were all so about becoming 
good making the outside look 

2388
02:11:21,900 --> 02:11:25,700
perfect to show how valuable you
are on the inside the Greeks 

2389
02:11:25,700 --> 02:11:30,200
like what they called marble 
skin which was pale smooth and 

2390
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:33,300
perfect like the stone there, 
sculptors used to make their 

2391
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,500
works of art. 
It took a lot of work and some 

2392
02:11:36,500 --> 02:11:40,000
not so good methods to get this.
Look, Rich Greek women would use

2393
02:11:40,000 --> 02:11:42,700
mixtures of white lead and chalk
on their skin to make it 

2394
02:11:42,700 --> 02:11:45,400
lighter. 
They knew that having pale skin 

2395
02:11:45,400 --> 02:11:48,900
meant you could relax and not 
have to work since the sun's 

2396
02:11:48,900 --> 02:11:50,900
Rays. 
Darken the skin of workers and 

2397
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:54,100
slaves but making marble skin 
was more complicated than just 

2398
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:57,900
putting on white makeup. 
Greek women had long complicated

2399
02:11:57,900 --> 02:12:00,600
Beauty, routines that started 
long before they touched their 

2400
02:12:00,600 --> 02:12:03,500
faces. 
They would bathe in milk, honey,

2401
02:12:03,500 --> 02:12:07,300
and olive oil, which were all 
good for the skin and made it 

2402
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,700
look slightly glowing. 
The milks natural acids, gently 

2403
02:12:10,700 --> 02:12:14,000
exfoliated the skin, the honey, 
moisturized it and killed 

2404
02:12:14,000 --> 02:12:17,300
bacteria and the olive oil 
formed a protective barrier that

2405
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:19,100
made the skin, feel soft and 
smooth. 

2406
02:12:19,100 --> 02:12:22,200
Imagine a richer than woman 
named a speecher. 

2407
02:12:22,200 --> 02:12:23,900
Starting her beauty routine in 
the morning. 

2408
02:12:24,700 --> 02:12:27,600
She Begins by taking a bath, 
that smells like rose petals and

2409
02:12:27,600 --> 02:12:29,900
centered oils. 
Her slaves, of set. 

2410
02:12:29,900 --> 02:12:32,600
The water to the right 
temperature and added herbs, the

2411
02:12:32,600 --> 02:12:35,900
known to make skin softener. 
He takes her time soaking. 

2412
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:37,900
Letting the oils soaking her 
skin. 

2413
02:12:37,900 --> 02:12:39,800
While the warm water opened her 
paws. 

2414
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:42,300
After her bath, a spacer goes to
her. 

2415
02:12:42,300 --> 02:12:45,800
Private room to get her makeup. 
Greek, makeup tools were simple,

2416
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:48,500
but elegant, they included 
bronze mirrors. 

2417
02:12:48,500 --> 02:12:50,400
That were polished to a 
mirror-like shine. 

2418
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:54,100
Small spoons for measuring 
powder and fine brushes, made 

2419
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:57,200
from animal hair. 
The Cosmetics were kept in. 

2420
02:12:57,200 --> 02:13:00,100
Beautiful pottery jars that were
often painted with scenes from 

2421
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:03,300
mythology or everyday life. 
The base of Greek makeup was 

2422
02:13:03,300 --> 02:13:06,700
literally Foundation. 
It was a white base made from a 

2423
02:13:06,700 --> 02:13:08,200
lead carbonate that gave the 
skin the pale. 

2424
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:12,500
Look they wanted a spey is slave
uses a damp cloth to carefully. 

2425
02:13:12,500 --> 02:13:16,100
Apply this to the skin until it 
looks smooth and Porcelain like 

2426
02:13:16,100 --> 02:13:18,100
it takes skill to do this, 
right? 

2427
02:13:18,100 --> 02:13:21,200
If you use too much makeup, it 
looks obvious and fake. 

2428
02:13:21,200 --> 02:13:23,500
And if you use too little, it 
doesn't work. 

2429
02:13:23,500 --> 02:13:26,000
Greek women didn't just want 
pale skin. 

2430
02:13:26,000 --> 02:13:28,900
They wanted their skin to look 
healthy and glowing under the 

2431
02:13:28,900 --> 02:13:31,200
white base. 
They did this by putting a light

2432
02:13:31,208 --> 02:13:34,000
red color on their cheeks with 
red oak or crushed mulberries. 

2433
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:37,000
The goal wasn't the bright 
color, that would become popular

2434
02:13:37,000 --> 02:13:40,200
later instead, it was a soft 
flush that made people look 

2435
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:43,400
healthy and full of life. 
The eyes were given careful but 

2436
02:13:43,400 --> 02:13:46,600
not too much attention. 
Greek women learned how to use 

2437
02:13:46,600 --> 02:13:49,300
coal from their Egyptian 
neighbors, but they did it in a 

2438
02:13:49,308 --> 02:13:52,500
much more subtle way. 
Greek, I make up, didn't use the

2439
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:56,800
dramatic extension that were 
popular in Egypt, instead, it 

2440
02:13:56,800 --> 02:14:00,100
followed the natural shape of 
the eyes darkening, the lashes 

2441
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:02,000
and defining the eyes without 
making the face. 

2442
02:14:02,000 --> 02:14:04,800
Look too busy. 
They might put a little color on

2443
02:14:04,800 --> 02:14:07,300
the eyelids. 
Usually a soft gray or brown, 

2444
02:14:07,300 --> 02:14:10,600
but the goal is always to make 
them look better, not different.

2445
02:14:10,600 --> 02:14:13,000
Greek makeup was very 
interesting. 

2446
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:16,900
They liked what they called. 
Wine dark lips, which was 

2447
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:19,500
inspired by a famous phrase, 
from Homer about the sea. 

2448
02:14:20,200 --> 02:14:24,400
This dark purple, red color came
from mixing, red, ocher, crushed

2449
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:26,700
berries. 
And sometimes even ground 

2450
02:14:26,700 --> 02:14:30,200
insects that made red dye. 
The application was very 

2451
02:14:30,200 --> 02:14:32,900
careful. 
Greek women used small brushes 

2452
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:36,300
to paint their lips into perfect
shapes usually smaller than 

2453
02:14:36,300 --> 02:14:38,300
their natural lip line to get 
the look. 

2454
02:14:38,300 --> 02:14:42,100
They wanted of delicate refined 
features but there was a strange

2455
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:44,600
contradiction. 
In Greek Beauty culture, women 

2456
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:46,500
were supposed to look naturally 
beautiful. 

2457
02:14:46,500 --> 02:14:49,700
But getting this natural look, 
took a lot of work with fake 

2458
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:53,700
makeup, the pale skin that made 
them look naturally refined was 

2459
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:57,500
actually from toxic lead makeup.
The Rosy Glow that showed good 

2460
02:14:57,500 --> 02:15:00,600
health was painted on the lips, 
were carefully shaped with 

2461
02:15:00,600 --> 02:15:03,100
brushes and pigments to make 
them look, perfect. 

2462
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:07,000
Interestingly, Greek men were 
not completely free from using 

2463
02:15:07,000 --> 02:15:09,800
Cosmetics. 
Athletes would oil their bodies 

2464
02:15:09,800 --> 02:15:12,400
before a competition for both 
practical and aesthetic. 

2465
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,700
Reasons some men use Cosmetics 
that weren't too obvious to 

2466
02:15:15,708 --> 02:15:19,200
cover up, scars or blemishes. 
It was also thought that any man

2467
02:15:19,200 --> 02:15:22,100
who moved in high-class, Social 
Circles needed to wear perfume. 

2468
02:15:22,100 --> 02:15:24,900
There were big changes in the 
way people use Cosmetics. 

2469
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:28,000
When they move from Greece, to 
Rome, as you keep going on your 

2470
02:15:28,000 --> 02:15:31,700
mental Journey, picture yourself
in Rome around the year. 50 CE, 

2471
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:35,500
when Emperor Claudius was in 
charge, People from all over the

2472
02:15:35,500 --> 02:15:39,000
Empire, come to the city to do 
business, the Egyptian Merchants

2473
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,600
sell exotic pigments Germanic 
slaves with pale skin, that 

2474
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:45,900
Roman women, like and Spanish 
Traders, sell precious metals 

2475
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:48,200
for cosmetic containers. 
In a lot of ways. 

2476
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:52,000
Roman Beauty culture was Greek 
Beauty culture on steroids, the 

2477
02:15:52,000 --> 02:15:54,200
Greeks like things to be subtle 
and not too much. 

2478
02:15:54,200 --> 02:15:57,200
While the Romans liked things to
be over the top and dramatic. 

2479
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:01,200
The Greeks wanted to look 
naturally perfect, but the 

2480
02:16:01,200 --> 02:16:03,500
Romans openly praised fake 
improvements. 

2481
02:16:03,500 --> 02:16:07,000
The Romans were very open about 
how fake their Cosmetics were 

2482
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:09,000
and they were afraid to try new 
things. 

2483
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:12,600
Roman women took the Greek love 
of pale skin to the next level 

2484
02:16:12,600 --> 02:16:14,900
to get skin. 
That was almost see through. 

2485
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:18,300
They used even more dangerous 
mixtures with white LED Mercury 

2486
02:16:18,300 --> 02:16:21,000
and arsenic. 
The health effects were 

2487
02:16:21,000 --> 02:16:24,300
terrible, many wealthy Roman 
women suffered from what we now 

2488
02:16:24,300 --> 02:16:27,700
know, as heavy metal poisoning, 
which caused hair loss, skin 

2489
02:16:27,700 --> 02:16:29,600
damage and neurological 
problems. 

2490
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,299
But the style was so strong that
they kept using these harmful 

2491
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:35,100
products. 
Even though they knew they were 

2492
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:38,200
bad for their health, the Roman 
version was very different from 

2493
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:40,500
the Greek version, which was 
much more subtle. 

2494
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:43,900
Roman women didn't just put 
bright red on their cheeks. 

2495
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:46,200
They sometimes put it all over 
their faces. 

2496
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:49,400
They made bright red pigments. 
That caught the light and let 

2497
02:16:49,400 --> 02:16:51,700
people know they were there from
across the room by using 

2498
02:16:51,700 --> 02:16:55,500
Cinnabar Mercury sulfide. 
The goal wasn't to look healthy.

2499
02:16:55,500 --> 02:17:00,400
It was to look rich powerful and
stylish the Roman's also had 

2500
02:17:00,400 --> 02:17:03,400
very dramatic eye makeup. 
They used coal even more than 

2501
02:17:03,400 --> 02:17:06,700
the Egyptians did, which made 
their eyes look dark and Smoky 

2502
02:17:06,700 --> 02:17:09,200
as if they were smoldering with 
intensity. 

2503
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:13,700
Roman women started using 
colored eye shadows in colors 

2504
02:17:13,700 --> 02:17:15,600
that would have shocked, their 
Greek predecessors. 

2505
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:19,100
They used bright Blues made from
ground, lapis lazuli. 

2506
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:23,299
Vivid greens made from Malachite
and even Gold Leaf for special 

2507
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:25,900
occasions. 
The color of Roman lips was just

2508
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:28,400
as bright. 
They like to Bright Reds made 

2509
02:17:28,400 --> 02:17:32,000
from crushed insects red Oaker 
and Cinnabar some Rowan. 

2510
02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:35,000
Women even used a red dye made 
from a certain kind of seaweed 

2511
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:38,100
that made a color that looked 
almost fluorescent and glowed in

2512
02:17:38,100 --> 02:17:41,299
the light of a lamp. 
The application was very precise

2513
02:17:41,299 --> 02:17:43,500
and dramatic. 
The lips were painted into 

2514
02:17:43,500 --> 02:17:45,700
exaggerated shapes that made 
them look fake. 

2515
02:17:45,700 --> 02:17:48,900
Roman perfumes became famous all
over the ancient world. 

2516
02:17:48,900 --> 02:17:52,100
They brought in strange things 
from all over their empire, 

2517
02:17:52,100 --> 02:17:56,799
like, frankincense from Arabia 
spices, from India, and flowers 

2518
02:17:56,799 --> 02:17:59,600
from Egypt. 
Roman perfume was came up with 

2519
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:03,200
complicated ways to make sense 
that made perfumes with many 

2520
02:18:03,200 --> 02:18:05,400
layers of scent that changed 
over the course of the day. 

2521
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:09,299
Rich Romans might change their 
perfume several times a day 

2522
02:18:09,308 --> 02:18:12,400
using different sense for 
different activities and social 

2523
02:18:12,400 --> 02:18:15,000
situations. 
The tools and containers that 

2524
02:18:15,000 --> 02:18:17,799
Romans used for Cosmetics became
more and more fancy and 

2525
02:18:17,799 --> 02:18:20,400
expensive. 
Rich, Roman women had makeup 

2526
02:18:20,400 --> 02:18:24,100
collections that included dozens
of specialized tools made of 

2527
02:18:24,100 --> 02:18:28,000
precious metals and decorated 
with jewels, their makeup boxes 

2528
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:31,700
were often works of art with 
detailed carvings inlaid gems 

2529
02:18:31,700 --> 02:18:33,299
and mechanical parts. 
That would have impressed 

2530
02:18:33,299 --> 02:18:37,100
Engineers today on a Treasures, 
were Roman beauty salons where 

2531
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:38,799
skilled slaves worked to put on 
makeup. 

2532
02:18:38,799 --> 02:18:41,799
These experts came up with 
methods, that wouldn't be used 

2533
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:45,200
again for hundreds of years. 
They knew how to make Cosmetics 

2534
02:18:45,200 --> 02:18:46,400
that wouldn't smudge in the 
heat. 

2535
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,799
How to mix colors for different 
skin tones, and how to use 

2536
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:52,900
makeup to make different facial 
features, look different, as you

2537
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:54,500
picture. 
These, Roman Beauty rituals 

2538
02:18:54,500 --> 02:18:56,900
you're seeing the beginning of 
Cosmetics as a way to show off 

2539
02:18:56,900 --> 02:19:00,000
your wealth for Romans wearing a
lot of makeup. 

2540
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:03,000
Wasn't just about looking good. 
It was a about showing off their

2541
02:19:03,000 --> 02:19:05,100
wealth status and 
sophistication. 

2542
02:19:05,100 --> 02:19:08,400
You looked more successful, the 
more fake and expensive. 

2543
02:19:08,400 --> 02:19:11,900
You looked this way of thinking 
about makeup as a status symbol 

2544
02:19:11,900 --> 02:19:13,700
would change. 
The way people think about 

2545
02:19:13,700 --> 02:19:17,299
beauty for hundreds of years as 
you relax and learn about the 

2546
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:19,900
history of beauty. 
Let your mind travel along the 

2547
02:19:19,900 --> 02:19:23,600
Silk Road, the famous network of
trade routes, that connected the

2548
02:19:23,600 --> 02:19:26,700
Eastern, the West. 
Picture yourself as a merchant 

2549
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:30,200
friend in the Tang Dynasty, 
around 700 CE. 

2550
02:19:30,200 --> 02:19:33,100
As you make your way to the 
beautiful city of chang'an, 

2551
02:19:33,100 --> 02:19:35,700
which is now Xi'an. 
You've been traveling through, 

2552
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:37,200
deserts, and mountains, for 
months. 

2553
02:19:37,200 --> 02:19:40,400
The first thing that stands out 
about Chinese Beauty culture, is

2554
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:45,400
how refined and subtle it is. 
The Romans liked bold drama and 

2555
02:19:45,400 --> 02:19:47,200
the Egyptians like spiritual 
symbols. 

2556
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:50,300
The Chinese on the other hand 
developed an aesthetic 

2557
02:19:50,300 --> 02:19:54,100
philosophy, based on Harmony 
balance and making natural 

2558
02:19:54,100 --> 02:19:57,600
beauty even more beautiful. 
Their ideas about makeup were 

2559
02:19:57,600 --> 02:20:00,000
heavily influenced by 
traditional Chinese medicine 

2560
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:04,100
philosophy and the idea of Q 
which is the life force that 

2561
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,300
flows through all things. 
Imagine yourself in the morning 

2562
02:20:07,300 --> 02:20:10,700
fog of a Tang Dynasty, Palace 
Garden where the ladies of the 

2563
02:20:10,700 --> 02:20:14,100
Court are starting to get ready 
for their beauty, the ritual 

2564
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:17,400
begins Before Dawn, not with 
putting on makeup, but with 

2565
02:20:17,400 --> 02:20:18,900
paying close attention to 
health. 

2566
02:20:18,900 --> 02:20:23,100
And in a balanced, According to 
Chinese cosmetic philosophy. 

2567
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:27,500
True beauty Came From Within 
healthy, organs, balanced energy

2568
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:30,800
and spiritual Harmony naturally 
made people look beautiful on 

2569
02:20:30,800 --> 02:20:34,100
the outside and cosmetics, could
only make that beauty better. 

2570
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:37,300
The Chinese were great chemists 
who came up with cosmetic 

2571
02:20:37,300 --> 02:20:40,000
ingredients and methods that 
were hundreds of years ahead of 

2572
02:20:40,008 --> 02:20:43,400
those used in the West, They 
learned how to make pigments 

2573
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:46,400
that last a long time from 
minerals, came up with ways to 

2574
02:20:46,400 --> 02:20:49,900
keep Cosmetics, fresh for months
and figured out how nutrition 

2575
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:52,300
affects skin Health in ways, 
that wouldn't be scientifically 

2576
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,900
proven until modern times. 
Then a type of Chinese face 

2577
02:20:55,900 --> 02:20:58,200
powder was made from rice flour,
ground pearls. 

2578
02:20:58,200 --> 02:21:01,500
And sometimes LED carbonate 
depending on the time and social

2579
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:04,300
class. 
The rice flour, gave the skin, a

2580
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:06,900
soft cover while letting it 
breathe and the ground pearls 

2581
02:21:06,900 --> 02:21:09,200
added a subtle shine. 
That made the skin look like 

2582
02:21:09,200 --> 02:21:12,500
porcelain people thought that 
putting on Fenn was an art that 

2583
02:21:12,500 --> 02:21:15,000
took years of practice to get 
good at a court. 

2584
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:17,700
Lady puts on her makeup every 
day with the same care as a 

2585
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:21,100
master, calligrapher, She starts
by washing her face with rice 

2586
02:21:21,100 --> 02:21:24,500
water, which is a method that 
modern Beauty fans have recently

2587
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:26,700
rediscovered for its anti-aging 
effects. 

2588
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:30,600
The rice water cleanses the skin
and gently exfoliates and 

2589
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:32,800
moisturizes. 
It next is the base. 

2590
02:21:32,800 --> 02:21:36,900
She uses a silk cloth that has 
been dampened with rose water to

2591
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:39,900
apply the rice powder foundation
in thin even layers. 

2592
02:21:39,900 --> 02:21:43,800
She builds up coverage slowly 
until a skin is a smooth as a 

2593
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:45,900
pearl. 
It takes time and careful 

2594
02:21:45,900 --> 02:21:47,600
attention to detail to do the 
process. 

2595
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:51,100
The goal isn't to hide her 
natural beauty, it's to make it 

2596
02:21:51,100 --> 02:21:53,300
perfect so that the ark can come
to life on it. 

2597
02:21:53,300 --> 02:21:56,000
Chinese eyebrow fashion was very
Advanced. 

2598
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:59,700
Eyebrow shapes changed a lot. 
Over the years, they went from 

2599
02:21:59,700 --> 02:22:03,500
thin crescents to bold, straight
lines to delicate curves that 

2600
02:22:03,500 --> 02:22:05,500
followed complicated geometric 
rules. 

2601
02:22:06,400 --> 02:22:09,100
Women would completely pluck 
their natural eyebrows. 

2602
02:22:09,100 --> 02:22:11,800
And then you special brushes and
pigments made from charcoal 

2603
02:22:11,800 --> 02:22:15,300
plant dies or even crushed. 
Butterfly wings to draw them 

2604
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:17,300
back. 
On the red lips were probably 

2605
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:20,600
the most famous part of Chinese 
makeup, but putting them on was 

2606
02:22:20,600 --> 02:22:23,000
much more complicated than just 
painting them red. 

2607
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:27,700
Chinese women used a method 
called Diane Chun, which meant 

2608
02:22:27,700 --> 02:22:30,800
putting red pigment only in the 
middle of their lips and leaving

2609
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:34,900
the edges, their natural color. 
This made a small bow shaped 

2610
02:22:34,900 --> 02:22:38,000
mouth that was thought to be the
most feminine and elegant people

2611
02:22:38,000 --> 02:22:41,800
use safflower petals Cinnabar or
a red paste made from crushed 

2612
02:22:41,800 --> 02:22:43,800
rose petals and honey to color 
their lips. 

2613
02:22:44,700 --> 02:22:47,500
But the most sought-after lip 
color came from a very clever 

2614
02:22:47,500 --> 02:22:50,000
Source. 
Women would press special paper 

2615
02:22:50,000 --> 02:22:52,700
that had been treated with red 
pigment against their lips to 

2616
02:22:52,708 --> 02:22:55,700
transfer the color. 
This early type of lipstick 

2617
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:59,600
paper was easy to carry lasted a
long time and made the color 

2618
02:22:59,600 --> 02:23:02,200
just right. 
They also came up with nail art 

2619
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:04,900
techniques that wouldn't be seen
in Western culture of 100s of 

2620
02:23:04,908 --> 02:23:07,600
years. 
They made complicated designs on

2621
02:23:07,608 --> 02:23:11,200
their nails with henna ground, 
flowers and mineral pigments. 

2622
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:14,600
Colors and patterns showed 
things like social status, 

2623
02:23:14,600 --> 02:23:17,500
marital status, and even 
political beliefs. 

2624
02:23:18,200 --> 02:23:20,600
The length and decoration of 
fingernails turned into a 

2625
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,000
complicated visual language that
people who knew how to read it. 

2626
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:26,100
Could understand in Chinese 
culture. 

2627
02:23:26,100 --> 02:23:28,500
Perfume served more purposes 
than just smelling. 

2628
02:23:28,500 --> 02:23:31,400
Good people thought that 
different sense could heal 

2629
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:33,700
change their mood and even bring
them. 

2630
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:35,200
Good luck. 
Chinese. 

2631
02:23:35,200 --> 02:23:38,200
Perfumers, made sense from 
incense that were worn in 

2632
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:41,400
special pendants or such as 
being put directly on the skin. 

2633
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:44,600
These portable perfumes. 
Let the wear a change their 

2634
02:23:44,600 --> 02:23:46,900
scent during the day based on 
what they were doing and who 

2635
02:23:46,900 --> 02:23:49,100
they were with. 
As you continue your mental 

2636
02:23:49,100 --> 02:23:52,400
Journey East, you find yourself 
in Japan, during the heian 

2637
02:23:52,400 --> 02:23:58,600
period, 794 to 1185 CE, where 
you see one of the most unique 

2638
02:23:58,600 --> 02:24:00,500
and complex Beauty cultures in 
history. 

2639
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:04,900
During this time, Japanese Court
life came up with aesthetic 

2640
02:24:04,900 --> 02:24:08,600
practices that were so intricate
and advanced that they changed 

2641
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:12,500
Japanese beauty standards. 
For more than 1,000 years, the 

2642
02:24:12,500 --> 02:24:14,900
makeup of Hayden Japan was known
for its sharp. 

2643
02:24:14,900 --> 02:24:17,700
Dramatic contrasts and precise 
geometric patterns. 

2644
02:24:18,500 --> 02:24:21,400
The most noticeable thing was 
the pure white face powder made 

2645
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:23,900
from rice flour, which made the 
skin look. 

2646
02:24:23,900 --> 02:24:26,600
Almost like a mask and made the 
makeup look even more fake. 

2647
02:24:26,600 --> 02:24:28,600
This wasn't meant to look 
natural. 

2648
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:31,500
It was meant to look 
otherworldly turning. 

2649
02:24:31,500 --> 02:24:33,800
The person wearing it into 
something that looked like a 

2650
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:36,400
work of art. 
Imagine a high-end Court lady 

2651
02:24:36,400 --> 02:24:38,300
getting ready for a night at the
Imperial Palace. 

2652
02:24:38,300 --> 02:24:41,300
She starts putting on her makeup
in the middle of the afternoon 

2653
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:44,400
and she needs help from skilled 
servants who have been trained 

2654
02:24:44,400 --> 02:24:46,300
for years in the exact methods 
needed. 

2655
02:24:47,100 --> 02:24:50,100
The first step is to put on 
oshiroi which is the white face 

2656
02:24:50,100 --> 02:24:53,300
powder that will be the base for
everything else to make a smooth

2657
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:56,700
paste, mix the white powder with
water and then use special 

2658
02:24:56,700 --> 02:24:58,500
brushes to apply it in thin 
layers. 

2659
02:24:58,500 --> 02:25:02,200
The coverage has to be 
completely even and go beyond 

2660
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:06,300
the natural hairline to make a 
smooth white oval that hides the

2661
02:25:06,308 --> 02:25:09,900
natural shape of the face. 
The effect is striking and a 

2662
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:13,400
little strange, the woman's face
becomes a blank canvas for art. 

2663
02:25:13,400 --> 02:25:17,000
Next are the eyebrows in the 
hand style. 

2664
02:25:17,000 --> 02:25:20,400
They were completely removed and
redrawn as small overval shapes 

2665
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:23,600
high on the forehead. 
People used charcoal or ink to 

2666
02:25:23,600 --> 02:25:27,400
paint these fake eyebrows called
hiki, Mario in places that had 

2667
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:29,600
nothing to do with where 
eyebrows naturally grow. 

2668
02:25:30,400 --> 02:25:33,300
These painted eyebrows had to be
placed and shape to calling to 

2669
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:36,800
strict fashion rules that 
changed slightly over time by 

2670
02:25:36,800 --> 02:25:38,300
today's standards, the eyes 
themselves. 

2671
02:25:38,300 --> 02:25:41,500
Don't get much attention. 
Here on women, didn't use 

2672
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:43,600
Dramatic Makeup to draw 
attention to their eyes. 

2673
02:25:43,600 --> 02:25:47,300
Instead, they often painted Thin
Red Lines along the inner 

2674
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:50,500
corners of their eyes to make a 
subtle, but noticeable accent. 

2675
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:53,800
The goal was to make a soft 
slightly sad face. 

2676
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:56,000
That was thought to be the most 
beautiful thing about women. 

2677
02:25:56,000 --> 02:25:59,200
But the most unique thing about 
hey and makeup was or hero, 

2678
02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:01,000
which is the practice of 
blackening. 

2679
02:26:01,000 --> 02:26:04,400
The teeth they did this by 
mixing iron filings and vinegar,

2680
02:26:04,400 --> 02:26:07,700
which made the teeth, a deep 
black color far from being 

2681
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:10,400
considered on a attractive, 
black, and teeth were a mark of 

2682
02:26:10,408 --> 02:26:13,000
beauty maturity and high social 
status. 

2683
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:15,900
Blackened teeth. 
Were a sign of refined 

2684
02:26:15,900 --> 02:26:18,600
femininity and only married 
women and Court. 

2685
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:19,900
Ladies of a certain age would do
it. 

2686
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:23,400
The lips in high-end makeup were
painted with red pigment made 

2687
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:25,900
from safflower Petals in the 
shape of a small bow. 

2688
02:26:26,500 --> 02:26:29,500
But these weren't painted over 
the natural lip line instead. 

2689
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:33,300
White powder was put on the 
Natural Soul, but Soul lips, but

2690
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:35,700
soul. 
But and a small red shape was 

2691
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:37,000
painted in the middle of the 
mouth. 

2692
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:40,800
The end result was a tiny 
perfect red accent that looked 

2693
02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:42,600
more like a flower petal than a 
mouth. 

2694
02:26:42,600 --> 02:26:45,800
During this time Japanese 
incense culture was very 

2695
02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:49,600
Advanced Court, ladies would use
special boxes to burn different 

2696
02:26:49,600 --> 02:26:51,800
types of incidents to make their
clothes, smell good. 

2697
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:56,000
The sense would stay on silk, 
robes for days, for different 

2698
02:26:56,000 --> 02:26:58,400
combinations, of incense were 
linked to different seasons 

2699
02:26:58,400 --> 02:27:02,500
feelings and even themes in 
literature, a woman sent became 

2700
02:27:02,500 --> 02:27:04,800
a part of who she was and how 
she expressed herself 

2701
02:27:04,800 --> 02:27:07,300
artistically. 
The tools that Japanese women 

2702
02:27:07,300 --> 02:27:10,100
used to do their makeup were 
works of art in their own right.

2703
02:27:10,900 --> 02:27:14,000
The best animal hairs were used 
to make brushes and the handles 

2704
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:16,600
were made of bamboo and had 
beautiful designs on them. 

2705
02:27:17,300 --> 02:27:20,300
People made mirrors out of 
polished bronze and the backs of

2706
02:27:20,308 --> 02:27:22,400
many of them had beautiful art 
scenes on them. 

2707
02:27:23,100 --> 02:27:25,700
The containers for Cosmetics 
were made from expensive 

2708
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:28,900
materials and were meant to be 
as pretty as the Cosmetics 

2709
02:27:28,900 --> 02:27:31,000
inside. 
When you move South to India, 

2710
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:34,700
you come across another unique 
cosmetic traditional soul, but 

2711
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:38,100
had combined lips, spiritual 
meaning with beautiful. 

2712
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:41,400
Looks Indian, beauty practices 
have been around for more than 

2713
02:27:41,400 --> 02:27:45,000
5,000 years and are closely 
linked to ayurvedic, medicine, 

2714
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:49,300
religion and social Customs. 
Indian cosmetics, were known for

2715
02:27:49,300 --> 02:27:51,100
their bright colors and natural 
ingredients. 

2716
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:53,000
That could be used for more than
one thing. 

2717
02:27:53,000 --> 02:27:57,000
Turmeric, for instance, was used
as a golden face powder, that 

2718
02:27:57,000 --> 02:27:59,900
made the skin look beautiful and
had antiseptic and 

2719
02:27:59,900 --> 02:28:03,400
anti-inflammatory properties. 
Sandalwood paste made a cool 

2720
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:06,100
fragrant bass for makeup and 
kept the skin safe from the 

2721
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:08,300
harsh. 
Indian son Cole was the most 

2722
02:28:08,300 --> 02:28:11,200
famous part of Indian maker, but
Indian coal was different from 

2723
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:14,200
Egyptian coal. 
Good for combin, SS combines 

2724
02:28:14,200 --> 02:28:19,300
kajal, convinced kajal utor 
Summa, also known as Indian coal

2725
02:28:19,300 --> 02:28:23,800
was made from soot from lamps 
ghee, clarified butter, and a 

2726
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:26,900
mix of medicinal herbs. 
Families, often made the dish at

2727
02:28:26,900 --> 02:28:29,500
home using recipes that had been
passed down through the years. 

2728
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:33,200
Interestingly Greek men were not
completely free from using 

2729
02:28:33,200 --> 02:28:36,000
Cosmetics. 
Athletes would oil their bodies 

2730
02:28:36,000 --> 02:28:38,500
before a competition for both 
practical and aesthetic. 

2731
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:42,000
Reasons some men use Cosmetics 
that weren't too obvious to 

2732
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:44,300
cover up. 
Scars or blemishes henna was a 

2733
02:28:44,308 --> 02:28:46,100
big part of Indian beauty 
culture. 

2734
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:49,200
It was used to make beautiful 
designs on hands and feet for 

2735
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:52,400
special occasions. 
Putting on henna was a social 

2736
02:28:52,400 --> 02:28:54,400
event where women got together 
to help each other. 

2737
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:57,700
Make intricate designs while 
telling stories and getting to 

2738
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:01,000
know each other, better henna 
art was a great way to celebrate

2739
02:29:01,000 --> 02:29:04,200
certain events and Times of year
because it only lasts for a 

2740
02:29:04,200 --> 02:29:06,800
short time. 
Beetle leaves, made Indian lip 

2741
02:29:06,800 --> 02:29:08,700
color by making a natural red 
stain. 

2742
02:29:08,700 --> 02:29:12,500
When chewed this practice had 
many benefits, it freshened. 

2743
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:15,300
Breath helped with digestion and
made lips. 

2744
02:29:15,300 --> 02:29:18,300
The right shade of red. 
The colors brightness showed how

2745
02:29:18,300 --> 02:29:21,500
recently the battle had been 
chewed making a natural timeline

2746
02:29:21,500 --> 02:29:23,200
of beauty that changed 
throughout the day. 

2747
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:25,700
As you think about these 
different Asian, beauty 

2748
02:29:25,700 --> 02:29:28,200
Traditions, you're seeing 
cultures that understood 

2749
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:31,100
something deep about how inner 
and outer beauty are connected 

2750
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:34,600
as well as how personal 
expression and cultural identity

2751
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:37,000
are connected. 
Each tradition came up with 

2752
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,000
Advanced methods and ideas about
beauty that affected, not only 

2753
02:29:40,000 --> 02:29:43,900
looks, but good, but looks but 
also, Health, spirituality and 

2754
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:46,600
social relationships, these old 
Asian beauty. 

2755
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:49,600
Rituals were the start of modern
Beauty Traditions, that still 

2756
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:52,000
shape the way people around the 
world use cosmetics. 

2757
02:29:53,100 --> 02:29:57,100
Focus on natural ingredients, 
exact application methods and 

2758
02:29:57,100 --> 02:30:00,800
the connection between Beauty 
health and spirituality gives us

2759
02:30:00,808 --> 02:30:03,000
Timeless advice. 
That is still useful to today. 

2760
02:30:03,000 --> 02:30:05,800
As you get more comfortable, 
under your blanket, think about 

2761
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:08,700
the interesting social divisions
that have always been a part of 

2762
02:30:08,700 --> 02:30:12,000
the world of beauty and 
cosmetics, Makeup has been both 

2763
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:14,400
a bridge and a wall between 
social classes throughout 

2764
02:30:14,400 --> 02:30:16,800
history. 
It has made invisible lines, 

2765
02:30:16,800 --> 02:30:19,800
that separate the rich from the 
poor, the noble from the common 

2766
02:30:19,800 --> 02:30:23,400
and the sophisticated, from the 
simple, imagine being an 

2767
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:26,100
observer who can magically move 
between social classes and see 

2768
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:29,800
how the same basic human desire 
for beauty shows itself in very 

2769
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:32,200
different ways, depending on 
where you are in the social 

2770
02:30:32,200 --> 02:30:36,900
hierarchy This story about two 
worlds, one of luxury, and one 

2771
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:40,000
of everyday needs tells us as 
much about people and how 

2772
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:42,400
Society works, as it does about 
Cosmetics. 

2773
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:45,900
Imagine what a normal morning 
was like in Florence in the 15th

2774
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:48,300
century when the Renaissance was
at its height. 

2775
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:52,000
The daughter of a wealthy 
Merchant family starts her long 

2776
02:30:52,000 --> 02:30:54,600
Beauty routine. 
In a beautiful Palazzo that 

2777
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:58,100
looks out over the Arno River. 
Her room is full of strange and 

2778
02:30:58,108 --> 02:31:02,200
beautiful things like mirrors. 
Framed in silver cosmetic 

2779
02:31:02,200 --> 02:31:05,300
containers made from carved 
Ivory and pigments that come 

2780
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:08,300
from all over the world. 
She starts her morning routine 

2781
02:31:08,300 --> 02:31:12,100
Before Dawn, not because she has
to get up early for work, but 

2782
02:31:12,100 --> 02:31:14,500
because it takes hours of 
careful planning to look 

2783
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,600
perfect. 
Begins with a bath in water that

2784
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:20,900
smells like roses and is heated 
to the perfect temperature by 

2785
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:23,300
servants, who have been awake 
since midnight, getting ready 

2786
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:27,500
for this moment. 
The bath itself is a luxury, a 

2787
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:30,200
big wooden tub line with linen 
and placed so that the morning 

2788
02:31:30,200 --> 02:31:33,400
light comes through the silk 
curtains after she bathed she 

2789
02:31:33,400 --> 02:31:36,000
starts the long process of 
getting her trendy pale skin, 

2790
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:39,600
the white makeup. 
She uses has serious in it which

2791
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:42,500
is a lead based cosmetic that 
costs more than most families 

2792
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:45,500
making a month. 
You need skill and expensive 

2793
02:31:45,500 --> 02:31:49,300
tools to do the application. 
These tools include brushes made

2794
02:31:49,300 --> 02:31:52,100
from rare animal. 
Hairs mixing palettes made from 

2795
02:31:52,100 --> 02:31:55,200
precious materials and a lot of 
other specialized tools that 

2796
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:57,900
cost a lot of money to buy a 
modern Beauty lover. 

2797
02:31:57,900 --> 02:32:00,300
Would have been Amazed by the 
number of Cosmetics. 

2798
02:32:00,300 --> 02:32:03,600
She had She has a lot of 
different pigments and each one 

2799
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:05,300
is kept in its own special 
container. 

2800
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:08,500
She got them through trade 
networks, that go all over the 

2801
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:11,000
world. 
Her makeup collection is like a 

2802
02:32:11,000 --> 02:32:14,000
museum of the world's wealth 
with ultramarine blue from 

2803
02:32:14,000 --> 02:32:17,000
Afghanistan. 
Cinnabar, red from Spain, and 

2804
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:20,200
gold leaf from Africa. 
But the most expensive part of 

2805
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:21,800
her beauty routine isn't the 
makeup. 

2806
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:23,500
It's the time. 
It takes. 

2807
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:26,800
She can spend three hours every 
morning getting ready because 

2808
02:32:26,800 --> 02:32:29,200
she doesn't have to work. 
Take care of kids cook or clean 

2809
02:32:29,200 --> 02:32:31,800
the house. 
Her beauty routine is a luxury 

2810
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:35,000
that shows off her social status
just as well as any title or 

2811
02:32:35,000 --> 02:32:36,800
crown. 
Now let's look at a different 

2812
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:39,900
neighborhood in the same city 
where the wife of a wall worker,

2813
02:32:39,900 --> 02:32:43,100
starts her own morning routine. 
She gets up before the sun 

2814
02:32:43,100 --> 02:32:45,400
rises. 
Not to look good but to stay 

2815
02:32:45,400 --> 02:32:47,900
alive. 
She has to feed the kids finish 

2816
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:50,500
her work and take care of the 
house with resources that have 

2817
02:32:50,500 --> 02:32:53,200
to last a long time. 
If you can call it a beauty 

2818
02:32:53,208 --> 02:32:56,200
routine, it happens in the 
minutes between more important 

2819
02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:58,700
things. 
She might Splash cold water on 

2820
02:32:58,700 --> 02:33:01,100
her face from a shared. 
Well, run her fingers through 

2821
02:33:01,100 --> 02:33:04,300
her hair to make it look nice. 
And maybe put on some homemade 

2822
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:07,200
Rouge made from crushed berries 
or red clay that she found near 

2823
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:09,400
the city walls. 
There is a big difference 

2824
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:13,600
Between the Cosmetic materials, 
the merchants daughter uses lead

2825
02:33:13,600 --> 02:33:16,500
powder from another country. 
While the worker's wife might 

2826
02:33:16,500 --> 02:33:20,200
use chalk dust or flour mixed 
with animal fat to make her 

2827
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:20,800
face. 
Look whiter. 

2828
02:33:21,700 --> 02:33:24,500
The rich woman puts valuable 
Cinnabar on her lips. 

2829
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:27,900
While the working woman uses the
juice from red berries or the 

2830
02:33:27,908 --> 02:33:31,000
color that comes from biting her
lips over and over again. 

2831
02:33:31,000 --> 02:33:33,100
But this is where the story gets
interesting. 

2832
02:33:34,000 --> 02:33:36,800
Both women are doing the same 
basic thing that all people do. 

2833
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:40,700
Both are using the resources. 
They have to look better show, 

2834
02:33:40,700 --> 02:33:43,600
who they are and fit in with the
beauty standards of their 

2835
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:46,100
Community. 
The difference is not in the 

2836
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:49,500
desire itself, but in the ways 
to make it happen, the Cosmetics

2837
02:33:49,500 --> 02:33:52,300
that working women use may not 
be as fancy, but they are often 

2838
02:33:52,300 --> 02:33:54,300
more useful and sometimes 
healthier than the more 

2839
02:33:54,300 --> 02:33:57,500
expensive ones. 
Her buried blush won't hurt her 

2840
02:33:57,500 --> 02:33:59,700
skin like Cosmetics that contain
lead. 

2841
02:34:00,300 --> 02:34:04,400
Her face powder made of flour 
and fat is less refined, but it 

2842
02:34:04,400 --> 02:34:07,500
lets us skin breathe. 
A simple preparations are made 

2843
02:34:07,500 --> 02:34:10,600
fresh and used right away, so 
they don't have the problems 

2844
02:34:10,600 --> 02:34:13,500
that expensive Cosmetics do when
they are stored for a long time,

2845
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:16,600
the social dynamics of cosmetic 
use of created. 

2846
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,700
Some really interesting 
contradictions over the years in

2847
02:34:19,700 --> 02:34:22,700
many cultures, only rich people 
were allowed to wear the most 

2848
02:34:22,700 --> 02:34:26,300
dramatic and fake makeup. 
Working people were expected to 

2849
02:34:26,300 --> 02:34:30,300
look more natural but getting 
that natural look often took 

2850
02:34:30,300 --> 02:34:33,100
just as much skill and work as 
making fake Beauty look good, 

2851
02:34:33,100 --> 02:34:36,600
think about ancient Rome where a
senator's wife might spend the 

2852
02:34:36,600 --> 02:34:38,400
whole morning. 
Putting on layers of white lead 

2853
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:40,800
makeup red, Cinnabar Rouge and 
fancy. 

2854
02:34:40,800 --> 02:34:44,300
I paints at the same time, she 
would criticize working women 

2855
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:47,300
for using simple Rouge or 
darkening their lashes with soot

2856
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:50,700
People thought that the wealthy 
woman's fake look was elegant 

2857
02:34:50,700 --> 02:34:53,600
and proper but looks but then a 
lower class woman. 

2858
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:54,800
Tried to make herself look 
better. 

2859
02:34:54,800 --> 02:34:58,600
It was often seen as vain or 
pretentious this double standard

2860
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:01,700
existed in part because makeup 
was a way for people to show off

2861
02:35:01,700 --> 02:35:04,800
their social status. 
The expensive makeup and 

2862
02:35:04,800 --> 02:35:08,100
complicated application methods,
showed that the person wearing 

2863
02:35:08,100 --> 02:35:11,700
it, had the money to buy luxury 
items and the time to use them, 

2864
02:35:11,700 --> 02:35:15,100
write a woman who showed up at 
dawn with perfectly applied, 

2865
02:35:15,100 --> 02:35:17,600
makeup was saying that she had 
servants to wake her up. 

2866
02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:21,000
Get her makeup ready and help 
her with the complicated process

2867
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:23,000
of putting it on. 
Beauty Tools. 

2868
02:35:23,000 --> 02:35:25,800
Also showed how well he someone 
was Rich. 

2869
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:28,300
Women had mirrors made of 
polished, silver or bronze, that

2870
02:35:28,300 --> 02:35:31,500
were often decorated with 
detailed Engravings and put in 

2871
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:34,000
expensive frames. 
They made their makeup brushes 

2872
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:36,900
out of animal hairs from Faraway
places and gave them handles. 

2873
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:39,700
Made of ivory, gold or rare 
Woods. 

2874
02:35:39,700 --> 02:35:43,000
Their makeup containers were 
works of art in their own right.

2875
02:35:43,000 --> 02:35:46,600
Meant to show off their wealth 
and taste women who worked used 

2876
02:35:46,600 --> 02:35:49,600
much simpler tools, their 
mirrors could be pieces of 

2877
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:52,100
polished metal. 
Or even a bowl of clear water. 

2878
02:35:52,100 --> 02:35:54,700
They often made their brushes 
out of things. 

2879
02:35:54,700 --> 02:35:59,100
They had on hand like frayed 
Twigs scraps of cloth or even 

2880
02:35:59,108 --> 02:36:01,900
their own fingers. 
Their makeup containers were 

2881
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:04,500
useful because they could hold 
both makeup and food or other 

2882
02:36:04,500 --> 02:36:07,400
things when they were needed 
archaeological evidence. 

2883
02:36:07,400 --> 02:36:09,300
Indicates that. 
Not withstanding. 

2884
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:12,200
These material disparities 
working women frequently. 

2885
02:36:12,200 --> 02:36:15,200
Exhibited greater innovation in 
their cosmetic techniques 

2886
02:36:15,200 --> 02:36:17,000
compared to their affluent 
counterparts. 

2887
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:21,000
Because they had to they had to 
try out different materials 

2888
02:36:21,000 --> 02:36:24,000
which led to discoveries about 
natural Cosmetics, that rich 

2889
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:25,800
people who could afford 
expensive. 

2890
02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:29,700
Imported ingredients, might 
never have made in medieval 

2891
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:31,700
Europe. 
The Cosmetic divide became even 

2892
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:34,600
bigger when religious leaders 
linked makeup to moral decay. 

2893
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:38,500
The church taught that God made 
people perfectly and trying to 

2894
02:36:38,500 --> 02:36:40,500
make God's creation. 
Better could be a sin. 

2895
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,300
This religious view, made things
complicated for society because 

2896
02:36:44,300 --> 02:36:47,600
rich women kept using fancy 
makeup in private while 

2897
02:36:47,600 --> 02:36:50,600
pretending in public that their 
beauty was completely natural. 

2898
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:53,900
This religious restriction had 
an interesting effect on how 

2899
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:57,300
Cosmetics were made women 
learned how to make makeup that 

2900
02:36:57,300 --> 02:36:59,300
look natural, but made them look
much better. 

2901
02:36:59,300 --> 02:37:01,800
They learned how to subtly 
lighten. 

2902
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:04,900
Their skin make their lips look 
naturally, red. 

2903
02:37:04,900 --> 02:37:08,500
And darken their Lashes in ways 
that looked like natural gifts 

2904
02:37:08,500 --> 02:37:11,800
rather than fake improvements. 
The growth of trade guilds in 

2905
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:14,800
medieval cities, gave working 
class women more chances to get 

2906
02:37:14,800 --> 02:37:16,500
involved in the world of 
cosmetics. 

2907
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:20,100
As part of their professional 
training, women who worked as 

2908
02:37:20,108 --> 02:37:23,700
perfumers ointment makers or 
cosmetic preparers, could get 

2909
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:26,100
better ingredients and learn 
more advanced methods. 

2910
02:37:26,100 --> 02:37:29,500
These women often acted as links
between high-end and low-end, 

2911
02:37:29,500 --> 02:37:33,200
Beauty practices by finding ways
to use expensive methods with 

2912
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:36,400
cheap materials, Royal courts 
have always been places where 

2913
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:40,500
new Cosmetics were tested out. 
With unlimited resources and a 

2914
02:37:40,500 --> 02:37:44,100
lot of competitions, people were
always trying new things Court 

2915
02:37:44,100 --> 02:37:47,300
ladies would compete to look the
best and most fashionable, which

2916
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:49,700
caused makeup techniques and 
beauty standards to change 

2917
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:52,600
quickly. 
The beauty routine that started 

2918
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:56,100
in Royal courts would eventually
spread throughout Society, but 

2919
02:37:56,100 --> 02:37:59,400
they would often be simpler and 
more useful, the French Court of

2920
02:37:59,408 --> 02:38:00,900
versaille during the reign of 
Louis. 

2921
02:38:00,900 --> 02:38:04,300
The 14th is a great example of 
how Elite cosmetic culture. 

2922
02:38:04,300 --> 02:38:08,300
Could get very complicated. 
Court ladies would spend hours 

2923
02:38:08,300 --> 02:38:12,700
each day putting on layers of 
white paint Rouge and fancy 

2924
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:15,400
decorations. 
For example, they would cut 

2925
02:38:15,400 --> 02:38:18,300
small patches from silk, or 
velvet and put them on their 

2926
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:21,400
faces in patterns that showed 
how they felt what political 

2927
02:38:21,400 --> 02:38:24,100
party they belonged to, or 
whether they were available for 

2928
02:38:24,100 --> 02:38:27,600
romance, these caught Fashions 
were so fancy and costly. 

2929
02:38:27,600 --> 02:38:30,500
That they kept, anyone who 
wasn't very rich from fully 

2930
02:38:30,500 --> 02:38:33,600
participating. 
One pot of the best white face 

2931
02:38:33,600 --> 02:38:36,100
paint could cost as much as a 
servant's yearly pay. 

2932
02:38:37,400 --> 02:38:39,100
Because it took so long to do 
it, right. 

2933
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:41,700
Only women with a lot of 
servants, could get the full 

2934
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:43,600
effect. 
But even the Servants of 

2935
02:38:43,608 --> 02:38:46,700
Versailles made their own beauty
products, making simpler 

2936
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:49,400
versions of the latest fashions 
using things they could afford 

2937
02:38:49,400 --> 02:38:52,200
or get through their jobs. 
Kitchen. 

2938
02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:55,000
Maids used lard and flour to 
make their faces look like the 

2939
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:58,500
white paint used by the rich 
laundresses made, colorful 

2940
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:00,700
makeup out of the leftover dies.
From washing clothes, 

2941
02:39:00,700 --> 02:39:04,100
seamstresses made their own 
Beauty patches out of scraps of 

2942
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,500
fabric during times of social 
unrest the different between 

2943
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:10,300
high-end and everyday Cosmetics 
became even more clear. 

2944
02:39:11,000 --> 02:39:14,400
For instance, during the French 
Revolution, the elaborate makeup

2945
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:17,500
style that were popular with the
upper class became not only on 

2946
02:39:17,500 --> 02:39:21,700
fashionable but also dangerous. 
Women who went out in public 

2947
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:24,700
with the white face paint and 
Rouge of the old regime could 

2948
02:39:24,700 --> 02:39:26,300
have been seen as enemies of the
Revolution. 

2949
02:39:26,300 --> 02:39:30,000
This made Beauty practices more 
democratic because former 

2950
02:39:30,000 --> 02:39:33,600
Aristocrats had to learn how to 
make simple natural looking 

2951
02:39:33,600 --> 02:39:37,700
makeup at the same time, working
women had more freedom to try 

2952
02:39:37,700 --> 02:39:40,300
out makeup techniques that were 
only available to the upper 

2953
02:39:40,300 --> 02:39:43,100
classes. 
The revolution literally changed

2954
02:39:43,100 --> 02:39:46,000
the way French women looked 
setting new standards that 

2955
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:49,400
valued natural beauty, and 
simplicity the Imperial Court in

2956
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:51,000
ancient. 
China came up with very 

2957
02:39:51,000 --> 02:39:54,400
complicated Beauty practices 
that took years of training to 

2958
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:57,500
learn how to do, right? 
Court ladies would try to make 

2959
02:39:57,500 --> 02:40:00,600
their skin look, perfect, their 
eyebrows look, perfect. 

2960
02:40:00,600 --> 02:40:04,900
And their lips look, beautiful. 
The Imperial Palace came up with

2961
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:07,900
these methods, which were kept 
secret by Palace servants for 

2962
02:40:07,900 --> 02:40:10,900
generations and never shared 
with anyone outside the palace. 

2963
02:40:10,900 --> 02:40:14,100
But Chinese Beauty culture had a
long history of every day. 

2964
02:40:14,100 --> 02:40:17,600
Beauty practices that were open 
to everyone women in the village

2965
02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:20,900
came up with their own ways to 
use local materials, like rice 

2966
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:24,500
water for cleaning flower petals
for color and different plant 

2967
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:27,800
extracts for skin care. 
These folk practices were often 

2968
02:40:27,800 --> 02:40:30,600
more useful and sometimes worked
better than the fancy ones used 

2969
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:32,900
in court. 
It wasn't just about money that 

2970
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:34,800
Elite and every day Cosmetics 
were different. 

2971
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:38,400
It was a about risk. 
Wealthy, women could try 

2972
02:40:38,408 --> 02:40:41,800
dangerous, things, like Mercury,
LED and arsenic because they 

2973
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:44,100
could get medical help. 
When these things made them sick

2974
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:47,400
working women, who couldn't 
afford such Medical Care. 

2975
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,700
Had to find safer ways to use 
Cosmetics that use natural 

2976
02:40:50,700 --> 02:40:53,400
ingredients and had fewer 
harmful side effects. 

2977
02:40:53,400 --> 02:40:56,600
This safety Gap had long-term 
effects on the development of 

2978
02:40:56,600 --> 02:40:58,900
Cosmetics. 
Working women who couldn't 

2979
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:01,300
afford dangerous. 
Alternatives were the first to 

2980
02:41:01,300 --> 02:41:04,200
find and improve many of the 
best and safest cosmetic 

2981
02:41:04,200 --> 02:41:06,700
ingredients. 
They're useful, new ideas, 

2982
02:41:06,700 --> 02:41:10,100
eventually changed the way rich.
Women use Cosmetics, as they 

2983
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:13,300
began to see the benefits of 
safer more, natural ways to look

2984
02:41:13,300 --> 02:41:15,400
good. 
The tools and methods used to 

2985
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:18,400
put on makeup will showed social
divisions in interesting ways, 

2986
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:22,000
rich women could buy special 
tools for every part of putting 

2987
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:24,600
on makeup. 
For example, they had different 

2988
02:41:24,600 --> 02:41:27,900
brushes for different types of 
paint precise tools for making 

2989
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:30,800
perfect shapes. 
And complicated storage systems 

2990
02:41:30,800 --> 02:41:32,200
for keeping their makeup 
collections. 

2991
02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:35,300
In order, women who worked came 
up with tools and methods, that 

2992
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:37,000
worked best for many different 
tasks. 

2993
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:41,000
You could use one brush to put 
on both lip color and blush, you

2994
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:43,800
could use a small mirror for 
both personal grooming and work 

2995
02:41:43,800 --> 02:41:48,400
that requires a lot of detail 
like needlework These useful new

2996
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:51,000
tools were often better than 
more specialized Elite tools. 

2997
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:53,900
So people from all walks of life
started using them. 

2998
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:56,600
As you think about these 
historical differences between 

2999
02:41:56,600 --> 02:41:59,800
Elite and everyday Beauty 
practices you see more than just

3000
02:41:59,800 --> 02:42:02,000
differences and how people use 
Cosmetics. 

3001
02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:05,200
You see how human creativity 
adapts to new situations. 

3002
02:42:05,200 --> 02:42:09,500
How necessity leads to new ideas
and how the basic desire for 

3003
02:42:09,500 --> 02:42:11,800
beauty crosses? 
Social boundaries, even when the

3004
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:13,400
ways to get, it are very 
different. 

3005
02:42:13,400 --> 02:42:15,800
As you can continue your 
peaceful journey through the 

3006
02:42:15,800 --> 02:42:17,700
night. 
Let your mind wander to one of 

3007
02:42:17,708 --> 02:42:19,900
the most interesting parts of 
cosmetic history. 

3008
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:25,200
The secret meanings, spiritual 
significance and hidden messages

3009
02:42:25,200 --> 02:42:27,500
that make up as carried 
throughout human history. 

3010
02:42:27,500 --> 02:42:30,200
Cosmetics have been more than 
just decoration. 

3011
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:33,000
They have been a complex 
language that could say anything

3012
02:42:33,000 --> 02:42:36,200
from religious Devotion, to 
political allegiance from being 

3013
02:42:36,200 --> 02:42:39,400
married, to being protected by 
Magic, picturing yourself as a 

3014
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:42,300
skilled Anthropologist, who can 
read these pictures as you walk 

3015
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:48,400
through a busy Market in ancient
Babylon around 600 BCE The faces

3016
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:50,200
around. 
You tell stories that go far 

3017
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:51,700
beyond just making you look 
better. 

3018
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:53,900
People who know what they're 
looking at. 

3019
02:42:53,900 --> 02:42:55,400
Can read the meaning of each 
painted. 

3020
02:42:55,400 --> 02:42:58,400
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 
applied lip color, like, pages 

3021
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:01,700
from an illuminated manuscript. 
The woman with the blue green 

3022
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:03,800
eyeshadow isn't just following 
fashion. 

3023
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:07,600
She showing her love for Ishtar 
the goddess of love and 

3024
02:43:07,600 --> 02:43:11,300
fertility. 
The exact shade of blue which is

3025
02:43:11,308 --> 02:43:14,400
made by mixing ground, lapis, 
lazuli with the right amount of 

3026
02:43:14,400 --> 02:43:17,500
malachite shows. 
Not only her religion, but also 

3027
02:43:17,500 --> 02:43:19,300
her hope for a successful 
pregnancy. 

3028
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:23,200
The way she applied the color, 
like, wings that go a little 

3029
02:43:23,208 --> 02:43:26,400
past the outer corners of her 
eyes shows that she recently 

3030
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:28,300
made a big offering at dish. 
Tiles Temple. 

3031
02:43:28,300 --> 02:43:31,500
The old man has cold rimmed eyes
and a well, groomed beard that 

3032
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:34,300
has been died with henna his 
advertising, his job, as a 

3033
02:43:34,308 --> 02:43:36,400
scribe, and his status as a 
learned, man. 

3034
02:43:37,400 --> 02:43:40,100
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

3035
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:43,300
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

3036
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:46,300
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

3037
02:43:46,300 --> 02:43:49,300
texts, rather than business 
letters, as shown by the reddish

3038
02:43:49,300 --> 02:43:52,000
tint in his beard, which he got 
by carefully. 

3039
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:54,400
Applying henna mixed with 
certain centered oils. 

3040
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:57,200
Even the kids in the market, 
have messages about beauty. 

3041
02:43:58,100 --> 02:44:00,600
The little girl with red Oaker 
spots on her cheeks isn't 

3042
02:44:00,600 --> 02:44:04,000
wearing makeup to look pretty. 
Those spots show that she comes 

3043
02:44:04,000 --> 02:44:07,300
from a family of metal workers, 
which is a hereditary profession

3044
02:44:07,300 --> 02:44:09,300
shown by this specific facial 
marking. 

3045
02:44:10,100 --> 02:44:12,700
His mother put a line of coal 
around his eyes to protect him 

3046
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:15,500
from the evil eye. 
As part of her daily prayers for

3047
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:17,800
his safety. 
This complicated system of 

3048
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:21,000
cosmetic communication was used 
by almost all ancient cultures, 

3049
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:24,500
but the meaning of the Cosmetics
were very different from one 

3050
02:44:24,500 --> 02:44:28,500
culture to another The one thing
that stayed the same was that 

3051
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:31,800
people could use their faces as 
a canvas to share complicated 

3052
02:44:31,800 --> 02:44:35,000
information about who they are, 
what, they believe their status 

3053
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:37,200
and their plans. 
In ancient Egypt. 

3054
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:39,700
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 
religious ideas about the 

3055
02:44:39,700 --> 02:44:43,000
afterlife, and the journey of 
the soul, the unique eye makeup 

3056
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:45,200
that both men and women wore 
wasn't just for looks. 

3057
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:49,700
It was also a way to protect 
their spirits The black coal 

3058
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,000
stood for the rich soil of the 
Nile Delta which stood for new 

3059
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:56,100
life and rebirth. 
The green eyeshadow made from 

3060
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:59,400
malachite linked, the person who
wore it to the god, Horus, and 

3061
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:02,800
the promise of being reborn, 
imagine an Egyptian Priestess 

3062
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,000
getting ready for a religious 
ceremony at the temple of 

3063
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:08,000
hathor. 
Her makeup routine is as planned

3064
02:45:08,000 --> 02:45:11,200
out as the ritual itself. 
She starts by putting down a 

3065
02:45:11,200 --> 02:45:13,000
base of white chalk mixed with 
nature on. 

3066
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:16,600
This makes a clean canvas that 
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 

3067
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:20,000
she then carefully Paints the 
religious symbols that represent

3068
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:23,100
her role such as gold and 
highlights that Stanford for the

3069
02:45:23,108 --> 02:45:25,600
sun. 
God raw blue accents, the 

3070
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:29,900
connector to the night sky and 
the goddess nut and red elements

3071
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:31,800
that stand for life, force and 
divine power. 

3072
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:35,200
Every stroke of the brush has 
meaning the way she draws her 

3073
02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:38,200
eye makeup in wing-like shape is
like the protective wings of the

3074
02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:41,700
Goddess Isis. 
The exact geometric shapes, she 

3075
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:43,800
makes on her forehead and 
cheeks, are not just for 

3076
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:47,400
decoration, they are sacred 
symbols that show her rank in 

3077
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:50,400
the temple hierarchy, and her 
specific ritual duties, the 

3078
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:54,100
perfume, she wears are just as 
important, the frankincense oil,

3079
02:45:54,100 --> 02:45:57,000
she puts on her wrists connects 
her to Divine communication 

3080
02:45:57,000 --> 02:45:59,600
because it smoke carries prayers
to the gods. 

3081
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:03,000
The merch you puts on her throat
is a sign of protection against 

3082
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:05,600
evil and the preservation of 
holy speech. 

3083
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:09,600
The Jasmine oil, she uses in her
hair stands for feminine divine 

3084
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:11,600
power. 
And the drawing in of good 

3085
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:15,500
spiritual forces in Ancient 
India, the language of Cosmetics

3086
02:46:15,500 --> 02:46:17,400
was just as complicated and 
important. 

3087
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:21,700
The tilaka which are colored 
marks on the forehead were a 

3088
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,000
complex way to identify someone.
A knowledgeable person could 

3089
02:46:25,000 --> 02:46:28,100
tell their religious sect, where
they came from, their social 

3090
02:46:28,100 --> 02:46:30,200
caste, and even their current 
spiritual State. 

3091
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:33,200
Picture meeting a merchant from 
Southern India in a market in 

3092
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,500
the North. the red and white 
vertical lines on his forehead 

3093
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:39,900
show that he is a follower of 
Vishnu and the specific pattern 

3094
02:46:39,900 --> 02:46:44,400
shows that he is from a certain 
area and is a merchant The small

3095
02:46:44,400 --> 02:46:47,100
dot of Sandalwood paste on. 
His forehead means that he's 

3096
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:49,200
going through a period of 
ritual, purification. 

3097
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:52,100
Probably to get ready for an 
important business deal or 

3098
02:46:52,100 --> 02:46:54,600
religious Festival. 
The women in his family would 

3099
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:57,900
send even more complicated 
Beauty messages when a married 

3100
02:46:57,900 --> 02:47:00,000
woman puts red sindoor powder in
her hair. 

3101
02:47:00,000 --> 02:47:03,800
It tells everyone she meets that
she is married The color and 

3102
02:47:03,800 --> 02:47:05,600
width of the application may 
also show. 

3103
02:47:05,600 --> 02:47:08,700
If she is newly married has kids
or is pregnant. 

3104
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:12,500
Henna on her hands could tell 
the story of her wedding, her 

3105
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:14,700
family, history, and her hopes 
for the future. 

3106
02:47:14,700 --> 02:47:17,800
In ancient China, the use of 
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 

3107
02:47:17,800 --> 02:47:21,000
Taoist philosophy and the idea 
of balance between opposing 

3108
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:24,000
forces. 
Pale white face powder, stood 

3109
02:47:24,000 --> 02:47:27,700
for Yin, which is the feminine 
accepting and peaceful 

3110
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:30,000
principal. 
The red lip and cheek color 

3111
02:47:30,000 --> 02:47:33,000
stood for Yang which is the 
masculine active and dynamic 

3112
02:47:33,000 --> 02:47:35,500
principle. 
People thought that achieving 

3113
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:38,100
perfect cosmetic balance meant 
bringing these forces into 

3114
02:47:38,100 --> 02:47:40,800
harmony, which would improve, 
not only Beauty, but also 

3115
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:43,800
spiritual and physical health. 
Some of the makeup used in 

3116
02:47:43,800 --> 02:47:46,200
Chinese courts. 
During the Tang Dynasty was 

3117
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:49,100
meant to make political 
statements the way someone 

3118
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:51,700
paints their eyebrows could 
show, which court factions, they

3119
02:47:51,700 --> 02:47:55,600
are loyal to the placement and 
color of decorative elements on 

3120
02:47:55,600 --> 02:47:58,700
the face May indicate support 
for particular policies or 

3121
02:47:58,700 --> 02:48:02,100
political ideologies. 
The choice of perfume could even

3122
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:04,900
be political since different 
sense, were linked to different 

3123
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:07,900
parts of the Empire and their 
cultural values European 

3124
02:48:07,900 --> 02:48:10,200
medieval Cosmetics. 
Had their own complicated 

3125
02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:12,700
symbolic meanings. 
But these were often hidden by 

3126
02:48:12,708 --> 02:48:16,300
religious rules about how to use
them when the church told women 

3127
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:18,000
not to wear makeup because it 
was vain. 

3128
02:48:18,000 --> 02:48:20,700
They came up with subtle 
cosmetic codes that let them 

3129
02:48:20,700 --> 02:48:23,500
share important information 
while still looking like they 

3130
02:48:23,500 --> 02:48:26,800
were naturally, beautiful a pale
complexion, which could be 

3131
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:29,700
achieved by using white powders 
carefully, and staying out of 

3132
02:48:29,708 --> 02:48:33,000
the sun showed that someone was 
of noble birth and had a lot of 

3133
02:48:33,008 --> 02:48:36,100
free time. 
Slightly Rosy Cheeks, which 

3134
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:38,500
could be made by pinching or 
lightly applying Rouge. 

3135
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:40,100
Made people look, young and 
healthy. 

3136
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:43,400
People who are rich could afford
to eat well and keep their teeth

3137
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:45,400
clean. 
Which showed good nutrition, and

3138
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:47,900
careful. 
Hygiene, but medieval Cosmetics 

3139
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:49,600
also sent more specific 
messages. 

3140
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:52,400
Some perfumes. 
Could mean that a person is 

3141
02:48:52,400 --> 02:48:54,900
ready to get married or is all 
ready in a relationship? 

3142
02:48:56,000 --> 02:48:59,000
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

3143
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:01,700
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

3144
02:49:01,700 --> 02:49:04,700
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

3145
02:49:04,700 --> 02:49:07,800
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

3146
02:49:07,800 --> 02:49:10,800
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture, 

3147
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:13,700
created complex systems of 
visual communication during the 

3148
02:49:13,700 --> 02:49:16,900
Renaissance, the meaning of 
Cosmetics became more complex 

3149
02:49:17,900 --> 02:49:21,000
Famous white LED makeup that 
rich women wore didn't just show

3150
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:23,600
that they were fashionable. 
It also showed that they could 

3151
02:49:23,600 --> 02:49:27,300
afford expensive and dangerous 
Cosmetics that they had the time

3152
02:49:27,300 --> 02:49:30,500
to spend hours putting it on and
that they were willing to put 

3153
02:49:30,500 --> 02:49:33,900
their health at risk for beauty,
the use of beauty patches which 

3154
02:49:33,900 --> 02:49:36,400
are small pieces of silk or 
velvet put on the face. 

3155
02:49:36,400 --> 02:49:41,100
Turned into a complicated way to
talk to each other. on the cheek

3156
02:49:41,100 --> 02:49:44,000
could mean that the person is 
political, while a patch on the 

3157
02:49:44,008 --> 02:49:47,400
corner of the mouth, could mean 
that the person is flirting A 

3158
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:49,600
patron on the forehead might 
mean that someone is smart or 

3159
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:51,600
has learned something while a 
patch near. 

3160
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:54,300
The I might mean that something 
is mysterious or interesting 

3161
02:49:54,300 --> 02:49:56,300
Beauty patches in different 
colors. 

3162
02:49:56,300 --> 02:50:00,000
Have different meanings black. 
Patches were common and not very

3163
02:50:00,000 --> 02:50:04,400
strong but colored patches could
send a clear message red patches

3164
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:08,000
could mean anger or passion blue
could mean sadness or deep 

3165
02:50:08,000 --> 02:50:12,000
feelings and white could mean 
Innocents or Mourning the Sensei

3166
02:50:12,000 --> 02:50:13,700
used. 
During this time also had deep 

3167
02:50:13,700 --> 02:50:16,800
symbolic meanings, different 
smells were linked to different,

3168
02:50:16,800 --> 02:50:21,000
good qualities, feelings, and 
social messages. a woman might 

3169
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:24,900
wear floral scents to show that 
she is feminine and gentle spicy

3170
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:28,200
sense to show that she is 
passionate and sophisticated or 

3171
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:30,600
herbal sense to show that she 
knows how to heal and do 

3172
02:50:30,600 --> 02:50:33,800
household chores, in many 
African cultures using 

3173
02:50:33,800 --> 02:50:37,400
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 
and social, meaning that linked 

3174
02:50:37,400 --> 02:50:40,700
people to their ancestors, their
community, and the world around 

3175
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:43,600
the Certain patterns of face 
painting. 

3176
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:46,800
Could show what Clan someone 
belongs to how old they are, 

3177
02:50:46,800 --> 02:50:50,200
whether they are married and 
what their spiritual role is in 

3178
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:52,700
the community. 
Putting on traditional African 

3179
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:54,900
makeup was often a group 
activity that brought people 

3180
02:50:54,900 --> 02:50:57,600
closer together and passed down 
cultural knowledge. 

3181
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,200
Older women would teach younger 
women, not only how to apply 

3182
02:51:01,200 --> 02:51:04,800
makeup but also what different 
colors and patterns meant, there

3183
02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:07,500
were stories songs and 
traditional wisdom, that linked 

3184
02:51:07,500 --> 02:51:10,400
Beauty practices to bigger, 
cultural values and beliefs in 

3185
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:12,800
this education. 
Different colors of pigments, 

3186
02:51:12,800 --> 02:51:15,800
had different spiritual 
meanings, like clay could stand 

3187
02:51:15,800 --> 02:51:18,100
for spirits of ancestors and 
linked to. 

3188
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:21,100
The Divine red, Oaker might 
stand for Life, Force for 

3189
02:51:21,100 --> 02:51:22,800
fertility, and a link to the 
Earth. 

3190
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,500
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

3191
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:29,600
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

3192
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:32,000
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

3193
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:35,200
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the 

3194
02:51:35,200 --> 02:51:38,500
wearer was, what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

3195
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:41,700
the community. 
A young woman's coming of age. 

3196
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:44,500
Ceremony might include putting 
on certain patterns that showed 

3197
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:47,500
she was no longer a child. 
A new mother on the other hand 

3198
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:49,900
might wear different patterns to
show that she will make up 

3199
02:51:49,908 --> 02:51:52,100
Buddhist. 
Now a mother in ancient Persia 

3200
02:51:52,100 --> 02:51:54,000
Cosmetics. 
Were closely linked to 

3201
02:51:54,000 --> 02:51:57,200
zoroastrian religious beliefs 
about the fight between light 

3202
02:51:57,200 --> 02:52:00,400
and dark in the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

3203
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:03,400
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

3204
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:07,100
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

3205
02:52:07,100 --> 02:52:09,500
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

3206
02:52:09,508 --> 02:52:10,900
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

3207
02:52:10,908 --> 02:52:14,200
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in this

3208
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:15,700
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

3209
02:52:15,700 --> 02:52:18,900
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

3210
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:21,500
religious ceremonies and how 
committed they are to 

3211
02:52:21,500 --> 02:52:25,000
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

3212
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:26,700
perfumes. 
They used could bring in good 

3213
02:52:26,700 --> 02:52:28,900
spiritual forces and keep out 
bad ones. 

3214
02:52:29,600 --> 02:52:31,800
People were told to use 
different scents for different 

3215
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:34,900
spiritual purposes, like 
meditation and prayer 

3216
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:38,400
protection, while traveling, and
bringing love and harmony into 

3217
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:40,800
relationships. 
As you think about these deep 

3218
02:52:40,800 --> 02:52:44,000
traditions of cosmetic symbolism
and meaning, you can see how 

3219
02:52:44,000 --> 02:52:47,200
amazing it is that people can 
turn the simple act of putting 

3220
02:52:47,200 --> 02:52:52,000
on their face into a complex way
to communicate identify 

3221
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:54,700
themselves and express their 
spirituality. 

3222
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:58,200
These old traditions show us 
that make up as always been 

3223
02:52:58,200 --> 02:52:59,700
about more than just how you 
look. 

3224
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:03,100
It's also been a way to be a 
part of the most important parts

3225
02:53:03,100 --> 02:53:06,600
of human culture and Community. 
As you relax, more deeply into 

3226
02:53:06,600 --> 02:53:09,500
your comfortable position. 
Let your mind, gently explore, 

3227
02:53:09,500 --> 02:53:12,900
how these old beauty practices, 
still affect and shape our 

3228
02:53:12,900 --> 02:53:17,600
modern world in ways that are 
both obvious and surprising make

3229
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:19,400
up. 
Story doesn't end with the fall 

3230
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:22,300
of Empires or the rise of new 
ones instead. 

3231
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:25,500
It flows like an underground 
river, sometimes visible and 

3232
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:28,900
sometimes hidden but always 
there bringing the knowledge and

3233
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,500
new ideas of our ancestors into 
our lives today. 

3234
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:34,000
Think about your own morning 
routine, for a moment. 

3235
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:37,300
When you wash your face with a 
gentle cleanser you're taking 

3236
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:40,800
part in a ritual that goes back 
to ancient Egyptian priests who 

3237
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:43,900
use nitron and oils to clean the
cells before going to see their 

3238
02:53:43,900 --> 02:53:46,200
gods. 
When you put on Foundation to 

3239
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,200
make your skin tone, even your 
following a method that Chinese 

3240
02:53:49,200 --> 02:53:52,300
Court ladies used to get 
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing

3241
02:53:52,300 --> 02:53:55,400
rice powder with precious oils. 
When you look in the mirror, 

3242
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:58,300
While putting on makeup, you are
doing something that people have

3243
02:53:58,300 --> 02:53:59,600
been doing for hundreds of 
years. 

3244
02:53:59,600 --> 02:54:02,600
Even though your mirror is made 
of silver glass. 

3245
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:05,900
Instead of polished bronze or 
obsidian, your makeup comes from

3246
02:54:05,900 --> 02:54:09,200
Labs instead of being ground by 
hand from minerals and plants. 

3247
02:54:09,200 --> 02:54:11,600
The basic experience is still 
the same. 

3248
02:54:11,600 --> 02:54:14,800
You're changing who you are and 
getting ready to face the world.

3249
02:54:14,800 --> 02:54:18,000
You're taking part in the 
ancient dance between identity 

3250
02:54:18,000 --> 02:54:20,500
and appearance. 
Even though modern cosmetic 

3251
02:54:20,500 --> 02:54:23,700
science is very Advanced, it 
keeps finding the wisdom that 

3252
02:54:23,700 --> 02:54:27,400
was already there in ancient 
Beauty practices people first 

3253
02:54:27,400 --> 02:54:30,300
noticed that retinoids could 
help with aging and oils from 

3254
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:34,400
fish liver that were high in 
vitamin A Egyptian, women use, 

3255
02:54:34,400 --> 02:54:36,700
sour milk and fruit acids to 
smooth their skin. 

3256
02:54:36,700 --> 02:54:41,000
So they knew that Alpha hydroxy 
acids could do the same ancient 

3257
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:43,800
cultures used honey and plant 
mucilages to keep their skin 

3258
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:47,400
soft and supple which is similar
to how highly ironic acid Works.

3259
02:54:47,400 --> 02:54:50,500
Think about how the colors 
people like in the past, still 

3260
02:54:50,500 --> 02:54:52,200
affect the style of makeup 
today. 

3261
02:54:53,000 --> 02:54:55,000
The red lips that were popular 
in ancient Roman. 

3262
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,300
China are still a classic look 
that never really goes out of 

3263
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:01,200
style. 
The dramatic eye makeup that 

3264
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:04,200
ancient Egyptians invented comes
back into style all the time 

3265
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:08,000
from the model, looks of the 
1960s to the Bold graphic style 

3266
02:55:08,000 --> 02:55:11,300
of modern makeup artists. 
The idea that make up can 

3267
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:12,800
change. 
A person's appearance has been 

3268
02:55:12,800 --> 02:55:15,400
around for a long time and is 
still driving new cosmetic 

3269
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:18,500
products today. 
Like shamans in the past used 

3270
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:21,500
face paint to talk to spirits 
makeup artist today. 

3271
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:23,800
Help people explore different 
parts of who they are. 

3272
02:55:23,800 --> 02:55:27,200
The traditions of face painting,
that started as religious. 

3273
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:30,600
Rituals have had an impact on 
everything from Halloween makeup

3274
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,200
to special effects in movies and
TV shows. 

3275
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:36,600
Ancient color symbolism is still
present in small ways. 

3276
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:40,000
In modern culture, red has been 
linked to power and passion. 

3277
02:55:40,000 --> 02:55:44,200
Since prehistoric times when it 
was used in Oka paintings, this 

3278
02:55:44,200 --> 02:55:47,600
still affects how we see red 
lipstick and clothing. the link 

3279
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:50,300
between white and Purity, which 
was developed by ancient 

3280
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:53,600
cultures from Egypt, to China is
still important in bridal, 

3281
02:55:53,600 --> 02:55:57,200
makeup and formal Aesthetics the
social dynamics of ancient 

3282
02:55:57,200 --> 02:55:59,500
cosmetic culture are very 
similar to those of modern 

3283
02:55:59,500 --> 02:56:03,300
Beauty practices, The difference
between high-end and every day 

3284
02:56:03,300 --> 02:56:06,700
Cosmetics, that existed in 
ancient civilizations is the 

3285
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:09,500
same as the difference between 
high-end and Drugstore Beauty 

3286
02:56:09,500 --> 02:56:12,500
Brands today. 
The same psychological drives 

3287
02:56:12,500 --> 02:56:14,600
that made ancient Court. 
Ladies compete with each other 

3288
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:17,900
by wearing, elaborate makeup 
still drive, modern Beauty 

3289
02:56:17,900 --> 02:56:21,600
influencers and their fans. 
Modern cosmetic scientists are 

3290
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:23,700
figuring out how to use old 
makeup techniques that took 

3291
02:56:23,700 --> 02:56:27,700
hundreds of years to develop and
perfect using modern chemistry 

3292
02:56:27,700 --> 02:56:30,400
and Manufacturing methods. 
We are recreating the 

3293
02:56:30,400 --> 02:56:33,100
long-lasting formulas that 
ancient cultures came up with 

3294
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:37,100
through trial and error water 
resistant eye makeup which was 

3295
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:39,500
first used by ancient cultures 
for both practical. 

3296
02:56:39,500 --> 02:56:43,100
And spiritual reasons is now a 
common part of modern Cosmetics.

3297
02:56:43,100 --> 02:56:46,300
The idea that Cosmetics were 
medicine in ancient times. 

3298
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:48,400
Still affects how beauty 
products are made today. 

3299
02:56:49,400 --> 02:56:52,800
The practice of using makeup to 
protect and heal skin, which 

3300
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:56,600
goes back to ancient, Egypt and 
traditional Asia is what drives 

3301
02:56:56,600 --> 02:56:59,800
modern Research into Cosmo 
suitables, which are products 

3302
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:01,200
that makes cosmetics and 
medicine. 

3303
02:57:01,200 --> 02:57:05,400
This old wisdom is still true 
today, sunscreen and Foundation 

3304
02:57:05,408 --> 02:57:09,400
anti-aging ingredients in 
concealer and lip products. 

3305
02:57:09,400 --> 02:57:12,400
That he'll many modern 
sustainable Beauty movements 

3306
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,800
look to the Past for ideas, 
bringing back old ingredients 

3307
02:57:15,800 --> 02:57:18,900
and methods that were lost when 
Cosmetics became industrialized.

3308
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:23,300
Brands that focus on natural 
ingredients traditional methods 

3309
02:57:23,300 --> 02:57:26,200
of making things and having as 
little of an impact on the 

3310
02:57:26,200 --> 02:57:29,100
environment as possible, are 
basically going back to the 

3311
02:57:29,100 --> 02:57:31,600
ideas that guided the 
development of Cosmetics, for 

3312
02:57:31,600 --> 02:57:34,400
thousands of years before the 
modern chemical industry. 

3313
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:37,600
The ritualistic elements of 
ancient makeup application, 

3314
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:39,800
still have psychological 
benefits that modern users 

3315
02:57:39,800 --> 02:57:43,100
instinctively grasp. 
The meditative quality of 

3316
02:57:43,108 --> 02:57:46,100
carefully, putting on makeup, 
the feeling of changing and 

3317
02:57:46,100 --> 02:57:48,500
getting ready and the connection
to cultural. 

3318
02:57:48,500 --> 02:57:51,000
Traditions are all still 
important parts of the Cosmetic 

3319
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:53,900
experience today. 
Just like they were ancient 

3320
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,000
practitioners old packaging and 
tools for applying makeup. 

3321
02:57:57,000 --> 02:57:59,300
Still have an effect on how 
Cosmetics are made today. 

3322
02:58:00,000 --> 02:58:02,600
The beautiful containers that 
ancient cultures made to hold 

3323
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:06,100
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 
modern packaging, that focuses 

3324
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:10,700
on luxury and craftsmanship. 
Brushes sponges and precise. 

3325
02:58:10,700 --> 02:58:12,700
Applicators are still used in 
the same way. 

3326
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:14,300
They were thousands of years 
ago. 

3327
02:58:15,200 --> 02:58:18,000
This shows that some new ideas 
are so good that they lost 

3328
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:20,500
through time. 
The age-old practice of passing 

3329
02:58:20,500 --> 02:58:22,900
down cosmetic recipes from one 
generation to. 

3330
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:24,600
The next is still going strong 
today. 

3331
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:28,500
Even though people today don't 
grind their own pigments or mix 

3332
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:30,800
their own formulas. 
They still share Beauty 

3333
02:58:30,800 --> 02:58:34,000
knowledge, through social media,
beauty communities, and family 

3334
02:58:34,000 --> 02:58:36,300
traditions. 
This is how knowledge is always 

3335
02:58:36,300 --> 02:58:38,800
been passed down. 
There are strong Echoes of 

3336
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:42,300
ancient perfume, traditions, in 
modern times, modern perfume 

3337
02:58:42,300 --> 02:58:45,000
makers are still influenced by 
the layering techniques that 

3338
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:48,600
ancient Persian and Arab 
perfumers came up with Using 

3339
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:51,400
incense and aromatherapy to 
improve mood, and spiritual 

3340
02:58:51,400 --> 02:58:53,800
practice is a direct link to 
ancient Customs. 

3341
02:58:53,800 --> 02:58:57,700
Even modern perfume ads often 
use old ideas about how smell 

3342
02:58:57,700 --> 02:59:00,400
affects feelings memories and 
identity. 

3343
02:59:00,400 --> 02:59:03,400
The gender fluid approach to 
Cosmetics, that was common in 

3344
02:59:03,400 --> 02:59:05,500
many ancient cultures is making 
a comeback. 

3345
02:59:05,500 --> 02:59:08,800
In modern Beauty culture. 
The old idea that make up could 

3346
02:59:08,800 --> 02:59:11,800
make anyone look better, no 
matter what gender they were 

3347
02:59:11,800 --> 02:59:15,100
fits with modern movements 
toward beauty standards that 

3348
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:18,100
include everyone and non-binary 
ways to express yourself with 

3349
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:20,900
Cosmetics. 
The use of makeup for ceremonies

3350
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:23,200
and special events has not 
changed much since ancient 

3351
02:59:23,200 --> 02:59:25,900
times. 
Many of the makeup traditions 

3352
02:59:25,900 --> 02:59:28,000
for weddings. 
Come from old beauty, practices 

3353
02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:31,600
for bride's makeup for theater 
and performance is still very 

3354
02:59:31,600 --> 02:59:34,300
much like the face painting that
was done in ancient rituals, 

3355
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:37,600
even the makeup, we wear every 
day for special occasions. 

3356
02:59:37,600 --> 02:59:40,900
Follows patterns, set by ancient
cultures for marking important 

3357
02:59:40,900 --> 02:59:44,200
events and changes using makeup 
to show social and professional 

3358
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:47,100
roles as an old practice that 
has changed, but is still used 

3359
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:49,700
today. 
Professional makeup standards in

3360
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:52,000
many fields from business to 
entertainment. 

3361
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:55,200
Carry on the old practice of 
using looks to show competence 

3362
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:57,300
and status. 
Power. 

3363
02:59:57,300 --> 02:59:59,900
Look in today's business, world 
comes directly from the old 

3364
02:59:59,900 --> 03:00:03,100
practice of using makeup to show
that you are in charge and 

3365
03:00:03,100 --> 03:00:06,500
capable beauty standards from 
the past still affect modern 

3366
03:00:06,500 --> 03:00:09,300
makeup goals. 
But in different ways, The 

3367
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:11,800
desire for Perfect Skin that 
people have had for a long time 

3368
03:00:11,800 --> 03:00:15,000
is what drives the development 
of modern foundations and 

3369
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:17,900
concealers. 
The ancient focus on a bright 

3370
03:00:17,900 --> 03:00:20,900
healthy, looking skin tone 
inspires, today's highlighter 

3371
03:00:20,900 --> 03:00:23,000
and skincare makeup hybrid 
products. 

3372
03:00:23,700 --> 03:00:26,700
Ancient ways of making lips. 
Look better, have an effect on 

3373
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:28,900
everything from lip. 
Plumping crisis, Plumping 

3374
03:00:28,900 --> 03:00:30,600
products to cosmetic. 
Surgery. 

3375
03:00:30,600 --> 03:00:33,800
People still think of makeup as 
a way to express their culture, 

3376
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:36,000
just like they did in ancient 
times. 

3377
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:40,100
Traditional cosmetic practices 
from different cultures, still 

3378
03:00:40,100 --> 03:00:43,600
work well, with modern ones, 
making beautiful landscapes that

3379
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:47,000
honor both the past and the 
future header art traditional 

3380
03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:50,200
face, painting and cultural 
ceremonial makeup still 

3381
03:00:50,200 --> 03:00:53,000
important and have an impact on 
mainstream Beauty Trendz. 

3382
03:00:53,000 --> 03:00:55,600
Old ways of thinking about 
beauty that were based on 

3383
03:00:55,608 --> 03:00:58,100
seasons and Cycles. 
Still have an effect on how 

3384
03:00:58,100 --> 03:01:01,500
people use Cosmetics today, the 
old custom of changing your 

3385
03:01:01,500 --> 03:01:04,700
makeup and Skin Care routines. 
Based on the seasons, the moon 

3386
03:01:04,700 --> 03:01:07,800
and different stages of life is 
similar to Modern trends that 

3387
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:10,500
emphasized more natural and 
responsive Beauty practices, 

3388
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:14,300
seasonal color palettes which 
are often based on Old ideas 

3389
03:01:14,300 --> 03:01:16,800
about how light and the 
environment affect how people 

3390
03:01:16,800 --> 03:01:20,000
look still very important in 
modern, makeup marketing and 

3391
03:01:20,000 --> 03:01:22,400
choice. 
The old idea that beauty is 

3392
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:24,500
something that people do 
together is still around today, 

3393
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:28,800
Beauty parties friends, putting 
on makeup together and groups. 

3394
03:01:28,800 --> 03:01:31,600
Getting ready for special events
are all ways that the social 

3395
03:01:31,600 --> 03:01:34,900
side of beauty culture has 
stayed alive for thousands of 

3396
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:37,300
years. 
Beauty communities on Social 

3397
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:40,600
media, take this old practice 
into the digital world, making 

3398
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,600
new versions of the old ways of 
sharing knowledge, and helping 

3399
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:46,600
each other that were common in 
ancient Beauty culture as you 

3400
03:01:46,600 --> 03:01:48,800
fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

3401
03:01:48,808 --> 03:01:50,400
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

3402
03:01:50,400 --> 03:01:52,300
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

3403
03:01:52,300 --> 03:01:55,500
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

3404
03:01:55,500 --> 03:01:57,800
something that connects you to 
Cave painters. 

3405
03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:02,700
Egyptian priests Chinese Court, 
ladies, Roman matrons and many 

3406
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:05,400
more who knew that the phases. 
The first canvas for art 

3407
03:02:05,400 --> 03:02:09,300
identity and change, even though
your makeup may be made in 

3408
03:02:09,300 --> 03:02:12,500
modern Factory in stead of being
ground by hand from sacred 

3409
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:16,100
minerals, the impulses still the
same to show the world, your 

3410
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:20,000
best self to take part in your 
cultures Beauty traditions and 

3411
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:22,900
to enjoy the little daily magic 
of transformation that make up 

3412
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:25,800
brings in this way. 
You take part in one of the 

3413
03:02:25,800 --> 03:02:28,400
oldest and most enduring art 
forms every morning. 

3414
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,200
You become part of a story that 
started in caves long before, 

3415
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:35,100
people lived in them and will go
on as long as people care about 

3416
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:38,400
beauty identity. 
And The NeverEnding interesting 

3417
03:02:38,400 --> 03:02:41,400
link between who we are and how 
we chose to look to Plumping at 

3418
03:02:41,400 --> 03:02:43,900
the world. 
The ancient history of Cosmetics

3419
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:47,600
isn't really history at all, 
it's the present lived out every

3420
03:02:47,600 --> 03:02:51,000
day in millions of mirrors 
around the world as Timeless and

3421
03:02:51,000 --> 03:02:53,400
real. 
As the human face itself, while 

3422
03:02:53,400 --> 03:02:56,300
you relax even more in the 
evening, let your mind drift to 

3423
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:59,400
the workshops and Labs where 
ancient cosmetic makers worked 

3424
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:02,200
their magic. 
These long-forgotten Alchemists,

3425
03:03:02,200 --> 03:03:04,500
worked hundreds of years before 
Modern Chemistry. 

3426
03:03:04,500 --> 03:03:08,000
They came up with formulation 
methods that are so Advanced 

3427
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:10,600
that modern cosmetic scientists 
are still trying to figure out 

3428
03:03:10,600 --> 03:03:12,600
how they got such amazing 
results. 

3429
03:03:12,600 --> 03:03:15,900
Imagine yourself in the workshop
of a cosmetic maker from ancient

3430
03:03:15,900 --> 03:03:21,400
Egypt, maybe in the busy City of
Memphis around 1200 BCE the room

3431
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:24,700
smells like frankincense and the
earthy smell of minerals being 

3432
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:26,400
ground. 
Clay pots. 

3433
03:03:26,400 --> 03:03:29,300
Sit on wooden shells. 
Each one holding carefully. 

3434
03:03:29,300 --> 03:03:32,400
Chosen ingredients that took 
months or even years to prepare 

3435
03:03:32,400 --> 03:03:36,600
the master cosmetic maker starts
her Day Before Dawn not because 

3436
03:03:36,600 --> 03:03:39,800
she is in a hurry but because 
the cool morning air is best for

3437
03:03:39,800 --> 03:03:43,100
some of the preparations before,
the desert heat affects the 

3438
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:47,000
delicate chemical processes. 
She's in charge of she treats 

3439
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:49,900
her work with the respect of a 
priest and the accuracy of a 

3440
03:03:49,900 --> 03:03:52,100
mathematician. 
She knows that the difference 

3441
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:55,000
between a cosmetic that makes 
you look better and one that 

3442
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:57,000
hurts. 
Your skin can be as small as a 

3443
03:03:57,000 --> 03:03:59,300
grain of sand, what she makes 
cold. 

3444
03:03:59,300 --> 03:04:01,600
Using a method that has been 
passed down through her family 

3445
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:05,400
for Generations. 
She starts with Galena, a lead 

3446
03:04:05,408 --> 03:04:08,500
sulfide mineral that gives coal 
its unique deep black color. 

3447
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:11,500
She doesn't just grind the 
mineral and mix it with oil 

3448
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:13,900
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

3449
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:16,600
process that scientists today. 
Are just starting to figure out 

3450
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:19,400
first. 
She heats the Galena in a 

3451
03:04:19,400 --> 03:04:22,200
special furnace and she knows 
how to control the temperature 

3452
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:24,000
with a level of knowledge about 
Metallurgy. 

3453
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:26,100
That wouldn't be out of place in
a modern lab. 

3454
03:04:27,100 --> 03:04:30,100
Changes the minerals crystal 
structure, which makes it safer 

3455
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:32,000
to use around the eyes and 
improves its color. 

3456
03:04:32,800 --> 03:04:35,000
She adds small amounts of other 
minerals while heating the 

3457
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:38,100
metal, like, a pinch of antimony
here and a trace of silver. 

3458
03:04:38,100 --> 03:04:41,300
There, This makes an alloy that 
is stronger than the sum of its 

3459
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:43,600
parts. 
After that the grinding process 

3460
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:47,100
takes hours of careful work. 
She makes a powder from the 

3461
03:04:47,100 --> 03:04:48,900
treated mineral, that is so 
fine. 

3462
03:04:48,900 --> 03:04:52,000
It feels like Silk between her 
fingers by using a palette made 

3463
03:04:52,000 --> 03:04:54,800
of carefully. 
Chosen Stone the consistency, 

3464
03:04:54,800 --> 03:04:58,500
has to be just right if it's too
coarse, the coal will scratch 

3465
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:01,600
the delicate skin around the 
eyes and if it's too fine it 

3466
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:04,200
won't stay on or cover. 
Well, the mixing of the final 

3467
03:05:04,200 --> 03:05:06,700
formula is where science and art
really come together. 

3468
03:05:07,500 --> 03:05:09,800
She mixes the powdered mineral 
with a carefully balanced. 

3469
03:05:09,800 --> 03:05:13,600
Blend of animal fats, plant 
oils, and fragrant resins. 

3470
03:05:14,500 --> 03:05:17,700
Fats help the pigment stick to 
the skin and make it easier to 

3471
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:20,400
apply the oils. 
Keep the mixture from drying out

3472
03:05:20,400 --> 03:05:24,000
too quickly and the resins act 
as natural preservatives and add

3473
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:26,100
a light scent. 
But the right amounts are very 

3474
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:29,500
important and they change with 
the season, the use and even the

3475
03:05:29,500 --> 03:05:33,100
moon phase, some of versions 
have more oils to keep the cold 

3476
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:36,400
from drying out in the Heat and 
winter versions, have more fats 

3477
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,200
to protect it from cold winds 
coal made for everyday, use is 

3478
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:42,500
different from coal made for 
religious ceremonies or special 

3479
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:44,700
events. 
The ancient Egyptians knew 

3480
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:47,100
something that modern cosmetic 
science has rediscovered. 

3481
03:05:47,100 --> 03:05:50,600
How ingredients are put together
is often more important than the

3482
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,600
ingredients themselves. 
They came up with ways to make 

3483
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:57,000
stable, emulsions control 
particle size, and get 

3484
03:05:57,000 --> 03:05:59,300
consistent color that adjust, as
good as what modern 

3485
03:05:59,300 --> 03:06:02,400
manufacturing methods can do. 
They know a lot more than just 

3486
03:06:02,400 --> 03:06:05,400
coal Egyptian. 
Makeup artists made lip colors 

3487
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:07,800
that brought out the natural 
tones of different skin types 

3488
03:06:07,800 --> 03:06:10,400
and of hiding them as well as I 
Shadows. 

3489
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:13,200
That wouldn't smudge even when 
you sweat, and Rouge that stayed

3490
03:06:13,200 --> 03:06:14,800
bright for hours in the desert 
heat. 

3491
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:17,900
They were able to get these 
results without using any of 

3492
03:06:17,900 --> 03:06:21,300
today's preservatives 
stabilizers or color faster 

3493
03:06:21,300 --> 03:06:25,100
colorfast Technologies. 
Ancient Chinese Cosmetics were 

3494
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:28,400
just as advanced but they were 
based on different ideas from 

3495
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:31,000
traditional Chinese medicine and
Taoist philosophy. 

3496
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,700
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 
of their work as a way to heal 

3497
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:38,100
people, they made products that 
not only made people look 

3498
03:06:38,100 --> 03:06:40,200
better, but also made them 
healthier and happier. 

3499
03:06:40,200 --> 03:06:43,600
Think about going to a Chinese 
cosmetic Workshop in the Tang 

3500
03:06:43,600 --> 03:06:48,700
Dynasty around 750 CE. 
The master Craftsmen starts his 

3501
03:06:48,700 --> 03:06:51,400
work by meditating and doing 
purification rituals. 

3502
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:54,600
He knows that how he feels will 
affect the quality of what he 

3503
03:06:54,600 --> 03:06:56,900
makes. 
He thinks that Cosmetics made 

3504
03:06:56,900 --> 03:06:59,900
with good intentions and Care 
will pass those qualities onto 

3505
03:06:59,900 --> 03:07:03,000
the people who use them. 
Modern cosmetic scientists are 

3506
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:05,300
still trying to figure out how 
to make Chinese face powder. 

3507
03:07:05,300 --> 03:07:08,900
The Craftsman starts with rice 
that has been carefully, chosen 

3508
03:07:08,900 --> 03:07:12,100
for its type how it grows. 
And when it is harvested, 

3509
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:15,000
Different kinds of rice. 
Make powders with different 

3510
03:07:15,000 --> 03:07:17,000
qualities. 
Some give better coverage, 

3511
03:07:17,000 --> 03:07:20,000
others make the Surface smoother
and still others. 

3512
03:07:20,000 --> 03:07:21,500
Give the most natural looking 
Finish. 

3513
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:25,100
First, the rice is washed in 
spring water that Temple Priests

3514
03:07:25,100 --> 03:07:28,000
of blessed. 
Then it is dried in a certain 

3515
03:07:28,008 --> 03:07:30,500
way that keeps the humidity in 
temperature just right. 

3516
03:07:31,400 --> 03:07:33,800
Stone Mills that have been used 
for Generations, are used to 

3517
03:07:33,800 --> 03:07:36,600
grind the grains. 
Their surfaces are smooth from 

3518
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:39,000
all the batches of power and a 
flavored with the oils and 

3519
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:41,600
Essences are passed 
preparations, but the real 

3520
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:44,400
sophistication is in the 
additives that change plain rice

3521
03:07:44,400 --> 03:07:47,900
flour into makeup powder. 
The Craftsman carefully adds the

3522
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:51,000
right amount of ground pearls 
which give the powder, the shine

3523
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:54,500
that made Chinese complexion 
powder famous all over Asia. 

3524
03:07:54,500 --> 03:07:57,400
To make the pearls into the 
finest powder possible, they 

3525
03:07:57,400 --> 03:07:59,700
must be prepared. 
Using secret methods that keep 

3526
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:01,200
their light reflecting 
properties. 

3527
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:04,500
Other ingredients are powdered 
Jade, which is thought to have 

3528
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:07,500
healing properties ground, sea 
shells, which are thought to 

3529
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:11,100
have minerals in them and small 
amounts of precious metals which

3530
03:08:11,100 --> 03:08:14,600
give the color a subtle effect. 
Each addition is made using 

3531
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:17,200
complicated formulas, that take 
into account, how the 

3532
03:08:17,200 --> 03:08:20,800
ingredients will work together. 
The user's desired skin, tone 

3533
03:08:20,800 --> 03:08:24,400
and even astrological factors 
that determine the best times to

3534
03:08:24,400 --> 03:08:27,200
mix Cosmetics. 
Ancient Indian cosmetic 

3535
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:30,000
preparation combined, ayurvedic 
medicine, with Advanced 

3536
03:08:30,000 --> 03:08:33,500
chemistry to make products that 
were good for both health and 

3537
03:08:33,500 --> 03:08:36,500
beauty. 
Indian cosmetic companies were 

3538
03:08:36,500 --> 03:08:39,100
some of the first to realize 
that healthy skin is the key to 

3539
03:08:39,100 --> 03:08:41,700
true beauty. 
They made products that improved

3540
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:44,200
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

3541
03:08:44,200 --> 03:08:46,300
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

3542
03:08:46,300 --> 03:08:48,700
That the methods used to make 
kajal the unique. 

3543
03:08:48,700 --> 03:08:51,800
Indian eye makeup were very 
Advanced for their time in 

3544
03:08:51,800 --> 03:08:54,400
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

3545
03:08:54,400 --> 03:08:57,100
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

3546
03:08:57,100 --> 03:09:00,100
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthy and stead of just 

3547
03:09:00,100 --> 03:09:03,700
looking good to make kajal the 
old-fashioned way you first have

3548
03:09:03,700 --> 03:09:05,900
to choose the right oils and Wix
very carefully. 

3549
03:09:05,900 --> 03:09:09,400
People choose castor oil sesame,
oil and ghee. 

3550
03:09:09,400 --> 03:09:12,300
Not only because they burn well 
before well, but also because 

3551
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,000
they are good for you. 
The Wicks are made from cotton 

3552
03:09:15,000 --> 03:09:18,400
that was grown without chemical 
fertilizers and processed in a 

3553
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:20,300
way that keeps the fibers 
natural properties. 

3554
03:09:20,300 --> 03:09:23,500
The burning happens in special 
lamps that control the 

3555
03:09:23,500 --> 03:09:27,200
temperature and heavy and heavy 
and airflow to make the cleaner 

3556
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:29,800
soot possible. 
The Craftsman watches over the 

3557
03:09:29,808 --> 03:09:32,700
Flames all night. 
Making sure the Wicks are in the

3558
03:09:32,700 --> 03:09:35,200
right place and that the suit is
of good quality. 

3559
03:09:36,200 --> 03:09:38,500
Different stages of the burning 
process makes such with 

3560
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:41,600
different properties. 
Early, soot is finer and better 

3561
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:44,700
for everyday use while later. 
So has more dramatic color and 

3562
03:09:44,700 --> 03:09:48,000
last longer at the same time, 
she would criticize working 

3563
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:51,300
women for using simple Rouge or 
darkening their lashes with soot

3564
03:09:51,300 --> 03:09:54,900
cosmetic makers in ancient 
Persia made complex, perfumes. 

3565
03:09:54,900 --> 03:09:58,200
That stayed stable for years and
could be layered to make new 

3566
03:09:58,200 --> 03:10:01,000
more complex sentence. 
Their knowledge of how to 

3567
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:04,700
extract preserve and mix 
essential oils had an impact on 

3568
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,700
perfume, making all over the 
Islamic world and it eventually 

3569
03:10:07,700 --> 03:10:10,100
made its way to Europe through 
trade and Conquest. 

3570
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:13,900
The Persians made perfume by 
finding a balance between sweet 

3571
03:10:13,900 --> 03:10:18,400
and bitter like in heavy and 
warming and Cooling Persian 

3572
03:10:18,400 --> 03:10:20,500
perfume was thought that a 
fragrance that was perfectly 

3573
03:10:20,500 --> 03:10:22,800
balanced. 
Could change the wearers, mood 

3574
03:10:22,800 --> 03:10:26,900
health, and spiritual state. 
So making perfume was a form of 

3575
03:10:26,908 --> 03:10:29,600
therapeutic. 
Art ancient Roman Cosmetics were

3576
03:10:29,608 --> 03:10:32,400
made on a scale that wouldn't be
seen again until the modern era,

3577
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:35,900
Roman workshops made Cosmetics 
for use all over the Empire. 

3578
03:10:35,900 --> 03:10:39,300
They came up with standard 
recipes and ways of making them 

3579
03:10:39,300 --> 03:10:41,300
that made. 
Sure the quality was the same no

3580
03:10:41,300 --> 03:10:44,000
matter where you were Roman 
cosmetic makers, were some of 

3581
03:10:44,008 --> 03:10:46,600
the first to realize how 
important it was to check the 

3582
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:49,700
quality of their products and 
make sure that each batch was 

3583
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:52,400
the same. 
They came up with ways to test 

3584
03:10:52,400 --> 03:10:55,600
that Rouge would keep its color 
that face powder would cover 

3585
03:10:55,600 --> 03:10:58,100
evenly and that perfumes would 
smell the same. 

3586
03:10:58,100 --> 03:11:00,900
No matter where they were made 
whether in Rome or far off 

3587
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:04,100
province's, the Romans had a 
very Advanced way of keeping 

3588
03:11:04,100 --> 03:11:07,600
Cosmetics fresh. 
They knew that Cosmetics had to 

3589
03:11:07,600 --> 03:11:10,900
stay stable during long sea 
trips to Faraway markets, even 

3590
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:13,500
when the temperature and 
humidity changed, and the 

3591
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:15,400
physical stresses of travel 
occurred. 

3592
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:19,500
Travel occurred occurred. 
They learned how to use natural 

3593
03:11:19,500 --> 03:11:22,300
antimicrobials and airtight 
packaging to keep their products

3594
03:11:22,300 --> 03:11:25,300
fresh for months, or even years.
As you picture these old 

3595
03:11:25,300 --> 03:11:28,300
cosmetic workshops, you can see 
the beginning of an industry 

3596
03:11:28,300 --> 03:11:31,800
that combined art science and 
business in ways that are still 

3597
03:11:31,808 --> 03:11:33,500
used by modern cosmetic 
companies. 

3598
03:11:33,500 --> 03:11:37,200
These ancient formulators set 
the stage for figuring out how 

3599
03:11:37,200 --> 03:11:40,500
ingredients work together, how 
to get the same results every 

3600
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:42,400
time. 
And how to make products that 

3601
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:44,900
make people look better while 
also keeping them safe and 

3602
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:48,400
healthy their methods, which 
have been improved over 100 of 

3603
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:51,500
years of trial and error and 
passed down through generations 

3604
03:11:51,500 --> 03:11:54,700
of skilled Craftsmen are a 
treasure Trove of information 

3605
03:11:54,700 --> 03:11:57,600
that modern cosmetic science is 
still discovering and 

3606
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:01,100
rediscovering. 
In a lot of cases, these old 

3607
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:03,800
formulators got results. 
That modern companies have a 

3608
03:12:03,800 --> 03:12:06,400
hard time getting with modern 
technology and synthetic 

3609
03:12:06,400 --> 03:12:08,700
ingredients. 
Their makeup containers were 

3610
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:11,100
useful because they could hold 
both makeup and food or other 

3611
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:14,000
things when they weren't needed.
Imagine yourself in the private 

3612
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:17,400
rooms of a rich Roman woman 
named Olivia where the first 

3613
03:12:17,400 --> 03:12:21,200
light of dawn comes through silk
curtains, as her personal 

3614
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:23,800
slaves, get ready for the days 
transformation ritual. 

3615
03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:28,200
The room is already buzzing with
quiet activity, This isn't just 

3616
03:12:28,200 --> 03:12:30,500
putting on makeup. 
It's a carefully planned 

3617
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:33,500
ceremony that will take several 
hours and involve a lot of 

3618
03:12:33,500 --> 03:12:36,200
people. 
Each of whom is an expert in a 

3619
03:12:36,200 --> 03:12:38,400
different part of the process of
making someone look better. 

3620
03:12:38,400 --> 03:12:42,000
So, fire a Greek woman who has 
chosen for her artistic skills 

3621
03:12:42,000 --> 03:12:46,500
is Livia's main cosmetic slave 
She starts by looking at her 

3622
03:12:46,500 --> 03:12:49,000
mistress's skin in the Morning 
Light people. 

3623
03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:52,100
In ancient Rome knew that make 
up had to be put on in a way 

3624
03:12:52,100 --> 03:12:55,700
that worked with each person's 
unique features, skin tone, and 

3625
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:59,800
the needs of the day. 
Sophia runs her experience. 

3626
03:12:59,800 --> 03:13:03,300
Fingers gently over Olivia's 
face, looking for changes in the

3627
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:06,100
texture of her skin new 
blemishes that need to be 

3628
03:13:06,108 --> 03:13:08,400
covered or areas that need extra
care. 

3629
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:12,600
The first step in getting ready 
is to wash but not with a quick 

3630
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:16,400
splash of water like people do. 
Now a warm mixture of milk, 

3631
03:13:16,400 --> 03:13:18,800
honey. 
And ground almonds is used to 

3632
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:22,600
gently clean Livia's face. 
The milk has mild acids that get

3633
03:13:22,600 --> 03:13:25,400
rid of dead skin cells. 
The honey is a natural 

3634
03:13:25,408 --> 03:13:28,900
antiseptic and moisturizer and 
the almonds gently rub the skin 

3635
03:13:28,900 --> 03:13:32,000
to make it smoother. 
Soya uses her hands to apply 

3636
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:34,900
this mixture in circles, which 
she has learned how to do 

3637
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:37,800
perfectly over the years. 
The massage part of the 

3638
03:13:37,800 --> 03:13:40,400
cleansing is almost as important
as the cleansing itself. 

3639
03:13:40,400 --> 03:13:44,800
The gentle pressure gets blood 
flowing to the skin, giving it a

3640
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:47,600
Natural Glow, that will be the 
base for the days makeup after 

3641
03:13:47,600 --> 03:13:50,200
cleaning, it's time to put on 
the base and this is where 

3642
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:52,800
ancient Roman techniques show 
how advanced they were. 

3643
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:56,300
The white-led mixture that will 
give Lithia a trendy. 

3644
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,000
Pale complexion isn't just 
painted on her skin. 

3645
03:13:59,000 --> 03:14:03,200
It's built up in thin almost 
clear layers, that give her skin

3646
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:05,800
depth and shine while still 
looking natural. 

3647
03:14:05,800 --> 03:14:08,900
Sapphire starts with the 
lightest possible application 

3648
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,800
using a wet sea sponge to apply 
the mixture in soft overlapping 

3649
03:14:12,800 --> 03:14:15,100
Strokes. 
She starts in the middle of the 

3650
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:18,500
face and works her way out. 
Making sure to blend each part 

3651
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:21,800
before moving on to the next. 
The process needs perfect 

3652
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:24,000
timing. 
Each layer needs to set for a 

3653
03:14:24,000 --> 03:14:25,600
little while before the next one
goes on. 

3654
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:27,800
But not so long that it becomes 
hard to blend. 

3655
03:14:27,800 --> 03:14:29,800
It takes a lot of skill to do 
this. 

3656
03:14:29,800 --> 03:14:32,900
So fire has to decide how opaque
each layer is. 

3657
03:14:32,900 --> 03:14:36,300
How the mixer will look on 
Olivia's skin tone and how the 

3658
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:38,800
final result will look in 
different types of light during 

3659
03:14:38,800 --> 03:14:41,200
the day. 
If you put on too much makeup it

3660
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:42,700
will look like a mask and not 
real. 

3661
03:14:42,700 --> 03:14:45,700
If you don't use enough it won't
look like the porcelain that 

3662
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:49,000
Roman fashion calls for while 
the base is being built and 

3663
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:51,900
other slave gets the Rouge ready
to put color back in to live his

3664
03:14:51,900 --> 03:14:55,500
cheeks which have become pale. 
It's not as easy as just opening

3665
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:58,200
a container. 
And putting on color, the Rouge 

3666
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:01,200
needs to be mixed fresh every 
day to get the best color and 

3667
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:04,800
consistently. 
The slave users oils and waxes 

3668
03:15:04,800 --> 03:15:06,700
to grind, Cinnabar, on a small 
pallet. 

3669
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:09,900
Adding tiny amounts of other 
colors to make the exact color 

3670
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:11,700
that lives. 
Your skin needs for the day's 

3671
03:15:11,700 --> 03:15:14,000
activities. 
Putting on Rouge requires a 

3672
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:17,500
different set of skills. 
So, fair uses a brush made of 

3673
03:15:17,500 --> 03:15:18,800
fine. 
Animal hair to apply the color 

3674
03:15:18,800 --> 03:15:22,300
in exact patterns that make 
Olivia's natural bone structure.

3675
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:26,100
Look better ancient Roman makeup
artists knew how to use color 

3676
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:29,100
and shading to make it look like
you had higher cheekbones and 

3677
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:31,900
more refined nose and a more 
perfect oval face shape. 

3678
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:35,200
These are techniques that modern
make up artists would recognize 

3679
03:15:35,200 --> 03:15:37,700
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

3680
03:15:37,700 --> 03:15:41,200
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like to dramatic eye

3681
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:43,400
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

3682
03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:46,700
careful application. 
So fire starts by darkening, 

3683
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:49,200
Livia's lashes. 
With a mix of oils and soot 

3684
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:51,700
using a small brush to cover 
each Lash. 

3685
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,100
The method is similar to how 
people put on mascara today. 

3686
03:15:55,100 --> 03:15:58,300
But it takes a lot more skill 
because the product doesn't have

3687
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:01,900
the synthetic polymers that make
modern mascara easier to put on 

3688
03:16:01,900 --> 03:16:04,300
next. 
The eye shadow is put on in 

3689
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:06,100
layers to give it depth and 
dimension. 

3690
03:16:06,900 --> 03:16:09,600
Sophia Sophia, Sophia uses 
different colors on different 

3691
03:16:09,600 --> 03:16:13,100
parts of the eyelid. 
For example, she uses a lighter 

3692
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:15,300
shade near the inner corner, to 
make the eyes look bigger and 

3693
03:16:15,300 --> 03:16:19,000
brighter, a medium shade across 
the main lid area and a darker 

3694
03:16:19,008 --> 03:16:21,400
shade in the crease to make the 
eyes look deeper set. 

3695
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:24,600
The last step in putting on eye 
makeup is to put coal around the

3696
03:16:24,608 --> 03:16:27,400
eye itself. 
You need the steadiest hand and 

3697
03:16:27,400 --> 03:16:30,300
the most accurate technique for 
this because any mistakes will 

3698
03:16:30,300 --> 03:16:32,800
be obvious right away and hard 
to fix. 

3699
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:38,000
So fair uses a thin bronze Rod 
to apply the coal in smooth. 

3700
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:41,400
Even lines, that follow the 
natural shape of Libya's eyes 

3701
03:16:41,400 --> 03:16:44,700
and go a little past the outer 
Corners, to make the dramatic 

3702
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:48,100
look that Roman fashion likes. 
Olivia stays almost still the 

3703
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:51,200
whole time, which is something 
that rich Roman women learned as

3704
03:16:51,200 --> 03:16:54,600
kids people thought that being 
able to sit, still for hours 

3705
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:57,500
while makeup was put on was a 
sign of refinement in 

3706
03:16:57,500 --> 03:17:00,400
self-control. 
But this isn't just free time. 

3707
03:17:00,400 --> 03:17:04,700
Livia uses these hours to think,
plan her day and sometimes even 

3708
03:17:04,700 --> 03:17:06,900
dictate letters to scribes while
she changes. 

3709
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:09,800
The last part of putting on 
makeup is painting the lips with

3710
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:12,600
a red pigment made from crushed 
insects and plant dies. 

3711
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:16,100
Sophia uses a small brush to 
make the perfect shape for her 

3712
03:17:16,100 --> 03:17:18,600
lips. 
She often paints outside or 

3713
03:17:18,600 --> 03:17:21,500
inside the natural lip line to 
get the proportions that Roman 

3714
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,600
beauty standards call for. 
But the ritual doesn't end when 

3715
03:17:24,600 --> 03:17:27,700
the makeup is done. 
People put the finishing touches

3716
03:17:27,700 --> 03:17:30,200
on Livia's hair with scented 
oils while they painted her 

3717
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:32,500
face. 
She is carefully arranged her 

3718
03:17:32,508 --> 03:17:35,500
clothes to go with her finished.
Look, she even picks out her 

3719
03:17:35,500 --> 03:17:37,800
jewelry to go with the colors 
and style of her makeup. 

3720
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:41,400
Now, imagine yourself in ancient
Japan where the ritual for 

3721
03:17:41,400 --> 03:17:44,400
putting on makeup is even more 
complicated and full of meaning.

3722
03:17:45,500 --> 03:17:48,300
Before midnight. 
And until dawn, a hand caught 

3723
03:17:48,300 --> 03:17:51,100
ladies private quarters are 
transformed in one of history's.

3724
03:17:51,100 --> 03:17:54,500
Most elaborate Beauty, rituals 
the Japanese way of putting on 

3725
03:17:54,500 --> 03:17:57,600
makeup was based on the idea of 
layers, not just layers of 

3726
03:17:57,600 --> 03:18:00,500
makeup but also layers of 
meaning symbolism and artistic 

3727
03:18:00,500 --> 03:18:02,800
expression. 
Each part of the look was 

3728
03:18:02,800 --> 03:18:06,700
carefully chosen to go with the 
clothes accessories, perfume, 

3729
03:18:06,700 --> 03:18:10,000
and even the weather, and season
of the day, the attendance of 

3730
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,000
the Court lady start the process
by cleaning and conditioning her

3731
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:16,100
skin with a series of treatments
that takes several hours to 

3732
03:18:16,100 --> 03:18:18,700
finish. 
They gently scrub her skin with 

3733
03:18:18,700 --> 03:18:21,000
rice, bran mixed with different 
flower Waters. 

3734
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:24,500
And then they put camellia oil 
on her skin to keep it moist and

3735
03:18:24,500 --> 03:18:26,800
safe. 
It takes years of practice to 

3736
03:18:26,800 --> 03:18:29,000
master the art of putting on the
white face powder. 

3737
03:18:29,000 --> 03:18:31,300
That is a big part of hay and 
makeup. 

3738
03:18:31,300 --> 03:18:34,600
You should be able to see no 
brush marks or uneven areas when

3739
03:18:34,600 --> 03:18:37,800
you apply the powder. 
The coverage must be full and 

3740
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:39,700
opaque. 
Changing the woman's natural 

3741
03:18:39,700 --> 03:18:42,400
color into a surface. 
That looks like porcelain and 

3742
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:44,800
serves as a canvas for the 
artistic elements that will 

3743
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:48,100
follow to paint the fake 
eyebrows which are small ovals 

3744
03:18:48,100 --> 03:18:50,400
on the forehead. 
You need the skill of a master 

3745
03:18:50,400 --> 03:18:52,600
calligrapher. 
The paint must be applied with 

3746
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:54,600
smooth confidence Strokes that 
show. 

3747
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:56,700
No hesitation or correction 
each. 

3748
03:18:56,700 --> 03:18:59,600
Eyebrow must be the same size 
shape and position. 

3749
03:18:59,600 --> 03:19:03,000
The tiny red lips painted in the
middle of the mouth of the most 

3750
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:06,100
unique part of hay, and makeup, 
and maybe the hardest to do. 

3751
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,500
The shape must be perfectly 
symmetrical and fit perfectly in

3752
03:19:10,500 --> 03:19:13,400
the middle of the mouth. 
The color has to be even and 

3753
03:19:13,400 --> 03:19:16,600
bright, and it has to be made 
with precious red pigments that 

3754
03:19:16,600 --> 03:19:19,200
are mixed fresh for each use, 
applying makeup in. 

3755
03:19:19,208 --> 03:19:22,700
Ancient Chinese courts was just 
as complicated, but it was based

3756
03:19:22,700 --> 03:19:24,900
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 
and balance. 

3757
03:19:26,100 --> 03:19:28,800
The process started with 
meditation and purification 

3758
03:19:28,800 --> 03:19:30,800
rituals that got both the person
applying. 

3759
03:19:30,800 --> 03:19:33,300
And the person receiving ready 
for the change. 

3760
03:19:33,300 --> 03:19:36,000
That was about to happen. 
Chinese makeup application 

3761
03:19:36,000 --> 03:19:38,900
focused on enhancing natural 
beauty rather than changing it. 

3762
03:19:38,900 --> 03:19:42,900
The goal was to make the looks a
most natural but it actually 

3763
03:19:42,900 --> 03:19:45,000
took hours of skilled work to 
get there. 

3764
03:19:45,700 --> 03:19:48,600
This Paradox, making something 
look natural with. 

3765
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:51,400
Artificial means took a lot of 
skill and knowledge of how 

3766
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:53,200
different colors and techniques 
would work. 

3767
03:19:53,200 --> 03:19:55,500
With each person's features in 
Ancient. 

3768
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:58,300
India putting on makeup was 
often a group activity that made

3769
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:01,000
people feel close to each other 
and made things look better. 

3770
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:04,000
Women would get together to help
each other get ready for 

3771
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,200
festivals weddings and other 
special events, they would 

3772
03:20:07,200 --> 03:20:08,900
share, tips, stories and 
knowledge. 

3773
03:20:08,900 --> 03:20:11,400
While making elaborate henna and
makeup designs. 

3774
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:14,400
When people use traditional 
Indian makeup, they put it on 

3775
03:20:14,408 --> 03:20:16,300
their whole body, not just their
face. 

3776
03:20:17,000 --> 03:20:20,400
Henna designs on hands and feet 
could take a long time to finish

3777
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:22,800
and needed. 
The Steady Hand of a skilled 

3778
03:20:22,800 --> 03:20:25,600
artist. 
A complicated geometric and 

3779
03:20:25,600 --> 03:20:27,400
floral patterns weren't just for
show. 

3780
03:20:27,400 --> 03:20:31,400
They told stories about the 
person's family hopes and 

3781
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:34,900
important events in their life, 
aromatherapy was offered a part 

3782
03:20:34,908 --> 03:20:36,200
of ancient Middle Eastern 
makeup. 

3783
03:20:36,200 --> 03:20:39,900
Rituals for example, certain 
perfumes, and incense as were 

3784
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:43,100
burned while putting on makeup 
to improve mood and create the 

3785
03:20:43,100 --> 03:20:46,300
desired mental state. 
People thought that the smells 

3786
03:20:46,300 --> 03:20:48,800
could change not only how the 
person looked but also their 

3787
03:20:48,800 --> 03:20:51,600
personality and Aura as you 
picture these complicated 

3788
03:20:51,600 --> 03:20:52,700
application. 
Rituals. 

3789
03:20:52,700 --> 03:20:55,700
You see that, people know that 
real beauty is more than just 

3790
03:20:55,700 --> 03:20:58,700
putting color on the face. 
These old ways of doing things 

3791
03:20:58,700 --> 03:21:02,100
knew that the process of change 
was just as important as the end

3792
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:04,300
result. 
The time spent getting ready, 

3793
03:21:04,300 --> 03:21:07,800
the skill of The Artisans who 
worked on it and the purpose 

3794
03:21:07,800 --> 03:21:10,000
behind the change. 
All played a role in the final 

3795
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:12,200
effect. 
These rituals made places for 

3796
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:16,100
meditation socializing art and 
personal growth that are 

3797
03:21:16,100 --> 03:21:18,900
fast-paced modern world often, 
misses when it comes to Beauty, 

3798
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:23,000
These old ways of doing things 
remind us that beauty isn't just

3799
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:25,900
about how we look. 
It's all about taking the time 

3800
03:21:25,900 --> 03:21:28,900
to honor ourselves and our place
in the larger human Community 

3801
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:30,900
picture. 
One last seen before you go to 

3802
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:33,800
sleep, you're looking into a 
mirror that can show you, not 

3803
03:21:33,800 --> 03:21:37,100
only your own reflection, but 
also the voice of everyone who 

3804
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,300
has ever looked into a mirror to
get ready for the day. 

3805
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:42,200
You can see the cave painter. 
Looking at their okra painted 

3806
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:44,700
cheeks and a pool of Stillwater 
on that silver surface. 

3807
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:48,100
You can see the Egyptian 
Priestess looking at her coal 

3808
03:21:48,100 --> 03:21:51,800
line eyes in shiny bronze. 
The Chinese Court lady is, 

3809
03:21:51,800 --> 03:21:55,200
perfecting her porcelain skin. 
The Roman matron is fixing her 

3810
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:58,400
Rouge and the Indian bride is 
admiring her henna decorated 

3811
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:00,500
hands. 
All of these people who lived 

3812
03:22:00,500 --> 03:22:03,700
thousands of years apart and in 
very different places, share the

3813
03:22:03,700 --> 03:22:08,100
same basic human desire to show 
the world their best self to 

3814
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:11,700
take part in their cultures idea
of beauty and to enjoy the small

3815
03:22:11,700 --> 03:22:15,000
daily Miracle of change that 
make up, bring brings your own 

3816
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:16,800
reflection. 
Is part of this never-ending 

3817
03:22:16,800 --> 03:22:19,600
parade, which connects you to 
everyone who has ever mixed 

3818
03:22:19,600 --> 03:22:21,800
pigment. 
With oil ground minerals into 

3819
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:24,600
powder or carefully applied 
color to make their natural 

3820
03:22:24,600 --> 03:22:28,300
features look better. 
You carry on their wisdom, their

3821
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:31,200
new ideas, and their belief that
beauty is one of the most 

3822
03:22:31,208 --> 03:22:33,800
lasting and important ways that 
people Express themselves. 

3823
03:22:33,800 --> 03:22:37,700
Modern eyeliner is made from 
ancient Egyptian coal that you 

3824
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:39,500
can still find in your bathroom 
cabinet. 

3825
03:22:40,200 --> 03:22:42,300
Roman Rouge is still used in 
modern blush. 

3826
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:45,500
Modern Foundation is based on 
Chinese face powder. 

3827
03:22:45,500 --> 03:22:48,800
Today's temporary tattoo art is 
based on Indian henna. 

3828
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,000
The tools and ingredients may be
different but the basic Art 

3829
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:54,400
stays the same. 
When you look in the mirror 

3830
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:56,900
tomorrow morning and start your 
own Beauty routine, you'll be 

3831
03:22:56,900 --> 03:22:59,800
taking part in one of the oldest
traditions in human history. 

3832
03:22:59,800 --> 03:23:03,200
You will be adding your own 
chapter to a story that began in

3833
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:06,800
caves long ago and will go on as
long as people care about beauty

3834
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:09,200
identity and the Magical change 
that happens. 

3835
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:12,400
When color meets skin, your part
of this old beautiful 

3836
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:16,500
never-ending story, so sleep. 
Well, think about Egyptian 

3837
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:20,900
palettes and Chinese brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

3838
03:23:20,900 --> 03:23:23,900
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

3839
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:26,900
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light and pigment.

3840
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,600
The history of makeup goes back 
thousands of years and every 

3841
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:33,500
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look, you 

3842
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:36,900
are continuing that history. 
You are the newest artist in the

3843
03:23:36,900 --> 03:23:38,500
longest running art form in 
history. 

3844
03:23:38,500 --> 03:23:41,500
Tomorrow, you'll paint your 
Masterpiece again. 

3845
03:23:41,500 --> 03:23:43,700
Have a good night's sleep. 
Lovely dreamer. 

3846
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:47,200
May your rest be as peaceful as 
the satisfaction of ancient 

3847
03:23:47,200 --> 03:23:51,100
cosmetic makers who are The 
hours of careful work finally 

3848
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:53,800
set down their brushes and 
admired their finished work in 

3849
03:23:53,808 --> 03:23:57,500
the soft glow of oil lamps and 
candles knowing they had helped 

3850
03:23:57,500 --> 03:23:59,500
someone become the best version 
of themselves. 

3851
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,300
As you think about these 
historical differences between 

3852
03:24:02,300 --> 03:24:05,500
Elite and everyday Beauty 
practices you see more than just

3853
03:24:05,500 --> 03:24:07,700
differences in how people use 
Cosmetics. 

3854
03:24:07,700 --> 03:24:10,700
You see how human creativity 
adapts to new situations. 

3855
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:14,900
How necessity leads to new ideas
and how the basic desire for 

3856
03:24:14,908 --> 03:24:17,700
beauty crosses? 
Social boundaries, even when the

3857
03:24:17,700 --> 03:24:19,200
ways to get, it are very 
different. 

3858
03:24:19,200 --> 03:24:21,600
As you can continue your 
peaceful journey through the 

3859
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:23,700
night. 
Let your mind wander to one of 

3860
03:24:23,700 --> 03:24:26,300
the most interesting parts of 
cosmetic history. 

3861
03:24:26,300 --> 03:24:31,200
The secret meaning, spiritual 
significance and hidden messages

3862
03:24:31,200 --> 03:24:33,400
that make up his carried 
throughout human history. 

3863
03:24:33,400 --> 03:24:36,800
Cosmetics have been more than 
just decoration, they have been 

3864
03:24:36,800 --> 03:24:39,600
a complex language that could 
say anything from religious 

3865
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:42,800
Devotion, to political 
allegiance from being married to

3866
03:24:42,800 --> 03:24:45,800
being protected by Magic, 
picture yourself, as a skilled 

3867
03:24:45,800 --> 03:24:48,100
Anthropologist, who can read 
these pictures as you walk 

3868
03:24:48,100 --> 03:24:51,900
through a busy Market in an 
Babylon around 600, BC e. 

3869
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:55,400
The faces around. 
You tell stories that go far 

3870
03:24:55,400 --> 03:24:58,100
beyond just making you look 
better, people who know what 

3871
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:00,200
they're looking at, can read the
meaning of each painted. 

3872
03:25:00,200 --> 03:25:03,700
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 
applied lip color, like, pages 

3873
03:25:03,700 --> 03:25:06,900
from an illuminated manuscript. 
The woman with the blue green 

3874
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:10,400
eyeshadow isn't just following 
fashion She's showing her love 

3875
03:25:10,400 --> 03:25:12,800
for Ishtar, the goddess of love 
and fertility. 

3876
03:25:12,800 --> 03:25:16,400
The exact shade of blue, which 
is made by mixing ground, lapis,

3877
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:18,900
lazuli with the right amount of 
malachite shows. 

3878
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:21,700
Not only her religion, but also,
her hope for a successful 

3879
03:25:21,708 --> 03:25:24,100
pregnancy. 
The way she applied the color, 

3880
03:25:24,100 --> 03:25:26,900
like wings that go a little past
the outer corners of her eyes 

3881
03:25:26,900 --> 03:25:30,100
shows that she recently made a 
big offering at ishtar's Temple.

3882
03:25:30,100 --> 03:25:34,000
The old man has Cole rimmed eyes
and a well-groomed beard that 

3883
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:36,800
has been died with henna. 
He is advertising, his job, as a

3884
03:25:36,808 --> 03:25:39,000
scribe, and his status as a 
learned, man. 

3885
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:42,400
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

3886
03:25:42,400 --> 03:25:45,700
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

3887
03:25:45,700 --> 03:25:48,400
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

3888
03:25:48,400 --> 03:25:50,200
texts rather than business 
letters. 

3889
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:53,500
The shown by the reddish tint in
his beard, which he got by 

3890
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:55,000
carefully. 
Applying henna mixed with 

3891
03:25:55,000 --> 03:25:58,100
certain oils. 
Even the kids in the market, 

3892
03:25:58,100 --> 03:26:01,600
have messages about beauty, the 
little girl with red Oaker spots

3893
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:03,700
on her cheeks isn't wearing 
makeup to look pretty. 

3894
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:07,400
Those spots show that she comes 
from a family of metal workers, 

3895
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:10,200
which is a hereditary profession
shown by this specific. 

3896
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:14,000
Facial marking his mother, put a
line of coal around his eyes to 

3897
03:26:14,000 --> 03:26:16,700
protect him from the evil eye. 
As part of her daily prayers for

3898
03:26:16,700 --> 03:26:19,100
his safety. 
This complicated system of 

3899
03:26:19,100 --> 03:26:22,200
cosmetic communication was used 
by almost all ancient cultures, 

3900
03:26:22,200 --> 03:26:25,100
but the meanings of the 
Cosmetics were very different 

3901
03:26:25,100 --> 03:26:28,200
from one culture to another. 
The one thing that stayed the 

3902
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:31,500
same was that people could use 
their faces as a canvas to share

3903
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:34,700
complicated information about 
who they are, what, they believe

3904
03:26:34,700 --> 03:26:39,300
their status and their plans. 
In ancient Egypt, Cosmetics had 

3905
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:41,900
a lot to do with religious ideas
about the afterlife and the 

3906
03:26:41,900 --> 03:26:45,000
journey of the Soul. 
The unique eye makeup that both 

3907
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:48,500
men and women wore wasn't just 
for looks, it was all a way to 

3908
03:26:48,500 --> 03:26:51,300
protect their Spirits. 
The black holes, stood for the 

3909
03:26:51,308 --> 03:26:54,900
rich soil of the Nile Delta 
which stood for new life and 

3910
03:26:54,900 --> 03:26:57,600
rebirth. 
The green eyeshadow made from 

3911
03:26:57,600 --> 03:26:59,700
malachite links. 
The person who wore it to the 

3912
03:26:59,708 --> 03:27:02,500
god, Horus, and the promise of 
being reborn. 

3913
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:05,700
Imagine an Egyptian Priestess 
getting ready for a religious 

3914
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:07,000
ceremony at the Temple of 
hathor. 

3915
03:27:07,000 --> 03:27:10,600
Her makeup routine is as planned
out as the ritual itself. 

3916
03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:14,800
Starts by putting down a base of
white chalk mixed with nature. 

3917
03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:18,000
This makes a clean canvas that 
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 

3918
03:27:18,000 --> 03:27:21,100
she then carefully Paints the 
religious symbols that represent

3919
03:27:21,100 --> 03:27:23,400
her role such as golden 
highlights. 

3920
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:27,000
That stand for the Sun God Ra 
blue accents that connector to 

3921
03:27:27,000 --> 03:27:30,500
the night sky and the goddess 
nut and red elements that stand 

3922
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:34,100
for life force and divine power.
Every stroke of the brush has 

3923
03:27:34,100 --> 03:27:37,800
meaning the way she draws her 
eye makeup in wing-like shape is

3924
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:39,400
like the protective wings of the
Goddess. 

3925
03:27:39,400 --> 03:27:43,300
Isis, the exact geometric shapes
you, make on her forehead and 

3926
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:45,900
cheeks and not just for 
decoration, they are sacred 

3927
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:49,100
symbols, that show her rank in 
the temple, higher key, and her 

3928
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:52,900
specific ritual duties. 
The perfume, she wears are just 

3929
03:27:52,908 --> 03:27:56,000
as important, the frankincense 
oil, she puts on her wrist, 

3930
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,900
connects her to Divine 
communication because it smoked 

3931
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:02,700
carries prayers to the Gods. 
The she puts on her throat is a 

3932
03:28:02,708 --> 03:28:06,000
sign of protection against evil 
and the preservation of holy 

3933
03:28:06,000 --> 03:28:07,800
speak. 
The Jasmine oil. 

3934
03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:11,200
She uses in her hair stands for 
feminine divine power, and the 

3935
03:28:11,200 --> 03:28:15,300
drawing in of good spiritual 
forces in Ancient India, the 

3936
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,300
language of Cosmetics was just 
as complicated and important. 

3937
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:22,300
The tiller, which are colored 
marks on the forehead or a 

3938
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,700
complex way to identify someone.
A knowledgeable person, could 

3939
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:28,600
tell their religious sect, where
they came from, their social 

3940
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:31,200
caste, and even their current 
spiritual State. 

3941
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,200
Picture meeting a merchant from 
Southern India in a market in 

3942
03:28:34,200 --> 03:28:36,600
the North. 
The red and white vertical lines

3943
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:39,700
on his forehead show that he is 
a follower of Vishnu and the 

3944
03:28:39,700 --> 03:28:43,500
specific pattern shows that he 
is from a certain area and is a 

3945
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:45,600
merchant. 
The small dot of Sandalwood 

3946
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:47,900
paste on. 
His forehead means that he is 

3947
03:28:47,900 --> 03:28:50,200
going through a period of 
ritual, purification. 

3948
03:28:50,200 --> 03:28:53,300
Probably to get ready for an 
important business deal or 

3949
03:28:53,300 --> 03:28:55,800
religious Festival. 
The women in his family would 

3950
03:28:55,800 --> 03:28:59,100
send even more complicated 
Beauty messages when a married 

3951
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:02,700
woman puts redcore powder in her
hair, it tells everyone she 

3952
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,000
meets that she is married the 
color and the application may 

3953
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:08,000
also show. 
If she is, newly married has 

3954
03:29:08,000 --> 03:29:11,800
kids or his pregnant. 
The henna on her hands could 

3955
03:29:11,800 --> 03:29:14,900
tell the story of her wedding, 
her family, history, and her 

3956
03:29:14,900 --> 03:29:17,700
hopes for the future. 
In ancient China, the use of 

3957
03:29:17,708 --> 03:29:21,300
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 
Taurus philosophy and the idea 

3958
03:29:21,300 --> 03:29:23,100
of balance between opposing 
forces. 

3959
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:26,800
The pale white face powder, 
stood for Yin which is the 

3960
03:29:26,800 --> 03:29:30,500
feminine accepting and peaceful 
printable, the red lip and cheek

3961
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:33,900
color stood for Yang, which is 
the masculine active and dynamic

3962
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:36,100
principle. 
People thought that achieving 

3963
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:38,000
perfect. 
Cosmetic balance meant bringing 

3964
03:29:38,000 --> 03:29:41,500
these forces into harmony, which
would improve, not only Beauty, 

3965
03:29:41,500 --> 03:29:43,500
but also spiritual and physical 
health. 

3966
03:29:43,500 --> 03:29:45,900
Some of the makeup used in 
Chinese courts. 

3967
03:29:45,900 --> 03:29:48,100
During the tang in Asti was 
meant to make political 

3968
03:29:48,100 --> 03:29:51,300
statements The way someone 
paints their eyebrows could 

3969
03:29:51,300 --> 03:29:54,700
show, which court factions, they
are loyal to the placement and 

3970
03:29:54,700 --> 03:29:57,400
color of decorative elements on 
the face May indicate support 

3971
03:29:57,400 --> 03:29:59,800
for particular policies or 
political ideologies. 

3972
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:02,800
The choice of perfume. 
Could even be political since 

3973
03:30:02,800 --> 03:30:05,100
different sense, were linked to 
different parts of the Empire 

3974
03:30:05,100 --> 03:30:08,500
and their cultural values 
European medieval Cosmetics. 

3975
03:30:08,500 --> 03:30:10,500
Had their own complicated 
symbolic meanings. 

3976
03:30:10,500 --> 03:30:13,700
But these were often hidden by 
religious rules about how to use

3977
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:16,800
them when the church told women 
not to wear makeup because it 

3978
03:30:16,800 --> 03:30:18,700
was vain. 
They came up with subtle 

3979
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:21,400
cosmetic codes that let them 
share important information 

3980
03:30:21,400 --> 03:30:25,000
while still looking like they 
were naturally, beautiful a pale

3981
03:30:25,000 --> 03:30:27,900
complexion, which could be 
achieved by using white powders 

3982
03:30:27,900 --> 03:30:31,000
carefully, and staying out of 
the sun showed that someone was 

3983
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:35,200
of noble birth and had a lot of 
free time, slightly Rosy Cheeks,

3984
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:37,800
which could be made by pinching 
or lightly applying Rouge. 

3985
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:39,500
Made people look, young and 
healthy. 

3986
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:42,900
People who are rich could afford
to eat well and keep their teeth

3987
03:30:42,900 --> 03:30:45,000
clean. 
Which showed good nutrition, and

3988
03:30:45,000 --> 03:30:48,200
careful, hygiene but medieval 
Cosmetics all so sent more 

3989
03:30:48,200 --> 03:30:51,800
specific messages Some perfumes,
could mean that a person is 

3990
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:53,800
ready to get married or is 
already in a relationship. 

3991
03:30:53,800 --> 03:30:57,300
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

3992
03:30:57,300 --> 03:31:00,400
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

3993
03:31:00,400 --> 03:31:03,200
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

3994
03:31:03,200 --> 03:31:06,200
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

3995
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:09,200
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture, 

3996
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:12,200
created complex systems of 
visual communication during the 

3997
03:31:12,200 --> 03:31:14,600
Renaissance. 
The meaning of Cosmetics became 

3998
03:31:14,600 --> 03:31:17,700
more complex, the famous 
white-led makeup that rich women

3999
03:31:17,700 --> 03:31:19,700
wore didn't just show that they 
were fashionable. 

4000
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:23,100
It also showed that they could 
afford expensive and dangerous 

4001
03:31:23,100 --> 03:31:27,000
Cosmetics that they had the time
to spend hours putting it on and

4002
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:29,900
that they were willing to put 
their health at risk for beauty,

4003
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:33,600
the use of beauty patches which 
are small pieces of silk or 

4004
03:31:33,600 --> 03:31:36,900
velvet put on the face. 
Turned into a complicated way to

4005
03:31:36,900 --> 03:31:39,300
talk to each other. 
A patch on the cheek, could mean

4006
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:42,100
that the person is political 
while a patch on the corner of 

4007
03:31:42,100 --> 03:31:45,200
the mouth, could mean that the 
person is flirting a patron on 

4008
03:31:45,208 --> 03:31:47,700
the forehead might mean that 
someone is smart or as learned 

4009
03:31:47,700 --> 03:31:50,700
something while a patch near the
eye might mean that something is

4010
03:31:50,700 --> 03:31:54,100
mysterious or interesting. 
Beauty, patches in different 

4011
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:56,200
colors, had different meanings 
black. 

4012
03:31:56,200 --> 03:31:59,700
Patches were common and not very
strong but colored patches could

4013
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:04,300
send a clear message red patches
could mean anger or passion blue

4014
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,200
could mean sadness or deep 
feelings and white could mean 

4015
03:32:07,200 --> 03:32:09,900
Innocents or Mourning the Sensei
used. 

4016
03:32:09,900 --> 03:32:13,200
During this time also had deep 
symbolic meanings, different 

4017
03:32:13,200 --> 03:32:16,000
smells were linked to different.
Good qualities, feelings and 

4018
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:19,100
social messages. 
A woman might wear floral sense 

4019
03:32:19,100 --> 03:32:22,800
to show that she's feminine and 
gentle spicy sense to show that 

4020
03:32:22,800 --> 03:32:26,000
she's passionate and 
sophisticated or herbal sense to

4021
03:32:26,000 --> 03:32:29,400
show that she knows how to heal 
and do household chores, in many

4022
03:32:29,400 --> 03:32:32,700
African cultures using 
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 

4023
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:36,100
and social, meaning that linked 
people to their ancestors, their

4024
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:39,400
community, and the world around 
the certain patterns of face 

4025
03:32:39,400 --> 03:32:42,900
painting, could show what Clan 
someone belongs to how old they 

4026
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:46,000
are, whether they are married 
and what their spiritual role is

4027
03:32:46,000 --> 03:32:48,500
in the community. 
Putting on traditional African 

4028
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:50,800
makeup was often a group 
activity that brought people 

4029
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:52,700
closer together and passed down 
cultural. 

4030
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:55,800
Knowledge older women would 
teach younger women, not only 

4031
03:32:55,800 --> 03:32:58,400
how to apply makeup at all. 
So what different colors and 

4032
03:32:58,400 --> 03:33:01,900
patterns meant, there were 
stories songs, and traditional 

4033
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:04,700
wisdom, that link Beauty 
practices to bigger cultural 

4034
03:33:04,700 --> 03:33:08,100
values and beliefs in this 
education, Different colors of 

4035
03:33:08,100 --> 03:33:11,300
pigments, had different 
spiritual meanings white clay 

4036
03:33:11,300 --> 03:33:13,600
could stand for spirits of 
ancestors, and the link to the 

4037
03:33:13,608 --> 03:33:16,400
Divine red. 
Oaker might stand for Life, 

4038
03:33:16,400 --> 03:33:18,700
Force fertility, and a link to 
the Earth. 

4039
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:22,600
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

4040
03:33:22,600 --> 03:33:25,700
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

4041
03:33:25,700 --> 03:33:28,100
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

4042
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,300
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the 

4043
03:33:31,300 --> 03:33:34,500
wearer was, what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

4044
03:33:34,500 --> 03:33:36,900
the community. 
A young woman's coming of age, 

4045
03:33:36,900 --> 03:33:39,700
ceremony might include putting 
on certain patterns that showed 

4046
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:42,100
she was no longer a child. 
A new mother. 

4047
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:44,600
On the other hand might wear 
different patterns to show that 

4048
03:33:44,600 --> 03:33:47,400
she make up British. 
Now a mother in ancient Persia 

4049
03:33:47,400 --> 03:33:50,500
Cosmetics, were closely linked 
to zoroastrian religious 

4050
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:52,700
beliefs, about the fight between
light and dark. 

4051
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:55,000
In the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

4052
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:57,700
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

4053
03:33:57,700 --> 03:34:01,400
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

4054
03:34:01,400 --> 03:34:03,900
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

4055
03:34:03,900 --> 03:34:05,100
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

4056
03:34:05,108 --> 03:34:08,300
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in this

4057
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:09,500
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

4058
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:12,700
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

4059
03:34:12,708 --> 03:34:15,300
religious ceremonies and how 
committed they are to 

4060
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,700
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

4061
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:21,400
perfumes, They used could bring 
in good spiritual forces and 

4062
03:34:21,400 --> 03:34:23,800
keep out bad ones. 
People were told to use 

4063
03:34:23,800 --> 03:34:26,600
different sense for different 
spiritual purposes, like 

4064
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:29,800
meditation and prayer 
protection, while traveling, and

4065
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:31,900
bringing love and harmony into 
relationships. 

4066
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:35,500
As you think about these deep 
traditions of cosmetic symbolism

4067
03:34:35,500 --> 03:34:38,800
and meaning, you can see how 
amazing it is that people can 

4068
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:42,100
turn the simple act of putting 
color on their face into a 

4069
03:34:42,108 --> 03:34:46,500
complex way to communicate 
identify themselves and express 

4070
03:34:46,500 --> 03:34:49,800
their spirituality. 
These old traditions show us 

4071
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:52,600
that make up has always been 
about more than just how you 

4072
03:34:52,600 --> 03:34:54,900
look. 
It's also been a way to be a 

4073
03:34:54,900 --> 03:34:57,700
part of the most important parts
of human culture and Community. 

4074
03:34:57,700 --> 03:35:00,400
As you relax, more deeply into 
your comfortable position. 

4075
03:35:00,400 --> 03:35:04,300
Let your mind, gently explore, 
how these old beauty practices, 

4076
03:35:04,300 --> 03:35:07,700
still affect and shape our 
modern world in ways that are 

4077
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:11,200
both obvious and surprising 
makeup story doesn't end with 

4078
03:35:11,200 --> 03:35:15,100
the fall of Empires or the rise 
of new ones instead, it flows 

4079
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:18,300
like an underground river. 
Sometimes visible, and sometimes

4080
03:35:18,300 --> 03:35:22,500
hidden But always there bringing
the knowledge and new ideas of 

4081
03:35:22,500 --> 03:35:24,300
our ancestors into our lives 
today. 

4082
03:35:25,900 --> 03:35:28,000
Think about your own morning 
routine for a moment. 

4083
03:35:28,008 --> 03:35:31,400
When you wash your face with a 
gentle cleanser, you're taking 

4084
03:35:31,400 --> 03:35:34,800
part in a ritual that goes back 
to ancient Egyptian priests who 

4085
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:37,800
used nature on an oils to clean 
themselves before, going to see 

4086
03:35:37,800 --> 03:35:40,000
their gods. 
When you put on Foundation to 

4087
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:42,700
make your skin tone, even, 
you're following a method that 

4088
03:35:42,700 --> 03:35:46,400
Chinese Court ladies used to get
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing

4089
03:35:46,400 --> 03:35:49,800
rice powder with precious oils. 
When you look in the mirror 

4090
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:52,300
while putting on makeup, you're 
doing something that people have

4091
03:35:52,300 --> 03:35:53,500
been doing for hundreds of 
years. 

4092
03:35:53,500 --> 03:35:56,800
Even though your mirror is made 
of silvered glass instead of 

4093
03:35:56,800 --> 03:36:00,100
polished, bronze or obsidian and
your makeup comes from labs in 

4094
03:36:00,108 --> 03:36:02,700
stead of being ground by hand 
from minerals and plants. 

4095
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:05,100
The basic experience is still 
the same. 

4096
03:36:05,100 --> 03:36:08,300
You are changing who you are and
getting ready to face the world.

4097
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:11,700
You're taking part in the 
ancient dance between identity 

4098
03:36:11,700 --> 03:36:14,100
and appearance. 
Even though modern cosmetic 

4099
03:36:14,100 --> 03:36:17,200
science is very Advanced, it 
keeps finding the wisdom that 

4100
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:20,800
was already there in ancient 
Beauty practices People first 

4101
03:36:20,800 --> 03:36:23,800
noticed that retinoids could 
help with aging and oils from 

4102
03:36:23,800 --> 03:36:26,500
fish liver that were high in 
vitamin A Egyptian. 

4103
03:36:26,500 --> 03:36:29,300
Women use, sour milk and fruit 
acids to smooth their skin. 

4104
03:36:29,300 --> 03:36:33,300
So they knew the alpha hydroxy 
acids could do the same ancient 

4105
03:36:33,300 --> 03:36:36,200
cultures used honey and plant 
Mueller's to keep their skin 

4106
03:36:36,200 --> 03:36:39,600
soft and supple which is similar
to how high or ironic acid 

4107
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:41,800
Works. 
Think about how the colors 

4108
03:36:41,800 --> 03:36:44,400
people liked in the past, still 
affect the style of makeup 

4109
03:36:44,400 --> 03:36:47,500
today, the red lips that were 
popular in ancient Roman, China 

4110
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:50,200
are still a classic look that 
never really goes out of style, 

4111
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:53,500
the dramatic eye makeup that 
ancient Egyptians invented comes

4112
03:36:53,500 --> 03:36:57,300
back into style all the time 
from the mod, looks of the 1960s

4113
03:36:57,300 --> 03:37:00,000
to the Bold graphic. 
Styles of modern makeup artists,

4114
03:37:00,000 --> 03:37:02,000
the idea that make up can 
change. 

4115
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:05,400
A person's appearance, has been 
around for a long time and is 

4116
03:37:05,400 --> 03:37:08,500
still driving new cosmetic 
products today, like shamans in 

4117
03:37:08,508 --> 03:37:12,000
the past used face paint to talk
to spirits make up our artists 

4118
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:13,500
today. 
Help people explore different 

4119
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,400
parts of who they are. 
The traditions of face painting,

4120
03:37:16,400 --> 03:37:19,300
that started as religious. 
Rituals have had an impact on 

4121
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:22,400
everything from Halloween makeup
to special effects in movies and

4122
03:37:22,400 --> 03:37:25,400
TV shows. 
Ancient color symbolism is still

4123
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:28,400
present in small ways. 
In modern culture, red has been 

4124
03:37:28,408 --> 03:37:31,800
linked to power and passion 
since prehistoric times when it 

4125
03:37:31,800 --> 03:37:34,500
was used in Oka. 
Painting's, this still affect 

4126
03:37:34,500 --> 03:37:37,600
how we see red lipstick and 
clothing the link between white 

4127
03:37:37,600 --> 03:37:41,000
and Purity, which was developed 
by ancient cultures from Egypt 

4128
03:37:41,000 --> 03:37:44,400
to China is still important in 
bridal, makeup and formal 

4129
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:48,000
Aesthetics the social dynamics 
of ancient cosmetic culture are 

4130
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:49,600
very similar to. 
Those of modern Beauty 

4131
03:37:49,600 --> 03:37:52,600
practices, the difference 
between high-end and everyday 

4132
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:54,200
Cosmetics. 
That existed in ancient 

4133
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:57,400
civilizations, is the same as 
the difference between high-end 

4134
03:37:57,400 --> 03:37:58,900
and Drugstore Beauty Brands 
today. 

4135
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:01,900
The same psychological drives 
that made ancient Court. 

4136
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:04,700
Ladies compete with each other 
by wearing, elaborate makeup 

4137
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:07,500
still drive, modern Beauty 
influencers and their fans, 

4138
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,200
modern cosmetic. 
Scientists to figure out how to 

4139
03:38:10,200 --> 03:38:12,800
use old makeup techniques that 
took hundreds of years to 

4140
03:38:12,800 --> 03:38:15,900
develop and perfect using modern
chemistry and Manufacturing 

4141
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:17,900
methods. 
We are recreating the 

4142
03:38:17,900 --> 03:38:20,900
long-lasting formulas that 
ancient cultures came up with 

4143
03:38:20,900 --> 03:38:24,200
through trial and error water 
resistant eye makeup, which was 

4144
03:38:24,200 --> 03:38:26,800
first used by ancient cultures 
for both practical. 

4145
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:30,300
And spiritual reasons is now a 
common part of modern Cosmetics.

4146
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:33,700
The idea that Cosmetics were 
medicine in ancient times, still

4147
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:36,600
affect how beauty products are 
made to day the practice of 

4148
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:39,900
using makeup to protect and heal
skin, which goes back to ancient

4149
03:38:39,900 --> 03:38:43,600
Egypt and Additional Asia is 
what drives modern Research into

4150
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:46,900
Cosmos cuticles which are 
products that mix cosmetics and 

4151
03:38:46,908 --> 03:38:49,200
medicine. 
This old wisdom is still true 

4152
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:50,700
today. 
Sunscreen and Foundation 

4153
03:38:50,700 --> 03:38:54,100
anti-aging ingredients, and 
concealer, and lip products that

4154
03:38:54,100 --> 03:38:57,300
heal many modern sustainable 
Beauty movements look to the 

4155
03:38:57,300 --> 03:39:00,900
Past for ideas, bringing back 
old ingredients and methods that

4156
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:04,800
were lost when Cosmetics became 
industrialized brands that focus

4157
03:39:04,800 --> 03:39:07,800
on natural ingredients, 
traditional methods of making 

4158
03:39:07,800 --> 03:39:10,800
things and having as little of 
an impact on the environment as 

4159
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:14,400
possible, a basically going back
to the ideas that guided the 

4160
03:39:14,400 --> 03:39:17,500
development of Cosmetics, for 
thousands of years before the 

4161
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:20,700
modern chemical industry, the 
ritualistic elements of ancient 

4162
03:39:20,700 --> 03:39:24,100
makeup applications still have 
cycle benefits that modern users

4163
03:39:24,100 --> 03:39:27,100
instinctively grasp. 
The meditative quality of 

4164
03:39:27,100 --> 03:39:29,900
carefully, putting on makeup, 
the feeling of changing and 

4165
03:39:29,900 --> 03:39:32,200
getting ready and the connection
to cultural. 

4166
03:39:32,200 --> 03:39:34,900
Traditions are all still 
important parts of the Cosmetic 

4167
03:39:34,900 --> 03:39:37,900
experience today. 
Just like they were for ancient 

4168
03:39:37,900 --> 03:39:40,600
practitioners old packaging, and
tools for app. 

4169
03:39:40,600 --> 03:39:43,200
Applying makeup still have an 
effect on how Cosmetics are made

4170
03:39:43,208 --> 03:39:45,700
today. 
The beautiful containers that 

4171
03:39:45,700 --> 03:39:49,200
ancient cultures made to hold 
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 

4172
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:52,300
modern packaging, that focuses 
on luxury and craftsmanship. 

4173
03:39:52,300 --> 03:39:55,800
Brushes sponges and precise 
applicators are still used in 

4174
03:39:55,800 --> 03:39:57,400
the same way. 
They were thousands of years 

4175
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,700
ago. 
This shows that some new ideas 

4176
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:01,600
are so good that they last 
through time. 

4177
03:40:01,600 --> 03:40:05,300
The age-old practice of passing 
down cosmetic recipes from one 

4178
03:40:05,300 --> 03:40:07,500
generation to. 
The next is still going strong 

4179
03:40:07,500 --> 03:40:09,500
today. 
Even though people today don't 

4180
03:40:09,500 --> 03:40:11,900
grind their own pigments or mix 
their own formulas. 

4181
03:40:11,900 --> 03:40:15,000
They still share Beauty 
knowledge, through social media 

4182
03:40:15,000 --> 03:40:19,500
beauty communities, and family 
traditions, This is how 

4183
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:21,300
knowledge has always been passed
down. 

4184
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:24,400
There are strong Echoes of 
ancient perfume, traditions, in 

4185
03:40:24,408 --> 03:40:28,000
modern times, modern perfume 
makers are still influenced by 

4186
03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:31,300
the layering techniques that 
ancient Persian and Arab perfume

4187
03:40:31,300 --> 03:40:34,500
was came up with using incense 
and aroma therapy to improve 

4188
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:37,400
mood, and spiritual practice as 
a direct link to ancient 

4189
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:40,500
Customs. 
Even modern perfume ads often 

4190
03:40:40,500 --> 03:40:44,400
use old ideas about how smell 
affect feeling's, memories and 

4191
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:47,700
identity, the gender fluid 
approach to Cosmetics, that was 

4192
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:50,500
common in many ancient cultures 
is making a comeback. 

4193
03:40:50,500 --> 03:40:53,500
In modern Beauty culture. 
The old idea that make up could 

4194
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,300
make anyone look better, no 
matter what gender they were 

4195
03:40:56,300 --> 03:40:59,200
fits with modern movements 
toward beauty standards that 

4196
03:40:59,200 --> 03:41:02,400
include everyone and non-binary 
ways to express yourself with 

4197
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:04,900
Cosmetics. 
The use of makeup for ceremonies

4198
03:41:04,900 --> 03:41:07,600
and special events has not 
changed much since ancient 

4199
03:41:07,600 --> 03:41:10,000
times. 
Many of the makeup traditions 

4200
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:12,800
for weddings come from old 
beauty practices for bride's 

4201
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:15,600
makeup for theater and 
performance is still very much 

4202
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:18,900
like the face painting that was 
done in ancient rituals even the

4203
03:41:18,900 --> 03:41:20,600
Makeup. 
We wear every day for special 

4204
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:24,000
occasions, follows pattern set 
by ancient cultures for marking 

4205
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:27,400
important events and changes 
using makeup to show social. 

4206
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:30,100
And professional roles is an old
practice that has changed, but 

4207
03:41:30,100 --> 03:41:33,000
is still used today, 
professional makeup standards in

4208
03:41:33,000 --> 03:41:35,000
many fields from business to 
entertainment. 

4209
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:38,300
Carry on the old practice of 
using, looks to show competence 

4210
03:41:38,300 --> 03:41:41,500
and Status the power look in 
today's business, world comes 

4211
03:41:41,500 --> 03:41:44,600
directly from the old practice 
of using makeup to show that you

4212
03:41:44,600 --> 03:41:49,100
are in charge and capable. 
Beauty standards from the past 

4213
03:41:49,100 --> 03:41:50,800
still affect modern makeup 
goals. 

4214
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:54,100
But in different ways, the 
desire for Perfect Skin that 

4215
03:41:54,100 --> 03:41:56,600
people have had for a long time,
is what drives the development 

4216
03:41:56,600 --> 03:41:58,600
of modern foundations and 
concealers. 

4217
03:41:58,600 --> 03:42:01,700
The ancient focus on a bright 
healthy, looking skin tone 

4218
03:42:01,700 --> 03:42:04,400
inspires, today's highlighter 
and Skin Care. 

4219
03:42:04,400 --> 03:42:07,700
Makeup hybrid products, ancient 
ways of making lips. 

4220
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:09,500
Look better. 
Have an effect on everything 

4221
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:12,700
from lip Plumping. 
Isis, Plumping, products to 

4222
03:42:12,700 --> 03:42:16,000
cosmetic surgery. 
People still think of makeup as 

4223
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:18,700
a way to express their culture, 
just like they did. 

4224
03:42:18,700 --> 03:42:21,800
In ancient times traditional 
cosmetic practices from 

4225
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:24,900
different cultures, still work 
well with modern ones, making 

4226
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:27,700
beautiful landscapes that honor 
both the past and the future 

4227
03:42:27,700 --> 03:42:30,700
henna art, traditional face, 
painting and cultural 

4228
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:33,000
ceremonial. 
Makeup are still important and 

4229
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:35,100
have an impact on mainstream 
Beauty Trendz. 

4230
03:42:35,100 --> 03:42:37,700
Old ways of thinking about 
beauty that were based on 

4231
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:40,200
seasons and Cycles. 
Still have an effect on how 

4232
03:42:40,200 --> 03:42:43,400
people use Cosmetics today, the 
old custom of changing your 

4233
03:42:43,400 --> 03:42:46,300
makeup and skincare routines 
based on the seasons, the moon, 

4234
03:42:46,300 --> 03:42:50,100
and different stages of life. 
Similar to Modern trends that 

4235
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:52,700
emphasized more natural and 
responsive Beauty practices, 

4236
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:55,900
seasonal, color palettes which 
are often based on Old ideas 

4237
03:42:55,900 --> 03:42:58,000
about how lighten the 
environment affect, how people 

4238
03:42:58,000 --> 03:43:01,400
look are still very important in
modern, makeup marketing and 

4239
03:43:01,400 --> 03:43:03,400
choice. 
The old idea that beauty is 

4240
03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:05,500
something that people do 
together is still around today, 

4241
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:09,800
Beauty parties friends, putting 
on makeup together and groups. 

4242
03:43:09,800 --> 03:43:13,000
Getting ready for special events
are always that the social side 

4243
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:16,500
of beauty culture, stayed alive 
for thousands of years, Beauty 

4244
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:19,300
communities on social media. 
Take this old practice into the 

4245
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:22,400
digital world, making new 
versions of the old ways of 

4246
03:43:22,408 --> 03:43:25,300
sharing knowledge, and helping 
each other that were common in 

4247
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:27,600
ancient Beauty culture as you 
fall asleep. 

4248
03:43:27,600 --> 03:43:29,800
Think about how your makeup 
routine in the morning will 

4249
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:31,600
connect you. 
To the vast River of Human 

4250
03:43:31,600 --> 03:43:33,900
Experience. 
When you put that first color on

4251
03:43:33,900 --> 03:43:36,100
your face, you'll be doing 
something that connects you to 

4252
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,300
Cave painters. 
Egyptian priests Chinese Court, 

4253
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:43,100
ladies, Roman matrons and many 
more who knew that the face is 

4254
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:47,300
the first canvas for art 
identity and change even though 

4255
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:49,700
your makeup may be made in. 
Modern factories instead of 

4256
03:43:49,700 --> 03:43:53,300
being ground by hand from sacred
minerals, the impulses still the

4257
03:43:53,300 --> 03:43:56,800
same to show the world. 
Your best self to take part in 

4258
03:43:56,800 --> 03:44:00,400
your culture's beauty traditions
and to enjoy the little daily 

4259
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:03,400
magic of transformation that 
make up brings in this way. 

4260
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:06,100
You take part in one of the 
oldest and most enduring art 

4261
03:44:06,100 --> 03:44:08,900
forms every morning. 
You become part of a story that 

4262
03:44:08,900 --> 03:44:12,100
started in caves long before. 
People lived in them and will go

4263
03:44:12,100 --> 03:44:15,400
on as long as people care about 
beauty identity, and the never 

4264
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:17,600
ending interesting link between 
who we are. 

4265
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:21,200
And how we choose to look to 
Plumping at the world. 

4266
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:24,500
The ancient history of Cosmetics
isn't really history at all, 

4267
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:28,600
it's the present lived out every
day in millions of mirrors 

4268
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:30,800
around the world as Timeless and
real. 

4269
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:34,000
As the human face itself, while 
you relax even more in the 

4270
03:44:34,008 --> 03:44:37,300
evening, let your mind drift to 
the workshops and Labs where 

4271
03:44:37,300 --> 03:44:39,500
ancient cosmetic makers work 
their magic. 

4272
03:44:40,500 --> 03:44:43,500
These long forgotten Alchemists 
worked hundreds of years before 

4273
03:44:43,500 --> 03:44:46,100
Modern Chemistry. 
They came up with formulation 

4274
03:44:46,100 --> 03:44:49,100
methods that are so Advanced 
that modern cosmetic scientists 

4275
03:44:49,100 --> 03:44:51,400
are still trying to figure out 
how they got such amazing 

4276
03:44:51,400 --> 03:44:53,800
results. 
Imagine yourself in the workshop

4277
03:44:53,800 --> 03:44:55,700
of a cosmetic maker from ancient
Egypt. 

4278
03:44:55,700 --> 03:45:01,000
May be in the busy City of 
Memphis around 1200 BCE The room

4279
03:45:01,000 --> 03:45:04,000
smells like frankincense and the
earthy smell of minerals being 

4280
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:07,500
ground clay pots. 
Sit on wooden shelves, each one 

4281
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:09,600
holding carefully. 
Chosen ingredients that took 

4282
03:45:09,600 --> 03:45:13,700
months or even years to prepare 
the master cosmetic maker starts

4283
03:45:13,700 --> 03:45:16,300
her Day Before Dawn, not because
she's in a hurry. 

4284
03:45:16,300 --> 03:45:18,800
But because the cool morning air
is best for some of the 

4285
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:21,600
preparations before, the desert 
heat affects the delicate 

4286
03:45:21,600 --> 03:45:24,300
chemical processes. 
She's in charge of she treats 

4287
03:45:24,300 --> 03:45:27,000
her work with the respect of a 
priest and the accuracy of a 

4288
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:29,400
mathematician. 
She knows that the difference 

4289
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:32,300
between a cosmetic that makes 
you look better and one that 

4290
03:45:32,300 --> 03:45:34,200
hurts. 
Your skin can be a small as a 

4291
03:45:34,208 --> 03:45:37,300
grain of sand watches. 
She makes coal using a method 

4292
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:39,000
that has been passed down 
through her family for 

4293
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:42,900
Generations. 
Starts with Galena, a lead 

4294
03:45:42,908 --> 03:45:47,200
sulfide mineral that gives coal,
its unique deep black color but 

4295
03:45:47,200 --> 03:45:49,500
she doesn't just grind the 
mineral and mix it with oil 

4296
03:45:49,500 --> 03:45:52,100
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

4297
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:54,900
process that scientists today. 
Are just starting to figure out 

4298
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:57,200
first. 
She heats the Galena in a 

4299
03:45:57,200 --> 03:46:00,300
special furnace and she knows 
how to control the temperature 

4300
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:02,700
with a level of knowledge about 
Metallurgy, that wouldn't be out

4301
03:46:02,700 --> 03:46:05,500
of place in a modern lab. 
The heat changes, the minerals 

4302
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:08,800
crystal structure, which makes 
it safer to use around the eyes 

4303
03:46:08,800 --> 03:46:11,800
and improve its color. 
She adds small amounts of other 

4304
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:14,700
minerals, while heating the 
metal, like, a pinch of antimony

4305
03:46:14,700 --> 03:46:17,900
here and a trace of silver. 
There, this makes an alloy that 

4306
03:46:17,900 --> 03:46:19,500
is stronger than the summer of 
its parts. 

4307
03:46:19,500 --> 03:46:23,300
After that the grinding process 
takes hours of careful work. 

4308
03:46:23,300 --> 03:46:26,500
She makes a powder from the 
treated mineral that so fine, it

4309
03:46:26,500 --> 03:46:29,500
feels like Silk between her 
fingers by using a palette made 

4310
03:46:29,500 --> 03:46:32,200
of carefully. 
Chosen Stone the consistency, 

4311
03:46:32,200 --> 03:46:36,000
has to be just right if it's too
coarse, the coal will scratch 

4312
03:46:36,000 --> 03:46:39,100
the delicate skin around the 
eyes and if it's too fine it 

4313
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:42,300
won't stay on or cover. 
Well, The mixing of the final 

4314
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:45,100
formula is where science and art
really come together. 

4315
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:48,100
She mixes the powdered mineral 
with a carefully balanced. 

4316
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:51,800
Blend of animal fats, plant 
oils, and fragrant resins, the 

4317
03:46:51,800 --> 03:46:54,900
fats, help the pigments stick to
the skin and make it easier to 

4318
03:46:54,900 --> 03:46:57,700
apply the oils. 
Keep the mixture from drying out

4319
03:46:57,700 --> 03:47:01,400
too quickly and the resins act, 
as natural preservatives and add

4320
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:03,700
a light scent. 
But the right amounts of very 

4321
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:06,800
important and they change with 
the season, the use and even the

4322
03:47:06,808 --> 03:47:10,100
moon phase, some of versions 
have more oils to keep the cold 

4323
03:47:10,100 --> 03:47:13,600
from drying out in the Heat and 
winter versions, have more fats 

4324
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:17,500
to protect it from cold winds. 
Coal made for everyday, use is 

4325
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:20,100
different from coal made for 
religious ceremonies or special 

4326
03:47:20,100 --> 03:47:22,200
events. 
The ancient Egyptians knew 

4327
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:24,600
something that modern cosmetic 
science has rediscovered. 

4328
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:28,400
How ingredients are put together
is often more important than the

4329
03:47:28,400 --> 03:47:31,300
ingredients themselves. 
They came up with ways to make 

4330
03:47:31,300 --> 03:47:34,500
stable, emulsions control 
particle size and get consistent

4331
03:47:34,500 --> 03:47:36,300
color. 
That are just as good as what 

4332
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:38,000
modern manufacturing methods can
do. 

4333
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:41,300
They know a lot more than just 
coal Egyptian. 

4334
03:47:41,300 --> 03:47:43,900
Makeup artist made lip colors 
that brought out the natural 

4335
03:47:43,900 --> 03:47:47,700
tones of different skin types 
and of hiding them as well as I 

4336
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:49,500
Shadows. 
That wouldn't smudge even when 

4337
03:47:49,500 --> 03:47:52,400
you sweat and Rouge that stayed 
bright for hours in the desert 

4338
03:47:52,400 --> 03:47:55,300
heat, they were able to get 
these results without using any 

4339
03:47:55,300 --> 03:47:58,700
of today's preservatives 
stabilizers or color faster, 

4340
03:47:58,700 --> 03:48:01,500
colorfast Statler fast 
Technologies, ancient Chinese 

4341
03:48:01,500 --> 03:48:04,800
Cosmetics would just as advanced
but they were based on different

4342
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:08,200
ideas from traditional Chinese 
medicine and Taoist for 

4343
03:48:08,200 --> 03:48:11,400
philosophy. 
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 

4344
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:13,200
of their work as a way to heal 
people. 

4345
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:16,600
They made products that not only
made people look better, but 

4346
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:18,600
also made them healthier and 
happier. 

4347
03:48:19,700 --> 03:48:22,500
Think about going to a Chinese 
cosmetic Workshop in the Tang 

4348
03:48:22,500 --> 03:48:26,900
Dynasty around 750 CE. 
The master Craftsmen starts his 

4349
03:48:26,900 --> 03:48:29,600
work by meditating and doing 
purification rituals. 

4350
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:32,900
He knows that how he feels will 
affect the quality of what he 

4351
03:48:32,900 --> 03:48:35,300
makes. 
He thinks that Cosmetics made 

4352
03:48:35,300 --> 03:48:38,100
with good intentions and Care 
will pass those qualities onto 

4353
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,500
the people who use them. 
Modern Cosmetics, scientists are

4354
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:44,000
still trying to figure out how 
to make Chinese face powder. 

4355
03:48:44,000 --> 03:48:47,300
The Craftsman starts with rice 
that has been carefully, chosen 

4356
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:50,500
for its type how it grows. 
And when it's harvested 

4357
03:48:50,500 --> 03:48:53,300
different, kinds of rice, make 
powders with different 

4358
03:48:53,300 --> 03:48:55,200
qualities. 
Some give better coverage, 

4359
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,300
others make the Surface smooth 
smoother and still others. 

4360
03:48:58,300 --> 03:48:59,900
Give the most natural looking 
finish. 

4361
03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:04,200
First the rice is washed and 
spring water that Temple Priests

4362
03:49:04,200 --> 03:49:07,000
of blessed. 
Then it is dried in a certain 

4363
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:09,300
way that keeps the humidity and 
temperature, just right. 

4364
03:49:10,400 --> 03:49:12,800
Stone Mills that have been used 
for Generations, are used to 

4365
03:49:12,808 --> 03:49:15,700
grind the grains. 
Their surfaces are smooth from 

4366
03:49:15,700 --> 03:49:18,100
all the batches of powder and a 
flavored with the oils and 

4367
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:21,700
Essences of past preparations. 
But the real sophistication is 

4368
03:49:21,700 --> 03:49:24,700
in the additives that change 
plain rice flour into makeup 

4369
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:26,900
powder. 
The Craftsman carefully adds the

4370
03:49:26,900 --> 03:49:30,300
right amount of ground pearls 
which give the powder, the shine

4371
03:49:30,300 --> 03:49:33,400
that made Chinese complexion 
powder famous all over Asia. 

4372
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,700
To make the pearls into the 
finest powder possible, they 

4373
03:49:36,700 --> 03:49:38,900
must be prepared. 
Using secret methods that keep 

4374
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:40,500
their light reflecting, 
properties. 

4375
03:49:40,500 --> 03:49:43,400
Other ingredients are powdered 
Jade, which is thought to have 

4376
03:49:43,400 --> 03:49:46,400
healing properties ground 
seashells which are thought to 

4377
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:50,000
have minerals in them and small 
amounts of precious metals which

4378
03:49:50,000 --> 03:49:53,300
give the color a subtle effect. 
Each addition is made using 

4379
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:55,700
complicated formulas, that take 
into account, how the 

4380
03:49:55,708 --> 03:49:59,000
ingredients will work together. 
The users designed skin tone, 

4381
03:49:59,000 --> 03:50:02,200
and even astrological factors 
that determine the best time to 

4382
03:50:02,200 --> 03:50:04,800
mix Cosmetics. 
Ancient Indian cosmetic 

4383
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:07,400
preparation combined ayurvedic 
medicine, with the advanced 

4384
03:50:07,400 --> 03:50:09,800
chemistry, to make products that
were good for both health and 

4385
03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:12,200
beauty. 
Indian cosmetic companies were 

4386
03:50:12,200 --> 03:50:14,900
some of the first to realize 
that healthy skin is the key to 

4387
03:50:14,900 --> 03:50:17,600
true beauty. 
They made products that improved

4388
03:50:17,600 --> 03:50:20,100
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

4389
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:22,300
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

4390
03:50:22,300 --> 03:50:24,800
That the methods used to make 
kajal the unique. 

4391
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:27,500
Indian eye makeup were very 
Advanced for their time. 

4392
03:50:27,500 --> 03:50:30,700
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

4393
03:50:30,700 --> 03:50:33,300
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

4394
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:36,600
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthy and of just looking

4395
03:50:36,600 --> 03:50:39,800
good to make kajal the 
old-fashioned way you first have

4396
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:42,400
to choose the right oils and Wix
very carefully. 

4397
03:50:42,400 --> 03:50:45,400
People choose castor oil sesame,
oil and ghee. 

4398
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:47,300
Not only because they burn well,
but a flow. 

4399
03:50:47,308 --> 03:50:49,200
Well, but also because they are 
good for you. 

4400
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:52,200
The Wicks are made from cotton 
that was grown without chemical 

4401
03:50:52,200 --> 03:50:55,300
fertilizers and processed in a 
way that keeps the fibers 

4402
03:50:55,300 --> 03:50:58,200
natural properties. 
The burning happens in special 

4403
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:01,000
lamps that control the 
temperature and heavy and heavy 

4404
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:03,400
and air flow to make the 
cleanest suit possible. 

4405
03:51:03,400 --> 03:51:07,000
The Craftsman watches over the 
Flames all night, making sure 

4406
03:51:07,000 --> 03:51:09,900
the Wicks are in the right place
and that the suit is of good 

4407
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:12,500
quality. 
Different stages of the burning 

4408
03:51:12,500 --> 03:51:14,600
process make suit with different
properties. 

4409
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:18,400
Early is finer and better for 
everyday, use while later. 

4410
03:51:18,400 --> 03:51:22,400
So has more dramatic color and 
last longer The soot is put on 

4411
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:25,000
clean plates, and then, ground 
up with other medicinal, 

4412
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:27,400
ingredients. 
Almonds, have oils that are good

4413
03:51:27,408 --> 03:51:30,700
for the sensitive skin around 
the eyes, rose petals smell good

4414
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,600
and have a mild astringent 
effect, different herbs, have 

4415
03:51:33,600 --> 03:51:35,800
antimicrobial and 
anti-inflammatory properties 

4416
03:51:35,800 --> 03:51:37,100
that help. 
Keep your eyes from getting 

4417
03:51:37,100 --> 03:51:40,200
infections and irritated 
cosmetic makers in ancient 

4418
03:51:40,200 --> 03:51:43,700
Persia made complex, perfumes. 
That stayed stable for years and

4419
03:51:43,700 --> 03:51:46,600
could be layered to make new 
more complex sense. 

4420
03:51:46,600 --> 03:51:49,600
Their knowledge of how to 
extract preserve and mix 

4421
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:53,100
essential oils had an impact on 
perfume, making all over the 

4422
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:56,300
Islamic world and it eventually 
made its way to Europe through 

4423
03:51:56,300 --> 03:51:59,200
trade and Conquest. 
The Persians made perfume by 

4424
03:51:59,208 --> 03:52:02,900
finding a balance between sweet 
and bitter lightened, heavy and 

4425
03:52:02,900 --> 03:52:06,000
warming and cooling. 
Persian perfumers thought that a

4426
03:52:06,000 --> 03:52:07,400
fragrance that was perfectly 
balanced. 

4427
03:52:07,400 --> 03:52:10,800
Could change the way as mood 
health and spiritual state. 

4428
03:52:10,800 --> 03:52:14,900
So, making perfume was a form of
therapeutic art ancient Roman 

4429
03:52:14,900 --> 03:52:17,600
Cosmetics were made on a scale 
that wouldn't be seen again 

4430
03:52:17,600 --> 03:52:21,200
until the modern era. 
Roman workshops made Cosmetics 

4431
03:52:21,200 --> 03:52:24,100
for use all over the Empire. 
They came up with standard 

4432
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:26,100
recipes and ways of making them 
that made. 

4433
03:52:26,100 --> 03:52:28,900
Sure the quality was the same, 
no matter where you were Roman 

4434
03:52:28,900 --> 03:52:31,300
cosmetic makers, were some of 
the first to realize how 

4435
03:52:31,300 --> 03:52:34,300
important it was to check the 
quality of their products and 

4436
03:52:34,300 --> 03:52:36,100
make sure that each batch was 
the same. 

4437
03:52:36,100 --> 03:52:39,400
They came up with ways to test 
that Rouge would keep its color 

4438
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:42,800
that face powder would cover 
evenly and that perfumes would 

4439
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:45,000
smell the same. 
No matter where they were made 

4440
03:52:45,000 --> 03:52:48,700
whether in Rome or far off 
provinces, the Romans had a very

4441
03:52:48,700 --> 03:52:51,700
Advanced way of keeping 
Cosmetics, fresh, they knew that

4442
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:54,700
Cosmetics had to stay stable 
during long sea trips to far 

4443
03:52:54,700 --> 03:52:57,400
away markets, even when the 
temperature and humidity 

4444
03:52:57,400 --> 03:53:00,500
changed, and the physical 
stresses of travel occurred. 

4445
03:53:00,500 --> 03:53:04,400
Travel occurred occurred. 
They learned how to use natural 

4446
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:07,300
antimicrobials and airtight 
packaging to keep their products

4447
03:53:07,300 --> 03:53:10,400
fresh for months, or even years.
As you picture these old 

4448
03:53:10,400 --> 03:53:13,300
cosmetic workshops, you can see 
the beginning of an industry 

4449
03:53:13,300 --> 03:53:17,700
that combined art science and 
business in ways that are still 

4450
03:53:17,708 --> 03:53:21,600
used by modern cosmetic. 
These ancient formulators set 

4451
03:53:21,600 --> 03:53:24,800
the stage for figuring out how 
ingredients work together, how 

4452
03:53:24,800 --> 03:53:26,300
to get the same results every 
time. 

4453
03:53:26,300 --> 03:53:29,300
And how to make products that 
make people look better while 

4454
03:53:29,300 --> 03:53:32,800
also keeping them safe and 
healthy their methods, which 

4455
03:53:32,800 --> 03:53:35,300
have been improved over, 
hundreds of years of trial and 

4456
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:37,900
error and passed down through 
generations of skilled Craftsmen

4457
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:41,300
are a treasure Trove of 
information that modern cosmetic

4458
03:53:41,300 --> 03:53:45,200
science is still discovering and
rediscovering in a lot of cases.

4459
03:53:45,200 --> 03:53:46,800
These old formulators got 
results. 

4460
03:53:46,800 --> 03:53:49,200
That modern companies have a 
hard time getting with modern 

4461
03:53:49,200 --> 03:53:52,400
technology and synthetic 
ingredients, as you drift deeper

4462
03:53:52,400 --> 03:53:54,000
into the peaceful Embrace of the
evening. 

4463
03:53:54,000 --> 03:53:57,300
Let your mind take you to the 
most personal parts of ancient 

4464
03:53:57,300 --> 03:54:00,700
Beauty culture, the daily 
routine of putting on makeup 

4465
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:03,500
that made ordinary people look 
like their ideal sells. 

4466
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:06,700
These were rushed routines that 
had to fit into busy modern 

4467
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:08,900
lives. 
They were sacred ceremonies. 

4468
03:54:08,900 --> 03:54:11,100
That honored, the link between 
inner beauty and outer 

4469
03:54:11,100 --> 03:54:13,500
expression. 
Imagine yourself in the private 

4470
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:17,000
rooms of a rich Roman woman 
named Olivia, with the first 

4471
03:54:17,000 --> 03:54:19,000
light of dawn comes through silk
curtains. 

4472
03:54:19,800 --> 03:54:21,900
As her personal slaves, get 
ready for the days 

4473
03:54:21,900 --> 03:54:24,700
transformation ritual. 
The room is already buzzing with

4474
03:54:24,700 --> 03:54:27,400
quiet activity. 
This isn't just putting on 

4475
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:29,500
makeup. 
It's a carefully planned 

4476
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:32,200
ceremony that will take several 
hours and involve a lot of 

4477
03:54:32,208 --> 03:54:35,300
people, each of whom is an 
expert in a different part of 

4478
03:54:35,300 --> 03:54:37,100
the process of making someone 
look better. 

4479
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:40,400
So, fire, the Greek woman who 
was chosen for her artistic 

4480
03:54:40,400 --> 03:54:44,400
skills is Olivia's main cosmetic
slave She starts by looking at 

4481
03:54:44,400 --> 03:54:46,800
her mistress's skin in the 
Morning Light people. 

4482
03:54:46,800 --> 03:54:49,900
In ancient Rome knew that make 
up had to be put on in a way 

4483
03:54:49,908 --> 03:54:53,700
that worked with each person's 
unique features, skin tone and 

4484
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:56,500
the needs of the day. 
So fire runs her experience 

4485
03:54:56,500 --> 03:54:59,900
fingers, gently over Olivia's 
face looking for changes in the 

4486
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:02,500
texture of her skin new 
blemishes that need to be 

4487
03:55:02,508 --> 03:55:04,800
covered or areas that need extra
care. 

4488
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:08,500
The first step in getting ready 
is to wash but not with a quick 

4489
03:55:08,500 --> 03:55:10,400
splash of water like people do 
now. 

4490
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,700
A warm mixture of milk, honey. 
And ground almonds is used to 

4491
03:55:14,708 --> 03:55:18,300
gently clean, Livia's face. 
The milk has mild acids that get

4492
03:55:18,300 --> 03:55:20,700
rid of dead skin cells. 
The honey is a natural 

4493
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:24,400
antiseptic and moisturizer and 
the almonds gently rub the skin 

4494
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:27,600
to make it smoother. 
So, Faye uses her hands to apply

4495
03:55:27,600 --> 03:55:30,200
this mixture in circles, which 
she has learned how to do 

4496
03:55:30,200 --> 03:55:33,100
perfectly over the years. 
The massage part of the 

4497
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:35,700
cleansing is almost as important
as the cleansing itself. 

4498
03:55:35,700 --> 03:55:40,100
The gentle pressure gets blood 
flowing to the skin, giving it a

4499
03:55:40,100 --> 03:55:42,500
Natural Glow that will be the 
base for the days makeup. 

4500
03:55:43,300 --> 03:55:46,700
After cleaning, it's time to put
on the base and this is where 

4501
03:55:46,700 --> 03:55:49,700
ancient Roman techniques show 
how advanced they were the 

4502
03:55:49,700 --> 03:55:51,800
white-led mixture that will give
you a trendy. 

4503
03:55:51,800 --> 03:55:54,400
Pale complexion isn't just 
painted on her skin. 

4504
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:58,100
Its built up in thin almost 
clear layers, that give her skin

4505
03:55:58,100 --> 03:56:01,200
depth and shine while still 
looking natural soya. 

4506
03:56:01,200 --> 03:56:04,100
Starts with the lightest 
possible application, using a 

4507
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:07,400
wet sea sponge to apply the 
mixture in soft overlapping 

4508
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:09,900
Strokes. 
She starts in the middle of the 

4509
03:56:09,908 --> 03:56:13,600
face and works her way out, 
making sure to blend each part 

4510
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:15,600
before. 
Moving on to the next, the 

4511
03:56:15,600 --> 03:56:19,100
process needs perfect timing. 
Each layer needs to set for a 

4512
03:56:19,100 --> 03:56:22,100
little while before the next one
goes on, but not so long that it

4513
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:24,800
becomes hard to blend. 
It takes a lot of skill to do 

4514
03:56:24,800 --> 03:56:27,600
this. 
So far, has to decide how opaque

4515
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:30,500
each layer is how the mixture 
will look on Olivia's skin tone 

4516
03:56:30,500 --> 03:56:33,300
and how the final result will 
look in different types of light

4517
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:35,800
during the day. 
If you put on too much makeup, 

4518
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:37,900
it will look like a mask and not
real. 

4519
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:40,800
If you don't use enough, it 
won't look like the porcelain 

4520
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:43,900
that Roman fashion calls for 
While the base is being built 

4521
03:56:43,900 --> 03:56:47,200
another slave, gets the Rouge, 
ready to put color back into 

4522
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:49,300
Livia's cheeks which have become
pale. 

4523
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:51,800
It's not as easy as just opening
a container. 

4524
03:56:51,800 --> 03:56:55,200
And putting on color, the Rouge 
needs to be mixed fresh every 

4525
03:56:55,200 --> 03:56:59,200
day to get the best color and 
consistency, the slave uses oils

4526
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:02,200
and waxes to grind sin. 
A bar on a small palette, adding

4527
03:57:02,200 --> 03:57:04,900
tiny amounts of other colors to 
make the exact color that Livia 

4528
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:06,400
skin needs for the day's 
activities. 

4529
03:57:07,500 --> 03:57:10,000
Putting on Rouge requires a 
different set of skills. 

4530
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:13,700
Sophia uses a brush made a fine 
animal hair to apply the color 

4531
03:57:13,700 --> 03:57:17,000
in exact patterns that make 
Livia's natural bone structure. 

4532
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:20,500
Look better ancient Roman makeup
artists knew how to use color 

4533
03:57:20,500 --> 03:57:23,600
and shading to make it look like
you had higher cheekbones and 

4534
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:26,900
more refined nose and a more 
perfect oval face shape. 

4535
03:57:26,900 --> 03:57:30,200
These are techniques that modern
makeup artists would recognize 

4536
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:32,600
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

4537
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:35,900
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like dramatic eye 

4538
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:38,300
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

4539
03:57:38,300 --> 03:57:41,400
careful application. 
Sapphire starts by darkening, 

4540
03:57:41,400 --> 03:57:44,800
Livia's lashes with a mix of 
oils and soot using a small 

4541
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:47,800
brush to cover each lash. 
The method is similar to how 

4542
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:50,800
people put on mascara today. 
But it takes a lot more skill 

4543
03:57:50,800 --> 03:57:53,700
because the product doesn't have
the synthetic polymers, that 

4544
03:57:53,700 --> 03:57:57,500
make modern mascara easier to 
put on next, the eye shadows put

4545
03:57:57,500 --> 03:57:59,300
on in layers to give it depth 
and dimension. 

4546
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,600
Sophia Sophia, Sophia uses 
different colors on different 

4547
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:05,500
parts of the eyelid. 
For example, she uses a lighter 

4548
03:58:05,500 --> 03:58:07,300
shade near the inner corner, to 
make the eyes look. 

4549
03:58:07,400 --> 03:58:10,500
Bigger and brighter, a medium 
shade across the main lid area 

4550
03:58:10,500 --> 03:58:13,300
and a darker shade in the crease
to make the eyes look deeper 

4551
03:58:13,300 --> 03:58:15,900
set. 
The last step in putting on eye 

4552
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:17,700
makeup is to put coal around the
eye itself. 

4553
03:58:17,700 --> 03:58:21,200
You need the steadiest hand and 
the most accurate technique for 

4554
03:58:21,208 --> 03:58:24,300
this because any mistakes will 
be obvious right away and hard 

4555
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:27,100
to fix. 
So, fayer uses a thin bronze Rod

4556
03:58:27,100 --> 03:58:30,400
to apply the coal in smooth. 
Even lines, that follow the 

4557
03:58:30,400 --> 03:58:33,400
natural shape of Libya's eyes 
and go a little past the outer 

4558
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:36,200
Corners, to make the dramatic 
look that Roman fashion likes. 

4559
03:58:36,200 --> 03:58:39,500
Olivia stays almost still the 
whole time, which is something 

4560
03:58:39,500 --> 03:58:43,000
that rich Roman women learned as
kids people thought that being 

4561
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:46,300
able to sit still for hours 
while makeup was put on was a 

4562
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:48,800
sign of refinement and 
self-control, but this isn't 

4563
03:58:48,800 --> 03:58:51,800
just free time. 
Livia uses these hours to think 

4564
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:55,900
plan her day and sometimes even 
dictate letters to scribes while

4565
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:58,100
she changes. 
The last part of putting on 

4566
03:58:58,100 --> 03:59:00,700
makeup, is painting the lips 
with a red pigment made from 

4567
03:59:00,700 --> 03:59:04,800
crushed insects and plant dies. 
So fear uses a small brush to 

4568
03:59:04,800 --> 03:59:06,300
make the perfect shape for her 
lips. 

4569
03:59:06,300 --> 03:59:09,600
She often paints outside or 
inside the natural lip line to 

4570
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:13,100
get the proportions that Roman 
beauty standards call for But 

4571
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:16,200
the ritual doesn't end when the 
makeup is done, people put the 

4572
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:18,600
finishing touches on Olivia's 
hair with scented oils. 

4573
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:21,600
While they painted her face, she
has carefully arranged her 

4574
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:24,700
clothes to go with her finished.
Look, she even picks out her 

4575
03:59:24,700 --> 03:59:26,800
jewelry to go with the colors 
and style of her makeup. 

4576
03:59:26,800 --> 03:59:30,000
Now, imagine yourself in ancient
Japan where the ritual for 

4577
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:33,000
putting on makeup is even more 
complicated and full of meaning 

4578
03:59:33,000 --> 03:59:36,100
before midnight. 
And until dawn, a hand caught 

4579
03:59:36,100 --> 03:59:38,800
ladies private quarters are 
transformed in one of history's.

4580
03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:42,300
Most elaborate Beauty, rituals 
the Japanese way of putting on 

4581
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:45,500
makeup was based on the idea of 
layers, not just layers of 

4582
03:59:45,500 --> 03:59:48,900
makeup but also layers of 
meaning symbolism and artistic 

4583
03:59:48,900 --> 03:59:51,000
expression. 
Each part of the look was 

4584
03:59:51,000 --> 03:59:54,000
carefully chosen to go with the 
clothes accessories, perfume, 

4585
03:59:54,000 --> 03:59:57,200
and even the weather, and season
of the day, the attendance of 

4586
03:59:57,200 --> 04:00:00,200
the Court lady start the process
by cleaning and conditioning her

4587
04:00:00,200 --> 04:00:03,000
skin with a series of treatments
that takes several hours to 

4588
04:00:03,000 --> 04:00:05,300
finish. 
They gently scrub her skin with 

4589
04:00:05,300 --> 04:00:08,500
rice, bran mixed with different 
flower Waters and then they put 

4590
04:00:08,500 --> 04:00:11,200
camellia oil on her skin to keep
it moist and safe. 

4591
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:14,500
It takes years of practice to 
master the art of putting on the

4592
04:00:14,500 --> 04:00:17,000
Whiteface powder. 
That is a big part of hay and 

4593
04:00:17,008 --> 04:00:19,200
makeup. 
You should be able to see no 

4594
04:00:19,200 --> 04:00:22,500
brush marks or uneven areas. 
When you apply the powder, the 

4595
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:24,400
coverage must be full and 
opaque. 

4596
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:27,200
Changing the woman's natural 
color into a surface. 

4597
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:30,300
That looks like porcelain and 
serves as a canvas for the 

4598
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,000
artistic elements that will 
follow to paint the fake 

4599
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:35,400
eyebrows which are small ovals 
on the forehead. 

4600
04:00:35,400 --> 04:00:37,500
You need the skill of a master 
calligrapher. 

4601
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:41,300
The paint must be applied with 
smooth confidence Strokes that 

4602
04:00:41,308 --> 04:00:43,000
show. 
No hesitation or correction 

4603
04:00:43,000 --> 04:00:45,200
each. 
Eyebrow must be the same size 

4604
04:00:45,200 --> 04:00:48,600
shape and position. 
The tiny red lips painted in the

4605
04:00:48,608 --> 04:00:51,200
middle of the mouth are the most
unique part of hay, and makeup, 

4606
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:54,600
and maybe the hardest to do. 
The shape must be perfectly 

4607
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:58,200
symmetrical and fit perfectly in
the middle of the mouth, the 

4608
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:01,200
color has to be even and bright,
and it has to be made with 

4609
04:01:01,200 --> 04:01:04,000
precious red pigments that are 
mixed fresh for each use, 

4610
04:01:04,000 --> 04:01:06,800
applying makeup in. 
Ancient Chinese courts was just 

4611
04:01:06,800 --> 04:01:10,400
as complicated, but it was based
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 

4612
04:01:10,400 --> 04:01:12,700
and balance. 
The process started with 

4613
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:15,700
meditation and purification 
rituals that got both the person

4614
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:17,900
applying. 
And the person receiving ready 

4615
04:01:17,900 --> 04:01:19,400
for the change. 
That was about to happen. 

4616
04:01:19,400 --> 04:01:22,800
Chinese makeup application 
focused on enhancing natural 

4617
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:26,300
beauty rather than changing it. 
The goal was to make the look 

4618
04:01:26,300 --> 04:01:29,600
seem almost natural but it 
actually took hours of skilled 

4619
04:01:29,600 --> 04:01:32,400
work to get there. 
This Paradox, making something 

4620
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:35,700
look natural with artificial 
means took a lot of skill and 

4621
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:37,900
knowledge of how different 
colors and techniques would 

4622
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:39,900
work. 
With each person's features in 

4623
04:01:39,900 --> 04:01:41,800
Ancient. 
India putting on makeup was 

4624
04:01:41,800 --> 04:01:44,700
often a group activity that made
people feel closer to each other

4625
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:48,100
and made things look better. 
Women would get together to help

4626
04:01:48,100 --> 04:01:50,300
each other get ready for 
festivals weddings and other 

4627
04:01:50,300 --> 04:01:53,800
special events, they would share
tips, stories and knowledge 

4628
04:01:53,800 --> 04:01:56,100
while making elaborate henna and
makeup designs. 

4629
04:01:56,900 --> 04:01:59,700
When people use traditional 
Indian makeup, they put it on 

4630
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:03,500
their whole body, not just their
face, henna designs on hands and

4631
04:02:03,500 --> 04:02:05,500
feet could take a long time to 
finish and needed. 

4632
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:08,500
The Steady Hand of a skilled 
artist, the complicated 

4633
04:02:08,500 --> 04:02:11,300
geometric and floral patterns 
weren't just for show. 

4634
04:02:11,300 --> 04:02:15,000
They told stories about the 
person's family hopes and 

4635
04:02:15,000 --> 04:02:19,200
important events in their life, 
Aromatherapy was often a part of

4636
04:02:19,208 --> 04:02:22,800
ancient Middle Eastern makeup. 
Rituals, for example, certain 

4637
04:02:22,800 --> 04:02:25,500
perfumes and incenses were 
burned while putting on makeup 

4638
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:28,500
to improve mood and create the 
desired mental state. 

4639
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:32,000
People thought that the smells 
could change not only how the 

4640
04:02:32,000 --> 04:02:35,500
person looked but also their 
personality and Aura as you 

4641
04:02:35,500 --> 04:02:37,300
picture these complicated 
application. 

4642
04:02:37,300 --> 04:02:39,200
Rituals. 
You see that, people know that 

4643
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:41,700
real beauty is more than just 
putting color on the face. 

4644
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:45,400
These old ways of doing things 
knew that the process of change 

4645
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:48,700
was just as important as the end
result, the time spent getting 

4646
04:02:48,700 --> 04:02:52,300
ready, the skill of the artists 
who worked on it and the purpose

4647
04:02:52,300 --> 04:02:54,400
behind the change. 
All played a role in the final 

4648
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:56,600
effect. 
These rituals made places for 

4649
04:02:56,600 --> 04:02:59,900
meditation socializing art and 
personal growth that our 

4650
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:03,000
fast-paced modern world often. 
Misses when it comes to Beauty 

4651
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:06,200
these old ways of doing things. 
Remind us that beauty isn't just

4652
04:03:06,200 --> 04:03:09,000
about how we look. 
It's also about taking the time 

4653
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:11,800
to honor ourselves and our place
in the larger human community. 

4654
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:14,700
Picture one. 
Last seen, before you go to 

4655
04:03:14,700 --> 04:03:17,400
sleep, you're looking into a 
mirror that can show you. 

4656
04:03:17,400 --> 04:03:21,000
Not only your own reflection, 
but also the voices of everyone 

4657
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:23,500
who has ever looked into a 
mirror to get ready for the day.

4658
04:03:23,500 --> 04:03:26,500
You can see the cave painter, 
looking at their occur painted 

4659
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:28,900
cheeks, in a pool of Still Water
on that silvered surface. 

4660
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:32,200
You can see the Egyptian 
Priestess looking at her coal 

4661
04:03:32,200 --> 04:03:35,400
lined eyes and shiny bronze. 
The Chinese Court lady is, 

4662
04:03:35,400 --> 04:03:38,800
perfecting her porcelain skin. 
The Roman matron is fixing her 

4663
04:03:38,800 --> 04:03:42,100
Rouge and the Indian bride is 
admiring her henna decorated 

4664
04:03:42,100 --> 04:03:44,300
hands. 
All of these people who lived 

4665
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:47,700
thousands of years apart and in 
very different places, share the

4666
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:51,800
same basic human desire to show 
the world their best self to 

4667
04:03:51,800 --> 04:03:55,500
take part in their cultures idea
of beauty and to enjoy the small

4668
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:59,200
daily Miracle of change that 
make up brings your own 

4669
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:00,900
reflection. 
Is part of this never-ending 

4670
04:04:00,900 --> 04:04:04,000
parade, which connects you to 
everyone who has ever mixed 

4671
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:07,900
pigment with oil ground minerals
into powder or carefully applied

4672
04:04:07,900 --> 04:04:09,600
color to make their natural 
features. 

4673
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:12,200
Look better. 
You carry on their wisdom, their

4674
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:14,400
new ideas. 
And their belief that beauty is 

4675
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:16,700
one of the most lasting and 
important ways that people 

4676
04:04:16,700 --> 04:04:19,500
Express themselves. 
Modern eyeliner is made from 

4677
04:04:19,500 --> 04:04:22,300
ancient Egyptian cold that you 
can still find in your bathroom 

4678
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:25,100
cabinet. 
Roman Rouge is still used in 

4679
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:28,000
modern blush. 
Modern Foundation is based on 

4680
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:31,400
Chinese face powder. 
Today's temporary tattoo art is 

4681
04:04:31,400 --> 04:04:33,700
based on Indian. 
Henna the tools and ingredients 

4682
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:36,700
may be different but the basic 
Art stays the same. 

4683
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:39,900
When you look in the mirror 
tomorrow morning and start your 

4684
04:04:39,900 --> 04:04:43,000
own Beauty routine, you'll be 
taking part in one of the oldest

4685
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:45,800
traditions in human history. 
You will be adding your own 

4686
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:49,600
chapter to a story that began in
caves long ago and will go on as

4687
04:04:49,600 --> 04:04:53,800
long as people care about beauty
identity, and the Magical change

4688
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:55,400
that happens when color meets 
skin. 

4689
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:59,000
You are part of this old 
beautiful never-ending story, so

4690
04:04:59,000 --> 04:05:01,200
sleep. 
Well, think about Egyptian 

4691
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:05,500
palette and Chinese brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

4692
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:08,200
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

4693
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:11,200
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light and pigment.

4694
04:05:11,200 --> 04:05:14,600
The history of makeup goes back 
thousands of years and every 

4695
04:05:14,600 --> 04:05:17,600
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look you 

4696
04:05:17,600 --> 04:05:21,000
are continuing that history. 
You're the newest artist in the 

4697
04:05:21,000 --> 04:05:22,600
longest running art form in 
history. 

4698
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:25,200
Tomorrow, you'll paint your 
Masterpiece again. 

4699
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:29,000
Have a good night's sleep. 
Lovely dreamer, may your rest be

4700
04:05:29,000 --> 04:05:32,000
as peaceful as the satisfaction 
of ancient cosmetic makers. 

4701
04:05:32,000 --> 04:05:36,300
Who after hours of careful work 
finally set down their brushes 

4702
04:05:36,300 --> 04:05:39,900
and admire their Work in the 
soft glow of oil lamps and 

4703
04:05:39,900 --> 04:05:43,600
candles, knowing they had helped
someone become the best version 

4704
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:53,400
of themselves. 
It is quite intriguing to 

4705
04:05:53,400 --> 04:05:56,000
consider that you are likely 
resting on a meticulously 

4706
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:59,500
designed mattress, composed of 
foam and springs. 

4707
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:03,000
While listening to a narrative 
about how your ancestors, slept 

4708
04:06:03,000 --> 04:06:04,600
on much less comfortable 
surfaces. 

4709
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:07,400
While not literally on rocks 
though. 

4710
04:06:07,400 --> 04:06:08,700
We will address that aspect 
shortly. 

4711
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:11,900
This evening, we will Journey 
back in time to explore the 

4712
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:14,600
sleeping Arrangements of those 
who lived before the Innovative 

4713
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:18,800
concept of filling a fabric sack
with soft materials, to create a

4714
04:06:18,800 --> 04:06:22,100
mattress was conceived. 
Well, they didn't actually sleep

4715
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:24,300
on rocks. 
There will discuss that part 

4716
04:06:24,300 --> 04:06:25,700
soon. 
Enough tonight. 

4717
04:06:25,700 --> 04:06:28,800
We're going back in time to 
discover what people did before.

4718
04:06:28,800 --> 04:06:32,700
Someone had the brilliant idea 
to stuff a fabric sack with soft

4719
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:35,500
things and call it a mattress. 
Picture this. 

4720
04:06:35,500 --> 04:06:39,300
It's 200,000 years ago and your 
great great. 

4721
04:06:39,300 --> 04:06:42,100
Great great times about 10,000. 
Grandmother is getting ready for

4722
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:44,100
bed. 
She is not scrolling through her

4723
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:46,000
phone or adjusting her memory 
foam pillow. 

4724
04:06:46,800 --> 04:06:49,300
She's not even wearing pajamas 
because pajamas haven't been 

4725
04:06:49,300 --> 04:06:51,400
invented yet, neither has the 
bed. 

4726
04:06:51,400 --> 04:06:54,800
She's about to Sleep Inn. 
In fact the idea of having a 

4727
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:58,000
specific sleeping area rather 
than just collapsing, wherever 

4728
04:06:58,000 --> 04:07:00,500
exhaustion takes, you has not 
been developed either. 

4729
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:04,100
The earliest humans were 
remarkably practical about 

4730
04:07:04,100 --> 04:07:06,000
sleep. 
They found a spot that wasn't 

4731
04:07:06,000 --> 04:07:08,500
too Rocky. 
Hopefully not too muddy and 

4732
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:11,200
definitely not occupied by 
something with more teeth than 

4733
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:13,600
they had. 
Then they curled up and hoped 

4734
04:07:13,600 --> 04:07:15,900
for the best. 
You might think this scenario 

4735
04:07:15,900 --> 04:07:19,200
sounds uncomfortable, but 
remember these people had never 

4736
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:22,300
experienced a Tempur-Pedic 
mattress, so they had no idea 

4737
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,000
what they were missing. 
Ignorance was Bliss. 

4738
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:30,300
Literally However, as is typical
of humans, they quickly began to

4739
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:33,200
get creative. 
Archaeological evidence shows 

4740
04:07:33,200 --> 04:07:37,100
that around 77000 years ago. 
People in South Africa were 

4741
04:07:37,100 --> 04:07:40,100
making the world's first beds 
out of sedge grass and aromatic 

4742
04:07:40,100 --> 04:07:42,400
leaves. 
They'd layer these materials in 

4743
04:07:42,400 --> 04:07:45,100
caves creating what was 
essentially nature's. 

4744
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:48,900
First mattress, prototype. 
The aromatic leaves were just 

4745
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:51,200
for Comfort, they helped repel 
insects. 

4746
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:54,300
So technically these ancient 
beds were all the world's first 

4747
04:07:54,300 --> 04:07:56,500
bug zappers. 
You have to admire their 

4748
04:07:56,500 --> 04:07:58,900
Ingenuity. 
They figured out that certain 

4749
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:02,400
plants when dried and layered 
created a relatively soft 

4750
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:05,500
surface, that was infinitely 
better than bare rock or dirt. 

4751
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,700
They even discovered that some 
leaves when crushed released 

4752
04:08:09,700 --> 04:08:13,500
natural insect repellents. 
Your ancestors were basically 

4753
04:08:13,500 --> 04:08:15,500
running. 
A prehistoric bed, and bath 

4754
04:08:15,500 --> 04:08:16,900
store complete with 
aromatherapy. 

4755
04:08:17,800 --> 04:08:20,500
The Intriguing thing about these
early beds is that they weren't 

4756
04:08:20,500 --> 04:08:23,900
permanent fixtures when the 
tribe moved the bed. 

4757
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:27,300
Stayed behind this meant that 
every night someone had to 

4758
04:08:27,300 --> 04:08:30,100
gather fresh materials and 
essentially build a new bed. 

4759
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:33,900
Imagine if you had to 
reconstruct your entire sleeping

4760
04:08:33,900 --> 04:08:37,500
Arrangement every single day. 
You'd probably develop some 

4761
04:08:37,500 --> 04:08:40,200
serious appreciation for your 
current setup pretty quickly. 

4762
04:08:41,400 --> 04:08:43,700
These grass beds weren't just 
about Comfort, though. 

4763
04:08:43,700 --> 04:08:46,700
They represented, one of 
Humanity's first attempts to 

4764
04:08:46,700 --> 04:08:49,700
control their environment rather
than simply adapt to it. 

4765
04:08:50,900 --> 04:08:53,800
People began to reject the idea 
that sleep had to mean lying on 

4766
04:08:53,808 --> 04:08:57,300
what ever surface was available 
saying, you know what, I think I

4767
04:08:57,300 --> 04:09:00,500
can do better than this and that
drive to improve this sleeping 

4768
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:02,700
situation would continue for 
thousands of years. 

4769
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:05,900
The construction of these early 
beds was surprisingly. 

4770
04:09:05,900 --> 04:09:09,400
Sophisticated people would 
gather fresh grass, and leaves 

4771
04:09:09,400 --> 04:09:12,700
carefully, layer them for 
maximum softness, and insulation

4772
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:15,800
and arrange them in shape that 
followed the natural curves of 

4773
04:09:15,808 --> 04:09:18,600
the human body. 
They understood Concepts like, 

4774
04:09:18,600 --> 04:09:21,400
moisture management and 
temperature regulation long 

4775
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:23,800
before anyone gave those ideas 
fancy names. 

4776
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:27,800
What's particularly fascinating 
is that these beds were often 

4777
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:30,900
communal projects everyone? 
In the group would help gather 

4778
04:09:30,900 --> 04:09:33,300
materials and the beds were 
usually large enough for 

4779
04:09:33,308 --> 04:09:36,700
multiple people to share. 
Privacy, as we know, it didn't 

4780
04:09:36,700 --> 04:09:38,700
exist yet. 
So sleeping Arrangements were 

4781
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:41,300
more about survival and warmth, 
and personal space. 

4782
04:09:42,000 --> 04:09:44,800
Archaeological sites. 
Containing these beds provide 

4783
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:48,400
evidence of consistent. 
Upkeep and rejuvenation. people 

4784
04:09:48,400 --> 04:09:51,700
would periodically burn old 
bedding, materials possibly to 

4785
04:09:51,700 --> 04:09:55,500
eliminate pests and parasites 
before starting a new Such 

4786
04:09:55,500 --> 04:09:58,200
Behavior makes them possibly the
first people in history to 

4787
04:09:58,200 --> 04:10:00,000
actually change their sheets 
regularly. 

4788
04:10:00,000 --> 04:10:02,500
Something that would make your 
mother proud. 

4789
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:06,300
As you settle into your bed 
tonight, take a moment to 

4790
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:08,900
appreciate the long journey that
brought us from those first 

4791
04:10:08,900 --> 04:10:10,800
grass beds to whatever your 
lying on. 

4792
04:10:10,808 --> 04:10:14,300
Now, those ancient people 
sleeping on their carefully, 

4793
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:17,700
constructed piles of aromatic 
leaves had no idea. 

4794
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:20,400
They were starting a tradition 
that would eventually lead to 

4795
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:23,200
Memory Foam, adjustable bases, 
and heated blankets. 

4796
04:10:23,200 --> 04:10:25,500
You want to sleep. 
Well, just like they did 

4797
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:29,600
fast-forward about 70,000 years 
and suddenly we're in ancient 

4798
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:32,200
Egypt where people had figured 
out some pretty impressive 

4799
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:33,900
tricks for getting comfortable 
at night. 

4800
04:10:34,700 --> 04:10:37,100
You might think the Egyptians 
were all about pyramids and 

4801
04:10:37,100 --> 04:10:39,900
mummies, but they were also 
surprisingly good at sleeping. 

4802
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,600
In fact, they basically invented
the concept of having a real bed

4803
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:46,900
that you could use more than 
once the Egyptians thought, this

4804
04:10:46,900 --> 04:10:48,800
is nice. 
But what if we could make 

4805
04:10:48,800 --> 04:10:50,900
something that didn't need to be
rebuilt every night? 

4806
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:55,100
So they started making bed 
frames out of wood usually Palm 

4807
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:57,200
Sycamore or Cedar, if they could
afford it. 

4808
04:10:58,000 --> 04:10:59,700
These weren't just simple 
platforms, either. 

4809
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:03,200
The Egyptian beds were often 
elaborate affairs with carved 

4810
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:05,700
legs that looked like animal 
feet decorative. 

4811
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:07,900
Headboards and even built-in 
storage. 

4812
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:12,300
Now here's where it gets 
intriguing, the Egyptians didn't

4813
04:11:12,300 --> 04:11:16,100
put mattresses on these beds 
instead, they used a system of 

4814
04:11:16,100 --> 04:11:19,200
woven Reed mats or leather 
strips stretched across the 

4815
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:22,100
wooden frame. 
Imagine it as the world's first 

4816
04:11:22,100 --> 04:11:26,000
box spring with reeds or leather
taking on the role of Springs. 

4817
04:11:26,000 --> 04:11:29,100
The wealthy would add layers of 
linen, sheets and pillows 

4818
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:32,700
stuffed with feathers or straw, 
but the basic sleeping surface 

4819
04:11:32,700 --> 04:11:36,300
was still pretty much a fancy 
hammock. the Egyptian 

4820
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,600
approached, a pillows was 
particularly creative and by 

4821
04:11:39,600 --> 04:11:44,100
creative I mean potentially 
painful the Egyptians used 

4822
04:11:44,100 --> 04:11:48,600
headrests made of wood stove or 
Ivory instead of the soft fluffy

4823
04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:51,800
pillows your accustomed to these
were pillows at all. 

4824
04:11:51,800 --> 04:11:53,600
Really? 
They were more like next 

4825
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:56,300
supports that kept your head 
elevated while you slept on your

4826
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:58,900
side. 
The idea was to protect your 

4827
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:01,600
elaborate hairstyles and keep 
your head cool in the desert 

4828
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:03,800
heat. 
You're probably thinking the 

4829
04:12:03,800 --> 04:12:06,400
idea sounds incredibly 
uncomfortable and you'd be 

4830
04:12:06,408 --> 04:12:08,900
right. 
But the Egyptians had their 

4831
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:12,000
reasons, those wooden headrests 
weren't just practical. 

4832
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:15,800
They were also spiritual They 
believed that elevating the head

4833
04:12:15,800 --> 04:12:18,700
helped, protect the sleeper from
evil spirits and allowed the 

4834
04:12:18,708 --> 04:12:20,800
soul to travel more freely 
during dreams. 

4835
04:12:20,800 --> 04:12:24,700
So, while you might wake up with
a stiff neck, at least your soul

4836
04:12:24,700 --> 04:12:27,500
was, well, traveled. 
The truly affluent Egyptians 

4837
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:29,700
achieved, remarkable levels of 
bed Comfort. 

4838
04:12:29,700 --> 04:12:33,800
They had servants, whose job was
to Fan them while they slept in 

4839
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:36,700
a cool breeze. 
Throughout the night, some beds,

4840
04:12:36,700 --> 04:12:39,800
even had built-in mosquito Nets 
made a fine limit, which was 

4841
04:12:39,808 --> 04:12:42,700
probably the most practical 
Innovation since the aromatic 

4842
04:12:42,700 --> 04:12:45,200
leaves. 
Nothing ruins, a good night's. 

4843
04:12:45,200 --> 04:12:48,200
Sleep like mosquitoes. 
Whether you're in ancient Egypt,

4844
04:12:48,200 --> 04:12:50,900
or modern Florida. 
Egyptian beds were all. 

4845
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:53,900
So status symbols, the more 
elaborate your bed, the more 

4846
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:57,600
important you were Pharaohs had 
beds made with gold inlays, 

4847
04:12:57,600 --> 04:13:01,200
precious stones, and intricate 
carvings, these beds are often 

4848
04:13:01,200 --> 04:13:03,300
so ornate that they were 
probably more comfortable to 

4849
04:13:03,300 --> 04:13:06,500
look at than to sleep on. 
But when you're a fairer, 

4850
04:13:07,300 --> 04:13:09,500
Comfort is sometimes less 
important than making sure 

4851
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:12,700
everyone knows you're the fair. 
Oh, The construction of these 

4852
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:16,500
beds was remarkably 
sophisticated Egyptian Craftsmen

4853
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:18,800
understood Concepts like weight 
distribution and Joint 

4854
04:13:18,800 --> 04:13:21,400
flexibility. 
They created beds that could 

4855
04:13:21,400 --> 04:13:24,700
support significant weight while
still providing some give and 

4856
04:13:24,708 --> 04:13:28,600
flexibility The leather or read 
sleeping, surfaces were 

4857
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:31,800
carefully, tensioned to provide 
optimal support and the bed 

4858
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:33,400
frames were designed to last for
decades. 

4859
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:37,300
One, particularly ingenious 
feature of Egyptian beds, was 

4860
04:13:37,300 --> 04:13:39,800
their height. 
They were typically quite tall. 

4861
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:42,800
Sometimes, requiring a small 
step or stool to climb into. 

4862
04:13:43,600 --> 04:13:46,800
This wasn't just for show it 
helped protect sleepers from 

4863
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:50,500
scorpions snakes and other 
ground dwelling creatures, that 

4864
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:53,900
might want to share the bed. 
It also improved air circulation

4865
04:13:53,900 --> 04:13:57,900
which was crucial in Egypt, hot 
climate, the Egyptians also 

4866
04:13:57,900 --> 04:13:59,200
developed, some of the first 
bed. 

4867
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:02,400
Linens, they cheat sheets from 
linen, which was cooler than 

4868
04:14:02,408 --> 04:14:04,600
wool and softer than the Reed 
mats. 

4869
04:14:05,500 --> 04:14:08,800
Wealthy Egyptians would have 
multiple sets of Lynn sheets and

4870
04:14:08,800 --> 04:14:11,100
they were often buried with 
their favorite bedding to ensure

4871
04:14:11,100 --> 04:14:14,300
comfort in the afterlife. 
This gives a whole new meaning 

4872
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:18,900
to the phrase, Eternal rest. 
What's particularly amusing is 

4873
04:14:18,900 --> 04:14:22,200
that Egyptian beds often had a 
slight incline with the head, 

4874
04:14:22,200 --> 04:14:25,800
end higher than the foot end. 
This feature was supposed to a 

4875
04:14:25,800 --> 04:14:27,600
digestion and improved 
circulation. 

4876
04:14:27,600 --> 04:14:31,600
So basically, the Egyptians 
invented the adjustable bed 

4877
04:14:31,600 --> 04:14:35,500
about 4,000 years before anyone 
thought to add Motors and remote

4878
04:14:35,500 --> 04:14:39,000
controls. 
The legacy of Egyptian bedding. 

4879
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:40,900
Extended far beyond Egypt 
itself. 

4880
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:44,200
The techniques and Designs 
influenced bedding throughout 

4881
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:47,400
the Mediterranean world and many
of their Innovations like 

4882
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:50,900
elevated, beds and linen sheets 
became standard features that we

4883
04:14:50,900 --> 04:14:53,700
still use today. 
When you adjust your pillows 

4884
04:14:53,700 --> 04:14:57,000
tonight your participating in a 
tradition that started with 

4885
04:14:57,000 --> 04:14:59,000
those wooden. 
Headrests along the Nile. 

4886
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:03,000
The Greeks and Romans embrace 
the Egyptian bed concept a 

4887
04:15:03,000 --> 04:15:05,600
characteristic of cultures 
adapted, elevating others, good 

4888
04:15:05,600 --> 04:15:09,100
ideas to a higher level. 
By the time we reach classical 

4889
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:13,100
Antiquity bed, to devolved into 
a serious business, complete 

4890
04:15:13,100 --> 04:15:16,400
with social etiquette 
philosophical implications, and 

4891
04:15:16,400 --> 04:15:19,000
a level of luxury, that would 
make a modern Hotel jealous. 

4892
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:23,400
Greek beds were called Kleins 
and they were just for sleeping.

4893
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:26,800
These were multipurpose pieces 
of furniture used for sleeping 

4894
04:15:26,800 --> 04:15:31,200
eating and lounging around. 
Looking philosophical the Greeks

4895
04:15:31,200 --> 04:15:34,000
basically invented. 
The concept of the couch except 

4896
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:37,400
their version was also your bed,
your dining table and your 

4897
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:40,500
thinking spot. 
Talk about efficient use of 

4898
04:15:40,500 --> 04:15:43,200
space. 
The construction of a Greek line

4899
04:15:43,200 --> 04:15:46,300
was quite sophisticated. 
The frame was typically made of 

4900
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:50,400
wood often decorated with inlays
of ivory silver or precious 

4901
04:15:50,400 --> 04:15:53,100
metals. 
The sleeping surface, consisted 

4902
04:15:53,100 --> 04:15:56,000
of a network of chords or 
leather straps stretched across 

4903
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:59,300
the frame, like the Egyptian 
system, but with much more 

4904
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:02,400
attention to comfort and 
Aesthetics on top of this, 

4905
04:16:02,400 --> 04:16:06,100
they'd pile layers of Woolen 
blankets, linen, sheets and 

4906
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:09,300
stuffed. 
Cushions Now, the Greeks had 

4907
04:16:09,300 --> 04:16:12,300
some intriguing ideas about 
pillows, instead of just one 

4908
04:16:12,300 --> 04:16:15,200
pillow for your head, they use 
multiple cushions of different 

4909
04:16:15,200 --> 04:16:18,600
sizes and firmness levels. 
You'd have firm cushions for 

4910
04:16:18,600 --> 04:16:21,900
support and soft ones for 
Comfort arranged in various 

4911
04:16:21,900 --> 04:16:23,900
combinations. 
Depending on whether you were 

4912
04:16:23,900 --> 04:16:26,900
sleeping eating or just lounging
around contemplating, the nature

4913
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:29,400
of existence. 
It was basically the ancient 

4914
04:16:29,400 --> 04:16:32,900
equivalent of those people who 
have 17 pillows on their bed and

4915
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:34,900
spent 10 minutes, arranging them
every night. 

4916
04:16:35,700 --> 04:16:39,400
Not to be outdone the Romans 
took Greek bed, technology and 

4917
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:41,000
added their own Flair for 
excess. 

4918
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:45,400
Roman beds or Lecter massive 
Affairs. 

4919
04:16:45,400 --> 04:16:46,900
That could accommodate multiple 
people. 

4920
04:16:46,900 --> 04:16:49,700
This wasn't necessarily for 
romantic reasons. 

4921
04:16:49,700 --> 04:16:53,100
Roman dining culture involved, 
reclining on beds, while eating 

4922
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:56,300
So a family meal might involve 
several people sharing the same 

4923
04:16:56,300 --> 04:16:59,700
sleeping surface while consuming
elaborate multi-course dinners. 

4924
04:17:00,700 --> 04:17:03,900
Roman beds were all the first to
feature anything resembling a 

4925
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:07,000
real mattress. 
They stuffed large fabric sacks 

4926
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:10,600
with wool feathers or even rose 
petals for the extreme. 

4927
04:17:10,600 --> 04:17:14,900
These work quite the mattresses 
we know today, but they were 

4928
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:17,700
definitely a step up from 
stretched leather and wooden 

4929
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:21,000
headrests The Romans had 
discovered that if you stuff 

4930
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:23,800
enough, soft things into a bag, 
it becomes surprisingly 

4931
04:17:23,800 --> 04:17:27,000
comfortable to sleep on the 
Romans were particularly proud 

4932
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,300
of their bed linens, the 
imported fine silks from China 

4933
04:17:30,300 --> 04:17:33,900
and cotton from India creating 
sheets that were softer and more

4934
04:17:33,900 --> 04:17:37,600
luxurious than anything that had
come before Roman beds often 

4935
04:17:37,600 --> 04:17:40,000
featured elaborate bedding sets 
with matching, pillows, 

4936
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,300
blankets, and curtains. 
They basically invented the 

4937
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:46,700
concept of bedroom decor 
complete with color coordination

4938
04:17:46,700 --> 04:17:50,600
and seasonal changes. 
One, particularly Roman 

4939
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:53,800
Innovation was the canopy bed, 
they discovered that hanging 

4940
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:57,200
curtains around the bed, 
created, privacy blocked, drafts

4941
04:17:57,200 --> 04:17:59,800
and helped. 
Keep insects at Bay these bed 

4942
04:17:59,800 --> 04:18:02,800
curtains were often made of 
expensive fabrics and were as 

4943
04:18:02,800 --> 04:18:05,800
much about showing off, well, as
they were about practical 

4944
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:08,700
comfort. 
If you've ever wondered why 

4945
04:18:08,700 --> 04:18:12,000
canopy bed seem so fancy, you 
can thank the Romans for 

4946
04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:15,600
establishing that tradition. 
The Romans also developed heated

4947
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:18,100
Beds, which is pretty 
impressive, considering the 

4948
04:18:18,100 --> 04:18:21,300
didn't have electricity, they 
used to system called hyper 

4949
04:18:21,300 --> 04:18:23,100
course. 
That circulated warm air from 

4950
04:18:23,100 --> 04:18:25,800
furnaces through Hollow spaces 
in the walls and Floors. 

4951
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,900
Some wealthy, Romans at heated 
sleeping chambers that 

4952
04:18:28,900 --> 04:18:30,700
maintained comfortable 
temperatures throughout the 

4953
04:18:30,700 --> 04:18:33,000
night. 
This method was probably the 

4954
04:18:33,000 --> 04:18:36,000
ancient equivalent of those 
heated mattress pads that make 

4955
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:38,300
getting out of bed, even more 
difficult than it already. 

4956
04:18:38,300 --> 04:18:42,700
Is Roman beds, often featured, 
adjustable elements, they had 

4957
04:18:42,700 --> 04:18:45,300
mechanisms for raising or 
lowering different parts of the 

4958
04:18:45,300 --> 04:18:48,100
bed allowing sleepers to find 
their optimal position. 

4959
04:18:49,100 --> 04:18:51,400
Some Roman beds could be 
converted from sleeping 

4960
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:54,700
configuration to dining 
configuration with a few simple 

4961
04:18:54,700 --> 04:18:57,800
adjustments. 
This flexibility was regarded as

4962
04:18:57,800 --> 04:18:59,700
the Pinnacle of luxury and 
practicality. 

4963
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:03,200
The social aspects of Roman 
bedding were complex and 

4964
04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:05,600
fascinating. 
There were strict rules about 

4965
04:19:05,600 --> 04:19:08,600
who could sleep where, what type
of bedding was appropriate for 

4966
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,100
different, social classes and 
how bad should be arranged in 

4967
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:14,700
different rooms. 
The master bedroom or cubicle 

4968
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:18,100
was considered a semi-public 
space where important guests 

4969
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:20,800
might be received. 
So the bed had to be impressive 

4970
04:19:20,800 --> 04:19:22,500
enough to reflect the owners 
status. 

4971
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:26,200
The Romans developed the first 
real understanding of sleep 

4972
04:19:26,200 --> 04:19:28,500
hygiene, which is particularly 
interesting. 

4973
04:19:28,500 --> 04:19:31,500
They thought that the quality of
your bedding, affected your 

4974
04:19:31,500 --> 04:19:33,400
sleep, which affected your 
health. 

4975
04:19:34,200 --> 04:19:37,400
This belief led to innovation in
mattress materials bed, 

4976
04:19:37,400 --> 04:19:40,300
positioning, and even the 
orientation of sleeping Chambers

4977
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:44,000
to catch optimal, breezes. 
The decline of the Roman Empire 

4978
04:19:44,000 --> 04:19:47,000
marked, the end of this golden 
age of bed luxury, but many 

4979
04:19:47,000 --> 04:19:49,500
Roman Innovation, survived and 
influenced bedding. 

4980
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:53,400
For centuries to come the idea 
of stuffed mattresses, elaborate

4981
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:57,000
bed, linens, and beds as status,
symbols all traces, back to 

4982
04:19:57,008 --> 04:20:00,100
Roman innovations, that were far
ahead of their time after the 

4983
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:02,600
fall of Rome. 
Bed technology took a bit of a 

4984
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,200
nosedive which is probably what 
you'd expect during a period 

4985
04:20:05,200 --> 04:20:08,700
called the Dark Ages. 
Medieval Europeans basically 

4986
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:11,000
forgot most of what the Romans 
had figured out about 

4987
04:20:11,000 --> 04:20:13,800
comfortable sleeping and went 
back to much simpler 

4988
04:20:13,800 --> 04:20:17,000
Arrangements, but don't worry, 
they made up for it with 

4989
04:20:17,008 --> 04:20:20,400
creativity, communal sleeping, 
and some pretty intriguing 

4990
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:23,100
solutions to the problem of 
staying warm in drafty Stone 

4991
04:20:23,100 --> 04:20:28,000
castles medal peasants who made 
up about 90% of the population 

4992
04:20:28,000 --> 04:20:31,300
slept on what were essentially, 
piles of straw covered with 

4993
04:20:31,300 --> 04:20:34,500
rough and blankets. 
Their beds were usually just 

4994
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,400
wooden platforms or even 
hollowed out sections of the 

4995
04:20:37,400 --> 04:20:41,000
floor, filled with straw or hay,
the straw served as both 

4996
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:43,800
mattress and pillow and it was 
changed when it got too smelly 

4997
04:20:43,800 --> 04:20:47,300
or bug infested tolerate. 
This scenario happened more 

4998
04:20:47,300 --> 04:20:50,000
often than you might think 
because medieval hygiene 

4999
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:51,800
standards were. 
Shall we say relaxed? 

5000
04:20:52,400 --> 04:20:54,600
The really interesting part 
about medieval sleeping 

5001
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:56,900
Arrangements is that almost 
nobody slept alone. 

5002
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:01,700
Families would pile into one big
bed often with parents children 

5003
04:21:01,700 --> 04:21:05,200
and sometimes even servants all 
sharing the same sleeping space.

5004
04:21:05,200 --> 04:21:07,300
This wasn't just about saving 
space. 

5005
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:11,700
It was about staying warm 
Medieval houses were cold drafty

5006
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:14,700
places and body heat was often 
the only reliable source of 

5007
04:21:14,700 --> 04:21:17,700
warmth available during winter 
months, even wealthy. 

5008
04:21:17,700 --> 04:21:20,100
Medieval Nobles didn't have 
private bedrooms as we 

5009
04:21:20,100 --> 04:21:23,400
understand them today. 
The enormous Hall of a castle or

5010
04:21:23,400 --> 04:21:24,900
manor house would be filled with
beds. 

5011
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:27,600
And everyone from the Lord's 
family to visiting guests to 

5012
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:29,600
household, servants would sleep 
in the same room. 

5013
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:33,000
Privacy was a luxury that simply
didn't exist. 

5014
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:36,200
You learned to sleep through 
other people's snoring, talking 

5015
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:39,300
and various nocturnal activities
or you didn't sleep at all. 

5016
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:43,100
The wealthy did have better 
sleeping Arrangements. 

5017
04:21:43,100 --> 04:21:46,800
Of course, Noble beds were often
large elaborate affairs with 

5018
04:21:46,800 --> 04:21:49,900
carved, wooden frames and thick 
curtains, that could be drawn 

5019
04:21:49,900 --> 04:21:53,300
for privacy and warmth. 
These bed curtains were crucial 

5020
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,000
because they created a 
microclimate around the sleeper 

5021
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:58,600
trapping body heat and blocking 
drafts. 

5022
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:03,000
Medieval beds were essentially 
small portable rooms within the 

5023
04:22:03,000 --> 04:22:07,300
larger sleeping space devil 
mattresses when they existed at 

5024
04:22:07,300 --> 04:22:09,100
all. 
Were usually, large fabric sacks

5025
04:22:09,100 --> 04:22:11,900
stuffed with straw feathers or 
wool? 

5026
04:22:12,600 --> 04:22:15,400
The wealthy often possessed 
mattresses filled with down 

5027
04:22:15,400 --> 04:22:17,800
feathers regarded as the epitome
of luxury. 

5028
04:22:18,800 --> 04:22:21,900
Wills and inheritance documents 
often specifically mentioned, 

5029
04:22:21,900 --> 04:22:24,200
these feather mattresses due to 
their high value. 

5030
04:22:24,900 --> 04:22:27,600
Imagine being so excited about 
your mattress that you want to 

5031
04:22:27,600 --> 04:22:30,200
ensure it goes to the right 
person after you die. 

5032
04:22:30,900 --> 04:22:33,600
Medieval people also developed 
some Creative Solutions to 

5033
04:22:33,600 --> 04:22:36,600
common sleeping problems. 
They discovered that certain 

5034
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:39,900
herbs when mixed with straw 
helped repel insects and 

5035
04:22:39,908 --> 04:22:43,700
provided Pleasant sense. 
Lavender, mint and rosemary, 

5036
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:46,200
were popular choices. 
So, medieval beds were 

5037
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:48,900
essentially aromatherapy 
stations long before anyone 

5038
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:50,900
called the. 
That one important medieval 

5039
04:22:50,900 --> 04:22:54,200
Innovation was the trundle bed. 
These were low beds that could 

5040
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:56,800
be rolled under larger beds 
during the day and pulled out at

5041
04:22:56,800 --> 04:22:59,300
night. 
Servants children or guests 

5042
04:22:59,300 --> 04:23:02,700
would sleep on trundle beds 
which saved space and allowed 

5043
04:23:02,700 --> 04:23:04,400
for flexible sleeping 
Arrangements. 

5044
04:23:04,400 --> 04:23:07,700
It was basically the medieval 
equivalent of a pull-out couch 

5045
04:23:07,700 --> 04:23:12,100
except much less comfortable. 
The concept of changing sheets 

5046
04:23:12,100 --> 04:23:15,400
was pretty foreign to Medieval 
people bed linens when they 

5047
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:18,100
existed were expensive and 
difficult to clean. 

5048
04:23:19,000 --> 04:23:21,700
Most people slept directly on 
their mattresses or under rough 

5049
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:24,800
Woolen blankets that were washed
in frequently if at all. 

5050
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:28,400
The wealthy might have linen 
sheets, but even these were 

5051
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:31,500
changed only occasionally. 
Medieval people had a much 

5052
04:23:31,508 --> 04:23:34,000
higher tolerance for what we 
would consider unsanitary 

5053
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:37,000
conditions, medieval beds were 
also surprisingly. 

5054
04:23:37,000 --> 04:23:40,500
Portable wealthy Nobles, 
traveled frequently, and they 

5055
04:23:40,500 --> 04:23:43,900
often took their beds with them.
A proper medieval bed. 

5056
04:23:43,900 --> 04:23:47,700
Could be disassembled packed 
onto wagons and reassembled at 

5057
04:23:47,700 --> 04:23:49,200
the next car slaw. 
Manor house. 

5058
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:52,500
This meant that your bed was 
literally your most important 

5059
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:55,100
piece of furniture because it 
went everywhere. 

5060
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:58,600
You did the height of medieval 
bed luxury, was the state bed 

5061
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:00,500
used by royalty and the highest 
nobility. 

5062
04:24:01,400 --> 04:24:04,900
These beds were enormous 
elaborate constructions that 

5063
04:24:04,900 --> 04:24:07,000
resembled architecture. 
More than Furniture. 

5064
04:24:07,000 --> 04:24:11,000
They'd carved posts embroidered,
curtains and sometimes even 

5065
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:13,900
small Chambers built into the 
headboard for storing valuable 

5066
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:16,800
items. 
These beds were so impressive 

5067
04:24:16,800 --> 04:24:19,400
that they were often considered 
works of art in their own right.

5068
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:22,900
What's particularly fascinating 
about medieval sleeping 

5069
04:24:22,900 --> 04:24:25,700
Arrangements is how they 
reflected social hierarchy. 

5070
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,500
The closer you slept to the lord
of the castle, the higher your 

5071
04:24:29,500 --> 04:24:33,400
social status The most important
guests would sleep in the same 

5072
04:24:33,400 --> 04:24:36,900
room as the Lord while servants 
and lesser Nobles would sleep in

5073
04:24:36,900 --> 04:24:38,800
progressively more distant 
locations. 

5074
04:24:39,500 --> 04:24:42,400
Your sleeping spot was a direct 
reflection of your place. 

5075
04:24:42,400 --> 04:24:46,000
In society, medieval people also
had some intriguing beliefs 

5076
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:48,800
about sleep and dreams. 
They thought that sleeping with 

5077
04:24:48,800 --> 04:24:51,700
your head pointing East was 
healthiest and that certain 

5078
04:24:51,700 --> 04:24:54,100
materials in your mattress could
influence your dreams. 

5079
04:24:54,900 --> 04:24:57,400
They believed that sleeping on a
mattress stuffed with particular

5080
04:24:57,400 --> 04:25:00,900
herbs, could promote prophetic 
dreams or ward off nightmares? 

5081
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:03,600
Whether or not this approach 
actually worked. 

5082
04:25:03,600 --> 04:25:06,000
It certainly made bedtime more 
interesting. 

5083
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:08,900
The Renaissance brought a 
revolution in sleeping comfort. 

5084
04:25:08,900 --> 04:25:11,400
That would have made medieval 
peasants, weep With Envy. 

5085
04:25:12,100 --> 04:25:15,500
Suddenly people rediscovered, 
the Roman love of luxury and 

5086
04:25:15,500 --> 04:25:19,600
comfort, but with medieval 
practicality and some genuinely 

5087
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:22,300
new Innovations. 
This was the period when 

5088
04:25:22,300 --> 04:25:26,200
sleeping went from being a basic
survival necessity to something,

5089
04:25:26,200 --> 04:25:27,800
that could actually be 
enjoyable. 

5090
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:31,300
Renaissance Italians were 
particularly obsessed with 

5091
04:25:31,300 --> 04:25:34,400
comfortable sleeping. 
They developed the first real 

5092
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:37,000
mattresses, that would be 
recognizable to Modern sleepers,

5093
04:25:37,000 --> 04:25:41,300
large fabric cases stuffed with 
combination of wool cotton and 

5094
04:25:41,300 --> 04:25:43,900
Feathers. 
So into sections to prevent the 

5095
04:25:43,900 --> 04:25:47,400
stuffing from clumping These 
mattresses were placed on top of

5096
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:51,000
rope or wooden slap bed frames, 
creating a sleeping surface that

5097
04:25:51,000 --> 04:25:52,400
was both supportive and 
comfortable. 

5098
04:25:53,500 --> 04:25:55,800
The Rope bed frame was a 
Renaissance Innovation, that 

5099
04:25:55,800 --> 04:25:59,100
deserves special mention, 
instead of the solid wooden 

5100
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:02,900
platforms of medieval times 
Renaissance beds, used networks 

5101
04:26:02,900 --> 04:26:05,200
of ropes threaded through holes 
in the bed frame. 

5102
04:26:05,800 --> 04:26:08,300
These ropes could be tightened 
or loosened to adjust the 

5103
04:26:08,300 --> 04:26:09,900
firmness of the sleeping 
surface. 

5104
04:26:10,600 --> 04:26:13,400
This is where the phrase sleep 
tight comes from. 

5105
04:26:13,400 --> 04:26:17,100
It literally meant to tighten 
the Rope on your bed to ensure a

5106
04:26:17,100 --> 04:26:19,100
firm comfortable sleeping 
surface. 

5107
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:23,300
Renaissance beds were also the 
first to feature multiple layers

5108
04:26:23,300 --> 04:26:25,500
of bedding. 
Instead of just throwing a 

5109
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:28,500
blanket over a straw mattress, 
people began using systems of 

5110
04:26:28,500 --> 04:26:32,300
sheets blankets, and coverlets 
that could be added or removed, 

5111
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:34,300
depending on the weather and 
personal preference. 

5112
04:26:35,100 --> 04:26:37,400
This layered approach allowed 
for much more precise, 

5113
04:26:37,400 --> 04:26:39,500
temperature control and comfort,
customization. 

5114
04:26:40,300 --> 04:26:42,800
The Renaissance also saw the 
development of the first real 

5115
04:26:42,800 --> 04:26:46,300
pillows as we know them today 
instead of wooden headrests or 

5116
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:48,700
simple cloth. 
Bundles Renaissance, pillows 

5117
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:51,600
were carefully, constructed 
fabric cases, stuffed with down 

5118
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:55,100
feathers or fine wool. 
These pillows were designed 

5119
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:56,900
specifically for comfort and 
support. 

5120
04:26:56,900 --> 04:26:59,900
And Wealthy households, would 
have multiple pillows of 

5121
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:02,900
different sizes and firmness 
levels for different sleeping 

5122
04:27:02,900 --> 04:27:06,400
positions. privacy became 
increasingly important during 

5123
04:27:06,400 --> 04:27:09,600
the Renaissance and this led to 
Innovations in bed, curtains, 

5124
04:27:09,600 --> 04:27:13,300
and canopies Renaissance bed 
curtains were often made of 

5125
04:27:13,300 --> 04:27:16,700
expensive Fabrics like Silk or 
velvet and they were designed to

5126
04:27:16,700 --> 04:27:19,700
create a private intimate space 
within the larger bedroom. 

5127
04:27:20,500 --> 04:27:22,800
These curtains served practical 
purposes too. 

5128
04:27:22,800 --> 04:27:26,800
They blocked drafts provided 
insulation and helped to keep 

5129
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:30,600
out insects and Light. 
The Renaissance bed was also 

5130
04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:33,500
when furniture makers began 
treating beds as serious pieces 

5131
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:36,400
of craftsmanship. 
Renaissance beds featured, 

5132
04:27:36,400 --> 04:27:40,300
elaborate carvings inlays and 
decorative elements that made 

5133
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:42,300
them works of art, as well as 
functional furniture. 

5134
04:27:43,400 --> 04:27:46,200
These beds were often family. 
Heirlooms passed down through 

5135
04:27:46,200 --> 04:27:48,600
generations and becoming more 
valuable over time. 

5136
04:27:48,600 --> 04:27:51,800
Once specific Renaissance 
Innovation was the development 

5137
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:53,800
of specialized bedding for 
different seasons. 

5138
04:27:54,800 --> 04:27:57,300
Wealthy households, would have 
lightweight linen in bedding for

5139
04:27:57,300 --> 04:27:59,400
summer and heavy Woolen bedding 
for winter. 

5140
04:28:00,200 --> 04:28:04,600
The first washable bed, linens, 
which represented a significant 

5141
04:28:04,600 --> 04:28:08,400
advance in hygiene and comfort. 
The ability to regularly clean, 

5142
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:11,100
your bedding was a luxury that 
previous generation's couldn't 

5143
04:28:11,100 --> 04:28:14,300
imagine Renaissance beds. 
Also became much larger than 

5144
04:28:14,300 --> 04:28:18,000
their medieval predecessors. 
The great bed became a status 

5145
04:28:18,000 --> 04:28:20,900
symbol among the wealthy with 
some beds, measuring 8 feet 

5146
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:23,800
square, or larger. 
These enormous beds weren't just

5147
04:28:23,800 --> 04:28:25,700
for sleeping. 
They were used for conducting 

5148
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:29,500
business, receiving guests, and 
displaying wealth and status. 

5149
04:28:30,400 --> 04:28:33,300
The bed became the centerpiece 
of the bedroom, which itself 

5150
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:34,700
became an important room in the 
house. 

5151
04:28:34,700 --> 04:28:37,800
The Renaissance period also saw 
the development of the first 

5152
04:28:37,800 --> 04:28:41,000
adjustable beds, some 
Renaissance beds featured 

5153
04:28:41,000 --> 04:28:43,800
mechanisms that allowed sleepers
to raise or lower their heads 

5154
04:28:43,800 --> 04:28:45,900
and feet. 
Providing comfort for people 

5155
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:48,300
with medical conditions or 
simply allowing, for more 

5156
04:28:48,308 --> 04:28:50,000
comfortable reading or dining in
bed. 

5157
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:52,400
These adjustable beds were 
complex. 

5158
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:54,900
Mechanical devices, that 
demonstrated the periods 

5159
04:28:54,900 --> 04:28:57,200
growing, understanding of 
engineering and comfort. 

5160
04:28:58,300 --> 04:28:59,800
Renaissance sleeping 
Arrangements. 

5161
04:28:59,800 --> 04:29:01,700
All reflected changing social 
attitudes. 

5162
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:05,000
While many evil people saw 
nothing wrong with communal, 

5163
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,700
sleeping Renaissance 
sensibilities, increasingly 

5164
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:09,600
valued privacy and individual 
comfort. 

5165
04:29:10,400 --> 04:29:13,400
Married couples began sleeping 
in their rooms, and children 

5166
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,100
were given their beds rather 
than sharing with parents or 

5167
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:18,700
siblings. 
This shift toward individual 

5168
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:21,700
sleeping spaces was a 
significant cultural change that

5169
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:23,300
would continue into the modern 
era. 

5170
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:26,800
The Renaissance also saw the 
development of the first 

5171
04:29:26,800 --> 04:29:30,100
specialized children's beds, 
instead of just making smaller 

5172
04:29:30,100 --> 04:29:32,900
versions of adult beds 
ferniture, makers began, 

5173
04:29:32,900 --> 04:29:35,900
creating beds specifically 
designed for children's needs. 

5174
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:39,700
These beds were lowered to the 
ground, had protective railings 

5175
04:29:39,700 --> 04:29:42,800
and were designed to be safe and
comfortable for young sleepers. 

5176
04:29:43,400 --> 04:29:46,000
The idea that children might 
have different sleeping needs 

5177
04:29:46,000 --> 04:29:49,800
than adults was revolutionary. 
Renaissance beds were also the 

5178
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:53,400
first to feature Storage 
Solutions, many Renaissance beds

5179
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:55,500
had built in chests or drawers 
underneath. 

5180
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:58,300
The sleeping surface. 
Providing storage for bed, 

5181
04:29:58,300 --> 04:29:59,900
linens, clothing, and personal 
items. 

5182
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:03,800
This Innovation held significant
importance during a period when 

5183
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:07,100
closets were scarce and storage 
space was highly valued. 

5184
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:10,300
The Renaissance period 
established, many of the basic 

5185
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:12,600
principles of comfortable 
sleeping that we still use 

5186
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:15,100
today. 
The idea of layered bedding. 

5187
04:30:15,100 --> 04:30:17,900
Supportive, mattresses 
comfortable, pillows and private

5188
04:30:17,900 --> 04:30:20,100
sleeping spaces. 
All, Trace back to Renaissance 

5189
04:30:20,100 --> 04:30:23,000
Innovations. 
During this period we 

5190
04:30:23,000 --> 04:30:25,500
essentially figured out what 
makes a good bed despite the 

5191
04:30:25,500 --> 04:30:27,500
dramatic improvements in 
technology. 

5192
04:30:27,500 --> 04:30:30,600
The Industrial Revolution 
fundamentally transformed the 

5193
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:33,600
way people slept with most of 
the changes occurring more 

5194
04:30:33,600 --> 04:30:37,200
quickly than you could say. 
Factory made mattress, suddenly 

5195
04:30:37,200 --> 04:30:40,600
beds that had been luxury items 
for the wealthy became available

5196
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,400
to Ordinary People. 
An innovations that had taken 

5197
04:30:43,400 --> 04:30:46,500
centuries to develop were being 
improved upon every few years. 

5198
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:51,200
The 1850s saw the development of
the coil spring mattress 

5199
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:54,100
marking. 
The first major change this 

5200
04:30:54,100 --> 04:30:57,100
breakthrough was revolutionary 
because it provided support and 

5201
04:30:57,100 --> 04:30:58,600
comfort. 
That was far superior to 

5202
04:30:58,600 --> 04:31:02,200
anything that had come before. 
Instead of sleeping on stuffed 

5203
04:31:02,200 --> 04:31:05,000
fabric sacks, that gradually 
compressed and lost their shape.

5204
04:31:05,000 --> 04:31:08,100
People could now sleep on 
mattresses that maintain their 

5205
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:10,400
support and bounce back night 
after night. 

5206
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:13,900
The coil spring mattress, 
quickly established itself as 

5207
04:31:13,900 --> 04:31:16,700
the standard with variations 
still in use today. 

5208
04:31:17,700 --> 04:31:19,900
Mass production meant that 
mattresses could be made 

5209
04:31:19,900 --> 04:31:23,000
consistently and affordably. 
Instead of having to commission,

5210
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:26,200
a custom mattress from a local 
crafts person, people could buy 

5211
04:31:26,200 --> 04:31:30,000
ready-made mattresses from 
stores, this democratization of 

5212
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:31,500
comfort meant that working 
class. 

5213
04:31:31,500 --> 04:31:34,000
Families could have sleeping 
Arrangements that were 

5214
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:36,600
comparable to what, only the 
wealthy had enjoyed in previous 

5215
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:39,300
centuries. 
The industrial brought 

5216
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:40,800
significant improvements in 
Bedding. 

5217
04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:44,700
Materials of cotton Mills made 
cotton sheets and pillowcases 

5218
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:48,100
widely available and affordable.
Cotton was soft after more 

5219
04:31:48,100 --> 04:31:51,300
breathable, an easier to clean 
than the rough linen or wool 

5220
04:31:51,300 --> 04:31:53,600
bedding. 
Most used the ability to have 

5221
04:31:53,600 --> 04:31:56,300
soft washable, sheets 
represented a major advance in 

5222
04:31:56,300 --> 04:32:00,000
both comfort and hygiene Iron 
and Steel bed frames became 

5223
04:32:00,000 --> 04:32:03,100
popular during this period. 
Replacing wooden frames for many

5224
04:32:03,100 --> 04:32:05,600
people. 
These Metal Frames were stronger

5225
04:32:05,600 --> 04:32:09,000
more durable, and less likely to
Harbor, insects than wooden 

5226
04:32:09,000 --> 04:32:12,000
frames, they were also much 
easier to mass-produce which 

5227
04:32:12,000 --> 04:32:15,400
made them more affordable. 
Classic iron bed frame with its 

5228
04:32:15,400 --> 04:32:19,000
distinctive vertical bars and 
simple design became a symbol of

5229
04:32:19,008 --> 04:32:22,000
the Industrial Age. 
The Industrial Revolution also 

5230
04:32:22,000 --> 04:32:24,500
brought the first real 
understanding of sleep, hygiene 

5231
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:27,000
and health. 
Medical professionals began 

5232
04:32:27,000 --> 04:32:29,800
studying sleep in its effects on
health leading to 

5233
04:32:29,800 --> 04:32:33,600
recommendations about mattress 
firmness room ventilation and 

5234
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:36,600
sleeping positions. 
This scientific approach to 

5235
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:39,600
sleep was a departure from the 
folk wisdom and superstitions 

5236
04:32:39,600 --> 04:32:42,300
that had guided sleeping 
arrangements for centuries. 

5237
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:46,000
One, particularly important 
innovation was the development 

5238
04:32:46,000 --> 04:32:49,100
of the box spring. 
Instead of placing mattresses 

5239
04:32:49,100 --> 04:32:51,300
directly on rope or wooden slat 
frames. 

5240
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:55,000
Manufacturers began creating 
specialized Foundation Systems 

5241
04:32:55,000 --> 04:32:58,500
that provided additional support
and extended mattress life. 

5242
04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:02,700
The box spring combined with the
coil spring mattress, created a 

5243
04:33:02,700 --> 04:33:05,300
sleeping system that was far, 
superior to anything that had 

5244
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:08,700
existed before. 
The Industrial Age also saw the 

5245
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:11,099
development of specialized 
bedding for different needs. 

5246
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:15,000
Manufacturers began producing 
mattresses for children for 

5247
04:33:15,000 --> 04:33:17,400
people with medical conditions 
and for different climates. 

5248
04:33:18,099 --> 04:33:20,900
This specialization represented 
a recognition that different 

5249
04:33:20,900 --> 04:33:24,700
people had different sleeping 
needs, and that technology could

5250
04:33:24,700 --> 04:33:27,800
be adapted to meet those needs 
department stores. 

5251
04:33:27,800 --> 04:33:29,900
Revolutionized how people bought
bedding? 

5252
04:33:29,900 --> 04:33:33,200
Instead of visiting specialized 
crafts people or commissioning 

5253
04:33:33,200 --> 04:33:35,800
custom work? 
People could see and compare 

5254
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:39,200
different mattresses sheets and 
pillows in large retail spaces. 

5255
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:43,300
This gave consumers much more 
choice and helped Drive 

5256
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:47,200
Innovation as manufacturers 
competed for customers, the 

5257
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:49,000
development of reliable indoor 
heating. 

5258
04:33:49,000 --> 04:33:51,099
Also changed sleeping 
Arrangements, significantly 

5259
04:33:51,099 --> 04:33:55,099
people no longer needed to share
beds for warmth, and bedrooms 

5260
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:56,599
could be separate from Living 
Spaces. 

5261
04:33:56,599 --> 04:33:59,900
This led to the development of 
the modern bedroom, as a private

5262
04:33:59,900 --> 04:34:02,700
individual space designed 
specifically for sleeping. 

5263
04:34:03,599 --> 04:34:06,400
The Industrial Age brought the 
first real advertising for Sleep

5264
04:34:06,400 --> 04:34:09,000
Products. 
Mattress manufacturers began 

5265
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,099
making claims about the health 
benefits of their products, the 

5266
04:34:12,099 --> 04:34:15,200
superiority of their materials 
and the importance of Excellence

5267
04:34:15,200 --> 04:34:19,400
sleep, This was the beginning of
the modern sleep industry, which

5268
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:21,599
would eventually become a 
multi-billion Dollar business. 

5269
04:34:22,500 --> 04:34:25,099
Mail, order catalogs, made it 
possible for people in rural 

5270
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:27,800
areas to buy the same quality 
bedding as City dwellers. 

5271
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:31,200
Companies, like Sears and 
Montgomery Ward, offered 

5272
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:33,800
mattresses bed frames and 
bedding through their catalogs, 

5273
04:34:33,800 --> 04:34:36,700
bringing Industrial Age. 
Comfort people who had 

5274
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:39,599
previously been limited to local
products, The Industrial 

5275
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:41,300
Revolution. 
Also led to the initial 

5276
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:46,300
standardization of bed sizes in 
of custom-made beds that varied 

5277
04:34:46,300 --> 04:34:49,400
depending on the crafts person. 
And customer manufacturers began

5278
04:34:49,400 --> 04:34:51,200
producing beds in standard 
sizes. 

5279
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,300
This made it easier to buy 
bedding and meant that a 

5280
04:34:54,300 --> 04:34:56,900
mattress bought in one city 
would fit a bed frame bought in 

5281
04:34:56,900 --> 04:35:00,000
another working conditions 
during the Industrial Age. 

5282
04:35:00,000 --> 04:35:02,300
Also, highlighted the importance
of good sleep. 

5283
04:35:03,099 --> 04:35:05,700
Factory workers who had to wake 
up early and work long hours 

5284
04:35:05,700 --> 04:35:08,599
needed better sleep than had 
been necessary in agricultural 

5285
04:35:08,599 --> 04:35:11,500
societies? 
This created demand for more 

5286
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:14,400
comfortable bedding and led to 
Innovations designed to help 

5287
04:35:14,400 --> 04:35:16,599
people fall asleep, faster, and 
sleep, more soundly. 

5288
04:35:16,599 --> 04:35:19,800
The Industrial Age, is 
established the foundation for 

5289
04:35:19,800 --> 04:35:23,200
modern sleep technology. 
The basic concept of the coil, 

5290
04:35:23,200 --> 04:35:27,000
spring mattress, the box spring 
foundation and mass produced 

5291
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:28,900
bedding. 
All originated during this 

5292
04:35:28,900 --> 04:35:31,400
period. 
The Industrial Revolution 

5293
04:35:31,400 --> 04:35:34,200
established, the fundamental 
approach to creating comfortable

5294
04:35:34,200 --> 04:35:37,599
beds, despite dramatic 
improvements in materials and 

5295
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:40,800
construction techniques. 
And here we are in the modern 

5296
04:35:40,800 --> 04:35:43,900
era where your bed is probably 
more technologically advanced 

5297
04:35:43,900 --> 04:35:47,500
than the computers that sent 
people to the moon, the 20th and

5298
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:51,300
21st, centuries of brought an 
explosion of innovation in sleep

5299
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:53,099
technology. 
That would have seemed like 

5300
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:55,599
science fiction to people just a
few Generations ago. 

5301
04:35:56,800 --> 04:35:59,500
The development of synthetic 
materials, revolutionized 

5302
04:35:59,500 --> 04:36:03,300
mattress Construction. 
Memory foam originally developed

5303
04:36:03,300 --> 04:36:05,800
by NASA to improve crash 
protection for astronauts. 

5304
04:36:05,800 --> 04:36:09,200
Became the foundation for a new 
generation of mattresses that 

5305
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:12,900
could conform to individual body
shapes and provide personalized 

5306
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:15,300
support. 
The idea that your mattress 

5307
04:36:15,300 --> 04:36:18,500
could remember your body's 
Contours and adapt accordingly 

5308
04:36:18,500 --> 04:36:21,000
was a concept that previous 
generations couldn't have 

5309
04:36:21,000 --> 04:36:25,099
imagined latex mattresses 
brought natural, elasticity and 

5310
04:36:25,099 --> 04:36:27,900
durability that surpassed 
traditional coil springs. 

5311
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:31,200
These mattresses could provide 
Firm support while still 

5312
04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:34,200
conforming to body shapes and 
they lasted much longer than 

5313
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:37,400
previous mattress types. 
The development of synthetic 

5314
04:36:37,400 --> 04:36:39,400
latex made. 
These benefits available at 

5315
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:42,700
reasonable prices, democratizing
comfort in ways that would have 

5316
04:36:42,700 --> 04:36:45,900
amazed earlier Generations. 
The introduction of adjustable 

5317
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:48,599
beds, brought Hospital level 
Comfort to home bedrooms. 

5318
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:52,200
These beds could be adjusted to 
provide optimal positioning for 

5319
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:55,099
sleeping reading watching 
television or dealing with 

5320
04:36:55,099 --> 04:36:58,400
medical conditions. 
The ability to adjust your bed's

5321
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:01,300
position with the touch of a 
button represented, a level of 

5322
04:37:01,308 --> 04:37:04,900
convenience and customization 
that surpassed anything in 

5323
04:37:04,900 --> 04:37:08,300
history. 
Temperature control became a 

5324
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:10,300
major focus of modern sleep 
technology. 

5325
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:14,200
Gel-infused Foams, phase, 
change, materials, and even 

5326
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:16,500
water-cooled mattresses were 
developed to help people 

5327
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:18,400
maintain optimal sleeping 
temperatures. 

5328
04:37:19,500 --> 04:37:22,599
The recognition that temperature
regulation was crucial for good 

5329
04:37:22,599 --> 04:37:25,599
sleep led to innovations that 
actively managed heat and 

5330
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:29,099
moisture throughout the night. 
Modern bedding materials have 

5331
04:37:29,099 --> 04:37:32,000
achieved levels of softness and 
performance that would have been

5332
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:34,200
impossible with natural 
materials alone. 

5333
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:37,900
Microfiber sheets can be softer 
than silk, while being more 

5334
04:37:37,900 --> 04:37:41,599
durable and easier to care for 
moisture wicking Fabrics, help 

5335
04:37:41,599 --> 04:37:44,500
regulate temperature and 
humidity creating optimal 

5336
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:47,099
sleeping conditions. 
Regardless of seasonal climate, 

5337
04:37:47,099 --> 04:37:50,300
the development of the Sleep 
industry is a major economic 

5338
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:53,700
Force as driven, continuous 
innovation companies, spend 

5339
04:37:53,700 --> 04:37:57,099
millions of dollars, researching
sleep patterns, testing new 

5340
04:37:57,099 --> 04:38:00,000
materials and developing 
products that promise better 

5341
04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:02,300
rest. 
This competition has led to 

5342
04:38:02,300 --> 04:38:05,800
Rapid advances in mattress. 
Technology bedding, materials 

5343
04:38:05,800 --> 04:38:09,300
and sleep accessories. 
Sleep tracking technology has 

5344
04:38:09,300 --> 04:38:12,300
given people unprecedented 
insight into their sleep 

5345
04:38:12,300 --> 04:38:16,300
patterns devices that monitor 
movement, heart rate and sleep. 

5346
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:19,000
Stages, provide details 
information about Sleep Quality 

5347
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:21,800
and duration. 
This data-driven approach to 

5348
04:38:21,800 --> 04:38:24,800
sleep represents a return to the
scientific study of sleep that 

5349
04:38:24,800 --> 04:38:28,000
began during the Industrial Age.
But with far more sophisticated 

5350
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:31,700
tools and understanding, the 
internet has revolutionized, how

5351
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:34,900
people buy mattresses and 
bedding online, retailers offer,

5352
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:37,500
detailed product information, 
customer reviews. 

5353
04:38:37,500 --> 04:38:41,000
And even sleep trials that allow
people to test mattresses in 

5354
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:43,700
their homes. 
The internet has made it easier 

5355
04:38:43,700 --> 04:38:46,200
for people to find products that
meet their specific needs and 

5356
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:48,900
preferences. 
Modern, understanding of sleep 

5357
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:51,599
Sciences, led to products 
designed for specific sleep 

5358
04:38:51,599 --> 04:38:54,700
positions, body types, and 
medical conditions. 

5359
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:57,900
Side sleepers, combine 
mattresses optimized for their 

5360
04:38:57,900 --> 04:39:00,400
sleeping position. 
While people with back problems,

5361
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:03,400
can find products specifically 
designed to provide proper 

5362
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:06,700
spinal alignment. 
This level of customization 

5363
04:39:06,700 --> 04:39:09,700
represents a sophisticated 
understanding of how different 

5364
04:39:09,700 --> 04:39:11,400
people have different sleep 
needs. 

5365
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:14,900
The development of organic and 
natural bedding materials, as 

5366
04:39:14,900 --> 04:39:17,599
brought together, Modern 
Performance with traditional 

5367
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:21,800
materials, organic cotton 
natural latex and wool bedding. 

5368
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:25,300
Provide the benefits of natural 
materials while meeting modern 

5369
04:39:25,300 --> 04:39:27,000
standards for comfort and 
durability. 

5370
04:39:28,099 --> 04:39:31,599
This trend represents a return 
to Natural materials, but with 

5371
04:39:31,599 --> 04:39:34,900
the benefit of modern 
Manufacturing technique's, Smart

5372
04:39:34,900 --> 04:39:37,000
beds are at the Forefront of 
sleep technology. 

5373
04:39:37,000 --> 04:39:40,700
These beds can automatically 
adjust firmness temperature and 

5374
04:39:40,700 --> 04:39:43,600
position based on sleep 
patterns, and preferences. 

5375
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:46,700
Some can even track Sleep 
Quality, and make 

5376
04:39:46,700 --> 04:39:50,600
recommendations for improvement.
A bed that actively Works to 

5377
04:39:50,600 --> 04:39:52,100
improve. 
Your sleep would have seemed 

5378
04:39:52,100 --> 04:39:53,900
like Pure Fantasy to previous 
generations. 

5379
04:39:55,200 --> 04:39:58,400
The modern Sleep Revolution has 
also brought an understanding of

5380
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:01,300
the importance of sleep for 
overall health and well-being. 

5381
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:05,300
Researchers shown that adequate 
sleep is crucial for physical 

5382
04:40:05,300 --> 04:40:08,500
health, mental performance and 
emotional stability. 

5383
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:12,000
This awareness has led to 
increased investment in sleep 

5384
04:40:12,000 --> 04:40:15,000
technology and a recognition. 
That good bedding is an 

5385
04:40:15,000 --> 04:40:17,200
investment in health, not just 
comfort. 

5386
04:40:18,400 --> 04:40:21,500
As you settle into your modern 
bed tonight, with its carefully 

5387
04:40:21,500 --> 04:40:25,000
engineered support system, 
temperature regulating materials

5388
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:29,000
and precisely designed Comfort 
layers, your participating in a 

5389
04:40:29,000 --> 04:40:30,400
tradition that stretches back to
those. 

5390
04:40:30,400 --> 04:40:33,600
First grass, beds in South 
African caves the drive. 

5391
04:40:33,600 --> 04:40:35,800
To create better. 
Sleeping conditions has been a 

5392
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:37,000
constant throughout human 
history. 

5393
04:40:37,000 --> 04:40:40,100
Leading us from simple. 
Piles of aromatic leaves to the 

5394
04:40:40,108 --> 04:40:42,400
sophisticated sleep systems we 
have today. 

5395
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:46,100
The journey from sleeping on the
ground to sleeping on memory 

5396
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:48,800
foam has been long and 
fascinating filled with 

5397
04:40:48,808 --> 04:40:52,100
Innovations setbacks and gradual
improvements. 

5398
04:40:52,100 --> 04:40:55,400
Each generation has built upon 
the discoveries of the previous 

5399
04:40:55,400 --> 04:40:58,400
one creating better and more 
comfortable ways to get a good 

5400
04:40:58,408 --> 04:41:02,300
night's rest and who knows the 
bed you're sleeping on tonight 

5401
04:41:02,300 --> 04:41:04,100
might seem primitive to Future 
Generations. 

5402
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:07,300
Who will undoubtedly find even 
better ways to achieve the 

5403
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:12,000
perfect night's sleep. 
Sweet dreams and remember your 

5404
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:16,300
sleeping better than 99.9% of 
all humans who have ever lived. 

5405
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:19,800
That's worth appreciating as you
drift off to sleep, on your 

5406
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:22,000
modern Miracle of comfort and 
engineering. 

5407
04:41:23,100 --> 04:41:25,700
But if that insomnia is still 
kicking, don't worry. 

5408
04:41:25,700 --> 04:41:29,200
I will always have other stories
of mine told here from the past 

5409
04:41:29,200 --> 04:41:32,900
to help you get that rest, no 
matter what it takes sleep. 

5410
04:41:32,900 --> 04:41:36,200
Well, my friends and I will 
catch you later as I always do. 

5411
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,100
You stand at the narrow window 
of the manor house watching 

5412
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:51,400
November Fade Into December with
that peculiar quality of late 

5413
04:41:51,400 --> 04:41:54,200
Autumn light, that seems to 
drain color from the world. 

5414
04:41:55,500 --> 04:41:58,900
The landscape beyond the thick 
glass expensive, glass. 

5415
04:41:58,900 --> 04:42:02,400
A point of Pride for your 
household has transformed into 

5416
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:06,100
something spare and honest. 
The fields that were gold with 

5417
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:09,100
Harvest two months ago. 
Now, light dark and furrowed 

5418
04:42:09,100 --> 04:42:11,900
waiting for spring like a held 
breath. 

5419
04:42:11,900 --> 04:42:15,000
This is the time of year when 
your ancestors believed the 

5420
04:42:15,000 --> 04:42:16,800
boundary between worlds, grew 
thin. 

5421
04:42:16,800 --> 04:42:20,800
When the old gods though, you'd 
never speak such thoughts aloud 

5422
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:23,800
with the priest nearby. 
Walked the Frozen Earth 

5423
04:42:23,800 --> 04:42:27,900
alongside Christian Saints. 
The tree stand bear against the 

5424
04:42:27,900 --> 04:42:31,700
sky, their branches making 
patterns like the veins in an 

5425
04:42:31,700 --> 04:42:33,900
Oakley pressed flat in a 
manuscript. 

5426
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:38,300
You know, each of those trees by
sight, the ancient Oak that 

5427
04:42:38,300 --> 04:42:40,800
marks the boundary between your 
Lord's land and the common 

5428
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:44,400
fields the line of beaches that 
shelter the road to the village 

5429
04:42:44,400 --> 04:42:49,000
and the Twisted Hawthorne where 
May Day Celebrations happen in a

5430
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:51,300
season that feels impossibly 
distant. 

5431
04:42:51,300 --> 04:42:55,700
Now, the cold has been building 
for weeks that peculiar medieval

5432
04:42:55,700 --> 04:42:58,800
cold, that seems to seep through
stone walls as if they were made

5433
04:42:58,800 --> 04:43:02,500
of wool rather than Masonry, 
You've learned to dress in 

5434
04:43:02,500 --> 04:43:06,800
layers, a linen shift against 
your skin, a Woolen Kurt over 

5435
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:10,100
that. 
And today an additional circuit 

5436
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:12,800
lined with rabbit fur that your 
grandmother made before she 

5437
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:15,900
died. 
The first still smells faintly 

5438
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:20,400
of the herbs used to store it. 
A mixture of lavender and tansy.

5439
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:23,400
That brings her back to you. 
Across the years with a Clarity 

5440
04:43:23,400 --> 04:43:25,000
that sometimes catches your 
breath. 

5441
04:43:25,000 --> 04:43:28,900
The man as preparations for 
winter began at michaelmas back.

5442
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:31,700
When the last warm days of 
September still held the memory 

5443
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:34,000
of Summer. 
You helped bring in the final 

5444
04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:36,500
Harvest. 
Working alongside villagers 

5445
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:39,600
whose families have been tied to
this land for Generations Beyond

5446
04:43:39,600 --> 04:43:42,400
Counting. 
The Wheaton barley was stored in

5447
04:43:42,408 --> 04:43:45,100
the Grainery rats. 
Be damned though. 

5448
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:47,800
The barn cats do their best to 
keep that particular problem 

5449
04:43:47,800 --> 04:43:50,800
manageable. 
Apples were laid carefully and 

5450
04:43:50,800 --> 04:43:54,100
straw, in the under crop. 
One checked for bruises that 

5451
04:43:54,100 --> 04:43:56,100
might spread wrote through the 
entire store. 

5452
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,200
The Autumn pigs were slaughtered
off to Saint. 

5453
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:02,500
Martin's day a process, you've 
grown accustomed to over the 

5454
04:44:02,500 --> 04:44:05,000
years though, you never quite 
learned to enjoy it. 

5455
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:07,900
Salted pork. 
Now, hangs from the rafters of 

5456
04:44:07,900 --> 04:44:11,600
the Larder, alongside dried fish
from The Summer's catch and the 

5457
04:44:11,600 --> 04:44:14,000
smoke deal that tastes like the 
river mud where they were 

5458
04:44:14,000 --> 04:44:17,500
caught, Your household is stored
enough food to see you through 

5459
04:44:17,508 --> 04:44:21,100
to spring or so everyone hopes 
with that particular combination

5460
04:44:21,100 --> 04:44:25,100
of faith and anxiety that 
characterizes medieval winter 

5461
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:27,000
planning. 
Crop failures. 

5462
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:29,100
Happen stores. 
Go bad. 

5463
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:33,800
Winter can be a season of slow 
starvation, if preparations were

5464
04:44:33,800 --> 04:44:37,000
insufficient or luck proves 
cruel this year. 

5465
04:44:37,000 --> 04:44:39,600
Looks promising. 
The Harvest was good. 

5466
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:43,800
The weather has been harsh but 
not catastrophic and your Lord's

5467
04:44:43,800 --> 04:44:46,700
household has both the resources
and the will to celebrate 

5468
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:50,200
Christmas properly. 
This matters more than you might

5469
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:53,300
initially think, because 
Christmas in the Medieval World 

5470
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:57,900
Isn't just a day, it's a season,
a statement and sometimes a 

5471
04:44:57,900 --> 04:45:00,700
battlefield where social 
hierarchies are simultaneously 

5472
04:45:00,700 --> 04:45:04,300
reinforced and momentarily, 
suspended, the Advent season has

5473
04:45:04,300 --> 04:45:07,500
been observed with the proper 
solemnity for the past four 

5474
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:09,800
weeks. 
You've been fasting or at least 

5475
04:45:09,800 --> 04:45:12,800
what passes for fasting when 
you're not among sworn to 

5476
04:45:12,800 --> 04:45:16,000
extreme piratey. 
Know meet on Wednesdays. 

5477
04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:18,900
Fridays or Saturdays know? 
Rich foods? 

5478
04:45:18,900 --> 04:45:20,100
No. 
Excessive celebration. 

5479
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:25,200
The church calls this a time of 
penitence and preparation, a 

5480
04:45:25,200 --> 04:45:27,900
spiritual winter, before the 
birth of Christ, brings light 

5481
04:45:27,900 --> 04:45:30,700
back to the world. 
You've noticed that this 

5482
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:33,900
enforced austerity, makes the 
upcoming Feast seem even more 

5483
04:45:33,900 --> 04:45:37,200
glorious, which may or may not 
be the church's, actual 

5484
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:40,600
intention, the manner itself has
been gradually transforming. 

5485
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:44,100
Fresh rushes have been laid on 
the floors of the Great Hall 

5486
04:45:44,100 --> 04:45:47,100
mixed with herbs that released 
their scent when crushed 

5487
04:45:47,100 --> 04:45:50,100
underfoot. 
The smell reminds you of Summer 

5488
04:45:50,100 --> 04:45:54,500
Meadows, which is probably the 
point an olfactory Defiance of 

5489
04:45:54,500 --> 04:45:57,900
Winter's baroness. 
The walls of being cleaned of 

5490
04:45:57,900 --> 04:45:59,800
the years accumulation of soot 
and grime. 

5491
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:02,800
A job that fell to you. 
In the other household members 

5492
04:46:02,800 --> 04:46:06,700
over several days of hard labor,
that left, everyone's hands raw 

5493
04:46:06,700 --> 04:46:11,000
and their backs aching outside. 
You can see the first real snow 

5494
04:46:11,000 --> 04:46:13,700
of the Season. 
Beginning to fall, not the wet 

5495
04:46:13,700 --> 04:46:17,300
brief flurries that came and 
melted last week but proper 

5496
04:46:17,300 --> 04:46:21,500
snow, that means business. 
Flake's a small and determined, 

5497
04:46:21,500 --> 04:46:25,000
the kind that will accumulate 
into drifts that might cut off 

5498
04:46:25,000 --> 04:46:26,600
the manor from the village for 
days. 

5499
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:31,300
Part of you feels a flutter of 
anxiety at this isolation but 

5500
04:46:31,300 --> 04:46:34,900
another part perhaps the part 
that remembers older ways of 

5501
04:46:34,900 --> 04:46:39,200
thinking feels A peculiar 
comfort in being snowed in as if

5502
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:42,300
winter itself, has decided to 
hold you safe in a white cocoon 

5503
04:46:42,300 --> 04:46:45,300
and until spring comes to wake 
you the shortest day of the 

5504
04:46:45,308 --> 04:46:48,600
year, has just passed and you 
noticed its arrival with the 

5505
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:51,300
attention that medieval people 
pay to such markers. 

5506
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:56,500
At the winter solstice Darkness 
claims nearly 16 hours of every 

5507
04:46:56,500 --> 04:46:59,100
day here. 
In England leaving only a brief 

5508
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:02,300
window of Grey, light that 
barely qualifies as day at all. 

5509
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:07,000
Your ancestors, the truly 
ancient ones before Christianity

5510
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:10,700
came to these islands lit, great
Fires, at the solstice to 

5511
04:47:10,700 --> 04:47:15,100
encourage the sun to return. 
Church calls such practices 

5512
04:47:15,100 --> 04:47:18,500
Pagan Superstition. 
But you notice that, the Advent 

5513
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:21,100
wreath with its Progressive 
lighting of candles follows a 

5514
04:47:21,108 --> 04:47:25,100
suspiciously similar pattern, 
The Village Church Bell, Ring's 

5515
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:28,200
marking the hour of none. 
What we would call three in the 

5516
04:47:28,200 --> 04:47:31,500
afternoon though, the medieval 
Reckoning of time is less 

5517
04:47:31,500 --> 04:47:35,100
precise than you might prefer. 
The sound carries clearly 

5518
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:38,700
through the cold air that 
particular quality of Belle in 

5519
04:47:38,700 --> 04:47:41,900
Winter. 
That seems to travel further and

5520
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:43,700
ring longer than it does in 
summer. 

5521
04:47:44,700 --> 04:47:46,800
You recognize the bell's voice 
the way. 

5522
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:50,000
You might recognize a 
neighbor's, not having heard it,

5523
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:53,000
Mark the hours and called to 
prayer for your entire life. 

5524
04:47:53,000 --> 04:47:56,400
Christmas Eve is tomorrow and 
the manner has reached that 

5525
04:47:56,400 --> 04:48:00,800
state of barely contained energy
that precedes any major event. 

5526
04:48:01,600 --> 04:48:04,800
They're still work to be done. 
There's always work to be done 

5527
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:08,500
in a medieval household. 
But the essential preparations 

5528
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:12,200
are complete. 
The ale has been brewed and is 

5529
04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:14,500
properly strong which you 
confirmed through the 

5530
04:48:14,500 --> 04:48:16,400
time-honored method of sampling.
It. 

5531
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:20,100
Possibly more often than 
strictly necessary for quality 

5532
04:48:20,100 --> 04:48:24,200
control purposes. 
The bread has been baked in 

5533
04:48:24,200 --> 04:48:26,200
quantities. 
That seemed excessive until you 

5534
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:28,000
remember. 
How many people will need to be 

5535
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:31,100
fed over the coming days? 
Your role in tomorrow's 

5536
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:33,600
festivities is both simple and 
complex. 

5537
04:48:34,500 --> 04:48:38,000
You are neither nobility or 
servant something in between 

5538
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:42,000
what later centuries will call 
yoman or franklyn. 

5539
04:48:42,000 --> 04:48:45,400
A person of some substance Who 
belongs to the manor household 

5540
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:48,100
without being of the 
aristocratic class. 

5541
04:48:48,100 --> 04:48:51,400
This means you'll eat at the 
great feast, but not at the high

5542
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:55,300
table, you'll participate in the
celebration but not lead them. 

5543
04:48:55,300 --> 04:48:58,300
You'll observe the social 
theater of medieval Christmas 

5544
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:01,400
from a position that 
simultaneously inside and 

5545
04:49:01,400 --> 04:49:04,000
outside the performance, the 
light is failing. 

5546
04:49:04,000 --> 04:49:07,300
Now that early winter dusk that 
makes you feel the day has been 

5547
04:49:07,308 --> 04:49:10,300
stolen from you. 
Can handles will need to be lit 

5548
04:49:10,300 --> 04:49:12,300
soon. 
Carefully rationed because 

5549
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:16,200
Beeswax is expensive and Tallow 
candles smell like rendered fat,

5550
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:20,300
which is exactly what they are. 
You've grown accustomed to doing

5551
04:49:20,300 --> 04:49:23,800
as much as possible by daylight 
planning, your activities 

5552
04:49:23,800 --> 04:49:26,000
around. 
The sun's brief appearance like 

5553
04:49:26,000 --> 04:49:29,700
a farmer planning around rain. 
But tomorrow tomorrow, the 

5554
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:33,400
Christmas season truly begins. 
And with it comes a temporary 

5555
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:36,900
suspension of the normal. 
Order of things, the darkness of

5556
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:39,900
winter will be pushed back by 
fire and celebration. 

5557
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:43,200
The usual hierarchies will be 
playfully inverted. 

5558
04:49:44,100 --> 04:49:47,200
The 12 days, the manner will 
exist in a kind of sanctioned 

5559
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:50,000
Carnival where the rules that 
govern the rest of the year 

5560
04:49:50,000 --> 04:49:55,000
become flexible negotiable and 
almost dreamlike you turn from 

5561
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:57,700
the window and head to the Great
Hall where the evening meal is 

5562
04:49:57,700 --> 04:50:01,200
being prepared. 
The smell of pottage that 

5563
04:50:01,200 --> 04:50:04,000
Eternal medieval stew. 
That contains what ever 

5564
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:07,100
vegetables and grains are 
available drifts up from the 

5565
04:50:07,100 --> 04:50:09,500
kitchen. 
It's a humble meal. 

5566
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:12,700
This last supper before the 
feast, but it tastes of comfort 

5567
04:50:12,700 --> 04:50:16,600
and anticipation tomorrow. 
You think smiling to yourself 

5568
04:50:16,600 --> 04:50:20,100
tomorrow? 
The celebration begins Christmas

5569
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:22,300
Eve morning arrived with the 
kind of cold. 

5570
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:26,100
That makes the water in the wash
basin, develop a thin of ice 

5571
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:28,600
overnight. 
You break through it with your 

5572
04:50:28,600 --> 04:50:32,600
fingers, the shock of cold water
on your face serving as a more 

5573
04:50:32,600 --> 04:50:35,700
effective, wake up than any 
amount of coffee could provide. 

5574
04:50:35,700 --> 04:50:39,300
Not that you have coffee. 
Anyway, since it won't be common

5575
04:50:39,300 --> 04:50:40,900
in England for another 200 
years. 

5576
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:46,000
You make do with weak ale, which
is safer to drink than water and

5577
04:50:46,000 --> 04:50:48,300
has the additional benefit of 
making early morning. 

5578
04:50:48,300 --> 04:50:51,400
Chores seems slightly less 
miserable, the manner is already

5579
04:50:51,408 --> 04:50:54,600
awakened working, when you 
emerge from your chamber, the 

5580
04:50:54,600 --> 04:50:57,200
household operates on a schedule
that treats dawn has already 

5581
04:50:57,200 --> 04:50:59,900
late morning. 
A function of winters short days

5582
04:50:59,900 --> 04:51:02,600
and the amount of work that 
needs to be accomplished before 

5583
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:05,100
the evening's festivities in the
kitchen. 

5584
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:08,900
A separate building, because a 
fire danger connected to the 

5585
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:12,200
main hall by a covered walkway. 
That never quite keeps the food 

5586
04:51:12,200 --> 04:51:17,000
as hot as the cooks would like 
Preparations began before first 

5587
04:51:17,000 --> 04:51:20,600
light you make your way there 
now partly to see if you can 

5588
04:51:20,600 --> 04:51:23,500
help and partly because the 
kitchen is reliably, the warmest

5589
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:27,400
place in the entire Manor. 
The great half dominates one 

5590
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:30,700
wall large enough that you could
stand up right inside it. 

5591
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:33,300
If the fire was not currently 
roaring a temperature that would

5592
04:51:33,300 --> 04:51:37,500
melt lead, Cook a woman of 
indeterminate age. 

5593
04:51:37,500 --> 04:51:40,700
Whose face has been reddened by 
years of working over Flames 

5594
04:51:40,700 --> 04:51:43,400
directs. 
The control chaos with the 

5595
04:51:43,400 --> 04:51:45,100
authority of a military 
commander. 

5596
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:49,200
The Christmas Feast requires 
days of preparation and today 

5597
04:51:49,200 --> 04:51:52,300
represents the culmination of 
planning that began weeks ago. 

5598
04:51:52,308 --> 04:51:56,900
A wild boar brought down by your
lord Hunting Party 3 days. 

5599
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:00,600
Previous hangs in the cold room,
ready for roasting. 

5600
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:04,000
You saw the hunt participated in
it. 

5601
04:52:04,000 --> 04:52:07,000
Actually and remember the 
precise moment when the ball 

5602
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:10,700
turned at Bay its tusks, 
catching the winter light before

5603
04:52:10,700 --> 04:52:15,700
the spears found their mark. 
Medieval hunting is less Sport 

5604
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:19,100
and more dangerous necessity. 
A fact that the ball made 

5605
04:52:19,100 --> 04:52:21,300
emphatically clear before it 
died. 

5606
04:52:21,300 --> 04:52:25,000
The ball will be the feast 
centerpiece roasted whole and 

5607
04:52:25,000 --> 04:52:27,300
brought into the hole with 
appropriate ceremony. 

5608
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:31,100
But it's only one element of a 
meal that will include dishes 

5609
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:33,600
both familiar and strange to 
Modern sensibilities. 

5610
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:39,100
You watch as kitchen servants. 
Prepare peacock, yes peacock, 

5611
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:42,200
which will be roasted. 
And then carefully reassembled 

5612
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:45,500
with its iridescent feathers to 
create a display that value 

5613
04:52:45,500 --> 04:52:50,200
spectacle, as much as flavor. 
Medieval feasting as performance

5614
04:52:50,200 --> 04:52:54,600
art, that happened to be edible.
Pies are being assembled but not

5615
04:52:54,600 --> 04:52:56,900
the sweet desserts. 
That later centuries will 

5616
04:52:56,900 --> 04:53:00,400
associate with the word. 
Medieval pie is a massive 

5617
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:02,700
Affairs. 
Some large enough that you need 

5618
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:06,100
both arms to carry them filled 
with combinations, that would 

5619
04:53:06,100 --> 04:53:10,100
puzzle modern Cooks, Venison and
dried fruits. 

5620
04:53:10,900 --> 04:53:15,300
Pork and apples. 
Fish and spices that came all 

5621
04:53:15,300 --> 04:53:18,500
the way from the Orient, Vaya, 
Venetian traders, who charge 

5622
04:53:18,500 --> 04:53:21,300
prices that made your lord 
wince, even as he paid them. 

5623
04:53:22,400 --> 04:53:26,400
These pies, serve partly as food
and partly a storage containers,

5624
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,900
a thick pastry crusts, more 
Structural Engineering than 

5625
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:32,700
cuisine. 
The spices themselves represent 

5626
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:36,600
wealth in a form that later ages
will find hard to comprehend. 

5627
04:53:37,500 --> 04:53:42,000
Pepper, cinnamon Ginger and 
cloves that the cook uses with 

5628
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:45,700
what seems like a bandhan 
actually cost more per pound 

5629
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:47,700
than some of the servants are in
a year. 

5630
04:53:49,200 --> 04:53:51,300
But Christmas demands lavish 
display. 

5631
04:53:52,200 --> 04:53:54,600
And properly, spiced dishes 
announced to everyone present 

5632
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:58,200
that this household has both 
prosperity and access to the 

5633
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:02,200
far-reaching trade networks. 
That connect medieval England to

5634
04:54:02,200 --> 04:54:04,700
The Wider World. 
Your assigned to help with the 

5635
04:54:04,708 --> 04:54:08,000
March pain, that medieval 
precursor to marzipan that 

5636
04:54:08,000 --> 04:54:11,500
combined ground, almonds with 
sugar and rosewater into 

5637
04:54:11,500 --> 04:54:13,800
something that shaped into 
elaborate decorations. 

5638
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:18,200
The almonds came from Spain, the
sugar from sight, press and the 

5639
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:19,900
rose wall water from someone's 
careful. 

5640
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:21,700
Distillation of this Summer's 
roses. 

5641
04:54:22,500 --> 04:54:26,500
Your shape in the sweet paste 
into forms flowers, and animals,

5642
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:29,300
and geometric patterns, that 
would make a mathematician 

5643
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:32,000
happy. 
While around you, the kitchens 

5644
04:54:32,000 --> 04:54:35,000
work continues at a pace that 
would exhaust a modern caterer 

5645
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:37,500
bread. 
Baking happens in waves with 

5646
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:40,600
loaves emerging from the Clay 
Oven in the Bakehouse, at 

5647
04:54:40,600 --> 04:54:45,300
intervals, timed by experience, 
rather than clocks Finest white 

5648
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:48,800
bread, made from wheat flour, 
that's been served. 

5649
04:54:48,800 --> 04:54:52,900
Multiple times, will Grace the 
high table where your lord and 

5650
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:56,900
his family will sit. 
The Corsa brown bread, still 

5651
04:54:56,900 --> 04:55:00,900
perfectly good but made from 
less refined flour, will feed 

5652
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:04,200
the rest of the household. 
The hierarchy of medieval 

5653
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:08,500
Society is reflected, even in 
gluten content, the L Supply is 

5654
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:11,500
a checked and rechecked Multiple
Barrel stand? 

5655
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:15,000
Ready each marked with symbols 
that indicate its strength and 

5656
04:55:15,000 --> 04:55:18,000
Brewing date. 
Medieval people drink ale the 

5657
04:55:18,008 --> 04:55:20,200
way. 
Modern people, drink water, not 

5658
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:23,100
because they're all functioning 
alcoholics, but because 

5659
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:27,700
fermentation makes water safe. 
The alcohol content is typically

5660
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:31,300
lower than modern beer but the 
quantities consumed would still 

5661
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:34,000
make designated driving an 
interesting concept. 

5662
04:55:34,000 --> 04:55:38,200
If cars existed, why is reserved
for the high table and for 

5663
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:41,200
mixing into spice drinks that 
will be heated and served 

5664
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:44,700
throughout the evening. 
He helped prepare the hippocras 

5665
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:48,800
yesterday wine mixed with honey 
and spices strained through 

5666
04:55:48,808 --> 04:55:51,200
cloth until it runs, clear and 
sweet. 

5667
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:54,900
It tastes like Christmas 
distilled into liquid form 

5668
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:57,600
warming, you from the inside 
out, in a way that the 

5669
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:01,800
Hearthfire never quite manages. 
The Great Wall itself is being 

5670
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:04,900
transformed from its everyday 
functionality into something 

5671
04:56:04,900 --> 04:56:08,700
approaching splendor. 
The usual Trestle tables have 

5672
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:10,900
been joined by additional 
surfaces borrowed from 

5673
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:14,800
neighboring rooms creating a 
u-shape that will seat everyone 

5674
04:56:14,800 --> 04:56:18,000
from highest to lowest according
to their station fresh 

5675
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:21,800
tablecloths. 
Actual linen, not the rough hemp

5676
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:24,500
used for every day meals cover 
the boards. 

5677
04:56:24,500 --> 04:56:27,900
Their whiteness statement of 
cleanliness and status that 

5678
04:56:27,900 --> 04:56:31,100
guests will notice and 
appreciate decorations are 

5679
04:56:31,100 --> 04:56:34,400
appearing as you watch. 
Transforming the stonehall into 

5680
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:38,700
something warmer and more alive.
Garlands of Holly and Ivy draped

5681
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:42,400
along the walls, the green, a 
Defiance of Winter's baroness 

5682
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:44,500
that carries meaning older than 
Christianity. 

5683
04:56:45,600 --> 04:56:48,900
The Holly with its red berries, 
and sharp leaves represents 

5684
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:52,900
masculine energy in the old ways
of thinking, well, ivy with its 

5685
04:56:52,900 --> 04:56:56,900
clinging softness represents the
feminine Bringing them together 

5686
04:56:56,900 --> 04:57:00,000
at Christmas symbolizes. 
The hope that opposites can 

5687
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:03,200
unite and create something 
harmonious, which makes them 

5688
04:57:03,200 --> 04:57:05,600
perfect. 
Decorations for a seasoned 

5689
04:57:05,600 --> 04:57:08,500
dedicated to peace and Good Will
mistletoe. 

5690
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:10,900
Hangs in the doorway. 
Another tradition that the 

5691
04:57:10,900 --> 04:57:13,200
church tolerates without quite 
approving. 

5692
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:17,400
The white berries and the fact 
that mistletoe grows on oak 

5693
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:21,500
trees, without touching Earth, 
made it sacred to The Druids who

5694
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,600
haven't existed for centuries, 
but whose influence lingers in 

5695
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:27,400
ways that surfaced during winter
celebrations. 

5696
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:31,200
You notice that people paused 
slightly when passing beneath it

5697
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:34,400
aware of its presence. 
Even if they pretend not to be 

5698
04:57:34,400 --> 04:57:37,500
the Lord of The Manor has 
invited guests from neighboring 

5699
04:57:37,500 --> 04:57:40,400
states, which means Chambers are
being prepared for overnight 

5700
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,200
visitors. 
Fresh straw is being laid. 

5701
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:47,300
In the palates linens are being 
aired and the households best 

5702
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:49,400
pottery is being brought out 
from Storage. 

5703
04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:53,800
Medieval hospitality is both 
genuine, kindness and social 

5704
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:56,000
necessity. 
You never know. 

5705
04:57:56,000 --> 04:57:58,100
When you might need to show up 
at someone else's door. 

5706
04:57:58,100 --> 04:58:01,700
So, treating visitors well, is 
essentially an investment in 

5707
04:58:01,700 --> 04:58:04,400
your own future comfort. 
You take a moment to step 

5708
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:07,000
outside needing are, that 
doesn't smell of cooking and 

5709
04:58:07,000 --> 04:58:09,500
smoke. 
The courtyard is busy with 

5710
04:58:09,500 --> 04:58:12,700
arriving Provisions. 
A cart has just delivered fish 

5711
04:58:12,700 --> 04:58:15,400
from the coast packed in salt 
for the journey. 

5712
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:17,800
Another brings wine from 
Bristol. 

5713
04:58:17,800 --> 04:58:21,900
The barrels marked with seals 
that testified to their origin. 

5714
04:58:22,700 --> 04:58:25,600
A third card carries what 
appears to be nothing but 

5715
04:58:25,600 --> 04:58:28,700
firewood. 
Which seems excessive until you 

5716
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:30,300
remember that keeping the Great 
Hall. 

5717
04:58:30,300 --> 04:58:33,500
Warm enough for feasting 
requires roughly, the equivalent

5718
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:36,900
of burning a small Forest, The 
Village Fokker arriving. 

5719
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:39,100
Now those who will help serve 
the feast or provide 

5720
04:58:39,100 --> 04:58:42,600
entertainment You see, the 
minstrel who comes every year, 

5721
04:58:42,600 --> 04:58:46,400
his small stringed carefully, 
against the cold. 

5722
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:49,900
There's the Storyteller who can 
recite romances about King 

5723
04:58:49,900 --> 04:58:52,800
Arthur and his knights with the 
dramatic Flair. 

5724
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:55,700
That makes even familiar Tales 
seem fresh. 

5725
04:58:56,800 --> 04:59:00,300
A group of young men carry 
instruments for dancing, drums 

5726
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:01,900
and pipes. 
And something that might be a 

5727
04:59:01,908 --> 04:59:04,100
primitive. 
Fiddle children are everywhere 

5728
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:08,000
Under Foot and overexcited 
getting in the way with that 

5729
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:10,500
particular genius. 
That children have perfected 

5730
04:59:10,500 --> 04:59:13,800
across all time periods. 
They're supposed to be helping 

5731
04:59:13,800 --> 04:59:17,500
with preparations, but mostly 
their building anticipation to 

5732
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:20,500
levels that make them 
practically vibrate with energy.

5733
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:24,600
Christmas for medieval children 
means the rare treat of plenty 

5734
04:59:24,600 --> 04:59:28,300
more food than they usually see 
sweet things. 

5735
04:59:28,300 --> 04:59:32,100
They taste only a few times a 
year and a general atmosphere of

5736
04:59:32,100 --> 04:59:35,400
Celebration that makes adults 
temporarily less strict about 

5737
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:38,400
Behavior. 
The church bell rings for sex 

5738
04:59:38,400 --> 04:59:42,100
the noon service reminding 
everyone that beneath all the 

5739
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:45,600
feasting and celebration 
Christmas is ultimately a 

5740
04:59:45,600 --> 04:59:48,700
religious observance. 
A group heads toward the village

5741
04:59:48,700 --> 04:59:51,600
church for prayers. 
Their breath making clouds in 

5742
04:59:51,600 --> 04:59:53,900
the cold. 
Are you can consider joining 

5743
04:59:53,900 --> 04:59:57,100
them but decide your time is 
better spent continuing with 

5744
04:59:57,100 --> 04:59:59,100
preparations. 
God. 

5745
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:02,500
You figure probably understands 
the Practical necessity of 

5746
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:06,400
feeding a household of 40 people
plus guests, back in the kitchen

5747
05:00:06,400 --> 05:00:09,000
in the Controlled Chaos as 
evolved into something more. 

5748
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:11,500
Intense, the bore is on the spit
now. 

5749
05:00:11,500 --> 05:00:16,200
Slowly rotating over the fire, 
it's fat dripping and sizzling 

5750
05:00:16,200 --> 05:00:19,000
in a way that makes your mouth 
water despite the substantial 

5751
05:00:19,000 --> 05:00:20,200
breakfast. 
You ate early. 

5752
05:00:20,208 --> 05:00:23,400
The cook is basting it with a 
mixture that smells of Honey 

5753
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:26,400
herbs, and something sharp that 
might be vinegar. 

5754
05:00:27,300 --> 05:00:30,400
Medieval cooking often, combines
flavors in ways that later. 

5755
05:00:30,400 --> 05:00:33,800
Centuries will forget And sour 
together. 

5756
05:00:34,500 --> 05:00:39,200
Fruit with meat and spices used 
with a heavy hand that modern 

5757
05:00:39,200 --> 05:00:42,800
pallets might find overwhelming,
you help carry dishes from 

5758
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:45,900
Kitchen to haul part of the 
human chain, that moves food 

5759
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:48,500
across the gap between where 
it's cooked and where it will be

5760
05:00:48,500 --> 05:00:51,900
served. 
The serving dishes themselves, a

5761
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:55,500
statements of wealth pewter. 
For the household, silver for 

5762
05:00:55,500 --> 05:00:58,600
the high table. 
Your lord owns exactly three 

5763
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:01,800
pieces of actual gold plate, 
which will be displayed 

5764
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,400
prominently even though they're 
decorative rather than 

5765
05:01:04,400 --> 05:01:07,500
functional. 
Medieval status is performed 

5766
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:10,400
through material goods and 
Christmas is the biggest 

5767
05:01:10,400 --> 05:01:13,800
performance of the year. 
The afternoon passes in a blur 

5768
05:01:13,800 --> 05:01:16,400
of activity. 
Punctuated by small moments of 

5769
05:01:16,400 --> 05:01:19,900
connection, you share a joke 
with the cook's assistant about 

5770
05:01:19,900 --> 05:01:22,900
the peacock which looks 
considerably more dignified 

5771
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:24,800
alive than it. 
Does halfway plucked. 

5772
05:01:25,400 --> 05:01:27,900
You help a kitchen boy, whose 
nearly in tears because he 

5773
05:01:27,900 --> 05:01:29,700
dropped a bowl of expensive 
spices. 

5774
05:01:29,700 --> 05:01:33,200
You tell him accidents happen, 
sweep up the loss. 

5775
05:01:33,200 --> 05:01:35,900
And don't mention it to anyone 
who might punish him. 

5776
05:01:36,800 --> 05:01:39,800
You steal a moment to sample. 
The March pain purely for 

5777
05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:43,400
quality control purposes and 
find it perfectly sweet with 

5778
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:45,500
just enough rose water to make 
it interesting. 

5779
05:01:45,500 --> 05:01:49,800
As Darkness begins to fall which
happened a pooling early in an 

5780
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:53,300
English December. final 
preparations, reach their 

5781
05:01:53,300 --> 05:01:56,300
crescendo Candles are lit 
throughout the hall. 

5782
05:01:56,300 --> 05:01:59,900
Their light reflecting off the 
Silver and pewter to create an 

5783
05:01:59,900 --> 05:02:02,800
atmosphere that transforms the 
everyday space into something 

5784
05:02:02,800 --> 05:02:06,500
approaching magical. 
Fire in the great half has been 

5785
05:02:06,508 --> 05:02:10,300
built up until it Roars like a 
living thing pushing heat into 

5786
05:02:10,300 --> 05:02:13,300
the hole with an enthusiasm that
makes the far end almost 

5787
05:02:13,300 --> 05:02:15,800
comfortable. 
You take a moment to stand in 

5788
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:19,000
the hall watching the 
transformation from workspace to

5789
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:23,300
Feast Hall, reach completion. 
Tables are set, the decorations 

5790
05:02:23,300 --> 05:02:26,400
are in place. 
The food is nearly ready and the

5791
05:02:26,400 --> 05:02:30,500
guests are beginning to arrive. 
In a few hours, this space will 

5792
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:35,200
be filled with people music, 
food and celebration. 

5793
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:39,900
But right now in this quiet 
moment, before the festivities 

5794
05:02:39,900 --> 05:02:43,900
begin You can appreciate the 
work that went into creating 

5795
05:02:43,900 --> 05:02:48,800
this, medieval Christmas. 
Co-operation the tradition, the 

5796
05:02:48,800 --> 05:02:51,800
small acts of preparation that 
connect you to centuries of 

5797
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:54,800
people who celebrated this same 
season in similar ways. 

5798
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:58,300
Tomorrow is Christmas day. 
But tonight to night is 

5799
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:01,000
Christmas Eve. 
When the anticipation might 

5800
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:04,700
actually be better than the 
Fulfillment, You head toward 

5801
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:07,000
your chamber to change into your
best clothes. 

5802
05:03:07,000 --> 05:03:09,100
The ones saved for special 
occasions. 

5803
05:03:10,300 --> 05:03:13,500
Feast will begin soon and you 
want to be ready to experience 

5804
05:03:13,500 --> 05:03:16,800
it properly with all the 
attention and appreciation at 

5805
05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:20,000
such careful, preparation, 
deserves evening, arrives with 

5806
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:22,700
the kind of cold that makes you 
grateful for every piece of 

5807
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:25,500
wool, you own. 
You dress for the feast in your 

5808
05:03:25,508 --> 05:03:29,900
finest, garments, a deep blue 
tunic that your mother made died

5809
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:33,500
with woad that cost more than 
you like to remember and a 

5810
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:36,200
circuit embroidered with a 
pattern that tries hard to look 

5811
05:03:36,200 --> 05:03:39,500
like noble decoration. 
While remaining just humble 

5812
05:03:39,500 --> 05:03:41,900
enough to avoid accusations of 
social climbing. 

5813
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:46,800
Medieval fashion is a careful 
navigation between displaying 

5814
05:03:46,800 --> 05:03:50,200
your prosperity and not 
appearing to rise above your 

5815
05:03:50,200 --> 05:03:52,500
station. 
The Great Hall has reached that 

5816
05:03:52,500 --> 05:03:56,000
perfect moment when all 
preparation is complete and the 

5817
05:03:56,000 --> 05:03:59,200
celebration is about to begin. 
Guests a variety from 

5818
05:03:59,200 --> 05:04:01,700
neighboring manners. 
The horses stamping in the 

5819
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:05,500
Stables while their owners warm 
themselves by the fire, The 

5820
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:08,700
social geography of the whole 
reflects the strict hierarchy of

5821
05:04:08,708 --> 05:04:11,700
medieval life. 
The high table on its raised 

5822
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:14,700
platform at one end, the 
household tables arranged 

5823
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:18,900
perpendicular to it and space at
the lower end for entertainers 

5824
05:04:18,900 --> 05:04:20,700
and servants. 
Who will eat after they've 

5825
05:04:20,700 --> 05:04:23,300
finished serving your lord 
enters with the ceremony 

5826
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:26,700
appropriate to his position, 
accompanied by his lady, wife 

5827
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:29,200
and their children, everyone 
stands. 

5828
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:32,700
Not because there's a formal 
rule, requiring it, but because 

5829
05:04:32,700 --> 05:04:36,100
some forms of respect are so 
deeply ingrained, they feel like

5830
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:40,100
natural law. 
He takes his place at the center

5831
05:04:40,100 --> 05:04:42,800
of the high table and only when 
he seated does. 

5832
05:04:42,800 --> 05:04:46,200
Everyone else follow suit? 
A choreography of medieval 

5833
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:48,800
manners that no one has to think
about because it's been drilled 

5834
05:04:48,800 --> 05:04:52,200
in since childhood. 
The feast begins with a ceremony

5835
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:56,200
that predates Christianity by 
centuries, a servant enters 

5836
05:04:56,200 --> 05:04:58,700
carrying the Waffle Bowl an 
enormous. 

5837
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:03,300
Wooden vessel filled with spiced
ale decorated with ribbons and 

5838
05:05:03,300 --> 05:05:04,900
containing What appear to be 
small. 

5839
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:09,200
Roasted apples floating on top, 
your lord raises the bowl and 

5840
05:05:09,200 --> 05:05:14,100
speaks the traditional words 
ways, hail behold or be healthy 

5841
05:05:14,100 --> 05:05:16,600
and everyone responds. 
Drink hail. 

5842
05:05:17,600 --> 05:05:19,200
The bowl is passed around the 
hall. 

5843
05:05:19,200 --> 05:05:23,600
Each person taking a drink. 
A communal sharing that binds 

5844
05:05:23,600 --> 05:05:25,700
everyone present into temporary 
Fellowship. 

5845
05:05:25,700 --> 05:05:30,300
Then the food begins to arrive 
course after course, in a 

5846
05:05:30,300 --> 05:05:33,100
display that makes your earlier,
sampling seem ridiculously 

5847
05:05:33,100 --> 05:05:37,200
inadequate. 
The bore enters first carried on

5848
05:05:37,208 --> 05:05:39,700
a massive. 
Wooden platter by Four Strong 

5849
05:05:39,700 --> 05:05:42,800
servants. 
Garnished with bay leaves and 

5850
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:46,000
accompanied by musicians playing
a triumphant Fanfare on 

5851
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:49,300
instruments that sound vaguely 
like very aggressive kazoos. 

5852
05:05:50,200 --> 05:05:52,200
Medieval music is an acquired 
taste. 

5853
05:05:53,000 --> 05:05:55,000
But you've acquired it over 
years of exposure. 

5854
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:59,200
The Boar's Head is removed and 
set before your lord, who carves

5855
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:02,700
the first portion with the 
knife, he wears at his belt that

5856
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:06,400
every day, tool that serves for 
eating, working and occasional 

5857
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:08,600
self-defense, depending on 
circumstances. 

5858
05:06:09,500 --> 05:06:12,400
The Meters distributed, 
according to rank with the 

5859
05:06:12,400 --> 05:06:15,800
choices portions going to the 
high table and progressively 

5860
05:06:15,800 --> 05:06:19,900
less prestigious Cuts, moving 
down the social scale, You 

5861
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:23,100
receive a serving that's 
perfectly respectable, tender 

5862
05:06:23,100 --> 05:06:26,600
and Rich with fat. 
And seasoned with herbs, you 

5863
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:28,900
helped gather last summer more 
dishes. 

5864
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:32,200
Following waves that test Your 
Capacity, the peacock 

5865
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:36,000
reassembled into something 
approximating life gets admired 

5866
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,900
more than eaten. 
Its meat is tough and the 

5867
05:06:38,900 --> 05:06:43,200
feathers are mostly for show. 
the peas arrive, their crust 

5868
05:06:43,200 --> 05:06:47,600
golden and the content steaming 
Fish dishes appear required by 

5869
05:06:47,608 --> 05:06:51,000
Church law even during feast 
days prepared in ways that 

5870
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:54,000
disguise their origin under 
layers of spices and sources. 

5871
05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:58,700
Vegetables, cooked with butter 
and herbs eggs prepared in 

5872
05:06:58,700 --> 05:07:00,600
combinations. 
That seem designed to use as 

5873
05:07:00,600 --> 05:07:03,800
many eggs as possible. 
Cheese from The Summer's 

5874
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:08,200
production, aged, just right. 
Bread in quantities. 

5875
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:09,800
That would normally feed you for
a week. 

5876
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:13,600
The meal happens in that, 
peculiar medieval Rhythm where 

5877
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:17,200
eating is punctuated by 
entertainment conversation and 

5878
05:07:17,200 --> 05:07:20,300
periodic breaks for your stomach
to catch up with your ambition. 

5879
05:07:21,100 --> 05:07:25,000
Servants circulate with pictures
of Ale, and wine, keeping cups, 

5880
05:07:25,000 --> 05:07:27,500
filled with the efficiency of 
long practice. 

5881
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:31,300
The whole grows warmer from the 
Press of bodies and the Roaring 

5882
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:34,800
fire until you find yourself. 
Pushing back from the table, 

5883
05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:38,500
slightly loosening your belt and
wondering how anyone could 

5884
05:07:38,500 --> 05:07:41,400
possibly eat more. 
But of course, there's always 

5885
05:07:41,400 --> 05:07:44,400
more, the March pain. 
You helped prepare arrives in 

5886
05:07:44,400 --> 05:07:47,100
elaborate forms. 
Alongside other sweets. 

5887
05:07:47,100 --> 05:07:49,600
That involve combinations of 
Honey fruit and nuts. 

5888
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:52,900
Spiced wine is served hot 
warming. 

5889
05:07:52,900 --> 05:07:55,400
You from the inside while 
simultaneously, making you 

5890
05:07:55,400 --> 05:07:58,900
slightly dizzy. 
The conversation around you 

5891
05:07:58,900 --> 05:08:02,000
grows louder as inhibitions 
lower, and the evening 

5892
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:05,300
progresses toward the moment. 
Everyone is actually waiting for

5893
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:09,200
Midnight Mass. 
A church bell, begins ringing 

5894
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:13,200
while the feast is still in full
swing, its tone, cutting through

5895
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:16,100
the noise to remind everyone 
that beneath the celebration. 

5896
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:20,800
This is a Holy Night. 
The birth of Christ. 

5897
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:24,700
The theological reason for this 
entire season will be 

5898
05:08:24,708 --> 05:08:27,800
commemorated at midnight in a 
ceremony that's remained. 

5899
05:08:27,800 --> 05:08:31,600
Essentially unchanged for 
centuries, the transformation 

5900
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:36,000
from Feast Hall to worshipers is
gradual but inevitable as people

5901
05:08:36,000 --> 05:08:38,600
begin to set down their cups and
prepare to make their way to the

5902
05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:41,100
church. 
You bundle yourself back in to 

5903
05:08:41,100 --> 05:08:44,500
your warmest clothes adding an 
additional cloak because the 

5904
05:08:44,500 --> 05:08:47,600
walk to the church is short, but
the building itself has no 

5905
05:08:47,600 --> 05:08:52,500
heating Beyond body warmth and a
few candles. the procession from

5906
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:56,900
manner to church happens by 
Torchlight a line of illuminated

5907
05:08:56,900 --> 05:09:00,400
figures moving through darkness,
in a scene that could be from 

5908
05:09:00,400 --> 05:09:04,800
any Christmas Eve for the past 
500 years, The Village Church 

5909
05:09:04,800 --> 05:09:08,000
sits apart from the manner 
serving, both the household and 

5910
05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:10,900
the village in the uneasy 
partnership that characterizes 

5911
05:09:10,900 --> 05:09:15,000
medieval religious life, It's a 
stone building that was already 

5912
05:09:15,000 --> 05:09:16,500
old when your grandparents were 
young. 

5913
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:20,300
Its architecture. 
Simple but solid designed to 

5914
05:09:20,308 --> 05:09:22,300
last centuries rather than 
decades. 

5915
05:09:23,200 --> 05:09:26,800
The bell in its Tower continues,
ringing calling the faithful to 

5916
05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:30,300
worship with a voice that 
carries across the Frozen Fields

5917
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:32,700
inside. 
The church has been transformed 

5918
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:35,100
by candlelight and Evergreen 
decorations. 

5919
05:09:35,100 --> 05:09:38,500
The normal austerity of 
stonewalls and plain surfaces 

5920
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:41,100
has been softened by garlands of
Holly and Ivy. 

5921
05:09:41,700 --> 05:09:45,300
While Banks of candles, create 
pools of warm light, that push 

5922
05:09:45,300 --> 05:09:47,200
back against the vast Darkness 
outside. 

5923
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:53,600
Smell is distinctive, beeswax, 
and incense, Cold Stone and wool

5924
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:56,900
clothing, that particular center
of a medieval church that 

5925
05:09:56,900 --> 05:10:00,800
combines devotion with practical
reality, the priest stands ready

5926
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:02,900
Investments? 
That are the finest possessions.

5927
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:06,800
This portrait Church owns The 
silken embroidery were gifts 

5928
05:10:06,800 --> 05:10:08,900
from your Lord's family 
Generations ago. 

5929
05:10:08,900 --> 05:10:13,300
Passed down and carefully 
maintained brought out only for 

5930
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:17,000
the highest holy days. 
In the candlelight they shine 

5931
05:10:17,000 --> 05:10:19,700
with a richness that transforms 
The Humble Village priest. 

5932
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,900
In to something approaching 
Magnificent, the mass begins in 

5933
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:25,400
Latin that. 
Sacred language that most people

5934
05:10:25,400 --> 05:10:28,200
present don't actually 
understand but which carries the

5935
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:30,500
weight of tradition and divine 
Authority. 

5936
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:35,800
The priest voice Rises and falls
in the ancient cadences speaking

5937
05:10:35,800 --> 05:10:38,200
words that were already old. 
When England became England. 

5938
05:10:38,200 --> 05:10:41,100
You follow along, not through 
understanding, but through 

5939
05:10:41,100 --> 05:10:44,700
familiarity. 
Knowing when to stand kneel and 

5940
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:47,500
make responses that are more 
muscle memory than conscious 

5941
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:50,800
thought, there's something 
profound about participating in 

5942
05:10:50,800 --> 05:10:54,300
a ceremony, you don't fully 
comprehend trusting, that the 

5943
05:10:54,300 --> 05:10:57,800
ritual itself carries, meaning 
beyond your individual grasp of 

5944
05:10:57,800 --> 05:11:01,900
its words, The Latin phrases 
wash over you like a river 

5945
05:11:01,900 --> 05:11:06,500
ancient and Powerful connecting 
you to centuries of believers 

5946
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:08,700
who stood in churches throughout
Christendom. 

5947
05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:13,500
Kingly same words at this same 
hour, the Christmas liturgy has 

5948
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:17,200
particular Beauty a joy that 
breaks through even when 

5949
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:19,300
mediated by a language, you 
don't speak. 

5950
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:23,800
Priest reads the Nativity Story 
in Latin, of course. 

5951
05:11:23,800 --> 05:11:26,500
But you know it well enough to 
follow along in your mind. 

5952
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:31,600
The journey to Bethlehem the Inn
with no room, the stable in the 

5953
05:11:31,600 --> 05:11:34,800
manger. 
The Angels appear to Shepherds 

5954
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:37,800
and feels that probably looked a
lot like the one surrounding or 

5955
05:11:37,800 --> 05:11:39,500
Village. 
There's a moment during the 

5956
05:11:39,500 --> 05:11:43,000
mass, when the priest elevates, 
the consecrated host, and the 

5957
05:11:43,008 --> 05:11:46,000
entire congregation drops to its
in unison. 

5958
05:11:46,800 --> 05:11:51,100
The Bell Rings, a small 
handbell, not the Tower Bell and

5959
05:11:51,100 --> 05:11:54,100
in the candlelit darkness of a 
medieval Church on Christmas 

5960
05:11:54,100 --> 05:11:56,000
Eve. 
You feel the presence of 

5961
05:11:56,000 --> 05:12:00,000
something larger than yourself. 
Whether it's the Divine, the 

5962
05:12:00,000 --> 05:12:03,100
weight of tradition, or simply 
the human need to mark this 

5963
05:12:03,100 --> 05:12:07,700
darkest season with light and 
hope you're not sure, maybe it 

5964
05:12:07,700 --> 05:12:10,300
doesn't matter. 
Maybe all three are aspects of 

5965
05:12:10,300 --> 05:12:13,000
the same truth. 
The carols begin after the 

5966
05:12:13,000 --> 05:12:15,800
consecration. 
These aren't the refined hymns. 

5967
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:17,700
That later. 
Centuries will create but 

5968
05:12:17,700 --> 05:12:21,000
rougher older songs that blend 
Christian themes with folk 

5969
05:12:21,000 --> 05:12:23,400
Melodies that probably predate 
Christianity. 

5970
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:29,100
The tunes are simple enough that
everyone can join in creating a 

5971
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:30,900
sound. 
That's more enthusiastic than 

5972
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:34,800
technically proficient. 
Medieval congregational singing 

5973
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:38,500
operates on the prince of the 
volume, compensates for any lack

5974
05:12:38,500 --> 05:12:40,900
of skill. 
You sing along your voice 

5975
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:42,600
joining dozens of others in the 
cold. 

5976
05:12:42,600 --> 05:12:47,200
Air, the song tells of angels 
and Shepherds of a star leading 

5977
05:12:47,200 --> 05:12:51,300
wise men from the East and of a 
baby born in circumstances of 

5978
05:12:51,300 --> 05:12:54,600
poverty who nonetheless 
represents salvation for all 

5979
05:12:54,600 --> 05:12:58,200
Humanity. 
The theology is heavy, but the 

5980
05:12:58,200 --> 05:13:01,500
melody is bright that 
particularly medieval 

5981
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:03,300
combination of profound 
religious. 

5982
05:13:03,300 --> 05:13:06,100
Meaning delivered through 
approachable, even cheerful 

5983
05:13:06,100 --> 05:13:09,600
music, The Mask includes in the 
small hours of the morning 

5984
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:12,300
Christmas day. 
Now technically though, it still

5985
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,900
feels like night. 
The priest gives his final 

5986
05:13:15,900 --> 05:13:20,100
blessing and the congregation 
begins to stir preparing to head

5987
05:13:20,100 --> 05:13:23,400
back out into the cold. 
But there's a reluctance to 

5988
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:27,600
leave a desire to extend this 
moment when the entire Community

5989
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:30,400
stands together and shared 
purpose and shared belief 

5990
05:13:30,400 --> 05:13:33,800
outside. 
The snow has begun again, soft 

5991
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:36,900
flakes, that catch the torch 
light as the processionary forms

5992
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,600
for the walk back to the manor. 
Your breath makes clouds in the 

5993
05:13:40,600 --> 05:13:43,600
Frigidaire and your toes have 
lost most of their feelings, 

5994
05:13:43,600 --> 05:13:45,800
despite your Woolen stockings 
and leather boots. 

5995
05:13:46,700 --> 05:13:49,300
That there's a warmth inside you
that has nothing to do with 

5996
05:13:49,300 --> 05:13:52,100
temperature. 
To disfunction of having mark 

5997
05:13:52,100 --> 05:13:56,100
this night, properly of having 
participated in a tradition that

5998
05:13:56,100 --> 05:13:58,500
connects you to Believers across
time and space. 

5999
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:00,400
The manor house. 
Appears ahead. 

6000
05:14:00,400 --> 05:14:04,900
It's Windows glowing with 
firelight promising, warmth for 

6001
05:14:04,900 --> 05:14:09,400
the continuation of Celebration.
Because while midnight mass 

6002
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:13,200
represents the spiritual Heart 
of Christmas Eve, the night is 

6003
05:14:13,200 --> 05:14:17,600
far from over. 
Food still, Waits hail still 

6004
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:20,200
flows and the celebration of 
Christ. 

6005
05:14:20,200 --> 05:14:23,300
Birth will continue until 
exhaustion and Dawn finally, 

6006
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:26,300
send everyone to bed. 
You enter the Great Hall to find

6007
05:14:26,300 --> 05:14:28,800
that Servants of kept the fires 
burning and the food. 

6008
05:14:28,800 --> 05:14:33,000
Warm a smaller group remains. 
Now those Hardy Souls who have 

6009
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:36,200
the stamina to continue 
celebrating after a feast and a 

6010
05:14:36,200 --> 05:14:39,600
midnight mass. 
You join them accepting a cup of

6011
05:14:39,608 --> 05:14:42,600
hot. 
Spiced wine settling by the fire

6012
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,900
to let its warmth seat back into
your Frozen extremities 

6013
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:49,600
Christmas day has begun. 
And with it comes the promise of

6014
05:14:49,608 --> 05:14:54,100
12, more days of celebration, of
Fellowship, of temporary, 

6015
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:58,100
suspension of the normal order. 
You're exactly where you belong 

6016
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:02,600
surrounded by Community wrapped 
in Tradition, marking the turn 

6017
05:15:02,600 --> 05:15:05,200
of the year in ways that your 
ancestors would recognize. 

6018
05:15:05,200 --> 05:15:09,700
It's a good feeling this sense 
of connection and continuity. 

6019
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:14,400
It's What Christmas Means 
underneath, all the Theology and

6020
05:15:14,400 --> 05:15:19,600
ceremony the simple human need 
to push back Darkness with light

6021
05:15:19,600 --> 05:15:24,100
to combat winter, with warmth 
and to face the cold season 

6022
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:27,800
together rather than Alone 
Christmas morning arrives later 

6023
05:15:27,800 --> 05:15:30,100
than usual. 
A concession to the previous 

6024
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:33,400
night's festivities that leaves 
you grateful for the heavy 

6025
05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:36,100
curtains around your bed, and 
the extra blanket. 

6026
05:15:36,100 --> 05:15:38,600
You remember to add before, 
collapsing into sleep. 

6027
05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:42,200
The manor house is quiet with 
the particular silence that 

6028
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:46,300
follows significant celebration.
Not the active hush of people 

6029
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:49,900
sleeping, but the exhausted 
Stillness of people who have 

6030
05:15:49,900 --> 05:15:53,200
thoroughly worn themselves out 
and are taking their time 

6031
05:15:53,200 --> 05:15:56,200
recovering. 
You rise eventually drawn by the

6032
05:15:56,200 --> 05:15:59,700
smell of fresh bread and the 
recognition that however much 

6033
05:15:59,700 --> 05:16:02,100
you. 
Wait last night, hunger has a 

6034
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:03,200
way of returning with the 
morning. 

6035
05:16:04,500 --> 05:16:08,300
The Great Hall shows signs of 
last night's, Feast the tables 

6036
05:16:08,300 --> 05:16:11,500
have been fully cleared. 
Those servants have made initial

6037
05:16:11,500 --> 05:16:14,300
progress. 
Someone has kept the fire going 

6038
05:16:14,300 --> 05:16:17,100
for which, you're grateful 
because the stone walls, hold 

6039
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:18,600
cold. 
Like, they hold memories, 

6040
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:22,700
stubbornly and for a long time. 
The breakfast laid out is 

6041
05:16:22,700 --> 05:16:25,000
generous even by Feast Day 
standards. 

6042
05:16:25,800 --> 05:16:27,900
Fresh bread. 
Still warm from the Bakehouse 

6043
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:31,000
butter, that tastes of summer, 
grass, despite the winter 

6044
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:35,300
season, and cheese aged to that 
perfect point where it's sharp 

6045
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:38,600
without being overwhelming, Cold
meets left from yesterday's 

6046
05:16:38,600 --> 05:16:42,100
Feast, including slices of that 
ball, that tastes even better. 

6047
05:16:42,100 --> 05:16:45,400
Cold than they did hot. 
Porridge made rich with honey 

6048
05:16:45,400 --> 05:16:48,200
and nuts. 
Small beer to drink because 

6049
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:50,800
starting the day with ale is 
perfectly normal and clean. 

6050
05:16:50,800 --> 05:16:53,400
Water is suspect and coffee 
hasn't been invented yet. 

6051
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:57,300
People drifting gradually 
responding to their own internal

6052
05:16:57,300 --> 05:17:00,100
schedule and varying levels of 
recovery from last night's 

6053
05:17:00,100 --> 05:17:03,200
revelries. 
Your Lord arrives looking 

6054
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:05,600
surprisingly. 
Well, rested, which either 

6055
05:17:05,600 --> 05:17:09,100
speaks to a noble Constitution, 
or to have having servants who 

6056
05:17:09,100 --> 05:17:12,100
ensure that Lords get proper 
sleep regardless of his 

6057
05:17:12,100 --> 05:17:15,200
schedule's. 
His children trail behind him. 

6058
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:19,000
Still dressed in their Christmas
finest from yesterday apparently

6059
05:17:19,000 --> 05:17:22,900
having slept in their good 
clothes, rather than changing a 

6060
05:17:22,900 --> 05:17:25,300
very medieval approach to 
laundry conservation. 

6061
05:17:25,300 --> 05:17:29,300
The plan for today involves more
eating naturally because the 

6062
05:17:29,300 --> 05:17:32,700
Christmas Feast spans multiple 
days and yesterday's offerings 

6063
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:36,700
were merely the beginning. 
But first there's the morning 

6064
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,700
gift-giving ceremony. 
The tradition that sits 

6065
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:42,100
somewhere between religious 
observance and social 

6066
05:17:42,100 --> 05:17:46,200
performance, medieval Christmas 
gifts on what later centuries 

6067
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:49,300
will make of the traditional. 
There are no wrapped packages 

6068
05:17:49,300 --> 05:17:52,200
with bows. 
No surprise is concealed until 

6069
05:17:52,200 --> 05:17:56,700
the moment of opening. 
Instead gifs a practical often 

6070
05:17:56,700 --> 05:17:59,900
expected and carefully 
calibrated to reflect and 

6071
05:17:59,900 --> 05:18:04,000
reinforce social relationships. 
Your Lord will give gifts to his

6072
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:07,600
household money to serve and 
cloth to Craftsman. 

6073
05:18:07,600 --> 05:18:10,600
Perhaps a new knife to someone 
who service deserves 

6074
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:14,100
recognition. 
In return, he'll receive gifts 

6075
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:15,300
that. 
Acknowledged his position, 

6076
05:18:15,300 --> 05:18:20,500
Love's hanker Chiefs spices and 
things that flatter without 

6077
05:18:20,500 --> 05:18:23,600
presuming equality. 
You've prepared your own modest 

6078
05:18:23,600 --> 05:18:27,300
gifts, a jar of honey from your 
hives to The Cook's major meals.

6079
05:18:27,300 --> 05:18:29,800
All year. 
A carved wooden toy for the 

6080
05:18:29,800 --> 05:18:33,000
Lord's, youngest child and a 
length of ribbon for the lady of

6081
05:18:33,000 --> 05:18:35,400
the manor that you purchased 
from a peddler who passed 

6082
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:38,300
through an auto. 
These aren't extravagant 

6083
05:18:38,300 --> 05:18:41,100
presence, but there are 
appropriate to your station and 

6084
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:44,100
to the relationships. 
They acknowledge the gift-giving

6085
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:47,200
happens in the Great Hall with 
everyone present to witness the 

6086
05:18:47,200 --> 05:18:50,400
exchanges. 
There's a ritualistic quality to

6087
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:52,700
it. 
Each presentation accompanied by

6088
05:18:52,708 --> 05:18:54,700
words of thanks and reciprocal 
good. 

6089
05:18:54,700 --> 05:18:57,300
Wishes. 
When your lord gives you a small

6090
05:18:57,300 --> 05:19:00,200
purse containing coins, you 
know, the exact amount without 

6091
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:04,500
counting it three days wages. 
The standard Christmas gift of 

6092
05:19:04,500 --> 05:19:07,900
valued household members. 
It's enough to feel generous 

6093
05:19:07,900 --> 05:19:10,400
without being so much as to 
disrupt the social order. 

6094
05:19:10,400 --> 05:19:13,900
The children receive their gifts
with an enthusiasm that makes 

6095
05:19:13,900 --> 05:19:18,600
the adults smile toys carved 
from wood, a small horse, a 

6096
05:19:18,600 --> 05:19:21,500
ball, and a doll made of cloth 
and stuffing. 

6097
05:19:22,700 --> 05:19:25,700
These are precious items in a 
world where childhood is shorter

6098
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:29,500
and toys are rare than later. 
Generations will consider normal

6099
05:19:30,300 --> 05:19:33,500
You watch a boy of paps. 
Seven receive his wooden sword 

6100
05:19:33,500 --> 05:19:35,700
with a joy. 
So pure it makes you remember 

6101
05:19:35,700 --> 05:19:39,300
your own childhood when such 
simple things could contain 

6102
05:19:39,300 --> 05:19:42,100
entire worlds of imagination 
once. 

6103
05:19:42,100 --> 05:19:44,800
The gifts have been exchanged, 
the serious business of 

6104
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:48,600
continuing, the feast begins, 
Fresh tables are set. 

6105
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:52,100
The servants have uncleared last
night's remains while you were 

6106
05:19:52,100 --> 05:19:54,500
distracted by gift-giving a new 
dishes. 

6107
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:57,600
Begin to appear. 
Today's offerings are somewhat 

6108
05:19:57,600 --> 05:20:00,300
lighter than yesterday's. 
A recognition that there are 

6109
05:20:00,308 --> 05:20:04,300
still 11 more days of feasting 
ahead, and pacing is essential 

6110
05:20:04,300 --> 05:20:07,600
to survival. 
Pies appear smaller than last 

6111
05:20:07,600 --> 05:20:11,400
night's, massive constructions, 
but no less elaborate One 

6112
05:20:11,400 --> 05:20:14,100
contains dried cherries and 
spices that tastes like 

6113
05:20:14,100 --> 05:20:17,900
concentrated summer. 
Another holds a mixture of meats

6114
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,700
that have been cooked down into 
something rich and satisfying. 

6115
05:20:21,600 --> 05:20:24,300
There are pastries filled with 
cheese and herbs, small enough 

6116
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:27,400
to eat with your hands, which 
you do, despite the grease that 

6117
05:20:27,400 --> 05:20:30,800
accumulates on your fingers. 
The truly magnificent offering 

6118
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:35,200
is the subtlety that peculiar 
medieval creation that's part 

6119
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:38,100
Food. 
Part art project an entirely 

6120
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:39,900
concerned with impressing 
guests. 

6121
05:20:40,700 --> 05:20:45,700
Today's version is a castle made
entirely of March pain, complete

6122
05:20:45,700 --> 05:20:49,100
with tiny sugar, towers and 
walls detailed with such care. 

6123
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:54,600
You feel almost guilty eating it
Almost the sweetness is intense,

6124
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:58,300
the Almond flavor pronounced and
the entire creation. 

6125
05:20:58,300 --> 05:21:01,300
Represent hours of someone's 
careful work that will be 

6126
05:21:01,300 --> 05:21:04,800
consumed in minutes. 
But evil feasting has always 

6127
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:08,500
been partly about conspicuous 
consumption and this sugary 

6128
05:21:08,500 --> 05:21:12,000
Castle delivers that message 
with Clarity entertainment 

6129
05:21:12,000 --> 05:21:14,400
accompanies the meal because 
eating for hours would be 

6130
05:21:14,400 --> 05:21:17,900
tedious without distraction. 
The minstrel from yesterday, 

6131
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:22,100
reappears, this time performing 
songs that range from religious 

6132
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:26,400
hymns to stories of courtly. 
Love to ballads about Robin Hood

6133
05:21:26,400 --> 05:21:29,500
that are probably treasonous. 
If anyone bothered to think too 

6134
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,600
hard about them. 
Tunes are catchy in that way, 

6135
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:36,800
Medieval music has modal scales 
that sound simultaneously 

6136
05:21:36,800 --> 05:21:40,800
familiar and strange to ears 
trained on later harmonies 

6137
05:21:40,800 --> 05:21:44,600
between courses, a juggler 
performs, keeping six wooden 

6138
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:47,000
balls in the air with a skill 
that looks effortless but 

6139
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:50,400
represents years of practice 
when someone from the audience 

6140
05:21:50,400 --> 05:21:52,600
calls out a challenge. 
He adds knives. 

6141
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:55,800
The rotation, their blades 
catching the firelighters. 

6142
05:21:55,800 --> 05:21:59,000
They spin. 
It's the kind of performance 

6143
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:03,000
that makes you hold your breath 
partly from admiration and 

6144
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:06,000
partly from the very real 
possibility that someone might 

6145
05:22:06,000 --> 05:22:10,300
need bandages soon. 
Medieval entertainment doesn't 

6146
05:22:10,300 --> 05:22:13,500
include safety nets, literal or 
figurative. 

6147
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:17,900
Storyteller takes his turn, 
settling onto a stool near the 

6148
05:22:17,908 --> 05:22:19,900
fire and launching into a 
romance about. 

6149
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:21,900
So go away and his various 
Adventures. 

6150
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:25,600
His voice Rises and falls with 
the drama. 

6151
05:22:25,600 --> 05:22:30,900
Describing battles with giants, 
encounters with temptresses and 

6152
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:34,400
moral dilemmas that somehow 
always resolved in ways that 

6153
05:22:34,400 --> 05:22:37,900
reinforce the importance of 
Christian virtue and feudal 

6154
05:22:37,900 --> 05:22:40,300
loyalty. 
You've heard this story before, 

6155
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:45,300
probably several times, but the 
telling matters as much as the 

6156
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:48,000
tale. 
The storytellers are is in 

6157
05:22:48,000 --> 05:22:51,700
bringing familiar narrative to 
life in making audiences feel 

6158
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,200
emotions. 
They already know are coming the

6159
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,000
meal stretches through the 
afternoon in that Timeless, wave

6160
05:22:57,000 --> 05:23:00,000
that medieval feasts have where 
you lose track of, whether 

6161
05:23:00,000 --> 05:23:03,800
you're eating lunch or dinner or
something in between, Servants. 

6162
05:23:03,800 --> 05:23:06,800
Keep bringing food and people 
keeping it though. 

6163
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:10,000
The pace has slowed considerably
from last night's enthusiasm 

6164
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:13,300
there's a limit to how much 
roast meat and spiced wine. 

6165
05:23:13,300 --> 05:23:16,900
Any human system can process and
your approaching yours with the 

6166
05:23:16,900 --> 05:23:19,900
certainty of someone who has 
done this before and should know

6167
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:22,900
better. 
Somehow, never learns as the 

6168
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:26,000
winter afternoon Fades, which it
does a pooling early. 

6169
05:23:26,000 --> 05:23:28,900
Leaving you feeling cheated of 
daylight, someone suggests 

6170
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:31,900
game's. 
This is met with enthusiasm by 

6171
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:35,100
those young enough to still have
energy and groans from those of 

6172
05:23:35,100 --> 05:23:37,200
us who've eaten too much to move
with any Grace. 

6173
05:23:38,100 --> 05:23:41,500
But the suggestion carries the 
day and tables are pushed back 

6174
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:43,200
to create space in the Great 
Hall. 

6175
05:23:43,200 --> 05:23:45,600
The games that follow are the 
traditional Christmas 

6176
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:48,500
diversions. 
Some religious in origin. 

6177
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:52,200
Others considerably older and 
more Pagan than the church would

6178
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:55,900
prefer to acknowledge. 
Hoodman blind is played first. 

6179
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:59,100
A medieval version of Blind 
Man's Bluff. 

6180
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:03,300
Where someone is hooded and must
catch other players by sound and

6181
05:24:03,300 --> 05:24:06,600
touch alone. 
The game quickly, descends into 

6182
05:24:06,600 --> 05:24:10,000
cheerful chaos with hooded 
players, stumbling into 

6183
05:24:10,000 --> 05:24:13,400
Furniture while everyone else 
shrieks with laughter and offers

6184
05:24:13,400 --> 05:24:17,700
misleading directions. 
Hot cockles comes next, a game 

6185
05:24:17,708 --> 05:24:20,800
that seems designed to test both
physical endurance and social 

6186
05:24:20,800 --> 05:24:24,200
bonds. 
One person Neil's blindfolded 

6187
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:27,300
While others take turns striking
their back and the kneeling 

6188
05:24:27,300 --> 05:24:31,000
person must guess who hit them. 
It's rougher than its sounds and

6189
05:24:31,000 --> 05:24:32,500
watching. 
It makes you grateful that 

6190
05:24:32,500 --> 05:24:35,500
medieval Society, has some 
concept of rank appropriate 

6191
05:24:35,500 --> 05:24:38,200
play. 
The servants participate 

6192
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:42,500
enthusiastically viewing this as
an opportunity for socially, 

6193
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:44,900
sanctioned revenge against 
authority, figures who've 

6194
05:24:44,900 --> 05:24:48,100
annoyed them, throughout the 
year, someone produces a ball 

6195
05:24:48,100 --> 05:24:52,200
leather stuffed with rags and an
impromptu game of catch develops

6196
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:53,800
that rapidly becomes 
competitive. 

6197
05:24:54,600 --> 05:24:58,400
Medieval people take their game 
seriously even informal ones. 

6198
05:24:58,400 --> 05:25:01,900
The bull flies back and forth 
with increasing velocity. 

6199
05:25:01,900 --> 05:25:05,200
Until someone makes an errant 
throw that sends it directly 

6200
05:25:05,200 --> 05:25:08,600
into the remnants of the feast, 
scattering pastries, and 

6201
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:12,200
sloshing wine. 
The resulting laughter suggests,

6202
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:15,100
this might have been intentional
music starts up again. 

6203
05:25:15,100 --> 05:25:19,500
This time for dancing. 
The dance is a communal rather 

6204
05:25:19,500 --> 05:25:22,900
than partnered with long lines 
of people moving through 

6205
05:25:22,900 --> 05:25:25,300
patterns that everyone knows by 
heart. 

6206
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,500
The steps are simple but the 
combinations are complex, 

6207
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:32,200
requiring attention and 
coordination. 

6208
05:25:32,200 --> 05:25:34,900
That's challenging after several
cups of wine. 

6209
05:25:35,700 --> 05:25:39,100
You join in partly because 
refusing would be anti-social 

6210
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:42,700
and partly because the movement 
feels good after hours of 

6211
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,800
sitting and eating the Carroll 
dances are particularly 

6212
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:48,200
enjoyable. 
Combining song with movement in 

6213
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:52,300
patterns that Circle the whole 
These dancers are old probably 

6214
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:55,400
predating Christianity, their 
circular forms. 

6215
05:25:55,400 --> 05:25:58,300
Echoing the wheel of the year 
and the cycles of seasons. 

6216
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:03,100
Churches, christianized them, 
adding religious lyrics to Pagan

6217
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,900
forms, creating that typical 
medieval blend of old and new 

6218
05:26:06,908 --> 05:26:10,000
beliefs, that characterizes. 
So much of the holiday. 

6219
05:26:10,000 --> 05:26:12,900
As you move through the dance, 
you become aware of the 

6220
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:16,500
community or part of These are 
people, you've known your entire

6221
05:26:16,500 --> 05:26:19,600
life whose families have been 
connected to yours for 

6222
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:22,800
Generations. 
The Lord's grandfather in your 

6223
05:26:22,800 --> 05:26:25,600
grandfather, The Cook's mother 
taught your mother. 

6224
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:29,800
How to brew proper ale. 
The children playing in the 

6225
05:26:29,800 --> 05:26:32,400
corner will grow up to work. 
Alongside your own children, 

6226
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:35,900
continuing patterns of 
relationship that stretch back 

6227
05:26:35,900 --> 05:26:38,500
Beyond memory. 
This interconnection is what 

6228
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,900
medieval life actually means. 
Underneath all the historical 

6229
05:26:41,900 --> 05:26:46,000
discussion of feudalism and 
hierarchy, You're not isolated 

6230
05:26:46,000 --> 05:26:50,100
individuals, pursuing, separate 
paths, but threads in a fabric. 

6231
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:52,200
That's been weaving itself for 
centuries. 

6232
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:55,900
Christmas Feast is partly about 
celebrating Christ's birth. 

6233
05:26:55,900 --> 05:27:00,500
Yes, it's also about reinforcing
the social bonds that reminding 

6234
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:02,300
everyone of their place in the 
larger pattern. 

6235
05:27:02,300 --> 05:27:05,800
The dancing continues until 
people are genuinely exhausted 

6236
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,300
flushed with exertion and dizzy 
from spinning. 

6237
05:27:09,300 --> 05:27:12,100
Someone calls for more wine and 
servants appear with pictures 

6238
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:15,600
because apparently, there's no 
upper limit to how much liquid a

6239
05:27:15,600 --> 05:27:17,500
medieval Feast can produce and 
consume. 

6240
05:27:17,500 --> 05:27:21,200
You accept one more cup, more 
from habit than desire. 

6241
05:27:21,200 --> 05:27:24,500
Holding it while you catch your 
breath and let your heart rate 

6242
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:26,200
return to something approaching 
normal. 

6243
05:27:26,900 --> 05:27:30,600
Fire in the great half is built 
up again with massive logs, 

6244
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:32,100
added that will burn through the
night. 

6245
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:36,200
The Yule Log tradition, that 
enormous piece of wood that's 

6246
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:37,400
supposed to burn throughout the 
Christmas. 

6247
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:42,000
Season sits at the half's heart 
glowing with heat that pushes 

6248
05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:46,200
back against the winter cold 
This log was cut from an oak 

6249
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:50,400
tree with ceremony, drag to the 
manner with celebration and lit 

6250
05:27:50,400 --> 05:27:54,700
with Embers saved from last 
year's, yule log. it's a 

6251
05:27:54,700 --> 05:27:58,200
tradition that predates 
Christianity by centuries, a 

6252
05:27:58,200 --> 05:28:00,800
fire worshiping ritual that the 
church tolerates because 

6253
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:04,400
traditions this old are 
impossible to eradicate evening,

6254
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:07,400
settles over the manor, the 
calling it evening feels wrong 

6255
05:28:07,400 --> 05:28:11,300
when darkness arrived hours ago,
Time during the Christmas season

6256
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:15,300
operates differently measured 
not by clocks which are rare and

6257
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:19,800
temperamental anyway, but by the
rhythm of Feasts entertainments 

6258
05:28:19,800 --> 05:28:23,300
and rest periods that flow into 
one another without clear 

6259
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:25,600
boundaries. 
The Great Hall is reach that 

6260
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:28,900
perfect state of comfortable 
exhaustion, where everyone is 

6261
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:32,400
content to Simply exist 
together, Some people are still 

6262
05:28:32,408 --> 05:28:36,000
eating working through the 
seemingly infinite supplies of 

6263
05:28:36,000 --> 05:28:38,800
food. 
Others are talking their 

6264
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:41,500
conversations animated by wine 
and fellowship. 

6265
05:28:42,300 --> 05:28:44,900
Children are sprawled near the 
fire, not quite asleep, but 

6266
05:28:44,900 --> 05:28:48,300
clearly heading that direction. 
Dogs that have been begging 

6267
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:50,900
scraps all day. 
Now lie, contentedly under 

6268
05:28:50,900 --> 05:28:54,800
tables their bellies full and 
their loyalty temporary 

6269
05:28:54,800 --> 05:28:58,600
purchased with roast meat. 
You find yourself a spot near 

6270
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,600
the fire not too close to be 
uncomfortably hot but close 

6271
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:03,300
enough to benefit from its 
warmth. 

6272
05:29:04,100 --> 05:29:07,800
The heat makes you drowsy that 
Pleasant heavy that comes from 

6273
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,200
physical satisfaction and the 
knowledge that you have nowhere 

6274
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:14,200
else to be and nothing else you 
must do. 

6275
05:29:15,400 --> 05:29:17,600
Christmas. 
You realize is partly about this

6276
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:21,600
about permission to Simply exist
without the constant pressure of

6277
05:29:21,600 --> 05:29:26,000
work and obligation, the 
minstrel plays, quietly now soft

6278
05:29:26,000 --> 05:29:28,600
tunes, that underscore rather 
than dominate the Halls 

6279
05:29:28,600 --> 05:29:31,400
atmosphere. 
Someone is telling a story in 

6280
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:34,900
one corner, their voice rising 
and falling while listeners 

6281
05:29:34,900 --> 05:29:36,400
respond with occasional 
laughter. 

6282
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:40,000
A group near the far. 
End is singing not a 

6283
05:29:40,000 --> 05:29:42,600
performance, but the Casual 
music making that happens when 

6284
05:29:42,600 --> 05:29:45,600
people who've known each other 
forever, harmonize, without 

6285
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:49,000
thinking about it, you let your 
eyes drift closed for a moment, 

6286
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:52,300
just resting them. 
And when you open them again, 

6287
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:56,000
some undefined amount of time as
passed, and the fire has burned 

6288
05:29:56,000 --> 05:30:00,700
lower, The hall is quieter. 
Now people having gradually 

6289
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:04,700
migrated to their beds or simply
fallen asleep where they sat. 

6290
05:30:05,500 --> 05:30:08,800
This is normal for Christmas 
celebrations, sleep happens when

6291
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:12,300
it happens, in whatever 
location, you happen to occupy 

6292
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:15,300
when exhaustion finally wins 
tomorrow. 

6293
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:17,800
Or today, depending on how you 
count time. 

6294
05:30:17,800 --> 05:30:21,500
After midnight, the feast will 
continue more food, more 

6295
05:30:21,500 --> 05:30:25,600
entertainment, more Fellowship, 
The 12 Days of Christmas, 

6296
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:29,600
stretch ahead each day, bringing
similar patterns of Celebration 

6297
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:33,400
each night blending into the 
next until the season becomes a 

6298
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:36,600
single extended experience 
rather than discrete days. 

6299
05:30:36,600 --> 05:30:41,400
But for now in this moment your 
content to sit by the fire 

6300
05:30:41,400 --> 05:30:47,200
surrounded by Community, warm 
and fed and safe, winter rages 

6301
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:49,300
outside but inside the manor 
walls. 

6302
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:53,700
Christmas holds Darkness at Bay 
with light cold with warmth and 

6303
05:30:53,700 --> 05:30:57,600
isolation with Fellowship. 
It's enough, it's everything 

6304
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:01,100
really the second day of 
Christmas arrives with your 

6305
05:31:01,100 --> 05:31:04,700
body's, insistent reminder, that
you're not as young as you want 

6306
05:31:04,700 --> 05:31:08,500
were and that medieval feasting 
takes a physical toll that would

6307
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:10,300
benefit from Modern pain 
relievers. 

6308
05:31:10,300 --> 05:31:13,600
You extract yourself from 
wherever you ended up sleeping 

6309
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:17,500
It appears to be a pile of 
cushions near the half which 

6310
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:20,500
explains why one side of your 
body feels roasted while the 

6311
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:24,500
other feels Frozen and Survey 
the Great Hall in Morning Light,

6312
05:31:24,500 --> 05:31:28,000
the space looks like the 
aftermath of a very successful 

6313
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:30,300
party which is exactly what it 
is. 

6314
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:34,900
Servants are already moving 
through clearing the detritus of

6315
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,200
yesterday's celebrations with 
the efficient resignation of 

6316
05:31:38,200 --> 05:31:39,800
people who know they'll be doing
this. 

6317
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:43,700
Same work for 11, more days. 
You help where you can carrying 

6318
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:46,200
dishes to the kitchen 
straightening benches, and 

6319
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:49,400
trying to find where your shoes 
ended up after last night's 

6320
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:51,300
dancing, removed them from your 
feet. 

6321
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:54,500
Breakfast is a quieter than 
yesterday partly. 

6322
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:57,400
Because several people are still
asleep and partly because 

6323
05:31:57,400 --> 05:32:00,200
everyone's ambition for food has
been temporarily satisfied. 

6324
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:05,300
You settle for bread and cheese 
small beer and an apple from the

6325
05:32:05,300 --> 05:32:08,100
Autumn storage that has gone 
slightly soft but tastes sweet 

6326
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:12,000
enough to forgive its texture. 
Medieval mornings after feast 

6327
05:32:12,000 --> 05:32:15,800
days or exercises, in gentle 
recovery, allowing your body to 

6328
05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:18,500
catch up with what your 
enthusiasm inflicted upon it. 

6329
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:21,800
The day, unfolds, with less 
structure than yesterday's 

6330
05:32:21,800 --> 05:32:24,500
Ceremony. 
This is boxing day though. 

6331
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:26,700
It won't be called that for 
several more centuries. 

6332
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:30,200
The tradition of giving gifts to
servants and the poor has 

6333
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,100
already happened. 
Yesterday's presence covered. 

6334
05:32:33,100 --> 05:32:36,900
That obligation today is for 
continuing the celebration in 

6335
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:39,600
whatever form appeals to 
people's current energy levels, 

6336
05:32:39,600 --> 05:32:43,900
some choose to hunt bundling 
into warm clothes and heading 

6337
05:32:43,900 --> 05:32:47,000
out with dogs and weapons to 
pursue Winter game through snowy

6338
05:32:47,000 --> 05:32:49,700
fields. 
Hunting during Christmas is 

6339
05:32:49,700 --> 05:32:54,500
partly sport partly necessity 
and partly an excuse to escape 

6340
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:58,100
the manor House's increasingly 
crowded and aromatic interior. 

6341
05:32:59,100 --> 05:33:01,500
You can consider joining them, 
but decide that standing in 

6342
05:33:01,508 --> 05:33:04,800
Frozen Fields waiting for deer 
sounds less appealing than 

6343
05:33:04,800 --> 05:33:07,800
staying by the fire. 
Instead you participate in the 

6344
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:11,400
games that develop or Ganley 
throughout the day, someone has 

6345
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:15,200
produced a set of dice carved 
from bone and gambling begins 

6346
05:33:15,200 --> 05:33:18,300
with the enthusiastic disregard 
for church prohibitions. 

6347
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:22,700
That characterizes medieval 
attitudes toward gaming wages. 

6348
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:27,700
Small amounts a few coins. 
A knife that seen better days a 

6349
05:33:27,700 --> 05:33:29,700
promise to do someone share of 
work next week. 

6350
05:33:30,600 --> 05:33:34,900
The dice clatter across the 
table and fortunes rise and fall

6351
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:38,500
with each throw medieval dice 
games a wonderfully, simple 

6352
05:33:38,500 --> 05:33:40,500
compared to what later, 
centuries will devise. 

6353
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:44,200
The rules are straightforward, 
the outcomes depend entirely on 

6354
05:33:44,200 --> 05:33:47,400
chance and the entertainment 
value comes from the social 

6355
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:49,300
interaction more than the game 
itself. 

6356
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:54,300
You win some lose more and don't
particularly care about either 

6357
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:56,800
outcome. 
The point is the participation, 

6358
05:33:56,800 --> 05:34:01,000
the fellowship and the shared 
experience of trying your luck 

6359
05:34:01,000 --> 05:34:04,400
against fate and your friends 
cards haven't been invented yet 

6360
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:05,800
or at least haven't reached 
England. 

6361
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:08,300
So your spare the complexity 
that playing cards will 

6362
05:34:08,300 --> 05:34:12,300
eventually bring to gaming 
Instead, there are board games 

6363
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:15,800
carved into wooden surfaces 
games, involving moving pieces, 

6364
05:34:15,800 --> 05:34:19,300
according to dice, throws and 
games that require strategy and 

6365
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:22,200
planning. 
Someone produces a chess set and

6366
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:24,900
you watch a match between two 
players who take the game. 

6367
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:28,100
Seriously enough that Spectators
full silent during crucial 

6368
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:32,200
moments, the children have their
own games happening in corners 

6369
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:35,100
and corridors. 
They play with the wooden toys 

6370
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:39,300
from yesterday's gifs creating 
elaborate scenarios that seem to

6371
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:43,900
involve Knights dragons and a 
surprising amount of falling 

6372
05:34:43,900 --> 05:34:47,200
over dramatically. 
Their energy is boundless in 

6373
05:34:47,200 --> 05:34:48,500
that way. 
That makes adults 

6374
05:34:48,500 --> 05:34:50,900
simultaneously, envious and 
exhausted. 

6375
05:34:50,900 --> 05:34:53,400
You remember having that much 
Vitality? 

6376
05:34:53,400 --> 05:34:57,400
Once though it feels like a 
previous lifetime, rather than a

6377
05:34:57,400 --> 05:35:01,000
previous decade, midday brings 
another meal because of course 

6378
05:35:01,000 --> 05:35:03,500
it does. 
The feast continues with 

6379
05:35:03,500 --> 05:35:07,200
offerings, that aim for variety 
rather than volume, at least. 

6380
05:35:07,200 --> 05:35:10,400
That seems to be the intention 
though the actual quantities. 

6381
05:35:10,400 --> 05:35:15,300
Remain substantial. 
Roasted foul today, smaller 

6382
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:18,400
birds that cook faster than 
yesterday's, massive bore. 

6383
05:35:19,200 --> 05:35:22,300
Fish prepared with enough spices
to disguise its origin. 

6384
05:35:22,300 --> 05:35:25,900
A concession to religious rules 
about when meat can be eaten. 

6385
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:29,500
Vegetable dishes that actually 
taste of their ingredients 

6386
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:31,200
rather than the sources covering
them. 

6387
05:35:31,200 --> 05:35:34,200
There's a meat pie that turns 
out to contain lamprey. 

6388
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:38,900
That peculiar eel-like fish that
wealthy people consider delicacy

6389
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:43,000
despite its appearance. 
Suggesting otherwise you try it 

6390
05:35:43,000 --> 05:35:46,300
because refusing would be rude. 
Discover it tastes like River 

6391
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:49,700
mud and regret it and quietly 
feed the rest to a dog under the

6392
05:35:49,700 --> 05:35:52,000
table. 
The dog appears equally 

6393
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:55,000
unimpressed but eats it anyway 
because dogs have different 

6394
05:35:55,000 --> 05:35:57,100
standards than humans. 
When it comes to food 

6395
05:35:57,100 --> 05:36:00,300
evaluation, the often noon 
entertainment comes from an 

6396
05:36:00,300 --> 05:36:03,600
unexpected Source visitors 
arrive from a neighboring 

6397
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:05,800
manner. 
Their lord have to decide to 

6398
05:36:05,800 --> 05:36:08,700
make a Christmas call that 
combines social obligation with 

6399
05:36:08,700 --> 05:36:12,200
genuine friendliness. 
Medieval visiting during 

6400
05:36:12,200 --> 05:36:14,800
Christmas is expected, staying 
isolated. 

6401
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:17,800
During the season of Fellowship 
would be considered anti-social 

6402
05:36:17,800 --> 05:36:21,800
bordering on hostile. 
The visitors bring gifts for 

6403
05:36:21,800 --> 05:36:26,100
their hosts, a barrel of wine, a
haunch of venison, some 

6404
05:36:26,100 --> 05:36:30,400
expensive candles and are 
welcome to the enthusiasm that 

6405
05:36:30,400 --> 05:36:34,300
such generosity deserves with 
new guests, come new stories, 

6406
05:36:34,300 --> 05:36:37,500
fresh, gossip and different 
perspectives on shared 

6407
05:36:37,500 --> 05:36:40,800
acquaintances. 
Medieval people are tremendous 

6408
05:36:40,800 --> 05:36:44,200
gossips, treating news about 
neighbors with the attention 

6409
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:47,100
that later ages will reserve for
celebrity scandals. 

6410
05:36:47,100 --> 05:36:50,500
You learn about marriage is 
being arranged lands, being 

6411
05:36:50,500 --> 05:36:54,600
disputed and Priests behaving in
ways that suggest their vows of 

6412
05:36:54,600 --> 05:36:57,600
celibacy are more aspirational 
than actual. 

6413
05:36:58,600 --> 05:37:01,700
The specifics would probably 
sound tedious to Outsiders. 

6414
05:37:01,700 --> 05:37:04,500
But for you, these are the 
stories that make up the fabric 

6415
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:06,900
of Your World. 
The Visitors bring their own 

6416
05:37:06,900 --> 05:37:09,800
entertainment, as well. 
One of them is apparently known 

6417
05:37:09,800 --> 05:37:13,300
for his riddles and he proceeds 
to pose questions that range 

6418
05:37:13,300 --> 05:37:18,000
from clever to grow in inducing.
What has hands but cannot clap. 

6419
05:37:18,900 --> 05:37:22,400
Clock accept that hardly. 
Anyone present has seen an 

6420
05:37:22,400 --> 05:37:25,800
actual clock. 
So the answer Falls flat What 

6421
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:29,900
gets wetter as it dries. 
Towel which works better and 

6422
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:32,600
produces satisfied nods from 
those who guess correctly, 

6423
05:37:32,600 --> 05:37:35,200
evening brings music and more 
dancing. 

6424
05:37:35,200 --> 05:37:38,500
Because apparently yesterday's 
dancing wasn't sufficient to 

6425
05:37:38,500 --> 05:37:40,600
exhaust. 
Everyone's enthusiasm for 

6426
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:45,700
spinning in circles to Medieval 
Tunes, The dance is tonight are 

6427
05:37:45,700 --> 05:37:48,900
more elaborate with patterns 
that require instruction for 

6428
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:52,300
those unfamiliar with them. 
You watch your lord attempt to 

6429
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:56,800
particularly complex step, 
stumble, recover with dignity, 

6430
05:37:56,800 --> 05:38:00,200
mostly intact and continued. 
As if nothing happened. 

6431
05:38:01,300 --> 05:38:04,400
Medieval Aristocrats are very 
good at pretending that public. 

6432
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:08,000
Mishaps are intentional choices.
Someone suggest to Christmas 

6433
05:38:08,000 --> 05:38:11,200
play and a group of the more 
theatrical household members, 

6434
05:38:11,200 --> 05:38:14,800
begin organizing a performance. 
These aren't elaborate 

6435
05:38:14,800 --> 05:38:18,200
Productions with scripts and 
rehearsals, but improvised 

6436
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:20,400
entertainment space on familiar 
stories. 

6437
05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:25,200
Tonight's offering appears to be
the Nativity with servants and 

6438
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:28,500
mine and Nobles volunteering for
roles that include Shepards 

6439
05:38:28,500 --> 05:38:32,600
angels and what appears to be a 
very reluctant donkey played by 

6440
05:38:32,600 --> 05:38:36,200
someone wearing a blanket and 
making half-hearted braying 

6441
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:38,600
sounds. 
The players Charming in its 

6442
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:42,400
amateurs with actors for getting
their lines, Angels Wings 

6443
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:46,300
falling off mid-scene and the 
baby Jesus represented by a 

6444
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:49,400
wooden doll that looks nothing 
like an infant and everything, 

6445
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:53,700
like a carved log with a face 
painted on it. but the audience 

6446
05:38:53,700 --> 05:38:57,700
loves it, responding with cheers
and laughter and genuine, 

6447
05:38:57,700 --> 05:39:01,800
appreciation for the effort, 
Medieval entertainment values 

6448
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:05,500
participation over Perfection, 
the attempt over the achievement

6449
05:39:05,500 --> 05:39:08,400
as night. 
Deepens, the celebration settles

6450
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:12,400
Into the Now, familiar pattern 
of eating drinking talking and 

6451
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:15,400
generally existing together in 
that comfortable way that 

6452
05:39:15,400 --> 05:39:18,500
happens when people have shared 
several days of continuous 

6453
05:39:18,500 --> 05:39:22,600
celebration. 
The wine flows loosening tongues

6454
05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:25,100
and lowering inhibitions in ways
that tomorrow might bring 

6455
05:39:25,100 --> 05:39:28,000
regrets. 
But a night produces only warmth

6456
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:31,000
and fellowship, you find 
yourself in a conversation with 

6457
05:39:31,000 --> 05:39:34,300
one of the visiting Nobles. 
Discussing topics that range 

6458
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:37,800
from the weather or was a safe 
subject to the political 

6459
05:39:37,800 --> 05:39:40,300
situation with France, less 
safe. 

6460
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,800
But interesting to speculation 
about what the New Year might 

6461
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:48,200
bring Medieval people are both 
fatalistic, about the future 

6462
05:39:48,200 --> 05:39:51,700
believe in that God's will 
ultimately determined everything

6463
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:55,800
and actively engaged in trying 
to shape of circumstances to 

6464
05:39:55,800 --> 05:39:58,700
their advantage. 
The contradiction doesn't bother

6465
05:39:58,700 --> 05:40:01,100
anyone. 
The conversation drifts to 

6466
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:04,600
memories of previous Christmases
and stories emerge about 

6467
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:08,700
celebrations in years past. 
The Christmas when snow fell so 

6468
05:40:08,700 --> 05:40:11,300
heavily. 
That the manor was isolated for 

6469
05:40:11,300 --> 05:40:14,100
a week. 
The Christmas, when the boar 

6470
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:16,900
escaped before, it could be 
roasted and had to be recaptured

6471
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:19,500
in an adventure that apparently 
involved. 

6472
05:40:19,500 --> 05:40:23,600
Three servants, two dogs and 
considerable property damage. 

6473
05:40:24,500 --> 05:40:26,800
The Christmas, when the 
priesthood drunk too much was 

6474
05:40:26,800 --> 05:40:30,300
sale and delivered midnight, 
mass in Latin, that was 

6475
05:40:30,300 --> 05:40:34,000
creatively interpreted at best. 
These stories, connect you to 

6476
05:40:34,008 --> 05:40:37,300
the history of the place and 
people around you, creating a 

6477
05:40:37,300 --> 05:40:40,300
sense of continuity that 
stretches Beyond individual 

6478
05:40:40,300 --> 05:40:43,200
lifetimes. 
You're not just celebrating this

6479
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:45,400
Christmas. 
You're participating in a 

6480
05:40:45,408 --> 05:40:48,400
tradition that your grandparents
knew that your grandchildren 

6481
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:51,600
will know that creates a thread 
of shared experience running 

6482
05:40:51,600 --> 05:40:55,800
through time, the fire burns 
lower again and again it's up 

6483
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:58,300
with fresh logs that will carry 
warmth through the night. 

6484
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:02,100
The Yule Log continues, its slow
combustion. 

6485
05:41:03,100 --> 05:41:07,100
A constant present that anchors 
the celebration to something 

6486
05:41:07,100 --> 05:41:12,500
older than Christianity older 
than Rome as old as humans 

6487
05:41:12,500 --> 05:41:15,400
gathering around, fire to push 
back, darkness and cold. 

6488
05:41:15,400 --> 05:41:19,800
Sleep comes, gradually people 
drifting away or simply settling

6489
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:24,400
where they sit wrapped in cloaks
and blankets content to rest in 

6490
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:28,500
the great Halls communal warmth.
You find your own sleeping Spot 

6491
05:41:28,500 --> 05:41:31,900
somewhere between the fire and 
the wall where warmth and stone 

6492
05:41:31,900 --> 05:41:34,100
create a balance that feels just
right. 

6493
05:41:34,100 --> 05:41:38,000
Tomorrow will bring another day 
of Celebration and the day after

6494
05:41:38,008 --> 05:41:42,300
that, and the day after that, 
until the 12 days of past and 

6495
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:44,800
Epiphany arrives to Mark the end
of the Christmas season. 

6496
05:41:45,700 --> 05:41:49,500
But that's a future concern for 
now, surrounded by Community, 

6497
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:53,100
warm and fed and safe you, let 
sleep, take you. 

6498
05:41:53,100 --> 05:41:57,300
Your last conscious thought of 
vague sense of contentment, that

6499
05:41:57,300 --> 05:42:01,900
this is What Christmas Means, 
not the presence or the food, or

6500
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:04,800
any single element. 
But the whole experience of 

6501
05:42:04,800 --> 05:42:08,500
living within community of 
marking times, passage together 

6502
05:42:08,500 --> 05:42:11,700
of creating shared memories, 
that will warm you through 

6503
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:15,500
Winters Yet to Come the middle 
Days of Christmas blur together,

6504
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,000
with that Pleasant in 
distinctness, that comes from 

6505
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:21,800
continuous celebration without 
the anchoring routine of normal 

6506
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:24,300
work. 
You've lost track of whether 

6507
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:26,800
this is the third fourth or 5th 
day. 

6508
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:29,300
Not because you're drunk, 
though. 

6509
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:32,700
The steady consumption of Ale 
and wine certainly isn't helping

6510
05:42:32,700 --> 05:42:36,600
temporal clarity. 
Because the days themselves have

6511
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:39,200
merged into one extended present
tense. 

6512
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:43,300
Where time is measured by meals 
and entertainment, rather than 

6513
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:47,600
by any more conventional metric 
this morning or possibly after 

6514
05:42:47,600 --> 05:42:49,700
noon, the winter light, makes it
hard to tell. 

6515
05:42:49,700 --> 05:42:53,200
You, find yourself with 
unexpected free time, the 

6516
05:42:53,200 --> 05:42:56,300
servants have the Great Hall, 
well, in hand, the kitchen is 

6517
05:42:56,300 --> 05:42:59,000
managing without your help and 
the current entertainment 

6518
05:42:59,000 --> 05:43:03,000
doesn't require audience 
participation You take advantage

6519
05:43:03,000 --> 05:43:05,200
of this rare Solitude to claim a
chair near. 

6520
05:43:05,200 --> 05:43:08,500
The fire wrapped in a blanket 
that smells of wood smoke and 

6521
05:43:08,500 --> 05:43:13,200
wool content to Simply sit and 
watch the flames medievals. 

6522
05:43:13,200 --> 05:43:16,200
Asmer in ways that Modern 
Heating can't replicate. 

6523
05:43:17,100 --> 05:43:20,600
The Flames move with, 
unpredictable Beauty, finding 

6524
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:23,600
shapes in the burning wood. 
That seem almost meaningful. 

6525
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:27,200
Your ancestors saw Spirits in 
such Flames. 

6526
05:43:27,200 --> 05:43:31,200
Red Futures in their flickering 
and believe that fire was a 

6527
05:43:31,200 --> 05:43:33,200
living thing with intelligence 
and intention. 

6528
05:43:34,300 --> 05:43:37,700
The Church disapproves of such 
thinking, but sitting here alone

6529
05:43:37,700 --> 05:43:39,900
with the fire, you can 
understand the impulse. 

6530
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:45,400
The Flames do seem Alive, dance,
and breathing, and consuming the

6531
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:47,800
wood with what looks remarkably.
Like, hunger. 

6532
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:51,300
The Great Hall is quieter than 
it's been since Christmas Eve. 

6533
05:43:52,100 --> 05:43:55,200
Most people are elsewhere 
hunting sleeping off last 

6534
05:43:55,200 --> 05:43:58,600
night's feast or participating 
in some entertainment happening 

6535
05:43:58,600 --> 05:44:02,500
in another part of the manner. 
The quiet feels precious after 

6536
05:44:02,500 --> 05:44:04,900
days of constant noise and 
activity. 

6537
05:44:05,900 --> 05:44:08,600
You're not anti-social, you've 
thoroughly enjoyed the 

6538
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:12,200
celebration, but everyone needs 
occasional Solitude to process 

6539
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:15,900
experience and simply exist 
without performing for others. 

6540
05:44:15,900 --> 05:44:20,200
Your thoughts drift to 
Christmases past memories Rising

6541
05:44:20,200 --> 05:44:23,500
like the Sparks from the fire? 
you remember childhood 

6542
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:27,200
Christmases, when the feast 
seemed impossibly Grand and you 

6543
05:44:27,200 --> 05:44:31,200
believed without questions that 
the season was magical, You 

6544
05:44:31,200 --> 05:44:34,400
remember the first Christmas 
after your father died, when the

6545
05:44:34,408 --> 05:44:37,700
celebration felt hallowed, 
despite everyone's efforts to 

6546
05:44:37,700 --> 05:44:40,900
maintain traditions. 
You remember, last year's 

6547
05:44:40,900 --> 05:44:44,200
Christmas, which seemed 
unremarkable at the time, but 

6548
05:44:44,200 --> 05:44:47,300
now carries a poignant. 
See it lack there because you 

6549
05:44:47,300 --> 05:44:49,400
understand how each celebration 
is unique. 

6550
05:44:49,400 --> 05:44:52,600
Even when following familiar 
patterns, medieval life 

6551
05:44:52,600 --> 05:44:55,500
encourages, this kind of 
reflection this awareness of 

6552
05:44:55,500 --> 05:44:58,800
times passage and the cycles 
that structure human existence. 

6553
05:44:59,700 --> 05:45:03,000
The agricultural year creates a 
rhythm of planting and harvest 

6554
05:45:03,000 --> 05:45:07,000
growth and dormancy. 
The church year marks time with 

6555
05:45:07,000 --> 05:45:10,900
Saints days and holy Seasons the
human life cycle moves from 

6556
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:15,800
birth through childhood 
adulthood old age and death with

6557
05:45:15,800 --> 05:45:18,800
a visibility that later ages 
will try to hide but that 

6558
05:45:18,800 --> 05:45:20,500
medieval people accept as 
natural. 

6559
05:45:21,200 --> 05:45:24,500
Christmas sits at the 
intersection of these Cycles the

6560
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,600
darkest time of the natural 
year, the celebration of 

6561
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:29,300
Christ's birth in the religious 
year. 

6562
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:32,800
And for you, personally, a 
moment to reflect on your own 

6563
05:45:32,800 --> 05:45:35,300
Journey Through Time. 
You think about the people 

6564
05:45:35,300 --> 05:45:38,700
who've passed away since last 
Christmas Your neighbor's wife 

6565
05:45:38,700 --> 05:45:42,600
died in childbirth, both mother 
and infant were lost despite the

6566
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:45,300
midwife's. 
Best efforts an old man from The

6567
05:45:45,300 --> 05:45:47,700
Village whose name Eurasian to 
realize you forgot. 

6568
05:45:47,700 --> 05:45:52,100
And though you remember his face
and his kindness, a child who 

6569
05:45:52,100 --> 05:45:55,500
fell through, ice on the Mill, 
Pond gone before, anyone could 

6570
05:45:55,500 --> 05:45:59,100
reach him. 
Medieval death is commonplace in

6571
05:45:59,100 --> 05:46:02,500
ways that later. 
Centuries will forget a constant

6572
05:46:02,500 --> 05:46:05,200
presence that makes the 
celebration of life, all the 

6573
05:46:05,208 --> 05:46:08,000
more important. 
But you also think about new 

6574
05:46:08,000 --> 05:46:11,800
arrivals babies born, in the 
past year who are experiencing 

6575
05:46:11,800 --> 05:46:14,500
their first Christmas though 
their two young to remember. 

6576
05:46:14,500 --> 05:46:18,100
It marriage is that joined 
families in bonds that will 

6577
05:46:18,100 --> 05:46:22,300
Ripple through generations. 
New households established new 

6578
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:26,900
positions, filled the constant 
renewal that balances deaths 

6579
05:46:26,900 --> 05:46:31,200
persistence. 
Life continues, patterns, repeat

6580
05:46:31,200 --> 05:46:35,100
and Christmas marks the turn of 
the year with acknowledgment 

6581
05:46:35,100 --> 05:46:38,400
that both endings and Beginnings
are part of the same cycle. 

6582
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:42,700
The fire pops loudly, sending 
Sparks up the chimney and 

6583
05:46:42,708 --> 05:46:46,900
startling you from your reverie.
You add another log watching, it

6584
05:46:46,900 --> 05:46:50,000
catch and begin, its own 
transformation, from solid wood 

6585
05:46:50,000 --> 05:46:54,400
to Flame, and heat. 
And eventually Ash The cycle of 

6586
05:46:54,400 --> 05:46:57,500
consumption and transformation. 
Seems like it should mean. 

6587
05:46:57,500 --> 05:47:00,900
Something should carry some 
deeper significance that you can

6588
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:03,400
almost grasp but not quite 
articulate. 

6589
05:47:04,600 --> 05:47:07,500
Medieval people are comfortable 
with this kind of incomplete 

6590
05:47:07,500 --> 05:47:10,500
understanding with truths, that 
feel real. 

6591
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:13,900
Even when they can't be fully 
explained, A servant appears 

6592
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,100
with food because of course, 
there's more food. 

6593
05:47:17,100 --> 05:47:20,500
There's always more food during 
Christmas and you accept a plate

6594
05:47:20,500 --> 05:47:22,200
with without really looking at 
what's on it. 

6595
05:47:22,900 --> 05:47:26,200
The eating has become almost 
automatic, he background 

6596
05:47:26,200 --> 05:47:29,300
activity that continues 
regardless of actual hunger. 

6597
05:47:30,400 --> 05:47:33,200
YouTube mechanically while 
continuing to watch the fire 

6598
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:36,500
finding yourself. 
Surprisingly content with this 

6599
05:47:36,500 --> 05:47:40,300
moment of solitary existence 
within the larger celebration, 

6600
05:47:40,300 --> 05:47:44,000
the door opens admitting cold 
air, and several people 

6601
05:47:44,000 --> 05:47:46,000
returning from some outdoor 
activity. 

6602
05:47:46,700 --> 05:47:50,100
They're laughing flushed with 
exertion and cold bringing 

6603
05:47:50,100 --> 05:47:54,000
energy, that disrupts your quiet
contemplation, but that you find

6604
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:58,500
yourself welcoming anyway, 
Solitude is precious but so is 

6605
05:47:58,500 --> 05:48:00,600
community. 
And the balance between them is 

6606
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:04,400
what makes life bearable. 
Someone settles near you an 

6607
05:48:04,400 --> 05:48:07,200
older man, whose name, you know,
but whose life story, you've 

6608
05:48:07,200 --> 05:48:10,300
never fully heard. 
In the Casual way that happens 

6609
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:12,400
during Christmas. 
When normal social boundaries 

6610
05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:16,900
relaxed, he begins talking about
his own memories Christmases, 

6611
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:19,800
from 50 years ago, when the 
current Lord's grandfather, 

6612
05:48:19,800 --> 05:48:22,500
ruled the manner, and the world 
was simultaneously different, 

6613
05:48:22,500 --> 05:48:26,500
and exactly the same histories 
are fascinating, not for their 

6614
05:48:26,500 --> 05:48:29,500
drama, but for their 
ordinariness he talks about 

6615
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:31,900
Feast that sound like the one 
you're currently experiencing 

6616
05:48:31,900 --> 05:48:36,100
about music and games and about 
the particular quality of 

6617
05:48:36,100 --> 05:48:39,300
Fellowship that Christmas 
creates He mentioned, people 

6618
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:42,500
long Dead, with a casualness of 
someone who's outlived most of 

6619
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:45,900
his generation treating 
mortality as a fact, rather than

6620
05:48:45,900 --> 05:48:49,300
a tragedy. 
Medieval old age, brings this 

6621
05:48:49,300 --> 05:48:53,000
perspective, if you live long 
enough, Death Becomes a familiar

6622
05:48:53,000 --> 05:48:54,900
companion rather than a 
terrifying. 

6623
05:48:54,900 --> 05:48:59,200
Stranger you listen Asking 
occasional questions, learning 

6624
05:48:59,200 --> 05:49:01,800
things about the Manor's history
that no, written record 

6625
05:49:01,800 --> 05:49:05,000
captures. 
These oral histories are how 

6626
05:49:05,000 --> 05:49:07,000
medal communities remember 
themselves? 

6627
05:49:07,000 --> 05:49:11,300
Stories passed from person to 
person each telling adding and 

6628
05:49:11,308 --> 05:49:14,300
subtracting details until the 
truth becomes less important 

6629
05:49:14,300 --> 05:49:17,500
than the meaning. 
The old man's memories aren't 

6630
05:49:17,500 --> 05:49:20,800
historically accurate properly, 
but their true in a deeper 

6631
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:24,600
sense. capture the feeling of 
those past celebrations, the 

6632
05:49:24,600 --> 05:49:27,800
texture of Life lived, within 
this community, and the 

6633
05:49:27,800 --> 05:49:32,200
continuity, that connects to 
present more people join your 

6634
05:49:32,200 --> 05:49:35,900
Fireside Gathering drawn by the 
warmth and the conversation 

6635
05:49:36,900 --> 05:49:40,100
Someone contributes their own 
memories and someone else tells 

6636
05:49:40,100 --> 05:49:43,200
a story they heard from their 
grandmother and gradually the 

6637
05:49:43,200 --> 05:49:46,700
solitary reflection transforms 
into communal remembering. 

6638
05:49:47,600 --> 05:49:51,300
This is how medieval people 
process experience not through 

6639
05:49:51,300 --> 05:49:54,100
individual introspection though 
that happens. 

6640
05:49:54,100 --> 05:49:57,000
But through shared storytelling 
that creates Collective 

6641
05:49:57,000 --> 05:50:00,600
understanding the afternoons, 
slides toward evening with that 

6642
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:03,700
winter repeatedly that still 
surprises you, even though 

6643
05:50:03,700 --> 05:50:05,600
you've experienced it every year
of your life. 

6644
05:50:06,600 --> 05:50:09,800
Fire needs constant, feeding you
take your turn. 

6645
05:50:09,800 --> 05:50:12,800
Adding logs, maintaining the 
warmth that makes the Great Hall

6646
05:50:12,800 --> 05:50:16,400
habitable. 
The your log continues at Slow 

6647
05:50:16,400 --> 05:50:18,700
Burn. 
Smaller now than when it was lit

6648
05:50:18,700 --> 05:50:21,800
on Christmas Eve, but still 
substantial still serving. 

6649
05:50:21,800 --> 05:50:24,600
Its purpose of carrying fire 
through the darkest season. 

6650
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:28,900
Someone suggests mulled wine and
a servant is dispatched to heat 

6651
05:50:28,900 --> 05:50:32,600
some with spices. 
The drink arrives in wooden cups

6652
05:50:32,600 --> 05:50:36,200
that warm your hands while the 
wine warms your insides creating

6653
05:50:36,200 --> 05:50:38,400
a double comfort. 
That makes the winter evening. 

6654
05:50:38,400 --> 05:50:41,900
Feel less threatening medieval, 
people are experts at these 

6655
05:50:41,900 --> 05:50:45,300
small Comforts that creating 
warmth and light and fellowship 

6656
05:50:45,300 --> 05:50:48,900
to combat the cold and dark that
surrounds them the storytelling 

6657
05:50:48,900 --> 05:50:51,600
continues. 
Ranging from personal memories 

6658
05:50:51,600 --> 05:50:55,200
to folktales to outright 
Fabrications that everyone 

6659
05:50:55,200 --> 05:50:58,900
recognizes as such. 
But enjoys any way, A story 

6660
05:50:58,908 --> 05:51:03,000
about a knight and a dragon. 
A story about a clever peasant 

6661
05:51:03,000 --> 05:51:06,900
who outwitted a demon. 
Story about ancient Kings and 

6662
05:51:06,900 --> 05:51:10,700
their great Deeds that probably 
never happened but the capture 

6663
05:51:10,700 --> 05:51:13,400
something true about human 
ambition and folly. 

6664
05:51:14,500 --> 05:51:17,200
Medieval people don't 
distinguish, sharply between 

6665
05:51:17,200 --> 05:51:21,400
history and Legend. 
Between fact and story. 

6666
05:51:21,400 --> 05:51:23,800
There are all ways of 
understanding the world. 

6667
05:51:23,800 --> 05:51:27,500
All valid, in their own terms, 
you can contribute Your Own 

6668
05:51:27,500 --> 05:51:29,600
Story. 
Something that happened to you 

6669
05:51:29,600 --> 05:51:32,900
years ago, that's become Smooth 
by repeated, telling in to 

6670
05:51:32,900 --> 05:51:37,600
something, almost Mythic The 
facts have been simplified the 

6671
05:51:37,600 --> 05:51:41,100
timeline compressed and the 
ending made more satisfying than

6672
05:51:41,100 --> 05:51:45,800
the messy reality probably was. 
But the story Works drawing 

6673
05:51:45,800 --> 05:51:49,100
laughter and response from your 
audience creating connection 

6674
05:51:49,100 --> 05:51:53,200
through shared narrative the 
evening meal arrives, more food,

6675
05:51:53,200 --> 05:51:57,400
always more food but tonight it 
feels less like gorging and more

6676
05:51:57,400 --> 05:52:01,000
like fuel for the storytelling. 
you eat without paying much 

6677
05:52:01,000 --> 05:52:04,600
attention, focused on the 
conversation, on the faces 

6678
05:52:04,600 --> 05:52:08,800
around you by firelight and on 
the sense of being exactly where

6679
05:52:08,800 --> 05:52:12,000
you belong as night deepens, the
Gathering settles into 

6680
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:15,800
comfortable, companionship, The 
story, slow and eventually 

6681
05:52:15,800 --> 05:52:20,300
stopped by the contented Silence
of people who've said what 

6682
05:52:20,300 --> 05:52:23,400
needed saying and are now 
content to Simply exist 

6683
05:52:23,400 --> 05:52:26,900
together. 
Fire crackles, someone shifts 

6684
05:52:26,900 --> 05:52:29,400
position and a dog-sized in 
sleep. 

6685
05:52:29,400 --> 05:52:33,800
Small sounds that emphasize 
rather than break the quiet you.

6686
05:52:33,800 --> 05:52:37,100
Let your mind drift again this 
time forward rather than 

6687
05:52:37,100 --> 05:52:40,000
backward. 
What will next Christmas bring 

6688
05:52:40,000 --> 05:52:43,400
will everyone currently present 
be here to celebrate it. 

6689
05:52:44,200 --> 05:52:46,700
Will new people join the 
Gathering While others depart 

6690
05:52:46,700 --> 05:52:51,000
through death or distance. 
The future is unknowable which 

6691
05:52:51,000 --> 05:52:54,100
medieval people except with a 
faith that later ages will find 

6692
05:52:54,100 --> 05:52:57,400
you the admirable or fatalistic,
depending on their perspective. 

6693
05:52:57,400 --> 05:53:01,900
But that's a future concern 
tonight, surrounded by community

6694
05:53:01,900 --> 05:53:05,800
and warmth with stories told and
heard your content with the 

6695
05:53:05,800 --> 05:53:08,900
present moment. 
This is what the Christmas 

6696
05:53:08,900 --> 05:53:12,000
season offers, not just feasting
and entertainment. 

6697
05:53:12,000 --> 05:53:16,100
But these quieter moments of 
connection and reflection of 

6698
05:53:16,100 --> 05:53:19,500
understanding your place within 
the larger patterns of community

6699
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:23,100
and time. 
The fire burns on Eternal in the

6700
05:53:23,108 --> 05:53:24,700
moment. 
Even though, you know, it will 

6701
05:53:24,700 --> 05:53:28,600
eventually consume its Fuel and 
die. but there will be more wood

6702
05:53:28,600 --> 05:53:32,500
to morrow, more fires to warm, 
future Knights and more 

6703
05:53:32,500 --> 05:53:36,000
Christmases to celebrate in 
years to come, The patterns, 

6704
05:53:36,000 --> 05:53:40,000
repeat the Cycles turn and your 
part of something that extends 

6705
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:42,900
beyond your individual life into
past and future alike. 

6706
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:46,900
It's a comforting thought this 
sense of continuity, You're not 

6707
05:53:46,908 --> 05:53:48,300
alone. 
Not really. 

6708
05:53:49,100 --> 05:53:52,200
Your connected to everyone, who 
came before and everyone who 

6709
05:53:52,200 --> 05:53:55,300
will come after all of you 
celebrating the same season, 

6710
05:53:55,300 --> 05:53:59,600
marking the same turning of the 
Year, finding meaning in similar

6711
05:53:59,600 --> 05:54:03,200
rituals of light and want and 
fellowship sleep comes easily 

6712
05:54:03,200 --> 05:54:06,300
tonight. 
Your mind settled by reflection 

6713
05:54:06,300 --> 05:54:11,000
and connection, your body warm 
from fire and wine your spirit 

6714
05:54:11,000 --> 05:54:13,100
content with its place in the 
world. 

6715
05:54:14,300 --> 05:54:18,400
Tomorrow will bring another day 
of Celebration, but for now this

6716
05:54:18,400 --> 05:54:21,300
moment of Peace by the fire is 
enough. 

6717
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:24,300
More than enough, everything 
really everything. 

6718
05:54:24,300 --> 05:54:27,600
The final days of the Christmas 
season arrived with a feeling 

6719
05:54:27,600 --> 05:54:30,200
that simultaneously Melancholy 
and relieved. 

6720
05:54:30,800 --> 05:54:32,700
The celebration has been 
glorious. 

6721
05:54:32,700 --> 05:54:37,600
The fellowship genuine and the 
feasting abundant, but even the 

6722
05:54:37,600 --> 05:54:41,500
best parties must eventually end
a medieval stamina has its 

6723
05:54:41,500 --> 05:54:44,400
limits. 
You wake on what you determine 

6724
05:54:44,400 --> 05:54:47,300
must be somewhere around the 
10th or 11th day of Christmas 

6725
05:54:47,300 --> 05:54:51,300
your body informing you. 
With some emphasis that it would

6726
05:54:51,300 --> 05:54:54,500
appreciate a return to normal 
eating patterns and regular 

6727
05:54:54,500 --> 05:54:57,600
sleep schedule. 
The manor house shows signs of 

6728
05:54:57,600 --> 05:55:01,500
the continuous celebration. 
The Great Hall, despite daily 

6729
05:55:01,500 --> 05:55:05,400
cleaning has accumulated the 
patina of 12 days of use. 

6730
05:55:06,200 --> 05:55:09,400
The rushes on the floor. 
Need replacing the tables are 

6731
05:55:09,400 --> 05:55:12,500
showing permanent stains from 
spilled, wine and dropped food, 

6732
05:55:12,500 --> 05:55:16,000
even the decorations, the Holly 
and Ivy. 

6733
05:55:16,000 --> 05:55:18,900
That seems so fresh on Christmas
Eve, are looking tired. 

6734
05:55:18,900 --> 05:55:23,400
Their leaves drooping their 
branches drying out, but they're

6735
05:55:23,400 --> 05:55:26,400
still a piffany ahead. 
The 12th night when the 

6736
05:55:26,400 --> 05:55:29,700
Christmas season of officially 
concludes with one final 

6737
05:55:29,700 --> 05:55:32,400
celebration. 
Honoring the arrival of the 

6738
05:55:32,400 --> 05:55:36,500
three kings at Christ's Manger. 
This last Feast will Mark the 

6739
05:55:36,500 --> 05:55:40,300
transition back to ordinary time
to the regular patterns of work 

6740
05:55:40,300 --> 05:55:43,200
and obligation that structure 
medieval life outside. 

6741
05:55:43,200 --> 05:55:46,000
The holy Seasons. 
You spend the morning helping 

6742
05:55:46,000 --> 05:55:49,600
with preparations partly from 
obligation and partly from the 

6743
05:55:49,600 --> 05:55:53,000
recognition that keeping busy 
makes time pass more pleasantly.

6744
05:55:54,300 --> 05:55:57,100
The kitchen is preparing yet. 
Another Feast though. 

6745
05:55:57,100 --> 05:56:00,200
The Kooks enthusiasm seemed 
somewhat diminished by two weeks

6746
05:56:00,200 --> 05:56:04,200
of continuous cooking. 
You help where you can chopping 

6747
05:56:04,200 --> 05:56:06,800
vegetables with less Precision 
than the task, probably 

6748
05:56:06,800 --> 05:56:11,000
requires, stirring pots and 
trying to stay out of the way 

6749
05:56:11,000 --> 05:56:13,600
when actual competent Cooks need
space to work. 

6750
05:56:14,300 --> 05:56:17,800
The final feasts menu represents
a greatest hits collection from 

6751
05:56:17,800 --> 05:56:21,400
the past 12 days dishes that 
were particularly successful 

6752
05:56:21,400 --> 05:56:24,400
reappear. 
While experiments that didn't 

6753
05:56:24,400 --> 05:56:28,100
work so well, quietly emitted. 
The ball makes a final 

6754
05:56:28,100 --> 05:56:30,100
appearance or at least parts of 
it. 

6755
05:56:30,100 --> 05:56:33,600
Do transformed into a pie that 
combines the remaining meet with

6756
05:56:33,600 --> 05:56:37,100
so many spices that its original
identity is more theoretical 

6757
05:56:37,100 --> 05:56:41,500
than actual more peacock. 
Because apparently the first 

6758
05:56:41,500 --> 05:56:42,900
peacock wasn't displaying 
enough. 

6759
05:56:44,500 --> 05:56:48,000
Fish dishes that honor religious
tradition while secretly making 

6760
05:56:48,000 --> 05:56:49,800
everyone wish for just a little 
more meat. 

6761
05:56:50,600 --> 05:56:54,200
Subtlety for tonight's Feast is 
reportedly even more elaborate 

6762
05:56:54,200 --> 05:56:57,300
than previous offerings, though.
The kitchen is keeping it hidden

6763
05:56:57,300 --> 05:56:59,000
until the proper moment of 
Revelation. 

6764
05:56:59,000 --> 05:57:03,200
You've caught glimpses, 
something involving castles and 

6765
05:57:03,200 --> 05:57:07,000
possibly dragons, all made from 
March pain, and sugar work that 

6766
05:57:07,000 --> 05:57:08,700
represents someone's heroic 
effort. 

6767
05:57:09,400 --> 05:57:11,100
But the full effect is being 
saved. 

6768
05:57:11,100 --> 05:57:14,100
For Maximum Impact. 
The afternoon, brings a 

6769
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:16,800
reflective quality. 
A sense of ending. 

6770
05:57:16,800 --> 05:57:19,400
That makes you notice details. 
You've been taking for granted 

6771
05:57:20,300 --> 05:57:24,000
The way firelight plays on the 
great Halls walls, the sound of 

6772
05:57:24,000 --> 05:57:28,500
familiar voices in conversation.
Smell of wood smoke and food and

6773
05:57:28,500 --> 05:57:31,200
the accumulated of two weeks of 
Celebration. 

6774
05:57:32,500 --> 05:57:35,600
These sensory experiences of 
surrounded you constantly. 

6775
05:57:35,600 --> 05:57:39,400
But now knowing their about to 
end, they suddenly seemed 

6776
05:57:39,400 --> 05:57:41,500
precious and worth fixing in 
memory. 

6777
05:57:41,500 --> 05:57:45,200
Some guests, begin to party 
needing to return to their own 

6778
05:57:45,200 --> 05:57:47,400
manners and obligations before a
piffany. 

6779
05:57:48,200 --> 05:57:51,700
The farewells are genuine and 
Promises to visit in the new 

6780
05:57:51,700 --> 05:57:54,900
year are exchanged. 
With the understanding that such

6781
05:57:54,900 --> 05:57:58,800
visits may or may not actually 
happen depending on whether work

6782
05:57:58,800 --> 05:58:03,200
and the 100 other factors that 
govern medieval life, You 

6783
05:58:03,200 --> 05:58:07,000
participate in the good buys, 
feeling that peculiar medieval 

6784
05:58:07,000 --> 05:58:10,800
blend of formality and warmth 
that characterizes relationships

6785
05:58:10,800 --> 05:58:14,100
between people who are neither 
family, nor strangers, but 

6786
05:58:14,100 --> 05:58:17,800
something in between as evening 
approaches the household gathers

6787
05:58:17,800 --> 05:58:20,200
for the final Feast with an 
energy. 

6788
05:58:20,200 --> 05:58:23,100
That's different from previous 
nights, they're still 

6789
05:58:23,108 --> 05:58:26,800
enthusiasm, but it's tempered by
fatigue and the knowledge that 

6790
05:58:26,800 --> 05:58:29,100
this is the last such gathering 
for many months. 

6791
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:33,100
The next major celebration will 
be Easter and that feels 

6792
05:58:33,100 --> 05:58:35,600
impossibly distant from the 
December evening. 

6793
05:58:35,600 --> 05:58:38,900
The meal begins with the usual 
ceremony, but precedes with 

6794
05:58:38,900 --> 05:58:41,200
slightly less Gusto than early 
feasts. 

6795
05:58:41,200 --> 05:58:44,400
People are eating because it's 
expected more than because 

6796
05:58:44,400 --> 05:58:49,100
they're actually hungry after 12
days of continuous, feasting You

6797
05:58:49,100 --> 05:58:51,700
work your way through a plate of
food, that would have excited 

6798
05:58:51,700 --> 05:58:55,100
you immensely to weeks ago, but 
now seems somewhat redundant. 

6799
05:58:56,100 --> 05:58:58,600
How many different ways can one 
prepare roasted meat? 

6800
05:58:59,500 --> 05:59:02,300
Apparently, quite a few. 
But at this point, they're all 

6801
05:59:02,300 --> 05:59:05,300
starting to taste similar 
regardless of spices and sauces.

6802
05:59:05,300 --> 05:59:09,200
The subtleties revealed draws 
appropriate gasps of admiration 

6803
05:59:09,200 --> 05:59:13,100
or March pain, Coastal even more
elaborate than previous 

6804
05:59:13,100 --> 05:59:16,800
attempts, complete with tiny 
sugar Knights and what appears 

6805
05:59:16,800 --> 05:59:18,700
to be a dragon made from spun 
sugar. 

6806
05:59:18,700 --> 05:59:21,000
That's colored red with some 
kind of dye. 

6807
05:59:21,000 --> 05:59:24,400
The artistic achievement is 
remarkable and everyone 

6808
05:59:24,400 --> 05:59:26,900
acknowledges it appropriately 
before the structure is 

6809
05:59:26,900 --> 05:59:30,900
dismantled and consumed. 
Medieval art is meant to be 

6810
05:59:30,908 --> 05:59:34,900
temporary Beauty created for the
moment rather than preserved for

6811
05:59:34,900 --> 05:59:38,800
posterity entertainment, for the
final night, includes the best 

6812
05:59:38,800 --> 05:59:40,700
performance from the past 12 
days. 

6813
05:59:40,700 --> 05:59:43,400
The minstrel plays his favorite 
songs. 

6814
05:59:43,400 --> 05:59:47,700
The Storyteller accounts is most
successful Tale, the jugular 

6815
05:59:47,700 --> 05:59:51,000
performs his most impressive 
routine adding even more knives 

6816
05:59:51,000 --> 05:59:54,200
to his rotation until it seems 
impossible that he won't 

6817
05:59:54,200 --> 05:59:58,400
accidentally stab someone. 
Medieval audiences appreciate 

6818
05:59:58,400 --> 06:00:02,200
technical skill and tonight's 
performance is represent Mastery

6819
06:00:02,200 --> 06:00:05,600
earned through years of practice
as dancing again. 

6820
06:00:05,600 --> 06:00:08,900
But gentler this time, as if 
everyone's collectively 

6821
06:00:08,900 --> 06:00:11,500
acknowledged that aggressive 
celebration would be more than 

6822
06:00:11,500 --> 06:00:15,100
tired body can manage. 
The carols are sung with real 

6823
06:00:15,100 --> 06:00:17,800
feelings. 
These familiar songs taking on 

6824
06:00:17,800 --> 06:00:21,500
extra meaning as they Mark the 
end of the season, you join the 

6825
06:00:21,500 --> 06:00:25,100
singing your voice blending with
dozens of others in harmony, 

6826
06:00:25,100 --> 06:00:27,000
that are more enthusiastic than 
perfect. 

6827
06:00:27,000 --> 06:00:29,300
But the creates Something 
Beautiful. 

6828
06:00:29,300 --> 06:00:32,400
Nonetheless, as midnight 
approaches, the Gathering takes 

6829
06:00:32,400 --> 06:00:36,000
on a more solemn tone Epiphany. 
Celebrates the arrival of the 

6830
06:00:36,000 --> 06:00:38,500
major. 
I, those wise men from the East 

6831
06:00:38,500 --> 06:00:40,300
to follow the star to find the 
Christ. 

6832
06:00:40,300 --> 06:00:43,100
Child. 
In medieval thinking, they 

6833
06:00:43,100 --> 06:00:46,200
represent the inclusion of 
Gentiles and Christianity's 

6834
06:00:46,200 --> 06:00:49,500
promise the expansion of 
Salvation Beyond its Jewish 

6835
06:00:49,500 --> 06:00:51,800
Origins to Encompass the entire 
world. 

6836
06:00:52,900 --> 06:00:56,400
It's heavy theological stuff but
mostly you think about the 

6837
06:00:56,400 --> 06:00:59,500
journey, those men made 
traveling vast distances 

6838
06:00:59,500 --> 06:01:00,900
following what they believed 
was. 

6839
06:01:00,900 --> 06:01:04,700
Divine guidance arriving to 
offer gifts to a baby born in 

6840
06:01:04,700 --> 06:01:07,500
poverty. 
The story resonates in ways that

6841
06:01:07,500 --> 06:01:11,900
transcend its religious meaning 
The idea of a journey of 

6842
06:01:11,900 --> 06:01:14,800
following something, you believe
in even when the path is 

6843
06:01:14,800 --> 06:01:17,400
unclear. 
Of offering what you have to 

6844
06:01:17,400 --> 06:01:21,100
something greater than yourself.
These are Universal Human 

6845
06:01:21,100 --> 06:01:24,300
Experience, is that medieval 
people understand, viscerally. 

6846
06:01:25,200 --> 06:01:29,200
Your own life has been a journey
of sorts with paths taken and 

6847
06:01:29,200 --> 06:01:34,000
not take and decisions made with
imperfect information and faith,

6848
06:01:34,000 --> 06:01:36,300
that things will work out 
combined with effort to make 

6849
06:01:36,300 --> 06:01:38,900
them do. 
So a blessing is pronounced over

6850
06:01:38,900 --> 06:01:41,300
the Gathering. 
The Priest speaking words that 

6851
06:01:41,300 --> 06:01:43,900
commend everyone to God's care 
in the coming year. 

6852
06:01:44,800 --> 06:01:47,700
The prayer is in Latin 
naturally, but the sentiment 

6853
06:01:47,700 --> 06:01:50,500
comes through clearly enough. 
May you be safe? 

6854
06:01:50,500 --> 06:01:53,800
May you prosper. 
May you live to celebrate 

6855
06:01:53,800 --> 06:01:57,800
together again next Christmas. 
Simple wishes that carry weight 

6856
06:01:57,800 --> 06:02:01,600
because medieval life makes none
of them guaranteed the Gathering

6857
06:02:01,600 --> 06:02:05,200
begins to disperse. 
People seeking their beds with 

6858
06:02:05,200 --> 06:02:07,700
the satisfaction of Celebration 
completed. 

6859
06:02:08,500 --> 06:02:11,000
The Great Hall will be 
thoroughly cleaned tomorrow, the

6860
06:02:11,000 --> 06:02:14,100
decorations removed and the 
normal routine resumed. 

6861
06:02:14,900 --> 06:02:18,300
But tonight for these Final 
hours, the Christmas season 

6862
06:02:18,300 --> 06:02:22,100
still holds protecting you 
within its bubble of sanctioned 

6863
06:02:22,100 --> 06:02:25,500
celebration before releasing you
back to the regular patterns of 

6864
06:02:25,500 --> 06:02:28,900
medieval existence. 
You've find yourself as you have

6865
06:02:28,900 --> 06:02:32,300
on previous nights near the fire
watching the Flames with 

6866
06:02:32,300 --> 06:02:35,400
thoughts that are too scattered 
to form coherent patterns. 

6867
06:02:36,500 --> 06:02:38,800
The Yule Log has burned down to 
almost nothing. 

6868
06:02:38,800 --> 06:02:42,900
Soon to be extinguished, its 
remains saved to light next. 

6869
06:02:42,900 --> 06:02:45,000
Year's log in continuation of 
tradition. 

6870
06:02:46,100 --> 06:02:49,500
Fires warmth, still surrounds 
you but you can sense the cold, 

6871
06:02:49,500 --> 06:02:52,200
Beyond it, winter. 
Still holding the world. 

6872
06:02:52,200 --> 06:02:55,500
In its grip, despite Christmases
temporary defiance.