Why the Nile River Was So Important To Ancient Egypt | Boring History For Sleep

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Hello there. 
My Sleepy Little River potatoes.

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Let the day drift Downstream for
a while. 

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A river is a strange thing to 
build a civilization around, but

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the Nile did more than pass 
through Egypt. 

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Time carried food, shaped belief
and gave people a reason to 

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gather in a place where the 
desert waited just beyond the 

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green. 
In this episode we're looking at

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why the Nile River created 
ancient Egypt, not as a simple 

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line on a map, but as the living
force behind farming, travel 

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trade, religion power and the 
rhythm of daily life. 

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We've shaped this one from 
research history in to a 

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soothing bedtime story with the 
sharper edges, softened for 

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nighttime listening. 
If this episode is the kind of 

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story you'd like to fall asleep 
to, you can leave a thumbs up 

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review, follow along or tell me 
where you're listening from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, dim the lights, grab your 

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blanket, and let's begin. 
Long before any Pharaoh pressed 

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to seal into clay or ordered 
Stone cut from a quarry face. 

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A river was doing the quiet 
essential work of building. 

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One of the most enduring, 
civilization's the ancient world

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would ever produce. 
For thousands of years before 

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writing existed, that River 
flooded retreated and Left 

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Behind the precise conditions. 
A complex Human Society needs to

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take root and grow tonight as 
you settle in and let the noise 

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of the day drift off somewhere. 
You do not need to follow it. 

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You're going to travel far back 
in time to a long narrow Valley,

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where one body of water changed,
everything. 

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Imagine standing at the edge of 
one, of the largest deserts on 

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the planet, The sky above you is
pale. 

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And bleached the kind of blue 
that looks as though color has 

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been left out in the sun too 
long. 

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The ground beneath your feet is 
hard and cracked pale dust 

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lifting and slow Puffs, whenever
a breath of wind crosses, it 

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almost nothing grows here. 
The few things that do have a 

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stubborn resigned quality about 
them as though, Staying Alive 

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was a compromise. 
They arrived at after exhausting

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every other option, the heat 
sits on you like something 

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physical the air. 
Draws moisture off your lips 

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before you notice it happening. 
This is North Africa, 

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specifically, it is the Sahara. 
And by almost every geographical

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measure, it should have 
remained, largely empty of the 

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kind of large organized 
long-lasting civilization. 

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We are about to discuss the 
Sahara covers. 

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The northern third of the 
African continent spreading 

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across an area, roughly the size
of the continental United 

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States. 
For most of its vast pale 

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expanse, it offers almost 
nothing that a settled growing 

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Society requires. 
There are Oasis places where 

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underground water rises through 
the Rock and sustains, a cluster

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of Palms on a small human 
community of carefully 

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calibrated routines, but to 
build something of genuine scale

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and permanence something with 
cities and tax systems and Royal

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courts. 
And the kind of monumentality 

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that leaves traces for 5,000 
years, you need several things. 

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The open desert does not provide
You need reliable water in large

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quantities. 
You need soil, capable of 

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feeding a substantial 
population. 

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You need a way to move Goods 
people and informational, cross 

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long distances without 
prohibitive cost. 

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The Sahara on its own gives, 
none of those things at the 

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necessary scale and yet cutting 
through its eastern Edge like a 

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long seam stitched through 
otherwise hostile terrain, there

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is the Nile. 
The Nile is one of the longest 

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rivers on Earth stretching 
roughly 6,600 kilometers from 

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its sources in Equatorial Africa
all the way to the Mediterranean

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Sea It does something unusual 
for a major river in the 

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northern hemisphere, it flows 
north most rivers in the 

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northern hemisphere. 
Follow the general slope of the 

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land and drain toward the South 
or the east. 

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The Nile runs the opposite 
direction from the highlands of 

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Central and Eastern Africa, 
downhill toward the sea, at the 

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continents Northern Edge. 
Greek Travelers, who visited 

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Egypt in Antiquity found this 
deeply disorienting and wrote 

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about it with the puzzled 
fascination of people who kept 

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expecting the river to change 
its mind. 

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It never did. 
Seen from above the Nile Valley 

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is one of the most visually 
striking Landscapes anywhere on 

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the planet. 
On both sides of the river, the 

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desert stretches away in every 
direction pale and flat. 

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And apparently endless through 
that emptiness, runs a ribbon of

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vivid, green only a few 
kilometers wide in most places 

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following the river with the 
Precision of a line drawn within

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tent, the green stops abruptly 
at the desert's Edge. 

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There is no gradual transition 
know slowly thinning zone of 

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scrub. 
Before you cross into sand, one 

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step you're on living soil with 
water nearby. 

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The Next Step you're in the 
desert was though someone drew 

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the boundary with a straight 
edge that green ribbon is where 

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everything in this story 
happened, the valley at ground 

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level is narrower than it looks 
on a map. 

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In most of Upper Egypt, the 
cultivated land stretches, 

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perhaps two to 10 kilometers on 
each side of the river. 

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Before giving away to the desert
plateau in places where the 

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cliffs come close to the 
channel. 

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The flood plain is barely wider 
than a large farm. 

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The sense of being in a corridor
is pronounced and specific a 

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world with a clear Center and a 
clear edge with nothing. 

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Gradual about the transition 
between the two. 

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Living in that Valley meant 
living with an acute awareness 

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of where the water was, and what
it was doing. 

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The desert was always visible. 
The river was always audible or 

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nearly. 
So from most places, you might 

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stand the relationship between 
those two facts shaped how 

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people thought about everything 
from agriculture to cosmology. 

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To understand why the river was 
so consequential for human life.

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In this place, you need to 
understand what it does every 

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single year because that annual 
behavior is what separated this 

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River from almost every other 
body of water that has ever run 

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through human history, part of 
the south of Egypt in the 

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highlands of what is now. 
Ethiopia a rainy season arrives.

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Each summer with considerable 
Force, the rains are heavy and 

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sustained gathering in the 
mountain valleys and pouring 

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down through the river systems 
below. 

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The river known as the Blue Nile
begins at Lake. 

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Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands.
Because it cuts down through the

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volcanic terrain and into the 
lowlands, it carries an 

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enormous, quantity of dark, 
mineral-rich silt with it torn 

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from Highland soils and Forest 
floors by the force of the 

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water. 
The White Nile which flows from 

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Lake Victoria in central Africa.
Adds a steadier and larger 

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Baseline volume of water 
throughout the year. 

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The two rivers meet near 
present-day, Khartoum in Sudan 

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and continue northward as a 
combined channel into the 

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desert. 
By the time all that accumulated

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volume reaches the Egyptian 
stretch of the Nile. 

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It has been building for weeks 
the watercolor shifts from blue 

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green. 
Toward a deeper murkier Brown as

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the silt content increases the 
current strength and then slowly

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and unmistakably the river 
Rises. 

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The ancient Egyptians called 
this season naked, meaning the 

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season of inundation it ran from
roughly mid July through 

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mid-november. 
Of his level climbed steadily 

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until it spilled over the load 
Banks and spread across the 

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surrounding flood, plain in a 
wide shallow sheet of warm, 

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slow-moving water, at the height
of the flood. 

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The valley would have looked 
from any elevated ground. 

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Like an elongated lake with the 
tops of palm trees, and the 

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roofline of settlements built on
raised ground, poking above the 

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water line, the air, during the 
flood carried, a warm organic 

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smell. 
The scent of distant mountains 

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and long travel of Earth that 
had started somewhere else and 

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arrived here changed. 
The floods could be substantial.

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At a swan in the south of Egypt,
the good flood raised the river 

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roughly 8 meters above its dry 
season level. 

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A flood that fell significantly 
short of that. 

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Mark meant thin silt deposits 
and a lean harvest in the month 

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that followed A flood that far 
exceeded, it could destroy the 

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Earth and dikes and channels. 
Farmers had spent years 

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constructing. 
The people of the valley watched

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the rising water with the 
precise attention of those who 

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survival depended on reading it 
correctly? 

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When the flood behaved itself 
and across the long centuries, 

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it did so far more often than 
not, the most important moment 

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came, as the waters pulled back 
as the flood retreated over 

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October, and November it left 
behind a layer of dark fine. 

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Exceptionally fertile, murdered 
on every surface. 

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The water had touched this mud 
was called Kemet. 

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Kemet was also the word, the 
Egyptians used for their own 

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country. 
They did not call their land 

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Egypt that name came later 
shaped by Greek mouths and Greek

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geography, the Egyptians called 
their homemade, the Blackland 

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name for the color of the soil, 
the river delivered every year 

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without being asked. 
The surrounding desert, they 

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called deshret the Redland. 
The line between those two 

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colors, black and red wet and 
dry. 

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And Barren was the boundary of 
their entire inhabited world. 

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Silt, the Nile carried from the 
Ethiopian Highlands was not 

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ordinary mud. 
It was fine. 

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Grained, and mineral-rich loaded
with organic material, washed 

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from Highland forests and 
Mountain Meadows far to the 

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South Planting crops into 
freshly deposited. 

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Nile silt was by ancient 
agricultural standards and 

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Arrangement so favorable at 
boarded on unfair to everyone, 

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farming anywhere else. 
Seeds germinated. 

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Quickly crops grew with unusual 
Vigor, Harvest were generous in 

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ways that farmers in other parts
of the ancient world could not 

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reliably expect. 
And because the flood came every

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year, the soil, renewed itself 
every year, without any effort 

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from the farmers living beside 
it. 

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The river, did the fertilizing, 
the farmers. 

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Did the planting and the 
harvesting and the system works 

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so well for so long, that an 
entire civilization grew up 

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around it shaped by it. 
And ultimately made possible by 

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nothing more complicated than a 
yearly delivery of good. 

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Mud from the mountains. 
Breathe slowly and hold that 

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image, the Dark Water spreading 
across pale ground the smell of 

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Highland Earth arriving at the 
valley floor. 

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The patient Retreat of the flood
leaving that thin dark layer 

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behind nothing, planted yet, 
nothing harvested, but 

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everything. 
Ready for what was about to 

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grow. 
The first farmers, along the 

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Nile arrived long before, anyone
built a pyramid or placed a 

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crown on a human head. 
Archeology tells us so Mirinda. 

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Benny Salama a settlement. 
In the Western Nile, Delta 

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studied extensively in the 20th 
century show, signs of grain 

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cultivation and domestic animal.
Keeping dating back roughly 

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7,000 years, The fan Basin a 
depression of the main Valley 

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connected to the Nile by a 
natural Channel preserves 

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evidence of grain storage from 
around 6,000 years ago. 

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But Darien nakada site in Upper 
Egypt, showing the complex 

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material culture across the long
centuries, before State 

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formation with painted pottery, 
and Grave Goods. 

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Accumulating in the 
archaeological record as markers

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of communities, becoming more 
organized, more differentiated 

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and more interested in things 
Beyond immediate survival, These

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were not yet the Egyptians of 
golden masks and Limestone 

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Colonnades. 
They were farming Villages 

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shaped by the rivers Rhythm 
learning over Generations. 

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00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:09,000
What the black soil could 
produce settle into your 

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imagination. 
Now, you're a farmer living in 

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the valley at the height of 
Egyptian history perhaps 3,500 

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00:11:16,100 --> 00:11:19,300
years ago. 
Your mudbrick house sits on a 

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low, rise of the flood. 
Plain close enough to your 

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fields to walk to them in 
minutes. 

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00:11:23,300 --> 00:11:26,200
High enough that the annual 
flood does not usually reach 

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your doorstep. 
Your walls are thick and the 

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rooms inside a cooler than the 
air outside during the warm 

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months. 
There is a grain storage room at

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the back of the house sealed 
against insects and moisture 

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holding the Surplus from the 
previous harvest. 

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The flood has just pulled back. 
The ground around your feet is 

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dark and still damp soft. 
In the way, that Sandy ground, 

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never is the air smells of wet 
mud and bruised. 

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Reed stems and something faintly
mineral, the smell of soil that 

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has come from somewhere far away
and arrived here Changed by the 

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journey. 
You pick up a handful it holds 

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its shape. 
It is ready. 

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What went into that soil is a 
matter of well-preserved 

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historical record. 
Emma wheat was the foundation of

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00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:08,800
the Egyptian diet in every 
period. 

231
00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:12,700
And at every social level, it 
went into bread and bread was 

232
00:12:12,700 --> 00:12:15,600
the center of every meal for 
most of the population across 

233
00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:18,200
most of Egypt's long history, 
the forms. 

234
00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:22,000
It took varied there were dense,
heavy loaves, baked in clay 

235
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:26,400
molds, thinner flatbreads cooked
on hot Stones, small round rolls

236
00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,200
and larger ceremonial loaves 
shaped for ritual purposes. 

237
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:32,000
What did not vary was the 
centrality of the thing. 

238
00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:35,700
A meal without bread in ancient 
Egypt was not quite a meal. 

239
00:12:35,708 --> 00:12:39,400
Archaeologists have found bread 
loaves placed in tombs alongside

240
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:41,100
the dead for use in the 
afterlife. 

241
00:12:41,100 --> 00:12:44,400
Which tells you something about 
the seriousness, with which the 

242
00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:47,200
Egyptians took the subject. 
Barley was the Second. 

243
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:50,100
Great cereal used primarily to 
produce beer. 

244
00:12:50,900 --> 00:12:54,600
Beer in ancient Egypt occupied a
nutritional and social role that

245
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:57,200
its modern reputation does not 
quite prepare you for. 

246
00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,500
It was safer to drink than 
unfiltered, river water in many 

247
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:05,000
situations, it provided calories
and some nutrients Workers on 

248
00:13:05,008 --> 00:13:07,700
state construction projects 
received it as part of their 

249
00:13:07,700 --> 00:13:10,800
daily rations. 
Alongside bread children drank 

250
00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:14,100
weaker versions of it. 
Priests consumed it in certain 

251
00:13:14,100 --> 00:13:17,000
ritual. 
Contexts soldiers, carried it in

252
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:19,400
the field. 
If you are an ancient Egyptian 

253
00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:23,000
who did not drink beer, you were
in an unusual minority and 

254
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,500
likely the subject of some 
puzzlement from your neighbors, 

255
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:28,600
beyond the cereals, the 
floodplain produced, lentils 

256
00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:30,900
chickpeas. 
Father, beans, onions, garlic 

257
00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:33,200
leeks and several types of 
melon. 

258
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,600
Figs and dates grew. 
Well in the valley stable warmth

259
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,100
greats were cultivated and 
pressed into wine which was more

260
00:13:40,100 --> 00:13:43,100
expensive than beer and more 
closely associated with 

261
00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:46,500
wealthier households and ritual.
Use though, it appears across 

262
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:49,100
the full range of Egyptian, 
social context in the 

263
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:53,400
archaeological record. 
Flaks was an industrial crop of 

264
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:57,300
the first important. 
Its fibers were processed in the

265
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:00,000
cloth that dressed essentially 
the entire Egyptian population 

266
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,800
of cross, most of its history, 
Linen was light and breathable 

267
00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:07,500
and well-suited to The Climate 
produced in grades ranging from 

268
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:11,300
coursework in cloth to Fabrics 
of such fine weave that 

269
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:15,000
surviving examples preserved in 
Tomb, deposits are nearly 

270
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,400
translucent. 
Everyone wore it from field 

271
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:20,500
laborers. 
To Palace officials with the 

272
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:23,400
quality of the cloth, marking 
the distance between the more 

273
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:27,000
clearly than its basic nature. 
Papyrus grew wild in the wet 

274
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,900
margins of the river and was 
harvested and processed into 

275
00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:32,200
writing. 
Sheets by slicing the pith of 

276
00:14:32,200 --> 00:14:35,500
the plant stem Into Thin strips 
pressing them together in 

277
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:38,200
perpendicular layers and drying 
them underweight. 

278
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:41,500
The resulting material was light
flexible and capable of 

279
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:44,800
receiving ink with pleasing 
Clarity Egypt, exported it 

280
00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:47,500
widely. 
For much of antiquity. 

281
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:50,200
If you are illiterate person, 
anywhere in the Mediterranean 

282
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,800
world and you want to write 
something down the surface, you 

283
00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:54,600
wrote on almost certainly came 
from the Nile. 

284
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:58,800
The farming year moved in three 
acts when the flood waters with 

285
00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:01,500
Drew around mid-november, the 
season of Prague began. 

286
00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:05,200
This was the growing season 
running through the cooler 

287
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:09,100
months from December into March.
Farmers work during parade with 

288
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:11,200
a combination of residual. 
Soil moisture from the 

289
00:15:11,208 --> 00:15:14,300
inundation and supplemental 
irrigation drawn from nearby 

290
00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:16,400
channels. 
They monitored their crops 

291
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:19,600
progress kept the channels, 
clear and manage the ordinary 

292
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:22,300
pests and dry patches that came 
with any growing season. 

293
00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:26,600
Shema followed the harvest 
season running from roughly 

294
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:30,500
April through mid-july. 
The grain grew tall and began 

295
00:15:30,500 --> 00:15:34,000
drying in the building heat 
harvesting was urgent, work. 

296
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,400
It needed to happen before the 
summer heat became extreme. 

297
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:40,600
And before the approaching flood
cycle caught the field, still 

298
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:44,300
uncleared, the whole household 
worked along with neighbors who 

299
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,200
expected the same help returned 
when their own Harvest came. 

300
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,400
Grain was cut with curved 
sickles tied into sheaves, 

301
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,200
carried to the threshing, floor 
and beaten beneath the Hooves of

302
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,600
cattle or donkeys driven in 
circles over it. 

303
00:15:57,600 --> 00:16:01,600
Then it was winnowed lifted and 
tossed in flat wooden Scoops. 

304
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:05,100
While the wind carried off the 
charm and the heavier grain fell

305
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:07,800
back down. 
Scribes were present at this 

306
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:10,700
point in the process because 
grain was the medium through 

307
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:13,100
which taxes were paid, and 
workers were compensated 

308
00:16:13,100 --> 00:16:14,900
recording. 
Its quantities. 

309
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:17,000
Accurately was an administrative
necessity. 

310
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:20,700
A scribe crouching at the edge 
of a threshing floor with a 

311
00:16:20,708 --> 00:16:24,900
palette and a supply of Papyrus 
strips watching the grain poured

312
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:28,000
into measuring containers. 
And making his marks was not an 

313
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:30,000
unusual sight in any farming 
Community. 

314
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,300
He was the harvests accountant 
and his records fed in to a 

315
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:37,400
national accounting system 
maintained by the state Those 

316
00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:40,100
records written on Papyrus and 
on Pottery shards and 

317
00:16:40,108 --> 00:16:43,500
occasionally carved in stone a 
part of what allows modern 

318
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,400
historians to reconstruct the 
mechanics of Egyptian, daily 

319
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:48,900
life with more Precision than 
his possible. 

320
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:51,800
For many other ancient 
civilizations, the Surplus that 

321
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,300
resulted from all of this 
farming was the economic engine 

322
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:58,200
of everything else. 
Egypt, In productive years and 

323
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:01,700
there were many, the Nile Valley
generated far more food than the

324
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:03,800
farming population needed to 
sustain itself. 

325
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:08,000
That excess was stored in state 
granaries of considerable size. 

326
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:11,300
The granaries themselves were 
architectural achievements, 

327
00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:16,300
large domed, brick structures 
built to maintain, cool dry 

328
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,200
interiors that would preserve 
grain through long periods, 

329
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:22,200
without spoilage. 
Surviving remains of ancient 

330
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:25,800
Egyptian granaries, including 
those excavated at several major

331
00:17:25,800 --> 00:17:28,900
administrative sites, show 
facilities capable of holding, 

332
00:17:28,900 --> 00:17:32,100
tens of thousands, of liters of 
grain in individual storage 

333
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:35,200
chambers. 
The design was practical and 

334
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:37,800
specific oriented toward one 
problem and solving it. 

335
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:40,700
Well, the surplus store in these
granaries enabled. 

336
00:17:40,700 --> 00:17:44,000
The existence of an entire 
professional class that never 

337
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:49,000
grew its own food. 
Scribes, Architects Physicians, 

338
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:53,200
priests soldiers, 
administrators, and the many 

339
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,000
varieties of skilled 
craftspeople who produced the 

340
00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:58,600
painted furniture and carved 
Stone and woven linen. 

341
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:02,200
That modern museums display as 
evidence of Egyptian aesthetic 

342
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:04,800
sophistication all lived from 
that grain reserve, the 

343
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,600
existence of a complex 
civilization is in the end, the 

344
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:10,900
question of whether the people 
who grow food can grow enough of

345
00:18:10,900 --> 00:18:13,000
it, to also support the people 
who do everything else. 

346
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:16,800
Egypt answer, that question, 
with exceptional, generosity for

347
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:19,700
an exceptionally long time 
workers, who built the Great 

348
00:18:19,700 --> 00:18:23,300
temples and monuments were paid 
in grain bread and beard. 

349
00:18:23,300 --> 00:18:26,600
Derived from that Surplus 
soldiers, marching South into 

350
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:28,500
new beer or Easter. 
Cross the Sinai. 

351
00:18:28,500 --> 00:18:32,000
Carried rationals that began as 
seed in Nile silt. 

352
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:35,300
Temple priests who spent their 
professional lives performing 

353
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:37,200
ritual and never held a farming 
tool. 

354
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:39,700
Eight food. 
The river had effectively grown 

355
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:43,900
The Artisans and scribes and 
administrators and Physicians 

356
00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:46,900
and two painters who formed the 
complex, non-farming class of 

357
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:50,300
Egyptian Society, all lived on 
the abundance, the floodplain 

358
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:55,100
produced grain, was money, the 
economy ran on it and the Nile 

359
00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:57,100
replenished. 
It year after year, by 

360
00:18:57,100 --> 00:19:00,000
depositing, the raw material of 
the following Season's Harvest 

361
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,500
in the form of that dark 
mineral, Laden mud. 

362
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,600
Think of all the intricate 
layers of Egyptian civilization 

363
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:11,400
for a moment, the painted tomb 
Chambers, the Colossal Stone 

364
00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:15,000
seated figures, the gold inlay 
and the carved ritual vessels, 

365
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,300
the legal codes and the 
administrative correspondence in

366
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:21,200
the medical texts. 
Trace each of them back through 

367
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:22,800
the chain of what made them 
possible. 

368
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:27,300
One Link at a time each link 
eventually leads to soil and the

369
00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:31,000
soil leads to the river. 
Ancient Egypt had three seasons 

370
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,800
and the river wrote them all, 
you have met them briefly 

371
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:35,700
already. 
But to understand what those 

372
00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:38,300
Seasons felt like, from the 
inside, you need to spend more 

373
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:41,600
time in each one return to the 
same farmer from the last 

374
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,000
chapter, the same mud Brick 
House on the rise of the flood. 

375
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,500
Plain the same Fields the same 
cattle. 

376
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:50,300
The same sealed grain jars at 
the back of the house. 

377
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:53,700
You have been reading this 
River, your entire life, the way

378
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:57,100
a person reads, a familiar face,
picking up the smaller signs 

379
00:19:57,100 --> 00:20:00,900
before the larger ones arrive, 
Around mid July the signs. 

380
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,300
Begin the color of the water 
shifts. 

381
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:06,000
First. 
A subtle change from blue green 

382
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,700
toward a warmer deeper Brown. 
A silt from the Ethiopian 

383
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:13,100
Highlands begins arriving in the
current The current itself, 

384
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:16,300
thickened slightly. the surface 
of the river, takes on a 

385
00:20:16,308 --> 00:20:19,700
different quality in the early 
morning, light, Small low 

386
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:21,700
restlessness. 
That was not there a week 

387
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:25,100
before, you have felt this 
before, every year, since you 

388
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:27,800
were old enough to walk to the 
River's Edge alone, you know 

389
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:30,300
what it means? 
Hackett is coming, you begin 

390
00:20:30,308 --> 00:20:32,800
preparations. 
The grain from last season, is 

391
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,100
already in storage sealed 
against insects, your cattle are

392
00:20:36,108 --> 00:20:37,700
moved to elevated ground near 
the village. 

393
00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:41,000
The lower portions of your field
boundaries are reinforced with 

394
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:43,300
packed Earth. 
Your neighbors are doing the 

395
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:46,000
same work along their own 
borders, because the dike 

396
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:48,800
Network that manages, the flood 
water requires Collective 

397
00:20:48,800 --> 00:20:51,200
attention and no one tends it 
alone. 

398
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:56,800
When the water rises and cross 
your Fields, farming stops, this

399
00:20:56,800 --> 00:21:00,500
period of force agricultural 
inactivity was when the Egyptian

400
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:02,600
State redirected much of its 
Workforce. 

401
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:06,300
Farmers, whose Fields were 
underwater had time that could 

402
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:09,900
not be spent on agriculture. 
The state used This Time by 

403
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:13,700
calling workers to construction 
projects, quarrying operations, 

404
00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:17,300
Canal maintenance, and other 
large-scale undertaking that 

405
00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:20,800
required bulk human effort. 
The pyramids at Giza were built 

406
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:22,600
partly by this seasonal labor 
force. 

407
00:21:23,300 --> 00:21:26,400
Farmers on a periodic work 
rotation, rather than enslaved 

408
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:29,300
workers as early as historical 
accounts, sometimes suggested 

409
00:21:29,300 --> 00:21:32,400
the nature of that Workforce is 
partly documented through 

410
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,900
evidence from DRL Medina, a 
settlement on the West Bank of 

411
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:39,000
the Nile at Thebes, that housed 
the crafts, people and laborers 

412
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:41,700
who built and decorated, the 
Royal tombs in the Valley of the

413
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,500
Kings. 
Daryl Medina is unusually well 

414
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:47,200
documented because its 
inhabitants were literate and 

415
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,200
wrote frequently on broken 
pottery sherds called ostraca. 

416
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:54,200
Those records include work 
rossters and wage records and 

417
00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:57,500
notes about personal disputes. 
They also include accounts of 

418
00:21:57,500 --> 00:21:59,900
workers stopping work. 
When their rations arrived late,

419
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:02,700
walking off the job site and 
sitting in front of the 

420
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:05,700
administrative building's until 
the overdue payments were 

421
00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:08,000
delivered. 
This is not typically how 

422
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,500
involuntary labor systems work, 
the workers at Dale Medina. 

423
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:15,000
Received grain fish, vegetables 
and beer as compensation. 

424
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,100
They had grievances they 
expressed through Collective 

425
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:22,200
action and on, at least one 
documented, occasion achieved 

426
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:24,900
results by doing. 
So they were by the evidence of 

427
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:27,400
available, skilled people who 
understood their own value to 

428
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:30,900
the projects, they served. 
When I get ended and period 

429
00:22:30,900 --> 00:22:33,900
began around mid-november, you 
returned to your Fields with 

430
00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:37,300
something that resembled relief.
The ground, the flood Left 

431
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:39,500
Behind was dark and soft and 
waiting. 

432
00:22:40,300 --> 00:22:43,200
So we needed to happen quickly 
while the moisture from the 

433
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,500
inundation still held in the top
layers of soil and before the 

434
00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:48,500
surface could dry and Harden 
under the winter. 

435
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:52,100
Sun plows move through the 
darker with a satisfying. 

436
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:56,400
Ease seeds went in at the right 
depth, then the longer quieter 

437
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:59,700
work of watching began. 
Parade had a different pace from

438
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:03,100
the other two seasons. 
The crops grew the irrigation 

439
00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:06,500
channels needed clearing of any 
debris that had accumulated the 

440
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,500
fields needed monitoring for dry
patches and for the kinds of 

441
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:12,000
damage that wind or pests could 
do to young plants. 

442
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:15,300
But compared to the flood 
preparation of the coming 

443
00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:18,400
urgency of harvest, the growing 
season, was the season of 

444
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:22,000
patients, it asked you to ten 
and observe rather than to work 

445
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:25,100
at maximum effort. 
The sky over Egypt, during the 

446
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:26,900
growing season is almost always 
clear. 

447
00:23:26,900 --> 00:23:29,800
And the winter are in the valley
is cool enough to work. 

448
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:33,100
In comfortably, the green of the
growing grain, extended across 

449
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:36,300
the flood, plain, on both sides 
of the river Vivid against the 

450
00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:39,400
surrounding desert. 
Scene from High Ground, the 

451
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:41,600
valley during parade was a 
landscape of contrast. 

452
00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,700
So sharp it looked almost 
designed two colors with a hard 

453
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:48,400
line between them. 
Small details of prey life 

454
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:50,500
appear in surviving texts and 
two paintings. 

455
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:54,400
Farm worker might spend parts of
the day scaring birds from the 

456
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,800
growing grain by shouting and 
waving, or by stringing lengths,

457
00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:01,100
of rope hung with Rags between 
posts at the fields edges. 

458
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,300
Cattle needed watching. 
So they did not wander into the 

459
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:06,700
crops. 
Children helped with lighter 

460
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:08,800
tasks. 
Fishing in the river provided a 

461
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:11,600
practical supplement to the 
stored grain during the months 

462
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,100
before the new harvest. 
The river continued to be 

463
00:24:14,108 --> 00:24:16,000
generous. 
Even when the flood itself was 

464
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,900
long over offering fish and 
waterfowl and the Papyrus Reeds 

465
00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:22,900
that could be cut and woven into
baskets sandals and rope. 

466
00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:26,500
By April, the grain was tall and
beginning to dry in the 

467
00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:29,400
strengthening Heat. 
Shimu arrived with urgency. 

468
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:33,000
The Harvest had to be completed 
within a specific window before 

469
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,300
it extreme heat and approaching 
flood made further work in the 

470
00:24:36,300 --> 00:24:39,200
fields in practical. 
The whole of your community, 

471
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:42,100
moved through the Harvest 
together, cutting and tying and 

472
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:45,100
carrying with an efficiency that
only comes from doing the same 

473
00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:47,200
work in the same place for many 
years running. 

474
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,400
After the grain was cut and 
threshed the scribes arrived. 

475
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,900
State tax in ancient Egypt was 
assessed on agricultural 

476
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:58,200
production, the percentage of 
varied across different periods 

477
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:01,200
and could be adjusted in 
response to flood quality and 

478
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:04,200
crop yields a scribe. 
Arriving at the threshing floor 

479
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:07,000
to record your Harvest, was an 
expected part of the process. 

480
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,600
His records determined what the 
state received, and what you 

481
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,700
kept as household reserve and 
Seed stock for the next planting

482
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:17,500
his accuracy mattered to both 
parties and the accumulated 

483
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:19,200
records. 
From countless, such visits 

484
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:23,200
preserved on Papyrus and pottery
across many years, gave the 

485
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:24,600
state. 
A detailed picture of 

486
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:28,100
agricultural productivity across
the whole country that no other 

487
00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:31,700
ancient Administration outside 
of China had in comparable form.

488
00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:35,500
Out of all this systematic 
observation of the rivers cycle.

489
00:25:35,500 --> 00:25:37,700
So came one of the ancient 
world's most functional 

490
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:41,600
calendars, The Egyptians noticed
that the annual reappearance of 

491
00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:44,900
the star serious, on the Eastern
Horizon, Just Before Sunrise, 

492
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:48,000
coincided reliably, with the 
beginning of the flood season. 

493
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:52,600
Serious is the brightest star in
the night sky and its return. 

494
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,300
After a period of invisibility 
was a striking event. 

495
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:59,300
Visible even to eyes that were 
not specifically watching for 

496
00:25:59,300 --> 00:26:01,300
it. 
The Egyptians called This 

497
00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:04,700
Moment, the hill rising of 
serious, because it proceeded 

498
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:07,100
the floods arrival, so, 
reliably, it became the 

499
00:26:07,108 --> 00:26:09,600
astronomical anchor for the 
start of the Egyptian year. 

500
00:26:10,500 --> 00:26:13,400
From that starting point, the 
Egyptians built a calendar of 

501
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:18,300
365 days, divided into three 
seasons of four months, each 

502
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,200
with five additional days 
attached at the Year's End. 

503
00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:25,200
This was not derived from 
speculation, it was derived from

504
00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:28,600
watching the river and watching 
the sky and noticing that they 

505
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:32,800
moved in concert year after year
with a reliability that made 

506
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,000
them trustworthy. 
The resulting calendar was among

507
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,400
the most accurate in the ancient
world, and eventually became a 

508
00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:41,900
foundation for later, 
astronomical, and calendrical 

509
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:43,800
work. 
That passed through Greek and 

510
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,600
Roman scholarship and 
contributed in some measured to 

511
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:47,900
the calendar structures used 
today. 

512
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,200
The river wrote the calendar in 
water, the farmers, read it in 

513
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:54,600
Grain. 
The scribes recorded it on 

514
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,700
Papyrus and the whole system 
turned year. 

515
00:26:57,700 --> 00:27:00,700
After year with the Dependable 
patients of something that has 

516
00:27:00,700 --> 00:27:03,900
been working. 
Well for a very long time, Egypt

517
00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:07,100
was long and narrow and that 
shape was not an accident. 

518
00:27:07,100 --> 00:27:10,900
It was the shape, the Nile 
imposed on human settlement in a

519
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:13,600
desert environment. 
You could not live far from the 

520
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:16,400
river and farm productively 
because the rivers moisture and 

521
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,500
deposited silt did not extend 
very far from the main Channel. 

522
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,100
The population, clustered along 
the banks and spread North and 

523
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:25,800
South along the rivers length 
while extending only a short 

524
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:29,800
distance east or west. 
The result was a country shaped 

525
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:34,200
like a very long, very thin 
Corridor with desert pressing in

526
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,200
from both sides and the river 
running down the center like a 

527
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:38,500
thread holding the whole thing 
together. 

528
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:42,100
Connecting the two ends of that 
Corridor required. 

529
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:44,600
A means of moving Goods. 
Efficiently over long distances.

530
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:48,000
And the Nile provided it in a 
way that rewarded practical, 

531
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,100
understanding in the ancient 
world, moving heavy things. 

532
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:54,400
Overland was slow expensive and 
limited in scale. 

533
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:57,500
Draft animals could pull 
substantial loads under good 

534
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:00,800
conditions but the distances 
involved in Egyptian geography, 

535
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:04,000
the hundreds of kilometers. 
Separating the far south from 

536
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,400
the northern Delta were beyond 
what land-based transport could 

537
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:09,000
cover economically for bulk 
Goods. 

538
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:13,300
Water transport was a different 
proposition, a boat loaded with 

539
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:16,100
stone or grain moved more weight
with less effort than any 

540
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:18,800
land-based alternative available
to ancient Society. 

541
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:22,100
The Nile made water transport, 
not merely possible, but 

542
00:28:22,100 --> 00:28:25,600
unusually convenient, and it did
so through a combination of 

543
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:27,900
natural features that work 
together in an almost 

544
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:30,300
collaborative way. 
The river flows north. 

545
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,800
If you want to travel North, 
from the southern region, the 

546
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,900
Egyptians called Upper Egypt 
toward the northern Delta, they 

547
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:39,400
called Lower Egypt, the current 
carried you. 

548
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,900
You kept the boat off the sand 
bars attended to the steering 

549
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:46,700
and the river did the driving. 
North mint Downstream and 

550
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:48,700
downstream meant the current was
your engine. 

551
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:51,500
Here is the feature that made 
the whole system work in both 

552
00:28:51,508 --> 00:28:54,000
directions. 
The prevailing wind along the 

553
00:28:54,008 --> 00:28:57,600
Nile Valley blows from the north
off, the Mediterranean pushing, 

554
00:28:57,600 --> 00:28:59,700
steadily Southward up the river 
corridor. 

555
00:29:00,400 --> 00:29:03,300
If you wanted to travel South 
back toward the highlands 

556
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:06,800
against the current, you raised 
a sail, the wind pushed you 

557
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:08,300
Upstream. 
While the river tried to push 

558
00:29:08,300 --> 00:29:11,300
you Downstream and with a 
competent Helmsman and the right

559
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,500
rigging, the journey South was 
manageable without the grinding 

560
00:29:14,500 --> 00:29:16,300
effort of rowing against a 
strong current. 

561
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:19,900
This was so embedded in how 
Egyptians understood movement, 

562
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:22,700
that direction and Method Of 
Travel became a single Concept. 

563
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:25,200
In their writing, the 
hieroglyphic symbol for 

564
00:29:25,208 --> 00:29:27,100
traveling. 
North was a boat with its sail, 

565
00:29:27,100 --> 00:29:30,000
down carried by the current 
symbol for traveling. 

566
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,700
South was a boat with its sail 
up catching the wind direction 

567
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:36,300
and propulsion method were 
represented by the same image 

568
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:39,800
because they were in Daily 
experience, the same thing. 

569
00:29:41,100 --> 00:29:43,900
The Nile was effectively a 
two-way Road running the full 

570
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:47,300
length of the country, requiring
no construction and no 

571
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:49,800
maintenance Beyond keeping the 
main Channel, clear of sand 

572
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,100
bars. 
Stone quarried from the granite.

573
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:56,100
Outcrops at his wand in the far,
south could be loaded onto 

574
00:29:56,100 --> 00:29:57,900
wooden barges. 
And floating North to 

575
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:01,300
construction site near Memphis, 
all the Delta without a single 

576
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:02,500
draft. 
Animal involved. 

577
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:05,600
Grain harvested in a productive 
Southern Province. 

578
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:08,200
Could be shipped North to areas 
experiencing shortfall. 

579
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,400
Finished goods, arriving at 
Mediterranean ports. 

580
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,500
In the Delta could be 
dispatched, South to wherever 

581
00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:16,000
they were needed. 
The boats that moved along this 

582
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,000
road were a significant part of 
Egyptian material culture. 

583
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,100
Egypt, had access to local 
Timber primarily, Acacia and 

584
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:26,400
Sycamore suitable for smaller 
craft larger vessels, and those 

585
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:29,800
designed for sea travel were 
often built from Cedar imported 

586
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,200
from the forests of what is now 
Lebanon, because Egyptian native

587
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:35,900
Timber was not well, suited to 
large-scale Shipbuilding. 

588
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:39,500
Rock carvings in the desert east
of the Nile dating to the 

589
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:43,200
pre-dynastic period before the 
unified State existed showboats 

590
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,900
with rays and rows of Osman. 
Suggesting that watercraft was 

591
00:30:46,900 --> 00:30:50,100
Central to the Egyptian 
experience long before anyone 

592
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:53,100
thought to record, it in 
hieroglyphs, several large, 

593
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:56,500
wooden boats, buried beside the 
pyramids at Giza placed there 

594
00:30:56,500 --> 00:30:57,900
for the pharaoh's use in the 
afterlife. 

595
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:01,000
Have been excavated in 
remarkable states of 

596
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,300
preservation. 
One of them disassembled into 

597
00:31:04,300 --> 00:31:06,900
over 1200 pieces. 
When it was buried was 

598
00:31:06,900 --> 00:31:10,100
painstakingly reassembled by 
Egyptian conservators in the 

599
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:13,800
20th century and can be seen in 
a museum built over its original

600
00:31:13,800 --> 00:31:16,200
pit. 
The woods still holds its shape 

601
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:18,900
after four and a half thousand 
years in the dry Desert Air. 

602
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:22,000
The river was all what held 
Upper and Lower Egypt together 

603
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:25,500
as a single political unit. 
These two regions were 

604
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:28,900
geographically, distinct. 
Upper Egypt was the long narrow 

605
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:32,200
Southern Valley, where the flood
plain was confined between High 

606
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,600
Desert Cliffs, and the character
of the land was focused and 

607
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:39,000
constrained. 
Lower Egypt was the broader in 

608
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,100
the north, where the river split
into several channels before 

609
00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:45,000
meeting the Sea. 
And the landscape opened into a 

610
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:47,900
wide flat. 
Marshy plane, very different in 

611
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:51,200
temperament from the south 
Uniting them under a single 

612
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,700
Administration which the first 
pharaohs accomplished and their 

613
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:58,100
successors maintained for 
centuries at a time required. 

614
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:02,600
The ability to move troops, 
officials messages and supplies 

615
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:05,200
along the full length of the 
country with reasonable speed. 

616
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,500
The river made that possible. 
Without it the two regions would

617
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:11,000
most. 
Plausibly have remained 

618
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,200
separate, political entities, 
two different, and two distant 

619
00:32:14,200 --> 00:32:17,500
be governed as one. 
The city of Memphis established 

620
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:20,700
near the point where the Nile 
Valley opens into the Delta was 

621
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,600
located precisely where the 
rivers role as connector was 

622
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,700
most apparent. 
Memphis sat at the junction of 

623
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,900
Upper and Lower Egypt at the 
place where the narrow Southern 

624
00:32:29,900 --> 00:32:32,200
Corridor wide in the broad 
Northern plain. 

625
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:35,700
Goods moving in either direction
along the river, passed through,

626
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,900
or near Memphis. 
Administrative communication 

627
00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:40,800
between North and South traveled
through it. 

628
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,100
The city became one of the great
population centers of the 

629
00:32:44,108 --> 00:32:46,900
ancient world partly because of 
the economic logic of its 

630
00:32:46,900 --> 00:32:50,500
position, a logic provided 
entirely by the river and the 

631
00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:54,600
way Goods flowed along it. 
To control Memphis was in 

632
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:58,600
Practical terms to control the 
flow of Egypt's, commas, Beyond 

633
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:00,900
Egypt's borders. 
The river in its connected 

634
00:33:00,900 --> 00:33:03,300
waterways extended. 
The civilizations economic 

635
00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:07,100
reach, considerably, father, To 
the South, the Nile linked 

636
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:08,200
Egypt. 
With new beer. 

637
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,900
The region corresponding roughly
to Modern Sudan Nubia was a 

638
00:33:11,900 --> 00:33:16,300
source of gold, Ivory Ebony, and
a range of other materials Egypt

639
00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:20,200
valued across many centuries. 
The relationship between the two

640
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:23,500
was sometimes Cooperative 
sometimes, combative and 

641
00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:26,500
occasionally reversed in 
entirely as when rulers from a 

642
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:30,200
newbie Dynasty, governed, Egypt,
itself, as the 25th, Dennis D, 

643
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:32,500
the river was the medium through
which all of these 

644
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:36,200
relationships, regardless of 
their political character were 

645
00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:39,800
maintained and expressed 
Eastwood Overland route through 

646
00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:42,400
the Sinai connected Egypt with 
the Levant and through the 

647
00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:44,600
Levant with the broader, ancient
near Eastern world. 

648
00:33:45,900 --> 00:33:48,800
Cedar from Lebanon, arrived at 
Delta ports, by sea and moved 

649
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,700
South along the Nile. 
Lapis lazuli, the deep blue 

650
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:54,500
stone. 
Beloved by Egyptian crafts 

651
00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:57,900
people for inlay and jewelry 
began its journey and Minds in 

652
00:33:57,900 --> 00:34:00,200
what is now Afghanistan and 
traveled through. 

653
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:03,800
Many Hands Across thousands of 
kilometers before arriving in a 

654
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,600
workshop somewhere in the Nile 
Valley, to the south and east, 

655
00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:09,800
lay the land, the Egyptians 
called punt visited by 

656
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:11,900
state-sponsored trading 
Expeditions. 

657
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:16,000
That returned with incense, 
myrrh exotic Timber and living 

658
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,800
plants. 
The exact location of Punt 

659
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:20,400
remains debated among 
historians. 

660
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:22,800
What matters less than the 
location? 

661
00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:26,199
Is the fact that Egypt could 
Mount organized, long-range 

662
00:34:26,199 --> 00:34:29,600
trading expeditions to reach it 
which implies a level of 

663
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:33,000
logistical and Maritime 
capability that the Nile economy

664
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:35,900
made possible. 
Imagine the river during harvest

665
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:37,800
season at the height of Egypt's 
Prosperity. 

666
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:41,100
Boats of every size. 
Moving in both directions 

667
00:34:41,100 --> 00:34:44,400
simultaneously. 
Heavy barges low in the water. 

668
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:47,400
Under loads of granite or grain.
Drifting North on. 

669
00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:51,000
The current light of vessels 
with sails raised moving south 

670
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:54,400
against it pushed by the 
Mediterranean, wind The Creeks 

671
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:57,700
of rope and Timba the voice of a
Helmsman, calling out the depth.

672
00:34:57,700 --> 00:34:59,800
The head of the hull, the smell 
of the river. 

673
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:02,500
Wet Reed and moving water and 
warm wood. 

674
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,600
On the banks, the activity was 
equally continuous workers 

675
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:09,700
loading and unloading at the key
Merchant. 

676
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:12,000
Speaking, the commercial 
languages of a half dozen 

677
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,000
different cultures Nubian 
Traders. 

678
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:18,600
With Ivory Levine Merchants with
cedar planks Egyptian scribes 

679
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:22,300
with clay tablets recording 
every transaction in the careful

680
00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:25,100
economical marks of their 
administrative script. 

681
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,000
Children running along the bank,
watching the boats dogs 

682
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:31,900
investigating, the fish smell at
The Waters Edge with their 

683
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,200
usual, professional dedication. 
All of it animated by the river 

684
00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,000
beneath it and the wind above 
it, both of them working the 

685
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:41,200
same Corridor. 
They had always worked in 

686
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,300
different to the Commerce 
happening on their surfaces, 

687
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:49,100
essential to all of it. that 
River was not scenery, it was 

688
00:35:49,108 --> 00:35:52,200
the arterial system of a living 
civilization, carrying 

689
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:56,800
everything, the body of needed 
from one part to another Of 

690
00:35:56,800 --> 00:36:00,000
every year, every civilization 
that survived long enough to 

691
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:03,100
become identifiable in the 
historical record found some way

692
00:36:03,100 --> 00:36:05,300
to manage the threat of external
disruption. 

693
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,700
Many built armies of sufficient 
scale to determine most 

694
00:36:08,700 --> 00:36:11,100
challenges. 
Some relied on the political 

695
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:15,000
complexity of Shifting alliances
among neighboring Powers others 

696
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,700
position themselves in locations
that were inherently difficult 

697
00:36:17,700 --> 00:36:21,900
to attack Egypt, for much of its
long history had something 

698
00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:25,300
rather different and it had it 
before any King arrived to take 

699
00:36:25,300 --> 00:36:29,300
credit for it. 
It was the desert The Sahara, 

700
00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:32,500
which we met at the beginning of
this story surrounded, the Nile 

701
00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:35,600
Valley on its Western and 
Eastern flanks with a barrier to

702
00:36:35,608 --> 00:36:38,800
large-scale military movement, 
that was essentially complete 

703
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:42,400
without being constructed. 
An army approaching from the 

704
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:44,800
West would need to cross 
hundreds of kilometers of 

705
00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:48,600
waterless extremely hot desert 
before reaching the edge of the 

706
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,800
cultivated land. 
The logistical demands of moving

707
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:55,300
a large Force Through terrain. 
Where water does not exist and 

708
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:58,000
shade is not available. 
Were prohibitive for most 

709
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:01,500
ancient military Commanders. 
The desert did not need to be 

710
00:37:01,508 --> 00:37:04,800
actively defended because 
Crossing it in force was simply 

711
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,100
not a workable option. 
The Eastern approach was 

712
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:11,700
different the Sinai Peninsula 
connected Egypt to the ancient 

713
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:13,300
near East by a narrow land 
bridge. 

714
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:16,600
And this was the one direction 
from which Overland invasion was

715
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:20,200
actually feasible, but the Sinai
was dry and resource poor. 

716
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:23,200
And a force moving through it 
needed to manage its water 

717
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:26,200
supply with careful attention. 
Egypt. 

718
00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:29,500
Compensated for this exposure by
establishing a line of Frontier 

719
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:33,300
fortresses along the peninsula's
Eastern Edge and maintaining 

720
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:36,200
Patrol systems to monitor the 
movement of people through the 

721
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:38,800
corridor. 
Eastern approach was not 

722
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:42,100
impossible but it was narrow and
watchable which made it 

723
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:44,500
manageable. 
From the north, the 

724
00:37:44,500 --> 00:37:47,700
Mediterranean offered another 
potential angle of approach but 

725
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:50,500
the Nile Delta through which any
Northern force would need to 

726
00:37:50,508 --> 00:37:52,900
move was poorly suited to 
military operations. 

727
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:57,400
It was flat marshy threaded with
River channels and difficult to 

728
00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:00,000
navigate without knowledge. 
That an outside force would not 

729
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:02,700
possess. 
An army that did not know the 

730
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:05,500
Delta's geography, well, would 
find it an uncomfortable and 

731
00:38:05,500 --> 00:38:08,800
disorienting place. 
To the South, the Nile itself. 

732
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:11,400
Provided a natural defensive 
feature in the form of the 

733
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:13,900
cataracts. 
Cataracts were stretches of the 

734
00:38:13,908 --> 00:38:17,200
river where the channel passed 
over Rocky, outcrops producing 

735
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:21,700
Rapids, Cascades and sections of
shallow turbulent, water, that 

736
00:38:21,700 --> 00:38:24,300
made boat navigation, very 
difficult or impossible. 

737
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:27,900
There were six between us one 
and the region around cartoon in

738
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:30,300
Sudan. 
The first cataract actor does 

739
00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:33,200
one served as Egypt's, 
traditional southern boundary 

740
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:34,800
across many periods of its 
history. 

741
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:38,600
A force trying to move up River 
by boat from the south would 

742
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:41,900
find this barrier in possible 
without portaging an elaborate 

743
00:38:41,900 --> 00:38:45,100
undertaking, a force approaching
Overland from the south which 

744
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:47,500
would first need to cross the 
Sahara and regions of Sudan 

745
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,000
which presented its own 
considerable difficulty. 

746
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:54,300
Egypt was not Invincible. 
The Hixson a people from the 

747
00:38:54,308 --> 00:38:57,100
Levant whose cultural Origins 
Scholars have discussed and 

748
00:38:57,100 --> 00:38:59,000
revised across several decades 
of research. 

749
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:02,400
Established control over the 
northern Delta Region During the

750
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:05,700
period Egyptians later 
remembered as a time of serious 

751
00:39:05,700 --> 00:39:10,700
National indignity, roughly 
3,500 to 3,300 years ago. 

752
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:14,700
Rulers from the Nubian Kingdom 
of kush governed Egypt, as its 

753
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:17,500
25th Dynasty, in the 8th and 7th
centuries. 

754
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:21,100
Before the Common Era Assyrian 
armies marched in and sacked, 

755
00:39:21,100 --> 00:39:24,700
major cities Persian kings added
Egypt to their list of conquered

756
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:28,100
territories twice. 
Alexander arrived, then his 

757
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:32,400
successes then Rome but the 
notable thing set against all of

758
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:35,700
that is how infrequently those 
disruptions came compared to the

759
00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:37,400
intervals of stability between 
them. 

760
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:40,700
The heights was period, is worth
pausing at briefly, because 

761
00:39:40,700 --> 00:39:43,400
Egypt's response to it, reveal 
something about how the natural 

762
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:45,500
protection of the valley shaped 
Egyptian thinking. 

763
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:49,500
After the heights were expelled 
by the rulers of Thebes in the 

764
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:54,000
South around. 3,300 years ago, 
the Egyptians embarked on a 

765
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,700
period of deliberate outward 
expansion establishing buffers 

766
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,500
zones in the Levant, and pushing
the southern border deeper into 

767
00:40:00,500 --> 00:40:03,200
new beer. 
Historians who have studied this

768
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:05,700
period often. 
Not that the trauma of being 

769
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:08,500
invaded through the one 
vulnerable approach prompted, 

770
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:11,400
Egypt to actively manage its 
borders in ways. 

771
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:13,100
It had not previously needed to 
do. 

772
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:16,500
The desert walls held for a long
time. 

773
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:19,800
When they proved insufficient, 
the Egyptians responded by 

774
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:22,800
building additional barriers of 
their own this time made from 

775
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:26,400
soldiers and fortresses rather 
than sand Mesopotamia. 

776
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:28,700
The other great river 
civilization of the ancient 

777
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:32,900
world occupied flat open terrain
between the Tigris and Euphrates

778
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:35,700
rivers with no natural barriers 
in any direction. 

779
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:40,800
It was invaded reorganized and 
culturally disrupted repeatedly 

780
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:43,300
across its history. 
By successive waves of different

781
00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,100
peoples with different languages
and different priorities. 

782
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:50,700
The continuity of Mesopotamian 
cultural life was fragmented as 

783
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:53,500
a result. 
Ideas and traditions persisted. 

784
00:40:53,500 --> 00:40:56,800
But they did so across ruptures 
that kept resetting the 

785
00:40:56,800 --> 00:40:59,900
Baseline. 
Egypt's relative isolation, gave

786
00:40:59,900 --> 00:41:03,200
its institutions room to develop
across long, stretches of time, 

787
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:06,000
without being repeatedly, 
dismantled and rebuilt, from 

788
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,400
different starting points. 
The hieroglyphic writing system 

789
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:12,900
was inactive use for roughly 
3,000 years before it gradually 

790
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:16,200
fell out of regular, use in the 
late antique period, the visual 

791
00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:19,900
conventions of Egyptian art, the
proportions of the human figure,

792
00:41:19,900 --> 00:41:23,600
the compositional arrangement of
scenes on walls, the use of 

793
00:41:23,608 --> 00:41:26,400
profile and frontal views and 
specific combinations. 

794
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:31,000
Persisted with recognizable, 
consistency across two and a 

795
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:32,600
half thousand years of 
production. 

796
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:36,400
Royal ideology and Theological 
tradition, ran through the 

797
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:39,900
culture from its earliest 
recorded periods to its latest 

798
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:42,900
in a line of development rather 
than disconnected episodes. 

799
00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:46,400
That kind of continuity is not 
achieved by the sheer. 

800
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:48,100
Determination of a people 
though. 

801
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,400
Determination certainly played a
role, it requires a protected 

802
00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:54,800
environment, one stable enough 
to allow institutions and 

803
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:58,100
traditions to accumulate depth 
rather than being constantly 

804
00:41:58,100 --> 00:42:00,100
wiped clean by outside 
disruption. 

805
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:04,000
The desert provided that 
environment not as a comfort. 

806
00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:08,600
Inn hard years when the Nile was
low and the half was thin, the 

807
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,200
desert pressing in from both 
sides, was not a feature that 

808
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:15,200
felt benign but in the longer 
view across the span of 3,000 

809
00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:18,000
years of civilization, it was 
one of the most consequential 

810
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,600
structural advantages, any 
ancient Society ever possessed. 

811
00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:23,900
Let that rest in you for a 
moment. 

812
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:29,000
The desert pale and vast and 
Silent not threatening from 

813
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,400
inside the Green Valley, just 
vast and present and effective, 

814
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:36,100
keeping a workable distance 
between Egypt and most of what 

815
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:39,700
could have interrupted it. 
The walls that held Egypt 

816
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:41,200
together. 
Most durably were never built, 

817
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:42,600
they were all ready. 
There. 

818
00:42:42,600 --> 00:42:46,000
The Nile was not just a river to
the people who lived beside it. 

819
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,100
It was the most visible piece of
evidence of available for How 

820
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:53,100
the Universe was organized every
year, the flood came every year,

821
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:57,200
it retreated, every year, the 
dark soil appeared, a crops grew

822
00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:00,500
and the Harvest arrived. 
The regularity of this was not 

823
00:43:00,500 --> 00:43:03,700
merely convenient to people for 
whom the boundary between the 

824
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:06,100
natural world and the Divine 
world was not the hard line, we 

825
00:43:06,100 --> 00:43:09,500
tend to draw today. 
This annual pattern was proof. 

826
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:11,800
That something was maintaining 
the order of things. 

827
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:16,100
The cosmos was not arbitrary. 
It had structure, and the river 

828
00:43:16,100 --> 00:43:19,100
was that structures. 
Most legible expression, the 

829
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:22,600
deity, most directly associated 
with the flood was named happy. 

830
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:26,400
Happy was depicted as a figure 
of evident physical abundance, 

831
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:29,600
typically, shown in blue, or 
green to reflect the rivers 

832
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:33,000
colors with a generous, barely 
and Broad hip suggesting the 

833
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:34,900
productive fullness of a good 
flood year. 

834
00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:39,000
Garland did with aquatic plants 
and carrying offerings of fished

835
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:41,400
and Papyrus on outstretched 
arms. 

836
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:45,300
Happy did not have the Marshal 
intensity of a war, God, all the

837
00:43:45,308 --> 00:43:46,700
ominous. 
Wait of a deity of the 

838
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:49,200
underworld. 
He was a provider and his 

839
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:53,300
appearance communicated that 
function directly Looking at 

840
00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:57,000
happy you understood immediately
what he was for hims addressed 

841
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:59,700
to happy have survived on 
Papyrus sheets and carved into 

842
00:43:59,700 --> 00:44:02,500
Temple and Tom walls from 
multiple periods of Egyptian 

843
00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:06,200
history. one of the most 
frequently discussed Texans 

844
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:10,100
known to Modern Scholars as the 
hymn to the Nile and preserved 

845
00:44:10,100 --> 00:44:13,300
in manuscript copies, from the 
New Kingdom Period describes, 

846
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:15,900
the rivers arrival in language, 
that is warm and deeply 

847
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:20,200
grateful, rather than coldly 
formal The flood is praised as a

848
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:21,900
father bringing nourishment to 
his children. 

849
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:25,100
A presence that transforms a 
silent land into one that 

850
00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:29,000
breathes and moves and produces 
the register is not elevated 

851
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,700
theology. 
It is the language of people who

852
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:35,300
understood what hunger felt like
and who were profoundly relieved

853
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:40,100
every year when the water came 
The deeper cycle of the Nile was

854
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:42,900
also woven into the most. 
Elaborate of all Egyptian 

855
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:47,400
theological narratives through 
the story of Osiris, Osiris was 

856
00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:49,100
the god of death and 
Resurrection. 

857
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:52,500
One of the most Central figures 
in the Egyptian, divine order, 

858
00:44:52,500 --> 00:44:55,800
his myth told of a God who ruled
the living world and was killed 

859
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:59,600
by his brother, set through 
trickery and violence his body 

860
00:44:59,600 --> 00:45:03,800
dismembered and Scattered across
the land, his devoted wife, Isis

861
00:45:03,800 --> 00:45:06,600
gathered, the Peace's, and 
restored him, not to ordinary 

862
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:09,800
human life but to a form of 
Eternal existence Beyond it. 

863
00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:14,200
Osiris became the ruler of the 
realm of the Dead, while his son

864
00:45:14,200 --> 00:45:16,100
Horus claimed, his place among 
the living. 

865
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:20,000
In the symbolic language that 
the Egyptians used to describe 

866
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:22,700
these things. 
Osiris was identified with the 

867
00:45:22,700 --> 00:45:26,200
dry season, the parched and 
apparently dead ground of Summer

868
00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:29,300
Before the Flood arrived, and 
his restoration was the 

869
00:45:29,300 --> 00:45:32,900
restoration of the Living Earth 
when the water returned and the 

870
00:45:32,900 --> 00:45:36,900
dark soil appeared. 
The Niles annual cycle in the 

871
00:45:36,908 --> 00:45:39,500
myth of Osiris described the 
same truth in two different 

872
00:45:39,500 --> 00:45:42,800
registers. 
In the natural world a river, 

873
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:45,900
withdrew and left the land dry 
and still then returned. 

874
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:49,800
And made it live again, in the 
Divine world, the God died was 

875
00:45:49,800 --> 00:45:52,500
gathered and restored and his 
return made the world. 

876
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:56,300
Fruitful These were not separate
narratives that happened to 

877
00:45:56,300 --> 00:45:59,600
share a surface resemblance. 
They were two aspects of a 

878
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:03,200
single unified understanding of 
how existence was ordered. 

879
00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:06,800
From the understanding emerged, 
the concept Egyptians called 

880
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:09,600
mayat. 
Matt was the principal of cosmic

881
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:14,100
order truth balance and the 
proper functioning of all things

882
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:15,900
in their correct relationships 
to each other. 

883
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:20,200
It was embodied as a goddess, 
typically shown as a woman with 

884
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:22,100
a single ostrich feather in her 
headdress. 

885
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:25,300
That feather was the wait 
against, which the heart of the 

886
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:27,600
Dead was measured in the 
Judgment of the afterlife. 

887
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:31,200
Standard against which a human 
life was assessed when it was 

888
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:33,700
over. 
The Judgment scene is one of the

889
00:46:33,700 --> 00:46:36,900
most reproduced images from 
ancient Egyptian religious art, 

890
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:41,200
the dead person stands before a 
set of scales, on one side of 

891
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:43,900
the scales, rest. 
The feather of March on the 

892
00:46:43,900 --> 00:46:47,000
other side, rest the deceased 
Zone, heart understood in 

893
00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:49,500
Egyptian thought as the seat of 
memory and conscience. 

894
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:52,600
Rather than merely a physical 
organ, a jackal-headed figure 

895
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,300
named Anubis managers the 
weighing the ibis-headed Scribe 

896
00:46:56,300 --> 00:47:00,100
named Thoth records, the outcome
and a circle of 42 Devine, 

897
00:47:00,100 --> 00:47:02,600
assessors. 
Waits to hear the result if the 

898
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:05,200
heart is lighter than the 
feather, meaning the person 

899
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:08,108
lived a life in accordance with 
myat, they proceed to the 

900
00:47:08,116 --> 00:47:10,900
afterlife. 
If the heart is heavier a 

901
00:47:10,900 --> 00:47:14,400
creature waiting nearby consumes
it and the person simply ceases 

902
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:17,100
to exist. 
The stakes of the Judgment are 

903
00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:19,400
not reward and Punishment in a 
conventional sense. 

904
00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:21,600
They are existence and 
non-existence. 

905
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:25,600
This theology did not arise from
abstract philosophical. 

906
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:28,900
Deliberation it arose from a 
society, organized around a 

907
00:47:28,900 --> 00:47:31,900
river that demonstrated year 
after year at the right 

908
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:35,400
conditions, produced a bundts 
and the wrong ones produced 

909
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:37,500
nothing. 
The Judgment of the heart was 

910
00:47:37,500 --> 00:47:40,100
the cosmic version of the same 
principle that governed, the 

911
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:46,400
flood plain balance, produced 
life imbalance ended it But my 

912
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,700
aunt was not only an afterlife 
concept, it was an active 

913
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,600
quality in the living world. 
The condition of everything 

914
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:56,100
being in its proper place, 
behaving as it should fulfilling

915
00:47:56,100 --> 00:47:59,200
its role in the larger pattern. 
The Pharaoh Central 

916
00:47:59,200 --> 00:48:01,400
responsibility was to maintain 
mutt. 

917
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:05,700
This was not a vague or symbolic
Duty, it had practical content. 

918
00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:09,200
The Pharaoh was responsible for 
performing the religious rituals

919
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:11,600
that kept the divine order 
engaged with the human world. 

920
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:15,400
He was responsible for just 
governance because an unjust 

921
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:18,700
King disrupted, the cosmic 
pattern as surely as a neglected

922
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:21,400
offering did. 
He was responsible for managing 

923
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:24,100
the resources the river provided
in a way that sustained the 

924
00:48:24,108 --> 00:48:26,500
population. 
And if the flood came and the 

925
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:29,600
Harvest was generous, this was 
read as confirmation that the 

926
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:32,400
Pharaoh was doing his Cosmic 
work correctly, that the 

927
00:48:32,408 --> 00:48:35,400
connection between the human and
divine Realms was open and 

928
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:39,600
functioning The flood failed, 
the logic ran in the other 

929
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:42,300
direction. 
The period historians called the

930
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:46,000
first intermediate period. 
Beginning roughly 4,200 years 

931
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:49,900
ago was associated with a series
of catastrophically low Nile 

932
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,600
floods and a consequent famine 
that destabilized the social and

933
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:55,000
political order across the 
country. 

934
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,000
Evidence for this crisis 
includes Mass Graves uncovered 

935
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,600
by archaeological excavation 
literary texts lamenting the 

936
00:49:02,608 --> 00:49:06,100
breakdown of normal life and the
reversal of established social, 

937
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:08,500
hierarchies and administrative 
records. 

938
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:11,100
That stopped abruptly as 
Regional Governors, cyst 

939
00:49:11,100 --> 00:49:14,700
acknowledging Central Authority,
the connection between the 

940
00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:17,500
rivers Behavior. 
And the pharaoh's legitimacy was

941
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,800
not merely ideological when the 
river fail for long enough. 

942
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:23,800
The ideology that depended on 
it, fail, too, and the political

943
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:27,200
structure followed. 
Temple ritual in Egypt can be 

944
00:49:27,208 --> 00:49:30,800
understood at least partly, as a
sustained Collective effort to 

945
00:49:30,808 --> 00:49:33,700
keep the relationship between 
Human Action and divine response

946
00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:37,100
functioning reliably. 
Presented Egyptian temples did 

947
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:39,700
not primarily lead public 
Worship in the way that a modern

948
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:42,300
religious leader. 
Might they performed daily 

949
00:49:42,300 --> 00:49:45,000
rituals in the inner sanctuary 
of the temple tending, the 

950
00:49:45,008 --> 00:49:47,800
statue of the resident deity as 
though it were a living presence

951
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:51,800
feeding it 1988 clothing it in 
Fresh Linen. 

952
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:54,900
Reciting the prescribed words 
that maintain the connection 

953
00:49:54,900 --> 00:49:57,900
between the Divine and human 
Realms and working order. 

954
00:49:58,900 --> 00:50:01,400
The outer Courtyards of major 
temples were accessible to 

955
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:03,300
Ordinary People on certain feast
days. 

956
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:06,900
But the inner rooms were the 
domain of initiated priests 

957
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:09,800
performing maintenance. 
On the cosmic machinery for 

958
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:11,900
ordinary Egyptians the 
relationship with the rivers. 

959
00:50:11,900 --> 00:50:15,100
Gods was more direct and more 
personal than the formal Temple.

960
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:19,200
Ritual might suggest. 
Small household shrines are 

961
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:22,400
found in excavations of domestic
spaces across many periods of 

962
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:25,100
Egyptian, history. 
Simple niches in the wall, 

963
00:50:25,100 --> 00:50:28,100
holding a painted, wooden figure
or a fired clay image of a 

964
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:30,900
deity. 
The gods, most commonly found in

965
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:33,400
these domestic contacts were not
the grand theological 

966
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:35,200
abstractions of the state 
temples. 

967
00:50:35,200 --> 00:50:38,600
They were household Gods, 
protective figures and fertility

968
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:41,500
figures and occasionally small 
representations of happy 

969
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:44,400
himself. 
Prayers and small offerings, 

970
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:47,300
addressed to the Niles. 
God were a feature of ordinary. 

971
00:50:47,300 --> 00:50:49,700
Domestic life. 
Not just Grand ceremony. 

972
00:50:51,300 --> 00:50:54,100
A farmer making a small offering
before the flood season began 

973
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:57,700
was doing something with direct 
emotional content, asking for 

974
00:50:57,700 --> 00:51:00,600
the specific thing, he needed in
the specific terms of his own 

975
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:03,200
life. 
The theology behind it was 

976
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:06,600
elaborate, the impulse was 
entirely personal and all of 

977
00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:09,900
that ritual, the hymns to happy 
and the offerings to a Cyrus and

978
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:13,400
the daily tending of the Divine 
Images pointed back to the river

979
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:16,900
as its reference point. 
The gods were real, they 

980
00:51:16,900 --> 00:51:21,300
Goodwill was essential and the 
most tangible annually, renewed.

981
00:51:21,300 --> 00:51:24,400
Evidence of what divine Goodwill
looked like in physical form, 

982
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,400
was the dark Fertile Mud, the 
river Left Behind after each 

983
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,100
flood. 
Somewhere between the water and 

984
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:34,000
the theology between the mud and
the meaning, a people built a 

985
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,400
picture of how the world worked 
and sustained it for longer than

986
00:51:36,408 --> 00:51:39,500
almost any other picture of how 
the world works as ever lasted. 

987
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:43,600
by around 5,000 years ago, the 
communities of the Nile Valley 

988
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:46,400
had been farming, the black soil
long enough that certain 

989
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:50,000
practical problems required, 
organized Solutions, Flood 

990
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,700
reliable and generous as it was 
across most years did not 

991
00:51:53,700 --> 00:51:56,500
distribute itself with perfect 
evenness across the flood. 

992
00:51:56,500 --> 00:51:59,700
Plain parts of the valley 
received deep consistent 

993
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:03,500
inundation, other areas, higher 
in elevation, or father from the

994
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:06,700
main Channel, received less 
water, and correspondingly 

995
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:10,300
thinner silt deposits. 
Without some means of directing,

996
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,400
and managing the flood water 
after arrived, a significant 

997
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:16,300
portion of potentially farmable 
land would produce inadequate 

998
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,600
yields year after year. 
This need drove the development 

999
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:21,800
of what historians called base 
in irrigation. 

1000
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:25,300
The system worked by dividing 
the flood plain into a series of

1001
00:52:25,308 --> 00:52:29,100
enclosed rectangular sections 
bounded by Earth and dikes built

1002
00:52:29,100 --> 00:52:32,300
to a height that would retain 
floodwater within each section 

1003
00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:35,500
while it was directed in through
opening in the upper, dikes. 

1004
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:40,500
When the Nile rose water was to 
the highest basins and held 

1005
00:52:40,500 --> 00:52:43,300
there for several weeks, while 
it soaked deeply into the soil. 

1006
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:47,100
And deposited, its load of silt,
when the soaking was complete, 

1007
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:49,900
the lower Dykes were opened and 
the water drained down through 

1008
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:52,400
successive basins. 
Each one, receiving its 

1009
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:55,300
allocation before the excess was
returned to the river. 

1010
00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:58,600
Through Outlet channels, the 
result was that every Basin 

1011
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,900
regardless of its distance from 
the main Channel, received a 

1012
00:53:01,900 --> 00:53:04,700
controlled and adequate supply 
of water and fresh silt. 

1013
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:08,200
Managing the system across even 
a moderate stretch of flood 

1014
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:11,500
plain required coordination. 
Among many neighbors because the

1015
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:14,500
timing of opening and closing 
slices affected everyone within 

1016
00:53:14,500 --> 00:53:18,100
the same base in network, Dike 
sections that belong to one 

1017
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:20,800
Farmers land were often critical
to the water management of 

1018
00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:23,900
adjacent fields. 
Decisions about releasing water 

1019
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:26,600
from an upper base in into a 
lower one needed to account for 

1020
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:29,400
the whole local system. 
Not just one person's parcel. 

1021
00:53:30,600 --> 00:53:33,300
This coordination required 
governance before the Egyptian 

1022
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:36,800
State existed in its later more 
developed form, the management 

1023
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,700
of irrigation, became one of the
foundational activities around 

1024
00:53:39,700 --> 00:53:42,400
which Community organization 
formed in the Nile Valley. 

1025
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:45,800
Local officials with the 
authority to adjudicate water. 

1026
00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:49,000
Dispute and coordinate Basin 
management appear among the 

1027
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:52,000
earliest forms of specialized 
social governance that the 

1028
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:55,700
archaeological record preserves.
As the unified State 

1029
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:58,800
Consolidated in later, 
centuries, this local water 

1030
00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:01,600
Administration was absorbed into
the broader National system 

1031
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:04,700
inspectors and officials 
responsible for the condition of

1032
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:08,000
Dykes and channels appear in 
administrative documents from 

1033
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:11,000
early in the historical period 
treated as a state 

1034
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:15,100
responsibility alongside the 
maintenance of Roads temples and

1035
00:54:15,100 --> 00:54:18,700
Border fortifications for the 
individual farmer needing to 

1036
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:21,500
supplement the Basin system with
more targeted irrigation. 

1037
00:54:21,500 --> 00:54:23,700
The tool of choice was the 
Shadow. 

1038
00:54:23,700 --> 00:54:27,000
The shadow was a long pole 
balanced on an upright, post 

1039
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,100
with a bucket or clay vessel on 
one end and a counter weight of 

1040
00:54:30,108 --> 00:54:31,500
packed clay or stone on the 
other. 

1041
00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:34,800
The operated dipped the bucket 
into the river or in a nearby 

1042
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:37,700
Canal, allowed the counterweight
to assist in lifting it. 

1043
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:40,500
When Falls swung the poll over 
the field Channel and poured, 

1044
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:44,000
the water in The cycle repeated 
as many times as the field 

1045
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:47,200
required, it was simple built 
from materials available 

1046
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:50,000
anywhere along the river and 
effective enough to remain in 

1047
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:53,500
use along the Nile, well, into 
the modern era, long after more 

1048
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:55,500
complex Technologies, existed 
nearby. 

1049
00:54:56,400 --> 00:54:59,200
The single shade off, could not 
irrigate a large area quickly, 

1050
00:54:59,200 --> 00:55:02,500
but for keeping a kitchen Garden
alive in the dry season or 

1051
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:04,400
supplementing a marginally 
watered plot. 

1052
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:06,800
It was exactly suited to the 
task. 

1053
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:10,000
Knowing how much water was 
coming in a given flood. 

1054
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:12,800
Year was as consequential as 
knowing how to manage it once it

1055
00:55:12,800 --> 00:55:15,200
arrived. 
This is where the nilometer 

1056
00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:18,900
enters the story, an in was a 
measuring station installed in 

1057
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:22,300
the Nile at a fixed location. 
Typically, constructed as an 

1058
00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:26,100
inscribed column, or a staircase
with regular depth markings, cut

1059
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:28,800
into the Stone Face. 
Where officials could read the 

1060
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,200
rivers level accurately 
throughout the rise and fall of 

1061
00:55:31,200 --> 00:55:34,300
the flood cycle. 
The most famous surviving 

1062
00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:37,800
example is on, elephant until 
nylon a task one in the upper 

1063
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:39,900
reaches of the Egyptian valley 
though. 

1064
00:55:39,900 --> 00:55:42,200
The structure visible there, 
incorporates elements from 

1065
00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:45,000
several historical periods on 
the site of earlier measuring 

1066
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:47,900
facilities, similar 
installations existed at 

1067
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:51,700
multiple points along the river.
Officials read the No Limit as 

1068
00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:54,700
the flood Rose and compared the 
readings against records of 

1069
00:55:54,708 --> 00:55:58,200
previous floods and their 
outcomes Horizon consistent. 

1070
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:01,400
With a generous inundation 
allowed the state to anticipate 

1071
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:04,900
a productive Harvest and plan 
its administrative activities 

1072
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:07,500
accordingly. 
A reading suggesting a low flood

1073
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:10,000
triggered precautionary 
measures, redistribution of 

1074
00:56:10,008 --> 00:56:13,600
stored grain from State reserves
and potentially adjusted tax. 

1075
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:16,900
Assessments to allow farming 
communities to maintain adequate

1076
00:56:16,900 --> 00:56:18,500
seed stock for The Following 
season. 

1077
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:23,200
An unusually Rapid or extreme 
rise prompted, preparations of a

1078
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:26,400
different kind reinforcing, 
vulnerable dike sections and 

1079
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:29,100
protecting stored grain from 
potential water damage. 

1080
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:32,600
The nilometer was an early 
economic forecasting instrument 

1081
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:35,600
the information, It produced 
moved through the administrative

1082
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:38,500
system, from The River's Edge, 
to the Royal Court and the 

1083
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:40,400
decisions. 
It influenced shaped life at 

1084
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,800
every level in between out of 
all these Interlocking Systems, 

1085
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:46,900
irrigation, engineering and 
water Administration, the 

1086
00:56:46,900 --> 00:56:50,600
agricultural Surplus economy, 
the Nile Transportation Network,

1087
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:54,500
the natural defensive geography,
and the theological framework 

1088
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:58,000
that gave daily life. 
Its larger, meaning their grew a

1089
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:00,800
civilization that outlasted 
almost every other organized 

1090
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:04,900
Society in the ancient world. 
Consider what 3,000 years of 

1091
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:07,300
continuous? 
Civilization, actually means 

1092
00:57:07,300 --> 00:57:09,600
when you try to hold it in 
honest, proportion. 

1093
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,100
The span from the unification of
Egypt under its first Kings to 

1094
00:57:14,100 --> 00:57:16,700
the end of the ptolemaic 
Dynasty, when the last 

1095
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:19,600
independent Egyptian State came 
to its end under Roman pressure 

1096
00:57:19,600 --> 00:57:24,300
is roughly 3,000 years the span 
separating the present day from 

1097
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:27,200
the fall of the Western Roman 
Empire as roughly 1500 Years 

1098
00:57:27,200 --> 00:57:29,600
Egypt. 
Ran as a recognizable, 

1099
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:33,000
continuous civilization for 
twice as long as everything that

1100
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:35,300
has happened in the western 
world since Rome's collapse. 

1101
00:57:35,300 --> 00:57:38,700
Its hierarchy righting system 
was an active use for longer 

1102
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:41,300
than the interval between us and
the late Roman period. 

1103
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,500
The visual language of its art, 
the proportional conventions for

1104
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,200
the human figure and the 
compositional rules for wool 

1105
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:51,600
scenes, remained identifiable, 
and consistent across a span 

1106
00:57:51,600 --> 00:57:54,000
longer than Christianity has 
existed as a religion. 

1107
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:58,000
That longevity was not an 
accident or an expression of 

1108
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:01,100
cultural stubbornness. 
It was a structural outcome of 

1109
00:58:01,100 --> 00:58:04,000
specific geographical and 
ecological conditions all of 

1110
00:58:04,008 --> 00:58:05,800
which traced directly back to 
the river. 

1111
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:09,500
The river kept the food, coming 
the river, kept the economy, 

1112
00:58:09,500 --> 00:58:13,100
running the river kept the 
population, concentrated in one 

1113
00:58:13,100 --> 00:58:16,400
connected Corridor were 
communication and administration

1114
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:19,000
were possible. 
The rivers surrounding desert 

1115
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,800
protected the civilization from 
the frequency of external 

1116
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:24,100
disruption that other ancient 
societies. 

1117
00:58:24,100 --> 00:58:27,100
Experienced the river, gave the 
culture, a cosmological 

1118
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,900
framework that felt confirmed by
observable reality, every single

1119
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:34,000
year, building a collective 
confidence, in the order of 

1120
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:36,400
things that endured through 
ordinary hardship. 

1121
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:40,800
The Nile was not a backdrop to 
Egyptian civilization, it was 

1122
00:58:40,808 --> 00:58:43,200
the primary argument for 
Egyptian civilizations, 

1123
00:58:43,200 --> 00:58:47,100
existence in that place. 
And at that scale, What the Nile

1124
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:50,600
built is still partly visible. 
The Egyptian Museum in Cairo 

1125
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:54,700
holds objects made 5,000 years 
ago, wooden furniture and woven 

1126
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:57,200
linen. 
And ivory carvings preserved in 

1127
00:58:57,200 --> 00:58:59,800
conditions good enough that the 
materials still communicate the 

1128
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:03,000
quality of the craftsmanship and
something of the aesthetic 

1129
00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:05,700
intelligence that shaped them 
among the objects. 

1130
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:08,500
There are writing palettes that 
still carry traces of dried 

1131
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:13,300
pigment the actual Inca scribe 
used 4,000 years ago, dried at 

1132
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:17,100
the edge of the tray and never 
Disturbed since there are Reed 

1133
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:20,600
pens, there are bread loaves, 
placed in tombs as Provisions 

1134
00:59:20,600 --> 00:59:23,600
for the dead. 
Now dark and hard, and 5,000 

1135
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:25,000
years old, but still 
recognizable. 

1136
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:28,600
As the thing they want were That
preservation is itself. 

1137
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,300
A consequence of the same Drive,
stable climate the river created

1138
00:59:32,300 --> 00:59:35,000
by establishing the narrow 
productive Valley in a 

1139
00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:38,000
surrounding desert. 
The wall reliefs at Luxor and 

1140
00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:41,900
Karnak carved. 3500 years ago, 
remain legible to anyone with 

1141
00:59:41,900 --> 00:59:45,800
knowledge of the writing system.
A visitor standing before them 

1142
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:48,600
can read the names and the 
titles and the ceremonial texts 

1143
00:59:48,600 --> 00:59:51,800
can see the offering scenes. 
And the cartouches of specific 

1144
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:55,500
Kings can follow the images from
one register to the next and 

1145
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:59,800
understand the story being told 
the pyramids at Giza built four 

1146
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:02,900
and a half thousand years ago. 
Still stand the timekeeping 

1147
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:05,200
structures, the Egyptians 
developed from watching the 

1148
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:09,700
river in the Stars, particularly
the 365-day solar calendar 

1149
01:00:09,700 --> 01:00:13,600
anchored to the hill rising of 
Sirius, contributed to the 

1150
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:16,100
calendar Traditions that passed 
through Greek and Roman 

1151
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:19,600
scholarship and eventually fed 
into the systems used to date to

1152
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:21,600
organize daily life, across most
of the world. 

1153
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:25,600
The Nile itself is still there. 
It still flows north. 

1154
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:29,800
The prevailing wind still blows 
from the Mediterranean boats. 

1155
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:32,500
Can still be sailed Southward 
against the current on that win 

1156
01:00:32,500 --> 01:00:35,400
the same basic the Egyptians 
relied on. 

1157
01:00:36,100 --> 01:00:40,700
The S1 High Dam completed in the
1970s significantly, altered the

1158
01:00:40,700 --> 01:00:43,400
rivers Behavior, Downstream by 
holding back the flood in the 

1159
01:00:43,408 --> 01:00:46,300
Celtic, carried the dams, solved
the serious problem of 

1160
01:00:46,300 --> 01:00:48,500
unpredictable. 
And sometimes catastrophic 

1161
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:51,300
flooding while introducing a 
different set of challenges 

1162
01:00:51,300 --> 01:00:55,200
around soil, fertility in the 
Delta and Coastal erosion, that 

1163
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:56,900
Egyptian engineers and 
agricultural. 

1164
01:00:56,900 --> 01:01:00,200
Scientists continue working 
through the river is managed. 

1165
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:02,600
Now in ways, the ancient 
Egyptians could not have 

1166
01:01:02,600 --> 01:01:06,100
imagined, but it is the same 
body of water that once watered,

1167
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:09,200
the fields that fed the workers,
who built the temples, what 

1168
01:01:09,200 --> 01:01:12,200
traveled outward from the Nile 
Valley through time is hard to 

1169
01:01:12,200 --> 01:01:15,400
count and what remained The 
Greek Scholars and travelers who

1170
01:01:15,400 --> 01:01:17,900
visited Egypt, brought ideas 
home that fed into the 

1171
01:01:17,900 --> 01:01:19,800
intellectual traditions of the 
classical world. 

1172
01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:23,500
Greek, philosophers, including 
Solon, and Pythagoras were said,

1173
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:27,100
by ancient sources to a visited 
Egypt and drawn inspiration from

1174
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:30,000
what they encountered there, 
whether those specific accounts 

1175
01:01:30,000 --> 01:01:32,700
are accurate in their details 
matters, less than the general 

1176
01:01:32,700 --> 01:01:35,800
pattern, they illustrate that 
Egypt was understood throughout 

1177
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:38,800
the ancient Mediterranean world 
as a place of old and deep 

1178
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:41,100
knowledge worth traveling to 
encounter. 

1179
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:44,800
The Roman administrators who 
governed Egypt for several 

1180
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:47,300
centuries, operated their 
systems on top of existing 

1181
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:51,400
Egyptian, Agricultural and 
administrative structures, which

1182
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:55,600
were already far older than Rome
when they inherited them. the 

1183
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:58,000
Islamic scholars who worked in 
Egypt during the medieval period

1184
01:01:58,000 --> 01:02:01,300
built on Greek foundations that 
were themselves partly, derived 

1185
01:02:01,300 --> 01:02:06,000
from Egyptian knowledge, The 
365-day solar calendar is 

1186
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:08,800
perhaps the most direct Legacy. 
Most people carry without 

1187
01:02:08,800 --> 01:02:12,100
recognizing its source. 
The Egyptian calendars structure

1188
01:02:12,100 --> 01:02:15,300
and could in solar observation, 
and refined over many centuries 

1189
01:02:15,300 --> 01:02:17,800
of careful. 
Use passed into the Greek world 

1190
01:02:17,800 --> 01:02:21,500
was adopted by Rome and 
eventually became the basis for 

1191
01:02:21,500 --> 01:02:25,600
the Julian calendar and later 
the Gregorian calendar that most

1192
01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:29,500
of the world uses today, every 
time you mark a date or plan a 

1193
01:02:29,500 --> 01:02:32,500
week, or Notice season, your 
using a timekeeping structure, 

1194
01:02:32,500 --> 01:02:34,300
whose foundations were laid 
along the Nile. 

1195
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:38,300
Measurement conventions, the 
tradition of large-scale public 

1196
01:02:38,300 --> 01:02:40,500
architecture built for 
permanents over convenience. 

1197
01:02:40,500 --> 01:02:43,700
And the concept that a state 
could sustain itself through the

1198
01:02:43,700 --> 01:02:46,200
systematic management of a 
single natural resource. 

1199
01:02:46,200 --> 01:02:49,800
All of these moved outward, from
the Nile Valley in various forms

1200
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:52,700
through various hands and 
eventually became part of the 

1201
01:02:52,700 --> 01:02:54,700
wide or inheritance of human 
civilization. 

1202
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:58,200
You received some part of that 
inheritance, though. 

1203
01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:01,300
The thread connecting you to, it
is long and passes through many 

1204
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:03,400
hands. 
The river taught a group of 

1205
01:03:03,408 --> 01:03:07,400
people, how to read time, how to
organize labor, how to build for

1206
01:03:07,400 --> 01:03:10,700
permanence rather than for the 
moment, how to make theology 

1207
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:14,400
from observation how to sustain 
a society through careful and 

1208
01:03:14,408 --> 01:03:18,300
consistent management of one 
essential natural resource, how 

1209
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:22,300
to make Beauty from gratitude. 
All of it from a flood, all of 

1210
01:03:22,300 --> 01:03:26,200
it from dark mud, deposited on 
pale desert, ground year after 

1211
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:29,600
year, patient and generous and 
entirely indifferent to the 

1212
01:03:29,608 --> 01:03:31,300
remarkable Things That Grew From
it. 

1213
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:33,700
The river never intended any of 
it. 

1214
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:36,000
Of course, Rivers do not intend 
anything. 

1215
01:03:36,000 --> 01:03:39,800
They simply move following the 
slope of the land carrying what 

1216
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:42,500
they pick up along the way to 
positing it, where the current 

1217
01:03:42,500 --> 01:03:45,600
slows. 
What the Nile carried happened 

1218
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:48,700
to be exactly what a certain 
group of human beings needed to 

1219
01:03:48,700 --> 01:03:50,500
build. 
Something that would Outlast 

1220
01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:52,500
nearly every other effort in the
same direction. 

1221
01:03:53,800 --> 01:03:57,800
To night, my tired Wanderers, 
Let the River carry you picture,

1222
01:03:57,800 --> 01:04:01,300
the Dark Water, spreading slowly
across low ground in the summer 

1223
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:04,000
heat. 
The smell of Highlander thriving

1224
01:04:04,000 --> 01:04:06,800
in the valley carried. 
All that way from the mountains.

1225
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:10,000
The surface of the flood 
catching the late son, going 

1226
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:14,000
flat and gold as the day ends. 
Then Weeks Later, the patient 

1227
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:16,400
Retreat. 
Leaving that thin dark layer 

1228
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:20,900
behind the silence after just 
the river in its Channel, The 

1229
01:04:20,900 --> 01:04:24,500
Waiting ground and the long 
clear sky above both of them. 

1230
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:28,400
Everything we talked about 
tonight, Grew From exactly that 

1231
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,100
quiet. 
If this story left something in,

1232
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:33,200
you come back and rest here, 
again. 

1233
01:04:34,000 --> 01:04:36,700
There are more old rivers to 
follow more forgotten worlds, to

1234
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:39,600
walk through and more, dark 
soil, turning slowly in the 

1235
01:04:39,608 --> 01:04:42,000
current waiting to tell you what
it made. 

1236
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:50,700
Imagine a world with no printed 
words, no, city maps, no clocks,

1237
01:04:50,700 --> 01:04:53,200
marking the hour, you would 
still be bored. 

1238
01:04:53,200 --> 01:04:57,100
Sometimes that is perhaps the 
most human detail in all of 

1239
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:00,800
recorded history. 
Long before chess existed, 

1240
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:04,900
people were making boards 
carving pieces and spending 

1241
01:05:04,900 --> 01:05:08,300
their evening's moving small 
objects across flat surfaces and

1242
01:05:08,300 --> 01:05:12,500
games of skill and strategy. 
The oldest board game ever 

1243
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:14,800
found, is more than 5,000 years 
old. 

1244
01:05:15,800 --> 01:05:18,700
Archaeologist pulled it from a 
burial site in South Eastern, 

1245
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:21,100
Iran, a simple grid, scratched 
into stone. 

1246
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:24,700
Around the same period, the 
ancient Egyptians were playing a

1247
01:05:24,700 --> 01:05:27,700
game called Senate. 
A word that translates roughly 

1248
01:05:27,700 --> 01:05:30,500
to passing. 
The boards were long and narrow 

1249
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,700
width, 30 squares arranged in 
three rows of 10. 

1250
01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:38,200
The pieces moved according to 
the throw of Flat Sticks and the

1251
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:42,100
game carried deep spiritual 
meaning Egyptians believed, 

1252
01:05:42,100 --> 01:05:45,000
Senate modeled the Journey of 
the Soul through the afterlife, 

1253
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:48,300
which sounds quite dramatic for 
what was essentially a family 

1254
01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:52,000
pass time on a Tuesday evening. 
If you had been a child in 

1255
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:55,300
ancient Egypt, you might have 
played Senate every evening by 

1256
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:58,400
oil, lamp, not knowing you were 
participating in something 

1257
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:02,000
already 5,000 years old and 
considered traditional by your 

1258
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:07,000
grandparents, The royal game of 
her came from Mesopotamia, the 

1259
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,600
region between the Tigris and 
the Euphrates rivers roughly 

1260
01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:14,400
where present day Iraq. 
Sits Boards from this game date 

1261
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:19,500
back, approximately 4,700 years.
The pieces were small and 

1262
01:06:19,500 --> 01:06:21,700
conical. 
Beautifully decorated with 

1263
01:06:21,700 --> 01:06:26,200
inlaid shell and lapis lazuli. 
The board itself was shaped like

1264
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:29,900
two connected rectangles and 
seven of its 20 squares. 

1265
01:06:29,900 --> 01:06:33,500
Bora rosette patent the carried 
special rules during play. 

1266
01:06:33,500 --> 01:06:37,300
A British archeologist named 
Leonard, Woolley excavated these

1267
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:41,300
boards during the 1920s and was 
so Charmed by the discovery that

1268
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:44,300
he helped decode. 
The original Rules by reading a 

1269
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:46,700
Babylonian clay tablet, written 
centuries. 

1270
01:06:46,700 --> 01:06:49,900
After the game was already in 
common use that detail. 

1271
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:53,000
Deserves a moment of quiet 
appreciation, before moving on 

1272
01:06:53,000 --> 01:06:56,600
someone in ancient Babylon, felt
it necessary to write down the 

1273
01:06:56,600 --> 01:07:00,000
rules of a board game presumably
because people were arguing 

1274
01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:02,600
about them. 
Some things do not change across

1275
01:07:02,600 --> 01:07:06,300
4,000 years, There were also 
games played across ancient 

1276
01:07:06,300 --> 01:07:10,500
China games with pieces, that 
represented armies, territorial 

1277
01:07:10,500 --> 01:07:15,400
claims and resource management. 
The Chinese game of lubo 

1278
01:07:15,400 --> 01:07:20,200
documented over 2000 years ago, 
used Dyson aboard and carried 

1279
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:22,600
symbolic weight in aristocratic 
circles. 

1280
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:27,100
Go, the abstract strategy game 
that still commands devoted 

1281
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:31,900
players today is at least 2,500 
years old by most scholarly 

1282
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:34,300
estimates. 
The Chinese text known as the 

1283
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:38,100
Joan written around 450 years 
before the Common Era, 

1284
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:42,500
references it as a Pursuit. 
Requiring serious mental effort 

1285
01:07:42,500 --> 01:07:45,600
and discipline. 
All of these ancient games share

1286
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:49,400
something worth noticing, they 
are not random, they reward 

1287
01:07:49,400 --> 01:07:53,400
thought they were required, 
patience, they mirror in 

1288
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:56,600
miniature, the experience of 
navigating a complicated world 

1289
01:07:56,600 --> 01:08:00,300
with incomplete information and 
unreliable allies. 

1290
01:08:01,600 --> 01:08:05,600
In every culture that produced a
significant board game that game

1291
01:08:05,600 --> 01:08:09,000
eventually became tight to 
questions of power virtue, 

1292
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:13,600
wisdom and Leadership. 
Rulers played them philosophers,

1293
01:08:13,600 --> 01:08:16,600
analyzed them, moralists worried
about them. 

1294
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:21,700
This is not a coincidence. 
Human Minds seem to find comfort

1295
01:08:21,700 --> 01:08:25,100
in the idea that the chaos of 
real life can be reduced to a 

1296
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:29,700
set of clear rules, a defined 
space and a finite number of 

1297
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:32,399
possible outcomes. 
You sit across from your 

1298
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:34,899
opponent or even a cross from 
yourself. 

1299
01:08:34,899 --> 01:08:39,600
And you try to think ahead you 
can consider consequences, you 

1300
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:43,600
weigh risk in the physical act 
of pushing a carved wooden piece

1301
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:45,600
across a board. 
You're doing something that 

1302
01:08:45,600 --> 01:08:49,899
feels in a small and deeply 
satisfying way like being in 

1303
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:53,000
control. 
The ancient world was full of 

1304
01:08:53,008 --> 01:08:54,500
things, people could not 
control. 

1305
01:08:55,300 --> 01:08:58,600
Floods droughts disease 
Invasion. 

1306
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:02,600
The unpredictable moods of 
rulers, the sudden failure of 

1307
01:09:02,608 --> 01:09:07,300
harvests, But on a board at 
least you knew the rules going 

1308
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,200
in. 
By the time, the first century 

1309
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:14,200
of the Common Era arrived. 
Bored Games had settled deep 

1310
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:16,800
into aristocratic life across 
Eurasia. 

1311
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:21,200
Roman soldiers carried game 
boards on Military campaigns 

1312
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:25,200
etching, the grids directly into
stone, floors of barracks and 

1313
01:09:25,207 --> 01:09:29,000
checkpoints. 
Boards have been found carved 

1314
01:09:29,000 --> 01:09:32,600
into the steps of the Colosseum 
in Rome which suggests the 

1315
01:09:32,600 --> 01:09:36,600
guards found something useful to
do between shifts a Roman game 

1316
01:09:36,600 --> 01:09:40,100
called ludus latrunculorum 
meaning the game of little 

1317
01:09:40,100 --> 01:09:44,399
soldiers involved moving pieces 
across a grid in ways that some 

1318
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:47,300
historians believe, anticipated,
certain elements of the chest 

1319
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:50,300
tradition though, the exact 
rules remain debated. 

1320
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:54,400
The Romans also played a game 
called Merrills, a different 

1321
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:57,400
kind of grid-based. 
Strategy game that survived into

1322
01:09:57,400 --> 01:10:00,400
the medieval European tradition 
under various names. 

1323
01:10:01,300 --> 01:10:04,200
Game boards carved into the 
paving stones of the Roman 

1324
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:07,700
Forum, the center of public life
in the capital of an Empire. 

1325
01:10:08,600 --> 01:10:11,500
Tell you something about how 
embedded play was in the texture

1326
01:10:11,500 --> 01:10:15,400
of ordinary daily existence, 
Chinese Court officials played 

1327
01:10:15,400 --> 01:10:18,100
strategy games as both 
entertainment and mental 

1328
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:20,800
conditioning. 
Persian Nobles had their own 

1329
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:24,300
elegant pastimes for cool 
evening's entitled Guardians. 

1330
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:27,700
The physical relationship 
between a human hand and a game 

1331
01:10:27,708 --> 01:10:31,500
piece is worth Paul's on from a 
moment when you pick up a chess 

1332
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:34,200
piece and move it, you're doing 
something with your hands, your 

1333
01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:36,000
eyes and your reasoning all at 
once. 

1334
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:39,900
The piece has weight. 
It makes a sound when it touches

1335
01:10:39,900 --> 01:10:42,500
the board. 
The action is tactile and 

1336
01:10:42,500 --> 01:10:45,200
immediate in a way that purely 
mental calculation is not 

1337
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:49,000
historians of cognition have 
noted that this physical 

1338
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:51,900
dimension of board games. 
May be part of why they persist 

1339
01:10:51,900 --> 01:10:56,400
across so many cultures. 
The board externalizes thought 

1340
01:10:56,400 --> 01:11:00,700
it makes the invisible visible. 
you can look at the position and

1341
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:05,900
see laid out in space, what you 
have been thinking, That quality

1342
01:11:05,900 --> 01:11:09,500
distinguishes board games from 
most other forms of intellectual

1343
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:12,500
exercise. 
And in the great subcontinent of

1344
01:11:12,508 --> 01:11:15,700
India, something new was 
beginning to take shape. 

1345
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:20,500
It was not yet chess, it was 
something older, and stranger, 

1346
01:11:20,500 --> 01:11:23,100
and more complicated. 
Something that would take 

1347
01:11:23,100 --> 01:11:25,800
centuries to become the game. 
You recognize today. 

1348
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:29,800
But it carried the essential 
ingredient that all its 

1349
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:32,600
ancestors lacked. 
It had pieces that moved 

1350
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:35,400
differently from each other. 
Every prior game had used 

1351
01:11:35,408 --> 01:11:39,400
uniform pieces governed by 
identical movement rules even 

1352
01:11:39,400 --> 01:11:43,500
complex games, like go, which 
offers enormous strategic depth.

1353
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:47,700
Use only identical tokens placed
one by one onto a grid. 

1354
01:11:48,600 --> 01:11:51,600
The coming Indian invention 
would Place distinct characters 

1355
01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:54,800
onto the board each with its own
purpose, and its own range of 

1356
01:11:54,808 --> 01:11:57,600
movement. 
That single design choice would 

1357
01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:00,000
alter the direction of games 
history entirely. 

1358
01:12:00,000 --> 01:12:04,600
You can think of it this way. 
Earlier games were like an army 

1359
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:07,400
where every Soldier carries the 
same weapon and fights the same 

1360
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:10,000
way. 
The new game was like an army 

1361
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:13,100
where one soldier carries a 
spear and advances one step at a

1362
01:12:13,108 --> 01:12:15,700
time. 
Another rides, a horse and leaps

1363
01:12:15,700 --> 01:12:18,800
over obstacles. 
Another drives an elephant that 

1364
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:23,100
crashes diagonally across open 
ground and one figure sits at 

1365
01:12:23,100 --> 01:12:27,400
the center of everything slow 
and deliberate unable to run and

1366
01:12:27,400 --> 01:12:30,500
unable to hide. 
That central figure would have 

1367
01:12:30,508 --> 01:12:33,200
eventually become the king 
before we get there. 

1368
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:36,700
It is worth spending a moment 
with the physical world in which

1369
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:40,200
this invention was born. 
In India, during the fourth and 

1370
01:12:40,200 --> 01:12:44,000
5th, Century of the Common Era 
was experiencing one of its most

1371
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,000
extraordinary periods of 
cultural and intellectual 

1372
01:12:47,000 --> 01:12:50,500
flowering. 
The Gupta Empire established 

1373
01:12:50,500 --> 01:12:53,300
relative stability across much 
of the subcontinent. 

1374
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:57,200
Mathematics was advancing at a 
remarkable pace. 

1375
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,000
Scholars of this period laid, 
the foundation of the decimal 

1376
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:04,600
number system and developed the 
concept of zero as a number in 

1377
01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:08,000
its own, right? 
Sanskrit literature was at its 

1378
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:11,600
height, astronomers were making 
careful observations of the sky 

1379
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,300
and documenting their findings 
with extraordinary, precision. 

1380
01:13:16,200 --> 01:13:19,200
In short people were thinking 
seriously and playfully. 

1381
01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:22,700
At the same time, the two 
Tendencies are not a separate, 

1382
01:13:22,700 --> 01:13:26,200
as they might appear. 
The game that would become chess

1383
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:29,700
Grew From This fertile. 
Curious literate, environment. 

1384
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:33,100
It did not emerge from a single 
flash of inspiration. 

1385
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:37,900
No one person invented. 
It, it accumulated the way, most

1386
01:13:37,900 --> 01:13:40,800
durable, things do through 
layers of small refinements. 

1387
01:13:40,800 --> 01:13:43,500
Made by people whose names were 
never recorded. 

1388
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:46,300
And who were probably just 
trying to improve a game. 

1389
01:13:46,308 --> 01:13:49,200
They already loved. 
The early as written references 

1390
01:13:49,200 --> 01:13:52,900
to something resembling chess 
appear in Sanskrit texts. 

1391
01:13:53,800 --> 01:13:55,900
The word that keeps surfacing is
chaturanga. 

1392
01:13:56,700 --> 01:13:59,700
The meaning of that word pulled 
apart into its component. 

1393
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:03,700
Syllables his four division's 
And what were those four 

1394
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:06,200
divisions? 
They were the four branches of 

1395
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:10,100
the ancient Indian military 
organization, the Infantry, the 

1396
01:14:10,100 --> 01:14:14,000
Cavalry, the war elephants and 
the Chariots, each branch would 

1397
01:14:14,000 --> 01:14:17,100
become a distinct type of piece 
on the board each moving 

1398
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:19,300
according to the nature of what 
it represented. 

1399
01:14:19,300 --> 01:14:22,700
There it is. 
The entire logic of Chess 

1400
01:14:22,700 --> 01:14:27,200
compressed into two Sanskrit, 
words, four divisions the 

1401
01:14:27,200 --> 01:14:30,100
borders. 
Set the pieces are placed and 

1402
01:14:30,100 --> 01:14:32,400
somewhere along the old trade 
routes heading north west 

1403
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:36,000
through the passes of the Hindu 
Kush and across the Great 

1404
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:39,000
Iranian Plateau. 
The idea is beginning to travel.

1405
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:43,300
The name chaturanga appears most
clearly in a Sanskrit texts 

1406
01:14:43,300 --> 01:14:46,600
called the harsher charita 
written around the seventh 

1407
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:49,000
century of the Common Era by a 
poet named Banner. 

1408
01:14:50,300 --> 01:14:53,000
The text is a biography of a 
king named harsher. 

1409
01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:56,300
And chess is mentioned in, 
passing the way, you might 

1410
01:14:56,300 --> 01:14:59,400
reference a card game in a novel
set in an Edwardian Country 

1411
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:02,700
House. 
It is simply there the assumed 

1412
01:15:02,700 --> 01:15:05,300
to be familiar. 
Requiring no explanation for the

1413
01:15:05,300 --> 01:15:07,800
reader. 
That offhand quality is 

1414
01:15:07,800 --> 01:15:11,200
historically useful because it 
suggests the game had already 

1415
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:13,100
been part of life. 
Long enough to need no 

1416
01:15:13,100 --> 01:15:16,200
introduction. 
By the time anyone was writing 

1417
01:15:16,200 --> 01:15:18,500
it down, as a cultural 
reference, it had already 

1418
01:15:18,508 --> 01:15:21,500
settled into the furniture of 
educated daily life. 

1419
01:15:22,300 --> 01:15:25,300
The rules of early shatter anger
are not entirely certain 

1420
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:28,200
scholarly. 
Reconstruction has been careful 

1421
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:31,800
and cautious drawing from 
several Indian texts as well as 

1422
01:15:31,800 --> 01:15:33,800
later. 
Persian and Arabic sources that 

1423
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:37,600
describe what they inherited. 
But the general picture is 

1424
01:15:37,600 --> 01:15:40,500
consistent enough to sketch with
reasonable confidence. 

1425
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:45,400
The board was 8 squares by 8 
squares, the same grid chest, 

1426
01:15:45,400 --> 01:15:48,600
still uses today. 
Four players could participate, 

1427
01:15:48,600 --> 01:15:52,400
each controlling a small army 
placed in one corner of the 

1428
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:55,600
board. 
Alternatively, two players could

1429
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:57,900
command opposite forces with 
without the four-way 

1430
01:15:57,900 --> 01:16:00,900
arrangement. 
The pieces represented, the four

1431
01:16:00,900 --> 01:16:03,900
divisions of the military and 
each type of Peace moved. 

1432
01:16:03,900 --> 01:16:05,700
According to the nature of what 
it depicted. 

1433
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:10,200
The Infantry piece moved, one 
square forward and captured one 

1434
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:14,000
square diagonally. 
It was the smallest slowest 

1435
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:17,300
piece on the board and it 
occupied the second row in front

1436
01:16:17,300 --> 01:16:19,400
of each Army. 
Sound familiar. 

1437
01:16:20,300 --> 01:16:24,600
This is the pawn almost 
unchanged across 15th. 

1438
01:16:24,600 --> 01:16:27,300
Centuries of recorded play the 
Infantry Soldier. 

1439
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:30,900
Shuffling forward one careful 
step at a time Expendable in 

1440
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:34,300
number, but occasionally 
decisive in position, survived 

1441
01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:38,500
every cultural Transformations, 
the game would undergo The 

1442
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:41,700
Cavalry piece moved in an 
irregular leap advancing. 

1443
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:45,400
Two squares in One Direction and
then one square at a right 

1444
01:16:45,400 --> 01:16:47,200
angle. 
Like a route through a crowded 

1445
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:49,000
city where the direct path is 
blocked. 

1446
01:16:50,100 --> 01:16:53,300
This movement is hard to 
describe an instantly 

1447
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:55,600
recognizable. 
The moment you see it. 

1448
01:16:55,600 --> 01:16:59,500
Demonstrated, this is the night.
One of the most beloved and 

1449
01:16:59,500 --> 01:17:02,500
counterintuitive pieces in all 
of Chess history. 

1450
01:17:03,500 --> 01:17:07,100
Fact that it jumps over pieces, 
rather than sliding past them 

1451
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,800
that it cannot be blocked. 
Gives it a character, unlike 

1452
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:14,600
anything else on the board. 
Experienced players. 

1453
01:17:14,600 --> 01:17:19,000
Call it unpredictable. 
Beginners, call it confusing. 

1454
01:17:19,900 --> 01:17:22,600
Children, almost universally 
call it, their favorite. 

1455
01:17:23,600 --> 01:17:26,900
The elephant piece, moved 
diagonally two squares a Time, 

1456
01:17:26,900 --> 01:17:30,500
skipping over whatever satin 
between in late of version of 

1457
01:17:30,500 --> 01:17:33,800
the game, this diagonal movement
would be simplified considerably

1458
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:35,900
but the bishop in modern chess 
is. 

1459
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:39,200
This piece is direct descendant.
Still moving only on the 

1460
01:17:39,200 --> 01:17:41,200
diagonal. 
Still slipping through the gaps 

1461
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:44,400
that other piece is leave. 
Open The Chariot moved in 

1462
01:17:44,400 --> 01:17:47,100
straight line lines. 
Any number of squares, 

1463
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:51,500
horizontally, or vertically 
sweeping across open board, like

1464
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:56,300
a cart on a cleared Road. 
This is The Rook The modern name

1465
01:17:56,300 --> 01:18:00,100
has nothing to do with Towers or
fortifications, despite the 

1466
01:18:00,100 --> 01:18:03,400
castle-shaped piece that most 
contemporary chess sets use. 

1467
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:07,400
The word Rook traveled through 
Persian and Arabic and 

1468
01:18:07,400 --> 01:18:10,600
eventually into European 
languages and lost the original 

1469
01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:13,200
meaning of Chariot entirely 
somewhere along the way. 

1470
01:18:14,500 --> 01:18:17,500
But the movement pattern 
survived perfectly intact. 

1471
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:21,000
Some ideas maintain their 
essential character across 

1472
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:24,200
translations, even when 
everything else changes around 

1473
01:18:24,200 --> 01:18:27,500
them. 
At the center of each Army set 

1474
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:31,900
two Royal figures. 
One was the Raja the king, the 

1475
01:18:31,900 --> 01:18:34,100
Raja moved. 
One square in any direction, 

1476
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,000
slowly. 
And carefully exactly as the 

1477
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:41,500
king does in modern chess, the 
Raja could not be captured to 

1478
01:18:41,500 --> 01:18:43,500
Corner. 
The Roger with no Escape was to 

1479
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,200
win the game. 
The king in Chess has always 

1480
01:18:46,200 --> 01:18:48,400
been the peace. 
You must protect of all others, 

1481
01:18:48,400 --> 01:18:51,900
not because the king is powerful
but precisely because the king 

1482
01:18:51,900 --> 01:18:55,800
is not The other Royal figure, 
was the counselor called the 

1483
01:18:55,800 --> 01:18:58,800
mantri. 
This piece moved, one square 

1484
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:01,500
diagonally. 
That is all one square 

1485
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:06,900
diagonally in any of four 
directions, this modest limited 

1486
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:10,200
piece would eventually undergo, 
the most dramatic transformation

1487
01:19:10,200 --> 01:19:14,200
of any figure in chess history. 
Becoming the most powerful piece

1488
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:16,800
on the board. 
But that story belongs to a 

1489
01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:19,800
later chapter. 
And for now, the mantri sits 

1490
01:19:19,800 --> 01:19:23,100
quietly at the rajas side, 
taking its one careful step, 

1491
01:19:23,100 --> 01:19:25,500
while the more dramatic piece is
claimed attention. 

1492
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:28,800
The philosophical texture of 
chaturanga is worth dwelling on 

1493
01:19:28,800 --> 01:19:30,900
for a few minutes because it 
reveals something. 

1494
01:19:30,900 --> 01:19:34,500
Meaningful about how ancient 
Indian thinkers understood power

1495
01:19:34,500 --> 01:19:37,500
and governance. 
The game was not at its core 

1496
01:19:37,500 --> 01:19:40,900
about destruction, it was about 
the management of competing 

1497
01:19:40,900 --> 01:19:43,900
forces and the careful 
allocation of limited resources.

1498
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:48,000
The King was Central but Fragile
on his own. 

1499
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:52,700
Victory came not through raw 
power, but through coordination 

1500
01:19:52,700 --> 01:19:56,600
and anticipation and the patient
use of everything available. 

1501
01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:00,700
This design carries a kind of 
political wisdom that is not 

1502
01:20:00,700 --> 01:20:03,600
accidental. 
The king cannot win alone. 

1503
01:20:03,600 --> 01:20:06,200
Every piece serves a distinct 
purpose. 

1504
01:20:06,200 --> 01:20:09,700
The lowest infantry Soldier 
placed correctly. 

1505
01:20:09,700 --> 01:20:12,500
At the right moment, can 
sometimes determine the outcome 

1506
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,700
of the entire game. 
Indian Scholars of the period 

1507
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:19,300
were deeply concerned, with 
questions of statecraft and the 

1508
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:21,400
text known as the author 
shastra. 

1509
01:20:21,400 --> 01:20:25,600
Associated with a thinker called
kautilya, laid out elaborate 

1510
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,200
Frameworks for how Kingdom 
should be governed defended and 

1511
01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:33,200
maintained Chaturanga and 
political philosophy were 

1512
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:34,800
drawing from the same well of 
ideas. 

1513
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:38,000
The pieces themselves were 
almost certainly beautiful 

1514
01:20:38,000 --> 01:20:41,900
objects in courtly setting, 
Ivory was a prize material in 

1515
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:44,800
Gupta, era, in India and skilled
crafts. 

1516
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:47,800
People worked it into intricate 
shapes for wealthy patrons. 

1517
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:53,300
Game pieces, carved from Ivory 
Teek sandalwood and Polished 

1518
01:20:53,300 --> 01:20:54,500
Stone. 
Have been found in 

1519
01:20:54,500 --> 01:20:58,200
archaeological context across 
the Indian subcontinent and 

1520
01:20:58,200 --> 01:21:01,000
while not all of these can be 
definitively identified as 

1521
01:21:01,000 --> 01:21:04,000
chaturanga pieces. 
They point to a culture in which

1522
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:08,200
objects used for play were made 
with care and treated as things 

1523
01:21:08,200 --> 01:21:11,300
worth preserving The act of 
playing was not considered 

1524
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:14,500
trivial the board on, which one 
played was not considered 

1525
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:18,900
disposable even in its earliest 
recorded form chess occupied a 

1526
01:21:18,900 --> 01:21:21,700
space in human material culture 
that was taken seriously. 

1527
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:25,900
There is also something quietly 
extraordinary about the scale of

1528
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:28,200
the game. 
The board is small enough to 

1529
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:30,800
hold in your lap. 
The pieces are small enough to 

1530
01:21:30,800 --> 01:21:34,400
close your fingers around. 
But the game played on that 

1531
01:21:34,400 --> 01:21:36,000
modest. 
Surface was intended to 

1532
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:40,200
represent the largest possible 
Stakes, the fate of a kingdom, 

1533
01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:44,400
the movement of armies, the 
survival of a ruler and 

1534
01:21:44,400 --> 01:21:47,400
everything under their 
protection, the Gupta period. 

1535
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:51,600
Also produced, The Poetry Dasa 
who's plays and poems remain 

1536
01:21:51,600 --> 01:21:54,200
among the most celebrated works 
in the Sanskrit literary 

1537
01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:56,700
tradition. 
It produced the mathematician 

1538
01:21:56,700 --> 01:22:01,000
Arab hitter, who calculated a 
close approximation of Pi and 

1539
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:03,900
proposed rotating Earth 
centuries before European 

1540
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:05,500
science. 
Reached similar conclusions. 

1541
01:22:06,900 --> 01:22:10,000
These were mines operating at a 
frequency that the rest of the 

1542
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:14,400
world would take a long time to 
match and chaturanga emerge from

1543
01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:17,800
the same cultural soil. 
There is a legend told in 

1544
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:20,600
several versions and attached to
the origins of Chess, and 

1545
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:24,000
various cultures about a wise 
person who presents the game to 

1546
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:27,600
a powerful King. 
In one version, a minister 

1547
01:22:27,600 --> 01:22:29,400
devises the game to demonstrate 
that. 

1548
01:22:29,400 --> 01:22:31,700
No ruler can succeed without 
skilled. 

1549
01:22:31,700 --> 01:22:35,100
Advisors the king is Charmed and
offers any reward. 

1550
01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:38,200
The minister names. 
The minister asks for something 

1551
01:22:38,200 --> 01:22:41,400
that sounds modest. 
One grain of rice for the first 

1552
01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:44,900
square of the board, two for the
second four, for the third, and 

1553
01:22:44,900 --> 01:22:49,200
so on doubling with each Square 
until all 64 of being counted. 

1554
01:22:50,000 --> 01:22:53,000
The king laughs at what seems 
like a trivially small request. 

1555
01:22:53,000 --> 01:22:55,600
His treasury Master does not 
laugh. 

1556
01:22:56,200 --> 01:22:59,500
Because when you reach the 64th 
Square, the total number of 

1557
01:22:59,500 --> 01:23:03,000
grains required is larger than 
the entire rice production of 

1558
01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:07,600
the Known World multiplied. 
Many times over This story 

1559
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:11,500
cannot be pinned to finally, to 
any single origin, but it keeps 

1560
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:14,900
attaching itself to chess across
cultures because something about

1561
01:23:14,900 --> 01:23:18,100
the game and this mathematical 
Fable feel deeply related. 

1562
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:22,600
Both are about the deceptive 
depth hidden inside a surface, 

1563
01:23:22,600 --> 01:23:26,800
that looks simple. 
Aboard with 64 squares, a 

1564
01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:30,300
handful of carved pieces and 
below the surface more 

1565
01:23:30,300 --> 01:23:33,200
possibility than any human life 
time could exhaust. 

1566
01:23:34,300 --> 01:23:37,500
The game traveled along trade 
routes the way, all the best 

1567
01:23:37,500 --> 01:23:41,200
ideas do merchants. 
And diplomats moving North West 

1568
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:44,100
through the mountain passes, 
carried it into Persia. 

1569
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:47,300
There it would encounter a 
civilization with its own. 

1570
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:50,600
Traditions, of elegant 
abstraction, its own love of 

1571
01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:53,900
language, and formal Gardens, 
and the precise management of 

1572
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:57,600
complex systems. 
The Persians would give the 

1573
01:23:57,600 --> 01:23:59,200
game. 
Its first dramatic 

1574
01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:01,800
transformation. 
They would also give it two 

1575
01:24:01,800 --> 01:24:05,700
words that still live inside 
chest today words so thoroughly 

1576
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:08,000
embedded that most players never
noticed. 

1577
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:10,600
They are speaking the Persian 
language of the 6th Century 

1578
01:24:10,608 --> 01:24:13,700
every single time. 
They play the sassanid Empire 

1579
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:18,100
stretched across what is now. 
Iran Iraq parts of Central, Asia

1580
01:24:18,100 --> 01:24:20,400
and portions of the Arabian 
peninsula. 

1581
01:24:21,800 --> 01:24:25,200
At its height during the 5th and
6th centuries of the Common Era,

1582
01:24:25,200 --> 01:24:28,300
it was one of the two dominant 
powers in the Known World. 

1583
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:33,100
The other being the Byzantine 
Empire to its West Assassinated 

1584
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:37,200
Persia had a sophisticated Court
culture, a love of intellectual 

1585
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:40,500
competition, a tradition of 
elaborating closed garden 

1586
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:43,700
design, and a deep appreciation 
for games of skill. 

1587
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:48,000
When chaturanga arrived from 
India, the Persians received it 

1588
01:24:48,008 --> 01:24:51,900
with considerable enthusiasm, 
the game laid from the Indian 

1589
01:24:51,900 --> 01:24:54,800
original was called chatrang 
which eventually became 

1590
01:24:54,800 --> 01:24:58,300
shatranj. 
The word is a direct phonetic 

1591
01:24:58,300 --> 01:25:02,100
adaptation of chaturanga, a 
syllable softened and slightly 

1592
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:04,900
rearranged by Persian 
pronunciation patterns. 

1593
01:25:04,900 --> 01:25:08,800
This kind of transformation 
happened constantly along the 

1594
01:25:08,800 --> 01:25:12,600
old trade routes ideas passing 
through languages the way cloth.

1595
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:14,600
Picks up different dyes as it 
changes. 

1596
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:18,000
Hands Across markets, the 
Persians made several important 

1597
01:25:18,000 --> 01:25:21,200
adjustments to the game. 
The four player variant, which 

1598
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:24,600
required complex coordination or
outright rivalry. 

1599
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:27,900
Among all four corners was 
simplified into a two-player 

1600
01:25:27,900 --> 01:25:30,200
form. 
This change gave the game 

1601
01:25:30,200 --> 01:25:34,100
greater focus and made it far 
more accessible to casual and 

1602
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,400
serious players. 
Alike, two players, two armies, 

1603
01:25:37,400 --> 01:25:42,300
one board, one outcome the logic
became cleaner and the drama 

1604
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:45,900
more concentrated, the piece 
names were translated into 

1605
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:50,300
Persian equivalents the Raja 
became the Shah You already know

1606
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:54,500
that word, it means king. 
The counselor or Minister became

1607
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:57,500
the fathers in a word, 
indicating, a wise and Powerful 

1608
01:25:57,500 --> 01:26:00,100
advisor. 
The elephant became the pill. 

1609
01:26:00,100 --> 01:26:04,900
The Chariot became the Rook. 
The Cavalry remained Cavalry now

1610
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:08,700
called the assp, meaning horse, 
the Infantry became the pr 

1611
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:11,900
meaningful Soldier. 
The core movement rules remained

1612
01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:13,900
very close to their Indian 
Originals. 

1613
01:26:13,900 --> 01:26:17,400
What changed most significantly 
was the game's relationship to 

1614
01:26:17,400 --> 01:26:20,200
language and ceremony the 
Persians introduced, the 

1615
01:26:20,208 --> 01:26:23,700
practice of announcing check. 
When your piece is threatened, 

1616
01:26:23,700 --> 01:26:26,800
the opponent's Shah? 
You are expected to call out a 

1617
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:29,700
formal warning. 
The word used was simply Shah 

1618
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:32,900
announcing to your opponent that
their King was in danger. 

1619
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:36,500
The opponent was then obligated 
to address this threat before 

1620
01:26:36,500 --> 01:26:40,400
making any other move. 
When the king had no escape from

1621
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:43,800
this threat, no matter what, the
defending player tried the game 

1622
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:47,200
was over. 
The announcement of this final 

1623
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:51,800
and inescapable position became 
Charmed meaning. 

1624
01:26:51,800 --> 01:26:56,100
The king is helpless or 
sometimes translated as the king

1625
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:58,600
is dead. 
Charmed. 

1626
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,700
Checkmate. 
Those two personal words have 

1627
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:05,500
been in continuous use for 
roughly 1400 years. 

1628
01:27:05,500 --> 01:27:08,700
Every time you say, Checkmate 
your speaking, the court 

1629
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:11,800
language of the assassinated 
Empire that deserves a moment. 

1630
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:15,600
Before we continue a person text
from the early 7th Century 

1631
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:19,000
called the Wizardry chaturang, 
which translates roughly as the 

1632
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:22,900
explanation of Chess, tells the 
story of how the game arrived in

1633
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:26,800
Persia from India. 
In the telling an Indian king 

1634
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:29,800
sends the board and pieces to 
the assassinated Court, as a 

1635
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:33,900
formal challenge asking, the 
Persian Scholars to deduce, the 

1636
01:27:33,900 --> 01:27:37,500
rules through, observation and 
reasoning alone without any 

1637
01:27:37,500 --> 01:27:41,200
instruction. 
Persian courtiers succeed after 

1638
01:27:41,200 --> 01:27:44,100
careful study. 
Which the text presents as 

1639
01:27:44,100 --> 01:27:46,400
evidence of Persian intellectual
superiority. 

1640
01:27:46,400 --> 01:27:49,800
The Indian king is reportedly 
impressed. 

1641
01:27:50,700 --> 01:27:54,200
Tribute is exchanged. 
Everyone is diplomatically 

1642
01:27:54,200 --> 01:27:57,300
satisfied. 
This story is almost certainly 

1643
01:27:57,300 --> 01:27:59,000
more Legend than documented 
history. 

1644
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:02,500
But it reveals how the Persians 
thought about Chess. 

1645
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:06,500
It was not merely a game, it was
a test of cultivated 

1646
01:28:06,500 --> 01:28:09,500
intelligence. 
Persian nobleman who could not 

1647
01:28:09,500 --> 01:28:11,400
play the game? 
Well were considered somewhat 

1648
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:13,000
lacking in the mental 
refinement. 

1649
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,800
Expected of their class, the 
sixth Century sassanid, King 

1650
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:21,000
Cosgrove, the first known by the
honorifica new shervin, which 

1651
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:24,600
translates as in Mortal Soul was
particularly associated with 

1652
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:28,700
chess in later literary sources.
His Reign is remembered as a 

1653
01:28:28,708 --> 01:28:32,600
period of administrative reform 
and cultural flourishing and 

1654
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:35,300
chess featured prominently in 
the court atmosphere. 

1655
01:28:35,300 --> 01:28:39,400
He cultivated stories about 
khosrow and chess appear in 

1656
01:28:39,400 --> 01:28:41,600
numerous later, Persian and 
Arabic texts. 

1657
01:28:42,700 --> 01:28:45,800
Touching his name to the game. 
The way legendary figures become

1658
01:28:45,800 --> 01:28:48,800
associated with the golden 
periods of cultural achievement.

1659
01:28:49,600 --> 01:28:53,300
The game also carried moral 
weight in Persian culture, a 

1660
01:28:53,300 --> 01:28:55,900
chess manual. 
Reconstructed from later Arabic 

1661
01:28:55,900 --> 01:28:59,300
sources, which preserved, much 
of the earlier, Persian content,

1662
01:28:59,300 --> 01:29:02,200
discusses how different styles 
of play reflect different 

1663
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:05,900
qualities of character. 
And aggressive and careless 

1664
01:29:05,900 --> 01:29:09,100
player reveals one kind of 
temperament. patient and 

1665
01:29:09,100 --> 01:29:12,800
methodical player reveals 
another The board became a 

1666
01:29:12,800 --> 01:29:15,000
mirror in which one could 
observe one's own habits of 

1667
01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:17,600
thought. 
This is a function chess would 

1668
01:29:17,600 --> 01:29:20,300
continue to serve in every 
culture at entered. 

1669
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:23,300
Persian poetry from the 
centuries following, the 

1670
01:29:23,300 --> 01:29:27,200
assassinated period absorbed 
chess as a natural metaphor for 

1671
01:29:27,200 --> 01:29:31,100
The Human Condition in ways. 
That feel unexpectedly modern, 

1672
01:29:31,900 --> 01:29:35,800
The greater 11th century poet. 
Omar khayyam writing in Persian 

1673
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:38,500
about fate and time and the 
smallness of human ambition, 

1674
01:29:38,500 --> 01:29:41,400
used the chess board as a 
recurring image. 

1675
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:45,100
In his vision, human beings are 
pieces. 

1676
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:47,700
Moved across the board of 
existence, by a hand. 

1677
01:29:47,700 --> 01:29:51,400
They cannot see making their 
appointed moves without fully 

1678
01:29:51,400 --> 01:29:53,500
understanding the game being 
played around them. 

1679
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:57,900
Whether this constitutes a 
pessimistic reading of Chess or 

1680
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:01,400
a pessimistic reading of life, 
is a question khayyam left 

1681
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:04,300
pleasantly. 
Open the image is powerful 

1682
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:06,900
precisely because it works in 
both directions. 

1683
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:10,400
Chess was already embedded 
deeply enough in Persian 

1684
01:30:10,400 --> 01:30:13,700
literary culture that a poet 
could use it to shorthand for 

1685
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:17,600
the entire mystery of human 
existence and expect his readers

1686
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:22,000
to understand immediately. 
Chess pieces from the sassanid 

1687
01:30:22,000 --> 01:30:26,200
period found through careful 
archaeological, excavation of 

1688
01:30:26,200 --> 01:30:29,500
the Iranian plateau and 
neighboring regions the small 

1689
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,800
and simple in form. 
They were made from materials 

1690
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:38,100
like ivory bone and Hardwood. 
Crucially, the pieces were not 

1691
01:30:38,100 --> 01:30:41,100
figurative, representations of 
Horsemen or elephant's. 

1692
01:30:41,100 --> 01:30:45,300
They were abstract geometric 
shapes, a small column for the 

1693
01:30:45,300 --> 01:30:48,000
king. 
The bifurcated form at the top 

1694
01:30:48,000 --> 01:30:49,300
for what would become the 
bishop? 

1695
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:53,000
A gentle curve suggesting a 
horse's head for the Cavalry 

1696
01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:55,500
piece. 
This abstract visual style, 

1697
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:58,800
would prove extremely important 
for the game's next cultural 

1698
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:02,300
transition. 
The sassanid empire fell to the 

1699
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:05,600
Arab armies in the middle of the
seventh century, with the final 

1700
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:09,000
collapse coming around 651 of 
the Common Era. 

1701
01:31:09,000 --> 01:31:11,600
This was one of the most 
significant geopolitical 

1702
01:31:11,600 --> 01:31:15,800
transformations in the history 
of the ancient world reshaping 

1703
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:19,100
territory from the Arabian 
Peninsula, to the borders of 

1704
01:31:19,108 --> 01:31:21,300
Central Asia, within a single 
generation. 

1705
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:25,000
The Persian Court culture did 
not disappear. 

1706
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:28,700
However, it was absorbed into 
the expanding Islamic 

1707
01:31:28,700 --> 01:31:31,700
civilization with considerable 
respect and deliberate care. 

1708
01:31:32,900 --> 01:31:36,000
Persian Scholars, became Central
figures in the intellectual life

1709
01:31:36,000 --> 01:31:39,700
of the new Abbasid caliphate. 
Personal literary and 

1710
01:31:39,700 --> 01:31:42,200
philosophical traditions, 
survived and shaped the 

1711
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:45,300
developing culture of the 
Islamic World in ways that 

1712
01:31:45,300 --> 01:31:47,000
Scholars are still tracing 
today. 

1713
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:51,400
Chess survived with them and the
abstract sassanid pieces would 

1714
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:54,100
help it make the crossing into a
new cultural world with 

1715
01:31:54,100 --> 01:31:57,500
remarkable ease. 
The game crossed into Arabic 

1716
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:00,800
culture with a name, derived 
directly from shatranj and it 

1717
01:32:00,808 --> 01:32:04,000
would find in the Islamic world.
Its most prolific early period 

1718
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:07,100
of dedicated scholarly 
attention, formal, chess, 

1719
01:32:07,100 --> 01:32:09,000
literature. 
Something that had not existed 

1720
01:32:09,000 --> 01:32:13,300
in your Persia in any organized 
way was about to emerge for the 

1721
01:32:13,300 --> 01:32:16,100
first time. 
Baghdad was built in a circle. 

1722
01:32:16,100 --> 01:32:20,300
This fact tends to stop people 
from a moment because cities are

1723
01:32:20,300 --> 01:32:25,200
not generally built in circles. 
The Abbasid Khalifa, who founded

1724
01:32:25,200 --> 01:32:30,000
the city in 762 of the Common 
Era had it designed as a perfect

1725
01:32:30,000 --> 01:32:34,100
Round 4 with 4 Gates, pointing 
toward the Cardinal Direction's.

1726
01:32:35,000 --> 01:32:41,100
The city was called Madina, 
al-salam city of peace and at 

1727
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:43,800
its Center at the caliph's 
palace and the great mosque. 

1728
01:32:44,300 --> 01:32:47,600
Arranged concentrically like the
rings of a slow growing tree. 

1729
01:32:48,700 --> 01:32:51,400
By the early 9th century 
Baghdad, had become the largest 

1730
01:32:51,400 --> 01:32:54,500
city in the world outside of 
China with a population. 

1731
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:58,000
Estimated in the hundreds of 
thousands, the House of Wisdom, 

1732
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:01,500
a translation center and library
established, by the Obesity 

1733
01:33:01,500 --> 01:33:05,000
caliphs, the systematically 
collecting text from Greek, 

1734
01:33:05,000 --> 01:33:09,800
Persian Sanskrit, and other 
traditions, and rendering them 

1735
01:33:09,800 --> 01:33:13,300
into Arabic. 
This extraordinary intellectual 

1736
01:33:13,300 --> 01:33:18,500
project made Baghdad a center of
mathematics, astronomy medicine 

1737
01:33:18,500 --> 01:33:21,400
philosophy and the Art of 
argument. 

1738
01:33:22,400 --> 01:33:24,900
It also made Bagdad a city of 
chess players. 

1739
01:33:25,900 --> 01:33:28,400
The Abbasid caliphs were deeply 
fond of the game. 

1740
01:33:28,400 --> 01:33:32,500
Al Rashid, whose Reign provided 
the setting for many of the 

1741
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:36,200
stories eventually gathered in 
to the Arabian Nights was set to

1742
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:38,900
play regularly in the company of
courtiers and Scholars. 

1743
01:33:39,600 --> 01:33:44,000
His son al-amin was reportedly, 
so absorbed by chess that 

1744
01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:46,300
advisors. 
Sometimes struggled to draw his 

1745
01:33:46,300 --> 01:33:50,000
attention toward urgent State 
matters, which is the kind of 

1746
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:53,300
biographical detail that makes a
historical figure suddenly feel 

1747
01:33:53,300 --> 01:33:57,300
very recognizable. 
What made the Islamic engagement

1748
01:33:57,300 --> 01:33:59,900
with chess? 
Historically extraordinary was 

1749
01:33:59,900 --> 01:34:01,600
not, merely the playing of the 
game. 

1750
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:05,900
It was the writing about it. 
Arabic chest literature from the

1751
01:34:05,900 --> 01:34:09,000
8th, through the 10th, centuries
represents the first systematic 

1752
01:34:09,000 --> 01:34:10,700
body of Chess scholarship in the
world. 

1753
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:14,900
Nothing comparable had existed 
in India or Persia. 

1754
01:34:15,500 --> 01:34:19,400
Arab Scholars developed opening 
Theory, analyzed endgames with 

1755
01:34:19,400 --> 01:34:23,400
mathematical rigor classified, 
strong players by skill, level 

1756
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:26,800
and debated, fine, points of 
rules, and proper conduct. 

1757
01:34:27,700 --> 01:34:30,100
The chess writers of this 
period, were called the chess 

1758
01:34:30,100 --> 01:34:33,900
Master's and they held something
close to Celebrity Status in 

1759
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:36,400
educated circles across the 
Islamic world. 

1760
01:34:37,700 --> 01:34:41,100
The most celebrated of these 
Masters was out at Lee who wrote

1761
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:44,300
the first dedicated chest manual
in the Arabic language around, 

1762
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:48,900
840 of the Common Era, the work 
covered opening's tactical 

1763
01:34:48,900 --> 01:34:51,400
problems. 
End Game Theory and the relative

1764
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:54,500
strength of contemporary 
players, a generation later. 

1765
01:34:54,500 --> 01:34:58,700
A master named al-razi 
reportedly surpassed out, Adrien

1766
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:02,000
direct competition, causing 
considerable excitement in chess

1767
01:35:02,000 --> 01:35:04,300
circle's. 
And prompting I'll add later 

1768
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:06,700
revised and extend his 
theoretical framework. 

1769
01:35:07,700 --> 01:35:11,300
This Dynamic, the reigning 
Authority challenged by a 

1770
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:13,100
stronger. 
Successor is one that will 

1771
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:16,200
reappear at every major turning 
point in chess history. 

1772
01:35:17,700 --> 01:35:20,400
The field advances through 
displacement. 

1773
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:24,300
These writers also developed a 
particular kind of Chess puzzle,

1774
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:28,300
called the mansuba. 
A composed position designed to 

1775
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:31,600
present a specific challenge 
with a surprising or beautiful 

1776
01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:34,500
solution. 
Collections of man's swoobat 

1777
01:35:34,500 --> 01:35:38,100
were a popular literary form, 
shared among enthusiasts the way

1778
01:35:38,100 --> 01:35:40,200
puzzle books travel among 
readers today. 

1779
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:44,100
Pleasure of a well-made man. 
Super was the pleasure of 

1780
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:47,500
discovering that the obvious 
approach, fails completely, that

1781
01:35:47,500 --> 01:35:50,500
the correct answer requires 
seeing the board in an entirely 

1782
01:35:50,500 --> 01:35:53,900
different way. 
This sensation, the sudden shift

1783
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:56,100
of perception that good chest 
problems. 

1784
01:35:56,100 --> 01:36:00,000
Produce is something players 
across every culture in the era 

1785
01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:04,900
have described in very similar 
terms The geographic spread of 

1786
01:36:04,900 --> 01:36:08,300
Chess through the Islamic World 
during this period covered in 

1787
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:11,600
enormous range. 
The game traveled west across 

1788
01:36:11,600 --> 01:36:14,900
North Africa, and into Spain, 
which came under Moorish, 

1789
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:19,700
political control from 700 and 
111 of the Common Era onward and

1790
01:36:19,700 --> 01:36:22,700
remained. 
So, for several centuries, It 

1791
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:26,200
moved East through Central, Asia
toward the borders of Tang 

1792
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:30,400
Dynasty China. it moved North 
through the Caucasus and into 

1793
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:34,900
the cultural orbit of Byzantine 
Constantinople By the 10th 

1794
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:37,000
Century. 
Chess was being played in The 

1795
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,900
Viking, trading networks of 
Scandinavia, having traveled a 

1796
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:44,200
path from India, through Persia 
through the Arab world and the 

1797
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:47,200
North through Russia. 
The most extraordinary surviving

1798
01:36:47,200 --> 01:36:51,000
record of medieval European 
chess in a specifically Islamic 

1799
01:36:51,000 --> 01:36:54,600
influence context is a 
manuscript produced in Spain in 

1800
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:57,400
1283 Commissioned by King 
Alfonso. 

1801
01:36:57,400 --> 01:37:01,400
The 10th of Castile who was 
known by the honorific Alfonso 

1802
01:37:01,400 --> 01:37:05,400
of the wise this manuscript 
called the Libre de los juegos 

1803
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:09,500
or book of games is a lavishly 
Illustrated compendium, covering

1804
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:13,300
chess, dice games and other 
pastimes of the period. 

1805
01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:18,200
The chess sections are details, 
covering opening Theory, end 

1806
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:22,100
game problems and variant forms 
of the game, including a version

1807
01:37:22,100 --> 01:37:24,500
of played on a larger board with
additional pieces. 

1808
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:28,300
The illustration showed 
Christian Jewish and Muslim 

1809
01:37:28,300 --> 01:37:30,500
players seated together at chest
tables. 

1810
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:34,500
A small and quietly significant 
record of cross-cultural 

1811
01:37:34,500 --> 01:37:38,400
Exchange in a period and place 
where all three traditions 

1812
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,700
overlapped. 
The manuscripts survived intact.

1813
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:44,400
And now, rests in the library of
the monastery of San. 

1814
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:48,200
Lorenzo Del escorial, outside 
Madrid where it can still be 

1815
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:51,200
read and studied. 
One of the most Vivid pieces of 

1816
01:37:51,208 --> 01:37:54,400
archaeological evidence for this
bread is a set of chess pieces 

1817
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,900
found in the 19th century. 
On the Isle of Lewis, a remote 

1818
01:37:57,900 --> 01:37:59,700
island off the coast of 
Scotland. 

1819
01:38:00,500 --> 01:38:03,808
The Lewis Chessmen carved from 
walrus Ivory sometime in the 

1820
01:38:03,816 --> 01:38:06,800
12th century were almost 
certainly made in Norway or 

1821
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:08,900
Iceland for a Western European 
market. 

1822
01:38:10,100 --> 01:38:14,200
They show crowned Kings Seated 
on Thrones Queen's. 

1823
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:18,100
Pressing one hand thoughtfully 
to their cheek robbed Bishops, 

1824
01:38:18,100 --> 01:38:21,800
raising a hand in blessing 
mounted Knights Inn chainmail 

1825
01:38:21,800 --> 01:38:26,700
and Castle shaped Rooks. 
These are fully European fully 

1826
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:30,000
figurative pieces. 
A world away from the abstract 

1827
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:32,100
geometric forms of the Islamic 
tradition. 

1828
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:36,800
The gap between an abstract 
assassinated, Ivory column and a

1829
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:39,200
carved Norse Queen with a 
worried expression. 

1830
01:38:39,200 --> 01:38:43,500
Represents one of the most 
dramatic visual transformations 

1831
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:47,000
in the history of any game. 
And it happened over the course 

1832
01:38:47,000 --> 01:38:50,500
of roughly two centuries. 
Chess was learning to dress 

1833
01:38:50,500 --> 01:38:54,000
itself in whatever its new 
audience is found familiar the 

1834
01:38:54,000 --> 01:38:57,400
transformation of Peace names in
European languages is a small 

1835
01:38:57,408 --> 01:39:00,300
comedy of miss hearing and 
creatively interpretation. 

1836
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:04,200
The files in the personal wise, 
male counselor passed through 

1837
01:39:04,200 --> 01:39:07,300
several Arabic, and then 
European linguistic, mutations 

1838
01:39:07,300 --> 01:39:11,300
and eventually emerged in many 
Western languages as the Queen. 

1839
01:39:11,300 --> 01:39:14,700
The complete re-imagining of the
pieces identity. 

1840
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:19,300
From a male military advisor to 
a crowned female Royal figure. 

1841
01:39:19,300 --> 01:39:22,800
This transformation would 
eventually lead to one of the 

1842
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:26,200
most significant rule changes in
the entire history of the game. 

1843
01:39:26,200 --> 01:39:30,500
The pill, the elephant became 
the bishop in English, the fur 

1844
01:39:30,500 --> 01:39:34,300
or gesture in French, the law 
firm in German. 

1845
01:39:35,100 --> 01:39:38,100
Different cultures looked at the
same abstract, piece and saw 

1846
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:41,700
entirely different figures. 
The Rook The Chariot became the 

1847
01:39:41,708 --> 01:39:44,200
rook in English and the tour or 
Tower in French. 

1848
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:47,500
Most European languages looked 
at the piece and saw a 

1849
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:50,700
fortification rather than a 
vehicle, which is why modern 

1850
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:54,300
chess sets use a castle shape. 
Even though the pieces movement 

1851
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:58,300
has nothing to do with Towers, 
Through all of these surface 

1852
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,200
Transformations, the essential 
structure remained intact. 

1853
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:06,000
The board was still 8 by 8. 
The Infantry still Advanced one 

1854
01:40:06,000 --> 01:40:09,800
careful step at a time. 
The Cavalry still leaped in its 

1855
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:14,200
irresistible sideways Ark, the 
King was still slow and Central 

1856
01:40:14,200 --> 01:40:17,800
and protected Above All Else. 
The game still ended with 

1857
01:40:17,800 --> 01:40:21,300
sharmat still ended with a 
helpless king and a Persian 

1858
01:40:21,300 --> 01:40:23,700
announcement echoing across 14th
centuries. 

1859
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:27,900
The core was intact, only the 
clothing had changed. 

1860
01:40:28,800 --> 01:40:31,300
Chess arrived in Christian 
Europe through several 

1861
01:40:31,300 --> 01:40:34,300
simultaneous routes. 
The Moorish Scholars and 

1862
01:40:34,300 --> 01:40:37,200
Aristocrats of Spain, brought it
north and west across the 

1863
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:40,000
Pyrenees. 
Viking traders who had 

1864
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,200
encountered the game through 
their Eastern routes along the 

1865
01:40:43,200 --> 01:40:45,100
great Russian. 
Rivers carried it, home to 

1866
01:40:45,100 --> 01:40:49,900
Scandinavia the Crusades 
beginning in 1095 and continuing

1867
01:40:49,900 --> 01:40:53,500
for roughly two centuries 
created, a constant movement of 

1868
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:56,900
people between Western Europe 
and the Levant and chess 

1869
01:40:56,900 --> 01:40:59,700
traveled redly in both 
directions along those routes. 

1870
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:03,600
By the 11th century. 
Chess was well, established 

1871
01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:06,700
across most of Europe. 
It appeared in Monastery, 

1872
01:41:06,700 --> 01:41:10,300
library's listed among permitted
books, it showed up in Royal 

1873
01:41:10,300 --> 01:41:12,500
inventories, alongside other 
valued objects. 

1874
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:16,700
It appeared in legal documents 
that attempted to regulate its 

1875
01:41:16,700 --> 01:41:18,800
use. 
And in The Correspondents of 

1876
01:41:18,808 --> 01:41:21,600
churchmen who were thoroughly 
divided on whether it was an 

1877
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:25,300
innocent skill game, or a 
suspect distraction from prayer 

1878
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:28,900
and productive labor. 
Some early church writers, 

1879
01:41:28,900 --> 01:41:33,500
disapproved of Chess firmly a 
few Church councils banned 

1880
01:41:33,500 --> 01:41:36,100
clergy from playing a tool. 
Others argued. 

1881
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:39,600
That chess was fundamentally 
different from dice games, since

1882
01:41:39,600 --> 01:41:42,900
it was a game of pure skill with
no element of chance. 

1883
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:46,300
And, therefore, could not be 
associated with gambling or 

1884
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:50,000
moral ruin a game of skill. 
These Defenders reasoned 

1885
01:41:50,000 --> 01:41:53,500
exercise, the mind, and a game 
that exercise the mind. 

1886
01:41:53,500 --> 01:41:57,500
Could hardly be sinful. 
This debate about Chess and 

1887
01:41:57,500 --> 01:42:00,800
virtue ran through European 
culture for several centuries 

1888
01:42:00,800 --> 01:42:04,000
and produced one of the most 
unusual literary genres of the 

1889
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:07,100
medieval period, the chess 
morality book. 

1890
01:42:07,100 --> 01:42:10,800
The most influential of these 
was a Latin work written around 

1891
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:16,300
1265 by an Italian Dominican 
Friar named Jacobus to cecilus. 

1892
01:42:17,000 --> 01:42:19,900
The title in full is nearly 
impossible to say in a single 

1893
01:42:19,900 --> 01:42:23,500
breath, translating roughly as 
the book of the customs of men 

1894
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:26,700
and the duties of noble as 
explained through the game of 

1895
01:42:26,700 --> 01:42:29,700
chess. 
Desireless used the pieces of 

1896
01:42:29,708 --> 01:42:32,900
the chess set as a framework for
discussing the social order of 

1897
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,800
medieval society and the moral 
obligation of each rank within 

1898
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:39,000
it. 
The king represented Royal 

1899
01:42:39,000 --> 01:42:40,700
Authority in its attendant 
responsibilities. 

1900
01:42:40,700 --> 01:42:45,900
The queen embodied, courtly 
virtue, the Bishops represented 

1901
01:42:45,900 --> 01:42:48,800
the clergy in their obligation 
to pursue wisdom rather than 

1902
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:52,500
worldly advantage. 
The knights represented military

1903
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:54,800
Valor tempered by discipline and
restraint. 

1904
01:42:55,700 --> 01:42:59,300
The pawns crucially represented 
the various trades and 

1905
01:42:59,300 --> 01:43:02,700
occupations of common people. 
These are soulless gave each 

1906
01:43:02,700 --> 01:43:07,100
porn a specific profession, and 
a specific set of moral lessons 

1907
01:43:07,100 --> 01:43:12,300
attached to that profession, a 
baker porn, a blacksmith porn, a

1908
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:16,800
merchant porn, a physician porn.
Each figure in the game 

1909
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:20,700
corresponded to a figure in the 
social world and each carried a 

1910
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:22,800
moral weight. 
That the reader was expected to 

1911
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:25,800
take home. 
This book became one of the most

1912
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:29,000
widely copied texts of the 
entire medieval period. 

1913
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:33,800
When the printing press arrived 
in Europe in the 1450, was among

1914
01:43:33,800 --> 01:43:36,700
the first books to be typeset 
and reproduced in quantity. 

1915
01:43:36,700 --> 01:43:40,800
William the first printed to 
operate a press in England, 

1916
01:43:40,800 --> 01:43:44,300
produced an English translation 
in 1474. 

1917
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:47,600
Making it one of the earliest 
printed books in the English 

1918
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:50,200
language. 
Chess was considered 

1919
01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:54,100
sufficiently significant in 
European cultural life that its 

1920
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:56,200
moral interpretation warranted 
earlier. 

1921
01:43:56,200 --> 01:44:00,200
Adoption of the most advanced 
communication technology of the 

1922
01:44:00,208 --> 01:44:03,100
age. 
That is a remarkable measure of 

1923
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:05,500
the game standing in educated 
Society. 

1924
01:44:06,700 --> 01:44:10,200
While the clergy were writing, 
treaties, is however, the 

1925
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:12,300
players were quietly rewriting 
the rules. 

1926
01:44:13,200 --> 01:44:15,700
The most consequential rule 
change in chess, history 

1927
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:20,100
occurred in Europe, sometime in 
the late 15th century, most 

1928
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:22,300
likely in Spain, or possibly in 
Italy. 

1929
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:26,000
Sources from the period are not 
perfectly consistent on the 

1930
01:44:26,000 --> 01:44:30,600
precise origin but by 1495 the 
new rules have been formalized 

1931
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:32,700
and were appearing in printed 
chess manuals. 

1932
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:36,500
With the game as most modern 
players know, it was from this 

1933
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:39,500
point, essentially complete the 
change that mattered. 

1934
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:41,000
Most was what happened to the 
queen? 

1935
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:45,900
In shatranj the farzin moved one
square diagonally in any 

1936
01:44:45,900 --> 01:44:48,600
direction. 
This made it a modest piece 

1937
01:44:48,600 --> 01:44:53,500
useful but not commanding. 
In the new European game, the 

1938
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:56,300
queen was giving the combined 
movement powers of two other 

1939
01:44:56,300 --> 01:44:59,800
pieces simultaneously. 
She could move any number of 

1940
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:02,800
squares, in any direction, along
a straight line or a diagonal, 

1941
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:07,400
in a single rule change the most
limited major piece on the board

1942
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:11,200
became the most powerful figure 
in the game. the reason for this

1943
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:14,000
transformation is a matter of 
continuing, scholarly 

1944
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:17,500
discussion, Some historians, 
connect it to the political 

1945
01:45:17,500 --> 01:45:19,800
atmosphere of late, 15th century
Europe. 

1946
01:45:20,400 --> 01:45:23,500
A period when several 
significant female rulers, were 

1947
01:45:23,500 --> 01:45:25,900
exercising, real and highly 
visible power. 

1948
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:30,500
Queen Isabella of Castile who 
unified Spain with Ferdinand of 

1949
01:45:30,500 --> 01:45:34,900
Aragon and completed. 
The Reconquista in 1492 was 

1950
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:37,500
among the most influential 
monarchs in Europe during 

1951
01:45:37,500 --> 01:45:41,100
precisely this period. 
The chess Queen sudden expansion

1952
01:45:41,100 --> 01:45:44,200
of power has sometimes been 
linked at least in a broadly 

1953
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:47,500
cultural sense to this moment of
female Authority made visible. 

1954
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:50,600
Others argue, the change was 
more straightforwardly 

1955
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:54,300
practical, that players simply 
wanted the game to unfold at a 

1956
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:57,800
faster pace and giving the queen
greater range of movement 

1957
01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:02,300
accomplish this efficiently. 
Both interpretations may contain

1958
01:46:02,300 --> 01:46:05,400
genuine truth. 
They are certainly not mutually 

1959
01:46:05,400 --> 01:46:09,000
exclusive. 
The bishop changed at this time,

1960
01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:12,400
gaining the ability to move 
diagonally, any number of 

1961
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:15,500
squares rather than the fixed 
two squares of chhatron. 

1962
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:20,000
The pawn received the option to 
advance two squares on its first

1963
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:23,200
move, which accelerated the 
opening phase of the game 

1964
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:26,600
considerably the on, Plus, on 
capture rule appeared to address

1965
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:30,000
the Tactical imbalance created 
by this new two square porn, 

1966
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:33,800
Advanced castling. 
The unusual combined move of 

1967
01:46:33,800 --> 01:46:36,600
King and Rook that, tucks the 
king toward the corner, while 

1968
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:39,500
bringing the Rook to a more 
Central position was formally 

1969
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:42,600
established. 
These changes were not the work 

1970
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:45,100
of any single designer or 
organizing committee. 

1971
01:46:45,100 --> 01:46:49,100
They gathered over Decades of 
play proposed by players, 

1972
01:46:49,100 --> 01:46:52,800
adopted, by communities. 
And finally standardized, when 

1973
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:56,500
printers began producing 
rulebooks and quantity, The 

1974
01:46:56,500 --> 01:47:00,600
printing press more than any 
single chest genius gave the 

1975
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:03,400
modern game. 
Its fixed and Universal form. 

1976
01:47:04,300 --> 01:47:07,200
This point about printing is 
worth sitting with for a moment 

1977
01:47:07,200 --> 01:47:11,900
before the Press arrived, chess 
rules, varied considerably from 

1978
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:15,400
region to region. 
Player from one city, might sit 

1979
01:47:15,400 --> 01:47:18,000
down with a player, from another
city in discover that their 

1980
01:47:18,000 --> 01:47:20,800
Queen's moved differently or 
that their paws had different 

1981
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:24,600
capturing rules. 
The game existed in a state of 

1982
01:47:24,600 --> 01:47:28,400
gentle, local variation, 
adapting itself, wherever it's 

1983
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:30,700
settled. 
Once printers began producing 

1984
01:47:30,700 --> 01:47:33,800
rulebooks and quantity. 
The same written rules 

1985
01:47:33,800 --> 01:47:36,900
circulated. 
Widely and local variations were

1986
01:47:36,900 --> 01:47:39,400
gradually absorbed into a single
agreed standard. 

1987
01:47:40,200 --> 01:47:43,900
The printing, press did not 
merely record, chess rules it. 

1988
01:47:43,900 --> 01:47:46,800
Manufactured consensus about 
what those rules were. 

1989
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:49,908
This is one of the more 
understated effects of the 

1990
01:47:49,916 --> 01:47:53,600
printing Revolution, the way it 
quietly eliminated the regional 

1991
01:47:53,600 --> 01:47:57,700
variation that had characterized
almost every cultural practice 

1992
01:47:57,700 --> 01:48:01,600
before it arrived. 
This new faster version was 

1993
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:04,700
sometimes called chess of the 
queen and in Italian was 

1994
01:48:04,700 --> 01:48:09,700
occasionally referred to as a 
sketchy allahabad or Furious 

1995
01:48:09,700 --> 01:48:12,800
chest because the Unleashed 
Queen changed the character of 

1996
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:15,000
the game entirely. 
Opening. 

1997
01:48:15,000 --> 01:48:18,000
Plain now began with an urgent 
Scramble for control of the 

1998
01:48:18,000 --> 01:48:21,400
center. 
Taxed developed in fewer move's,

1999
01:48:21,400 --> 01:48:24,900
the game punished early 
mistakes, far more severely than

2000
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:28,500
the old shot transform had the 
Lewis Chessmen carved in the 

2001
01:48:28,500 --> 01:48:31,900
12th century and discovered in 
1831, buried in a Scottish 

2002
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:35,000
Seaside Bank. 
Give us a haunting and strangely

2003
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:38,000
Vivid record of how Europeans 
imagined the chess Court. 

2004
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:41,200
The king. 
Sit on throne's looking solemn 

2005
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:44,800
and slightly anxious. 
The Queen's also sit with one 

2006
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:47,800
hand pressed to their cheek in 
an expression that has been 

2007
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:52,000
variously interpreted as 
contemplative concerned or 

2008
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:54,100
frankly exasperated by the whole
situation. 

2009
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:58,600
The Bishops are shown in 
ecclesiastical robes, raising a 

2010
01:48:58,600 --> 01:49:02,000
hand in formal blessing. 
The knights are mounted on small

2011
01:49:02,000 --> 01:49:07,600
sturdy horses the Rooks in an 
unusual detail as biting their 

2012
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:11,300
shields in apparent battle Fury,
which suggests the Carver either

2013
01:49:11,300 --> 01:49:13,900
had excellent. 
Dramatic instincts or a very 

2014
01:49:13,908 --> 01:49:19,200
good sense of humor or both. 
These small figures discovered 

2015
01:49:19,200 --> 01:49:22,600
on a remote beach after 
surviving 800 years underground.

2016
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,600
Carry the entire medieval 
European Chess World in their 

2017
01:49:26,600 --> 01:49:29,100
carved Expressions. 
They look like people trying 

2018
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:31,800
very hard to take things. 
Seriously while suspecting the 

2019
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:34,100
whole Enterprise might be 
slightly absurd. 

2020
01:49:34,800 --> 01:49:38,500
Which is when you think about it
a reasonable response to chess 

2021
01:49:38,500 --> 01:49:41,700
the game was now modern the 
rules were set. 

2022
01:49:41,700 --> 01:49:45,400
The queen was free. and 
somewhere in the Gathering, 

2023
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:48,500
social energy of the early, 
modern world, a new kind of 

2024
01:49:48,500 --> 01:49:52,000
venue for chess was about to 
emerge one, that would change 

2025
01:49:52,000 --> 01:49:55,700
who played the game and how the 
game was talked about, Coffee 

2026
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:58,600
arrived in Europe in the 17th 
century and changed almost 

2027
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:01,800
everything. 
The coffee house which appeared 

2028
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,500
first in the ottoman world and 
then spread rapidly through 

2029
01:50:04,500 --> 01:50:08,700
Venice, London, Paris Amsterdam.
And Vienna was not simply a 

2030
01:50:08,700 --> 01:50:13,200
place to drink a hot beverage. 
It was a social institution, a 

2031
01:50:13,200 --> 01:50:16,000
place where men of different 
economic stations, could sit at 

2032
01:50:16,008 --> 01:50:20,000
the same table for hours, fueled
by a substance that kept them 

2033
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:23,500
alert and many contemporaries 
observed quite willing to argue 

2034
01:50:23,500 --> 01:50:26,900
early English coffee houses were
sometimes called Penny 

2035
01:50:26,900 --> 01:50:30,300
universities, because for the 
price of a penny, you could sit 

2036
01:50:30,300 --> 01:50:34,500
among Merchants lawyers 
clergyman and writers and 

2037
01:50:34,500 --> 01:50:36,900
participate in whatever 
conversation was currently 

2038
01:50:36,900 --> 01:50:39,800
underway. 
And a significant portion of the

2039
01:50:39,800 --> 01:50:41,800
time, what was underway was 
chess? 

2040
01:50:42,600 --> 01:50:45,900
The Cafe de la rejoice in Paris 
became the most celebrated chess

2041
01:50:45,900 --> 01:50:47,800
venue in the world during the 
18th century. 

2042
01:50:47,800 --> 01:50:51,300
A distinction, it held for more 
than 100 years. 

2043
01:50:52,300 --> 01:50:55,900
Located near the Palais, Royal 
in the Heart of the City, it 

2044
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:58,800
attracted, some of the most 
remarkable minds of the French 

2045
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:02,000
enlightenment. 
The philosopher Voltaire is 

2046
01:51:02,000 --> 01:51:06,000
recorded as having played there.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau played 

2047
01:51:06,000 --> 01:51:08,600
there and wrote about it with 
evident affection. 

2048
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:13,100
Benjamin Franklin in Paris. 
As a diplomatic representative 

2049
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:17,000
of the new American Republic 
played there and was reportedly 

2050
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:19,200
a regular presence. 
During his years in the city. 

2051
01:51:19,200 --> 01:51:23,000
Franklin was a capable player 
though, accounts suggest he was 

2052
01:51:23,008 --> 01:51:25,800
not quite at the level of the 
strongest Paris Masters. 

2053
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:29,200
He wrote a brief essay on the 
moral lessons of Chess 

2054
01:51:29,200 --> 01:51:32,600
describing the game as an 
exercise in foresight, 

2055
01:51:32,600 --> 01:51:36,800
circumspection and caution, 
which sounds very much like the 

2056
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:40,800
same medieval morality 
tradition, translated into 18th 

2057
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:44,200
century, American practical 
philosophy, some ideas about 

2058
01:51:44,200 --> 01:51:46,400
Chess simply refused to go out 
of fashion. 

2059
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:49,800
A strongest player at the 
Region's during his golden 

2060
01:51:49,800 --> 01:51:52,500
period and possibly the 
strongest player in the world, 

2061
01:51:52,500 --> 01:51:56,200
for much of the mid-18th 
century, was a French musician 

2062
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:58,200
named Francois on Andre 
philidor. 

2063
01:51:59,200 --> 01:52:04,500
Philadelphia was born in 1726, 
the son of a court musician and 

2064
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:06,600
became accomplished in both of 
his chosen. 

2065
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:10,500
Pursuits simultaneously. 
His operas were performed across

2066
01:52:10,500 --> 01:52:12,500
Europe. 
His chest left. 

2067
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,700
Contemporaries with insufficient
words to describe it adequately 

2068
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:19,400
his chest manual. 
Published in 1749 under the 

2069
01:52:19,400 --> 01:52:24,000
title analysis deck was the most
influential chess, instruction 

2070
01:52:24,000 --> 01:52:26,000
text produced up to that point 
in history. 

2071
01:52:27,000 --> 01:52:30,200
It was reprinted dozens of 
times, across multiple languages

2072
01:52:30,200 --> 01:52:33,600
and remained authoritative for 
decades after publication. 

2073
01:52:34,800 --> 01:52:37,300
Philadelphia's, most quoted 
observation about Chess. 

2074
01:52:37,300 --> 01:52:41,800
Is that the Pawns of the soul of
the game, his emphasis on Pawn 

2075
01:52:41,800 --> 01:52:45,400
structure on the long term, 
strategic value of those slow 

2076
01:52:45,400 --> 01:52:49,100
infantry pieces represented, a 
genuine shift in how chess was 

2077
01:52:49,100 --> 01:52:52,300
understood. 
Theoretically, Earlier writers 

2078
01:52:52,300 --> 01:52:56,500
had focused primarily on tactics
on immediate threats and sudden 

2079
01:52:56,500 --> 01:53:00,700
combinations on the quick attack
and the devastating checkmate. 

2080
01:53:01,500 --> 01:53:05,000
Philidor insisted that the real 
art of Chess laying creating 

2081
01:53:05,000 --> 01:53:09,000
favorable long-term positions 
managing porn, formations and 

2082
01:53:09,000 --> 01:53:12,800
thinking many moves ahead about 
the shape of n games that had 

2083
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:15,900
not yet arrived. 
This philosophical shift in 

2084
01:53:15,900 --> 01:53:19,500
chess thinking, mirrored the 
rational systematic tendency of 

2085
01:53:19,500 --> 01:53:23,200
the Enlightenment more, broadly.
Chess was not merely a fight. 

2086
01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:27,200
It was a sustained argument, 
conducted in the language of 

2087
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:30,700
position and patients, that 
could only be won by the player 

2088
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:33,500
who understood the boards 
long-term logic better than 

2089
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:36,800
their opponent. 
Philidor also performed 

2090
01:53:36,800 --> 01:53:39,700
something that Drew enormous 
crowds to Coffee House's and 

2091
01:53:39,700 --> 01:53:41,500
public venues in London and 
Paris. 

2092
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:45,100
He would play multiple chess 
games simultaneously while 

2093
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:48,400
blindfolded. 
Conducting up to three games at 

2094
01:53:48,400 --> 01:53:51,800
once without seeing any of the 
boards holding every position 

2095
01:53:51,800 --> 01:53:54,500
entirely within mental 
visualization. 

2096
01:53:55,600 --> 01:53:58,300
This performance contributed 
substantially to the coffee 

2097
01:53:58,300 --> 01:54:02,100
house mythology of Chess, as a 
demonstration of extraordinary 

2098
01:54:02,100 --> 01:54:06,000
mental capacity. 
The blindfold simultaneous 

2099
01:54:06,000 --> 01:54:09,700
exhibition became a standard 
display of exceptional, chess 

2100
01:54:09,700 --> 01:54:11,800
memory. 
That serious players would 

2101
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:14,100
continue to perform for the next
two centuries. 

2102
01:54:14,100 --> 01:54:18,800
There is a quietly ironic note 
in, Phil's biography, His 

2103
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:22,200
operatic work was commercially 
successful during his lifetime 

2104
01:54:22,200 --> 01:54:25,800
but faded almost entirely from 
performance after his death. 

2105
01:54:26,800 --> 01:54:30,300
His chest Theory, which he may, 
well, have considered a decided 

2106
01:54:30,300 --> 01:54:33,100
interest relative to his 
musical, career remained 

2107
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,300
influential and studied long 
afterward. 

2108
01:54:36,100 --> 01:54:40,400
He died in 1795 in London, 
having left Paris to escape the 

2109
01:54:40,400 --> 01:54:43,600
political violence of the French
Revolution, and his buried in 

2110
01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:45,500
Saint James as church and 
Piccadilly. 

2111
01:54:46,600 --> 01:54:49,900
The chess books of the 18th and 
19th, centuries multiplied. 

2112
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:54,100
Steadily every major European 
city had chess literature in 

2113
01:54:54,100 --> 01:54:57,100
print. 
Opening systems were named and 

2114
01:54:57,100 --> 01:55:00,400
catalogued. 
The Spanish game, the king's 

2115
01:55:00,400 --> 01:55:04,000
Gambit the French defense, the 
Italian opening the Sicilian 

2116
01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:07,600
Defense, these names attached to
playing styles that had been 

2117
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:10,900
observed and analyzed in games 
from particular regions and 

2118
01:55:10,900 --> 01:55:14,300
traditions, and they gave the 
game a shared technical 

2119
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:17,800
vocabulary that allowed players 
across different countries to 

2120
01:55:17,800 --> 01:55:21,500
discuss specific positions 
without requiring a physical 

2121
01:55:21,500 --> 01:55:24,600
board. 
The first formal International 

2122
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:28,900
chess tournament was organized 
in London, in 1851 arranged as a

2123
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:31,200
cultural event. 
Alongside the great exhibition, 

2124
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:34,500
It Was Won by a German 
mathematician named Adolf 

2125
01:55:34,500 --> 01:55:37,700
Anderssen. 
Who defeated all comers with a 

2126
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:40,200
style at prioritized. 
Brilliant combinations and 

2127
01:55:40,200 --> 01:55:44,300
spectacular attacking play. 
One of his games from that 

2128
01:55:44,300 --> 01:55:47,800
tournament known today. 
As the immortal game is, still 

2129
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:50,600
started and admired for the 
audacity of its peace. 

2130
01:55:50,600 --> 01:55:54,900
Sacrifices material was given 
away freely apparently 

2131
01:55:54,900 --> 01:55:58,400
recklessly in the pursuit of a 
mating attack that required 

2132
01:55:58,400 --> 01:56:01,900
seeing 10 and 15 moves ahead. 
The Immortal game has been 

2133
01:56:01,900 --> 01:56:07,000
analyzed by chess players for 
more than 117 years. continues 

2134
01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:11,300
to appear in instruction books, 
as an example of creative daring

2135
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:15,800
at its most convincing American 
chess produced its own 

2136
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:18,500
exceptional figure just a few 
years afterward. 

2137
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:23,200
Paul morphy of New Orleans, 
traveled to Europe in 1858, and 

2138
01:56:23,200 --> 01:56:26,000
systematically defeated every 
strong player. 

2139
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:30,200
He met, Morphe style combined 
Philly doors positional 

2140
01:56:30,200 --> 01:56:34,200
understanding with a tactical 
energy that left opponents 

2141
01:56:34,200 --> 01:56:36,500
disorganized before they 
understood the danger. 

2142
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:40,700
He was celebrated in Paris and 
London as the finest player in 

2143
01:56:40,700 --> 01:56:44,200
the world. 
He returned to America retired 

2144
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,700
from competitive, play at the 
age of 21, and spent the 

2145
01:56:47,700 --> 01:56:50,600
remainder of his life in New 
Orleans, deeply uncomfortable. 

2146
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:54,000
With the attention is Chesser 
generated, the pattern of the 

2147
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:57,500
chess prodigy. 
Attack Lee, gifted young person 

2148
01:56:57,500 --> 01:57:00,500
who mastered the game almost 
before mastering ordinary life. 

2149
01:57:01,300 --> 01:57:04,700
Was becoming a recognizable and 
recurring figure in chess 

2150
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:07,400
history. 
By the end of the 19th century, 

2151
01:57:07,400 --> 01:57:10,400
the modern Chess World had fully
formed. 

2152
01:57:11,200 --> 01:57:15,000
Chess clubs existed in every 
major city and active 

2153
01:57:15,000 --> 01:57:18,000
International correspondence, 
Community exchange games and 

2154
01:57:18,000 --> 01:57:21,900
Analysis through the postal 
system players conducting games 

2155
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,000
over months through carefully, 
worded letters. 

2156
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:27,300
Dedicated chess journals and 
newspaper. 

2157
01:57:27,300 --> 01:57:30,800
Columns cultivated an audience 
of readers who followed 

2158
01:57:30,800 --> 01:57:33,300
Tournament results with the same
attention. 

2159
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:35,200
That sporting events received 
today. 

2160
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:39,000
One of the Practical problems 
that formal tournament chess 

2161
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:43,000
encountered in the 19th century 
was the question of time in 

2162
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:45,500
early Championship matches. 
Players were allowed to think 

2163
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:48,700
for as long as they wished on 
each move, some players took 

2164
01:57:48,700 --> 01:57:51,600
this to extremes that tested. 
The patience of everyone in the 

2165
01:57:51,600 --> 01:57:55,700
room including their opponents. 
A match between two English 

2166
01:57:55,700 --> 01:57:58,500
players. 
In 1851, saw one player sit 

2167
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:01,400
motionless for over two hours 
before making a single move. 

2168
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:05,500
By the 1880s, chess clocks 
mechanical devices that 

2169
01:58:05,500 --> 01:58:08,000
allocated a fixed amount of 
thinking, time to each player. 

2170
01:58:08,000 --> 01:58:12,100
And imposed a forfeit for 
running out, had been introduced

2171
01:58:12,100 --> 01:58:16,000
into formal competition. 
The chess clock changed the 

2172
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:20,000
character of competitive Place 
significantly under time. 

2173
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:23,400
Pressure decision-making, became
more instinctive, and less 

2174
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:26,900
purely analytical. 
Player who could find good moves

2175
01:58:26,900 --> 01:58:30,800
quickly as well as deeply now 
had an additional advantage. 

2176
01:58:32,000 --> 01:58:35,100
This time I mention of Chess 
opened in New area of discussion

2177
01:58:35,100 --> 01:58:38,700
among theorists and players. 
Tension between depth of 

2178
01:58:38,708 --> 01:58:42,100
analysis, and speed of 
recognition attention that 

2179
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:45,600
professional chess has never 
fully resolved, the World Chess 

2180
01:58:45,600 --> 01:58:48,200
Championship, was formally 
established in 1886. 

2181
01:58:48,200 --> 01:58:52,000
When Wilhelm Stein's of Austria 
defeated Johannes Duke of 

2182
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:54,800
Germany in a match played across
several cities. 

2183
01:58:55,800 --> 01:58:58,600
Steinitz became the first 
official World chess champion 

2184
01:58:58,600 --> 01:59:01,800
and also the most articulate 
theorists of modern positional 

2185
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:06,700
chess articulating principles 
about King safety, weak squares,

2186
01:59:06,700 --> 01:59:10,200
peace, activity. 
And long-term porn structure, 

2187
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:13,300
that formed the theoretical 
backbone of serious chest 

2188
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:17,900
education for the following 
generation. the 19th century 

2189
01:59:17,900 --> 01:59:22,100
also produced the first chess 
automaton to capture wide public

2190
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:26,100
and Imagination, a mechanical 
figure dressed in Turkish, robes

2191
01:59:26,100 --> 01:59:31,100
seated, at a chest table known 
as The Turk The Turk toured 

2192
01:59:31,100 --> 01:59:35,100
Europe and America for decades 
defeating Napoleon Bonaparte and

2193
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:37,000
Benjamin Franklin among many 
others. 

2194
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:41,900
It was not a true automaton, a 
human chest Master concealed 

2195
01:59:41,900 --> 01:59:45,500
inside the large cabinet. 
Beneath the figure guided every 

2196
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:49,600
move, the deception was 
eventually exposed, but the Turk

2197
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:52,600
demonstrated something true of 
how the public imagined the 

2198
01:59:52,600 --> 01:59:55,700
future of chess. 
The idea of a machine that could

2199
01:59:55,700 --> 01:59:59,100
play the game as well as a human
being, or better had entered, 

2200
01:59:59,100 --> 02:00:01,100
the cultural imagination and 
would not leave it. 

2201
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:05,700
That idea would return in a very
different and very consequential

2202
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:11,100
form roughly a century later. 
The 20th century gave chess some

2203
02:00:11,100 --> 02:00:15,200
of its most dramatic stories and
a few of its strangest ones. 

2204
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:20,300
Jose Raul capablanca of Cuba 
became world champion in 1921 

2205
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:23,500
and played with such a parent 
naturalness in these that 

2206
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:26,500
commentators struggled to 
explain how he calculated. 

2207
02:00:26,500 --> 02:00:29,300
So accurately without seeming to
think very hard. 

2208
02:00:29,300 --> 02:00:33,300
Capablanca had a gift for 
simplification for reducing 

2209
02:00:33,300 --> 02:00:36,500
complicated positions to their 
clearest essential elements, 

2210
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:39,700
that felt almost unfair to the 
people sitting across from him. 

2211
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:44,000
He was all so well-dressed, 
Charming in public and 

2212
02:00:44,000 --> 02:00:46,400
comfortable with Fame. 
Qualities. 

2213
02:00:46,400 --> 02:00:49,400
The Chess World found both, 
delightful and vaguely 

2214
02:00:49,400 --> 02:00:53,300
suspicious Alexander alakine, 
the Russian player, who defeated

2215
02:00:53,300 --> 02:00:57,600
Kappa Blanka in 1927 was his 
temperamental opposite in nearly

2216
02:00:57,600 --> 02:01:01,600
every regard. 
Alakine was intense, deeply, 

2217
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:05,100
absorbed in preparation. 
Sometimes difficult in person 

2218
02:01:05,100 --> 02:01:08,300
and famous for the wild 
creativity of his attacking 

2219
02:01:08,300 --> 02:01:11,900
combinations. 
He held the world title with one

2220
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:16,400
brief Interruption until his 
death in 1946, having spent his 

2221
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:20,000
later career in Wartime Europe 
under circumstances that 

2222
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:23,700
historians continue to examine 
with a mixture of sympathy and 

2223
02:01:23,700 --> 02:01:26,700
discomfort. 
Then came the Soviet era of 

2224
02:01:26,700 --> 02:01:31,400
Chess dominance. 
From 1948, when Mikhail bought 

2225
02:01:31,400 --> 02:01:35,400
vinick of the Soviet Union, the 
world championship title until 

2226
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:38,400
the 1990s. 
Soviet players dominated 

2227
02:01:38,400 --> 02:01:41,300
competitive, chess with a 
consistency that required 

2228
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:45,400
institutional explanation. 
The Soviet state invested in 

2229
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:49,200
chess as demonstration of 
intellectual superiority, chess,

2230
02:01:49,200 --> 02:01:52,000
schools, were established 
promising, players were 

2231
02:01:52,000 --> 02:01:54,300
identified, young and trained 
systematically. 

2232
02:01:54,300 --> 02:02:01,900
And the results were remarkable 
but vinik Smule, Petrosian The 

2233
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:05,000
champion ship passed among 
Soviet Grandmasters with only 

2234
02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:09,100
one significant interruption. 
That Interruption was Bobby 

2235
02:02:09,100 --> 02:02:13,200
Fischer, Robert James, Fischer 
of Brooklyn learned Chess at the

2236
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:17,100
age of six, became the youngest 
United States chess champion in 

2237
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:20,100
history at 14. 
And spent the following decade 

2238
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:23,800
arguing vigorously with nearly 
everyone around him, while 

2239
02:02:23,800 --> 02:02:26,900
producing chess of a quality 
that left even his opponents 

2240
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:32,500
unable to deny its brilliance. 
Fisher's 1972 world championship

2241
02:02:32,500 --> 02:02:36,800
match against Boris spassky 
held, in Reykjavik Iceland was 

2242
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,900
reported as Front Page News 
across the United States and 

2243
02:02:39,900 --> 02:02:42,700
much of the world. 
This was depending on how you 

2244
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:46,600
approach it either a chess match
or a cold war confrontation, by 

2245
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:49,900
other means or one man, 
psychological experiment or all 

2246
02:02:49,900 --> 02:02:52,800
three at once. 
Fisher one, he then declined to 

2247
02:02:52,808 --> 02:02:55,800
defend his title in 1975 under 
conditions. 

2248
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:59,200
He found unacceptable was 
stripped of the championship and

2249
02:02:59,200 --> 02:03:03,500
retreated into a complicated and
troubled private life that chess

2250
02:03:03,500 --> 02:03:06,500
fans have been writing about 
with sadness and Fascination 

2251
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:10,200
ever since His chest remains 
among the most studied and 

2252
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:12,100
admired in the game's recorded 
history. 

2253
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:15,600
His life outside chess is a 
different kind of story. 

2254
02:03:16,700 --> 02:03:20,700
Anatoly karpov, and then Gary 
Kasparov of dominated the 

2255
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:26,000
following decades, Kasparov who 
became world champion in 1985 at

2256
02:03:26,000 --> 02:03:31,200
the age of 22 combined Fisher's 
competitive intensity with a 

2257
02:03:31,200 --> 02:03:34,700
natural physical energy and a 
genuine appetite for public 

2258
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:36,900
confrontation. 
That made him one of the most 

2259
02:03:36,908 --> 02:03:40,000
visible figures in any 
competitive sport or game during

2260
02:03:40,000 --> 02:03:44,500
his championship years and then 
Kasparov played a computer The 

2261
02:03:44,500 --> 02:03:47,000
IBM supercomputer known as deep 
blue. 

2262
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:51,400
First played Kasper in 1996, 
losing the match overall, but 

2263
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:52,900
winning one game during the 
series. 

2264
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:56,200
Winning one game against the 
world champion was considered in

2265
02:03:56,200 --> 02:03:58,900
its self, a notable achievement 
at the time. 

2266
02:03:59,700 --> 02:04:03,900
The rematch in 1997 a six-game 
match held in New York City 

2267
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:07,108
ended with deep blue winning the
series by three and a half 

2268
02:04:07,116 --> 02:04:09,700
points to two and a half kaspar 
off. 

2269
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:14,900
Disputed specific moves and 
accused IBM of misconduct IBM 

2270
02:04:14,900 --> 02:04:17,800
declined, a third match and 
dismantled deep blue shortly 

2271
02:04:17,800 --> 02:04:21,700
afterward, which struck many 
observers as convenient timing. 

2272
02:04:22,500 --> 02:04:25,900
Regardless of the controversy 
surrounding that specific match.

2273
02:04:25,900 --> 02:04:28,200
The long-term outcome comes 
clear. 

2274
02:04:29,000 --> 02:04:32,200
Computer chess programs improved
at a rate that human chess 

2275
02:04:32,200 --> 02:04:35,900
Improvement could not approach. 
By the early 2000s. 

2276
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:39,300
Programs running on, ordinary 
personal computers were playing 

2277
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:41,400
at a level that. 
No human could consistently 

2278
02:04:41,400 --> 02:04:44,700
challenge. 
The era of human Supremacy over 

2279
02:04:44,700 --> 02:04:48,400
machines in chess, measured by 
game results was over. 

2280
02:04:49,500 --> 02:04:53,500
What did this mean for chess? 
Surprisingly little, in terms of

2281
02:04:53,508 --> 02:04:57,300
human interest and participation
the widespread, assumption that 

2282
02:04:57,300 --> 02:05:00,300
computer superiority would 
reduce people's enthusiasm for 

2283
02:05:00,300 --> 02:05:03,000
chess, proved almost completely 
wrong. 

2284
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:07,400
What happened instead was that 
computer analysis became a tool 

2285
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:09,900
that players used to improve 
their own understanding. 

2286
02:05:10,700 --> 02:05:14,100
Grandmasters began using chess 
software to analyze their games 

2287
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:18,000
in new depth and extend, their 
opening preparation further than

2288
02:05:18,000 --> 02:05:21,400
had been possible before. 
Younger players who grew up with

2289
02:05:21,400 --> 02:05:25,400
computer analysis, internalized,
theoretical knowledge, at an 

2290
02:05:25,400 --> 02:05:26,900
early age than any previous 
generation? 

2291
02:05:28,000 --> 02:05:30,600
The average quality of Chess at 
the professional level improved 

2292
02:05:30,600 --> 02:05:32,200
substantially in the computer 
era. 

2293
02:05:33,000 --> 02:05:35,800
Not in spite of the machines. 
But through a kind of ongoing 

2294
02:05:35,800 --> 02:05:40,000
collaboration with their chess 
composition the art of creating 

2295
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,500
game studies and tactical 
problems was transformed by 

2296
02:05:43,500 --> 02:05:47,500
computers as well composers. 
Could now verify the uniqueness 

2297
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:52,000
of a solution confirm that no 
unintended Alternatives existed 

2298
02:05:52,000 --> 02:05:54,500
and pushed the boundaries of 
what positions were 

2299
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:57,900
theoretically possible. 
The mansuba tradition that 

2300
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:00,100
Arabic Scholars are developed in
9th century. 

2301
02:06:00,100 --> 02:06:03,100
Baghdad found a new and more 
precise form in the age of 

2302
02:06:03,108 --> 02:06:07,400
computational verification. 
For amateur players, the effect 

2303
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:11,200
of computer analysis was perhaps
the most quietly transformative 

2304
02:06:11,200 --> 02:06:13,000
change in the game's popular 
history. 

2305
02:06:14,300 --> 02:06:18,200
A club level player in 1970. 
Could spend an entire lifetime 

2306
02:06:18,200 --> 02:06:21,700
playing chess and never 
encounter a deep theoretical 

2307
02:06:21,700 --> 02:06:23,800
discussion of the opening they 
preferred. 

2308
02:06:24,500 --> 02:06:26,900
Simply because the relevant 
books were hard to find and 

2309
02:06:26,900 --> 02:06:30,900
expensive to buy. 
A club level player today, can 

2310
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:33,700
call up a computer analysis of 
any position in seconds. 

2311
02:06:33,700 --> 02:06:37,000
See dozens of possible 
continuations, ranked by 

2312
02:06:37,008 --> 02:06:41,200
estimated advantage and watch 
recorded games of grandmaster's 

2313
02:06:41,200 --> 02:06:44,500
explaining their thinking. 
In live video, the gap between 

2314
02:06:44,500 --> 02:06:47,300
the knowledge of available to a 
professional and the knowledge 

2315
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,500
of available to a motivated 
amateur has narrowed in a way 

2316
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:53,300
that would have seemed 
extraordinary to players of 

2317
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,600
previous centuries. 
This does not make amateur 

2318
02:06:56,600 --> 02:06:59,900
players into professionals. 
But it does mean that the joy of

2319
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:03,100
understanding Chess at some 
depth of seeing the reasons 

2320
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:06,800
behind good moves, rather than 
simply mimicking them is now 

2321
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:09,500
more accessible than at any 
previous point in the game's 

2322
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:13,700
history. the internet changed 
chess access in a way that no 

2323
02:07:13,700 --> 02:07:16,500
previous development in the 
game's long history had managed 

2324
02:07:17,300 --> 02:07:20,000
For most of Chess history, 
playing required being 

2325
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:23,900
physically present with your 
opponent. a postal chest 

2326
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:27,400
tradition which had existed 
since the 19th century allowed 

2327
02:07:27,400 --> 02:07:30,400
games to unfold over weeks or 
months, through exchange 

2328
02:07:30,400 --> 02:07:34,100
letters, but this was 
necessarily slow and restricted 

2329
02:07:34,100 --> 02:07:38,600
to Dedicated enthusiast Online 
chest, change the equation, 

2330
02:07:38,600 --> 02:07:42,900
entirely by the early 2000s. 
Websites providing free access 

2331
02:07:42,900 --> 02:07:46,500
to opponents of matching skill, 
within seconds at any hour had 

2332
02:07:46,500 --> 02:07:48,900
accumulated, millions of 
registered players. 

2333
02:07:50,000 --> 02:07:53,900
The sheer volume of games played
on line exceeded by an 

2334
02:07:53,900 --> 02:07:57,100
extraordinary margin. 
The total number of chess games 

2335
02:07:57,100 --> 02:08:00,000
played through all of the 
previous centuries of recorded, 

2336
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:05,400
history, combined, The 1920s 
period of the 2020s produced an 

2337
02:08:05,400 --> 02:08:08,300
unexpected surge in chess 
participation. 

2338
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:12,600
With large portions of the 
world's population spending 

2339
02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:16,100
extended time at home. 
Many people discovered or 

2340
02:08:16,100 --> 02:08:18,700
rediscovered, chess and online 
platforms. 

2341
02:08:18,700 --> 02:08:21,500
Reported substantial increases 
in new player. 

2342
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:23,300
Registration within a short 
period. 

2343
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:29,400
A television drama about a 
fictional, female chess Prodigy 

2344
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:34,300
released in late 2020. 
Amplified this surge further 

2345
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:37,800
documenting what happened when a
story about Chess was told, 

2346
02:08:37,800 --> 02:08:41,600
compellingly enough to reach an 
audience that had never thought 

2347
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:44,600
of itself. 
As interested in Chess at all, a

2348
02:08:44,600 --> 02:08:47,800
medieval Dominican Friar used 
chess pieces to teach social 

2349
02:08:47,800 --> 02:08:50,400
morality would have found this 
entirely predictable. 

2350
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:54,600
The game that can be dramatized 
as a story about human ambition,

2351
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:58,200
isolation, discipline and 
Transcendence. 

2352
02:08:58,200 --> 02:09:00,700
Is a game that will always find 
new audiences. 

2353
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:04,500
When the right story is told, 
The current world chess 

2354
02:09:04,500 --> 02:09:07,800
champion. 
Magnus Carlsen of Norway has 

2355
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:12,300
held the classical World title 
since 2013 making his Reign One 

2356
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:14,200
of the longest in the 
Championships history. 

2357
02:09:15,200 --> 02:09:16,800
Carlson is known for 
exceptional. 

2358
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:20,000
End game technique for his 
ability to find winning 

2359
02:09:20,000 --> 02:09:22,800
possibilities in positions, that
other strong players would 

2360
02:09:22,800 --> 02:09:26,300
accept as drawn, and for an 
approach to the game that 

2361
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:30,100
combined computer era opening 
preparation with an intuitive 

2362
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:33,000
flexibility, that purely 
mechanical analysis. 

2363
02:09:33,000 --> 02:09:36,500
Cannot fully replicate. 
He is also been enthusiastic 

2364
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:41,000
promoter of faster time control 
variant of Chess rapid and Blitz

2365
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,200
formats in which games last 
minutes rather than ours, 

2366
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:48,200
bringing the game to audience's,
that find classical chess too 

2367
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:52,700
slow to follow a spectator's. 
The question of why chess has 

2368
02:09:52,700 --> 02:09:56,100
survived when so many other 
ancient pastimes have faded into

2369
02:09:56,100 --> 02:10:00,600
historical footnotes and museum,
display cases his worth settling

2370
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:03,400
into for a few quiet minutes at 
the end of this long journey. 

2371
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:06,900
Part of the answer is the design
itself. 

2372
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:11,800
The inventors of chaturanga who 
gave each piece, a distinct 

2373
02:10:11,800 --> 02:10:14,900
movement pattern created, 
something that generates 

2374
02:10:14,900 --> 02:10:19,100
essentially unlimited variety 
from a finite set of rules. 

2375
02:10:19,800 --> 02:10:23,200
The number of possible chess 
games calculated by, considering

2376
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:27,600
all the branching possibilities 
from every position exceeds the 

2377
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:30,700
number of atoms in the 
observable universe, by a 

2378
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:33,900
considerable margin. 
This is not a colorful 

2379
02:10:33,900 --> 02:10:37,000
exaggeration, it is an actual 
calculation. 

2380
02:10:37,000 --> 02:10:39,800
You'll never play a game of 
chess that has been played 

2381
02:10:39,800 --> 02:10:43,100
before. 
Not exactly every game is 

2382
02:10:43,100 --> 02:10:47,100
genuinely new. part of the 
answer is the way chess reflects

2383
02:10:47,100 --> 02:10:51,300
something, recognizable about 
Human Experience, It is not a 

2384
02:10:51,300 --> 02:10:54,800
game of pure chance, but neither
does it guarantee that the 

2385
02:10:54,800 --> 02:10:56,800
better prepared player always 
wins. 

2386
02:10:57,800 --> 02:11:01,300
Single mistake at a critical 
moment, a single overlooked 

2387
02:11:01,300 --> 02:11:04,300
threat or missed opportunity, 
can change everything. 

2388
02:11:05,600 --> 02:11:09,900
Chest rewards depth and patience
but it also requires the 

2389
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:13,500
management of imperfect 
information, limited time and 

2390
02:11:13,500 --> 02:11:16,100
the unsettling reality, that 
your opponent may have seen 

2391
02:11:16,100 --> 02:11:17,600
something. 
You have not seen yet. 

2392
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:21,500
That is, of course, the 
experience of most decisions and

2393
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,600
most lives. 
Part of the answer is the 

2394
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:27,500
portability and simplicity of 
the games, physical 

2395
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:31,800
requirements. 
A board and 32 pieces, need no 

2396
02:11:31,800 --> 02:11:36,300
electricity, no internet 
connection, no subscription, no 

2397
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:39,100
batteries. 
They can be made from any 

2398
02:11:39,100 --> 02:11:41,100
material, strong enough to hold 
a shape. 

2399
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:44,500
They have been made from 
sandalwood, and ivory and stone,

2400
02:11:44,500 --> 02:11:48,200
and plastic, and clay, and 
famously from bread. 

2401
02:11:48,200 --> 02:11:51,300
By prisoners of War who had 
nothing else of available, and 

2402
02:11:51,300 --> 02:11:54,500
who still wanted to play the 
game travels easily. 

2403
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:58,200
The rules can be learned in an 
afternoon though, their depth 

2404
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:01,800
cannot be exhausted in a 
lifetime and part of the answer 

2405
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:05,300
may be the oldest one. 
The same impulse at placed to 

2406
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:09,100
senet board in an Egyptian tomb.
So the deceased would have 

2407
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:10,400
something to do on the other 
side. 

2408
02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:15,500
The same curiosity that prompted
someone in ancient Mesopotamia 

2409
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:18,300
to carve a game board in to a 
flat stone. 

2410
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:23,900
The same satisfaction that Gupta
era, Indian Scholars found in a 

2411
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:26,700
set of carved pieces, moving, 
according to their different 

2412
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:30,100
Natures, across a grid of 64 
squares. 

2413
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:34,400
Human beings, find something, 
deeply satisfying in the act of 

2414
02:12:34,408 --> 02:12:37,900
moving a small object across a 
defined space. 

2415
02:12:37,900 --> 02:12:42,300
According to understood rules in
the presence of another thinking

2416
02:12:42,300 --> 02:12:45,900
mind. 
The desire to play is very old. 

2417
02:12:45,900 --> 02:12:50,800
The desire to think ahead to 
outmaneuver to be surprised by 

2418
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:53,200
the depth of what a simple 
surface contains. 

2419
02:12:53,200 --> 02:12:57,900
His older still There is one 
more thing worth carrying away 

2420
02:12:57,900 --> 02:13:00,600
from the long journey through 
the history of Chess. 

2421
02:13:00,600 --> 02:13:04,700
Something that connects the 
Indian Court of the Gupta era to

2422
02:13:04,700 --> 02:13:06,900
the online platform on a modern 
phone screen. 

2423
02:13:07,800 --> 02:13:11,000
Every person who has ever sat 
down at chess board, has entered

2424
02:13:11,000 --> 02:13:16,800
the same essential situation, 
the same 64 squares, the same 32

2425
02:13:16,800 --> 02:13:21,000
pieces divided into two forces. 
The same rules governing what 

2426
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:25,200
each piece May and may not do 
Within that fixed and bounded, 

2427
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:27,300
space. 
Something genuinely human 

2428
02:13:27,300 --> 02:13:32,600
unfolds plans, a formed mistakes
are made Sometimes a move of 

2429
02:13:32,608 --> 02:13:36,500
unexpected Beauty appears and 
the player who found it feels 

2430
02:13:36,500 --> 02:13:39,400
something that is hard to name, 
but immediately recognizable. 

2431
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:42,900
It is not quite pride and not 
quite surprised. 

2432
02:13:42,900 --> 02:13:46,300
It is the sensation of having 
understood something that was 

2433
02:13:46,300 --> 02:13:49,700
hidden of having found a path 
through a system that seemed 

2434
02:13:49,700 --> 02:13:51,900
closed. 
That sensation has been 

2435
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:56,300
available to every player at 
every skill level across every 

2436
02:13:56,300 --> 02:13:58,300
Century in which the game has 
existed. 

2437
02:13:59,300 --> 02:14:02,400
The Grandmaster playing for a 
world title and the child 

2438
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:06,000
playing for the first time on a 
Tuesday evening, after school, a

2439
02:14:06,000 --> 02:14:07,900
feeling different versions of 
the same thing. 

2440
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:12,400
The board contains both of the 
meatly chess is simply one of 

2441
02:14:12,400 --> 02:14:15,400
the most enduring answers that 
desire has ever produced. 

2442
02:14:15,400 --> 02:14:19,800
It is worth noting too. 
That chess has outlasted every 

2443
02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:23,900
Empire that ever embraced it. 
The Gupta Empire is gone. 

2444
02:14:23,900 --> 02:14:28,200
The assassinated Empire is gone.
The Abbasid caliphate is gone. 

2445
02:14:28,200 --> 02:14:31,600
The medieval Catholic kingdoms. 
That produced The Lewis Chessmen

2446
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:34,100
are gone. 
The enlightenment coffeehouses 

2447
02:14:34,100 --> 02:14:36,600
are gone. 
The Soviet chess machine that 

2448
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:40,600
trained Grandmasters as a matter
of State policy as gone, chess 

2449
02:14:40,600 --> 02:14:43,500
is still here. 
Not because any institutional 

2450
02:14:43,500 --> 02:14:46,100
sustained it. 
But because people kept chosing 

2451
02:14:46,100 --> 02:14:49,400
to play it in every generation 
under every kind of 

2452
02:14:49,400 --> 02:14:51,700
circumstances in every part of 
the world. 

2453
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:54,200
When news of the game, 
eventually arrived. 

2454
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:59,500
That kind of durability belongs 
to very few human inventions. 

2455
02:14:59,500 --> 02:15:02,700
The things that last are rarely 
the ones that were protected. 

2456
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:04,800
They are the ones that were 
loved. 

2457
02:15:05,700 --> 02:15:08,700
You have traveled to night from 
the temples of the Gupta Empire,

2458
02:15:08,700 --> 02:15:12,600
to the coffee houses of 
Enlightenment Paris from the 

2459
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:16,000
abstract, Ivory pieces of 
Islamic Artisans to the crowned 

2460
02:15:16,000 --> 02:15:20,100
figures of the Lewis Chessmen. 
From the smoke-filled mushrooms 

2461
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:23,900
of 19th century tournaments to 
the glowing interfaces of online

2462
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:27,900
play available at any hour. 
You have heard checkmates spoken

2463
02:15:27,900 --> 02:15:29,900
in the Persian language of the 
sixth Century. 

2464
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:33,400
You have watched, porins, become
Bishops, become Queens. 

2465
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:36,900
Each piece, transformed by every
culture at passed through. 

2466
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:39,900
While it's essential movement, 
remained unchanged. 

2467
02:15:39,900 --> 02:15:43,100
Beneath the new name's, the king
is still slow. 

2468
02:15:43,100 --> 02:15:45,800
The night. 
Still leaks in its sideways Ark,

2469
02:15:45,800 --> 02:15:48,900
the queen still sweeps across 
the board with the authority, 

2470
02:15:48,900 --> 02:15:52,400
giving to her 500 years ago. 
By someone whose name, we do not

2471
02:15:52,400 --> 02:15:54,600
know and whose game we still 
play. 

2472
02:15:56,200 --> 02:15:59,100
The board is quiet now. 
Piece is arresting on their 

2473
02:15:59,100 --> 02:16:02,700
Square's and if you close your 
eyes fully the pale wood and the

2474
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:05,700
Darkwood, dissolve softly into 
the long still dark of a 

2475
02:16:05,700 --> 02:16:07,600
peaceful night. 
Sleep. 

2476
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:11,300
Well, my tired Wanderers. 
The board will still be there in

2477
02:16:11,300 --> 02:16:15,000
the morning. 
If the history of Chess has kept

2478
02:16:15,000 --> 02:16:17,800
you good company. 
Tonight, the most sensible, next

2479
02:16:17,800 --> 02:16:20,700
move is to subscribe. 
So the next story, finds you 

2480
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:22,100
before you have to go looking 
for it. 

2481
02:16:26,300 --> 02:16:29,300
The candlelight flickers across 
Warren pages and a Philadelphia 

2482
02:16:29,300 --> 02:16:32,600
study sometime in the winter of 
1775. 

2483
02:16:33,600 --> 02:16:36,400
You can almost smell the leather
bindings and lamp oil. 

2484
02:16:36,400 --> 02:16:40,200
Feel the chill creeping through 
window panes despite the fire 

2485
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:43,400
crackling in the half. 
In homes like this throughout 

2486
02:16:43,400 --> 02:16:47,600
the colonies educated men, a 
more women than history often 

2487
02:16:47,600 --> 02:16:50,400
credits a reading themselves 
into Revolution. 

2488
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:53,400
When their favorite authors have
been dead for nearly two 

2489
02:16:53,400 --> 02:16:57,000
millennia, you might find this 
curious at first. 

2490
02:16:57,000 --> 02:17:00,000
Here are people planing a 
government for a new world 

2491
02:17:00,000 --> 02:17:03,100
surrounded by Forest. 
They European ancestors. 

2492
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:06,799
Never imagined preparing to 
create something unprecedented 

2493
02:17:06,799 --> 02:17:10,799
in modern history. 
Yet their thumbing through Latin

2494
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:14,100
texts. 
Scribbling marginal notes beside

2495
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:18,200
passages, about Roman consoles 
and tribunes and memorizing. 

2496
02:17:18,200 --> 02:17:22,400
The speeches Cicero delivered in
a forum that crumbled into ruins

2497
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:27,600
centuries before Columbus, 
sailed Thing is Latin wasn't 

2498
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:30,000
just some academic exercise for 
these colonists. 

2499
02:17:30,000 --> 02:17:32,200
It was their common language of 
learning. 

2500
02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:35,700
Key that unlocked, what they 
considered the greatest 

2501
02:17:35,700 --> 02:17:40,500
political wisdom ever recorded. 
Boys in colonial, grammar 

2502
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:43,500
schools conjugated Latin verbs 
before they turn 10. 

2503
02:17:44,299 --> 02:17:47,600
By adolescence, they were 
translating, Virgil and Livy 

2504
02:17:47,600 --> 02:17:51,200
absorbing, not just grammar but 
entire world views. 

2505
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,500
When John Adams wanted to insult
someone in his diary, he did it 

2506
02:17:55,508 --> 02:17:58,500
in Latin. 
When Thomas Jefferson designed 

2507
02:17:58,500 --> 02:18:01,900
Monticello, he sketched Roman 
proportions. 

2508
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:04,900
The ancient world wasn't distant
to these people. 

2509
02:18:04,900 --> 02:18:07,400
It was practically their second 
home. 

2510
02:18:08,299 --> 02:18:10,600
Consider what their library is 
actually contained. 

2511
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:14,600
You'd find plutarch's lives 
those parallel biographies. 

2512
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:18,100
Comparing Greek and Roman Heroes
teaching moral lessons through 

2513
02:18:18,100 --> 02:18:21,500
historical example. 
You discover polybius, 

2514
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:25,100
explaining Rome's mixed 
Constitution tacitus warning 

2515
02:18:25,100 --> 02:18:28,900
about Imperial corruption and 
sallust describing how luxury 

2516
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:31,700
destroyed. 
Republican virtue, these work 

2517
02:18:31,700 --> 02:18:33,400
decorative volumes Gathering 
dust. 

2518
02:18:33,400 --> 02:18:38,200
They were dog-eared, underlined 
quoted in letters and pamphlets 

2519
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:43,200
and reference in heaven debates.
The colonists read these works 

2520
02:18:43,200 --> 02:18:46,700
with a peculiar intensity 
because they recognized 

2521
02:18:46,700 --> 02:18:49,400
something in Rome's story that 
resonated with their own 

2522
02:18:49,400 --> 02:18:52,900
situation. 
Roman started as a small 

2523
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:56,700
city-state overthrown, a king 
established. 

2524
02:18:56,700 --> 02:19:00,900
A republic expanded through a 
combination of military prowess 

2525
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:04,200
and political Innovation, then 
watched it all collapse into 

2526
02:19:04,200 --> 02:19:07,600
dictatorship. 
The parallels to their own world

2527
02:19:07,600 --> 02:19:10,400
weren't subtle. 
Britain was their roam, 

2528
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:14,200
powerful, far-reaching and 
increasingly tyrannical. 

2529
02:19:14,200 --> 02:19:17,700
They were trying to decide 
whether to remain province's and

2530
02:19:17,700 --> 02:19:21,299
someone else's Empire or Risk 
Everything to become a republic 

2531
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:23,900
of Their Own. 
But here's where it gets 

2532
02:19:23,900 --> 02:19:26,400
interesting. 
Where the real depth of their 

2533
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:30,000
classical education shows 
through, they didn't just cherry

2534
02:19:30,000 --> 02:19:33,900
pick the inspiring bits about 
Roman Glory, they started the 

2535
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:38,400
failures with equal attention, 
perhaps even more, they wanted 

2536
02:19:38,400 --> 02:19:42,299
to understand exactly how a 
republic dies, what signs to 

2537
02:19:42,299 --> 02:19:44,600
watch for and which mistakes 
proof fatal. 

2538
02:19:45,400 --> 02:19:48,500
It's rather like studying plane 
crashes to learn how to fly 

2539
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,600
safely, morbid, perhaps, but 
tremendously practical. 

2540
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:58,100
Benjamin Franklin, Who Loved a 
good quip almost as much as he 

2541
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:01,600
loved a good experiment. 
Once joke that the classical 

2542
02:20:01,600 --> 02:20:05,500
education, he received was the 
most useless and the most 

2543
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:07,600
valuable thing he'd ever 
acquired. 

2544
02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:12,300
Useless for business, certainly,
no Roman ever needed to 

2545
02:20:12,308 --> 02:20:16,100
understand electrical current or
printing presses, but valuable 

2546
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:20,300
for thinking about power, 
Liberty corruption and Human 

2547
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:23,600
Nature. 
Those topics Franklin, noted 

2548
02:20:23,600 --> 02:20:25,400
didn't change much across the 
centuries. 

2549
02:20:25,400 --> 02:20:29,700
You can pick these Founders in 
their studies candles burning, 

2550
02:20:29,700 --> 02:20:33,500
low comparing notes between 
ancient texts and current 

2551
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:38,100
newspapers, A passage from Cato 
about Land Reform, might sit 

2552
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:41,500
beside a pamphlet about Colonial
taxation Cicero. 

2553
02:20:41,500 --> 02:20:44,500
Warnings about demagogues might 
be read alongside reports of 

2554
02:20:44,500 --> 02:20:48,300
parliament's, latest overreach 
They were building a mental map,

2555
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:52,100
charting the Territory between 
Liberty and tyranny using roam 

2556
02:20:52,100 --> 02:20:53,500
as their primary reference 
point. 

2557
02:20:54,400 --> 02:20:57,800
The women of this era deserve 
mention here, even though 

2558
02:20:57,800 --> 02:21:00,200
convention kept most of their 
learning private. 

2559
02:21:01,000 --> 02:21:04,900
Abigail Adams, red Virgil in 
Latin discussed Cato with her 

2560
02:21:04,900 --> 02:21:07,500
husband and peppered, her 
letters with classical 

2561
02:21:07,500 --> 02:21:10,000
references. 
Mercy. 

2562
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:12,100
Otis Warren wrote plays 
satirizing. 

2563
02:21:12,100 --> 02:21:15,100
British officials using Roman 
historical parallels. 

2564
02:21:15,900 --> 02:21:20,200
These weren't anomalies educated
Colonial women had access to the

2565
02:21:20,200 --> 02:21:23,500
same classical texts as their 
fathers and brothers and they 

2566
02:21:23,500 --> 02:21:26,100
use that knowledge to 
participate in Revolutionary 

2567
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:30,100
debates. 
If often from the margins What 

2568
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:33,500
strikes you reading their 
correspondence is how naturally 

2569
02:21:33,500 --> 02:21:35,400
they move between ancient and 
modern. 

2570
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:38,800
Examples. 
Jefferson might mention Cicero 

2571
02:21:38,800 --> 02:21:40,700
and George. 
The third in the same sentence 

2572
02:21:40,700 --> 02:21:43,500
as if they were contemporaries 
atoms. 

2573
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:46,500
Could compare the Massachusetts 
legislature to the Roman senate 

2574
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:49,900
without a hint of irony. 
The past wasn't dead to them. 

2575
02:21:49,900 --> 02:21:54,100
It was a living resource a guide
book and a warning system. 

2576
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:58,100
This classical Obsession also 
shaped how they saw themselves 

2577
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:02,000
when they looked in the mirror, 
they didn't see merchants and 

2578
02:22:02,000 --> 02:22:04,100
farmers and lawyers playing at 
politics. 

2579
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:08,400
They saw potential sensors 
figures citizens and soldiers 

2580
02:22:08,400 --> 02:22:11,900
who might leave their plows to 
save the Republic then returned 

2581
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:15,300
to private life when Duty was 
done, They saw themselves as 

2582
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:19,900
possible Cato's defending 
Liberty with Stern virtue, a 

2583
02:22:19,900 --> 02:22:23,000
worried they might become 
Caesars seduced by power into 

2584
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:25,800
tyranny. 
The classics gave them not just 

2585
02:22:25,800 --> 02:22:29,700
ideas, but identities roles to 
play in the drama. 

2586
02:22:29,700 --> 02:22:33,000
They were staging. 
And like any good actors, they'd

2587
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:35,600
studied their parts thoroughly 
memorized. 

2588
02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:38,600
Their lines and learned from 
previous Productions. 

2589
02:22:38,600 --> 02:22:41,700
The difference was that this 
performance would be conducted 

2590
02:22:41,700 --> 02:22:46,400
with real muskets and genuine 
Bloodshed with actual Liberty 

2591
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:50,100
hanging in the balance. 
As you drift deeper into this 

2592
02:22:50,100 --> 02:22:53,300
historical moment, imagine the 
weight of that responsibility. 

2593
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:57,300
These were just scholars 
dabbling in political theory for

2594
02:22:57,300 --> 02:22:59,800
entertainment. 
They were preparing to bet 

2595
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:04,200
everything their lives, their 
fortunes, their sacred honor as 

2596
02:23:04,200 --> 02:23:06,900
they later. 
Write on principles extracted 

2597
02:23:06,900 --> 02:23:10,400
from ancient books. 
If they got it wrong, they'd 

2598
02:23:10,400 --> 02:23:13,900
hang us, traitors if they got 
it, right, they might just 

2599
02:23:13,900 --> 02:23:16,500
create something worthy of 
comparison to Rome itself. 

2600
02:23:17,800 --> 02:23:21,400
The irony was not lost on them. 
They were rebelling against a 

2601
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:24,500
king by studying a civilization 
that eventually embraced 

2602
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:27,100
Emperor's. 
They were fighting for Liberty 

2603
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,300
using examples from a society 
built on slavery. 

2604
02:23:31,300 --> 02:23:34,700
They were praising Roman virtue 
while reading about Roman Vice 

2605
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:38,000
but perhaps that's exactly why 
their classical education 

2606
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:40,700
proved. 
So valuable It taught them to 

2607
02:23:40,708 --> 02:23:45,200
think in paradoxes to recognize 
that human societies are complex

2608
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:49,200
and contradictory and that good 
institutions can produce bad 

2609
02:23:49,200 --> 02:23:53,700
outcomes and vice versa. 
The concept of a republic meant 

2610
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:57,300
something specific and almost 
sacred to the founders and they 

2611
02:23:57,300 --> 02:23:59,800
learned its definition from 
Rome's example. 

2612
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:05,000
Not a democracy mind you, they 
distrusted pure democracy and 

2613
02:24:05,000 --> 02:24:07,800
considered it mob rule dressed 
in philosophical clothes. 

2614
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:12,300
A republic was different, more 
structured and more carefully 

2615
02:24:12,300 --> 02:24:15,400
balanced. 
It was government by law, rather

2616
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:19,400
than by the whims of Kings or 
crowds and Rome had shown them 

2617
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:21,400
exactly how such a system could 
function. 

2618
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:26,100
Picture the Roman Forum in its 
Glory Days around the second 

2619
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:29,900
century before Christ. 
You'd see magistrates conducting

2620
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:33,600
business under open Colonnades 
citizens Gathering to hear 

2621
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:37,900
debates and temples dedicated to
Civic virtues, like Concord and 

2622
02:24:37,900 --> 02:24:40,700
good faith. 
A physical space itself was 

2623
02:24:40,700 --> 02:24:44,000
designed to remind everyone that
public affairs mattered more 

2624
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:46,700
than private interests. 
Founders. 

2625
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:50,700
Loved this idea that 
architecture and urban planning 

2626
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:52,700
could reinforce political 
values. 

2627
02:24:53,700 --> 02:24:56,600
When they imagine their own 
Republic, they saw something 

2628
02:24:56,600 --> 02:25:00,100
similar. 
Public buildings would be grand 

2629
02:25:00,100 --> 02:25:03,900
but not gaudy. 
Inspiring civic pride without 

2630
02:25:03,900 --> 02:25:08,400
descending into monarchical, 
ostentation The capital would 

2631
02:25:08,400 --> 02:25:12,400
sit on a hill like Roman 
temples, government offices 

2632
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:15,300
would feature classical columns 
and Latin inscriptions. 

2633
02:25:15,300 --> 02:25:20,900
Even the names of new cities 
would Echo, Rome, Syracuse, Troy

2634
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:24,300
and Rome itself scattered across
New York, State and Cincinnati 

2635
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:27,300
in Ohio. 
But the substance mattered more 

2636
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:30,200
than the symbols and hero 
offered them a detailed 

2637
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:33,500
blueprint. 
The Roman Republic, featured 

2638
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:37,100
elected magistrate, serving 
limited terms, a senate, 

2639
02:25:37,100 --> 02:25:40,900
providing continuity and wisdom 
assemblies, giving citizens of 

2640
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,600
voice, and a system of checks, 
and showing no single person or 

2641
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:47,600
group could dominate. 
It wasn't democracy in the Greek

2642
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:50,700
sense where every citizen voted 
on every issue. 

2643
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:55,200
It was representative government
where citizens chose leaders who

2644
02:25:55,200 --> 02:25:56,700
then made decisions on their 
behalf. 

2645
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:00,700
This model appealed to the 
founders, for practical reasons,

2646
02:26:00,700 --> 02:26:04,800
they were governing territories 
far larger than any ancient city

2647
02:26:04,800 --> 02:26:07,500
state. 
Direct democracy across such 

2648
02:26:07,500 --> 02:26:10,600
distances was impossible with 
18th century, communication 

2649
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:14,900
technology, Roman managed to 
govern a massive Republic 

2650
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:17,200
through representatives, and 
they could do the same. 

2651
02:26:18,100 --> 02:26:22,200
Citizens would elect congressmen
and Senators who would meet in a

2652
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:25,800
central location to deliberate 
and legislate just as Roman 

2653
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:27,900
magistrates once gathered in the
Forum. 

2654
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:31,600
The Roman concept of mixed 
government particularly 

2655
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:35,500
fascinated them. 
Polybius had described Rome's 

2656
02:26:35,500 --> 02:26:37,600
Constitution. 
As perfectly balanced between 

2657
02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:41,900
monarchical elements, the 
consoles, aristocratic elements,

2658
02:26:41,900 --> 02:26:44,600
the Senate and Democratic 
elements. 

2659
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:47,400
The assemblies. 
Each checked, the others 

2660
02:26:47,400 --> 02:26:49,800
preventing any from becoming 
tyrannical. 

2661
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:54,500
The founders recognized genius 
in the rangement and tried to 

2662
02:26:54,500 --> 02:26:57,300
recreate it. 
The presidents, he providing 

2663
02:26:57,300 --> 02:27:01,200
energy and decisive news, the 
Senate offering stability and 

2664
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:04,900
long-term thinking and the House
of Representatives and showing 

2665
02:27:04,900 --> 02:27:08,800
popular control They also 
borrowed Rome's, deep suspicion 

2666
02:27:08,800 --> 02:27:11,800
of concentrating power in one 
person's hands. 

2667
02:27:12,600 --> 02:27:14,800
The Romans elected two consoles,
annually. 

2668
02:27:14,800 --> 02:27:18,900
Each able to veto the other in 
no single leader. 

2669
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:22,400
Could dominate. 
The founders could quite stomach

2670
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:26,000
to presidents, but they 
fragmented executive power in 

2671
02:27:26,000 --> 02:27:29,700
other ways, requiring, Senator 
approval for appointments and 

2672
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:33,400
treated giving Congress control 
of the purse, strings and 

2673
02:27:33,400 --> 02:27:35,400
establishing an independent 
judiciary. 

2674
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:39,400
Like the Romans, they assumed 
anyone given too much power. 

2675
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:43,200
Would eventually abuse it? 
This assumption about human 

2676
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:44,800
nature. 
Came straight from Roman 

2677
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:48,800
historians. 
Reading salus or tacitus you 

2678
02:27:48,800 --> 02:27:50,900
encountered. 
A rather Bleak view of humanity,

2679
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:54,400
people were ambitious greedy and
prone to corruption. 

2680
02:27:54,400 --> 02:27:57,700
Give them power without 
constraints and they turn into 

2681
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,000
tyrants, give them wealth 
without responsibility and 

2682
02:28:01,000 --> 02:28:05,100
they'd grow decadent The only 
solution was institutional 

2683
02:28:05,100 --> 02:28:09,100
checks laws that operated 
independent of virtue. 

2684
02:28:09,700 --> 02:28:13,000
And systems that assumed the 
worst about human nature and 

2685
02:28:13,000 --> 02:28:15,400
planned accordingly. 
Yet paradoxically. 

2686
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:19,300
The Romans also believed 
republics required virtue to 

2687
02:28:19,300 --> 02:28:21,900
survive. 
Laws alone weren't enough. 

2688
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:26,600
Citizens needed to possess 
certain qualities, Devotion to 

2689
02:28:26,600 --> 02:28:28,400
the common. 
Good over private interests, 

2690
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:33,000
willingness to sacrifice for the
Republic Stern self-discipline, 

2691
02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:37,400
and respect for Law and Custom. 
Without these virtues the best 

2692
02:28:37,400 --> 02:28:39,300
Constitution would eventually 
fail. 

2693
02:28:40,100 --> 02:28:43,000
With them even in perfect 
systems could endure. 

2694
02:28:43,800 --> 02:28:46,600
The founders inherited this 
tension and never quite 

2695
02:28:46,600 --> 02:28:49,100
resolved. 
It They designed a government. 

2696
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:52,700
Assuming people were Scoundrels,
then worried constantly about 

2697
02:28:52,700 --> 02:28:55,100
whether Americans possess 
sufficient virtue. 

2698
02:28:55,100 --> 02:28:57,700
To make it work, they read roman
moralists. 

2699
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:01,200
Lecturing about the decline of 
ancient values and they saw 

2700
02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:03,300
similar Decay around them 
luxury. 

2701
02:29:03,300 --> 02:29:07,000
Imported from Britain debt 
faction and the pursuit of 

2702
02:29:07,008 --> 02:29:09,800
private wealth. 
Over Public Service would 

2703
02:29:09,800 --> 02:29:13,500
America proved different or were
they doomed to repeat Rome's 

2704
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:15,200
trajectory from Republic to 
Empire. 

2705
02:29:16,100 --> 02:29:19,700
This question, haunted them, 
kept them awake at night and 

2706
02:29:19,700 --> 02:29:21,700
filled their private letters 
with anxiety. 

2707
02:29:22,800 --> 02:29:26,300
But it also drove them to take 
the experiment seriously to 

2708
02:29:26,300 --> 02:29:29,800
study Roman precedence with 
obsessive attention to detail. 

2709
02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:33,900
they wanted to understand 
exactly what worked and what 

2710
02:29:33,900 --> 02:29:37,500
failed, which institutions, 
proved resilient and which 

2711
02:29:37,500 --> 02:29:41,500
collapsed under pressure Take 
the Roman senate as an example. 

2712
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:45,200
The founders admired, its role 
as a stabilizing force. 

2713
02:29:45,200 --> 02:29:48,800
A body of experience men 
providing continuity across 

2714
02:29:48,800 --> 02:29:52,300
Generations, but they also 
recognized its flaws. 

2715
02:29:52,300 --> 02:29:56,000
How it became increasingly 
dominated by wealthy families. 

2716
02:29:56,000 --> 02:30:00,200
Howard, eventually, lost touch 
with ordinary citizens and how 

2717
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:02,500
it proved unable to prevent 
Civil Wars. 

2718
02:30:02,500 --> 02:30:06,900
When ambitious, generals decided
to seize power So, they tried to

2719
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:10,000
design a senate that captured 
the benefits while avoiding the 

2720
02:30:10,000 --> 02:30:13,400
pitfalls. 
Smaller than Rome's more 

2721
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:16,800
directly connected to States and
balanced against a more 

2722
02:30:16,800 --> 02:30:20,700
democratic house. 
The Roman practice of limited 

2723
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:22,700
terms. 
Also impressed them deeply. 

2724
02:30:23,600 --> 02:30:26,400
Console served one year, then 
stepped aside. 

2725
02:30:27,200 --> 02:30:30,000
Dictators appointed during 
emergencies were supposed to 

2726
02:30:30,008 --> 02:30:32,100
relinquish power within six 
months. 

2727
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:36,400
This constant circulation of 
leadership, prevented anyone 

2728
02:30:36,400 --> 02:30:39,100
from becoming indispensable and 
reminded officials. 

2729
02:30:39,100 --> 02:30:42,700
They were servants rather than 
Masters Washington's decision to

2730
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:44,800
retire. 
After two terms, consciously 

2731
02:30:44,800 --> 02:30:47,600
echoed this Roman tradition, 
particularly the legend of 

2732
02:30:47,600 --> 02:30:51,900
Cincinnati's leaving his plow to
save Rome, then returning to 

2733
02:30:51,900 --> 02:30:56,300
farming when the crisis passed. 
Yet they also recognized that 

2734
02:30:56,300 --> 02:30:59,200
Rome's term limits eventually 
fail to prevent tyranny. 

2735
02:30:59,900 --> 02:31:03,300
ambitious men, simply 
accumulated, informal power, 

2736
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:08,200
military loyalty, popular, 
support wealth, the trumped 

2737
02:31:08,200 --> 02:31:12,100
formal constitutional 
constraints, Julius Caesar never

2738
02:31:12,100 --> 02:31:13,900
needed to abolish the 
consulship. 

2739
02:31:13,900 --> 02:31:17,800
He just made it irrelevant by 
commanding legion's personally. 

2740
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:21,000
Loyal to him. 
The founders tried to prevent 

2741
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:24,900
this by fragmenting military 
command making the president 

2742
02:31:24,900 --> 02:31:28,400
commander-in-chief but requiring
Congress to fund and regulate 

2743
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:31,900
the military, hoping, to avoid 
the Roman problem of generals 

2744
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:33,900
becoming more powerful than 
governments. 

2745
02:31:34,800 --> 02:31:38,100
As you can see these borrowings 
and adaptations, you might 

2746
02:31:38,108 --> 02:31:41,800
notice a pattern. 
Founders were simultaneously 

2747
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:44,300
ordered by Rome and terrified of
repeating. 

2748
02:31:44,300 --> 02:31:47,600
Its mistakes every institution, 
they admired came with a 

2749
02:31:47,608 --> 02:31:51,300
cautionary, tale attached, the 
Senate brilliant. 

2750
02:31:51,300 --> 02:31:55,700
But oligarchic the console's 
energetic, but potentially 

2751
02:31:55,700 --> 02:32:00,000
tyrannical, the assemblies 
Democratic but prone to 

2752
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:03,200
demagoguery. 
Their solution was to take Roman

2753
02:32:03,200 --> 02:32:06,700
ideas and modify them hoping to 
preserve the good while 

2754
02:32:06,700 --> 02:32:10,000
preventing the bad. 
This required tremendous 

2755
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:14,000
confidence and equally 
tremendous humility confident 

2756
02:32:14,000 --> 02:32:17,600
that they could improve on Rome,
creating a republic that wooden 

2757
02:32:17,600 --> 02:32:21,200
Decay and collapse. 
Humility that they needed Rome's

2758
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:24,000
lessons at all that they 
couldn't simply invent good 

2759
02:32:24,000 --> 02:32:27,000
government from scratch. 
Using pure reason the 

2760
02:32:27,000 --> 02:32:29,900
combination produced something 
genuinely new. 

2761
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,300
A republic consciously designed 
using historical precedent 

2762
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:38,200
learning from failure, and 
trying to build institutions 

2763
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:40,600
that could survive, human 
weakness and ambition. 

2764
02:32:41,500 --> 02:32:44,500
The word Senate itself comes 
directly from Latin. 

2765
02:32:45,400 --> 02:32:49,300
Senatus derived from Cenex, 
meaning old man or Elder. 

2766
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:53,900
The Romans believed wisdom came 
with age and experience, and 

2767
02:32:53,900 --> 02:32:57,300
that a body of older established
men could provide judgment and 

2768
02:32:57,300 --> 02:33:01,000
stability that younger more 
passionate assemblies might 

2769
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:03,600
lack. 
The American Founders generally 

2770
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,100
agreed though. 
They worry about creating an 

2771
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:10,200
aristocracy by accident. 
Walking through their thinking 

2772
02:33:10,200 --> 02:33:14,400
about the Senate you encounter, 
fascinating contradictions. 

2773
02:33:14,400 --> 02:33:17,000
They wanted it to be 
prestigious, but not 

2774
02:33:17,000 --> 02:33:21,900
aristocratic deliberative but 
not obstructionist stable, but 

2775
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:26,000
not permanent and why is but not
detached from popular sentiment 

2776
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:28,200
balancing. 
These tensions, required 

2777
02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:30,800
careful. 
Institutional design and they 

2778
02:33:30,808 --> 02:33:35,600
look to roam for guidance on 
what worked and what didn't The 

2779
02:33:35,600 --> 02:33:38,800
Roman senate began as an 
advisory Council to the king's 

2780
02:33:38,800 --> 02:33:41,300
supposedly founded by Romulus 
himself. 

2781
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:45,800
After the kings were expelled, 
the Senate became the Republic's

2782
02:33:45,800 --> 02:33:49,600
most powerful institution, not 
because it held direct legal 

2783
02:33:49,600 --> 02:33:53,000
authority over legislation which
technically rested with the 

2784
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:56,600
assemblies, but because it 
commanded such Prestige and 

2785
02:33:56,600 --> 02:34:00,200
respect that its recommendations
carried, the force of law. 

2786
02:34:01,200 --> 02:34:05,100
Senators, served for Life wore. 
Distinctive togas with purple 

2787
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:09,700
borders and sat in a special 
section at public games. the 

2788
02:34:09,700 --> 02:34:14,200
phrase senator's popularity, 
Romanus, the Senate and people 

2789
02:34:14,200 --> 02:34:18,300
of Rome appeared on every 
military standard acknowledging,

2790
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:22,400
the Senators co-equal with the 
citizenry, this tremendous 

2791
02:34:22,400 --> 02:34:25,700
Prestige appeal to the founders 
but also worried them. 

2792
02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:30,100
They just fought a revolution 
against aristocracy creating a 

2793
02:34:30,100 --> 02:34:33,200
legislative body, that resembled
the House of Lords seem like 

2794
02:34:33,200 --> 02:34:37,200
backsliding toward monarchy. 
Yet they also recognized that 

2795
02:34:37,200 --> 02:34:41,100
purely Democratic assemblies 
could be impulsive shortsighted 

2796
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:45,300
and swayed by demagogues. 
Some counterbalancing Force seem

2797
02:34:45,300 --> 02:34:48,700
necessary and the Roman senate 
offered a model for how to 

2798
02:34:48,700 --> 02:34:51,400
provide it with without creating
a formal aristocracy. 

2799
02:34:52,500 --> 02:34:55,500
Their solution was typically 
clever, make the Senate 

2800
02:34:55,500 --> 02:34:58,600
prestigious through its 
structure and Powers rather than

2801
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:02,200
through hereditary membership. 
Senators would serve longer 

2802
02:35:02,200 --> 02:35:05,400
terms than Representatives 
giving them independence from 

2803
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:09,100
momentary popular passions, 
they'd represent entire States, 

2804
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,300
rather than local districts 
encouraging broader 

2805
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:15,600
perspectives, they'd have 
exclusive Powers, over treaties 

2806
02:35:15,600 --> 02:35:18,600
and appointments, requiring 
judgment and discretion. 

2807
02:35:19,500 --> 02:35:23,600
But they'd also be elected 
removable and accountable to 

2808
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:27,000
State legislatures, Prestige, 
without permanents. 

2809
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:29,700
Dignity without hereditary 
privilege. 

2810
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:34,400
The Roman practice of senatorial
debate, particularly influenced 

2811
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:38,300
their thinking. 
Roman Senators discussed policy 

2812
02:35:38,300 --> 02:35:41,900
in an organized fashion. 
Senior members, speaking first 

2813
02:35:41,900 --> 02:35:45,600
Juniors, listening, and 
learning, and everyone expected 

2814
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,300
to explain their reasoning in 
details. 

2815
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:50,900
Weren't held until all who wish 
to speak a Denso. 

2816
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:56,000
The process took time prevented 
rashed decisions and force 

2817
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:58,700
Senators to articulate 
principles rather than just 

2818
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:02,600
expressing preferences. the 
founders loved this deliberative

2819
02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:07,000
quality and tried to recreate it
through Senate rules, requiring 

2820
02:36:07,000 --> 02:36:11,300
extended debate, Of course, 
Roman senate debates could also 

2821
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:13,900
be theatrical performances, 
Cato. 

2822
02:36:13,900 --> 02:36:17,400
The younger once filibustered by
talking until Nightfall knowing 

2823
02:36:17,400 --> 02:36:19,500
that Senate sessions ended at 
sunset. 

2824
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:24,100
Cicero speeches against Catalin 
became legendary examples of 

2825
02:36:24,100 --> 02:36:27,400
political oratory. 
The line between deliberation 

2826
02:36:27,400 --> 02:36:30,800
and grandstanding was always 
fuzzy as it remains in modern 

2827
02:36:30,800 --> 02:36:33,500
senates, but the founders, 
considered even the 

2828
02:36:33,500 --> 02:36:36,900
grandstanding useful better. 
That ambitious, politicians 

2829
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:40,400
compete through eloquence rather
than violence that they seek 

2830
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:42,800
Glory through persuasion rather 
than Force. 

2831
02:36:44,000 --> 02:36:46,700
The Roman Senate's role in 
foreign policy seemed 

2832
02:36:46,700 --> 02:36:50,900
particularly worth copying. 
Rome, Senate, managed diplomacy 

2833
02:36:50,900 --> 02:36:55,500
decided, questions of War, and 
Peace and ratified treaties with

2834
02:36:55,500 --> 02:36:58,800
other states. 
In individual magistrate might 

2835
02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:02,400
lead armies or conduct 
negotiations, but the Senate 

2836
02:37:02,400 --> 02:37:05,400
provided oversight and approved 
final agreements. 

2837
02:37:05,400 --> 02:37:09,300
This division of labor prevented
any single leader from 

2838
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:12,800
committing Rome to foreign in 
Tangled without broader 

2839
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:16,000
approval? 
The American Founders tried to 

2840
02:37:16,000 --> 02:37:19,400
recreate this rangement. 
President would negotiate 

2841
02:37:19,400 --> 02:37:22,900
treaties and command military 
forces, but the Senate would 

2842
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:25,400
prove treaties and Congress 
would declare war. 

2843
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:29,800
No single person could drag the 
nation into conflict or 

2844
02:37:29,800 --> 02:37:31,600
commitment without legislative 
agreement. 

2845
02:37:31,600 --> 02:37:36,100
It was very Roman. 
Fragmenting power to prevent its

2846
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,600
abuse requiring cooperation 
between institutions before 

2847
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:43,600
major decisions became final. 
They also borrowed the Roman 

2848
02:37:43,600 --> 02:37:47,500
concept of senatorial advice and
consent for appointments. 

2849
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:52,100
Roman consoles, nominated 
subordinate magistrates, but the

2850
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:55,800
senate had to prove them. 
This gave the Senate influence 

2851
02:37:55,800 --> 02:37:59,400
over Administration without 
directly controlling it, and 

2852
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:02,700
allowed them to check executive 
power without paralyzing 

2853
02:38:02,700 --> 02:38:06,500
government. the American Center 
received similar Powers 

2854
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:10,900
confirming judges, and bassadors
and cabinet members turning 

2855
02:38:10,900 --> 02:38:14,900
appointments into collaborative 
decisions between branches Yet 

2856
02:38:14,900 --> 02:38:17,900
they were acutely aware of Roman
senate failures. 

2857
02:38:18,700 --> 02:38:21,700
By the late Republic, Rome 
senate, had become deeply 

2858
02:38:21,700 --> 02:38:25,700
corrupt with seats effectively 
inherited by a few dozen 

2859
02:38:25,700 --> 02:38:28,700
families who treated government 
as private property. 

2860
02:38:29,900 --> 02:38:31,700
Senators ignored the common 
good. 

2861
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:35,200
Pursuing family, interests and 
personal enrichment. 

2862
02:38:35,200 --> 02:38:39,600
In Stead, the Senate's, Prestige
remained but its legitimacy 

2863
02:38:39,600 --> 02:38:42,600
eroded setting. 
The stage for strong men who 

2864
02:38:42,600 --> 02:38:45,700
could claim to represent the 
people against a decadent 

2865
02:38:45,700 --> 02:38:51,200
aristocracy This possibility, 
terrified, the founders, they'd 

2866
02:38:51,200 --> 02:38:53,700
created a senate to provide 
stability and wisdom. 

2867
02:38:53,700 --> 02:38:57,600
What if it became an oligarchy, 
what if wealth and family 

2868
02:38:57,600 --> 02:38:59,700
connections mattered, more than 
Merit? 

2869
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:03,000
What if Senators, forgot, they 
were Servants of the public and 

2870
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:05,100
became a self-perpetuating 
elite. 

2871
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:08,600
The Roman example, suggested 
these weren't hypothetical 

2872
02:39:08,600 --> 02:39:12,500
concerns but real dangers that 
had destroyed previous Republics

2873
02:39:13,500 --> 02:39:15,100
their main Safeguard was 
election. 

2874
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:18,400
Unlike Roman Senators appointed 
for life. 

2875
02:39:18,400 --> 02:39:21,400
American Senators would face 
regular accountability. 

2876
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:25,800
State legislatures could remove 
them ensuring they remained 

2877
02:39:25,800 --> 02:39:28,000
responsive to broader political 
currents. 

2878
02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:31,200
This wouldn't prevent and family
from mattering. 

2879
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:34,100
The founders were realistic 
about political advantages. 

2880
02:39:35,100 --> 02:39:37,600
But it would prevent the Senate 
from becoming completely 

2881
02:39:37,600 --> 02:39:42,000
detached from popular control. 
They also designed the Senate to

2882
02:39:42,000 --> 02:39:45,500
be smaller than roams. 
More manageable and less prone 

2883
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:49,100
to factional chaos. 
Rome Senate of eventually, 

2884
02:39:49,100 --> 02:39:53,400
swelled to 600 members far too, 
large for genuine deliberation. 

2885
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:57,100
American Senators would number 
only two per state. 

2886
02:39:58,000 --> 02:40:02,100
Creating a body small enough for
real discussion and large enough

2887
02:40:02,100 --> 02:40:05,900
for diverse viewpoints. 
Every Senator would matter and 

2888
02:40:05,900 --> 02:40:09,600
every voice could potentially 
influence outcomes preventing 

2889
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:13,600
the Domination by Inner Circle 
that plagued roams later Senate.

2890
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:17,100
The physical space of the Senate
mattered to. 

2891
02:40:17,900 --> 02:40:21,800
Roman Senators met in various 
buildings around the Forum, but 

2892
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:25,500
most famously in The Courier. 
A relatively modest structure 

2893
02:40:25,500 --> 02:40:27,500
that emphasized equality among 
members. 

2894
02:40:28,400 --> 02:40:32,700
Know, Senator satire than 
another all were arranged in a 

2895
02:40:32,700 --> 02:40:35,700
semi-circle facing each other. 
The founders like this, a 

2896
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:38,500
galatian Arrangement and 
rejected more higher Arc called 

2897
02:40:38,500 --> 02:40:41,400
designs. 
Senate chamber would facilitate 

2898
02:40:41,400 --> 02:40:44,800
discussion among equals not 
lectures from superiors to 

2899
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:47,700
subordinates. 
As you picture, these early 

2900
02:40:47,700 --> 02:40:51,300
Senators gathering in their new 
chamber, imagine them conscious 

2901
02:40:51,300 --> 02:40:54,200
of playing roles in a drama that
had unfolded before. 

2902
02:40:55,200 --> 02:40:59,100
They dread about famous Roman 
Senators, Cato's Integrity 

2903
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:01,700
Cicero eloquence and scipio's 
wisdom. 

2904
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:05,700
They knew how the story of 
eventually ended with the Senate

2905
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:09,200
becoming irrelevant as Emperors 
accumulated all real power. 

2906
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:13,900
The challenge was to take the 
institutions best features while

2907
02:41:13,900 --> 02:41:17,400
avoiding its ultimate failure, 
to create a senate that could 

2908
02:41:17,408 --> 02:41:21,100
remain vital and legitimate for 
centuries rather than decades. 

2909
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:25,900
The Romans had a term virtues 
that meant far more than our 

2910
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:28,500
modern word Virtue. 
It encompassed. 

2911
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:32,000
Courage Excellence. 
Manliness in the best sense, 

2912
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:36,000
Devotion to duty and placing the
Republic's welfare above 

2913
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:39,900
personal interests, Roman Heroes
were men who embodied virtues 

2914
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:43,600
and Roman history was full of 
examples meant to inspire and 

2915
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:48,200
instruct future Generations. 
Founders absorb these stories 

2916
02:41:48,200 --> 02:41:50,800
like gospel. 
They knew about horatius 

2917
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:54,100
defending the bridge 
single-handedly against an otras

2918
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:57,100
army. 
They'd read house since left his

2919
02:41:57,100 --> 02:42:00,700
plow to save Rome, then returned
to farming rather than seizing 

2920
02:42:00,700 --> 02:42:03,800
power. 
They memorized, Cato speeches 

2921
02:42:03,800 --> 02:42:07,600
against corruption, Skippy owes 
magnanimity, toward defeated 

2922
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:11,200
enemies and regulus, keeping his
word, even when it meant certain

2923
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:13,800
death. 
These were not just entertaining

2924
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:16,600
Tales, they were blue prints for
proper behavior. 

2925
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:19,400
Examples of what citizenship 
should look like. 

2926
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,000
This emphasis on virtue, created
a fundamental tension in 

2927
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:27,500
American political thought. 
On one hand, the founders 

2928
02:42:27,500 --> 02:42:30,200
designed a government. 
Assuming people were selfish and

2929
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:33,900
ambitious, that institutions 
needed to channel, Vice toward 

2930
02:42:33,900 --> 02:42:36,100
productive ends through checks 
and balances. 

2931
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,400
On the other hand, they believed
no Republic could survive. 

2932
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:42,000
Without virtuous citizens that 
laws alone. 

2933
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:43,300
Couldn't sustain, free 
government. 

2934
02:42:43,300 --> 02:42:47,300
If people became thoroughly 
corrupt, The solution they hoped

2935
02:42:47,300 --> 02:42:51,200
for was education. 
If you taught citizens about 

2936
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:55,000
Roman examples of virtue, if you
made the memorized Pluto's 

2937
02:42:55,000 --> 02:42:58,600
biographies and Cicero speeches 
if you surrounded them with 

2938
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:02,300
classical architecture and Latin
inscription maybe you could 

2939
02:43:02,300 --> 02:43:05,100
cultivate the Civic Spirit 
necessary for Republican 

2940
02:43:05,100 --> 02:43:08,700
government. 
Virtue might not be natural but 

2941
02:43:08,700 --> 02:43:11,300
perhaps it could be learning 
through the right combination of

2942
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:15,600
example and instruction. 
The Romans themselves to worry 

2943
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:17,700
constantly about declining 
virtue. 

2944
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:22,300
Their historians blamed every 
political crisis on moral Decay,

2945
02:43:22,300 --> 02:43:26,800
contrasting, degenerate modern, 
Romans with virtuous ancestors 

2946
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:31,600
who supposedly lived simply 
fought bravely and cared only 

2947
02:43:31,600 --> 02:43:35,000
for Rome's Glory. 
This Narrative of decline, from 

2948
02:43:35,000 --> 02:43:37,900
a golden age appears again. 
And again in Roman literature, 

2949
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,500
Salus lamenting luxuries 
corrupting influence juvenile 

2950
02:43:42,500 --> 02:43:46,700
satirizing, decadence and Cato, 
delivering Stern lectures about 

2951
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:50,400
the good old days. 
Modern historians, suspect. 

2952
02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:52,600
These Golden Ages were largely 
mythical. 

2953
02:43:52,600 --> 02:43:56,300
That Romans were never quite as 
virtuous as their descendants 

2954
02:43:56,300 --> 02:44:01,200
imagined, but the myth itself, 
mattered enormously it provided 

2955
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:04,900
a standard against which to 
measure, current behavior, a 

2956
02:44:04,900 --> 02:44:07,800
constant reminder, that wealth 
and power could corrupt and that

2957
02:44:07,800 --> 02:44:11,500
citizens needed to actively 
resist, temptation, and maintain

2958
02:44:11,500 --> 02:44:16,200
Republican values. a Founders 
inherited this anxiety about 

2959
02:44:16,200 --> 02:44:20,700
corruption and made it central 
to the political thinking They 

2960
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:23,800
worried that Americans were 
already too commercial too 

2961
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,600
focused on private gain, an 
insufficiently devoted to the 

2962
02:44:27,600 --> 02:44:30,900
common. 
Good They fretted about luxury 

2963
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:34,600
goods, imported from Britain 
debt accumulation and the 

2964
02:44:34,600 --> 02:44:38,400
pursuit of fashion and Status. 
These seemed like symptoms of 

2965
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:42,000
the same moral Decay that 
destroyed, Rome, warning signs 

2966
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:44,100
that needed to be heated before 
it was too late. 

2967
02:44:45,600 --> 02:44:48,500
Benjamin Franklin captured. 
This concern in his famous. 

2968
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:51,900
Observation that the 
Constitution created a republic.

2969
02:44:51,900 --> 02:44:55,200
If you can keep it, The 
implication was clear. 

2970
02:44:55,200 --> 02:44:57,600
Good institutions, weren't 
enough. 

2971
02:44:58,300 --> 02:45:02,100
Sustaining a republic, required 
constant vigilance, active 

2972
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:06,000
virtue and citizens willing to 
sacrifice personal interest for 

2973
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:09,300
public welfare. 
Without that Spirit the best 

2974
02:45:09,300 --> 02:45:11,700
designed government would 
eventually fail. 

2975
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,200
What did civic virtue actually 
mean in practice. 

2976
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:18,200
The Romans provided detailed 
examples. 

2977
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,800
It meant serving in public 
office when called, even if 

2978
02:45:21,800 --> 02:45:23,400
you'd rather pursue Private 
Business. 

2979
02:45:23,400 --> 02:45:26,200
It meant speaking truth in 
political debates. 

2980
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:30,000
Even when lies might be more 
profitable, it meant accepting 

2981
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:32,700
election losses gracefully 
rather than tearing down the 

2982
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:35,200
system. 
It meant paying taxes, honestly 

2983
02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:39,000
obeying laws you disagreed with 
and volunteering for military 

2984
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:43,300
service during emergencies above
all, it meant recognizing that 

2985
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:46,300
you are part of a larger 
Community with claims on your 

2986
02:45:46,308 --> 02:45:49,600
loyalty that superseded 
individual desires. 

2987
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,100
This was a demanding standard 
frankly, almost impossible to 

2988
02:45:54,100 --> 02:45:57,700
maintain consistently. 
The Romans themselves struggled 

2989
02:45:57,700 --> 02:46:00,700
with it, which is partly why 
their history fascinated. 

2990
02:46:00,700 --> 02:46:03,900
The founders. 
Roman literature is full of 

2991
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:08,300
tension between private desire 
and public duty between personal

2992
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:10,300
ambition and Republican 
obligation. 

2993
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:14,100
Even their greatest heroes had 
flaws skip. 

2994
02:46:14,100 --> 02:46:17,800
Yo, Face corruption charges 
Cicero could be Vain and 

2995
02:46:17,800 --> 02:46:22,300
vacillating and Cato's rigidity 
sometimes made problems worse. 

2996
02:46:23,000 --> 02:46:25,700
But they tried and they're 
trying matted. 

2997
02:46:26,500 --> 02:46:30,100
The founders particularly 
admired Romans who refused power

2998
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:33,200
when they could have seized it 
since natus became their 

2999
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,300
ultimate Model. 
A man given dictatorial 

3000
02:46:36,300 --> 02:46:39,900
Authority during an emergency 
who used it effectively then 

3001
02:46:39,900 --> 02:46:42,600
voluntarily surrendered it and 
returned to private life. 

3002
02:46:43,700 --> 02:46:46,600
Washington consciously modeled 
himself on this example, 

3003
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:50,700
retiring after two terms, when 
he could easily have served for 

3004
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:53,300
life. 
The message was that truly 

3005
02:46:53,300 --> 02:46:57,000
virtuous leaders didn't cling to
power that Republican 

3006
02:46:57,000 --> 02:46:59,800
government, required people 
capable of stepping aside? 

3007
02:47:01,100 --> 02:47:04,900
Yet, the founders were all so 
realistic about human nature in 

3008
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:07,500
ways that complicated their 
virtue rhetoric. 

3009
02:47:08,300 --> 02:47:11,600
They need most people, most of 
the time would pursue 

3010
02:47:11,600 --> 02:47:14,500
self-interest. 
They designed a government. 

3011
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:16,500
To assuming officials would be 
ambitious. 

3012
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:20,100
Citizens would be selfish and 
fashioned would compete for 

3013
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:24,300
Advantage The Constitution's 
Genius Like, partly enhancing 

3014
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:28,200
these vices making ambition, 
check ambition, as Madison 

3015
02:47:28,200 --> 02:47:31,900
wrote, forcing self-interested 
groups, to negotiate and 

3016
02:47:31,900 --> 02:47:36,900
compromise rather than dominate 
This created an odd system that 

3017
02:47:36,900 --> 02:47:40,600
simultaneously assumed the worst
about people and demanded the 

3018
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,800
best from them. 
The structures assumed Vice but 

3019
02:47:43,800 --> 02:47:46,100
the system survival required 
virtue. 

3020
02:47:46,700 --> 02:47:50,300
If everyone behaved purely, 
selfishly the Constitutional 

3021
02:47:50,300 --> 02:47:52,700
Machinery. 
Might function mechanically but 

3022
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:55,000
wouldn't sustain, genuine 
Republican government. 

3023
02:47:55,900 --> 02:47:58,900
Some critical mass of citizens 
needed to care about the common,

3024
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:02,100
good to vote for the nation's 
welfare rather than just their 

3025
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:05,500
own and to honor laws and Norms.
Even when breaking them might be

3026
02:48:05,500 --> 02:48:08,200
profitable. 
The Romans provided numerous 

3027
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:10,900
warnings about what happened 
when virtue disappeared entirely

3028
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:14,100
the late Republic, descended 
into chaos partly. 

3029
02:48:14,100 --> 02:48:17,600
Because ambitious, men stopped 
respecting constitutional Norms 

3030
02:48:17,600 --> 02:48:21,800
started using bribery and 
violence to gain advantage and 

3031
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:24,800
put personal infernal interests 
of Rome's welfare. 

3032
02:48:25,800 --> 02:48:30,100
Men like Marius and solar broke 
precedents marched armies on 

3033
02:48:30,100 --> 02:48:33,900
Rome and Purge opponents. 
They succeeded because enough 

3034
02:48:33,900 --> 02:48:37,200
citizens had stopped caring 
about the Republic had become 

3035
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:40,300
cynical about politics were 
willing to support, whoever 

3036
02:48:40,300 --> 02:48:43,700
promised them benefits. 
This cycle terrified, the 

3037
02:48:43,700 --> 02:48:46,000
founders because it seemed 
nearly inevitable. 

3038
02:48:47,100 --> 02:48:51,000
Prosperity led to luxury luxury 
to soft living and Corruption 

3039
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:56,200
corruption to political Decay. 
Political Decay to Civil War and

3040
02:48:56,200 --> 02:49:00,300
eventually tyranny. 
Rome had followed this path. 

3041
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:03,200
Greece before Rome had traced 
similar. 

3042
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:07,500
Trajectories was America doomed 
to repeat the pattern or could 

3043
02:49:07,500 --> 02:49:09,400
knowledge of History, help them 
avoid it. 

3044
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:14,000
Their hopefully partly in 
America's circumstances, Rome 

3045
02:49:14,000 --> 02:49:17,500
grew Rich through Conquest, 
accumulating vast wealth, that 

3046
02:49:17,500 --> 02:49:21,100
corrupted citizens and created 
enormous inequality. 

3047
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:25,800
America had land instead enough 
that most white men could own 

3048
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:30,100
property and Achieve economic 
independence. maybe widespread 

3049
02:49:30,100 --> 02:49:33,800
property ownership would sustain
virtue by giving citizens a 

3050
02:49:33,800 --> 02:49:37,500
stake in society as welfare 
preventing the concentration of 

3051
02:49:37,500 --> 02:49:42,100
wealth that destroyed Rome This 
Vision was optimistic, perhaps 

3052
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:45,600
two optimistic, and it ignored 
obvious problems. 

3053
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:48,100
What about people, without 
property? 

3054
02:49:48,100 --> 02:49:50,200
What about slaves? 
And what about women? 

3055
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:54,200
But it gave the founders hope 
that America might escape room 

3056
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:58,000
to fate that Republican virtue, 
might prove sustainable under 

3057
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:01,400
the right conditions. 
Like clung to this hope while 

3058
02:50:01,400 --> 02:50:04,200
simultaneously designing 
institutions, that assumed it 

3059
02:50:04,200 --> 02:50:07,200
might fail. 
If the Roman Republic's rise 

3060
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:11,600
inspired, the founders its full 
haunted them, they studied the 

3061
02:50:11,600 --> 02:50:14,900
collapse with the intensity of 
detectives examining a crime 

3062
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:17,300
scene. 
Looking for the exact moment, 

3063
02:50:17,300 --> 02:50:20,600
things went wrong, the precise 
mistakes that could have been 

3064
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:23,600
avoided and the warnings. 
They needed to heed in their 

3065
02:50:23,608 --> 02:50:25,800
Republic. 
The story. 

3066
02:50:25,800 --> 02:50:27,900
They constructed went something 
like this. 

3067
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,000
Rome began as a small but 
virtuous city-state. 

3068
02:50:32,000 --> 02:50:36,600
Expelled its Kings and 
established a republic based on 

3069
02:50:36,600 --> 02:50:40,600
Law and civic virtue. 
Through discipline and courage, 

3070
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:45,200
Rome expanded across Italy, then
the Mediterranean becoming the 

3071
02:50:45,200 --> 02:50:49,100
ancient world's dominant power. 
But success, bread problems, 

3072
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:54,600
Conquest brought wealth, brought
luxury luxury, corrupted virtue 

3073
02:50:54,600 --> 02:50:58,400
corruption, undermined 
Republican institutions and 

3074
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:02,000
eventually ambitious, strong men
seized power transforming the 

3075
02:51:02,000 --> 02:51:05,700
Republic into an Empire. 
Modern historians would 

3076
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:09,000
complicate this narrative 
considerably pointing out that 

3077
02:51:09,000 --> 02:51:12,500
Rome's Republic was never quite 
as virtuous as later Romans 

3078
02:51:12,500 --> 02:51:16,500
imagined That the seeds of 
Imperial power existed from the 

3079
02:51:16,500 --> 02:51:19,200
beginning. 
And that the Republic's collapse

3080
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:22,800
involved, complex, economic and 
social forces, Beyond Simple, 

3081
02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:25,900
moral decay. 
But the founders worked with 

3082
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:31,400
Roman sources, salus Livi 
Plutarch and tacitus who told 

3083
02:51:31,400 --> 02:51:34,900
him morality tale about virtue 
lost and tyranny gained. 

3084
02:51:35,700 --> 02:51:38,100
One lesson they drew was about 
military power. 

3085
02:51:38,900 --> 02:51:41,700
Rome's armies, initially 
consisted of citizens and 

3086
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:45,000
soldiers farmers who fought for 
the Republic during campaigning 

3087
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:47,300
season then returned to their 
fields. 

3088
02:51:47,300 --> 02:51:51,600
These men supposedly had real 
stakes in Rome's welfare fought 

3089
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:55,200
for home and family rather than 
plunder and returned peaceful to

3090
02:51:55,200 --> 02:51:59,400
civilian life after Wars ended 
The system worked brilliantly 

3091
02:51:59,400 --> 02:52:02,800
for local, Italian conflicts, 
but proved in adequate for 

3092
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:06,500
distant conquests requiring 
years, long campaigns the 

3093
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:09,700
solution was professional. 
Armies soldiers, who made 

3094
02:52:09,700 --> 02:52:13,400
military service, their career 
spending years away from Italy 

3095
02:52:13,400 --> 02:52:17,400
and places, like Gaul or Syria. 
Becoming more loyal to generals 

3096
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:19,600
who paid them than to the Senate
back in Rome. 

3097
02:52:20,400 --> 02:52:22,200
This military 
professionalization of 

3098
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:24,600
eventually destroyed the 
Republic because generals 

3099
02:52:24,600 --> 02:52:28,200
commanded personal armies 
capable of marching on Roman 

3100
02:52:28,200 --> 02:52:31,800
itself. 
Marius did it solar did it and 

3101
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:34,900
eventually Caesar crossed the 
Rubicon with his Legions and the

3102
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:38,600
Republic of effectively ended. 
The founders tried hard to 

3103
02:52:38,608 --> 02:52:42,000
prevent this scenario. 
They distrusted standing armies 

3104
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:45,200
preferring citizen militias 
serving temporarily during 

3105
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:47,400
emergencies. 
They made the president 

3106
02:52:47,400 --> 02:52:50,100
Commander in Chief to prevent 
generals from Gaining 

3107
02:52:50,100 --> 02:52:53,600
independent political power. 
They required Congress to 

3108
02:52:53,600 --> 02:52:57,500
approve military, funding giving
civilian authorities, control 

3109
02:52:57,500 --> 02:53:01,100
over Armed Forces. 
They tried to recreate Rome's 

3110
02:53:01,100 --> 02:53:04,100
early military system while 
avoiding its later corruption. 

3111
02:53:04,100 --> 02:53:07,600
Another warning came from Rome's
treatment of allies and 

3112
02:53:07,600 --> 02:53:12,000
province's as Rome expanded it. 
Accumulated territories governed

3113
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:16,300
by pro-consul and Promises who 
served far from Rome with 

3114
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:19,600
minimal oversight. 
These Governors often behave 

3115
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:22,600
like tyrants in their 
province's, extracting wealth, 

3116
02:53:22,600 --> 02:53:26,000
through taxation and Corruption 
and governing through Force 

3117
02:53:26,000 --> 02:53:29,600
rather than consent. 
The province is in Rich Rome but

3118
02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:33,100
also corrupted its Politics as 
wealth, flowed back to thunder 

3119
02:53:33,100 --> 02:53:35,300
electoral campaigns and bribe 
voters. 

3120
02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:39,200
The founders saw Britain. 
Treating American colonies 

3121
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:43,400
exactly this way. as territories
to be exploited for the mother 

3122
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:46,700
countries benefit governed by 
officials appointed from London 

3123
02:53:46,700 --> 02:53:50,500
and taxed with without 
representation, They'd 

3124
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:52,800
experienced provincial status 
and hated it. 

3125
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,200
Which made them suspicious of 
Empire and territorial 

3126
02:53:56,200 --> 02:53:59,700
expansion. 
The Republican ideals suggested 

3127
02:53:59,700 --> 02:54:02,700
that free government required 
relatively compact territories, 

3128
02:54:02,700 --> 02:54:05,900
where citizens could 
participate, meaningfully in 

3129
02:54:05,900 --> 02:54:09,700
politics, not vast Empires 
governed from distant capitals, 

3130
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:13,800
Yet they also recognized 
practical problems with this 

3131
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:17,200
ideal. 
America was already too large 

3132
02:54:17,208 --> 02:54:19,600
for classical. 
Republican models and it would 

3133
02:54:19,600 --> 02:54:23,400
only grow larger How could you 
maintain a Republican government

3134
02:54:23,400 --> 02:54:27,700
across Continental distance? 
Is the Romans had tried and 

3135
02:54:27,700 --> 02:54:30,500
failed. 
There were public worked for a 

3136
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:32,900
city-state, but collapsed under 
in Imperial expansion. 

3137
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:37,900
Could America avoid the same 
fate was Geographic size, simply

3138
02:54:37,900 --> 02:54:39,700
incompatible with Republican 
government. 

3139
02:54:41,100 --> 02:54:44,000
The rise of demagogues in late 
Republican, Rome provided 

3140
02:54:44,000 --> 02:54:47,600
another cautionary Tale. 
As Rome's political system 

3141
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:49,500
became more competitive and 
corrupt. 

3142
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:51,800
Ambitious, politicians. 
Learned. 

3143
02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:54,400
They could gain power by 
appealing directly to common 

3144
02:54:54,400 --> 02:54:57,100
citizens over the heads of the 
Senate and established 

3145
02:54:57,100 --> 02:55:00,600
authorities. 
The grassy Brothers pioneered, 

3146
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:04,700
this approach proposing Land 
Reform and grain subsidies that 

3147
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:06,500
made them popular with ordinary 
Romans. 

3148
02:55:06,500 --> 02:55:11,300
But threatened, wealthy 
landowners, Their careers ended 

3149
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,000
in violence. 
Both were killed by political 

3150
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:17,700
opponents but they established a
template for future politicians 

3151
02:55:17,700 --> 02:55:23,100
later figures like Claudius and 
eventually Caesar himself used 

3152
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:26,700
similar tactics positioning 
themselves as champions of the 

3153
02:55:26,700 --> 02:55:30,000
people against a corrupt 
aristocracy They weren't 

3154
02:55:30,000 --> 02:55:33,400
entirely wrong. 
The senate had become oligarchic

3155
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,900
and self-serving, but their 
Solutions led to mob violence 

3156
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:42,100
constitutional breakdown and 
eventually dictatorship. the 

3157
02:55:42,100 --> 02:55:44,600
pattern suggested that 
demagogues thrived when 

3158
02:55:44,600 --> 02:55:47,600
political systems became 
unresponsive to legitimate 

3159
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:51,100
grievances that populism 
flourished in failed, Republics 

3160
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:54,800
The founders tried to prevent 
demagoguery through several 

3161
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:57,300
mechanisms. 
The Electoral College would 

3162
02:55:57,300 --> 02:56:00,700
filter popular passion through 
educated intermediaries. 

3163
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:04,900
Senators, chosen by state 
legislatures, rather than direct

3164
02:56:04,900 --> 02:56:08,900
election would be insulated from
momentary popular pressures. 

3165
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:13,700
Long-terms for presidents and 
Senators would give officials 

3166
02:56:13,700 --> 02:56:16,400
independence from day to day, 
political winds. 

3167
02:56:17,300 --> 02:56:20,900
The goal was to create space for
deliberation preventing pure 

3168
02:56:20,900 --> 02:56:23,000
democracy from descending into 
mob rule. 

3169
02:56:24,000 --> 02:56:27,000
Yeah, they also recognize that 
filtering popular will to 

3170
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:30,100
effectively could recreate the 
Roman Senate's Detachment from 

3171
02:56:30,100 --> 02:56:33,600
ordinary citizens. 
Potentially generating, the same

3172
02:56:33,600 --> 02:56:36,200
resentment that empowered 
demagogues in the first place. 

3173
02:56:36,200 --> 02:56:40,000
The balance was delicate 
responsive enough to prevent 

3174
02:56:40,000 --> 02:56:43,300
alienation filtered enough to 
prevent demagoguery. 

3175
02:56:44,000 --> 02:56:45,600
They weren't sure they'd gotten 
it, right? 

3176
02:56:46,500 --> 02:56:50,100
The role of wealth in corrupting
politics particularly worried 

3177
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:53,000
them late. 
Republican Rome saw enormous 

3178
02:56:53,000 --> 02:56:55,800
fortunes accumulated through 
conquest and provincial 

3179
02:56:55,800 --> 02:56:59,300
exploitation. 
Wealthy men, like Crassus could 

3180
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:03,200
literally buy elections funding 
candidate, who would serve their

3181
02:57:03,200 --> 02:57:06,000
interests? 
Cicero's letters reveal. 

3182
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:10,100
How expensive Roman politics had
become, how much it cost to 

3183
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:14,900
bribe voters, higher gangs to 
intimidate opponents and staged 

3184
02:57:14,900 --> 02:57:19,800
lavish games to win popularity. 
Politics became a Pursuit for 

3185
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:23,200
the very rich, although those 
willing to go deeply into debt. 

3186
02:57:23,200 --> 02:57:27,100
This obviously undermined, 
Republican ideals. 

3187
02:57:27,100 --> 02:57:31,000
If only the wealthy could 
compete for office if elections 

3188
02:57:31,000 --> 02:57:34,700
were essentially auctions rather
than genuine choices, then 

3189
02:57:34,700 --> 02:57:36,700
popular sovereignty would become
a fiction. 

3190
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:38,800
The founders tried to prevent 
this. 

3191
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:42,500
Through various means, 
relatively modest salary for 

3192
02:57:42,500 --> 02:57:45,100
office holders. 
Short-terms, limiting the 

3193
02:57:45,100 --> 02:57:48,300
benefits of corruption and 
geographic distribution of 

3194
02:57:48,308 --> 02:57:51,400
power, making it harder to buy 
elections everywhere 

3195
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:55,400
simultaneously. 
But they knew wealth would 

3196
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:59,500
always influence politics and 
whether their safeguards would 

3197
02:57:59,500 --> 02:58:02,800
prove sufficient. 
The personality cult around 

3198
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:08,000
Julius Caesar provided perhaps 
the most sobering warning Caesar

3199
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:13,200
was brilliant, A Gifted General 
talented writer and charismatic 

3200
02:58:13,200 --> 02:58:16,500
politician. 
But he also destroyed the 

3201
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:20,200
Republic by refusing to accept 
constitutional limits on his 

3202
02:58:20,200 --> 02:58:23,200
ambition. 
When the Senate ordered him to 

3203
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:27,600
disband his armies and returned 
to Rome as a private citizen, he

3204
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:31,300
crossed the Rubicon with his 
Legions instead starting a civil

3205
02:58:31,308 --> 02:58:34,200
war. 
His justification was that his 

3206
02:58:34,200 --> 02:58:37,300
enemies were corrupt and that he
was defending the people against

3207
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:40,700
aristocratic oppression. 
Maybe he even believed it. 

3208
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:46,100
But the result was dictatorship.
However, benevolent sees aim to 

3209
02:58:46,108 --> 02:58:50,200
be the Republican effectively 
died when sees armies entered 

3210
02:58:50,200 --> 02:58:54,100
Rome even though the forms of 
Republican government continued 

3211
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:58,500
for decades The lesson was 
clear, even talented, popular 

3212
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:01,200
leaders could destroy free 
government if they prioritize 

3213
02:59:01,200 --> 02:59:03,600
personal power over 
constitutional order. 

3214
02:59:04,700 --> 02:59:08,800
No amount of Charisma or good 
intentions Justified breaking 

3215
02:59:08,800 --> 02:59:11,400
the rules. 
Washington understood this 

3216
02:59:11,400 --> 02:59:14,700
perfectly, which is why his 
voluntary retirement matters. 

3217
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:18,500
So much, he could have become 
America's Caesar staying in 

3218
02:59:18,500 --> 02:59:22,400
power until death. 
Instead he consciously chose the

3219
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:26,000
Cincinnati's model stepping 
aside to prove that Republican 

3220
02:59:26,000 --> 02:59:27,800
government didn't depend on any 
individual. 

3221
02:59:27,800 --> 02:59:31,200
That institutions mattered more 
than personalities. 

3222
02:59:31,200 --> 02:59:35,100
It was a deliberately anti 
caesarian gesture meant to 

3223
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:38,000
establish precedent for peaceful
transitions of power. 

3224
02:59:39,700 --> 02:59:43,300
The founders also noticed how 
quickly roam transitioned from 

3225
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:45,700
Republic to Empire. 
Once the Press presidents were 

3226
02:59:45,700 --> 02:59:48,600
broken. 
Season assassination, didn't 

3227
02:59:48,600 --> 02:59:51,800
restore the Republic. 
It led to more Civil Wars. 

3228
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:55,700
Eventually won by his adopted 
son, Augustus, who established 

3229
02:59:55,700 --> 03:00:00,800
himself as Emperor while 
maintaining Republican forms Or 

3230
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:03,600
gustus was careful to preserve 
the appearance of Republican. 

3231
03:00:03,600 --> 03:00:07,300
Government claiming to be merely
the first citizen rather than a 

3232
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:09,800
monarch. 
But everyone knew the reality 

3233
03:00:09,800 --> 03:00:14,900
real power lay with the emperor,
the Senate became decorative and

3234
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:18,700
elections became meaningless. 
This suggested to the founders 

3235
03:00:18,700 --> 03:00:21,700
that constitutional breakdowns 
might be irreversible. 

3236
03:00:22,400 --> 03:00:26,600
Once Norms were violated 
precedence broken and power sees

3237
03:00:26,600 --> 03:00:30,700
through Force rather than law 
restoring genuine Republican 

3238
03:00:30,700 --> 03:00:32,000
government might prove 
impossible. 

3239
03:00:32,000 --> 03:00:36,400
The surviving institutions would
be Hollow shells maintained for 

3240
03:00:36,408 --> 03:00:40,400
appearance while real Authority.
Resided elsewhere, It's better 

3241
03:00:40,400 --> 03:00:43,500
to prevent the initial breakdown
than try to recover afterward. 

3242
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:46,600
You might think symbols are just
decoration. 

3243
03:00:46,600 --> 03:00:49,900
Pleasant aesthetic choices 
without deeper significance. 

3244
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:53,700
The founders thought otherwise 
and Rome taught them that visual

3245
03:00:53,700 --> 03:00:57,100
language could reinforce 
political principles and that 

3246
03:00:57,100 --> 03:01:00,700
architecture and imagery could 
shape how citizens understood 

3247
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:04,900
their government in themselves. 
Walk through Washington DC and 

3248
03:01:04,900 --> 03:01:08,400
you're essentially touring a 
Roman theme park The Capitol 

3249
03:01:08,400 --> 03:01:11,800
Building sits on a hill. 
Echoing the placement of Roman 

3250
03:01:11,800 --> 03:01:15,100
temples on the capitoline its 
Dome recalls. 

3251
03:01:15,100 --> 03:01:19,800
The pantheon columns, everywhere
Doric Ionic, and Corinthian 

3252
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:23,700
reproduce Roman proportions. 
The Supreme Court looks like a 

3253
03:01:23,700 --> 03:01:26,600
temple to Justice. 
The Lincoln Memorial positions, 

3254
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:30,000
America's great emancipator. 
As a seated figure resembling 

3255
03:01:30,000 --> 03:01:33,700
Jupiter surrounded by the 
language of his speeches carved 

3256
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:35,700
into marble like Roman 
inscription. 

3257
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:41,400
None of this was accidental. 
Founders and their successors 

3258
03:01:41,400 --> 03:01:44,500
deliberately chose classical 
architecture to make political 

3259
03:01:44,500 --> 03:01:47,100
statements. 
They wanted buildings that 

3260
03:01:47,100 --> 03:01:51,200
conveyed, Republican virtue, 
Civic dignity and Democratic 

3261
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:55,100
participation in governance. 
Roman architecture seemed 

3262
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:58,800
perfect for this purpose Grand 
without being monarchical 

3263
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:02,400
impressive, without being 
oppressive, and suggesting 

3264
03:02:02,400 --> 03:02:05,400
permanence and stability without
hereditary privilege. 

3265
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:09,500
Thomas Jefferson LED. 
This architectural Revolution 

3266
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:13,300
designing Monticello in the 
University of Virginia using 

3267
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:17,500
strict classical proportions, 
promoting Roman Revival style 

3268
03:02:17,500 --> 03:02:20,500
for public building's. 
An arguing, the architecture 

3269
03:02:20,500 --> 03:02:23,200
should educate citizens about 
Republican values. 

3270
03:02:23,200 --> 03:02:26,600
He believed that living and 
working in classically inspired.

3271
03:02:26,600 --> 03:02:30,000
Buildings, would remind 
Americans of their connection to

3272
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:33,700
ancient Republican ideals and 
that beauty could serve 

3273
03:02:33,700 --> 03:02:37,200
political purposes. 
The Roman practice of putting 

3274
03:02:37,200 --> 03:02:40,400
Civic buildings around public 
spaces all so influenced, 

3275
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,800
American herb and planning. 
The Forum had been Rome's 

3276
03:02:43,800 --> 03:02:47,900
political and Commercial heart a
space, where citizens gathered 

3277
03:02:47,900 --> 03:02:52,100
to conduct business. 
Here speeches witness, trials, 

3278
03:02:52,100 --> 03:02:56,800
and participate in public life. 
Jefferson imagined, similar 

3279
03:02:56,800 --> 03:03:00,500
spaces in American cities greens
or squares. 

3280
03:03:00,500 --> 03:03:04,000
Surrounded by government 
buildings markets and churches, 

3281
03:03:04,000 --> 03:03:07,100
creating architectural 
encouragement for civic 

3282
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:09,600
engagement. 
State capitals. 

3283
03:03:09,600 --> 03:03:13,700
Copy this model placing 
legislative Chambers executive 

3284
03:03:13,700 --> 03:03:17,500
officers and courts around 
central squares or Lawns making 

3285
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:21,700
government, literally visible 
and accessible to citizens. the 

3286
03:03:21,700 --> 03:03:25,100
symbolism was deliberate 
government existed, among the 

3287
03:03:25,100 --> 03:03:29,100
people not above them, and the 
architecture should reflect that

3288
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:32,800
principle, even town halls in 
small communities, often, 

3289
03:03:32,800 --> 03:03:36,400
featured columns and classical 
details, connecting, local 

3290
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:39,900
governments, to broader, 
Republican traditions, The 

3291
03:03:39,900 --> 03:03:42,500
imagery on American current 
currency and seals Drew heavily 

3292
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:45,700
from Roman sources. 
The Great Seal features, an 

3293
03:03:45,700 --> 03:03:49,600
eagle Rome, sacred bird 
clutching arrows and an olive 

3294
03:03:49,600 --> 03:03:51,700
branch like Roman military 
standards. 

3295
03:03:52,600 --> 03:03:57,200
E pluribus unum, out of many one
comes from a Latin phrase. 

3296
03:03:57,200 --> 03:04:00,100
Early coins featured classical 
profiles. 

3297
03:04:00,100 --> 03:04:04,100
And Roman lettering deliberately
evoking ancient precedence for 

3298
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:08,100
the new Republic's legitimacy. 
This borrowing extended to 

3299
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:12,800
naming practices, the Senate, 
obviously, the Capitol building.

3300
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:17,200
Fact that government buildings 
house Chambers where 

3301
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:20,700
Representatives meet all Roman 
terminology. 

3302
03:04:21,500 --> 03:04:25,200
Even the title president derives
from the Latin praisy. 

3303
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:29,300
Dare meaning to sit before or 
provide over suggesting 

3304
03:04:29,300 --> 03:04:31,400
leadership. 
Without monarchical pretension 

3305
03:04:31,400 --> 03:04:35,300
they could have chosen Governor 
or director or invented 

3306
03:04:35,300 --> 03:04:38,400
something entirely new but 
president carried the right 

3307
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:42,400
classical connotations. 
Roman military symbolism 

3308
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:46,100
appeared everywhere, the eagle 
became America's national bird 

3309
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:51,200
just as it had been Rome's. 
The phrase semper fidelis always

3310
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:54,700
faithful became the Marine Corps
motto directly lifted from Roman

3311
03:04:54,700 --> 03:04:58,200
legionary standards. 
Military decorations featured, 

3312
03:04:58,200 --> 03:05:02,000
Roman imagery, wreaths, Eagles 
and classical figures 

3313
03:05:02,000 --> 03:05:06,100
representing Victory or Liberty.
The message was the American 

3314
03:05:06,100 --> 03:05:08,800
military forces fought for 
Republican, ideals. 

3315
03:05:08,800 --> 03:05:11,700
Not for conquest or imperial 
expansion. 

3316
03:05:13,100 --> 03:05:16,000
But the founders were just 
copying Roman Aesthetics 

3317
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:20,400
mindlessly. they were adapting 
and modifying taking elements 

3318
03:05:20,400 --> 03:05:23,500
that supported Republican values
while rejecting those that 

3319
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:28,300
suggested Empire or tyranny, 
They admired Roman temples but 

3320
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,900
built churches in Stead 
separating religious and Civic 

3321
03:05:31,900 --> 03:05:34,800
architecture. 
They appreciated Roman triumphal

3322
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:37,800
arches but generally avoided 
building them not wanting to 

3323
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:42,000
glorify military conquest. 
They liked Roman portraiture but

3324
03:05:42,000 --> 03:05:45,200
rejected the cult of personality
that developed around emperors. 

3325
03:05:46,300 --> 03:05:49,800
the Roman practice of erecting 
statues of great citizens in 

3326
03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:53,600
public spaces, did appeal to 
them though, with modifications,

3327
03:05:54,500 --> 03:05:57,600
Roamed its forums with bronze 
and marble figures of 

3328
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:00,800
distinguished, Senators. 
Generals and magistrates 

3329
03:06:00,800 --> 03:06:03,600
creating a gallery of worthy 
examples. 

3330
03:06:04,600 --> 03:06:06,900
The founders saw educational 
value in this. 

3331
03:06:07,700 --> 03:06:11,600
Surrounding citizens with visual
reminders of virtuous Behavior. 

3332
03:06:11,600 --> 03:06:15,100
Making Heroes literally prison 
in public space. 

3333
03:06:16,100 --> 03:06:18,800
So they started commissioning 
statues and monuments to 

3334
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:21,200
revolutionary Heroes and early 
presidents. 

3335
03:06:22,300 --> 03:06:24,800
But they try to avoid the 
excessive veneration that 

3336
03:06:24,800 --> 03:06:27,000
characterized Roman Imperial 
cults. 

3337
03:06:27,700 --> 03:06:30,900
Washington, got his monuments, 
but they emphasized his 

3338
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:33,700
voluntary retirement. 
Rather than his military 

3339
03:06:33,700 --> 03:06:37,200
victories, his Republican virtue
rather than personal Glory. 

3340
03:06:37,200 --> 03:06:40,800
The sculptures presented him as 
a citizen leader, not a god 

3341
03:06:40,800 --> 03:06:44,800
Emperor, interior decoration of 
government buildings, reinforced

3342
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:48,400
classical themes, murals 
depicted scenes from Roman 

3343
03:06:48,400 --> 03:06:51,500
history, alongside American 
Events drawing explicit, 

3344
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:56,200
parallels cornucopias 
symbolizing abundance, faces 

3345
03:06:56,200 --> 03:07:00,000
representing Authority and 
liberty caps modeled on these 

3346
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:03,800
given to Freed Roman slaves, all
appeared in government, 

3347
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:07,700
buildings decorative schemes, 
creating visual vocabularies 

3348
03:07:07,700 --> 03:07:11,700
connecting American and Roman 
republicanism Even the practice 

3349
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:14,700
of delivering speeches from 
elevated platforms, echoed, 

3350
03:07:14,700 --> 03:07:19,200
Roman oratory Traditions, the 
Rostrum in the Forum decorated 

3351
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:22,800
with ships prowls from Naval 
Victors gave its name to Modern 

3352
03:07:22,800 --> 03:07:26,500
roster's and podiums speakers 
addressing Congress or state 

3353
03:07:26,500 --> 03:07:29,100
legislatures stood at elevated 
positions. 

3354
03:07:29,100 --> 03:07:33,300
Just as Roman orators want to 
address citizens from the forums

3355
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:36,600
rostra, the arrangement 
suggesting that eloquence and 

3356
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:40,300
persuasion should determine 
political outcomes rather than 

3357
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:45,300
violence or manipulation The 
founders also appreciated Roman 

3358
03:07:45,300 --> 03:07:47,500
attention to Civic ritual and 
ceremony. 

3359
03:07:48,100 --> 03:07:51,400
Rome had elaborate procedures 
for inaugurating magistrates 

3360
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:55,100
opening, legislative sessions 
and conducting public business. 

3361
03:07:55,100 --> 03:07:59,500
These ritual served practical 
purposes establishing order 

3362
03:07:59,500 --> 03:08:03,500
solemnizing, important occasions
and reminding participants of 

3363
03:08:03,500 --> 03:08:07,200
their responsibilities. the 
American government adopted 

3364
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:11,500
similar practices, creating an 
inauguration, ceremonies formal 

3365
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:15,400
procedures, for legislative 
sessions and ritualized ways of 

3366
03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:19,500
conducting public business, 
These were empty formalities 

3367
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:23,900
they were pedagogical tools 
teaching citizens and officials 

3368
03:08:23,900 --> 03:08:27,700
how to behave in a republic. 
What values mattered and what 

3369
03:08:27,700 --> 03:08:31,300
traditions deserved respect. 
When a president placed his hand

3370
03:08:31,300 --> 03:08:34,600
on a Bible and SWAT a preserve 
protect and defend the 

3371
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:38,000
Constitution, the ritual 
connected him to predecessors, 

3372
03:08:38,000 --> 03:08:41,800
and successors embedding him in 
an ongoing traditional larger 

3373
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:46,200
than any individual. 
The language of American 

3374
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:49,400
political discourse borrowed, 
Roman rhetorical techniques and 

3375
03:08:49,400 --> 03:08:52,300
imagery. 
Politicians reference to 

3376
03:08:52,300 --> 03:08:55,900
classical examples in speeches. 
Assumed audiences would 

3377
03:08:55,900 --> 03:09:00,100
understand Illusions to Cato or 
since senator's and used Latin 

3378
03:09:00,100 --> 03:09:02,200
phrases to convey Authority and 
learning. 

3379
03:09:03,100 --> 03:09:05,600
This wasn't just showing off. 
It was creating a common 

3380
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:08,600
cultural vocabulary shared 
reference points that 

3381
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:12,400
facilitated political debate and
gave it intellectual depth. 

3382
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:16,200
You can see this most clearly in
The Federalist Papers where 

3383
03:09:16,200 --> 03:09:19,600
Hamilton Madison and Jay wrote 
Under the pseudonym, Publius 

3384
03:09:19,600 --> 03:09:22,600
naming themselves after one of 
Rome's founders. 

3385
03:09:23,500 --> 03:09:25,800
There are arguments reference 
classical precedence. 

3386
03:09:25,800 --> 03:09:29,400
Constantly assuming readers were
familiar with Roman history and 

3387
03:09:29,400 --> 03:09:32,500
political Theory the entire 
project of ratifying, the 

3388
03:09:32,500 --> 03:09:35,600
Constitution was conducted in 
language saturated with 

3389
03:09:35,600 --> 03:09:40,100
classical imagery and examples. 
Roman law represented, one of 

3390
03:09:40,100 --> 03:09:43,600
civilization's great, 
intellectual achievements, a 

3391
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:46,300
systematic written legal code, 
that attempted to govern 

3392
03:09:46,300 --> 03:09:49,100
Behavior, through reason, and 
precedent rather than arbitrary 

3393
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:52,700
power. 
Founders, many of them lawyers 

3394
03:09:52,700 --> 03:09:57,200
studied Roman legal principles, 
intensively, and Incorporated 

3395
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:01,400
numerous Concepts in to American
jurisprudence. the Romans 

3396
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:04,300
distinguish between different 
types of law in ways, that 

3397
03:10:04,300 --> 03:10:08,800
influenced, American legal 
thinking, Natural law, principal

3398
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:12,700
supposedly Universal and eternal
discoverable through reason. 

3399
03:10:13,800 --> 03:10:16,700
Civil law. 
Rules specific to particular 

3400
03:10:16,700 --> 03:10:20,300
societies varying, by location 
and culture. 

3401
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:25,000
The law of Nations principles, 
governing interactions between 

3402
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:28,300
different, peoples, American 
legal, Theory, borrowed this 

3403
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:31,800
framework, particularly the 
notion that some rights existed,

3404
03:10:31,800 --> 03:10:35,100
independent of government 
creation, and that natural law, 

3405
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:39,500
superseded human legislation. 
This became crucial for 

3406
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:42,900
revolutionary justification. 
When the colonists declared 

3407
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:45,300
independence, they needed to 
explain why they could 

3408
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:47,600
legitimately rebel against their
lawful government. 

3409
03:10:48,500 --> 03:10:51,200
The answer came partly from 
natural law, theory, derived 

3410
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:54,800
from Roman sources certain 
rights were inherent and in 

3411
03:10:54,800 --> 03:10:58,800
alienable Governments that 
violated those rights lost 

3412
03:10:58,800 --> 03:11:03,000
legitimacy and citizens 
possessed the right to alter or 

3413
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:06,800
abolish tyrannical governments. 
Natural law, provided the 

3414
03:11:06,800 --> 03:11:09,000
philosophical foundation for 
revolution. 

3415
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:13,000
The Roman concept of written 
law, particularly appealed to 

3416
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:17,700
the founders before, written 
codes law had existed as custom 

3417
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:21,600
and tradition known to priests 
and Aristocrats but often 

3418
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:25,900
mysterious to ordinary citizens.
The Twelve Tables posted in the 

3419
03:11:25,908 --> 03:11:30,700
Forum around 450 BC, made Roman 
Law, Public, and accessible, 

3420
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:33,800
allowing citizens to know what 
rules governed them. 

3421
03:11:34,800 --> 03:11:37,500
This transparency seemed 
essential for Republican 

3422
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:40,400
government. 
How could citizens obey laws? 

3423
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,400
They didn't know or hold 
officials accountable for 

3424
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:45,100
enforcing laws. 
They couldn't understand. 

3425
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:49,300
The American Constitution and 
Bill of Rights, follow this 

3426
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,800
principle. 
Written public and accessible to

3427
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,600
anyone who could read. 
These were Roman ideals, applied

3428
03:11:56,600 --> 03:12:00,600
to American circumstances. 
Constitutional wasn't secret 

3429
03:12:00,600 --> 03:12:03,900
knowledge held by a ruling 
class, but a public document 

3430
03:12:03,900 --> 03:12:08,200
that any citizen could consult 
understand and invoke. 

3431
03:12:09,400 --> 03:12:12,700
Making law visible made it 
enforceable by popular opinion. 

3432
03:12:12,700 --> 03:12:17,300
Not just official action. 
Roman legal procedures, also 

3433
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:21,200
influenced American practice, 
the right to face your accuser 

3434
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:25,100
to present, a defense to have 
charges proved rather than 

3435
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:28,700
assumed these came from Roman 
legal Traditions. 

3436
03:12:28,700 --> 03:12:31,800
The Romans developed 
sophisticated procedures for 

3437
03:12:31,800 --> 03:12:35,000
trials, distinguishing between 
different types of cases, 

3438
03:12:35,000 --> 03:12:39,300
establishing Rules of Evidence 
and creating appeals processes. 

3439
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:42,300
Their legal system wasn't 
perfect. 

3440
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:46,900
It discriminated between 
citizens and non-citizens, free,

3441
03:12:46,900 --> 03:12:48,600
and enslaved, and male and 
female. 

3442
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:52,700
But it represented a serious 
attempt to govern through law, 

3443
03:12:52,700 --> 03:12:55,800
rather than whim. 
The Roman distinction between 

3444
03:12:55,800 --> 03:12:59,400
public and private law helped 
shape American legal categories.

3445
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:03,600
Public Law, governed relations 
between citizens and the state 

3446
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:08,700
criminal law, constitutional law
and administrative regulations. 

3447
03:13:09,500 --> 03:13:13,400
Private law, governed relations 
between citizens, contracts, 

3448
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:18,800
property, inheritance and talks.
Roman jurisprudence had 

3449
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:21,500
developed sophisticated theories
about both domains. 

3450
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:24,300
Which influenced how American 
lawyers and judges, thought 

3451
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:27,800
about legal problems, the 
concept of legal pressed and 

3452
03:13:27,800 --> 03:13:31,000
also had Roman roots. 
Roman jurisprudence believed 

3453
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,200
that previous decision should 
guide current ones that 

3454
03:13:34,200 --> 03:13:38,100
consistently mattered in legal 
interpretation and that the law 

3455
03:13:38,100 --> 03:13:40,900
should develop organically 
through accumulated wisdom 

3456
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:45,800
rather than constant Revolution.
The common law tradition, which 

3457
03:13:45,800 --> 03:13:48,800
Americans inherited from 
Britain, but which itself Drew 

3458
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:52,600
on Roman sources made precedent 
Central to Legal reasoning. 

3459
03:13:53,400 --> 03:13:55,100
Court should decide similar 
cases. 

3460
03:13:55,100 --> 03:13:59,500
Similarly, building a coherent 
body of Laura over time This 

3461
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:03,200
created tension with another 
Roman principle that laws should

3462
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:07,800
adapt to changing circumstances.
The Romans developed flexible 

3463
03:14:07,800 --> 03:14:11,500
interpretation techniques. 
Allowing ancient laws to remain 

3464
03:14:11,500 --> 03:14:15,500
relevant in new situations. 
They distinguished between the 

3465
03:14:15,500 --> 03:14:19,700
letter and spirit of law between
strict construction and 

3466
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:22,600
Equitable. 
Interpretation American legal 

3467
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:25,100
thought, inherited this tension 
between stability and 

3468
03:14:25,100 --> 03:14:28,900
flexibility between following 
precedent and adapting to 

3469
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:31,900
change. 
The founders were particularly 

3470
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:35,000
impressed by Roman attention to 
limiting government, power 

3471
03:14:35,000 --> 03:14:38,300
through law. 
Roman magistrates possessed 

3472
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:41,900
considerable Authority, but they
exercised it under legal 

3473
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:44,200
constraints. 
Consoles. 

3474
03:14:44,200 --> 03:14:46,500
Couldn't execute citizens 
without trial. 

3475
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:51,000
Tribunes could veto legislation 
but only through established 

3476
03:14:51,000 --> 03:14:54,100
procedures. 
Even dictators appointed during 

3477
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:56,700
emergencies operated under legal
limitations. 

3478
03:14:56,700 --> 03:15:01,200
Six months, terms specific 
mandates, an accountability 

3479
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:05,400
after their terms ended The 
principal was that law governed.

3480
03:15:05,400 --> 03:15:09,900
Everyone, including those who 
made an enforced, it, no one 

3481
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:13,100
stood Above the Law, not 
magistrates, not generals, not 

3482
03:15:13,100 --> 03:15:16,100
even the Senate. 
This idea often failed in 

3483
03:15:16,108 --> 03:15:19,700
practice specially during the 
late Republic when powerful 

3484
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:23,400
individuals increasingly ignored
legal constraints, but the 

3485
03:15:23,400 --> 03:15:26,900
principal remained important, 
and the founders tried to embody

3486
03:15:26,900 --> 03:15:30,300
it in American 
constitutionalism. they created 

3487
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:34,500
numerous mechanisms to ensure 
law, bounded power, written 

3488
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:37,900
constitutions established 
fundamental rules that ordinary 

3489
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:41,700
legislation could not override 
separation of powers, prevented 

3490
03:15:41,700 --> 03:15:44,700
any single institution from 
controlling laws creation 

3491
03:15:44,700 --> 03:15:49,800
interpretation and enforcement 
Judicial review allowed courts 

3492
03:15:49,800 --> 03:15:52,300
to strike down unconstitutional 
actions. 

3493
03:15:52,300 --> 03:15:56,300
Regular elections, gave citizens
the power to remove officials 

3494
03:15:56,300 --> 03:16:00,500
who violated legal Norms, 
impeachment provided a mechanism

3495
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:03,200
for removing officials who 
committed serious legal 

3496
03:16:03,200 --> 03:16:06,500
violations. 
All of these Drew inspiration 

3497
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:08,700
from Roman examples and Roman 
failures. 

3498
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:12,700
The Romans had tried to limit 
power through law, but 

3499
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:15,500
ultimately failed to prevent 
ambitious individuals from 

3500
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:19,300
seizing, dictatorial, Authority,
the founders studied those 

3501
03:16:19,300 --> 03:16:22,000
failures and tried to design 
systems that would prove more 

3502
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:25,600
resilient that wouldn't depend 
entirely on virtuous Behavior. 

3503
03:16:25,600 --> 03:16:28,700
But would create structures 
making tyranny difficult to 

3504
03:16:28,700 --> 03:16:33,500
achieve and maintain. the Roman 
practice of codifying laws also 

3505
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:36,800
influenced, American legal 
development, The Romans of 

3506
03:16:36,808 --> 03:16:40,100
eventually compiled their 
accumulated legal wisdom in to 

3507
03:16:40,100 --> 03:16:43,400
comprehensive codes, most 
famously, the Corpus Juris, 

3508
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:48,500
civilis compiled under Justinian
in the 6th Century, ad long 

3509
03:16:48,500 --> 03:16:52,100
after the republics fall. 
While too late to directly 

3510
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:54,100
influence. 
Republican Rome, these 

3511
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:57,500
compilations preserved, Roman 
legal principles for later, 

3512
03:16:57,500 --> 03:17:01,300
civilizations and demonstrated 
the value of systemic legal 

3513
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:04,800
organization. 
American states began codifying,

3514
03:17:04,800 --> 03:17:08,600
their laws following similar 
principles Gathering scattered 

3515
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:12,300
legislation into organized 
codes, making legal, research, 

3516
03:17:12,300 --> 03:17:16,000
easier, and ensuring 
consistency, and Clarity the 

3517
03:17:16,000 --> 03:17:17,900
process, reflected Roman 
influence. 

3518
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,300
Both in the goal of 
systematization, and in specific

3519
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:25,600
legal Concepts, borrowed from 
Roman sources, The Romans 

3520
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:27,800
created. 
A sophisticated concept of 

3521
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:30,400
citizenship that profoundly 
influenced. 

3522
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:32,800
How the founders thought about 
membership in a political 

3523
03:17:32,800 --> 03:17:36,300
community. 
Roman citizenship wasn't simply 

3524
03:17:36,300 --> 03:17:39,400
residents in a territory or 
subjection to a ruler. 

3525
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,700
It was a legal status carrying 
specific rights and 

3526
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:45,700
responsibilities. 
Something that could be earned 

3527
03:17:45,700 --> 03:17:50,600
granted or inherited, but always
meaningful and consequential. 

3528
03:17:51,900 --> 03:17:55,500
Citizens in Rome possessed the 
right to vote in assemblies to 

3529
03:17:55,500 --> 03:17:59,900
hold public office to make legal
contracts to marry other cities 

3530
03:17:59,900 --> 03:18:03,000
and to appeal magistrate to 
decisions. 

3531
03:18:03,900 --> 03:18:07,400
They also bore responsibilities 
military service jury duty 

3532
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:11,400
obeying laws and paying taxes, 
citizenship created, a 

3533
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:14,100
reciprocal relationship between 
individual and Republic. 

3534
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:18,000
A bundle of Privileges and 
obligations that defined what it

3535
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:21,300
meant to be Roman. 
This framework appealed to the 

3536
03:18:21,300 --> 03:18:25,000
founders because it suggested 
citizenship could be active and 

3537
03:18:25,000 --> 03:18:28,600
participatory rather than 
passive and subject-based. 

3538
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:33,300
British subjects Oda Legions to 
the crown receiving protection 

3539
03:18:33,300 --> 03:18:36,800
in return, but possessing 
limited rights to participate in

3540
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:40,400
governance. 
Romans citizens were active 

3541
03:18:40,400 --> 03:18:44,000
members of a political Community
with recognized roles in its 

3542
03:18:44,000 --> 03:18:47,900
operational. the difference 
seemed crucial for Republican 

3543
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:51,800
government, the Roman practice 
of extending citizenship to 

3544
03:18:51,800 --> 03:18:56,500
Concord people's particularly 
interested the founders Rome's 

3545
03:18:56,500 --> 03:18:58,700
expansion. 
Succeeded partly because it 

3546
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:02,700
offered citizenship to allies 
and former enemies incorporating

3547
03:19:02,700 --> 03:19:05,800
them into the Republic rather 
than simply ruling them as 

3548
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:08,400
subjects. 
This allowed Rome to tap into 

3549
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:11,800
vast Human Resources while 
creating loyalty among diverse 

3550
03:19:11,800 --> 03:19:14,900
populations. 
By the late Republic citizenship

3551
03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:19,100
had spread far beyond the city 
of Rome itself, encompassing 

3552
03:19:19,100 --> 03:19:23,900
Italy and eventually territories
throughout the Mediterranean The

3553
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:27,300
founders face similar questions 
about expansion and inclusion. 

3554
03:19:28,100 --> 03:19:31,400
As America grew, who would count
as American. 

3555
03:19:32,200 --> 03:19:34,200
Howard new territories be 
incorporated. 

3556
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:38,300
The Roman example, suggested 
that Republican government could

3557
03:19:38,300 --> 03:19:42,500
extend across large territories 
if citizenship expanded along 

3558
03:19:42,500 --> 03:19:45,900
with territory, if new 
populations received genuine 

3559
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:49,800
incorporation rather than 
Colonial, subordination this 

3560
03:19:49,800 --> 03:19:53,000
influenced decisions to create 
processes for territories to 

3561
03:19:53,000 --> 03:19:57,100
become States and for new states
to enter the Union as equals 

3562
03:19:57,100 --> 03:20:01,200
rather than dependence is Of 
course, both Romans and 

3563
03:20:01,200 --> 03:20:04,200
Americans excluded, many people 
from citizenship. 

3564
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:08,300
Roamed denied it to slave to 
most women, and to barbarians 

3565
03:20:08,300 --> 03:20:12,000
Beyond its borders. 
America restricted citizenship 

3566
03:20:12,000 --> 03:20:15,800
based on race enslaving Millions
while proclaiming Liberty and 

3567
03:20:15,800 --> 03:20:19,100
denying rights to women in 
indigenous peoples and very 

3568
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:22,300
immigrant groups. 
The gap between Republican 

3569
03:20:22,300 --> 03:20:25,800
ideals, and actual practice was 
enormous in both societies. 

3570
03:20:25,800 --> 03:20:30,400
But the ideal mattered creating 
pressure for expansion of Rights

3571
03:20:30,400 --> 03:20:33,800
over time. 
Roman, citizenship, gradually 

3572
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:37,500
expanded eventually encompassing
nearly everyone within the 

3573
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:42,300
Empire by the third Century ad. 
American citizenship, followed a

3574
03:20:42,308 --> 03:20:46,800
similar trajectory initially 
restricted to white men, slowly 

3575
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:50,900
expanding through Constitutional
Amendments and legislation to 

3576
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:53,000
include previously excluded 
groups. 

3577
03:20:54,100 --> 03:20:57,800
The process continues showing 
that Republican ideals contain 

3578
03:20:57,800 --> 03:21:00,700
within themselves, pressure 
toward greater inclusion. 

3579
03:21:01,400 --> 03:21:05,300
The Roman concept of civic duty,
particularly influenced the 

3580
03:21:05,300 --> 03:21:08,200
founders. 
Romans believe citizens owed 

3581
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:11,900
active service to The Republic 
whether through military service

3582
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:15,700
holding office serving on juries
or simply participating in 

3583
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:18,900
public life. 
Citizenship wasn't just writes 

3584
03:21:18,900 --> 03:21:20,900
to be enjoyed, but 
responsibilities to be 

3585
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:24,100
fulfilled. 
A good citizen didn't just vote 

3586
03:21:24,100 --> 03:21:28,600
when convenient, they stayed 
informed participated in debate 

3587
03:21:28,600 --> 03:21:32,600
served when called and 
prioritized the public good. 

3588
03:21:33,800 --> 03:21:36,800
This created tension with 
emerging commercial Society, 

3589
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:40,700
where private Pursuits often 
conflicted with public service. 

3590
03:21:41,700 --> 03:21:44,600
The Romans had faced this 
problem as their society became 

3591
03:21:44,600 --> 03:21:49,000
wealthier, and more complex. 
Early, Roman supposedly dropped 

3592
03:21:49,000 --> 03:21:51,300
everything to serve the Republic
when needed. 

3593
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:56,000
Cincinnatus leaving his plow 
became the archetype later. 

3594
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,800
Romans increasingly hired 
substitutes for military 

3595
03:21:58,800 --> 03:22:03,400
service, avoided jury duty and 
treated Politics as a spectator 

3596
03:22:03,400 --> 03:22:06,000
sport rather than a 
participatory activity. 

3597
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:09,500
The founders worried America 
would follow this trajectory 

3598
03:22:09,500 --> 03:22:14,100
that Prosperity would undermine 
civic participation and that 

3599
03:22:14,100 --> 03:22:17,100
citizens would become passive 
consumers of government rather 

3600
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:19,900
than active participants, they 
tried to encourage 

3601
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:24,300
participation, through various 
means relatively easy access to 

3602
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:28,300
voting frequent elections, local
governments, giving citizens, 

3603
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:33,200
regular opportunities, to engage
and civic education, emphasizing

3604
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:37,300
responsibilities alongside 
rights, the Roman practice of 

3605
03:22:37,300 --> 03:22:40,800
ostracism exiling citizens 
deemed dangerous to The 

3606
03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:43,400
Republic. 
Sparked debate among the 

3607
03:22:43,400 --> 03:22:46,500
founders. 
Was this a useful tool for 

3608
03:22:46,500 --> 03:22:49,800
protecting democracy? 
Allowing citizens to remove 

3609
03:22:49,800 --> 03:22:52,000
potential Tyrant Before They 
seized power? 

3610
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:54,600
What was it? 
Dangerous majority in his 

3611
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:58,100
allowing crowds to punish 
unpopular individuals without 

3612
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:01,900
due process? 
The founders generally rejected 

3613
03:23:01,900 --> 03:23:06,100
ostracism and adoption 
preferring legal mechanisms for 

3614
03:23:06,100 --> 03:23:07,600
dealing with dangerous 
officials. 

3615
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:11,700
But the Roman example showed how
seriously ancient Republicans 

3616
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:15,000
took threat to their government.
They did embrace the. 

3617
03:23:15,000 --> 03:23:18,800
Roman idea that citizenship 
required, education, Romans 

3618
03:23:18,800 --> 03:23:21,800
believe, citizens needed 
training to fulfill Civic roles 

3619
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:26,200
competently, understanding law, 
rhetoric history and philosophy.

3620
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:30,700
Without education citizens, 
couldn't judge political claims 

3621
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:34,400
recognized, demagoguery or make 
informed decisions. 

3622
03:23:35,700 --> 03:23:39,600
The founders agreed promoting 
public education as a central 

3623
03:23:39,600 --> 03:23:43,000
for Republican government. 
Arguing that ignorant citizens 

3624
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:45,300
could not sustain free 
institutions. 

3625
03:23:46,400 --> 03:23:49,100
This commitment to civic. 
Education explains their 

3626
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:53,400
emphasis on classical learning. 
Studying Roman history taught 

3627
03:23:53,400 --> 03:23:57,500
citizenships requirements, 
provided examples of good and 

3628
03:23:57,500 --> 03:24:01,100
bad, Civic behavior, and 
Illustrated, how republics 

3629
03:24:01,100 --> 03:24:05,400
succeeded and failed. 
Latin instruction trained mind 

3630
03:24:05,400 --> 03:24:07,600
in logical, thinking and precise
expression. 

3631
03:24:08,700 --> 03:24:12,000
Reading classical texts exposed 
students to sophisticated 

3632
03:24:12,000 --> 03:24:14,200
political arguments and moral 
reasoning. 

3633
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:17,600
The whole classical curriculum. 
Served, Republican purposes, 

3634
03:24:17,600 --> 03:24:22,600
creating educated citizens, 
capable of self-governance The 

3635
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:25,700
Roman practice of public debate 
and oratory also shaped, 

3636
03:24:25,700 --> 03:24:29,400
American Civic culture. 
Romans expected, citizens to 

3637
03:24:29,400 --> 03:24:32,800
speak publicly to argue 
political positions and to 

3638
03:24:32,808 --> 03:24:34,900
participate in deliberative 
processes. 

3639
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:39,400
The Forum wasn't just, where 
magistrate spoke it was where 

3640
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:43,600
citizens gathered to debate. 
Persuade, and be persuaded. 

3641
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:48,200
Eloquence mattered because 
Republic's operated through 

3642
03:24:48,200 --> 03:24:52,000
persuasion rather than Force. 
Because changing Minds through 

3643
03:24:52,000 --> 03:24:54,800
argument was how free societies 
made decisions. 

3644
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:58,900
American Town, meetings and 
legislative debates borrowed 

3645
03:24:58,900 --> 03:25:02,200
this Roman tradition. 
Citizens were supposed to speak 

3646
03:25:02,200 --> 03:25:06,600
up, make their case, listen to a
posing views and reach 

3647
03:25:06,600 --> 03:25:10,200
conclusions through discussion 
rather than dictation this 

3648
03:25:10,200 --> 03:25:14,100
required courage, preparation, 
and willingness to engage 

3649
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:15,300
across. 
Disagreements. 

3650
03:25:15,300 --> 03:25:17,900
Exactly. 
The virtues Romans had 

3651
03:25:17,900 --> 03:25:21,100
cultivated through rhetorical 
education and public 

3652
03:25:21,100 --> 03:25:25,600
participation. 
While the founders Drew heavily 

3653
03:25:25,600 --> 03:25:29,200
from Roman examples, they were 
not mindless copyists. 

3654
03:25:29,200 --> 03:25:33,000
They adapted Roman ideas to 
American circumstances, 

3655
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:36,300
combining classical Presto's 
with Enlightenment philosophy, 

3656
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:39,400
British constitutional 
traditions and their own 

3657
03:25:39,400 --> 03:25:43,100
political Innovations. 
Understanding how they modified 

3658
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:46,000
Roman models reveals their 
creativity and Independence. 

3659
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:49,300
The most obvious adaptation was 
federalism. 

3660
03:25:50,400 --> 03:25:53,700
Rome had no equivalent to the 
American system of divided 

3661
03:25:53,700 --> 03:25:55,900
sovereignty between National and
state governments. 

3662
03:25:57,200 --> 03:26:01,400
The Roman Republic was unitary 
all power, theoretically flowed 

3663
03:26:01,400 --> 03:26:05,300
from Rome even as it granted 
considerable autonomy to allies 

3664
03:26:05,300 --> 03:26:08,100
and provinces the founders 
created something different. 

3665
03:26:08,100 --> 03:26:11,700
A government where power was 
genuinely divided between 

3666
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:15,500
levels, where States retained 
sovereignty while seeding 

3667
03:26:15,500 --> 03:26:19,300
specific powers to the national 
government This Innovation 

3668
03:26:19,300 --> 03:26:22,300
addressed a problem. 
The Roman's never sold how to 

3669
03:26:22,300 --> 03:26:24,700
govern large territories while 
maintaining Republican 

3670
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:27,800
government. 
Rome solution was initially 

3671
03:26:27,800 --> 03:26:30,500
informal. 
Alliance's later, provincial 

3672
03:26:30,500 --> 03:26:32,300
Administration. 
By appointed governors. 

3673
03:26:33,100 --> 03:26:35,800
Neither model preserved, 
Republican principles across 

3674
03:26:35,800 --> 03:26:40,500
expansion, American federalism, 
tried to square this circle by 

3675
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:43,400
creating multiple Republican 
governments at different levels?

3676
03:26:43,400 --> 03:26:46,200
Each handling appropriate, scale
of governments. 

3677
03:26:47,000 --> 03:26:48,900
The Electoral College 
represented in another 

3678
03:26:48,900 --> 03:26:51,300
innovation without direct Roman 
president. 

3679
03:26:52,300 --> 03:26:56,200
The Romans elected magistrates 
through assemblies with various 

3680
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,000
systems for organizing votes and
Counting ballots. 

3681
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:01,900
None. 
Resembled the American system of

3682
03:27:01,900 --> 03:27:05,400
electors chosen by states to 
select the president, the 

3683
03:27:05,400 --> 03:27:08,600
founders created this mechanism 
partly from Federalist 

3684
03:27:08,600 --> 03:27:12,200
principles States, choosing the 
president, rather than a 

3685
03:27:12,200 --> 03:27:16,000
national popular vote and partly
from Republican distrust of pure

3686
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,200
democracy. 
The explicit separation of 

3687
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:21,500
powers also differed from Roman 
practice. 

3688
03:27:22,600 --> 03:27:25,200
Rome separated functions to some
degree. 

3689
03:27:25,900 --> 03:27:30,500
Magistrates executed laws, the 
Senate advised on policy and 

3690
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:34,400
assemblies legislated. 
But these were truly independent

3691
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:37,400
branches with constitutional 
authority to check each other. 

3692
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:40,700
Roman officials. 
Derived power from the same 

3693
03:27:40,700 --> 03:27:44,500
Source, the Roman people. 
And ultimately the system 

3694
03:27:44,500 --> 03:27:47,800
depended on Norms and Customs 
rather than explicit 

3695
03:27:47,800 --> 03:27:52,200
institutional barriers The 
American Constitution created, 

3696
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:56,000
something more rigid and formal.
Three genuinely independent 

3697
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:59,300
branches, each with 
constitutional authority over 

3698
03:27:59,300 --> 03:28:01,900
its domain. 
Each able to check the others 

3699
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:05,600
through specified mechanisms. 
This was montesquieu's influence

3700
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:08,600
combined with Roman 
inspirational, taking the 

3701
03:28:08,600 --> 03:28:12,400
principle of divided, power and 
systematizing it beyond 

3702
03:28:12,400 --> 03:28:16,900
anything, ROM attempted. 
Judicial review, the power of 

3703
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:19,500
Courts to strike down 
unconstitutional, legislation 

3704
03:28:19,500 --> 03:28:25,000
had no roman equivalent. 
Roman courts existed but didn't 

3705
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:27,500
possess the authority to 
invalidate laws. 

3706
03:28:28,200 --> 03:28:32,200
The founders created judicial 
review as an additional check on

3707
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:36,100
legislative and executive power 
reasoning, that someone needed 

3708
03:28:36,100 --> 03:28:39,300
to police constitutional 
boundaries, the courts seemed 

3709
03:28:39,300 --> 03:28:43,300
like logical choices independent
trained in legal interpretation,

3710
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:45,700
and remove from direct political
pressures. 

3711
03:28:46,700 --> 03:28:50,400
This Innovation, proved hugely, 
consequential eventually making 

3712
03:28:50,400 --> 03:28:52,800
courts Central to American 
governments in ways. 

3713
03:28:52,800 --> 03:28:54,800
The founders might not have 
fully anticipated. 

3714
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:58,200
But it reflected their 
willingness to go beyond Roman 

3715
03:28:58,200 --> 03:29:01,500
president and they saw the need 
for additional safeguards 

3716
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:04,600
against tyranny. 
The Bill of Rights or 

3717
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:07,200
represented Innovation Beyond 
Roman prisons. 

3718
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:11,600
Rome had no equivalent document 
explicitly listing, protective 

3719
03:29:11,600 --> 03:29:14,900
rights and prohibiting the 
government from violating them. 

3720
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:19,600
Romans believed in certain 
Liberties, but these existed as 

3721
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:24,500
customs and precedents rather 
than written guarantees, the 

3722
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:27,400
American decision to enumerate 
rights and Constitutional 

3723
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,400
Amendments reflected in 
lightning influence and distrust

3724
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:34,300
of implicit protections. 
Founders approach to military 

3725
03:29:34,300 --> 03:29:37,300
organization combined, Roman 
ideals with practical 

3726
03:29:37,300 --> 03:29:40,400
adaptations. 
They wanted citizen soldiers 

3727
03:29:40,400 --> 03:29:43,800
like early Rome but recognize 
that Modern Warfare sometimes 

3728
03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:47,500
required professional forces. 
Their solution was a small 

3729
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:51,600
standing army, supplemented by 
state, militias attempting to 

3730
03:29:51,600 --> 03:29:55,100
get Roman benefits of Citizen 
military service, while 

3731
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:57,700
maintaining capability for 
National Defense. 

3732
03:29:58,700 --> 03:30:02,500
This compromised didn't fully 
satisfy anyone but represented a

3733
03:30:02,508 --> 03:30:05,400
creative adaptation of classical
principles to Modern 

3734
03:30:05,400 --> 03:30:08,800
circumstances. 
They also modified Roman 

3735
03:30:08,800 --> 03:30:10,600
approaches to territorial 
expansion. 

3736
03:30:10,600 --> 03:30:14,600
Roman expanded, through 
Conquest, incorporating new 

3737
03:30:14,600 --> 03:30:17,400
territories, as provinces with 
varying degrees of autonomy. 

3738
03:30:18,800 --> 03:30:21,900
A Founders created a process for
territories to become equal 

3739
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:25,800
States in expansion. 
Wouldn't create a two-tier 

3740
03:30:25,800 --> 03:30:28,400
system, of course dates and 
peripheral colony. 

3741
03:30:29,400 --> 03:30:32,300
This preserved Republican 
equality across Geographic 

3742
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:34,300
growth in ways Rome, never 
managed. 

3743
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:37,900
The American approached to 
slavery reveals both Roman 

3744
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:41,200
influence and significant 
differences, Rome's economy 

3745
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:45,400
depended heavily on slave labor 
and Roman law developed 

3746
03:30:45,400 --> 03:30:48,900
sophisticated regulations. 
Governing slavery while never 

3747
03:30:48,900 --> 03:30:53,600
seriously questioning the 
institutions legitimacy Founders

3748
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:57,600
inherited similar dependence and
similar legal Frameworks, yet 

3749
03:30:57,600 --> 03:31:01,000
many also felt deep discomfort 
with slavery's contradiction of 

3750
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:05,200
Republican principles. 
The resulting compromises were 

3751
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:08,500
morally indefensible, but 
reflected genuine tension 

3752
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:11,100
between inherited practices and 
professed ideals. 

3753
03:31:12,400 --> 03:31:15,400
The process for amending, the 
Constitution represented, 

3754
03:31:15,400 --> 03:31:19,100
another Innovation, the Romans 
modified their constitutional 

3755
03:31:19,100 --> 03:31:22,400
order through precedent and 
practice occasionally through 

3756
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:26,400
explicit legislation but had no 
formal amendment process 

3757
03:31:26,400 --> 03:31:30,600
allowing systemic constitutional
change while maintaining legal 

3758
03:31:30,600 --> 03:31:34,300
continuity. 
The founders created, our 

3759
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,600
article 5S Amendment mechanism 
precisely to allow peaceful 

3760
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:41,600
constitutional Evolution 
preventing the breakdown. 

3761
03:31:41,600 --> 03:31:44,900
The curd when Roman 
constitutional order became too 

3762
03:31:44,900 --> 03:31:50,500
rigid to adapt peaceful to 
change circumstances They also 

3763
03:31:50,500 --> 03:31:53,000
formalized much that Romans left
informal. 

3764
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:57,000
Roman political practices, often
depended on custom and tradition

3765
03:31:57,000 --> 03:32:00,500
what the Romans called Moss 
mayor of the way of the 

3766
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:03,200
ancestors. 
This worked while people 

3767
03:32:03,200 --> 03:32:06,500
respected those Customs but 
provided no defense, when 

3768
03:32:06,500 --> 03:32:10,300
ambitious individuals decided to
ignore tradition the founders, 

3769
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:13,000
try to formalize as much as 
possible in written law. 

3770
03:32:13,000 --> 03:32:16,900
Reducing dependence on informal 
norms and creating enforceable 

3771
03:32:16,900 --> 03:32:19,800
rules. 
Yet they recognize that written 

3772
03:32:19,800 --> 03:32:23,200
law couldn't govern everything 
that republics would always 

3773
03:32:23,200 --> 03:32:25,800
depend partly on Unwritten norms
and conventions. 

3774
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:30,400
Washington's retirement, set a 
precedent for peaceful power 

3775
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:33,800
transitions even in the absence 
of legal requirements. 

3776
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:37,700
The development of political 
parties not mentioned in the 

3777
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,400
Constitution became Central to 
governance through practice. 

3778
03:32:42,400 --> 03:32:46,200
American constitutionalism, 
combined written law with 

3779
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:49,500
Unwritten convention. 
Trying to get the benefits of 

3780
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:52,900
both Roman approaches. 
The founders willingness to 

3781
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:55,700
innovate while drawing from 
tradition shows, sophisticated 

3782
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:59,400
political thinking they weren't 
antiquarians trying to recreate 

3783
03:32:59,400 --> 03:33:02,900
Rome in America, they were 
Republicans learning from Rome 

3784
03:33:02,900 --> 03:33:06,100
successes and failures taking 
useful principles. 

3785
03:33:06,100 --> 03:33:09,500
While adapting them to different
circumstances and combining 

3786
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:11,600
classical wisdom with modern 
Innovation. 

3787
03:33:11,600 --> 03:33:14,600
The result was something 
genuinely new. 

3788
03:33:15,500 --> 03:33:20,400
And explicitly designed Republic
learning from history, trying to

3789
03:33:20,400 --> 03:33:23,800
avoid historical patterns of 
Decay while preserving 

3790
03:33:23,800 --> 03:33:28,800
time-tested principles. 
As you begin drifting towards 

3791
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:30,600
sleep. 
Consider what? 

3792
03:33:30,600 --> 03:33:32,600
Endured? 
From this Roman American 

3793
03:33:32,600 --> 03:33:36,000
connection. 
The Founders Classical Obsession

3794
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:38,700
shaped American political 
culture in ways that persists 

3795
03:33:38,700 --> 03:33:41,300
centuries later. 
You can still see it in the 

3796
03:33:41,300 --> 03:33:44,500
architecture of government 
buildings here at in political 

3797
03:33:44,500 --> 03:33:48,400
rhetoric and find it embedded in
constitutional structures and 

3798
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:52,000
legal principles. 
The idea that citizens should be

3799
03:33:52,000 --> 03:33:54,500
educated about history and 
government to participate 

3800
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:57,700
competently. 
That's a Roman inheritance via 

3801
03:33:57,700 --> 03:34:00,600
the founders. 
The belief that virtue matters 

3802
03:34:00,600 --> 03:34:04,200
for Republican government. 
That free societies require 

3803
03:34:04,200 --> 03:34:09,100
certain character qualities from
citizens, Roman filtered through

3804
03:34:09,100 --> 03:34:13,000
American Experience. 
The founders try to embody and 

3805
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:17,000
practice the Roman ideals of no 
one being above the law, and the

3806
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:19,300
need for constitutional limits 
on power. 

3807
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:24,400
Even the anxiety is a Roman 
worries about corruption 

3808
03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:28,300
declining of Civic. 
Spirit concentration of wealth 

3809
03:34:28,300 --> 03:34:32,400
undermining, equality, military,
power, threatening, civilian 

3810
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:36,700
control and demagogues 
manipulating public opinion. 

3811
03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:41,500
The founders inherited these 
concerns from Roman sources and 

3812
03:34:41,500 --> 03:34:43,200
passed them down to later 
generations. 

3813
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:47,900
Americans, still debate the same
tensions between Liberty and 

3814
03:34:47,900 --> 03:34:50,600
Order. 
Between individual rights and 

3815
03:34:50,600 --> 03:34:53,700
common good, and between 
stability and change that 

3816
03:34:53,700 --> 03:34:56,400
preoccupied, both Romans and the
founding generation. 

3817
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:01,400
The architectural Legacy remains
perhaps the most visible walk 

3818
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:05,200
through any American city and 
you'll encounter Roman Revival 

3819
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:07,000
buildings. 
Housing, government offices, 

3820
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:11,300
libraries museums, and Banks. 
The style became America's 

3821
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:13,100
unofficial official 
architecture. 

3822
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:17,000
Pressing Republican aspirations 
in marble and Stone. 

3823
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:21,100
It's so ubiquitous that you 
barely notice it, but that 

3824
03:35:21,100 --> 03:35:24,200
pervasive Ness reflects, How 
Deeply Romanus Aesthetics 

3825
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,100
penetrated, American political 
culture. 

3826
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:29,800
The legal Legacy runs deeper 
less visibly. 

3827
03:35:31,100 --> 03:35:33,900
American law school. 
Students still learned in terms 

3828
03:35:33,900 --> 03:35:38,400
habeas corpus, stared a seas and
a micas curious. 

3829
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:41,100
These aren't just decorative 
phrases. 

3830
03:35:41,100 --> 03:35:45,200
But Concepts Central to American
jurisprudence imported from 

3831
03:35:45,200 --> 03:35:47,300
Roman law. 
Through centuries of European 

3832
03:35:47,300 --> 03:35:50,800
development, the entire 
structure of legal reasoning 

3833
03:35:50,800 --> 03:35:55,100
precedent, appeals Rules of 
Evidence owes debts to Roman 

3834
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:57,700
jurist, Prudence that the 
founders recognized and 

3835
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:01,600
preserved Political language 
remains saturated with Roman 

3836
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:04,100
imagery and examples, 
politicians. 

3837
03:36:04,100 --> 03:36:07,800
Still invoke since a natus when 
praising leaders who voluntarily

3838
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:11,600
relinquish power. 
Warnings about caesarism appear 

3839
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,100
whenever people worry about 
presidential overreach. 

3840
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:18,000
The Senate's name alone 
constantly reminds Americans of 

3841
03:36:18,000 --> 03:36:20,400
classical connections. 
Even though most Senators 

3842
03:36:20,400 --> 03:36:22,200
probably couldn't quote Cicero 
these days. 

3843
03:36:23,500 --> 03:36:26,700
The founders faith in education,
as a foundation for citizenship 

3844
03:36:26,700 --> 03:36:28,800
persists. 
Even if the classical 

3845
03:36:28,800 --> 03:36:31,300
curriculum, they championed as 
largely disappeared. 

3846
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,700
Few Americans. 
Now read Pluto or study Latin 

3847
03:36:34,700 --> 03:36:39,200
but the principle that informed 
citizens are necessary for free 

3848
03:36:39,200 --> 03:36:41,100
government remained. 
Widely accepted. 

3849
03:36:42,100 --> 03:36:46,200
The specific content changed, 
civic's classes, replaced 

3850
03:36:46,200 --> 03:36:49,300
Classical Languages, but the 
underlying commitment to 

3851
03:36:49,300 --> 03:36:52,100
Preparing, citizens for 
self-governance continues. 

3852
03:36:53,000 --> 03:36:55,300
The tension between optimism and
anxiety. 

3853
03:36:55,300 --> 03:36:57,900
That characterized the founders 
relationship with Roman 

3854
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:00,800
President. 
Also endures Americans remain 

3855
03:37:00,800 --> 03:37:04,300
simultaneously confident in 
their Republic strength and 

3856
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:06,800
worry about. 
Its fragility, believe in 

3857
03:37:06,800 --> 03:37:09,800
American exceptionalism, while 
fearing American decline. 

3858
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:14,300
This productive anxiety 
inherited from Roman historical,

3859
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:18,500
consciousness keeps questions of
civic virtue and constitutional 

3860
03:37:18,500 --> 03:37:22,000
stability perpetually relevant 
rather than comfortably settled.

3861
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:26,100
Perhaps most significantly, the 
founders established the 

3862
03:37:26,100 --> 03:37:29,200
principle that political system 
should learn from history. 

3863
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:33,000
And the institutional design 
could incorporate lessons from 

3864
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:37,800
past failures and successes, 
This sounds obvious but wasn't 

3865
03:37:37,800 --> 03:37:40,700
inevitable. 
They could have believed each 

3866
03:37:40,700 --> 03:37:44,500
Society, must discover political
truths for itself that 

3867
03:37:44,500 --> 03:37:46,900
historical examples were 
relevant to Modern 

3868
03:37:46,900 --> 03:37:50,000
circumstances. 
Instead they demonstrated that 

3869
03:37:50,000 --> 03:37:52,700
thoughtful engagement with 
history, could inform political 

3870
03:37:52,700 --> 03:37:56,400
practice that studying how 
previous republics succeeded 

3871
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,300
could help new republics avoid 
similar mistakes. 

3872
03:38:01,400 --> 03:38:04,100
This historical consciousness 
shaped American political 

3873
03:38:04,100 --> 03:38:08,600
development in countless ways. 
When later generations faced 

3874
03:38:08,600 --> 03:38:12,200
constitutional crisis, they 
looked to the founders just as 

3875
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:16,200
the founders looked to Rome. 
When arguments arose about 

3876
03:38:16,200 --> 03:38:20,000
constitutional interpretation 
both sides claimed to understand

3877
03:38:20,000 --> 03:38:24,000
the founders original intention 
much as Roman to understand 

3878
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:28,700
their ancestors would layering 
of historical reference upon 

3879
03:38:28,700 --> 03:38:33,100
reference, created a political 
culture, obsessed with precedent

3880
03:38:33,100 --> 03:38:36,800
and continuity, even while 
adapting to constant change. 

3881
03:38:37,600 --> 03:38:40,900
The irony, of course, is the 
Rome's Republic, eventually 

3882
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:43,800
failed, and transformed into an 
Empire. 

3883
03:38:45,100 --> 03:38:48,700
Founders knew this. 
Feared it and designed their 

3884
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:51,500
system to prevent it. 
Yet couldn't eliminate the 

3885
03:38:51,500 --> 03:38:54,100
possibility. 
America's subsequent history 

3886
03:38:54,100 --> 03:38:58,100
included Imperial expansion, 
massive growth, and executive 

3887
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:02,800
power development of a permanent
military establishment and a 

3888
03:39:02,800 --> 03:39:06,400
storm as wealth inequality. 
Precisely the developments that 

3889
03:39:06,400 --> 03:39:10,800
undermined Rome's Republic. 
Whether these represent American

3890
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:14,100
exceptionalism successfully 
adapting, Republican government 

3891
03:39:14,100 --> 03:39:17,800
to Modern circumstances or 
gradual decline toward Roman 

3892
03:39:17,800 --> 03:39:21,600
patterns remains debated. 
But the fact that Americans 

3893
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:25,000
still debate, these questions 
still reference Rome and the 

3894
03:39:25,000 --> 03:39:27,900
founders, and still worried 
about virtue and Corruption 

3895
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:30,200
suggest the intellectual Legacy 
endures. 

3896
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:34,800
The founders gave America not 
just to Constitution, but a way 

3897
03:39:34,808 --> 03:39:37,400
of thinking about politics, 
grounded in historical, 

3898
03:39:37,400 --> 03:39:39,400
awareness, and Republican 
ideals. 

3899
03:39:40,300 --> 03:39:44,200
That inheritance for better and 
worse shapes American, political

3900
03:39:44,200 --> 03:39:48,700
culture to this day. 
As your eyes grow heavy, you 

3901
03:39:48,700 --> 03:39:51,300
might reflect that this 
conversation between ancient and

3902
03:39:51,300 --> 03:39:53,200
modern between Roman and 
America. 

3903
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:57,200
Continues every generation. 
Inherits the founders questioned

3904
03:39:57,200 --> 03:39:58,600
about how to sustain free 
government. 

3905
03:39:58,600 --> 03:40:02,500
Maintains civic virtue, and 
balanced, Liberty and Order. 

3906
03:40:03,400 --> 03:40:07,800
Every generation must answer a 
new drawing on historical wisdom

3907
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:09,900
while adapting to contemporary 
circumstances. 

3908
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:13,700
That's the pattern, the founders
established learning from the 

3909
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:17,400
past while creating something 
new respecting precedent while 

3910
03:40:17,400 --> 03:40:20,800
innovating freely. 
The Roman influence on American 

3911
03:40:20,800 --> 03:40:24,200
founding wasn't about slavish 
imitation, but creative 

3912
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:28,200
adaptation taking time-tested 
principles and modifying them 

3913
03:40:28,208 --> 03:40:31,700
for new contexts. 
The founders studied Rome 

3914
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:35,700
intensively not to recreate it, 
but to learn from it, to 

3915
03:40:35,700 --> 03:40:40,000
understand what worked and what 
failed and to avoid its mistakes

3916
03:40:40,000 --> 03:40:43,200
while preserving its wisdom, 
that balance between learning 

3917
03:40:43,200 --> 03:40:46,000
from history. 
And transcending it represents 

3918
03:40:46,000 --> 03:40:49,600
their greatest achievement 
Creating something genuinely 

3919
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:53,500
novel while remaining grounded 
in accumulated political wisdom.

3920
03:40:54,800 --> 03:40:57,700
so when you see a government 
building with classical columns,

3921
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:02,000
or hear about senatorial debates
or encounter Latin phrases in 

3922
03:41:02,000 --> 03:41:05,600
legal documents, remember your 
witnessing, the Founders 

3923
03:41:05,600 --> 03:41:10,400
Classical inheritance, still 
shaping American Life, Rome fell

3924
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:14,400
2000 years ago but its influence
on American political culture. 

3925
03:41:14,400 --> 03:41:17,500
Persist through the founders 
deep engagement with classical 

3926
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:19,800
precedent. 
They build a bridge between 

3927
03:41:19,800 --> 03:41:23,400
ancient and modern creating a 
republic that Drew inspiration 

3928
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:26,500
from Rome's Glory, while 
learning from its tragedy and 

3929
03:41:26,500 --> 03:41:29,800
that bridge remained standing 
connecting past and present in 

3930
03:41:29,800 --> 03:41:37,600
ongoing political conversation. 
You're drifting back through 

3931
03:41:37,600 --> 03:41:41,400
thousands and thousands of years
to a time when the world's great

3932
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:46,000
deserts were still forming 
slowly and patiently grain by 

3933
03:41:46,000 --> 03:41:49,300
grain. 
The Landscapes, you know today 

3934
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:54,100
took tens of thousands of years 
to dry cool and settle into 

3935
03:41:54,100 --> 03:41:57,600
their current shapes and to 
night your follow that quiet 

3936
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:01,000
transformation as it unfolds 
across deep time. 

3937
03:42:02,300 --> 03:42:05,900
The sun rises over land that has
been drying for longer than any 

3938
03:42:05,900 --> 03:42:09,300
single generation can remember. 
The change happens. 

3939
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:13,000
So gradually that no one living 
through, it would describe their

3940
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:17,200
world as become a desert. 
Instead, each day simply 

3941
03:42:17,200 --> 03:42:21,100
arrives, a little warmer, a 
little drier following patterns 

3942
03:42:21,100 --> 03:42:23,500
that stretch back before 
anyone's grandfather's 

3943
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:27,200
grandfather could record a 
landscape where the Morning 

3944
03:42:27,200 --> 03:42:30,500
Light feels familiar. 
The air carries the center of 

3945
03:42:30,500 --> 03:42:34,900
dust and distant grass. 
Small shrubs, got the ground 

3946
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:37,200
between patches of exposed 
Stone. 

3947
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:41,000
This is not yet desert in the 
way, you might picture it today,

3948
03:42:41,000 --> 03:42:44,100
but the transfer May has already
begun. 

3949
03:42:44,900 --> 03:42:48,300
Written in the spacing between 
plants and the color of the 

3950
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,700
soil. 
The sun moves across the sky in 

3951
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,500
the same Ark. 
It has always followed its heat 

3952
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:57,900
builds through the morning, 
reaches its peak around midday 

3953
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:02,600
then softens again as afternoon 
gives way to evening. this 

3954
03:43:02,600 --> 03:43:06,200
Rhythm repeats itself day after 
day, season after season 

3955
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:10,700
Century, after century, There is
comfort in this predictability, 

3956
03:43:10,700 --> 03:43:14,100
even as the intensity of the 
heating increases by 

3957
03:43:14,100 --> 03:43:16,700
imperceptible degrees over 
Generations. 

3958
03:43:17,600 --> 03:43:19,900
Reign still Falls, but its 
patterns are shifting. 

3959
03:43:21,000 --> 03:43:24,300
Where your ancestors might have 
expected steady seasonal rains. 

3960
03:43:24,300 --> 03:43:27,300
You now notice longer gaps 
between storms. 

3961
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:31,500
When water does come it arrives 
in the same for milia way. 

3962
03:43:31,500 --> 03:43:36,300
Clouds gathering the smell of 
moisture in the air drops 

3963
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:40,300
patterning on Stone and Earth. 
But the intervals between these 

3964
03:43:40,300 --> 03:43:42,200
welcome events, grow gradually 
longer. 

3965
03:43:43,200 --> 03:43:46,900
The land responds to these 
changes with patients grasses 

3966
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:49,200
that once grew thick and Tall 
begin to thin. 

3967
03:43:50,200 --> 03:43:52,600
They don't disappear all at 
once, but rather spread 

3968
03:43:52,600 --> 03:43:56,100
themselves, more carefully 
across the available space, each

3969
03:43:56,100 --> 03:43:59,500
plant stands a bit farther from 
its neighbor, making the most of

3970
03:43:59,500 --> 03:44:01,500
whatever moisture soaks into the
ground. 

3971
03:44:02,500 --> 03:44:06,000
Trees that relied on consistent.
Rainfall slowly retreated to 

3972
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:08,300
areas where water ran beneath 
the surface. 

3973
03:44:09,200 --> 03:44:12,100
You can trace the presence of 
underground streams by following

3974
03:44:12,100 --> 03:44:15,200
lines of green through 
increasingly Brown Terrain. 

3975
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:19,900
These corridors of Life become 
important landmarks places where

3976
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:22,500
the old patterns of growth 
continued while the surrounding 

3977
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:26,100
land transforms. 
The wind picks up loose soil and

3978
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,700
carries it in gentle clouds 
across the open ground This 

3979
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:32,500
happens more often now that 
fewer Roots, hold the Earth in 

3980
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:35,000
place. 
The dust settles into new 

3981
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:37,700
patterns. 
Filling low, spots and building 

3982
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:41,200
against rocks. 
Over time, the small movements 

3983
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:44,200
of soil reshape the land surface
and subtle ways. 

3984
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:47,600
Animals are just their routines 
to match, the changing of 

3985
03:44:47,600 --> 03:44:50,900
availability of food, and water 
heard that once roamed. 

3986
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:54,600
Widely begin to follow more 
specific paths, moving between 

3987
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:56,800
reliable water sources on 
schedules. 

3988
03:44:56,800 --> 03:44:59,500
That sink with the Seas and 
their tracks. 

3989
03:44:59,500 --> 03:45:02,600
Where into the ground creating 
trails at Future Generations 

3990
03:45:02,600 --> 03:45:06,600
will continue to use Birds time 
their migrations differently 

3991
03:45:06,600 --> 03:45:10,300
arriving and departing based on 
when they can expect to find 

3992
03:45:10,300 --> 03:45:14,800
food and nesting site. 
Some species that once stayed 

3993
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:17,100
year round became seasonal 
visitors in Stead. 

3994
03:45:17,800 --> 03:45:20,300
Others that prefer dry 
conditions appear more 

3995
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:23,100
frequently. 
Filling niches left by those who

3996
03:45:23,100 --> 03:45:25,700
have moved on. 
The drying happened. 

3997
03:45:25,700 --> 03:45:28,700
So slowly that each generation 
inherits a world that feels 

3998
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:31,400
normal to them. 
Children grow up knowing the 

3999
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:34,800
current spacing of water holes. 
The present thickness of 

4000
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:38,000
vegetation, the existing 
patterns of animal movement, 

4001
03:45:38,000 --> 03:45:42,600
they learn these conditions as 
simply the way things are not as

4002
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:44,500
a departure from how things used
to be. 

4003
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:49,300
Your own observations span only 
a lifetime perhaps noticing that

4004
03:45:49,300 --> 03:45:51,500
a particular spring produces 
less water. 

4005
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:55,300
The new remember from childhood 
or that certain plants, your 

4006
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:57,800
grandparents to describe to now 
harder to find. 

4007
03:45:58,700 --> 03:46:02,200
But these changes fold into the 
natural variation you expect 

4008
03:46:02,200 --> 03:46:05,500
from year to year. 
Some Seasons bring more rain 

4009
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:09,500
others less. 
The long-term Trend hides within

4010
03:46:09,500 --> 03:46:12,500
normal. 
Fluctuation the soil itself 

4011
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:16,200
changes color. 
As it dries, Rich Browns fade 

4012
03:46:16,200 --> 03:46:21,000
toward tan and pale yellow. 
The surface of crossed where 

4013
03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:23,300
minerals concentrate as water, 
evaporates. 

4014
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:27,800
When rain does fall, it takes 
longer to soak in through this 

4015
03:46:27,800 --> 03:46:31,100
hardened layer and more of it 
runs off across the surface 

4016
03:46:31,100 --> 03:46:33,000
instead of seeping down to 
roots. 

4017
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:36,800
Rocks that were once hidden 
beneath soil and plants emerge. 

4018
03:46:36,800 --> 03:46:41,100
As the covering thins, their 
surfaces exposed to Sun and wind

4019
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:44,800
begin to whether a new ways, 
temperature swings between day 

4020
03:46:44,800 --> 03:46:46,800
and night. 
Cause the outer layers to expand

4021
03:46:46,800 --> 03:46:51,500
and contract gradually flaking 
away the resulting fragment add 

4022
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:54,100
to the dust and sand 
accumulating across the 

4023
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:58,300
landscape in areas where water 
occasionally pools, salt 

4024
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:02,300
crystals form as the liquid, 
evaporates, these white crusts 

4025
03:47:02,300 --> 03:47:04,800
Mark places where temporary 
ponds once lingard. 

4026
03:47:05,500 --> 03:47:08,000
They create patterns on the 
ground that shift with each 

4027
03:47:08,000 --> 03:47:12,100
rainfall and subsequent drying a
slow conversation between water 

4028
03:47:12,100 --> 03:47:14,100
and Earth that plays out across 
centuries. 

4029
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:18,300
The Horizon seems to stretch 
farther as vegetation thin's and

4030
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:21,600
the air becomes clearer, you can
see greater distance is now 

4031
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:25,400
making out landmarks, that would
have been hidden by dense growth

4032
03:47:25,400 --> 03:47:28,400
in early. 
At times, this openness changes 

4033
03:47:28,400 --> 03:47:32,400
how people navigate relying more
on distant features and less on 

4034
03:47:32,400 --> 03:47:36,000
nearby markers. 
Shadows length and shorten with 

4035
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:39,000
the sun's movement. 
Providing a natural clock that 

4036
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:42,800
governs daily activities, the 
quality of light shifts through 

4037
03:47:42,800 --> 03:47:48,100
the day sharp and bright at 
midday software gold and adorned

4038
03:47:48,100 --> 03:47:50,900
and dusk. 
These variations and 

4039
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:54,800
illumination become familiar 
references ways to gauge time 

4040
03:47:54,800 --> 03:47:58,400
without conscious thought. 
As evening, approaches the heat 

4041
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:02,500
begins to release its grip, the 
land has absorbed warmth all day

4042
03:48:02,500 --> 03:48:05,900
and now it radiates that energy 
back into the cooling air. 

4043
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:10,300
This transition happens 
gradually a gentle. 

4044
03:48:10,300 --> 03:48:14,100
Unwinding that brings relief 
without suddenness the rhythm of

4045
03:48:14,108 --> 03:48:16,800
heating and cooling repeated 
endlessly shapes. 

4046
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:20,800
Everything that lives here, wind
becomes the patient sculptor of 

4047
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:25,200
drying Landscapes working grain,
by grain across bands of time 

4048
03:48:25,200 --> 03:48:29,800
that dwarf human life times, it 
lifts the finest particles from 

4049
03:48:29,800 --> 03:48:33,200
exposure, surfaces and carries 
them along invisible. 

4050
03:48:33,200 --> 03:48:38,100
Currents sorting them by weight 
and size, heaviest, sand grains,

4051
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:40,400
settle out, first while lighter 
dust. 

4052
03:48:40,408 --> 03:48:44,000
Can travel remarkable distances 
before finally, coming to rest. 

4053
03:48:45,000 --> 03:48:48,100
The movement of these particles 
is constant, but never rushed. 

4054
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:52,500
On any given day, you might 
notice dust in the air or feel 

4055
03:48:52,508 --> 03:48:56,500
sand moving past your feet. 
But the cumulative effect of 

4056
03:48:56,500 --> 03:49:01,000
millions of such days creates 
entirely new landforms Dunes. 

4057
03:49:01,000 --> 03:49:05,300
Begin a small accumulation 
around obstacles, a rock, a 

4058
03:49:05,300 --> 03:49:08,800
shrub, anything that disrupts 
the winds flow enough to cause 

4059
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:12,900
particles to drop out. 
Once started a dune grows, 

4060
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:15,300
following rules, written in 
physics and probability. 

4061
03:49:16,000 --> 03:49:19,900
Sand grains hop and Skip Along 
the surface kicked up by the 

4062
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:22,000
impact of other grains. 
Falling from above. 

4063
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:26,000
They climb the gentle Windward 
slope and Tumble down the 

4064
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:27,500
steeper. 
Face on the opposite side. 

4065
03:49:28,200 --> 03:49:32,700
The Dune creeps forward, one 
grain at a time in the direction

4066
03:49:32,700 --> 03:49:35,900
of the prevailing wind. 
Different wind patterns create 

4067
03:49:35,900 --> 03:49:39,400
different Dune shapes. 
Steady wins from One Direction, 

4068
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:43,900
build long linear ridges. 
Wins that shift with the seasons

4069
03:49:43,900 --> 03:49:47,000
produce, star-shaped for 
nation's with multiple arms. 

4070
03:49:48,300 --> 03:49:51,300
In areas where wind speed varies
crescent-shaped? 

4071
03:49:51,300 --> 03:49:55,900
Dunes form their horns pointing 
down wind each shape reflects 

4072
03:49:55,900 --> 03:50:00,100
years of consistent conditions, 
a readable record of atmospheric

4073
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:05,400
patterns between the dunes flat 
areas of exposed Bedrock or hard

4074
03:50:05,400 --> 03:50:09,600
packed soil, stretch out in 
patterns determined by erosion. 

4075
03:50:10,500 --> 03:50:14,300
Water during its infrequent 
appearances flows across these 

4076
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:18,300
surfaces and sheets rather than 
channels, it picks up loose 

4077
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:21,800
material and carries it to lower
elevations slowly leveling high 

4078
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:26,400
spots and filling depression's. 
The exposed rock itself, changes

4079
03:50:26,400 --> 03:50:29,900
texture over time, daily 
temperature swings cause 

4080
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:33,200
expansion and contraction, 
creating stress within the 

4081
03:50:33,200 --> 03:50:36,300
stone. 
In the Heat of midday, the 

4082
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:38,600
surface can be too hot to touch 
comfortably. 

4083
03:50:39,900 --> 03:50:44,600
At night, especially under clear
skies, it radiates heat away and

4084
03:50:44,600 --> 03:50:48,800
cool significantly. 
This repeated cycling weakens 

4085
03:50:48,800 --> 03:50:52,900
the bonds between mineral grains
eventually thin layers, flake 

4086
03:50:52,900 --> 03:50:54,700
away from the surface in a 
process. 

4087
03:50:54,700 --> 03:50:57,900
So gradual that individual 
events are barely noticeable. 

4088
03:50:59,000 --> 03:51:02,300
But over centuries, these small 
losses, reshape Boulders and 

4089
03:51:02,300 --> 03:51:05,700
cliffs. 
Rounded forms emerge where sharp

4090
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:09,100
edges once stood. 
Surface is become smooth 

4091
03:51:09,100 --> 03:51:13,300
Polished by windborne sand 
acting as a gentle abrasive. 

4092
03:51:14,000 --> 03:51:16,800
In areas where hard and soft. 
Rock layer is alternate. 

4093
03:51:16,800 --> 03:51:20,100
Erosion creates distinctive 
stepped landscapes. 

4094
03:51:20,800 --> 03:51:24,800
The softer material wears away 
faster undercutting the harder 

4095
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:29,300
layers above eventually slabs of
the Hard Rock Break Free along, 

4096
03:51:29,300 --> 03:51:32,700
natural fracture, lines and 
Tumble down coming to rest in 

4097
03:51:32,700 --> 03:51:34,900
jumbled. 
Piles, the base of cliffs. 

4098
03:51:34,900 --> 03:51:37,600
These Rock Falls happen in 
frequently enough. 

4099
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:40,700
That witnessing one is 
noteworthy yet frequently enough

4100
03:51:40,700 --> 03:51:43,000
that the landscape is constantly
being reshaped. 

4101
03:51:43,000 --> 03:51:46,400
Valleys that once carried 
regular water flow, begin to 

4102
03:51:46,408 --> 03:51:48,600
fill with sediment when the 
water stops coming. 

4103
03:51:49,500 --> 03:51:52,200
The material washes in from 
surrounding slopes during 

4104
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:56,000
occasional rainstorms spreading 
out across the valley floor in 

4105
03:51:56,000 --> 03:51:59,200
thin layers. 
Over many repetitions these 

4106
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:02,800
deposits can bury what were once
deeply incised channels. 

4107
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,300
Creating flat surfaces where 
water. 

4108
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:10,200
Once carved deep Ancient stream 
beds remain visible as slight 

4109
03:52:10,200 --> 03:52:13,800
depression or lines of different
vegetation marking where 

4110
03:52:13,800 --> 03:52:16,800
underground water still flows 
even though the surfaces has 

4111
03:52:16,800 --> 03:52:19,400
gone dry. 
These buried channels become 

4112
03:52:19,400 --> 03:52:23,300
crucial resources places where 
digging down just a few arm 

4113
03:52:23,300 --> 03:52:25,500
length can reach moisture. 
That sustains life. 

4114
03:52:26,400 --> 03:52:29,000
The color of the landscape 
shifts as different minerals, 

4115
03:52:29,000 --> 03:52:33,400
concentrate on the surface, iron
compound oxidized in the Heat 

4116
03:52:33,400 --> 03:52:36,400
and dryness creating Rusty Reds 
and oranges. 

4117
03:52:37,400 --> 03:52:41,100
Calcium carbonate forms white 
crusts where water evaporates. 

4118
03:52:42,300 --> 03:52:45,800
Dark desert varnish develops on 
Rock surfaces, where manganese 

4119
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:47,900
and other minerals carried in 
due. 

4120
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:51,600
And occasional moisture, slowly 
accumulate over thousands of 

4121
03:52:51,600 --> 03:52:55,700
years, Salt Flats emerge in low 
areas, where water has no 

4122
03:52:55,700 --> 03:52:58,700
Outlet. 
Any moisture that collects here 

4123
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:01,700
of evaporates? 
Leaving behind dissolved 

4124
03:53:01,700 --> 03:53:04,900
minerals. 
Over time these deposits build 

4125
03:53:04,900 --> 03:53:08,900
up, creating surfaces that are 
alternately hard and crunchy or 

4126
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:11,500
soft and muddy depending on 
recent rainfall. 

4127
03:53:12,400 --> 03:53:16,500
They reflect light intensely, 
creating shimmering effects that

4128
03:53:16,508 --> 03:53:18,500
can be seen from great 
distances. 

4129
03:53:19,500 --> 03:53:22,000
The formation of these 
distinctive Landscapes follows 

4130
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:26,100
predictable patterns, but each 
area develops its own unique 

4131
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:27,800
character based on local 
conditions. 

4132
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:32,500
The composition of underlying 
Rock the direction of prevailing

4133
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:35,900
winds, the amount and timing of 
rainfall, and countless other 

4134
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:39,400
factors combined to create 
variations on common themes, 

4135
03:53:39,400 --> 03:53:43,500
mesas and Buttes stand. 
As remnants of once continuous 

4136
03:53:43,500 --> 03:53:48,000
layers, isolated by the removal 
of surrounding material, their 

4137
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:50,300
flat tops preserve, the original
surface level. 

4138
03:53:50,300 --> 03:53:53,500
Showing how much has been worn 
away from the adjacent, land, 

4139
03:53:53,500 --> 03:53:57,200
the Steep side, exposed layers 
of different rock types. 

4140
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:00,200
Creating striped patterns that 
were recorded ancient 

4141
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:05,600
environments, Lake beds, River 
deposits, volcanic flows, all 

4142
03:54:05,600 --> 03:54:09,500
stacked in chronological order. 
Canyon's develop where 

4143
03:54:09,500 --> 03:54:12,300
occasional water flow, 
concentrates along fractures in 

4144
03:54:12,300 --> 03:54:15,600
the rock. 
Each flood rare, as it may be 

4145
03:54:15,600 --> 03:54:18,700
cuts a little deeper. 
Between floods. 

4146
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,800
Nothing seems to happen but the 
patient work of erosion 

4147
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:24,500
continues through chemical, 
weathering and the gradual 

4148
03:54:24,500 --> 03:54:29,500
weakening of rock structure. 
Over immense time these episodes

4149
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:32,500
of activity separated by long 
quiet periods. 

4150
03:54:32,500 --> 03:54:36,600
Carve impressive, gorgeous. 
The lamb maintains a kind of 

4151
03:54:36,600 --> 03:54:40,700
balance, even as it changes 
material removed from one place 

4152
03:54:40,700 --> 03:54:44,600
accumulates in another energy 
from the Sun drives the heating 

4153
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:48,200
and cooling, that breaks Rock, 
downwind, and water transport, 

4154
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:52,200
the resulting fragments. 
Gravity pulls everything toward 

4155
03:54:52,200 --> 03:54:55,600
lower elevation. 
These processes work together in

4156
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:59,800
a system that is dynamic yet. 
Stable constantly, moving yet, 

4157
03:54:59,800 --> 03:55:03,600
maintaining recognizable 
patterns Pavements of closely 

4158
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:06,200
fitted Stones. 
Develop on some surfaces where 

4159
03:55:06,200 --> 03:55:10,100
wind has removed all the finer 
material leaving, only rocks to 

4160
03:55:10,100 --> 03:55:13,400
heavy to move. 
These areas become remarkably 

4161
03:55:13,400 --> 03:55:17,400
stable protecting the soil 
beneath from further erosion. 

4162
03:55:18,500 --> 03:55:22,400
They can persist for thousands 
of years, surfaces, that feel 

4163
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:26,100
almost intentionally arranged 
despite being entirely natural. 

4164
03:55:27,300 --> 03:55:30,400
the slow transformation of 
Landscapes continues, whether 

4165
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:34,300
anyone observes it or not, The 
mechanisms remain the same 

4166
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:39,000
across vast stretches of time 
heat, wind gravity and the 

4167
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:41,800
infrequent presence of water 
shape, everything. 

4168
03:55:42,600 --> 03:55:46,100
The results around you a world 
that appears permanent yet is 

4169
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:50,400
always slowly changing built by 
processes to gradual to see. 

4170
03:55:50,400 --> 03:55:53,700
But profound enough to create 
the distinctive features of 

4171
03:55:53,700 --> 03:55:57,500
desert lands. 
As Landscapes gradually dry. 

4172
03:55:57,500 --> 03:56:00,300
The people living within them 
are just their patterns of 

4173
03:56:00,300 --> 03:56:04,000
movement and settlement in 
response to shifting resources. 

4174
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:09,900
These changes unfold, over many 
generations with each cohort, 

4175
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:12,100
learning from the previous one 
and adding their own 

4176
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:15,000
observations to a growing body 
of practical knowledge. 

4177
03:56:15,800 --> 03:56:18,800
You notice the locations of 
reliable water sources and 

4178
03:56:18,800 --> 03:56:21,100
organized your movements to 
include them in your regular 

4179
03:56:21,100 --> 03:56:24,000
circuit. 
Some Springs continue flowing 

4180
03:56:24,000 --> 03:56:27,400
year round While others produce 
water only during certain 

4181
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:30,200
seasons. 
Learning the timing of each 

4182
03:56:30,200 --> 03:56:33,300
Source becomes essential 
information, passed from 

4183
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:36,700
experienced, travelers to those 
making the Journey For the First

4184
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:39,600
Time. 
Routes between water sources, 

4185
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:43,400
become well established paths. 
One Smooth by the passage of 

4186
03:56:43,408 --> 03:56:47,500
many feet over many years. 
These Trails follow the most 

4187
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:51,000
efficient lines across the 
terrain, avoiding obstacles, and

4188
03:56:51,000 --> 03:56:52,900
taking advantage of easier 
ground. 

4189
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:58,100
Along the way markers help with 
navigation distinctively shaped 

4190
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:02,800
rocks unusual, plants or places,
where the path splits to serve 

4191
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:07,100
different destinations. 
Settlements shift location as 

4192
03:57:07,100 --> 03:57:09,000
the balance of resources 
changes. 

4193
03:57:09,800 --> 03:57:13,200
A site that once had good access
to water and plant Foods, might 

4194
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:16,700
become less favorable as those 
resources diminish or move. 

4195
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:19,900
rather than struggling to 
maintain a position that no 

4196
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:23,500
longer offers advantages groups 
relocate to are areas where 

4197
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:28,000
conditions remain suitable, This
flexibility allows communities 

4198
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:31,600
to persist even as their 
specific locations of old. 

4199
03:57:32,300 --> 03:57:35,100
The size and permanents of 
settlements are just to match 

4200
03:57:35,100 --> 03:57:37,000
what the land can sustainably 
support. 

4201
03:57:38,300 --> 03:57:41,500
Where abundant resources once 
allowed larger groups to stay in

4202
03:57:41,508 --> 03:57:45,700
one place through all seasons, 
smaller groups and more frequent

4203
03:57:45,700 --> 03:57:47,200
movement, might now make better 
sense. 

4204
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:51,900
Structures become lighter and 
easier to rebuild acknowledging.

4205
03:57:51,900 --> 03:57:55,200
That future moves are likely 
Knowledge about which plants 

4206
03:57:55,200 --> 03:57:58,700
remain available, and when they 
produce edible parts, becomes 

4207
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,400
increasingly detailed. 
You learn to recognize dozens of

4208
03:58:02,400 --> 03:58:07,200
species by their leaves stems 
and growth patterns, you know, 

4209
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:11,000
which produce seeds or roots are
particular times of year and you

4210
03:58:11,000 --> 03:58:13,500
plan movements to arrive when 
Harvest is possible. 

4211
03:58:14,300 --> 03:58:18,000
This information accumulates 
across Generations, creating a 

4212
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:21,900
sophisticated calendar, tied to 
plant Cycles, rather than 

4213
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,500
abstract measures of time 
sharing information with others,

4214
03:58:25,500 --> 03:58:28,700
who travel similar Roots, create
formal networks of mutual 

4215
03:58:28,700 --> 03:58:31,500
support. 
When someone discovers a new 

4216
03:58:31,508 --> 03:58:34,700
water source or observes 
changing conditions along for 

4217
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:37,900
milia paths that knowledge 
spreads through conversation at 

4218
03:58:37,908 --> 03:58:41,400
meeting points. 
These exchanges help everyone 

4219
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:44,800
adjust to current conditions 
without each person having to 

4220
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:46,500
ReDiscover everything 
independently. 

4221
03:58:47,700 --> 03:58:51,000
Cooperation, and Gathering and 
processing food, resources makes

4222
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:52,900
the work more efficient and more
social. 

4223
03:58:53,700 --> 03:58:56,400
Groups working together can 
accomplish tasks, that would be 

4224
03:58:56,400 --> 03:59:00,400
difficult to loan processing. 
Tough plant materials carrying 

4225
03:59:00,400 --> 03:59:03,700
water back to Camp or keeping 
watch While others. 

4226
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:06,700
Focus on details work. 
Time. 

4227
03:59:06,700 --> 03:59:10,800
Spent together, also allows for 
teaching younger members and 

4228
03:59:10,800 --> 03:59:13,300
sharing stories that contain 
practical guidance. 

4229
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:17,600
The timing of movements between 
locations develops and natural, 

4230
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:19,600
Rhythm tied to Resource 
availability. 

4231
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:23,300
We travel to areas where certain
plants ripen. 

4232
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:26,700
Stay long enough to gather what 
you need, then, move on to the 

4233
03:59:26,700 --> 03:59:30,100
next seasonal opportunity. 
This circuit might cover 

4234
03:59:30,100 --> 03:59:33,500
considerable distances over the 
course of a year, but each 

4235
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:36,700
segment is manageable and the 
pattern becomes familiar through

4236
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:39,100
repetition. 
Temporary camps. 

4237
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:42,600
Resource, Rich locations might 
be used repeatedly over many 

4238
03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:46,500
years with each group, adding 
small improvements or repairs to

4239
03:59:46,500 --> 03:59:50,100
existing structures. 
These sites become recognized 

4240
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:52,700
meeting places where different 
groups might encounter each 

4241
03:59:52,700 --> 03:59:54,300
other during their seasonal 
rails. 

4242
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:57,600
The overlap provides 
opportunities for the exchange 

4243
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:00,600
of goods, information and 
companionship. 

4244
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:04,000
Tools and techniques evolved to 
work well with available 

4245
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:07,400
materials containers for 
carrying water, become lighter, 

4246
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:10,200
and more efficient. 
Methods for processing 

4247
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:13,900
particular, plant foods improve 
through, experimentation and 

4248
04:00:13,900 --> 04:00:16,600
refinement. 
Skills for reading the landscape

4249
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:19,100
predicting, where water might be
found. 

4250
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:23,500
Identifying useful plants from a
distance and navigate by 

4251
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:27,200
landmarks and star positions, a 
cultivated and shared. 

4252
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:31,600
Children, learn by accompanying 
adults on daily activities, 

4253
04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:35,900
observing and gradually taking 
on more responsibilities as 

4254
04:00:35,900 --> 04:00:39,300
their skills develop. 
This Hands-On, education, 

4255
04:00:39,300 --> 04:00:41,200
transmits. 
Not just techniques. 

4256
04:00:41,800 --> 04:00:46,400
But also the reasoning behind 
choices. why camp in this spot, 

4257
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:49,600
rather than another When is it 
time to move on? 

4258
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:52,000
How do you decide which route to
take? 

4259
04:00:53,000 --> 04:00:55,800
The answers in bed, practical, 
wisdom developed over many 

4260
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:59,000
lifetimes. 
Rest periods during the heat of 

4261
04:00:59,000 --> 04:01:01,300
the day, provide time for 
maintenance of equipment 

4262
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:05,300
processing of gathered materials
and social interaction. 

4263
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:09,800
People Gather, in whatever shade
is available working on tasks 

4264
04:01:09,800 --> 04:01:12,200
that don't require much physical
exertion. 

4265
04:01:13,300 --> 04:01:17,300
This regular pause in activity, 
helps manage energy expenditure 

4266
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:21,400
in hot conditions while still 
keeping everyone productively 

4267
04:01:21,400 --> 04:01:24,600
engaged. 
The gradual drawing of the 

4268
04:01:24,608 --> 04:01:28,100
landscape creates some 
challenges, but also opens new 

4269
04:01:28,100 --> 04:01:31,400
possibilities. 
Areas that were once too wet or 

4270
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:33,500
to dance. 
The vegetated might become more 

4271
04:01:33,500 --> 04:01:37,000
accessible new resources can be 
discovered as the plant 

4272
04:01:37,000 --> 04:01:40,600
Community shifts. 
The changes require flexibility 

4273
04:01:40,600 --> 04:01:45,000
but they don't necessarily make 
life harder just different from 

4274
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:48,700
how it was before. 
Some groups, develop closer, 

4275
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:52,400
relationships with particular 
areas, becoming experts on local

4276
04:01:52,400 --> 04:01:54,400
conditions and seasonal patterns
there. 

4277
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,000
Others, maintain broader 
territories and more varied 

4278
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:00,400
knowledge trading depth for 
Brett. 

4279
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:03,900
Both strategies can work, well, 
depending on specific 

4280
04:02:03,900 --> 04:02:06,300
circumstances and personal 
preferences. 

4281
04:02:07,400 --> 04:02:10,300
Exchange networks, allow, 
specialized resources from 

4282
04:02:10,300 --> 04:02:13,000
different areas to reach people 
who value them. 

4283
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:17,400
Stone useful for making tools 
pigments for decoration or 

4284
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,300
particularly productive patches 
of favored, plants can be shared

4285
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:24,200
across distances through chains 
of giving and receiving These 

4286
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:27,800
connections create ties between 
groups and spread Innovations in

4287
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:31,500
technique or technology. 
Stories about the land and its 

4288
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:34,500
history. 
Carry practical information wrap

4289
04:02:34,500 --> 04:02:38,700
in memorable narrative. 
A tale about ancestors finding 

4290
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:42,300
water in an unlikely place. 
Might also teach observation 

4291
04:02:42,300 --> 04:02:45,300
skills useful for finding 
similar situations. 

4292
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:49,100
Of long Journeys. 
Preserve knowledge about distant

4293
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:51,100
areas and the routes to reach 
them. 

4294
04:02:51,900 --> 04:02:54,500
The entertainment value of 
Storytelling ensures the 

4295
04:02:54,500 --> 04:02:58,100
information gets transmitted 
even when it's not immediately 

4296
04:02:58,100 --> 04:03:00,800
needed. 
Adaptation happens through small

4297
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:04,700
incremental adjustments, rather 
than dramatic Transformations. 

4298
04:03:04,700 --> 04:03:09,500
Each generation inherits a 
working system and makes minor 

4299
04:03:09,500 --> 04:03:11,400
modifications based on current 
conditions. 

4300
04:03:11,400 --> 04:03:15,600
The accumulation of these small 
changes over time, allows human 

4301
04:03:15,600 --> 04:03:18,000
communities to maintain 
themselves across shifting 

4302
04:03:18,000 --> 04:03:21,600
environmental circumstances, 
without crisis or upheaval. 

4303
04:03:22,900 --> 04:03:25,900
The intensity of midday heat 
shapes daily patterns of 

4304
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:28,200
activity and rest in drawing 
landscapes. 

4305
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:31,400
As the sun climbs higher and 
temperatures rise. 

4306
04:03:31,400 --> 04:03:34,900
It makes sense to pause 
strenuous work and find shade 

4307
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:37,700
for a period of relative quiet 
this rest. 

4308
04:03:37,700 --> 04:03:41,200
Time becomes a natural feature 
of each day as predictable as 

4309
04:03:41,200 --> 04:03:43,100
the sun's movement across the 
sky. 

4310
04:03:44,000 --> 04:03:47,200
You seek out whatever shade is 
available beneath a rock. 

4311
04:03:47,200 --> 04:03:51,200
Overhang under the spreading 
branches of a Hardy tree or in 

4312
04:03:51,200 --> 04:03:54,200
simple shelters designed to 
block direct sunlight. 

4313
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:58,200
The relief is immediate and 
significant air temperature. 

4314
04:03:58,200 --> 04:04:02,100
In shade can be noticeably 
cooler than in direct sun and 

4315
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:04,600
the absence of solar radiation 
hitting your skin. 

4316
04:04:04,600 --> 04:04:07,100
Reduces the sensation of heat 
even more. 

4317
04:04:08,500 --> 04:04:12,300
During these rest periods, 
activity slows but doesn't stop 

4318
04:04:12,300 --> 04:04:15,400
entirely. 
Small tasks that don't require 

4319
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:19,100
much movement or exertion can be
accomplished while waiting out 

4320
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:23,100
the worst of the Heat. 
Repairing equipment preparing 

4321
04:04:23,100 --> 04:04:26,000
food, gathered earlier or 
working on crafts. 

4322
04:04:26,000 --> 04:04:28,900
That involve careful attention 
rather than physical labor. 

4323
04:04:28,900 --> 04:04:31,900
All fit well into these quieter 
hours. 

4324
04:04:33,000 --> 04:04:36,800
Conversation flows, easily 
during midday rest, creating 

4325
04:04:36,800 --> 04:04:40,300
social time, that strengthens 
bonds between people sharing the

4326
04:04:40,300 --> 04:04:44,600
same space. stories are 
exchanged plans, are discussed 

4327
04:04:44,600 --> 04:04:47,900
and observations about the land 
and its resources are shared 

4328
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:51,900
This regular opportunity for 
communication, helps maintain 

4329
04:04:51,900 --> 04:04:55,700
group, cohesion and ensures that
knowledge circulates among all 

4330
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:58,100
members. 
Children who might have been 

4331
04:04:58,100 --> 04:05:01,300
energetic during the cooler 
morning hours often nap. 

4332
04:05:01,300 --> 04:05:04,700
During midday Heat. 
The quiet time allows them to 

4333
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:08,700
rest while adults remain nearby 
attentive but not actively 

4334
04:05:08,700 --> 04:05:12,700
engaged in demanding work. 
This pattern of activity and 

4335
04:05:12,700 --> 04:05:15,600
rest teachers, the young ones 
and natural rhythms that will 

4336
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:17,100
serve them throughout their 
lives. 

4337
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:21,200
The position of the sun provides
a reliable indicator of when the

4338
04:05:21,200 --> 04:05:24,200
hottest part of the day has 
passed and movement can resume. 

4339
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:28,700
As it begins, its descent toward
the Horizon, the intensity of 

4340
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:32,500
heat gradually diminishes 
Shadows, lengthen, providing 

4341
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:36,200
more areas of shade. 
The transition is gradual enough

4342
04:05:36,200 --> 04:05:39,700
that there's no single moment 
when activity must restart, but 

4343
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:44,100
rather a general resumption as 
comfort increases evening hours 

4344
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:47,200
become productive and pleasant 
for work, that requires movement

4345
04:05:47,200 --> 04:05:50,200
and effort. 
Fading heat makes travel 

4346
04:05:50,200 --> 04:05:54,000
comfortable Gathering tasks, 
feel less taxing and physical 

4347
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:57,700
work, more enjoyable. 
This late day activity period 

4348
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:02,000
can extend well past Sunset in 
many seasons as cooler air and 

4349
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:06,200
softer light create ideal 
conditions. the rhythm of rest 

4350
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,800
during Peak heat and activity, 
during cooler hours, repeats 

4351
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:13,400
itself, day after day, creating 
a natural structure that 

4352
04:06:13,400 --> 04:06:17,600
requires, no conscious planning,
once established Your body 

4353
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:22,100
becomes attuned to this pattern 
naturally feeling ready to pause

4354
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:26,200
when the Sun reaches its Zenith 
and ready to move again as it 

4355
04:06:26,200 --> 04:06:29,600
descends. 
Seasonal variations are just the

4356
04:06:29,600 --> 04:06:32,900
timing and duration of rest 
periods during the hottest 

4357
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:36,600
months, midday breaks. 
Might extend longer, while 

4358
04:06:36,600 --> 04:06:40,500
cooler Seasons might require 
only a brief pause or none at 

4359
04:06:40,500 --> 04:06:43,300
all. 
The flexibility of the pattern 

4360
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:45,800
allows it to accommodate 
different conditions while 

4361
04:06:45,800 --> 04:06:50,300
maintaining its basic logic. 
Water consumption increases 

4362
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:53,600
during rest periods in heat as 
your body continues to use, 

4363
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:56,800
moisture for cooling, even when 
you're not moving much. 

4364
04:06:57,800 --> 04:07:01,400
Having water available during 
these times is important and the

4365
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:04,000
knowledge of how much you'll 
need over the course of a day 

4366
04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:08,300
including rest periods, informs 
decisions about how much to 

4367
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:10,300
carry and when to seek 
replenishment. 

4368
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:14,300
Shade providing features in the 
landscape become recognized and 

4369
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:17,900
valued stopping points. 
A particular cluster of rocks 

4370
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:21,400
that casts a good Shadow. 
A tree with wide-spreading 

4371
04:07:21,400 --> 04:07:24,900
branches or a cave with a cool 
interior might be regularly 

4372
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:28,300
visited by many different 
Travelers These spots can 

4373
04:07:28,300 --> 04:07:31,600
develop into informal gathering 
places where paths naturally 

4374
04:07:31,600 --> 04:07:34,400
converge. 
The practice of resting during 

4375
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:36,600
heat is something you observe in
animals as well. 

4376
04:07:37,500 --> 04:07:41,200
Lizards Retreat under rocks, 
birds become quiet, in whatever 

4377
04:07:41,200 --> 04:07:45,000
cover they can find and larger 
animals seek shade or remain 

4378
04:07:45,000 --> 04:07:48,000
still to conserve energy and 
reduce heat generation. 

4379
04:07:48,800 --> 04:07:51,308
This shared response to 
temperature creates a kind of 

4380
04:07:51,316 --> 04:07:54,100
quieter to cross the landscape 
during the hottest hours. 

4381
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:57,800
Rest time also provides an 
opportunity, for simply 

4382
04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:00,300
observing your surroundings 
without the distraction of 

4383
04:08:00,300 --> 04:08:04,200
active tasks. details, you might
not notice while focused on 

4384
04:08:04,208 --> 04:08:08,200
movement or work become a parent
when you're sitting still the 

4385
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:10,900
pattern of light filtering 
through leaves, the texture of 

4386
04:08:10,908 --> 04:08:14,300
rock surfaces, the small 
movements of insects going about

4387
04:08:14,300 --> 04:08:18,300
their business, The value of 
rest becomes clear, through its 

4388
04:08:18,300 --> 04:08:21,100
effects. 
After a period of sitting 

4389
04:08:21,100 --> 04:08:24,400
quietly in the shade, you feel 
refreshed and ready to continue.

4390
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,800
Without these breaks sustained, 
activity and heat would be much 

4391
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:32,400
harder to maintain the rest 
periods aren't interruptions to 

4392
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,600
productivity, but rather 
essential components of it, 

4393
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:39,300
allowing for consistent effort, 
to cross the full day. 

4394
04:08:40,400 --> 04:08:43,700
In cooler months or cloudy 
conditions, the urgency of 

4395
04:08:43,700 --> 04:08:48,900
midday rest decreases, but the 
Habit often persists as a social

4396
04:08:48,900 --> 04:08:52,300
custom even when it's not 
strictly necessary for comfort. 

4397
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:56,300
The regular Gathering time has 
value Beyond, just avoiding 

4398
04:08:56,300 --> 04:09:00,200
heat, creating predictable 
opportunities for connection and

4399
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:03,700
communication. 
Different Landscapes, offered 

4400
04:09:03,700 --> 04:09:05,900
different opportunities for 
shade and rest. 

4401
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:09,900
In Rocky areas, overhangs and 
crevices. 

4402
04:09:09,900 --> 04:09:14,200
Provide numerous options in 
flatter more open terrain. 

4403
04:09:14,200 --> 04:09:17,600
You might need to create your 
own shade using materials at 

4404
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:21,800
hand or carry simple structures.
This variation adds to the 

4405
04:09:21,800 --> 04:09:24,700
skills required for moving 
through different types of dry 

4406
04:09:24,700 --> 04:09:27,600
country. 
Night brings its own rhythm of 

4407
04:09:27,600 --> 04:09:30,900
rest, but the midday pause 
serves a different function. 

4408
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:35,500
Nighttime sleep restores energy 
use throughout the previous day.

4409
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:39,800
Midday rest helps moderate 
current heat stress and 

4410
04:09:39,800 --> 04:09:42,600
positions you to make good use 
of the cooler evening hours 

4411
04:09:42,600 --> 04:09:45,700
ahead. 
To gather these rest periods 

4412
04:09:45,700 --> 04:09:48,600
bracket the days activities and 
sustainable pattern. 

4413
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:53,000
The quiet that settles during 
midday rest feels peaceful, 

4414
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:56,800
rather than empty. 
It's a chosen pause. 

4415
04:09:56,800 --> 04:10:00,900
A recognition of natural 
conditions and a sensible 

4416
04:10:00,900 --> 04:10:02,800
response. 
That makes the rest of the day. 

4417
04:10:02,800 --> 04:10:06,400
More pleasant and productive. 
This balance between activity 

4418
04:10:06,400 --> 04:10:10,100
and rest becomes second nature 
woven into the way you 

4419
04:10:10,100 --> 04:10:12,700
experience. 
Time in landscape shaped by heat

4420
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:16,600
and dryness. 
Managing food and water and 

4421
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:20,000
drying Landscapes requires 
attention to patterns, careful 

4422
04:10:20,000 --> 04:10:22,800
planning, a knowledge built 
across Generations. 

4423
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:26,900
The abundance of resources 
varies by season and location, 

4424
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:31,300
creating a complex map of when 
and where different foods become

4425
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:34,100
available. 
Learning this map and moving 

4426
04:10:34,100 --> 04:10:39,300
accordingly becomes essential 
water sources Springs, seeps and

4427
04:10:39,300 --> 04:10:42,900
places where digging reveals 
moisture are known locations 

4428
04:10:42,900 --> 04:10:46,200
that you revisit regularly. 
The amount each produces might 

4429
04:10:46,200 --> 04:10:49,300
vary from season to season, but 
their positions remain 

4430
04:10:49,300 --> 04:10:52,700
consistent. 
You learn to recognize the 

4431
04:10:52,700 --> 04:10:55,000
subtle signs, that indicate 
water nearby. 

4432
04:10:55,800 --> 04:11:00,100
Certain plants species patterns 
in the rock or slight changes in

4433
04:11:00,100 --> 04:11:03,200
soil color. 
When you reach a water source, 

4434
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:05,600
you drink your fill and 
replenish containers for the 

4435
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:07,500
journey ahead. 
The amount. 

4436
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:10,200
You carry depends on the 
distance to the next reliable 

4437
04:11:10,200 --> 04:11:13,000
source and the temperature you 
expect to encounter. 

4438
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:17,100
Experience teaches you to 
calculate these needs accurately

4439
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:21,300
avoiding both the burden of 
carrying excess and the risk of 

4440
04:11:21,300 --> 04:11:25,300
running short. 
Some locations allow for staying

4441
04:11:25,300 --> 04:11:28,900
near water for extended periods 
while Gathering other resources 

4442
04:11:28,900 --> 04:11:32,800
in the surrounding area. 
These site become seize no camps

4443
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:34,400
where you might remain for many 
days. 

4444
04:11:34,400 --> 04:11:38,000
Taking advantage of the security
that comes from having water 

4445
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:41,700
redly available. 
Daily tasks can be planned 

4446
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:44,100
without constant concern about 
water supply. 

4447
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,100
Between water sources, 
conservation becomes important, 

4448
04:11:48,100 --> 04:11:51,700
but not difficult. 
You drink when thirsty, but 

4449
04:11:51,700 --> 04:11:54,700
awareness of Supply helps, 
moderate consumption naturally. 

4450
04:11:55,700 --> 04:11:59,100
Traveling during cooler parts of
the day reduces water needs 

4451
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,900
resting during Peak heat, 
minimizes the amount lost 

4452
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:06,600
through perspiration. 
These practices are sensible 

4453
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:09,700
responses to conditions rather 
than hardship measures. 

4454
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:13,800
Plant Foods require knowledge of
which species are edible when 

4455
04:12:13,800 --> 04:12:17,500
they produce usable parts and 
how to process them if needed. 

4456
04:12:18,300 --> 04:12:21,100
Some plants offer edible leaves 
or shoots during their growing 

4457
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:24,900
season, others produce seeds, 
that can be gathered and stored.

4458
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:29,000
Roots and tubers from certain 
species provide nourishment when

4459
04:12:29,000 --> 04:12:33,000
other options are scare. 
The variety is considerable for 

4460
04:12:33,000 --> 04:12:36,500
those who know what to look for.
Gathering techniques developed 

4461
04:12:36,500 --> 04:12:39,800
to make a patient use of time 
and effort you learned to spot 

4462
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:43,000
productive Patches from a 
distance and moved directly to 

4463
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:45,200
them rather than searching 
randomly. 

4464
04:12:46,600 --> 04:12:50,000
Processing methods passed down 
through generations, make tough 

4465
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:52,600
plant materials, more digestible
and improve flavor. 

4466
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,600
Sharing the work among several 
people makes large harvests 

4467
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:59,600
manageable. 
Some gathered foods can be dried

4468
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,000
for storage. 
Extending their usefulness 

4469
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:05,600
beyond the immediate season of 
abundance seeds, naturally keep 

4470
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:09,600
well, if protected from moisture
and pests Certain other foods 

4471
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,700
can be processed and dried to 
create portable nutrition for 

4472
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:16,300
Journeys or times when fresh 
Gathering is less productive. 

4473
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,200
The timing of movements across 
the landscape is often governed 

4474
04:13:20,200 --> 04:13:23,200
by when different plant Foods 
become available, you might 

4475
04:13:23,200 --> 04:13:26,900
spend late spring in one area 
where certain seeds ripen, then 

4476
04:13:26,900 --> 04:13:29,400
move to a different location for
Midsummer Gathering of other 

4477
04:13:29,400 --> 04:13:32,100
resources. 
Following a circuit that returns

4478
04:13:32,100 --> 04:13:34,900
to earlier locations when their 
Seasons come around again. 

4479
04:13:35,900 --> 04:13:39,000
This pattern of movement means 
you rarely deplete any single 

4480
04:13:39,000 --> 04:13:42,000
area. 
By the time you return to a 

4481
04:13:42,000 --> 04:13:45,800
gathering location, plants have 
had time to grow back produced 

4482
04:13:45,800 --> 04:13:49,100
new seeds or otherwise recover 
from previous harvesting. 

4483
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:53,200
The natural regeneration cycle 
matches your pattern of use 

4484
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:57,900
maintaining productivity over 
many years. sharing food within 

4485
04:13:57,900 --> 04:14:00,900
groups and Shores everyone has 
enough, regardless of daily 

4486
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:04,900
variations in individual 
Gathering success What you 

4487
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:06,600
collect today, supplements? 
What? 

4488
04:14:06,600 --> 04:14:10,800
Others gathered yesterday over 
time, these exchanges balance 

4489
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:14,400
out, providing stability and 
security, for all members, 

4490
04:14:14,400 --> 04:14:18,000
cooperation makes more sense 
than strict individual 

4491
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:21,000
accounting. 
Knowledge about where to find. 

4492
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:25,200
Emergency resources plants that 
produce edible parts even in 

4493
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:28,500
less favorable Seasons 
locations, where water can be 

4494
04:14:28,508 --> 04:14:31,800
found through, digging areas 
that reliably support animal 

4495
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:34,800
life, that might be hunted. 
Provides backup options. 

4496
04:14:34,800 --> 04:14:39,400
If primary resources fall short,
This information is valued and 

4497
04:14:39,408 --> 04:14:42,900
carefully maintained processing 
areas near camps. 

4498
04:14:42,900 --> 04:14:47,800
Might show signs of repeated use
accumulations of nutshells areas

4499
04:14:47,800 --> 04:14:51,300
warn smooth from grinding 
activities or cleared spaces 

4500
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:55,100
where people regularly work. 
These locations become familiar 

4501
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:57,200
spots. 
That future visitors recognize 

4502
04:14:57,200 --> 04:15:01,200
and continue to use adding their
own marks to the accumulated 

4503
04:15:01,200 --> 04:15:05,300
evidence of Long human presence.
Water found at different sources

4504
04:15:05,300 --> 04:15:08,600
has distinct qualities. 
Some taste slightly mineral. 

4505
04:15:08,600 --> 04:15:10,100
Others are perfectly. 
Sweet. 

4506
04:15:11,000 --> 04:15:14,600
Some runs cool even in hot 
Seasons, others feel lukewarm. 

4507
04:15:15,800 --> 04:15:19,300
preferences developed and you 
might detour slightly to reach a

4508
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:23,300
particularly Pleasant spring of 
time allows These small choices,

4509
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:26,100
add character to Journeys, that 
might otherwise seem purely 

4510
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:29,400
functional. 
Food preferences exist as well. 

4511
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:33,100
Both personal tastes and broader
seasonal cravings. 

4512
04:15:33,900 --> 04:15:37,400
After many days of eating 
preserved Foods, fresh greens 

4513
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:41,000
might be particularly, welcome. 
Certain flavors become 

4514
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,100
associated with specific times 
of year or places. 

4515
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:48,000
Creating positive memories that 
link sensory experience with 

4516
04:15:48,000 --> 04:15:51,600
landscape and season. 
Teaching younger people about 

4517
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:54,500
food and water management 
happens through participation 

4518
04:15:54,500 --> 04:15:59,400
rather than formal instruction. 
Children accompany adults on 

4519
04:15:59,400 --> 04:16:03,100
Gathering trips learning to 
recognize useful plants and good

4520
04:16:03,100 --> 04:16:06,200
digging spots. 
They help carry water and watch 

4521
04:16:06,200 --> 04:16:09,800
how its rationed during travel 
through repeated experience. 

4522
04:16:09,800 --> 04:16:12,200
They absorb the knowledge. 
They'll need to manage these 

4523
04:16:12,200 --> 04:16:16,500
resources independently. 
The landscape provides enough 

4524
04:16:16,500 --> 04:16:19,300
for those who understand it, 
well and move with its rhythms. 

4525
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:22,200
Scarcity is rare. 
When you know what to look for, 

4526
04:16:22,200 --> 04:16:24,300
and time your presence to match 
availability. 

4527
04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:27,900
The system works through 
knowledge flexibility and the 

4528
04:16:27,900 --> 04:16:30,600
maintenance of patterns that 
have proven sustainable over 

4529
04:16:30,600 --> 04:16:34,000
long periods. 
Gratitude for food and water 

4530
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:36,500
comes naturally, when you're 
aware of the effort required to 

4531
04:16:36,500 --> 04:16:39,800
locate and gather them. 
Nothing is taken for granted 

4532
04:16:39,800 --> 04:16:41,500
yet. 
Nothing needs to feel 

4533
04:16:41,500 --> 04:16:45,800
desperately precious either. 
The balance between appreciation

4534
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,900
and confidence in continued. 
Availability, creates a 

4535
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:50,800
healthier relationship with 
resources. 

4536
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:55,000
Careful use isn't about anxiety 
or deprivation, but about 

4537
04:16:55,000 --> 04:16:58,200
respect and intelligence. 
You use what you need? 

4538
04:16:58,200 --> 04:16:59,700
Gather? 
What makes sense? 

4539
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:03,900
And move on when it's time. 
The land continues to provide 

4540
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:07,400
because it's uses calibrated to 
match what it can sustainably 

4541
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:10,500
offer. 
This equilibrium maintained 

4542
04:17:10,500 --> 04:17:14,000
through generations of 
accumulated wisdom supports 

4543
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:16,800
ongoing human presence, in 
drying landscapes. 

4544
04:17:17,800 --> 04:17:21,300
As the sun descends toward the 
Horizon, the quality of light 

4545
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:24,500
across dry Landscapes shifts 
from the harsh, brightness of 

4546
04:17:24,500 --> 04:17:29,900
midday to softer warmer tones. 
Long Shadows, stretch across the

4547
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:34,000
ground, creating patterns that 
change Moment by moment. 

4548
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:39,200
The intense of heat begins to 
fade replacement, by are that 

4549
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:41,000
feels gentler and more 
forgiving. 

4550
04:17:42,100 --> 04:17:45,200
This transition from day to 
evening, brings Renewed Energy 

4551
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:47,700
for activity, after the quiet of
midday rest. 

4552
04:17:48,600 --> 04:17:52,200
People move about more freely 
resuming tasks or beginning. 

4553
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:54,600
New ones. 
In the pleasant conditions, the 

4554
04:17:54,600 --> 04:17:58,200
coolness is relative Evening 
temperatures might still feel 

4555
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,500
warm by some standards, but the 
relief from Peak heat is 

4556
04:18:01,500 --> 04:18:05,100
noticeable and welcome. 
Gathering tasks that were 

4557
04:18:05,100 --> 04:18:08,000
postponed during the hot hours 
can be completed in evening 

4558
04:18:08,000 --> 04:18:10,700
comfort. 
You might walk to nearby plant 

4559
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:14,300
patches to collect items, for 
the next day's meals moving with

4560
04:18:14,300 --> 04:18:17,000
easy efficiency. 
Now, that exertion doesn't bring

4561
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:20,600
overwhelming Heat The lower 
light angle can actually make 

4562
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:25,200
certain plants easier to spot a 
shapes standing out against Long

4563
04:18:25,200 --> 04:18:28,900
Shadows evening as a good time 
for longer walks to check on 

4564
04:18:28,900 --> 04:18:32,400
familiar landmarks or visit 
nearby areas of Interest. 

4565
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:35,700
The cooler air makes distance 
feel less daunting. 

4566
04:18:36,600 --> 04:18:39,300
You can cover ground at a steady
Pace without the need for 

4567
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:42,700
frequent breaks. 
The changing light reveals the 

4568
04:18:42,700 --> 04:18:46,300
landscape in different ways. 
The midday Sun, highlighting 

4569
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:50,800
textures and Contours that were 
as visible early. social life 

4570
04:18:50,800 --> 04:18:55,300
expands in the evening hours as 
individual tasks can conclude 

4571
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:58,900
and people return to Shared 
spaces, conversation increases, 

4572
04:18:58,900 --> 04:19:03,000
there's time to discuss what was
observed during the day, sharing

4573
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:06,100
information about resources or 
conditions and make plans for 

4574
04:19:06,100 --> 04:19:09,600
tomorrow The communal atmosphere
grows stronger as night 

4575
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:12,000
approaches. 
Food preparation, often happens 

4576
04:19:12,000 --> 04:19:14,800
in the evening, creating 
Pleasant Aromas, that drift 

4577
04:19:14,800 --> 04:19:17,200
through the camp. 
Fires might be lit. 

4578
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:20,600
If fuel is available and there's
a need for cooking or warmth 

4579
04:19:20,600 --> 04:19:23,600
later in the night. 
The process of preparing and 

4580
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:26,000
sharing a meal provide structure
to the evening. 

4581
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:29,200
The Familiar sequence of 
activities, that marks the 

4582
04:19:29,200 --> 04:19:32,900
transition toward rest. 
Children who napped during 

4583
04:19:32,900 --> 04:19:35,300
midday heat, might be 
particularly Lively in the 

4584
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:38,500
evening playing in the cooler 
air while adults work nearby. 

4585
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:42,800
Their games and interactions, 
add energy and sound to the camp

4586
04:19:42,800 --> 04:19:46,500
creating a different atmosphere 
than the quieter midday period. 

4587
04:19:47,500 --> 04:19:51,200
This burst of activity helps 
them out before nighttime sleep.

4588
04:19:52,000 --> 04:19:55,200
The sky transforms as the sun 
continues, its descent. 

4589
04:19:56,100 --> 04:20:01,100
Colors intensify oranges, pinks 
and purples, spread across the 

4590
04:20:01,100 --> 04:20:04,900
Horizon, where dust and distant 
create Vivid displays. 

4591
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:09,700
These sunsets can be spectacular
in dry air that holds little 

4592
04:20:09,700 --> 04:20:13,900
moisture to diffuse the light. 
The show is brief but memorable,

4593
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:17,700
a daily gift from the 
interaction of sun atmosphere 

4594
04:20:17,700 --> 04:20:20,800
and Landscape. 
As Darkness begins to gather 

4595
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:23,700
birds that were quiet during the
Heat become active again. 

4596
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:28,300
That calls Mark territories or 
communicate with mates, The 

4597
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,600
Sounds, add another layer to the
evening natural background 

4598
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:34,300
music, that signals the healthy 
presence of life in the 

4599
04:20:34,300 --> 04:20:37,200
landscape. 
Different species have distinct 

4600
04:20:37,200 --> 04:20:39,600
calls that you learn to 
recognize without conscious 

4601
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:43,200
thought, stars begin to appear 
in the darkening sky. 

4602
04:20:44,000 --> 04:20:47,900
First the brightest ones, then 
gradually more and more as night

4603
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:51,500
deepens and dry climates with 
little artificial light. 

4604
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:55,900
The number of visible stars can 
be astonishing The Familiar 

4605
04:20:55,900 --> 04:20:59,100
patterns of constellation's 
rotate through the seasons. 

4606
04:20:59,100 --> 04:21:03,100
Providing another way to track 
times, passage and Orient 

4607
04:21:03,100 --> 04:21:07,300
yourself in space evening. 
Temperatures continue to drop as

4608
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:10,100
heat absorbed during the day. 
Radiates back into the night 

4609
04:21:10,100 --> 04:21:13,100
sky. 
The rate of cooling depends on 

4610
04:21:13,100 --> 04:21:16,300
cloud cover. 
Clear skies allow faster heat 

4611
04:21:16,300 --> 04:21:18,400
loss while clouds act like a 
blanket. 

4612
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:22,200
Slowing the process. 
You can predict how cool the 

4613
04:21:22,200 --> 04:21:24,300
night will become based on where
the clouds are present at 

4614
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:28,200
sunset. movement between areas 
within Camp becomes easier in 

4615
04:21:28,200 --> 04:21:31,500
the Gathering Darkness, as your 
eyes, adjust to lower light 

4616
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:35,300
levels, the shape of familiar 
objects, remain recognizable, 

4617
04:21:35,300 --> 04:21:40,600
even when details blur Memory 
and familiarity guide your own 

4618
04:21:40,600 --> 04:21:43,900
spaces, you've been using all 
day, requiring less conscious 

4619
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:47,200
attention to navigate. 
Conversation in the evening. 

4620
04:21:47,200 --> 04:21:51,100
Might turn to stories recounting
events from the past or sharing 

4621
04:21:51,100 --> 04:21:54,400
traditional narratives that 
carry both entertainment and 

4622
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:57,500
instruction. 
These stories often feature the 

4623
04:21:57,508 --> 04:22:01,600
landscape itself. 
Memorable, Journeys unusual, 

4624
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:06,000
discoveries encounters with 
animals, or explanations of how 

4625
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:10,200
certain features came to be the 
telling strengthens cultural 

4626
04:22:10,200 --> 04:22:12,000
knowledge while providing 
enjoyment. 

4627
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:15,700
Evening routines develop that 
suit the particular conditions 

4628
04:22:15,700 --> 04:22:20,000
of each season and location. 
During warmer months activities 

4629
04:22:20,000 --> 04:22:23,500
might continue well into full 
Darkness, taking advantage of 

4630
04:22:23,500 --> 04:22:26,500
every cool. 
Our In colder Seasons, 

4631
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:29,100
evening's, might involve 
Gathering closer together 

4632
04:22:29,100 --> 04:22:33,000
sharing warmth as temperatures. 
Drop more significantly after 

4633
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:35,800
sunset. 
The transition from evening to 

4634
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:38,000
night is gradual, rather than 
sudden. 

4635
04:22:38,600 --> 04:22:42,400
There's no single moment when 
day ends and night begins but 

4636
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,200
rather a gentle progression 
through deepening shades of 

4637
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:48,300
Twilight. 
This slow change allows for 

4638
04:22:48,300 --> 04:22:51,500
natural adjustment of activities
without abrupt shifts. 

4639
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,200
Work that requires good light, 
winds down as visibility 

4640
04:22:55,200 --> 04:22:59,400
decreases but tasks that can be 
done by feel or near phyllite 

4641
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:02,800
might continue. 
Hand stay busy with familiar 

4642
04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:06,700
work repairing equipment, 
preparing materials for tomorrow

4643
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:10,400
or crafting items that don't 
require fine visual detail. 

4644
04:23:11,300 --> 04:23:14,400
The combination of productive 
work and social time creates 

4645
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:18,500
satisfying evenings, the cooling
air settles into low areas 

4646
04:23:18,500 --> 04:23:22,100
creating subtle temperature 
variations across the landscape.

4647
04:23:22,900 --> 04:23:25,900
Higher Ground might remain 
slightly warmer while valleys 

4648
04:23:25,900 --> 04:23:27,500
and depressions collect cooler 
air. 

4649
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:32,100
These microclimate affect where 
you choose to sleep and how you 

4650
04:23:32,100 --> 04:23:33,900
arrange your resting space for 
comfort. 

4651
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:38,700
As full night approaches, the 
pace of activity, naturally 

4652
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:42,800
slows energy, that surge with 
evening's relief from heat, 

4653
04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:46,400
gradually, winds down toward the
rest that will come with sleep. 

4654
04:23:47,200 --> 04:23:49,900
The days efforts have been 
completed, tomorrow's plans are 

4655
04:23:49,900 --> 04:23:53,300
roughly sketched and the present
moment opens into calm 

4656
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:55,200
anticipation of restorative 
sleep. 

4657
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:59,500
Night in desert Landscapes 
brings a quality of coolness, 

4658
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:01,200
that balances the heat of the 
day. 

4659
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:05,600
The temperature drop can be 
significant creating comfortable

4660
04:24:05,600 --> 04:24:08,000
conditions for sleep after hours
of warmth. 

4661
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,500
This daily swing between 
temperature, extremes becomes a 

4662
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:16,100
reliable pattern, something you 
anticipate and plan around 

4663
04:24:16,100 --> 04:24:19,300
without conscious thought. 
The air feels different at 

4664
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:24,300
night, often still and calm with
less wind than daylight hours 

4665
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:27,300
might bring. 
This Stillness creates quiet. 

4666
04:24:27,300 --> 04:24:29,300
That enhances the sense of 
peace. 

4667
04:24:30,200 --> 04:24:33,000
Small sounds carry farther in 
the silence but they're 

4668
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:34,700
generally soft and 
unthreatening. 

4669
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:38,300
The rustle of a small animal, 
moving through sparse 

4670
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:42,500
vegetation, the settling of 
cooling rocks all the whisper of

4671
04:24:42,500 --> 04:24:45,800
a gentle breeze. 
Your sleeping space is arranged 

4672
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:49,100
to match nighttime conditions 
during warmer Seasons. 

4673
04:24:49,100 --> 04:24:52,400
You might sleep in the open 
where any Breeze can reach you 

4674
04:24:52,400 --> 04:24:56,700
and radiate heat easily. 
Escapes upward in cooler months 

4675
04:24:56,700 --> 04:25:00,100
or locations. 
You might see more shelter using

4676
04:25:00,100 --> 04:25:03,300
natural features or simple 
structures to block wind and 

4677
04:25:03,300 --> 04:25:07,600
retain some warmth. 
The sky at night, especially in 

4678
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:11,800
dry regions, far from any 
artificial light displaced stars

4679
04:25:11,800 --> 04:25:15,500
and remarkable abundance. 
The Milky Way stretches across 

4680
04:25:15,500 --> 04:25:17,400
the darkness like a river of 
light. 

4681
04:25:18,200 --> 04:25:21,800
Familiar constellations wheel 
through their seasonal positions

4682
04:25:21,800 --> 04:25:26,400
planets, brighter than 
surrounding Stars, marked 

4683
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:29,900
specific points in the heavens. 
This Celestial display is 

4684
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:33,700
available every clear night. 
A constant presence that connect

4685
04:25:33,700 --> 04:25:38,100
you to deep time and vast space 
sleep comes easily after a day 

4686
04:25:38,100 --> 04:25:40,900
of activity and the natural 
tiredness that accumulates 

4687
04:25:40,900 --> 04:25:43,900
through waking hours. 
Your body responds to the 

4688
04:25:43,900 --> 04:25:46,800
darkness and cooler temperatures
by settling into rest. 

4689
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:51,000
The regular rhythm of day and 
night repeated without variation

4690
04:25:51,000 --> 04:25:54,300
keeps your internal timing 
synchronized with the external 

4691
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:57,400
world. 
Night sounds criter subtle 

4692
04:25:57,400 --> 04:26:01,600
backdrop to sleep insects might 
churn or buzz in patterns 

4693
04:26:01,600 --> 04:26:05,200
specific to their species. 
Occasional calls from Nighttime 

4694
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:09,200
animals punctuate the quiet. 
The sounds of familiar rather 

4695
04:26:09,200 --> 04:26:12,500
than alarming part of the normal
acoustic environment that 

4696
04:26:12,500 --> 04:26:14,800
confirms everything is as it 
should be. 

4697
04:26:15,700 --> 04:26:18,100
The temperature continues to 
drop through the early night 

4698
04:26:18,100 --> 04:26:20,100
hours. 
Reaching its lowest point 

4699
04:26:20,100 --> 04:26:24,100
typically Just Before Dawn Your 
body adjusts to this cooling 

4700
04:26:24,100 --> 04:26:28,000
without waiting perhaps shifting
positions slightly or drawing 

4701
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:31,600
coverings a bit closer. 
The changes happen gradually 

4702
04:26:31,600 --> 04:26:33,500
enough that they don't disturb 
rest. 

4703
04:26:34,300 --> 04:26:37,700
Dreams blend elements of daily 
experience with deeper patterns 

4704
04:26:37,700 --> 04:26:40,900
of thought and memory. 
The Landscapes you move through 

4705
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:44,900
while awake might reappear in 
sleep mixed with other elements 

4706
04:26:44,900 --> 04:26:47,900
in ways that don't follow waking
logic but feel meaningful. 

4707
04:26:47,900 --> 04:26:51,500
Nonetheless, These nighttime 
mental wanderings, process 

4708
04:26:51,500 --> 04:26:54,300
experiences, and consolidate 
memories, without requiring 

4709
04:26:54,300 --> 04:26:57,200
conscious effort. 
Middle of the waking, if it 

4710
04:26:57,208 --> 04:27:00,800
happens is usually brief. 
You might notice the position of

4711
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:05,100
the stars or Moon gauge how much
of the night is passed and then 

4712
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:09,400
settle back into sleep. 
The darkness and quiet support 

4713
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:13,400
rest making it easy to return to
unconsciousness. 

4714
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:18,200
There's no anxiety about these 
brief wakeful periods their 

4715
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:19,900
natural parts of the sleep 
cycle. 

4716
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:23,800
The moon. 
When presented its own quality 

4717
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:25,900
of light, that transforms the 
nighttime landscape. 

4718
04:27:27,100 --> 04:27:30,100
Surfaces, that seemed dark 
become visible in shades of 

4719
04:27:30,108 --> 04:27:33,600
silver and gray. 
Shadow shift as the moon moves 

4720
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,800
across the sky. 
Full Moon's can be bright enough

4721
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:39,300
to move around comfortably while
new Moon's. 

4722
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:41,200
Leave the landscape to Starlight
alone. 

4723
04:27:42,300 --> 04:27:45,500
Clouds passing over at night are
usually invisible except as they

4724
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:49,300
block Stars creating moving 
areas of Darkness against the 

4725
04:27:49,300 --> 04:27:53,200
otherwise light-filled sky. 
Their passage might bring subtle

4726
04:27:53,200 --> 04:27:56,300
changes in temperature or 
humidity but typically not 

4727
04:27:56,300 --> 04:28:00,600
enough to disturb sleep. 
The minor variations blend into 

4728
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:04,800
the overall experience of night.
Other people, sleeping nearby, 

4729
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:08,200
create a quiet companionship, 
their presence reassuring. 

4730
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:12,400
Even though everyone is 
unconscious, The shared space of

4731
04:28:12,400 --> 04:28:16,000
sleep strength and social bonds 
in ways that don't require words

4732
04:28:16,000 --> 04:28:19,400
or Waking interaction. 
Simply being together through 

4733
04:28:19,400 --> 04:28:22,300
the vulnerable hours of Darkness
builds, trust and connection 

4734
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:24,600
children. 
Sleep soundly. 

4735
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:29,000
After their evening energy has 
been expended Their deeper less 

4736
04:28:29,000 --> 04:28:31,500
conscious sleep, might be 
punctuated by moments of 

4737
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:35,800
movement or Quiet Sounds. 
But they typically rest through 

4738
04:28:35,800 --> 04:28:39,800
the entire night. 
Adults, with more years of 

4739
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:42,600
experience, reading the 
environment, might sleep more 

4740
04:28:42,600 --> 04:28:45,900
lightly subconsciously. 
Monitoring conditions even while

4741
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:49,900
resting Knights coolness allows 
your body to recover from the 

4742
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:53,200
days heated, exposure. 
Core temperature that might have

4743
04:28:53,200 --> 04:28:56,300
risen slightly during Peak 
warmth returns to its optimal 

4744
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:59,200
range. 
The cool external temperature 

4745
04:28:59,200 --> 04:29:02,400
actually AIDS in maintaining 
comfortable internal conditions,

4746
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:07,100
making sleep more restorative. 
The Stillness of night creates 

4747
04:29:07,100 --> 04:29:10,100
space for the land itself to 
settle and recover from the day.

4748
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:15,200
rocks that expanded slightly in 
the heat contract as they cool 

4749
04:29:15,200 --> 04:29:20,100
plants that wilted in the sun 
recover, some legit DC animals 

4750
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:23,200
that hid from midday warmth 
emerged to go about their 

4751
04:29:23,200 --> 04:29:27,000
nocturnal activities. 
The landscape remains Dynamic 

4752
04:29:27,000 --> 04:29:30,300
even in darkness. 
Pre-dawn hours, bring the 

4753
04:29:30,300 --> 04:29:33,500
coolest temperatures and you 
might pull covering a bit closer

4754
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:36,900
or shift to catch any residual. 
Warmth from your sleeping spot, 

4755
04:29:36,900 --> 04:29:41,300
these small adjustments happen 
automatically, requiring minimal

4756
04:29:41,300 --> 04:29:44,800
waking consciousness. 
Your body knows how to regulate 

4757
04:29:44,800 --> 04:29:48,200
its comfort and does. 
So with practice, efficiency. 

4758
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,900
The approach of dawn begins 
subtly, the Eastern sky might 

4759
04:29:52,900 --> 04:29:56,700
lighten almost imperceptibly at 
first and the coolest are seems 

4760
04:29:56,700 --> 04:29:59,000
to deepen just before this hint 
of coming light. 

4761
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:03,400
Stars, begin to fade in areas 
where the sky Brighton's. 

4762
04:30:04,200 --> 04:30:07,200
The transition is so gradual 
that pinpointing the exact 

4763
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,900
moment day begins is impossible,
but the overall shift is 

4764
04:30:10,900 --> 04:30:14,600
unmistakable. 
Knight has provided the rest 

4765
04:30:14,600 --> 04:30:18,300
needed to meet another day. 
Your body has restored, energy, 

4766
04:30:18,300 --> 04:30:22,100
processed, the, previous day's 
experiences and prepared for 

4767
04:30:22,100 --> 04:30:25,700
whatever, the coming hours will 
bring the cycle of activity, and

4768
04:30:25,700 --> 04:30:29,000
rest. 
Heat and cool, waking and sleep 

4769
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:33,000
continues in reliable patterns 
that support ongoing life in 

4770
04:30:33,000 --> 04:30:36,000
desert landscapes. 
Desert Landscapes. 

4771
04:30:36,000 --> 04:30:38,600
Once fully formed continue to 
shape. 

4772
04:30:38,600 --> 04:30:40,900
Human Experience across. 
Countless Generations. 

4773
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:45,700
The patterns established during 
the long drying period persist 

4774
04:30:45,700 --> 04:30:49,900
creating conditions that 
influence how people move gather

4775
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:52,000
resources and organized their 
lives. 

4776
04:30:52,800 --> 04:30:56,500
This influences subtle but 
pervasive woven into daily 

4777
04:30:56,500 --> 04:31:00,800
routines and long-term planning.
Trade routes, develop along 

4778
04:31:00,800 --> 04:31:03,800
paths that connect water sources
across arid regions. 

4779
04:31:04,800 --> 04:31:07,300
These roots becoming 
increasingly important as the 

4780
04:31:07,300 --> 04:31:10,500
value of moving goods between 
distant areas grows. 

4781
04:31:11,400 --> 04:31:14,100
Caravan's, follow Trails 
established, over many 

4782
04:31:14,100 --> 04:31:17,300
generations. 
Each Journey adding slightly to 

4783
04:31:17,300 --> 04:31:21,500
the knowledge of optimal timing,
reliable stopping points and 

4784
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:25,600
potential hazards along the way.
The goods that move along these 

4785
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:28,100
routes include items not 
available in all regions. 

4786
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:33,800
Salt from dry lake beds obsidian
or other tool-making Stone from 

4787
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:38,700
specific outcrops Dried foods 
that travel well and crafted 

4788
04:31:38,700 --> 04:31:42,300
items that showcase particular 
skills or local styles. 

4789
04:31:43,300 --> 04:31:46,800
The Exchange creates connections
between people separated by 

4790
04:31:46,800 --> 04:31:50,700
considerable distances. 
Desert Crossings require 

4791
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:53,700
planning and preparation that 
become refined through repeated 

4792
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:56,400
experience. 
You learn to travel during 

4793
04:31:56,400 --> 04:31:58,800
cooler Seasons. 
When water needs are reduced, 

4794
04:31:58,800 --> 04:32:02,900
you memorize the locations of 
every reliable spring and seep 

4795
04:32:02,900 --> 04:32:05,900
along your route? 
you prepare for the specific 

4796
04:32:05,900 --> 04:32:09,800
conditions, you'll encounter 
Loose sand that slows movement. 

4797
04:32:09,800 --> 04:32:12,500
Rocky ground that demands. 
Careful. 

4798
04:32:12,500 --> 04:32:16,500
Footing or areas where 
navigation is tricky due to few 

4799
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,200
landmarks stories about desert 
travel. 

4800
04:32:19,200 --> 04:32:22,800
Accumulate Carrying practical 
information wrapped in 

4801
04:32:22,808 --> 04:32:26,700
memorable, narratives? 
Tales of successful Crossing's 

4802
04:32:26,700 --> 04:32:30,800
note, the timing route choices 
and preparations that worked 

4803
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:35,200
well Accounts of difficult 
Journeys, identify what went 

4804
04:32:35,200 --> 04:32:37,900
wrong and what might have 
prevented problems? 

4805
04:32:37,900 --> 04:32:42,100
This Collective knowledge base 
makes each subsequent Journey 

4806
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:46,400
safer and more efficient. 
Settlements along desert edges 

4807
04:32:46,400 --> 04:32:49,700
and near reliable water sources.
Become meeting points where 

4808
04:32:49,700 --> 04:32:53,500
different groups exchanged 
Goods, information and social 

4809
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:56,600
connections. 
These locations might host 

4810
04:32:56,600 --> 04:32:58,700
seasonal. 
Gatherings when the weather is 

4811
04:32:58,700 --> 04:33:01,500
favorable and resources are 
abundant enough to support 

4812
04:33:01,500 --> 04:33:04,500
larger groups. 
Temporarily, The interaction 

4813
04:33:04,500 --> 04:33:08,099
strength and networks that span 
Beyond any single community. 

4814
04:33:08,900 --> 04:33:12,099
Architecture develops that 
respond intelligently to Desert 

4815
04:33:12,099 --> 04:33:15,500
conditions structures. 
Use thick walls to moderate 

4816
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:19,000
temperature swings small Windows
to reduce heat gain. 

4817
04:33:19,000 --> 04:33:22,400
While still, allowing light and 
air, and designs that create 

4818
04:33:22,400 --> 04:33:26,500
shade while catching any Breeze.
These features become standard 

4819
04:33:26,500 --> 04:33:29,599
elements refined over many 
building Cycles. 

4820
04:33:30,500 --> 04:33:33,500
Water management techniques 
growing sophisticated. 

4821
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:36,599
Systems for collecting and 
storing rainwater. 

4822
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:41,200
Make the most of infrequent 
precipitation, Wells are dug 

4823
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:43,900
with knowledge passed down 
about, where to find underground

4824
04:33:43,900 --> 04:33:45,300
sources and how to maintain 
them. 

4825
04:33:46,000 --> 04:33:50,000
Channels direct water to areas 
where it's most needed creating 

4826
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:53,099
productive patches within 
otherwise dry landscapes. 

4827
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:56,599
Plant cultivation begins in some
areas. 

4828
04:33:56,599 --> 04:33:58,800
Where water can be controlled, 
reliably. 

4829
04:33:59,500 --> 04:34:02,800
Certain species that naturally 
grow in desert margins respond 

4830
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:04,900
well to a bit of extra water and
attention. 

4831
04:34:05,800 --> 04:34:09,400
Gardens near water sources, 
supplement gathered, wild Foods 

4832
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:12,200
adding security and variety to 
diets. 

4833
04:34:13,000 --> 04:34:15,900
The knowledge of, which plants 
can be encouraged and how to 

4834
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:17,700
care for them. 
Develops through patient. 

4835
04:34:17,700 --> 04:34:21,800
Experimentation, Cultural 
practices reflect desert, 

4836
04:34:21,800 --> 04:34:25,400
realities Hospitality 
Traditions, ensure that 

4837
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:29,000
Travelers can find welcome and 
resources at settlements along 

4838
04:34:29,000 --> 04:34:32,099
trade routes. 
Sharing water with visitors is 

4839
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:34,400
considered essential rather than
optional. 

4840
04:34:35,400 --> 04:34:37,900
These Customs recognize the 
mutual vulnerability. 

4841
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:42,200
Everyone faces in arid 
environments and create networks

4842
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:46,099
of support that benefit all 
spiritual and artistic 

4843
04:34:46,099 --> 04:34:49,200
traditions, and corporate desert
imagery in symbolism. 

4844
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:52,700
The Stark beauty of desert 
landscapes. 

4845
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:58,300
Clarity of night skies and the 
drama of rare rainstorms all 

4846
04:34:58,300 --> 04:35:03,000
find Expressions, stories Songz 
and visual arts The physical 

4847
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:05,500
environment shapes cultural 
identity and ways. 

4848
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:09,800
Both obvious and subtle. 
Navigation, skills, particular 

4849
04:35:09,800 --> 04:35:12,800
to Desert environments, develop 
into specialized knowledge. 

4850
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:17,099
greeting, subtle variations in 
terrain predicting, whether from

4851
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:21,400
cloud, formations using star 
positions for direction and 

4852
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:24,599
recognizing the signs of 
approaching seasonal changes, 

4853
04:35:24,599 --> 04:35:29,000
all become valued abilities, 
Those with particular skill in 

4854
04:35:29,000 --> 04:35:31,700
these areas, share their 
knowledge with others, the 

4855
04:35:31,700 --> 04:35:35,099
continuity of desert Landscapes 
creates a sense of connection to

4856
04:35:35,099 --> 04:35:39,000
past Generations who move 
through the same space as you 

4857
04:35:39,000 --> 04:35:42,900
walk Trails worn by countless 
feet before yours, you can put 

4858
04:35:42,900 --> 04:35:44,900
sights that show evidence of 
long use. 

4859
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:48,500
You draw water from Springs that
are float for time Beyond 

4860
04:35:48,500 --> 04:35:51,300
memory. 
This temporal depth adds meaning

4861
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:56,000
to daily activities. adaptation 
to Desert conditions become so 

4862
04:35:56,000 --> 04:35:59,900
thoroughly integrated into ways 
of living that it feels natural 

4863
04:35:59,900 --> 04:36:04,300
rather than imposed The rhythms 
of movement, the patterns of 

4864
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:07,800
work, and rest, and the social 
Customs, that facilitate 

4865
04:36:07,800 --> 04:36:11,900
survival and comfort. 
All of these simply are the way 

4866
04:36:11,908 --> 04:36:15,300
things are done. 
The desert has shaped culture to

4867
04:36:15,300 --> 04:36:19,700
match its requirements and the 
fit feels comfortable changes 

4868
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:22,900
continued even after deserts 
reach their current extents. 

4869
04:36:23,800 --> 04:36:26,800
Climate variations. 
Bring wetter and drier periods 

4870
04:36:26,800 --> 04:36:30,900
over decades and centuries. 
Water sources, might shift 

4871
04:36:30,900 --> 04:36:33,200
location or change their 
productivity. 

4872
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:38,599
Plant communities are just their
ranges and abundances, people 

4873
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:42,099
respond to these changes with 
the same flexibility that served

4874
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:45,000
their ancestors during the 
initial drying periods. 

4875
04:36:45,800 --> 04:36:49,200
The knowledge required to thrive
in desert Landscapes remains 

4876
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:53,000
valuable, and continues to be 
transmitted from experienced 

4877
04:36:53,000 --> 04:36:57,200
individuals to learners. 
Each generation adds their own 

4878
04:36:57,200 --> 04:37:00,400
observations, and Innovations to
the accumulated wisdom. 

4879
04:37:00,400 --> 04:37:04,400
The tradition is living in 
Dynamic, rather than static and 

4880
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:06,900
thickest. 
Desert Crossing that. 

4881
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:09,599
Once seemed daunting become 
familiar Journeys, for those who

4882
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:12,800
make them regularly. 
The distance is don't shrink, 

4883
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:14,700
the challenge is don't 
disappear. 

4884
04:37:14,700 --> 04:37:16,599
But experience makes them 
manageable. 

4885
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:20,099
What required intense focused. 
The first time becomes routine 

4886
04:37:20,099 --> 04:37:23,700
on the 10th or 20th Crossing 
Confidence, builds with 

4887
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,599
repetition. 
The Stark beauty of desert 

4888
04:37:26,599 --> 04:37:29,200
Landscapes attracts people who 
appreciate their particular 

4889
04:37:29,200 --> 04:37:33,700
qualities, the clean lines of 
distant Horizons, The Dramatic 

4890
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:37,700
contrast between sky and land, 
the intensity of light and color

4891
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:42,300
and the sense of space and 
openness what might seem harsh 

4892
04:37:42,300 --> 04:37:45,700
to unfamiliar becomes beloved to
those who know these places. 

4893
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:50,200
Well, Evening light in deserts 
continues to transform The View 

4894
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:53,500
with the same reliable magic. 
It has shown for thousands of 

4895
04:37:53,500 --> 04:37:56,300
years. 
The colors, the lengthening 

4896
04:37:56,300 --> 04:38:00,800
Shadows, the gradual Cooling. 
These daily events maintain 

4897
04:38:00,800 --> 04:38:05,000
their appeal through countless 
repetitions each Sunset is 

4898
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,400
unique in its details. 
Yet familiar in its pattern. 

4899
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:13,099
As you settle into sleep 
tonight, the desert Landscapes 

4900
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:16,000
that took thousands of years to 
form continued. 

4901
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:19,700
Their patient existence they've 
shaped human history, not 

4902
04:38:19,700 --> 04:38:23,300
through dramatic events but 
through steady influence on the 

4903
04:38:23,308 --> 04:38:27,900
Practical details of life, where
people travel, how they gather 

4904
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:32,700
resources, when they rest, and 
what they value, The quiet 

4905
04:38:32,700 --> 04:38:36,900
Persistence of these dry lands. 
As proven as influential as any 

4906
04:38:36,900 --> 04:38:40,599
dramatic historical Force 
working its effects through the 

4907
04:38:40,599 --> 04:38:44,200
accumulated weight of daily 
choices and adaptations across 

4908
04:38:44,200 --> 04:38:48,099
Generations Beyond Counting The 
world's deserts hold their 

4909
04:38:48,099 --> 04:38:51,700
shape, neither expanding nor 
Contracting in any way you would

4910
04:38:51,700 --> 04:38:55,000
notice within a lifetime, they 
continue offering their 

4911
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:57,800
particular challenges and 
rewards to those who learn their

4912
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:02,700
patterns and in the cool 
darkness of night beneath stars 

4913
04:39:02,700 --> 04:39:05,500
that have watched these lands 
for far longer than humans, have

4914
04:39:05,500 --> 04:39:08,900
walked them. 
The balance holds between heat 

4915
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:14,200
and cool activity and rest 
movement and staying all the 

4916
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:17,099
rhythms that make life possible 
in these remarkable places. 

4917
04:39:20,700 --> 04:39:23,099
You are lying somewhere 
comfortable right now and the 

4918
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:25,400
world outside is doing what ever
it does at night. 

4919
04:39:26,200 --> 04:39:29,500
Put that side for a moment come 
instead to a land where the air 

4920
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:33,099
smells of dry Earth and slow 
river water where the sky. 

4921
04:39:33,099 --> 04:39:36,000
So clear on any given night that
the stars, look like someone 

4922
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:38,500
knocked over a jar of salt to 
cross a dark stone floor. 

4923
04:39:39,400 --> 04:39:42,100
And where a child of roughly 
nine years old is sitting on a 

4924
04:39:42,108 --> 04:39:46,200
throne carved for much larger. 
People holding objects in hands 

4925
04:39:46,200 --> 04:39:48,300
that are still small enough to 
make those objects look 

4926
04:39:48,300 --> 04:39:50,900
theatrical. 
The year is somewhere around 

4927
04:39:50,900 --> 04:39:55,900
1332 before the Common Era. 
Egypt is ancient even by ancient

4928
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:58,600
standards. 
The Great Pyramids at Giza have 

4929
04:39:58,600 --> 04:40:01,500
already been standing from all 
the 1000 Years by the time. 

4930
04:40:01,500 --> 04:40:05,500
This boy draws his first breath 
The enormous Temple complex at 

4931
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:09,200
Karnak has already scarred and 
magnificent and deeply Old Egypt

4932
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:12,600
has survived dozens of pharaohs.
Each one carrying the same 

4933
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:16,600
ceremonial titles, the same 
symbolic, Crook and flail, and 

4934
04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:19,200
the same double crown 
representing the unification of 

4935
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:22,600
two kingdoms into one. 
But the world this particular 

4936
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,900
boy is inheriting is not the 
stable carefully ordered Egypt 

4937
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:28,900
of the old traditions. 
His father was the Pharaoh 

4938
04:40:28,900 --> 04:40:32,100
Akhenaten, a ruler. 
Who spent roughly 17 years 

4939
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:35,400
dismantling, the religious 
foundations of a civilization 

4940
04:40:35,400 --> 04:40:37,800
that had been building those 
foundations for centuries, 

4941
04:40:37,800 --> 04:40:40,300
Akinator and closed the great 
temples. 

4942
04:40:40,300 --> 04:40:43,600
He stripped the priest to, of 
its land, its income and its 

4943
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:45,700
purpose. 
He declared that there was only 

4944
04:40:45,700 --> 04:40:49,600
one God worth worshiping a solar
disc called the attend, and that

4945
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,600
he himself was the soul living 
representative of that God on 

4946
04:40:52,600 --> 04:40:55,000
Earth. 
He moved the Royal Court from 

4947
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:58,000
the ancient Sacred City of 
Thebes to a brand new city. 

4948
04:40:58,000 --> 04:41:01,600
He built from scratch in the 
desert a city called ketan, 

4949
04:41:01,600 --> 04:41:04,100
which we now know as a Mana, he 
renamed himself. 

4950
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:06,900
He moved the old gods out of 
their own houses. 

4951
04:41:06,900 --> 04:41:10,800
He redirected the enormous river
of State resources and Temple 

4952
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:15,400
offerings toward his single, 
absolute and deeply inconvenient

4953
04:41:15,400 --> 04:41:20,100
vision. 
The city from nothing akitin was

4954
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:23,300
designed to be architecturally, 
perfect for its new theology. 

4955
04:41:23,300 --> 04:41:26,800
Its temples were ruthless open 
to the sky. 

4956
04:41:26,800 --> 04:41:30,000
So the solar disc could reach 
the altar directly without the 

4957
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:33,400
obstruction of ceilings. 
Its residential districts were 

4958
04:41:33,400 --> 04:41:37,300
laid out in orderly streets, its
Cliff tombs held images of the 

4959
04:41:37,300 --> 04:41:40,500
royal family and an artistic 
style entirely unlike anything 

4960
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:43,200
Egypt. 
Had produced before intimate and

4961
04:41:43,200 --> 04:41:46,200
slightly unsettling with the 
elongated bodies and 

4962
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:49,000
naturalistic poses that broke 
every Convention of official 

4963
04:41:49,000 --> 04:41:51,300
portraiture accumulated over 
2000 years. 

4964
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:56,000
The city reached perhaps 20,000 
inhabitants at its height and 

4965
04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:58,700
was then abandoned almost as 
quickly as it had been built. 

4966
04:41:59,500 --> 04:42:01,800
The people who had moved there 
for the promise of a new world 

4967
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:04,800
simply left, when that world 
ended, they took what they could

4968
04:42:04,800 --> 04:42:08,700
carry back to Thebes and Memphis
and heliopolis and left the rest

4969
04:42:08,700 --> 04:42:11,400
of the desert. 
The painted walls of the noble 

4970
04:42:11,400 --> 04:42:13,500
tombs carved into the cliffs, 
above the city. 

4971
04:42:13,500 --> 04:42:17,300
Still survive today, protected 
partly by the remoteness that 

4972
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:19,200
always made the location 
inconvenient. 

4973
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:23,300
They are beautiful and they are 
strange and they stand in a city

4974
04:42:23,300 --> 04:42:25,500
that no one has lived in for 
3,000 years. 

4975
04:42:25,500 --> 04:42:29,800
It was by any measure, one of 
the most radical experiments in 

4976
04:42:29,800 --> 04:42:31,200
the recorded history of 
religion. 

4977
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:34,500
And by the time his son came to 
power, the whole Arrangement was

4978
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:37,700
already fracturing The boys' 
birth name was Tutankhamun. 

4979
04:42:37,700 --> 04:42:39,900
Meaning living image of the 
attend. 

4980
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:44,000
He was born around 1341 before 
the Common Era and Scholars 

4981
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:45,500
still debate, his mother's 
identity. 

4982
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:49,400
A major Egyptian, mummy research
project completed in 2010, 

4983
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:53,300
conducted, computed tomography 
scans and DNA analysis on the 

4984
04:42:53,308 --> 04:42:56,600
Royal mummies from this period 
and those results suggest his 

4985
04:42:56,600 --> 04:42:59,300
mother was a woman referred to 
in text simply as the younger 

4986
04:42:59,300 --> 04:43:02,600
lady herself, adore of the 
early, Pharaoh amenhotep, the 

4987
04:43:02,600 --> 04:43:06,100
Third, That lineage would make 
her both a daughter and a wife 

4988
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:09,000
of the royal family 
simultaneously, a practice Not 

4989
04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:10,800
Unusual in Egyptian royal 
succession. 

4990
04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:13,700
Where marriage is kept within 
the bloodline were considered 

4991
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:15,800
both politically and 
theologically appropriate. 

4992
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:20,800
His father died around 1336 
before the Common Era, a brief 

4993
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:22,200
and puzzling. 
Transitional period. 

4994
04:43:22,200 --> 04:43:25,600
Followed possibly involving a. 
Co-regent named swing car. 

4995
04:43:25,600 --> 04:43:28,800
Though that figure remains one 
of the most argued topics in the

4996
04:43:28,800 --> 04:43:31,300
discipline. 
Some historians believe Swank 

4997
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:34,700
car was appointed by Akana near 
the end of his Reign others 

4998
04:43:34,700 --> 04:43:36,800
believe the name refers to 
someone else entirely. 

4999
04:43:37,400 --> 04:43:40,000
The precise sequence of events 
in these months, is the kind of 

5000
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:42,800
puzzle that keeps Specialists 
awake long after sensible. 

5001
04:43:42,800 --> 04:43:46,400
People have already gone to bed,
which tonight includes you. 

5002
04:43:47,200 --> 04:43:51,300
What we do know is that by 
around 1332, the boy, who would 

5003
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:54,500
become Tutankhamun was Seated on
the throne of Egypt, he was 

5004
04:43:54,508 --> 04:43:57,700
approximately 9 years old. 
Think for a moment about what 

5005
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:00,900
you were doing at 9, you were 
probably concerned with homework

5006
04:44:00,900 --> 04:44:04,500
with the fairness of bedtime 
with whether the interesting kid

5007
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:05,700
down, the street would want to 
play. 

5008
04:44:06,600 --> 04:44:09,100
You are not managing the 
spiritual economic and political

5009
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:10,700
reconstruction of a 
civilization. 

5010
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:14,100
But here was this child sitting 
in a seat too, large for him, 

5011
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:17,300
wearing a double crown, too. 
Heavy for his head holding 

5012
04:44:17,300 --> 04:44:20,200
instruments of divine Authority 
and hands that had not yet 

5013
04:44:20,200 --> 04:44:23,900
finished growing The coronation 
of a fairer was one of the most 

5014
04:44:23,908 --> 04:44:26,300
elaborate ceremonies in the 
Egyptian ritual, calendar 

5015
04:44:26,300 --> 04:44:29,500
involving days of purification 
anointing. 

5016
04:44:29,500 --> 04:44:33,500
The formal offering of the crook
and flail and the presentation 

5017
04:44:33,500 --> 04:44:36,500
of the royal name that a new 
king received at the moment of 

5018
04:44:36,500 --> 04:44:39,400
his elevation. 5 names in total 
forming. 

5019
04:44:39,400 --> 04:44:42,200
A kind of theological biography 
of his Divine Purpose. 

5020
04:44:42,900 --> 04:44:46,000
For a child of Nine, the 
physical weight of the ceremony 

5021
04:44:46,000 --> 04:44:49,300
alone must have been remarkable.
The crowns used in various 

5022
04:44:49,300 --> 04:44:51,000
rituals were substantial 
objects. 

5023
04:44:51,000 --> 04:44:53,300
The robes were heavily layered 
linen. 

5024
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:55,700
The heat in the inner 
sanctuaries of the temples. 

5025
04:44:55,700 --> 04:44:58,700
Even in the cooler months was 
considerable that the boy 

5026
04:44:58,700 --> 04:45:00,800
managed to stand through all of 
it was itself. 

5027
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:04,000
A kind of achievement though, 
not one that anyone thought to 

5028
04:45:04,000 --> 04:45:07,200
record in the official version 
of events he had advisors, of 

5029
04:45:07,200 --> 04:45:09,700
course, without them, nothing 
would have moved. 

5030
04:45:11,300 --> 04:45:14,000
The two most significant figures
around him, were a man named. 

5031
04:45:14,000 --> 04:45:17,600
I who served as Chief counselor 
and had almost certainly guided 

5032
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:19,500
Royal decisions long before 
Tutankhamun. 

5033
04:45:19,500 --> 04:45:23,000
Arrived at the throne and a 
military commander named Horan 

5034
04:45:23,000 --> 04:45:26,000
HEB who led Egypt's armed forces
and had a very clear 

5035
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:28,300
understanding of what a stable 
Kingdom required. 

5036
04:45:29,000 --> 04:45:31,000
Neither of these men was a kind 
grandfather. 

5037
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:32,500
Figure offering warm 
reassurance. 

5038
04:45:32,500 --> 04:45:36,400
They were sharp experienced 
political operators in a world 

5039
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:39,800
where power was genuinely, 
everything and sentiment was at 

5040
04:45:39,800 --> 04:45:43,500
best a secondary consideration. 
But the young king was not 

5041
04:45:43,500 --> 04:45:46,900
entirely without Comfort. 
He was married possibly from 

5042
04:45:46,900 --> 04:45:50,100
quite an early age to a young 
woman named hunter moon. 

5043
04:45:50,100 --> 04:45:53,700
She was the third daughter of 
Akinator and the renowned Queen 

5044
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:56,600
Nefertiti. 
Making her simultaneously a half

5045
04:45:56,608 --> 04:45:59,800
sibling and a wife to the young 
king again in the pattern of 

5046
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:01,100
Egyptian. 
Royal marriages. 

5047
04:46:02,100 --> 04:46:05,300
She was a few years older than 
Tutankhamun and the art 

5048
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:07,900
associated with their time 
together, suggests within the 

5049
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:11,100
constrained language of official
Egyptian, imagery something 

5050
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:14,900
warmer than pure ceremony. 
One of the first decisions of 

5051
04:46:14,900 --> 04:46:18,600
the new Reign almost certainly 
shaped by I and horrid was to 

5052
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,400
leave Amana. 
The city Akinator had built was 

5053
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,200
packed up an abandoned. 
Its temples were left to the 

5054
04:46:24,208 --> 04:46:27,000
Desert Wind. 
Its painted walls began their 

5055
04:46:27,000 --> 04:46:30,600
slow surrender to the Sun. 
The court moved North to Memphis

5056
04:46:30,600 --> 04:46:34,600
which became the administrative 
Center and South to Thebes for 

5057
04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:36,300
ceremonial and religious 
purposes. 

5058
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:39,400
Reconnecting the kingdom with 
the ancient geography of 

5059
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:41,800
Egyptian power. 
And sometime. 

5060
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:44,300
In those early years, the boy 
changed his name. 

5061
04:46:45,300 --> 04:46:49,100
Tutankhamun became Tutankhamun. 
The living image of the attend 

5062
04:46:49,100 --> 04:46:50,500
became the living image of a 
moon. 

5063
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:53,100
It was a change written into his
own identity. 

5064
04:46:53,100 --> 04:46:56,500
A public declaration made in the
most permanent form of 

5065
04:46:56,500 --> 04:46:58,800
available. 
The old gods were coming home. 

5066
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:01,500
You know how it feels when 
someone is rearrange your 

5067
04:47:01,500 --> 04:47:03,400
kitchen. 
While you're out of town, you 

5068
04:47:03,400 --> 04:47:05,600
come home and reach for your 
favorite mug in the wrong 

5069
04:47:05,600 --> 04:47:08,700
cupboard, three times before 
your hand accepts the new 

5070
04:47:08,700 --> 04:47:11,800
reality. 
It is disorienting and a small 

5071
04:47:11,800 --> 04:47:16,600
domestic slightly maddening way.
now, multiply that feeling by 

5072
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:18,800
several centuries of 
institutional tradition, 

5073
04:47:19,700 --> 04:47:22,500
Multiply it further by the 
economic weight of a priesthood 

5074
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:25,800
that had been stripped of its 
income and told its entire 

5075
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:27,500
professional purpose was 
obsolete. 

5076
04:47:27,500 --> 04:47:31,000
Add the bewilderment of 
craftsmen who carved sacred 

5077
04:47:31,000 --> 04:47:34,900
images and maintained sacred 
boats and wolves, sacred linen 

5078
04:47:34,900 --> 04:47:37,600
for a living and who had spent 
the last decade with nothing 

5079
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:40,400
sacred to do somewhere in that 
multiplication. 

5080
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:43,400
You approach the atmosphere in 
Egypt's Temple cities as 

5081
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:45,700
Tutankhamun's Reign began to 
find its feet. 

5082
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:49,300
The priests of a moon had been 
among the most powerful people 

5083
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:52,700
in Egypt for Generations. 
The temple complex at Karnak 

5084
04:47:52,700 --> 04:47:56,300
dedicated to a moon was one of 
the largest religious structures

5085
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:59,300
in the ancient world and the 
wealth flowing through it funded

5086
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:02,900
everything from architectural 
projects to political influence 

5087
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:06,300
to the Daily feeding of 
thousands of Temple dependents 

5088
04:48:06,300 --> 04:48:09,800
when I came closed the temples 
he did not simply offend 

5089
04:48:09,800 --> 04:48:13,400
religious feeling, he dismantled
an economy that many people's 

5090
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:16,500
entire lives depended on what 
Tutankhamun's early Reign 

5091
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:19,000
undertook was essentially a 
national reassembly project. 

5092
04:48:20,000 --> 04:48:22,500
The scale of that project is 
easier to appreciate, when you 

5093
04:48:22,508 --> 04:48:24,900
consider how many institutions 
have been disrupted. 

5094
04:48:24,900 --> 04:48:28,100
The Temple of a moon at Carla 
alone had employed hundreds of 

5095
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:32,300
priests scribes musicians, 
Brewers Bakers, cattle, herders,

5096
04:48:32,300 --> 04:48:35,400
Weavers, and gardeners before, 
Akinator arrived. 

5097
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:39,400
The subsidiary temples of mutton
konsu within the Karnak complex,

5098
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:41,700
had their own staffs and their 
own ritual calendars. 

5099
04:48:42,400 --> 04:48:44,200
The Great temple of tar at 
Memphis. 

5100
04:48:44,200 --> 04:48:47,500
One of the oldest in Egypt, had 
similarly been left without its 

5101
04:48:47,500 --> 04:48:49,800
proper function and its 
supporting economy. 

5102
04:48:51,000 --> 04:48:54,400
The temple of Ra at heliopolis, 
north of Memphis and one of the 

5103
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:57,400
most ancient religious sites in 
the entire country had been 

5104
04:48:57,408 --> 04:49:00,500
absorbed rather than simply 
closed its sun. 

5105
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:03,700
God theology reclassified under 
the attend in a way that 

5106
04:49:03,700 --> 04:49:04,800
satisfied. 
No one. 

5107
04:49:05,500 --> 04:49:06,800
Getting all of this moving 
again. 

5108
04:49:06,800 --> 04:49:09,800
Required not just religious 
intention but administrative 

5109
04:49:09,800 --> 04:49:13,000
competence of a high order. 
Someone had to identify which 

5110
04:49:13,000 --> 04:49:16,300
Temple is States had changed 
hands and to whom someone had to

5111
04:49:16,300 --> 04:49:19,500
locate the craftsmen who to make
the sacred objects specific 

5112
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:22,900
temples required because the 
skills needed to carve a cult 

5113
04:49:22,900 --> 04:49:25,900
statue were not transferable to 
other work and had to be 

5114
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:29,300
actively passed on. 
Someone had to re-establish the 

5115
04:49:29,300 --> 04:49:33,000
supply chains for the materials 
required by ritual, the specific

5116
04:49:33,000 --> 04:49:37,300
incense is the quality of linen,
the cattle for sacrifice, and 

5117
04:49:37,300 --> 04:49:40,200
the grain for bread, and beer 
offering that the gods received 

5118
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:43,000
every day. 
The young king had the benefit 

5119
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:46,600
of advisors who had watched the 
old system work before Akinator 

5120
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:49,500
and dismantled it, and who 
retained the institutional 

5121
04:49:49,500 --> 04:49:50,900
knowledge, required to restore 
it. 

5122
04:49:51,900 --> 04:49:55,100
We know this in part because of 
a remarkable document Scholars 

5123
04:49:55,100 --> 04:49:59,000
called the restoration stealer 
this inscribed stone erected at 

5124
04:49:59,000 --> 04:50:01,900
Carnac during the young King's 
Reign describes the condition of

5125
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:05,200
the temples before Restoration 
in language that is by the 

5126
04:50:05,200 --> 04:50:08,800
restrained standards of official
Egyptian texts quite Vivid. 

5127
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:13,100
It speaks of shrine Courtyards 
given over to grass and weeds it

5128
04:50:13,100 --> 04:50:14,800
describes. 
The gods as having turned their 

5129
04:50:14,800 --> 04:50:18,100
backs on Egypt, prayers going 
unanswered, and armies 

5130
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:20,800
dispatched on campaign and 
returning without achievement. 

5131
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,300
The language is almost certainly
polished for political effect. 

5132
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:27,600
Ancient Pharaohs were not prone 
to understanding their own 

5133
04:50:27,600 --> 04:50:30,600
importance, but beneath the 
rhetoric were archeology 

5134
04:50:30,600 --> 04:50:33,800
confirms is that the religious 
infrastructure of Egypt had 

5135
04:50:33,800 --> 04:50:37,700
genuinely deteriorated during 
akinator's years and that there 

5136
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:41,600
was real work to be done The 
restoration sent Craftsman back 

5137
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:45,300
to the Temple's damaged. 
Carvings, were prepared images 

5138
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:47,300
of the old gods that had been 
chiseled away. 

5139
04:50:47,300 --> 04:50:50,000
During akinator's. 
Purge were recurred, buy fresh 

5140
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:52,500
hams offering tables were 
restocked. 

5141
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:55,900
The cattle kept for sacrificial 
purposes, were returned to their

5142
04:50:55,900 --> 04:50:58,300
enclosures. 
The elaborate processional boats

5143
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:01,100
used to carry Divine Images. 
During festivals were rebuilt. 

5144
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:04,400
And the Steelers specifically 
notes that the new boats were 

5145
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:06,800
constructed from better Timber 
than their predecessors. 

5146
04:51:07,700 --> 04:51:11,200
That Last Detail deserves a 
moment because it is the kind of

5147
04:51:11,200 --> 04:51:14,600
thing that makes ancient records
feel suddenly unexpectedly 

5148
04:51:14,600 --> 04:51:18,200
alive. 
Someone sat down and wrote in a 

5149
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,900
document carved in stone and 
meant to outlast everything that

5150
04:51:21,900 --> 04:51:24,500
the replacement God Boats were 
made from Superior wood. 

5151
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:27,300
That is the voice of a 
civilization that genuinely 

5152
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:30,100
cared about the quality of the 
vessels carrying its Divine 

5153
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:32,700
Images. 
There is something quietly. 

5154
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:35,000
Wonderful in the specificity of 
that Pride. 

5155
04:51:35,700 --> 04:51:37,900
The Great Festival of opet. 
One of Egypt's, most 

5156
04:51:37,900 --> 04:51:41,700
significant, annual religious, 
celebrations was reinstated, the

5157
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:44,500
festival involved carrying the 
sacred image of a moon from the 

5158
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:48,000
complex, Southwood along, the 
Nile to the temple at Luxor. 

5159
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:51,500
A ceremonial journey of roughly 
three kilometers along an Avenue

5160
04:51:51,500 --> 04:51:54,200
line with Sphinx statues, the 
whole city. 

5161
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:58,700
Turned out, musicians played 
incense, Rose in thick sweet, 

5162
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:01,000
columns. 
Through the morning are People 

5163
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:03,600
pressed along the processional 
route to catch a glimpse of the 

5164
04:52:03,600 --> 04:52:06,500
golden barking. 
The god, back through streets 

5165
04:52:06,500 --> 04:52:08,300
that are not seen him passing 
years. 

5166
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:13,500
The aten was not entirely 
arrayed solar disk image jury 

5167
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:16,200
continued to appear in some 
official contexts and the 

5168
04:52:16,208 --> 04:52:18,900
theological distinctions between
the attend and the more 

5169
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:21,800
traditional Sunday were never 
cleanly resolved. 

5170
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:25,700
But a moon was restored to his 
position of pre-eminence and the

5171
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:28,800
vast Machinery of Egyptian 
religious life which was not 

5172
04:52:28,800 --> 04:52:31,500
separate from daily life but 
woven all the way through it 

5173
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:35,700
began to turn again. 
What Tutankhamun personally felt

5174
04:52:35,700 --> 04:52:37,800
about any of this is genuinely 
Beyond recovery. 

5175
04:52:37,800 --> 04:52:41,300
He was a child being Guided by 
adults who had strong and 

5176
04:52:41,300 --> 04:52:44,000
settled views about the correct 
way to run a civilization. 

5177
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:48,200
Whether he grew into his own 
convictions about the gods, or 

5178
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:52,000
whether he enacted the decisions
already made around him, no text

5179
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:55,900
to survive to bridge that Gap. 
But his name change, the 

5180
04:52:55,900 --> 04:52:58,700
physical evidence of renewed 
Temple activity across the 

5181
04:52:58,700 --> 04:53:01,900
country and the public 
declarations carved in stone. 

5182
04:53:01,900 --> 04:53:05,500
All point the same direction. 
Whatever, his inner life held 

5183
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:08,400
the outer record of his Reign is
one of deliberate methodical 

5184
04:53:08,400 --> 04:53:10,100
return to the older 
Arrangements. 

5185
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:12,900
There is something almost 
comforting about the image of a 

5186
04:53:12,908 --> 04:53:15,100
country quietly putting itself 
back together. 

5187
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:18,400
Cleaning out the damaged 
Corners, restocking, the 

5188
04:53:18,400 --> 04:53:21,100
shelves. 
Relighting the lamps and sending

5189
04:53:21,100 --> 04:53:23,800
a message to a god, that the 
people of Egypt were sorry about

5190
04:53:23,800 --> 04:53:26,700
the interruption and hoped 
things could return to normal 

5191
04:53:26,700 --> 04:53:29,000
Egypt. 
Under this young king was not 

5192
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:31,800
launching, the kind of military 
campaigns that fill the walls of

5193
04:53:31,800 --> 04:53:34,300
later. 
Temples with dramatic, carvings 

5194
04:53:34,300 --> 04:53:37,700
of battle. 
It was doing quieter harder more

5195
04:53:37,700 --> 04:53:40,500
patient work. 
It was repairing the fabric of 

5196
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:44,200
its own civilization room by 
room Temple by Temple named by 

5197
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:47,800
name each time a Craftsman 
placed a freshly carved face of 

5198
04:53:47,808 --> 04:53:50,800
a moon back in the niche where I
can attend had removed its 

5199
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:54,000
predecessor or a priest of moot,
stepped back through the gates 

5200
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:56,400
of a reopened Temple. 
And resumed a ritual, his family

5201
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:59,700
had performed for Generations 
before the disruption, something

5202
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:01,400
in the record of ordinary 
Egyptian. 

5203
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:04,300
Life moved back to the shape it 
recognized as home. 

5204
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:08,300
That movement was not dramatic 
the produced no spectacular 

5205
04:54:08,300 --> 04:54:12,100
battles know, shocking reversals
and no single moment that 

5206
04:54:12,100 --> 04:54:15,800
historian could point to and say
there that was the day. 

5207
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:19,400
It changed, it happened in the 
small accumulated, decisions of 

5208
04:54:19,400 --> 04:54:22,700
thousands of people resuming the
work they had been waiting to 

5209
04:54:22,700 --> 04:54:26,400
resume over months and years in 
city, after City, along the 

5210
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:30,100
whole length of the river. 
You have statistically speaking 

5211
04:54:30,100 --> 04:54:34,100
never been inside ancient 
Egyptian Palace tonight, that 

5212
04:54:34,100 --> 04:54:37,700
changes, at least in the good 
way where you stay in bed and 

5213
04:54:37,700 --> 04:54:41,700
the palace comes to you. 
Start with stone, the walls are 

5214
04:54:41,700 --> 04:54:44,500
thick built to keep the days 
heat from following you inside. 

5215
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:48,600
Which in a country where summer 
temperatures regularly exceed 40

5216
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:51,200
degrees is not an aesthetic 
preference, but a survival 

5217
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:55,200
strategy. 
The floors are smooth pale 

5218
04:54:55,200 --> 04:54:59,100
Limestone covered in woven Reed,
mats and linen rugs died in 

5219
04:54:59,100 --> 04:55:01,500
colors that would look. 
Surprisingly Vivid by modern 

5220
04:55:01,500 --> 04:55:04,300
standards, Egyptian Dyers were 
accomplished people. 

5221
04:55:04,300 --> 04:55:07,200
The rooms are not the dark stone
corridors. 

5222
04:55:07,200 --> 04:55:09,400
That a lifetime of films about 
each Egypt might have left in 

5223
04:55:09,400 --> 04:55:12,300
your imagination. 
The actual Living Spaces of an 

5224
04:55:12,300 --> 04:55:14,600
Egyptian. 
Palace were painted, floors 

5225
04:55:14,600 --> 04:55:17,200
walls and ceilings all carried 
images. 

5226
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:20,800
Sometimes they were geometric 
patterns in blue and white and 

5227
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:23,600
Rich yellow. 
More than they were naturalistic

5228
04:55:23,600 --> 04:55:26,400
scenes. 
Marsh Birds lifting from Papyrus

5229
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:29,200
thickets fish. 
Moving through stylized water 

5230
04:55:29,200 --> 04:55:32,900
drawn in long loose lines and a 
calf running through a field for

5231
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:34,700
reasons that seem to be purely 
at its own. 

5232
04:55:35,500 --> 04:55:37,700
The effect of walking through a 
room like that would be 

5233
04:55:37,708 --> 04:55:39,500
something like, living inside a 
painting. 

5234
04:55:39,500 --> 04:55:43,800
That had decided to wrap itself 
around you, Memphis the city 

5235
04:55:43,800 --> 04:55:46,800
where Tutankhamun spent much of 
his working life, sat, at the 

5236
04:55:46,808 --> 04:55:49,600
point, where the Nile Delta 
began to Fan northward toward 

5237
04:55:49,600 --> 04:55:51,800
the sea. 
It was a city of enormous 

5238
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:55,500
practical importance, positioned
near trade routes near the 

5239
04:55:55,500 --> 04:55:59,200
copper and turquoise mines of 
the Sinai Peninsula, and close 

5240
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:01,900
enough to the Delta ports that 
news from The Wider World 

5241
04:56:01,908 --> 04:56:06,100
arrived with reasonable speed. 
it was a busy City, a working 

5242
04:56:06,100 --> 04:56:10,200
City, the kind of place where 
things actually got done The 

5243
04:56:10,200 --> 04:56:13,000
Memphis Palace of this period 
has not survived in the way that

5244
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:15,500
Temple. 
Complexes have palaces used 

5245
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:19,900
organic materials, alongside 
stone wood, and Reed and painted

5246
04:56:19,900 --> 04:56:22,700
mud plaster and organic 
materials in a humid 

5247
04:56:22,700 --> 04:56:24,700
environment. 
Do not have the same longevity 

5248
04:56:24,700 --> 04:56:28,000
as pure Stone. 
What we know of Royal domestic 

5249
04:56:28,000 --> 04:56:29,600
life? 
Comes partly from the objects 

5250
04:56:29,600 --> 04:56:33,800
packed into Tutankhamun's tomb, 
partly from carved reliefs and 

5251
04:56:33,800 --> 04:56:36,400
temples and partly from 
administrative text that 

5252
04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:39,500
described the rhythm of Palace 
life in Practical rather than 

5253
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:44,400
personal terms The young kings 
day was governed by Ritual from 

5254
04:56:44,400 --> 04:56:45,300
the moment. 
It began. 

5255
04:56:46,200 --> 04:56:49,500
In Egyptian, theology. 
The fairer was not simply a 

5256
04:56:49,500 --> 04:56:50,900
ruler in the administrative 
sense. 

5257
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:54,600
He was the living embodiment of 
the god Horus on Earth, and his 

5258
04:56:54,600 --> 04:56:57,900
daily routine enacted that 
Cosmic role in ways that were 

5259
04:56:57,900 --> 04:57:01,900
precise and repeated and 
carefully maintained Morning 

5260
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:05,800
involved, ritual purification, 
the application of cosmetic oils

5261
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:08,200
and coal that carried religious 
significance. 

5262
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:11,400
Alongside their practical 
function and the formal dressing

5263
04:57:11,400 --> 04:57:13,500
in layered linen. 
Garments appropriate to the 

5264
04:57:13,508 --> 04:57:17,200
day's activities. 
The garments themselves were 

5265
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:20,000
extraordinary. 
Among the objects found in the 

5266
04:57:20,000 --> 04:57:23,100
tomb were numerous Royal robes 
several decorated with 

5267
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:26,600
embroidery of such fine detail 
that modern textile historians, 

5268
04:57:26,600 --> 04:57:29,600
who have spent entire careers, 
studying ancient fabric. 

5269
04:57:29,600 --> 04:57:33,400
Used the word staggering with 
some frequency when describing 

5270
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:35,700
them. 
Lotus flower patterns and 

5271
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:39,200
geometric borders, worked in 
colored thread with a Precision 

5272
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:41,300
that the best modern 
embroiderers would not take 

5273
04:57:41,300 --> 04:57:44,300
lightly. 
Some of the linen was woven so 

5274
04:57:44,300 --> 04:57:47,000
finally it would qualify to as 
the highest grade of fabric in 

5275
04:57:47,000 --> 04:57:50,200
commercial existence the 
Egyptians knew their textiles 

5276
04:57:50,200 --> 04:57:53,300
and they wanted their King to be
dressed accordingly public 

5277
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:55,600
duties involved. 
Receiving reports from officials

5278
04:57:55,600 --> 04:57:59,500
issuing Royal decrees meeting 
with priests and Military 

5279
04:57:59,500 --> 04:58:02,600
commanders and Performing the 
ceremonial functions that 

5280
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:05,000
maintained Egypt's relationship 
with the divine order. 

5281
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:08,700
He would have been surrounded at
all hours, by scribes 

5282
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:13,300
attendance, bodyguards and the 
quiet logistical operators of a 

5283
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:16,500
functional, Royal Court. 
Food in a Royal Egyptian 

5284
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,900
household was by the standards 
of any era exceptionally varied.

5285
04:58:20,600 --> 04:58:23,600
The tomb, contained sealed 
containers of food intended to 

5286
04:58:23,600 --> 04:58:26,400
provision the king in the 
afterlife and the inventory of 

5287
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:29,200
those containers. 
When analyzed revealed beef, 

5288
04:58:29,200 --> 04:58:33,700
duck various species of fish. 
Bread in multiple forms, honey, 

5289
04:58:33,700 --> 04:58:37,700
dried fruits wine from the Delta
Vineyards and oils pressed from 

5290
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:40,900
Sesame and other plants? 
These were not symbolic 

5291
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:43,100
quantities. 
They were Provisions packed as 

5292
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,200
though, for a long journey 
selected, by people who knew 

5293
04:58:46,200 --> 04:58:49,800
specifically what he ate, and 
what he preferred The honey 

5294
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:53,200
stored in Alabaster vessels and 
still faintly distinguishable 

5295
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:57,600
after 3,000 years as honey, is a
detail that makes the distance 

5296
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:00,000
between and now filled briefly 
very small. 

5297
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:03,000
Honey does not change whoever 
packed. 

5298
04:59:03,000 --> 04:59:06,500
It knew he had a taste for it, 
but the two offers glimpses of 

5299
04:59:06,500 --> 04:59:10,000
something more personal among 
the thousands of objects founded

5300
04:59:10,000 --> 04:59:12,900
in that small underground space 
with things that speak less to a

5301
04:59:12,908 --> 04:59:16,800
fairer and more to a specific 
young person with specific 

5302
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:20,400
preferences. 
There were board games including

5303
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:22,600
a beautiful crafted example of 
the game called. 

5304
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:26,200
Senate played on a long 
rectangular board and associated

5305
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:28,800
with the Soul's Journey Through 
the underworld though. 

5306
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:31,000
Clearly also played for the 
uncomplicated pleasure of 

5307
04:59:31,008 --> 04:59:32,800
competing against another 
person. 

5308
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:36,000
There were no fewer than six 
chariots which tells you 

5309
04:59:36,000 --> 04:59:38,800
something fairly direct about 
how much he valued speed. 

5310
04:59:39,600 --> 04:59:42,400
There was more than 100 walking 
sticks, which tells you 

5311
04:59:42,400 --> 04:59:45,300
something equally direct about 
his physical situation. 

5312
04:59:45,300 --> 04:59:49,800
A detail, we will come back to 
there were hunting boomerangs a 

5313
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:52,200
pharaoh who owned hunting 
boomerangs, as a detailed. 

5314
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:55,800
So unexpectedly practical that, 
it takes a moment to settle in. 

5315
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:59,400
But waterfowl hunting in the 
marshes was a genuine sport, 

5316
04:59:59,400 --> 05:00:02,600
among Egyptian ability and the 
boomerang was a real tool for it

5317
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:05,800
rather than a ceremonial prop. 
There were leather garments 

5318
05:00:05,800 --> 05:00:09,400
designed for athletic activity. 
There were gloves, which are 

5319
05:00:09,400 --> 05:00:12,400
honestly the most domestic and 
relatable objects to find in a 

5320
05:00:12,408 --> 05:00:15,300
3,000 year old. 
Royal burial because gloves are 

5321
05:00:15,300 --> 05:00:16,800
a thing you pack. 
When you think you might need 

5322
05:00:16,800 --> 05:00:19,900
them and whoever pack those 
gloves was thinking about a real

5323
05:00:19,900 --> 05:00:23,300
person going somewhere cold. 
His wife Anderson arm and 

5324
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:25,900
appears throughout the tombs 
visual record with a warmth that

5325
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:28,500
stands out against the 
conventions of formal Egyptian. 

5326
05:00:28,500 --> 05:00:32,300
Royal art The standard for 
depicting, Royal couples in 

5327
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:34,800
official imagery involved. 
Parallel formal poses of 

5328
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:38,500
equivalent dignity, two figures 
standing at an identical scale 

5329
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:40,800
with identical forward-facing 
rigidity. 

5330
05:00:42,000 --> 05:00:44,300
The art in Tutankhamun's tomb 
does something different. 

5331
05:00:44,300 --> 05:00:47,700
She is shown applying perfumed 
oil to his collar, her body 

5332
05:00:47,708 --> 05:00:51,200
turned toward his He has shown 
leaning slightly in her 

5333
05:00:51,208 --> 05:00:54,400
Direction during a hunt. 
These are small gestures in a 

5334
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:57,300
visual language that had no 
requirement to include them and 

5335
05:00:57,300 --> 05:01:00,900
their presence is worth noting. 
The most celebrated single 

5336
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:04,200
object in the Tomb. 
Arguably is not the golden mask 

5337
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:09,100
but The Golden Throne a backrest
decorated with an inlaid seen 

5338
05:01:09,100 --> 05:01:12,800
executed in gold and silver and 
glass and fans showing exactly 

5339
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:15,900
this kind of moment. 
The king sits on a cushioned 

5340
05:01:15,900 --> 05:01:17,700
chair. 
In a slightly relaxed posture 

5341
05:01:17,700 --> 05:01:22,000
his arm resting at his side. 
Ankersen immune stands before 

5342
05:01:22,000 --> 05:01:25,500
him applying what appears to be 
perfumed oil or ointment to his 

5343
05:01:25,500 --> 05:01:27,200
collar. 
From a small jar, she holds in 

5344
05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:31,500
one hand Above them. 
The solar discs sends its raised

5345
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,300
downward in lines that terminate
in small human hands. 

5346
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:39,400
Offering the ankh the sign of 
life to their nostrils. the 

5347
05:01:39,408 --> 05:01:42,300
craftsmanship is such that the 
glass in lays in the garments, 

5348
05:01:42,300 --> 05:01:45,200
still catch the light in the way
they were intended to when you 

5349
05:01:45,200 --> 05:01:48,500
researchers who have described 
this object in person frequently

5350
05:01:48,500 --> 05:01:52,200
used the word intimate which is 
not a word that Egyptian Royal 

5351
05:01:52,200 --> 05:01:56,800
Arch usually invite The palace 
at Thebes served primarily 

5352
05:01:56,800 --> 05:01:59,900
ceremonial purposes and 
Tutankhamun would have spent 

5353
05:01:59,900 --> 05:02:02,600
significant time there during 
the major religious festivals 

5354
05:02:02,600 --> 05:02:04,300
that punctuated the Egyptian 
year. 

5355
05:02:05,400 --> 05:02:08,800
The festival season at Thebes 
was concentrated enough that the

5356
05:02:08,808 --> 05:02:11,300
Royal household effectively 
maintained two distinct 

5357
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:14,300
operational bases. 
The administrative North, and 

5358
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:17,300
the ceremonial South and moved 
between them according to the 

5359
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:21,500
ritual calendars demands. 
The palace had Gardens because 

5360
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,200
any wealthy Egyptian household, 
that could afford a garden had 

5361
05:02:24,200 --> 05:02:26,600
one and a Pharaoh's Palace 
certainly could. 

5362
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:29,600
Rectangular pools fed by 
carefully. 

5363
05:02:29,600 --> 05:02:32,900
Maintained irrigation channels, 
held lotus, flowers and fish. 

5364
05:02:33,800 --> 05:02:37,900
Rows of shade trees planting of 
herbs, for the kitchens and for 

5365
05:02:37,900 --> 05:02:40,100
the Physicians who would have 
attended a young king with 

5366
05:02:40,100 --> 05:02:43,300
complex Health needs the center 
of a well-watered Egyptian 

5367
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:46,300
Garden at dusk, with incense, 
burning somewhere inside and the

5368
05:02:46,300 --> 05:02:49,000
cool air coming off. 
The Nile is not something that 

5369
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:51,800
can be fully reconstructed, but 
it is Pleasant to. 

5370
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:55,300
Imagine all the same Egypt, has 
always been the Nile. 

5371
05:02:55,300 --> 05:02:59,300
Everything else is essentially 
footnote this is not sentiment. 

5372
05:02:59,300 --> 05:03:02,900
It is geography. 
Rendered into civilization, the 

5373
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:05,900
ancient Egyptians themselves. 
Understood their entire world 

5374
05:03:05,900 --> 05:03:09,200
through this fact and they 
organized their cosmology, their

5375
05:03:09,200 --> 05:03:12,400
calendar, their understanding of
life, and death and rebirth, 

5376
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:16,100
entirely around the behavior of 
a river that flooded once a year

5377
05:03:16,108 --> 05:03:20,400
and made the desert growth food.
There were two Egypts in the 

5378
05:03:20,408 --> 05:03:24,200
ancient mind chemet. 
The Blackland was the narrow 

5379
05:03:24,200 --> 05:03:27,300
ribbon of dark fertile, soil, 
along the Riverbanks, where the 

5380
05:03:27,300 --> 05:03:30,400
annual flood, deposited its silt
and everything grew and everyone

5381
05:03:30,400 --> 05:03:34,000
lived deshret. 
The Red Land was the pale in 

5382
05:03:34,000 --> 05:03:37,100
different desert beyond the 
floodline associated with chaos 

5383
05:03:37,100 --> 05:03:40,800
and with the godset, Place that 
offered heat and difficulty and 

5384
05:03:40,800 --> 05:03:43,900
not much else. 
The border between these two 

5385
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:47,100
worlds, was not a gradual 
gradient, it was a boundary. 

5386
05:03:47,100 --> 05:03:50,500
You could step across in a 
single stride, one foot on dark 

5387
05:03:50,500 --> 05:03:54,500
wet Earth and one foot on dry 
pale sand and the difference 

5388
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:58,200
between them was the difference 
between abundance and nothing. 

5389
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:03,500
Tutankhamun ruled both his 
double crown represented. 

5390
05:04:03,500 --> 05:04:07,000
Exactly this unification, the 
white crown of Upper Egypt in 

5391
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:09,700
the South combined with the Red 
Crown of Lower Egypt in the 

5392
05:04:09,708 --> 05:04:12,700
north assembled in to one 
composite headpiece. 

5393
05:04:12,700 --> 05:04:16,000
That was visually speaking. 
One of the more committed 

5394
05:04:16,000 --> 05:04:18,800
statements of political Unity 
ever worn on a human head. 

5395
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:22,000
But the Egypt, he actually 
governed the living and 

5396
05:04:22,000 --> 05:04:24,800
breathing and working version 
was the river's Egypt. 

5397
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:29,500
The Nile in the 14th century 
before the Common Era, carried 

5398
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:33,000
the full force of its ancient 
flow before any of the dams and 

5399
05:04:33,008 --> 05:04:35,300
diversions that later centuries 
would impose on it. 

5400
05:04:35,300 --> 05:04:39,100
The annual inundation called 
Arquette began around June. 

5401
05:04:39,100 --> 05:04:42,200
When the flood waters arrived 
from the Ethiopian Highlands and

5402
05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:45,000
the river spread slowly across 
the flood, plain in a broad 

5403
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,200
shallow sheet of brown water. 
That left behind when it pulled 

5404
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:51,900
back in October, a coat of 
mineral Rich silt that made the 

5405
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:54,600
resulting soil, among the most 
naturally fertile in the world. 

5406
05:04:56,100 --> 05:04:58,500
Egyptian Farmers. 
Watched the flood with the kind 

5407
05:04:58,500 --> 05:05:00,500
of attention. 
You give to something your 

5408
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:04,500
entire life, depends on because 
it was exactly that a good 

5409
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:07,200
flood. 
Meant abundance, a flood two 

5410
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:09,800
shallow meant poor soil and thin
harvests. 

5411
05:05:10,600 --> 05:05:13,300
Flood too high met the 
destruction of the mud brick 

5412
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:16,500
houses, built close to the 
River's Edge, and the washing 

5413
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:19,500
away of irrigation channels that
are taking months of Labor, to 

5414
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:22,400
maintain the difference between 
a sufficient flood and an 

5415
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:24,800
insufficient one, was the 
difference between eating well 

5416
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:27,500
and not eating at all. 
And the priest who tracked the 

5417
05:05:27,500 --> 05:05:30,100
Niles levels and reported them 
to the Palace, but not 

5418
05:05:30,100 --> 05:05:32,900
performing a ceremonial 
function, they were providing 

5419
05:05:32,900 --> 05:05:36,200
essential information. 
The months after the flood 

5420
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:39,300
receded, were planting time. 
And the greenfields That Grew 

5421
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:42,700
From the dark silt was so vivid 
against the pale desert margins,

5422
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,900
that Travelers seeing them for 
the first time left accounts 

5423
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:49,800
that read almost as disbelief as
if the fertility were too sudden

5424
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:51,400
and complete to be entirely 
natural. 

5425
05:05:52,500 --> 05:05:56,100
Most of Tutankhamun subjects did
not live in Memphis or thiebes 

5426
05:05:56,100 --> 05:05:59,800
they lived in smaller Villages 
along the river in mud brick 

5427
05:05:59,800 --> 05:06:02,600
houses built flat. 
Roofed against the Heat set 

5428
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:05,200
close together in Lanes narrow 
enough to provide shade during 

5429
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:08,800
the hottest part of the day. 
They grew Emma Wheaton barley. 

5430
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:11,400
They kept goats and cattle and 
geese. 

5431
05:06:11,400 --> 05:06:14,200
They fished the River from small
Papyrus boats. 

5432
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:18,100
They paid taxes in Grain to the 
state and performed labor on 

5433
05:06:18,100 --> 05:06:21,200
public projects. 
When the state required, it The 

5434
05:06:21,200 --> 05:06:24,300
Practical texture of Village 
Life in this period was not 

5435
05:06:24,300 --> 05:06:27,700
recorded in official documents 
because official documents were 

5436
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:31,300
interested in other things, but 
the traces of its survive in the

5437
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:33,700
margins of the record, and in 
the physical evidence of 

5438
05:06:33,700 --> 05:06:37,700
excavated settlements, the smell
of bread baking, in a Clay Oven 

5439
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:40,500
Dawn, the sound of a donkey 
expressing. 

5440
05:06:40,500 --> 05:06:44,100
Its opinions loudly in a narrow 
Lane children running toward the

5441
05:06:44,100 --> 05:06:46,700
river at the end of a day when 
the air had gone from impossible

5442
05:06:46,700 --> 05:06:49,300
to merely very warm. 
These things are not written 

5443
05:06:49,300 --> 05:06:52,300
down anywhere, but they were 
happening in, every village in 

5444
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:55,700
every province of the Kingdom 
Tutankhamun presided over every 

5445
05:06:55,700 --> 05:06:58,800
single day. 
The river itself was the highway

5446
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:02,100
that held the whole country, 
together, flatbottom cargo 

5447
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:05,700
boats, moved grain, North to the
Delta and luxury goods, South to

5448
05:07:05,700 --> 05:07:08,900
all the thieves Stone for 
construction projects traveled, 

5449
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:12,500
vast distances, by water Timber 
from the Levant came through the

5450
05:07:12,500 --> 05:07:15,500
northern ports. 
Natron, the naturally occurring 

5451
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:19,300
salt used in the mummification 
process was shipped from the dry

5452
05:07:19,300 --> 05:07:23,100
lake beds in the western desert.
The Nile flows north to the Sea,

5453
05:07:23,100 --> 05:07:26,200
which meant boats traveling, 
north moved with the current and

5454
05:07:26,200 --> 05:07:27,800
boats. 
Traveling south moved, with the 

5455
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:31,000
prevailing wind, which in Egypt,
blows conveniently from north to

5456
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:33,600
south. 
The Egyptians noticed this, 

5457
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:36,400
Geographic gift and used the 
same word for sailing. 

5458
05:07:36,400 --> 05:07:40,000
And for going south because in 
their world, if you were moving 

5459
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:42,500
a boat South, you were almost 
certainly using a sale. 

5460
05:07:43,900 --> 05:07:47,000
Beyond Egypt borders. 
The world was substantial and 

5461
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:52,300
actively engaged to the South 
Layne new beer called Kush a 

5462
05:07:52,300 --> 05:07:54,100
region of considerable wealth in
Gold. 

5463
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:57,100
Ebony ivory. 
And ostrich feathers, which 

5464
05:07:57,100 --> 05:07:59,700
Egyptian pharaohs had control 
for Generations through a 

5465
05:07:59,700 --> 05:08:03,200
combination of military presence
and political marriage Nubian. 

5466
05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:06,100
Gold was one of the foundations 
of Egypt's wealth and the 

5467
05:08:06,108 --> 05:08:09,100
relationship between the two 
civilizations was complex and 

5468
05:08:09,100 --> 05:08:12,700
layered and sometimes violent 
and sometimes genuinely 

5469
05:08:12,700 --> 05:08:15,700
collaborative. 
The administrative governor of 

5470
05:08:15,708 --> 05:08:18,300
New Year during this period 
answered to the fairy through a 

5471
05:08:18,300 --> 05:08:21,000
long chain of command that 
included Egyptian officials 

5472
05:08:21,000 --> 05:08:23,800
posted in newbie and cities and 
local rulers. 

5473
05:08:23,800 --> 05:08:27,000
Who had adopted enough Egyptian 
custom to operate within the 

5474
05:08:27,000 --> 05:08:30,500
Imperial structure. 
To the Northeast, the great 

5475
05:08:30,500 --> 05:08:32,800
powers of the ancient world, 
maintained diplomatic 

5476
05:08:32,800 --> 05:08:36,100
correspondence with Egypt 
through a system of clay, 

5477
05:08:36,100 --> 05:08:39,100
tablet, letters in The Arcadian 
language, which served as the 

5478
05:08:39,108 --> 05:08:41,300
international diplomatic tongue 
of the age. 

5479
05:08:42,100 --> 05:08:44,800
The collection of these letters 
discovered in the 19th century 

5480
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:47,300
at Amana known as the Amana 
letters. 

5481
05:08:47,300 --> 05:08:51,100
Shows that Tutankhamun's 
predecessors had been inactive 

5482
05:08:51,100 --> 05:08:55,500
communication with the kings of 
Babylon, Assyria mitani, and the

5483
05:08:55,500 --> 05:08:58,500
hittite empire. 
Egypt, under the young king was 

5484
05:08:58,500 --> 05:09:00,600
not isolated. 
It was the center of a 

5485
05:09:00,608 --> 05:09:03,300
diplomatic web that stretched 
from the Mediterranean to 

5486
05:09:03,300 --> 05:09:07,100
Mesopotamia. 
The scribes who made this web 

5487
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:10,700
among the most educated people 
in Egypt and among the most 

5488
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:14,400
practically essential Writing in
ancient Egypt was not a common 

5489
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:16,700
skill. 
It required years of formal 

5490
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:19,200
training in the specialized 
scribble schools attached to 

5491
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:22,800
temples and palaces and the 
hieroglyphic script which 

5492
05:09:22,800 --> 05:09:25,600
remains one of the most visually
elegant writing systems ever 

5493
05:09:25,600 --> 05:09:28,700
developed was considerably more 
difficult to learn than its 

5494
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:31,600
beauty suggests. 
A train scribe could read and 

5495
05:09:31,600 --> 05:09:34,000
write hieroglyphs for formal 
Monumental techs. 

5496
05:09:34,000 --> 05:09:37,200
The higher attic cursive script 
used for administrative 

5497
05:09:37,200 --> 05:09:41,400
documents and in some cases the 
Acadian celebrity needed foreign

5498
05:09:41,400 --> 05:09:44,000
correspondence. 
They were the connective tissue 

5499
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:45,900
of the entire administrative 
organism. 

5500
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,200
Crocodiles lived in the river in
serious numbers During the 

5501
05:09:49,208 --> 05:09:52,000
period. 
So, did hippopotamuses, these 

5502
05:09:52,000 --> 05:09:54,900
were not decorative creatures 
depicted on Temple walls, for 

5503
05:09:54,900 --> 05:09:57,500
artistic variety. 
They were real animals, that 

5504
05:09:57,500 --> 05:10:00,300
posed genuine threats, to anyone
working near the water. 

5505
05:10:00,300 --> 05:10:03,400
And the cult of sobeck the 
crocodile, God was not purely 

5506
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:07,000
theological, honoring Sobek had 
a pragmatic Dimension. 

5507
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:09,900
That every fisherman wading, the
shallows understood personally, 

5508
05:10:11,300 --> 05:10:14,500
The night sky, over the Nile 
Valley was a complete map. 

5509
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:18,200
Before electric light, turned 
the sky into an orange glow and 

5510
05:10:18,200 --> 05:10:21,100
made the Stars. 
A seasonal rumor, a clear night 

5511
05:10:21,100 --> 05:10:24,900
over the Egyptian desert showed 
you everything The Sky Had The 

5512
05:10:24,900 --> 05:10:27,200
Egyptians read it with the 
Precision that their entire 

5513
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:31,100
ceremonial calendar required. 
They tracked the annual rising 

5514
05:10:31,100 --> 05:10:34,400
of Syracuse, the brightest star 
visible from Egypt, which 

5515
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:37,300
appeared on the Eastern Horizon 
just before the flood waters 

5516
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:40,700
arrived each year. 
Making it a reliable Herald of 

5517
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:43,800
abundance preseason Tire. 
Professional purpose was 

5518
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:45,800
Celestial. 
Observation fed their 

5519
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:48,800
observations in to the religious
calendar, which organized 

5520
05:10:48,800 --> 05:10:52,100
everything from planting times 
to Royal ceremonies to the 

5521
05:10:52,100 --> 05:10:54,600
precise days. 
When specific gods were expected

5522
05:10:54,600 --> 05:10:58,000
to be in particularly receptive.
Moods the animals of this world 

5523
05:10:58,000 --> 05:11:01,200
were observed, so carefully and 
for so long, that Egyptian 

5524
05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:04,300
artists A naturalism in 
depicting them that it never 

5525
05:11:04,300 --> 05:11:08,300
quite applied to human figures. 
Cats in Egyptian paintings. 

5526
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,900
Look exactly like cats. 
The ducks in Marsh scenes are 

5527
05:11:11,908 --> 05:11:15,300
identifiable by species the 
horses, pulling the Royal 

5528
05:11:15,300 --> 05:11:18,300
chariots look like specific 
individual horses rather than 

5529
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:22,000
the generalized idea of horses. 
When you look at the objects 

5530
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:25,000
from Tutankhamun's, tomb, and 
find the detailed rendering of a

5531
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:28,100
hunting dog, or a Nubian, Ibex 
or a duckling, you're seeing the

5532
05:11:28,108 --> 05:11:30,900
work of people who had spent 
their whole lives paying close 

5533
05:11:30,900 --> 05:11:34,300
attention to living things. 
This was the world, Tutankhamun,

5534
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:38,100
moved through the Blackland and 
the Redland, the working River, 

5535
05:11:38,100 --> 05:11:41,600
and the silent desert, the 
painted Palace and the mud brick

5536
05:11:41,600 --> 05:11:46,000
Village, the great temples, and 
the tiny domestic shrines, where

5537
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:49,000
Ordinary People left bread and 
onions for the gods who mattered

5538
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:52,300
most to them. 
He saw it from a gilded barge or

5539
05:11:52,308 --> 05:11:56,100
a fast Chariot attended at all 
times by scribes and guards and 

5540
05:11:56,100 --> 05:12:01,200
Priests with specific functions.
But he saw it, he was young and 

5541
05:12:01,200 --> 05:12:04,800
it was his and there were 
probably moments riding fast 

5542
05:12:04,800 --> 05:12:08,100
across the flat pale ground west
of the delta in the early 

5543
05:12:08,100 --> 05:12:09,600
morning, when the air was still 
cool. 

5544
05:12:09,600 --> 05:12:12,900
When the weight of the double 
crown did not reach him at all. 

5545
05:12:14,000 --> 05:12:17,200
Modern science has done 
something for Tutankhamun, that 

5546
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:20,100
3,000 years of human. 
Curiosity could not manage on 

5547
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:22,400
its own. 
It has given him back a body, 

5548
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:25,600
not symbolically? 
The actual mummified remains 

5549
05:12:25,600 --> 05:12:29,400
were studied extensively as part
of a major research project that

5550
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:33,700
ran between 2007 and 2010. 
Involving detailed, computed, 

5551
05:12:33,700 --> 05:12:36,400
tomography, scanning of the 
mummy and DNA analysis of 

5552
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:38,200
several Royal mummies from this 
period. 

5553
05:12:39,100 --> 05:12:41,500
The project was conducted by a 
team, including Egyptian 

5554
05:12:41,500 --> 05:12:44,700
archaeologist, zahi hawass, and 
the results were published in 

5555
05:12:44,700 --> 05:12:47,700
the Journal of the American 
Medical Association in 2010. 

5556
05:12:48,800 --> 05:12:51,700
They produced a picture that was
simultaneously scientifically 

5557
05:12:51,700 --> 05:12:54,600
fascinating and genuinely 
quietly sad. 

5558
05:12:55,800 --> 05:12:58,000
King who had ridden fast 
chariots and hunted in the 

5559
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:00,500
desert marshes and been carried 
in state. 

5560
05:13:00,500 --> 05:13:03,400
Procession through the streets 
of the thieves had apparently 

5561
05:13:03,400 --> 05:13:06,200
done all of that while managing 
a body that presented serious 

5562
05:13:06,200 --> 05:13:10,400
challenges, he had a clubfoot. 
His left foot showed a former 

5563
05:13:10,400 --> 05:13:14,100
team known as Aquinas in which 
the foot is turned Inward and 

5564
05:13:14,100 --> 05:13:16,100
the person bearing. 
It walks on the front of the 

5565
05:13:16,100 --> 05:13:18,100
foot or the ankle rather than 
the soul. 

5566
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,100
This condition would have made 
walking painful and certain 

5567
05:13:21,100 --> 05:13:23,400
physical activities. 
Significantly more difficult 

5568
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:25,200
than they appeared to the 
outside Observer. 

5569
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:29,000
This explains directly, why the 
tomb contained, not one or two 

5570
05:13:29,000 --> 05:13:33,000
ceremonial walking sticks, but 
more than 100 of them, they were

5571
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:35,400
not decorative. 
They were tools used by someone 

5572
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:38,800
who needed them regularly. 
Scanning also revealed evidence 

5573
05:13:38,800 --> 05:13:42,000
of cola disease in one foot. 
A condition involving the 

5574
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:45,700
deterioration of a small bone in
the arch, adding a second layer 

5575
05:13:45,700 --> 05:13:47,400
of physical difficulty to the 
first. 

5576
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:50,800
There were additional skeletal 
abnormalities consistent with 

5577
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:54,400
the genetic effects of extended 
Royal dynasties, whose marriage 

5578
05:13:54,400 --> 05:13:56,900
patterns kept within the family 
across multiple Generations. 

5579
05:13:56,900 --> 05:14:01,800
He also had malaria genetic 
testing identified, the material

5580
05:14:01,800 --> 05:14:04,800
of the malaria parasite. 
Plasmodium falciparum in his 

5581
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:08,500
tissues and multiple genetic. 
Signatures of the parasite were 

5582
05:14:08,500 --> 05:14:11,100
present suggesting, he had 
survived the illness more than 

5583
05:14:11,100 --> 05:14:13,500
once. 
Malaria in ancient Egypt, was 

5584
05:14:13,500 --> 05:14:15,900
not the temporary inconvenience.
That a modern traveler with 

5585
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:17,600
access to medication might 
experience. 

5586
05:14:18,500 --> 05:14:22,000
It was a recurring serious 
illness, producing fevers deep 

5587
05:14:22,000 --> 05:14:24,900
exhaustion, and periods of 
significant weakness. 

5588
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:27,200
That would have interrupted his 
life with regularity. 

5589
05:14:28,000 --> 05:14:30,500
There is something worth sitting
with, in this accumulation of 

5590
05:14:30,500 --> 05:14:33,800
physical difficulty. 
The tomb contained objects that 

5591
05:14:33,800 --> 05:14:37,100
speak when you read them 
together of a young man who was 

5592
05:14:37,100 --> 05:14:39,100
determined to do the things he 
wanted to do. 

5593
05:14:39,900 --> 05:14:41,800
The six chariots were built for 
Speed. 

5594
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:44,800
Not ceremony. 
The hunting boomerangs were not 

5595
05:14:44,800 --> 05:14:47,900
decorative, the leather athletic
clothing was worn. 

5596
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:51,400
He was not someone who responded
to physical limitation by 

5597
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:53,800
becoming still. 
He was someone who pushed 

5598
05:14:53,800 --> 05:14:56,900
against his own constraints with
the available tools and his 

5599
05:14:56,900 --> 05:14:59,500
advisors and servants are 
currently supported this by 

5600
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:02,500
making sure those tools were the
best that Egypt could produce. 

5601
05:15:03,500 --> 05:15:06,200
The Physicians who attended the 
Royal household were among the 

5602
05:15:06,200 --> 05:15:08,900
most technically sophisticated 
medical practitioners in the 

5603
05:15:08,900 --> 05:15:12,200
ancient world. 
Egyptian medical texts that have

5604
05:15:12,200 --> 05:15:14,700
survived from this period, 
including the Edwin Smith 

5605
05:15:14,700 --> 05:15:18,300
Papyrus, and the ebers Papyrus 
show, a medical culture capable 

5606
05:15:18,300 --> 05:15:21,000
of diagnosing and treating a 
significant range of conditions 

5607
05:15:21,000 --> 05:15:24,600
with rational observation-based 
approaches rather than purely 

5608
05:15:24,600 --> 05:15:27,600
magical ones. 
A court physician attending a 

5609
05:15:27,600 --> 05:15:30,300
young king with multiple 
overlapping physical conditions 

5610
05:15:30,300 --> 05:15:32,600
would have had access to the 
most current medical knowledge 

5611
05:15:32,600 --> 05:15:35,600
available anywhere in the world 
at that time, whether it was 

5612
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:38,200
sufficient is a separate 
question, but it was not 

5613
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:40,300
nothing. 
This is the young man who 

5614
05:15:40,300 --> 05:15:43,600
presided over the restoration of
Egyptian religion, who attended 

5615
05:15:43,600 --> 05:15:46,600
the great festivals at Karnak, 
who wrote in military 

5616
05:15:46,600 --> 05:15:49,000
processions. 
And who sat on the throne of the

5617
05:15:49,000 --> 05:15:50,800
most powerful civilization in 
the world. 

5618
05:15:51,700 --> 05:15:54,500
He was not physically the 
idealized gold and figure that 

5619
05:15:54,500 --> 05:15:56,700
his burial masks Serena 
expression. 

5620
05:15:56,700 --> 05:15:58,900
Might suggest to someone seeing 
it. 

5621
05:15:58,900 --> 05:16:02,600
For the first time, he was a 
specific person managing a 

5622
05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:06,100
complicated body, while carrying
out an impossible job, and he 

5623
05:16:06,100 --> 05:16:08,700
did it for roughly 10 years 
before the body gave away. 

5624
05:16:10,200 --> 05:16:15,300
He died around 1323 before the 
Common Era at approximately 19 

5625
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:18,000
years of age. 
The cause has been argued with 

5626
05:16:18,008 --> 05:16:21,800
great enthusiasm for decades 
partly because the global Fame 

5627
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:25,400
attached to his tombs Discovery 
invited every available Theory. 

5628
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:29,700
Earlier proposals included 
assassination, a blow to the 

5629
05:16:29,708 --> 05:16:32,400
skull, a chariot accident and a 
fall. 

5630
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:34,300
From a horse. 
Several of these theories 

5631
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:37,400
generated considerable popular 
excitement and a number of 

5632
05:16:37,408 --> 05:16:40,100
Television documentaries. 
Whose conclusions proved more 

5633
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:44,700
dramatic than their evidence. 
The 2010 study found, no 

5634
05:16:44,700 --> 05:16:47,600
convincing evidence of 
deliberate, killing the skull 

5635
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:49,900
damage that had previously 
fueled, the murder argument 

5636
05:16:49,900 --> 05:16:51,900
appeared. 
More consistent with post-mortem

5637
05:16:51,900 --> 05:16:54,600
handling during the 
mummification process, then with

5638
05:16:54,600 --> 05:16:58,800
any pre death blow, what the 
analysis did find was a young 

5639
05:16:58,808 --> 05:17:01,900
man, whose Health was already 
seriously compromised, who had 

5640
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:05,300
recently suffered a severe 
fracture of the left leg from a 

5641
05:17:05,300 --> 05:17:08,500
fall and who had active malaria 
at the time of his death. 

5642
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:12,900
Whether the fracture the malaria
or the weight of both together 

5643
05:17:12,900 --> 05:17:16,000
was the direct, cause the 
picture that emerges is not one 

5644
05:17:16,000 --> 05:17:18,600
of a dramatic violent end but of
a fragile body. 

5645
05:17:18,600 --> 05:17:21,300
Finally unable to sustain The 
Strain placed on it. 

5646
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:25,900
He left, no surviving children. 
His tomb contained two small 

5647
05:17:25,900 --> 05:17:28,600
coffins, holding them mummified 
remains of infant daughter's. 

5648
05:17:28,600 --> 05:17:32,700
Both born, premature and two 
early to live. their coffins 

5649
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:36,000
nested inside slightly larger 
ones were found by Howard Carter

5650
05:17:36,000 --> 05:17:39,500
during the tombs excavation and 
are now held at the Egyptian 

5651
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:43,100
Museum in Cairo, Whoever 
arranged their burial, alongside

5652
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:46,300
their father, cared enough to do
it carefully and their presence 

5653
05:17:46,300 --> 05:17:50,000
in the Tomb is one of its 
quietest griefs and Kissena man 

5654
05:17:50,000 --> 05:17:53,200
left without her husband and 
without an heir was in an 

5655
05:17:53,200 --> 05:17:56,200
acutely exposed position. 
The document discovered in what 

5656
05:17:56,200 --> 05:17:59,800
is now turkey and dated to this 
period, records, an Egyptian 

5657
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:03,400
queen writing to the king of the
Hittites, asking him to send a 

5658
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:06,200
son for her to marry. 
So that she would not be forced 

5659
05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:09,300
to marry a servant. 
Most scholars, believe this was 

5660
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:12,100
Ancaster Norman. 
Hittite King Center son. 

5661
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:15,500
The Young Prince died before 
reaching Egypt, under 

5662
05:18:15,500 --> 05:18:18,500
circumstances that were never 
resolved Uncle. 

5663
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:20,700
Cena munz, subsequently appears 
to have married the elderly 

5664
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:23,300
advisor, a who took the throne 
as the next fairy. 

5665
05:18:24,100 --> 05:18:26,500
She disappears from the 
historical record shortly after 

5666
05:18:26,500 --> 05:18:29,300
that married. 
The document scholars believe 

5667
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:32,100
she wrote has become one of the 
most discussed pieces of 

5668
05:18:32,108 --> 05:18:33,800
evidence from this entire 
period. 

5669
05:18:33,800 --> 05:18:37,200
It was discovered among clay 
tablets found at the hittite 

5670
05:18:37,200 --> 05:18:40,400
capital hatissa. 
Now, located in central turkey 

5671
05:18:40,400 --> 05:18:43,100
during excavation in the early 
20th century. 

5672
05:18:43,900 --> 05:18:46,200
The letter is written in 
akkadian, the Diplomatic 

5673
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:49,500
language of the age and its 
sender identifies herself as a 

5674
05:18:49,500 --> 05:18:51,600
widowed Egyptian queen, whose 
husband has died. 

5675
05:18:51,600 --> 05:18:54,600
And who has no son. 
She asks the hittite king 

5676
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:58,000
superlu Yuma, descend one of his
many sons to become her husband 

5677
05:18:58,000 --> 05:19:01,500
and her King. 
The urgency in the letter even 

5678
05:19:01,500 --> 05:19:05,000
across the translation of 3,000 
years and two languages is 

5679
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:07,300
unmistakable. 
She writes that she is 

5680
05:19:07,300 --> 05:19:09,600
frightened. 
She writes that she will not 

5681
05:19:09,600 --> 05:19:13,800
marry a servant. 
Super lulumari suspicious that 

5682
05:19:13,800 --> 05:19:16,100
the request was a trap asked for
confirmation. 

5683
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:18,700
A second letter arrived, 
assuring him. 

5684
05:19:18,700 --> 05:19:22,500
It was genuine. 
He sent a son named her, the 

5685
05:19:22,500 --> 05:19:25,800
prince died before reaching 
Egypt, whether he was killed by 

5686
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:28,200
Gyptian officials who found the 
arrangement politically 

5687
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:31,800
threatening or whether he simply
fell ill on the journey has 

5688
05:19:31,800 --> 05:19:35,000
never been established. 
Superlu Yuma. 

5689
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:39,700
Believing murder threatened War.
The threat does not appear to 

5690
05:19:39,700 --> 05:19:43,000
have been carried out or if it 
was the records of it, have not 

5691
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:47,200
survived and KissAnime. 
Then married, I who was by this 

5692
05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:50,200
point in elderly man. 
And who ruled Egypt for roughly 

5693
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:52,400
four years before dying in his 
term. 

5694
05:19:53,400 --> 05:19:57,300
After his death came home, had 
the military command and the 

5695
05:19:57,300 --> 05:19:59,400
political will to do what he 
felt was necessary. 

5696
05:20:00,600 --> 05:20:04,200
Horror HEBs a ratio of the Amana
Kings from Egyptian history was 

5697
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:06,500
Thoreau. 
He removed their names from the 

5698
05:20:06,500 --> 05:20:09,100
King lists. 
He recovered their monuments. 

5699
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:13,000
He added his own Cartouche where
theirs had been he reassigned 

5700
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:15,600
years of their Reigns to the 
reign of Harem herb initial 

5701
05:20:15,600 --> 05:20:19,000
chronological records. 
The effect was that within a 

5702
05:20:19,000 --> 05:20:22,400
generation, the 18th dynasties 
final pharaohs had effectively, 

5703
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:24,500
never existed in the official 
version of their own 

5704
05:20:24,500 --> 05:20:28,600
civilization story a ruled 
briefly, then the military 

5705
05:20:28,600 --> 05:20:31,900
commander horror HEB seized 
power harambe, undertook 

5706
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:34,800
something that might fairly be 
described as a systematic 

5707
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:40,900
historical Erasure, he removed 
the names of Tutankhamun, I can 

5708
05:20:40,900 --> 05:20:44,100
from official records wherever 
he could reach them replacing 

5709
05:20:44,100 --> 05:20:46,800
with his own name and leaving 
others, simply blank. 

5710
05:20:47,400 --> 05:20:50,400
Monuments were defaced or 
recovered achievements were 

5711
05:20:50,400 --> 05:20:53,500
reassigned within a generation, 
the boy who had warned the 

5712
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:56,300
double crown and rebuilt. 
The temples of Egypt had been 

5713
05:20:56,308 --> 05:20:59,200
written out of his own 
civilization story, he was 

5714
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:03,100
forgotten for more than 3,000 
years, he was forgotten. 

5715
05:21:05,100 --> 05:21:08,000
The Valley of the Kings sits on 
the West Bank of the Nile across

5716
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,200
the river from ancient thieves 
in a dry, and pale and deeply 

5717
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:12,900
folded. 
Piece of limestone terrain. 

5718
05:21:12,900 --> 05:21:16,300
That looks in the intense 
afternoon light, like something 

5719
05:21:16,300 --> 05:21:19,100
the Earth grew specifically to 
deter casual interest. 

5720
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:24,400
It is a Wadi a formation carved.
By ancient flood water through a

5721
05:21:24,400 --> 05:21:27,100
limestone plateau in the rough 
shape of an irregular funnel. 

5722
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:31,700
The Cliffs on either side, rise 
steeply and without apology, the

5723
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:34,200
ground is pale gravel and loose 
stones. 

5724
05:21:35,000 --> 05:21:37,300
Above The Valleys entrance 
stands, a natural Peak called 

5725
05:21:37,300 --> 05:21:40,500
the Kern it silhouette shaped 
into a rough pyramid by 

5726
05:21:40,500 --> 05:21:43,800
Millennia of erosion a form. 
The ancient Egyptians found 

5727
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:46,700
unmistakably appropriate, they 
had already been building 

5728
05:21:46,700 --> 05:21:49,300
pyramid shaped monuments for 
their dead for centuries. 

5729
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:53,100
When the New Kingdom pharaohs 
began choosing this Valley and 

5730
05:21:53,100 --> 05:21:54,500
the natural pyramid watching 
over. 

5731
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,000
It must have felt like a sign 
that the location had been 

5732
05:21:57,000 --> 05:22:00,000
waiting for the First New 
Kingdom burial here. 

5733
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:03,800
Was that of Thutmose the first 
in the early 16th century before

5734
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:06,900
the Common Era? 
By the time to Tutankhamun died,

5735
05:22:06,900 --> 05:22:10,200
60 or more years of Royal 
interments had already taken 

5736
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:13,000
place in the valley. 
It was in a precise sense, a 

5737
05:22:13,000 --> 05:22:15,200
neighborhood. 
The dead of the 18th Dynasty 

5738
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:17,100
were already neighbors 
underground before the young 

5739
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,500
king of the preparation of a 
proper Royal tomb was meant to 

5740
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:24,400
take years Architects, designed 
the layout specialized teams, 

5741
05:22:24,400 --> 05:22:27,400
cut the corridors and Chambers 
through solid rock painters 

5742
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:30,400
covered the resulting walls with
the details religious texts and 

5743
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:31,900
images from The Book of the 
Dead. 

5744
05:22:31,900 --> 05:22:36,200
And other funerary compositions 
text designed to guide the 

5745
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:39,700
deceased King safely through the
layers of the underworld to his 

5746
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:42,100
rightful place, among the 
Eternal gods. 

5747
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:45,600
The whole process was organized 
by the Craftsman's Community 

5748
05:22:45,600 --> 05:22:49,100
known to Modern egyptologists, 
as the place of Truth, a 

5749
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:52,200
dedicated Village on the West 
Bank of the Nile whose entire 

5750
05:22:52,200 --> 05:22:55,000
population worked for their 
whole lives on nothing but Royal

5751
05:22:55,000 --> 05:22:56,300
tomb, construction and 
maintenance. 

5752
05:22:57,300 --> 05:22:59,800
Tutankhamun's tomb was not 
prepared over years. 

5753
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:02,600
It was prepared in a hurry, the 
tomb. 

5754
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:06,200
Given the designation kv62 in 
modern archaeological, records 

5755
05:23:06,200 --> 05:23:09,900
is by the standards of the 
Valley of the Kings, extremely 

5756
05:23:09,900 --> 05:23:12,800
modest. 
It has four rooms connected by 

5757
05:23:12,800 --> 05:23:16,200
short passages, whereas other 
Royal tombs of the same period 

5758
05:23:16,200 --> 05:23:19,300
have long descending, corridors 
leading to large anti Chambers 

5759
05:23:19,300 --> 05:23:22,700
pillared halls and multiple 
annexes each one spacious enough

5760
05:23:22,700 --> 05:23:25,600
to live in comfortably. 
The prevailing explanation is 

5761
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:29,000
that Tutankhamun died at 19 
without warning, without a large

5762
05:23:29,008 --> 05:23:30,800
tomb anywhere near ready for 
him. 

5763
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:34,300
And that the decision was made 
to use a smaller chamber that 

5764
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:37,300
may have originally have been 
intended for someone else while 

5765
05:23:37,300 --> 05:23:40,600
the king who came after him was 
given the larger space Whether 

5766
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:44,100
or not that precise sequence is 
correct, the smallness of the 

5767
05:23:44,100 --> 05:23:47,700
two and the evidence of a rushed
finish are not in dispute. 

5768
05:23:48,700 --> 05:23:51,500
The result was a small 
underground space packed with 

5769
05:23:51,500 --> 05:23:53,300
objects, as densely as the 
space. 

5770
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:58,200
Would physically allow Items 
were stacked on other items beds

5771
05:23:58,200 --> 05:24:00,200
were taken apart and stored in 
sections. 

5772
05:24:00,200 --> 05:24:03,200
Chariots were dismantled. 
So their components could be 

5773
05:24:03,208 --> 05:24:04,900
arranged in the available 
Corners. 

5774
05:24:04,900 --> 05:24:07,600
Everything that needed to 
accompany the king into 

5775
05:24:07,600 --> 05:24:11,100
eternity, was somehow fitted 
into a room that had not been 

5776
05:24:11,100 --> 05:24:15,000
designed to hold all of it. 
The funeral process itself was 

5777
05:24:15,000 --> 05:24:18,800
governed by ritual that took 70 
days to complete during this 

5778
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:20,300
period. 
The body was prepared by the 

5779
05:24:20,300 --> 05:24:23,200
embalming Specialists, whose 
work was extraordinarily 

5780
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:26,300
thorough. the internal organs 
were removed and treated 

5781
05:24:26,300 --> 05:24:30,600
separately each placed in one of
four canopic jars made in this 

5782
05:24:30,600 --> 05:24:34,400
case with Stoppers carved in the
likeness of the king's own face 

5783
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:37,800
at a small scale, the detail 
precise enough to be considered 

5784
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:42,200
a portrait The body was treated 
with Natron, a naturally 

5785
05:24:42,200 --> 05:24:44,300
occurring. 
Salt found in Egypt's dry lake 

5786
05:24:44,308 --> 05:24:47,300
Beds which preserved the tissue 
by drawing out moisture. 

5787
05:24:48,000 --> 05:24:50,700
It was then raped in many 
hundreds of meters of finally, 

5788
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:53,000
in, with amulets and pieces of 
jewelry. 

5789
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:55,800
Placed at specific points 
between the layers. 

5790
05:24:55,800 --> 05:24:58,900
According to the precise 
requirements of funerary texts 

5791
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,300
of accumulated over centuries. 
Tutankhamun's, mummy was in 

5792
05:25:02,300 --> 05:25:06,100
third with more than 140 amulets
and jewelry pieces nestled 

5793
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:09,000
between the linen wrappings. 
At the completion of this 

5794
05:25:09,000 --> 05:25:12,300
process, the wrapped face was 
covered with the golden mask. 

5795
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:16,300
The world, recognizes this mask.
Now, with an immediacy reserved,

5796
05:25:16,300 --> 05:25:19,800
for very few objects. 
It is a face in beaten gold 

5797
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:24,800
slightly, asymmetric composed 
with eyes, inlaid with lapis 

5798
05:25:24,800 --> 05:25:27,900
lazuli and obsidian that 
researchers who have stood in 

5799
05:25:27,900 --> 05:25:30,800
front of them, consistently 
described as unsettlingly 

5800
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:35,400
present, it looks like a person 
The wrapped body was placed 

5801
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:39,100
inside three nested coffins, the
innermost rested against the 

5802
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:41,800
mummy directly and was made of 
solid gold. 

5803
05:25:41,800 --> 05:25:44,300
Weighing more than 100K 
kilograms. 

5804
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:48,300
The middle coffin, was gilded 
wood, the outer coffin was also 

5805
05:25:48,300 --> 05:25:52,700
gilded wood larger and more 
elaborate all three sat inside a

5806
05:25:52,700 --> 05:25:56,900
stone, sarcophagus carved from 
Quartzsite and dents golden 

5807
05:25:56,900 --> 05:25:58,700
Yellowstone. 
That had been worked with 

5808
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:02,000
extreme precision. 
Around the sarcophagus. 

5809
05:26:02,000 --> 05:26:05,900
Four gilded wooden shrines were 
assembled nested one inside the 

5810
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:09,900
other each tall enough for a 
person to stand inside each wall

5811
05:26:09,900 --> 05:26:11,800
covered in religious texts and 
images. 

5812
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,300
The innermost Shrine fit. 
So closely around the 

5813
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:17,100
sarcophagus that the clearance 
on each side was less than the 

5814
05:26:17,100 --> 05:26:20,900
width of a hand, assembling four
large gilded wooden shrines 

5815
05:26:20,900 --> 05:26:24,300
inside a small underground. 
Burial chamber fitting each one 

5816
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:27,300
around the last with minimal 
clearance in a space lit by oil.

5817
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:30,500
Lamps must have required a 
combination of careful planning,

5818
05:26:30,500 --> 05:26:34,500
precise measurement, 
considerable patients and almost

5819
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,700
certainly a certain amount of 
quiet profanity from the 

5820
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:40,500
Craftsman involved. 
History does not record this 

5821
05:26:40,500 --> 05:26:43,600
Last Detail but history was not 
paying attention to everything. 

5822
05:26:43,600 --> 05:26:45,800
The other rooms were filled with
everything. 

5823
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:49,600
The young king was considered to
need food and wine in sealed 

5824
05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:52,700
vessels. 
Clothing, Furniture hunting, 

5825
05:26:52,700 --> 05:26:55,800
equipment model boats for the 
celestial Journey. 

5826
05:26:56,500 --> 05:27:00,400
Hundreds of small, wooden 
figures each one ritually 

5827
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:03,300
deputized to perform any labor 
that might be required of the 

5828
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:06,500
king in the afterlife so that 
the king himself would not have 

5829
05:27:06,500 --> 05:27:09,000
to do it. 
The logic behind the shoppi was 

5830
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:12,900
thoroughly, death was supposed 
to be many things, but an 

5831
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:15,400
eternity of manual labor was not
considered among them. 

5832
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:20,400
When the last object was placed 
the last ritual completed and 

5833
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:23,600
the last lamp carried out of the
treasury room, the tomb was 

5834
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,400
sealed. 
The final ceremony performed at 

5835
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:29,300
the two entrance was an ancient 
ritual called the opening of the

5836
05:27:29,300 --> 05:27:32,400
mouth. 
A priest wearing the Jackal of 

5837
05:27:32,400 --> 05:27:36,100
Anubis performed, a sequence of 
ritual gestures directed at the 

5838
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:39,600
wrapped mummy touching specific 
implements to the face of the 

5839
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:44,200
Dead, King to restore, his 
capacity to see speak, breathe 

5840
05:27:44,200 --> 05:27:46,300
and receive offerings in the 
afterlife. 

5841
05:27:47,300 --> 05:27:50,700
The ritual was among the oldest 
in Egyptian religion and its 

5842
05:27:50,700 --> 05:27:54,300
roots stretched back to a time 
before writing and the ceremony 

5843
05:27:54,300 --> 05:27:56,500
is performed over. 
The dead were already centuries,

5844
05:27:56,500 --> 05:27:59,600
old for a royal burial. 
It was performed by the new 

5845
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:02,500
Pharaoh or his designated 
representative and its 

5846
05:28:02,500 --> 05:28:05,900
completion was the formal moment
at which the living King handed,

5847
05:28:05,900 --> 05:28:09,700
the Dead one over to the Gods. 
The treasury room behind the 

5848
05:28:09,700 --> 05:28:12,400
burial chamber held some of the 
most significant religious 

5849
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:16,800
objects in the entire burial. 
At its entrance positioned as a 

5850
05:28:16,800 --> 05:28:20,100
guardian, was a large gilded 
wooden figure of the god Anubis 

5851
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:24,000
mounted on a gilded Shrine base 
surrounded by a collar made of 

5852
05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:27,100
blue and white and yellow fans, 
beads that still retain the 

5853
05:28:27,100 --> 05:28:28,800
impression of the fingers that 
placed it. 

5854
05:28:28,800 --> 05:28:32,400
There Beyond this figure, the 
canopic Shrine stood at the room

5855
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,900
Center, a chest of gilded Wood 
housing, the alabaster container

5856
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:39,600
for the four canopic jars, the 
alabaster canopic chest was 

5857
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:42,000
carved and Polished to a 
smoothness that catches the 

5858
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:44,100
light in photographs, like water
in sunlight. 

5859
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:47,500
Surrounding it, on all sides on 
small, wooden bases, stood the 

5860
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:50,700
four protective goddesses, whose
outstretched arms, and slightly 

5861
05:28:50,700 --> 05:28:54,300
turned phases of being described
as mournful in a way that most 

5862
05:28:54,300 --> 05:28:58,100
funerary objects do not achieve 
Model boats in various 

5863
05:28:58,100 --> 05:29:01,200
configurations for different 
stages of the celestial Journey 

5864
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:02,600
were arranged throughout the 
room. 

5865
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:07,100
Wooden statuette of gods and 
goddesses, the Gilded figure of 

5866
05:29:07,100 --> 05:29:09,700
a leopard. 
Ox's containing Alabaster 

5867
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:13,300
vessels, the whole room had the 
quality of a carefully packed 

5868
05:29:13,300 --> 05:29:16,800
and deeply personal collection, 
which is exactly what it was. 

5869
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:19,200
Plaster was applied to the 
doors. 

5870
05:29:19,200 --> 05:29:22,400
The necropolis seal was pressed 
into the wet plaster. 

5871
05:29:22,400 --> 05:29:26,200
The Valleys loose surface gravel
was raped back over any trace of

5872
05:29:26,200 --> 05:29:29,800
the entrance later workers 
cutting a new Tomb nearby left. 

5873
05:29:29,800 --> 05:29:32,600
Their spoil heaps directly 
across the site and their 

5874
05:29:32,600 --> 05:29:35,300
descendants built their workers 
huts on top of those Heats. 

5875
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:39,400
The surface of the valley Rose 
slowly over Generations. 

5876
05:29:39,400 --> 05:29:42,500
The entrance disappeared beneath
the accumulated debris of 

5877
05:29:42,500 --> 05:29:44,900
centuries of activity happening 
directly above it. 

5878
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:49,900
And Egypt went on and the desert
kept its silence and the boy in 

5879
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:53,100
the golden room, waited, in the 
dark with extraordinary patience

5880
05:29:53,100 --> 05:29:56,900
for someone to find him. 
Howard Carter was not a romantic

5881
05:29:56,900 --> 05:29:59,300
figure in the way, the word 
archeologists, sometimes 

5882
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:03,000
conjures in the imagination. 
He was not dashing, he was 

5883
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:07,100
meticulous precise, sometimes 
considerably difficult to work 

5884
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:09,700
alongside and possessed of a 
patience that matched the 

5885
05:30:09,700 --> 05:30:11,400
deserts in his depth and 
duration. 

5886
05:30:11,400 --> 05:30:15,800
He had been working in each and 
since 1891 when he arrived at 17

5887
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:18,500
years old, as an artist hired to
copy inscriptions and two 

5888
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:20,500
paintings. 
And he had learned the 

5889
05:30:20,500 --> 05:30:23,400
discipline from the ground up in
the most literal possible sense.

5890
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:26,800
Spending decades on his hands 
and knees and corridors that had

5891
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:29,600
not seen outside air since the 
Pharaohs who built them were 

5892
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,200
alive. 
By the early 1900s. 

5893
05:30:32,200 --> 05:30:34,800
Carter had become one of the 
most experienced excavators 

5894
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:37,900
working in the Valley of the 
Kings with details knowledge of 

5895
05:30:37,900 --> 05:30:41,000
its geology, its history. 
And its as yet unresolved 

5896
05:30:41,000 --> 05:30:43,500
puzzles. 
He also held a conviction that 

5897
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:46,000
most of his professional 
colleague considered optimistic 

5898
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:49,300
to the point of mild 
eccentricity That the valley 

5899
05:30:49,308 --> 05:30:52,000
still contained. 
At least one undiscovered, Royal

5900
05:30:52,000 --> 05:30:55,200
tomb specifically, the burial of
a minor Pharaoh named. 

5901
05:30:55,200 --> 05:30:58,600
Tutankhamun whose name appeared,
occasionally in ancient records,

5902
05:30:58,600 --> 05:31:01,600
and on scattered objects, but 
whose resting place had never 

5903
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,200
been found. 
The evidence Carter had 

5904
05:31:04,200 --> 05:31:06,000
assembled was patient and 
cumulative. 

5905
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:09,200
A blue faience cup. 
Bearing Tutankhamun's, name had 

5906
05:31:09,200 --> 05:31:10,600
been found in The Valleys 
debris. 

5907
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:14,700
A small calcite figure bearing 
the same name and surfaced in 

5908
05:31:14,700 --> 05:31:18,100
dealers collections, suggesting 
it had come from The Valleys 

5909
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:21,200
general area. 
The Scholar Theodore Davis who 

5910
05:31:21,200 --> 05:31:24,400
had excavated in the valley. 
In the early 1900s had found a 

5911
05:31:24,408 --> 05:31:27,700
small pit containing gold foil 
fragments and linen, wrappings 

5912
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:31,400
bearing, Tutankhamun's name. 
Davis had concluded that this 

5913
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:34,600
pit was the actual tune stripped
and emptied Carter. 

5914
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:36,300
Looked at the same pit and 
concluded. 

5915
05:31:36,300 --> 05:31:38,900
It was not the two but the 
debris from the tombs 

5916
05:31:38,900 --> 05:31:40,600
preparation somewhere else 
entirely. 

5917
05:31:41,700 --> 05:31:43,500
Otto was right and Davis was 
wrong. 

5918
05:31:43,500 --> 05:31:46,700
And the difference between them 
was 30 years of accumulated, 

5919
05:31:46,700 --> 05:31:50,700
attention to the specific way. 
Egyptian, burial Customs worked 

5920
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:55,300
carton that gold foil fragments 
and linen wrappings in a debris 

5921
05:31:55,300 --> 05:31:56,100
pit. 
Mint. 

5922
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:57,800
The materials from the embalming
process. 

5923
05:31:57,800 --> 05:32:00,400
Had been buried near the tomb as
a secondary deposit. 

5924
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:04,200
They were a sign of a nearby 
tomb, not the tomb itself. 

5925
05:32:06,100 --> 05:32:09,000
His funding came from George 
Herbert, the fifth, Earl of 

5926
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:12,500
carnarvon a wealthy English. 
Aristocrat who had come to Egypt

5927
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:16,100
partly for health reasons after 
a serious motor car accident had

5928
05:32:16,100 --> 05:32:17,300
left him with respiratory 
problems. 

5929
05:32:17,300 --> 05:32:18,900
That the English climate made 
worse. 

5930
05:32:18,900 --> 05:32:22,200
He had developed a genuine 
interest in egyptology along the

5931
05:32:22,200 --> 05:32:25,400
way as one does. 
When confronted with 3,000 years

5932
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:29,000
of buried civilization in a 
country with excellent winter 

5933
05:32:29,000 --> 05:32:32,000
weather and he had agreed to 
support Carter's work in the 

5934
05:32:32,000 --> 05:32:34,800
valley with the kind of 
sustained Financial commitment 

5935
05:32:34,800 --> 05:32:38,800
that long-term excavation 
absolutely requires which is to 

5936
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:41,900
say a great deal of money spent 
across many years with no 

5937
05:32:41,900 --> 05:32:43,700
guarantee of anything at the end
of it. 

5938
05:32:45,500 --> 05:32:49,100
By 1922 that patients was 
approaching its natural limit. 

5939
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:52,700
Caravan told Carter that the 
current season might be the last

5940
05:32:52,700 --> 05:32:55,500
he was prepared to fund. 
The Valleys Florida had been 

5941
05:32:55,508 --> 05:32:58,400
systematically worked across 
most of its successful surface 

5942
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:00,400
over many years. 
Most of it had yielded. 

5943
05:33:00,400 --> 05:33:03,100
What it was going to yield the 
consensus among most 

5944
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:05,100
professionals. 
Was that the valley had given up

5945
05:33:05,100 --> 05:33:08,200
its significant secrets? 
Carter asked for one more 

5946
05:33:08,200 --> 05:33:11,700
season. he returned to an area 
near the Valley's entrance that 

5947
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:14,600
he had not yet fully cleared, 
because it was covered with the 

5948
05:33:14,600 --> 05:33:17,900
remains of ancient workers Huts 
that had historical significance

5949
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:21,900
of their own and had previously 
been left undisturbed But this 

5950
05:33:21,900 --> 05:33:25,400
was the last unexamined ground. 
And so, the Huts came down. 

5951
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:30,200
On the third or fourth day of 
November in 1922 a worker's 

5952
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:33,300
tool, struck something, solid 
clearing around the obstruction.

5953
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,800
Revealed a stone step cut into 
the valley floor, then a second 

5954
05:33:36,800 --> 05:33:38,900
step. 
Then a staircase, descends 

5955
05:33:38,900 --> 05:33:40,100
through the rock toward a 
sealed. 

5956
05:33:40,100 --> 05:33:42,600
Doorway at its base. 
Carter sent a telegram to 

5957
05:33:42,600 --> 05:33:45,200
carnarvon in England. 
Carter was a measured and 

5958
05:33:45,200 --> 05:33:47,300
careful, man. 
And the telegram was a measured 

5959
05:33:47,300 --> 05:33:50,300
and careful document but it 
contained enough to bring 

5960
05:33:50,300 --> 05:33:52,400
karnav. 
And his daughter lady Evelyn 

5961
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:54,800
Herbert to Egypt on the next 
available transport. 

5962
05:33:56,300 --> 05:34:00,900
On the 26th of November 1922 
Carter made a small hole in the 

5963
05:34:00,900 --> 05:34:03,400
upper corner of the sealed. 
Doorway and held a candle 

5964
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:06,000
through it to check for 
Dangerous gases before anyone 

5965
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:08,500
went in. 
The candle flame did not gutter 

5966
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:11,800
which meant the air was stable. 
Carter pressed his eye to the 

5967
05:34:11,808 --> 05:34:13,800
whole Caravan standing behind 
him. 

5968
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:17,000
In the flickering lamp of the 
staircase asked whether Carter 

5969
05:34:17,000 --> 05:34:19,800
could see anything Carter's 
reply has been reproduced in 

5970
05:34:19,800 --> 05:34:22,600
every account of the discovery 
written in the century since 

5971
05:34:22,600 --> 05:34:25,600
yes, he could see one wonderful 
thing. 

5972
05:34:26,600 --> 05:34:29,800
The anti-chamber was packed from
floor to ceiling gilded 

5973
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:34,300
Furniture, alabaster's three 
large animal form couches in 

5974
05:34:34,300 --> 05:34:38,200
Gold, a cow, and a cheetah and a
hybrid creature that combined, 

5975
05:34:38,200 --> 05:34:42,100
the features of a hippo, a lion 
and a crocodile were stacked 

5976
05:34:42,100 --> 05:34:44,200
with smaller objects placed on 
top of them. 

5977
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:46,900
Boxes and baskets and 
quantities. 

5978
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:49,700
That suggested, someone had been
packing for a very long journey.

5979
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:53,300
Two life-sized wooden Guardian, 
statues of the king painted 

5980
05:34:53,300 --> 05:34:55,900
black with gold details stand 
opposite. 

5981
05:34:55,900 --> 05:34:58,800
Each other across the far wall 
and between those two statues 

5982
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:02,000
are sealed door. 
Behind that door was the burial 

5983
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:04,700
chamber beyond the burial 
chamber was the treasury. 

5984
05:35:05,500 --> 05:35:07,700
Somewhere inside all of that 
inside. 

5985
05:35:07,700 --> 05:35:11,000
Four gilded wooden shrines 
inside a quartzite sarcophagus 

5986
05:35:11,000 --> 05:35:14,400
inside three coffins. 
The innermost one solid. 

5987
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:17,500
Gold was a wrapped body where 
wearing a face made of beaten 

5988
05:35:17,500 --> 05:35:21,100
gold and Lapis Lazuli waiting 
with the complete Stillness of 

5989
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:23,700
something that has had 3,000 
years to practice. 

5990
05:35:25,500 --> 05:35:28,300
The formal clearance of the Tomb
took Carter 10 years. 

5991
05:35:28,300 --> 05:35:32,400
Not because he was slow because 
he was Carter, he photographed 

5992
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:35,200
every object in its exact 
position before touching it. 

5993
05:35:35,200 --> 05:35:39,200
He numbered every item, he drew 
the spatial relationships 

5994
05:35:39,200 --> 05:35:41,900
between objects. 
He recorded the condition of 

5995
05:35:41,900 --> 05:35:44,600
every surface. 
He moved nothing until 

5996
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:47,000
everything about it. 
Had been documented in, at least

5997
05:35:47,008 --> 05:35:49,900
three different ways. 
He worked with a Precision that 

5998
05:35:49,900 --> 05:35:52,600
drove several of his colleagues 
and collaborators to genuine 

5999
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:55,800
audible frustration because 
Carter's answer to every 

6000
05:35:55,800 --> 05:35:59,000
question about when something 
could be removed, was always the

6001
05:35:59,000 --> 05:36:00,400
same. 
Not yet. 

6002
05:36:01,200 --> 05:36:03,800
Lord carnarvon did not live to 
see the full clearance 

6003
05:36:03,800 --> 05:36:07,800
completed. 
He died in April of 1923 roughly

6004
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:10,800
five months after the opening of
the Tomb from blood poisoning, 

6005
05:36:10,800 --> 05:36:14,700
following an infected mosquito 
bite this death arriving. 

6006
05:36:14,700 --> 05:36:18,000
So soon after the discovery 
generated the legend of the 

6007
05:36:18,000 --> 05:36:21,900
pharaoh's curse a story that has
proven more durable than most of

6008
05:36:21,900 --> 05:36:24,400
the actual historical facts 
surrounding the find. 

6009
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:27,100
The curse Legend was almost 
entirely the product of 

6010
05:36:27,100 --> 05:36:28,800
newspaper journalism in the 
weeks. 

6011
05:36:28,800 --> 05:36:32,100
Following Caravans death, 
assisted considerably by the 

6012
05:36:32,100 --> 05:36:34,700
author. 
Arthur Conan Doyle who suggested

6013
05:36:34,700 --> 05:36:37,600
publicly that the death might 
have been caused by Elementals 

6014
05:36:37,600 --> 05:36:39,600
placed by the ancient priests to
guard the tomb. 

6015
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:41,800
No. 
Actual curse inscription was 

6016
05:36:41,800 --> 05:36:45,000
found anywhere in the Tomb. 
Howard Carter himself. 

6017
05:36:45,000 --> 05:36:48,200
Who spent 10 years in closer, 
contact, with the two than 

6018
05:36:48,200 --> 05:36:52,600
anyone else lived to the age of 
64 and died peacefully in London

6019
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:56,000
in 1939. 
He remains in the estimation of 

6020
05:36:56,000 --> 05:36:59,400
most egyptologists, the most 
consequential archaeological 

6021
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:04,700
excavator of the 20th century. 
More than 5,000 objects came out

6022
05:37:04,700 --> 05:37:06,600
of that small tomb across those 
10 years. 

6023
05:37:06,600 --> 05:37:10,800
Each one catalogued can served 
and eventually transported to 

6024
05:37:10,800 --> 05:37:14,200
Cairo they held, primarily at 
the Egyptian Museum in Korea 

6025
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:17,700
square with major pieces. 
Now, also displayed at the Grand

6026
05:37:17,700 --> 05:37:21,100
Egyptian museum, near the Giza 
Plateau, which opened in recent 

6027
05:37:21,100 --> 05:37:24,900
years specifically to house and 
properly interpret Egypt's 

6028
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:26,400
greatest archaeological 
collection. 

6029
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:30,100
The grand Egyptian museums main 
Gallery is large enough to 

6030
05:37:30,100 --> 05:37:32,300
display the full golden Shrine 
complex. 

6031
05:37:32,300 --> 05:37:36,000
That's something approaching its
original scale, which allows 

6032
05:37:36,000 --> 05:37:38,800
visitors to understand For the 
First Time, what it actually 

6033
05:37:38,800 --> 05:37:42,600
felt like to stand in front of 
four, nested gold and structures

6034
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:46,200
filling a room, the answer. 
According to everyone who stood 

6035
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:51,000
there is very much how you would
expect it to feel the solid gold

6036
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:55,600
coffee, the golden mask. 
The Gilded throne with its 

6037
05:37:55,600 --> 05:37:59,400
inlaid scene of anemone applying
perfume to her husband's collar,

6038
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:03,700
the canopic Shrine in Alabaster 
the Model boats the hunting 

6039
05:38:03,700 --> 05:38:07,600
boomerangs, the linen gloves, 
the walking sticks, more than 

6040
05:38:07,608 --> 05:38:11,100
5,000 objects that spent more 
than 3,000 years in a small 

6041
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:13,800
underground room. 
While the world above went about

6042
05:38:13,800 --> 05:38:16,200
his business, completely unaware
of their existence. 

6043
05:38:17,700 --> 05:38:21,500
Tutankhamun himself, after all 
the scanning and Analysis and 

6044
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:24,900
scholarly attention, still lies 
in his outermost coffin. 

6045
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:28,000
In the Valley of the Kings, he's
the only pharaoh who has 

6046
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:29,600
remained in his original tomb, 
in the valley. 

6047
05:38:30,200 --> 05:38:33,700
He has not been moved to a 
museum or a storage facility or 

6048
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:36,100
any of the other destinations 
that archeology sometimes 

6049
05:38:36,100 --> 05:38:40,600
provides for ancient remains. 
He is in the precise and quiet 

6050
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:44,900
sense of the phrase still there.
The reasons why this young king 

6051
05:38:44,900 --> 05:38:46,700
holds such a permanent place in 
the modern. 

6052
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,100
Imagination are not difficult to
find. 

6053
05:38:49,800 --> 05:38:53,600
He was 19 when he died. 
He managed a complicated body 

6054
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:56,500
and a complicated Kingdom and 
died before he had time to 

6055
05:38:56,500 --> 05:38:59,000
become anything. 
Other than young, the treasure 

6056
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:01,700
found alongside him is so 
extraordinary in his quantity 

6057
05:39:01,700 --> 05:39:04,100
and its quality. 
That the story sustains itself 

6058
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:07,500
on the gold alone even before 
you reach the person underneath 

6059
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:10,200
it. 
There, as the particular quality

6060
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:13,100
of his rediscovery, he was not 
found through brilliant 

6061
05:39:13,100 --> 05:39:15,000
deduction or technological 
innovation. 

6062
05:39:15,000 --> 05:39:18,200
He was found because one 
careful, stubborn deeply 

6063
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:20,800
knowledgeable man. 
Refused to accept the 

6064
05:39:20,800 --> 05:39:23,500
professional consensus that 
nothing remained to be found. 

6065
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:27,000
And then spent 30 years building
the case for his own conviction 

6066
05:39:27,000 --> 05:39:30,900
in the way, a good Craftsmen, 
build, anything one verified 

6067
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,600
piece at a time. 
The patience required by Carter,

6068
05:39:34,600 --> 05:39:37,300
to find the tomb and then the 
greater patience required to 

6069
05:39:37,300 --> 05:39:39,800
clear it properly. 
Rather than quickly mirrors 

6070
05:39:39,800 --> 05:39:42,700
something in the patience of the
Tomb itself, both the buried 

6071
05:39:42,700 --> 05:39:45,200
king and the man who found him 
were in their different ways, 

6072
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:48,400
people who understood that, the 
right pace for a difficult thing

6073
05:39:48,400 --> 05:39:50,800
is slow. 
But the thing that draws people 

6074
05:39:50,800 --> 05:39:54,300
back to Tutankhamun, past the 
golden mask and pass, the 

6075
05:39:54,300 --> 05:39:57,500
Tabloid history and past the 
Decades of competing theories, 

6076
05:39:57,500 --> 05:40:00,400
about his death is something 
quieter than spectacle. 

6077
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:03,500
The objects in his tomb were not
assembled for an audience. 

6078
05:40:03,500 --> 05:40:07,000
They were chosen because someone
believed he would need them and 

6079
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:09,300
that someone knew him well 
enough to choose thoughtfully, 

6080
05:40:09,300 --> 05:40:13,400
the walking sticks because he 
needed them The Chariot because 

6081
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:16,500
they gave him something close to
Freedom the board games because 

6082
05:40:16,500 --> 05:40:20,900
he played them and they were his
the image of an because she was 

6083
05:40:20,900 --> 05:40:24,100
a person, he leaned toward the 
small coffin of the daughter's 

6084
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:27,200
who did not survive, because 
they were his children and their

6085
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:30,900
absence matted to someone. 
Across 33, centuries. 

6086
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:35,000
That care arrived intact. 
The ancient Egyptians held at a 

6087
05:40:35,000 --> 05:40:38,100
person remained alive as long as
their name was spoken and they 

6088
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:40,000
were right in a way. 
They did not quite mean. 

6089
05:40:41,500 --> 05:40:43,800
To Tutankhamun endures, not 
because of theology. 

6090
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:48,400
But because the story of a child
give an impossible job Carrying 

6091
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:52,000
it on an imperfect body with the
best guidance available, being 

6092
05:40:52,000 --> 05:40:55,000
buried with quiet, Love by 
people who knew him and then 

6093
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:58,600
being found Again by a patient 
man, with a candle and 30 years 

6094
05:40:58,608 --> 05:41:01,000
of professional. 
Stubbornness is a story that 

6095
05:41:01,000 --> 05:41:03,600
lands differently. 
Every time someone actually sits

6096
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:05,500
with it. 
It lands the way. 

6097
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:09,000
The best bedtime stories do with
the feeling that the world is 

6098
05:41:09,000 --> 05:41:12,500
very old and full of people who 
cared about each other and that 

6099
05:41:12,500 --> 05:41:15,700
the ones who were forgotten the 
longest sometimes, come back, 

6100
05:41:15,700 --> 05:41:21,200
the most completely Sleep well 
tonight. 

6101
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:24,900
Somewhere on the West Bank of 
the Nile in a valley of pale, 

6102
05:41:24,900 --> 05:41:28,900
Limestone and absolute quiet, a 
19 year, old King, is still 

6103
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:31,200
exactly where he was left in the
room. 

6104
05:41:31,200 --> 05:41:32,900
His people prepared for him with
the best. 

6105
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:35,800
Would they had available? 
If tonight's journey through the

6106
05:41:35,800 --> 05:41:38,200
valley of the king's was, the 
kind that keeps you coming back.

6107
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:41,800
The Subscribe button is right 
there and unlike Tutankhamun's 

6108
05:41:41,800 --> 05:41:45,000
tomb, it does not require a 
decade of careful excavation to 

6109
05:41:45,000 --> 05:41:45,300
open.