Boring History | How Did the Underground Railroad Really Work? | Black Screen

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,200
Hey, everyone. 
Tonight, we're following a path 

2
00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:04,800
through history that didn't 
leave Footprints, but it saved 

3
00:00:04,800 --> 00:00:07,800
lives were exploring how the 
Underground Railroad actually 

4
00:00:07,800 --> 00:00:09,900
worked. 
It wasn't a real railroad, of 

5
00:00:09,908 --> 00:00:13,900
course, but a hidden network of 
brave people, secret routes and 

6
00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:16,900
whispered messages, that helped 
enslaved individuals escape to 

7
00:00:16,900 --> 00:00:19,600
Freedom. 
It was dangerous, it was quiet 

8
00:00:19,600 --> 00:00:22,200
and it ran on trust, courage and
hope. 

9
00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:25,500
So, before we begin, let me know
in the comments where you're 

10
00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:27,800
tuning in from, and what time it
is for you, as it's always 

11
00:00:27,800 --> 00:00:30,400
powerful to see how far these 
stories stretch and who they 

12
00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,800
Connect Now, lower the lights, 
maybe imagine the hush of 

13
00:00:34,800 --> 00:00:38,200
footsteps at night or the rustle
of trees overhead, you know how 

14
00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:41,200
sometimes the most important 
things happen in plain sight yet

15
00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:44,400
nobody really talks about them. 
That's exactly what the 

16
00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:48,100
Underground Railroad was like, 
picture yourself living in 1850 

17
00:00:48,100 --> 00:00:51,100
and everywhere you look, there 
are these little signs that 

18
00:00:51,100 --> 00:00:54,000
something big is happening, but 
it's all happening in Whispers 

19
00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:56,100
And winks and very careful 
conversations. 

20
00:00:57,100 --> 00:01:00,300
The thing is calling it. 
A railroad was actually pretty 

21
00:01:00,300 --> 00:01:03,600
clever even if it confused the 
heck out of people later on 

22
00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:05,800
there were no actual trains 
involved. 

23
00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:09,200
No steel tracks, cutting through
the countryside and no 

24
00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:11,200
conductors in funny hats. 
Checking tickets. 

25
00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:14,800
But the people who ran this 
network was smart cookies, who 

26
00:01:14,800 --> 00:01:18,200
knew that, if you're going to 
move people secretly, you better

27
00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:21,100
have a system that makes sense 
to insiders, but sounds totally 

28
00:01:21,100 --> 00:01:24,100
boring to Outsiders. 
So they borrowed railroad 

29
00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:26,500
language because frankly it was 
perfect. 

30
00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,600
The stations were safe, houses 
were escaped slaves, could rest,

31
00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:34,500
eat and hide, the conductors 
were the brave souls who guided 

32
00:01:34,500 --> 00:01:36,300
people from One safe spot to the
next. 

33
00:01:36,300 --> 00:01:39,700
The passengers were the men 
women and children seeking 

34
00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:43,600
freedom and the tracks. 
With roots, the criss cross, the

35
00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:46,500
country, like, invisible. 
Highways you have to understand 

36
00:01:46,500 --> 00:01:50,600
this wasn't some small-time 
operation run by a handful of do

37
00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:52,700
gooders. 
We're talking about thousands of

38
00:01:52,700 --> 00:01:56,100
people across multiple States, 
who somehow managed to call one 

39
00:01:56,100 --> 00:01:58,900
of the most successful rescue 
operations in American history 

40
00:01:58,900 --> 00:02:02,700
without email cell phones or 
even decent Maps. 

41
00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,800
They pulled this off using 
nothing but Word of Mouth coded 

42
00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:09,600
messages and an impressive 
amount of sheer guts. 

43
00:02:10,500 --> 00:02:12,900
The network stretched from the 
Deep South all the way up to 

44
00:02:12,900 --> 00:02:15,700
Canada, with branches spreading 
out like tree roots. 

45
00:02:16,500 --> 00:02:18,600
Some Roots went through 
Philadelphia and New York. 

46
00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:21,400
Others wound through a higher in
Indiana. 

47
00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:24,700
Few brave souls, even tried 
going through the western 

48
00:02:24,700 --> 00:02:27,600
territories though, that was 
like, choosing the expert level 

49
00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:29,700
when you are still figuring out 
the basic controls. 

50
00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:33,900
What made it work was that it 
operated on the same Principle 

51
00:02:33,900 --> 00:02:37,800
as any good gossip Network. 
Information, traveled person to 

52
00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:42,000
person but only to people you 
absolutely trusted your neighbor

53
00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:45,100
might be helping, run away 
slaves, but unless you were 

54
00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:47,000
directly involved, you might 
never know. 

55
00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,600
And that neighbor certainly 
wasn't going to tell you about 

56
00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:50,900
it. 
Over The Back Fence while 

57
00:02:50,900 --> 00:02:53,900
hanging laundry. 
The whole thing started, small, 

58
00:02:53,900 --> 00:02:56,900
really individual families, 
helping individual people 

59
00:02:56,900 --> 00:03:00,100
usually on impulse. 
Rather than as part of any grand

60
00:03:00,100 --> 00:03:03,400
plan, maybe someone would show 
up at your door hungry and 

61
00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:06,500
desperate and you'd think well I
can't just turn them away. 

62
00:03:07,400 --> 00:03:10,100
Before you need it, you'd be 
part of something bigger than 

63
00:03:10,100 --> 00:03:13,500
you ever imagined. 
But here's what's really wild 

64
00:03:13,500 --> 00:03:16,600
about the whole operation. 
The Underground Railroad wasn't 

65
00:03:16,600 --> 00:03:19,900
run by politicians or wealthy 
philanthropists or any of The 

66
00:03:19,900 --> 00:03:22,000
Usual Suspects who end up in 
history books. 

67
00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:26,000
It was run by ordinary people 
who decided that some things 

68
00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:27,600
were more important than 
personal safety. 

69
00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:33,300
Farmers shopkeepers Minister's 
seamstresses, free black 

70
00:03:33,300 --> 00:03:36,900
Americans who made it North 
White families who couldn't 

71
00:03:36,900 --> 00:03:40,700
stand Injustice and Quakers 
whose Faith demanded action. 

72
00:03:41,500 --> 00:03:44,300
These weren't professional 
revolutionaries most of them 

73
00:03:44,300 --> 00:03:46,700
were just regular folks who 
happen to believe that helping 

74
00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:49,800
people escape slavery was the 
right thing to do, even if it 

75
00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:51,200
meant risking everything they 
had. 

76
00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:55,500
And trust me, they were risking 
everything getting caught meant 

77
00:03:55,500 --> 00:03:58,700
huge fines, prison time and 
complete social disgrace. 

78
00:03:59,700 --> 00:04:02,400
For black Americans, helping 
with the network, the 

79
00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,000
consequences were often much 
worse yet. 

80
00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:09,300
Somehow year after year the 
network kept growing more Roots,

81
00:04:09,300 --> 00:04:12,300
more safe, houses, and more 
people willing to risk their 

82
00:04:12,300 --> 00:04:15,300
necks for strangers. 
It's enough to make you wonder 

83
00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:18,000
what ordinary people might 
accomplish when they decide 

84
00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:21,300
something needs to change. 
Imagine trying to coordinate a 

85
00:04:21,300 --> 00:04:24,000
massive rescue operation using 
nothing but subtle hints. 

86
00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,900
Shared glances and the 
occasional cryptic note passed 

87
00:04:27,900 --> 00:04:30,800
hand to hand. 
That's exactly what Underground 

88
00:04:30,800 --> 00:04:34,400
Railroad operators had to master
and honestly they got better at 

89
00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:36,500
secret communication than most 
by novels. 

90
00:04:36,500 --> 00:04:39,500
Would have you believe? 
The coded language was just the 

91
00:04:39,500 --> 00:04:41,900
beginning. 
Sure, everyone knows about 

92
00:04:41,900 --> 00:04:45,800
calling safe houses, stations 
and guides conductors, but the 

93
00:04:45,800 --> 00:04:48,300
real communication happened in 
ways that would make a modern 

94
00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:51,700
intelligence agency jealous. 
Church services became 

95
00:04:51,700 --> 00:04:55,200
information exchanges, quilts 
hanging on clotheslines carried 

96
00:04:55,200 --> 00:04:58,100
messages, even hymns? 
Sung, in a certain way could 

97
00:04:58,100 --> 00:05:01,400
signal danger or safety. 
You'd walk into a town, as a 

98
00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:03,300
stranger, not knowing who to 
trust, or where to go. 

99
00:05:03,308 --> 00:05:06,900
But if you knew the right words,
doors would open, A casual 

100
00:05:06,900 --> 00:05:09,500
mention of following. 
The Drinking Gourd might get you

101
00:05:09,500 --> 00:05:11,400
a knowing nod. 
From someone who understood you 

102
00:05:11,400 --> 00:05:13,700
were talking about the Big 
Dipper constellation pointing 

103
00:05:13,700 --> 00:05:17,900
North ask about friends in the 
right way and suddenly you'd 

104
00:05:17,900 --> 00:05:21,000
find yourself being directed to 
a basement or attic where other 

105
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:24,400
Travelers were waiting. 
The Quakers blessed them turned 

106
00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:28,000
being cryptic into an art form. 
They developed their own way of 

107
00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:31,300
talking that sounded perfectly 
innocent to outside as it was 

108
00:05:31,308 --> 00:05:33,400
loaded with meaning for people 
in the know. 

109
00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,300
A Quaker might mention that 
their Barn needs cleaning, when 

110
00:05:37,300 --> 00:05:40,200
they mean, they have space for 
passengers or they talk about 

111
00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:43,300
expecting packages from the 
south when they were planning to

112
00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:47,400
receive escaped slaves. but the 
Real Genius was in the everyday 

113
00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:52,400
stuff lanterns in Windows 
position, just so certain hymns 

114
00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:55,400
are sung during church 
service's, even the way someone 

115
00:05:55,400 --> 00:05:58,600
hung their laundry could carry a
message, a white sheet hanging. 

116
00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:01,400
A certain way might mean all 
clear, while a colored cloth 

117
00:06:01,400 --> 00:06:02,900
could signal dangerous stay 
away. 

118
00:06:03,900 --> 00:06:06,100
The whole system relied on 
people being incredibly 

119
00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:09,000
observant and remembering 
details that seem trivial. 

120
00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,300
You had to notice which houses 
had yellow candles instead of 

121
00:06:12,300 --> 00:06:16,000
white ones, which Barnes had 
doors left, slightly a jar and 

122
00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:18,500
which families suddenly seemed 
to be cooking larger meals than 

123
00:06:18,500 --> 00:06:20,900
usual. 
All of these tiny details were 

124
00:06:20,900 --> 00:06:24,400
pieces of a massive puzzle. 
That only made sense if you knew

125
00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:28,000
how to read the signs, Letters 
were particularly tricky to 

126
00:06:28,008 --> 00:06:30,200
write because you never knew who
might intercept them. 

127
00:06:30,200 --> 00:06:33,100
So people developed elaborate 
codes that made their 

128
00:06:33,100 --> 00:06:36,000
correspondence sound like 
perfectly normal family updates 

129
00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:39,900
or business discussions. 
A letter about shipping Goods, 

130
00:06:39,900 --> 00:06:43,800
might actually be about moving 
people news that the weather has

131
00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:46,800
been stormy, but is clearing 
could mean that it is dangerous 

132
00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,800
to travel right now, but 
conditions will improve soon. 

133
00:06:50,900 --> 00:06:54,300
Some conductors got so good at 
this coded communication that 

134
00:06:54,300 --> 00:06:56,500
they could have entire 
conversations about Underground 

135
00:06:56,500 --> 00:06:58,800
Railroad business. 
While seeming to discuss, 

136
00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:02,000
completely mundane topics like 
crop prices or family news. 

137
00:07:02,900 --> 00:07:05,400
They developed an almost 
telepathic ability to understand

138
00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:09,100
what wasn't being said directly.
The fascinating thing was how 

139
00:07:09,100 --> 00:07:11,500
quickly word could spread 
through the network when it 

140
00:07:11,500 --> 00:07:15,700
needed to If slave catchers were
spotted in an area, somehow, 

141
00:07:15,700 --> 00:07:18,700
everyone involved would know 
about it within hours, even 

142
00:07:18,700 --> 00:07:21,000
though they couldn't exactly 
send out a group text. 

143
00:07:22,200 --> 00:07:25,600
Information flowed through the 
network faster than you'd expect

144
00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:29,400
carried by Peddlers. 
Ministers, traveling salesman 

145
00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,200
and anyone else who had 
legitimate reasons to move from 

146
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:35,200
town to town. 
Of course, all this secrecy 

147
00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:38,400
meant that mistakes happened. 
People misunderstood signals 

148
00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,400
went to the wrong houses or 
showed up at safe houses. 

149
00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:44,300
When the owners weren't 
prepared, sometimes coded 

150
00:07:44,300 --> 00:07:47,300
messages got garbled. 
Leaving everyone confused about 

151
00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:48,700
what was actually supposed to 
happen. 

152
00:07:49,500 --> 00:07:52,500
But somehow the network was 
flexible enough to handle these 

153
00:07:52,500 --> 00:07:54,800
Mix-Ups without falling apart 
completely. 

154
00:07:55,900 --> 00:07:58,900
The most impressive part was how
ordinary people became experts 

155
00:07:58,900 --> 00:08:01,900
at Living double lives. 
During the day, they'd go about 

156
00:08:01,900 --> 00:08:05,400
their normal business, chatting 
with neighbors, running errands 

157
00:08:05,400 --> 00:08:07,400
and acting like nothing unusual 
was happening. 

158
00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:10,700
Then at night, they transform 
into efficient operators. 

159
00:08:10,700 --> 00:08:14,800
In a clandestine Network moving 
people, passing messages and 

160
00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:17,100
making life or death decisions 
with remarkable. 

161
00:08:17,100 --> 00:08:19,100
Calm. 
Here's something that doesn't 

162
00:08:19,100 --> 00:08:22,000
show up in most history, books 
running the Underground. 

163
00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:24,700
Railroad was basically like 
managing the world's most 

164
00:08:24,700 --> 00:08:28,500
complicated travel agency Except
your clients couldn't make 

165
00:08:28,500 --> 00:08:30,900
reservations. 
You couldn't advertise your 

166
00:08:30,900 --> 00:08:33,500
services and if you messed up, 
people could die. 

167
00:08:33,500 --> 00:08:36,100
Think about what was actually 
involved in moving. 

168
00:08:36,100 --> 00:08:38,700
One person safely from say 
George to Canada. 

169
00:08:38,700 --> 00:08:41,799
You needed to know safe routes 
through multiple States, 

170
00:08:41,799 --> 00:08:45,800
identify trustworthy contacts 
and dozens of towns coordinate 

171
00:08:45,800 --> 00:08:47,800
timing. 
So that safe houses weren't over

172
00:08:47,800 --> 00:08:50,800
WellMed and do it all while 
keeping everything secret from 

173
00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:53,100
authorities who were actively 
trying to shut you down. 

174
00:08:54,600 --> 00:08:56,800
The food situation alone was 
mind-boggling. 

175
00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:59,800
Imagine suddenly, having three 
extra people show up at your 

176
00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:01,700
house. 
At midnight people who have not,

177
00:09:01,700 --> 00:09:04,400
even properly in days and need 
enough energy to keep traveling.

178
00:09:05,300 --> 00:09:07,700
You couldn't exactly run to the 
corner store for supplies. 

179
00:09:07,700 --> 00:09:10,700
Especially not without raising 
questions about why you suddenly

180
00:09:10,700 --> 00:09:12,700
needed. 
So much bread and cheese at odd 

181
00:09:12,700 --> 00:09:15,300
hours. 
Smart operators, learn to keep 

182
00:09:15,300 --> 00:09:18,700
extra food on hand at all times,
but it had to be stuff that 

183
00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:21,700
wouldn't spoil and wouldn't seem
suspicious if neighbors. 

184
00:09:21,700 --> 00:09:25,500
Noticed root, vegetables, stored
in Cellars preserved, meat, 

185
00:09:25,500 --> 00:09:28,400
dried, beans and cornmeal that 
could be quickly turned into 

186
00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,400
filling meals. 
Some families got creative and 

187
00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:33,800
started keeping larger Gardens 
than they actually needed. 

188
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,100
Just so they'd have legitimate 
reasons for storing extra food. 

189
00:09:37,100 --> 00:09:41,000
Clothing was another constant 
headache, people escaping 

190
00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:43,500
slavery, often arrived, wearing 
whatever they'd had on when they

191
00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:45,600
fled, which was usually work 
clothes. 

192
00:09:45,600 --> 00:09:47,900
That screamed I don't belong in 
polite. 

193
00:09:47,900 --> 00:09:51,400
Society getting people dressed 
appropriately for their Journey.

194
00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,800
North meant maintaining a secret
stash of clothing, in various 

195
00:09:54,800 --> 00:09:58,500
sizes plush shoes, which were 
particularly hard to come by and

196
00:09:58,500 --> 00:10:01,300
expensive to replace. 
Some Underground Railroad 

197
00:10:01,300 --> 00:10:03,800
operators, became surprisingly 
proficient at emergency 

198
00:10:03,800 --> 00:10:06,400
tailoring. 
They take ill-fitting donated 

199
00:10:06,400 --> 00:10:07,800
clothes and quickly altered 
them. 

200
00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,300
So Travelers, would blend in 
better others, established, 

201
00:10:11,300 --> 00:10:14,600
networks of empathetic 
seamstresses, providing reliable

202
00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,000
assistance for last minute 
clothing, emergencies, without 

203
00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:20,300
excessive inquiries. 
Then there was Transportation, 

204
00:10:20,300 --> 00:10:24,000
which was way more complicated 
than just pointing people North 

205
00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:26,600
and wishing them luck. 
Different routes required 

206
00:10:26,600 --> 00:10:29,100
different. 
Approaches some areas were safe 

207
00:10:29,100 --> 00:10:32,100
for daytime travel While others 
were death traps and unless you 

208
00:10:32,100 --> 00:10:35,800
moved at night, Some regions had
enough Underground Railroad 

209
00:10:35,800 --> 00:10:38,400
activity that you could pass 
people from Station to Station 

210
00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:41,700
every few miles. 
Other areas had huge gaps. 

211
00:10:41,700 --> 00:10:44,100
That required careful planning 
and lots of supplies. 

212
00:10:44,900 --> 00:10:48,300
The timing had to be perfect. 
Show up at a safe house too 

213
00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:50,000
early in your host, might not be
ready. 

214
00:10:50,800 --> 00:10:54,000
Show up too late, and you might 
find the place watch by slave 

215
00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,200
catchers or local authorities. 
Who'd gotten suspicious Arrived 

216
00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:01,100
on a night when your contact was
out of town or dealing with a 

217
00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:04,400
family emergency and you could 
be stuck high in a barn for 

218
00:11:04,408 --> 00:11:07,100
days. 
Whether added another layer of 

219
00:11:07,100 --> 00:11:10,600
complexity that nobody could 
control, rain could make travel 

220
00:11:10,600 --> 00:11:13,600
miserable but also covered 
tracks and kept people indoors 

221
00:11:13,600 --> 00:11:15,600
where they couldn't spot 
suspicious activity. 

222
00:11:16,300 --> 00:11:19,100
Snow May tracking easier for 
pursuers, but also made travel 

223
00:11:19,100 --> 00:11:21,700
dangerous. 
Heatwaves meant you could move 

224
00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:24,300
more comfortably at night but 
needed extra water during the 

225
00:11:24,300 --> 00:11:26,300
day. 
Some Underground Railroad 

226
00:11:26,300 --> 00:11:29,200
operators developed elaborate 
backup plan for when things went

227
00:11:29,200 --> 00:11:31,700
wrong. 
They'd identify alternate routes

228
00:11:31,700 --> 00:11:35,300
secondary safe, houses and 
emergency contacts who could be 

229
00:11:35,308 --> 00:11:38,900
trusted in a crisis. 
The really organized once 

230
00:11:38,900 --> 00:11:42,400
maintained details, mental maps 
of their regions, complete with 

231
00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:46,000
information about which roads 
were safest Which towns to avoid

232
00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:49,500
and which local officials might 
be sympathetic versus those who 

233
00:11:49,500 --> 00:11:53,100
were definitely hostile. 
Money was always tight because 

234
00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:55,100
everything had to be paid for 
out of pocket. 

235
00:11:55,900 --> 00:12:00,500
Food clothing, Transportation 
bribes, when necessary and 

236
00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,200
emergency funds for situations 
nobody could predict. 

237
00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,200
Some operators went into debt 
helping strangers, reach, 

238
00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:09,700
freedom. 
Others organized quiet 

239
00:12:09,700 --> 00:12:12,200
fundraising amongst sympathetic 
friends and family members. 

240
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:14,400
Though. 
They had to be careful not to 

241
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:16,700
reveal too much about what the 
money was actually for. 

242
00:12:17,600 --> 00:12:20,100
Most challenging part might have
been the unpredictability. 

243
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:23,300
You never knew when someone 
might show up needing help. 

244
00:12:23,300 --> 00:12:25,200
How many people would arrive 
together? 

245
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:28,700
What condition, they'd be in? 
What special circumstance is 

246
00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:32,400
might complicate their Journey. 
Pregnant women needed different 

247
00:12:32,400 --> 00:12:35,400
care than children who needed 
different care than elderly 

248
00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:38,100
Travelers, who needed different 
care than injured people. 

249
00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:40,800
Despite all these logistical 
nightmares. 

250
00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:44,100
The network somehow kept 
functioning year after year, 

251
00:12:44,100 --> 00:12:47,100
helping thousands of people 
reach, Freedom through sheer 

252
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:50,100
determination, and remarkably 
good organization. 

253
00:12:50,100 --> 00:12:52,900
You'd think a network. 
This big and the successful 

254
00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:56,400
would be run by some kind of 
Central Committee or famous 

255
00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:57,900
leaders giving orders from 
headquarters. 

256
00:12:59,300 --> 00:13:01,600
But the Underground Railroad 
worked precisely because it 

257
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:02,900
wasn't organized that way at 
all. 

258
00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:06,400
Instead it was powered by an 
amazing collection of 

259
00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:09,600
individuals who decided to act 
on their own and then somehow 

260
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:12,200
found ways to work together 
without anyone officially being 

261
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:15,800
in charge. 
Take William still who became 

262
00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:17,800
known as the father of the 
Underground Railroad. 

263
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:21,400
Not because he founded it, but 
because he was obsessively 

264
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:25,200
organized about keeping records.
This guy worked in Philadelphia 

265
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:28,200
and helped coordinate The Escape
of hundreds of people. 

266
00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:31,600
But what made him special was 
that he wrote everything down 

267
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:36,100
names, dates, Roots, family 
connections and stories about 

268
00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:39,000
how people had escaped and where
they were hoping to go. 

269
00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:42,000
You have to understand how 
dangerous this record, keeping 

270
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:45,300
was if authorities had ever 
found Stills files. 

271
00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:47,700
They would have had enough 
information to destroy the 

272
00:13:47,708 --> 00:13:49,900
entire Philadelphia branch of 
the network. 

273
00:13:50,900 --> 00:13:54,100
But still kept writing because 
he understood that someday when 

274
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,300
slavery was over, families would
want to find each other again. 

275
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:00,300
His records became the 
foundation for thousands of 

276
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:02,100
reunions stories after the Civil
War. 

277
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,500
Then there was Harriet Tubman 
whose famous for good reason but

278
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:10,000
probably not for the reasons. 
Most people think yes she made 

279
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:12,500
multiple trips back in to the 
South to guide people North. 

280
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:15,300
But what made her extraordinary 
wasn't just her courage. 

281
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,800
It was her strategic thinking 
and her ability to keep people 

282
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,200
calm Under Pressure Tubman 
possessed a remarkable ability 

283
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,800
to detect impending danger and 
swiftly alter their plans. 

284
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:30,500
He carried a gun not primarily 
to fight off slave catchers but 

285
00:14:30,500 --> 00:14:33,900
to convince exhausted, terrified
travelers to keep moving when 

286
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:37,000
they wanted to give up. 
She understood that one person's

287
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:38,800
Panic. 
Could get everyone captured so 

288
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:41,300
she do whatever it took to 
maintain discipline and keep 

289
00:14:41,308 --> 00:14:44,700
groups together. 
But the network was full of less

290
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:47,500
famous people whose 
contributions were just as 

291
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:50,800
crucial. 
Levi Coffin and his wife, 

292
00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:54,000
Catherine turned, their house in
Indiana into one of the busiest 

293
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:55,300
stations on the Underground 
Railroad. 

294
00:14:56,300 --> 00:15:00,000
They helped over 3,000 people 
reach Freedom, earning Lie by 

295
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,200
the nickname president of the 
Underground Railroad though, he 

296
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:05,900
never held any official title 
and certainly didn't have any 

297
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:07,600
actual authority over anyone 
else. 

298
00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:11,100
What made the coffins affective 
was their systematic approach? 

299
00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:13,900
They approached Underground. 
Railroad operations as a 

300
00:15:13,908 --> 00:15:15,900
business at hearing to 
meticulous. 

301
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:19,600
Schedule's, collaborating with 
other operators and consistently

302
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:23,500
anticipating future needs. 
Catherine became an expert at 

303
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:26,200
quickly feeding large numbers of
unexpected guests. 

304
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,300
While Levi, developed an 
extensive network of contacts 

305
00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:32,600
throughout the Midwest. 
The network also depended on 

306
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:35,600
people who contributed in ways 
that weren't dramatic but were 

307
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,800
absolutely essential John 
Rankin, and Ohio Minister. 

308
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:41,900
Consistently placed a lantern in
his window each night for years 

309
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,100
indicating that his home served 
as a secure Refuge. 

310
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,800
That one simple consistent 
action, guided hundreds of 

311
00:15:48,808 --> 00:15:51,700
people to safety but Rankin. 
Never got the kind of attention 

312
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:54,500
that more flamboyant. 
Operators, received free black 

313
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:56,800
Americans played. 
Crucial roles that often don't 

314
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:58,600
receive enough recognition in 
history books. 

315
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:01,900
They faced enormous personal 
risks because they could be in 

316
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:05,500
slaved themselves if caught 
helping runaways, but many of 

317
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:08,200
them felt a special obligation 
to help others escape bondage. 

318
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:12,300
They also had advantages that 
white operators didn't have like

319
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:14,600
the ability to travel in slave 
states with without 

320
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:16,300
automatically arousing 
suspicion. 

321
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,200
Robert Purvis and Philadelphia 
used his wealth and social 

322
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:22,900
connections to support 
Underground Railroad activities 

323
00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:25,100
on a scale that few others could
match. 

324
00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:29,700
David Ruggles in New York helped
over 600 people, reach, freedom,

325
00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:31,800
and published. 
One of the first abolitionist 

326
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:35,100
magazines, these individuals 
conceal, their underground, 

327
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:38,000
railroad activities behind their
legitimate businesses and social

328
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:40,800
positions. 
The Quakers deserve special 

329
00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:44,400
mention because their religious 
beliefs made them natural allies

330
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:47,200
for the Underground Railroad. 
But they also brought 

331
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:49,700
organizational skills that other
groups lacked. 

332
00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:52,800
Quaker communities had 
experience making group 

333
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:56,300
decisions without formal, 
hierarchies communicating across

334
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,700
long distances and maintaining 
secrecy when necessary. 

335
00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:03,500
Many Quaker, settlements became,
reliable stops on underground. 

336
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:06,599
Railroad routes. 
What's remarkable is how these 

337
00:17:06,599 --> 00:17:09,900
diverse people manage to work 
together, effectively, despite 

338
00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:12,900
having different backgrounds 
motivations and ideas about the 

339
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,700
best ways to help escaping 
slaves, they developed in formal

340
00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:20,599
systems for sharing information,
coordinating activities and 

341
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,000
resolving conflicts. 
Without any Central Authority, 

342
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:26,300
telling them what to do. 
Some operators specialized in 

343
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:29,500
particular aspects of the work 
others would generally who did 

344
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,300
whatever needed doing. 
Some focused on their local 

345
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:35,100
areas, While others traveled 
extensively to maintain 

346
00:17:35,100 --> 00:17:38,400
connections, across state lines,
that somehow they all manage to 

347
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,000
function as part of a coherent 
Network, that accomplished 

348
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,000
something extraordinary, if you 
imagine the Underground Railroad

349
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,300
as a straightforward Journey 
from south to North, you're in 

350
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:50,600
for some surprises. the reality 
was far more complicated, 

351
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,500
Securitas, and frankly, weird 
than most people realize 

352
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:58,400
Escaping slavery wasn't like 
following a map from point A to 

353
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:00,800
point B. 
It was more like navigating a 

354
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:03,500
constantly changing maze where 
the walls moved every few days 

355
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:06,100
and some paths led to dead ends 
or worse. 

356
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:11,400
First off, North was relative. 
For someone escaping from 

357
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:13,600
Georgia. 
North might mean getting to 

358
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:16,300
South Carolina first, then 
working their way up through the

359
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,600
Carolinas to Virginia. 
From that point they might 

360
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,700
venture into Maryland, followed 
by Pennsylvania. 

361
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,800
Each state had its laws, its 
level of hostility toward 

362
00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,400
escaped slaves and its network 
of people who might help or do 

363
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,500
your progress. 
But here's the thing, nobody 

364
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:35,200
talks about. 
Sometimes the best route, North 

365
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:39,600
actually went South first or 
east or west because taking the 

366
00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,300
obvious path was exactly what 
slave catchers expected. 

367
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:45,200
Smart conductors learned to 
think like chess players, 

368
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:48,300
considering not just the next 
move, but several moves ahead. 

369
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:52,500
Sometimes the safest way to get 
from Alabama to Ohio was to go 

370
00:18:52,508 --> 00:18:54,300
through Mississippi and 
Louisiana first. 

371
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:57,700
Then up the Mississippi River 
and Overland through Illinois. 

372
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:01,700
The Underground Railroad had to 
adjust to the terrain in ways 

373
00:19:01,700 --> 00:19:04,000
that were challenged the 
capabilities of modern GPS. 

374
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:06,600
Systems River. 
Crossings were natural choke 

375
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:08,100
points. 
Were authorities knew to watch. 

376
00:19:08,100 --> 00:19:09,800
You couldn't avoid them 
entirely. 

377
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,900
Some operators became experts at
finding unusual Crossing points,

378
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:17,000
like areas where Rivers were 
shallow enough to forward or 

379
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:19,400
where friendly boat owners could
provide transportation with 

380
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:22,900
without asking questions. 
Mountain areas offered excellent

381
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:26,300
hiding places but terrible 
traveling conditions, especially

382
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:29,000
for people who are already 
exhausted and malnourished 

383
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,700
desert regions in the southwest 
were nearly impossible to cross 

384
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:34,900
without extensive preparation 
and supplies. 

385
00:19:34,900 --> 00:19:37,900
Even seemingly, safe, Farmland 
could be dangerous. 

386
00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:40,800
If you didn't know which farmers
were sympathetic and which ones 

387
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:42,300
would turn you in for the reward
money. 

388
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:46,000
The seasonal timing of escapes 
wasn't random either. 

389
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:50,000
Winter travel was miserable but 
had advantages because fewer 

390
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,600
people were out and about to 
spot suspicious activity. 

391
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:56,100
Spring planting and full Harvest
times were busy periods. 

392
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,600
When extra people on farms might
not attract attention, some 

393
00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:02,500
offered the best weather. 
But also the most active, slave,

394
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:06,300
patrols and bounty hunters. 
Most Escape started on weekends 

395
00:20:06,300 --> 00:20:09,200
particularly Saturday nights 
because it gave people the 

396
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,300
maximum time before their 
absence would be noticed and 

397
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:15,900
search parties organized. 
These circumstances meant that 

398
00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:18,500
Underground Railroad. 
Operators, had to be prepared 

399
00:20:18,500 --> 00:20:22,200
for weekend, surges in activity,
then quiet appeared during the 

400
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:23,700
week. 
When Travelers were laying low 

401
00:20:23,700 --> 00:20:26,900
at safehouse houses, the pace of
travel was much slower than you 

402
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:30,400
might expect the journey that 
could theoretically be completed

403
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:33,400
in a few weeks, might take 
months, or even years with 

404
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:36,300
extended stays at safe House's 
when conditions become too 

405
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:39,100
dangerous for travel. 
Some people made it North 

406
00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:40,600
quickly during favourable 
periods. 

407
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:43,600
While others had to take long 
detours or wait for better 

408
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:46,400
opportunities. 
Family groups face special 

409
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,900
challenges because traveling 
with children or elderly 

410
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:51,500
relatives meant slower movement 
and greater visibility. 

411
00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:54,800
Some families may be 
heartbreaking decision to split 

412
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,000
up temporarily with stronger. 
Members. 

413
00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,800
Going first to establish 
themselves in the north then 

414
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:03,600
sending help for those left 
behind Are the families refused 

415
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,100
to separate and accepted the 
additional risks of traveling 

416
00:21:06,100 --> 00:21:08,600
together. 
The Underground Railroad had to 

417
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,100
account for physical limitations
that seem obvious. 

418
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:15,100
Now that required constant 
adaptation, then Pregnant. 

419
00:21:15,100 --> 00:21:19,000
Women couldn't travel as far or 
as fast injured or sick people 

420
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,200
needed medical attention. 
That wasn't easy to locate 

421
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:23,600
children. 
Needed different kinds of food, 

422
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,800
and care than adults. 
Elderly, Travelers might have 

423
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:30,300
mobility issues that require 
special Arrangements where they 

424
00:21:30,300 --> 00:21:32,600
can suddenly transformed a 
manageable journey into a 

425
00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:35,200
nightmare. 
Sudden storms could force people

426
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:37,500
to seek shelter at places that 
weren't prepared for them. 

427
00:21:37,500 --> 00:21:40,300
Flooding could make planned 
River Crossings impossible. 

428
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:42,600
Ice storms could make any travel
treacherous. 

429
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,800
Drought could make water 
sources. 

430
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:48,400
Unreliable operators, learn to 
read weather signs and adjust 

431
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:51,700
plans accordingly. 
The psychological aspects of the

432
00:21:51,700 --> 00:21:53,900
journey were as challenging as 
the physical ones. 

433
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,000
People who'd never been more 
than a few miles from where they

434
00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:58,700
were. 
Born suddenly found themselves. 

435
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:01,800
Traveling hundreds of miles 
through unfamiliar territory 

436
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:04,300
dependent on Strangers for 
survival. 

437
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:06,900
Never sure. 
Whether the next person they met

438
00:22:06,900 --> 00:22:10,600
would help them or turn them in.
While some Travelers thrived on 

439
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,800
the adventure and excitement, 
others come to fear and 

440
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:17,100
uncertainty conductors learn to 
manage group dynamics. 

441
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:20,900
Keeping people motivated when 
Spirits, flagged maintaining 

442
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:24,200
discipline when fear led to poor
decision-making and providing 

443
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:26,200
emotional support when the 
stress became over. 

444
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:30,100
The journey didn't end when 
people reach the north either 

445
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:33,300
many found that the northern 
states did not live up to their 

446
00:22:33,300 --> 00:22:36,900
expectations as they face 
significant discrimination and 

447
00:22:36,900 --> 00:22:38,800
limited opportunities for people
of color. 

448
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:42,700
Some continued all the way to 
Canada While others settled in 

449
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,200
Northern cities where they try 
to build new lives. 

450
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:47,900
While always looking over their 
shoulders, every Underground 

451
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:51,000
Railroad, operator has 
captivating Tales to share and 

452
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:54,600
it's remarkable how numerous 
near disaster's by quick 

453
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,300
thinking, extraordinary luck, 
and sometimes divine 

454
00:22:57,300 --> 00:23:00,200
intervention resulted in 
successful rescues. 

455
00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:04,300
The network survived not because
everything went smoothly but 

456
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:06,700
because people got really good 
at improvising when things went 

457
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:11,400
terribly wrong, take the time. 
William still was coordinating. 

458
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:13,400
The Escape of a large group 
through Philadelphia. 

459
00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:16,900
When someone tipped off the 
authorities, instead of 

460
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:19,700
panicking still quickly, spread 
the word through his Network, to

461
00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:22,300
scatter everyone to different 
safe houses throughout the city.

462
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,200
When the slave catchers showed 
up at the primary location, they

463
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,000
found nothing but a very 
confused elderly woman who 

464
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:31,800
claimed she had no idea what 
they were talking about and 

465
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,200
offered them tea while they 
searched her completely empty 

466
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,800
house. 
Consider what transpired when 

467
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,400
Harriet Tubman leading a group. 
North found their plan, Safe 

468
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:43,300
House, compromised. 
Instead of turning back, she 

469
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:46,200
marched her charges straight to 
a hotel, in the middle of town 

470
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:49,300
and brazenly, registered them as
a servants traveling. 

471
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:52,600
With her to visit relatives, the
hotel Clarke never questioned 

472
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,100
the story of a respectable woman
traveling with her household 

473
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:57,200
staff. 
Even though he might have been 

474
00:23:57,200 --> 00:23:59,900
suspicious of a group of obvious
runaways hiding in the woods, 

475
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:03,200
some of the closest calls came 
from misunderstanding and 

476
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,600
communication failures that, 
nobody could have predicted. 

477
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:09,200
A group of escaping slaves once 
showed up at what they thought 

478
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,200
was a safe house, only to 
discover they'd gotten the 

479
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:14,000
address wrong and were knocking 
on the door of the local 

480
00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:16,600
sheriff. 
Fortunately, the sheriff's wife 

481
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,700
was sympathetic to their cause 
though, her husband definitely 

482
00:24:19,700 --> 00:24:22,300
wasn't. 
She managed to get them fed and 

483
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:24,800
redirected to the correct 
address before her husband came 

484
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:26,600
home. 
But the whole thing could have 

485
00:24:26,608 --> 00:24:28,300
ended. 
The Network's operations in that

486
00:24:28,300 --> 00:24:32,600
town Whether emergent is created
some of the most dramatic near 

487
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:35,300
disasters. 
A blizzard once trapped a group 

488
00:24:35,308 --> 00:24:38,500
of Travellers in a barn for 
nearly a week during which time 

489
00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:41,300
their supplies ran out and 
several people became seriously 

490
00:24:41,300 --> 00:24:44,300
ill. 
The local Underground Railroad. 

491
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:47,200
Operator had to figure out how 
to get medical attention and 

492
00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,500
food to people. 
He couldn't acknowledge were 

493
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:51,700
there while maintaining 
plausible explanations for his 

494
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:54,200
unusual behavior to increase in 
the suspicious neighbors. 

495
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:58,600
Timing failures were constant 
sources of anxiety, Travelers 

496
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,500
would arrive at safehouse to 
find their host unexpectedly 

497
00:25:01,500 --> 00:25:04,100
away. 
Forcing them to hide in Barns or

498
00:25:04,100 --> 00:25:06,000
Roots sellers for days longer 
than planned. 

499
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:09,700
Or conductors would show up to 
collect passengers only to 

500
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:12,600
discover that previous delays at
thrown off the entire schedule. 

501
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,500
Leaving everyone scrambling to 
improvise new Arrangements, Some

502
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:19,700
operators, divide intricate 
contingency plans that were 

503
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:21,200
almost observed in their 
complexity. 

504
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:25,700
One station master in Ohio kept 
a coffin in his barn and 

505
00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:28,600
instructed, arriving passengers 
to climb inside and pretend to 

506
00:25:28,608 --> 00:25:30,800
be dead. 
The Authority showed up for 

507
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:35,000
unexpected searches. 
The plan worked perfectly until 

508
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,700
the day are genuine. 
Funeral procession, got confused

509
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:40,200
about directions and ended up at
his house. 

510
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,300
Looking for the cemetery leading
to an extremely awkward 

511
00:25:43,300 --> 00:25:44,800
conversation about. 
Why? 

512
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,700
He had an apparently occupied 
coffin in his barn, instead of 

513
00:25:47,708 --> 00:25:51,200
at the church, the trails were 
fortunately rare, but when they 

514
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,400
happened, they created chaos. 
That rippled through entire 

515
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:57,800
regions once arrested and 
threatened with lengthy prison 

516
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,000
time. 
A trusted conductor in Maryland,

517
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:03,800
turned informant, his treachery 
jeopardized, numerous safe, 

518
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,500
houses and necessitated a 
comprehensive restructuring of 

519
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:10,300
routes across the region. 
The network survived, but only 

520
00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:13,200
because other operators, noticed
unusual, Authority, activity, 

521
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:16,100
and managed to warn people 
before the betrayer could do 

522
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:18,900
maximum damage. 
Medical emergencies were 

523
00:26:18,900 --> 00:26:21,000
particularly challenging because
you couldn't exactly. 

524
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,200
Take. 
Obviously escaped slaves, to 

525
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:25,400
local doctor's without raising 
questions. 

526
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,400
Network, operators had to become
amateur, Medics learning to 

527
00:26:29,400 --> 00:26:33,100
treat injuries deliver, babies 
and handle illnesses with 

528
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:35,300
whatever supplies. 
They could obtain without a 

529
00:26:35,300 --> 00:26:39,300
rousing suspicion. 
Through necessity some developed

530
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:42,500
impressive medical skills, While
others maintained quiet 

531
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:45,200
relationships with sympathetic 
doctors they could trust in 

532
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,100
emergencies. 
Children created special 

533
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:50,500
challenges, because they 
couldn't always be expected to 

534
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:53,800
understand the need for absolute
silence and could inadvertently 

535
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,200
concealed away hiding places or 
reveal information to the wrong 

536
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,900
people. 
Smart operators, learn to engage

537
00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:03,700
children's imaginations, turning
the journey into a game of hide 

538
00:27:03,700 --> 00:27:06,700
and seek or an adventure story 
where staying quiet and 

539
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:09,700
following instructions, was part
of the fun rather than a matter 

540
00:27:09,708 --> 00:27:12,600
of life and death. 
Per the most nerve-racking 

541
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,900
situations involved Split Second
decisions about whether to trust

542
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:20,600
strangers to be sympathetic. 
Sometimes people claiming to 

543
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,500
offer help or actually bounty 
hunters trying to trap Escape in

544
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:26,800
slaves. 
Other times genuine offers of 

545
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:29,900
assistance, came from unexpected
sources who didn't fit the usual

546
00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:33,500
profile of Underground. 
Railroad supporters operators 

547
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:35,700
had to develop almost 
Supernatural, instincts for 

548
00:27:35,700 --> 00:27:37,900
reading people and situations 
quickly and accurately. 

549
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,100
The remarkable thing is, how 
often pure chance worked in 

550
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:44,800
favor of the Underground. 
Railroad slave catchers would 

551
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,400
search houses thoroughly but 
somehow Miss hidden rooms or 

552
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,800
concealed passages authority 
figures would ask pointed 

553
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:53,200
questions, but except 
implausible explanations 

554
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:56,600
suspicious neighbors would 
notice unusual activity but 

555
00:27:56,600 --> 00:27:58,200
decide it wasn't worth 
investigating. 

556
00:27:59,500 --> 00:28:02,600
The network succeeded partly 
through careful planning, but 

557
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:05,600
also, through a remarkable 
series of fortunate, accidents. 

558
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,700
And lucky breaks, when you step 
back and look at the Underground

559
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:12,000
Railroad as a whole, what's most
striking isn't the famous 

560
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,100
stories or dramatic rescues that
ended up in history books. 

561
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:18,900
It's the quiet everyday, 
decision made by thousands of 

562
00:28:18,908 --> 00:28:21,600
ordinary people to risk. 
Everything they had for 

563
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:24,000
strangers they'd never met 
before and might never see 

564
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,300
again. 
That decision multiplied, across

565
00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:31,000
decades and States changed 
American history, and ways were 

566
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:33,800
still discovering. 
The numbers alone are staggering

567
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:37,100
when you really think about them
historians estimate that, the 

568
00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:40,100
Underground Railroad helped 
somewhere between 40,000 and 

569
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:44,500
100,000 people. 
Escape slavery though. 

570
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:47,100
The real number will never be 
known because record keeping was

571
00:28:47,100 --> 00:28:50,000
necessarily limited and much of 
what was written down. 

572
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:54,000
Was later, destroyed for 
security reasons. but even the 

573
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,700
conservative estimate is more 
than most cities had their What 

574
00:28:57,700 --> 00:28:59,400
makes those numbers even more 
impressive? 

575
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,900
Is that each successful Escape 
required, the coordinated effort

576
00:29:02,900 --> 00:29:06,200
of dozens of people If you 
figure an average of 20, people 

577
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:08,700
were directly involved in 
getting each person to safety. 

578
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:11,800
You're looking at a network that
included somewhere between 

579
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:16,100
800,000 and 2 million Americans,
who actively participated in 

580
00:29:16,100 --> 00:29:17,700
Underground, Railroad 
activities. 

581
00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:21,100
That's a significant percentage 
of the northern population. 

582
00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:24,400
Making a conscious choice to 
break federal law in service of 

583
00:29:24,408 --> 00:29:26,200
what they believed was a higher 
moral law. 

584
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,600
The Ripple effects extended far 
beyond, the people who are 

585
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:33,400
directly rescued, every 
successful Escape demonstrated 

586
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:35,800
that the system of slavery 
wasn't as secure as its 

587
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:39,100
Defenders, claimed, every safe 
house that operated openly 

588
00:29:39,100 --> 00:29:41,000
challenged. 
The idea that helping escaped 

589
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,500
slaves was too dangerous or too 
difficult for ordinary people to

590
00:29:44,500 --> 00:29:47,100
attempt. 
Every conductor who made 

591
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:50,200
multiple trips prove that 
individual action could make a 

592
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:51,500
meaningful difference in 
seemingly. 

593
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:55,300
Impossible situations. 
The Underground Railroad also 

594
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:57,900
served as a training ground for 
the abolition movement and later

595
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:01,400
civil rights activism 
Individuals who acquired the 

596
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:04,100
skills to secretly. 
Organized communicating code, 

597
00:30:04,100 --> 00:30:08,200
coordinate intricate operations 
across state lines and sustained

598
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:09,900
morale. 
Amidst, seemingly insurmountable

599
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:12,600
challenges were laying the 
groundwork for later. 

600
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:16,200
Social justice movements Many 
Underground, Railroad veterans 

601
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:19,200
became leaders in the fight for 
women's suffrage, labor rights 

602
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:22,500
and other reform calls. 
Most importantly, the 

603
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:25,000
Underground Railroad proved that
ordinary Americans could 

604
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:28,700
organize effective resistance to
unjust laws without waiting for 

605
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:30,300
political leaders to show them 
the way. 

606
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:34,100
The network developed 
organically from Individual acts

607
00:30:34,100 --> 00:30:37,100
of conscience, grew through 
informal networks of trust and 

608
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:40,100
communication and succeeded 
through decentralized 

609
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:42,900
decision-making that didn't 
depend on any Central Authority 

610
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:46,800
or charismatic leadership. 
This model of Grassroots 

611
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,200
organizing became a template for
later, social movements from the

612
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:54,000
Civil Rights Movement of the 
1950s and 1960s to Modern 

613
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:58,200
immigrant rights activism. 
The basic principles remain the 

614
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:02,400
same identify people who share 
your values, build networks of 

615
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:06,300
mutual support, develop secure, 
communication methods, create 

616
00:31:06,300 --> 00:31:09,500
safe spaces for people in danger
and maintain hope. 

617
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:12,500
Even when progressing 
impossible, the Underground 

618
00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:15,400
Railroad also demonstrated the 
power of what we might Now, call

619
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:18,800
intersectional cooperation. 
The network brought together 

620
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:22,200
people who disagreed about many 
things but found common ground 

621
00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:25,500
in their opposition to slavery. 
Religious groups that normally 

622
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:28,900
didn't associate work together 
People from different social 

623
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:32,800
classes, collaborated, as equals
racial barriers that seemed 

624
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,700
insurmountable in other 
contexts, became irrelevant when

625
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:37,500
the goal was helping people 
escape bondage. 

626
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:41,500
The Underground Railroad had its
limitations and contradictions, 

627
00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:44,500
most operators, were 
concentrated in border states 

628
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,300
rather than the Deep South where
help was most desperately 

629
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:49,600
needed. 
The network could only help a 

630
00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:52,200
small percentage of enslaved. 
People leaving Millions still in

631
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:54,700
bondage. 
Some operators held 

632
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:58,000
paternalistic attitudes toward 
the people, they helped viewing 

633
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,300
them as victims to be rescued 
rather than Partners in a shared

634
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:04,500
struggle for justice. 
Despite these limitations the 

635
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:07,200
accomplishments remain 
significant the Underground 

636
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,400
Railroad, proved that seemingly 
powerless individuals could band

637
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:12,200
together to challenge powerful 
institutions. 

638
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,800
When they were motivated by 
moral conviction and willing to 

639
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,800
accept personal risk. 
It showed that change didn't 

640
00:32:18,808 --> 00:32:21,300
have to wait for perfect 
conditions or ideal leadership, 

641
00:32:21,300 --> 00:32:24,600
but could begin with whatever 
resources and opportunities were

642
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:27,000
available. 
Today when people feel 

643
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:29,600
overwhelmed by large-scale 
problems that seem Beyond 

644
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,800
individual influence, the 
Underground Railroad offers a 

645
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:35,200
different model for 
contemplating social change. 

646
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:38,500
It suggests that meaningful 
action often begins not with 

647
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,800
grand strategies or political 
campaigns, but with simple 

648
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:44,900
decisions to help specific 
people in immediate need then 

649
00:32:44,900 --> 00:32:47,600
finding ways to connect those 
individual acts of assistance 

650
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:51,000
and to larger networks of mutual
support and Collective action. 

651
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,300
The Underground Railroad reminds
us. 

652
00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:56,000
That history is most important 
changes often happen through the

653
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:58,500
accumulated actions of people 
whose names will never know. 

654
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:02,300
Who may choices that seem small 
at the time but added up to 

655
00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:05,200
something transformational. 
In a world that often feels 

656
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,300
chaotic and hopeless, that's a 
lesson worth remembering as you 

657
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:11,300
drift off to sleep, 
contemplating what Ordinary 

658
00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:14,100
People can accomplish. 
When they decide that some 

659
00:33:14,100 --> 00:33:17,300
things are more important than 
personal safety and comfort and 

660
00:33:17,300 --> 00:33:19,800
just like that, we have come to 
the end of the main story for 

661
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:21,900
tonight. 
If you're still struggling to 

662
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,500
sleep, we have other stories 
placed here of all kinds of 

663
00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:28,200
History, old and new as always 
to help you sleep. 

664
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:32,300
Of course, sleep tight, my 
friends and be sure to always 

665
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:35,500
stay hydrated and away from 
those phone screen lights, sweet

666
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:39,000
dreams, Napoleon bonapartes 
story opens not in the halls of 

667
00:33:39,008 --> 00:33:43,100
Parisian power, but on a rugged 
Mediterranean island, he was 

668
00:33:43,108 --> 00:33:48,800
born Napoleonic Bonaparte in 
1769 in a jack SEO, Corsica only

669
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,400
months after France sees the 
island from General. as a boy, 

670
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,600
he spoke the Italian Corsican 
dialect and Harvard Fierce pride

671
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:59,300
in his course and Heritage Sent 
to Mainland France for schooling

672
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:02,200
at age 9. 
He arrived a thin intense child 

673
00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:05,900
who felt himself very much an 
outside her classmates, mocked 

674
00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:07,300
his accent and provincial 
manners. 

675
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,400
In Quiet Moments under the 
ancient Oaks of Brianna Academy,

676
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:15,699
young Bonaparte dreamed of home,
the smell of the Mackie shrubs 

677
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:19,300
on Corsican hillsides and tales 
of heroism by Corsican Patriots.

678
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,000
These memories fueled, a 
lifelong resentment in a drive 

679
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,100
to prove himself in a world, 
that perceived him as a 

680
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:28,699
foreigner. 
Yet France also open New 

681
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:32,000
Horizons for him at the Royal 
military school in Paris 

682
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,000
Napoleon. 
As he still signed his name, 

683
00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:38,000
immersed himself in 
Enlightenment ideas and Military

684
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,100
texts. 
He was a voracious reader of 

685
00:34:40,100 --> 00:34:42,100
Rousseau and Voltaire 
cultivating. 

686
00:34:42,100 --> 00:34:45,800
Radical Notions about Merit and 
reason Commissioned, as a young 

687
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:48,800
artillery officer, he honed a 
mathematical Precision in 

688
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,100
ballistics and a Steely. 
Calm under pressure Still in the

689
00:34:52,108 --> 00:34:55,000
late 1780s. 
The ambitious left tenant found 

690
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:58,400
himself idling on half-pay in 
provincial Garrison's chafing at

691
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,900
the lack of opportunity. 
Letters to his family, betray a 

692
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:04,600
Restless mind. 
He wrote an unfinished story and

693
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:07,700
essays on Corsican history 
longing to carve out a place for

694
00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:11,300
himself. 
By 1789, the French revolution's

695
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:14,600
fiery rhetoric gripped. 
Him the revolution's eruption 

696
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,700
promised career opportunities 
for talented individuals and 

697
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:20,000
Bonaparte. 
Now known as Bonaparte in French

698
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:22,400
was determined to capitalize on 
this opportunity. 

699
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:26,400
He returned to cause a during 
the early Revolution, hoping to 

700
00:35:26,400 --> 00:35:30,300
spread the new ideals. 
However, Ireland politics turned

701
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:33,700
against him, the revered power 
lead demon Napoleon a traitor 

702
00:35:33,700 --> 00:35:35,100
for siding with the French 
Republic. 

703
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:40,000
In 1793 after a bit of falling 
out and an attempt to depose 

704
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:43,200
Palace course, in government, 
the Bonaparte family, fled their

705
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,900
Homeland under threat. 
The 24 year old artillery, 

706
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:50,200
Captain arrived back in France 
as a refugee but also as a 

707
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:52,400
staunch Republican officer 
hungry for action. 

708
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:57,700
He soon got his chance at the 
end of 1793 royalists, in the 

709
00:35:57,708 --> 00:36:00,500
southern Port of too long 
revolted and welcome to British 

710
00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,500
forces. 
The besieging Revolutionary Army

711
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:07,000
faltered until Bonaparte through
a mix of Corsican connections, 

712
00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,100
and share assertiveness was a 
sign to directly artillery. 

713
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:14,500
Amidst the Thunder of cannons 
and acid, smoke and Napoleon, 

714
00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:18,800
Sean, he embraced batteries with
lethal, Effectiveness, blasting,

715
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:20,800
the harbor and forcing the 
British to flee. 

716
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:24,700
In the finalists assault, a 
bayonet wound scarred his thigh 

717
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,000
but victory was complete the 
achievement was stunning. 

718
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,800
A little known Corsica had 
masterminded the recapture of 

719
00:36:30,808 --> 00:36:33,600
too long word of his Brilliance 
travel to Paris. 

720
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,800
And aged 24 Bonaparte was 
promoted to Brigadier General, 

721
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:41,300
the center of gunpowder at 2nd, 
his assent to prominent, but 

722
00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:43,300
revolutionary Fortune shifted 
quickly. 

723
00:36:43,300 --> 00:36:47,100
Just months later Robespierre 
and the radical Jacobins fell 

724
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,400
from Power. 
Napoleon considered a 

725
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:52,600
Robespierre Ally by association 
was arrested. 

726
00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:56,000
He was briefly jailed in a dank 
sell at Fort Carey. 

727
00:36:56,900 --> 00:36:58,900
The omniscient Fates, the 
elevated him. 

728
00:36:58,900 --> 00:37:01,200
Now threatened to cut short his 
assent. 

729
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:05,600
He emerged unscathed but 
unemployed pacing the Paris 

730
00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:08,100
streets in a threadbare coat. 
Surviving on meager rations. 

731
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:13,000
During this low ebb in 1795, 
even toyed, with leaving France,

732
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,200
to serve the ottoman Sultan and 
ironic Prospect for one, who 

733
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:18,100
would one day, humble the great 
powers of Europe. 

734
00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:22,700
Opportunity, however, knocked 
again, that October royalist 

735
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:26,000
mobs stormed, toward the ruling 
convention aiming to topple The 

736
00:37:26,008 --> 00:37:30,300
Fragile Republic. 
General Paul Barras and 

737
00:37:30,300 --> 00:37:33,400
desperate to save the revolution
taped the only artillery expert.

738
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,700
He knew who could be ruthless 
enough, Napoleon Bonaparte. 

739
00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:40,600
Napoleon did not hesitate 
stationing canon in the streets 

740
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:42,600
of Paris. 
He met the royalist charged with

741
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:44,700
blasts of great shot at Point 
Blank Range. 

742
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:47,700
The cobblestones of the Rue 
Saint on a shook with each 

743
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:50,000
thunderous. 
Volley shredding the Insurgent 

744
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,600
columns and sending the 
survivors into Panic Flight A 

745
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:56,800
whiff of great shot one, witness
called it cost to clean. 

746
00:37:56,800 --> 00:38:00,100
Describing how shred banners and
bodies littered the Smoky 

747
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:03,100
Avenue's. 
Bonapartes decisive action, save

748
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:06,900
the Revolutionary government in 
a single brutal afternoon, he 

749
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:10,200
became the Republic Savior, and 
also earned a reputation for 

750
00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:14,200
cold blooded efficiency that 
some would not forget Paris grew

751
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:16,700
quiet at dusk. 
The are heavy with the Tang of 

752
00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:20,600
spent gunpowder and a new 
awareness, a young General had 

753
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:22,200
shown. 
He would not hesitate to fire on

754
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:23,800
his fellow Frenchman to secure 
order. 

755
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,300
Far from hiding. 
This bloody episode Napoleon 

756
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:30,800
later, had it celebrated each 
year, defending himself with the

757
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,500
remark that a soldier is only a 
machine to obey orders. 

758
00:38:33,500 --> 00:38:36,700
The reward for this loyal 
service was extraordinary, 

759
00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:39,500
within weeks. 
The directory, the new executive

760
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:44,400
body gave 26 year old Bonaparte 
command of the army of Italy, A 

761
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:46,200
post that seasoned generals had 
covered it. 

762
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:50,800
Around the same time he met 
Josephine debate on a glamorous 

763
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:53,700
Creole Widow, six years, his 
senior, who was connected to 

764
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:55,900
Paris. 
He attraction was immediate and 

765
00:38:55,900 --> 00:39:00,900
consuming In March 1796 just 
days before departing to take up

766
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,900
his new command and Napoleon 
married Josephine in a private 

767
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:06,800
civil serenity. 
He adored her with an Earnest 

768
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:07,900
impassioned. 
Love that. 

769
00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:10,400
Blazed through the letters. 
He would soon send daily from 

770
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:14,000
the Italian front Josephine, 
provided the social polish and 

771
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,700
connections. 
He lacked gave her devotion and 

772
00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,900
the promise of Destiny. 
As he rode out of Paris in the 

773
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:24,500
spring rain Napoleon Bonaparte 
was a curious figure, a Corsican

774
00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:27,800
Outsider turned Republican 
General, recently a penniless 

775
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:29,200
Outkast. 
Now, head of an army. 

776
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:33,300
His Ambitions were boundless 
France had given him an army and

777
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:37,400
a beautiful wife, he intended to
repay both with Glory, the dye 

778
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:40,100
was cast the little corporals 
rapid Ascent was about to 

779
00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,300
commence. 
The Slender young General who 

780
00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,700
arrived to lead, the army of 
Italy in 1796, founded 

781
00:39:45,700 --> 00:39:49,800
dispirited ragtag Force, clad in
rags and hungry for both food 

782
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:52,800
and Victory. 
Napoleon's predecessors had 

783
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:55,300
achieved little in the grinding 
war against Austria. 

784
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:58,600
But the new Commander 
electrified his men from the 

785
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:02,500
outset Gathering, the troops who
looked skeptically at his slight

786
00:40:02,500 --> 00:40:05,700
stature and Youthful face and 
pointed to the enemies. 

787
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:08,800
Richlands beyond the Alps 
soldiers, he cried, you are 

788
00:40:08,808 --> 00:40:12,000
ill-fed and almost naked. 
I will lead you into the most 

789
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:16,300
fertile Plains in the world. 
Rich province's and great cities

790
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:20,100
will lie in your power, in their
you will find honor glory and 

791
00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:24,800
riches the soldiers erupted in. 
Cheers skepticism gave way to 

792
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:27,000
further as he promised to 
transform their thread 

793
00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:30,800
desperation into Triumph. during
the early days of the campaign 

794
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,800
in The Damp, foothills of 
Piedmont men who were on the 

795
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:36,400
verge of deserting in stared 
found themselves prepared, to 

796
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:38,700
follow this fiery, little 
general to the father, this 

797
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,700
reaches of the Earth, Napoleon 
promptly fulfilled his promise. 

798
00:40:42,700 --> 00:40:46,700
He moved with startling speed 
and aggression catching Austrian

799
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:50,700
and piedmontese armies off. 
Balance with bold tactics in a 

800
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:52,800
world of Battles, Through the 
mountain passes. 

801
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,800
He demonstrated a Predators 
Instinct striking, where least 

802
00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,000
expected and driving his 
exhausted troops forward with 

803
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:04,600
sheer force of will That 
mountain otte, Dago malisimo, 

804
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:08,100
and Mondovi French, Canon and 
bayonets rooted forces. 

805
00:41:08,100 --> 00:41:11,200
That months before would have 
sent them reeling the Austrian, 

806
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,500
generals, many twice bonapartes 
as age were confounded by his 

807
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:17,500
unpredictable maneuvers. 
They haven't seen anything yet. 

808
00:41:17,500 --> 00:41:21,200
Napoleon boasted confidently, 
after one victory in our time. 

809
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:23,300
No one has the slightest 
conception of what is great. 

810
00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:25,400
It is up to me to give them an 
example. 

811
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:28,400
His bravado was backed by 
action. 

812
00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:31,500
He negotiated piedmont's 
withdrawal from the war within 

813
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:33,500
weeks. 
Then turn the army of Italy 

814
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:35,400
against the austrians occupying 
Lombardy. 

815
00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,900
In May 1796 Napoleon cemented 
his legend of the bridge over 

816
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:42,100
the Ada river near the town of 
Lodi. 

817
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,600
The Austrian guard had taken up 
a strong position across the 

818
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:48,400
river there Cannon covering the 
narrow wooden spam. 

819
00:41:49,300 --> 00:41:51,500
Rather than wait for a safer 
Crossing Bonaparte. 

820
00:41:51,500 --> 00:41:53,700
Decided on a frontal, assault 
that defied. 

821
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:57,200
All conventional sense. 
Amidst the deafening Roar of 

822
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,500
enemy guns. 
He personally helped aim French 

823
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:02,900
cannons and rallied a column of 
grenadiers for a head-on charge.

824
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,100
Tricolor flag in hand. 
He plunged onto the bridge at 

825
00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:09,900
the head of his men grapeshot 
whistled past, his ears planks 

826
00:42:09,900 --> 00:42:11,700
splintered under the blast of 
artillery. 

827
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:14,900
For an instant, the attack 
faltered under withering fire. 

828
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:18,300
But Napoleon stood firm in the 
Smoke his sword drawn and his 

829
00:42:18,308 --> 00:42:21,300
uniform powdered with Gunsmoke. 
His presence. 

830
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:26,300
Ignited, the troops with a final
yell honor the troops surged 

831
00:42:26,300 --> 00:42:31,000
forward of the more overrunning,
the Austrian guns. 

832
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:35,500
On the far Bank, the stunned 
enemy broke and fled Lodi was a 

833
00:42:35,500 --> 00:42:39,200
small battle that in its drama, 
the seed of a myth. 

834
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:43,200
The soldiers made by their 
generals Fearless exposure to 

835
00:42:43,200 --> 00:42:45,600
Fire and his willingness to do a
corporal's Work. 

836
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:49,300
Loading guns, affectionately, 
dubbed him, Liberty Caporal. 

837
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,900
The little corporal. 
That night as the exhausted 

838
00:42:52,900 --> 00:42:54,500
French camped under a moonlit 
Sky. 

839
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:57,900
Napoleon could not sleep the 
adrenaline of Victory and 

840
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:01,000
survival course through him. 
In later years, he would recall 

841
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:04,200
that at Lodi from that moment on
I feel what I might be. 

842
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,800
Already, I felt the Earth flea 
from beneath me as if I were 

843
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:11,500
being carried into the sky. 
It was at Lodi that Napoleon 

844
00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:14,400
Bonaparte began to believe 
unequivocally in his Destiny, 

845
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,900
through the Summer and Autumn of
1796 Napoleon LED his army on a 

846
00:43:18,908 --> 00:43:21,700
Relentless offensive that read 
like something out of Caesar's 

847
00:43:21,700 --> 00:43:24,500
commentaries Napoleon. 
Swiftly crossed the Po River 

848
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:28,000
flanked enemy positions using 
Mountain tracks and repeatedly 

849
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:30,300
encircled. 
The austrians in battle. 

850
00:43:30,300 --> 00:43:34,000
After battle, Castiglione are 
called Rivoli the French over. 

851
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,600
Came Superior numbers through 
Bonaparte imaginative tactics 

852
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,900
and the SRI Decor. 
He instilled his troops marched 

853
00:43:40,900 --> 00:43:44,200
hungry and Barefoot over the 
Alps referring to him as father 

854
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:47,600
Violet due to his unexpected 
arrival, much like the first 

855
00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:50,600
Violet of spring, they came to 
believe he could do. 

856
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:54,500
It could take any Fortress and 
defeat any foe an often he did. 

857
00:43:55,600 --> 00:44:00,300
after a grueling sieged Napoleon
captured Mantua in early 1797 

858
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:04,800
breaking Austrian resistance in 
Italy, By that spring, he had 

859
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:06,600
Advanced to the very edge of 
Austrian territory. 

860
00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:10,400
The once Mighty Habsburg Empire,
shocked by the string of defeats

861
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:14,300
inflicted by this, upstart sued 
for peace, rather than CVS 

862
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:16,900
threatened. 
But apart dictated terms like a 

863
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:21,900
seasoned statement in the Treaty
of Campo formio October 1797. 

864
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:25,900
He reshaped the map of Northern 
Italy creating new republics 

865
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:28,900
under French influence and 
seeded Venetia to Austria as 

866
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:32,300
compensation. 
Remarkably, he negotiated this 

867
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,500
piece directly outshining the 
politicians back in Paris. 

868
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:38,900
He was a general taking the 
initiative to formulate foreign 

869
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:41,300
policy, a sign of The Growing 
Power. 

870
00:44:41,300 --> 00:44:44,700
He was accumulating meanwhile in
the territories he conquered 

871
00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:48,500
Napoleon revealed other facets. 
He presented himself as a 

872
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,600
liberator, abolishing feudal, 
Privileges, and spreading 

873
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:53,400
revolutionary principles in 
Italy. 

874
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:56,900
But he also levied heavy 
contributions and sent convoys 

875
00:44:56,900 --> 00:45:00,200
of looted art back to France. 
Wagon, loads of paintings and 

876
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:03,400
sculptures spoils from Milan 
Verona and Venice trundled over 

877
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:05,900
the Alps Bound. 
For the Louvre evidence that 

878
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:09,600
Napoleon understood the 
propaganda of culture parisians 

879
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:12,900
with thrilled at the arrival of 
masterpieces and the news of 

880
00:45:12,908 --> 00:45:15,600
victory. 
The directors in Paris found 

881
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:17,900
themselves a Clips by the glory 
of their young General. 

882
00:45:18,700 --> 00:45:20,900
As his Fame grew. 
So did the complexities of his 

883
00:45:20,900 --> 00:45:24,800
character Napoleon, the Romantic
for instance, was on full 

884
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:27,600
display in Italy. 
Separated, from Josephine. 

885
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:30,300
He wrote her letter letters, 
almost nightly pouring out his 

886
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,800
heart in unguarded Pros. 
I have loved you for a long 

887
00:45:33,808 --> 00:45:35,900
time. 
He wrote after one battle and I 

888
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:37,600
feel that I love you more each 
day. 

889
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:42,100
I thought I loved you a few days
ago but since I saw you, I feel 

890
00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:45,200
that I love you, 1000 times more
words that reveal a passionate, 

891
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:47,800
even obsessive attachment on the
battlefield. 

892
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:51,400
He was in calculated, but alone 
in his tent by candlelight, he 

893
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:53,300
could be almost feverish with 
longing. 

894
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:56,200
Unbeknownst to him. 
Josephine's replies were 

895
00:45:56,200 --> 00:45:57,900
infrequent and often 
perfunctory. 

896
00:45:57,900 --> 00:46:02,200
The worldly Creole was enjoying 
Paris society and a discrete 

897
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,200
affair on the side. 
This imbalance of affection, the

898
00:46:05,200 --> 00:46:07,900
Conqueror of Italy begging for 
love was a poignant 

899
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:10,600
contradiction. 
The soldiers saw their General 

900
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:12,800
as a demigod yet in matters of 
the heart. 

901
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:15,600
He could be as vulnerable as any
man Napoleon. 

902
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,200
Was the most renowned figure in 
France by the time he returned 

903
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:23,200
to Paris at the end of 1797 
newspapers, hailed him as Italy 

904
00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:26,200
the Italian hero. 
Extolling, his triumph over 

905
00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:30,400
overwhelming challenges Walking 
through the wheelies, Gardens of

906
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:34,000
William's gate and officers snap
to attention the energy. 

907
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:37,000
He exuded had altered the course
of a continent in a matter of 

908
00:46:37,008 --> 00:46:38,600
months. 
Yep. 

909
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:41,800
The directory grew where he was 
a general, whose popularity 

910
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,900
rivaled their legitimacy. in 
Napoleon's piercing gray eyes 

911
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:49,200
and Kurt self-confidence, some 
directory members, Glimpse to 

912
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,500
Potential Threat, For the time 
being, they showered him with 

913
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:55,900
honors, inviting him to dine, 
with directors and seeking his 

914
00:46:55,900 --> 00:46:59,200
advice on Grand strategy. 
However, these politicians 

915
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:02,900
secretly felt a sense of relief 
when Bonaparte accepted a new 

916
00:47:02,908 --> 00:47:04,900
assignment that took him far 
from Paris. 

917
00:47:05,700 --> 00:47:08,600
The Restless general. 
Just 28, was already looking 

918
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:11,500
Beyond Italy in his omnivorous 
mind. 

919
00:47:11,500 --> 00:47:13,400
The next Grand Adventure was 
forming. 

920
00:47:14,500 --> 00:47:17,800
He spoke of an expedition to 
Egypt a bold, strike aimed in 

921
00:47:17,808 --> 00:47:20,800
directly at England. 
It was audacious and full of 

922
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:23,000
risk. 
Perfectly suited to Napoleon 

923
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:25,300
Bonaparte who by now believe 
Destiny. 

924
00:47:25,300 --> 00:47:28,400
Had extraordinary plans for him.
Napoleon embarked on his 

925
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,700
campaign in the east, as both 
conqueror and Visionary 

926
00:47:30,700 --> 00:47:33,300
determined to etch. 
His name, alongside Alexander 

927
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:36,100
the Great. 
In May 1798. 

928
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:40,100
He set sail from France with a 
fleet of soldiers, Scholars and 

929
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:42,200
dreams leaving the Comforts of 
Europe. 

930
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:45,700
For the fabled sounds of Egypt, 
The Voyage itself felt like a 

931
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:48,500
journey into Legend on Deck 
Under the Stars. 

932
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:51,300
Napoleon would point out 
constellation's to his servant 

933
00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:53,100
and news about the glory of 
antique. 

934
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:56,300
Witty by day, he devoured books 
on the Orient. 

935
00:47:57,100 --> 00:47:59,900
He was not merely leading an 
army, he was crafting an image 

936
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:03,700
of himself as an enlightened 
Liberator and a new season of 

937
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:06,900
the East. 
The soldiers packed tightly, in 

938
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:09,500
the sweltering holes were 
regaled with their generals 

939
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:12,200
proclamations, that they were 
Bound for Immortal Glory. 

940
00:48:13,300 --> 00:48:16,100
Many with seasick and anxious 
yet, they believed in him. 

941
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:19,600
It was said that as their ships 
passed by the Great Pyramids. 

942
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:22,900
Visible on the horizon, Napoleon
dramatically addressed his 

943
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:26,800
troops soldiers, from the summit
of these pyramids. 40 centuries 

944
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:30,200
looked down upon you, the line 
echoing across the Desert Wind 

945
00:48:30,200 --> 00:48:33,600
sent shivers down the ranks. 
It was bombastic, historically 

946
00:48:33,600 --> 00:48:36,500
dubious and utterly effective 
and stirring, men's Souls 

947
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:40,000
Bonaparte was scripting his 
mythology, even as it unfolded. 

948
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:44,100
After a swift conquest of the 
port of Alexandria Napoleon 

949
00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:46,800
marched his army, Inland to 
confront the ruling mamluk 

950
00:48:46,800 --> 00:48:51,100
Warlords. 
On July 21st, 1798 near the 

951
00:48:51,100 --> 00:48:53,900
village of Ember Bay. 
Napoleon deployed his troops in 

952
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:57,000
massive Square's with the hazy 
outline of pyramids in the 

953
00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:59,700
distance. 
The battle of the pyramids as it

954
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:02,200
came to be known was as much the
theater as combat. 

955
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:06,700
Malik and colorful silk and 
Armour charged repeatedly 

956
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:10,100
renowned for their ferocity. 
But the shattered against the 

957
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:13,500
discipline French squares, 
bristling with bayonets amid the

958
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:17,200
volleys and Canon smoke, French 
drummers beat a steady Rhythm 

959
00:49:17,200 --> 00:49:19,800
that mingled with the distant 
cries of camels and the clang of

960
00:49:19,808 --> 00:49:22,800
summits. 
Napoleon seated, atop a gray 

961
00:49:22,808 --> 00:49:25,500
Arabian, charger surveyed the 
battlefield, through his 

962
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:29,300
Spyglass. 
Outwardly, calm, When the dust 

963
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:32,900
settled by late afternoon, 
thousands of mamluk riders, lay 

964
00:49:32,900 --> 00:49:34,500
dead or dying in the Nile 
marshes. 

965
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:38,200
The French losses were 
relatively light word spread 

966
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:40,900
among the locals that the young 
General had Supernatural Powers.

967
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:43,800
How else could one explain such 
a lopsided victory. 

968
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:48,000
Napoleon encouraged these 
Whispers, he established himself

969
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:52,100
in Cairo and convened, a diwan 
council of local notables 

970
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:56,800
pledging respect for Islam and 
the people In proclamations, he 

971
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:59,700
professed admiration for the 
prophet Muhammad and claimed the

972
00:49:59,700 --> 00:50:02,500
French were friends of Muslims 
even inventing a tale of a 

973
00:50:02,508 --> 00:50:04,900
mystical conversation with his 
arms in a pyramid. 

974
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:09,200
Such declarations were cynical 
but shrewd aimed at pacifying a 

975
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:11,800
land. 
He knew little about Bonaparte, 

976
00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:14,600
the chameleon was adapting once 
more in Cairo. 

977
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:17,700
He appeared draped in an 
oriental robe at times, playing 

978
00:50:17,700 --> 00:50:19,400
the part of the Liberator of the
East. 

979
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:25,000
However, reality intruded on his
grandiose plans, in August 1798,

980
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:28,400
mere weeks after the trial for 
the pyramids disaster struck at 

981
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:30,400
sea. 
The British Admiral Horatio 

982
00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:33,700
Nelson caught the French Fleet 
anchored in a bouquet Bay and 

983
00:50:33,700 --> 00:50:36,100
annihilated it in a fiery night,
long battle. 

984
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:39,900
In one night, Napoleon's 
communication with France was 

985
00:50:39,900 --> 00:50:45,000
severed, his army was stranded 
in Egypt, unfazed outwardly, he 

986
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:46,900
doubled down on forging a new 
narrative. 

987
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:50,700
If returned to Europe was cut 
off, he would turn his Conquest 

988
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:54,500
into a transformative mission. 
he established the Institute 

989
00:50:54,500 --> 00:50:58,300
desert in Cairo where Scholars 
studied everything from ancient 

990
00:50:58,300 --> 00:51:01,400
hieroglyphs, the Rosetta Stone 
would soon be on Earth by his 

991
00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:05,300
team, to Modern irrigation, 
French officers strolled the 

992
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:08,700
streets with notebooks instead 
of only muskets the occupation 

993
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:12,100
took on a curious. 
Dual nature brutal military rule

994
00:51:12,100 --> 00:51:15,700
on one hand, suppressing revolts
with mass executions when needed

995
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:18,200
and enlightened exploration on 
the other. 

996
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,100
Napoleon ordered local printers 
to produce a French Arabic 

997
00:51:22,100 --> 00:51:24,700
newspaper. 
Created legit, praising French 

998
00:51:24,700 --> 00:51:28,400
these and reforms. 
He commissioned artists to 

999
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:32,000
sketch, ruins and scientists to 
catalog, Egypt's, flora and 

1000
00:51:32,008 --> 00:51:35,600
fauna. under the glow of 
lanterns in cairo's palaces 

1001
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:38,500
conversations about philosophy 
and governance unfolded in both 

1002
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:42,300
French and Arabic This blend of 
force and charm offensive was 

1003
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:45,400
bonapartes approached to Empire 
Building floor through both 

1004
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,500
sword and pain yet. 
Egypt would test Napoleon as 

1005
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:52,800
never before. 
In early 1799 hungry for further

1006
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:54,700
Laurel's and concerned by an 
impending ottoman 

1007
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:57,100
counter-attack. 
He marched North into ottoman 

1008
00:51:57,100 --> 00:52:00,000
Syria. 
Today's Israel, Palestine an 

1009
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:02,800
Overland Journeys through 
sinai's deserts into a crucible 

1010
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:06,100
of hardship. 
The campaign swiftly turned into

1011
00:52:06,100 --> 00:52:09,600
a terrifying ordeal. 
The sun above was merciless, 

1012
00:52:09,600 --> 00:52:14,300
water was scarce plague stalked,
the ranks still Napoleon pushed 

1013
00:52:14,300 --> 00:52:17,700
on and capturing coastal towns 
like el-arish and Gaza and then 

1014
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:22,800
storming Jaffer in March 1799. 
That Jaffa a horrifying incident

1015
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:26,400
tarnished his reputation after 
the city fell, thousands of 

1016
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,500
Ottoman, soldiers, who had 
surrendered including a Garrison

1017
00:52:29,500 --> 00:52:32,000
previously, paroled by the 
French were executed under 

1018
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:34,900
Napoleon's orders most by 
shooting or bayonet. 

1019
00:52:34,900 --> 00:52:37,300
It was an act of Ruthless 
expedience. 

1020
00:52:37,300 --> 00:52:40,400
He could neither feed nor 
guards, so many prisoners, while

1021
00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:44,200
enemy forces gathered nearby. 
The beach outside for became a 

1022
00:52:44,208 --> 00:52:47,400
field of death later. 
Accounts described Columns of 

1023
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:50,900
prisoners being led out under 
guard forced to knee in the 

1024
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:54,500
dunes and the crackle of musket 
fire mingling with screams 

1025
00:52:54,500 --> 00:52:57,000
Napoleon. 
Never publicly acknowledged, 

1026
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:01,100
this massacre within days, he 
had moved on But some of his 

1027
00:53:01,100 --> 00:53:04,300
officers were sickened by it. 
The general who spoke of 

1028
00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:06,700
Enlightenment had shown. 
He would also cross any moral 

1029
00:53:06,700 --> 00:53:11,000
line for military days. 
Later in the same city, another 

1030
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,200
scene, emerged immortalized in 
paint and propaganda as a 

1031
00:53:14,208 --> 00:53:17,700
Counterpoint to the Bloodshed. 
A vicious outbreak of Bubonic 

1032
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:21,200
plague ravaged, the French Camp 
after soldiers. 

1033
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:24,000
Lay moaning in a makeshift 
Hospital, housed in an old 

1034
00:53:24,008 --> 00:53:28,200
caravansary fear of contagious 
even faster than the disease. 

1035
00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:31,000
Many troops dared, not go near 
the stricken. 

1036
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:35,100
Napoleon understood that fear, 
could destroy his army faster 

1037
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:37,900
than plague itself. 
So on a warm morning in 

1038
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:40,400
mid-march, he visited the play 
hospital in Jaffa. 

1039
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:43,900
According to accounts, he Strode
through the low, archways of the

1040
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:46,100
mosque turned infirmary with a 
calm expression. 

1041
00:53:46,100 --> 00:53:50,000
As a rays of light pierced, the 
dusty are rows of the second 

1042
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:52,600
dying line. 
The walls, their faces etched 

1043
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:56,700
with feverish agony. 
Napoleon showed no hesitation he

1044
00:53:56,700 --> 00:53:59,700
moved from cot to cot speaking 
softly, even touching one 

1045
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:02,400
soldiers in flame bubo with his 
bare hand in a gesture of 

1046
00:54:02,400 --> 00:54:05,400
compassion and courage. 
The men watched in astonishment 

1047
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:08,500
as their General, the same man 
who had ordered Prisoners shot 

1048
00:54:08,500 --> 00:54:11,900
days before now, comforted The 
Afflicted with near saintly 

1049
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:14,500
composure. 
One soldier, reportedly tried 

1050
00:54:14,500 --> 00:54:18,200
weekly to rise, and salute 
Napoleon, gently made him, rest 

1051
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:22,100
this visit became legendary 
later back in France. 

1052
00:54:22,100 --> 00:54:24,100
The event would be commemorated 
by artist. 

1053
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:27,800
Antoine grow in a massive 
painting depicting Bonaparte as 

1054
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:30,100
a Fearless healer. 
Reaching out to the plague and 

1055
00:54:30,100 --> 00:54:32,600
bathed in a quasi religious 
glow. 

1056
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,000
The painting glossed over the 
Grimmer context, yet its power 

1057
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:39,000
endures. 
It was propaganda. 

1058
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:42,900
As much as compassion, Napoleon 
crafting, the myth of himself as

1059
00:54:42,900 --> 00:54:45,900
both ruthless conqueror and 
benevolent hero that spring. 

1060
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:49,800
However, military's were harsh, 
Napoleon's Advanced Into the 

1061
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:52,500
Heart of Syria and countered the
formidable walls of Akron, 

1062
00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:56,100
British warships aided the 
ottoman Defenders and despite 

1063
00:54:56,100 --> 00:54:58,900
repeated assaults The Fortress 
of Akron did not fall. 

1064
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:04,200
Bonapartes Army grew weaker by 
the day, plague heat and stiff 

1065
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,700
resistance sap their strength. 
After two months of frustration 

1066
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:11,100
Napoleon, finally lifted The 
Siege in May 1799. 

1067
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:14,700
He led his gaunt Warren, man on 
a grueling Retreat. 

1068
00:55:14,700 --> 00:55:18,300
Back to Egypt harassed by a 
mounted ottoman forces, and 

1069
00:55:18,300 --> 00:55:20,200
bedeviled by the merciless 
climate. 

1070
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:22,600
Omniscient. 
Narrator of History. 

1071
00:55:22,600 --> 00:55:25,400
Might note that the event was 
the first serious setback in 

1072
00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:28,600
Napoleon's career. 
Outside the walls of Accra. 

1073
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:32,500
The limits of his fortune became
evident in one poignant incident

1074
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:35,000
during the retreat, French 
soldier, too. 

1075
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:36,600
Sick to walk. 
Begged not to be left behind 

1076
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:39,700
Napoleon paused and in a red 
display of quiet. 

1077
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:43,000
Mercy ordered that a horse. 
Be left for the man, a small 

1078
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:48,500
Redemption for jaffer's Horror. 
By late, 1799, Cairo Napoleon 

1079
00:55:48,500 --> 00:55:51,300
received word of political 
turmoil in France and the threat

1080
00:55:51,300 --> 00:55:53,100
of invasion by European 
coalitions. 

1081
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:56,500
Sensing that his moment on the 
larger World stage had arrived. 

1082
00:55:56,500 --> 00:55:59,800
He made a fateful decision, he 
would abandon the Egyptian 

1083
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:01,700
Enterprise and returned to Paris
post haste. 

1084
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:05,600
He left general claber in charge
of the army, with secret 

1085
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,600
instructions to negotiator 
withdrawal and slipped out of 

1086
00:56:08,600 --> 00:56:12,700
Egypt, with a few close aides in
August 7th, 1799, by luck and 

1087
00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:16,200
stealth, he navigated through 
the British arrived in France in

1088
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:18,100
October where he was greeted as 
a hero. 

1089
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:22,200
Astonishingly the disasters, The
Fleets destruction and the 

1090
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,200
failure at AKA will largely 
suppressed or ignored in the 

1091
00:56:25,208 --> 00:56:28,100
news instead. 
France, heard only of the 

1092
00:56:28,108 --> 00:56:30,500
triumphs, the battle of the 
pyramids, the scientific 

1093
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:34,400
discoveries and the Bold Eastern
Adventure in the public eye. 

1094
00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:38,900
Napoleon returned from Egypt, 
draped in Oriental, mystery and 

1095
00:56:38,900 --> 00:56:42,200
Glory. 
As he intended he brought home 

1096
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:46,500
Scholars, reports exotic animals
and art further, fueling the 

1097
00:56:46,500 --> 00:56:50,200
legend he was weaving around 
himself, The Egyptian Expedition

1098
00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:53,900
ultimately was a mixed success 
of best in Practical terms, but 

1099
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:57,500
in terms of Napoleon's self-made
mythology, it was a Triumph. 

1100
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:01,200
He had shown France, not only a 
general of Battlefield genius, 

1101
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:04,900
but also a leader who aspire to 
Greatness on a civilizational 

1102
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:07,200
scale. 
He cast himself as a new 

1103
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:10,600
Alexander, a law giver and 
Patron of knowledge, as well as 

1104
00:57:10,608 --> 00:57:13,200
a warrior. 
The contradictions were Stark, 

1105
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:16,600
the same man who executed 
prisoners and poisoned plague 

1106
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:18,800
victims, all so posed as an 
emancipator. 

1107
00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:22,100
And enlightened ruler. 
Holian seemed aware that to 

1108
00:57:22,100 --> 00:57:24,800
achieve immortality leader, had 
to shape his narrative. 

1109
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:27,600
In Egypt. 
He learned the power of image 

1110
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,700
and propaganda from the 
grandiose proclamations and 

1111
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:33,600
commissioned painting to the 
curated flow of news back to 

1112
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,200
Europe. 
He ensured that he Napoleon 

1113
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:39,000
Bonaparte would not be 
considered merely another French

1114
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:41,300
General. 
He would become a figure worthy 

1115
00:57:41,300 --> 00:57:44,600
of epochs a man who conquered 
ancient lands and engaged in 

1116
00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:47,500
conversation with the pyramids. 
As he returned to France. 

1117
00:57:47,500 --> 00:57:51,000
He prepared for his next daring 
action, seizing, political 

1118
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:53,600
power. 
The savior of France had 

1119
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,300
returned from the deserts 
burnished by Sun and fame. 

1120
00:57:56,300 --> 00:57:59,000
Ready to dictate the next 
chapter of the Revolution, the 

1121
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:03,000
France. 
Napoleon returned to in 1799 was

1122
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:06,300
ripe for change. 
In the directory. 

1123
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:10,700
Government was deeply unpopular 
marred by corruption, economic 

1124
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:13,800
troubles and Military setbacks 
in Europe during his absence. 

1125
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:18,600
Paris buzzed with rumors of 
coups and conspiracies Emmanuel 

1126
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:21,000
caes. 
One of the directors famously 

1127
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:24,600
muttered that France needed 
ahead a sword to complete the 

1128
00:58:24,600 --> 00:58:27,100
revolution's work. 
Fresh from his Egyptian, 

1129
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,400
mystique and Italian Laurels 
Napoleon appeared to many as the

1130
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:34,300
ideal candidate for this role. 
Ever the political opportunist, 

1131
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:39,100
he quietly aligned with plotters
including Caesar and his Savvy 

1132
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:44,000
younger brother Lucia Bonaparte.
Behind closed doors in prison 

1133
00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:47,500
salons with cigar smoke, a plot,
his scheme to topple the 

1134
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:49,700
directory throughout October 
1799. 

1135
00:58:50,900 --> 00:58:54,500
Napoleon was cautious at first, 
assessing every detail like a 

1136
00:58:54,500 --> 00:58:57,300
battlefield plan. 
But as the crowds cheered him in

1137
00:58:57,308 --> 00:59:00,200
the streets, and even the fickle
newspapers, hailed him, he 

1138
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:02,000
realized that now was The 
crucial moment. 

1139
00:59:02,900 --> 00:59:05,000
We commend get caught in the 
current of events. 

1140
00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:08,400
You can find it to a friend, but
I will direct events myself. 

1141
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:12,600
The omniscient, narrator might 
observe that fortune was once 

1142
00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:16,200
again, favoring him Napoleon put
his plan in motion on the 

1143
00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:22,000
morning of 18 Premiere year 8, 
November 9th, 1799 by the 

1144
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:25,700
Republican calendar under the 
pretext of a supposed Jack in 

1145
00:59:25,708 --> 00:59:28,200
the threat. 
He persuaded the counsels 

1146
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:31,500
France's legislature to move 
their session out of volatile 

1147
00:59:31,500 --> 00:59:35,100
Paris to the Suburban. 
Chateau of Saint clue where his 

1148
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:36,500
loyal troops could surround 
them. 

1149
00:59:37,600 --> 00:59:40,600
Yeah was tense and thick with 
the Intrigue as Bonaparte. 

1150
00:59:40,600 --> 00:59:43,700
His General's uniform mounted, a
horse and trotted through the 

1151
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:45,900
Paris streets flanked by 
grenadiers. 

1152
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,300
He had told Josephine to be 
ready for any outcome success, 

1153
00:59:49,300 --> 00:59:53,000
or is death or imprisonment. 
If I fail, I shall be outlawed 

1154
00:59:53,000 --> 00:59:56,700
tomorrow. 
With flatly by, after noon 

1155
00:59:56,700 --> 01:00:00,500
underground, November Skies 
soldiers, occupied key positions

1156
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:04,100
around, Saint Clues inside, 
bewildered deputies, gathered in

1157
01:00:04,108 --> 01:00:06,900
gilded Chambers. 
Suspecting something was amiss 

1158
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:09,700
Napoleon paste in an 
anti-chamber 

1159
01:00:09,700 --> 01:00:13,900
uncharacteristically nervous. 
He was a man used to commanding 

1160
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:17,700
armies not quelling politicians 
and for perhaps the first time 

1161
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:19,900
doubted him. 
Nonetheless. 

1162
01:00:19,900 --> 01:00:23,000
He stealed himself and strolled 
into the Hall of the Council of 

1163
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:25,800
ancients head high. 
He addressed the Ancients with 

1164
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:30,000
controlled passion, decrying the
incapable directory and the 

1165
01:00:30,008 --> 01:00:34,100
perils facing France. 
His hands trembled slightly as 

1166
01:00:34,100 --> 01:00:38,100
he gestured, this was no 
Battlefield and the Hostile 

1167
01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:40,600
stares of elected. 
Deputies were a new kind of 

1168
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:42,400
danger. 
Some applauded. 

1169
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:46,300
But others murdered in descent. 
Napoleon next move to the 

1170
01:00:46,308 --> 01:00:49,000
Council of 500. 
The lower house where things 

1171
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,000
would soon descend into chaos. 
The moment, he entered the 

1172
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,900
orangery where 500 legislators 
were meeting a hostile Roars up 

1173
01:00:55,900 --> 01:00:59,600
down with the Tyrant Outlaw him.
Jacob in deputies screamed upon 

1174
01:00:59,600 --> 01:01:03,100
seeing soldiers at his back, 
Napoleon momentarily, stumbled, 

1175
01:01:03,100 --> 01:01:06,400
over his words, declaring that 
his only goal was to preserve 

1176
01:01:06,400 --> 01:01:09,500
the Republic. 
Presents inflamed the assembly, 

1177
01:01:09,500 --> 01:01:13,600
a knot of deputies rushed at him
one even lunging as if to stab 

1178
01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:18,000
him with a paper knife. 
Amid shouts of hauler Outlaw him

1179
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:21,600
Napoleon, turned pale and 
reportedly began to shake. 

1180
01:01:22,300 --> 01:01:24,900
For heartbeat. 
It seemed his carefully laid too

1181
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:28,300
much collapse and embarrassment.
Grenadiers hustled him out as 

1182
01:01:28,300 --> 01:01:31,800
the hall erupted in pandemonium 
outside, in the palace, 

1183
01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:34,900
Courtyard Napoleon, caught his 
breath, sweat beading on his 

1184
01:01:34,900 --> 01:01:37,300
forehead. 
In the cool atem are he was used

1185
01:01:37,300 --> 01:01:41,000
to Battlefield Glory, but this 
was raw political theater and it

1186
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:43,600
was almost lost. 
The day was saved by a 

1187
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:46,000
combination of military force 
and his brothers, quick wits. 

1188
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:49,700
Lucien Bonaparte decisively, 
took the stage as president of 

1189
01:01:49,700 --> 01:01:53,100
the Council of 500. 
He Slipped Away In A dressed the

1190
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:56,300
soldiers waiting outside. 
With a dramatic, flourish 

1191
01:01:56,300 --> 01:01:59,600
Lucinda, drew his sword, and 
pointed it, and Napoleon's chest

1192
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:03,000
shouting, that his brother been 
attacked by assassins inside and

1193
01:02:03,000 --> 01:02:04,700
that he would strike in, 
Napoleon down himself. 

1194
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:08,200
If ever the general betrayed, 
the people, the grenadiers 

1195
01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:12,500
perplexed, but swayed by Lucio's
bravado rally big burst into the

1196
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:14,500
hall with fixed. 
Bayonets clearing it to 

1197
01:02:14,508 --> 01:02:18,000
recalcitrant, deputies and 
minutes legislative scrambled 

1198
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:20,800
out, windows or bolted for the 
doors as soldiers occupied, the 

1199
01:02:20,800 --> 01:02:25,100
chamber, like evening Santa was 
silent for the measured Tramp of

1200
01:02:25,100 --> 01:02:28,600
boots on marble floors. 
A rump of hand-picked deputies 

1201
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:30,500
brought back under bayonet 
guard. 

1202
01:02:30,500 --> 01:02:33,600
Voted to abolish the directory 
and appointed a three-man 

1203
01:02:33,600 --> 01:02:34,900
consulate to govern. 
France. 

1204
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:38,700
The coup so far messier than 
planned had succeeded. 

1205
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:42,600
Napoleon was named first Consul 
the dominant position in the new

1206
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:45,900
government as he rode back to 
Paris that night under escort. 

1207
01:02:45,900 --> 01:02:49,700
He was exhausted but exultant 
the revolution is over. 

1208
01:02:49,700 --> 01:02:51,300
He declared to an aide with 
quiet. 

1209
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:53,400
Triumph, I am the revolution 
now. 

1210
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,300
In reality, it was a new 
beginning, the 30 year old 

1211
01:02:57,308 --> 01:03:01,300
General had seized control of 
the nation, over the next months

1212
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,900
Napoleon, solidified, his power 
with breathtaking speed and 

1213
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:07,800
shrewdness while Sierra's and do
Cole. 

1214
01:03:07,800 --> 01:03:10,700
The other two consoles were 
shunted aside into a relevance 

1215
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:14,300
Bonaparte set up residence in 
the tweez, palace, the former 

1216
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:17,800
Royal residence signaling that a
new kind of ruler had arrived. 

1217
01:03:17,800 --> 01:03:21,700
He worked for oceanly, sometimes
18 hours a day, overseeing 

1218
01:03:21,700 --> 01:03:24,300
everything from military 
operations to administrative 

1219
01:03:24,300 --> 01:03:27,000
reforms. 
The third person omniscient view

1220
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:30,300
allows a glimpse into his 
private routine Rising Before 

1221
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:32,900
Dawn he would dictate letters to
multiple secretaries and 

1222
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:35,500
succession his mind leaping from
topic to topic. 

1223
01:03:35,500 --> 01:03:38,800
Then meet ministers then 
generals sorting each issue with

1224
01:03:38,800 --> 01:03:41,900
a decisive Clarity. 
He seemed to scarcely need sleep

1225
01:03:41,900 --> 01:03:44,400
running on ambition and endless 
cups of strong coffee. 

1226
01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:46,600
France. 
Weary of a decade of 

1227
01:03:46,600 --> 01:03:48,600
revolutionary. 
Chaos responded. 

1228
01:03:48,600 --> 01:03:50,500
In enthusiastically firmly 
leadership. 

1229
01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:54,400
Even as Napoleon Titan 
censorship on the press and set 

1230
01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:56,400
up in a fishing secret police 
under Joseph. 

1231
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:58,900
Fouche, many welcome the 
stability. 

1232
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:02,500
These measures brought a new 
slogan appeared Authority. 

1233
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:06,200
Not Liberty. 
The very people who had once 

1234
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:09,600
shouted for Freedom now, craved 
order and Bonaparte. 

1235
01:04:09,600 --> 01:04:13,100
Delivered, it Abroad. 
He continued to prove his genius

1236
01:04:13,100 --> 01:04:16,300
on the battlefield further 
cementing his position at home. 

1237
01:04:17,700 --> 01:04:20,900
In 1800 when Austria threatened 
to overturn the gains of the 

1238
01:04:20,900 --> 01:04:24,000
Revolution Napoleon, led a 
dramatic crossing of the Alps, 

1239
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:27,000
guiding the army of the reserve 
through the high passes with 

1240
01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:29,300
Canon dragged by mules and Men 
seen. 

1241
01:04:29,300 --> 01:04:32,200
That would later be immortalized
in art albeit with a white 

1242
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:35,100
charger. 
He likely never rode As the 

1243
01:04:35,108 --> 01:04:38,100
austrians in Northern Italy by 
securing a victory at Marengo, 

1244
01:04:38,100 --> 01:04:42,800
in June 1800 a fierce battle 
where a midday crisis almost led

1245
01:04:42,800 --> 01:04:46,500
to the French's defeat, but a 
timely cavalry charge reversed, 

1246
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:50,300
the outcome Moreno became Mythic
in France Napoleon. 

1247
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:54,100
Spun it as a grand Triumph for 
his personal leadership in deed 

1248
01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:57,100
when his exhausted troops, 
cheered Vive Bonaparte on the 

1249
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:00,800
blood soaked fields of meringo. 
It reinforced his near me, 

1250
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:04,500
Messianic, status Austria sued 
for peace and Britain, 2 sign 

1251
01:05:04,500 --> 01:05:08,100
the Treaty of Amy and 1802 a 
rare moment of General European,

1252
01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:11,300
peace that the first console 
used to consolidate his regime. 

1253
01:05:11,300 --> 01:05:14,400
During these years. 
Napoleon revealed himself, not 

1254
01:05:14,400 --> 01:05:17,400
just as a brilliant General, but
as a statement of extraordinary 

1255
01:05:17,400 --> 01:05:21,600
talent and contradictions, he 
set about rebuilding France, the

1256
01:05:21,600 --> 01:05:25,000
consulate saw sweeping reforms, 
the new legal code, the code 

1257
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:29,100
civilian code, was drafted to 
enshrine a quality before the 

1258
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:31,800
law property rights and secular 
Authority. 

1259
01:05:32,700 --> 01:05:36,100
Napoleon took a direct hand. 
In its formulation personally, 

1260
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:38,000
chairing. 
Many sessions of the Council of 

1261
01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:41,200
State quill in hand, debating 
points of contract, law or 

1262
01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:44,200
inheritance. 
The code completed in 1804 

1263
01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:46,900
eliminated, feudal, remnants and
became one of Napoleon's 

1264
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:50,200
proudest achievements. 
A lasting framework of Justice. 

1265
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:53,800
At the same time, he broke at a 
reconciliation with the Catholic

1266
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:58,200
Church through the concordat of 
1801 healing, the rift caused by

1267
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:00,000
a revolutionary 
christianization. 

1268
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:04,500
To the horror of ideologues this
pragmatic deal recognized 

1269
01:06:04,500 --> 01:06:07,700
Catholicism as the religion of 
most Frenchmen, they're not the 

1270
01:06:07,700 --> 01:06:10,300
state, religion and restored, 
some church influence. 

1271
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:14,300
But under Napoleon's terms The 
once anti-clerical General 

1272
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:17,400
understood that to pacify 
France, he must placate her 

1273
01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:20,500
Believers thus in Notre. 
Dame Cathedral where 

1274
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,400
revolutionaries had. 
Once exalted reason Mass was 

1275
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:27,100
celebrated Again by order of the
first console, no detail of 

1276
01:06:27,100 --> 01:06:28,200
governance. 
Escaped him. 

1277
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:31,200
He created the bank of France to
stabilize the currency 

1278
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:35,100
overhauled educational with 
newly says and scholarships and 

1279
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,700
reform, taxation so Revenue 
flowed, reliably roads and 

1280
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:42,100
bridges were built or a cross. 
The country in the Twilight 

1281
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:44,800
Halls of the twillery. 
Courtiers once again, dance at 

1282
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:47,800
balls that this time on a 
soldier in place of a king. 

1283
01:06:47,808 --> 01:06:51,600
France was regaining prosperity 
in confidence under Napoleon's 

1284
01:06:51,600 --> 01:06:55,000
firm hand all the wild 
bonapartes, personal Power 

1285
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:59,800
Group, ever more concentrated, 
In 1802, the national plebiscite

1286
01:06:59,800 --> 01:07:03,100
of mimir carefully. 
Managed by his officials made 

1287
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:06,500
him first consul for life. the 
result was announced with 

1288
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:11,200
Fanfare and implausible majority
of Voters in favor, which 

1289
01:07:11,200 --> 01:07:14,300
flattered him immensely, you 
would famously dismiss 

1290
01:07:14,300 --> 01:07:17,300
objections by pointing to such 
clever sites, claiming, he had 

1291
01:07:17,300 --> 01:07:21,600
the people's mandate An emperor 
in Waiting in all, but name he 

1292
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:24,800
began to Envision a dynasty. 
And the quiet of his private 

1293
01:07:24,800 --> 01:07:27,800
study, he pondered the fate of 
Caesar and Charlemagne 

1294
01:07:27,800 --> 01:07:30,100
concluding that the revolution 
needed the permanents of 

1295
01:07:30,108 --> 01:07:33,600
monarchy in a new form. 
His siblings were honors and a 

1296
01:07:33,600 --> 01:07:34,900
ranger. 
Advantageous marriages. 

1297
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:38,300
Napoleon was positioning, the 
bonapartes as France's new royal

1298
01:07:38,308 --> 01:07:41,800
family, much to the ridicule of 
some old revolutionaries who 

1299
01:07:41,800 --> 01:07:45,400
muttered that we did not destroy
one aristocracy to create 

1300
01:07:45,400 --> 01:07:49,900
another but many others went 
along egali trading, ideological

1301
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:54,600
Purity for the trapping of a 
renewed Court like 1804 foiled 

1302
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:58,400
plot against his life, such as 
the infernal machine bomb on a 

1303
01:07:58,400 --> 01:08:02,300
Paris Street in 1800 And 
royalist intrigues, provided the

1304
01:08:02,300 --> 01:08:07,700
pretext to take the final step. 
In the spring of 1804 evidence 

1305
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:11,000
of a bourbon Prince's 
involvement in a conspiracy LED 

1306
01:08:11,000 --> 01:08:14,600
Napoli in to order the Duke of 
on yam seized from neutral 

1307
01:08:14,600 --> 01:08:17,899
territory and executed an action
that sent a chill through 

1308
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:20,399
Europe's aristocracy, but 
eliminated a potential 

1309
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:23,899
figurehead for monarchists. 
Soon after the Senate petition 

1310
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:26,399
Napoleon to assume the title of 
Emperor to stabilize the 

1311
01:08:26,408 --> 01:08:29,000
government, it was staged, 
managed yet. 

1312
01:08:29,000 --> 01:08:32,100
It answered a real yearning, 
among the French for continuity 

1313
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:34,899
and Glory. 
Napoleon accepted. 

1314
01:08:34,899 --> 01:08:38,399
Another plebiscite was held a 
proving by an overwhelming 

1315
01:08:38,399 --> 01:08:40,399
margin. 
That Bonaparte become emperor of

1316
01:08:40,399 --> 01:08:45,300
the French On December 2nd, 1804
Notre Dame cathedral in Paris 

1317
01:08:45,308 --> 01:08:48,100
hosted a coronation the likes of
which Europe had not seen in 

1318
01:08:48,100 --> 01:08:50,700
decades. 
The medieval edifice once to 

1319
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:53,200
face and neglected, in the 
Revolutionary turmoil was 

1320
01:08:53,200 --> 01:08:56,200
lavishly restored and raped in 
crimson and gold, for the 

1321
01:08:56,207 --> 01:08:59,899
occasional dignitaries from 
across Europe, some grudging 

1322
01:08:59,899 --> 01:09:04,100
others, curious attended. 
Pope Pius, the seventh himself 

1323
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:06,000
was brought from Rome to bless 
the ceremony. 

1324
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:09,500
A stunning, who that led to 
mantle of ancient legitimacy, 

1325
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:12,700
the atmosphere inside, Notre 
Dame mixed Grandeur. 

1326
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:17,000
With spectacle incense wafted 
through the air hundreds of 

1327
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:21,700
candles illuminated the Nave and
the 35 year old Napoleon clad in

1328
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:25,000
Robes of velvet and Durham in 
processed down the aisle to the 

1329
01:09:25,000 --> 01:09:29,100
strains of Glorious music. 
The true to his character, he 

1330
01:09:29,100 --> 01:09:31,700
subtly upended, traditional at 
the climactic moment. 

1331
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:35,800
As the pope prepared to anoint 
and Crown Him Napoleon, stepped 

1332
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:39,399
forward, took the crown and new 
golden diadem modeled on 

1333
01:09:39,408 --> 01:09:42,500
Charlemagne's into his hands and
placed it upon his head. 

1334
01:09:42,500 --> 01:09:46,100
The audience gasped, softly was 
unheard of from a monarch to 

1335
01:09:46,100 --> 01:09:48,899
Crown himself. 
Then Napoleon, Crown Josephine 

1336
01:09:48,899 --> 01:09:52,200
has Empress gently setting a 
small crown on her bowed head. 

1337
01:09:52,207 --> 01:09:56,200
Even as tears of emotion, filled
her eyes, their marriage had 

1338
01:09:56,200 --> 01:09:57,800
been Rocky over the issue of an 
air. 

1339
01:09:57,800 --> 01:10:02,000
But today, they presented a 
united front in Majesty, the 

1340
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:05,100
pope raised a hand in blessing 
effectively ratifying what had 

1341
01:10:05,100 --> 01:10:08,100
already occurred. 
Observers noted the symbolism 

1342
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:11,200
Napoleon signaled, that he owed 
his throne to no one. 

1343
01:10:11,200 --> 01:10:14,300
But himself in the French people
by the grace of God and the 

1344
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:18,400
constitution of the Republic as 
the formula ran, Some detractors

1345
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:20,900
whispered it was the ultimate 
Act of bonaparte's arrogance. 

1346
01:10:20,900 --> 01:10:24,100
Others soaring it the genius of 
a man who made and recognize his

1347
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:27,100
own destiny. 
Either way Napoleon had risen 

1348
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:30,100
from Corsica and obscurity to 
Imperial Zenith in just 15 

1349
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:35,000
years. cannons, boomed at 21 gun
salute, across Paris and the 

1350
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:38,400
newly crowned Empress stepped 
out on the federal steps in the 

1351
01:10:38,408 --> 01:10:41,900
same uniform, he wore at moringo
beneath the Imperial mantle the 

1352
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:45,500
crowds acclaimed him wildly many
had tears in their eyes 

1353
01:10:45,500 --> 01:10:50,400
believing they beheld the savior
of France crowned in glory Thus,

1354
01:10:50,400 --> 01:10:53,500
the French Republic gave way to 
the French Empire with Napoleon 

1355
01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:57,400
the first on the throne in him. 
He saw a rare combination of 

1356
01:10:57,400 --> 01:11:00,700
revolutionary change and 
traditional Authority, kept the 

1357
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:04,000
slogan, Liberty, equality 
fraternity, on his lips even as 

1358
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:07,000
he founded a new nobility, 
granted Marshalls princely 

1359
01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:10,800
titles and sat on the throne. 
The third person, omniscient 

1360
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:14,400
perspective discerns in Napoleon
a consciousness of this Paradox.

1361
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:17,500
He sincerely viewed himself as 
the guarantor of the 

1362
01:11:17,500 --> 01:11:20,900
revolution's core games. 
Even while accumulating power 

1363
01:11:20,900 --> 01:11:23,200
more absolute than any bourbon 
before him. 

1364
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:26,400
On the night. 
After the coronation in theory 

1365
01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:28,500
Palace, the emperor. 
Sat long awake. 

1366
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:31,500
The Imperial Crown rested on a 
table nearby. 

1367
01:11:31,500 --> 01:11:34,800
Did he feel Triumph all the 
weight of what he had assumed 

1368
01:11:34,800 --> 01:11:36,000
perhaps? 
Both? 

1369
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:40,100
He had a Grandeur but the drive 
that fueled him did not Abate. 

1370
01:11:40,100 --> 01:11:42,300
He murmured to one Confidant 
that evening. 

1371
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:46,000
I have crown Josephine but is 
only a refund a journey. 

1372
01:11:46,000 --> 01:11:48,300
I refuse to slack off on the 
throne. 

1373
01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:52,900
We have only begun. 
Indeed, New Horizons of power 

1374
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:57,200
stretched out before him Kings, 
to topple Nations, to found, and

1375
01:11:57,200 --> 01:12:00,400
an Empire that at its height. 
Would redraw the map of Europe 

1376
01:12:00,400 --> 01:12:02,500
and leave an indelible mark on 
History. 

1377
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:06,500
Napoleon's empire burst onto the
world stage with all the pomp of

1378
01:12:06,500 --> 01:12:10,000
a revived Roman Empire and the 
energy of a modern nation state 

1379
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:12,500
by 1805. 
The newly. 

1380
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:15,400
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

1381
01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:17,800
and Charisma. 
He transformed France 

1382
01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:20,500
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

1383
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:24,600
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination Court,

1384
01:12:24,600 --> 01:12:27,500
to cross the continent, he from 
Vienna to Berlin. 

1385
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:30,500
Watch the self-made Monarch with
a mix of all fear. 

1386
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:34,500
And loathing, they dubbed him, 
the Corsican ogre in private yet

1387
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:36,700
could not deny his Brilliance in
war in governance. 

1388
01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:40,100
Napoleon's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

1389
01:12:40,100 --> 01:12:43,800
A child of Revolution who donned
a crown, a promoter of a 

1390
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:47,900
galatian law, who married into 
the Asian regime in 1809, he 

1391
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,900
divorce of him who had to 
produce an heir a married Louise

1392
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:56,400
and Austrian harder Archer's. 
That's a lion himself to the 

1393
01:12:56,400 --> 01:13:00,400
habsburgs. 
But the Empire Zenith roughly 

1394
01:13:00,400 --> 01:13:04,000
1807 to 1809. 
It seemed nothing could stand 

1395
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:06,400
against him. 
His Empire stretched from the 

1396
01:13:06,408 --> 01:13:09,600
Atlantic to the Russian border 
from the north seater Naples. 

1397
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:13,700
His brother Joseph sat on the 
throne in Naples, Joseph also 

1398
01:13:13,700 --> 01:13:16,900
ruled in Spain after 1808, his 
brother Louie, governed in 

1399
01:13:16,908 --> 01:13:19,100
Holland. 
His brother Jerome reigned in 

1400
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:21,400
Westphalia. 
And in Italy, he himself wore 

1401
01:13:21,400 --> 01:13:25,200
the iron crown of Lombardy A 
veritable family system of 

1402
01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:28,300
bonapartes replaced. 
Old dynasties Napoleon's 

1403
01:13:28,300 --> 01:13:30,600
Marshals once commoners and 
Soldiers of Fortune. 

1404
01:13:30,600 --> 01:13:34,700
Now, ruled as Duke's over, 
Concord province's, the map of 

1405
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:38,100
Europe was redrawn with French 
client, republics and kingdoms 

1406
01:13:38,100 --> 01:13:40,200
Napoleon. 
Dismantled the ancient. 

1407
01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:43,600
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806. 

1408
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:46,400
A raising a millennium of 
history in the process. 

1409
01:13:46,400 --> 01:13:49,000
In its place. 
He created the confederation of 

1410
01:13:49,000 --> 01:13:53,300
the Rhine under his protection. 
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly

1411
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:56,100
the whole of Continental Europe.
Either lay under his Direct 

1412
01:13:56,100 --> 01:14:00,100
Control or dance to his tune. 
These years sort of Napoleon's 

1413
01:14:00,100 --> 01:14:04,700
military genius at its 
Undisputed Peak The war of the 

1414
01:14:04,700 --> 01:14:08,100
third Coalition in 1805, brought
France head to head with 

1415
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:11,600
Austria, Russia and Britain. 
Napoleon's response was 

1416
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:15,000
characteristically audacious. 
He abandoned his frequently 

1417
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:18,300
discussed plan to invade Britain
as the Royal Navy still held 

1418
01:14:18,300 --> 01:14:21,600
sway over the seas. 
And instead he swiftly marched, 

1419
01:14:21,600 --> 01:14:25,400
his Grand Army, Eastwood in a 
master stroke of maneuver, he 

1420
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:29,300
encircled an Austrian Army at 
all in October 1805 without a 

1421
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,200
major fight. 
Forcing its surrender then as an

1422
01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:34,600
Austrian and Russian combined 
Force, attempted to regroup. 

1423
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:37,800
Napoleon lured them into a trap 
on the fields of Australian 

1424
01:14:37,800 --> 01:14:42,000
Moravia on December 2nd. 1805 
exactly one year. 

1425
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:44,300
After his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

1426
01:14:44,300 --> 01:14:47,400
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

1427
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:50,300
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three emperors. 

1428
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:55,200
At dawn, a gentle fog, blanketed
the plane concealing parts of 

1429
01:14:55,200 --> 01:14:58,600
the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

1430
01:14:58,600 --> 01:15:00,100
to his right flank to the Allies
attack. 

1431
01:15:00,100 --> 01:15:03,200
And when the succumbed his 
deception, he launched an attack

1432
01:15:03,208 --> 01:15:06,900
on their Center, As the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

1433
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:08,800
of austerlitz burned through the
Mist. 

1434
01:15:10,100 --> 01:15:12,600
The French seized the high prats
and Heights splitting. 

1435
01:15:12,600 --> 01:15:16,600
The enemy Army in two Napoleon 
galloped past cheering columns 

1436
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:19,400
as they rolled up the Allied 
Lines by early afternoon. 

1437
01:15:19,400 --> 01:15:22,800
The Coalition Army was in full 
Retreat and thousands of enemy 

1438
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:24,500
soldiers. 
Drowned in the ice of frozen 

1439
01:15:24,500 --> 01:15:26,400
lakes that the French artillery 
shattered. 

1440
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:30,100
The victory was complete. 
Watching the remnants of the 

1441
01:15:30,100 --> 01:15:32,900
Russian army limbo in Napoleon 
remarked to his Marshals with 

1442
01:15:32,900 --> 01:15:36,100
pride gentlemen. 
Remember this day it may well be

1443
01:15:36,100 --> 01:15:39,400
the greatest of my life indeed 
austerlitz served as the 

1444
01:15:39,400 --> 01:15:42,700
crowning achievement of his 
Imperial Reign Austria. 

1445
01:15:42,700 --> 01:15:45,600
Capitulated signing the Treaty 
of pressburg and seeding 

1446
01:15:45,600 --> 01:15:47,700
territory. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, 

1447
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:51,500
abdicated his ancient title 
shortly after effectively ending

1448
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:55,300
the Holy Roman Empire. 
In gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 

1449
01:15:55,300 --> 01:15:59,500
nicknamed him, the Soleil, 
Dustin the son of Australis, a 

1450
01:15:59,500 --> 01:16:00,900
symbol of the glory, he had 
brought them. 

1451
01:16:01,900 --> 01:16:05,700
With Austria cowd Napoleon 
turned on Prussia in 1806 when 

1452
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:08,800
that Kingdom the elated. 
An unwise Lee challenged, French

1453
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:13,400
dominant The empress response 
was Swift and devastating in 

1454
01:16:13,400 --> 01:16:15,700
October 1806 and crushed, the 
proud. 

1455
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:18,900
Crush on Army in a twin battle 
on the same day Jana. 

1456
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:22,700
And our stepdad Jenner 
Napoleon's forces routed, a 

1457
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:24,300
Prussian Army while on a nearby 
Field. 

1458
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:27,500
Marshal devou with a smaller 
French Court, defeated, the main

1459
01:16:27,500 --> 01:16:30,900
crush on Army at our state, 
Frederick the great Smith of 

1460
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:33,800
Prussian military prowess 
crumbled in a single morning. 

1461
01:16:34,800 --> 01:16:38,100
The French marched into Berlin 
and Napoleon visited the tomb of

1462
01:16:38,100 --> 01:16:39,600
Frederick contemplatively 
marking. 

1463
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:42,400
If you are alive, we wouldn't be
here today. 

1464
01:16:43,500 --> 01:16:45,900
In a display of both magnanimity
and shrewdness. 

1465
01:16:45,900 --> 01:16:48,900
He took the sword of Frederick 
the great as a he ordered that 

1466
01:16:48,908 --> 01:16:51,300
the Fallen Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

1467
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:55,000
Despite the trophy Napoleon's 
empire burst onto the world 

1468
01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:58,100
stage with all the pomp of a 
revived Roman Empire and the 

1469
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:02,600
energy of a modern nation state.
By 1805, the newly. 

1470
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:05,100
Crowned emperor of the French 
stood at the Apex of his power 

1471
01:17:05,100 --> 01:17:07,400
and Charisma. 
He had transformed France 

1472
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:09,800
internally. 
And now he set out to reshape 

1473
01:17:09,800 --> 01:17:12,800
Europe in France's image and 
under France's domination. 

1474
01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:16,400
Courts across the continent from
Vienna to Berlin. 

1475
01:17:16,400 --> 01:17:19,900
Watched the self-made Monarch 
with a mix of all fear and 

1476
01:17:19,900 --> 01:17:23,800
loathing a dubbed him, the 
Corsican ogre in private yet 

1477
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:26,200
could not deny his Brilliance in
war in governance. 

1478
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:29,500
Napoli's contradictions were 
becoming the world's problem. 

1479
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:33,300
A child of Revolution who donned
a crowd, a promoter of a 

1480
01:17:33,300 --> 01:17:38,500
galatian law, who married into 
the ancient regime in 1809, who 

1481
01:17:38,500 --> 01:17:42,000
would fail to produce an heir 
and married Marie Louise and 

1482
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:47,200
Austrian arched Duchess thusly 
himself to the habsburg's At the

1483
01:17:47,208 --> 01:17:50,500
Empire Zenith roughly 1807 to 
1809. 

1484
01:17:50,500 --> 01:17:52,800
It seemed nothing could stand 
against him. 

1485
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:55,900
His Empire stretched from the 
Atlantic to the Russian border 

1486
01:17:55,900 --> 01:17:59,508
from the North Sea to Naples. 
His brother Joseph sat on the 

1487
01:17:59,516 --> 01:18:03,400
throne in Naples, Joseph also 
ruled in Spain after 1808. 

1488
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:05,400
His brother Louie, governed in 
Holland. 

1489
01:18:05,400 --> 01:18:07,700
His brothers, Jerome reigned in 
Westphalia. 

1490
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:11,100
And in Italy, he himself wore 
the iron crown of Lombardy. 

1491
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:15,600
A veritable family system of 
bonaparte's old dynasties 

1492
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:19,100
Napoleon's, Marshals once 
commoners and Soldiers of 

1493
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:21,200
Fortune. 
Now, ruled as Duke's over, 

1494
01:18:21,200 --> 01:18:24,700
Concord province's, the map of 
Europe was redrawn with French 

1495
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:28,700
client, republics and kingdoms. 
Napoleon dismantled the ancient.

1496
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:32,800
Holy Roman Empire in the German 
Heartland in 1806, erasing, a 

1497
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:34,300
millennium of history in the 
process. 

1498
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:36,700
In its place. 
He created the confederation of 

1499
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:40,700
the Rhine under his protection. 
From Portugal to Prussia, nearly

1500
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:43,400
the whole of Continental Europe 
of the land under his Direct 

1501
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:47,400
Control or dance to his tune. 
These years saw Napoleon's 

1502
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:50,100
military genius at its 
Undisputed Peak. 

1503
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:54,600
The war of the third Coalition 
in 1805, brought France head to 

1504
01:18:54,600 --> 01:18:56,400
head with Austria, Russia and 
Britain. 

1505
01:18:56,400 --> 01:19:00,000
Napoleon's response was 
characteristically audacious. 

1506
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:03,700
He abandoned his frequently 
discussed plan to invade Britain

1507
01:19:03,700 --> 01:19:06,300
as the Royal Navy still held 
sway over the seas. 

1508
01:19:06,300 --> 01:19:10,600
And instead he swiftly marched, 
his Grand Army, Eastwood in a 

1509
01:19:10,608 --> 01:19:13,500
master stroke of maneuver, he 
encircled an Austrian Army at 

1510
01:19:13,500 --> 01:19:16,700
all in October 1805 without a 
major fight. 

1511
01:19:16,700 --> 01:19:20,800
Forcing its surrender then as an
Austrian and Russian combined 

1512
01:19:20,800 --> 01:19:24,000
Force, attempted to regroup, 
Napoleon lured them into a trap 

1513
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:25,600
on the fields of Australia in 
Moravia. 

1514
01:19:26,900 --> 01:19:30,000
On December 2nd, 1805 exactly 
one year. 

1515
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:32,900
After his coronation, he 
delivered what he himself, 

1516
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:35,700
regarded as his tactical 
Masterpiece, the Battle of 

1517
01:19:35,708 --> 01:19:38,400
austerlitz also called The 
Battle of the three Emperors 

1518
01:19:38,400 --> 01:19:42,500
that Dawn, a gentle fog, 
blanketed the plane concealing 

1519
01:19:42,500 --> 01:19:46,200
parts of the French positions. 
Napoleon intentionally exposed 

1520
01:19:46,200 --> 01:19:47,700
his right flank to the Allies 
attack. 

1521
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:51,000
And when they succumb to his 
deception, he launched an attack

1522
01:19:51,000 --> 01:19:55,000
on their Center, As the 
mid-morning Sun, the famed son 

1523
01:19:55,000 --> 01:19:58,500
of austerlitz burned Through The
Mists, the French seized the 

1524
01:19:58,508 --> 01:20:02,600
high pratts splitting the enemy 
Army in 2 nap, galloped past 

1525
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:06,200
cheering columns, as they rolled
up, the Allied lines, the early 

1526
01:20:06,200 --> 01:20:08,100
afternoon. 
The Coalition Army was in full 

1527
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:10,100
Retreat and thousands of enemy 
soldiers. 

1528
01:20:10,100 --> 01:20:12,700
Drowned in the ice of frozen 
lake, lakes that the French 

1529
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:15,300
artillery shattered, the victory
was complete. 

1530
01:20:16,500 --> 01:20:18,300
Watching the remnants of the 
Russian army. 

1531
01:20:18,300 --> 01:20:21,000
Limpa Wade, Napoleon remark to 
his Marshals with pride 

1532
01:20:21,000 --> 01:20:24,300
gentlemen. 
Remember this day it may well be

1533
01:20:24,308 --> 01:20:28,900
the greatest of my life. 
Indeed, austerlitz served as the

1534
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:30,900
crowning achievement of his 
Imperial reign. 

1535
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:35,200
Austria, capitulated signing the
Treaty of pressburg and seeding 

1536
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:37,400
territory. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, 

1537
01:20:37,400 --> 01:20:41,200
abdicated his ancient title 
shortly after effectively ending

1538
01:20:41,200 --> 01:20:44,600
the Holy Roman Empire in 
gratitude Napoleon soldiers, 

1539
01:20:44,600 --> 01:20:49,300
nicknamed him, the Soleil Dost, 
the son of austerlitz, a symbol 

1540
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:53,100
of the glory, he had brought 
them With Austria cowd Napoleon 

1541
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:56,400
turned on pressure in 1806, when
that Kingdom relatedly and 

1542
01:20:56,400 --> 01:21:01,000
unwise to French dominance. 
The Emperors response was Swift 

1543
01:21:01,000 --> 01:21:05,100
and devastating not October 1806
and crushed, the proud. 

1544
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:09,400
Crush on Army in a twin battle 
on the same day Jenna and our 

1545
01:21:09,400 --> 01:21:13,300
shed outside. 
Jana Napoleon's forces routed, a

1546
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:16,500
Prussian Army while on a nearby 
Field Marshal davout with a 

1547
01:21:16,508 --> 01:21:19,400
smaller French Court defeated, 
the main Prussian Army at our 

1548
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:23,100
state Frederick the Great's myth
of Prussian military, prowess 

1549
01:21:23,100 --> 01:21:26,900
crumbled in a single morning. 
The French marched into Berlin 

1550
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:29,900
and Napoleon visited the tomb of
Frederick contemplatively 

1551
01:21:29,900 --> 01:21:32,400
remarking. 
If he were alive, we wouldn't be

1552
01:21:32,400 --> 01:21:35,700
here today. 
In a display of both magnanimity

1553
01:21:35,700 --> 01:21:37,600
and shrewdness. 
He took the sword of Frederick 

1554
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:40,300
the great disease. 
He ordered that the Fallen 

1555
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:42,000
Prussian officers be 
respectfully buried. 

1556
01:21:42,000 --> 01:21:45,300
Despite the trophy, the 
peninsula war was the conflict. 

1557
01:21:45,300 --> 01:21:48,400
In Spain, came to be known 
became a vicious years-long. 

1558
01:21:48,400 --> 01:21:52,800
Guerrilla struggle that Napoleon
later referred to as the Spanish

1559
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:55,500
ulcer. 
Draining his resources. 

1560
01:21:56,500 --> 01:21:58,400
It was the first major crack in 
his Empire. 

1561
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:02,000
The mighty French arm designed 
for set-piece battles. 

1562
01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:05,600
Found itself bleeding in a 
symmetric war of ambushes and 

1563
01:22:05,600 --> 01:22:10,000
reprisals in the Spanish Hills. 
Napoleon himself traveled to 

1564
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:14,000
Spain in late 1808 to Blitz, the
resisting Spanish armies and did

1565
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:16,400
win conventional battles with 
typical brilliantes. 

1566
01:22:16,400 --> 01:22:19,600
But he could not pacify the 
proud and hostile populace in 

1567
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,600
definite. 
The British seized the chance 

1568
01:22:22,600 --> 01:22:26,300
and landed forces under Arthur 
Wellesley of future Duke of 

1569
01:22:26,308 --> 01:22:29,000
Wellington to support the 
Spaniards and Portuguese. 

1570
01:22:29,000 --> 01:22:32,900
For the first time, Napoleon's 
Aura of invincibility was under 

1571
01:22:32,900 --> 01:22:36,200
Threat by an Insurrection and a 
foreign Expedition on his flank.

1572
01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:39,600
Still at the Empire's height, 
he's troubles seemed minor 

1573
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:41,900
compared to the grand theft of 
Napoleon's dominance. 

1574
01:22:43,000 --> 01:22:46,600
In 1809 Austria, encouraged by 
French difficulties in Spain. 

1575
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:50,600
Dared to challenge Napoleon once
more, the emperor responded with

1576
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:54,300
swift Fury though, the Austrian 
surprised him and handed him. 

1577
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:57,700
His first personal defeat in a 
pitched battle at Aspen essling 

1578
01:22:57,700 --> 01:23:01,300
just outside Vienna. 
Where in May 1809 Archduke, 

1579
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:04,300
Charles inflicted heavy losses 
as Napoleon's attempt to cross 

1580
01:23:04,300 --> 01:23:07,100
the Danube was repelled, the 
French regrouped. 

1581
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:11,200
In July Napoleon spearheaded a 
significant attack during the 

1582
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:13,900
Battle of wagon. 
A two-day intense battle on the 

1583
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:17,200
plains close to Vienna. 
It was a grim attritional battle

1584
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:19,000
lacking. 
The elegant maneuvers of 

1585
01:23:19,008 --> 01:23:22,300
Australis but Napoleon's larger 
reserve of men and artillery, 

1586
01:23:22,300 --> 01:23:27,000
prevailed Austria sued for peace
again, after wagon as part of 

1587
01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:29,600
the settlement. 
And to solidify the new Franco 

1588
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:33,500
Austrian Amity, Napoleon took 
the dramatic step of divorcing 

1589
01:23:33,500 --> 01:23:36,700
Josephine. 
His beloved but now 46 year old 

1590
01:23:36,700 --> 01:23:39,700
Empress who would give him no 
children and marrying 

1591
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:41,700
archduchess Marie Louise of 
Austria. 

1592
01:23:42,700 --> 01:23:46,200
The Act was a profound personal 
sacrifice for him, both he and 

1593
01:23:46,200 --> 01:23:50,000
Josephine wept bitterly at their
formal party, despite passed in 

1594
01:23:50,008 --> 01:23:54,400
fidelities, on both sides. 
Yet Napoleon ever pragmatic 

1595
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:57,200
about power. 
Knew the Bonaparte Legacy needed

1596
01:23:57,200 --> 01:24:00,000
an air of his own blood and an 
Austrian princess would bring 

1597
01:24:00,000 --> 01:24:01,500
legitimacy in the eyes of 
Europe. 

1598
01:24:02,500 --> 01:24:06,800
In 1811 Marie Louise bore him a 
son in Napoleon grandly titled, 

1599
01:24:06,800 --> 01:24:10,100
the king of Rome. 
At 42, the emperor had a healthy

1600
01:24:10,100 --> 01:24:13,000
male, Heir, that year marked the
Pinnacle of Napoleonic 

1601
01:24:13,000 --> 01:24:15,900
confidence. 
He spoke of founding a dynasty 

1602
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:19,500
that would last 100 years. 
One evening, holding the infant 

1603
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:21,500
prints in his arms. 
Beneath the glow of chandelier 

1604
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:25,200
light is said to have murmured. 
You will be my living trophy, 

1605
01:24:25,200 --> 01:24:29,200
you will inherit all I have made
amidst, these triumphs 

1606
01:24:29,200 --> 01:24:33,500
Napoleon's influence went beyond
Warfare and politics leaving an 

1607
01:24:33,500 --> 01:24:36,800
imprint on society and even 
distant continents, he spread 

1608
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:38,500
the Napoleonic Code to the 
lands. 

1609
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:42,000
He conquered laying foundations 
for legal systems from Italy to 

1610
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:45,700
the Rhineland systems that 
emphasized clear laws and the 

1611
01:24:45,708 --> 01:24:49,200
end of feudal practices, he 
abolished surfed him in Poland 

1612
01:24:49,200 --> 01:24:52,200
and introduced religious 
toleration and secular education

1613
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:54,100
in many backward corners of 
Europe. 

1614
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:57,200
In the German states and 
elsewhere, his rule 

1615
01:24:57,200 --> 01:25:00,700
inadvertently sparked feeling of
nationalism subject. 

1616
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:05,100
People's even as they resented 
French domination for absorbed, 

1617
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:08,100
the ideas of the French 
Revolution that Napoleon carried

1618
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:11,600
with his armies. 
A young German or Italian in 

1619
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:14,600
1810 at once. 
Hate Napoleon's, oppressive 

1620
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:18,500
taxes, and conscription yet be 
inspired by the new concepts of 

1621
01:25:18,500 --> 01:25:22,100
Liberty and nationhood that came
in his wake. the consequences of

1622
01:25:22,100 --> 01:25:27,400
Israel, the cross the Atlantic, 
In 1803 needing funds for war 

1623
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:29,900
and sensing that holding 
territory in America was 

1624
01:25:29,900 --> 01:25:33,500
untenable after losing Haiti to 
a slave rebellion, Napoleon 

1625
01:25:33,500 --> 01:25:36,500
sold, the vast Louisiana, 
territory to the United States. 

1626
01:25:36,500 --> 01:25:39,800
An act that doubled the size of 
the young American Republic and 

1627
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:43,500
reshaped Global geopolitics. 
Equipped that this sale would 

1628
01:25:43,500 --> 01:25:46,900
forever thwart British Ambitions
in the new world and ensure an 

1629
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:48,600
American power that could rival 
England. 

1630
01:25:49,400 --> 01:25:52,200
In a way, he was crafting the 
future Beyond his own Empire. 

1631
01:25:53,200 --> 01:25:56,200
Similarly his toppling of the 
Spanish regime jolted Spain's 

1632
01:25:56,200 --> 01:25:59,100
colonies in Latin. 
America leaders like Simon 

1633
01:25:59,100 --> 01:26:01,600
Bolivar would soon take 
advantage of the chaos to fight 

1634
01:26:01,600 --> 01:26:04,200
for independence. 
Indirectly influenced by 

1635
01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:07,400
Napoleonic upheaval. 
However at the beginning of the 

1636
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:11,400
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 
to be completely focused on him.

1637
01:26:11,400 --> 01:26:15,500
He had a something 
unprecedented, a French Empire 

1638
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:18,500
that dominated Europe in a man 
and not seen since Roman times 

1639
01:26:18,500 --> 01:26:21,100
flanked by his Marshals at Grand
Victory. 

1640
01:26:21,100 --> 01:26:24,700
Parades the emperor's Pier would
stand on a reviewing platform in

1641
01:26:24,700 --> 01:26:27,100
his iconic bike, horn hat, and 
simple green. 

1642
01:26:27,100 --> 01:26:30,400
Uniform of the Imperial Guard 
while thousands of troops passed

1643
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:33,800
in martial splendor. 
Bands played LA marseillaise and

1644
01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:37,300
other patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

1645
01:26:37,300 --> 01:26:41,200
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor to observe as in 

1646
01:26:41,200 --> 01:26:43,600
London or Vienna. 
It might have looked as if 

1647
01:26:43,608 --> 01:26:46,400
Europe was lost in a chance of 
Napoleonic Glory. 

1648
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:50,600
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and her satellite

1649
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:52,700
States. 
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 

1650
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,000
crediting him with delivering 
efficient government. 

1651
01:26:55,000 --> 01:26:59,300
National pride and victory after
Victory yet within Napoleon's. 

1652
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:01,300
Tight Circle. 
There were those who sent the 

1653
01:27:01,300 --> 01:27:05,000
dangers of hubris creeping in, 
tally around his Wily foreign 

1654
01:27:05,000 --> 01:27:07,900
minister till Napoleon dismissed
him once. 

1655
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:10,900
Remarked acidly, that Napoleon's
downfall would be his inability 

1656
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:14,800
to stop himself ill, Nepal 
delimits, he wander colleague. 

1657
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:19,400
The man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

1658
01:27:19,400 --> 01:27:21,400
secret. 
Dozier's mapping discontent and 

1659
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:24,500
conspiracies aware that not all 
hearts with the emperor. 

1660
01:27:24,500 --> 01:27:27,800
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

1661
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:31,200
human costs. mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

1662
01:27:31,208 --> 01:27:33,800
Emperor who took their sons year
after year, for his 

1663
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:37,600
granddaughter May The empire was
powerful, but brittle in places 

1664
01:27:37,600 --> 01:27:42,200
relyant entirely on one man's 
Brilliance and Charisma in 1812 

1665
01:27:42,200 --> 01:27:45,200
at the height of his control. 
Napoleon assembled, the largest 

1666
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:48,100
army Europe had ever seen over 
half a million men drawn from 

1667
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,500
every corner of his domains LED 
them Eastwood in a campaign that

1668
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:53,800
he believed would secure his 
dominance once and for all. 

1669
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:58,300
Target his former Ally the 
Russian Tsar who drifted out of 

1670
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:00,900
the continental system and 
defied French influence 

1671
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:04,100
confident in his Destiny and a 
custom to Rapid victories 

1672
01:28:04,100 --> 01:28:07,500
Napoleon wages everything on one
more lightning War. 

1673
01:28:08,400 --> 01:28:12,700
The Grand Army, the Cosmopolitan
host of Frenchmen Italians 

1674
01:28:12,700 --> 01:28:17,400
Germans polls and others marched
off with singing and high morale

1675
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:20,400
under summer Skies. 
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 

1676
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:23,100
hubris an emperor at the peak of
his power. 

1677
01:28:23,100 --> 01:28:26,200
Thinking, the conquest of the 
vast Russian planes would be, 

1678
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:28,200
but another Triumph to notch on 
his belt. 

1679
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:31,900
He told a diplomat, we should be
a Moscow in two months. 

1680
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:36,000
As the column snake. 
Deezed drummers tapping out, the

1681
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:39,200
Cadence on Dusty roads and 
Eagles glinting in the sun. 

1682
01:28:39,200 --> 01:28:42,500
None could imagine that the 
Zenith of the empire was also 

1683
01:28:42,500 --> 01:28:44,400
the beginning of a catastrophic 
decline. 

1684
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:48,000
For now though, Napoleon star 
blazed as bright as the midday 

1685
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:49,800
Sun. 
The minds of many. 

1686
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:52,800
He was the master of Europe 
perhaps even Invincible. 

1687
01:28:52,800 --> 01:28:56,100
The thought that this supreme 
height might precede a full had 

1688
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:58,400
not yet troubled, the dreams of 
the emperor of the French. 

1689
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:02,700
However, at the beginning of the
1810s Napoleon's World appeared 

1690
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:05,600
to be completely focused on him.
He had achieved something 

1691
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:09,900
unprecedented, a French Empire 
that dominated Europe in a 

1692
01:29:09,900 --> 01:29:13,400
manner, not seen since Roman 
times flanked by his Marshals at

1693
01:29:13,400 --> 01:29:15,800
Grand Victory. 
Parades the emperor's gear would

1694
01:29:15,800 --> 01:29:19,300
stand on a reviewing platform in
his iconic bicorne hat, and 

1695
01:29:19,300 --> 01:29:22,200
simple green uniform of the 
Imperial Guard while thousands 

1696
01:29:22,200 --> 01:29:26,800
of troops passed in martial. 
Fans played Lamar's and other 

1697
01:29:26,800 --> 01:29:30,100
patriotic hymns that once 
belonged to the revolution, but 

1698
01:29:30,100 --> 01:29:32,200
were Now co-opted to celebrate 
an emperor. 

1699
01:29:33,000 --> 01:29:36,200
To observe as in London or 
Vienna it might have looked as 

1700
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,100
if Europe was lost in a trance 
of Napoleonic Glory. 

1701
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:43,400
And indeed, many of the common 
folk in France and her satellite

1702
01:29:43,400 --> 01:29:45,500
States. 
Revered, Napoleon sincerely 

1703
01:29:45,500 --> 01:29:47,800
crediting him with delivering 
efficient government. 

1704
01:29:47,800 --> 01:29:52,100
National pride and victory after
Victory yet within Napoleon's. 

1705
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:54,100
Tight Circle. 
There were those who sense the 

1706
01:29:54,100 --> 01:29:58,200
dangers of hubris creeping in 
talar, his Wily foreign minister

1707
01:29:58,200 --> 01:30:00,700
till Napoleon dismissed him 
once. 

1708
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:03,700
Remarked acidly that Napoleon's 
downfall would be his inability.

1709
01:30:03,700 --> 01:30:07,600
To stop himself ill, napala 
limits, he wanted a colleague. 

1710
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:12,100
The man knows no limits. 
Fouche, the police Minister kept

1711
01:30:12,100 --> 01:30:14,700
secret dossiers mapping 
discontent and conspiracies 

1712
01:30:14,700 --> 01:30:17,300
aware that not all hearts with 
the emperor. 

1713
01:30:17,300 --> 01:30:20,600
Even some Marshals grumbled 
about the endless Wars and their

1714
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:24,000
human costs mothers across 
France, quite likely cursed, the

1715
01:30:24,008 --> 01:30:26,500
Emperor who took their son's 
year after year, for his 

1716
01:30:26,500 --> 01:30:30,400
granddaughter May The empire was
powerful but Gretel in places 

1717
01:30:30,400 --> 01:30:34,900
Reliant entirely on one man's 
brilliant and Charisma in 1812 

1718
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:37,900
at the height of his control. 
Napoleon assembled, the largest 

1719
01:30:37,900 --> 01:30:40,800
army Europe had ever seen over 
half of a million men drawn from

1720
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:44,300
every corner of his domains LED 
them Eastward in a campaign that

1721
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:46,100
he believed would secure his 
dominance once. 

1722
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:49,900
And for all the target, his 
former Ally, the Russian Tsar 

1723
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,700
who had drifted out of the 
continental system and defied 

1724
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:56,100
French influence confident in 
his Destiny and a custom to 

1725
01:30:56,100 --> 01:30:59,300
Rapid victories Napoleon. 
Wagered everything on one more 

1726
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:03,400
lightning War. 
The Grand Army, the Cosmopolitan

1727
01:31:03,400 --> 01:31:08,500
host of Frenchmen Italians 
Germans polls and others marched

1728
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:11,200
off with singing and high morale
under summer Skies. 

1729
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:15,500
It was the apogee of Napoleon's 
hubris an emperor at the peak of

1730
01:31:15,508 --> 01:31:17,200
his power. 
Thinking, the conquest of the 

1731
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,700
vast Russian planes would be, 
but another Triumph to notch on 

1732
01:31:20,708 --> 01:31:23,600
his belt. 
He told a diplomat, we should be

1733
01:31:23,608 --> 01:31:27,600
a Moscow in two months. 
As the column snaked East 

1734
01:31:27,600 --> 01:31:31,000
drummers tapping out, the cables
on Dusty roads, and Eagles 

1735
01:31:31,000 --> 01:31:33,800
glinting in the sun. 
None could imagine that the 

1736
01:31:33,808 --> 01:31:36,500
Zenith of the empire was also 
the beginning of a catastrophic 

1737
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:39,300
decline. 
For now though, Napoleon star 

1738
01:31:39,300 --> 01:31:41,100
blazed as bright as the midday 
Sun. 

1739
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:44,900
The minds of many who was the 
master of Europe, perhaps even 

1740
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:47,300
Invincible. 
The thought that this supreme 

1741
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:50,100
height might precede a full had 
not yet troubled, the dreams of 

1742
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:53,100
the emperor of the French, the 
ACT left thousands on the far 

1743
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:55,800
Bank, who shouted as the 
remaining Escape path burned, 

1744
01:31:55,800 --> 01:32:00,300
early December saw the Grande. 
Are may possibly 20,000 ragged 

1745
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:04,700
frostbitten survivors from 
600,000 stagger into Poland and 

1746
01:32:04,700 --> 01:32:07,100
Prussia. 
Napoleon's side with 

1747
01:32:07,100 --> 01:32:09,700
satisfaction when he entered 
friendly territory after 

1748
01:32:09,700 --> 01:32:12,600
narrowly escaping arrest 
multiple times during the 

1749
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:16,800
retreat, the cost was nearly 
unfathomable the Russian winter 

1750
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:20,500
attacks and starvation reduced 
the overall centering Russia 

1751
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:24,500
test. 
A sense survived snow shattered.

1752
01:32:24,500 --> 01:32:27,800
Napoleon's European 
invincibility Paris, rumors 

1753
01:32:27,800 --> 01:32:29,800
about the disaster. 
Foreshadowed, his return 

1754
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:33,100
Napoleon, abandoned the 
remaining troops and rode a 

1755
01:32:33,108 --> 01:32:36,400
sled, back to France and Cognito
and quickly in December 1812. 

1756
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:41,000
He left, martial nae nae and 
others to oversee the terrible 

1757
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:44,400
retreat. 
Polian left his forces to avert 

1758
01:32:44,400 --> 01:32:47,900
a domestic coup a general named 
Molly had launched a strange 

1759
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:52,000
coup in Paris falsely announcing
Napoleon's death illustrating 

1760
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:56,500
how delicate things were. 
Napoleon crossed blizzards day 

1761
01:32:56,500 --> 01:32:59,100
and night to Paris. 
Before the year's end, made the 

1762
01:32:59,100 --> 01:33:02,300
country, believe everything was 
fine masking, the devastation 

1763
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:06,500
short-lived for sorrowed after 
Russia, won Europe's rulers, 

1764
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:08,600
formed a coalition to destroy 
the weaker Empire. 

1765
01:33:09,600 --> 01:33:13,700
Crusher joined Russia, against 
France in early 1813 Austria 

1766
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:17,000
prepared to jump in Napoleon 
quickly, recruited youngsters 

1767
01:33:17,000 --> 01:33:19,400
and Last Resort reserves to 
replace his veterans. 

1768
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:23,500
As before he examined maps and 
made massive players to defeat 

1769
01:33:23,500 --> 01:33:27,400
the Allies, he was still alive, 
but reality was looming his 

1770
01:33:27,400 --> 01:33:30,100
Marshals feared, he could win an
interminable War because the 

1771
01:33:30,100 --> 01:33:33,900
French were exhausted. 
Napoleon returned triumphantly 

1772
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:38,600
in mid 1813 in March 1813. 
He was beat the Russo, Prussian 

1773
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:41,300
Army at Lutsen and bouts and 
with hardly trained conscripts 

1774
01:33:41,300 --> 01:33:43,600
demonstrating his operational 
competence. 

1775
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:47,300
He hoped to prevent catastrophe 
again, too many odds were 

1776
01:33:47,308 --> 01:33:51,500
against him, October 1813 saw 
the Battle of Leipzig later, 

1777
01:33:51,500 --> 01:33:55,100
renamed, the Battle of Nations 
and Saxony three days of fierce 

1778
01:33:55,100 --> 01:33:58,000
fighting between Napoleon's, 
Marshals and guard and a 

1779
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:00,500
combined Russian Prussian 
Austrian and Swedish army. 

1780
01:34:00,500 --> 01:34:05,100
Napoleon was outnumbered roughly
two to one attrition and hostile

1781
01:34:05,100 --> 01:34:06,700
teamwork. 
Defeated him despite his 

1782
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:10,900
expertise and bravery. 
Scared French officer blew up a 

1783
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:13,900
crucial bridge to early trapping
a rear guard on the wrong side 

1784
01:34:13,900 --> 01:34:17,100
of the river to be captured. 
Napoleon lost the biggest battle

1785
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:19,700
in European history. 
Ending French rule in Germany. 

1786
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:22,500
Many of Napoleon's German allies
to factored. 

1787
01:34:22,500 --> 01:34:26,400
The rhyme Confederation fell 
while retreating over the Elder 

1788
01:34:26,400 --> 01:34:30,400
River, his beloved polish hero, 
martial, Pontius drowned 

1789
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:34,500
Napoleon, retreated, France with
his 70,000 defeated soldiers, 

1790
01:34:34,500 --> 01:34:39,000
resolved to fight In early 1814,
the Allies invaded France, 

1791
01:34:39,000 --> 01:34:40,800
expecting a quick march to 
Paris. 

1792
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:44,400
Napoleon's little Force, 
defeated elements of the bigger 

1793
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:48,300
Allied soldiers in the six days 
campaign in February. 1814 one 

1794
01:34:48,300 --> 01:34:51,300
of his most successful defensive
campaigns offered overlooked. 

1795
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:54,900
his youthful mobility and 
skilled surprised his opponents 

1796
01:34:54,900 --> 01:34:58,600
at Champa bear monireh and 
Montero Seeing the emperor 

1797
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:00,700
Sprint. 
Like a firefighter gave French 

1798
01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:02,700
peasants. 
Hope math told him. 

1799
01:35:02,700 --> 01:35:06,500
He was two outnumbered to win. 
despite his few victories the 

1800
01:35:06,500 --> 01:35:10,700
Allies reached Paris by late 
March 1814 after Marshall's 

1801
01:35:10,700 --> 01:35:14,000
marmor and Morty a left to 
defend Paris concluded 

1802
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:16,900
resistance was pointless the 
Coalition Army, took it 

1803
01:35:16,900 --> 01:35:20,700
practically in peace After 
centuries without foreign rule. 

1804
01:35:20,700 --> 01:35:24,100
The Victorious, Tsar Alexander, 
King Frederick, William of 

1805
01:35:24,100 --> 01:35:27,100
Prussia and other dignitaries 
entered Paris on March, 31st 

1806
01:35:27,100 --> 01:35:31,900
1814 Parisians flocked to the 
boulevards in despair or relief 

1807
01:35:31,900 --> 01:35:33,800
as Napoleon's epic adventure 
ended. 

1808
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:37,300
Napoleon was outraged and 
unhappy and Fontainebleau 

1809
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,600
following paris's loss. 
Pondered marching his remaining 

1810
01:35:40,600 --> 01:35:43,700
men to seize the city, his 
Marshals, confronted him 

1811
01:35:43,700 --> 01:35:47,300
exhausted and honest for the 
first time, Marshall's, nay 

1812
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:50,200
odeno and LeFevre would followed
him across Europe. 

1813
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:53,900
Advised him to reason they 
claimed France was defeated and 

1814
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:57,800
resistance would be fatal 
Napoleon was Furious, accusing 

1815
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:01,100
them of cowardice and betrayal. 
He faced a reality alone in 

1816
01:36:01,100 --> 01:36:04,300
Fontainebleau at night the 
Allies sought his unconditional 

1817
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:08,300
surrender, even his stepson and 
Brother Joseph, persuaded him to

1818
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:12,000
submit for the nation. 
Marshals Nyan McDonald issued a 

1819
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:16,300
stunning ultimate on April 4th 
1814 Philippe must abdicate 

1820
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,900
before the Army could march on 
Paris, Napoleon abdicated for 

1821
01:36:19,900 --> 01:36:23,600
his son expecting an ally 
Regency, when rejected you 

1822
01:36:23,600 --> 01:36:26,800
realize the game was over 
Napoleon abdicated on April 

1823
01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:30,200
11th. 1814 relinquishing, French
Regal rights. 

1824
01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:34,100
You received an annual stipend 
and a modest guard on Elder a 

1825
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:37,600
smaller Italian Island from the 
Allies, a beautiful prison, for 

1826
01:36:37,600 --> 01:36:41,000
a Fallen King. 
Napoleon said goodbye to his old

1827
01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:43,700
guard in Fontaine. 
Blows Courtyard on April 20th, 

1828
01:36:43,700 --> 01:36:48,100
1814, France would remember a 
touching scene Napoleon 

1829
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:52,500
continued speaking with a steady
impassioned voice saying to the 

1830
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:56,400
soldiers of my old guard? 
I did you farewell You've been 

1831
01:36:56,408 --> 01:36:59,800
my constant companion on the 
path to honor and glory for 20 

1832
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:01,900
years. 
Do not mourn my fate. 

1833
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:04,400
I want to document our wonderful
Deeds. 

1834
01:37:04,400 --> 01:37:06,000
Sweep kids. 
Goodbye. 

1835
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:12,400
Napoleon veteran grenadiers of 
12 campaigns cried the emperor, 

1836
01:37:12,400 --> 01:37:15,800
kissed the Imperial Eagle flag 
one last time and hugged General

1837
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:18,100
Petty who was holding the 
regimental Eagle. 

1838
01:37:18,100 --> 01:37:22,100
He said goodbye kids raising his
hand and salutation. 

1839
01:37:22,900 --> 01:37:25,800
Napoleon despite his best 
efforts jumped into a carriage 

1840
01:37:25,800 --> 01:37:29,300
crying that night, many jaded 
soldiers, lay under the stars 

1841
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,900
unsure of France's or their 
future without Lumpur, a veteran

1842
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:35,700
mermaid. 
It's over a wonderful person 

1843
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:39,100
left. 
An imaginary Kingdom held 

1844
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:41,400
European ruler, Napoleon 
Bonaparte Captain. 

1845
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:46,100
He arrived at Elba, 190 square 
miles of rugged terrain and 

1846
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:50,700
Vineyards and Tuscany in late, 
April, 1814, He was rarely 

1847
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:54,200
self-pitying. 
Keeping the title Emperor's gave

1848
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:55,300
from the name as a polite 
fiction. 

1849
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:59,400
He established a small Court in 
Port of ferrario elba's main 

1850
01:37:59,400 --> 01:38:01,700
town and rained like France in 
miniature. 

1851
01:38:02,800 --> 01:38:04,900
Napoleon was Restless on Elbert 
for 9 months. 

1852
01:38:05,600 --> 01:38:09,200
He studied Lila's iron mines and
quarries plant to modernize 

1853
01:38:09,200 --> 01:38:11,200
Agriculture, and designed a 
flag. 

1854
01:38:11,200 --> 01:38:14,700
A diagonal band of white with 
red and bees symbolizing 

1855
01:38:14,700 --> 01:38:17,600
industriousness, and potentially
nodding to his Imperial emblem. 

1856
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:21,300
He formed a small Navy and army 
with a few ships and hundreds of

1857
01:38:21,308 --> 01:38:23,600
people including a loyal Old 
Guard Detachment. 

1858
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:27,600
He wrote tight Roots inspected, 
Olive, Orchards and talked to 

1859
01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:29,700
Port. 
Fisherman Villages said his 

1860
01:38:29,700 --> 01:38:32,600
micromanagement. 
Improved roads, built a small 

1861
01:38:32,608 --> 01:38:36,500
hospital and accelerated tax 
collection elba's, people were 

1862
01:38:36,500 --> 01:38:40,100
amazed and perplexed that this 
powerful man cared about their 

1863
01:38:40,100 --> 01:38:43,100
humble life. 
A friendly Alban, Elder joke. 

1864
01:38:43,100 --> 01:38:45,100
He thinks he's still ruling. 
The world. 

1865
01:38:46,700 --> 01:38:49,300
Poland's Vigor, overwhelmed 
Elders, are delicate appearance,

1866
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:52,400
connections and newspapers, kept
him, abreast of French and 

1867
01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:54,400
European happenings this 
information. 

1868
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:58,000
Ordered him the restored bourbon
Monarch Louis, the 18th was 

1869
01:38:58,000 --> 01:39:00,500
unpopular in France. 
The Arrogant Return of the old 

1870
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:03,500
aristocracy led to the dismissal
of many Napoleon Affiliated 

1871
01:39:03,500 --> 01:39:07,000
French officers, and bureaucrats
rumors of royalist Revenge and 

1872
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:10,000
economic recession. 
Circulated peasants, feared, the

1873
01:39:10,008 --> 01:39:12,600
Bourbons would retake their 
game's after Napoleon's reign. 

1874
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:16,200
During a Congress of the great 
countries in Vienna to redraw 

1875
01:39:16,200 --> 01:39:18,000
Europe's map after Napoleon's 
fall. 

1876
01:39:18,000 --> 01:39:21,200
Their British may send Napoleon 
to a remote Atlantic Rock. 

1877
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:24,400
If you become too difficult in 
Elba, the island felt like a 

1878
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:26,900
gilded prison. 
The Bonaparte family was 

1879
01:39:26,900 --> 01:39:30,200
Infamous for their infighting 
and Napoleon's mother and sister

1880
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:33,100
clashed off and Napoleon's. 
Busy mind was born. 

1881
01:39:33,100 --> 01:39:35,600
He was sad. 
Looking at the sea via a 

1882
01:39:35,600 --> 01:39:37,900
telescope from Elvis cliffs in 
early 1815. 

1883
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:41,500
I live like a sleeping volcano. 
Read one letter. 

1884
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:45,000
You could not bear the world 
going on without him his 

1885
01:39:45,000 --> 01:39:46,700
insatiable ambition and Fate 
One. 

1886
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:50,900
In late February 1815, Napoleon 
returned to France, to reclaim 

1887
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:52,200
his crown. 
After hearing, the Congress of 

1888
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:55,500
Vienna was in disorder and 
France's anger, with Louis, the 

1889
01:39:55,500 --> 01:39:58,500
18th was growing. 
It appeared impossible and 

1890
01:39:58,500 --> 01:40:01,100
expelled Emperor. 
Escorted by Allied ships, trying

1891
01:40:01,100 --> 01:40:04,200
to incite a civilian 
Insurrection to overthrow a 

1892
01:40:04,200 --> 01:40:06,500
reconstituted. 
Monarchy Napoleon had the 

1893
01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:11,600
ability to bring dreams to life.
Napoleon fled Elba, on February 

1894
01:40:11,600 --> 01:40:16,000
26th, 1815 and a loose guards. 
He traveled to France with 

1895
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:18,500
several hundred. 
Loyal Warriors, aboard the ship 

1896
01:40:18,500 --> 01:40:21,400
in constant and numerous smaller
vessels to evade British 

1897
01:40:21,400 --> 01:40:25,800
surveillance He escaped cap on 
the voyage by chance and daring,

1898
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:30,100
Napoleon stared at the proud 
with a familiar fire as the 

1899
01:40:30,100 --> 01:40:32,300
coat. 
Does Europe appeared France is 

1900
01:40:32,300 --> 01:40:35,200
ours informed. 
His troops Bonaparte believed 

1901
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:39,000
Louis, the 18th France would 
fail on March 1st 1815, the 

1902
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:41,300
French Riviera witnessed an 
astonishing sight. 

1903
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:45,800
Napoleon Bonaparte, the exiled 
Emperor landed near canned, with

1904
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:48,600
a tiny force on fold. 
His tricolor flag once more 

1905
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:52,000
dressed in his trademark grey 
coat and cocked hat. 

1906
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:53,800
He stepped ashore and 
proclaimed. 

1907
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:58,600
I have come to save France. 
Thus began the episode known as 

1908
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:02,300
the 100 days the final blaze of 
Napoleon's meteoric life. 

1909
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:06,200
Much northward, avoiding the 
royalists stronghold of 

1910
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,400
Provence, using the Alpine route
through the dopamine. 

1911
01:41:10,000 --> 01:41:12,300
His band was small, barely a 
thousand men. 

1912
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:16,500
But as they Advanced Napoleon's,
Charisma and Francis simmering 

1913
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:19,800
discontent began to work 
miracles, a town after town 

1914
01:41:19,800 --> 01:41:22,600
locals, especially veterans and 
peasants turned out with 

1915
01:41:22,600 --> 01:41:25,200
curiosity and growing 
enthusiasm. 

1916
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:28,700
To many, the news of his return 
felt like a long-lost family 

1917
01:41:28,700 --> 01:41:31,600
member coming home. 
A pivotal moment came on March, 

1918
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:35,500
7th near the mountain town of 
lapri, Royal troops of the 5th, 

1919
01:41:35,500 --> 01:41:37,900
regiment and orders to arrest 
the user per confronted, 

1920
01:41:37,900 --> 01:41:41,600
Napoleon on the road, the two 
forces faced each other nervous 

1921
01:41:41,600 --> 01:41:44,500
and Silent Napoleon. 
Fearless Strode forward. 

1922
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:48,200
Alone flung open his coat to 
bear his chest and shouted to 

1923
01:41:48,200 --> 01:41:50,600
the soldiers, arrayed against 
him soldiers. 

1924
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:53,200
If there is one among you, who 
wants to kill his General, his 

1925
01:41:53,200 --> 01:41:56,100
Emperor here, I am for attempt 
heartbeat. 

1926
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,600
No one moved then in an 
emotional Rush, the Royal troops

1927
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:03,300
erupted in. 
Cheers Vivo rang out as they 

1928
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:05,900
threw down their white Bourbon. 
Cockades and surge toward 

1929
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:07,900
Napoleon. 
The men of the 5th. 

1930
01:42:07,900 --> 01:42:11,800
Join Napoleon's ranks in unison.
I Witnesses saw veterans, crying

1931
01:42:11,800 --> 01:42:15,000
and laughing as they embraced, 
their former leader word 

1932
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:17,800
quickly, spread throughout the 
countryside, Napoleon had 

1933
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:20,100
returned, and the Army was 
United in. 

1934
01:42:21,900 --> 01:42:25,500
King Louis the 18th attempts to 
muster resistance faltered as 

1935
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:28,500
one regiment after another, 
either went over to Bonaparte or

1936
01:42:28,500 --> 01:42:32,400
melted away through May once 
Napoleon's, trusted bravest of 

1937
01:42:32,408 --> 01:42:34,700
the Brave had initially 
promised, the king he would 

1938
01:42:34,700 --> 01:42:37,700
bring Napoleon back in an iron 
cage but confronted with the 

1939
01:42:37,700 --> 01:42:39,200
father of his troops for the 
emperor. 

1940
01:42:39,200 --> 01:42:43,400
Nay too defected overmeld by old
loyalties and perhaps the 

1941
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:47,800
irresistible tide of sentiment 
By March 20th, Napoleon reached 

1942
01:42:47,800 --> 01:42:50,300
Paris. 
Louis the 18th had already fled 

1943
01:42:50,300 --> 01:42:54,200
into Exile supposedly leaving so
hastily that, he lost a shoe. 

1944
01:42:54,200 --> 01:42:56,400
Thus, giving a touch of fast to 
the bourbon. 

1945
01:42:56,400 --> 01:43:00,300
King's second departure, that 
night Napoleon entered the 

1946
01:43:00,300 --> 01:43:02,900
Wheeler's to the ecstatic Roar 
of parisians. 

1947
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,200
Who just weeks earlier had been 
murmuring against him as the 

1948
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:09,400
ogre public opinion had. 
Once again, whiplashed 

1949
01:43:10,400 --> 01:43:14,000
Remarkably in a matter of 20 
days without a single shot fired

1950
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:16,200
in Anger. 
Napoleon had regular regained, 

1951
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:18,400
his throw. 
It was one of the most dramatic 

1952
01:43:18,400 --> 01:43:22,300
political The Comebacks in 
history serves as a testament to

1953
01:43:22,300 --> 01:43:25,700
his unequaled, ability to 
inspire or intimidate and the 

1954
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:28,600
reflect the French people's 
ambivalence about the restored. 

1955
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,800
Monarchy The tricolor flew once 
more from public buildings in 

1956
01:43:32,800 --> 01:43:35,200
the streets people sang La 
marseillaise and lip. 

1957
01:43:35,200 --> 01:43:38,900
Bonfires Napoleon moved quickly 
to consolidate this unexpected. 

1958
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:42,400
Second chance he sent letters 
professing peaceful intentions 

1959
01:43:42,400 --> 01:43:45,500
and offering new alliances. 
He even adopted a more liberal 

1960
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:47,600
tone, promulgating a revised 
Constitution. 

1961
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:50,800
The additional act that granted 
a free oppress, and a 

1962
01:43:50,800 --> 01:43:52,400
constitutional monarchy style 
government. 

1963
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:56,000
An olive branch to liberals and 
moderates in France, who wanted 

1964
01:43:56,000 --> 01:43:58,000
reform. 
The emperor claimed he had 

1965
01:43:58,008 --> 01:44:00,800
learned from Exile and now 
desired, to be a benign, ruler 

1966
01:44:00,800 --> 01:44:04,000
of a free people, many were 
skeptical of this late out 

1967
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:06,500
conversion to liberalism that 
they preferred him to the 

1968
01:44:06,500 --> 01:44:09,700
Bourbons regardless. 
However, Napoleon's escape and 

1969
01:44:09,700 --> 01:44:12,700
restoration shook Europe. 
The crowned heads at the 

1970
01:44:12,700 --> 01:44:15,000
Congress of the world and 
Furious. 

1971
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:18,900
Coalition of practically every 
other European power, Britain 

1972
01:44:18,900 --> 01:44:22,100
Prussia, Austria, Russia and 
others immediately formed 

1973
01:44:22,100 --> 01:44:24,800
declaring Napoleon and Outlaw 
and enemy of World Peace. 

1974
01:44:25,900 --> 01:44:28,800
The devil has been Unchained. 
So the Austrian foreign minister

1975
01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:31,800
metallic encapsulating. 
The shocked outrage of the 

1976
01:44:31,800 --> 01:44:35,400
aristocracies the aristocracies 
quickly mobilized their Idol 

1977
01:44:35,400 --> 01:44:39,500
armies to decisively Crush, an 
opioid that diplomacy was 

1978
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:41,100
hopeless. 
The Allies refused anything 

1979
01:44:41,100 --> 01:44:44,400
short of his second application,
prepared for war with a mix of 

1980
01:44:44,408 --> 01:44:48,700
urgency and confidence yet. 
Perhaps 125,000 soldiers of the 

1981
01:44:48,700 --> 01:44:51,300
regular army, immediately it and
plus volunteers. 

1982
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:54,100
Swelling. 
The ranks daily Both veterans 

1983
01:44:54,100 --> 01:44:57,800
and new recruits were present. 
Many driven by patriotic Zeal to

1984
01:44:57,800 --> 01:45:00,200
ensure that foreign monarchs 
would not dictate to France. 

1985
01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:04,400
He also reconstituted the 
formidable Imperial Guard Still 

1986
01:45:04,400 --> 01:45:07,700
facing him would soon be several
massive Allied armies converging

1987
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:10,600
from all sides, potentially over
half a million men. 

1988
01:45:11,500 --> 01:45:14,700
Napoleon strategic Instinct 
guided him to swiftly and 

1989
01:45:14,700 --> 01:45:17,200
forcefully attack the closest 
adversaries before the Coalition

1990
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:19,600
could fully unite. 
He famously said, to his 

1991
01:45:19,600 --> 01:45:22,600
Marshals, we must make a 
campaign that is prompt and 

1992
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:25,000
energetic as in the days of our 
youth. 

1993
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:29,300
In June 1815, he marched into. 
What is now Belgium then part of

1994
01:45:29,300 --> 01:45:32,100
the United Kingdom of the 
Netherlands to preempt the 

1995
01:45:32,100 --> 01:45:35,500
anglo-dutch Army under the Duke 
Ellington and the Prussian Army 

1996
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:38,100
under martial. 
Blucher, hoping to defeat in 

1997
01:45:38,100 --> 01:45:43,500
turn On June, the 16th, 1815 
Napoleon's of may do Nord 

1998
01:45:43,500 --> 01:45:46,500
clashed with the crush onions at
linear and the Anglo Allied 

1999
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:51,300
Forces at Napoleon. 
Defeated blue marking it as his 

2000
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:53,700
last victory. 
However, it was not a route 

2001
01:45:53,708 --> 01:45:57,500
since bouquets with Drew in, 
good order bruised but not 

2002
01:45:57,500 --> 01:46:00,700
broken Marshal's. 
Fight at Clarke against 

2003
01:46:00,700 --> 01:46:02,400
Wellington's, forces was 
inconclusive. 

2004
01:46:02,400 --> 01:46:05,500
Ney was unable to prevent 
Wellington from later. 

2005
01:46:05,500 --> 01:46:07,800
Pulling back to a defensive 
position near the village of 

2006
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,100
Waterloo. 
Two days later on June 18th 

2007
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:13,700
1815, Napoleon faced 
Wellington's. 

2008
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:17,100
British-led Allied Army on the 
rolling plateau of monsen, Jean 

2009
01:46:17,100 --> 01:46:19,900
just south of Waterloo. 
The ground had been soaked by 

2010
01:46:19,900 --> 01:46:22,000
heavy rains, the night before 
delaying. 

2011
01:46:22,000 --> 01:46:23,800
Napoleon's attack, until late 
morning. 

2012
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:27,600
While it dried Napoleon's fate 
would be decided on a field of 

2013
01:46:27,600 --> 01:46:30,700
clover and Rye. 
One mile long and three miles 

2014
01:46:30,700 --> 01:46:34,400
wide with Wellington Scarlet. 
Coated infantry in Union, Jack 

2015
01:46:34,400 --> 01:46:37,300
flags array to get against the 
tricolor standards of France. 

2016
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:41,800
Wellington experienced 
defensive, General had a raid, 

2017
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:45,500
his 68,000 troops behind gentle 
ridges and in strong points, 

2018
01:46:45,500 --> 01:46:48,700
like the farm of Lahey sent and 
the anxiously awaited the 

2019
01:46:48,700 --> 01:46:51,000
arrival of blue cars, prussians 
to bolster him. 

2020
01:46:52,400 --> 01:46:56,200
Napoleon had around 70,000 
troops, including the red out of

2021
01:46:56,208 --> 01:46:58,900
Imperial Guard. 
And he too was looking over his 

2022
01:46:58,900 --> 01:47:01,700
shoulder for the prussians. 
Hoping his subordinate Marshal 

2023
01:47:01,700 --> 01:47:05,500
grouchy would keep him at Bay. 
As Battle of Waterloo was fierce

2024
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:08,700
and unrelenting a true end game 
between the year as greatest 

2025
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:11,500
commanders. 
Napoleon launched a midday 

2026
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,500
assault with a grand battery of 
artillery and the main attack 

2027
01:47:14,500 --> 01:47:18,000
against the Allied Center, while
naled Cavalry Charges that 

2028
01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:21,600
thundered against Wellington's. 
Infantry squares, the British 

2029
01:47:21,600 --> 01:47:24,600
allies held on the ridge despite
horrific losses. 

2030
01:47:25,600 --> 01:47:28,400
By late afternoon May 
misunderstanding an enemy 

2031
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:30,900
movement mistakenly believed. 
The Anglo Allied line was 

2032
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:33,400
faltering and led one of 
military history's. 

2033
01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:37,200
Most infamous Mass Cavalry 
Charges dozens of squadrons with

2034
01:47:37,200 --> 01:47:39,600
glittering quranism. 
Penance thundering over the 

2035
01:47:39,600 --> 01:47:41,500
ridge without infantry or 
artillery support. 

2036
01:47:42,400 --> 01:47:44,600
They were met by the Resolute. 
Infantry squares. 

2037
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:47,900
Wellington soldiers and Silent 
rows behind bayonets. 

2038
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:51,400
Endured repeated waves of French
Horseman swirling around their 

2039
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:53,500
bristling squares unable to 
break them. 

2040
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:57,900
Nasala was undeniable, his horse
was shot from under him five 

2041
01:47:57,900 --> 01:48:00,300
times that day, but the Chargers
game, nothing. 

2042
01:48:00,300 --> 01:48:01,900
But heaps of dead, men and 
horses. 

2043
01:48:01,900 --> 01:48:06,300
Napoleon watched the spectacle 
and reportedly explained that he

2044
01:48:06,300 --> 01:48:09,500
had gone mad. 
As the afternoon wore on news 

2045
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:13,200
reached Napoleon that her forces
were approaching from the Easter

2046
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:15,100
was coming from filling his 
promise to Wellington. 

2047
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:19,000
For the love of God, come as 
fast as you can, will fight to 

2048
01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:22,200
the last man. 
Indeed by early evening, 

2049
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:25,600
Prussian Advanced units under 
Pooler Bulow attack. 

2050
01:48:25,600 --> 01:48:27,900
The French right flank of the 
village of Plankton. 

2051
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:31,400
Forcing Napoleon to divert 
troops, including part of the 

2052
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:34,600
young guard, to hold them off 
the iron Vice was closing. 

2053
01:48:35,600 --> 01:48:37,900
Time to windling Napoleon took a
final risk. 

2054
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:41,100
He committed his Imperial Guard.
His most loyal and Elite 

2055
01:48:41,100 --> 01:48:44,300
Italians in a final bid to break
Wellington center before the 

2056
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:46,300
prussians could fully Unite with
the Allies. 

2057
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:50,000
He's battle-hardened, veterans 
short, but tall in reputation 

2058
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:53,300
marched up the ridge in solid 
columns, drums, beating the 

2059
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:57,200
pasta Shahs these lomper. 
They cried as Napoleon watched 

2060
01:48:57,200 --> 01:49:01,100
them go, these men who had never
tasted defeat, the Allied line 

2061
01:49:01,100 --> 01:49:03,900
buckled under the initial 
impact, but Wellington had kept 

2062
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:06,100
some units in reserve lying down
behind the ridge. 

2063
01:49:07,200 --> 01:49:09,400
At his command, the British 
guards and other units. 

2064
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:12,000
Stood up close range, and 
poured, volleys into the flanks 

2065
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:16,100
of the advance in guard columns.
A brutal firefight ensued near 

2066
01:49:16,100 --> 01:49:19,400
the summit of the ridge. 
And a hail storms of musket 

2067
01:49:19,400 --> 01:49:22,400
balls and great shot. 
The first time in memory, the 

2068
01:49:22,400 --> 01:49:26,100
Imperial Guard recoil, the cry 
went up among the Allied troops 

2069
01:49:26,100 --> 01:49:29,800
Lagarde which means regard is 
falling back. 

2070
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:33,500
Shock Ripple through the French 
lines, disbelief turned to 

2071
01:49:33,500 --> 01:49:35,400
panic, as the guards Retreat 
became General. 

2072
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,000
Wellington seized the moment, 
waving his hat and ordering a 

2073
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:41,300
general Advance all along the 
line. 

2074
01:49:41,300 --> 01:49:44,800
Blue's, prussians now, arriving 
in for sashed into the French 

2075
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:47,100
right and Napoleon's Army 
exhausted. 

2076
01:49:47,100 --> 01:49:50,500
And with his morale, Chateau de 
began to disintegrate on a 

2077
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:52,200
gentle slope. 
A square of the Old Guard, 

2078
01:49:52,200 --> 01:49:54,100
formed to act as a rear guard 
for the fleeing Army. 

2079
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:57,700
Surrounded by Allied Forces. 
They were given a chance to 

2080
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:01,100
surrender. 
One apocryphal version tells 

2081
01:50:01,100 --> 01:50:04,900
that when called to yield the 
Guard general perhaps, come on, 

2082
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:10,700
retorted legarde Mehran, PA. 
The guard dies but does not 

2083
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:13,700
surrender. 
Followed by a defiant mad. 

2084
01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:17,900
When eventually overwhelmed, 
many of these steadfast 

2085
01:50:17,900 --> 01:50:21,100
grenadiers indeed died where 
they stood rather than 

2086
01:50:21,100 --> 01:50:26,000
capitulate among the chaos 
Napoleon who had remained on the

2087
01:50:26,000 --> 01:50:30,100
field until the guards repulsed,
almost fell into enemy hands, as

2088
01:50:30,100 --> 01:50:34,500
all seemed lost his Marshals, 
persuaded him to depart He fled 

2089
01:50:34,500 --> 01:50:37,600
the field in a carriage. 
As Darkness fell racing back 

2090
01:50:37,600 --> 01:50:41,900
toward Paris, his dream of 
renewed Glory shattered, the 

2091
01:50:41,900 --> 01:50:44,000
Battle of Waterloo was over 
Napoleon's. 

2092
01:50:44,000 --> 01:50:48,800
Final gambled Napoleon 
reportedly said safe or 

2093
01:50:49,800 --> 01:50:54,200
Finished, then as he left. 
Back in Paris, Napoleon 

2094
01:50:54,200 --> 01:50:56,600
attempted to Rally support for 
continuing resistance. 

2095
01:50:57,800 --> 01:51:01,200
But the political will was gone 
the legend of turned against him

2096
01:51:01,200 --> 01:51:03,400
and even the ever-loyal martial 
name. 

2097
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:06,500
Now, urged abdication, saying 
another, round of Civil War 

2098
01:51:06,500 --> 01:51:10,900
would Rouen France. 
On June 22nd 1815 Napoleon 

2099
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:13,800
abdicated for the second time 
and in favor of his young son, 

2100
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,700
Napoleon the second though the 
Allies ignored this and restored

2101
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:19,700
Louis the 18th again. 
He then made his way to the 

2102
01:51:19,708 --> 01:51:23,300
Atlantic coast, initially hoping
to escape the United States. 

2103
01:51:24,300 --> 01:51:26,700
For weeks, he lingered at 
rochefort with two British 

2104
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:28,600
warships, blocking any attempt 
to sail. 

2105
01:51:29,400 --> 01:51:32,400
Finally, realizing he could not 
allude the global reach of 

2106
01:51:32,400 --> 01:51:35,200
British Sea power, Napoleon 
surrendered himself to the 

2107
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:40,100
British captain Maitland of HMS 
bellerophon on July 15th. 1815 

2108
01:51:40,100 --> 01:51:43,100
heps expected, he would be 
treated as a former head of 

2109
01:51:43,108 --> 01:51:45,600
state and allowed retirement in 
Britain or elsewhere. 

2110
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,400
Instead the British driven by 
their governments resolved that 

2111
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,200
he never trouble the world 
again, decided to send him to 

2112
01:51:52,200 --> 01:51:55,600
the remote, South Atlantic 
island of Saint Helena far from 

2113
01:51:55,600 --> 01:52:00,000
any European Shore. 
In October 1815, Napoleon 

2114
01:52:00,000 --> 01:52:04,000
arrived, at the start volcanic 
island, roughly 1200 miles from 

2115
01:52:04,000 --> 01:52:07,200
the coast of Africa. 
Thus began his second final 

2116
01:52:07,200 --> 01:52:10,200
Exile on a speck of land. 
That was essentially an open-air

2117
01:52:10,200 --> 01:52:13,700
prison. 
He was 46 years old, the climate

2118
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:17,200
was dammed the terrain rugged 
but confined there would be no 

2119
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:20,300
dramatic Escape or return from 
this place, the British 

2120
01:52:20,300 --> 01:52:22,200
Governor. 
So Hudson low was due to full of

2121
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:25,900
watchful restricting, Napoleon's
movements, to prevent any chance

2122
01:52:25,900 --> 01:52:28,700
of rescue. 
Napoleon was given a residents 

2123
01:52:28,700 --> 01:52:31,900
Longwood house, which was damp 
Windswept, and hardly 

2124
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:33,400
comfortable by Imperial 
standards. 

2125
01:52:33,400 --> 01:52:36,800
He passed the next almost six 
years in a strange half-life 

2126
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,900
Small cohort of loyal followers,
voluntarily accompanied him 

2127
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:44,400
General's, Bertrand and 
month-long counter Locka, says 

2128
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:46,200
and his valet Marshawn among 
others. 

2129
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:50,700
And if they formed a tiny Court 
in Exile, Napoleon established a

2130
01:52:50,700 --> 01:52:53,000
daily routine. 
Dictating his Memoirs and 

2131
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:56,100
thoughts to his companions. 
Specially less cases, who 

2132
01:52:56,100 --> 01:52:58,800
recorded his conversations in, 
what would become the memorial 

2133
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:02,100
of Saint Helena. attending a 
small garden, weeding 

2134
01:53:02,100 --> 01:53:05,100
voraciously history, and 
literature, and the newspapers 

2135
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:07,800
when he could get them and 
taking the occasional ride or 

2136
01:53:07,800 --> 01:53:10,900
walk, when his health allowed, 
Over time his robust 

2137
01:53:10,900 --> 01:53:13,900
Constitution began to fail. 
He grew Stout from lack of 

2138
01:53:13,908 --> 01:53:17,000
exercise and rich food. 
He still died for me. 

2139
01:53:17,000 --> 01:53:19,900
Each night on Silver Plate, 
maintaining pretense of an 

2140
01:53:19,900 --> 01:53:23,100
imperial household He suffered 
from what appeared to be a 

2141
01:53:23,100 --> 01:53:26,000
stomach ailment. 
Perhaps an ulcer or ultimately 

2142
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:28,200
stomach cancer. 
His father had died of stomach, 

2143
01:53:28,200 --> 01:53:30,900
cancer 2. 
Some speculated he was being 

2144
01:53:30,900 --> 01:53:33,300
slowly poisoned indeed. 
Arsenic was later. 

2145
01:53:33,300 --> 01:53:36,300
Found in hair samples though. 
Modern historians, leaned 

2146
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:38,900
towards natural illness, 
exacerbated by the conditions 

2147
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:42,200
and possibly the Arsenic present
in things like the wallpaper 

2148
01:53:42,200 --> 01:53:44,900
die. 
Emotionally and intellectually 

2149
01:53:44,900 --> 01:53:49,300
Napoleon oscillated between 
Borden bitterness and reflective

2150
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:52,600
calm, he would spend hours 
mapping out alternative history 

2151
01:53:52,600 --> 01:53:55,900
is what he should have done at 
Waterloo or regretting not 

2152
01:53:55,900 --> 01:53:58,900
crushing the crush's more 
decisively earlier all lamenting

2153
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:00,300
the Folly of the Russian 
campaign. 

2154
01:54:01,100 --> 01:54:03,800
But other times he would delve 
into philosophical discussions 

2155
01:54:03,800 --> 01:54:05,700
about fate in the future 
Generations. 

2156
01:54:05,700 --> 01:54:10,200
He once stated they wanted me to
be another Washington referring 

2157
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:12,600
to how Britain might have 
expected him to quietly retire 

2158
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:15,600
and farm, but they will not find
another Washington in me. 

2159
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,600
As months turned to years, 
Napoleon became preoccupied with

2160
01:54:20,600 --> 01:54:23,500
shaping his legacy and dictation
sessions. 

2161
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:26,000
He portrayed himself as the 
champion of the people's rights 

2162
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:29,200
against reactionary monarchs and
as a soldier philosopher, who 

2163
01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:33,000
spread revolutionary ideals He 
insisted that his True Glory was

2164
01:54:33,000 --> 01:54:35,300
not the 40 battles. 
He won for the defeat at 

2165
01:54:35,308 --> 01:54:36,300
Waterloo. 
Overshadowed them. 

2166
01:54:36,300 --> 01:54:39,500
But what will live? 
Forever is my civil code, the 

2167
01:54:39,500 --> 01:54:41,900
administrative reforms, the 
memory of a Nation. 

2168
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:45,800
I transformed, he described the 
Grande Army as a Band of 

2169
01:54:45,800 --> 01:54:48,400
Brothers who achieved The 
Impossible out of love for 

2170
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:52,000
France, even expressed some 
remorse or at least sadness over

2171
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:55,700
the human cost of his Ambitions 
at times sitting on the porch. 

2172
01:54:55,700 --> 01:54:58,800
At Longwood gazing at the 
Atlantic rollers under a gray 

2173
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:01,200
sky. 
One imagines Napoleon pondering 

2174
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:03,200
the ultimate futility of worldly
power. 

2175
01:55:03,200 --> 01:55:06,900
Nevertheless never lost a 
certain pride and combativeness.

2176
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:10,100
When sir Hudson low would visit 
with Petty regulations or 

2177
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:12,400
refusing, the title of Emperor 
and correspondence. 

2178
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:15,700
The British addressed him as 
general Bonaparte in Napoleon 

2179
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:18,600
would bristle with anger. 
Sometimes refusing to see the 

2180
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:21,200
governor at all, cloaking 
himself in dignified, silence 

2181
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:24,500
his Entourage remained fiercely 
loyal, sharing in these 

2182
01:55:24,500 --> 01:55:29,600
indigenous in 1818, Las Casas 
was deported by linu for 

2183
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:31,800
allegedly, trying to smuggle. 
Let Us to Europe. 

2184
01:55:32,400 --> 01:55:35,900
Napoleon was outraged but he 
continued his dictations with 

2185
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:39,500
others over time reports of his 
declining Health reached Europe 

2186
01:55:39,500 --> 01:55:42,600
and softened some hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

2187
01:55:42,600 --> 01:55:45,900
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

2188
01:55:45,900 --> 01:55:50,400
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant abdominal 

2189
01:55:50,400 --> 01:55:52,300
pain, nausea and physical 
weakening. 

2190
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:56,300
He took to bed in April, he sent
the end was near and made a will

2191
01:55:56,300 --> 01:56:00,000
famously asking to be buried on 
the banks of the sin, among the 

2192
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:04,600
French people who may have loved
so much on May the 5th 1821 

2193
01:56:04,600 --> 01:56:06,800
during a ferocious storm. 
Napoleon died. 

2194
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:10,600
His last words in Delirious were
recorded by those at his 

2195
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:13,700
bedside, as France, jewelry 
Army. 

2196
01:56:15,200 --> 01:56:19,500
Tet Army Josephine. 
France. 

2197
01:56:20,500 --> 01:56:22,800
The army. 
Head of the army. 

2198
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:27,400
Josephine. 
Even at the final moment, his 

2199
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:31,200
mind clung to what he cherished,
his country, his soldiers, his 

2200
01:56:31,200 --> 01:56:34,400
glory and perhaps a fleeting 
thought of the first wife, he 

2201
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:38,300
had loved Napoleon was buried on
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,

2202
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:40,800
in a modest. 
Grave marked only by a simple, 

2203
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:44,300
Tombstone, the British wary of 
any symbol left it nameless. 

2204
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:48,900
The death only magnified the 
legend within years, Memoirs, 

2205
01:56:48,900 --> 01:56:51,200
like the memorial of Saint 
Helena spread across Europe, 

2206
01:56:51,200 --> 01:56:54,900
painting Napoleon as a romantic 
hero and Martyr of of sorts. 

2207
01:56:54,900 --> 01:56:59,300
The great man by fate and the 
malice of lesser men, The term 

2208
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:02,200
Napoleon complex would come to 
describe, not psychological 

2209
01:57:02,200 --> 01:57:06,100
height issues but the complexity
of his historical image Tyrant 

2210
01:57:06,100 --> 01:57:09,400
or enlightened ruler military 
genius or Reckless conqueror. 

2211
01:57:10,000 --> 01:57:14,000
In 1840, as political Tides 
changed in France, King Louis 

2212
01:57:14,000 --> 01:57:16,800
Philippe obtained permission to 
bring Napoleon's remains home. 

2213
01:57:16,800 --> 01:57:20,900
The grand State ceremony, 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

2214
01:57:20,900 --> 01:57:25,500
found remarkably well preserved,
and transported to Paris lined 

2215
01:57:25,500 --> 01:57:27,700
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent on Lucas. 

2216
01:57:27,700 --> 01:57:31,200
His coffin passed under the 
Arctic Tree on that Monument. 

2217
01:57:31,200 --> 01:57:34,300
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

2218
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:37,900
laid to rest with full honors in
a red Pourri sarcophagus and his

2219
01:57:37,908 --> 01:57:40,800
envelope France that 
symbolically reconciled with 

2220
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:42,700
her. 
Prodigal son he described the 

2221
01:57:42,700 --> 01:57:47,100
grand amay as a Band of Brothers
who achieved The Impossible out 

2222
01:57:47,100 --> 01:57:50,100
of love for France. 
Even expressed some more shortly

2223
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:54,200
sadness over the human cost of 
his Ambitions at times sitting 

2224
01:57:54,200 --> 01:57:57,300
on the portrait Longwood gazing.
At the Atlantic rollers under 

2225
01:57:57,300 --> 01:58:00,900
grace Sky, one imagines, 
Napoleon pondering the ultimate 

2226
01:58:00,900 --> 01:58:04,500
futility of worldly power. 
Nevertheless he never lost a 

2227
01:58:04,500 --> 01:58:07,800
certain pride and combativeness 
when sir Hudson low would visit 

2228
01:58:07,800 --> 01:58:10,700
with Petty regulations or 
refusing the Title of Emperor 

2229
01:58:10,700 --> 01:58:12,900
and correspondence. 
The British addressed him as 

2230
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:16,000
general Bonaparte, Napoleon 
would bristle with anger. 

2231
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:18,800
Sometimes refusing to see the 
governor at all, cloaking 

2232
01:58:18,800 --> 01:58:22,400
himself in dignified, silence 
his Entourage remained fiercely 

2233
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:24,000
loyal, sharing in these 
indignities. 

2234
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:29,100
In 1818 less cases was deported 
by Latin menu for allegedly, 

2235
01:58:29,100 --> 01:58:30,800
trying to smuggle letters to 
Europe. 

2236
01:58:31,500 --> 01:58:35,000
Napoleon was outraged but he 
continued his dictations with 

2237
01:58:35,000 --> 01:58:38,500
others over time reports of his 
declining Health reached Europe 

2238
01:58:38,500 --> 01:58:41,700
and softened some hearts. 
Even royalists in France, became

2239
01:58:41,700 --> 01:58:44,800
less harsh and a simmering 
bonapartist, sentiment emerged 

2240
01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:49,300
in 1821 as Napoleon's condition,
worsened constant abdominal 

2241
01:58:49,300 --> 01:58:51,200
pain, nausea and physical 
weakening. 

2242
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:55,200
He took to bed in April, he sent
the end was near and made a will

2243
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:59,100
famously asking to be buried on 
the banks of the same among the 

2244
01:58:59,100 --> 01:59:01,000
French people who may have loved
so much. 

2245
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:04,900
On May the 5th 1821 during a 
ferocious storm. 

2246
01:59:04,900 --> 01:59:08,000
Napoleon died. 
His last words murmured in 

2247
01:59:08,000 --> 01:59:11,100
Delirium were recorded by those 
at his bedside, as France, 

2248
01:59:11,100 --> 01:59:16,200
jewelry Army. 
Tech Domi Josephine. 

2249
01:59:17,800 --> 01:59:19,900
France. 
The army. 

2250
01:59:21,100 --> 01:59:23,400
Head of the army. 
Josephine. 

2251
01:59:25,000 --> 01:59:28,100
Even at the final moment, his 
mind clung to what he cherished,

2252
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:32,100
his country, his soldiers, his 
glory and perhaps a fleeting 

2253
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:35,800
thought of the first wife, he 
had loved Poland was buried on 

2254
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:38,600
Saint Helena in a shaded Valley,
in a modest. 

2255
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:42,000
Grave marked only by a simple, 
Tombstone, the British wary of 

2256
01:59:42,000 --> 01:59:45,800
any symbol left it nameless. but
death, only magnified the legend

2257
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:49,800
within years, Memoirs, like the 
memorial of Saint Helena spread 

2258
01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:53,300
across Europe, painting Napoleon
as a romantic hero and Martyr of

2259
01:59:53,300 --> 01:59:56,600
the sorts, the great man and 
done by fate, and the malice of 

2260
01:59:56,600 --> 02:00:00,300
lesser men, Term Napoleon 
complex would come to describe, 

2261
02:00:00,300 --> 02:00:03,200
not psychological height issues 
but the complexity of his 

2262
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:06,800
historical image Tyrant or 
enlightened ruler military 

2263
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:11,600
genius or Reckless conqueror in 
1840 as political Tides changed 

2264
02:00:11,600 --> 02:00:13,800
in France. 
King Louis Philippe of Tainted 

2265
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:17,400
permission to bring Napoleon's 
remains home and a grand State 

2266
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:19,900
ceremony. 
Napoleon's body was exhumed 

2267
02:00:19,900 --> 02:00:24,500
found remarkably well-preserved 
and transported to Paris lined 

2268
02:00:24,500 --> 02:00:26,700
by hundreds of thousands of 
Silent on Lucas. 

2269
02:00:26,700 --> 02:00:30,200
His coffin passed under the 
Arctic Tree on that Monument. 

2270
02:00:30,200 --> 02:00:33,200
He commissioned at the height of
his power and he was finally 

2271
02:00:33,200 --> 02:00:36,700
laid to rest with full honors in
a red, poor Fury sarcophagus at 

2272
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:40,400
France, thus symbolically 
reconciled with her prodigal 

2273
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:42,000
son. 
When we think of the Great 

2274
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:45,000
Depression we see dust storms 
and bread, lines and CPR. 

2275
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:48,200
Before we can appreciate the 
psychological impact of the 

2276
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:50,800
economic collapse. 
We must remember the world that 

2277
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:53,900
was lost a world of 
extraordinary optimism and 

2278
02:00:53,900 --> 02:00:58,100
excessive consumerism that few 
today can imagine by 1988 

2279
02:00:58,100 --> 02:01:01,600
Americans believed in Endless 
Prosperity almost religiously. 

2280
02:01:02,400 --> 02:01:04,800
The typical manufacturing pay 
has increased by approximately 

2281
02:01:04,800 --> 02:01:09,500
40% since the early 1920s, most 
new, urban homes have indoor 

2282
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:13,100
plumbing longer luxury. 
In less than a decade car 

2283
02:01:13,100 --> 02:01:15,400
ownership rows from 8 million to
23 million. 

2284
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:20,100
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

2285
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:24,600
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

2286
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:27,300
stock market. 
We thought we'd discovered 

2287
02:01:27,300 --> 02:01:30,700
economic immortality, so 
Philadelphia radio salesperson, 

2288
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:34,400
Martin Steinberg, like customers
bought, philosophers and RCA's. 

2289
02:01:34,400 --> 02:01:36,900
On installment plans with 10% 
down. 

2290
02:01:36,900 --> 02:01:40,500
I set up their new consoles as 
they discussed their Investments

2291
02:01:40,500 --> 02:01:44,200
Milton gave stock advice. 
Stock tips were to the shoe 

2292
02:01:44,200 --> 02:01:45,600
shine. 
Boy, those should have been 

2293
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:48,000
warning signs, but we were drunk
with affluence. 

2294
02:01:49,000 --> 02:01:51,800
Often forgotten is how boom 
time's generated a strange 

2295
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:55,300
isolation extended families, 
that live together for economic 

2296
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:59,400
reasons to nuclear units, many 
young couple's, bought homes in 

2297
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:01,000
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

2298
02:02:01,000 --> 02:02:04,300
grandparents Americans, 
individualism and materialism 

2299
02:02:04,300 --> 02:02:08,400
damaged Community institutions. 
Sunday became a day for new car 

2300
02:02:08,400 --> 02:02:10,100
drives reducing Church, 
attendance. 

2301
02:02:10,100 --> 02:02:13,000
Local, Social Clubs became 
commercial entertainment, 

2302
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:16,800
establishments, When the crash 
came, we discovered how much 

2303
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:20,200
we'd Sacrifice from the material
Goods, remarked late, 1920s, 

2304
02:02:20,200 --> 02:02:24,600
Boston, girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

2305
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:28,300
My father was well, positioned, 
we owned a Packard, Frigidaire 

2306
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:30,800
and phone, we scarcely knew our 
neighbors. 

2307
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:34,300
Everyone competed for new 
gadgets and things we had little

2308
02:02:34,300 --> 02:02:37,300
when my father lost his job in 
1930. 

2309
02:02:38,600 --> 02:02:41,800
He had limited resources, they 
didn't know us, well enough to 

2310
02:02:41,808 --> 02:02:44,000
help and we were ashamed to ask 
for assistance. 

2311
02:02:44,900 --> 02:02:48,000
American societies atomization 
would be deadly during the 

2312
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:51,400
economic crisis, many families 
suffered a loan without 

2313
02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:55,200
Community safety nets. 
American Banks were unexpectedly

2314
02:02:55,200 --> 02:02:57,000
vulnerable to financial 
instabilities. 

2315
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:02,100
First Tremors in the 1920s bank 
accounts were uninsured, unlike 

2316
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:04,200
to today's FDIC insured, 
deposits. 

2317
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:06,900
Most Americans didn't know their
deposits. 

2318
02:03:06,900 --> 02:03:10,700
Finance speculative Investments.
people viewed, the collapse of 

2319
02:03:10,700 --> 02:03:13,700
rural banks in the late, 19th 
and early 20th, centuries as a 

2320
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:18,100
local issue, affecting backward,
rural communities, Continental, 

2321
02:03:18,100 --> 02:03:21,200
Illinois Banks teller Harold 
Jenkins, recalls the denial, 

2322
02:03:21,800 --> 02:03:22,800
Management. 
Assured us. 

2323
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:26,400
These rural bank failures in 28,
were isolated cases as a 

2324
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:29,900
tributable to deteriorating. 
Agricultural prices, The crucial

2325
02:03:29,900 --> 02:03:32,800
connections were missed our 
loan, officers approved 

2326
02:03:32,800 --> 02:03:35,600
mortgages with Lowdown, payments
and margin, loans for stock 

2327
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:38,700
buyers after the crash are 
leaders to correction. 

2328
02:03:39,700 --> 02:03:43,100
This institutional, blindness 
included government in early 

2329
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:46,200
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 
Mellon, famously said, 

2330
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:50,700
gentlemen, liquidate labor 
stocks farms and real estate, we

2331
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:53,600
will eradicate the rot. 
A virtually medieval 

2332
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:57,600
understanding of economic nomics
held that economic hardship was 

2333
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,000
necessary to purify and rebuild 
the economy. 

2334
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:03,700
This approach would delay 
significant involvement until 

2335
02:04:03,700 --> 02:04:08,200
Millions were bankrupt the cycle
modifications forced on everyday

2336
02:04:08,200 --> 02:04:12,300
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer 

2337
02:04:12,300 --> 02:04:15,500
Behavior significantly. 
Advertisements pitched products 

2338
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:17,700
as convenience as an identity 
markers. 

2339
02:04:18,600 --> 02:04:20,200
Car or cigarette brand defined 
one. 

2340
02:04:20,200 --> 02:04:23,200
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

2341
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:26,300
existential crisis when these 
material indicators disappeared.

2342
02:04:27,300 --> 02:04:30,400
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred, Hayes a store 

2343
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,300
Clarke. 
We forgot who we were the life 

2344
02:04:33,300 --> 02:04:35,400
and future stories. 
We told us crashed. 

2345
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:37,800
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

2346
02:04:37,800 --> 02:04:41,300
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

2347
02:04:41,300 --> 02:04:42,800
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

2348
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:44,800
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

2349
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:47,000
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

2350
02:04:48,400 --> 02:04:50,900
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

2351
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:52,600
between expectations and 
reality. 

2352
02:04:52,600 --> 02:04:56,200
Defined the early depression, 
The world, they were promised to

2353
02:04:56,208 --> 02:04:59,500
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

2354
02:04:59,500 --> 02:05:03,800
Maps or goal guides the 
financial collapse of 1929. 

2355
02:05:03,800 --> 02:05:07,400
To 1933 wasn't just about stock 
market losses affecting wealthy 

2356
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:10,400
investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

2357
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:12,600
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system. 

2358
02:05:12,600 --> 02:05:17,700
And with it, their life savings 
between 1930 and 1933 over. 

2359
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:21,900
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 
of all banks in the United 

2360
02:05:21,900 --> 02:05:24,100
States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

2361
02:05:24,100 --> 02:05:27,100
cascading losses in communities 
where those Banks operated 

2362
02:05:27,100 --> 02:05:31,000
unlike today's news cycle, which
might report bank failures as 

2363
02:05:31,000 --> 02:05:33,900
abstract statistics. 
Those closures were visceral 

2364
02:05:33,900 --> 02:05:37,600
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

2365
02:05:37,608 --> 02:05:40,300
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

2366
02:05:40,300 --> 02:05:42,800
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg Illinois. 

2367
02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:46,800
When her towns largest Bank 
closed, People were pounding on 

2368
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:50,800
the doors, some women were 
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 

2369
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:54,000
owned the hardware store, sat on
the curb with his head in his 

2370
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:57,800
hands my father lost 800 dollars
his entire savings. 

2371
02:05:59,100 --> 02:06:02,000
That night mother cut up an old 
dress to make me a new one for 

2372
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:04,100
school. 
We have to be creative. 

2373
02:06:04,100 --> 02:06:06,700
Now, she said her voice all 
tight, like she was holding 

2374
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:10,000
something back. 
What's rarely discussed in 

2375
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:12,900
depression, histories is how the
crisis transformed attitudes 

2376
02:06:12,900 --> 02:06:17,200
toward money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

2377
02:06:17,208 --> 02:06:19,800
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as Americans 

2378
02:06:19,800 --> 02:06:23,500
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

2379
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:25,800
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

2380
02:06:25,800 --> 02:06:28,600
Generations communities 
responded by developing 

2381
02:06:28,600 --> 02:06:31,500
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

2382
02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:35,500
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

2383
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:39,100
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

2384
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:43,300
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

2385
02:06:44,100 --> 02:06:47,600
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

2386
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:50,100
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

2387
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:53,100
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton plumbing, 

2388
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:55,400
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

2389
02:06:56,200 --> 02:06:59,500
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

2390
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:03,100
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 
A started, taking chickens home 

2391
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:07,300
vegetables, and even Furniture 
in exchange for work, my 

2392
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:10,500
secretary kept a ledger of who 
owned what by 1922. 

2393
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:13,500
I was only getting about 30% of 
my payments in actual currency. 

2394
02:07:13,500 --> 02:07:17,900
The rest was barter or promises.
This collapse of conventional 

2395
02:07:17,900 --> 02:07:20,200
currency revealed. 
Something profound about money 

2396
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,600
itself that it exists primarily 
as a social agreement rather 

2397
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:26,900
than an inherent value. 
When that agreement faltered 

2398
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:30,100
communities improvised 
Alternatives based on trust and 

2399
02:07:30,100 --> 02:07:32,400
shared necessity. 
For children. 

2400
02:07:32,400 --> 02:07:34,600
The depression's monetary 
lessons were particularly 

2401
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:38,100
complex. 
Kathryn Wagner, grew up in San 

2402
02:07:38,100 --> 02:07:41,400
Francisco were called my father 
had been a successful attorney 

2403
02:07:41,400 --> 02:07:44,400
before the crash suddenly. 
He was accepting payment in 

2404
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:47,200
firewood or fish. 
I remember asking for a nickel 

2405
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:50,200
for candy and my mother cried, 
not because we didn't have a 

2406
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:53,400
nickel, we did, but because she 
understood that money now had to

2407
02:07:53,408 --> 02:07:56,400
be hoarded save for absolute 
necessities. 

2408
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:00,000
The depression's monetary 
transformation was also visible 

2409
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,700
in how physical currency was 
treated bills. 

2410
02:08:02,700 --> 02:08:07,100
Were pressed, flat coins were 
counted repeatedly and cache was

2411
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:09,300
hidden, increasingly creative 
locations. 

2412
02:08:10,100 --> 02:08:13,100
Laura Hillman, whose father was 
a bank manager in Cincinnati 

2413
02:08:13,100 --> 02:08:16,100
described finding money 
throughout their home after his 

2414
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:19,200
death in 1940. 
There were silver dollars so 

2415
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:23,000
into the hems of curtains bills,
tucked between book, pages coins

2416
02:08:23,000 --> 02:08:25,000
and sealed mason jars, buried in
the garden. 

2417
02:08:25,800 --> 02:08:29,100
Father knew better than anyone, 
how fragile Banks were, and it 

2418
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:32,400
marked in permanently beyond the
Practical aspects of monies, 

2419
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:35,200
transformation was a deeper 
philosophical shift. 

2420
02:08:36,100 --> 02:08:39,100
Americans who had embraced 
consumer culture and defined 

2421
02:08:39,100 --> 02:08:41,700
themselves through purchases. 
Now found themselves questioning

2422
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:45,500
the basis of value itself. 
The arbitrary nature of monetary

2423
02:08:45,500 --> 02:08:47,500
value, became unavoidably 
apparent. 

2424
02:08:47,500 --> 02:08:51,100
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 
sold at auction for 1,000. 

2425
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:55,000
And when a skilled labor is 
daily wage fell from dollars to 

2426
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:57,100
one dollar. 
If work could be found at all. 

2427
02:08:58,300 --> 02:09:01,300
We realized money was fictional 
explained former Banker Thomas 

2428
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:03,500
Whitfield. 
Not just paper money. 

2429
02:09:04,200 --> 02:09:07,300
But the whole concept. 
A house didn't change physically

2430
02:09:07,300 --> 02:09:11,400
when its price dropped 80%, but 
suddenly the banks said, it was 

2431
02:09:11,400 --> 02:09:13,500
worth a fifth of what they'd 
claimed last year. 

2432
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:16,400
A man's labor didn't change when
his wage was cut. 

2433
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:19,500
But now an hour of sweat was 
worth half ordered Bean. 

2434
02:09:20,300 --> 02:09:22,300
This change made people question
everything. 

2435
02:09:22,300 --> 02:09:26,800
This questioning extended to 
Authority itself when presidents

2436
02:09:26,800 --> 02:09:29,000
who wrote Roosevelt made 
pronouncements about the 

2437
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:31,300
economy. 
Many Americans had become 

2438
02:09:31,300 --> 02:09:34,500
skeptical of official 
narratives, having watched sound

2439
02:09:34,500 --> 02:09:37,100
Banks collapse and blue chip 
stocks become worthless. 

2440
02:09:37,100 --> 02:09:39,900
They developed a weariness 
towards institutional 

2441
02:09:39,900 --> 02:09:42,300
pronouncements that would 
influence American politics for 

2442
02:09:42,300 --> 02:09:44,800
decades. 
The depression's monetary chaos.

2443
02:09:44,800 --> 02:09:48,900
Also produced unexpected, social
effects as cash became scarce. 

2444
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:51,100
Those who still had it gained 
outside. 

2445
02:09:51,100 --> 02:09:54,400
Influence, small town Bankers, 
who had maintained liquidity. 

2446
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:57,800
Landlords, who owned properties 
outright and business owners? 

2447
02:09:57,800 --> 02:10:00,500
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

2448
02:10:00,500 --> 02:10:03,800
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

2449
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:07,500
hierarchies based on traditional
status markers and more on 

2450
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:11,100
financial Prudence a virtue that
had been largely dismissed 

2451
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:15,000
during the exuberant 1920s. 
The social order flipped 

2452
02:10:15,000 --> 02:10:18,200
observed Harriet, Crawley a 
schoolteacher from Virginia. 

2453
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:22,800
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 
were now, destitute while 

2454
02:10:22,800 --> 02:10:25,100
cautious, Savers became 
Community leaders. 

2455
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:28,400
Everyone thought our principal 
was a Frugal Miser. 

2456
02:10:29,100 --> 02:10:31,600
That he was the only one who 
could provide small loans to 

2457
02:10:31,600 --> 02:10:33,700
prevent faculty members from 
losing their homes. 

2458
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:38,300
His influence grew tremendously,
the psychological impact of the 

2459
02:10:38,300 --> 02:10:41,000
depression created wounds that 
statistics can't capture 

2460
02:10:41,000 --> 02:10:45,500
invisible scars, that shape 
behaviors relationships and 

2461
02:10:45,500 --> 02:10:49,300
World Views for Generations. 
While historians often focus on 

2462
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:52,800
economic metrics, the True 
Legacy lived in changed minds 

2463
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:55,600
and hearts. 
For adults who had established 

2464
02:10:55,600 --> 02:10:58,700
identities and expectations 
before the crash, the 

2465
02:10:58,700 --> 02:11:00,900
cycleogical toll was 
particularly severe. 

2466
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:04,700
Edwin Matthews who practiced 
medicine in Cleveland throughout

2467
02:11:04,700 --> 02:11:08,200
the 1930s observed. 
I treated physical ailments, 

2468
02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:11,500
malnutrition tuberculosis 
exacerbated by poor housing 

2469
02:11:11,500 --> 02:11:14,900
industrial injuries but the most
common problems were 

2470
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:18,400
psychological insomnia. 
Played former businessman 

2471
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:22,100
digestive disorders, affected 
women, trying to feed families 

2472
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:25,500
on inadequate budgets. 
I observe Tremors in hands that 

2473
02:11:25,500 --> 02:11:29,000
had previously been steady. 
These stress-related ailments 

2474
02:11:29,000 --> 02:11:32,100
rarely appear in depression. 
Statistics yet they affected 

2475
02:11:32,100 --> 02:11:34,500
Millions. 
More startling with the 

2476
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:36,000
invisible. 
Behavioral changes. 

2477
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:38,800
People who had been outgoing 
became withdrawn 

2478
02:11:38,800 --> 02:11:41,600
decision-making, became 
Paralyzed by fear. 

2479
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:44,800
Marriages strained under 
Financial pressure developed 

2480
02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:47,600
communication patterns centered 
on avoidance, rather than 

2481
02:11:47,600 --> 02:11:50,500
confrontation. 
My mother changed completely 

2482
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:53,300
said, Richard Neville, who was 
10 years old, when his father 

2483
02:11:53,300 --> 02:11:56,700
lost his accounting position in 
1931 before. 

2484
02:11:56,700 --> 02:11:59,200
She been the neighborhood social
organizer card, parties, 

2485
02:11:59,200 --> 02:12:00,700
Community, Theater Church of 
events. 

2486
02:12:00,700 --> 02:12:03,700
After we lost our home, and 
moved to a rental across town, 

2487
02:12:03,700 --> 02:12:06,900
she stopped seeing friends 
entirely, she'd say she was too 

2488
02:12:06,900 --> 02:12:09,200
busy, but I would find her 
sitting motionless by the window

2489
02:12:09,200 --> 02:12:11,700
for hours. 
The woman wants the heart of our

2490
02:12:11,700 --> 02:12:15,700
community became nearly mute. 
This social withdrawal emerged 

2491
02:12:15,700 --> 02:12:19,100
as a common coping mechanism. 
Shame about downward Mobility 

2492
02:12:19,100 --> 02:12:21,700
led many to isolate themselves 
rather than maintain 

2493
02:12:21,700 --> 02:12:23,700
relationships that reminded them
of their losses. 

2494
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:27,300
This isolation, often 
compounded, depression creating 

2495
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:30,500
cycles of emotional decline that
remained unaddressed in an era. 

2496
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:34,000
When Mental Health Care was 
primitive and stigmatized For 

2497
02:12:34,000 --> 02:12:37,800
children, the cyclical impacts 
manifested differently, many 

2498
02:12:37,800 --> 02:12:41,200
developed extreme aversion and 
preoccupation with security that

2499
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:43,300
would influence their adult 
decisions. 

2500
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:47,200
Decades later, School teachers 
reported students, holding lunch

2501
02:12:47,200 --> 02:12:51,000
leftovers and school supplies 
children as young as six began 

2502
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:53,400
asking anxious questions about 
family finances. 

2503
02:12:53,400 --> 02:12:57,000
Clara Mortensen, who taught 
third grade in Omaha noted 

2504
02:12:57,000 --> 02:13:00,600
before the depression children 
would trade sandwich halves or 

2505
02:13:00,600 --> 02:13:04,600
share treats by. 1932, I 
observed students carefully 

2506
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:06,500
wrapping uneaten portions to 
take home. 

2507
02:13:06,500 --> 02:13:09,700
They'd count crayons repeatedly 
to ensure none were lost. 

2508
02:13:09,700 --> 02:13:12,100
These weren't behaviors. 
Their parents are directly 

2509
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:14,200
taught them. 
The children were absorbing the 

2510
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:15,700
anxiety from the atmosphere 
around them. 

2511
02:13:17,200 --> 02:13:19,600
What's particularly striking 
about depression near a 

2512
02:13:19,600 --> 02:13:21,900
psychology was the 
disproportionate impact on men? 

2513
02:13:22,700 --> 02:13:25,200
In a culture that primarily 
defined masculine Success 

2514
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:27,900
Through provider ship 
unemployment, profoundly 

2515
02:13:27,900 --> 02:13:31,400
impacted the core of male 
identity women, though, 

2516
02:13:31,400 --> 02:13:32,800
certainly not immune to 
depression. 

2517
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:36,600
Trauma often had secondary 
identities as caregivers and 

2518
02:13:36,600 --> 02:13:38,600
home managers. 
That remained intact despite 

2519
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:41,900
Financial collapse, Henry 
Gladwell who spent two years, 

2520
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:44,400
riding the rails after losing 
his Factory job in Akron. 

2521
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:48,500
Described this gender, 
differential, a man with out of 

2522
02:13:48,500 --> 02:13:49,900
work in those days, wasn't a man
at all. 

2523
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:53,200
Women could still be mothers and
wives without paychecks. 

2524
02:13:53,200 --> 02:13:56,700
Women faced severe, hardships, 
but their experiences were 

2525
02:13:56,700 --> 02:14:00,100
different from Men. 
Frost men unemployment wasn't 

2526
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:03,700
just economic hardship. 
It was a masculine, some 

2527
02:14:03,700 --> 02:14:05,100
fellows. 
I knew would leave home each 

2528
02:14:05,108 --> 02:14:07,600
morning pretending to seek 
employment, but would actually 

2529
02:14:07,600 --> 02:14:10,400
spend the day in the public 
library just to maintain the 

2530
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:11,700
fiction that they were still 
trying. 

2531
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:16,100
This gendered experience created
lasting imprints on family 

2532
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:18,700
Dynamics. 
Children who watched fathers 

2533
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:21,600
struggle with identity loss, 
often developed complex 

2534
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:23,800
relationships with authority and
achievement. 

2535
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:27,400
Many Depression era children 
grew up to become Workaholics 

2536
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:30,700
driving themselves, relentlessly
to avoid the vulnerability, they

2537
02:14:30,700 --> 02:14:32,600
had witnessed in their at 
parents. 

2538
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:36,600
The cycle impact extended to how
people viewed institutions, 

2539
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:40,300
trust in Banks corporations and 
government suffered damage that 

2540
02:14:40,300 --> 02:14:42,900
would never fully heal. 
For many, who had believed in 

2541
02:14:42,900 --> 02:14:46,200
American capitalism, as an 
essentially Fair system at 

2542
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:48,900
rewarded hard work, the 
depression destroyed, this 

2543
02:14:48,900 --> 02:14:53,800
foundational, assumption. my 
father was a True Believer in 

2544
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:58,100
the American dream explained, 
Catherine Oaks whose family lost

2545
02:14:58,100 --> 02:15:01,600
their Michigan Farm to 
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 

2546
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:05,800
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,
and saved every penny. 

2547
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:11,700
When the bank took off Farm 
something broke in him, not just

2548
02:15:11,700 --> 02:15:16,200
sadness, his entire worldview 
collapsed, he believed there was

2549
02:15:16,200 --> 02:15:18,100
a moral order where virtue was 
rewarded. 

2550
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:22,300
After that, he viewed all 
institutions with suspicion, he 

2551
02:15:22,300 --> 02:15:24,400
wouldn't even trust the Post 
Office with packages. 

2552
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:28,800
This institutional distrust 
manifested in behaviors that 

2553
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:32,400
Outsiders often found. 
Incomprehensible people who had 

2554
02:15:32,400 --> 02:15:34,900
survived bank, failures might 
divide their modest savings 

2555
02:15:34,900 --> 02:15:39,000
between multiple hiding places. 
Important documents were kept at

2556
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,800
home rather than in safe deposit
boxes government assistance. 

2557
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:45,900
Programs were viewed with 
suspicion even by those who 

2558
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:50,700
desperately needed help, perhaps
most profoundly The depression 

2559
02:15:50,700 --> 02:15:53,800
altered America's relationship 
with possibility itself. 

2560
02:15:54,600 --> 02:15:57,000
The assumption that tomorrow 
would likely be better than 

2561
02:15:57,000 --> 02:15:59,200
today. 
A quintessentially, American 

2562
02:15:59,200 --> 02:16:02,300
Outlook was replaced for many by
a persistent expectation of 

2563
02:16:02,300 --> 02:16:05,700
calamity. 
This anticipatory anxiety became

2564
02:16:05,700 --> 02:16:09,000
so ingrained that many 
depression survivors maintained 

2565
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:12,600
emergency preparation throughout
their lives long after economic 

2566
02:16:12,600 --> 02:16:15,200
recovery. 
Grandmother kept a suitcase 

2567
02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:17,600
packed until the day she died in
1992. 

2568
02:16:17,600 --> 02:16:21,000
Recalled, Tom Whitaker about his
grandmother who had lived 

2569
02:16:21,000 --> 02:16:25,100
through bank runs in 1931. 
She insisted every family member

2570
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:27,700
memorized, a meeting location, 
if things fell apart again. 

2571
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:31,100
She maintained a pantry that 
could feed 20 people for months.

2572
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:34,400
When we cleaned out her 
apartment, we found gold coins. 

2573
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:36,200
Sewn into the lining of her 
winter coat. 

2574
02:16:36,200 --> 02:16:39,700
The depression never ended in 
her mind when we examine the 

2575
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:41,500
depression Beyond economic 
statistics. 

2576
02:16:41,500 --> 02:16:45,000
We discover how profoundly it 
transformed every day routines 

2577
02:16:45,000 --> 02:16:49,100
and practices necessity forced 
innovation in ways that 

2578
02:16:49,100 --> 02:16:51,600
fundamentally reshaped American 
domestic life. 

2579
02:16:52,600 --> 02:16:55,200
Perhaps the most remarkable 
transformation happened in 

2580
02:16:55,200 --> 02:16:58,600
kitchens Across America cooking 
practices that had been trending

2581
02:16:58,600 --> 02:17:00,799
toward convenience Foods in the 
1920s. 

2582
02:17:00,799 --> 02:17:04,200
Reverse dramatically women, who 
had never baked bread found 

2583
02:17:04,200 --> 02:17:07,200
themselves studying their 
grandmother's recipes complex 

2584
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:09,500
systems for food. 
Preservation emerged in Urban 

2585
02:17:09,500 --> 02:17:13,100
Apartments, never designed for 
such activities Evelyn or others

2586
02:17:13,100 --> 02:17:16,400
who managed to household in 
Baltimore described this color 

2587
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:20,000
and revolution. 
Before 29, I bought Baker's 

2588
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:23,100
bread and canned vegetables 
without thinking after my 

2589
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,299
husband's pay was cut by 2/3. 
I had to relearn everything. 

2590
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:29,700
I converted our fire escape into
a cooling rack for bread. 

2591
02:17:29,700 --> 02:17:33,100
I learned to make five different
meals from a single chicken. 

2592
02:17:33,100 --> 02:17:36,799
Nothing was wasted. 
Potato peels became super stock 

2593
02:17:36,799 --> 02:17:38,900
and meat bones were boiled 
repeatedly. 

2594
02:17:38,900 --> 02:17:41,700
We strained, the bacon, grease 
and used it for cooking 

2595
02:17:41,700 --> 02:17:44,900
throughout the week. 
This coloring transformation was

2596
02:17:44,900 --> 02:17:48,500
not merely about frugality, it 
represented a fundamental change

2597
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:50,200
in how Americans related to 
their food. 

2598
02:17:50,200 --> 02:17:54,200
The direct involvement in food 
production, created new 

2599
02:17:54,200 --> 02:17:56,200
relationships with ingredients 
and nutrition. 

2600
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,700
Despite financial hardship, many
depressions survivors reported 

2601
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:02,400
that their diets improved in 
quality. 

2602
02:18:02,400 --> 02:18:07,100
As they replaced processed foods
with scratch, cooking Home 

2603
02:18:07,100 --> 02:18:08,799
Maintenance, underwent similar 
invention. 

2604
02:18:08,799 --> 02:18:12,299
The service economy that had 
begun emerging in the 1920s 

2605
02:18:12,299 --> 02:18:14,299
collapsed. 
As families could no longer 

2606
02:18:14,299 --> 02:18:17,100
afford repairmen cleaners or 
delivery services. 

2607
02:18:17,100 --> 02:18:20,500
This scenario necessitated a 
massive reskilling of the 

2608
02:18:20,508 --> 02:18:23,200
American population. 
Particularly among middle-class 

2609
02:18:23,200 --> 02:18:26,299
men who had specialized 
professionally but now needed to

2610
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:29,900
become generalists. 
Robert Thornhill who had worked 

2611
02:18:29,900 --> 02:18:32,700
as an accountant in Chicago 
exemplified this transition. 

2612
02:18:33,900 --> 02:18:36,299
Before the crash I called 
Professionals for everything 

2613
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:38,200
electricians. 
Plumbers Carpenters. 

2614
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:42,299
After losing my position, I 
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 

2615
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:44,500
Streetcar, fare let alone 
dollars for repairs. 

2616
02:18:44,500 --> 02:18:48,000
I traded accounting help to a 
hardware store owner for tools 

2617
02:18:48,000 --> 02:18:51,200
and manuals. 
I rewind our lighting, fixed the

2618
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:55,799
toilet, and rebuilt, our kitchen
table, My father had been a 

2619
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:58,100
farmer who could fix anything 
skills? 

2620
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:00,500
I dismissed as unnecessary and 
modern times. 

2621
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:03,799
The depression brought me back 
to his world with humility. 

2622
02:19:05,000 --> 02:19:08,000
This reskilling extended Beyond 
maintenance to a complete 

2623
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:11,500
re-imagining of household 
objects American's developed in 

2624
02:19:11,500 --> 02:19:13,400
genius systems, for repurposing 
items. 

2625
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:14,799
That would otherwise be 
discarded. 

2626
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:18,799
Flour sacks became dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

2627
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:22,000
newspapers, became insulation, 
and cardboard was transformed 

2628
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:25,700
into Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

2629
02:19:25,700 --> 02:19:28,100
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

2630
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:31,600
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

2631
02:19:32,500 --> 02:19:35,600
She unraveled worn out sweaters 
to renit the yarn into socks, 

2632
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:39,400
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

2633
02:19:39,400 --> 02:19:43,700
set. she couldn't afford 
upholstery she needed fabric, so

2634
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:46,600
she gathered, burlap coffee 
sacks from local shops died, 

2635
02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:49,600
them with walnut, husks to 
achieve a consistent color and 

2636
02:19:49,600 --> 02:19:52,400
refinished our worn out 
furniture She stuffed the 

2637
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:54,800
cushions with unraveled cotton 
from worn out. 

2638
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,000
Mattresses guests complemented, 
our rustic decor. 

2639
02:19:58,000 --> 02:20:01,500
Never realizing it was born of 
desperation Transportation 

2640
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:03,600
underwent, perhaps the most 
visible transformation. 

2641
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:07,600
The automobile, which had become
Central to American identity in 

2642
02:20:07,600 --> 02:20:10,600
the 1920s was now often 
unaffordable to operate. 

2643
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:14,300
Families who kept their cars 
developed elaborate systems to 

2644
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:18,000
extend their utility adding 
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 

2645
02:20:18,000 --> 02:20:21,500
Converting sedans in to pick up 
trucks by removing rear sections

2646
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:25,200
and modifying engines to burn 
lower quality fuels many 

2647
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:29,300
families returned to pre-autumn,
Urban bicycle usage. 

2648
02:20:30,800 --> 02:20:33,600
Alan Parker who delivered 
groceries in Philadelphia noted,

2649
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:38,400
her 1932 the streets had changed
completely, for weeks at a time 

2650
02:20:38,408 --> 02:20:40,200
people Park. 
Their cars up on blocks to 

2651
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:43,400
reduce tire. 
Wear bicycles were everywhere. 

2652
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:47,700
Often carrying entire families. 
I saw a father pedaling with his

2653
02:20:47,700 --> 02:20:49,800
wife on the handlebars and two 
children on the back. 

2654
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:53,400
Fender people rigged, incredible
trailers to bikes for moving 

2655
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:56,000
larger items. 
Leisure activities were 

2656
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,300
similarly reinvented commercial 
entertainment, movies, 

2657
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:03,600
nightclubs and sports events 
became unaffordable luxuries for

2658
02:21:03,600 --> 02:21:06,700
many in response. 
American's rediscovered 

2659
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:10,900
participate in totman community,
singing amateur theatricals and 

2660
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:13,200
storytelling circles 
experienced. 

2661
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:16,800
Unexpected, revivals Ward games,
enjoyed, unprecedented 

2662
02:21:16,800 --> 02:21:20,200
popularity, with families, often
making their own versions of 

2663
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:23,900
commercial games, The depression
also forced reconsideration of 

2664
02:21:23,900 --> 02:21:27,100
living arrangements. 
Extended families, Consolidated 

2665
02:21:27,100 --> 02:21:30,400
into shared housing creating new
intergenerational Dynamics. 

2666
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:34,200
In urban areas, apartment 
sharing became common among 

2667
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:38,000
unrelated adults creating ad hoc
family structures that pulled 

2668
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:40,000
resources and distributed 
household labor. 

2669
02:21:41,000 --> 02:21:43,600
Margaret Wilson who shared a 
Chicago apartment with five 

2670
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:45,300
other women, described these 
Arrangements. 

2671
02:21:45,300 --> 02:21:49,100
We each contributed, what we 
could Helen worked part-time as 

2672
02:21:49,100 --> 02:21:51,300
a secretary and provided, most 
of our cash income. 

2673
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:53,800
With my sewing machine still in 
working order. 

2674
02:21:53,800 --> 02:21:56,900
I made clothes for everyone 
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 

2675
02:21:56,900 --> 02:21:59,900
and handled medical needs. 
We developed a system as precise

2676
02:21:59,900 --> 02:22:02,100
as any Factory. 
Schedules for cooking cleaning 

2677
02:22:02,100 --> 02:22:06,000
and job hunting, we weren't 
relatives but necessity made us 

2678
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:10,300
closer than many families. 
Perhaps most significant was the

2679
02:22:10,300 --> 02:22:14,500
transformation of time itself. 
The standardized workday which 

2680
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:18,500
had been increasingly normalized
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 

2681
02:22:18,500 --> 02:22:22,200
many Americans work when 
available might come at any 

2682
02:22:22,200 --> 02:22:24,100
hour. 
The unemployed developed 

2683
02:22:24,100 --> 02:22:26,800
elaborate routines to provide 
structure today is no longer 

2684
02:22:26,800 --> 02:22:30,600
defined by workplace schedules. 
William Harrington laid off from

2685
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:33,100
Pittsburgh steel, mills 
described, this temporal shift. 

2686
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:37,200
After three months without work,
I realized time was becoming my 

2687
02:22:37,200 --> 02:22:42,000
enemy empty hours breed despair.
So I created a schedule as rigid

2688
02:22:42,000 --> 02:22:46,100
as the Mills up at 5:30 
breakfast job hunting until noon

2689
02:22:46,100 --> 02:22:48,500
afternoon for repair work or 
gardening. 

2690
02:22:49,300 --> 02:22:51,800
I dedicate my evening's to 
reading in order to enhance my 

2691
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:55,300
skills on Sundays, I dedicate 
myself to church and spending 

2692
02:22:55,300 --> 02:22:57,600
time with my family, it wasn't 
about efficiency. 

2693
02:22:57,600 --> 02:23:00,700
It was about maintaining sanity 
when the clock no longer ruled 

2694
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:03,300
my life. 
This reinvention of daily 

2695
02:23:03,300 --> 02:23:05,100
routines wasn't merely 
adaptation. 

2696
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:08,500
It represented a profound 
cultural shift in how Americans 

2697
02:23:08,500 --> 02:23:11,900
related to material Goods 
services and time itself. 

2698
02:23:11,900 --> 02:23:15,400
The depression forced a 
nationwide reassessment of needs

2699
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:20,200
versus wants durability versus 
disposability and self-reliance 

2700
02:23:20,200 --> 02:23:23,500
versus specialization. 
These values would influence 

2701
02:23:23,500 --> 02:23:26,300
consumption, patterns, and 
domestic practices for decades 

2702
02:23:26,300 --> 02:23:29,100
after economic recovery. 
The depression is famous for 

2703
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:32,100
individual hardships, but it's 
most impressive story. 

2704
02:23:32,100 --> 02:23:34,700
May be how communities devise 
survival strategies, that 

2705
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:36,800
changed American Social 
organization. 

2706
02:23:36,800 --> 02:23:39,800
Together, these responses 
provided resilience where 

2707
02:23:39,800 --> 02:23:43,100
individual efforts fail, highly 
sophisticated neighborhood 

2708
02:23:43,100 --> 02:23:47,100
supports systems arose, informal
communication, networks, convey 

2709
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:50,100
information about jobs 
Assistance, programs and local 

2710
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:52,000
credit providers in metropolitan
areas. 

2711
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,600
These networks spanned ethnic 
and religious divides by using 

2712
02:23:55,600 --> 02:23:59,300
tenement hallways laundry lines 
and front Stoops to spread 

2713
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:01,500
information. 
Before the crash. 

2714
02:24:01,500 --> 02:24:03,000
The Jewish families in our 
building. 

2715
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:04,800
Barely spoke to the Italian 
families. 

2716
02:24:04,800 --> 02:24:07,200
Two floors down. 
So Williamsburg resident, Sarah 

2717
02:24:07,200 --> 02:24:09,200
Goldstein. 
Mrs. Esposito. 

2718
02:24:09,200 --> 02:24:12,400
And my mother ran a suit pot for
both families in 1931. 

2719
02:24:12,400 --> 02:24:16,100
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

2720
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:18,900
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

2721
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:22,900
because survival demanded. 
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 

2722
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:26,000
Candles with us on Friday nights
because we are family, not 

2723
02:24:26,000 --> 02:24:28,500
because she was Jewish. 
Community. 

2724
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:31,800
Cohesion, led to practical 
assistance systems organic, 

2725
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,100
Child Care cooperatives. 
Let parents switch job. 

2726
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:37,900
Hunting days, two libraries, let
neighbors share expensive gear. 

2727
02:24:38,700 --> 02:24:41,600
Urban vacant sites become 
fertile land with communal 

2728
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,500
Gardens. 
The depression also saw formal 

2729
02:24:44,500 --> 02:24:47,800
mutual help organizations grow, 
many histories focus on 

2730
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:50,700
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

2731
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,500
structures delivered faster and 
more culturally relevant Aid. 

2732
02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:56,200
Religious returnal and ethnic 
benefits. 

2733
02:24:56,200 --> 02:24:59,300
Societies extended, their roles 
to meet economic requirements. 

2734
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:03,800
The black fraternal group Prince
Hall Masons exhibited this 

2735
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:06,800
expansion. 
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 

2736
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:10,000
Washington said. 
Our organization traditionally 

2737
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:12,200
provides burial benefits and 
social connections. 

2738
02:25:12,200 --> 02:25:15,500
We became a job offers Food 
Distribution Center and housing 

2739
02:25:15,500 --> 02:25:19,000
referral agency overnight during
the Depression, every working 

2740
02:25:19,000 --> 02:25:20,500
brother supported the 
unemployed. 

2741
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:23,400
When the economy faild, our 
community retained dignity, 

2742
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:27,700
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 
workplace activism to provide 

2743
02:25:27,700 --> 02:25:30,800
overall support. 
The international ladies garment

2744
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:33,600
Workers Union in New York 
sponsored health clinics, 

2745
02:25:33,600 --> 02:25:36,200
Cooperative, housing, and adult 
education. 

2746
02:25:37,700 --> 02:25:40,500
Michigan United, Auto Workers, 
unemployment, councils 

2747
02:25:40,500 --> 02:25:42,800
organized, direct action to 
avoid evictions. 

2748
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:46,700
Later, UAB leader, Walter Rutha 
remembered early, depression are

2749
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:49,300
activities. 
Hundreds of workers blocked, the

2750
02:25:49,300 --> 02:25:51,100
sheriff. 
When a family received an 

2751
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:54,000
eviction notice, then we'd 
negotiate lower rent or payment 

2752
02:25:54,000 --> 02:25:57,100
schedules with the landlord, 
we'd return the family's 

2753
02:25:57,100 --> 02:25:58,500
possessions after authorities 
left. 

2754
02:25:58,500 --> 02:26:02,200
If eviction was inevitable, now 
we fought for Community 

2755
02:26:02,200 --> 02:26:06,200
survival, not pay. 
Rural communities established 

2756
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:10,400
unique mutual help systems. 
Besides advocacy, The Grange 

2757
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:13,600
coordinated seed exchanges, 
equipment, sharing and labor 

2758
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,200
pooling. 
Farmers formed, communal lending

2759
02:26:16,200 --> 02:26:18,900
circles, based on European and 
African Customs. 

2760
02:26:18,900 --> 02:26:21,800
When bank failures devastated, 
the conventional credit system, 

2761
02:26:22,800 --> 02:26:26,400
Transformations were specially 
profound in churches, religion 

2762
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:28,800
became a distribution in 
employment and housing 

2763
02:26:28,800 --> 02:26:30,600
coordinators. 
In addition, to spiritual 

2764
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:34,000
assistance, when public 
education funds, fell Church, 

2765
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:37,200
basements became schools, 
religious communities, that had 

2766
02:26:37,200 --> 02:26:39,500
focused on spirituality. 
Now, addressed material, 

2767
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:43,900
concerns directly, Before the 
depression, charity was a minor 

2768
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:47,500
part of our ministry said data. 
First Methodist Church, Pastor, 

2769
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:50,100
Michael Thompson. 
We turned our refuge into a 

2770
02:26:50,108 --> 02:26:54,600
nighttime dormitory by 1932 A 
Sunday, School classes became 

2771
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:57,900
healthcare clinics with 
volunteer nurses, we broadened 

2772
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:00,400
Christian responsibility from 
Spirits to bodies. 

2773
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:03,100
Theological consequences were 
huge. 

2774
02:27:03,100 --> 02:27:05,500
We couldn't preach about 
Paradise while neglecting 

2775
02:27:05,500 --> 02:27:08,900
Earthly misery. 
The cross-cutting aspect of 

2776
02:27:08,900 --> 02:27:12,300
these Community Systems was 
significant organizations that 

2777
02:27:12,300 --> 02:27:14,500
serviced ethnic religious or 
occupational. 

2778
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:17,900
Groups expanded their reach, the
result opened up Social 

2779
02:27:17,900 --> 02:27:21,100
relationships across boundaries 
intentional, communities 

2780
02:27:21,100 --> 02:27:23,300
planned, Cooperative living 
arrangements that pulled 

2781
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:26,500
resources to Foster security 
grew during the Depression. 

2782
02:27:27,300 --> 02:27:30,300
These included official Ventures
like West, Virginia's Arthur 

2783
02:27:30,300 --> 02:27:33,400
Dale community and spontaneous 
settlements like unemployed 

2784
02:27:33,400 --> 02:27:35,700
workers Cooperative camps 
outside major towns. 

2785
02:27:36,600 --> 02:27:40,000
According to Joseph Collins, who
founded a Cooperative Camp? 

2786
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:44,100
Outside, Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

2787
02:27:44,100 --> 02:27:49,000
materials on vacation ground We 
had sanitation, education and 

2788
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:50,900
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

2789
02:27:51,800 --> 02:27:55,400
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

2790
02:27:55,400 --> 02:27:57,700
restaurant. 
Veterans, ran our shared 

2791
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:00,400
kitchen. 
We printed labor back to script.

2792
02:28:00,400 --> 02:28:03,300
It was more than survival. 
We were developing an 

2793
02:28:03,300 --> 02:28:05,100
alternative to the failed 
economy. 

2794
02:28:06,200 --> 02:28:08,900
These Villages were social and 
economic Innovation Labs. 

2795
02:28:08,900 --> 02:28:12,700
Many tried Cooperative 
ownership, labor exchange and 

2796
02:28:12,700 --> 02:28:16,000
non-monetary economies to 
replace capitalism. most of 

2797
02:28:16,000 --> 02:28:18,600
these attempts were absorbed 
into mainstream Economic 

2798
02:28:18,600 --> 02:28:21,900
Institutions, but the shaped 
American Community organization,

2799
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:25,900
Community structures generated 
psychological resilience that 

2800
02:28:25,900 --> 02:28:27,900
individuals couldn't most 
notably. 

2801
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:32,100
Mutual Aid, participants had 
lower depression, and suicide 

2802
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:35,400
rates than those who struggled 
alone Community responses, 

2803
02:28:35,400 --> 02:28:37,700
brought meaning to suffering 
that may have seen useless. 

2804
02:28:39,500 --> 02:28:41,600
The cargo settlement house 
worker Margaret Wilson. 

2805
02:28:41,600 --> 02:28:44,900
Said, Community connections kept
Spirits alive. 

2806
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:49,100
A huge cycle difference, existed
between unemployed men who 

2807
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:51,900
joined our workers Council and 
those who stayed alienated 

2808
02:28:51,900 --> 02:28:55,500
meaning and perseverance came 
from shared hardship. 

2809
02:28:55,500 --> 02:28:58,600
The council members endured 
hunger and pain with friends, 

2810
02:28:58,600 --> 02:29:02,100
not shameful alone. 
These Collective survival 

2811
02:29:02,100 --> 02:29:03,700
structures. 
Challenged American 

2812
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:06,900
individualism greatly, they 
showed that interdependence not 

2813
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:10,600
self-reliance, determined 
economic disaster, survivability

2814
02:29:12,000 --> 02:29:15,300
Long after the Depression, this 
lesson shape, social policy and 

2815
02:29:15,300 --> 02:29:18,300
Community, organizing the Great 
Depression affected, almost all 

2816
02:29:18,300 --> 02:29:20,600
Americans. 
Or some of events are forgotten,

2817
02:29:20,600 --> 02:29:24,200
black Americans suffered greatly
during the Depression but 

2818
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:28,200
conventional narratives, rarely 
mention it already discriminated

2819
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:30,200
against him, work housing and 
education. 

2820
02:29:30,200 --> 02:29:33,200
Black communities saw the 
depression as a worsening of 

2821
02:29:33,200 --> 02:29:36,400
their poverty. 
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian

2822
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:38,200
Thompson characterized this 
continuity. 

2823
02:29:39,000 --> 02:29:40,500
White's discussed the 
depression. 

2824
02:29:40,500 --> 02:29:44,000
Like it ended the world. 
Historically colored people were

2825
02:29:44,000 --> 02:29:46,500
economically insecure last 
hired. 

2826
02:29:46,500 --> 02:29:50,200
First dismissed, was our Norm we
lost even our minimal security, 

2827
02:29:50,200 --> 02:29:52,900
my spouse, and I saved 400 
dollars for a house. 

2828
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:55,700
When Citizens Trust Bank failed 
that money vanished. 

2829
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:59,000
No government officials worried 
about black Banks, like they did

2830
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:02,000
white ones. 
Black agricultural workers 

2831
02:30:02,000 --> 02:30:05,300
suffered most in rural areas in 
addition to Chronic debt from 

2832
02:30:05,308 --> 02:30:08,400
sharecropping, they face falling
cotton prices and agricultural 

2833
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:11,200
mechanization. 
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 

2834
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:14,800
eliminated, thousands of jobs in
the 1930s when Alternatives were

2835
02:30:14,800 --> 02:30:17,200
scarce. 
This agricultural, displacement 

2836
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:20,200
spurred the great migration of 
black American to Northern 

2837
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,200
cities, the housing 
discrimination forced them into 

2838
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:27,500
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 
Many new dealco initiatives 

2839
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:30,600
helped Americans find housing 
but redlining excluded black 

2840
02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:33,600
neighborhoods indigenous. 
Populations experience the 

2841
02:30:33,600 --> 02:30:37,700
depression through a complicated
mix of economic breakdown and 

2842
02:30:37,700 --> 02:30:40,800
Colonial policy. 
The failure of the cash economy 

2843
02:30:40,800 --> 02:30:43,500
had less of an impact on 
traditional subsistence tribes 

2844
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:47,400
than on non-natives those forced
into wage labor by previous 

2845
02:30:47,400 --> 02:30:49,500
government. 
Legislation were especially 

2846
02:30:49,500 --> 02:30:53,200
vulnerable, Joseph, Blackhawk 
and Omaha Tribal member who 

2847
02:30:53,200 --> 02:30:56,300
worked in Nebraska Meatpacking 
facilities said government 

2848
02:30:56,300 --> 02:30:58,400
schools and reservation 
regulations destroyed. 

2849
02:30:58,400 --> 02:31:02,200
Our grandparents, land-based 
abilities, any of us relied on 

2850
02:31:02,200 --> 02:31:05,100
wage work, that disappeared 
during the Depression, the 

2851
02:31:05,100 --> 02:31:08,000
transformation of our hunting 
grounds into farms and our plant

2852
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:09,600
Gathering sights into paved 
areas. 

2853
02:31:09,600 --> 02:31:12,600
Prevented us from reverting to 
our ancient Customs, the 

2854
02:31:12,600 --> 02:31:16,000
simultaneous failure of both 
systems, put us Between Worlds. 

2855
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:20,700
The 1934 Indian Rio organization
act, despite its promotion as a 

2856
02:31:20,708 --> 02:31:24,300
progressive reform, resulted in 
increased economic dependency. 

2857
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:27,500
During the Depression 
Constitution's, that prioritize 

2858
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:30,700
resource exploitation have 
reformed tribes promoting 

2859
02:31:30,700 --> 02:31:32,900
outside interests over 
indigenous communities. 

2860
02:31:33,800 --> 02:31:36,200
Next Mexican Americans in the 
south west had particular 

2861
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:39,400
depression problems. 
Large producers slashed wages 

2862
02:31:39,400 --> 02:31:42,600
drastically but still demanded 
hard work when crop prices 

2863
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:46,400
plummeted Mexican and 
Mexican-American workers faced 

2864
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:48,800
violent suppression and 
deportation due to their 

2865
02:31:48,800 --> 02:31:51,400
organizing efforts. 
The federal government's 

2866
02:31:51,400 --> 02:31:54,500
repatriation plans, demonstrate 
economic distress and racial 

2867
02:31:54,500 --> 02:31:57,600
targeting. 
About 60% of the one to two 

2868
02:31:57,608 --> 02:32:00,300
million, Mexican Americans, 
deported, or pushed to leave. 

2869
02:32:00,308 --> 02:32:04,500
The US between 1929 and 1936. 
Were US citizens. 

2870
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:07,800
The result was one of the 
largest forced migrations in 

2871
02:32:07,800 --> 02:32:10,900
American history frequently with
out legal procedure. 

2872
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:16,000
Elena Ramirez whose family was 
deported to Mexico in. 1932 

2873
02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:19,100
said, immigration agents in 
circled, our Los Angeles, 

2874
02:32:19,108 --> 02:32:21,300
neighborhood and loaded everyone
onto trucks. 

2875
02:32:21,300 --> 02:32:24,700
The fact that my brother and I 
were born in California and held

2876
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:26,400
American citizenship did not 
matter. 

2877
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:30,800
We only had a few hours to pack.
My father worked at the same 

2878
02:32:30,800 --> 02:32:34,300
Factory for 9 years, our church 
school and Friends vanished, 

2879
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:37,200
overnight. 
We landed in Mexico's strangers,

2880
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:40,800
20 years after my parents 
departed, we were considered 

2881
02:32:40,800 --> 02:32:44,500
pochos, neither Mexican Nora, 
American Urban Americans. 

2882
02:32:44,500 --> 02:32:47,900
Rarely saw the hardship of rural
white population in Appalachia, 

2883
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:51,300
and the Ozarks economic 
deterioration in these areas 

2884
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:55,100
began before, 1929 owing to 
Resource extraction and changing

2885
02:32:55,100 --> 02:32:58,800
agricultural markets, the 
depression sank economically, 

2886
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:02,000
marginalized groups into deep 
poverty, these regions 

2887
02:33:02,000 --> 02:33:04,800
emphasized, the difference 
between deserving and 

2888
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:07,500
undeserving poor. 
New Deal. 

2889
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:09,900
Initiatives favored, recent 
middle class dropouts over 

2890
02:33:09,908 --> 02:33:13,000
multi-generational. 
Poor Such multi-tiered 

2891
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:15,500
assistance schemes, occasionally
excluded, the most desperate. 

2892
02:33:16,400 --> 02:33:19,700
Disability during depression is 
another underestimated pain 

2893
02:33:19,700 --> 02:33:23,200
Factor family support systems 
and philanthropic institutions 

2894
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:26,600
crumbled, putting Americans with
Disabilities in unparalleled 

2895
02:33:26,600 --> 02:33:29,400
hardship. 
When demand for disabled 

2896
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:33,200
American Services, expanded 
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 

2897
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:35,800
their facilities. 
A Massachusetts state 

2898
02:33:35,800 --> 02:33:38,000
psychiatric hospitals, Dr. 
Margaret Chen. 

2899
02:33:38,000 --> 02:33:41,600
Observed this decline. 
We were understaffed and 

2900
02:33:41,600 --> 02:33:45,600
underfunded before the crash 
after State, budgets fell 

2901
02:33:45,600 --> 02:33:49,300
circumstances were terrible. 
Our patient base increased while

2902
02:33:49,300 --> 02:33:53,000
staff shrank by a third food 
quality, plummeted treatment 

2903
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:56,200
became confinement. 
We ran out of resources during 

2904
02:33:56,200 --> 02:33:58,900
acute illness. 
So many individuals who could 

2905
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:01,000
have recovered were 
institutionalized for life. 

2906
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:05,400
Depression devastated, carefully
developed support systems for 

2907
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:07,500
physically challenged Americans 
living freely. 

2908
02:34:08,300 --> 02:34:10,700
When informal helpers focused on
their own Survival. 

2909
02:34:10,700 --> 02:34:14,000
Disabled people who had retained
autonomy through Community 

2910
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:16,400
networks were forced into 
institutionalization. 

2911
02:34:16,400 --> 02:34:20,300
The depression produced, new 
disability categories, childhood

2912
02:34:20,300 --> 02:34:22,900
malnutrition caused lifelong, 
developmental problems. 

2913
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:26,000
Safety requirements were 
abandoned to minimize costs, 

2914
02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:29,600
increasing workplace accidents, 
depression related, 

2915
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:32,300
psychological, trauma, caused 
untreated mental health issues, 

2916
02:34:32,300 --> 02:34:36,000
how economic disaster, affected 
youth is often forgotten in 

2917
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:39,700
depression accounts schools, in 
various locations, cut academic 

2918
02:34:39,700 --> 02:34:43,000
years, or shuttered, due to 
budget, limitations child labor,

2919
02:34:43,000 --> 02:34:45,600
which had been falling for 
decades rows as families, 

2920
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:48,200
required cash from everyone 
malnutrition. 

2921
02:34:48,200 --> 02:34:51,200
A key development had lifelong 
physical and cognitive damage. 

2922
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,100
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky. 
Teacher saw these changes. 

2923
02:34:56,000 --> 02:34:58,500
Planting and harvest attendance 
was intermittent before the 

2924
02:34:58,500 --> 02:35:03,000
catastrophe, many children 
vanished by 1932, I found them 

2925
02:35:03,000 --> 02:35:05,900
working full-time at anything 
they could find when I visited 

2926
02:35:05,900 --> 02:35:08,300
their home's. 
Some families had broken up with

2927
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:11,100
children, living with relatives 
or neighbors while parents 

2928
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:13,700
looked for jobs. 
Many of my students lost the 

2929
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:16,100
idea of infancy as a protected 
period of development. 

2930
02:35:17,400 --> 02:35:19,700
These forgotten depression 
scenes, show how economic 

2931
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:22,800
disaster deep and social 
divisions, while popular 

2932
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:25,600
narratives highlight shared pain
that linked Americans, these 

2933
02:35:25,600 --> 02:35:29,800
Forgotten Tales show how crises 
reinforced race region, aptitude

2934
02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:32,000
and age. 
Hierarchies the Great Depression

2935
02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:35,200
created enduring legacies. 
That shaped American Society for

2936
02:35:35,200 --> 02:35:38,600
Generations, in ways, few could 
have predicted these influences 

2937
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:41,300
transformed behaviors and 
attitudes that would persist 

2938
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:44,900
long after economic recovery. 
The most visible Legacy was 

2939
02:35:44,900 --> 02:35:47,000
American's relationship with 
Financial Risk. 

2940
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:50,700
Russian survivors developed, 
what marketers later called, 

2941
02:35:50,700 --> 02:35:54,200
depression syndrome, Financial 
behaviors that prioritize 

2942
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:57,300
security over opportunity. 
Even when economically 

2943
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:01,000
irrational, Millionaires who had
survived bank failures 

2944
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:03,300
maintained multiple modest 
accounts rather than 

2945
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:07,200
Consolidated once successful 
professionals refused mortgages 

2946
02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:11,100
despite having amping come. 
Family stockpiled Necessities 

2947
02:36:11,100 --> 02:36:14,300
due to concerns about future 
shortages Dorothy. 

2948
02:36:14,300 --> 02:36:17,800
Klein, a consumer researcher in 
the 1950s noted that 

2949
02:36:17,800 --> 02:36:20,000
conventional advertising could 
not persuade depression 

2950
02:36:20,000 --> 02:36:22,500
survivors. 
They have evaluated purchases 

2951
02:36:22,500 --> 02:36:25,700
through a trauma lens. 
I interviewed a doctor who kept 

2952
02:36:25,700 --> 02:36:27,500
25 pounds of coffee in his 
Pantry. 

2953
02:36:27,500 --> 02:36:30,800
When coffee was rattling during 
the war he developed anxiety 

2954
02:36:30,800 --> 02:36:34,700
about shortages, 20 years later 
despite abundant supplies. 

2955
02:36:34,700 --> 02:36:37,600
He maintained this buffer 
against a threat that no longer 

2956
02:36:37,600 --> 02:36:41,000
existed. 
This security oriented mindset 

2957
02:36:41,000 --> 02:36:43,900
was passed down to children, 
raised by depression survivors. 

2958
02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:47,600
The silent generation and early 
baby boomers inherited their 

2959
02:36:47,600 --> 02:36:50,200
parents risk. 
Aversion, despite growing up in 

2960
02:36:50,200 --> 02:36:54,000
unprecedented prosperity, This 
generational transmission of 

2961
02:36:54,000 --> 02:36:56,800
financial trauma influenced 
banking, housing and Retail 

2962
02:36:56,800 --> 02:37:00,000
sectors for decades. 
As these sectors are knowingly, 

2963
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:02,800
catered to customers whose 
decision-making was influenced 

2964
02:37:02,800 --> 02:37:04,400
by psychological patterns 
formed. 

2965
02:37:04,400 --> 02:37:07,500
During the 1930s, The 
depression, fundamentally 

2966
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:09,400
altered, Americans relationship 
with government. 

2967
02:37:10,600 --> 02:37:14,600
Before 1929 most citizens had 
minimal interaction with federal

2968
02:37:14,600 --> 02:37:17,600
agencies. 
By 1940, government had become 

2969
02:37:17,600 --> 02:37:20,800
an everyday presence through 
relief, programs employment 

2970
02:37:20,800 --> 02:37:24,000
projects and Regulatory 
Frameworks this created 

2971
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:27,100
expectations that transcended 
traditional political division. 

2972
02:37:28,200 --> 02:37:31,700
Frank Holloway who administered 
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.

2973
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:35,400
Before the depression mentioning
I worked for the federal 

2974
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:38,400
government, Drew suspicion by 
1936. 

2975
02:37:38,400 --> 02:37:41,600
People welcome to me because I 
represented jobs and assistance 

2976
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:45,200
people who philosophically 
opposed government interference.

2977
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:49,100
Now, expect Government 
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't

2978
02:37:49,100 --> 02:37:51,600
about liberal or conservative 
was at a fundamental 

2979
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:54,100
recalibration of what government
was for. 

2980
02:37:55,300 --> 02:37:59,100
Cultural expressions, underwent 
profound transformation the Arts

2981
02:37:59,100 --> 02:38:02,100
developed dual, impulses that 
seemed contradictory, but often 

2982
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:03,700
existed. 
Within the same Works 

2983
02:38:03,700 --> 02:38:07,600
unflinching documentation of 
suffering alongside Escapist 

2984
02:38:07,600 --> 02:38:10,000
entertainment. 
The documentary tradition 

2985
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:13,300
emerged in photography, Walker 
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 

2986
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:16,900
literature Steinbeck Wright 
while escapism flourished in 

2987
02:38:16,900 --> 02:38:19,200
Hollywood musicals, and 
superhero comics. 

2988
02:38:19,800 --> 02:38:22,900
Playwright Arthur Miller 
explained this Duality the 

2989
02:38:22,900 --> 02:38:25,000
theater. 
Swung between Agate prop realism

2990
02:38:25,000 --> 02:38:28,100
and Pure Fantasy. 
What endured were works that 

2991
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:30,700
somehow managed both 
acknowledging suffering. 

2992
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:34,100
While suggesting Transcendence 
audience is needed both truth 

2993
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:35,800
and hope reality and 
possibility. 

2994
02:38:35,800 --> 02:38:38,500
The depression created a 
generation that approached 

2995
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:40,400
community building with 
deliberate intention. 

2996
02:38:41,100 --> 02:38:43,900
Having experienced how economic 
disaster could isolate 

2997
02:38:43,900 --> 02:38:47,300
individuals, many survivors 
became what sociologists later 

2998
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:51,000
called, intentional neighbors, 
deliberately cultivating 

2999
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:53,300
Community connections, as 
insurance against future 

3000
02:38:53,300 --> 02:38:57,000
hardship, the explosion of Civic
organizations in post 

3001
02:38:57,000 --> 02:39:00,600
depression, America, from pta's 
to Neighborhood association's 

3002
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:05,300
reflected this impulse. 
While often viewed as expression

3003
02:39:05,300 --> 02:39:09,000
of 1950s Conformity. 
These organizations actually 

3004
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:13,800
represented lessons learned from
1930s isolation, Perhaps most 

3005
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:16,400
profound was the depression's 
impact, on Americans 

3006
02:39:16,400 --> 02:39:20,800
relationship, with work itself 
employment became more than an 

3007
02:39:20,800 --> 02:39:23,400
economic necessity. 
It became psychological 

3008
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:26,100
validation. 
Experience of involuntary 

3009
02:39:26,100 --> 02:39:29,400
joblessness created lasting 
associations between work and 

3010
02:39:29,408 --> 02:39:31,200
identity. 
That influenced retirement 

3011
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:35,300
patterns for decades. 
To Samuel Weinstein who studied 

3012
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:39,300
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 
survivors approached retirement 

3013
02:39:39,300 --> 02:39:41,300
differently than subsequent 
Generations. 

3014
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:44,300
They often could articulate. 
Why continue work felt 

3015
02:39:44,300 --> 02:39:46,700
accentual. 
Once successful businessman told

3016
02:39:46,700 --> 02:39:51,100
me, I know, I don't need the 
money but I need to be needed. a

3017
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:54,300
concern was about income, but 
about avoiding the cycle of 

3018
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:56,600
uselessness, they had 
experienced during unemployment 

3019
02:39:56,600 --> 02:40:00,700
decades earlier, Looking back, 
many aspects of American life, 

3020
02:40:00,700 --> 02:40:03,800
we take for granted from Social 
Security, to bank deposit, 

3021
02:40:03,800 --> 02:40:08,000
Insurance emerged directly from 
depression experience's these 

3022
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,400
institutional responses to 
catastrophe became so normalized

3023
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:15,100
that their Origins and crisis 
were forgotten their existence 

3024
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:18,900
seemingly natural rather than a 
response to specific historical 

3025
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:22,200
trauma. 
What remains most remarkable 

3026
02:40:22,200 --> 02:40:25,100
about the depression's legacy is
how it demonstrated both human 

3027
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:27,900
vulnerability and resilience is 
simultaneously. 

3028
02:40:27,900 --> 02:40:31,200
It revealed how quickly 
Prosperity could vanish and how 

3029
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:33,200
fragile social structures could 
prove. 

3030
02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,600
Yet it also showed how 
communities could adapt and 

3031
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:38,700
societies could reimagine 
themselves in response to 

3032
02:40:38,700 --> 02:40:41,000
catastrophe. 
As depression. 

3033
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:42,900
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 
reflected. 

3034
02:40:42,900 --> 02:40:46,100
What stayed with me wasn't the 
hardship itself but the 

3035
02:40:46,100 --> 02:40:49,200
discovery of what humans could 
withstand and create from ruins,

3036
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:52,900
we lost our innocence, about 
Economic Security, but gained 

3037
02:40:52,900 --> 02:40:56,300
wisdom about human connection. 
The Disappearance of the money 

3038
02:40:56,300 --> 02:40:58,300
did not diminish. 
The value of the ingenious 

3039
02:40:58,300 --> 02:41:02,000
adaptations, extraordinary 
kindnesses and communities 

3040
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:03,800
forged in struggle. 
That replaced it. 

3041
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:07,600
The Paradox of catastrophe is 
that it takes with one hand, but

3042
02:41:07,600 --> 02:41:10,600
gives with the other and 
sometimes the gifts out last, 

3043
02:41:10,600 --> 02:41:15,100
the losses, Thomas Jefferson, 
was born on April, the 13th 1743

3044
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:17,800
at Shadwell, a plantation in the
Virginia. 

3045
02:41:17,800 --> 02:41:21,600
Piedmont, his father. 
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 

3046
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:24,200
and landowner renowned for 
physical strength and an 

3047
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:27,900
adventurous spirit. 
His mother Jane Randolph came 

3048
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:31,100
from a prominent family. 
Growing up amid Rolling Hills 

3049
02:41:31,100 --> 02:41:35,000
and dense forests young Thomas 
embrace the frontier, ethos even

3050
02:41:35,000 --> 02:41:37,600
as he absorbed the Gentile, 
expectations of the colonial 

3051
02:41:37,600 --> 02:41:40,300
Gentry. 
Delighted and for horseback 

3052
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:43,400
rides, the hush of Mountain 
Trails and the hum of 

3053
02:41:43,408 --> 02:41:45,900
intellectual debate. 
Cuts of visiting tutors. 

3054
02:41:46,700 --> 02:41:50,300
By the 1750s, Virginia's 
plantation economy thrived on 

3055
02:41:50,308 --> 02:41:53,500
Tobacco cultivation. 
With an enslaved, Workforce 

3056
02:41:53,500 --> 02:41:57,000
forming its backbone, Peter 
Jefferson owned enslaved, 

3057
02:41:57,000 --> 02:42:00,200
laborers, and Thomas, grew up. 
Witnessing the institutions, 

3058
02:42:00,200 --> 02:42:02,700
daily operations, and uneasy 
inheritance. 

3059
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:06,300
That would later spark internal 
conflict in his adult years, but

3060
02:42:06,300 --> 02:42:09,000
as a child he balanced field 
observations with classical 

3061
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:11,000
studies. 
His father died. 

3062
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:14,000
When Thomas was 14, leaving him,
a sizable estate. 

3063
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:18,100
But also the burden of paternal 
absence this responsibility, 

3064
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:21,700
shaped him instilling a drive 
for self-reliance and scholarly 

3065
02:42:21,700 --> 02:42:25,700
achievement. around age 17 
Jefferson enrolled at the 

3066
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:29,000
College of William and Mary in 
Williamsburg, immersed himself 

3067
02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:32,600
in philosophy mathematics and 
the law studying under 

3068
02:42:32,600 --> 02:42:36,100
influential mentors, like George
wise late night reading session 

3069
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:38,800
at the Royal Governors Palace 
Library fostered, his 

3070
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:41,600
fascination with Enlightenment 
thinkers, John Locke, 

3071
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:44,900
Montesquieu and others their 
calls for reason, over 

3072
02:42:44,900 --> 02:42:48,100
tradition, resonated with 
Jefferson who scouted texts on 

3073
02:42:48,100 --> 02:42:52,600
government science and ethics, 
He also cultivated his violence 

3074
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:55,000
skills. 
Joining small music, Gatherings 

3075
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:57,000
that balance his rigorous 
academic schedule. 

3076
02:42:57,900 --> 02:43:01,200
After concluding his college 
Years, Jefferson read law with 

3077
02:43:01,200 --> 02:43:04,300
Wythe forging. 
A bond that melded legal rigor 

3078
02:43:04,300 --> 02:43:07,800
with ethical inquiry. 
This training hammered him. 

3079
02:43:07,800 --> 02:43:10,700
The notion that laws must be 
grounded in rational principles.

3080
02:43:10,700 --> 02:43:15,200
Not arbitrary. 
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track

3081
02:43:15,200 --> 02:43:18,000
of tensions Brewing between the 
colonies and Britain. 

3082
02:43:18,700 --> 02:43:21,600
Attending assembly is where 
Taxation and representation of 

3083
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:25,400
the Gentry, even then 
Jefferson's reflective nature. 

3084
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:28,800
Showed he was not the most 
boisterous voice, but his 

3085
02:43:28,800 --> 02:43:31,500
private letters revealed a keen 
sense of Injustice at 

3086
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:36,100
parliaments intrusions by 1767. 
He began practicing law. 

3087
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:39,700
After being admitted to the bar.
He frequently represented small 

3088
02:43:39,700 --> 02:43:42,600
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

3089
02:43:42,600 --> 02:43:45,900
in customs and forcement 
observers noted his calm 

3090
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:49,100
demeanor. 
Arguments and persuasive 

3091
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:52,000
writing. 
He built a reputation as a 

3092
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:54,700
reliable Advocate who valued 
Clarity over theatrics. 

3093
02:43:55,400 --> 02:43:59,200
That skill set would soon extend
to political life as Colonial 

3094
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:02,300
unrest over the Stamp Act and 
Townsend duties escalated. 

3095
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:06,800
Parallel to his legal career, 
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion

3096
02:44:06,800 --> 02:44:10,200
of Monticello his future 
architectural, Masterpiece 

3097
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,800
perched, on a hill near 
Shadwell, he had begun to 

3098
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:16,000
designing the house in his early
twenties referencing palladian, 

3099
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,600
styles gleaned from books. 
The properties vaunted offered 

3100
02:44:19,600 --> 02:44:23,000
sweeping views symbolizing for 
Jefferson both intellectual 

3101
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:25,600
curiosity and the potential of 
the new world. 

3102
02:44:26,500 --> 02:44:28,900
He adored the notion of 
designing living spaces with 

3103
02:44:28,900 --> 02:44:32,900
geometric, Harmony installing 
hidden staircases symmetrical 

3104
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:35,300
wings and carefully proportioned
rooms. 

3105
02:44:36,100 --> 02:44:39,000
Monticello was not just a home, 
but a living laboratory for 

3106
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:42,400
architecture, Horticulture and 
personal reflection. 

3107
02:44:44,700 --> 02:44:48,800
Reflection. 
In 1769, he won a seat in the 

3108
02:44:48,808 --> 02:44:52,000
Virginia House of Burgesses 
marking his formal entry into 

3109
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:54,900
public affairs. 
He arrived in a tense climate 

3110
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:57,900
radical voices called for 
boycotts of British goods 

3111
02:44:57,900 --> 02:45:01,500
Jefferson though quietly spoken 
sided with the emerging 

3112
02:45:01,500 --> 02:45:03,800
Patriot's. 
He penned resolution's decrying 

3113
02:45:03,800 --> 02:45:07,000
British over each though 
initially Mildred in tone over 

3114
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:09,000
time. 
His pain would sharpen as London

3115
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:12,900
doubled down on the colonial 
Authority around this era, he 

3116
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:16,600
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,
a young Widow, famed for musical

3117
02:45:16,600 --> 02:45:20,000
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

3118
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:24,200
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

3119
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:27,000
personal life. 
She joined him at Monticello, 

3120
02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:30,600
her health was fragile. 
They spent tranquil moments 

3121
02:45:30,600 --> 02:45:33,500
reading or playing Duets 
Jefferson on violin. 

3122
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:38,300
Martha on hops, Accord. 
Their bond was 10 over shadowed 

3123
02:45:38,300 --> 02:45:40,100
by the mortality rates of the 
period. 

3124
02:45:40,700 --> 02:45:44,100
Over their decade together. 
Martha bought children but only 

3125
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:47,400
two daughters survived to 
adulthood her eventual passing 

3126
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:49,100
left. 
Jefferson in deep mourning and 

3127
02:45:49,100 --> 02:45:51,400
likely influenced his future 
emotional Reserve. 

3128
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:55,400
Early in the 17th century. 
Jefferson found himself on the 

3129
02:45:55,400 --> 02:45:57,600
brink of a more significant, 
Colonial crisis. 

3130
02:45:58,400 --> 02:46:01,500
The Boston Tea Party erupted, 
the British closed, the port of 

3131
02:46:01,508 --> 02:46:04,700
Boston and the call for 
intercolonial Unity, grew louder

3132
02:46:04,700 --> 02:46:08,600
Jefferson's Penn influenced by 
his legal background, and 

3133
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:11,600
Enlightenment convictions would 
soon craft arguments that 

3134
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:16,300
soared, Beyond local assemblies.
Fate was guiding him toward the 

3135
02:46:16,300 --> 02:46:19,000
epicenter of revolutionary 
debate where he had become a 

3136
02:46:19,008 --> 02:46:22,000
pivotal voice championing 
Independents and articulating. 

3137
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:24,500
A new model of governance for 
now though. 

3138
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:28,500
He was a Virginia notable poised
methodical and quietly 

3139
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,600
determined with Monticello as 
both sanctuary and symbol of 

3140
02:46:31,600 --> 02:46:34,900
evolving ideals. 
Jeffers political instincts, 

3141
02:46:34,900 --> 02:46:38,300
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

3142
02:46:38,300 --> 02:46:42,300
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

3143
02:46:42,300 --> 02:46:46,700
rights of British America. 
Pamphlet, addressing colonial 

3144
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:49,500
grievances. 
Though less famous than later 

3145
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:51,900
techs. 
It's signaled a decisive shift 

3146
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:55,400
arguing that Parliament had no 
authority to govern the colonies

3147
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:59,500
without their consent. 
This stance radical for its time

3148
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,300
circulated. 
Widely some older Patriots, 

3149
02:47:02,300 --> 02:47:05,000
found at Brash, but for 
Jefferson it was a matter of 

3150
02:47:05,000 --> 02:47:07,800
logical extension. 
If reason and natural rights 

3151
02:47:07,800 --> 02:47:11,900
were Universal, British claims 
to Dominion flouted moral law, 

3152
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:16,900
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 
talents sending him in 1774 to 

3153
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:20,000
the second continental congress 
in Philadelphia the environment 

3154
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:23,600
crackled with possibility, 
Delegates from 13 colonies 

3155
02:47:23,600 --> 02:47:25,900
debated, whether to petition the
crown, or brace for 

3156
02:47:25,900 --> 02:47:29,600
Independence, Jefferson stoic, 
Presence overshadowed by the 

3157
02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:32,900
fiery rhetoric of John Adams, or
the gravitas of Benjamin 

3158
02:47:32,900 --> 02:47:35,500
Franklin, masked his deep 
convictions. 

3159
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:38,300
He served on committees drafting
formal statements. 

3160
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:41,600
The skirmishes around Lexington 
and Concord flared into the 

3161
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:43,900
Revolutionary War. 
The push for full Independence 

3162
02:47:43,900 --> 02:47:48,700
intensified In June 1776. 
The Congress appointed a 

3163
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:51,100
five-man committee to draft a 
declaration asserting. 

3164
02:47:51,100 --> 02:47:54,400
The colonies break from Britain 
despite his relative youth 

3165
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:58,100
Jefferson was chosen with atoms 
and frankly among the others, 

3166
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:02,400
they recognized his gift for 
articulate Pros, honed by years,

3167
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:05,600
of reading, and lightning 
treaters as hold up in a second 

3168
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:07,700
floor. 
Apartment Jefferson wrote 

3169
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:11,500
feverishly for two weeks. 
He produced a text that merged 

3170
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:14,800
locking and philosophy with a 
distinctly American context, 

3171
02:48:14,800 --> 02:48:18,700
championing life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. 

3172
02:48:19,800 --> 02:48:22,600
The phrase soared Beyond local 
grievances, to a universal 

3173
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:26,200
principle of individual rights 
Adams and Franklin made slight 

3174
02:48:26,200 --> 02:48:28,500
edits. 
And the Congress after heated 

3175
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:33,100
debate adopted, a final version 
on July 4th, 1776, thus 

3176
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:35,800
Jefferson's words became the 
Bedrock statement of a nascent 

3177
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:39,000
Nation although the final text 
moderated, some of his vehement 

3178
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:42,700
attacks on slavery. 
Speaking of slavery Jefferson's 

3179
02:48:42,700 --> 02:48:46,300
contradictory stance, glimmered,
even then he condemned the slave

3180
02:48:46,300 --> 02:48:50,200
trade in an early draft of the 
Declaration that passage was cut

3181
02:48:50,200 --> 02:48:51,700
under pressure from Southern 
delegates. 

3182
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:55,600
Personally owned in slaved 
individuals at Monticello over 

3183
02:48:55,600 --> 02:48:57,800
time. 
The pain theoretical critics of 

3184
02:48:57,808 --> 02:49:00,500
slavery as morally corrosive 
yet. 

3185
02:49:00,500 --> 02:49:04,200
He never comprehensively freed 
his own, this Paradox rarely 

3186
02:49:04,200 --> 02:49:08,500
resolved would haunt his legacy 
despite disclaiming the system 

3187
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:11,900
as an abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

3188
02:49:11,900 --> 02:49:14,700
Ran ran deep. 
Following the declaration's 

3189
02:49:14,700 --> 02:49:17,800
adoption jeffersson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

3190
02:49:17,800 --> 02:49:21,800
State's new Constitution and 
overhaul its legal codes in 

3191
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:24,100
champion disestablishment of the
Anglican Church. 

3192
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:27,000
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

3193
02:49:27,000 --> 02:49:29,800
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

3194
02:49:29,800 --> 02:49:31,800
concentrated wealth, and certain
families. 

3195
02:49:32,600 --> 02:49:35,800
Such measures including the 
Statute for Religious Freedom. 

3196
02:49:35,800 --> 02:49:39,200
Would become pillars of 
Jefferson's vision of Republican

3197
02:49:39,200 --> 02:49:43,100
Society, a place where personal 
conscience reigned and inherited

3198
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:46,400
privileged dwindled Yet 
implementing them stirred, 

3199
02:49:46,400 --> 02:49:49,700
resistance from tradition-bound 
legislators during the war, 

3200
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:55,200
Jefferson served as Virginia's. 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 

3201
02:49:55,200 --> 02:49:59,600
Tenya overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

3202
02:49:59,600 --> 02:50:03,400
him in ways that writing never 
had. he faced logistical, chaos,

3203
02:50:03,400 --> 02:50:07,700
troop shortages, Mega supplies, 
and Loyalists, uprisings, 

3204
02:50:07,700 --> 02:50:11,700
British forces, under Benedict, 
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 

3205
02:50:11,700 --> 02:50:14,800
capturing Jefferson at 
Monticello Critics of his 

3206
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:18,200
governorship circulated branding
him in effective or hesitant 

3207
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:21,000
Under Pressure. 
This damage to his reputation 

3208
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:24,200
but the walls chaos left no easy
solution for any leader. 

3209
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:29,200
In 1781 after stepping down, 
Jefferson retreated to Monte 

3210
02:50:29,200 --> 02:50:33,000
cello battered in spirit. 
The personal realm also dealt in

3211
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:35,700
blows heartbreak. 
At the death of his wife Martha 

3212
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:38,400
in 1782. 
She had endured multiple 

3213
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:41,300
difficult pregnancies and her 
final days. 

3214
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:44,600
Saw Jefferson nearly 
inconsolable, her deathbed 

3215
02:50:44,600 --> 02:50:47,300
request, that he not remarried. 
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 

3216
02:50:47,300 --> 02:50:51,600
He burned their correspondence. 
An acting deep grief, and a 

3217
02:50:51,600 --> 02:50:54,100
desire for privacy. 
The father of two surviving 

3218
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,600
daughters, he turned inward 
focusing on writing notes, on 

3219
02:50:57,600 --> 02:51:00,400
the state of Virginia, a 
comprehensive, look at his 

3220
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:03,100
regions geography, economy and 
Moors sprinkled with 

3221
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:07,600
philosophical musings that text 
published years, later revealed,

3222
02:51:07,600 --> 02:51:10,400
both his intellectual scope, and
the racial theories that many 

3223
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:15,600
modern readers find troubling. 
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 

3224
02:51:15,600 --> 02:51:18,600
felt the weight of personal loss
and the uncertainties of the new

3225
02:51:18,600 --> 02:51:21,000
Confederation. 
He took a seat in the 

3226
02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:24,000
Continental Congress. 
Forging ahead with legislative 

3227
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:26,700
tasks. 
The faint outlines of a more 

3228
02:51:26,708 --> 02:51:28,400
stable federal government will 
forming. 

3229
02:51:28,400 --> 02:51:32,900
And so we see Jefferson father 
of the Declaration parted from 

3230
02:51:32,900 --> 02:51:36,500
his wife and certain about the 
new nation's trajectory, but 

3231
02:51:36,500 --> 02:51:38,600
steadfast in pursuit of Reason 
based governance. 

3232
02:51:39,600 --> 02:51:42,600
His next chapter, beckoned a 
diplomatic role in Europe, 

3233
02:51:42,600 --> 02:51:44,800
giving him advantage on global 
politics. 

3234
02:51:44,800 --> 02:51:47,000
That would shape his future, as 
Secretary of State and 

3235
02:51:47,000 --> 02:51:52,000
eventually president. 
For now, though he was a man in 

3236
02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:54,600
flux bridging, heartbreak, 
revolutionary ideals. 

3237
02:51:54,600 --> 02:51:58,000
And the complexities of forging 
a stable Republic from scratch. 

3238
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:02,300
In 1784 Congress appointed 
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 

3239
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:05,000
to France. 
Succeeding Benjamin Franklin in 

3240
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:07,300
representing the fledgling. 
United States abroad. 

3241
02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:11,400
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 
found the city teeming with 

3242
02:52:11,400 --> 02:52:15,600
Enlightenment further 
intellectual salons and Noble. 

3243
02:52:15,600 --> 02:52:19,000
Flamboyance despite missing 
Monticello's quiet Hills. 

3244
02:52:19,000 --> 02:52:22,100
He savored the chance to 
cultivate ties with European 

3245
02:52:22,100 --> 02:52:23,800
thinkers and push for commercial
treaties. 

3246
02:52:23,800 --> 02:52:27,100
Beneficial to the US. 
He immersed himself in French 

3247
02:52:27,100 --> 02:52:29,900
culture, tending theater, 
frequenting scientific 

3248
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:33,000
demonstrations and forging 
friendships with luminaries like

3249
02:52:33,000 --> 02:52:37,300
the Marquis de Lafayette. 
This diplomatic post sharp and 

3250
02:52:37,308 --> 02:52:40,500
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 
He observed how Europe's 

3251
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:44,300
monarchical structures, stifled 
personal freedoms reinforcing 

3252
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,300
his belief that the American 
Express experiment in Republican

3253
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:49,000
governance was unique 
impressions. 

3254
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:52,600
At the same time, he recognized 
that Europe's manufacturing, 

3255
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:56,500
base dwarfed, that of the US. 
He lobbied European states to 

3256
02:52:56,500 --> 02:52:59,700
accept American exports, 
specially tobacco and Timber, 

3257
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:02,700
hoping to reduce Reliance on 
British Markets. 

3258
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:06,900
Negotiations proved slow but 
Jefferson's calm intellect 

3259
02:53:06,900 --> 02:53:08,100
helped. 
Cultivate Goodwill. 

3260
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:12,800
While in Paris Jefferson also 
served as a cultural conduit, he

3261
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:15,600
introduced French Elites to 
American plants and produce 

3262
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:19,600
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 
pecan trees in return. 

3263
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:23,600
He noted French architecture and
engineering particularly the 

3264
02:53:23,600 --> 02:53:25,500
building of canals and 
mechanisms. 

3265
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:28,800
Flour Mills letters, home 
brimmed with ideas for 

3266
02:53:28,800 --> 02:53:31,400
implementing such Innovations in
the new United States 

3267
02:53:31,400 --> 02:53:35,000
reflecting, his unwavering 
desire to see his homeland 

3268
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:37,600
flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

3269
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:40,600
politics swirling. 
In France though few predicted 

3270
02:53:40,600 --> 02:53:42,800
how rapidly the monarchy would 
top in the coming years. 

3271
02:53:42,800 --> 02:53:46,800
On a personal note, Jefferson's 
time in France was laced with 

3272
02:53:46,800 --> 02:53:50,300
paternal obligation. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

3273
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:53,600
later joined by young daughter 
Polly to ensure they had a 

3274
02:53:53,608 --> 02:53:56,900
European education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

3275
02:53:56,900 --> 02:53:59,200
that included in slaved 
individuals from Monticello 

3276
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:03,900
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

3277
02:54:03,900 --> 02:54:05,800
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

3278
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:09,800
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship but many 

3279
02:54:09,800 --> 02:54:13,800
conclude that she bore children 
by Jefferson while details 

3280
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:16,800
remain partly opaque the power 
in Balance under schools. 

3281
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:19,000
The moral complexities 
overshadowing, his public 

3282
02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:22,800
championing of Liberty. 
In 1789 as the French 

3283
02:54:22,800 --> 02:54:26,600
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 
initially celebrated the wave of

3284
02:54:26,600 --> 02:54:28,600
Reform. 
He saw parallels, with 

3285
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:31,700
America's, recent independent 
struggle, welcoming calls to 

3286
02:54:31,700 --> 02:54:35,300
curb aristocratic privilege. 
Yet, the revolution's escalation

3287
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:38,500
when moderate hopes gave way to 
the reign of terror alarmed him.

3288
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:43,000
Before that radical shift, he 
had already departed, France. 

3289
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:46,500
recalled to serve as the first 
Secretary of State under 

3290
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:51,500
President George Washington in 
1790 his Paris Soldier and ended

3291
02:54:51,500 --> 02:54:55,100
with a me of admiration for 
French Enlightenment and unease 

3292
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:57,200
at the extremes, their 
Revolution might unleash. 

3293
02:54:57,900 --> 02:55:00,400
Returning to the US. 
Jefferson joined Washington's 

3294
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:03,900
cabinet tasked with shaping 
foreign policy, this role put 

3295
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:07,100
him at odds with treasury 
secretary Alexander Hamilton who

3296
02:55:07,100 --> 02:55:09,400
championed a strong federal 
government and close ties with 

3297
02:55:09,400 --> 02:55:12,300
Britain. 
Jefferson conversely favored, 

3298
02:55:12,300 --> 02:55:16,300
robust State autonomy and warmer
relations with France, their 

3299
02:55:16,300 --> 02:55:19,000
clashes of the birth of 
America's first party system. 

3300
02:55:19,000 --> 02:55:24,100
The Federalists led by Hamilton 
advocated centralization, while 

3301
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:27,400
the Democratic, Republicans led 
by Jeff Jefferson pushed for 

3302
02:55:27,400 --> 02:55:30,400
agrarian base in democracy and 
suspicion of concentrated 

3303
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:34,300
Federal power During this 
cabinet period, Jefferson 

3304
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:37,900
navigated multiple crises 
tensions with Britain over 

3305
02:55:37,900 --> 02:55:40,700
Frontier, forts uncertain 
alliances with 

3306
02:55:40,700 --> 02:55:43,600
post-revolutionary, France and 
domestic Strife, like the 

3307
02:55:43,608 --> 02:55:47,200
Whiskey Rebellion championed 
free trade and a minimal Navy. 

3308
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:49,600
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a
standing army. 

3309
02:55:50,500 --> 02:55:53,500
Deep philosophical differences, 
turned personal, prompting 

3310
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:56,500
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 
in 1793 soon. 

3311
02:55:56,500 --> 02:55:59,400
He built a political Network 
harnessing sympathetic 

3312
02:55:59,400 --> 02:56:00,900
newspapers to shape public 
opinion. 

3313
02:56:00,900 --> 02:56:04,000
This Dynamic signaled, the 
future of American politics, 

3314
02:56:04,000 --> 02:56:06,900
where partisan alignments would 
drive policy discourse. 

3315
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:12,800
By 1796 the Schism was public 
Jefferson found himself running 

3316
02:56:12,800 --> 02:56:15,100
for president against John Adams
though. 

3317
02:56:15,100 --> 02:56:18,400
Somewhat reluctantly, he lost 
narrowly and became Adams's 

3318
02:56:18,400 --> 02:56:20,800
vice. 
President a job lacking much 

3319
02:56:20,800 --> 02:56:23,300
real power. 
From the Senate's, Vantage 

3320
02:56:23,300 --> 02:56:26,300
Jefferson observed Adams as 
president sea, enacting laws, 

3321
02:56:26,300 --> 02:56:29,300
like the Alien and Sedition Acts
which Jefferson deemed 

3322
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,300
Chronicle. 
Furious covertly authored The 

3323
02:56:32,308 --> 02:56:35,400
Kentucky, Resolution suggesting 
States could nullify 

3324
02:56:35,400 --> 02:56:38,600
unconstitutional. 
Federal statutes the movie 

3325
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:42,300
introduced a heated debate, over
federal state relations critics 

3326
02:56:42,300 --> 02:56:45,700
labeled its subversive, but 
Jefferson saw it as safeguarding

3327
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:49,800
the Spirit of 76, thus by the 
cusp of the 1800 election. 

3328
02:56:49,800 --> 02:56:53,700
Jefferson embodied a republican 
Champion for agrarian liberties.

3329
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:56,500
Suspicious of federalist 
centralization. 

3330
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:00,300
Yet, he also carried personal 
baggage from his enslaver 

3331
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:02,600
background and the complexities 
of his private life. 

3332
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:07,000
The stage was set for a pivotal 
showdown in US politics with the

3333
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:10,400
country's future Direction at 
stake in a swirl of partisan 

3334
02:57:10,400 --> 02:57:13,700
editorials and backroom deals. 
The election would test whether 

3335
02:57:13,700 --> 02:57:16,200
the fledging Republic, could 
survive, a peaceful transition 

3336
02:57:16,200 --> 02:57:18,800
of power, or devolve into rang 
core. 

3337
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:21,800
Jefferson's calm. 
But determined approach. 

3338
02:57:21,800 --> 02:57:24,600
Once again, pressed him into a 
central role, bridging 

3339
02:57:24,600 --> 02:57:27,800
Enlightenment ideals and the 
gritty realities of parties and 

3340
02:57:27,800 --> 02:57:30,800
brawls. 
The election of 1800 brought 

3341
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:33,400
turmoil. 
John Adams, sought re-election, 

3342
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:37,100
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 
and Jefferson's Democratic 

3343
02:57:37,100 --> 02:57:39,000
Republicans Consolidated around 
him. 

3344
02:57:39,000 --> 02:57:42,900
The campaign was vitriolic 
filled with accusations, 

3345
02:57:42,900 --> 02:57:45,800
Federalists called Jefferson and
atheist. 

3346
02:57:45,800 --> 02:57:48,800
Radical Republicans, branded 
Adams. 

3347
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:52,300
A monarchist in an era before 
direct popular, ballots 

3348
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:55,200
electors, cast votes for 
President and Vice President. 

3349
02:57:55,200 --> 02:57:59,100
In a complicated procedure, a 
tie emerged between Jefferson 

3350
02:57:59,100 --> 02:58:02,400
and his running, mate, Aaron 
Burr each receiving, the same 

3351
02:58:02,400 --> 02:58:05,800
number of electoral votes, the 
House of Representatives control

3352
02:58:05,800 --> 02:58:09,900
by Federalists had to break. 
The tie days of tents, balloting

3353
02:58:09,900 --> 02:58:13,400
ensued, ultimately with 
Hamilton's reluctant nod. 

3354
02:58:13,400 --> 02:58:17,000
Jeffrey Jefferson triumphed, the
ordeal spurred the 12th 

3355
02:58:17,000 --> 02:58:19,800
Amendment. 
Ensuring future presidential and

3356
02:58:19,800 --> 02:58:22,300
vice presidential candidates had
distinct ballots. 

3357
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:27,200
The pursuit. 
Thus Jefferson assumed the 

3358
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:31,100
presidency in 1801 is Inaugural 
Address famously. 

3359
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:33,300
Extolled Unity. 
We are all Republicans. 

3360
02:58:33,300 --> 02:58:36,100
We are all Federalists. 
Signifying. 

3361
02:58:36,100 --> 02:58:38,100
A desire to heal partisan 
wounds. 

3362
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:41,500
He scaled back, certain 
Federalist measures cutting the 

3363
02:58:41,500 --> 02:58:44,900
Army, budget, abolishing some 
taxes, and releasing those 

3364
02:58:44,900 --> 02:58:46,600
imprisoned under the Sedition 
Act. 

3365
02:58:46,600 --> 02:58:50,400
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 
government believing the US 

3366
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:54,200
should remain primarily agrarian
suspicious of large cities and 

3367
02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:57,100
Banks. 
This pastoral Vision resonated 

3368
02:58:57,100 --> 02:58:59,800
with many Frontier, settles, who
saw the new president as their 

3369
02:58:59,800 --> 02:59:02,400
champion. 
One early success was the 

3370
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:07,300
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 
Napoleon embroiled in European 

3371
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:11,000
Wars unexpectedly, offered to 
sell France's vast North 

3372
02:59:11,000 --> 02:59:15,100
American Holdings. 
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 

3373
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:18,300
Constitution provided no 
explicit power for land deals of

3374
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:21,000
this magnitude. 
At the chance to double the 

3375
02:59:21,000 --> 02:59:24,700
nation's territory overshadowed,
strict constitutional Scruples, 

3376
02:59:24,700 --> 02:59:28,900
for 15 million dollars US 
acquired a domain stretching 

3377
02:59:28,900 --> 02:59:31,000
from the Mississippi River to 
the Rocky Mountains. 

3378
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:34,200
This bold stroke in should 
control of the Mississippi's. 

3379
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:37,500
Crucial Port of New Orleans and 
opened a frontier for expansion.

3380
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:42,000
Westerners rejoiced, the 
Federalists borked claiming it 

3381
02:59:42,008 --> 02:59:44,300
diluted the eastern states 
political power. 

3382
02:59:44,300 --> 02:59:47,600
Still Jefferson proceeded, 
blending principle with 

3383
02:59:47,600 --> 02:59:51,400
pragmatic advantage to explore. 
These new lands, Jefferson 

3384
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:53,200
commissioned. 
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 

3385
02:59:53,200 --> 02:59:57,600
Meriwether Lewis, his former 
secretary and William Clark, led

3386
02:59:57,600 --> 02:59:59,700
a team from the Missouri River 
to the Pacific coast. 

3387
02:59:59,700 --> 03:00:05,100
Their 1804 to 1806 Journey 
mapped routes documented, flora 

3388
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:07,600
and fauna and engaged with 
indigenous Nations. 

3389
03:00:08,700 --> 03:00:11,900
Jefferson eagerly awaited, their
findings seeing it as a 

3390
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:14,800
scientific Quest paralleling his
Enlightenment ideals. 

3391
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:18,700
The Expedition success fuel 
national pride in curiosity 

3392
03:00:18,700 --> 03:00:20,400
about the continents vast 
potential. 

3393
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:23,500
Yet, it also signified new 
tensions with tribal 

3394
03:00:23,500 --> 03:00:25,300
communities. 
As more settlers pressed 

3395
03:00:25,300 --> 03:00:28,700
Westwood domestically. 
Jefferson face to controversies,

3396
03:00:28,700 --> 03:00:31,800
he disliked the existence of the
bank of the United States. 

3397
03:00:31,800 --> 03:00:35,300
But tolerated, it when 
expedient, he slashed Federal 

3398
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:39,100
budgets forcing some in the Navy
to protest that the nation's sea

3399
03:00:39,100 --> 03:00:42,100
defenses weakened, furthermore, 
the issue of slavery. 

3400
03:00:42,100 --> 03:00:45,500
Persisted Jefferson's personal, 
writings described it. 

3401
03:00:45,500 --> 03:00:47,300
Hit as a moral and political 
Hazard. 

3402
03:00:47,300 --> 03:00:50,800
Yet he neither freed most of his
own in slaved individuals nor 

3403
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:55,000
championed Federal abolition. 
Indeed, the 1807 law. 

3404
03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:56,600
Banning the importation of 
enslaved. 

3405
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:00,000
Africans was a partial measure, 
some historians argue, Jefferson

3406
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:02,600
Mr. Critical chance to push for 
more sweeping reforms. 

3407
03:01:03,500 --> 03:01:06,300
Foreign Affairs, proved 
trickier, Britain and France. 

3408
03:01:06,300 --> 03:01:10,500
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 

3409
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:13,400
American Merchant ships and 
impressing US Sailors into their

3410
03:01:13,400 --> 03:01:17,300
navies and sensed Jefferson 
tried economic Warfare. 

3411
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:19,400
Championing, the Embargo Act of 
1807. 

3412
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:23,700
Halting nearly all US exports. 
He reasoned, Britain and France 

3413
03:01:23,700 --> 03:01:27,200
needed American Goods. 
Instead the measured devastated 

3414
03:01:27,200 --> 03:01:31,300
us ports, invited smuggling and 
turned public opinion against 

3415
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:33,900
him. 
The Fiasco Illustrated the 

3416
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:38,000
limits of Peaceable coercion. 
Eventually the unpopular embargo

3417
03:01:38,000 --> 03:01:40,800
was repealed tarnishing 
Jefferson's last year. 

3418
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:44,900
In office, in 1809, he handed 
the president to his close. 

3419
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:49,400
Ally James Madison, quietly 
retiring to Monte cello his two 

3420
03:01:49,400 --> 03:01:52,900
terms shape. 
The US expanded territory a 

3421
03:01:52,900 --> 03:01:56,100
stable political identity but 
also heightened Regional 

3422
03:01:56,100 --> 03:02:00,700
tensions his approach mix of 
lofty Republican ideals and 

3423
03:02:00,700 --> 03:02:03,600
occasional pragmatic 
contradictions left a complex 

3424
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:08,100
imprint People revered him as a 
philosophical statement, but 

3425
03:02:08,100 --> 03:02:10,100
criticized his moral 
inconsistencies. 

3426
03:02:10,100 --> 03:02:14,000
He parted from Washington DC, 
Warren from the tribulations of 

3427
03:02:14,008 --> 03:02:16,300
governance yet proud, he had 
preserved, a measure of 

3428
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:19,000
individual liberty and doubled 
the nation's size without 

3429
03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:21,200
large-scale War back at 
Monticello. 

3430
03:02:21,200 --> 03:02:24,100
The next chapter in Jefferson's 
life would revolve around the 

3431
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:28,100
pursuit of knowledge, founding a
university and hosting endless 

3432
03:02:28,100 --> 03:02:30,200
visitors intrigued by the sage 
of the revolution. 

3433
03:02:31,200 --> 03:02:34,500
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery
and states rights would soon 

3434
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:36,900
overshadow. 
The era, complicating his 

3435
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:39,700
cherished vision of a harmonious
agrarian democracy. 

3436
03:02:40,700 --> 03:02:44,200
For now though, he retreated to 
the place, he loved surrounded 

3437
03:02:44,200 --> 03:02:48,200
by invention's fields of crops 
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 

3438
03:02:48,200 --> 03:02:51,500
staying active in public 
discourse through letters that 

3439
03:02:51,500 --> 03:02:54,400
carried enormous influence in 
the young republics intellectual

3440
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:56,700
circles. 
Retirement for Thomas. 

3441
03:02:56,700 --> 03:03:00,000
Jefferson did not equate to 
seclusion back at Monticello. 

3442
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:03,700
After 1809, he embraced the role
of sage of Monticello. 

3443
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:07,200
Receiving statement foreign 
visitors and curious Travelers, 

3444
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:11,600
he corresponded widely shaping 
discourse on a American identity

3445
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:16,000
and preserving his Revolution 
era repute. the estate itself, 

3446
03:03:16,000 --> 03:03:19,900
reflected his Restless 
creativity expansions to the 

3447
03:03:19,900 --> 03:03:23,300
house Pavilions and elaborate of
gardens for experimental 

3448
03:03:23,300 --> 03:03:26,800
horticulture Visitors often 
found him in his library or 

3449
03:03:26,800 --> 03:03:29,100
tinkering with mechanical 
gadgets, like a polygraph 

3450
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:31,500
machine that duplicated his 
handwriting. 

3451
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:34,500
His thirst for Innovation, 
remained undimmed. 

3452
03:03:34,500 --> 03:03:37,900
However, Monticello's finances 
were precarious. 

3453
03:03:38,600 --> 03:03:41,900
Jefferson indulged in 
architectural, whims Finance, 

3454
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:45,400
extended family and endured the 
fluctuating price of tobacco 

3455
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,800
debts mounted. 
Specially as he refused to scale

3456
03:03:48,800 --> 03:03:52,200
back a gracious lifestyle. 
Slavery under pinned 

3457
03:03:52,200 --> 03:03:56,000
Monticello's operation's with 
over 100 and slaved individuals 

3458
03:03:56,000 --> 03:03:59,800
performing the labor Jefferson 
supervised them recording births

3459
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:03,600
tasks and schedules with 
methodical detail yet Behind. 

3460
03:04:03,600 --> 03:04:06,600
These Ledges Lake human lives 
subjected to force servitude. 

3461
03:04:06,600 --> 03:04:10,200
He recognized the moral 
Quagmire, but rationalized it 

3462
03:04:10,200 --> 03:04:13,200
with incrementalist arguments, 
or deferrals, to Future 

3463
03:04:13,200 --> 03:04:16,000
Generations. 
This tension complicated, his 

3464
03:04:16,000 --> 03:04:17,600
Public Image as a champion of 
Liberty. 

3465
03:04:18,600 --> 03:04:21,200
One of his crowning, retirement.
Achievements was founding the 

3466
03:04:21,200 --> 03:04:24,200
University of Virginia. 
Jefferson felt older 

3467
03:04:24,200 --> 03:04:27,200
institutions clung to religious 
influences or archaic 

3468
03:04:27,200 --> 03:04:29,800
curricular. 
He envisioned a secular campus, 

3469
03:04:29,800 --> 03:04:33,700
emphasizing modern languages, 
science and abroad, by liberal 

3470
03:04:33,700 --> 03:04:36,000
education. 
Persuading, the Virginia 

3471
03:04:36,000 --> 03:04:38,600
legislature to back it required 
political finesse. 

3472
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:42,000
You personally, designed the 
campus layout with a central 

3473
03:04:42,000 --> 03:04:46,100
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman
Pantheon flanked by academical 

3474
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:50,100
Village Pavilions. construction 
began in Charlottesville near 

3475
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:55,200
Monticello around 1817, even in 
his 70s Jefferson frequently 

3476
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:58,900
visited the site, checking 
architectural details confirming

3477
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:02,700
with Builders and selecting 
faculty Aimed to cultivate 

3478
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:05,500
enlightened citizen leaders for 
a republic that demanded 

3479
03:05:05,500 --> 03:05:09,100
knowledge base self-governance. 
Meanwhile, National issues, 

3480
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:12,200
still beckoned as an elder 
Statesman of the democratic 

3481
03:05:12,200 --> 03:05:15,400
Republican party. 
Jefferson provided advice to 

3482
03:05:15,400 --> 03:05:18,600
Madison and later to Monroe, he 
supported the Louisiana 

3483
03:05:18,600 --> 03:05:22,300
purchases expansion further 
welcoming new States into the 

3484
03:05:22,300 --> 03:05:25,000
Union. 
However, the War of 1812 with 

3485
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:27,900
Britain tested his conviction 
about limited government and a 

3486
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:31,500
small military eliminated, that 
some federal enclaves seemed 

3487
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:34,600
willing to undermine National 
Unity, especially in the 

3488
03:05:34,600 --> 03:05:37,300
Northeast. 
Letters, show him, torn between 

3489
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:40,300
localism and the emergence of a 
broader national identity. 

3490
03:05:41,300 --> 03:05:43,000
As the US overcame that 
conflict. 

3491
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:45,400
Jeffrey Jefferson expressed 
relief that Europe's meddling 

3492
03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:48,200
was lessening. 
Parallel development was his 

3493
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:50,000
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

3494
03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:53,300
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

3495
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:56,700
correspondents for years. 
But in retirement, both 

3496
03:05:56,700 --> 03:06:00,000
recognized mutual bond shaped by
the revolution's intensity 

3497
03:06:00,000 --> 03:06:02,700
through letters. 
They Revisited old debates. 

3498
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:06,500
Monarchy versus republic, the 
role of religion, the fragility 

3499
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:09,600
of democracy, their exchange 
sword with philosophical 

3500
03:06:09,600 --> 03:06:13,000
reflection, spiced with humor, 
about Advanced age. 

3501
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,400
The Revival of their friendships
stands as a testament to the 

3502
03:06:16,408 --> 03:06:19,100
capacity for regening old. 
Political Rifts. 

3503
03:06:19,700 --> 03:06:22,600
In these letters Jefferson 
revealed his abiding optimism. 

3504
03:06:22,600 --> 03:06:26,200
That the American experiment 
though in perfect would endure 

3505
03:06:26,200 --> 03:06:29,800
if Guided by reason and virtuous
leadership, Yet. 

3506
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:32,500
Personal sorrow. 
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

3507
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:35,300
several of his children enduring
repeated heartbreak. 

3508
03:06:35,300 --> 03:06:37,800
The Monticello household was no 
quiet. 

3509
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:42,000
Domain grandchildren, ran about 
extended relatives, sought 

3510
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:45,500
financial aid, and guests 
arrived unannounced to glean a 

3511
03:06:45,500 --> 03:06:48,800
moment with the iconic founder. 
You wore the mask of a 

3512
03:06:48,800 --> 03:06:52,000
benevolent patriarch? 
The Diaries hint at bouts of 

3513
03:06:52,008 --> 03:06:55,400
melancholy, the precarious 
economy pressed him to mortgage 

3514
03:06:55,400 --> 03:06:58,300
properties and he relied on 
lines of credit that threatened 

3515
03:06:58,300 --> 03:07:02,500
to upend the estate. the image 
of Monticello as a microcosm of 

3516
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:05,500
Republican, Enlightenment 
concealed, a precarious Ledger 

3517
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:10,200
balancing As Jefferson neared 80
he took pride in the University 

3518
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:11,400
of Virginia's nearing 
completion. 

3519
03:07:12,300 --> 03:07:15,400
You personally selected some 
Library materials established 

3520
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:18,600
faculty guidelines and wrote 
about its potential to transform

3521
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:23,300
the American Education. 
In 1825, the university opened 

3522
03:07:23,300 --> 03:07:26,900
its first class of students. 
Jefferson's dream had become 

3523
03:07:26,900 --> 03:07:30,100
real. 
Secular institution dedicated to

3524
03:07:30,100 --> 03:07:34,500
free inquiry unencumbered by 
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 

3525
03:07:34,500 --> 03:07:36,900
tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

3526
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:40,000
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

3527
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:46,200
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

3528
03:07:46,200 --> 03:07:48,500
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

3529
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:50,200
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

3530
03:07:51,100 --> 03:07:54,700
People noticed his health fading
but he refused to slow yearned 

3531
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:56,600
to see. 
July, 4th, 1826. 

3532
03:07:56,600 --> 03:08:00,000
The 50th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

3533
03:08:01,000 --> 03:08:04,700
That day arrived in a poetic 
twist, John Adams, and 

3534
03:08:04,700 --> 03:08:06,400
Jefferson. 
Both passed away on that date 

3535
03:08:06,400 --> 03:08:08,800
with Jefferson die in the early 
afternoon. 

3536
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:12,400
The Synergy of these two 
revolutionaries departing on the

3537
03:08:12,400 --> 03:08:15,700
nation's half-century. 
Mark cemented a legend thus 

3538
03:08:15,700 --> 03:08:18,800
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 
was no quiet Twilight. 

3539
03:08:18,800 --> 03:08:21,400
But a culminating chapter of 
architectural, Innovation, 

3540
03:08:21,400 --> 03:08:25,100
educational reform and 
reflection on a revolution's 

3541
03:08:25,100 --> 03:08:27,200
legacy. 
He left behind a complicated 

3542
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:30,300
estate, weighed by debt, a 
family overshadowed, by the 

3543
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:33,100
institution of slavery. 
Yet also a shining new 

3544
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:36,700
University in a trove of letters
that would shape America's 

3545
03:08:36,700 --> 03:08:40,700
self-perception for Generations.
In him old illusions of an 

3546
03:08:40,708 --> 03:08:44,200
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 
the Unstoppable push of a 

3547
03:08:44,208 --> 03:08:47,000
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

3548
03:08:47,000 --> 03:08:50,600
that still Define the American 
ethos, In the immediate wake of 

3549
03:08:50,600 --> 03:08:54,600
Jefferson's death admirers and 
critics clashed over his legacy,

3550
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:58,400
many hailed him as the pain 
behind the Declaration of 

3551
03:08:58,400 --> 03:09:00,900
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

3552
03:09:00,908 --> 03:09:04,200
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase and the Visionary who 

3553
03:09:04,200 --> 03:09:07,700
championed religious freedom. 
Others, lambasted his 

3554
03:09:07,700 --> 03:09:11,000
inconsistencies, a 
self-proclaimed, a galatar, who 

3555
03:09:11,000 --> 03:09:14,300
held in slaved laborers an 
Enlightenment thinker who let 

3556
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:16,300
personal finance is descend into
chaos. 

3557
03:09:16,300 --> 03:09:20,500
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

3558
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:23,100
for expansion. 
Montebello, the physical 

3559
03:09:23,100 --> 03:09:26,300
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect soon faced Financial 

3560
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:28,700
turmoil. 
His heirs struggled to pay his 

3561
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:31,600
debts, they sold land and 
eventually auctioned off 

3562
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:35,400
furniture and slaved individuals
fracturing, the community that 

3563
03:09:35,400 --> 03:09:39,000
had sustained the plantation. 
Monticello changed hands 

3564
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:42,200
multiple times deteriorating 
until the early 20th century. 

3565
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:45,100
When the Thomas Jefferson 
Foundation, Acquired and 

3566
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:48,200
restored it, symbolically 
reassembling his architectural 

3567
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:49,900
dream as an American heritage 
site. 

3568
03:09:49,900 --> 03:09:53,400
This restoration also reignited 
debates about the everyday 

3569
03:09:53,400 --> 03:09:56,200
realities of enslaved, families,
who once toiled their 

3570
03:09:56,200 --> 03:10:00,400
culminating in renewed, emphasis
on their stories, a dimension 

3571
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:02,600
historically, muted in the 
veneration of Jefferson 

3572
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:06,500
Meanwhile the broader American 
public constructed, a Mythic 

3573
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:10,600
image of Jefferson in the 19th 
century, as political parties 

3574
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:14,500
shifted references to 
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 

3575
03:10:14,500 --> 03:10:19,100
praising, his emphasis on small 
government minimal taxes and the

3576
03:10:19,108 --> 03:10:23,400
righteousness of Rural Life. 
Andrew Jackson supporters invoke

3577
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:26,300
Jefferson as a figure who 
championed the Common Man. 

3578
03:10:27,100 --> 03:10:29,800
But historians recognized that 
Jefferson's own approach to 

3579
03:10:29,800 --> 03:10:33,400
governance was more nuanced than
populist idealists claimed. 

3580
03:10:34,100 --> 03:10:37,100
He recognized the necessity of 
compromise and occasionally 

3581
03:10:37,100 --> 03:10:40,500
invoked strong Federal measures 
specially in foreign affairs. 

3582
03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:44,300
The early 20th century saw the 
Progressive Era, adopted 

3583
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:47,800
different aspect of Jefferson 
the intellectual founder who 

3584
03:10:47,800 --> 03:10:51,700
believed in educated citizenry. 
Debates around the founders, 

3585
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:55,600
intentions sword with 
Jefferson's letters cited by all

3586
03:10:55,600 --> 03:10:57,300
sides. 
Archival. 

3587
03:10:57,300 --> 03:10:59,200
Releases of his personal 
correspondence. 

3588
03:10:59,200 --> 03:11:02,900
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

3589
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:05,800
and his Dynamic shift from 
localist to expansionist. 

3590
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:08,000
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

3591
03:11:08,000 --> 03:11:10,600
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

3592
03:11:10,600 --> 03:11:15,500
Paragons but flawed Statesmen 
shaped by urgent demands in 

3593
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:18,700
scholarship, the 1970s and 
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 

3594
03:11:18,700 --> 03:11:21,800
of inquiry, focusing on 
Jefferson's relationship with 

3595
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:24,200
Sally. 
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 

3596
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:28,200
late 1990s pointed strongly to 
him fathering his children. 

3597
03:11:28,200 --> 03:11:31,700
This Revelation forced a 
national reevaluation of the so 

3598
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:35,000
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized. 

3599
03:11:35,000 --> 03:11:37,300
Others found it. 
Holy unsurprising. 

3600
03:11:37,300 --> 03:11:40,900
In retrospect it underscored the
complexities swirling. 

3601
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:44,900
Under his polished philosophical
veneer for man, who wrote all 

3602
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:47,400
men are created equal 
reconciling these. 

3603
03:11:47,400 --> 03:11:51,100
Two Realms intellectual champion
of Liberty, and personal 

3604
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:55,000
practitioner of slavery was 
never straightforward, academic 

3605
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:56,800
attention. 
Also Del deeper into his 

3606
03:11:56,800 --> 03:12:00,000
political philosophy, Jeffers 
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 

3607
03:12:00,000 --> 03:12:03,400
of Liberty and held agrarian 
expansion across the continent. 

3608
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:07,200
Yet it set the stage for Native 
displacement and further 

3609
03:12:07,200 --> 03:12:09,400
entrenchment of slave labor in 
new territories. 

3610
03:12:10,100 --> 03:12:13,100
While he personally doubted, the
morality of forcibly taking 

3611
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:16,300
indigenous lands. 
He accepted the Unstoppable 

3612
03:12:16,300 --> 03:12:20,000
momentum of Frontier settlers. 
This acceptance shaped federal 

3613
03:12:20,000 --> 03:12:24,300
policy that stoked tensions for 
Generations culminating and 

3614
03:12:24,300 --> 03:12:27,700
forced relocations. 
Today, some re-evaluate 

3615
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:30,500
Jefferson's role in establishing
moral Frameworks that 

3616
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:32,900
facilitated expansion at other 
Zoom events. 

3617
03:12:33,800 --> 03:12:36,700
In popular memory, Jefferson's 
Memorial in Washington. 

3618
03:12:36,700 --> 03:12:41,800
DC opened in 1943 still stands 
as a testament to his rhetorical

3619
03:12:41,800 --> 03:12:45,100
Brilliance visitors read 
excerpts from the Declaration of

3620
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:48,300
Independence and letters on the 
rotunda's walls underscoring. 

3621
03:12:48,300 --> 03:12:51,000
His luminous call for equality 
and freedom of conscience. 

3622
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:54,800
The monument ironically does not
portray the full tangle of 

3623
03:12:54,808 --> 03:12:58,100
contradictions. 
Yet more in Sea, serve 

3624
03:12:58,100 --> 03:13:00,300
interpretive programs. 
And now incorporating nuanced, 

3625
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:03,300
describing his Progressive 
achievements and moral failing 

3626
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:07,200
side, by side the mid. 
These contrasts Jefferson's 

3627
03:13:07,200 --> 03:13:09,400
intellectual achievements. 
Remain uncontested. 

3628
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:12,600
His articulation of natural 
rights and the notion that 

3629
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:15,600
legitimate government stems from
the consent of the governed 

3630
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,000
carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

3631
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:21,400
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

3632
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:23,700
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

3633
03:13:23,700 --> 03:13:27,600
from religious tolerance to 
public education. meanwhile 

3634
03:13:27,600 --> 03:13:30,500
University of Virginia stands as
living reminder of his 

3635
03:13:30,500 --> 03:13:33,200
conviction that knowledge, 
Fosters responsible governance, 

3636
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:38,000
Its rotunda overshadowing. 
The lawn keeps the spirit of 

3637
03:13:38,000 --> 03:13:42,200
Enlightenment learning alive. 
Hence to centuries on Thomas, 

3638
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:46,200
Jefferson remains as complicated
as the era, he shaped illuminous

3639
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:48,700
author. 
Democracy's founding Creed 

3640
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:52,600
overshadowed by glaring 
contradictions on race and 

3641
03:13:52,600 --> 03:13:56,300
personal conduct his life 
prompts reflection on how lofty 

3642
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,700
ideals can Clash with ingrained,
social structures and personal 

3643
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:02,700
entanglements. 
For many Americans and observes 

3644
03:14:02,700 --> 03:14:05,500
abroad. 
Grappling with Jefferson is akin

3645
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:07,500
to grappling with the nation's 
own layered identity. 

3646
03:14:07,500 --> 03:14:11,500
Built on Noble declarations yet.
Intimately entangled in 

3647
03:14:11,500 --> 03:14:14,800
unresolved in Justice's. 
The conversation, he started 

3648
03:14:14,800 --> 03:14:18,400
continues bridging history and 
contemporary debates on Liberty 

3649
03:14:18,400 --> 03:14:22,800
equality and the messy reality 
is in between Thomas Jefferson's

3650
03:14:22,800 --> 03:14:26,100
life, invites Reflections on how
Visionary ideals intersect with 

3651
03:14:26,100 --> 03:14:27,900
the flawed scope of practical 
living. 

3652
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:31,600
He exemplifies the possibility 
that one can be intellectually 

3653
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:35,500
gifted deeply principled yet. 
Remain in Tangled in personal 

3654
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:39,300
contradictions, Observing his 
journey reveals lessons on 

3655
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:42,300
leadership. 
Creativity compromise and moral 

3656
03:14:42,300 --> 03:14:45,300
blind spots. 
Each a facet that resonates in 

3657
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:48,100
modern times where we juggle 
personal convictions with 

3658
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,700
structural constraints, that 
Monticello his architectural 

3659
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:54,100
flourishes, highlight, how 
creativity can transform 

3660
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:56,900
personal space into a canvas of 
experimentation. 

3661
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:01,700
Secret passages rotating books, 
stands an advanced ventilation. 

3662
03:15:01,700 --> 03:15:05,100
Remind us that even domestic 
life can become a playground of 

3663
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:07,800
innovation. 
We can learn that invention can 

3664
03:15:07,800 --> 03:15:11,400
change any environment, 
including Home and Office, But 

3665
03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:14,500
Monticello also underscores, how
Comfort can rely on unseen 

3666
03:15:14,500 --> 03:15:17,000
labor? 
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 

3667
03:15:17,008 --> 03:15:20,500
in slave men and women forced to
cater to Jefferson's designs. 

3668
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:23,800
This reality, cautions that 
technological or aesthetic 

3669
03:15:23,800 --> 03:15:26,300
progress can co-exist with 
ethical failings. 

3670
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:30,800
Jefferson's public service. 
From drafting the Declaration to

3671
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:34,100
guiding foreign policy 
underscores the power of 

3672
03:15:34,100 --> 03:15:36,800
well-crafted language. 
He harnessed rhetorical 

3673
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:39,800
Precision to unify disparate 
colonies under ideals. 

3674
03:15:39,800 --> 03:15:42,400
That centuries later remain a 
moral yardstick. 

3675
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:46,400
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,
we cannot dismiss how 

3676
03:15:46,400 --> 03:15:48,900
effectively words shape, 
Collective identity. 

3677
03:15:49,800 --> 03:15:53,600
In an age of digital media, 
Jefferson's example of firms 

3678
03:15:53,600 --> 03:15:56,700
that carefully chosen language 
can Galvanize or fractionally 

3679
03:15:56,700 --> 03:15:59,600
divided. 
His success in bridging disputes

3680
03:15:59,600 --> 03:16:03,500
among the founders, suggest the 
value of measured compromise at 

3681
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,800
the same time, your deal of the 
1800 election warns us that 

3682
03:16:06,808 --> 03:16:09,000
parts and ship can nearly 
fracture a young democracy. 

3683
03:16:10,000 --> 03:16:12,900
One cannot ignore the deeper, 
moral debate, how man? 

3684
03:16:12,900 --> 03:16:15,600
Proclaiming Universal rights, 
upheld the structure of slavery.

3685
03:16:16,600 --> 03:16:18,800
Modern readers might view that 
as an irredeemable 

3686
03:16:18,800 --> 03:16:21,900
contradiction. 
Alternatively, one might 

3687
03:16:21,900 --> 03:16:23,900
interpret it as historical 
caution. 

3688
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:26,800
That even well-intentioned 
reformers can remain captive to 

3689
03:16:26,800 --> 03:16:29,000
entrenched economic and social 
norms. 

3690
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:31,800
Jefferson's story prominently 
highlights. 

3691
03:16:31,800 --> 03:16:34,800
The difference between personal 
moral Clarity in institutional, 

3692
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:37,900
inertia, it compels us to 
question our complicity in 

3693
03:16:37,900 --> 03:16:40,300
modern systems that might 
conflict with our professed 

3694
03:16:40,300 --> 03:16:43,200
values. 
Additionally, Jefferson's 

3695
03:16:43,200 --> 03:16:45,100
championing of religious freedom
stands out. 

3696
03:16:46,000 --> 03:16:48,700
He insisted that each person's 
beliefs may be on the 

3697
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:51,600
governmental reach. 
Stance that shaped not just 

3698
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:53,800
America. 
But Global Norms on religious 

3699
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:56,800
liberty, the Statute for 
Religious Freedom in Virginia 

3700
03:16:56,800 --> 03:16:59,600
overshadowed by the 
declaration's fame. 

3701
03:17:00,400 --> 03:17:02,900
Seat at the principle that 
government cannot coerce 

3702
03:17:02,900 --> 03:17:06,300
spiritual conviction today. 
As debates on religious 

3703
03:17:06,300 --> 03:17:10,300
Expressions swirl worldwide, his
early push for disestablishment 

3704
03:17:10,300 --> 03:17:13,900
remains relevant. 
Another subtle Dimension is 

3705
03:17:13,900 --> 03:17:17,400
Jefferson's approach to 
educational Frameworks, founding

3706
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:19,800
the University of Virginia 
mirrored his conviction that 

3707
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:21,900
informed populace anchors, a 
stable Republic. 

3708
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:26,000
He favored broad curricula from 
ancient languages to Modern 

3709
03:17:26,000 --> 03:17:28,500
Sciences, rejecting Church 
oversight. 

3710
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:31,900
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

3711
03:17:31,900 --> 03:17:35,500
freedom, the role of public 
universities, and how to equip 

3712
03:17:35,500 --> 03:17:37,600
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

3713
03:17:38,400 --> 03:17:41,200
His notion that education 
Fosters, self-rule might be more

3714
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:44,800
pertinent than ever. 
In his final years weighed down 

3715
03:17:44,800 --> 03:17:48,900
by debts, Jefferson exemplified 
how personal miscalculation can 

3716
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:52,300
overshadow public triumphs? 
The man who shaped a nation 

3717
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:55,700
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

3718
03:17:55,700 --> 03:17:57,300
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

3719
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:01,300
The story underscores that 
bright Minds can still falter in

3720
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:04,100
every day management. 
For modern professionals 

3721
03:18:04,100 --> 03:18:06,200
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

3722
03:18:06,200 --> 03:18:10,000
Brilliant, in some Arenas, does 
not inoculate against practical.

3723
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,900
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise, 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

3724
03:18:13,900 --> 03:18:18,500
July 4th 18206 lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined, sargas 

3725
03:18:18,500 --> 03:18:22,600
observers, then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

3726
03:18:22,600 --> 03:18:24,300
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

3727
03:18:25,000 --> 03:18:27,900
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

3728
03:18:27,900 --> 03:18:30,700
Republic's half-century Mark 
remains a striking historical 

3729
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:33,100
coincidence. 
Yet behind that. 

3730
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:36,200
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

3731
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:38,300
were aging Patriots. 
Who parted with an American 

3732
03:18:38,300 --> 03:18:41,400
still in flux. 
Fragile, expanding, and 

3733
03:18:41,400 --> 03:18:44,900
grappling with unsolved 
tensions, the rhetorical arcs, 

3734
03:18:44,900 --> 03:18:48,200
they set forth would guide and 
haunt subsequent Generations in 

3735
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:53,000
deciding how, or whether to 
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 

3736
03:18:53,000 --> 03:18:56,600
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as
a mosaic. 

3737
03:18:56,600 --> 03:19:01,300
Liberation's poet, contradictory
slave owner Visionary statement 

3738
03:19:01,300 --> 03:19:05,200
flawed caretaker of finance's 
and father of an institution 

3739
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:08,700
championing reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

3740
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:11,200
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

3741
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:14,300
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

3742
03:19:14,300 --> 03:19:18,600
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

3743
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:20,700
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

3744
03:19:20,700 --> 03:19:23,400
We inhabit. 
And confronting Jefferson's 

3745
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:25,800
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

3746
03:19:25,800 --> 03:19:27,700
Founding Father. 
We confront the universal 

3747
03:19:27,700 --> 03:19:30,700
tension of forging, a just 
Society in an imperfect world 

3748
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:34,800
and that conversation spurred by
the man from Monticello remains 

3749
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:37,000
as vital as ever. 
You know, how you sometimes? 

3750
03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:39,200
Catch yourself. 
Embellishing a story, just a 

3751
03:19:39,200 --> 03:19:41,400
little bit. 
Perhaps you incorporate a subtle

3752
03:19:41,400 --> 03:19:43,800
detail to enhance its appeal 
during dinner parties. 

3753
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:46,700
Well, imagine if your entire 
professional was built on, doing

3754
03:19:46,700 --> 03:19:49,500
exactly that. 
Except, instead of impressing 

3755
03:19:49,500 --> 03:19:53,000
your neighbors, you were fooling
entire kingdoms and occasionally

3756
03:19:53,000 --> 03:19:56,900
starting Wars by accident. 
Welcome to the wonderfully weird

3757
03:19:56,900 --> 03:19:59,000
world of medieval and 
Renaissance map. 

3758
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:01,500
Making where lying wasn't just 
acceptable. 

3759
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:03,600
It was practically a job 
requirement. 

3760
03:20:04,500 --> 03:20:07,100
Picture yourself settling into a
comfortable chair by the 

3761
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:11,000
fireplace, maybe with a cup of 
something warm while we explore 

3762
03:20:11,000 --> 03:20:13,300
one of history's, most Charming,
professional scams. 

3763
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:18,200
Pain reflection that's precisely
the truth of the situation for 

3764
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,300
centuries. 
The most respected cartographers

3765
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:23,200
in Europe were essentially 
running elaborate cons and 

3766
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,600
everyone just went along with it
because frankly nobody knew any 

3767
03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:29,400
better. 
You see back in the day and 

3768
03:20:29,400 --> 03:20:31,200
we're talking roughly from the 
12th century. 

3769
03:20:31,200 --> 03:20:34,800
All the way up to the 1600s 
making Maps was less about 

3770
03:20:34,800 --> 03:20:38,600
accuracy and more about filling 
up all that space on parchment. 

3771
03:20:39,400 --> 03:20:42,500
Imagine you're a mapmaker in 
say, 1347. 

3772
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,500
You have a beautiful piece of 
Vellum laid out on your desk and

3773
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:48,300
you possess a clear 
understanding of the 

3774
03:20:48,300 --> 03:20:51,700
mediterranean's appearance. 
Sailors have navigated its 

3775
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:55,600
waters for centuries you can 
draw Italy with your eyes closed

3776
03:20:55,600 --> 03:20:59,800
and the coastline of Spain holds
no Mysteries but then you get to

3777
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:03,800
the edges the vast unknown 
awaits you and here's where 

3778
03:21:03,800 --> 03:21:06,600
things get intriguing because 
you can't just leave blank 

3779
03:21:06,600 --> 03:21:08,600
spaces. 
That would be admitting 

3780
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:11,100
ignorance, medieval 
professionals had about as much 

3781
03:21:11,100 --> 03:21:13,300
tolerance for admitting. 
They didn't know something as 

3782
03:21:13,300 --> 03:21:16,400
your average teenager today. 
So what do you do? 

3783
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:19,400
You make stuff up and not just 
little stuff. 

3784
03:21:19,400 --> 03:21:22,800
We're talking about entire 
continents mythical islands and 

3785
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:25,100
creatures that would make 
Hollywood monster designers, 

3786
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:29,500
weep With Envy The best part 
everyone expected you to do 

3787
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:31,500
this. 
It wasn't considered fraud. 

3788
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:34,200
It was considered, filling in 
the gaps with your best educated

3789
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:36,500
guess. 
Even if your education came 

3790
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:39,600
entirely from Heaven's stories 
and fever dreams take the 

3791
03:21:39,600 --> 03:21:42,300
Hereford, Monday, created around
1300. 

3792
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:46,000
This thing is gorgeous. 
A work of art, that happens to 

3793
03:21:46,000 --> 03:21:46,900
all. 
So be a map. 

3794
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:50,700
But if you try to use it for 
navigation, you'd probably end 

3795
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:53,400
up somewhere in the Atlantic 
having a chili very wet 

3796
03:21:53,400 --> 03:21:55,500
conversation with some very 
confused fish. 

3797
03:21:56,600 --> 03:21:59,100
The mapmaker included everything
from the Garden of Eden, 

3798
03:21:59,100 --> 03:22:02,800
helpfully located in Asia to 
various monsters scattered 

3799
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,100
around Africa. 
Because apparently mediaeval 

3800
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:08,800
cartographers believed that the 
further you got from Europe the 

3801
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:11,500
more likely you were to run into
something with too many heads. 

3802
03:22:12,300 --> 03:22:14,600
The funny thing is, these 
weren't mistakes in the way we 

3803
03:22:14,600 --> 03:22:17,300
think of them today. 
These were deliberate creative 

3804
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:20,400
choices. 
Medieval map, makers operated 

3805
03:22:20,400 --> 03:22:22,800
under the assumption that the 
world was full of Wonders. 

3806
03:22:22,800 --> 03:22:25,600
And if they hadn't personally 
seen proof, that a particular 

3807
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:29,500
Wonder didn't exist in a 
particular place, well, it might

3808
03:22:29,500 --> 03:22:33,200
as well go on the map. 
It was really an optimistic lie.

3809
03:22:34,100 --> 03:22:37,000
The kind of fibbing that says 
sure there might be a unicorn 

3810
03:22:37,000 --> 03:22:38,200
over there. 
Why not? 

3811
03:22:38,200 --> 03:22:42,300
And the customers loved it. 
Kings and wealthy merchants 

3812
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:45,900
didn't want boring accurate 
Maps, they wanted maps that told

3813
03:22:45,900 --> 03:22:48,900
stories maps. 
That confirmed everything they'd

3814
03:22:48,900 --> 03:22:50,700
heard about the Exotic edge of 
the world. 

3815
03:22:50,700 --> 03:22:54,000
A map lacking monsters was 
devoid of imagination. 

3816
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:58,100
Which diminished its purpose. 
The quest wasn't just about 

3817
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:01,100
filling space though. 
In a world where information 

3818
03:23:01,100 --> 03:23:04,200
travels slowly and often became 
thoroughly mangled. 

3819
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:09,100
Medieval matte makers operated 
By the time a story about a 

3820
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:12,600
distant land, had traveled from 
Explorer to Trader to mapmaker. 

3821
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:16,400
It had usually picked up so many
embellishments that it bore 

3822
03:23:16,400 --> 03:23:19,400
about, as much resemblance to 
reality as a fish story told by 

3823
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:20,800
her uncle. 
After his fourth beer. 

3824
03:23:21,700 --> 03:23:24,600
So, as you drift off tonight, 
remember that somewhere in 

3825
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:27,300
history. 
There's a map maker who drew a 

3826
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:31,100
perfectly lovely Island that 
never existed, populated it with

3827
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:34,200
creatures that never lived and 
convinced half of Europe. 

3828
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:37,800
That it was a real place worth 
visiting and honestly the world 

3829
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:40,000
was probably somewhat more 
interesting for it. 

3830
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,500
Now you might be wondering how 
exactly one goes about lying 

3831
03:23:43,500 --> 03:23:47,200
professionally on maps without 
getting fired exiled or fed to 

3832
03:23:47,200 --> 03:23:49,600
whatever monsters you've been 
drawing in the margins. 

3833
03:23:49,600 --> 03:23:51,600
The answer is surprisingly 
simple. 

3834
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:55,800
You don't call it lying. 
You call it interpretation of 

3835
03:23:55,808 --> 03:23:58,800
available sources or synthesis 
of travel or accounts. 

3836
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:02,200
It's all about the marketing. 
Really, medieval and Renaissance

3837
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:04,600
map makers had the technique 
down to an art form. 

3838
03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:08,100
They take a grain of Truth, 
maybe a sailor story about 

3839
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:11,200
seeing land on the horizon, and 
grow it into a full-fledged 

3840
03:24:11,200 --> 03:24:15,000
continent, complete with cities 
rivers, and the occasional 

3841
03:24:15,000 --> 03:24:18,300
dragons, Think of it as the 
original version of making a 

3842
03:24:18,300 --> 03:24:21,100
mountain out of a molehill, 
except the molehill might not 

3843
03:24:21,100 --> 03:24:24,500
have existed either. 
The map making process back then

3844
03:24:24,500 --> 03:24:27,800
was part detective, work part, 
creative writing and part 

3845
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:30,100
wishful. 
Thinking You'd gather every 

3846
03:24:30,100 --> 03:24:34,300
scrap of information you could 
find ancient texts Travelers 

3847
03:24:34,300 --> 03:24:37,100
Tales other maps and wild 
guesses. 

3848
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:39,600
From people who claim to know, 
someone who wants met a guy who 

3849
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:41,500
sailed somewhere vaguely in that
direction. 

3850
03:24:43,000 --> 03:24:44,900
Subsequently. 
You would arrange all the 

3851
03:24:44,900 --> 03:24:47,200
gathered information on your 
workbench and Endeavor to make 

3852
03:24:47,208 --> 03:24:50,600
sense of it, fully aware that a 
significant portion was likely 

3853
03:24:50,600 --> 03:24:52,900
an accurate in the remainder was
certainly dubious. 

3854
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,200
But the best part is that 
everyone knew how the system 

3855
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:59,100
worked and accepted it. 
If everyone was aware of the 

3856
03:24:59,108 --> 03:25:01,200
joke, it wouldn't be considered 
fraud. 

3857
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:04,600
Kings, commissioning Maps, 
weren't expecting GPS level 

3858
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:08,200
accuracy, they wanted something 
impressive to hang on the castle

3859
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:12,400
wall, something that would make 
visiting dignitaries go and ah, 

3860
03:25:12,400 --> 03:25:15,100
and maybe feel a little 
intimidated by the vast scope of

3861
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:16,500
their host, geographical 
knowledge. 

3862
03:25:17,500 --> 03:25:20,300
The true experts devised, their 
own nuanced strategies, to 

3863
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:23,300
mitigate their risks. 
They'd include little notes in 

3864
03:25:23,300 --> 03:25:26,500
Latin that roughly translated 
meant things like this 

3865
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:30,400
information comes from sources 
of questionable reliability or 

3866
03:25:30,400 --> 03:25:33,800
hear there might be dragon's but
honestly who knows? 

3867
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:38,100
these disclaimers were usually 
script and tucked away in 

3868
03:25:38,100 --> 03:25:40,700
Corners where nobody would 
notice them unless they were 

3869
03:25:40,700 --> 03:25:44,400
specifically looking One of the 
most famous examples of 

3870
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:47,300
organized cartographic. 
Creativity was the island of 

3871
03:25:47,300 --> 03:25:50,100
Brazil. 
Not Brazil, the country. 

3872
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:52,900
It's spelled differently in 
actually exists. 

3873
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:55,900
No we're talking about Brazil 
with an s. 

3874
03:25:55,900 --> 03:25:59,000
A mythical Island that appeared 
on maps of the North Atlantic 

3875
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:03,000
for over 500 years, it showed up
on different maps and different 

3876
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:06,200
locations sometimes round 
sometimes Crescent shaped 

3877
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:09,700
sometimes accompanied by smaller
Islands, sometimes flying so 

3878
03:26:09,700 --> 03:26:12,500
low. 
Mapmakers continue to include it

3879
03:26:12,500 --> 03:26:15,800
because their peers had done so 
and they felt it was important 

3880
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:17,600
to respect to establish 
precedent. 

3881
03:26:18,300 --> 03:26:20,400
The island had a whole mythology
built around it. 

3882
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:23,700
Some claimed it was shrouded in 
mist and only appeared every 

3883
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:26,600
seven years. 
Others said, it was inhabited by

3884
03:26:26,600 --> 03:26:30,300
an advanced civilization that 
had mastered invisibility, which

3885
03:26:30,300 --> 03:26:33,000
was certainly a convenient 
explanation for why nobody could

3886
03:26:33,000 --> 03:26:36,300
ever find the place Sailors, 
occasionally claimed to have 

3887
03:26:36,300 --> 03:26:39,500
spotted it in the distance. 
But somehow it always vanished 

3888
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:41,100
before they could get close 
enough to land. 

3889
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:44,700
It's interesting how the 
situation unfolded what makes 

3890
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:47,400
this story even more amusing? 
Is that people kept mounting 

3891
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:51,700
expeditions to find Brazil? 
Well into the 18th Century, Real

3892
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:55,500
Money changed hands. 
Real ships set sail, real 

3893
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:57,000
Sailors. 
Spent real weeks. 

3894
03:26:57,000 --> 03:27:00,000
Searching empty ocean for an 
island that existed only in the 

3895
03:27:00,008 --> 03:27:02,100
collective imagination of the 
European map. 

3896
03:27:02,100 --> 03:27:05,400
Making Community it resembled a 
centuries, long game of 

3897
03:27:05,408 --> 03:27:08,300
concealment with no one, 
bothering to acknowledge that. 

3898
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:11,600
One of the participants was 
purely fictional and that make 

3899
03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:13,700
us themselves. 
Often seem to understand that 

3900
03:27:13,700 --> 03:27:15,800
they were in the entertainment 
business as much as the 

3901
03:27:15,800 --> 03:27:18,500
information business. 
Their Maps were gorgeous. 

3902
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:21,300
Works of art filled with 
elaborate compass roses, 

3903
03:27:21,300 --> 03:27:23,500
decorative, borders, and sea 
monsters. 

3904
03:27:23,500 --> 03:27:26,000
That looked like, they'd been 
designed by someone who really 

3905
03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:29,100
enjoyed their work. 
These Maps serve not only as 

3906
03:27:29,100 --> 03:27:32,500
functional documents but also as
Conversation Pieces, status 

3907
03:27:32,500 --> 03:27:35,800
symbols and windows into a world
that Blended elements of reality

3908
03:27:35,800 --> 03:27:37,800
and fantasy. 
And you know what? 

3909
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:40,100
Maybe that wasn't such a 
negative thing. 

3910
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,400
In an age, when most people 
never traveled more than a few 

3911
03:27:43,408 --> 03:27:46,800
miles from where they were born,
these Maps offered glimpses of a

3912
03:27:46,800 --> 03:27:48,300
larger World filled with 
possibilities. 

3913
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:51,300
While most of those 
possibilities were entirely 

3914
03:27:51,300 --> 03:27:54,200
fictional, they ignited the 
imagination in a manner that 

3915
03:27:54,200 --> 03:27:57,800
purely accurate Maps might not 
have sometimes an occasional 

3916
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:01,100
creative embellishment makes 
life more interesting even if it

3917
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:03,300
occasionally leads to 
disappointment when you actually

3918
03:28:03,300 --> 03:28:06,100
try to visit the places that 
sounded so wonderful on paper. 

3919
03:28:06,100 --> 03:28:08,900
If you've ever wondered what 
happens when an entire 

3920
03:28:08,900 --> 03:28:11,000
profession decides to 
collectively, believe in 

3921
03:28:11,000 --> 03:28:14,300
something that doesn't exist. 
The story of antilia is a 

3922
03:28:14,300 --> 03:28:19,100
perfect case study this island 
which never was never could be, 

3923
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:22,500
and never should have been 
managed to appear on maps for 

3924
03:28:22,500 --> 03:28:26,100
over 200 years complete with 
details, coastlines, Inland 

3925
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:28,700
cities and enough backstory to 
fill a novel. 

3926
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:31,800
The Legend went something like 
this way. 

3927
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:36,600
Back in seven, eleven add when 
the Moors conquered Spain 7 

3928
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:38,400
Bishops, fled across the 
Atlantic, with their 

3929
03:28:38,400 --> 03:28:42,300
congregation's and founded Seven
Cities on a Mysterious Island. 

3930
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:47,100
These Bishops being resourceful 
types, supposedly built a 

3931
03:28:47,100 --> 03:28:50,600
thriving Christian civilization 
complete with gold mines, Pearl,

3932
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:53,600
fisheries, and excellent 
defensive capabilities that kept

3933
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:55,200
them. 
Safe from both Moorish Invasion 

3934
03:28:55,200 --> 03:28:57,700
and whatever sea monsters 
happened to be in the 

3935
03:28:57,708 --> 03:29:00,900
neighborhood. 
Now you'd think that an island 

3936
03:29:00,900 --> 03:29:03,500
large enough to support Seven 
Cities and their surrounding 

3937
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:07,500
farmlands would be pretty hard 
to miss, you'd be right but that

3938
03:29:07,500 --> 03:29:11,000
didn't stop that makers from 
Duty including antilia on chart 

3939
03:29:11,000 --> 03:29:13,600
after chart. 
Usually placing it somewhere in 

3940
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:15,600
the Atlantic west of Portugal 
and Spain. 

3941
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:19,200
The island migrated around a bit
from map to map. 

3942
03:29:20,000 --> 03:29:22,000
Apparently even imaginary 
Islands were subject to 

3943
03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:25,200
Continental Drift. 
The really impressive part was 

3944
03:29:25,200 --> 03:29:27,500
how detailed these depictions 
became over time. 

3945
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:31,700
What started as a simple blob 
labeled antilia gradually 

3946
03:29:31,700 --> 03:29:35,300
evolved in to carefully drawn, 
coastlines with Bays peninsulas 

3947
03:29:35,300 --> 03:29:38,200
and River mouths. 
Mapmakers added, the Seven 

3948
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:41,000
Cities, each with its name and 
approximate location. 

3949
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:44,600
Some even included Roads, 
connecting the cities because 

3950
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:46,900
apparently mediaeval 
cartographers were thorough in 

3951
03:29:46,900 --> 03:29:49,700
their fiction. 
Portuguese, Sailors, being 

3952
03:29:49,700 --> 03:29:52,900
practical, people occasionally, 
set out to find this convenient 

3953
03:29:52,900 --> 03:29:56,700
Atlantic Paradise, after all, If
there really was an Island full 

3954
03:29:56,700 --> 03:30:00,000
of Christians City on gold 
mines, it seemed worth checking 

3955
03:30:00,000 --> 03:30:03,000
out. 
These Expeditions had a 

3956
03:30:03,000 --> 03:30:05,400
remarkable talent for almost 
finding antilia. 

3957
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:08,500
Sailors would return with 
stories of seeing land in the 

3958
03:30:08,508 --> 03:30:12,200
distance or finding beaches 
covered with mysterious sand or 

3959
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:14,900
encountering, unusually, tame 
birds that must have come from 

3960
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:18,700
some nearby civilization. 
No one ever succeeded in landing

3961
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:22,100
on antilia but they achieved a 
tantalizingly close approach. 

3962
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:24,800
The best part of these near 
discoveries was how they 

3963
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:27,700
reinforced the Island's, 
existence in everyone's Minds. 

3964
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:31,800
If Sailors were consistently 
almost finding antilia that was 

3965
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:33,700
practically proof that it was 
out there somewhere. 

3966
03:30:33,700 --> 03:30:37,600
The fact that all most and 
actually are completely 

3967
03:30:37,600 --> 03:30:40,800
different thing, didn't seem to 
bother anyone much He was the 

3968
03:30:40,800 --> 03:30:43,400
geographical equivalent of my 
girlfriend lives in Canada, 

3969
03:30:43,400 --> 03:30:47,300
technically unprovable but not 
technically impossible either. 

3970
03:30:48,700 --> 03:30:50,600
Christopher Columbus. 
Knew about antilia. 

3971
03:30:50,600 --> 03:30:54,000
In fact some historians think 
his calculations about the 

3972
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:57,500
distance to Asia were partly 
based on the assumption that he 

3973
03:30:57,500 --> 03:31:00,200
could stop for supplies at this 
mythical Island on the way. 

3974
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:04,700
Imagine his surprise when he 
kept sailing west and found a 

3975
03:31:04,700 --> 03:31:07,000
completely different set of 
continents in Stead. 

3976
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:10,900
However, it is likely that 
accidentally discovering the 

3977
03:31:10,900 --> 03:31:13,800
Americas while searching for a 
fictional island is one of the 

3978
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:15,700
more significant mistakes in 
human history. 

3979
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:20,100
What's fascinating is how long 
until your persisted even after 

3980
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:23,100
explorers started finding actual
islands in the Atlantic? 

3981
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:27,300
Once explorers discovered and 
mapped the Azores and Tilia 

3982
03:31:27,300 --> 03:31:31,100
simply relocated further west. 
When the Caribbean islands were 

3983
03:31:31,100 --> 03:31:35,400
found and Tilia relocated again.
It was like a geographical game 

3984
03:31:35,400 --> 03:31:38,300
of musical chairs with the 
mythical Island, always 

3985
03:31:38,300 --> 03:31:41,100
managing, to find a new empty 
spot on the map where it could 

3986
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:44,700
theoretically exist. 
The island finally started 

3987
03:31:44,700 --> 03:31:47,100
disappearing from maps in the 
late 16th century. 

3988
03:31:47,100 --> 03:31:50,600
Not because anyone proved it 
didn't exist but because 

3989
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:53,100
mapmakers were running out of 
empty, ocean to put it in. 

3990
03:31:53,800 --> 03:31:56,900
The Atlantic was getting crowded
with real islands and there 

3991
03:31:56,900 --> 03:31:58,600
wasn't room for Imaginary ones 
anymore. 

3992
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:02,200
It was a practical decision 
rather than a philosophical one 

3993
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:05,400
and until he didn't die because 
people stopped believing in it. 

3994
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:08,400
It died because reality was 
taking up too much space. 

3995
03:32:08,400 --> 03:32:12,300
But even today you can find the 
remnants of this Century's long 

3996
03:32:12,300 --> 03:32:15,900
geographical fiction. 
The Caribbean islands are still 

3997
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:19,100
called the Antilles the name 
that comes directly from our 7 

3998
03:32:19,100 --> 03:32:21,500
City Island. 
That Never Was every time 

3999
03:32:21,500 --> 03:32:23,900
someone mentioned the Lesser 
Antilles or the Greater 

4000
03:32:23,900 --> 03:32:26,900
Antilles, their invoking, the 
memory of those seven Bishops 

4001
03:32:26,900 --> 03:32:28,600
and their imaginary Christian 
Paradise. 

4002
03:32:29,400 --> 03:32:32,400
Is probably the most successful 
piece of medieval fake news in 

4003
03:32:32,400 --> 03:32:34,500
history. 
Outlasting, the civilization 

4004
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:36,200
that created it by several 
centuries. 

4005
03:32:36,200 --> 03:32:38,700
You're likely beginning to 
understand that medieval 

4006
03:32:38,700 --> 03:32:41,300
mapmakers had a relatively 
relaxed approach to factual 

4007
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:43,900
accuracy, but we haven't yet 
discussed their. 

4008
03:32:43,900 --> 03:32:46,800
Most delightful creation, the 
decorative monster. 

4009
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:50,700
If you don't populate, the vast 
unexplored regions on your map, 

4010
03:32:50,700 --> 03:32:53,000
with terrifying creatures. 
What's the purpose? 

4011
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:56,800
The decoration wasn't just 
random doodling during slow 

4012
03:32:56,800 --> 03:33:00,100
afternoon at the cartography 
Shop, monster placement required

4013
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,700
meticulous consideration of 
geography mythology and customer

4014
03:33:03,700 --> 03:33:06,400
expectations. 
You couldn't simply place a 

4015
03:33:06,400 --> 03:33:10,200
dragon anywhere and consider the
task complete Different regions 

4016
03:33:10,200 --> 03:33:13,300
called for different types of 
fantastic, former and a 

4017
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:15,600
professional mapmaker needed to 
know the difference between a 

4018
03:33:15,600 --> 03:33:18,400
good spot for a sea serpent and 
a prime location for a man 

4019
03:33:18,400 --> 03:33:22,200
eating plant. 
The phrase hereby dragon's has 

4020
03:33:22,200 --> 03:33:25,200
become famous as a short-hand 
for the unknown but actual 

4021
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:27,600
medieval Maps. 
Rarely used those exact words. 

4022
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:30,700
Most matte makers were more 
creative in their warnings. 

4023
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,500
They'd include details 
illustrations of whatever 

4024
03:33:33,500 --> 03:33:35,600
horrible creature. 
Supposedly lived in each 

4025
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:39,000
unexplored region often with 
instructive little notes, about 

4026
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:42,500
its feeding habits temperament 
and preferred method of 

4027
03:33:42,500 --> 03:33:46,900
devouring unwary Travelers. 
Africa was particularly, well, 

4028
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:48,500
stocked with fascinating 
Wildlife. 

4029
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:53,100
According to Medieval mapmakers,
The continent apparently hosted 

4030
03:33:53,100 --> 03:33:56,400
everything from Giants, who 
lived backwards, whatever that 

4031
03:33:56,400 --> 03:34:00,200
meant to tribes of people, with 
their faces in their chests to 

4032
03:34:00,200 --> 03:34:02,000
animals that were basically 
Lions. 

4033
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:04,300
But with human hands and of 
Paws. 

4034
03:34:05,300 --> 03:34:07,600
These weren't just random 
monster designs. 

4035
03:34:07,600 --> 03:34:10,700
They came from a long tradition 
of travel literature that had 

4036
03:34:10,700 --> 03:34:14,000
been enthusiastically 
embellished over generations of 

4037
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:17,000
retelling. 
Classical authors who had never 

4038
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:20,100
visited the places, they 
described provided, the source 

4039
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:23,400
material for many of these 
creatures Pliny, the Elder 

4040
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:27,000
writing in Rome in the first 
century compiled, a natural 

4041
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:30,300
history filled with second-hand 
accounts of distant lands and 

4042
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:34,000
their exotic inhabitants. 
His work included, dog-headed 

4043
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:37,800
men, people with backwards feet 
and various other anatomical, 

4044
03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:40,900
impossibilities that medieval 
map makers, copied Faithfully 

4045
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:43,800
onto their charts. 
Nobody seemed to question 

4046
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:46,600
whether Pliny might have been a 
bit gullible or whether his 

4047
03:34:46,600 --> 03:34:48,300
sources might have been pulling 
his leg. 

4048
03:34:49,300 --> 03:34:51,200
Sea monsters were another growth
in Industry. 

4049
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:54,700
The ocean was vast, largely 
unexplored, and perfect for 

4050
03:34:54,700 --> 03:34:57,200
hosting creatures of any size 
and description. 

4051
03:34:57,200 --> 03:34:59,300
The mapmakers imagination could 
conjure up. 

4052
03:35:00,100 --> 03:35:04,000
Some maps featured relatively 
modesty serpents basically large

4053
03:35:04,000 --> 03:35:07,700
snakes with fins and an attitude
problem. others depicted 

4054
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:11,100
multi-headed beasts, the size of
islands capable of creating 

4055
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:15,400
whirlpools by swimming in 
circles, the most famous sea 

4056
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:17,900
monster of the cartographic. 
World was probably the Kraken 

4057
03:35:17,900 --> 03:35:21,000
though it went by various names 
depending on which mapmaker was 

4058
03:35:21,008 --> 03:35:23,400
drawing it. 
This creature was typically 

4059
03:35:23,400 --> 03:35:27,800
depicted as an enormous octopus 
or squid, large enough to wrap 

4060
03:35:27,800 --> 03:35:30,900
its tentacles around entire 
ships and drag them down to 

4061
03:35:30,900 --> 03:35:33,200
whatever, passed for the bottom 
of the medieval ocean. 

4062
03:35:34,200 --> 03:35:36,800
The Kraken had the advantage of 
being based on something real 

4063
03:35:36,800 --> 03:35:41,000
giant squids do exist, but the 
mapmakers versions were usually 

4064
03:35:41,000 --> 03:35:43,900
about 10 times larger than 
anything that actually lived in 

4065
03:35:43,900 --> 03:35:46,500
the sea. 
What made these monster Maps? 

4066
03:35:46,500 --> 03:35:50,000
Particularly entertaining was 
how specific they got about the 

4067
03:35:50,000 --> 03:35:53,400
creatures behaviors. 
It wasn't enough to just draw a 

4068
03:35:53,400 --> 03:35:55,000
dragon. 
You needed to include 

4069
03:35:55,000 --> 03:35:58,000
information about what the 
dragon 8, how it interacted with

4070
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:00,700
local human population and 
whether it was the sort of 

4071
03:36:00,708 --> 03:36:03,600
dragon that hoarded treasure or 
the sort that just enjoyed 

4072
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:05,800
setting things on fire for 
recreational purposes. 

4073
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:10,200
Some maps included details about
seasonal, migration patterns for

4074
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:12,800
various monsters. 
As if these were real animals 

4075
03:36:12,800 --> 03:36:16,500
that someone had been carefully 
studying for years The economics

4076
03:36:16,500 --> 03:36:18,200
of monster Maps were pretty 
straightforward. 

4077
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:21,700
Customers wanted their money's 
worth and a map covered with 

4078
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:23,400
blank spaces didn't look like 
money. 

4079
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:26,500
Well, spent filling those spaces
with carefully. 

4080
03:36:26,500 --> 03:36:29,600
Researched mythological 
creatures showed that the map 

4081
03:36:29,600 --> 03:36:32,700
maker had really done their 
homework, even if their homework

4082
03:36:32,700 --> 03:36:36,100
consisted entirely of making 
things up the map with good 

4083
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:39,800
monster coverage looked 
authoritative comprehensive and 

4084
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:42,500
worth displaying prominently in 
your Castle's main hall. 

4085
03:36:43,300 --> 03:36:46,400
The funny thing is some of these
imaginary creatures were more 

4086
03:36:46,400 --> 03:36:49,400
thoroughly documented than real 
animals that lived in places. 

4087
03:36:49,400 --> 03:36:53,000
Mapmakers could actually visit. 
You could find incredibly 

4088
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:55,400
detailed descriptions of 
Griffin's and their nesting 

4089
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:57,800
habits but good luck. 
Finding accurate information 

4090
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:00,900
about say regular European birds
that any map make a could have 

4091
03:37:00,900 --> 03:37:03,600
observed by walking outside. 
Their workshop running. 

4092
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:06,800
A successful map making business
in medieval times required, a 

4093
03:37:06,800 --> 03:37:10,500
delicate balance between giving 
customers what they expected and

4094
03:37:10,500 --> 03:37:13,600
avoiding the kind of spectacular
failures that might damage your 

4095
03:37:13,600 --> 03:37:16,600
professional reputation. 
It was similar to fortune 

4096
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:19,000
telling but instead of for 
telling the future, you were 

4097
03:37:19,000 --> 03:37:22,700
describing places that might or 
might not exist in locations 

4098
03:37:22,700 --> 03:37:25,800
that were probably completely 
wrong the most successful map 

4099
03:37:25,800 --> 03:37:29,600
makers developed what we might 
call the Strategic hedge ways of

4100
03:37:29,608 --> 03:37:33,300
including exciting exotic 
content while subtly protecting 

4101
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:36,300
themselves from accusation of 
outright fabrication. 

4102
03:37:37,300 --> 03:37:40,300
They'd copy information from 
other respected Maps, which 

4103
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:42,000
provided a kind of professional 
cover. 

4104
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:45,000
If you're map, turned out to be 
wildly and accurate, you could 

4105
03:37:45,008 --> 03:37:47,900
always point to your sources and
suggest that any errors were 

4106
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:51,400
inherited rather than invented. 
This process led to one of the 

4107
03:37:51,400 --> 03:37:53,700
most amusing aspects of medieval
cartography. 

4108
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:56,700
The perpetuation of mistakes 
through what amounted to 

4109
03:37:56,700 --> 03:38:00,100
professional courtesy. 
If a respected map maker 

4110
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:03,700
included a particular island or 
Monster or impossible River on 

4111
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:06,200
their chart. 
Other mapmakers would often 

4112
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:09,400
include the same feature even if
it didn't make much geographical

4113
03:38:09,400 --> 03:38:11,800
sense. 
Nobody wanted to be the one 

4114
03:38:11,800 --> 03:38:14,200
cartographer who left out 
something that everyone else 

4115
03:38:14,200 --> 03:38:16,700
considered important. 
Even if everyone else was 

4116
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:20,600
completely wrong about it. 
Price structure for medieval 

4117
03:38:20,600 --> 03:38:23,100
Maps, reflected, these 
realities, and intriguing ways 

4118
03:38:23,100 --> 03:38:26,400
basic maps, with just the 
essential geographical features 

4119
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:29,200
were relatively affordable. 
But if you wanted the full 

4120
03:38:29,200 --> 03:38:32,400
treatment complete with 
monsters, mythical Islands, 

4121
03:38:32,400 --> 03:38:36,300
detailed illustrations and 
exotic place names, you paid 

4122
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:39,400
premium prices. 
Essentially, the most expensive 

4123
03:38:39,400 --> 03:38:41,900
Maps were works of art, that 
incorporated geographical 

4124
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:44,900
information, not just to track 
actively designed, geographical 

4125
03:38:44,900 --> 03:38:48,200
documents wealthy, customers 
often commissioned, custom maps,

4126
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:50,200
that emphasize whatever regions 
or features. 

4127
03:38:50,200 --> 03:38:53,500
They were most interested in. 
A merchant planning trade routes

4128
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:56,100
might want extra detail in 
commercial ports and shipping 

4129
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:58,300
lanes. 
While a nobleman might prefer 

4130
03:38:58,300 --> 03:39:01,100
elaborate illustrations of his 
family's coat of arms scattered 

4131
03:39:01,100 --> 03:39:04,200
across various continents. 
Some designers primarily 

4132
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:07,700
designed Maps as Conversation 
Pieces prioritizing visual 

4133
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,800
impact and entertainment value 
over geographical accuracy. 

4134
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:14,300
The map making guilds that 
developed in major European 

4135
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:17,700
cities, served partly as 
professional organizations and 

4136
03:39:17,700 --> 03:39:19,600
partly as quality control 
systems. 

4137
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:23,200
They established standards for 
things like parchment quality 

4138
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:27,200
ink formulations and artistic 
technique but they were 

4139
03:39:27,200 --> 03:39:29,900
remarkably flexible about 
accuracy requirements. 

4140
03:39:29,900 --> 03:39:33,500
A map could be completely wrong 
about the basic shape of 

4141
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:36,900
continents and still earn Guild 
approval as long as it was 

4142
03:39:36,900 --> 03:39:39,900
beautifully executed and based 
on appropriately, prestigious 

4143
03:39:39,900 --> 03:39:44,000
sources competition between 
mapmaking centers, led to some 

4144
03:39:44,000 --> 03:39:45,600
creative approaches to 
marketing. 

4145
03:39:46,400 --> 03:39:49,200
Venetian Maps emphasized, their 
access to information from 

4146
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:51,500
Eastern trade routes while 
Spanish Maps. 

4147
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:53,900
Highlighted their expertise in 
that Atlantic exploration 

4148
03:39:53,900 --> 03:39:57,800
eventually English cartographers
promoted their developing 

4149
03:39:57,800 --> 03:40:01,200
expertise in Northern Waters 
while Portuguese map makers, 

4150
03:40:01,200 --> 03:40:03,900
asserted that they had unique 
knowledge of African Coastline, 

4151
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:07,600
each Regional map making 
tradition of its own signature 

4152
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:11,900
style of educated guessing. 
The rise of printing in the 15th

4153
03:40:11,900 --> 03:40:14,700
century democratized map 
distribution, but didn't 

4154
03:40:14,700 --> 03:40:16,400
necessarily improve map 
accuracy. 

4155
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:19,900
If anything printing, made it 
easier for mistakes to spread 

4156
03:40:19,900 --> 03:40:23,600
quickly and widely a single 
inaccurate printed map could 

4157
03:40:23,600 --> 03:40:26,700
influence hundreds of other 
Maps, creating cascading errors,

4158
03:40:26,700 --> 03:40:30,300
that persisted for Generations. 
The same technology that should 

4159
03:40:30,300 --> 03:40:32,700
have made. 
Corrections easier actually made

4160
03:40:32,700 --> 03:40:34,800
widespread misinformation more 
durable. 

4161
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:38,600
Customer feedback was rarely 
immediate enough to affect matte

4162
03:40:38,600 --> 03:40:42,600
making practices significantly. 
If you bought a map that turned 

4163
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:44,900
out to be wrong about the 
location of a particular Island,

4164
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:47,500
you probably wouldn't discover 
the error for years. 

4165
03:40:47,500 --> 03:40:50,800
If ever, you might think you 
made navigation, errors and 

4166
03:40:50,800 --> 03:40:54,200
stead of the map being wrong. 
This build in delay between 

4167
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:56,900
creation and verification meant 
that matte makers could maintain

4168
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:00,000
successful careers based on 
information that was 

4169
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:02,600
consistently spectacularly 
wrong. 

4170
03:41:03,600 --> 03:41:06,100
The most successful mapmakers 
learn to manage customer 

4171
03:41:06,100 --> 03:41:09,300
expectations without explicitly,
admitting the limitations of 

4172
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:12,000
their knowledge. 
They developed a professional 

4173
03:41:12,000 --> 03:41:15,500
vocabulary full of terms that 
sounded authoritative while 

4174
03:41:15,500 --> 03:41:17,600
actually meaning your guesses as
accurate as mine. 

4175
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:20,600
Phrases. 
Like according to the most 

4176
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:25,500
reliable sources and as reported
by experienced Navigators could 

4177
03:41:25,500 --> 03:41:28,200
cover a multitude of uncertainty
is without technically 

4178
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:31,600
constituting fraud change came 
slowly to the world of 

4179
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:34,700
mapmaking, partly? 
Because the old system works so 

4180
03:41:34,700 --> 03:41:37,700
well for everyone involved. 
Customers got beautiful, 

4181
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:40,700
entertaining Maps, full of 
wonderful possibilities. 

4182
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,800
Mapmakers got to exercise their 
creativity while earning steady 

4183
03:41:44,800 --> 03:41:47,600
living. 
Sailors got convenient, excuses 

4184
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:50,800
for failed voyages. 
After all, if the monsters 

4185
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:53,600
didn't attack you, those tricky 
currents around the mythical 

4186
03:41:53,600 --> 03:41:57,600
Islands, probably would But 
eventually, reality started 

4187
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:01,000
intruding on this comfortable 
Arrangement, the problem began 

4188
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:03,900
with Portuguese Sailors in the 
15th century who had the 

4189
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:06,400
annoying habit of actually 
visiting the places they were 

4190
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:09,500
supposed to visit and then 
coming back with inconveniently 

4191
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:11,600
accurate reports about what 
they'd fail there. 

4192
03:42:12,300 --> 03:42:14,700
Instead of respectfully 
confirming established 

4193
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:17,800
geographical wisdom. 
These explorers kept insisting 

4194
03:42:17,800 --> 03:42:20,500
that coastlines were shaped 
differently than the maps 

4195
03:42:20,500 --> 03:42:24,200
suggested that certain islands 
didn't exist and that the 

4196
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:25,900
monsters were surprisingly 
absent. 

4197
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,800
From areas where they were 
supposed to be abundant, Vasco 

4198
03:42:29,800 --> 03:42:32,800
de Gama's Voyage around Africa 
was particularly Troublesome for

4199
03:42:32,800 --> 03:42:35,400
traditional mapmakers. 
Here was someone who had 

4200
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:38,500
actually sailed around the 
entire continent map mapped its 

4201
03:42:38,500 --> 03:42:41,900
actual Coastline and returned 
with details information about 

4202
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:44,500
what was really there. 
This kind of first-hand 

4203
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,100
knowledge was deeply 
inconvenient for cartographers 

4204
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:50,600
who had spent decades perfecting
their artistic interpretations 

4205
03:42:50,600 --> 03:42:54,000
of African geography, based on 
centuries old second-hand 

4206
03:42:54,000 --> 03:42:57,400
accounts, The Spanish 
exploration of the Americas 

4207
03:42:57,400 --> 03:43:00,800
created, similar problems 
Columbus and his successes 

4208
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:03,400
consistently found new 
continents in areas where 

4209
03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:06,900
established Maps depicted empty.
Oceans yet, they lacked The 

4210
03:43:06,908 --> 03:43:09,600
Taste to return tangible 
evidence of their discoveries 

4211
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:13,500
Gold exotic plants and 
Indigenous. 

4212
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:16,300
People were much harder to argue
with than theoretical 

4213
03:43:16,300 --> 03:43:19,000
discussions about what might 
exist in distant Waters. 

4214
03:43:20,000 --> 03:43:22,500
The Protestant Reformation 
introduced an unexpected twist 

4215
03:43:22,500 --> 03:43:26,100
to the situation medieval Maps, 
had often included religious 

4216
03:43:26,100 --> 03:43:29,700
elements, the Garden of Eden, 
various biblical locations, and 

4217
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:32,600
Christian symbolism integrated 
with geographical features. 

4218
03:43:34,000 --> 03:43:36,900
As religious Authority became 
more contested in some parts of 

4219
03:43:36,900 --> 03:43:39,100
Europe. 
The theological aspects of 

4220
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:41,500
traditional mapmaking, came 
under scrutiny, along with 

4221
03:43:41,508 --> 03:43:44,000
everything else. 
Some reformers are argued that 

4222
03:43:44,000 --> 03:43:46,700
mixing religious Doctrine with 
geographical information was 

4223
03:43:46,700 --> 03:43:49,500
inappropriate, which eliminated 
one of the traditional 

4224
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:52,700
justifications for including 
speculative content on maps. 

4225
03:43:53,300 --> 03:43:55,600
The invention of more accurate 
navigation instruments. 

4226
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:58,800
Gradually raised the standards 
for what constituted acceptable 

4227
03:43:58,800 --> 03:44:02,800
geographical information when 
sailors could determine their 

4228
03:44:02,800 --> 03:44:05,900
latitude with reasonable 
Precision maps that placed 

4229
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:08,500
familiar locations hundreds of 
miles from their actual 

4230
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:13,300
positions became problematic. 
Magnetic compass the astrolabe 

4231
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:15,700
and eventually, more 
sophisticated tools made it 

4232
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:18,100
harder for mapmakers to hide 
behind the excuse, that 

4233
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:20,100
navigation was inherently 
uncertain. 

4234
03:44:20,800 --> 03:44:24,100
Competition from explorers 
turned cartographers, put 

4235
03:44:24,100 --> 03:44:27,100
additional pressure on 
traditional, mapmakers people 

4236
03:44:27,100 --> 03:44:28,900
who had actually visited distant
places. 

4237
03:44:28,900 --> 03:44:31,900
Could produce Maps based on 
Direct observation rather than 

4238
03:44:31,900 --> 03:44:35,300
scholarly speculation. 
These Explorer cartographers 

4239
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:38,900
didn't necessarily create more 
beautiful Maps, but their charts

4240
03:44:38,900 --> 03:44:41,600
have the compelling advantage of
actually working for navigation 

4241
03:44:41,600 --> 03:44:44,100
purposes. 
Well, though, customers Value 

4242
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,500
Beauty, those who intended to 
use their maps for real travel, 

4243
03:44:47,500 --> 03:44:49,300
placed a greater value on 
functionality. 

4244
03:44:50,300 --> 03:44:52,400
The printing Industries 
development, created, both 

4245
03:44:52,400 --> 03:44:55,800
problems and opportunities for 
mapmakers on one hand. 

4246
03:44:55,800 --> 03:44:58,800
The ability to produce printed 
Maps more quickly, and cheaply 

4247
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:02,100
than hand drawn, once opened up,
new markets and increase the 

4248
03:45:02,108 --> 03:45:05,600
availability of geographical 
information, On the other hand 

4249
03:45:05,600 --> 03:45:08,300
printing, made it easier to 
compare maps from different 

4250
03:45:08,300 --> 03:45:11,800
sources which highlighted 
inconsistencies and errors that 

4251
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:14,300
might have gone unnoticed when 
each map was a unique 

4252
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,200
manuscript. 
Scientific method was perhaps 

4253
03:45:17,200 --> 03:45:20,100
the most serious long-term 
threat to creative cartography. 

4254
03:45:21,000 --> 03:45:24,800
How Scholars began emphasizing 
direct observation, reproducible

4255
03:45:24,800 --> 03:45:28,100
experiments and systematic 
skepticism about received 

4256
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:30,300
wisdom. 
The traditional approach to 

4257
03:45:30,300 --> 03:45:34,600
mapmaking looked increasingly 
unscientific Maps based on 

4258
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:38,000
centuries old texts and 
theoretical speculation didn't 

4259
03:45:38,000 --> 03:45:39,700
fit. 
Well with the new emphasis on 

4260
03:45:39,700 --> 03:45:41,700
empirical evidence and logical 
analysis. 

4261
03:45:42,500 --> 03:45:46,000
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete even as more 

4262
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:48,700
accurate information became 
available, many mapmakers 

4263
03:45:48,700 --> 03:45:51,700
continue, including traditional 
elements alongside newer more 

4264
03:45:51,700 --> 03:45:56,300
reliable content. some maps from
the 16th and 17th centuries show

4265
03:45:56,300 --> 03:45:59,100
an almost schizophrenic split 
between carefully, surveyed, 

4266
03:45:59,100 --> 03:46:02,500
coastlines, and mythical 
interior features as if the 

4267
03:46:02,500 --> 03:46:05,200
cartographers could not quite 
bring themselves to abandon the 

4268
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:08,200
old ways entirely as you settle 
in, for the end of our journey 

4269
03:46:08,200 --> 03:46:10,700
through the wonderfully, 
deceptive world of medieval map 

4270
03:46:10,700 --> 03:46:14,200
making It's worth considering 
what we lost when cartography 

4271
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,300
became a science in stead of an 
art form. 

4272
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:20,900
Yes, modern maps are infinitely 
more accurate in infinitely, 

4273
03:46:20,900 --> 03:46:24,400
more useful and infinitely, less
likely to send you sailing off 

4274
03:46:24,400 --> 03:46:27,300
the edge of the world or in to 
the waiting tentacles of a 

4275
03:46:27,300 --> 03:46:29,100
hungry crack and That they're 
all. 

4276
03:46:29,108 --> 03:46:32,800
So infinitely less likely to 
spark your imagination, or make 

4277
03:46:32,800 --> 03:46:35,100
you wonder what might be 
waiting, just beyond the next 

4278
03:46:35,100 --> 03:46:38,400
Horizon. 
The Golden Age of creative 

4279
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:41,000
cartography. 
Officially ended sometime in the

4280
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:43,400
18th century when the 
combination of better 

4281
03:46:43,400 --> 03:46:46,700
instruments, systematic 
exploration and scientific 

4282
03:46:46,700 --> 03:46:49,800
rigor, made it impossible to 
maintain the old traditions of 

4283
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:52,500
educated guessing and artistic 
interpretation. 

4284
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,000
The last mythical Islands, 
disappeared from authoritative 

4285
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:59,700
Maps, the sea monsters were 
relegated to decorative corners 

4286
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:03,100
and the vast blank spaces. 
Labeled, Terra incognita 

4287
03:47:03,100 --> 03:47:05,800
gradually filled with 
disappointingly real 

4288
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:09,100
geographical features. 
But the influence of those 

4289
03:47:09,100 --> 03:47:12,200
centuries of cartographic, 
creativity lingered in 

4290
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,300
unexpected ways. 
The Age of Exploration was 

4291
03:47:15,300 --> 03:47:18,200
partly motivated by maps that 
showed a world filled with 

4292
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:22,600
wonderful possibilities islands 
of gold, passages to the Orient 

4293
03:47:22,600 --> 03:47:25,800
and land inhabited by exotic 
people's and fantastic 

4294
03:47:25,800 --> 03:47:28,900
creatures. 
If the maps of Columbus's time 

4295
03:47:28,900 --> 03:47:31,200
had accurately depicted the vast
empty ocean. 

4296
03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:34,500
He would actually encounter, 
would he have sailed West? 

4297
03:47:34,500 --> 03:47:39,100
If generations of optimistic, 
cartographers hadn't inflated, 

4298
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,900
the potential rewards with the 
great Voyages of Discovery of 

4299
03:47:42,900 --> 03:47:46,400
seemed worth the risk and 
expense the mythology, created 

4300
03:47:46,400 --> 03:47:50,000
by medieval mapmakers became 
embedded in European culture in 

4301
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:51,700
ways that outlasted the maps 
themselves. 

4302
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:56,300
Stories about antilia influence,
Spanish expectations about the 

4303
03:47:56,300 --> 03:48:00,100
Americas, Legends of Preston, 
John's Christian kingdom shaped 

4304
03:48:00,100 --> 03:48:02,300
Portuguese, exploration of 
Africa and Asia. 

4305
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:05,900
The idea that the world's edges 
were populated by monsters and 

4306
03:48:05,900 --> 03:48:09,700
Marvels became part of the 
European imagination creating a 

4307
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:12,600
sense that exploration was not 
just about trade routes and 

4308
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:16,200
territorial expansion but about 
discovering Wonders that would 

4309
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:20,500
justify the greatest risks. 
It took centuries for some of 

4310
03:48:20,508 --> 03:48:23,400
the most persistent geographical
myths to completely vanish. 

4311
03:48:24,200 --> 03:48:26,800
The Northwest Passage a 
hypothetical Northern route, 

4312
03:48:26,800 --> 03:48:28,300
connecting the Atlantic and 
Pacific. 

4313
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:32,900
Oceans appeared on maps for over
400 years before explorers 

4314
03:48:32,900 --> 03:48:36,200
finally confirmed that it didn't
exist in any practical sense, 

4315
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:40,600
despite repeated evidence to the
contrary many Maps depicted 

4316
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:43,200
California as an island, well 
into the 18th century. 

4317
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:47,400
These were simple mistakes, they
were examples of wishful 

4318
03:48:47,400 --> 03:48:50,900
thinking so powerful that it 
overrode contradictory evidence 

4319
03:48:50,900 --> 03:48:53,800
for Generations. 
The decorative elements of 

4320
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:56,800
medieval Maps evolved into the 
artistic Traditions that still 

4321
03:48:56,800 --> 03:48:58,600
influence cartographic design 
today. 

4322
03:48:59,600 --> 03:49:03,200
Modern Maps may not include 
dragons or Caesars, but they 

4323
03:49:03,208 --> 03:49:06,700
still use artistic techniques 
developed by mapmakers, who 

4324
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:09,400
understood that geographical 
documents needed to be visually 

4325
03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:11,000
appealing as well as 
informative. 

4326
03:49:11,900 --> 03:49:15,600
The elaborate compass roses, 
decorative borders, and careful 

4327
03:49:15,600 --> 03:49:18,000
attention to typography that 
characterize the best. 

4328
03:49:18,000 --> 03:49:21,400
Contemporary Maps can be traced 
directly back to mediaeval 

4329
03:49:21,400 --> 03:49:24,600
cartographers who knew that 
presentation mattered as much as

4330
03:49:24,600 --> 03:49:28,300
content. 
Most importantly, the medieval 

4331
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:30,900
map making tradition serves as a
reminder of the complex 

4332
03:49:30,900 --> 03:49:34,600
relationship between information
and Truth Those old 

4333
03:49:34,600 --> 03:49:36,900
cartographers weren't 
deliberately trying to deceive 

4334
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:38,900
anyone. 
They were doing their best to 

4335
03:49:38,900 --> 03:49:41,800
synthesize limited contradictory
information into useful 

4336
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:45,200
documents for their customers. 
They filled gaps in their 

4337
03:49:45,200 --> 03:49:48,200
knowledge, with educated 
guesses, traditional stories and

4338
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:51,300
reasonable assumptions that 
turned out to be wrong in that 

4339
03:49:51,300 --> 03:49:54,300
sense they want so different 
from Modern experts who 

4340
03:49:54,300 --> 03:49:57,500
extrapolate from incomplete data
and make predictions about 

4341
03:49:57,500 --> 03:50:00,700
complex systems. 
They don't fully understand The 

4342
03:50:00,700 --> 03:50:03,200
next time you use GPS to 
navigate, to some place, you've 

4343
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:05,700
never been before. 
Spare a thought for the 

4344
03:50:05,700 --> 03:50:08,600
generations of mapmakers who 
tackle the same basic problem 

4345
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:11,500
with much less reliable 
information and much more 

4346
03:50:11,500 --> 03:50:14,600
Creative Solutions. 
They may have gotten the details

4347
03:50:14,600 --> 03:50:16,600
wrong, but they got the spirit, 
right? 

4348
03:50:16,600 --> 03:50:21,200
The world is a big mysterious, 
wonderful place, full of 

4349
03:50:21,208 --> 03:50:23,300
possibilities. 
We haven't discovered yet and 

4350
03:50:23,300 --> 03:50:24,700
wonders. 
We can't quite imagine. 

4351
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,100
And if you ever find yourself in
a situation where you need to 

4352
03:50:28,100 --> 03:50:30,200
fill in some gaps, in your 
knowledge with your best 

4353
03:50:30,200 --> 03:50:33,300
educated, guess remember that 
you're following in a long and 

4354
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:36,200
honorable tradition, just be 
careful not to include any 

4355
03:50:36,200 --> 03:50:39,100
dragons in the margins. 
These days people tend to check 

4356
03:50:39,100 --> 03:50:43,100
those details sweet dreams and 
may your Maps where the 

4357
03:50:43,108 --> 03:50:46,700
geographical professional or 
personal lead you to discoveries

4358
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:49,000
that are at least as wonderful 
as the ones you imagine. 

4359
03:50:49,000 --> 03:50:52,100
Along the way you'll standing on
a wooden platform somewhere in 

4360
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:57,200
Ohio and it's 1847 The morning 
air smells primarily of cold 

4361
03:50:57,200 --> 03:51:00,800
smoke, with a hint of Adventure,
your carpet bag, sits Heavy in 

4362
03:51:00,800 --> 03:51:02,500
Your Hand stuffed with 
everything. 

4363
03:51:02,500 --> 03:51:05,500
You own that seemed important 
three days ago when you decided 

4364
03:51:05,500 --> 03:51:07,800
to Head West. 
Now, you're wondering why you 

4365
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:10,500
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes
and only one spare shirt. 

4366
03:51:11,300 --> 03:51:14,700
The locomotive sits before you, 
hissing and clanking like some 

4367
03:51:14,700 --> 03:51:16,500
great Metal Beast with 
indigestion. 

4368
03:51:17,500 --> 03:51:20,400
Steam Puffs from various 
openings, you can't shake the 

4369
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:23,000
feeling that the whole 
Contraption might explode at any

4370
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:25,600
moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man, 

4371
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:28,000
with arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

4372
03:51:28,000 --> 03:51:29,600
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

4373
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:32,500
He's probably seen enough boiler
explosions. 

4374
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:34,300
To know what one looks like 
before it happens. 

4375
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:37,500
This thought doesn't comfort you
as much as you'd hoped. 

4376
03:51:38,400 --> 03:51:41,400
You climb aboard, the passenger 
car which is essentially a 

4377
03:51:41,400 --> 03:51:42,900
wooden box on Wheels with 
Windows. 

4378
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:46,600
The seats are arranged in rows 
facing forward though. 

4379
03:51:46,600 --> 03:51:50,300
Seats is perhaps too generous a 
term they're more like church 

4380
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:53,800
pews with backs upholstered in 
horse hair that prickles through

4381
03:51:53,800 --> 03:51:56,600
your clothes. 
The aisle between the is narrow 

4382
03:51:56,600 --> 03:51:59,100
enough, that two people can't 
pass without one of the sucking 

4383
03:51:59,100 --> 03:52:01,100
in their stomach and doing a 
little sideways shuffle. 

4384
03:52:01,100 --> 03:52:03,800
Your fellow passengers are 
settling in around you. 

4385
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:06,400
There's a woman in a severe, 
black dress who has already 

4386
03:52:06,400 --> 03:52:09,300
claimed the window seat and 
looks like she defend it with 

4387
03:52:09,300 --> 03:52:11,800
her life. 
Behind her, a traveling 

4388
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:14,900
salesman, arranges his sample 
cases with the Precision of a 

4389
03:52:14,900 --> 03:52:17,300
military operation. 
Across the aisle. 

4390
03:52:17,300 --> 03:52:20,300
A young mother tries to convince
her toddler that the train isn't

4391
03:52:20,300 --> 03:52:23,500
actually a monster though. 
The child seemed skeptical and 

4392
03:52:23,500 --> 03:52:27,800
frankly, you don't blame him. 
The conductor appears a man 

4393
03:52:27,800 --> 03:52:29,600
whose mustache has its own 
postal code. 

4394
03:52:29,600 --> 03:52:32,600
He's wearing a uniform that 
seemed better decades and 

4395
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:34,700
carries a pocket watch. 
He consults with religious 

4396
03:52:34,700 --> 03:52:37,900
devotion All Aboard. 
He calls though. 

4397
03:52:37,900 --> 03:52:40,000
You're already a board, so 
you're not sure if the request 

4398
03:52:40,000 --> 03:52:42,800
applies to you, or if you should
get off and get back on, again, 

4399
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:44,700
you choose to remain Where You 
Are. 

4400
03:52:45,500 --> 03:52:48,400
With a tremendous jolt, that 
nearly sends you into the lap of

4401
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:49,600
the stern. 
Woman by the window. 

4402
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:52,400
The train begins to move the 
wheels. 

4403
03:52:52,400 --> 03:52:55,000
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 
that will haunt your dreams for 

4404
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:57,800
the next three weeks. 
Clackity clack clack. 

4405
03:52:59,900 --> 03:53:01,400
Clack. 
It's almost musical if you're 

4406
03:53:01,400 --> 03:53:03,200
taste in music runs to 
repetitive. 

4407
03:53:03,200 --> 03:53:06,400
Percussion performed by Iron 
wheels on iron rails. 

4408
03:53:07,200 --> 03:53:10,500
Scenery outside starts to crawl 
past at this speed. 

4409
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:13,600
You could probably hop off. 
Pick some wild flowers and hop 

4410
03:53:13,600 --> 03:53:16,200
back on again, though the 
conductors mustache suggests, 

4411
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:17,700
the idea wouldn't be 
appreciated. 

4412
03:53:18,800 --> 03:53:23,200
Feels Roll by dotted with cows 
who seemed mildly interested in 

4413
03:53:23,200 --> 03:53:25,400
this mechanical intrusion into 
their pastoral day. 

4414
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:30,000
A farmer waves from his plow and
you wave back feeling very 

4415
03:53:30,000 --> 03:53:34,300
Cosmopolitan and modern, The car
rocks gently from side to side 

4416
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:36,600
not entirely unlike being in a 
cradle. 

4417
03:53:36,600 --> 03:53:39,900
If cradles were made of wood and
iron and pulled by steam 

4418
03:53:39,900 --> 03:53:43,600
engines, the motion is soothing.
Once you get used to it though, 

4419
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:46,100
it takes about the same amount 
of time as a mild case of 

4420
03:53:46,100 --> 03:53:50,000
seasickness You close your eyes 
and try to imagine you're on a 

4421
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:52,200
ship sailing across prairies and
oceans. 

4422
03:53:52,200 --> 03:53:55,600
Your carpet bag, slides around 
on the floor, with each curve 

4423
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:58,200
and bump. 
Everybody's luggage performs, a 

4424
03:53:58,200 --> 03:54:01,100
small dance, and every now and 
then someone's hat box tries to 

4425
03:54:01,108 --> 03:54:04,200
escape only to have its 
embarrassed owner, restrain it. 

4426
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:07,400
The woman next to you is tied 
her reticule to her wrist, with 

4427
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,700
what appears to be a shoelace, 
clearly, she's traveled by train

4428
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,600
before outside the world passes 
by the breathtaking speed of 

4429
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:17,900
about 15 miles per hour. 
The present is the future. 

4430
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:20,800
You think to yourself the 
present is what progress looks 

4431
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:25,000
like. people travel across vast 
distances on iron horses, 

4432
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:27,800
reaching speeds, that would have
been Unthinkable for your 

4433
03:54:27,800 --> 03:54:31,500
grandparents However, at this 
moment, as I watch a 

4434
03:54:31,500 --> 03:54:34,400
particularly energetic squirrel,
keep Pace with the train for a 

4435
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:37,600
solid 32nds. 
The entire experience feels less

4436
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:41,200
revolutionary and more quaint. 
The whistle blows along. 

4437
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:44,700
Mournful sound that somehow 
manages to be both exciting and 

4438
03:54:44,700 --> 03:54:47,000
lonely. 
At the same time, your moving 

4439
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:51,300
now carried forward by Steam and
steal into whatever Adventure, 

4440
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:54,100
awaits down the line. 
After your first hour aboard, 

4441
03:54:54,100 --> 03:54:56,600
your beginning to understand 
that train travel comes with its

4442
03:54:56,600 --> 03:55:00,000
peculiar social rules. 
Most of which nobody bothered to

4443
03:55:00,000 --> 03:55:02,900
write down anywhere. 
It's like being invited to a 

4444
03:55:02,900 --> 03:55:05,800
party where everyone knows the 
secret handshake, except you 

4445
03:55:05,800 --> 03:55:09,700
take the window seats situation.
For instance, a woman beside you

4446
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:12,600
as astonished squatters rights 
on the window view, and she 

4447
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:16,700
guards at jealously, When you 
lean slightly toward the glass 

4448
03:55:16,700 --> 03:55:19,000
to catch a glimpse of a 
particularly captivating. 

4449
03:55:19,000 --> 03:55:21,300
Cow, she shifts. 
Her considerable bulk to block 

4450
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:24,000
your view entirely. 
It seems like she's following 

4451
03:55:24,000 --> 03:55:27,300
proper train etiquette, but you 
suspect, she's making it up as 

4452
03:55:27,300 --> 03:55:29,700
she goes. 
The art of eating aboard and 

4453
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:32,100
moving train proves to be more 
challenging than you'd 

4454
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:34,500
anticipated. 
The railroad has thoughtfully 

4455
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:38,500
provided a dining car though. 
Dining is perhaps too. 

4456
03:55:38,500 --> 03:55:40,300
Elegant term for what transpires
there. 

4457
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:43,700
You make your way down the 
aisle, grabbing seat backs and 

4458
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:47,600
fellow passengers for support as
the car sways and lurches the 

4459
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:49,600
dining car. 
Attendant, a man whose clearly 

4460
03:55:49,600 --> 03:55:51,400
made peace with the chaos of his
profession. 

4461
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:54,300
Serves up plates of food that 
seemed to determined to slide 

4462
03:55:54,300 --> 03:55:57,700
into your lap, your beef stew 
sloshes from side to side with 

4463
03:55:57,700 --> 03:56:01,000
each train, rock, you quickly 
learned to time your spoonfuls, 

4464
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:04,200
with the motion of the car, 
scooping up stew, when it slides

4465
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:06,900
toward you and waiting 
patiently, when it migrates to 

4466
03:56:06,900 --> 03:56:10,200
the far side of the bowl, it 
resembles a fishing experience 

4467
03:56:10,200 --> 03:56:14,100
albeit with gravy and vegetables
as the catch and a constantly 

4468
03:56:14,100 --> 03:56:17,100
shifting pond. 
The other diners have developed 

4469
03:56:17,100 --> 03:56:19,300
various strategies for dealing 
with mobile meals. 

4470
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:22,800
One gentleman has wedged, his 
plate between two coffee cups, 

4471
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:26,200
creating a little edible 
Fortress, a lady at the next 

4472
03:56:26,200 --> 03:56:29,500
table as given up entirely on 
utensils and his politely 

4473
03:56:29,500 --> 03:56:31,700
nibbling her dinner role while 
watching her suit performer, 

4474
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:34,700
acrobatics. 
The traveling salesman from your

4475
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:37,700
car somehow managed to balance 
his entire meal on his knees, 

4476
03:56:37,700 --> 03:56:41,200
while continuing to work on his 
correspondence, you suspect, 

4477
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:45,200
he's part circus performer. 
Coffee service presents its own 

4478
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:48,200
unique challenges. 
The attendant approaches with a 

4479
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:51,400
large pot and The Confident of 
someone who's done the job 1000 

4480
03:56:51,400 --> 03:56:54,400
times before. 
He paused the coffee in a smooth

4481
03:56:54,400 --> 03:56:57,500
Arc that somehow accounts for 
the Train's motion, the cups 

4482
03:56:57,500 --> 03:57:00,300
movement, and the likelihood 
that you'll jerk your hand at 

4483
03:57:00,300 --> 03:57:02,900
The crucial moment. 
Most of the coffee actually 

4484
03:57:02,900 --> 03:57:05,900
makes it into the cup which 
Feels Like A Small Miracle 

4485
03:57:05,900 --> 03:57:09,400
between meals. 
You discover that privacy is a 

4486
03:57:09,400 --> 03:57:12,400
negotiable concept, aboard, a 
train, your fellow passengers 

4487
03:57:12,400 --> 03:57:14,800
seem to view your personal 
business as legitimate 

4488
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:17,400
entertainment. 
The stern Woman by the window 

4489
03:57:17,400 --> 03:57:19,400
has taken to commenting on your 
reading material. 

4490
03:57:19,400 --> 03:57:22,200
Despite the fact that you 
haven't asked for her literary 

4491
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:25,400
opinions, When you pull out a 
penny novel, she sniffs to 

4492
03:57:25,400 --> 03:57:28,500
supporting something about the 
decline of modern morals. 

4493
03:57:28,500 --> 03:57:31,600
You can consider pointing out 
that her own reading material 

4494
03:57:31,600 --> 03:57:33,900
appears to be a Temperance 
tracked, but decide that 

4495
03:57:33,900 --> 03:57:36,200
discretion is the better part of
not getting into. 

4496
03:57:36,200 --> 03:57:38,700
An argument with someone you'll 
be sitting next to for the next 

4497
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:41,300
two days. 
The traveling salesman has 

4498
03:57:41,300 --> 03:57:44,000
appointed himself, the cars 
unofficial social director. 

4499
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:48,200
He knows everyone's destination 
occupation, and life story 

4500
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:52,400
within the first 50 miles. 
By Mi 75, he's offering 

4501
03:57:52,400 --> 03:57:55,500
unsolicited advice about 
everything from the best hotels 

4502
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:58,100
in Chicago, to the proper 
treatment of bunions. 

4503
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:01,600
You learn more about bunion care
than any reasonable person. 

4504
03:58:01,600 --> 03:58:04,900
Should know, however, you must 
admit that his enthusiasm is 

4505
03:58:04,900 --> 03:58:07,400
endearing. 
The bathroom facilities on the 

4506
03:58:07,400 --> 03:58:10,800
train deserve special mention, 
although they may not be ideal 

4507
03:58:10,800 --> 03:58:14,300
to use during dinner time. 
Embracing Nature's call, while 

4508
03:58:14,300 --> 03:58:17,100
traveling at 15 miles per hour. 
Over questionable, track 

4509
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:20,700
Demands, a certain level of 
athletic ability and willingness

4510
03:58:20,700 --> 03:58:25,000
to embrace Adventure. 
Facilities themselves are about 

4511
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:27,800
the size of a broom closet 
furnished with the seat. 

4512
03:58:27,800 --> 03:58:30,500
That seems designed by someone 
who never actually sat down 

4513
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:33,800
before the whole experience 
teaches you new levels of 

4514
03:58:33,808 --> 03:58:35,600
appreciation for stationary 
Plumbing. 

4515
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:40,100
Nightfall brings its set of 
Social Challenges, the seats, 

4516
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:42,800
don't recline. 
Exactly, but you can achieve a 

4517
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:46,000
sort of semi slumped position 
that passes for Comfort if 

4518
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:48,000
you're not particular about your
spine's alignment. 

4519
03:58:49,300 --> 03:58:52,500
The stern woman has produced a 
pillow from somewhere and has 

4520
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,400
claimed both armrests with the 
authority of a territorial. 

4521
03:58:56,700 --> 03:58:59,500
You fold your coat into a 
makeshift pillow and settle in 

4522
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:02,600
for what promises to be. 
A very educational night in the 

4523
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:05,800
art of sleeping. 
While the sounds of the train, 

4524
03:59:05,800 --> 03:59:07,600
take on a different quality in 
the Darkness. 

4525
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:11,400
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 

4526
03:59:12,300 --> 03:59:15,600
Someone several seats back has 
begun snoring in Counterpoint to

4527
03:59:15,600 --> 03:59:17,500
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 
odd. 

4528
03:59:17,500 --> 03:59:20,900
Sort of mobile lullaby morning, 
arrives with the subtlety of a 

4529
03:59:20,900 --> 03:59:24,400
brass band announced by the 
conductors voice, calling out 

4530
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:25,600
the next station. 
Stop. 

4531
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:29,500
You've managed about three hours
of actual sleep scattered 

4532
03:59:29,500 --> 03:59:32,200
throughout the night. 
In 20 minute intervals, between 

4533
03:59:32,200 --> 03:59:34,300
the trains more enthusiastic 
lurches. 

4534
03:59:34,300 --> 03:59:37,500
And the creative snoring 
Symphony that developed around 

4535
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:41,200
midnight, your fellow passengers
are stirring with various 

4536
03:59:41,200 --> 03:59:45,200
degrees of success The traveling
salesman appears to have slept 

4537
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:47,800
like a baby. 
If babies typically woke up 

4538
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:50,500
perfectly groomed and ready to 
discuss the virtues of their 

4539
03:59:50,500 --> 03:59:55,100
latest patent medicine. 
The stern woman looks exactly as

4540
03:59:55,100 --> 03:59:57,800
severe as she did yesterday. 
Leading you to suspect. 

4541
03:59:57,800 --> 04:00:01,100
She may not actually sleep that 
simply Powers down like some 

4542
04:00:01,100 --> 04:00:04,700
sort of Victorian Autumn the new
passenger Boards of this stop. 

4543
04:00:04,700 --> 04:00:07,500
He's the kind of character that 
makes train travel memorable. 

4544
04:00:07,500 --> 04:00:10,900
He's clearly a frontier type 
dressed in buckskins. 

4545
04:00:10,900 --> 04:00:13,000
That have seen more Adventure 
than a penny novel. 

4546
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:16,700
His beard appears to have been 
styled by a windstorm, and he 

4547
04:00:16,700 --> 04:00:18,800
carries himself with the easy 
confidence of someone who's 

4548
04:00:18,800 --> 04:00:22,000
wrestled bears and lived to tell
about it probably over dinner. 

4549
04:00:23,200 --> 04:00:25,000
He settles into a seat across 
the aisle. 

4550
04:00:25,000 --> 04:00:28,400
Immediately begins regaling 
anyone within earshot with Tales

4551
04:00:28,400 --> 04:00:31,900
of his exploits. 
According to his stories, he's 

4552
04:00:31,900 --> 04:00:36,500
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 
prospector and briefly, a circus

4553
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:39,600
performer. 
You suspect some embellishment, 

4554
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:42,100
particularly regarding the story
about training. 

4555
04:00:42,100 --> 04:00:44,200
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 
morning coffee. 

4556
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:48,600
But his enthusiasm is infectious
even the stern woman seems 

4557
04:00:48,600 --> 04:00:51,600
grudgingly interested though. 
She maintained her disapproving 

4558
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:54,000
expression. 
As a matter of principle, the 

4559
04:00:54,000 --> 04:00:56,500
young mother with the toddler 
has given up any pretense of 

4560
04:00:56,500 --> 04:00:59,200
control her child, who was 
discovered that the aisle makes 

4561
04:00:59,200 --> 04:01:03,000
an excellent race track. 
The boy Kareem's from seat to 

4562
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,500
seat using passengers knees as 
turning posts in his Grand Prix.

4563
04:01:06,500 --> 04:01:10,100
Most Travelers, accept this with
resigned Good Humor though the 

4564
04:01:10,100 --> 04:01:12,300
traveling salesman looks nervous
about his carefully. 

4565
04:01:12,300 --> 04:01:15,000
Arranged sample cases at the 
next stop. 

4566
04:01:15,000 --> 04:01:18,300
A preacher boards recognizable 
by his severe black coat and the

4567
04:01:18,300 --> 04:01:21,300
way he surveys the car as if 
calculating everyone's 

4568
04:01:21,300 --> 04:01:24,400
likelihood of salvation. 
He takes a seat near the back 

4569
04:01:24,400 --> 04:01:27,200
and immediately begins reading 
from what he assumes a Bible 

4570
04:01:27,200 --> 04:01:29,100
though. 
At this distance, it could be a 

4571
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:32,900
cookbook for all, you know. 
The frontier character catches 

4572
04:01:32,900 --> 04:01:35,700
sight of him and grins and you 
sense that philosophical 

4573
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:37,400
discussions, may be in your 
future. 

4574
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:40,000
A group of immigrants. 
Filled several seats near the 

4575
04:01:40,000 --> 04:01:42,400
front of the car they speak in a
language. 

4576
04:01:42,400 --> 04:01:45,800
You don't recognize gesturing 
animatedly and pointing out the 

4577
04:01:45,800 --> 04:01:47,500
windows at the passing 
landscape. 

4578
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:51,200
Their excitement is palpable and
you realize your witnessing 

4579
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:53,700
people seeing their new country 
for the first time. 

4580
04:01:53,700 --> 04:01:57,600
It provides perspective on your 
own Journey although you're 

4581
04:01:57,600 --> 04:02:01,600
still not entirely sure why you 
chose to Head West initially The

4582
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:05,000
dining car attendant makes his 
rounds announcing breakfast with

4583
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:07,200
the air of someone who's giving 
up hoping anyone will be 

4584
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:10,900
surprised by the menu. 
There's hardtack coffee is 

4585
04:02:10,900 --> 04:02:13,600
strong as a horse shoe and a 
dish that could easily pass for 

4586
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:15,000
eggs. 
If you don't screw tonight, is 

4587
04:02:15,000 --> 04:02:17,900
it too close to me? 
The frontier character claims 

4588
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:20,600
that the food is the finest 
Cuisine, he has experienced 

4589
04:02:20,600 --> 04:02:24,200
since leaving civilization. 
However, considering his stories

4590
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:27,200
about eating bark and Prairie 
Grass, this may not be a 

4591
04:02:27,208 --> 04:02:31,000
significant compliment, 
Conversation, flows, easily 

4592
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:33,700
around the car, resembling the 
interactions of people who have 

4593
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:35,100
been brought together by 
circumstance. 

4594
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:38,900
The preacher and the 
frontiersmen have indeed. 

4595
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:41,600
Struck up a debate about the 
nature of civilization versus 

4596
04:02:41,600 --> 04:02:44,000
the Wilderness. 
The preacher argues for the 

4597
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:47,200
moral benefits of settled 
Society, while the frontiersmen 

4598
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:50,000
counters with stories, about the
corrupting influence of cities. 

4599
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:54,100
You find yourself nodding along 
to both sides, which probably 

4600
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:56,200
makes you either very wise or 
very confused. 

4601
04:02:57,300 --> 04:02:59,000
Stern woman has appointed 
herself. 

4602
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:02,700
The moral guardian of the car 
offering unsolicited commentary 

4603
04:03:02,700 --> 04:03:06,600
on everyone's Behavior, reading 
material and general deportment.

4604
04:03:07,300 --> 04:03:10,600
When the traveling salesman 
produces deck of cards she 

4605
04:03:10,600 --> 04:03:13,400
launches into a lecture about 
the evils of gambling that would

4606
04:03:13,400 --> 04:03:16,800
make the preacher proud. 
The salesman explains that he 

4607
04:03:16,800 --> 04:03:19,200
was merely planning to 
demonstrate a card trick for the

4608
04:03:19,200 --> 04:03:21,300
toddler, but she remains 
unconvinced. 

4609
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:25,900
By after noon, the various 
personalities of settled into a 

4610
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:28,800
comfortable routine, the 
frontiersmen entertains the 

4611
04:03:28,800 --> 04:03:31,700
group with his stories. 
A preacher offers, moral advice.

4612
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:35,000
The traveling salesman provides 
solutions to unidentified 

4613
04:03:35,000 --> 04:03:38,000
problems and the stern will 
uphold order with her 

4614
04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:40,600
disapproval. 
The immigrants continued, their 

4615
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:43,600
animated discussions 
occasionally breaking into what 

4616
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:46,400
sounds like folk songs. 
You've become The Unofficial 

4617
04:03:46,400 --> 04:03:49,400
mediator, the neutral party, 
everyone feels comfortable 

4618
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:53,300
talking to you may not have 
strong opinions or your carpet 

4619
04:03:53,300 --> 04:03:56,000
bag may contain the only good 
whiskey on the train hidden 

4620
04:03:56,000 --> 04:03:59,200
under your spare shirts. 
Either way your learning more 

4621
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:01,400
about human nature than you ever
expected. 

4622
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:05,300
The toddler has worn himself out
and finally fallen asleep in his

4623
04:04:05,308 --> 04:04:07,600
mother's arms. 
Providing the first Quiet 

4624
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:10,800
Moments since Dawn. 
Even the train seems to be 

4625
04:04:10,800 --> 04:04:13,000
running more smoothly as if it 
too. 

4626
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:16,100
Appreciates the brief respite 
from chaos, the dinner service 

4627
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:19,000
that evening proves to be an 
adventure worthy of the frontier

4628
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:21,200
itself. 
You've learned from your lunch 

4629
04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:24,200
experience and approach the 
dining car with a strategy 

4630
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:29,000
secure, your food find something
to brace against and accept that

4631
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:32,000
dignity is optional when 
traveling at 15 miles per hour 

4632
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:34,800
over tracks laid by optimistic 
railroad workers. 

4633
04:04:35,700 --> 04:04:38,400
The menu hasn't changed since 
breakfast, which isn't 

4634
04:04:38,400 --> 04:04:41,700
particularly surprising, given 
that the dining cars pantry is 

4635
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:44,900
roughly the size of your 
grandmother's pie, safe, the 

4636
04:04:44,900 --> 04:04:46,500
attendant whose name you've 
learned. 

4637
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:49,600
Is Frank has developed a 
philosophical approach to his 

4638
04:04:49,600 --> 04:04:51,400
work. 
That involves accepting the 

4639
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:55,200
limitations of cooking aboard. 
A moving train while maintaining

4640
04:04:55,200 --> 04:04:57,100
unreasonable optimism about the 
results. 

4641
04:04:57,100 --> 04:05:01,100
Tonight's mystery meat is 
chicken but it bounces around 

4642
04:05:01,100 --> 04:05:02,800
your plate. 
Like it never got used to being 

4643
04:05:02,800 --> 04:05:05,200
dead. 
The vegetables have achieved 

4644
04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:08,800
that perfect mushy consistency 
where you can't quite tell if 

4645
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:10,300
you're eating carrots or 
turnips. 

4646
04:05:10,300 --> 04:05:13,200
And frankly, it doesn't matter 
because they both taste like the

4647
04:05:13,200 --> 04:05:16,500
inside of a coal bin. 
Your dining Companions of the 

4648
04:05:16,508 --> 04:05:19,300
evening, include a banker, from 
Philadelphia who keeps checking 

4649
04:05:19,300 --> 04:05:22,000
his pocket watch, as if he can 
somehow make the train arrive 

4650
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:23,800
faster. 
Through sheer temporal 

4651
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:26,900
willpower. 
Across from him, sits a school, 

4652
04:05:26,908 --> 04:05:30,100
mum heading to a teaching 
position in Kansas armed with 

4653
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:32,900
enough, moral fiber to build a 
small church and the kind of 

4654
04:05:32,900 --> 04:05:35,200
determined cheerfulness that 
suggests she's prepared to 

4655
04:05:35,208 --> 04:05:37,200
educate the frontier into 
submission. 

4656
04:05:38,400 --> 04:05:41,800
The frontiersmen has joined your
table bringing with him Tales of

4657
04:05:41,808 --> 04:05:45,100
dining on roasted prairie, dog. 
And something he calls Mountain 

4658
04:05:45,100 --> 04:05:48,800
Oysters which you suspect aren't
actually oysters and definitely 

4659
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:51,900
aren't from any mountain. 
You'd care to visit His stories,

4660
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:55,100
make the mysterious train 
chicken seemed downright Gourmet

4661
04:05:55,100 --> 04:05:58,800
by comparison. 
Halfway through the meal, the 

4662
04:05:58,800 --> 04:06:01,700
train hits, a particularly 
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 

4663
04:06:01,700 --> 04:06:04,600
ensues. 
The chicken breaks free sliding 

4664
04:06:04,600 --> 04:06:07,300
across the table towards the 
banker who's reflects is 

4665
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:09,600
suggest. 
He is successful of flying food 

4666
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:13,200
in the past. 
The school mums coffee, created 

4667
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:16,900
a small title way that somehow 
manages to miss her entirely 

4668
04:06:16,900 --> 04:06:19,100
while thoroughly soaking her 
bread roll. 

4669
04:06:19,900 --> 04:06:23,200
Frankly, attendant doesn't even 
his serving having clearly 

4670
04:06:23,200 --> 04:06:26,900
witnessed the performance many 
times before the banker now 

4671
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:29,700
wearing your dinner maintains 
his dignity with admirable, 

4672
04:06:29,700 --> 04:06:32,400
stoicism. 
He Dabs at the chicken grease on

4673
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:34,900
his vest with the same 
methodical Precision, he 

4674
04:06:34,900 --> 04:06:36,700
probably applies to balancing 
ledgers. 

4675
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:39,600
Occupational hazard of trained 
dining. 

4676
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:42,700
He observes philosophically as 
if being assaulted by mobile 

4677
04:06:42,700 --> 04:06:44,900
culture is a regular part of his
financial career. 

4678
04:06:46,500 --> 04:06:49,000
With the efficient competence, 
of someone accustomed to manage 

4679
04:06:49,000 --> 04:06:52,200
in classroom catastrophes. 
The school man, produces a 

4680
04:06:52,200 --> 04:06:54,700
handkerchief and begins cleaning
up the coffee disaster. 

4681
04:06:55,500 --> 04:06:58,300
The cheerfulness Remains 
undaunted though, you suspect, 

4682
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:02,000
she's mentally composing letters
home about the Exotic dangers of

4683
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:05,400
Frontier dining. 
After dinner, you retire to your

4684
04:07:05,400 --> 04:07:08,300
seat to discover that motion 
sickness has finally caught up 

4685
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,400
with you. 
It creeps in gradually starting 

4686
04:07:11,400 --> 04:07:14,000
with a vague uneasiness that you
initially attribute to the 

4687
04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:17,200
mysterious chicken. 
Constant swaying motion of the 

4688
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:18,900
car which seemed Charming this 
morning. 

4689
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,400
Now, feels less like a gentle 
cradle and more like being 

4690
04:07:22,400 --> 04:07:24,300
trapped inside. 
A powerful washing machine. 

4691
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:27,600
With the sharp eye of someone 
who has likely diagnosed half 

4692
04:07:27,600 --> 04:07:30,900
the ailments in her home town, 
the stern woman notices your 

4693
04:07:30,900 --> 04:07:33,700
distress. 
She produces a small bottle from

4694
04:07:33,700 --> 04:07:36,300
her reticule with the confidence
of a traveling Apothecary. 

4695
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:40,500
She announces peppermint oil as 
if she's offering a miraculous 

4696
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:43,100
remedy. 
Settles the stomach and clears, 

4697
04:07:43,100 --> 04:07:46,900
the head, you are no position to
refuse, help even from someone 

4698
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:50,200
whose previous medical advice, 
consisted, mainly of moral 

4699
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:53,700
lectures, the peppermint oil 
does help though, whether it's 

4700
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:56,300
the actual medicine or just the 
relief of having someone show 

4701
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:59,800
unexpected, kindness is hard to 
say the traveling salesman 

4702
04:07:59,800 --> 04:08:02,300
overhearing. 
Your plight launches into an 

4703
04:08:02,300 --> 04:08:05,500
enthusiastic pitch for his 
latest remedy, guaranteed to 

4704
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:09,200
cure everything from motion, 
sickness to melancholy His 

4705
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:12,200
sample case, reveals an 
impressive array of bottles tins

4706
04:08:12,200 --> 04:08:15,500
and mysterious packages each 
promising to solve problems. 

4707
04:08:15,500 --> 04:08:18,700
You didn't know you had, you 
politely decline, his offer of 

4708
04:08:18,708 --> 04:08:22,300
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 
Elixir, partly because your 

4709
04:08:22,300 --> 04:08:25,200
feeling better and partly 
because anything described as 

4710
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:29,000
miraculous and sold from a 
suitcase, seemed suspect the 

4711
04:08:29,000 --> 04:08:31,400
rocking motion of the train, 
which caused your stomach 

4712
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:33,800
troubles. 
Ironically become soothing, once

4713
04:08:33,800 --> 04:08:37,500
the nausea passes, the rhythmic 
clacking of Wheels settles into 

4714
04:08:37,500 --> 04:08:40,000
a hypnotic pattern, that makes 
your eyelids heavy. 

4715
04:08:41,100 --> 04:08:43,300
Outside the windows. 
Twilight is painting the 

4716
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:47,000
landscape in soft, purple and 
gold turning ordinary Farmland 

4717
04:08:47,000 --> 04:08:49,600
into something. 
Almost magical Your fellow 

4718
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:52,000
passengers are settling into 
their evening routines. 

4719
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:55,600
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

4720
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:59,400
to be letter writing his pain 
scratching across paper in time 

4721
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:03,000
with the trains rhythm. 
The immigrants have grown quiet 

4722
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:07,400
gazing out at their new country 
with expressions of Wonder and 

4723
04:09:07,400 --> 04:09:11,300
perhaps a little homesickness. 
The toddler has discovered that 

4724
04:09:11,300 --> 04:09:14,400
the space under the seats makes 
an excellent Fort and has begun 

4725
04:09:14,400 --> 04:09:17,900
a complex game involving his few
toys and a remarkable amount of 

4726
04:09:17,900 --> 04:09:20,700
imagination. 
His mother watches with the 

4727
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:22,800
patient expression of someone 
who's learned to find 

4728
04:09:22,808 --> 04:09:24,800
entertainment in the smallest 
victories. 

4729
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:28,200
Frank appears with evening 
coffee which you accept 

4730
04:09:28,200 --> 04:09:31,500
gratefully despite its 
resemblance to coal tar because 

4731
04:09:31,500 --> 04:09:34,800
sometimes the ritual of warmth 
and caffeine matters more than 

4732
04:09:34,808 --> 04:09:38,200
the actual quality of either 
Darkness settles over the train 

4733
04:09:38,200 --> 04:09:41,400
like a familiar blanket, 
transforming the passenger car 

4734
04:09:41,400 --> 04:09:46,700
into a cozy if some what cramped
Cocoon of warm light and human 

4735
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:50,200
companionship. 
The conductor makes his evening 

4736
04:09:50,200 --> 04:09:53,800
rounds, lighting, the oil lamps 
that cast Dancing Shadows on the

4737
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:56,500
walls and create pools of gold 
and light throughout the car. 

4738
04:09:57,500 --> 04:10:00,800
The effect is intimate, turning 
your rolling wooden box into 

4739
04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:02,100
something approaching 
comfortable. 

4740
04:10:03,100 --> 04:10:05,800
Sleeping on a train, your 
discovering is less a single 

4741
04:10:05,800 --> 04:10:08,600
event, and more a series of 
negotiations between your body, 

4742
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:10,800
the seat and the laws of 
physics. 

4743
04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:14,300
The seats weren't designed with 
overnight comfort in mind. 

4744
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:17,200
Having been crafted by someone 
who apparently believed that 

4745
04:10:17,208 --> 04:10:19,100
humans were naturally shaped 
like church. 

4746
04:10:19,100 --> 04:10:23,400
Pews, you try various positions,
the classic slump the sideways 

4747
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:26,700
lean and an ambitious attempt to
use your carpet bag as a 

4748
04:10:26,700 --> 04:10:29,600
footrest which ends with your 
luggage sliding three seats 

4749
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:32,500
forward during a particularly 
spirited curve. 

4750
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:36,200
The stern woman has transformed 
herself into a fortress of 

4751
04:10:36,200 --> 04:10:40,600
propriety somehow managing to 
arrange her shawls and skirts in

4752
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:42,600
a way that maintains perfect 
modesty. 

4753
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:45,400
While achieving what appears to 
be actual comfort. 

4754
04:10:45,400 --> 04:10:48,400
You suspect, she's had training 
in this particular skill, 

4755
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,900
possibly from a finishing school
that offered Advanced courses in

4756
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:55,500
traveling with dignity. 
A gentle snoring suggests she's 

4757
04:10:55,500 --> 04:10:59,300
mastered the art completely 
Frontiersmen has claimed two 

4758
04:10:59,300 --> 04:11:02,700
seats by virtue of Simply being 
too large for one, and he sleeps

4759
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:05,100
with the easy confidence of 
someone accustomed to bedding. 

4760
04:11:05,100 --> 04:11:09,100
Down Under The Open Sky. 
Occasionally, he mutters in his 

4761
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:12,200
sleep fragments of Adventures 
that may or may not have 

4762
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:15,300
actually happened. 
You catch references to ornery 

4763
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:19,000
mules and the biggest catfish in
Missouri delivered with the same

4764
04:11:19,000 --> 04:11:21,200
conviction, he brings to his 
waking stories. 

4765
04:11:22,300 --> 04:11:25,100
The traveling salesman has 
somehow arranged his sample. 

4766
04:11:25,100 --> 04:11:27,500
Cases into a makeshift bed. 
That looks more comfortable than

4767
04:11:27,500 --> 04:11:30,100
your seat though. 
You suspect it violates several 

4768
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:32,000
unspoken rules about train 
etiquette. 

4769
04:11:32,000 --> 04:11:35,000
He's covered himself with what 
appears to be a tarp 

4770
04:11:35,000 --> 04:11:37,200
advertising. 
His patent medicines, turning 

4771
04:11:37,200 --> 04:11:39,600
himself into a human billboard, 
even in sleep. 

4772
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:44,400
At midnight, the train abruptly 
stops startling everyone awake 

4773
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:47,600
Through the Windows, you can see
lanterns moving in the darkness 

4774
04:11:47,600 --> 04:11:50,900
and voices, carry the tone of 
men dealing with some sort of 

4775
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:54,400
mechanical crisis. 
The conductor appears his 

4776
04:11:54,400 --> 04:11:57,100
mustache looking less 
authoritative than usual to 

4777
04:11:57,100 --> 04:11:59,600
explain that they're having a 
small difficulty with the local 

4778
04:11:59,600 --> 04:12:01,900
motives and enthusiasm. 
Which you take to mean the 

4779
04:12:01,900 --> 04:12:04,500
engine as broken down. 
Again, this sort of thing, 

4780
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:08,600
you're learning is considered 
perfectly normal in 1847 trains.

4781
04:12:08,600 --> 04:12:11,800
Break down the way horses throw 
shoes or Wagon Wheels. 

4782
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:14,500
Come loose. 
It's not a Christus merely an 

4783
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:17,100
inconvenience that requires 
patience and possibly some 

4784
04:12:17,100 --> 04:12:21,000
creative engineering, Frank 
appears with more coffee as if 

4785
04:12:21,008 --> 04:12:23,800
caffeine is the universal 
solution to mechanical problems.

4786
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:28,200
The delay gives everyone a 
chance to stretch walk around 

4787
04:12:28,200 --> 04:12:31,200
and engage in the kind of 
philosophical discussions. 

4788
04:12:31,200 --> 04:12:33,800
That only happen at midnight 
when your stranded beside 

4789
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:35,300
railroad tracks in the middle of
Ohio. 

4790
04:12:36,300 --> 04:12:38,700
The preacher in the frontiersmen
resumed their debate about 

4791
04:12:38,700 --> 04:12:41,700
Civilization now expanded to 
include theories about 

4792
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:44,500
mechanical progress and God's 
opinion of steam engines. 

4793
04:12:44,500 --> 04:12:48,400
The banker produces a flask from
his coat and offers it around 

4794
04:12:48,400 --> 04:12:50,900
with the generosity of someone 
who's giving up worrying about 

4795
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:54,600
propriety at this hour. 
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 

4796
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:57,700
A small sip though, she makes a 
face that suggests her 

4797
04:12:57,700 --> 04:12:59,600
Temperance. 
Principles are still intact, 

4798
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,800
just temporarily suspended for 
medicinal purposes. 

4799
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:06,100
The immigrants gather near their
seats, talking quietly among 

4800
04:13:06,100 --> 04:13:08,500
themselves while the children 
sleep against their parents 

4801
04:13:08,500 --> 04:13:11,400
shoulders their patients appears
boundless. 

4802
04:13:11,400 --> 04:13:14,800
As if they've grown accustomed 
to patiently awaiting the start 

4803
04:13:14,800 --> 04:13:17,600
of their lives. 
You wonder what they're leaving 

4804
04:13:17,608 --> 04:13:19,800
behind and what they hope to 
find at the end of their 

4805
04:13:19,800 --> 04:13:22,200
Journey. 
Outside the repair, work 

4806
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:24,800
continues with the steady rhythm
of men who know their business 

4807
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:29,100
hammering, the hiss of steam and
occasional cursing that carries 

4808
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:32,500
clearly in the night air. 
The locomotive is clearly a 

4809
04:13:32,500 --> 04:13:34,900
temperamental creature. 
That requires both mechanical 

4810
04:13:34,900 --> 04:13:39,100
skill and diplomatic handling. 
The stern woman has produced 

4811
04:13:39,100 --> 04:13:42,800
needlework from somewhere in her
seemingly, bottomless, reticule,

4812
04:13:42,800 --> 04:13:45,200
and his teaching by Lamplight 
with the concentration of a 

4813
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:48,500
surgeon. 
She notices your attention and 

4814
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:52,900
explains without prompting that 
Idle Hands, even at midnight 

4815
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:55,400
beside broken down. 
Trains are a dangerous place. 

4816
04:13:56,500 --> 04:13:59,100
Her moral principles, apparently
don't recognize standard 

4817
04:13:59,100 --> 04:14:01,100
sleeping hours by two in the 
morning. 

4818
04:14:01,100 --> 04:14:03,800
The repairs are complete 
announced by a triumphant 

4819
04:14:03,800 --> 04:14:07,000
whistle that probably wakes up 
every cow within 5 miles. 

4820
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:11,000
Everyone settles back into their
improvised sleeping arrangements

4821
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,800
with the weary satisfaction of 
Travelers who've shared a small 

4822
04:14:13,808 --> 04:14:16,500
Adventure. 
The train begins moving again 

4823
04:14:16,500 --> 04:14:20,800
with its characteristic series 
of jerks and jolts like a giant 

4824
04:14:20,800 --> 04:14:24,400
waking up with arthritis. 
The rhythmic clacking returns, 

4825
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:27,200
perhaps slightly, more 
enthusiastic than before, as if,

4826
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:30,800
the locomotive is making up for 
lost time, outside the dark 

4827
04:14:30,800 --> 04:14:34,200
landscape slides, passed dotted 
with the occasional Farmhouse 

4828
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:36,200
Windows glowing, warm and yellow
in the distance. 

4829
04:14:37,200 --> 04:14:40,300
Sleep comes easier. 
Now in induced by exhaustion and

4830
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:44,100
the hypnotic motion of wheels on
Rails, even your uncomfortable 

4831
04:14:44,100 --> 04:14:47,500
seat, begins to feel almost cozy
and you drift off to the sound 

4832
04:14:47,500 --> 04:14:51,700
of gentle snoring creaking wood 
and the endless song of iron 

4833
04:14:51,700 --> 04:14:53,200
Wheels. 
Carrying you toward whatever 

4834
04:14:53,200 --> 04:14:56,600
Adventure awaits at the end of 
the line morning arrives with 

4835
04:14:56,600 --> 04:14:59,200
The Reluctant gray light of 
dawn, filtering through the 

4836
04:14:59,200 --> 04:15:02,400
passenger car windows reveling a
landscape that looks 

4837
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:06,200
suspiciously similar to 
yesterday's scenery. you're 

4838
04:15:06,200 --> 04:15:09,200
beginning to suspect that Ohio 
is considerably larger than the 

4839
04:15:09,200 --> 04:15:12,300
map suggested or possibly that 
you've been traveling in circles

4840
04:15:12,300 --> 04:15:16,000
while you slept The latter seems
unlikely given the determined 

4841
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:19,800
forward motion of the locomotive
but after 36 hours on Rails, 

4842
04:15:19,800 --> 04:15:22,500
your sense of geography has 
become somewhat negotiable. 

4843
04:15:22,500 --> 04:15:25,900
Your body has achieved a sort of
daunt with the train seat 

4844
04:15:25,900 --> 04:15:30,100
accepting discomfort as the 
natural state of existence while

4845
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:32,800
maintaining hope that Sensation 
will eventually return to your 

4846
04:15:32,800 --> 04:15:35,800
legs. 
The stern woman is already awake

4847
04:15:35,800 --> 04:15:39,300
and somehow perfectly groomed 
leading you to wonder if she is 

4848
04:15:39,308 --> 04:15:42,600
actually human or perhaps some 
sort of traveling automaton 

4849
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,000
designed to make the rest of 
humanity, feel inadequate. 

4850
04:15:47,600 --> 04:15:50,000
Frank begins his morning rounds 
with coffee that has the 

4851
04:15:50,000 --> 04:15:52,500
consistency of warm tar and 
twice the potency. 

4852
04:15:52,500 --> 04:15:55,500
The traveling salesman greets, 
the new day with enthusiasm, 

4853
04:15:55,500 --> 04:15:59,100
that would be admirable if it 
won't quite so early and Loud, 

4854
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:02,600
he's already reorganized his 
sample cases and his preparing 

4855
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:06,000
to demonstrate his patent 
medicine's to anyone unfortunate

4856
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:09,400
enough to make eye contact. 
The frontier character awakens 

4857
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:12,600
from his Slumber, akin to a bear
emerging from hibernation, 

4858
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:16,200
accompanied by sound effects 
capable of frightening small 

4859
04:16:16,200 --> 04:16:20,000
children and possibly even 
larger ones His morning routine,

4860
04:16:20,000 --> 04:16:23,200
involves spectacular, stretching
creative cursing. 

4861
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:25,800
And the production of what 
appears to be hardtack from his 

4862
04:16:25,800 --> 04:16:28,500
coat pocket. 
He knows on this breakfast with 

4863
04:16:28,500 --> 04:16:31,100
the satisfaction of a man 
accustomed to food that fights 

4864
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,600
back outside the windows, the 
landscape has begun to change 

4865
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:38,400
subtly the neat farmsteads of 
settled Ohio are giving way to 

4866
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:42,000
wider spaces, more scattered 
buildings and longer stretches 

4867
04:16:42,000 --> 04:16:44,200
where civilization seems to have
given up entirely. 

4868
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:48,200
Your approaching, the real 
Frontier now where the map gets 

4869
04:16:48,200 --> 04:16:50,500
vague and Adventure becomes less
theoretical. 

4870
04:16:51,700 --> 04:16:54,600
The banker consults his pocket 
watch with increasing frequency 

4871
04:16:54,600 --> 04:16:58,600
as if he can somehow accelerate 
the train through sheer temporal

4872
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:02,500
anxiety. 
His destination is Chicago where

4873
04:17:02,500 --> 04:17:05,200
he has important business that 
apparently cannot wait for the 

4874
04:17:05,200 --> 04:17:08,400
normal pace of steam Locomotion.
He's begun muttering 

4875
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:12,000
calculations under his breath, 
working out arrival times with 

4876
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:14,200
the desperate, Precision of a 
man whose promised to be 

4877
04:17:14,200 --> 04:17:17,600
somewhere specific at a time 
that's looking increasingly 

4878
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:20,800
unlikely. 
Around mid-morning the train 

4879
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:22,900
develops. 
What Frank diplomatically calls 

4880
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:26,800
a case of the slows. 
The locomotive begins chucking 

4881
04:17:26,800 --> 04:17:29,400
with less enthusiasm like an 
aging horse. 

4882
04:17:29,400 --> 04:17:31,800
That is decided its covered 
enough ground for one day. 

4883
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:35,300
Your 15 mile per hour. 
Pace drops to something closer 

4884
04:17:35,300 --> 04:17:38,700
to a brisk walk, which means the
energetic squirrels are once 

4885
04:17:38,700 --> 04:17:40,400
again keeping Pace outside your 
window. 

4886
04:17:41,300 --> 04:17:43,800
This mechanical reluctance 
creates what the conductor 

4887
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:47,400
announces as a brief delay for 
locomotive encouragement, which 

4888
04:17:47,400 --> 04:17:49,500
sounds much more dignified than 
the engine is. 

4889
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:52,200
Having another breakdown. 
You're learning that railroad 

4890
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,200
terminology exists primarily to 
make mechanical failures sound 

4891
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:56,900
like deliberate scheduling 
decisions. 

4892
04:17:56,900 --> 04:17:59,500
The delay provides an 
opportunity for extended 

4893
04:17:59,500 --> 04:18:02,800
socializing which by now 
resembles a mobile town hall 

4894
04:18:02,800 --> 04:18:05,000
meeting. 
The preacher has begun holding 

4895
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:07,800
informal services for anyone 
interested though. 

4896
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:10,700
His congregation mainly consists
of immigrant who may not 

4897
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:13,300
understand his words, but seem 
to appreciate the familiar 

4898
04:18:13,300 --> 04:18:17,300
rhythm of religious ceremonies. 
The school mom has started an 

4899
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:20,400
impromptu geography lesson using
the passing landscape, to 

4900
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:22,600
explain the settlement patterns 
of the American frontier. 

4901
04:18:23,700 --> 04:18:26,600
Her enthusiasm for Education, 
remains undaunted by her 

4902
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:29,600
audience's mixed interest in 
learning about soil types and 

4903
04:18:29,600 --> 04:18:32,500
river systems. 
The toddler seems particularly 

4904
04:18:32,500 --> 04:18:35,900
fascinated by her chalk which 
she somehow produced from her 

4905
04:18:35,900 --> 04:18:39,200
seemingly magical carpet bag, 
your fellow passengers have 

4906
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:42,100
developed the easy, familiarity 
of people who've shared Close 

4907
04:18:42,100 --> 04:18:45,500
Quarters and minor Adventures, 
personal space has become 

4908
04:18:45,500 --> 04:18:48,300
acquaint memory and everyone's 
life story is now common 

4909
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:50,200
knowledge. 
You know, about the bankers 

4910
04:18:50,200 --> 04:18:53,000
three daughters the preacher's 
mission to bring Salvation to 

4911
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:56,100
Kansas the school moms 
correspondence, with her sister 

4912
04:18:56,100 --> 04:18:59,900
in Boston and approximately 47 
of the Frontiers men's most 

4913
04:18:59,900 --> 04:19:03,700
unlikely Adventures, the stern 
woman has revealed herself to be

4914
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:06,600
well-traveled offering, 
commentary on railroad system. 

4915
04:19:06,600 --> 04:19:08,600
She's experienced from Baltimore
to St. 

4916
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:10,900
Louis. 
Her disapproval, you realize 

4917
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:14,100
comes from extensive experience 
with the gap between what train 

4918
04:19:14,100 --> 04:19:16,500
travel promises and what it 
actually delivers. 

4919
04:19:16,500 --> 04:19:19,800
She is less morally, outraged 
than practically disappointed, 

4920
04:19:19,800 --> 04:19:22,500
which somehow makes her 
criticism more endearing. 

4921
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:26,400
Lunch consists of the same 
mysterious substances as 

4922
04:19:26,400 --> 04:19:28,800
yesterday though. 
Frank has managed to arrange 

4923
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:31,400
them differently on the plate. 
Creating the illusion of 

4924
04:19:31,400 --> 04:19:34,300
variety. 
The dining car conversation 

4925
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:38,000
centers on destination fever 
that peculiar condition that 

4926
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:40,800
affects long-distance Travelers 
as they approach their Journeys 

4927
04:19:40,800 --> 04:19:43,100
end. 
Everyone has begun talking 

4928
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:46,400
faster planning more 
enthusiastically, and checking 

4929
04:19:46,400 --> 04:19:48,100
their belongings with increasing
frequency. 

4930
04:19:49,100 --> 04:19:51,900
This anticipation appears to 
have a particularly strong 

4931
04:19:51,900 --> 04:19:55,600
impact on immigrants. 
Their excitement is palpable as 

4932
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:58,200
they recognize that the 
landscape outside is becoming 

4933
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:01,200
their new home. 
They point at farms and towns 

4934
04:20:01,200 --> 04:20:03,700
with the intensity of people 
claiming territory with their 

4935
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:06,100
eyes already. 
Beginning the psychological 

4936
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:10,600
process of belonging somewhere 
new By afternoon, even the 

4937
04:20:10,600 --> 04:20:13,900
locomotive seems to have caught 
destination fever picking up 

4938
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:16,100
pace with renewed, mechanical 
enthusiasm. 

4939
04:20:17,000 --> 04:20:19,200
Clacking of Wheels takes on a 
more urgent Rhythm. 

4940
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:22,600
As if the train itself, is eager
to reach the end of the line and

4941
04:20:22,600 --> 04:20:25,700
rest its Iron Bones. 
The final hours of your train 

4942
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:28,700
journey unfold with a bitter. 
Sweet quality of all endings, 

4943
04:20:28,700 --> 04:20:32,600
tinged with both relief and an 
unexpected, Nostalgia for the 

4944
04:20:32,600 --> 04:20:37,000
rolling community of temporarily
joined Your destination appears 

4945
04:20:37,000 --> 04:20:40,400
on the horizon as a smudge of 
smoke and Scattered buildings 

4946
04:20:40,400 --> 04:20:44,000
growing larger with each 
rhythmic of the wheels. 

4947
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:48,000
After three days of wandering, 
if you'd ever arrive anywhere, 

4948
04:20:48,000 --> 04:20:51,900
the reality of actually reaching
the end of the line feels almost

4949
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:54,500
surreal, the locomotive seems to
sense. 

4950
04:20:54,500 --> 04:20:57,900
Its approaching rest developing,
a more eager chuff that suggests

4951
04:20:57,900 --> 04:21:00,100
its ready as you are to stop 
moving for a while. 

4952
04:21:00,900 --> 04:21:02,800
Your body has adapted to 
constant motion. 

4953
04:21:02,800 --> 04:21:05,900
So thoroughly that you suspect, 
you'll spend the next week's 

4954
04:21:05,900 --> 04:21:09,200
swaying slightly while standing 
still like a sailor who's been 

4955
04:21:09,200 --> 04:21:12,000
too long at sea. 
The stern woman has begun. 

4956
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:14,300
The complex process of 
reassembling herself into 

4957
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:17,600
traveling order, folding, shawls
and securing belongings with the

4958
04:21:17,600 --> 04:21:19,500
Precision of a general preparing
for battle. 

4959
04:21:20,500 --> 04:21:23,300
The transformation from rumpled 
Passenger, back into the picture

4960
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:26,500
of Victorian propriety, as 
fascinating to watch involving 

4961
04:21:26,500 --> 04:21:29,200
more pins and strategic tucking 
than you thought humanly 

4962
04:21:29,200 --> 04:21:31,500
possible. 
The traveling salesman is 

4963
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:33,600
conducting. 
A final inventory of his sample 

4964
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:36,800
cases probably calculating 
profits and losses from his 

4965
04:21:36,800 --> 04:21:40,000
mobile pharmacy. 
He sold several bottles of his 

4966
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:42,400
mysterious Elixir to fellow 
passengers though. 

4967
04:21:42,400 --> 04:21:45,200
Whether from genuine belief in 
his products or simply Cabin. 

4968
04:21:45,200 --> 04:21:49,000
Fever induced purchasing 
decisions remains unclear The 

4969
04:21:49,008 --> 04:21:51,600
frontiersmen bought three 
bottles claiming they'd be 

4970
04:21:51,608 --> 04:21:54,800
perfect for trading with Indians
though you suspect he plans to 

4971
04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:57,300
drink them himself. 
Your fellow Travelers. 

4972
04:21:57,300 --> 04:22:00,100
Begin the ritual of exchanging 
addresses and Promises to write,

4973
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:01,500
though. 
You all know that. 

4974
04:22:01,500 --> 04:22:04,500
Once you step off this train, 
you'll scatter to your separate 

4975
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:06,700
Destinies and probably never 
cross paths. 

4976
04:22:06,700 --> 04:22:10,800
Again, Still the ritual matters.
These people have become your 

4977
04:22:10,800 --> 04:22:14,400
temporary family bound together 
by shared discomfort and the 

4978
04:22:14,400 --> 04:22:17,900
peculiar intimacy that develops 
when strangers are trapped in 

4979
04:22:17,900 --> 04:22:19,600
close quarters for days at a 
time. 

4980
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:23,400
The banker, finally, relaxes his
death grip on his pocket watch 

4981
04:22:23,400 --> 04:22:25,800
accepting that he'll arrive when
he arrives. 

4982
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:28,500
And his Chicago business will 
have to adapt accordingly. 

4983
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:32,300
His anxiety is transformed into 
philosophical acceptance, 

4984
04:22:32,300 --> 04:22:34,200
though. 
He mentioned several times that 

4985
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:35,200
he'll never again. 
Trust. 

4986
04:22:35,200 --> 04:22:39,600
Railroad schedules written by 
people who clearly viewed as a 

4987
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:43,400
flexible concept. 
Preacher has been energized by 

4988
04:22:43,400 --> 04:22:46,900
approaching his mission field. 
Speaking with renewed further 

4989
04:22:46,900 --> 04:22:49,600
about bringing civilization and 
salvation to the frontier. 

4990
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:54,800
With Amusement, the frontiersmen
listens occasionally commenting 

4991
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:57,900
on the type of Salvation that 
truly comes in handy when 

4992
04:22:57,900 --> 04:23:00,300
confronted with hostile Wildlife
or severe weather. 

4993
04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:03,900
Their ongoing theological debate
has become one of the journeys. 

4994
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:07,200
Most entertaining features. 
The school mama has grown quiet 

4995
04:23:07,200 --> 04:23:10,400
as her destination approaches. 
Perhaps contemplating the 

4996
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:12,900
reality of teaching Frontier 
children, who may view, book 

4997
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:15,700
learning as less immediately 
useful, then tracking and 

4998
04:23:15,700 --> 04:23:18,400
shooting skills. 
Her determination remains 

4999
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:21,200
unshakeable but it's now 
tempered with the Practical, 

5000
04:23:21,200 --> 04:23:23,700
understanding that education 
takes different forms and 

5001
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,700
different places the immigrants 
gather, their belongings with 

5002
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:30,500
reverent care handling their few
possessions like sacred relics 

5003
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:34,400
Everything they own in America 
fits into a handful of bags and 

5004
04:23:34,400 --> 04:23:38,400
bundles but their faces shine 
with the hope of people who've 

5005
04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:40,800
successfully crossed an ocean 
and a continent to reach their 

5006
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:43,600
dreams. 
Their excitement is infectious, 

5007
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:46,700
reminding everyone else that 
arrival means possibility. 

5008
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:51,200
Toddler has finally worn himself
completely out and sleeps 

5009
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:54,500
peacefully in his mother's arms,
oblivious to the significance of

5010
04:23:54,508 --> 04:23:57,300
reaching their new home. 
His mother looks out at the 

5011
04:23:57,308 --> 04:23:59,800
approaching town with the mixed 
expression of someone who's 

5012
04:23:59,800 --> 04:24:04,000
relieved the journey as ending. 
Terrified about what comes next.

5013
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:07,700
As the train begins. 
Its Final Approach. 

5014
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:11,300
Slowing with a series of gentle 
jerks and extended whistle 

5015
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:13,700
blasts that announced your 
arrival to the waiting town. 

5016
04:24:13,700 --> 04:24:17,100
You realize that this journey 
has been about more than simply 

5017
04:24:17,100 --> 04:24:18,500
getting from one place to 
another. 

5018
04:24:18,500 --> 04:24:22,600
You've experienced a slice of 
America in transition a country 

5019
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:26,100
building itself, one mile of 
track to time the station. 

5020
04:24:26,100 --> 04:24:28,800
Appears ahead. 
A simple, wooden building that 

5021
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:31,300
nevertheless represents the end 
of one Adventure in the 

5022
04:24:31,308 --> 04:24:34,000
beginning of another People wait
on the platform. 

5023
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:38,100
Some greeting expected arrivals 
other simply curious about who 

5024
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:40,200
the iron horse has delivered to 
their town today. 

5025
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:44,500
The final stop arrives with a 
ceremony befitting the 

5026
04:24:44,500 --> 04:24:48,900
completion of an Epic Journey. 
Tremendous hiss of steam, the 

5027
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:52,300
squeal of breaks. 
And one last authoritative jolt 

5028
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:55,200
that sends everyone reaching for
something solid to grab. 

5029
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:58,900
Frank appears in the doorway, 
announcing your arrival with the

5030
04:24:58,908 --> 04:25:01,800
satisfaction of a man who 
successfully delivered another 

5031
04:25:01,800 --> 04:25:05,200
load of hopeful Humanity to 
their chosen destination. 

5032
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:08,900
You gather your carpet bag which
somehow feels heavier than when 

5033
04:25:08,900 --> 04:25:11,900
you started though, it contains 
exactly the same items. 

5034
04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:16,400
It's weighted down with memories
now or maybe you've just grown 

5035
04:25:16,400 --> 04:25:19,300
weaker from three days of train 
food and improvised sleeping. 

5036
04:25:20,200 --> 04:25:23,400
Either way, you're ready to feel
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 

5037
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:25,900
Again? 
As you step down onto the 

5038
04:25:25,900 --> 04:25:29,100
platform, the absence of 
constant motion feels strange 

5039
04:25:29,100 --> 04:25:31,800
and wonderful. 
The world has stopped rocking, 

5040
04:25:31,800 --> 04:25:35,400
stopped clacking, and stopped, 
hissing steam at irregular 

5041
04:25:35,400 --> 04:25:39,000
intervals. 
The silence is almost over after

5042
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:42,800
days of mechanical conversation.
Fellow passengers dispersed with

5043
04:25:42,808 --> 04:25:46,200
surprising speed reclaiming, 
their individual identities 

5044
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:48,000
after days of communal 
existence. 

5045
04:25:48,000 --> 04:25:51,100
The Exchange. 
Final handshakes make last 

5046
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:54,100
minute address exchanges. 
And make promises to write that 

5047
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:57,300
they may or may not keep. 
If you've passed some sort of 

5048
04:25:57,300 --> 04:25:59,100
endurance test, she's been 
administering. 

5049
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:02,400
The stern woman nods approvingly
at your survival of the journey.

5050
04:26:03,100 --> 04:26:06,600
The locomotive sits steaming 
quietly looking somehow smaller.

5051
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:09,900
Now, that it's not in motion, 
the mighty Iron Horse, that's 

5052
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:13,300
been your world for three days, 
is just a machine again, waiting

5053
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,600
for its next load of passengers 
and their dreams, your shoulder,

5054
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:18,400
your carpet bag and walk toward 
the town. 

5055
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:21,300
Your legs still slightly 
unsteady from Days of swaying, 

5056
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:23,900
motion behind you. 
The train whistle blows. 

5057
04:26:23,900 --> 04:26:26,800
One last time. 
A farewell that somehow manages 

5058
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:28,700
to sound both mournful and 
hopeful? 

5059
04:26:29,400 --> 04:26:32,400
The frontier stretches ahead 
full of possibility and 

5060
04:26:32,400 --> 04:26:36,900
uncertainty in equal measure. 
You've arrived here by Steam and

5061
04:26:36,900 --> 04:26:40,900
steel and the peculiar magic of 
American optimism made manifest 

5062
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:43,400
in iron rails. 
Whatever happens. 

5063
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,200
Next, you'll always remember 
these three days when you travel

5064
04:26:46,200 --> 04:26:49,500
into the future at 15 miles per 
hour, accompanied by the most 

5065
04:26:49,500 --> 04:26:52,900
fascinating collection of 
humanity, you've ever had the 

5066
04:26:52,900 --> 04:26:56,700
pleasure to meet The adventure, 
you realize is just beginning. 

5067
04:26:56,700 --> 04:26:59,800
I remember the day. 
I first came to court a half 

5068
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:03,100
star of gesture with bells on my
hat, jangling and dreaded. 

5069
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:07,000
In my belly, the royal castle 
loomed ahead all Grace stone 

5070
04:27:07,000 --> 04:27:09,600
walls and towering battlements 
against cloudy skull. 

5071
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:13,600
My heart thudded, as I passed 
beneath the iron Port callus. 

5072
04:27:14,500 --> 04:27:16,800
A pair of guards snickered at 
the sight of me and my thread 

5073
04:27:16,800 --> 04:27:19,200
bear. 
Motley, I clutched my Loot and 

5074
04:27:19,200 --> 04:27:22,200
fools bauble tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

5075
04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:25,200
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flickered on 

5076
04:27:25,200 --> 04:27:28,800
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

5077
04:27:28,800 --> 04:27:32,200
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

5078
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:33,700
smokes spiced. 
Why? 

5079
04:27:33,700 --> 04:27:36,300
And a hint of something foul 
from The Stables? 

5080
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:39,200
I followed a steward into the 
enormous Hall. 

5081
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:42,500
My shoes scuffing over rushes 
strewn on the floor at the far 

5082
04:27:42,500 --> 04:27:46,200
end on a raised dais sat King 
Edward of England, my new master

5083
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,100
He wore a fur-lined mantle and 
no Crown yet. 

5084
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:52,500
He radiated Authority. 
He fixed his Keen gray eyes on 

5085
04:27:52,500 --> 04:27:55,100
me as the gathers courteous. 
Announced me as the evening's 

5086
04:27:55,100 --> 04:27:57,800
entertainment. 
Every gaze in the hall turned my

5087
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:01,400
way, I felt naked despite my 
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 

5088
04:28:02,300 --> 04:28:06,000
I swept a deep bow arms, played 
comically nearly losing my 

5089
04:28:06,000 --> 04:28:08,300
balance for affect a few 
Chuckles. 

5090
04:28:08,300 --> 04:28:11,500
Broke, the silence. 
Well, welcome full called the 

5091
04:28:11,500 --> 04:28:14,000
king his voice. 
Echoing off, the rafters, what 

5092
04:28:14,000 --> 04:28:17,100
do they call you? 
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 

5093
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:20,600
I answered brightly hiding my 
nerves under a grin in truth. 

5094
04:28:20,600 --> 04:28:24,400
My Christian name was William, 
but a new life warrant and a new

5095
04:28:24,408 --> 04:28:26,600
name. 
My answer earned an approving 

5096
04:28:26,600 --> 04:28:28,100
smirk. 
Very well. 

5097
04:28:28,108 --> 04:28:31,100
Tom let us see if your humor is 
a sharp as your tongue is. 

5098
04:28:31,108 --> 04:28:34,008
Quick said King. 
Edward, he gestured for me to 

5099
04:28:34,016 --> 04:28:36,500
begin. 
I started with the jaunty. 

5100
04:28:36,500 --> 04:28:38,900
Tune on my loot. 
A bawdy Tavern. 

5101
04:28:38,900 --> 04:28:41,000
Song about a Tipsy. 
Fryer losing his robe to the 

5102
04:28:41,008 --> 04:28:43,300
wind. 
My fingers trembled on the 

5103
04:28:43,300 --> 04:28:47,100
strings but the melody came out 
Mary and bright laughter rows 

5104
04:28:47,100 --> 04:28:51,000
from the tables at the chorus is
naughty twist, emboldened, I 

5105
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:54,300
launched into a comic tale. 
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle

5106
04:28:54,300 --> 04:28:58,300
life a joke about the cook over 
salting the stew, equip about a 

5107
04:28:58,300 --> 04:29:02,200
night's rusted armor creaking 
like an old ox The courtiers 

5108
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:04,800
Gafford and even the queen hit a
smile behind her hand. 

5109
04:29:05,600 --> 04:29:08,900
Warm relief spread through my 
chest, they were laughing. 

5110
04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:13,100
Finally, I decided to make a 
bold joke aimed at the most 

5111
04:29:13,100 --> 04:29:16,600
significant Target. 
Balancing on one leg in an 

5112
04:29:16,600 --> 04:29:18,700
exaggerated pose. 
I lowered my voice 

5113
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:22,800
conspiratorially Lords and 
Ladies I announced I've heard a 

5114
04:29:22,800 --> 04:29:24,300
wondrous secret about our 
sovereign. 

5115
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:28,000
A hush fell. 
I flashed an impish grin at King

5116
04:29:28,000 --> 04:29:30,600
Edward. 
It said his majesty has a unique

5117
04:29:30,600 --> 04:29:31,900
blessing from Saint Peter 
himself. 

5118
04:29:31,900 --> 04:29:35,500
Only the king sit on his throne 
and make the Angels Sing 

5119
04:29:35,500 --> 04:29:38,000
especially after he's enjoyed a 
Hearty dinner. 

5120
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:42,500
I patted my backside and widened
my eyes innocently for a 

5121
04:29:42,500 --> 04:29:46,100
heartbeat silence. 
Some Lords look scandalized that

5122
04:29:46,100 --> 04:29:49,800
I joked about the king's Royal 
behind the Kings eyebrow arched.

5123
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:53,600
My pulse pounded had I gone too 
far then King. 

5124
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:56,800
Edward threw back his head and 
laughed a deep roaring laugh. 

5125
04:29:56,800 --> 04:30:00,000
That shattered the tension the 
court followed suit laughter 

5126
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:03,000
Rippling through the hall. 
The King mimicked sternness by 

5127
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:06,600
waving a finger at me. mind your
cheek knave, or I'll have you 

5128
04:30:06,600 --> 04:30:10,300
whipped for impudence, he said, 
still chuckling I dropped my 

5129
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:13,900
knees in a mock pleading bow, 
Mercy or Majesty. 

5130
04:30:13,900 --> 04:30:16,100
I only speak gospel truth in 
your praise. 

5131
04:30:16,100 --> 04:30:18,200
I replied with an overly Pious 
tone. 

5132
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:22,000
The king laughed again and gave 
a dismissive way of signaling. 

5133
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:26,000
My performance was over. 
As I backed away, trembling with

5134
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:29,900
relief, a servant press to 
Silver Coin, into my palm, a 

5135
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:33,400
reward from the king, I bowed 
One Last Time, cheeks flushed 

5136
04:30:33,400 --> 04:30:35,300
and retreated to the edge of the
hall. 

5137
04:30:35,300 --> 04:30:40,000
My debut had been a success that
night, the Stuart showed me to a

5138
04:30:40,000 --> 04:30:42,900
small chamber in the Castle's 
upper kitchens simple but mine 

5139
04:30:42,900 --> 04:30:45,300
alone. 
I collapsed onto the straw 

5140
04:30:45,300 --> 04:30:49,500
filled bed exhausted but 
exhilarated at nothing but my 

5141
04:30:49,500 --> 04:30:52,600
wits and earned, not only coin, 
but also a place in the king's 

5142
04:30:52,600 --> 04:30:55,000
household. 
I was no longer a Wandering 

5143
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:59,700
Vagabond, I was the king's fool.
As I stared up at the ceiling, I

5144
04:30:59,700 --> 04:31:03,600
allowed myself a grin tomorrow 
and each day that followed, I 

5145
04:31:03,600 --> 04:31:06,600
would balance between humor and 
Power in a quart of Lords. 

5146
04:31:06,600 --> 04:31:11,000
And Ladies, I a mere full had 
found a foothold I Autumn of 

5147
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,000
that year. 
I had become a familiar part of 

5148
04:31:13,008 --> 04:31:17,500
Court life, ever-ready with 
equipped to lift a mood On one 

5149
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:19,300
crisp evening at a harvest 
Feast. 

5150
04:31:19,300 --> 04:31:23,000
The Great Hall hosted. 
A Grand Banquet after a long day

5151
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:26,800
of festivities, The Trestle 
tables grown with roasted bore 

5152
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:29,700
and spice tail. 
I flitted around refilling 

5153
04:31:29,700 --> 04:31:32,300
drinks and tossing, one line as 
most laughed. 

5154
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:36,500
Kindly, but sir, Roger a Burly, 
Baron with a Perpetual scowl 

5155
04:31:36,500 --> 04:31:40,600
decided to Sport with me. 
Oh there full he bellowed 

5156
04:31:40,600 --> 04:31:42,700
fainting joviality. 
We hear you. 

5157
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:45,900
Juggle anything try these. 
He suddenly hurled two oranges 

5158
04:31:45,900 --> 04:31:49,300
at me, the first I snatched out 
of the air, but the second 

5159
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:51,800
struck my cheek sharply before 
splattering on the floor. 

5160
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:56,600
Laughter erupted pain, fled my 
cheek and my face burned as 

5161
04:31:56,600 --> 04:32:00,800
Noble's held at my expense. 
For an instantly flung, the 

5162
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:03,500
remaining orange at him. 
I imagined it smacking that red 

5163
04:32:03,500 --> 04:32:07,100
face oath, but a full survives 
on wit not Roth. 

5164
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:10,600
I grinned foolishly and juggled 
the loan orange as if nothing 

5165
04:32:10,600 --> 04:32:13,600
were amiss many. 
Thanks my lord for the extra 

5166
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:16,000
supper. 
I quit pretending to bite into 

5167
04:32:16,000 --> 04:32:19,200
the fruit before nearly dropping
it in an exaggerated fumble. 

5168
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:23,400
The onlookers laughed and you 
this time with me rather than at

5169
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:27,000
me even sir, Roger satisfied 
that I'd accepted the mockery 

5170
04:32:27,000 --> 04:32:30,700
gave a reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand bow, swallowing 

5171
04:32:30,700 --> 04:32:33,500
my wounded Pride. 
When I risked a glance up at 

5172
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:35,900
King Edward, he was watching me 
with a faint smirk. 

5173
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:40,900
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

5174
04:32:40,900 --> 04:32:44,100
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

5175
04:32:44,800 --> 04:32:46,800
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

5176
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:50,900
I entered to find King Edward 
Alone by the half gazing at the 

5177
04:32:50,908 --> 04:32:54,900
letters, spread on a table. 
His crown sat off to the side as

5178
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:57,200
if he even gold and jewels grew 
heavy for him tonight. 

5179
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:01,700
Tom, come here a moment. 
He said this was no Summer's for

5180
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:03,800
entertainment. 
His tone was pensive. 

5181
04:33:04,900 --> 04:33:08,000
The king rubbed her hand over 
his brow news from the shires, 

5182
04:33:08,000 --> 04:33:10,900
he muttered, poor harvests and 
empty. 

5183
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:15,300
Storehouses, yet my Lord's 
demand their taxes in full He 

5184
04:33:15,300 --> 04:33:18,599
sighed and glanced at me. 
Do you have a zest for that? 

5185
04:33:19,599 --> 04:33:22,400
His question was Earnest, not a 
command for a silly face or 

5186
04:33:22,400 --> 04:33:24,099
song. 
I took a breath. 

5187
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:29,000
Sire, if I may spin a small 
Fable sometimes aren't answers 

5188
04:33:29,000 --> 04:33:31,000
slink out better and story 
forum. 

5189
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:33,200
That is not. 
I spoke softly. 

5190
04:33:33,200 --> 04:33:37,000
I told of a farmer who had a 
skinny mule that pulled his plow

5191
04:33:37,000 --> 04:33:41,200
when drought withered the crops.
The farmer threatened to whip 

5192
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:44,599
the mule to make it work harder,
but the Beast begged for a bit 

5193
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:46,700
more feed. 
So he'd have strength to pull 

5194
04:33:46,700 --> 04:33:50,500
the farmer relented and fed. 
The mule extra grain comes 

5195
04:33:50,500 --> 04:33:53,500
spring, they tilled enough land 
to survive and even Thrive when 

5196
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:56,700
rains returned, As I finished, I
stole a side. 

5197
04:33:56,700 --> 04:33:59,700
Long, look at King, Edward, he 
stared out the window stroking. 

5198
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:02,599
His beard for a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

5199
04:34:02,599 --> 04:34:06,800
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle clever, 

5200
04:34:06,800 --> 04:34:10,099
mule, he mused clever enough to 
get his belly full. 

5201
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:14,400
I bowed my head relieved meals. 
Often. 

5202
04:34:14,400 --> 04:34:16,500
Do your majesty? 
Ashley. 

5203
04:34:16,500 --> 04:34:19,300
When they Bray in rhyme, I said 
with the jingle of my cat bell, 

5204
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:22,200
he turned to face me. 
And I saw a trace of admiration 

5205
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:24,800
in his worn eyes. 
You have a sharper width and 

5206
04:34:24,800 --> 04:34:27,700
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom
in nonsens. 

5207
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:31,900
I felt a warmth in my chest, 
however I responded lightly 

5208
04:34:31,900 --> 04:34:33,700
saying hi. 
It's butterfly. 

5209
04:34:33,700 --> 04:34:36,000
Simple Fable sire. 
King. 

5210
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:38,599
Edward managed to slice smile on
the contrary. 

5211
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,500
I will consider what you have 
implied. 

5212
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:45,300
He clapped a hand on my 
shoulder, the gesture of trust 

5213
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:47,900
and thanks, that will be all get
some rest. 

5214
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:51,500
I bow deeply, good night. 
Your majesty before, departing, 

5215
04:34:51,500 --> 04:34:54,200
I turned back with the cheeky 
Bao and don't forget to feed 

5216
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,300
your mule sire. 
I said, King Edward barked, a 

5217
04:34:57,300 --> 04:35:00,099
brief laugh and waved me away. 
I slipped out with a grim 

5218
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,400
walking back to my quarters, 
through the dim corridors, I 

5219
04:35:03,400 --> 04:35:06,800
felt nearly weightless tonight. 
I had stepped Beyond mirror 

5220
04:35:06,800 --> 04:35:10,000
Entertainer. 
I had in my small way shape, the

5221
04:35:10,008 --> 04:35:12,800
Kings thoughts, it was 
exhilarating and a little 

5222
04:35:12,808 --> 04:35:15,900
terrifying. 
A Fool's jingling cap, I 

5223
04:35:15,900 --> 04:35:19,099
realized could carry surprise in
influence if I used my wit 

5224
04:35:19,099 --> 04:35:21,500
wiseley. 
All though, favorite can change 

5225
04:35:21,500 --> 04:35:24,500
quickly for the time, being the 
king, relied on the Hidden 

5226
04:35:24,500 --> 04:35:27,500
Truths within my pranks. 
Winter brought hardship and 

5227
04:35:27,500 --> 04:35:31,000
unrest a poor harvest left. 
Many starving and Whispers of 

5228
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:33,900
Rebel can drifted into court. 
King Edward's temper. 

5229
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:38,200
Once jovial in my company, grew 
brittle, as dried kindling more 

5230
04:35:38,200 --> 04:35:39,900
often, I saw him. 
Frown at reports from his 

5231
04:35:39,900 --> 04:35:43,400
Barons, grain riots poaching in 
the Royal forests. 

5232
04:35:43,400 --> 04:35:47,800
A distant Village refusing to 
pay tithes Fear and anger, 

5233
04:35:47,800 --> 04:35:49,500
coiled around the court like 
smoke. 

5234
04:35:50,400 --> 04:35:53,300
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

5235
04:35:53,300 --> 04:35:56,300
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the Halls

5236
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:59,800
quiet, since the tension one by 
one, prisoners were brought 

5237
04:35:59,808 --> 04:36:02,800
Before the Throne. 
The gaunt farmer who had slain a

5238
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:05,700
deer on Crown Land begged Mercy 
claiming it was to feed his 

5239
04:36:05,700 --> 04:36:08,300
Starving Children. 
Next, a ragged group of 

5240
04:36:08,308 --> 04:36:11,599
villagers accused of sparking. 
A food in the north were Dragged

5241
04:36:11,599 --> 04:36:14,099
In Chains. 
My stomach tightened at their 

5242
04:36:14,099 --> 04:36:15,500
Hollow cheeks and terrified 
eyes. 

5243
04:36:15,500 --> 04:36:18,800
The Barons and courtiers looked 
on with hard disapproval. 

5244
04:36:18,800 --> 04:36:22,300
So Warwick the king Stern faced 
advisor urged severity. 

5245
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:24,500
An example must be made your 
majesty. 

5246
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:28,099
He declared loud enough for all 
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers

5247
04:36:28,099 --> 04:36:30,099
in famine. 
Would only breed chaos. 

5248
04:36:30,099 --> 04:36:34,400
Show them the cost of defiance. 
I watched King Edwards face as 

5249
04:36:34,400 --> 04:36:38,500
War Expo, a muscle in his jaw 
twitched the king's eyes 

5250
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:40,900
usually. 
So keen and Alive were clouded 

5251
04:36:40,900 --> 04:36:43,200
with worried, he would rather 
not seem weak. 

5252
04:36:43,200 --> 04:36:47,000
The farmer was up first for 
judgment King Edward announced 

5253
04:36:47,000 --> 04:36:49,599
that the farmer would receive a 
public as punishment. 

5254
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:53,500
The poor man broke down in tears
grateful that he had avoided The

5255
04:36:53,500 --> 04:36:55,700
Noose. 
I let out a breath. 

5256
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:59,700
I hadn't realized I was holding.
But then came the villagers a 

5257
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:01,200
guard read out their crime 
leading. 

5258
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:04,800
A mob to raid a granary owned by
the crown, an old woman among 

5259
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:07,500
them cried out. 
We only took the grain because 

5260
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:11,099
our children would dieing. 
The Voice echoed in the hall. 

5261
04:37:11,099 --> 04:37:14,900
So Warwick shook his head and 
disgust, the courtiers murmured,

5262
04:37:14,900 --> 04:37:16,500
angrily about treason and 
thievery. 

5263
04:37:16,500 --> 04:37:19,700
I bit my tongue, a thousand 
thoughts, clashing, in my mind, 

5264
04:37:19,700 --> 04:37:22,000
these folk had broken the law. 
Yes. 

5265
04:37:22,000 --> 04:37:26,700
But out of desperation, I 
glanced toward the King Edward's

5266
04:37:26,700 --> 04:37:28,400
face hardened. 
As he prepared to deliver his 

5267
04:37:28,400 --> 04:37:33,000
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 
You shall he began likely 

5268
04:37:33,000 --> 04:37:35,200
meaning to condemn them to the 
dungeons or worse? 

5269
04:37:35,900 --> 04:37:38,800
But before I knew what I was 
doing, I stepped forward, my 

5270
04:37:38,800 --> 04:37:41,900
heart thundered in my chest but 
I couldn't stay silent. 

5271
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:45,700
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 
weaving truth into jests the 

5272
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:49,099
truth now came out bear and 
unadorned Your majesty. 

5273
04:37:49,099 --> 04:37:52,300
I interjected and allowed and 
clear voice to ask if I might 

5274
04:37:52,300 --> 04:37:55,400
offer a Fool's perspective. 
Shocked. 

5275
04:37:55,400 --> 04:37:58,099
Hush fell wanted. 
Not interrupt the king at 

5276
04:37:58,099 --> 04:37:59,500
trials. 
Certainly not a full. 

5277
04:37:59,500 --> 04:38:02,200
I didn't really heard so, 
Warwick's of annoyance. 

5278
04:38:03,000 --> 04:38:05,800
King Edward turned, his cold 
Gaze on me, more startled than 

5279
04:38:05,800 --> 04:38:09,300
furious at least. 
Yet I swallowed hard, there was 

5280
04:38:09,300 --> 04:38:12,500
no turning back. 
I adopted a deliberately like 

5281
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:14,599
tone, though. 
My pulse pounded, in my ears. 

5282
04:38:15,500 --> 04:38:17,700
These poor souls stand accused 
of stealing bread. 

5283
04:38:17,700 --> 04:38:21,000
I said gesturing to the 
trembling Villages and truly 

5284
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:25,500
that is no jesting matter. 
But I wonder sire, if a father 

5285
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:28,800
is to be whipped for feeding his
children, Venison and mothers 

5286
04:38:28,800 --> 04:38:31,500
are to be cast in dungeons for 
snatching a few loaves. 

5287
04:38:32,300 --> 04:38:35,300
I forced a thin smile. 
Perhaps, you're humble. 

5288
04:38:35,300 --> 04:38:37,400
Full should be punished as well 
for. 

5289
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:39,500
I've been stealing, your 
valuable are all these years 

5290
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:43,400
without paying coin for it. 
Few nervous, titters came from 

5291
04:38:43,400 --> 04:38:45,200
the back of the hall. 
Then died immediately. 

5292
04:38:46,099 --> 04:38:49,599
The king's eyes narrowed, I 
pressed on my voice gaining A 

5293
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:52,099
desperate strength. 
Only a fool would make light of 

5294
04:38:52,108 --> 04:38:54,400
hunger. 
My Lord, I speak not to mock 

5295
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:58,099
your justice but to beseech your
mercy starvation makes fools of 

5296
04:38:58,108 --> 04:39:02,400
us all I bowed low my head bent 
so I couldn't see his reaction. 

5297
04:39:02,400 --> 04:39:05,900
My hands were shaking. 
No one else dared. 

5298
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:07,900
Breathe. 
For a heartbeat. 

5299
04:39:07,900 --> 04:39:10,200
There was silence. 
So deep I heard the distant drip

5300
04:39:10,200 --> 04:39:14,000
of wax from a candle then in 
enough King Edward was said 

5301
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:16,200
quietly the word fell like an 
axe. 

5302
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:19,800
I looked up his face was flushed
not with myth but with anger 

5303
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:23,900
I'll hear no more. 
He stood from the throne and in 

5304
04:39:23,900 --> 04:39:26,300
that moment, he loomed larger 
than I had ever seen him. 

5305
04:39:27,800 --> 04:39:32,500
Who is King here youthful? 
Is voice was deceptively soft 

5306
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:36,599
quivering with restrained, rage.
Do you presume to lecture me on 

5307
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:39,500
duty and mercy dressed in Motley
and bells? 

5308
04:39:40,900 --> 04:39:43,600
Every utterance from his lips 
felt like a boulder hurled 

5309
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:46,500
towards my head. 
I opened my mouth to stammer and

5310
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:48,700
apology but he silenced me with 
a glare. 

5311
04:39:49,500 --> 04:39:51,600
Take him the king snapped to his
guards. 

5312
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:56,400
In an instant rough hand sees my
arms, my belt, it cap tumbled to

5313
04:39:56,408 --> 04:39:58,100
the floor as a guard yanked, me 
backward. 

5314
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:01,800
I heard a few gasps among the 
courtiers lady Margaery covered 

5315
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:04,500
her mouth and dismay. 
So Warwick simply watched with a

5316
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:08,100
thin smile. 
My caps little bells jangled on 

5317
04:40:08,100 --> 04:40:10,400
the stones. 
A faint jingling that seemed to 

5318
04:40:10,400 --> 04:40:13,400
underline my folly. 
King Edwards voice echoed in the

5319
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:17,100
rafters, cold and formal for his
disruption and insolence, let 

5320
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:18,900
the Kings fall receive the same 
punishment. 

5321
04:40:18,900 --> 04:40:22,600
He pitted he should receive 20 
lashes before the court at dawn 

5322
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:27,000
Terror, washed over me, 20 
lashes, my knees, nearly 

5323
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:29,600
buckled. 
I wanted to bake for forgiveness

5324
04:40:29,600 --> 04:40:33,300
to plead that I'd only spoke out
of concern but I tongue felt 

5325
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:35,800
paralyzed. 
Two guards dragged me from the 

5326
04:40:35,800 --> 04:40:38,100
hall as the king's attention 
returned to the stunned 

5327
04:40:38,100 --> 04:40:42,300
prisoners before him As they 
hold me away, none dead to 

5328
04:40:42,300 --> 04:40:46,100
object, or even meet my eyes. 
He threw me into a drafty 

5329
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:48,200
anti-chamber where I collapsed 
to the floor. 

5330
04:40:48,200 --> 04:40:50,700
My back pressed against Cold 
Stone. 

5331
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:53,900
As I tried to catch my breath, I
tasted blood and must have 

5332
04:40:53,908 --> 04:40:55,400
bitten my tongue without 
noticing. 

5333
04:40:55,400 --> 04:40:59,400
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 
forced their way out and rolled 

5334
04:40:59,400 --> 04:41:01,400
down my cheeks. 
Full full. 

5335
04:41:01,400 --> 04:41:04,600
Full, I cursed myself silently. 
What did I done? 

5336
04:41:04,600 --> 04:41:07,700
I had wanted to save a few 
peasants from the king's wrath. 

5337
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:11,900
Instead, I had only intensified 
the king's wrath and burned 

5338
04:41:11,900 --> 04:41:14,700
myself in the process. 
In my mind, I saw the king's 

5339
04:41:14,700 --> 04:41:18,900
face again, in raged and 
unyielding, that image stabbed 

5340
04:41:18,900 --> 04:41:20,700
at my heart more sharply than 
any whip. 

5341
04:41:20,700 --> 04:41:23,900
Could not long ago. 
I had sat by that same man's 

5342
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:25,800
half trading, fables and easing 
his Birds. 

5343
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:28,700
Now, he looked at me as just 
another disobedient subject. 

5344
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:32,000
Toward midnight. 
The guards came to escort me to 

5345
04:41:32,000 --> 04:41:35,000
the pillar in the courtyard. 
The sentence was to be carried 

5346
04:41:35,000 --> 04:41:37,800
out of First Light. 
They locked my wrists and neck 

5347
04:41:37,800 --> 04:41:40,800
in the wooden stocks. 
Stood hunched in that cruel 

5348
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:43,900
device for Endless hours 
shivering in the winter cold 

5349
04:41:43,900 --> 04:41:47,700
alone under the stars. 
Snow began to fall thin icy 

5350
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:51,300
flake's catching in my hair. 
The pain had not yet begun but a

5351
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:53,500
dread deeper than any wound Nord
at me. 

5352
04:41:54,200 --> 04:41:57,700
As Darkness deepened alone, 
figure approached through the 

5353
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:00,800
Torchlight yard. 
I squinted through Frozen lashes

5354
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,200
to see Master Robert, the king's
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak

5355
04:42:05,000 --> 04:42:07,100
Without a word. 
He draped it over my shoulders. 

5356
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:09,500
His eyes were sad as he met my 
gaze. 

5357
04:42:10,200 --> 04:42:13,200
You were Brave Tom. 
He whispered just loud enough 

5358
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,900
for me to hear. 
He was indeed Brave. 

5359
04:42:15,900 --> 04:42:18,800
If not a little foolish. 
A bitter laugh. 

5360
04:42:18,800 --> 04:42:20,500
Escaped me. 
What other thing could I be? 

5361
04:42:21,300 --> 04:42:23,900
He shook his head and pressed a 
small flask of Ale to my lips, 

5362
04:42:23,900 --> 04:42:26,900
greatly, I drank a burning 
mouthful, that chased some of 

5363
04:42:26,908 --> 04:42:30,200
the Chill from my bones. 
Is his majesty. 

5364
04:42:30,200 --> 04:42:33,700
I croaked my throat raw from the
cold night air as I struggled to

5365
04:42:33,700 --> 04:42:37,000
hold back. 
Sobs Master Robert side, he was 

5366
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:39,900
alone in his Chambers. 
He's unlikely to change his mind

5367
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:41,500
by morning. 
I am sorry. 

5368
04:42:41,500 --> 04:42:45,900
He hesitated some of us perceive
the truth in your words, but the

5369
04:42:45,900 --> 04:42:51,300
king He's under enormous strain.
I nodded as best I could with my

5370
04:42:51,300 --> 04:42:55,100
neck trap a tear slip down my 
face hot against my numb skin. 

5371
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:58,200
Q. 
I managed to whisper the 

5372
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:00,700
chamber, in squeezed, my 
shoulder gently and departed. 

5373
04:43:00,700 --> 04:43:02,900
Leaving the cloak as my only 
comfort. 

5374
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:07,100
I spent the remaining hours and 
Silent prayer prayer that the 

5375
04:43:07,100 --> 04:43:11,100
king's heart would soften that 
Dawn would never come and that I

5376
04:43:11,100 --> 04:43:12,500
might endure. 
What was to come? 

5377
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:16,700
I was not a warrior or a martyr.
Just a Fool who had flown too 

5378
04:43:16,700 --> 04:43:19,500
close to the Sun. 
The strange Freedom I'd had to 

5379
04:43:19,500 --> 04:43:21,000
speak. 
Truth had shown its price. 

5380
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:25,700
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 
I bit down on a leather strap to

5381
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:27,800
keep from screaming as each lash
Torah. 

5382
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:31,100
Cross my back fiery pain 
exploded with every stroke. 

5383
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:36,200
By the 10th, blow my vision. 
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp

5384
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:38,600
in the restraints. 
Unable to stand, I didn't really

5385
04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:40,800
heard an official read out my 
crime of insolence to the 

5386
04:43:40,800 --> 04:43:43,700
gathered, courtiers as the 
punishment was delivered, as if 

5387
04:43:43,700 --> 04:43:46,700
it was some theater. 
And I was the main spectacle. 

5388
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:50,100
when it was mercifully over, 
they released the pillars lock 

5389
04:43:50,100 --> 04:43:53,800
and I crumpled to the snow, the 
world spun for a moment, as I 

5390
04:43:53,800 --> 04:43:58,200
lay there with my cheek against 
the white trampled ground, I 

5391
04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:01,200
could hear distant Applause from
one or two Nobles and ugly 

5392
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:04,700
mockery warm blood trickled 
under my shirt. 

5393
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:07,800
Two guards, lifted me to my feet
and carried me away. 

5394
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:10,700
As if I were worthless trash, I 
drifted In and Out Of 

5395
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:14,600
Consciousness, once through a 
blur of tears, I thought I saw 

5396
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:16,400
the king watching from a high 
window. 

5397
04:44:16,400 --> 04:44:18,600
I couldn't discern his 
expression. 

5398
04:44:18,600 --> 04:44:21,800
They dumped me in my little 
chamber and left without a word.

5399
04:44:22,500 --> 04:44:25,100
I don't know how long I remained
motionless on the floor, curled 

5400
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:27,300
up. 
And gasping, eventually, a kind 

5401
04:44:27,308 --> 04:44:29,000
made server and slipped in and 
tendered. 

5402
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:32,100
My wounds with vinegar and clean
bandages, cluckin softly and 

5403
04:44:32,100 --> 04:44:34,300
pity. 
I thanked her in a hoarse 

5404
04:44:34,300 --> 04:44:37,200
whisper by Nightfall. 
I could at least sit upright on 

5405
04:44:37,200 --> 04:44:40,600
my straw caught every movement 
sent bolts of Agony through my 

5406
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:43,400
welded back. 
I stared at the dark sealing 

5407
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:47,000
Hollow and hot sick. 
Full, I had been indeed thinking

5408
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,000
I could speak for the week and 
not be struck down. 

5409
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:53,100
As the castle around me bustled 
with the evening supper and 

5410
04:44:53,100 --> 04:44:57,000
song, I lay in silence tasting, 
bitterness like bile. 

5411
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:02,000
I did not know what hurt more. 
Fiery stripes across my back or 

5412
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:05,400
the cold distance that now 
yawned between me and the king. 

5413
04:45:05,400 --> 04:45:09,700
I had thought perhaps foolishly 
was my friend after a week Under

5414
04:45:09,700 --> 04:45:13,000
Siege with little progress, the 
king decided to send a message 

5415
04:45:13,000 --> 04:45:16,100
of surrender terms to do Jeffrey
to my surprise. 

5416
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:19,200
He chose me as the envoy, 
perhaps, he chose me as the 

5417
04:45:19,200 --> 04:45:21,200
envoy as a form of punishment or
perhaps. 

5418
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:23,800
He believed that having a full 
present would emphasize his 

5419
04:45:23,800 --> 04:45:26,700
contempt. 
Either way, I found myself 

5420
04:45:26,700 --> 04:45:30,000
standing before the king in his 
Pavilion, as he thrust to sealed

5421
04:45:30,000 --> 04:45:33,500
parchment into my hand, carry 
out, surrender offer to Duke 

5422
04:45:33,500 --> 04:45:36,700
Jeffries gate, you've a silver 
tongue, perhaps, you can 

5423
04:45:36,700 --> 04:45:40,600
persuade him with CJ engines. 
Cannot he said coolie His Knight

5424
04:45:40,600 --> 04:45:43,000
smirked. 
We all knew this era and carried

5425
04:45:43,000 --> 04:45:45,500
risk. 
A rebel might easily kill the 

5426
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:47,300
king's fool as a mockery of the 
message. 

5427
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:50,800
I realized King Edward was 
effectively sending me as a 

5428
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:54,800
disposable Herald. 
Still, I mustered, my courage. 

5429
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:58,200
This was the first Duty he had 
given me since my disgrace. 

5430
04:45:59,100 --> 04:46:02,500
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 
could begin to mend the rift. 

5431
04:46:04,000 --> 04:46:06,400
As you command sire. 
I said, quietly. 

5432
04:46:08,100 --> 04:46:11,300
Soon after I rode out under a 
truce flag, replacing my Motley 

5433
04:46:11,300 --> 04:46:13,600
with a simple tunic adorned with
the Royal Arms. 

5434
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:17,000
A pair of trumpeters accompanied
me part way and sounded a call 

5435
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:19,900
before falling back. 
Alone, I approached the castles 

5436
04:46:19,900 --> 04:46:23,000
gate across a field littered 
with broken arrows, my spine, 

5437
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:26,900
prickled expecting at any moment
to hear the Sinister, twang of a

5438
04:46:26,900 --> 04:46:29,100
bow string and feel an arrow 
between my shoulders. 

5439
04:46:29,100 --> 04:46:33,400
But none came instead and not of
the Duke soldiers emerged to 

5440
04:46:33,408 --> 04:46:36,000
top, the battlements crossbows 
trained on me. 

5441
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:38,700
I come bearing a message from 
King Edward. 

5442
04:46:38,700 --> 04:46:41,400
I shouted up in a steady of 
voice as I could manage. 

5443
04:46:42,400 --> 04:46:45,700
Eventually, the iron pot color 
is creaked upward just enough 

5444
04:46:45,700 --> 04:46:47,900
for a handful of armed men to 
drag me inside. 

5445
04:46:48,800 --> 04:46:51,300
I was roughly searched and 
released of my small dagger, 

5446
04:46:51,300 --> 04:46:54,800
more a tool than a weapon then 
they shoved me into a torch lit.

5447
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:56,600
Great Hall. 
Where Duke Jeffrey himself. 

5448
04:46:56,600 --> 04:47:00,000
Awaited, he was a formidable 
figure in steel plate and a 

5449
04:47:00,000 --> 04:47:02,900
crimson cloak and middle-aged 
man with a scarred brow and 

5450
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:05,700
weary eyes. 
So he said his voice. 

5451
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:08,900
Echoing off the stone walls, 
Edward sends his full to parley.

5452
04:47:09,600 --> 04:47:13,300
He's so short of loyal Knights 
Snickers echoed from the Duke's 

5453
04:47:13,300 --> 04:47:15,800
men around me. 
Straight into my full height. 

5454
04:47:15,800 --> 04:47:19,000
Trying not to let my knees. 
Quake loyal. 

5455
04:47:19,000 --> 04:47:21,100
Knights are too valuable to risk
on Duke Jeffrey. 

5456
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:23,200
I replied before thinking better
of it. 

5457
04:47:24,100 --> 04:47:27,700
My old reflex for wit had 
slipped out some of the Rebel 

5458
04:47:27,700 --> 04:47:30,300
soldiers bristled that the Duke 
barked a short laugh. 

5459
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:34,200
Hand me the message full, he 
said I presented the parchment 

5460
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:36,700
with a slight bow. 
As he read the king's offer 

5461
04:47:36,700 --> 04:47:38,800
amnesty and exchange for 
immediate surrender. 

5462
04:47:38,800 --> 04:47:42,800
His face showed no flicker of 
concession when he finished, he 

5463
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:46,200
scoffed. 
Empty promises did Edward think 

5464
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:48,300
of a few pardoning words would 
make me kneel. 

5465
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:50,700
He must consider me more foolish
than you. 

5466
04:47:52,100 --> 04:47:55,200
Tense silence fell. 
I realized all eyes were on me 

5467
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:58,600
awaiting a response. 
If I returned empty-handed and 

5468
04:47:58,600 --> 04:48:00,600
tongue-tied, I don't only 
scored. 

5469
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:04,100
So drawing a shaky breath, I 
addressed the Duke. 

5470
04:48:04,100 --> 04:48:07,900
His majesty desires, no more. 
Bloodshed, he offers you a 

5471
04:48:07,900 --> 04:48:10,200
chance to retain your lands and 
honor your grace. 

5472
04:48:11,000 --> 04:48:13,300
I employ you to think of the 
kingdom and your men who have 

5473
04:48:13,300 --> 04:48:16,300
families waiting for them. 
My voice echoed in the hall. 

5474
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:19,300
There was a bold speed for my 
station, but I spoke with 

5475
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:22,100
genuine pleading, I had seen 
enough suffering. 

5476
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:25,600
Duke Jeffrey regarded, me with a
faintly surprised expression. 

5477
04:48:25,600 --> 04:48:28,700
He spoke earnestly as if he were
a fool. 

5478
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:31,200
He sighed deeply. 
And for a moment. 

5479
04:48:31,208 --> 04:48:32,800
I thought I saw sorrow in his 
eyes. 

5480
04:48:33,800 --> 04:48:36,000
You are young. 
You do not know Edward as I do 

5481
04:48:36,008 --> 04:48:38,300
he keeps his promises only while
it suits him. 

5482
04:48:38,300 --> 04:48:41,100
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 
March will not yield a pretty 

5483
04:48:41,108 --> 04:48:44,100
words and Hollow clemency we 
will meet on the field and 

5484
04:48:44,100 --> 04:48:45,600
settle our differences with 
steel. 

5485
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:50,000
My heart sank. 
Is that your final answer? 

5486
04:48:50,000 --> 04:48:54,200
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 
He said, then he leaned forward 

5487
04:48:54,200 --> 04:48:57,600
and added in a low growl, tell 
Edward that by week's end. 

5488
04:48:57,600 --> 04:48:59,200
I shall sit on his throne or 
die. 

5489
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:02,600
In the attempt, I bowed 
understanding the Pali was over.

5490
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:05,900
But as I turned to leave one of 
the Dukes Captain stepped 

5491
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:08,900
forward with a hand on his 
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 

5492
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:11,800
grin. 
Duke Jeffrey waived Aunt listed 

5493
04:49:11,800 --> 04:49:15,400
hand, dismissively know. 
He's but a messenger and an 

5494
04:49:15,400 --> 04:49:18,100
honest one at that, let him 
return unharmed. 

5495
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:20,700
We are not the Savages that 
Edward would claim. 

5496
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:25,200
He looked at me, go full, thank 
whatever. 

5497
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:27,900
God you pray to that, I am not 
in the mood to play games with a

5498
04:49:27,908 --> 04:49:30,800
gesture today, they escorted me 
back to the gate. 

5499
04:49:31,600 --> 04:49:33,200
Felt the glare of archers on my 
back. 

5500
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:36,200
As I walked out, refusing to 
break into a run. 

5501
04:49:36,200 --> 04:49:39,500
They shoved me out and slammed 
the pork colors behind me. 

5502
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,000
Weak need with relief. 
I walked back to our lines. 

5503
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:46,500
Facing the rebel Lord had been 
terrifying but at least I 

5504
04:49:46,500 --> 04:49:49,500
survived unscathed. 
Back in King Edward's Camp. 

5505
04:49:49,500 --> 04:49:52,500
I delivered Duke Jeffries reply 
Faithfully to King Edward and 

5506
04:49:52,500 --> 04:49:56,100
his Council the king's face 
tightened at the Dukes Defiance.

5507
04:49:56,100 --> 04:49:59,100
He said nothing to me, except a 
Curt nod of dismissal. 

5508
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:01,700
It was as if I were, truly 
nothing more than a talking 

5509
04:50:01,700 --> 04:50:06,200
letter. that night I sat by the 
campfires watching, armored men,

5510
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,400
hurry about sharpening swords 
and Whispering prayers and 

5511
04:50:09,400 --> 04:50:13,100
murmuring about illumines Blood 
would begin to Flow by Dawn. 

5512
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:17,000
I felt utterly small beneath the
vast, dark sky, once a Fool's 

5513
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:21,300
quick-witted in the king's hall.
Now it meant nothing on the eve 

5514
04:50:21,300 --> 04:50:23,700
of Slaughter. 
I realized I was witnessing the 

5515
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:26,800
gears of History turning in 
different to one humble gesture.

5516
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:30,700
In the flicker of the firelight,
I caught sight of king, Edward 

5517
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:33,000
standing with his generals 
Resolute and Grim. 

5518
04:50:33,000 --> 04:50:35,800
I remembered when he used to 
smile at my Antics. 

5519
04:50:35,800 --> 04:50:40,500
But that was before famine 
rebellion and my own over bold 

5520
04:50:40,500 --> 04:50:44,900
tongue had come between us. 
Now, I was just another soul in 

5521
04:50:44,900 --> 04:50:47,300
his train useful, only for the 
odd Aaron. 

5522
04:50:48,200 --> 04:50:51,200
As trumpet sounded, though, in 
mournful in the darkness, I wrap

5523
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:53,200
my cloak. 
Titan tried to steal a few hours

5524
04:50:53,200 --> 04:50:56,700
of sleep on the cold ground. 
Tomorrow's battle would decide 

5525
04:50:56,700 --> 04:50:59,500
the fate of the Kingdom. 
I could do nothing but witness 

5526
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:02,900
it, a full on the sidelines of 
Kings, hoping to survive the 

5527
04:51:02,900 --> 04:51:07,300
coming Dawn, at Dawn, King 
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 

5528
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:10,400
Jeffries rebels in a cacophony 
of Steel and screams. 

5529
04:51:11,100 --> 04:51:13,100
Suddenly I saw King Edward 
unhorsed. 

5530
04:51:13,100 --> 04:51:16,900
His white charger had been 
felled him and the King was on 

5531
04:51:16,900 --> 04:51:19,100
foot fighting off. 
Rebel soldiers who pressed in 

5532
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:22,000
around him. 
My heart pounded in my chest, 

5533
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:25,600
the knights who should have been
by his side dispersed leaving, 

5534
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:28,700
only me close enough to assist 
him in that moment without 

5535
04:51:28,700 --> 04:51:31,900
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 
spear from the churned mud and 

5536
04:51:31,900 --> 04:51:35,100
ran towards the king. 
The sight of a Motley clad 

5537
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:38,400
Fool's sprinting into the thick 
of battle stunned, both friends 

5538
04:51:38,400 --> 04:51:42,300
and foes alike, one Rebel night,
charged, the king from behind. 

5539
04:51:42,300 --> 04:51:45,700
I heard myself at him with all 
my might by sheer luck. 

5540
04:51:45,708 --> 04:51:49,000
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

5541
04:51:49,700 --> 04:51:52,100
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me. 

5542
04:51:52,100 --> 04:51:55,600
Mud splattered and wild-eyed 
standing over the night. 

5543
04:51:55,600 --> 04:51:59,600
I'd felt for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

5544
04:51:59,600 --> 04:52:03,000
lunged at the King, Edward 
parried and together we stood 

5545
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:06,800
back to back Sovereign and 
fallen and unlikely circle of 

5546
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:10,100
Defense. 
A brandished the spear wildly 

5547
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:12,200
screaming, more in Terror than 
Fury. 

5548
04:52:12,900 --> 04:52:16,100
In that moment, a surge of Royal
Knights plowed into the melee 

5549
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:19,400
driving the rebels back. 
As the enemy fell into confusion

5550
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,100
and began to retreat. 
We pulled the king onto a fresh 

5551
04:52:22,100 --> 04:52:25,500
horse. 
The battle soon turned in our 

5552
04:52:25,500 --> 04:52:28,600
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 
under the onslaught of the 

5553
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:32,700
king's rallied forces by noon, 
it was over the rebels threw 

5554
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:35,500
down arms or fled Victory 
belonged to King Edward. 

5555
04:52:35,500 --> 04:52:39,200
But it came at a terrible cost 
bodies carpeted, the field and 

5556
04:52:39,200 --> 04:52:42,300
the cries of the Wounded echoed 
in the Smoky air in the 

5557
04:52:42,300 --> 04:52:45,000
aftermath, I slumped exhausted 
on a fallen log. 

5558
04:52:45,000 --> 04:52:49,000
My hand still trembling from a 
Dremel Blood spattered. 

5559
04:52:49,000 --> 04:52:52,700
My once colorful attire, some of
it from a shallow cut on my arm.

5560
04:52:53,500 --> 04:52:56,400
As the king moved among the 
living and dead tending to the 

5561
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,800
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 
over the Carnage, I watched in a

5562
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:02,100
day's. 
When at last the king approached

5563
04:53:02,100 --> 04:53:05,400
me, I struggled to my feet and 
bowed on steadily, like, 

5564
04:53:05,400 --> 04:53:07,400
expected. 
Perhaps a reprimand for plunging

5565
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:10,200
into the fight. 
Unbidden instead King Edward 

5566
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:13,100
dismounted, and stepped forward 
for a long moment. 

5567
04:53:13,100 --> 04:53:17,000
He simply regarded me taking in 
the spear still clenched in my 

5568
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:20,400
hand, and the drying blood on my
cheek, then to my shock, he 

5569
04:53:20,400 --> 04:53:22,100
knelt slightly and placed her 
hand on my shoulder. 

5570
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:25,000
You saved my life. 
Today he said quietly. 

5571
04:53:25,000 --> 04:53:27,000
There was an openness in his 
face. 

5572
04:53:27,000 --> 04:53:29,200
I'd not seen since my earliest 
days at court. 

5573
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:33,000
Full or not Tom you have the 
heart of a true friend Sia I 

5574
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:35,100
only did. 
What anyone would I stammered 

5575
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:39,000
suddenly choking up? 
He shook his head and turned to 

5576
04:53:39,000 --> 04:53:41,600
the Lord's gathering around in a
clear voice. 

5577
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:44,200
He proclaimed that my bravery 
had saved him and would not be 

5578
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:47,400
forgotten. 
My cheeks burned with humble 

5579
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:50,200
Pride, as Nobles, who once 
neared now, inclined their heads

5580
04:53:50,200 --> 04:53:53,200
to me, I understood that my 
return to the king's favor was 

5581
04:53:53,200 --> 04:53:56,900
not due to humor. but rather to 
my unwavering loyalty during 

5582
04:53:56,900 --> 04:54:00,600
crucial moments, That evening we
shared a quiet Victory meal in 

5583
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:03,300
Camp late that night as I sat by
the dying. 

5584
04:54:03,300 --> 04:54:05,300
Fire. 
King, Edward draped, his own 

5585
04:54:05,300 --> 04:54:08,700
fur, cloak around my shoulders. 
You'll catch your death in this 

5586
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:09,400
chill. 
Tom. 

5587
04:54:09,400 --> 04:54:13,900
He said softly side by side 
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 

5588
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:17,400
a comfortable silence. 
After a long pause, he murdered 

5589
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:20,600
so much lost. 
Will God forgive me for this 

5590
04:54:20,600 --> 04:54:23,700
day. 
In that moment, he was not a 

5591
04:54:23,700 --> 04:54:27,100
mighty king but a weary man I 
Found the courage to answer 

5592
04:54:27,100 --> 04:54:29,700
gently that he had done his duty
and even shown Mercy. 

5593
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:33,800
If a king can be merciful, I 
said, surely God can too. 

5594
04:54:34,600 --> 04:54:36,400
He managed to warn smile and 
grip. 

5595
04:54:36,400 --> 04:54:37,900
My arm. 
Thank you, Tom. 

5596
04:54:37,900 --> 04:54:40,500
He whispered. 
By the time I crawled into my 

5597
04:54:40,500 --> 04:54:44,200
small tent, I felt lighter than 
I had in a long while the gulf 

5598
04:54:44,200 --> 04:54:46,900
between the king and his full 
had closed in The Crucible of 

5599
04:54:46,908 --> 04:54:49,100
war, and with it came a new 
trust. 

5600
04:54:49,100 --> 04:54:52,900
I dare to hope that better days.
Lay ahead when I might serve him

5601
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:57,000
with both wit and devotion, as I
once did for a brief golden time

5602
04:54:57,000 --> 04:54:59,500
after the battle life, at court 
was kind to me. 

5603
04:55:00,200 --> 04:55:03,200
King Edward, kept me close and 
though, I still dont caps and 

5604
04:55:03,208 --> 04:55:06,400
bells to amuse him, I also 
became something of a confidant 

5605
04:55:06,400 --> 04:55:08,300
again. 
I even offered the king and 

5606
04:55:08,300 --> 04:55:10,400
occasional candid observation to
Aid, his rule. 

5607
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:14,100
The memory of my past, a strange
management faded like a terrible

5608
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:19,400
dream but fortunes we will never
stops turning some years later a

5609
04:55:19,400 --> 04:55:21,900
harsh winter illness, swept 
through the land, the illness 

5610
04:55:21,900 --> 04:55:24,900
affected, both the upper and 
lower classes equally King 

5611
04:55:24,900 --> 04:55:27,800
Edward vigorous. 
In battle succumbed in his bed 

5612
04:55:27,800 --> 04:55:31,200
chamber, after a week of fever, 
I started his bedside near the 

5613
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:33,200
end. 
Holding his hand as the fever. 

5614
04:55:33,200 --> 04:55:36,300
Took it on a frigid February 
night when he breathed his last.

5615
04:55:36,300 --> 04:55:40,900
I lost not only my king, but all
so my truest friend, the court 

5616
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:42,700
mourned. 
And then the power shifted. 

5617
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:46,500
King Edwards are was a boy of 
12, so a council of Regents took

5618
04:55:46,500 --> 04:55:50,300
control Almost overnight, the 
atmosphere at court changed. 

5619
04:55:50,300 --> 04:55:54,300
The new rulers had little use 
for the Old Kings full to them. 

5620
04:55:54,300 --> 04:55:58,200
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 
at best irrelevant that worst a 

5621
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:01,100
nuisance with too many of the 
late King's confidences in the 

5622
04:56:01,108 --> 04:56:02,700
weeks. 
After the funeral I became 

5623
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:06,700
increasingly unwelcome the boy 
King Guided by Stern advisors. 

5624
04:56:06,700 --> 04:56:10,100
Showed no interest in my Antics 
he used to sit near the throne 

5625
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:13,000
but now I found myself standing 
at the back of the hall. 

5626
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:17,300
One gray morning, I was summoned
before Lord Warwick the very 

5627
04:56:17,300 --> 04:56:19,500
adviser who had urge my flogging
years ago. 

5628
04:56:19,500 --> 04:56:22,800
And now one of the princes 
Regents, he regarded me with 

5629
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:26,600
cold disdain The crown has 
decided your services are no 

5630
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:29,900
longer required. 
He said Flatley He pushed across

5631
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:31,400
the table a small purse of 
coins. 

5632
04:56:31,400 --> 04:56:34,900
Perhaps, as a gesture of 
compensation, you're to leave 

5633
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:39,900
the palace by sundown. 
I felt a Pang of disbelief, I 

5634
04:56:39,900 --> 04:56:42,300
dare to ask if I had given a 
fence or could make amends but 

5635
04:56:42,300 --> 04:56:46,900
Warwick silence me with a glare.
The young king was too busy to 

5636
04:56:46,900 --> 04:56:50,000
indulge a Fool's. 
Prattville, he said they didn't 

5637
04:56:50,000 --> 04:56:51,600
require a gesture to interrupt 
them. 

5638
04:56:52,500 --> 04:56:55,700
For an instant angered. 
I had bled for this Kingdom and 

5639
04:56:55,700 --> 04:56:58,800
The Late King valued me, but one
look at Warwick's face told me. 

5640
04:56:58,808 --> 04:57:02,800
Protest was futile. 
These men saw only a clown, not 

5641
04:57:02,800 --> 04:57:05,400
a counselor. 
I took the leather purse with 

5642
04:57:05,400 --> 04:57:09,500
trembling fingers, it felt 
pitifully, light about my head. 

5643
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:13,400
As you command my Lord, I 
murmured there was nothing else 

5644
04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:16,100
to do to resist. 
Would mean imprisonment or 

5645
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:20,600
worse. that afternoon, I packed 
my Scamp belongings, a few 

5646
04:57:20,608 --> 04:57:23,900
Warren, Motley tunics, my Loot 
and the Gilded wooden full 

5647
04:57:23,900 --> 04:57:26,900
scepter King Edward, had once 
given me as a jesting staff of 

5648
04:57:26,900 --> 04:57:29,900
office Not one familiar face 
came to wish me. 

5649
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:33,600
Well, any who might have were 
gone or afraid to show kindness 

5650
04:57:33,600 --> 04:57:37,000
to a dismissed full. 
I walked out of the palace gates

5651
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:39,600
at Twilight. 
A solitary figure for the first 

5652
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:42,600
time in years. 
The guards hardly glanced at me 

5653
04:57:42,600 --> 04:57:45,100
as I passed under the pork 
Palace where I had first 

5654
04:57:45,100 --> 04:57:47,500
entered. 
So many years ago, a frightened 

5655
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:49,700
youth. 
Eager to entertain a king. 

5656
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:52,700
How different that departure was
now older. 

5657
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:55,600
Wiser and bearing the weight of 
Sorrows and joys alike. 

5658
04:57:56,600 --> 04:57:59,400
As I left the Royal Court behind
I paused on a hill. 

5659
04:57:59,400 --> 04:58:03,300
Overlooking the capital, the sun
was sinking in a cold purple sky

5660
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,100
in the distance. 
The towers of the castle, caught

5661
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:08,900
the last Light. 
Standing in that same spot on 

5662
04:58:08,900 --> 04:58:11,900
Happy Days alongside King. 
Edward, I recalled listening to 

5663
04:58:11,900 --> 04:58:13,200
him. 
Confide his worries. 

5664
04:58:13,200 --> 04:58:17,200
I remembered our laughter, our 
battles of wit, and even our 

5665
04:58:17,200 --> 04:58:20,300
moments of anger, Sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

5666
04:58:21,100 --> 04:58:24,200
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

5667
04:58:24,208 --> 04:58:27,200
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

5668
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,700
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

5669
04:58:32,500 --> 04:58:35,400
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

5670
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:37,200
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

5671
04:58:37,200 --> 04:58:40,500
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

5672
04:58:40,500 --> 04:58:43,600
king might face for months, I 
roamed through Villages and 

5673
04:58:43,600 --> 04:58:47,400
Market towns free and without a 
master initially, the freedom 

5674
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:51,300
felt jarring, I could go. 
Anyway, say anything yet who 

5675
04:58:51,300 --> 04:58:53,200
cared now for the words of a 
king's fool. 

5676
04:58:53,900 --> 04:58:56,900
I earned my supper by telling 
stories or juggling in Tavern 

5677
04:58:56,900 --> 04:58:59,800
yards, performing not for 
Nobles, but for farmers and 

5678
04:58:59,800 --> 04:59:01,500
fishermen. 
Some nights. 

5679
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:04,500
I stepped in a hay loft or under
the Open Sky, my joint sake, 

5680
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:07,500
more than they used to and the 
laughter, of course, villagers 

5681
04:59:07,500 --> 04:59:10,300
was a poor, substitute for the 
attentive hush of a Royal Court.

5682
04:59:11,300 --> 04:59:14,100
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

5683
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:16,700
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half. 

5684
04:59:17,400 --> 04:59:20,000
I narrated humorous stories 
about court life, taking care, 

5685
04:59:20,000 --> 04:59:23,400
not to mention specific names 
and managed to elicit a few 

5686
04:59:23,400 --> 04:59:27,000
Chuckles from the audience. 
Afterwards, as the Patron's 

5687
04:59:27,000 --> 04:59:29,600
drifted off the inkeeper's into 
my hand. 

5688
04:59:29,600 --> 04:59:34,700
Pity or payment, perhaps both 
and asked, were you truly the 

5689
04:59:34,700 --> 04:59:39,200
king's full once I nodded with a
faint smile. 

5690
04:59:39,200 --> 04:59:43,500
I was I replied, he shook his 
head in Wonder and went to lock 

5691
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:45,600
up leaving me alone with the 
dying fire. 

5692
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:50,900
I sat there long after the last 
Embers crumbled, nursing the ale

5693
04:59:50,900 --> 04:59:53,800
in my memories. 
Yes, I had been the king's fool.

5694
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:58,500
I had lived in a castle one 
silks, however, patched dined on

5695
04:59:58,508 --> 05:00:01,700
Venison and custard and traded 
wits with powerful men. 

5696
05:00:02,700 --> 05:00:06,700
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

5697
05:00:06,708 --> 05:00:10,300
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

5698
05:00:10,300 --> 05:00:12,900
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

5699
05:00:12,900 --> 05:00:15,900
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

5700
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:19,400
In the Silence of that. 
Haven't, I realized that in my 

5701
05:00:19,400 --> 05:00:21,500
own way? 
I still carried the truth. 

5702
05:00:21,500 --> 05:00:24,600
Speakers torch. 
I could now speak freely about 

5703
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:27,100
the Lords of vanity. 
The pause plight and other 

5704
05:00:27,100 --> 05:00:29,900
Palace secrets. 
The strange privilege. 

5705
05:00:29,900 --> 05:00:33,600
I once held to speak truth to 
power had come in a normal risk.

5706
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:36,000
Now I held a different sort of 
freedom. 

5707
05:00:36,000 --> 05:00:39,900
I could speak truth openly but 
Power no longer heeded. 

5708
05:00:39,900 --> 05:00:42,600
It was a lonely, Freedom strip 
of the glamour. 

5709
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:45,900
That wants gave my words weight.
I drained my ale and stepped 

5710
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:49,200
outside into the crisp night. 
Thin sliver of moon hung 

5711
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:51,200
overhead. 
The Village was dark and 

5712
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:54,500
sleeping only the distant bark 
of a dog and the rustle of 

5713
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,500
trees, kept me company pulling 
my threadbare cloak around my 

5714
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,600
shoulders, I walked down the 
empty Lane toward the unstable 

5715
05:01:00,600 --> 05:01:04,100
loft, where a pile of straw, 
waited as my bed overhead, 

5716
05:01:04,100 --> 05:01:07,100
countless Stars glittered the 
same Stars. 

5717
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,900
I used to gaze at from the 
castle parapets and King Edwards

5718
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:11,900
day. 
How many times did I stood by 

5719
05:01:11,908 --> 05:01:15,000
his side after a feast pointing 
out a constellation or making a 

5720
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:17,300
wish? 
I closed my eyes and could 

5721
05:01:17,300 --> 05:01:21,400
almost hear the king's Rich 
laugh beside me and ache swelled

5722
05:01:21,400 --> 05:01:23,800
in my throat parts, sorrow 
Parts, sweet. 

5723
05:01:23,800 --> 05:01:29,400
Reminiscent Edward to the sky. 
They took your full away but 

5724
05:01:29,400 --> 05:01:30,800
they'll never quite rid me of 
you. 

5725
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:35,000
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 
to say, but then foolishness had

5726
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:39,100
always been my trade. 
I climbed into the Loft and laid

5727
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:41,400
down on the straw through a gap 
in the roof. 

5728
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:44,500
I could see a splash of stars. 
I thought of the people. 

5729
05:01:44,500 --> 05:01:46,600
I had been the eager young 
gesture. 

5730
05:01:46,600 --> 05:01:49,700
The broken wretch in the stocks,
the unlikely hero on the 

5731
05:01:49,700 --> 05:01:51,400
battlefield. 
The Trusted friend. 

5732
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:54,600
And now the Vagabond 
Storyteller, which was the real 

5733
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:57,500
me. 
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 

5734
05:01:57,500 --> 05:02:00,900
none. 
As I drifted to sleep, I found 

5735
05:02:00,900 --> 05:02:03,300
myself. 
Smiling in the dark, I had 

5736
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:06,300
played my part in the grand, 
pageant of kings and clowns, and

5737
05:02:06,300 --> 05:02:09,300
though, my costume was torn and 
my stage now, humbling, I still 

5738
05:02:09,300 --> 05:02:12,300
had my wits, my memories, and my
voice in the morning. 

5739
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:14,500
I would move on to the next 
Village and the next crowd. 

5740
05:02:14,500 --> 05:02:18,300
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe
I'd make them think either way, 

5741
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:21,200
the spirit of the Kings will 
lived on as long as I drew 

5742
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:23,900
breath, whatever tomorrow 
brings, I will meet it. 

5743
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:27,500
As I always have with a jest on 
my tongue, a tear in my eye and 

5744
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:29,300
hope in my Foolish Heart 
picture. 

5745
05:02:29,300 --> 05:02:32,000
An early morning in the ancient 
Kingdom of Macedon. 

5746
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:36,000
A hazy Dawn, light creeping over
the Rolling Hills and The 

5747
05:02:36,000 --> 05:02:38,600
Illuminating. 
The stone walls of pela the 

5748
05:02:38,600 --> 05:02:41,200
capital in the courtyard of the 
Royal Palace. 

5749
05:02:41,200 --> 05:02:44,400
A young prince takes measured 
steps across smooth. 

5750
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:46,600
Flagstone, still cool from the 
chill of night. 

5751
05:02:46,600 --> 05:02:51,400
He is Alexander son of King, 
Philip the second already 

5752
05:02:51,400 --> 05:02:55,400
restless with ambition, he 
stands No taller than any normal

5753
05:02:55,400 --> 05:02:58,200
youth yet. 
There's a quiet intensity in his

5754
05:02:58,200 --> 05:03:01,000
gaze. 
Local, gossips suggests, he asks

5755
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:03,700
questions. 
No child, his age, should one's 

5756
05:03:03,700 --> 05:03:07,300
about life death and the 
boundaries of human capability. 

5757
05:03:07,300 --> 05:03:11,000
It's whispered that from the day
he first, saw the world, he's 

5758
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:12,900
been driven by the desire to 
surpass. 

5759
05:03:12,900 --> 05:03:16,100
It Philip himself is not a 
particularly sentimental father,

5760
05:03:16,100 --> 05:03:19,900
he loves Alexander in his own 
way, yet the kingdom demands 

5761
05:03:19,900 --> 05:03:23,800
more attention than his son 
under King, Philip Macedon has 

5762
05:03:23,800 --> 05:03:26,800
become stronger, more organized,
and more dangerous to 

5763
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:29,800
neighboring lands. 
Philip sees and Alexander the 

5764
05:03:29,800 --> 05:03:32,100
potential to carry on and expand
his work. 

5765
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:36,000
He pushes the boy to study with 
the best tutors in all of Greece

5766
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:38,800
and showing a potent, blend of 
Marshall and intellectual 

5767
05:03:38,800 --> 05:03:42,000
preparation. 
Aristotle is one among many 

5768
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:45,800
teachers, but uniquely revered. 
He nurtures Alexander's 

5769
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:49,200
fascination with science 
philosophy and the fringes of 

5770
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:51,500
knowledge. 
Lessons aren't wrote 

5771
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:54,800
memorization, but dialogues full
of debates that test logic. 

5772
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:58,400
And Stoke curiosity. 
This mental discipline shapes 

5773
05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:01,900
Alexander's sense of strategy 
and cunning the climate in the 

5774
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:04,400
palace is complex. 
Every corner can hold a 

5775
05:04:04,400 --> 05:04:08,200
potential spy and each Dusty. 
Corridor might Echo with rumors 

5776
05:04:08,200 --> 05:04:11,600
of betrayals and alliances 
people talking low. 

5777
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:14,000
Tones about the tension between 
Philip and his wife's 

5778
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:17,500
Alexander's. 
Mother olympias is his 

5779
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:19,300
formidable in her own writers, 
any Soldier. 

5780
05:04:20,100 --> 05:04:23,200
Devout worshiper of the god 
Dionysus, she's rumored to 

5781
05:04:23,200 --> 05:04:27,200
participate in Midnight, rituals
involving serpents drums and an 

5782
05:04:27,200 --> 05:04:29,200
ecstatic communion with the 
Divine. 

5783
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:33,400
Some say she is cunning even a 
dangerous influence on Alexander

5784
05:04:33,400 --> 05:04:36,200
yet to him. 
She has not the mysterious 

5785
05:04:36,200 --> 05:04:39,800
Priestess but the unwavering 
pillar of maternal warmth. 

5786
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:43,400
Between Phillips, Stern 
discipline and Olympus is 

5787
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:47,000
intense. 
Devotion, Alexander is shaped by

5788
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:52,200
a certain Duality logic, wedded 
to the, mystical ambition Guided

5789
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:56,300
by tradition, but emboldened by 
dreams of grandeur From an early

5790
05:04:56,300 --> 05:04:59,500
age, Alexander's thirst for the 
glory Finds. 

5791
05:04:59,500 --> 05:05:02,800
Its first real test in the 
Stables of his father, Legend 

5792
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:05,900
has it that when he encounters a
spirited Black Stallion named 

5793
05:05:05,900 --> 05:05:09,400
Busse, Alice the horse refuses 
to Be Tamed by any of Philips, 

5794
05:05:09,400 --> 05:05:12,800
most capable men. 
They try, they fail and the 

5795
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:16,600
Beast is ready to be dismissed. 
But young, Alexander notices, 

5796
05:05:16,600 --> 05:05:19,400
the animals fear of its own 
shadow patiently. 

5797
05:05:19,400 --> 05:05:22,600
He coaxes his beautiful palace 
to face the Sun away from the 

5798
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:24,900
silhouette that spooked him in 
minutes. 

5799
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:27,900
The horses, calm, and Alexander 
rides in without protest. 

5800
05:05:27,900 --> 05:05:32,700
Observers watch stunned, as the 
boy demonstrates, a combination 

5801
05:05:32,700 --> 05:05:36,400
of empathy and Ingenuity that 
even seasoned, Horseman lack. 

5802
05:05:37,200 --> 05:05:40,700
From that moment youthfulness, 
become a living extension of 

5803
05:05:40,700 --> 05:05:44,200
Alexander a half wild mirror to 
his own Fierce spirit. 

5804
05:05:45,200 --> 05:05:48,400
In the Macedonian Court. 
Nova virtue stands above the 

5805
05:05:48,400 --> 05:05:51,900
ability to wage war and art, 
requiring both brilliant and 

5806
05:05:51,900 --> 05:05:55,000
brute strength. 
Alexander's, basic training 

5807
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:58,300
begins filled with the typical 
riggers, sprinting, uphill 

5808
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:01,500
wrestling, and Dusty Arenas and 
drilling with weapons under the 

5809
05:06:01,500 --> 05:06:03,100
unrelenting heat of the Summer 
sun. 

5810
05:06:03,100 --> 05:06:06,700
Yet his father insists. 
He also Master oratory the skill

5811
05:06:06,700 --> 05:06:10,600
to sway hearts with words is as 
valuable in forging alliances as

5812
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:14,500
a sharp and spear is in battle. 
Philip knows that to conquer new

5813
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:16,200
lands. 
You need to win people's Faith 

5814
05:06:16,200 --> 05:06:19,500
or Kindle. 
Their Fear Alexander even as a 

5815
05:06:19,508 --> 05:06:23,400
teenager shows promise in both 
Realms, before he ever lifts a 

5816
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:26,400
sword in Earnest combat. 
He has already convinced many of

5817
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:29,200
his peers. 
He is destined for greatness. at

5818
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:32,400
night, after the strenuous 
training and political chatter, 

5819
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:36,900
Alexander retreats to the Palace
Library, He pulls over Scrolls, 

5820
05:06:36,900 --> 05:06:39,000
describing the achievements of 
Legendary Heroes. 

5821
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:43,000
Achilles, most of all, when 
Alexander reads these stories, 

5822
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:46,800
he doesn't see them as Dusty 
relics, but as signposts of what

5823
05:06:46,800 --> 05:06:51,000
is possible, every Triumph of 
Achilles, every cunning maneuver

5824
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:55,000
of Odysseus, comes a clue to his
own destiny yet, he's not 

5825
05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:56,900
content to just mirror these 
Heroes. 

5826
05:06:56,900 --> 05:07:01,000
He wants to equip them to 
inscribe his own feet into the 

5827
05:07:01,000 --> 05:07:03,700
tapestry of myths in his private
moments. 

5828
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:06,100
He contemplates the ephemeral 
nature of life. 

5829
05:07:06,100 --> 05:07:08,200
He wonders. 
How many will remember him 

5830
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:10,000
after. 
Centuries of passed, his 

5831
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:12,800
conclusion has always the same 
only through extraordinary, 

5832
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:14,900
Deeds. 
Can one transcend mortality? 

5833
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:19,100
So from the vantage point of 
pillars Palace we see the 

5834
05:07:19,100 --> 05:07:23,000
formative years of a conqueror 
in the making The forces shaping

5835
05:07:23,000 --> 05:07:25,900
Alexander's character are as 
varied as the lands. 

5836
05:07:25,900 --> 05:07:29,100
He will one day Traverse the 
unwavering discipline from King 

5837
05:07:29,100 --> 05:07:32,100
Philip the fierce spiritual 
intensity from Olympus. 

5838
05:07:32,100 --> 05:07:35,600
The philosophical grounding from
Aristotle and the burning 

5839
05:07:35,600 --> 05:07:37,700
ambition stoked by Legends of 
Warriors. 

5840
05:07:37,700 --> 05:07:42,000
Past already has begun forging a
path that few in the Greek 

5841
05:07:42,008 --> 05:07:44,300
World. 
Indeed, the entire Known World 

5842
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:47,500
can envision He's not simply an 
heir to a throne. 

5843
05:07:47,500 --> 05:07:51,200
He sees himself as the living 
manifestation of a myth destined

5844
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:54,600
to break the boundaries of what 
Macedon or any Kingdom believes 

5845
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:56,700
is possible. 
Life in Macedon. 

5846
05:07:56,700 --> 05:08:00,300
Even for a prince is precarious,
the hallways of the palace Buzz 

5847
05:08:00,300 --> 05:08:03,400
with potential treachery. 
Assassin's lurking in the 

5848
05:08:03,408 --> 05:08:06,500
shadows and cunning allies who 
are only as loyal as their 

5849
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:10,600
opportunities demand every so 
often tensions flare between 

5850
05:08:10,600 --> 05:08:13,200
Philip and the aristocracy some 
resent. 

5851
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:16,100
The king's bold military, 
reforms, believe in his 

5852
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:19,300
gradually, dismantling old 
tribal structures that wants to 

5853
05:08:19,300 --> 05:08:22,700
find Macedonian life. 
Others fear that while building 

5854
05:08:22,700 --> 05:08:24,300
Alliance is with Greek 
city-states. 

5855
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:27,900
Philip's. 
Losing the distinct identity of 

5856
05:08:27,900 --> 05:08:29,900
Mastodon on itself. 
Young. 

5857
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:33,600
Alexander absorbing these 
concerns learns early that power

5858
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:36,900
can be fickle. 
Even the mightiest monarchy can 

5859
05:08:36,900 --> 05:08:39,600
topple under the weight of 
ambition both from within and 

5860
05:08:39,600 --> 05:08:42,400
Beyond The Palace walls Beyond 
politics. 

5861
05:08:42,400 --> 05:08:44,900
Alexander wrestles with internal
doubt. 

5862
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,400
Yes, he is fearless on a 
charging horse but the 

5863
05:08:48,408 --> 05:08:51,500
responsibilities overshadowing 
her Doom far greater. 

5864
05:08:51,500 --> 05:08:55,700
There's a hidden conflict often 
unspoken between Father and Son 

5865
05:08:55,700 --> 05:09:00,700
Philip expects gratitude for all
he provides training a stable 

5866
05:09:00,700 --> 05:09:05,000
Empire connections. 
But Alexander yearns to chart 

5867
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:08,200
his own course, and satisfied by
mere inheritance. 

5868
05:09:09,100 --> 05:09:12,800
He wants to carve out something.
Unprecedented an Empire bridging

5869
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:15,800
cultures and continents. 
Sometimes it feels like the 

5870
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:18,100
older generation just wants to 
secure massive ones. 

5871
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:22,000
Local Dominion while Alexander's
private Vision stretches across 

5872
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:24,700
the Horizon. 
He doesn't articulate it yet. 

5873
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:27,800
But deep within the seeds of 
Conquest already. 

5874
05:09:27,800 --> 05:09:30,200
Take root. 
To outside ciders. 

5875
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:33,700
Macedon can feel rugged compared
to the refined city-states of 

5876
05:09:33,700 --> 05:09:36,800
Southern Greece? 
Athenians and Spartans might 

5877
05:09:36,800 --> 05:09:40,600
sneer at Macedonian barbarism, 
but Philip has proven that 

5878
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:44,000
macedon's might lie in an 
organized Army led by fears 

5879
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:46,400
leadership. 
Alexander sees the 

5880
05:09:46,400 --> 05:09:49,300
Transformations, the Phalanx 
formation, perfected, 

5881
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:53,800
discipline, enforced, a new 
Siege Technologies tested. he 

5882
05:09:53,800 --> 05:09:56,400
trains alongside hardened 
veterans who share stories of 

5883
05:09:56,408 --> 05:10:00,200
battles fought against 
formidable, foes Growing up amid

5884
05:10:00,200 --> 05:10:03,300
soldiers, banter, Alexander 
learns, not only the physical, 

5885
05:10:03,300 --> 05:10:07,100
the demands of combat. 
But also how morale, fear and 

5886
05:10:07,100 --> 05:10:10,100
loyalty can determine outcomes 
before the first Arrow even 

5887
05:10:10,100 --> 05:10:13,300
flies? 
Around this time Alexander is 

5888
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:17,100
invited to visit Athens with his
father, despite any mocking 

5889
05:10:17,100 --> 05:10:19,700
glances from local 
intellectuals, he admires the 

5890
05:10:19,708 --> 05:10:23,300
marble columns the bustling 
Agora and the philosophical 

5891
05:10:23,300 --> 05:10:25,400
debates that spill out onto 
street corners. 

5892
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:29,600
The famous city is a living 
Monument to human achievement in

5893
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:32,900
art and reason yet. 
It also teams with political 

5894
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:36,300
tensions, a sense of friction 
between progress and tradition. 

5895
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:40,700
Walking those story streets, 
Alexander Muses that controling 

5896
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:43,100
a city as far, more than just 
occupying its walls. 

5897
05:10:43,100 --> 05:10:46,900
You must win over its Spirit, 
its sense of cultural Pride. 

5898
05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:51,100
Keeps that Insight close. 
Suspecting Hill, one day, need 

5899
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:53,800
it. 
Yet tragedy and strife soon 

5900
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:56,900
converge as they so often do in 
the ancient world. 

5901
05:10:58,500 --> 05:11:00,300
Word, spreads of plots against 
Philip. 

5902
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:03,700
Some revolve around former 
allies, who feel slighted by the

5903
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:06,500
king's conquests or suspect he's
grown to bold. 

5904
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:10,500
Alexander stands on the 
periphery and certain whether he

5905
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:14,500
should intervene afraid that any
misstep might implicate him as a

5906
05:11:14,500 --> 05:11:17,400
conspirator. 
The tension boils over during a 

5907
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,900
grand ceremony one that should 
have been a pinnacle of Philips 

5908
05:11:20,900 --> 05:11:23,600
prestige. 
In a sudden and shocking moment 

5909
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:29,200
and assassin, plunges, a blade 
into the king, the crowds the 

5910
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:33,200
king of Macedon Unstoppable, in 
battle Falls victim to a single 

5911
05:11:33,200 --> 05:11:36,400
thrust in the confusion of the 
celebration chaos. 

5912
05:11:36,400 --> 05:11:38,800
Erupts with bystanders, 
scattering, and guards. 

5913
05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:42,000
Rushing forward within minutes. 
The Assassin lies dead. 

5914
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,700
But the damage is done Philip's,
lifeblood seeps into the dirt 

5915
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:47,800
and mastodons stands at a 
precipice. 

5916
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:51,600
Alexander is thrust into an 
unexpected yet. 

5917
05:11:51,600 --> 05:11:56,300
Almost inevitable position at 
age 20 with the kingdom newly 

5918
05:11:56,300 --> 05:11:58,800
crowned upon his head. 
He must stabilize his realm, 

5919
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:03,300
some friends Rejoice convinced, 
this is his Destiny others wait,

5920
05:12:03,300 --> 05:12:06,700
intense anticipation, unsure if 
the fledgling Monarch can hold 

5921
05:12:06,700 --> 05:12:10,200
the reins fractious laws, sent 
an opening for Independence, 

5922
05:12:10,200 --> 05:12:13,700
rival city states, begin 
murmuring about retaking lost 

5923
05:12:13,700 --> 05:12:16,300
territory. 
Even within Macedon. 

5924
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:21,400
Old grudges resurfaced. 
All eyes fix on the new king who

5925
05:12:21,400 --> 05:12:24,700
must assert control with the 
same decisiveness as his father.

5926
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:27,900
Or face disintegration of all 
that has been built. 

5927
05:12:28,900 --> 05:12:31,800
One of his first orders is 
brutal and direct subdue. 

5928
05:12:31,800 --> 05:12:36,000
Any potential revolts in a swift
campaign, Alexander and his 

5929
05:12:36,000 --> 05:12:39,300
loyal companions quell 
insurrections, sometimes 

5930
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:41,000
responding with shocking 
severity. 

5931
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:44,700
Towns that challenge him. 
Learn the cost of defiance as he

5932
05:12:44,700 --> 05:12:47,000
raises structures and exact 
harsh penalties. 

5933
05:12:47,800 --> 05:12:51,500
These measures while seemingly 
cruel do confirm a crucial fact.

5934
05:12:51,500 --> 05:12:55,400
The throne is not vacant. 
Alexander wields power with an 

5935
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:58,800
iron determination that matches 
and at times, surpasses 

5936
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:02,700
Philip's, yet behind the stern 
facade, there's a flicker of 

5937
05:13:02,708 --> 05:13:05,500
deeper purpose. 
Alexander doesn't want to be the

5938
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:10,100
typical Monarch who rules merely
out of fears, to unite, to be 

5939
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:12,800
recognized, not just as a 
conqueror, but as a Visionary 

5940
05:13:12,800 --> 05:13:15,800
leader, who can guide disparate 
people's towards something 

5941
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:20,100
grander in the midst of stamping
out, rebellion's, Alexander 

5942
05:13:20,100 --> 05:13:22,200
turns his eyes back to the Greek
city-states. 

5943
05:13:22,200 --> 05:13:25,900
Many think him too young to 
command their respect and till 

5944
05:13:25,900 --> 05:13:30,100
he arrives at Thebes. 
The city had rebelled Perceiving

5945
05:13:30,100 --> 05:13:33,500
the new King was inexperience in
an audacious move. 

5946
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:35,900
Alexander's troops stormed 
Thebes quickly. 

5947
05:13:35,900 --> 05:13:41,000
Unleashing severe punishment 
while horrific to watch it 

5948
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:42,600
Samantha realization across 
Greece. 

5949
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:47,700
This is no malleable successor. 
If Alexander is tested, he will 

5950
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:51,100
respond forcefully. 
The punishment also sends a 

5951
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:53,700
cautionary note to Athens and 
others tempted to break. 

5952
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:57,700
Alliances diplomacy Alexander 
understands can be on 

5953
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:01,300
intimidation as well as flattery
by the time, the dust settles. 

5954
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:05,400
The name Alexander already rings
with fear across rebellious 

5955
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:08,400
enclaves and resonates with 
respect among loyal allies. 

5956
05:14:08,400 --> 05:14:13,200
In fewer than two years. 
He consolidates macedonia's hold

5957
05:14:13,200 --> 05:14:16,600
over Greece, earning recognition
as the de facto hegemon of the 

5958
05:14:16,600 --> 05:14:19,000
region. 
Yet rather than rest on these 

5959
05:14:19,000 --> 05:14:23,200
Laurels Alexander looks East, 
where the vast Persian Empire 

5960
05:14:23,200 --> 05:14:25,900
sprawls, the memory of previous 
Greek. 

5961
05:14:25,900 --> 05:14:29,400
Persian conflicts looms, large, 
but Alexander imagines, more 

5962
05:14:29,400 --> 05:14:33,100
than a retaliatory, strike 
rumors swirl that he sees an 

5963
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,400
Empire be on the horizon. 
A chance to bring Greek culture 

5964
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:39,700
into a new world if he can 
muster the daring to see it. 

5965
05:14:40,400 --> 05:14:43,400
And so in the hush of late 
evening, he prepares to set in 

5966
05:14:43,400 --> 05:14:45,900
motion, one of the most 
extraordinary military campaigns

5967
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:47,600
recorded in the annals of 
History. 

5968
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:50,600
The war drums, beat in the 
hearts of those who follow 

5969
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:54,200
Alexander Eastwood, it's more 
than just ambition or revenge 

5970
05:14:54,200 --> 05:14:58,100
for past person aggression, for 
many, it feels like a holy cause

5971
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:01,200
to punish the Empire that once 
threatened, Greek freedom, but 

5972
05:15:01,200 --> 05:15:04,800
Alexander's goals surpass mere 
retribution. standing at the 

5973
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:08,500
helles edge, where Europe meets 
Asia, he performs symbolic 

5974
05:15:08,500 --> 05:15:12,400
rituals before Crossing Tossing,
a spear onto the Asian shore. 

5975
05:15:13,200 --> 05:15:16,600
He allegedly proclaims the land 
to be won by the spear. 

5976
05:15:17,700 --> 05:15:19,500
It's a blend of theater and 
conviction. 

5977
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:22,900
Carefully calculated to United. 
His troops with the sense that 

5978
05:15:22,900 --> 05:15:25,300
Destiny itself. 
Beckons them forward. 

5979
05:15:25,300 --> 05:15:29,200
The Persian Empire stretching 
from the Aegean Sea to. 

5980
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:31,800
The Indus Valley has Wealth 
Beyond imagination. 

5981
05:15:31,800 --> 05:15:36,300
Its roads like life lines, 
connect distant provinces 

5982
05:15:36,300 --> 05:15:40,200
governed by satraps Alexander's 
Army though battle hardened 

5983
05:15:40,200 --> 05:15:44,200
pale's in sheer numbers compared
to the Persian forces but he 

5984
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:45,400
counts on something. 
Intangible. 

5985
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:49,300
The belief that each Macedonian 
Soldier is part of a historical 

5986
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:51,900
Quest. 
Logistics become the Silent 

5987
05:15:51,900 --> 05:15:55,300
Partner of this ambition, the 
organizers supply lines, 

5988
05:15:55,300 --> 05:15:57,600
Secours. 
Local alliances where possible 

5989
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:01,900
and ensures his men remain 
disciplined rewarded and mindful

5990
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:04,500
of the stakes. 
A Loosely knit Coalition of 

5991
05:16:04,500 --> 05:16:05,800
Greek. 
Allies joined him. 

5992
05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:09,600
Some out of genuine, admiration,
others, out of fear of 

5993
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:11,000
Retribution. 
Should they refuse? 

5994
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:15,400
The first major engagement a 
confrontation at the granicus 

5995
05:16:15,400 --> 05:16:17,900
river tests Alexander's metal 
against. 

5996
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:22,800
Persian satraps, Cavalry Charges
Spears glinting in the sun churn

5997
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:24,700
the Muddy Banks on the 
battlefield. 

5998
05:16:26,100 --> 05:16:27,900
Alexander fights at the 
Forefront. 

5999
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:31,200
Disregarding the protective 
distance that many generals 

6000
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:35,100
maintained he trusts in his 
skill and the Loyalty of the men

6001
05:16:35,100 --> 05:16:38,100
around him though. 
Pinned down, at one point, he 

6002
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:41,500
narrowly escaped a fatal blow. 
Thanks to a timely intervention 

6003
05:16:41,500 --> 05:16:45,400
by a commander, the macedonians 
push forward turning the tide, 

6004
05:16:45,400 --> 05:16:49,000
the Persians momentarily, 
disorganized retreat. 

6005
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:52,800
Their Swift defeat rattles the 
Empire's Western flank, the 

6006
05:16:52,800 --> 05:16:54,700
rumor spreads that Alexander's 
boldness. 

6007
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,800
On the battlefield is as Fierce 
as his father's had been in the 

6008
05:16:57,808 --> 05:17:00,800
realm of politics victories. 
Follow in Rapid succession 

6009
05:17:00,800 --> 05:17:04,200
Alexander's strategy is not 
merely about smashing through 

6010
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:07,000
defenses but also about 
presenting himself as a 

6011
05:17:07,008 --> 05:17:09,300
liberated to Greek cities under 
Persian rule. 

6012
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:12,600
He spares those willing to 
cooperate, displaying a 

6013
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:15,000
surprising level of Mercy, 
towards some towns. 

6014
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:18,600
This balanced approach 
undercuts, personal Authority, 

6015
05:17:18,600 --> 05:17:22,000
and encourages local populations
to accept his leadership with 

6016
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:25,100
fewer rebellions. 
It also cultivates, a sense of 

6017
05:17:25,108 --> 05:17:27,200
moral justification among his 
troops. 

6018
05:17:27,200 --> 05:17:29,600
They aren't mere Invaders and 
others. 

6019
05:17:29,600 --> 05:17:31,400
They are freeing these 
territories. 

6020
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:34,700
At least that's the story told 
in Macedonian campfires and 

6021
05:17:34,708 --> 05:17:37,400
official Proclamation still, 
there are instances of 

6022
05:17:37,400 --> 05:17:40,600
calculated cruelty. 
When a city defies him, he 

6023
05:17:40,600 --> 05:17:42,900
doesn't hesitate to unleash. 
The terror of Siege Warfare 

6024
05:17:42,900 --> 05:17:46,700
employing Advanced Siege engines
learned from Phillips campaigns 

6025
05:17:46,700 --> 05:17:50,800
walls crumble families, flee. 
If the Defenders still refused 

6026
05:17:50,800 --> 05:17:52,700
to surrender, the aftermath is 
Dyer. 

6027
05:17:53,400 --> 05:17:56,800
The memory of Thebes resonates 
Disobedience to Alexander 

6028
05:17:56,800 --> 05:18:00,000
carries a dire cost. 
Yet what emerges is a pattern of

6029
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:02,800
caution among local rulers? 
An increasingly. 

6030
05:18:02,800 --> 05:18:04,900
They waste submission as the 
safer path. 

6031
05:18:04,900 --> 05:18:08,700
While forging ahead. 
Alexander exemplifies, a curious

6032
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:12,600
mind. 
Locally environments, flora and 

6033
05:18:12,600 --> 05:18:15,900
fauna Fascinate him. 
He consults with his retinue of 

6034
05:18:15,908 --> 05:18:19,600
Scholars, describing new animal 
species in letters to Aristotle.

6035
05:18:20,300 --> 05:18:23,200
His bond with bucephalus 
remained strong, the horse 

6036
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:25,000
Galloping across unfamiliar 
planes. 

6037
05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:28,000
As though, both man and Beast 
are discovering their Destinies 

6038
05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:31,400
together and as the Army 
advances, forging New Roads, 

6039
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:35,600
bridging Ravines, setting up 
Supply Depots, Alexander ensures

6040
05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:37,600
each step is methodically 
prepared for the next 

6041
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:41,500
confrontation with Persian might
The Turning Point Looms in an 

6042
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,500
expansive plain near the city of
Isis here. 

6043
05:18:44,500 --> 05:18:48,500
Darius the third, the Persian 
king of kings personally leads a

6044
05:18:48,500 --> 05:18:51,100
massive Force. 
The disparity in numbers is 

6045
05:18:51,100 --> 05:18:54,600
staggering, Alexander must rely 
on the discipline, Macedonian 

6046
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:58,400
Phalanx, and cunning Cavalry 
Maneuvers before the battle 

6047
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:01,700
tension grips, his soldiers, 
they face an emperor whose 

6048
05:19:01,700 --> 05:19:05,500
domain and army dwarfed their 
own, Alexander never missing an 

6049
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:09,100
opportunity for theater walks 
through his Camp, greeting 

6050
05:19:09,100 --> 05:19:11,900
individual soldiers, sharing a 
brief word of confidence. 

6051
05:19:12,700 --> 05:19:15,800
He underscores that they fight, 
not just for Macedon, but for 

6052
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:20,300
Greece and for a place in the 
annals of Glory morale saws, it 

6053
05:19:20,300 --> 05:19:22,700
said that a single Warrior 
burning with faith in Victory 

6054
05:19:22,700 --> 05:19:26,100
can fight like three and 
Alexander aims to ensure that 

6055
05:19:26,100 --> 05:19:27,900
each Soldier feels that horror 
flame. 

6056
05:19:27,900 --> 05:19:31,200
Once the horn signal, the 
charged dust clouds enveloped 

6057
05:19:31,200 --> 05:19:34,400
the plane javelin's fly swords 
clash, and war. 

6058
05:19:34,400 --> 05:19:36,100
Cries mixed with the clamor of 
shields. 

6059
05:19:36,100 --> 05:19:39,900
Alexander targets, the heart of 
the Persian line seeking to 

6060
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:43,000
unnerve. 
Darius himself rumor has it that

6061
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:46,800
during the most critical moments
Alexander and Darius lock eyes 

6062
05:19:46,800 --> 05:19:50,200
across the chaos. 
Darius seeing the Relentless 

6063
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:53,800
approach loses his nerve and 
flees the battlefield suddenly 

6064
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:57,300
the king's personal guard 
disperses and the Persian ranks 

6065
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:01,500
crumble, Victory belongs to 
Alexander, who captures not only

6066
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:06,400
the field, but also the family 
of Darius, his mother wife and 

6067
05:20:06,400 --> 05:20:09,800
children. 
Remarkably he treats them with 

6068
05:20:09,800 --> 05:20:14,300
respect, a calculated move to 
demonstrate both magnanimity and

6069
05:20:14,300 --> 05:20:17,500
his sense of King ship if he is 
to succeed in ruling Persian 

6070
05:20:17,500 --> 05:20:20,500
lands, he must show that he can 
protect as well as conquer. 

6071
05:20:21,200 --> 05:20:25,300
After Isis, Alexander star Rises
among his own troops while the 

6072
05:20:25,300 --> 05:20:28,900
person Empire grappled with 
uncertainty cities, open, their 

6073
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:31,900
Gates more quickly satraps, 
waste, switching sides or 

6074
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:35,200
forging secret deals and the 
myth of Persian invincibility 

6075
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:38,500
Splinter's. 
Still Darius remains at large 

6076
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:42,300
and the Empire endures like a 
Hydra cutting off one, head 

6077
05:20:42,300 --> 05:20:46,400
doesn't necessarily kill the 
beast but for Alexander isis's 

6078
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:48,400
proof that. 
No odds are too great when armed

6079
05:20:48,400 --> 05:20:51,300
with discipline daring and a bit
of Destiny. 

6080
05:20:52,200 --> 05:20:55,300
The next chapter of his campaign
will test him in deserts on the 

6081
05:20:55,300 --> 05:20:58,300
high seas and within the 
labyrinth, in politics of an 

6082
05:20:58,300 --> 05:21:01,100
Empire older than Mastodon 
itself yet. 

6083
05:21:01,100 --> 05:21:05,000
One fact emerges unmistakably. 
The young king from the rugged 

6084
05:21:05,000 --> 05:21:08,700
North is rewriting the map of 
the known world and he has just 

6085
05:21:08,700 --> 05:21:11,700
begun in the aftermath of the 
battle of Isis. 

6086
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:15,300
The Macedonian army March is 
Southwood drawn toward the 

6087
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,000
wealthy and strategic coastal 
cities of Phoenicia. 

6088
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:21,400
The broad objective is clear 
secure, the Eastern 

6089
05:21:21,400 --> 05:21:24,600
Mediterranean ports and deny the
Persian Fleet any safe harbors. 

6090
05:21:25,200 --> 05:21:28,500
City by City, Alexander 
negotiates or procedures or 

6091
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:31,500
fostering alliances with those 
who bow voluntarily and 

6092
05:21:31,500 --> 05:21:35,300
subduing, those who resist, at 
the city of Tyre perched on an 

6093
05:21:35,300 --> 05:21:38,600
island with towering walls, 
Alexander meets one of his most 

6094
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:41,700
formidable sizes, yet. 
Tires, Defenders mock the 

6095
05:21:41,708 --> 05:21:44,900
macedonians convinced that their
Fortress Is impregnable 

6096
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:47,700
protected by the shimmering blue
Waters around it. 

6097
05:21:48,500 --> 05:21:50,800
Unfazed. 
Alexander orders the 

6098
05:21:50,800 --> 05:21:53,500
construction of a massive 
Causeway stretching from the 

6099
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:55,900
mainland to the island day by 
day. 

6100
05:21:55,900 --> 05:21:59,200
The land bridge inches forward. 
Built from Timber and Rubble. 

6101
05:21:59,200 --> 05:22:02,800
Tires Defenders hurled blazing 
projectiles and staged daring 

6102
05:22:02,800 --> 05:22:07,100
Naval raids, inflicting 
casualties Still Alexander's 

6103
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:09,500
men. 
Persist the siege of Tyre drags 

6104
05:22:09,500 --> 05:22:13,300
on for months and agonizing test
of perseverance and engineering.

6105
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:15,900
To motivate his frustrated 
troops. 

6106
05:22:15,900 --> 05:22:19,800
Alexander personally joins them 
at the construction shoulders 

6107
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:22,800
loaded with materials as though 
he were an ordinary laborer, 

6108
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:25,300
sweat mingling with dust on his 
brow. 

6109
05:22:25,300 --> 05:22:28,100
This spectacle of shared 
hardship, stiffened, their 

6110
05:22:28,100 --> 05:22:33,300
resolve forging a deeper Bond, 
eventually Macedonian CJ's 

6111
05:22:33,300 --> 05:22:37,700
battered tires walls, the city 
Falls unleashing of bloody 

6112
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:39,700
aftermath that. 
Once again, underscores 

6113
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:42,000
Alexander's. 
Ruthless approach when denied a 

6114
05:22:42,000 --> 05:22:45,800
swift Victory, the causeway left
behind in the sea stands. 

6115
05:22:45,800 --> 05:22:48,100
As a testament to his unbending 
will to succeed. 

6116
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:53,300
From Tire Alexander's, gaze 
shifts to Egypt, the Egyptians 

6117
05:22:53,300 --> 05:22:57,000
long subjugated by Persia and 
opening in the young conquerors 

6118
05:22:57,000 --> 05:22:58,900
approach. 
Upon arrival. 

6119
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:03,000
Alexander his an Invader and 
more as a liberator. 

6120
05:23:03,000 --> 05:23:05,700
Welcome to with procession and 
offerings. 

6121
05:23:05,700 --> 05:23:10,500
The famed City of Memphis, 
opens, its Gates, and Alexander 

6122
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:14,200
visits its Temple's. 
Fascinated by the age-old, 

6123
05:23:14,200 --> 05:23:18,000
rituals the Colossal statues of 
the Gods and the Labyrinth theme

6124
05:23:18,000 --> 05:23:20,900
law for some his admiration 
might seem an act. 

6125
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:23,600
Another shrewd political ploy to
win hearts. 

6126
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:27,100
At Alexander truly finds Wonder 
in the cultural richness. 

6127
05:23:27,100 --> 05:23:30,500
He encounters sensing the 
importance of Egyptian beliefs 

6128
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:33,500
he visits the Oracle of a moon 
at siwa traversing, desert 

6129
05:23:33,500 --> 05:23:37,600
expanses Legends suggest that in
the hush of the sanctuary, the 

6130
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:39,600
Oracle addresses him as the son 
of a god. 

6131
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:43,000
The exact words remain hidden in
the desert silence. 

6132
05:23:43,000 --> 05:23:46,800
But from that day on Alexander's
conviction, in his Divine 

6133
05:23:46,800 --> 05:23:49,900
Destiny, intensifies. 
Seizing this momentum. 

6134
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:54,100
He founds the city of Alexandria
on Egypt's Mediterranean Coast. 

6135
05:23:54,100 --> 05:23:56,200
His future capital in the 
region. 

6136
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:59,900
Alexander invision's. 
It is a bustling hub for trade 

6137
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:04,200
culture and philosophy. 
He consults Architects on layout

6138
05:24:04,200 --> 05:24:08,000
and design ensuring Broad Avenue
to catch the Seabreeze and Grand

6139
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:10,300
public spaces, that might rival 
Athens. 

6140
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:14,100
Even in the midst of Conquest, 
his mind is drawn to City 

6141
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:16,900
Planning, forging new center of 
learning and commerce. 

6142
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:20,700
For him building, an empire 
isn't merely about claiming 

6143
05:24:20,700 --> 05:24:22,800
land. 
It's about shaping the fabric of

6144
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:26,800
civilization. he leaves behind 
administrators and soldiers to 

6145
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:30,400
cement Macedonian Authority 
ensuring that the nascent City 

6146
05:24:30,400 --> 05:24:34,000
will flourish once he has moved 
on Returning to the broader 

6147
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:37,300
campaign, Alexander heads back 
north and east to chase Darius 

6148
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:40,300
Into the Heart of Persia. 
The next great confrontation 

6149
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:42,900
comes at gaugamela a Dusty 
plane. 

6150
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:46,500
Where the Persian king assembles
a massive Army bolstered by the 

6151
05:24:46,500 --> 05:24:48,600
side's. 
Chariots and war elephants the 

6152
05:24:48,600 --> 05:24:52,800
sight, intimidates an ocean of 
Persian soldiers, swirling with 

6153
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:56,200
countless banners, Yet Alexander
employs cunning. 

6154
05:24:56,200 --> 05:25:01,300
Tactics encouraging his Cavalry 
to fame, Retreats luring enemy 

6155
05:25:01,300 --> 05:25:04,600
chariots into positions where 
they are easily, targeted and 

6156
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:07,500
orchestrating the falling to 
hold firm against waves of 

6157
05:25:07,500 --> 05:25:09,000
attackers. 
Again. 

6158
05:25:09,000 --> 05:25:13,600
Darius flees The Persian kings 
departure sent shockwaves 

6159
05:25:13,600 --> 05:25:16,900
through his ranks. 
Inciting Panic, Alexander's 

6160
05:25:16,900 --> 05:25:20,200
victory at Galleria effectively 
shatters the core of Persian 

6161
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:23,700
military might it's a Triumph. 
So decisive that historians 

6162
05:25:23,700 --> 05:25:28,000
later Market as the downfall of 
the Ikea Menards Empire, With no

6163
05:25:28,000 --> 05:25:31,500
organized Persian resistance 
left, Alexander moves Eastwood 

6164
05:25:31,500 --> 05:25:35,800
in Babylon, a city of legendary 
Splendor gold Leyden Temple's 

6165
05:25:35,800 --> 05:25:38,900
Lush Hanging Gardens and the 
Labyrinth of ancient streets. 

6166
05:25:38,900 --> 05:25:42,700
Leave Alexander in Orr Babylons.
Populace yields to him without 

6167
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,400
significant conflict and he 
enters the city like a 

6168
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:48,300
triumphant hero. 
Symbolic gestures follow 

6169
05:25:48,300 --> 05:25:52,600
Alexander orders that the local 
temples be restored presenting 

6170
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:55,100
himself as a patron of 
Babylonian religion and 

6171
05:25:55,100 --> 05:25:58,000
traditions each region. 
He conquers, he strives to 

6172
05:25:58,000 --> 05:26:01,100
affirm its culture and worship 
forging, an image of himself as 

6173
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:04,100
a unifier, rather than a mere 
plunderer beneath. 

6174
05:26:04,100 --> 05:26:08,200
The spectacle though is a shrewd
realization to rule lands. 

6175
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:12,000
As vast as Persia. 
Intimidation alone won't suffice

6176
05:26:12,000 --> 05:26:15,400
understanding and respecting, 
local Customs will secure 

6177
05:26:15,400 --> 05:26:19,300
loyalty far more effectively 
than perpetuating fear. as he 

6178
05:26:19,308 --> 05:26:22,700
Journeys further into Persia's 
Heartland, Alexander takes 

6179
05:26:22,700 --> 05:26:25,600
possession of the Persian 
Capital Cities Sousa and 

6180
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:29,500
persepolis among them at 
persepolis the seat of aimed 

6181
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:34,100
power and iconic event unfolds 
During a drunken Revel, some 

6182
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:38,100
Macedonian soldiers possibly 
incited by Alexander by a 

6183
05:26:38,100 --> 05:26:41,700
woman's vengeful suggestion. 
Set Fire to the Royal Palace. 

6184
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:45,400
Flames danced across Priceless 
reliefs and echo through the 

6185
05:26:45,400 --> 05:26:48,900
columns that once bought 
Testament to Persian might The 

6186
05:26:48,900 --> 05:26:51,600
devastation stands out as a 
moment of fiery events. 

6187
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:57,400
Avenging, centuries of Persian 
against Greece yet as the Embers

6188
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:00,300
fade, Alexander reportedly 
regrets, the destruction of such

6189
05:27:00,300 --> 05:27:03,900
a magnificent sight. 
Legend holds that the next day 

6190
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:07,000
he wanders, the child remains in
somber reflection. 

6191
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:11,000
Perhaps realizing that in a 
single night of triumphal Fury, 

6192
05:27:11,000 --> 05:27:15,000
an irretrievable piece of human 
Heritage was incinerated. 

6193
05:27:15,800 --> 05:27:20,300
By now, Alexander has all, but 
to thrown Darius who flees East 

6194
05:27:20,300 --> 05:27:23,300
with a few loyalists, yet the 
Empire's total subjugation 

6195
05:27:23,300 --> 05:27:26,900
remains incomplete. 
Vast territories in Central 

6196
05:27:26,900 --> 05:27:30,200
Asia, remain unconquered, 
rebellious satraps, and local 

6197
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:31,700
Warlords. 
Refused to acknowledge 

6198
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:34,400
Macedonian rule. 
The campaign that began with 

6199
05:27:34,400 --> 05:27:36,100
dreams of bridging Europe, and 
Asia. 

6200
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:40,300
Now stretches into a sprawling, 
Pursuit across deserts, mounted 

6201
05:27:40,300 --> 05:27:45,300
and unfamiliar Realms, Alexander
undeterred pushes onward. 

6202
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:49,000
The once modest Macedonian Force
has evolved into a complex 

6203
05:27:49,000 --> 05:27:52,100
Multicultural Army, 
incorporating Persians, 

6204
05:27:52,100 --> 05:27:57,600
Egyptians, and other people's 
Still the spirit of Macedonia in

6205
05:27:57,600 --> 05:28:00,900
years in the discipline of its 
core falinks and the leadership 

6206
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:04,900
of Alexander himself. 
No rumor of a hostile warlord or

6207
05:28:04,900 --> 05:28:07,000
a belly, a city can quell his 
determination. 

6208
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:09,700
The promised land lies yet 
further east. 

6209
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:12,900
Beckoning him to push the 
boundaries of the known world. 

6210
05:28:13,900 --> 05:28:17,600
As Alexander forge's deeper into
Central Asia the terrain itself 

6211
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:20,500
becomes an adversary. 
The rocky Highlands 

6212
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:24,900
unpredictable Winters and scarce
Water Supplies, challenges Army 

6213
05:28:24,900 --> 05:28:27,400
in ways. 
The open planes never did Gone 

6214
05:28:27,400 --> 05:28:30,600
are the easy showstopping 
battles of earlier campaigns 

6215
05:28:30,600 --> 05:28:34,200
instead Alexander and his men 
face guerrilla warfare. 

6216
05:28:34,200 --> 05:28:37,600
Local Warlords were treated to 
fortresses high in the mountains

6217
05:28:37,600 --> 05:28:40,000
from which they launched 
ambushes on the Macedonian 

6218
05:28:40,000 --> 05:28:43,500
columns supplies strain under 
the demands of a longer than 

6219
05:28:43,500 --> 05:28:46,400
anticipated Pursuit and the 
troops grow weary. 

6220
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,500
In these hostile environments 
Alexander's formidable will 

6221
05:28:50,500 --> 05:28:52,500
serve as a kind of compass for 
his men. 

6222
05:28:52,500 --> 05:28:56,500
He refuses to turn back if he 
can't sway local Leaders with 

6223
05:28:56,500 --> 05:29:00,700
diplomacy methodically besiegers
their strongholds, using a 

6224
05:29:00,700 --> 05:29:04,000
combination of Siege Towers. 
Specialized a climbers and 

6225
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:07,200
Cavalry blockades the 
macedonians gradually wear down 

6226
05:29:07,200 --> 05:29:08,900
resistance. 
Slow. 

6227
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:13,400
And grueling a war of attrition 
in which Alexander's famed speed

6228
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:17,300
and decisive news are tested to 
the Limit occasionally entire 

6229
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:20,800
communities vowel, loyalty some 
out of all others out of 

6230
05:29:20,808 --> 05:29:24,300
exhaustion at resisting. 
Alexander sees his such 

6231
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:27,800
opportunities to integrate them 
into his growing Empire placing,

6232
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:30,400
local leaders in positions of 
governance if they played 

6233
05:29:30,400 --> 05:29:33,200
Allegiance. 
He's discovered that a balanced 

6234
05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:36,900
approach of magnanimity and 
unrelenting force can be potent.

6235
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:39,600
Central Asia. 
Also, introduces him to new 

6236
05:29:39,600 --> 05:29:42,900
customs and cultures. 
The regions vibrant tapestries, 

6237
05:29:42,900 --> 05:29:46,500
horse breeding traditions, and 
then local myths, intrigued him,

6238
05:29:46,500 --> 05:29:50,600
even the architecture, mudbrick 
fortresses perched on 

6239
05:29:50,608 --> 05:29:53,800
precipitous Cliffs provides 
lessons in resourceful building 

6240
05:29:53,800 --> 05:29:55,700
methods. 
Though the campaign is 

6241
05:29:55,700 --> 05:29:58,900
physically draining. 
Alexander, seems mentally alive 

6242
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:02,400
soaking up every experience as 
if it might offer a clue to how 

6243
05:30:02,400 --> 05:30:04,000
worlds might merge under his 
rule. 

6244
05:30:04,000 --> 05:30:07,800
As the Army trudges forward, 
Alexander's increasingly 

6245
05:30:07,800 --> 05:30:10,700
elaborate Tire. 
Sometimes blending Persian 

6246
05:30:10,700 --> 05:30:14,200
finery with Macedonian 
practicality Sparks, disquiet 

6247
05:30:14,200 --> 05:30:17,500
among his veteran officers. 
They mutter that he's adopting 

6248
05:30:17,500 --> 05:30:20,900
foreign ways to eagerly 
Alexander is aware of The 

6249
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:24,000
Whispers, but believes that to 
govern effectively he must 

6250
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:27,200
visibly embrace the cultures 
under his Dominion. for the 

6251
05:30:27,200 --> 05:30:30,400
older macedonians though, these 
gestures threaten the very 

6252
05:30:30,400 --> 05:30:33,400
identity, they fought to protect
Tension. 

6253
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:37,500
Simmers one controversy that 
ignites this tension is 

6254
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:39,600
Alexander's. 
Adoption of the Persian Court, 

6255
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:43,300
practice known as proskynesis 
bowing or prostrating oneself 

6256
05:30:43,300 --> 05:30:46,600
before the king among Persians. 
It's symbolizes. 

6257
05:30:46,600 --> 05:30:49,200
Respect for a rule of to be 
quasi Divine. 

6258
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:53,400
However, for macedonians and 
Greeks, bowing to another mortal

6259
05:30:53,400 --> 05:30:59,000
man, seems like servile flattery
even blasphemy When Alexander 

6260
05:30:59,000 --> 05:31:02,200
begins expecting his courtiers 
to perform the gesture, you 

6261
05:31:02,200 --> 05:31:05,400
faces a quiet. 
But potent backlash is not 

6262
05:31:05,400 --> 05:31:08,200
outright mutiny. 
But murmurs drift through the 

6263
05:31:08,200 --> 05:31:10,100
camp that there. 
Once beloved leader, is 

6264
05:31:10,100 --> 05:31:13,100
succumbing to arrogance for 
getting that the bond between 

6265
05:31:13,100 --> 05:31:16,100
commander and soldier in the 
Macedonian, tradition was forged

6266
05:31:16,100 --> 05:31:18,400
through a shared sense of mortal
equality. 

6267
05:31:19,400 --> 05:31:23,800
Alexander for his part. 
Sees prosky, nieces as a means 

6268
05:31:23,800 --> 05:31:26,600
to unify the traditions of 
Eastern West under a single 

6269
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:29,600
Court protocol. 
But the friction underscores, 

6270
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:33,000
the growing distance between him
and the rank and file, who wants

6271
05:31:33,000 --> 05:31:35,800
found him. 
So relatable. adding to this 

6272
05:31:35,800 --> 05:31:38,500
Strife is the case of 
philosophers, a high ranking 

6273
05:31:38,500 --> 05:31:42,300
officer and Son of Alexander's, 
cherish General palanjian 

6274
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:46,300
Accusations arise that filters 
is embroiled in a conspiracy to 

6275
05:31:46,300 --> 05:31:49,400
assassinate Alexander. 
Where the real or fabricated, 

6276
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:53,700
Alexander reacts swiftly. 
Fillers is tortured into 

6277
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:55,700
confession. 
And executed fearing. 

6278
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:59,200
Paninian might seek Vengeance. 
Alexander orders, the older 

6279
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:02,400
General's, murder preemptively. 
The effect ripples through the 

6280
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:06,600
Army, striking fear and sowing 
down even close companions. 

6281
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:08,800
Realize Alexander's paranoia has
grown. 

6282
05:32:08,800 --> 05:32:12,300
No one is Untouchable in the 
face of suspected betrayal. 

6283
05:32:13,000 --> 05:32:15,300
Rumor swell that his mother 
olympias. 

6284
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:19,300
And once warned him about 
trusting, anyone to deeply the 

6285
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,900
triple of adoptive Persian 
Customs, harsh punishment, of 

6286
05:32:22,900 --> 05:32:25,700
perceived traitors and the 
creeping sense that Alexander is

6287
05:32:25,700 --> 05:32:28,700
evolving into a distant figure 
combined to erode some of the 

6288
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:32,200
camaraderie that once fueled his
men's devotion, Yet. 

6289
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,600
If the internal climate is 
fractious, the external campaign

6290
05:32:35,600 --> 05:32:39,300
continues to expand Alexander's 
legend in the region known as 

6291
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:42,400
bacteria and sogdiana. 
Roughly modern Afghanistan and 

6292
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:45,800
parts of Central Asia. 
Alexander marries Roxana. 

6293
05:32:45,800 --> 05:32:49,300
The daughter of a local Noble. 
Historians debate. 

6294
05:32:49,300 --> 05:32:53,000
His reasons is it genuine 
affection stories, describe her 

6295
05:32:53,000 --> 05:32:56,500
as strikingly intelligent and 
beautiful or a strategic move to

6296
05:32:56,500 --> 05:32:58,200
legitimize. 
His claim over the newly 

6297
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:00,600
subjugated territories. 
Possibly both. 

6298
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,600
In any case the wedding is 
symbolic it merges Macedonian 

6299
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:08,600
power with Central Asian lineage
hinting at Alexander's ambition 

6300
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:11,800
to create a blended aristocracy 
that transcends old boundaries 

6301
05:33:11,800 --> 05:33:15,300
eventually, the pursuit of 
Darius ends, not with a 

6302
05:33:15,300 --> 05:33:18,300
climactic battle, but with the 
person King's murder at the 

6303
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:22,400
hands of one of his own satraps,
bestest, Alexander finds Darius 

6304
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:26,300
a band and fatally wounded 
along, a Dusty roadside granting

6305
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:28,800
him. 
A final respectful cloak, the 

6306
05:33:28,800 --> 05:33:31,900
demise of his long-standing 
rival brings Alexander, no real 

6307
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:33,900
Triumph. 
Instead leaves him with a new 

6308
05:33:33,908 --> 05:33:37,700
antagonist bestest who declares 
himself, the rightful Persian 

6309
05:33:37,700 --> 05:33:40,200
king. 
To avenge Darius and maintain 

6310
05:33:40,200 --> 05:33:43,900
the symbols of continuity. 
A clever tactic to Rally Persian

6311
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:47,400
loyalists under his Banner. 
Alexander pursues besas until 

6312
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:49,100
the usurper, is captured and 
executed. 

6313
05:33:50,100 --> 05:33:53,500
It's a twist of fate that 
Alexander originally the Nemesis

6314
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:55,900
of Persia. 
Now, punishes those who harm. 

6315
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:58,700
The Persian royal family 
positioning himself as the 

6316
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:02,200
legitimate heir to the Empire 
with that Alexander. 

6317
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:04,700
Effectively becomes king of 
Asia, though. 

6318
05:34:04,700 --> 05:34:07,300
The label falls short of 
capturing the enormity of what 

6319
05:34:07,300 --> 05:34:09,400
he's achieved. 
He's already governed 

6320
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:12,300
territories from Greece, to the 
Eastern edges of the Iranian 

6321
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:15,000
Plateau, but the Horizon beckons
him yet. 

6322
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:18,300
Again, this time toward the 
far-flung lands of the Indus 

6323
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:21,200
Valley having extended his 
Empire across deserts and 

6324
05:34:21,208 --> 05:34:24,600
mountains. 
He thirst for new challenges, no

6325
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:26,500
ancient map for Lee satisfied 
him. 

6326
05:34:27,500 --> 05:34:29,400
Ocean's defined the world's 
boundary. 

6327
05:34:29,400 --> 05:34:32,800
He wants to see that boundary 
for himself and possibly cross 

6328
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:35,000
it marching into the Indian 
subcontinent. 

6329
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:37,000
The vast industry. 
Region. 

6330
05:34:37,000 --> 05:34:40,500
Alexander confronts, not a 
monolithic Empire, but a 

6331
05:34:40,500 --> 05:34:44,200
tapestry of Kingdoms each with 
its own Traditions Warrior's and

6332
05:34:44,200 --> 05:34:47,000
alliance's. 
The land is Lush with tropical 

6333
05:34:47,000 --> 05:34:49,700
forests and rivers that swell 
during monsoon rains. 

6334
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:53,800
As he advances, he sends invoice
to local rulers, hoping to 

6335
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:55,700
forge, July alliance's or demand
submission. 

6336
05:34:55,700 --> 05:35:00,200
Some comply offering gifts and 
tribute others test his mettle 

6337
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:03,700
on the battlefield. 
Famed among these rulers is King

6338
05:35:03,700 --> 05:35:06,600
porus who Reigns over a 
territory in the Punjab region. 

6339
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:10,000
Taller than most men. 
Poorest is said to command 

6340
05:35:10,000 --> 05:35:13,000
fearsome war elephants that 
Tower over the Macedonian 

6341
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:15,700
Cavalry. 
When Alexander Scouts bring back

6342
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:18,800
tales of the Beast trumpeting 
rules and the sight of their 

6343
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:21,000
sweeping trunks used like living
battering rams. 

6344
05:35:21,000 --> 05:35:24,600
It Sparks both Fascination and 
anxiety among the troops 

6345
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:27,500
Alexander senses. 
This confrontation will be 

6346
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:30,800
unlike any before ever. 
Elephants can shatter a Phalanx 

6347
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:33,500
throwing even seasoned veterans 
into disarray. 

6348
05:35:33,500 --> 05:35:36,200
Nevertheless, he refuses to be 
deterred. 

6349
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:40,300
In fact, the challenge 
invigorates him His route to 

6350
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:43,700
poorest leads him and his men 
across the haidas river where 

6351
05:35:43,700 --> 05:35:46,800
fast currents and Monsoon rains.
Make the crossing treacherous 

6352
05:35:46,800 --> 05:35:50,100
under the cover of darkness and 
using diversionary tactics. 

6353
05:35:50,100 --> 05:35:53,300
Alexander manages to transport a
significant portion of his 

6354
05:35:53,300 --> 05:35:56,100
forces to the opposite Bank 
positioning himself to attack 

6355
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:58,900
when Dawn breaks the armies 
faced each other. 

6356
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:01,800
On a sudden, plane poorest 
stride. 

6357
05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:05,900
An elephant appears Regal and 
unflinching, Alexander on his 

6358
05:36:05,900 --> 05:36:09,200
trusty list, ready? 
His Cavalry to Harry the flanks 

6359
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:12,100
as the battle commences, the 
Thundering of the elephant 

6360
05:36:12,100 --> 05:36:15,400
shakes, the ground sending 
Tremors through the Macedonian 

6361
05:36:15,400 --> 05:36:19,800
lines yet, Alexander employs 
cunning he directs archers to 

6362
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:21,400
focus on the elephant 
mahoutsukai. 

6363
05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:31,900
The Macedonian infantry displays
its trademark discipline forming

6364
05:36:31,900 --> 05:36:35,100
tight, formations that can pivot
to lure elephants into lethal. 

6365
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:39,700
Cul-de-sacs The chaos is intense
mud and blood mingle underfoot 

6366
05:36:39,700 --> 05:36:41,800
and the Roar of maddened 
elephants. 

6367
05:36:41,800 --> 05:36:43,300
Resonates across the 
battlefield. 

6368
05:36:43,300 --> 05:36:47,500
Eventually poorest is forces 
Buckle under the unrelenting 

6369
05:36:47,500 --> 05:36:49,800
pressure. 
Even the mighty war elephants 

6370
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:52,900
wounded and panicked, turn 
against their own side. 

6371
05:36:52,900 --> 05:36:57,400
In some cases, in the end, the 
macedonians triumph Rather than 

6372
05:36:57,400 --> 05:36:59,900
subjecting poorest to 
humiliation or execution, 

6373
05:36:59,900 --> 05:37:03,800
Alexander does something 
unexpected impressed by porous 

6374
05:37:03,800 --> 05:37:06,200
is bravery. 
He restores him to his throne, 

6375
05:37:06,200 --> 05:37:09,600
as a subordinate ruler, 
extending a policy of pragmatic 

6376
05:37:09,600 --> 05:37:12,400
statesmanship. 
This act leaves an enduring 

6377
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:14,900
Legacy in the region. 
Capturing the idea that 

6378
05:37:14,900 --> 05:37:18,200
Alexander valued Noble opponents
and recognized the utility of 

6379
05:37:18,200 --> 05:37:20,700
local rulers who had maintained 
order in his name. 

6380
05:37:22,300 --> 05:37:26,200
A sense of admiration grows on 
both sides, some of Alexander's 

6381
05:37:26,200 --> 05:37:27,700
men. 
Remark they've never seen him. 

6382
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:31,200
So openly respectful to a 
defeated Foe and in return, 

6383
05:37:31,200 --> 05:37:33,900
poorest becomes a loyal Ally at 
least for a Time. 

6384
05:37:33,908 --> 05:37:37,600
Despite the victory, macedonians
are battered by the tropical 

6385
05:37:37,600 --> 05:37:41,100
climate Monsoon, rains and 
familiar diseases, and the 

6386
05:37:41,108 --> 05:37:44,900
strain of campaigning so far 
from home, Some murmurs become 

6387
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:48,900
open, pleased to turn back many,
have marched for years, seldom 

6388
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:51,800
seeing their families. 
Tales spread of monstrous 

6389
05:37:51,800 --> 05:37:54,300
Rivers. 
Further east of endless armies. 

6390
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:58,700
Waiting were of new elephant 
core that dwarf poorest is the 

6391
05:37:58,700 --> 05:38:02,400
men once Intoxicated by 
continuous string of conquests 

6392
05:38:02,400 --> 05:38:06,500
begin to waver the bond between 
Alexander and his army is 

6393
05:38:06,500 --> 05:38:09,000
tested. 
He rallies them with talk of 

6394
05:38:09,000 --> 05:38:13,000
forging, an Empire that circles 
the entire known world Yet, even

6395
05:38:13,000 --> 05:38:16,700
as he speaks the weariness, in 
their eyes is palpable at the 

6396
05:38:16,708 --> 05:38:20,000
faceless River. 
They finally bought refusing to 

6397
05:38:20,000 --> 05:38:23,200
go any further. 
Alexander is outraged. 

6398
05:38:23,200 --> 05:38:26,500
This is the first time his men 
openly defy him on mass. 

6399
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:29,300
He tries all his powers of 
persuasion calling upon their 

6400
05:38:29,308 --> 05:38:32,900
shared Glory, reminding them of 
the unswerving, Loyalty, they 

6401
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:36,700
once showed under the scorching 
Sun of Persian deserts But the 

6402
05:38:36,700 --> 05:38:40,500
tired homesick soldiers refused 
to yield the standoff, is 

6403
05:38:40,500 --> 05:38:43,700
deeply. 
Emotional, last, Alexander, 

6404
05:38:43,700 --> 05:38:47,300
relents, perhaps realizing that 
an Empire without an army to 

6405
05:38:47,300 --> 05:38:48,600
maintain, it would collapse 
anyway. 

6406
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:53,000
Constructs large altars at the 
boundary symbolically marking 

6407
05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:56,000
the farthest point of his March 
and dedicating them to the Gods.

6408
05:38:56,700 --> 05:38:58,100
It's a gesture. 
That provides him. 

6409
05:38:58,100 --> 05:39:00,900
A sense of closure. 
Even as frustration Royals in 

6410
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:04,500
his heart, there are treat 
begins though, it's hardly a 

6411
05:39:04,500 --> 05:39:07,500
straightforward journey home. 
Alexander splits his forces 

6412
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:10,500
sending part by river while he 
leads the remainder through the 

6413
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:14,700
harsh gedrosian desert, modern 
day, Southern Pakistan and Iran.

6414
05:39:14,700 --> 05:39:18,800
This route is fraught with 
scorching, heat, water, series 

6415
05:39:18,800 --> 05:39:21,400
City, and sandstorms that 
obscure the Sun. 

6416
05:39:22,200 --> 05:39:26,400
Many men, succumb to thirst, 
exhaustion, and disease, leaving

6417
05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:30,300
their bleached Bones on the 
baron Dunes, the retreat in a 

6418
05:39:30,300 --> 05:39:33,300
way become more of a trial than 
any of the battles, waged. 

6419
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:35,800
Alexander shares in the 
hardships. 

6420
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:38,600
He famously. 
Pours out a helmet of offered 

6421
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:41,800
water onto the sand rather than 
drinking it himself when his men

6422
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:42,200
have. 
None. 

6423
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:45,700
Such acts rekindle a measure of 
respect though. 

6424
05:39:45,700 --> 05:39:49,100
No one can forget the scale of 
the suffering, they endure at 

6425
05:39:49,100 --> 05:39:51,400
length. 
The Battered Army, reunites near

6426
05:39:51,400 --> 05:39:54,800
the Persian Heartland in place 
of triumphal parades, there is 

6427
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:57,100
subdued relief. 
They have conquered more 

6428
05:39:57,100 --> 05:39:59,900
territory than any Greek or 
Macedonian ever dreamed possible

6429
05:39:59,900 --> 05:40:02,600
yet. 
The human toll is devastating. 

6430
05:40:02,600 --> 05:40:07,300
Alexander now stands at the Apex
of his power in theory, the rule

6431
05:40:07,300 --> 05:40:10,100
of everything from the ionian 
sea to the fringes of India. 

6432
05:40:10,900 --> 05:40:14,300
He has tested the boundaries of 
the world as known to him but he

6433
05:40:14,300 --> 05:40:16,200
can't escape an inevitable 
question. 

6434
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:18,400
What does one do after 
conquering? 

6435
05:40:18,400 --> 05:40:21,800
So much. 
There's an unease in the air, a 

6436
05:40:21,800 --> 05:40:24,400
sense that the Unstoppable force
of Alexander's ambition. 

6437
05:40:24,400 --> 05:40:27,600
Might have reached its outer 
limit In the final years 

6438
05:40:27,600 --> 05:40:30,800
Alexander's Empire is vast yet 
fragile. 

6439
05:40:30,800 --> 05:40:33,800
He understands that simply 
conquering land doesn't 

6440
05:40:33,800 --> 05:40:36,200
guarantee permanence cracks 
appear. 

6441
05:40:36,200 --> 05:40:38,800
Among his generals, each 
harboring, personal Ambitions, 

6442
05:40:38,800 --> 05:40:42,600
ethnic tensions flare between 
macedonians who considered 

6443
05:40:42,600 --> 05:40:46,300
themselves, the rightful rulers 
and Persians who resent, foreign

6444
05:40:46,300 --> 05:40:48,300
occupation but also resent each 
other. 

6445
05:40:49,300 --> 05:40:53,100
Alexander attempts a radical 
solution he pushes for a few of 

6446
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:56,400
the races, encouraging Mass 
marriages between Macedonia and 

6447
05:40:56,400 --> 05:41:00,300
officers, and Persian women even
presiding over a grand ceremony 

6448
05:41:00,300 --> 05:41:02,800
in Sousa. 
Thousands of couples weared 

6449
05:41:02,800 --> 05:41:05,900
under lavish canopies. 
The event choreographed to 

6450
05:41:05,900 --> 05:41:08,500
Signal Unity. 
Well, it's a breathtaking 

6451
05:41:08,500 --> 05:41:10,900
spectacle. 
It doesn't fully ease. 

6452
05:41:10,900 --> 05:41:14,700
The undercurrents of distrust. 
Many marriages end as soon as 

6453
05:41:14,708 --> 05:41:18,100
the official Feast conclude. 
The shift in Alexander's 

6454
05:41:18,100 --> 05:41:20,100
personal demeanor also calls his
Eunice. 

6455
05:41:20,100 --> 05:41:23,500
He drinks more heavily that 
times losing the composure that 

6456
05:41:23,500 --> 05:41:26,700
wants set him apart. 
Gone is the Simplicity that 

6457
05:41:26,700 --> 05:41:29,800
marked his early campaigns. 
Now he's surrounded by an 

6458
05:41:29,800 --> 05:41:32,800
Entourage of courtiers many 
eager to flatter or manipulate 

6459
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:36,500
some suspect that guilt over the
killing of Old Friends haunts 

6460
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:40,500
him. that the war weary ghosts 
of campaigns passed away on his 

6461
05:41:40,508 --> 05:41:45,400
conscience, anger flares, 
unpredictably In one Infamous 

6462
05:41:45,400 --> 05:41:48,900
episode, during a heated 
argument, he fatally stabs 

6463
05:41:48,900 --> 05:41:52,000
colitis, the black the same 
officer who once saved 

6464
05:41:52,000 --> 05:41:55,300
Alexander's life at the Battle 
of the granulocyte immediately. 

6465
05:41:55,300 --> 05:41:59,700
Remorseful Alexander is 
inconsolable for days, shutting 

6466
05:41:59,700 --> 05:42:03,600
himself away in anguish. 
But the damage is done the old 

6467
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:05,700
Macedonian veterans. 
Now, see their King as a 

6468
05:42:05,708 --> 05:42:08,800
dangerous blend of paranoia and 
absolute power. 

6469
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:12,700
Despite these tensions, 
Alexander doesn't abandon 

6470
05:42:12,700 --> 05:42:15,600
governance. 
He plans administrative reforms 

6471
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:18,100
carving the empire into 
provinces, run by both 

6472
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:22,500
Macedonian and local officials. 
He invest in Rhodes trade routes

6473
05:42:22,500 --> 05:42:26,800
and the expansion of cities. 
Alexandria and Egypt blossoms 

6474
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:30,100
into a vibrant metropolis. 
A beacon of Hellenistic culture,

6475
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:33,000
similar foundations or he 
foundations across. 

6476
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:36,700
Asia Creator network of 
Alexandria's each intended as a 

6477
05:42:36,700 --> 05:42:39,900
focal point of Greek influence 
in twined with local customs. 

6478
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:43,600
Scholars travel, these routes 
exchanging Knowledge from Athens

6479
05:42:43,600 --> 05:42:46,700
Babylon and Beyond Alexander 
envisioned. 

6480
05:42:46,700 --> 05:42:49,900
A Cosmopolitan tapestry, though,
whether such a vision can 

6481
05:42:49,900 --> 05:42:53,200
survive him, remains uncertain, 
He even contemplates new 

6482
05:42:53,200 --> 05:42:56,100
campaigns. 
Rumors swirl that he wants to 

6483
05:42:56,100 --> 05:42:59,400
press into the Arabian Peninsula
that he might return to India 

6484
05:42:59,400 --> 05:43:02,300
with a fresh army or sail around
Africa to file. 

6485
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:07,000
Find a Western sea route The man
who once stood Restless in the 

6486
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:09,200
courtyard of Peller still cannot
resist. 

6487
05:43:09,200 --> 05:43:12,100
The siren Call of Uncharted 
Horizons yet. 

6488
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:14,800
Fate intervenes while residing 
in Babylon. 

6489
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:18,100
His chosen administrative 
Center, Alexander Falls ill. 

6490
05:43:18,100 --> 05:43:21,100
After a prolonged banquet. 
High fever grips him. 

6491
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:24,900
Some Whispers the result of 
poisoning others claimed its 

6492
05:43:24,900 --> 05:43:27,900
malaria. 
Typhoid will complications from 

6493
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:31,600
old battle wounds. 
The Unstoppable conqueror, only 

6494
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:35,500
in his early thirties, finds 
himself bedridden as his 

6495
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:38,700
condition deteriorate. 
Alexander's High, commanders 

6496
05:43:38,700 --> 05:43:42,000
gather, anxiously each wonders, 
who will inherit an Empire. 

6497
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:46,600
So colossal that it defies any 
single are Rockstar is pregnant 

6498
05:43:46,600 --> 05:43:50,400
but an unborn child. 
Can't rule a realm in Chaos on 

6499
05:43:50,400 --> 05:43:53,500
his deathbed voice. 
Rasping Alexander is said to 

6500
05:43:53,500 --> 05:43:56,800
murmur cryptic statements about 
leaving his Empire to the 

6501
05:43:56,800 --> 05:43:59,700
strongest. 
Or maybe he names no successor 

6502
05:43:59,700 --> 05:44:03,100
at all the records vary 
reflecting, the swirling 

6503
05:44:03,100 --> 05:44:06,800
confusion of that moment. 
He offers his Signet ring to a 

6504
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:09,300
trusted General, but the 
gestures meaning is ambiguous. 

6505
05:44:09,300 --> 05:44:12,700
Was it a personal request or a 
declaration of succession? 

6506
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:17,400
In the humid, Babylonian Knights
Mighty conqueror, succumbs 

6507
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:21,200
soldiers, gather outside the 
palace, Gates, refusing to 

6508
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:24,700
believe the rumors, they beg to 
see him one last time. 

6509
05:44:24,700 --> 05:44:27,700
Legend says the dying. 
Alexander is carried to an 

6510
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:31,000
anti-chamber where he silently 
acknowledges his troops, with 

6511
05:44:31,000 --> 05:44:34,000
his eyes, two weeks to speak 
sorrow. 

6512
05:44:34,000 --> 05:44:37,600
In Phillips them, the man who 
led the cross Ocean's deserts 

6513
05:44:37,600 --> 05:44:41,200
and countless battlefields is 
now leaving them with no clear 

6514
05:44:41,200 --> 05:44:45,200
directive for tomorrow. 
With Alexander's death the 

6515
05:44:45,200 --> 05:44:48,100
Empire, he created trembles on 
the brink of fragmentation. 

6516
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:52,100
Generals later called. 
The deer Doty will carve the 

6517
05:44:52,100 --> 05:44:55,100
territories into separate. 
Kingdoms forging their own in a 

6518
05:44:55,100 --> 05:44:59,100
season in Egyptian, minor and 
Beyond Many of the Cities 

6519
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:02,600
Alexander founded remain 
cultural crossroads that spin 

6520
05:45:02,600 --> 05:45:05,700
out, new fusions of art 
philosophy and religion. 

6521
05:45:06,600 --> 05:45:09,400
Hellenistic influence Fred's 
further than any purely Greek 

6522
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:12,500
city-state, ever could have 
imagined shaping centuries of 

6523
05:45:12,508 --> 05:45:14,800
development in lands. 
As far as the Indus Valley. 

6524
05:45:15,600 --> 05:45:19,500
And what of Alexander's Legacy 
for some, he is a brilliant 

6525
05:45:19,500 --> 05:45:23,000
strategist who rewrote the art 
of warfare, a king, who 

6526
05:45:23,000 --> 05:45:25,900
integrated peoples and stoke, 
the fires of cross-cultural 

6527
05:45:25,900 --> 05:45:29,400
exchange to others, he is a 
figure of tragic hubris, 

6528
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:33,700
dragging thousands into a long, 
bloody March fueled by personal 

6529
05:45:33,700 --> 05:45:36,100
ambition. 
Stories from the Indus to the 

6530
05:45:36,108 --> 05:45:38,900
Nile from the oxus river to the 
Aegean Sea. 

6531
05:45:38,900 --> 05:45:43,500
Carrie, fragments of his Legend 
over centuries, the raw details,

6532
05:45:43,500 --> 05:45:46,800
morph into myths poets, 
transformed him into a demigod 

6533
05:45:46,800 --> 05:45:50,700
historians debate, his virtues 
and vices and explorers invoke 

6534
05:45:50,700 --> 05:45:54,400
his name when embarking on 
perilous quests But above all, 

6535
05:45:54,400 --> 05:45:57,400
Alexander Remains the Restless 
soul of antiquity. 

6536
05:45:57,400 --> 05:46:00,600
A leader who from his first 
steps on Macedonian soil, 

6537
05:46:00,600 --> 05:46:04,700
dreamed of limiting Horizons but
of breaking them, his life 

6538
05:46:04,700 --> 05:46:07,800
stands as a testament to the 
sheer and sometimes terrifying 

6539
05:46:07,800 --> 05:46:11,300
force of will forever leaving 
questions about how one man's 

6540
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:14,000
Drive can alter the course of 
nation's for good or ill. 

6541
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:16,600
Thus, concludes our tapestry of 
Alexander. 

6542
05:46:16,600 --> 05:46:19,800
The Great a story woven from 
Dusty parvez. 

6543
05:46:19,800 --> 05:46:24,200
Rivers of conflict, lavish 
Banquets, and fleeting triumphs 

6544
05:46:25,000 --> 05:46:28,300
He was shaped by powerful 
parents, Guided by philosophers 

6545
05:46:28,300 --> 05:46:31,800
tested on, countless 
battlefields and enthralled by 

6546
05:46:31,800 --> 05:46:34,000
the promise of immortality 
through Conquest. 

6547
05:46:34,000 --> 05:46:37,500
Whether or not, he is Achieve 
that immortality remains for us 

6548
05:46:37,508 --> 05:46:40,400
to judge. 
As long as human curiosity, 

6549
05:46:40,400 --> 05:46:44,700
thrives his name, Echoes 
Alexander the man who sought to 

6550
05:46:44,700 --> 05:46:48,000
see to rule and to understand 
the edge of the known world, 

6551
05:46:48,000 --> 05:46:51,200
only to find that the world is 
always larger than we dare. 

6552
05:46:51,200 --> 05:46:53,700
Imagine. 
The early 17th century. 

6553
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:58,100
Time when Europe was a patchwork
of Kingdoms, principalities and 

6554
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:01,600
religious divides. 
At the heart of this Patchwork, 

6555
05:47:01,600 --> 05:47:05,700
lay the Holy Roman Empire, a 
vast and fragmented realm that 

6556
05:47:05,700 --> 05:47:07,800
stretched across much of Central
Europe. 

6557
05:47:08,600 --> 05:47:12,800
The centuries tensions, simmered
beneath the surface as Catholic 

6558
05:47:12,800 --> 05:47:17,200
and Protestant States vied for 
power influence and the right to

6559
05:47:17,200 --> 05:47:22,100
practice their faith freely. 
spark that ignited this long and

6560
05:47:22,100 --> 05:47:26,000
devastating conflict came in the
form of a defiant act in the 

6561
05:47:26,000 --> 05:47:31,400
city of Prague, In 1618 
Protestant Nobles, in Bohemia 

6562
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,600
angered by perceived 
restrictions on their religious 

6563
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:38,300
freedoms under Emperor. 
Ferdinand the second Stage to 

6564
05:47:38,300 --> 05:47:41,400
dramatic Rebellion. 
They stormed Prague Castle 

6565
05:47:41,400 --> 05:47:45,900
seized two Imperial officials 
and held them out of window in 

6566
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:48,700
an event known as the 
defenestration of Prague. 

6567
05:47:49,900 --> 05:47:53,600
Miraculously the official 
survived the fall, but the Act 

6568
05:47:53,600 --> 05:47:55,600
was a clear Declaration of 
defiance. 

6569
05:47:55,600 --> 05:48:00,100
This single moment, set off a 
chain reaction, like ripples 

6570
05:48:00,100 --> 05:48:04,700
spreading a cross a Still Pond. 
Ferdinand, the second a staunch 

6571
05:48:04,700 --> 05:48:07,800
Catholic saw the Rebellion as a 
direct challenge to his 

6572
05:48:07,800 --> 05:48:09,500
authority and the Catholic 
Church. 

6573
05:48:10,700 --> 05:48:13,200
Determined to restore order. 
And Catholic dominance. 

6574
05:48:13,200 --> 05:48:17,300
He mobilized his forces, while 
Protestant leaders across the 

6575
05:48:17,300 --> 05:48:21,000
Empire began rallying their 
allies in preparation for a 

6576
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:24,100
larger struggle. 
What began as a localized 

6577
05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:27,600
conflict in Bohemia quickly, 
escalated into a broader War. 

6578
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:31,100
Drawing in neighboring regions 
and foreign powers. 

6579
05:48:32,200 --> 05:48:35,000
Protestant princes sought 
support from allies in Denmark, 

6580
05:48:35,000 --> 05:48:38,400
Sweden and Beyond. 
While Catholic States turned to 

6581
05:48:38,408 --> 05:48:41,800
Spain and the powerful Habsburg 
Dynasty for Aid. 

6582
05:48:42,600 --> 05:48:44,800
The wall was no longer just 
about Bohemia. 

6583
05:48:44,800 --> 05:48:48,800
It had become a contest of 
religion, politics, and 

6584
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:53,600
territorial ambition, As the 
conflict on folded, it became 

6585
05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:56,300
clear that this was not a war of
quick resolution. 

6586
05:48:56,300 --> 05:49:01,000
The early battles were Fierce 
yet inconclusive leaving both 

6587
05:49:01,000 --> 05:49:03,800
sides and trenched in their 
positions and more determined 

6588
05:49:03,800 --> 05:49:08,600
than ever to secure victory. 
The countryside began to Bear 

6589
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:12,200
the scars of the war. 
Villagers burned crops were 

6590
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:15,900
destroyed and innocent lives 
were caught in the crossfire The

6591
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:20,000
30 Years War was born out of 
these divisions and its Origins 

6592
05:49:20,000 --> 05:49:23,400
reveal, much about the fragile 
balance of power and belief in 

6593
05:49:23,400 --> 05:49:26,600
Europe at the time. 
It was a conflict rooted in 

6594
05:49:26,600 --> 05:49:29,700
faith. 
But also fueled by ambition and 

6595
05:49:29,700 --> 05:49:33,200
fear. 
A perfect storm that would rage 

6596
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:36,100
for decades. 
Take a moment to absorb this 

6597
05:49:36,100 --> 05:49:38,600
beginning. 
The first ripples of what would 

6598
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:40,600
become a vast and Relentless 
storm. 

6599
05:49:41,800 --> 05:49:44,800
As we move forward, the 
intricate web of alliances 

6600
05:49:44,800 --> 05:49:47,400
battles and betrayals will 
unfold. 

6601
05:49:48,200 --> 05:49:52,300
But for now, let the gravity of 
this moment, settle a reminder 

6602
05:49:52,300 --> 05:49:57,400
of how one act of defiance can 
Echo across history, As the 

6603
05:49:57,400 --> 05:50:01,100
conflict in Bohemia, ignited, 
the deeper fault, lines of 

6604
05:50:01,100 --> 05:50:03,400
Europe's religious, divide began
to widen. 

6605
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:06,500
Casting a shadow, over the 
entire continent. 

6606
05:50:08,000 --> 05:50:10,900
At its core. 
The 30 Years War was fueled, by 

6607
05:50:10,900 --> 05:50:13,100
the tensions between Catholics 
and Protestants. 

6608
05:50:14,300 --> 05:50:17,200
Struggle that had Simmons since 
the Reformation in the 16th 

6609
05:50:17,200 --> 05:50:20,400
century. 
The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 

6610
05:50:20,400 --> 05:50:24,600
had attempted to create Harmony 
by allowing rulers within the 

6611
05:50:24,600 --> 05:50:28,200
Holy Roman Empire, to determine 
their State's religion where the

6612
05:50:28,200 --> 05:50:32,000
Catholic or Lutheran. 
Yet this fragile piece left, 

6613
05:50:32,000 --> 05:50:35,200
many unresolved issues, 
particularly with the rise of 

6614
05:50:35,208 --> 05:50:38,900
Calvinism, a branch of 
protestantism that had not been 

6615
05:50:38,900 --> 05:50:43,600
recognized in the agreement. 
As Calvinists States gained 

6616
05:50:43,600 --> 05:50:46,100
influence. 
The Catholic Habsburg rulers 

6617
05:50:46,100 --> 05:50:49,400
viewed them as a threat. 
They growing presence felt like 

6618
05:50:49,400 --> 05:50:51,200
a challenge to the established 
order. 

6619
05:50:52,200 --> 05:50:54,900
When Ferdinand, the second 
ascended to the throne of the 

6620
05:50:54,900 --> 05:50:58,400
Holy Roman Empire, he was 
determined to restore Catholic 

6621
05:50:58,400 --> 05:51:02,000
dominance, his unwavering faith 
and aggressive policies. 

6622
05:51:02,000 --> 05:51:06,700
Further inflamed tensions among 
Protestant states that viewed 

6623
05:51:06,700 --> 05:51:09,400
him as a tyrant bent on crushing
their freedoms. 

6624
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:13,600
Ferdinand's allies and Spain and
the papacy provided him with 

6625
05:51:13,600 --> 05:51:17,200
support reinforcing the Catholic
position with resources and 

6626
05:51:17,200 --> 05:51:19,800
Manpower. 
On the other side, the 

6627
05:51:19,800 --> 05:51:23,900
Protestant Union, a coalition of
protestant princes mobilized to 

6628
05:51:23,900 --> 05:51:27,500
resist Ferdinand Ambitions, they
sought aid from Protestant 

6629
05:51:27,500 --> 05:51:31,100
Powers beyond the Empire, 
including Denmark's, Sweden, and

6630
05:51:31,100 --> 05:51:34,000
England. 
These nations saw the conflict. 

6631
05:51:34,000 --> 05:51:37,500
Not only as a religious struggle
but also as an opportunity to 

6632
05:51:37,500 --> 05:51:40,400
weaken the habsburgs and expand 
their own influence. 

6633
05:51:41,100 --> 05:51:45,000
The war spread Beyond Bohemia. 
Spilling into regions, such as 

6634
05:51:45,000 --> 05:51:47,200
the palatinate Saxony and 
Bavaria. 

6635
05:51:48,000 --> 05:51:50,800
Each new front brought 
Devastation to towns and 

6636
05:51:50,800 --> 05:51:54,200
Villages as armies marched 
across the countryside. 

6637
05:51:54,200 --> 05:51:55,900
Leaving destruction in their 
wake. 

6638
05:51:56,500 --> 05:51:59,700
The brutality of the conflict 
became evident in battles such 

6639
05:51:59,700 --> 05:52:02,300
as the Battle of White Mountain 
in 1620. 

6640
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:05,700
A crushing defeat for the 
Protestants that marked the 

6641
05:52:05,700 --> 05:52:08,800
beginning of ferdinand's efforts
to reassert Catholic control. 

6642
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:13,000
The despite Catholic victory in 
the early years, the war refused

6643
05:52:13,000 --> 05:52:17,500
to subside, Protestant leaders, 
rallied drawing on the resources

6644
05:52:17,500 --> 05:52:19,700
and Military expertise of their 
allies. 

6645
05:52:20,600 --> 05:52:24,100
Sweden under King Gustavus 
Adolphus emerged as a formidable

6646
05:52:24,100 --> 05:52:28,200
Force. his disciplined armies 
breathing new life into the 

6647
05:52:28,200 --> 05:52:32,400
Protestant cause the balance of 
power began to shift in the war.

6648
05:52:32,400 --> 05:52:35,800
Escalated further. 
This was no longer a simple 

6649
05:52:35,800 --> 05:52:39,400
struggle between Catholics and 
Protestants, it became a war of 

6650
05:52:39,400 --> 05:52:42,900
ambition and survival. 
Lawless States and mercenary. 

6651
05:52:42,900 --> 05:52:46,700
Armies joined The Fray drawn by 
Promises of plunder and pay. 

6652
05:52:48,200 --> 05:52:52,100
The war became a theater of 
chaos were alliances shifted and

6653
05:52:52,100 --> 05:52:55,900
even traditional enemies found 
themselves fighting side by side

6654
05:52:55,900 --> 05:52:59,800
in pursuit of their goals. 
As the conflict deepened, it 

6655
05:52:59,800 --> 05:53:02,000
transformed the very nature of 
warfare. 

6656
05:53:02,000 --> 05:53:05,900
The 30 Years War was one of the 
first conflicts were civilian 

6657
05:53:05,900 --> 05:53:08,500
population. 
Suffered as much as if not more 

6658
05:53:08,500 --> 05:53:11,900
than the soldiers. 
Famine disease, and 

6659
05:53:11,900 --> 05:53:15,900
displacement, became common as 
entire communities were uprooted

6660
05:53:15,900 --> 05:53:19,800
or destroyed the wars, religious
Roots became intertwined with 

6661
05:53:19,800 --> 05:53:23,300
the politics of power, and its 
escalation revealed the 

6662
05:53:23,300 --> 05:53:25,700
fragility of Peace in a divided 
world. 

6663
05:53:27,500 --> 05:53:31,200
As we moved to the next chapter,
consider the human cost of these

6664
05:53:31,200 --> 05:53:34,400
divisions the lives touched by a
conflict. 

6665
05:53:34,400 --> 05:53:37,800
That seemed endless yet. 
Always teetered on the edge of 

6666
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:42,100
resolution, by the late, 1620s, 
the Protestant, cause seemed to 

6667
05:53:42,108 --> 05:53:45,600
falter their forces weakened by 
defeats and dwindling 

6668
05:53:45,600 --> 05:53:49,700
alliance's. 
The entry of Sweden in the war 

6669
05:53:49,700 --> 05:53:53,600
under the leadership of King 
Gustavus, Adolphus marked a 

6670
05:53:53,600 --> 05:53:55,500
turning point. 
That would reshape the conflict.

6671
05:53:57,200 --> 05:53:59,000
So dollfuss was not just a 
ruler. 

6672
05:53:59,000 --> 05:54:01,400
He was a Visionary military 
leader. 

6673
05:54:01,400 --> 05:54:05,200
Whose Innovations and strategy 
and tactics would leave a 

6674
05:54:05,200 --> 05:54:09,200
lasting Legacy on warfare. 
Starface Adolphus, believed 

6675
05:54:09,200 --> 05:54:13,300
deeply in the Protestant cause. 
But his intervention was also 

6676
05:54:13,300 --> 05:54:15,800
driven by Sweden strategic 
interests. 

6677
05:54:16,700 --> 05:54:19,100
The habsburgs growing influence 
threatened. 

6678
05:54:19,100 --> 05:54:23,000
Swedish dominance in the Baltic 
region, making the 30 Years War,

6679
05:54:23,000 --> 05:54:25,500
a matter of survival, and 
sovereignty for his Nation. 

6680
05:54:26,300 --> 05:54:28,600
With the backing of France, 
which sought to undermine 

6681
05:54:28,600 --> 05:54:31,000
Habsburg power despite being 
Catholic. 

6682
05:54:31,700 --> 05:54:35,800
Sweden, entered The Fray and 
1630 bringing with it, a 

6683
05:54:35,800 --> 05:54:39,900
discipline and modernized army. 
The Swedish forces brought a new

6684
05:54:39,908 --> 05:54:41,700
energy to the Protestant, 
struggle. 

6685
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:46,000
Gustavus Adolphus introduced 
revolutionary military tactics 

6686
05:54:46,000 --> 05:54:49,900
emphasizing Mobility 
coordination and the use of 

6687
05:54:49,908 --> 05:54:53,800
combined arms integrating 
infantry Cavalry and artillery 

6688
05:54:53,800 --> 05:54:59,000
into a cohesive fighting force. 
These methods gave his troops a 

6689
05:54:59,000 --> 05:55:02,300
significant Edge over the 
larger, but less organized 

6690
05:55:02,300 --> 05:55:06,100
armies of the Catholic League. 
The Battle of Brighton filmed in

6691
05:55:06,100 --> 05:55:11,200
1631 was a defining moment, a 
stunning victory for the swedes 

6692
05:55:11,200 --> 05:55:15,300
and their Protestant allies. 
Gustavus, Adolphus is Army 

6693
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:19,200
decimated, the Catholic forces, 
demonstrating the effectiveness 

6694
05:55:19,200 --> 05:55:22,800
of his strategies. 
This Victory not only bolstered 

6695
05:55:22,800 --> 05:55:26,600
Protestant morale but also Drew 
new allies to their cause 

6696
05:55:26,600 --> 05:55:29,300
Shifting the balance of power in
the war. 

6697
05:55:30,100 --> 05:55:32,300
Under Gustavus, Adolphus is 
leadership. 

6698
05:55:32,300 --> 05:55:36,300
The Protestant forces, began to 
reclaim territory lost in early 

6699
05:55:36,300 --> 05:55:39,500
phases of the war. 
They Advanced deep into the 

6700
05:55:39,500 --> 05:55:43,400
heart of the Holy Roman Empire, 
challenging Ferdinand and the 

6701
05:55:43,400 --> 05:55:46,600
second dominance and threatening
the stability of the Habsburg 

6702
05:55:46,600 --> 05:55:50,000
realms. 
Gustavus Adolphus is charisma 

6703
05:55:50,000 --> 05:55:53,800
and tactical Brilliance earned 
him, the Loyalty of his troops 

6704
05:55:53,800 --> 05:55:57,600
and the respect of his enemies. 
But his triumphs were not 

6705
05:55:57,600 --> 05:56:04,200
without cost. 1632 at the Battle
of Luts in Dolphus, achieved 

6706
05:56:04,200 --> 05:56:07,500
another critical Victory, but 
lost his life in the process. 

6707
05:56:08,400 --> 05:56:12,400
his death was a severe blow to 
the Protestant cause yet his 

6708
05:56:12,400 --> 05:56:16,600
legacy endured the momentum. 
He had generated allowed Sweden 

6709
05:56:16,600 --> 05:56:19,900
to remain a dominant force in 
the war and his military 

6710
05:56:19,900 --> 05:56:23,100
innovations continued to 
influence the strategies of both

6711
05:56:23,100 --> 05:56:27,000
sides. 
A Sweden's intervention reshape 

6712
05:56:27,000 --> 05:56:29,500
the war, the conflict, grieving 
more complex. 

6713
05:56:30,600 --> 05:56:33,900
Religious divides began to blur 
as political Ambitions took 

6714
05:56:33,900 --> 05:56:37,600
center stage with Catholic. 
France supporting Protestants 

6715
05:56:37,600 --> 05:56:39,900
Sweden to counterbalance 
Habsburg power. 

6716
05:56:41,600 --> 05:56:44,800
This shifting landscape of 
alliances revealed the deeper 

6717
05:56:44,800 --> 05:56:49,000
currents, driving the war. 
Struggle, not just of Faith, but

6718
05:56:49,000 --> 05:56:51,800
of power and control over 
Europe's future. 

6719
05:56:53,200 --> 05:56:55,800
Starvis Adolphus is role in the 
30s. 

6720
05:56:55,800 --> 05:56:58,400
War is a testament to the 
transformative power of 

6721
05:56:58,400 --> 05:57:02,600
leadership and Innovation, his 
contributions brought hope to a 

6722
05:57:02,600 --> 05:57:05,600
Fractured Alliance and altered 
the course of a seemingly. 

6723
05:57:05,600 --> 05:57:10,000
Endless conflict. 
Yet his death also reminded the 

6724
05:57:10,000 --> 05:57:13,000
world of the fleeting nature of 
Triumph in the face of Wars 

6725
05:57:13,000 --> 05:57:16,600
Relentless Tolle. 
As we prepare to move to the 

6726
05:57:16,600 --> 05:57:20,200
next chapter, take a moment to 
reflect on the determination and

6727
05:57:20,200 --> 05:57:22,100
vision. 
It takes to bring change amid 

6728
05:57:22,100 --> 05:57:25,900
chaos. 
In the darkest times, even a 

6729
05:57:25,900 --> 05:57:28,000
single leader, can leave an 
indelible mark. 

6730
05:57:28,900 --> 05:57:32,800
Yet, the storm of History moves 
forward carrying all in, its 

6731
05:57:32,800 --> 05:57:35,400
wake. 
As the 30 Years War stretched 

6732
05:57:35,400 --> 05:57:39,300
into its second decade. 
The conflict expanded Beyond its

6733
05:57:39,300 --> 05:57:43,300
original boundaries engulfing 
nearly all of Europe in its 

6734
05:57:43,300 --> 05:57:47,100
Relentless grass. 
Nation's that had once remained 

6735
05:57:47,100 --> 05:57:50,600
on the side lines found 
themselves drawn into The Fray 

6736
05:57:50,600 --> 05:57:53,500
where the by Alliance is 
Ambitions or the sheer 

6737
05:57:53,500 --> 05:57:55,300
inevitability of the walls were 
mental. 

6738
05:57:56,200 --> 05:58:00,000
The entry of France in 1635, 
marked a dramatic shift. 

6739
05:58:00,800 --> 05:58:02,500
Though, a Catholic nation, 
France. 

6740
05:58:02,500 --> 05:58:05,800
Allied with Protestant powers 
like Sweden to counterbalance 

6741
05:58:05,800 --> 05:58:09,900
the habsburg's influence. this 
decision underscored how the war

6742
05:58:09,900 --> 05:58:13,000
had evolved from a religious 
conflict into a broader 

6743
05:58:13,000 --> 05:58:16,800
struggle, for political 
dominance in Europe, stage was 

6744
05:58:16,800 --> 05:58:19,700
set for what would become one of
the most destructive periods of 

6745
05:58:19,708 --> 05:58:22,700
the war. 
As alliances grew ever more 

6746
05:58:22,700 --> 05:58:25,400
complex and battles, became 
increasingly brutal. 

6747
05:58:26,600 --> 05:58:28,700
Across the continent. 
The toll of the war was 

6748
05:58:28,700 --> 05:58:32,000
staggering cities were besieged 
and burned. 

6749
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:36,400
Fields were left Barren, and 
lifeless, and Villages were 

6750
05:58:36,400 --> 05:58:39,100
emptied as civilians, fled, the 
advancing armies. 

6751
05:58:40,000 --> 05:58:44,300
Mercury forces often poorly paid
and motivated by survival 

6752
05:58:44,300 --> 05:58:48,500
resorted to pillaging and 
looting leaving Devastation in 

6753
05:58:48,500 --> 05:58:51,500
their wake. 
Famine and disease swept through

6754
05:58:51,500 --> 05:58:54,400
water and regions, taking more 
lives than the battles 

6755
05:58:54,400 --> 05:58:58,800
themselves. 
As you listen to this story at 

6756
05:58:58,800 --> 05:59:01,200
the gravity of these events 
drift gently through your 

6757
05:59:01,200 --> 05:59:06,000
thoughts, but not linger. 
Imagine the chaos of the times 

6758
05:59:06,000 --> 05:59:09,700
slowly fading into the 
background replaced, by a sense 

6759
05:59:09,700 --> 05:59:13,600
of quiet reflection. 
Feel the weight of the war's 

6760
05:59:13,600 --> 05:59:17,200
hardship, giving way to an 
understanding of resilience, a 

6761
05:59:17,200 --> 05:59:20,500
reminder of humanities enduring 
strength, even in its Darkest 

6762
05:59:20,500 --> 05:59:23,400
Hours. 
The conflict, Scopes seemed 

6763
05:59:23,400 --> 05:59:27,500
endless with battles, erupting 
in regions as far-reaching as 

6764
05:59:27,500 --> 05:59:30,800
the Rhineland, the Netherlands, 
and Northern Italy. 

6765
05:59:31,800 --> 05:59:35,600
Yet amid the turmoil moments of 
diplomacy and negotiation 

6766
05:59:35,600 --> 05:59:38,200
emerged, offering brief glimpses
of Hope. 

6767
05:59:39,100 --> 05:59:41,600
Peace, talks began. 
To take shape, though. 

6768
05:59:41,600 --> 05:59:45,500
They were slow and fraught with 
challenges reflecting the Deep 

6769
05:59:45,500 --> 05:59:48,300
divisions and mistrust among the
warring parties. 

6770
05:59:49,600 --> 05:59:52,200
Let these moments of 
negotiation, remind you that 

6771
05:59:52,200 --> 05:59:55,600
even in the midst of chaos, 
there are always efforts toward 

6772
05:59:55,600 --> 05:59:59,600
resolution. 
Allow yourself to relax further 

6773
05:59:59,600 --> 06:00:03,600
your breath steady. 
At harm as if tracing the 

6774
06:00:03,600 --> 06:00:06,500
Contours of History slow March 
toward peace. 

6775
06:00:07,400 --> 06:00:10,100
As we moved deeper into the 
story, The resilience of the 

6776
06:00:10,100 --> 06:00:12,800
people and the shifting tides of
War, reminders of the 

6777
06:00:12,800 --> 06:00:16,100
impermanence of struggle. 
Take this moment to let your 

6778
06:00:16,100 --> 06:00:19,300
mind ease. 
Let the complexity of the 30 

6779
06:00:19,300 --> 06:00:22,300
Years War on Revell. 
Gently leaving you with a sense 

6780
06:00:22,300 --> 06:00:25,100
of quiet perspective, and peace 
after. 

6781
06:00:25,100 --> 06:00:29,400
Nearly three decades of 
Relentless conflict, Europe 

6782
06:00:29,400 --> 06:00:31,400
began to seek an end the 
devastation. 

6783
06:00:31,400 --> 06:00:35,500
The 30 Years War had taken a 
toll, unlike any before it 

6784
06:00:35,500 --> 06:00:40,500
economies were ruined lands were
ravaged and millions of lives 

6785
06:00:40,500 --> 06:00:44,100
had been lost. 
By the early 1640s the warring 

6786
06:00:44,100 --> 06:00:46,900
Nations realized that. 
No, decisive victory was in 

6787
06:00:46,900 --> 06:00:49,400
sight. 
The war had devolved into a 

6788
06:00:49,400 --> 06:00:53,200
stalemate of exhaustion, thus 
began the long and complex 

6789
06:00:53,200 --> 06:00:56,600
journey toward peace through the
negotiations, that would 

6790
06:00:56,600 --> 06:00:58,200
culminate in the Peace of 
Westphalia. 

6791
06:00:59,500 --> 06:01:02,500
The westphalian negotiations 
were unprecedented in their 

6792
06:01:02,500 --> 06:01:05,800
scope and ambition. 
For the first time in European 

6793
06:01:05,800 --> 06:01:09,800
history, nearly all major Powers
gathered to discuss terms of 

6794
06:01:09,800 --> 06:01:12,300
peace. 
Delegates from Catholic and 

6795
06:01:12,300 --> 06:01:15,700
Protestant States as well. 
As representatives from France. 

6796
06:01:15,700 --> 06:01:20,500
Sweden Spain and the Holy Roman 
Empire met in the towns of 

6797
06:01:20,500 --> 06:01:24,000
Munster and Austin Brooke. 
These talks would last for 

6798
06:01:24,000 --> 06:01:26,700
years. 
Reflecting the complexity of the

6799
06:01:26,700 --> 06:01:30,500
issues at hand, and the Deep 
mistrust between the parties as 

6800
06:01:30,500 --> 06:01:33,600
the negotiations on folded, the 
participant's, wrestled with 

6801
06:01:33,600 --> 06:01:36,900
questions of religion 
sovereignty and the balance of 

6802
06:01:36,900 --> 06:01:39,900
power. 
The Peace of Westphalia sought 

6803
06:01:39,900 --> 06:01:41,700
to establish a new order in 
Europe. 

6804
06:01:41,700 --> 06:01:44,700
One that would recognize the 
religious and political 

6805
06:01:44,700 --> 06:01:46,900
realities, that had emerged from
the war. 

6806
06:01:47,800 --> 06:01:51,100
Protestant and Catholic States 
agreed to a form of mutual 

6807
06:01:51,100 --> 06:01:54,500
tolerance. reaffirming the 
principle that rulers could 

6808
06:01:54,500 --> 06:01:57,500
determine their State's 
religion, while also granting 

6809
06:01:57,500 --> 06:02:03,000
greater freedoms to minority, 
faiths The treaty also redefine 

6810
06:02:03,000 --> 06:02:06,300
the concept of sovereignty. 
It marked the beginning of the 

6811
06:02:06,300 --> 06:02:10,000
modern State system where 
Nations recognized each other's 

6812
06:02:10,000 --> 06:02:13,400
territorial boundaries and 
agreed not to interfere in one 

6813
06:02:13,400 --> 06:02:17,400
another's internal affairs. 
This idea of State sovereignty 

6814
06:02:17,400 --> 06:02:21,000
would become a Cornerstone of 
international relations for 

6815
06:02:21,000 --> 06:02:23,900
centuries to come. 
While the Peace of Westphalia 

6816
06:02:23,900 --> 06:02:28,100
brought in to the 30th War. 
Its Provisions, were not without

6817
06:02:28,100 --> 06:02:31,300
compromise. 
No side emerged as a clear 

6818
06:02:31,300 --> 06:02:34,300
Victor and many of the 
underlying tensions remained 

6819
06:02:34,300 --> 06:02:37,800
unresolved. 
Yet the treaty succeeded, in 

6820
06:02:37,800 --> 06:02:40,900
ending the immediate Bloodshed, 
and creating a framework for 

6821
06:02:40,900 --> 06:02:42,900
coexistence in a fractured 
Europe. 

6822
06:02:43,800 --> 06:02:46,700
As you listened to the 
conclusion of this chapter, let 

6823
06:02:46,700 --> 06:02:49,100
the idea of resolution fill your
thoughts. 

6824
06:02:49,900 --> 06:02:53,800
Picture the weary negotiators 
coming together after years of 

6825
06:02:53,800 --> 06:02:56,100
strife. 
Finding common ground in the 

6826
06:02:56,108 --> 06:03:00,100
hope of a better future. 
Let this image remind you that 

6827
06:03:00,100 --> 06:03:03,700
even in the most challenging 
times piece is always Within 

6828
06:03:03,700 --> 06:03:06,600
Reach. 
The road to peace was long and 

6829
06:03:06,600 --> 06:03:10,300
arduous, yet, it proved that 
dialogue and compromise can 

6830
06:03:10,300 --> 06:03:12,100
overcome even the deepest 
divisions. 

6831
06:03:12,900 --> 06:03:16,100
Allow this lesson to settle 
within you, as you relax further

6832
06:03:16,100 --> 06:03:21,000
your mind at ease as The Echoes 
of War Fade Into the calm 

6833
06:03:21,000 --> 06:03:24,400
promise of resolution as the 
Peace of Westphalia brought an 

6834
06:03:24,400 --> 06:03:28,000
end to the 30 Years War. 
Europe began to rebuild From the

6835
06:03:28,000 --> 06:03:30,200
Ashes of its most devastating 
conflict. 

6836
06:03:31,000 --> 06:03:34,800
The war left an indelible mark 
on the continent. shaping the 

6837
06:03:34,800 --> 06:03:38,400
course of history and profound 
ways Nations that had been 

6838
06:03:38,400 --> 06:03:42,300
battered and broken emerged with
new identities while the concept

6839
06:03:42,300 --> 06:03:45,100
of sovereignty, laid the 
foundation for the modern nation

6840
06:03:45,100 --> 06:03:49,500
state system, The Wars legacy 
extended Beyond politics and 

6841
06:03:49,500 --> 06:03:52,900
borders, it changed the way. 
Conflicts were waged 

6842
06:03:52,900 --> 06:03:56,400
highlighting, the immense cost 
of prolonged War and the 

6843
06:03:56,400 --> 06:03:58,800
devastating impact on civilian 
populations. 

6844
06:04:00,000 --> 06:04:03,100
The lessons of the 30s War 
echoed across Generations, 

6845
06:04:03,100 --> 06:04:06,100
reminding Humanity of the 
importance of diplomacy 

6846
06:04:06,100 --> 06:04:11,500
tolerance and restraint. 
This story of Destruction and 

6847
06:04:11,500 --> 06:04:14,500
eventual reconciliation carries 
a Timeless message. 

6848
06:04:15,700 --> 06:04:19,000
Even in the darkest of times, 
there is always a path forward, 

6849
06:04:19,000 --> 06:04:24,400
a path, forged through 
perseverance negotiation and the

6850
06:04:24,400 --> 06:04:26,200
willingness to find common 
ground. 

6851
06:04:27,500 --> 06:04:30,900
The 30 Years War may have 
scarred Europe, but it also 

6852
06:04:30,900 --> 06:04:35,400
served as a turning point. 
Proving that piece though, hard 

6853
06:04:35,400 --> 06:04:40,200
one is always worth striving for
As we close this chapter of 

6854
06:04:40,200 --> 06:04:43,500
History, take a moment to 
reflect on the resilience of the

6855
06:04:43,500 --> 06:04:46,700
human spirit. 
Let the story of the 30 Years 

6856
06:04:46,700 --> 06:04:50,900
War, remind you of the strength 
found in unity and the power of 

6857
06:04:50,900 --> 06:04:54,000
resolution. 
Think of the Nations and 

6858
06:04:54,000 --> 06:04:55,500
individuals who rebuilt.