What Calligraphers Really Did All Day Through The Ages | Boring History For Sleep

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There's something quite 
satisfying, my potatoes about 

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writing a single line and 
knowing it has to be right the 

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first time. 
No rush, no shortcuts. 

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Just Inked. 
Patience and a steady hand. 

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So, I'm glad you're here to slow
things down with me tonight, and

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snooze and learn something cool.
I will say, just to throw this 

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out there, that this is a 
curated sleep experience 

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carefully researched and gently 
shaped to be as accurate as 

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possible while still helping you
unwind with rain falling softly,

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in the background were easing 
into the life of a calligrapher,

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the quiet discipline, the 
repetition and the calm Focus 

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behind every carefully drawn 
letter. 

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So if this slowed slightly 
boring reflection helps you 

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unwind, feel free to follow. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

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you're listening from, and what 
time it is, I always enjoy 

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seeing where everyone is 
drifting off from now. 

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Just let your head rest on that 
giant Cloud, we call a pillow, 

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slow your breathing, and let the
steady Rhythm of the rain guide.

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You gently into this 
masterpiece. 

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Before alphabets were printed by
machines or taped onto glowing 

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screens, human hands, shape 
every letter with deliberate 

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care. 
You're about to step into the 

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quiet world of those who turned 
writing into an art form that 

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demanded years of practice and 
endless patience. 

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The Morning, Light filters 
through rice paper, windows, and

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touches your workspace, you have
been awake since before Dawn 

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because the best hours for 
calligraphy arrived, when the 

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world is still half asleep. 
The stone on your desk. 

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Waits for you to grind the ink 
stick against its smooth 

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surface, this ritual never 
changes you. 

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Add a few drops of water and 
begin. 

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The circular motion that your 
teacher demonstrated 3,000 times

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until it became As Natural as 
breathing. 

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The grinding takes seven minutes
to today. 

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Sometimes it takes 10. 
You learned long ago, that 

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rushing, this step produces Inc,
that lacks depth and character. 

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The friction between Stone and 
stick creates a sound like 

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distant wave on Sand, your wrist
moves in steady circles while 

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your mind empties itself of 
yesterday's concerns and 

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tomorrow's obligations Inc pools
in the shallow. 

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Well of the stone you test its 
consistency by lifting the stick

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and watching how the liquid 
falls back into the reservoir 

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too thin, and your characters 
will look pale and uncertain too

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thick, and the brush will drag 
across the paper like a 

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reluctant. 
Mule. 

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This particular Darkness has the
right weight. 

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You set the stick aside and 
arrange your brushes. 

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In the order, you will need 
them. 

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The largest brush stands, as 
tall as your hand. 

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It's bristles come from the 
Tails of horses that grazed in 

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Mountain pastures where the 
Grass Grows tough and wiry the 

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medium brush holds Badger fur 
known for its spring and 

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resilience. 
The smallest brush tapers to a 

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point finer than a single hair. 
You made this one yourself last 

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winter. 
After your old detail, brush 

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finally gave up its shape, paper
weights in neat, Stacks to your 

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left, each sheet cost more than 
a day's wages for an ordinary 

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labor. 
The paper maker who supplies you

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operate a small workshop on the 
edge of the city where he 

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follows recipes passed down 
through his family for six 

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Generations. 
He knows you by name and sets 

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aside his finest sheets when you
place an order. 

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You do not think about costen 
because thinking about cost 

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makes your hand tense. 
The moment you begin 

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calculating, the monetary value 
of each stroke your brushwork 

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suffers the characters become 
tight and controlled in ways 

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that look mechanical rather than
alive. 

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Better to forget the price and 
focus entirely on making each 

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Mark, as perfect as possible. 
The paper comes from Mulberry 

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bark that was beaten and soaked 
and spread thin as butterfly 

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wings. 
The process takes weeks from raw

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material to finish sheet. 
The bark must be harvested at 

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the correct season. 
When sap flow is optimal, it 

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gets cleaned and boiled and 
beaten with wooden mallets until

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the fibers separate these 
fibers, then float in water, and

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settle onto screens in thin 
layers that become paper after 

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drying. 
Light passes through it, when 

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you hold it up to the window. 
Your first practice sheet goes 

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down on the desk. 
You wait, it's Corners with 

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small stones worn, Smooth by a 
river that dried up 200 years 

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ago. 
Stones carry a pleasant coolness

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that somehow makes your thoughts
clearer. 

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You dip. 
The large brush into the ink and

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press it. 
Gently against the side of the 

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stone to remove excess liquid. 
First, stroke of the day is 

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always the hardest. 
Your arm feels stiffed despite 

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the stretching exercises you 
performed, while the ink was 

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grinding. 
You take three slow breaths and 

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let the brush touch the paper. 
The character for Mountain 

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begins with a strong vertical 
line, your brush moves down with

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controlled pressure and the ink 
spreads into the fibers. 

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Each stroke requires a different
combination of speed and force. 

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The second stroke angles to the 
left, like a peak leaning into 

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the wind, the third stroke 
mirrors, it on the right side, 

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you step back and examine your 
work. 

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The character is acceptable, but
not inspired, the left Peak 

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looks slightly weak. 
As if the mountain might topple 

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in a strong Breeze, you try 
again on a fresh sheet, this 

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time The Strokes feel more 
balanced, but the vertical line 

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waivers near the bottom 
mountains, do not waive her. 

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They stand firm against 
centuries of Storms and 

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earthquakes the third attempt, 
pleases you more. 

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The brush moved with without 
hesitation and the three Strokes

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work together to suggest 
something solid and eternal. 

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You hang this sheet on a line 
strung across the room. 

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Were completed work. 
Dries in the morning. 

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Are Like evening, you will 
decide whether it deserves to be

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saved or recycled into practice 
paper. 

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Your teacher would arrive at 
this point in the morning 

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routine. 
He died four years ago, but you 

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still sent his presence behind 
your left shoulder during these 

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early hours, he would examine 
your Mountain character and say 

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nothing for a long moment. 
Then he might point to the way, 

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the brush left, the paper after 
the final stroke two abrupt. 

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A true Master allows the brush 
to lift gradually. 

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So the ending feels inevitable 
rather than chopped off like a 

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conversation interrupted by a 
rude neighbor. 

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He practiced Mountains for 
another 30 minutes. 

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The character appears simple 
with only three strokes, but 

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those Strokes contain all the 
principles of good, calligraphy,

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balance Rhythm, controlled 
energy, mindful completion. 

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When you can write a mountain 
that captures, the essence of 

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mountains, you will be ready to 
tackle more complex characters, 

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the sun climbs higher and you 
switch to a different text 

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today. 
You're working on a passage from

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ancient poem about Autumn leaves
falling on a forgotten path. 

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The first character requires 11 
Strokes your hand traces, the 

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pattern in the air of the paper 
before committing ink to fiber. 

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This helps your muscles. 
Remember the proper sequence and

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prevents you from having to stop
mid character to recall the next

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move. 
The brush touches down and 

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begins. 
Its dance. 

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Stroke. 
One is a horizontal line that 

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establishes the Witch of the 
character. 

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Stroke two drops vertically from
the Left. 

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End. 
Stroke three hooks slightly at 

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the bottom. 
By stroke 7. 

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Your mind has quieted enough 
that thinking stops and the 

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brush seems to move on its own. 
The remaining Strokes flow 

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naturally and the character 
appears complete on the page. 

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This state of effortless 
concentration, is what you 

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practice for it arrives. 
Unpredictably like a bird 

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landing on your windowsill. 
You cannot force it or summon it

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through willpower. 
The only path is through endless

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repetition until technique 
becomes invisible and the 

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barrier between your intention 
and the mark on paper dissolves.

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You finish the entire poem by 
mid-morning 20 characters 

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arranged in vertical columns 
that read from right to left. 

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The text fills are Scroll of 
paper that will eventually be 

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mounted on silk backing and hung
in the home of a merchant who 

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commissioned this work three 
months ago. 

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He wants the poem displayed in 
his reception room where 

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visitors will see it while 
waiting for him to finish 

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counting his money. 
The merchant has no deep 

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appreciation for calligraphy. 
He simply knows that owning 

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handwritten Scrolls, signals, 
refinement, and educational. 

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This bothers you less than it 
wants. 

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Did your teacher used to say 
that calligraphy serves many 

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purposes? 
Sometimes it preserves sacred 

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texts, sometimes it decorates 
temples, sometimes it helps 

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Merchants prove, they have a 
certain level of social standing

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all of these purposes of valid 
because they all require someone

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to dedicate their life to 
mastering the brush. 

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You eat a simple lunch of cold 
rice and pickled vegetables. 

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Food tastes of nothing in 
particular, which is exactly 

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what you want. 
Strong flavors distract from the

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afternoon's work, you have a 
commission that requires copying

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an entire chapter from a 
philosophical text. 

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The client wants 40 pages 
finished by the end of the 

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month. 
You completed 12 Pages last week

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and you will finish eight more 
this week. 

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If your hand cooperates, copying
texts is different from creating

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original compositions. 
Your creativity is limited to 

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the quality of your strokes and 
the spacing of your character's.

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The words are fixed. 
The meaning is established. 

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Your job is to render the 
clearly and beautifully. 

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So future readers can absorb the
wisdom without struggling to 

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decipher messy handwriting. 
This particular text discusses 

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the nature of change and 
permanence the philosopher 

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argues that everything flows, 
like water in a stream, and you 

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never step into the same river 
twice. 

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You have copied these words so 
many times that you have 

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memorized entire passages. 
Sometimes while grinding Inc, 

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you find yourself, reciting 
paragraphs in your head, the 

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irony does not Escape you here. 
You are copying thoughts about 

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constant change. 
Using a skill that has remained 

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essentially unchanged for over. 
1,000 years, your ancestors in 

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this profession. 
Use the same tools and followed 

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the same principles. 
They ground in constant Stones. 

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They practice characters and 
their hands, cramped, they worry

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about the consistency of their 
brush work and whether their 

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vertical lines to truly 
vertical, He arranged a fresh 

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stack of paper and begin. 
The afternoon's copying session.

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The first character is 
complicated with 17 Strokes that

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weave together like basket reads
you have written this character 

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at least 500 times, but you 
still check your reference copy 

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to make sure you remember the 
proper stroke order writing 

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characters in the wrong 
sequence. 

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Is considered a serious error, 
even if the final result looks 

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acceptable, there is a correct 
way and all other ways are 

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wrong. 
Your brush moves through the 

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complex pattern. 
Each stroke Builds on the 

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previous one and the character 
gradually emerges like a 

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landscape appearing through 
lifting fog, you finish and move

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to the next character. 
Then the next then the next time

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becomes elastic during the 
session. 

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00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:32,100
You might look up and discover 
that two hours of past while 

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00:10:32,100 --> 00:10:34,500
your conscious mind was occupied
with nothing more than the 

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proper thickness of horizontal 
lines. 

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00:10:37,300 --> 00:10:40,600
The afternoon sun shifts across 
your workspace, you adjust your 

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position slightly to keep the 
light falling on your paper at 

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the correct angle. 
Shadows are the enemy of good 

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calligraphy because they make it
impossible to judge the true 

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darkness of your ink. 
You need consistent lighting to 

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maintain consistent quality 
across, 40 pages of text. 

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By late afternoon. 
Your hand begins to Tire the 

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small muscles in your palm and 
fingers are asking for rest. 

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00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:05,800
You complete one more page and 
then stop for the day. 

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00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:09,300
Pushing through fatigue leads to
sloppy work that you will only 

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have to redo tomorrow your 
teacher taught you to recognize 

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the moment when continuing 
becomes counterproductive. 

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You clean your brushes with care
that borders on. 

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Reverence. 
Each brush gets rinsed in clean 

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water until no. 
Trace of ink remains in the 

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bristles. 
Then you reshape the tip using 

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your fingers and hang the brush 
to dry with the bristles 

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pointing downward. 
This prevents water from seeping

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into the bamboo handle where it 
might cause the wood to split 

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the ink Stone requires scrubbing
with small, stiff, brush to 

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00:11:37,700 --> 00:11:41,100
remove dried residue. 
You add fresh water and work the

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brush and circles until the 
stone. 

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Surface feels smooth again. 
Some calligraphers keep their 

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00:11:45,900 --> 00:11:47,700
Stone spotless enough to serve 
food on. 

234
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:51,200
You're not quite that fastidious
but you do respect your tools as

235
00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:54,400
partners in your work. 
Your practice sheets, go into a 

236
00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:57,400
basket for recycling. 
The merchants commission, scroll

237
00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,800
gets carefully, rolled and 
placed in a wooden tube to 

238
00:11:59,808 --> 00:12:01,300
protect it from dust and 
moisture. 

239
00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:04,800
The pages of philosophical text,
join a growing stack that you 

240
00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,000
cover with a clean cloth. 
Everything has its proper place 

241
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:11,400
and every evening ends with this
same ritual of organization and 

242
00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:13,700
cleaning. 
You stretch your fingers and 

243
00:12:13,700 --> 00:12:15,600
rotate your wrist to work out 
the stiffness. 

244
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:19,100
Some calligraphers, develop 
permanent cramps and Tremors, 

245
00:12:19,100 --> 00:12:22,400
after Decades of this work you 
have been lucky so far. 

246
00:12:22,400 --> 00:12:25,800
Your hands remain steady and 
your grip, stays reliable. 

247
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:28,500
You attribute. 
This partly to Good Fortune. 

248
00:12:28,500 --> 00:12:31,200
And partly to the finger 
exercises, your teacher insisted

249
00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:34,300
you perform every morning. 
The evening meal is rice again 

250
00:12:34,300 --> 00:12:36,200
with a bit of fish and some 
greens from your garden. 

251
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:38,900
You eat slowly, and think about 
nothing in particular. 

252
00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:42,900
Food is fuel for the body. 
You neither loved it, nor hate 

253
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:44,300
it. 
It simply is. 

254
00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:48,000
This attitude toward food 
developed naturally over years 

255
00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:51,000
of training, when thinking too 
much about meals seemed like a 

256
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,400
waste of mental energy. 
Better spent on calligraphy 

257
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,400
after dinner, you allow yourself
one luxury. 

258
00:12:56,400 --> 00:12:59,500
You bring out your collection of
old Scrolls purchased from 

259
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:03,100
various dealers over the years, 
most of them are practice pieces

260
00:13:03,100 --> 00:13:05,400
or unsigned works. 
That someone's descendants sold 

261
00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:06,800
off. 
When clearing out an estate. 

262
00:13:07,700 --> 00:13:11,200
You study these Scrolls, not to 
copy them directly to absorb the

263
00:13:11,208 --> 00:13:13,900
different styles and approaches 
that other calligraphers brought

264
00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,600
to their work. 
Tonight you unroll a scroll that

265
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,500
shows bamboo stalks bending and 
wins the artist used very 

266
00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:23,500
wetting him quick stroke to 
suggestion and flexibility. 

267
00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:28,000
Each Leaf is a single decisive. 
Mark, the entire composition 

268
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:30,100
probably took less than 10 
minutes to complete. 

269
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,100
It captures something essential 
about bamboo that are more 

270
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:37,200
careful rendering might miss. 
You wonder about the person who 

271
00:13:37,208 --> 00:13:39,700
created this with a young or 
old. 

272
00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:42,400
Did they work quickly out of 
skill or impatience? 

273
00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:45,700
Did they know this piece would 
still be studied 100 years after

274
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:48,500
their death? 
These questions have no answers,

275
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,800
but asking them feels important 
somehow the scroll goes back 

276
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:54,200
into its protective box and you 
prepare for sleep. 

277
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,300
Tomorrow will be another day of 
grinding income. 

278
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:01,000
Practicing Strokes the day after
that will be the same the day 

279
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:04,000
after that too. 
This repetition might seem 

280
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,100
tedious to someone outside your 
profession, but you find comfort

281
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:10,400
in the predictability. 
Each day offers another chance 

282
00:14:10,400 --> 00:14:13,900
to improve by small increments 
that accumulate over years into 

283
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:17,500
something approaching mastery. 
You lied down on your sleeping 

284
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,500
mat and close your eyes. 
The smell of inks still lingers 

285
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:23,500
on your fingers, despite washing
them twice, this sentence 

286
00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:26,100
becomes, so familiar that you 
barely notice it anymore. 

287
00:14:26,100 --> 00:14:28,300
It is simply the smell of your 
life. 

288
00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:31,900
Your training began when you 
were 12 years old. 

289
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:35,400
Your parents brought you to the 
master Studio on a cold morning.

290
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,900
When Frost made patterns on the 
Windows, you remember feeling 

291
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:41,700
terrified of the old man who 
barely looked up from his work. 

292
00:14:41,700 --> 00:14:44,600
When you were introduced he 
asked you to write your name 

293
00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:48,700
using the brush and Inky 
provided your hand shook so 

294
00:14:48,700 --> 00:14:52,200
badly that the characters came 
out twisted and uneven the 

295
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:54,100
master studied your attempt for 
a long moment. 

296
00:14:54,100 --> 00:14:57,600
And then nodded once he told 
your parents to return in a 

297
00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:00,300
week, if you survived that week 
without running away, you could 

298
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,700
stay and learn. 
First week, consisted entirely 

299
00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:06,900
of grinding Inc, you grounding 
for the master. 

300
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:10,200
And for his three seniors, 
students who barely acknowledged

301
00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:13,500
Your Existence, you grounding 
until your arm burned and your 

302
00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:16,400
fingers blistered you grounded 
in the morning and in the 

303
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:18,900
afternoon and sometimes late 
into the evening. 

304
00:15:18,900 --> 00:15:22,000
When the master decided he 
needed to specially finding for 

305
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,900
a special Commission. 
No one explained. 

306
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:27,600
Why this was necessary? 
No one told you how long this 

307
00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,400
phase would last you simply 
grounding and watch the senior 

308
00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,600
students work and tried not to 
cry from boredom. 

309
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,700
And frustration, on the fourth 
day, you made the ink too thin, 

310
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:39,400
and the master slapped, your 
hand with a bamboo stick. 

311
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:43,300
The blow was not hard enough to 
cause real injury, but it stung,

312
00:15:43,300 --> 00:15:46,500
both your palm and your pride on
the seventh day, the master 

313
00:15:46,500 --> 00:15:49,700
handed you a brush for the first
time, it was an old brush with 

314
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:51,800
bristles that no longer held 
their shape properly. 

315
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:55,400
He told you to practice vertical
lines on cheap paper. 

316
00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,400
For the next month, you are not 
to attempt any characters, or 

317
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:02,300
creative work, just vertical 
lines, thousands of vertical 

318
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:05,600
lines, you drew lines, and they 
haunted your dreams, straight 

319
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:10,400
line, thick lines thin lines, 
that started with confidence and

320
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:14,100
ended with a whisper lines. 
That began tentatively and grew 

321
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:17,300
Bolder toward the bottom. 
Each line required complete 

322
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,000
attention despite the apparent 
Simplicity of drawing a straight

323
00:16:20,008 --> 00:16:22,300
mark. 
The challenge was maintaining 

324
00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:26,300
consistent pressure throughout 
the entire stroke begginers tend

325
00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:28,600
to press harder at the start and
lightning toward the end. 

326
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:31,400
Well, they begin lightly 
impressed down as they gain 

327
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:35,300
confidence, either pattern 
produces lines with uneven width

328
00:16:35,300 --> 00:16:36,800
that reveal on certainly in the 
hand. 

329
00:16:37,700 --> 00:16:40,300
The master would occasionally 
glance your work and grunt 

330
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:43,300
non-committal before returning 
to his own projects. 

331
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,700
These grunts contained no 
information, you could decode, 

332
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:50,200
you learned to ignore them and 
focus solely on the quality of 

333
00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,200
the lines you were producing. 
Seeking approval from each 

334
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,500
glance would have driven you mad
within a week after the month of

335
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:58,300
lines. 
You graduated to horizontal 

336
00:16:58,300 --> 00:17:01,900
Strokes, then diagonal Strokes, 
then curves, and hooks. 

337
00:17:01,900 --> 00:17:05,200
Each type of stroke required 
weeks of practice before you 

338
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,599
could move on to the next. 
By the time you are allowed to 

339
00:17:08,599 --> 00:17:11,700
attempt actual characters, eight
months, and passed in your 

340
00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:13,800
understanding of what 
calligraphy required had 

341
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,800
fundamentally changed. 
Used to think it was about 

342
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,200
making pretty letters. 
You now understood. 

343
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:21,800
It was about training, your hand
and mine to work together with 

344
00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:25,000
such Precision that nothing was 
left to chance or accident. 

345
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:27,700
Every movement needed to be 
intentional. 

346
00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:31,300
And controlled spontaneity would
come later after technique 

347
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:34,100
became instinctive. 
Your first character was the 

348
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:37,900
numeral one. 
A single horizontal line you 

349
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:40,200
would practice horizontal lines 
for weeks so this should have 

350
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,300
been easy. 
But writing a line that was 

351
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:46,500
meant to be a character rather 
than just a practice stroke. 

352
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:48,100
Added pressure that made your 
hand tense. 

353
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:52,300
The line came out wobbly and 
uneven the master made. 

354
00:17:52,300 --> 00:17:55,000
You write the numeral one 500 
times over the next three days. 

355
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:57,500
By the end, you could do it with
your eyes closed. 

356
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:01,700
The line flowed from your brush 
with consistent width and proper

357
00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:04,900
slight taper at the ends. 
You felt proud until the master 

358
00:18:04,900 --> 00:18:06,500
pointed out. 
That one was the simplest 

359
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:09,700
character in existence and you 
still had thousands more to 

360
00:18:09,700 --> 00:18:13,300
learn years past. 
In this way, you progressed from

361
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:16,700
simple characters. 
To complex ones, you learned the

362
00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:19,400
classical texts. 
That every educated person was 

363
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:23,000
expected to know you memorized 
poems and philosophical 

364
00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:26,200
writings, you studied the great 
calligraphers of the past and 

365
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:28,800
tried to understand what made 
their work Transcendent, rather 

366
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:32,500
than merely competent. 
The master rarely praised, you 

367
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:36,600
mostly, he pointed out errors 
and areas for improvement, your 

368
00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,800
verticals, lean too far, to the 
left, your hooks lacked, 

369
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:43,900
crispness, your spacing between 
characters, felt cramped on the 

370
00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:45,900
rare occasions. 
When he said your work, showed 

371
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:49,700
promise, you felt like you would
want an imperial prize, other 

372
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:52,400
students came and went during 
your training, some lack 

373
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:56,300
dedication and left after a few 
months of grinding Inc, others 

374
00:18:56,300 --> 00:18:59,200
showed talent, but could not 
accept the endless repetition 

375
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:02,800
that Mastery required. 
One student stayed for two years

376
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:05,200
before deciding to become a 
merchant instead. 

377
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:08,100
He told you that making money 
seemed more practical than 

378
00:19:08,100 --> 00:19:11,100
perfecting brush Strokes. 
You understood his reasoning but

379
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:14,200
never seriously considered 
leaving something about the work

380
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,500
satisfied a need in you that had
no name the focused 

381
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:20,300
concentration, the visible 
improvement over time. 

382
00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:23,000
The sense that you were 
participating in a tradition 

383
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,400
that stretched back centuries. 
These things mattered more than 

384
00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:29,800
wealth or social status by your 
22nd birthday. 

385
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:32,900
You had become the senior 
student two youngest students. 

386
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:35,900
Now grounding for the master 
while you worked on commissions 

387
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:39,100
that paid actual money. 
The master took a percentage of 

388
00:19:39,100 --> 00:19:41,900
your earnings, but you accepted 
this rangement without 

389
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:45,400
resentment, he had given you a 
skill that would support you for

390
00:19:45,400 --> 00:19:48,500
life. 
The master Deed on a spring 

391
00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,300
morning, when cherry blossoms 
were falling like pink snow. 

392
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:54,700
You found him at his desk with a
brush still in his hand. 

393
00:19:54,700 --> 00:19:57,700
He had been writing a character 
that was never finished. 

394
00:19:57,700 --> 00:20:00,900
You completed the stroke of 
according to what you believed, 

395
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:04,200
his intention had been, then you
raped his body and notified his 

396
00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:07,800
family and disciples. 
Funeral Drew calligraphers from 

397
00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:11,000
a cross, the region, they came 
to pay respects, and to view the

398
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:14,400
Masters final Works. 
Displayed in his Studio, you 

399
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,100
stood in the corner and listened
to them, discusses technique and

400
00:20:17,100 --> 00:20:20,200
his influence on the art form, 
some of them recognized you as 

401
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,200
his senior student and offered 
condolences mixed with subtle 

402
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:26,400
questions about whether you 
would continue operating the 

403
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:28,600
studio. 
You inherited the studio because

404
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,300
the master had no children and 
his family had no interest in 

405
00:20:31,300 --> 00:20:33,700
calligraphy. 
His widow, gave you the space 

406
00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:36,100
and the tools and the reputation
attached to his name. 

407
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:39,700
Change you promised to maintain 
the standards, he had 

408
00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:42,600
established and to train 
students who showed genuine 

409
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,800
promise that was four years ago.
You now occupy the position your

410
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,300
master, once held, you have two 
students of your own who 

411
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:53,800
grinding can practice basic 
strokes and probably wonder if 

412
00:20:53,800 --> 00:20:55,300
they will ever create real 
calligraphy. 

413
00:20:55,300 --> 00:20:58,400
You try to be more encouraging 
than your master was while 

414
00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:01,600
maintaining the same rigorous 
standards teaching is giving you

415
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:04,200
new appreciation for how 
difficult the Master's job was. 

416
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,600
Watching students make the same 
mistakes repeatedly requires 

417
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:10,700
patients who did not know you 
possessed. 

418
00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:14,100
Explaining Concepts that seem 
obvious to you after years, of 

419
00:21:14,108 --> 00:21:16,800
practice tests, your ability to 
remember, what it felt like to 

420
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,500
be a beginner. 
Your younger students struggles 

421
00:21:19,500 --> 00:21:22,300
with consistency, her Strokes 
vary in thickness. 

422
00:21:22,300 --> 00:21:25,000
Even when she is trying to 
maintain uniform width. 

423
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,000
You have told her 100 times to 
keep steady pressure on the 

424
00:21:28,008 --> 00:21:31,900
brush, but the correction never 
seems to stick yesterday. 

425
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:34,500
You finally understood that 
she's gripping the brush too 

426
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,100
tightly. 
Tension in her fingers transfers

427
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:40,100
to the bristles and causes 
unpredictable ink flow. 

428
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:43,500
You showed her how to hold the 
brush with relaxed fingers while

429
00:21:43,500 --> 00:21:46,400
still maintaining control. 
The demonstration took five 

430
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:49,100
minutes but the lesson required,
three months of watching her 

431
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:51,700
work before you could diagnose, 
the root problem. 

432
00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:54,800
Your master probably knew what 
was wrong from the beginning, 

433
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,500
but he waited for you to 
discover it yourself, through 

434
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:00,700
continued practice. 
This is how the tradition passes

435
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,900
down through generations. 
Each Master teaches students, 

436
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:07,000
who become Masters, who teach 
students the methods barely 

437
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,300
change because they work in 
Innovations happened, slowly, 

438
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:12,400
and only after much debate and 
consideration. 

439
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:16,000
Calligraphy is conservative by 
Nature because it values 

440
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:19,300
preservation over novelty. 
Sometimes you wonder what your 

441
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:20,800
master would think of your work 
now. 

442
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:23,100
Would he approve of the 
commission's? 

443
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:25,200
You accept? 
Would he criticized your 

444
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:26,700
Technique or praise your 
development? 

445
00:22:26,700 --> 00:22:29,700
These questions remain 
theoretical because dead 

446
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:33,200
teachers cannot offer opinions. 
You must judge yourself using 

447
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,100
the standards. 
He instilled during those years 

448
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:38,000
of training. most days, you 
feel, you are meeting those 

449
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,400
standards, some days, you fall 
short and you know, exactly 

450
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,500
where and why Characters 
balances off. 

451
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,600
Stroke lacks energy, the 
composition feels cramped. 

452
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:51,700
You can see the problems clearly
which means you have 

453
00:22:51,700 --> 00:22:55,600
internalized, the critical. 
I your master possessed on very 

454
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:57,200
rare days. 
You create something that 

455
00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:00,800
surprises you Character appears 
on the paper that seems better 

456
00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:03,800
than your current skill. 
Level should allow these moments

457
00:23:03,800 --> 00:23:06,400
feel like gifts from somewhere 
beyond your conscious control. 

458
00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:10,000
You hang these pieces on your 
wall until familiarity makes 

459
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:13,300
them ordinary again. 
The workshop where you make your

460
00:23:13,300 --> 00:23:16,200
own brushes sits in a corner of 
the studio that catchers after 

461
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:18,900
noon light. 
Making brushes is not your 

462
00:23:18,900 --> 00:23:21,400
primary skill but every 
calligrapher needs to understand

463
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:24,700
how their tools are constructed.
You cannot use a brush 

464
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:27,700
effectively without knowing what
happens inside the metal feral 

465
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:29,000
where bristles are bound 
together. 

466
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,800
The process begins with sorting 
animal hair. 

467
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,600
You have several bundles of 
horse tail hair that you 

468
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,400
purchased from a farmer who 
raises Mountain ponies. 

469
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,500
The hair must be cleaned 
thoroughly to remove oils and 

470
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:43,800
dirt. 
You soak it in a solution of 

471
00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:47,100
water and Ash for several days 
and then rinse it repeatedly 

472
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:51,000
until the water runs clear. 
Once clean the hair gets sorted 

473
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,100
by length and texture, the 
longest hairs will form the 

474
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:57,800
outer layer of the brush tip. 
Shorter hairs go into the core 

475
00:23:57,800 --> 00:23:59,500
where they provide structure and
spring. 

476
00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:02,900
You arrange the hairs on your 
workbench and begin the delicate

477
00:24:02,900 --> 00:24:04,300
process of bundling them 
together. 

478
00:24:04,300 --> 00:24:08,400
This step requires more patience
than almost any other aspect of 

479
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,400
calligraphy. 
You must aligns of individual 

480
00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:13,100
hair. 
So their tips form a perfect 

481
00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:15,300
Point. 
Each hair has a slightly 

482
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:18,400
different length and thickness. 
They want to stick together in 

483
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:20,200
clumps or splay outward at odd 
angles. 

484
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,600
You coax them into submission 
using a mixture of gentle 

485
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:25,000
pressure and stubborn 
persistence. 

486
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:29,200
The bundle slowly takes shape. 
You tie the base with strong 

487
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:30,900
thread to hold everything in 
place. 

488
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:34,000
The thread must wrap, tightly 
enough to compress the hairs 

489
00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:36,900
into a unified Mass but not so 
tight that it cuts through 

490
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:40,200
individual strands. 
You learned this balance through

491
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,100
trial, and error after ruining 
several bundles, by pulling the 

492
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:46,400
thread with excessive force. 
Then you insert the bundle into 

493
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:49,100
a bamboo handle that, you carved
and sanded last week. 

494
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:52,400
The bamboo came from a Grove, 
three days journey from the 

495
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:54,500
city, where the plants grow 
straight, and true. 

496
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:57,700
You selected this particular 
section because the nodes were 

497
00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:01,100
evenly spaced and the walls had 
consistent thickness. 

498
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:05,100
Irregularities in the bamboo, 
translate to a regularity in how

499
00:25:05,100 --> 00:25:08,700
the brush feels during use. 
The fit must be snug enough that

500
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:12,100
the bristles will not work loose
during use but not so tight that

501
00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:15,300
you crush the ferrule. 
Test the fit multiple times 

502
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:17,200
before committing to the final 
assembly. 

503
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:20,100
Each test insertion reveals 
whether you need to sand the 

504
00:25:20,108 --> 00:25:22,800
inside of the handle slightly 
more or trim, a few hairs from 

505
00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:25,000
the bundle. 
You mix a glue from fish, 

506
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,800
bladder and carefully coat the 
base of the bristles before, 

507
00:25:27,800 --> 00:25:29,500
seating them permanently in the 
handle. 

508
00:25:30,300 --> 00:25:32,900
The glue recipe came from your 
master, who learned it from his 

509
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:36,500
master in an unbroken chain, 
reaching back Generations. 

510
00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:40,200
The proportions must be exact or
the glue will, either remain 

511
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,100
tacky forever, or become so 
brittle, that it cracks under 

512
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:45,400
normal. 
Use, the glue takes three days 

513
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,000
to cure completely. 
During this time, you must 

514
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:49,900
resist the temptation to test 
the brush. 

515
00:25:49,900 --> 00:25:53,800
Premature use will compromise 
the bond and the brush will fail

516
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,000
within weeks. 
You have made this mistake 

517
00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:58,500
before in your eagerness to try 
a newly completed tool. 

518
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:02,200
The bristles worked loose after 
just a few uses and he had to 

519
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,700
discard hours of careful work 
when the glue is set. 

520
00:26:05,700 --> 00:26:08,300
You trim any stray hairs that 
stick out from the main body of 

521
00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:10,600
the brush? 
This trimming requires steady 

522
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:14,200
hands and sharp scissors, one 
wrong, cut can ruin hours of 

523
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:16,600
work. 
You cut with tiny Snips and 

524
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,700
constantly check the symmetry of
the brush tip. 

525
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:22,800
The finished brush gets tested 
on practice paper, you dip it in

526
00:26:22,808 --> 00:26:25,000
ink and make a series of Strokes
to evaluate. 

527
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,600
Its performance. 
Does it hold enough ink for a 

528
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,000
full character? 
Do the bristles spring back to 

529
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:33,200
their Original shape after being
pressed against the paper, does 

530
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:35,900
the tip maintain its point, or 
does it split into multiple 

531
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:38,600
paths? 
This particular brush passes. 

532
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:41,900
All the tests the tip feels 
responsive and the bristles have

533
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:43,900
good spring. 
You add it to your collection 

534
00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:47,600
with a small sense of pride. 
Making a brush from raw 

535
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:50,300
materials, connect you to the 
physical reality of your craft 

536
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:52,600
in a way that simply buying 
brushes from a shop. 

537
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:55,100
Never could. 
Not all your brushes come from 

538
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:57,500
your own hands. 
You also buy from professional 

539
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:00,400
brush makers who have perfected?
Their art over Generations? 

540
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:02,800
The best brushes cost as much as
a month. 

541
00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:06,400
Rent, you own three such brushes
that you use only for final 

542
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:09,500
copies of important commissions.
These brushes are Treasures. 

543
00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:12,100
That will Outlast you if 
properly maintained the 

544
00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:15,700
economics of calligraphy rarely,
make anyone wealthy, your income

545
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:18,500
comes from commissions that pay 
modest fees for substantial 

546
00:27:18,500 --> 00:27:21,300
work. 
A scroll requires days or weeks 

547
00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,500
to complete but cells for an 
amount that a merchant makes in 

548
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:28,200
a single afternoon, you accept 
this disparity because you chose

549
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,500
this profession, knowing its 
limitations, some callers 

550
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:34,100
supplement, their income by 
teaching, or by working as 

551
00:27:34,100 --> 00:27:37,300
scribes for government offices, 
you have considered both 

552
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:40,300
options, but ultimately decided 
to focus on pure calligraphy. 

553
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,400
Teaching your two students 
provide some additional income 

554
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:46,000
and scribal work feels too much.
Like, copying without the 

555
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:48,200
artistic element. 
That makes the copying 

556
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:51,100
worthwhile. 
Your clients come from various 

557
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:54,100
backgrounds, Merchants want 
Scrolls to impress their 

558
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:56,300
business associates Scholars 
commission. 

559
00:27:56,300 --> 00:28:00,500
Copies of rare texts that exists
in only a few locations temples 

560
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:02,500
hire you to create religious 
inscriptions. 

561
00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:06,100
Families ask for commemorative 
pieces marking births or deaths 

562
00:28:06,100 --> 00:28:09,400
or marriages, each commission 
requires you to adjust your 

563
00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,000
style to match the client's 
needs and expectations. 

564
00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:15,100
A temple inscription, demands 
formality, and perfect 

565
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:17,900
execution. 
A personal scroll for a family 

566
00:28:17,900 --> 00:28:21,200
can afford slightly more 
expressive brush work, A text 

567
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,200
for a scholar, must be readable 
of all else with any flourishes 

568
00:28:24,200 --> 00:28:27,600
kept minimal you dislike 
commissions that demand overly 

569
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,000
decorative calligraphy where the
visual impact matters more than 

570
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:34,000
the meaning of the text. 
Some wealthy patrons want their 

571
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,000
Scrolls to look impressive. 
Even if the actual characters 

572
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,400
become eligible under layers of 
artistic elaboration these 

573
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:43,600
projects feel like betrayals of 
the forms fundamental purpose 

574
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,400
which is to communicate clearly 
through beautiful writing your 

575
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,900
favorite commission's involved. 
Classical poetry, The rhythms of

576
00:28:50,900 --> 00:28:53,500
ancient poems, naturally, lend 
themselves to calligraphic 

577
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:56,600
interpretation. 
Each line contains a thought 

578
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,000
that deserves to be rendered 
with appropriate weight and 

579
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:01,400
energy. 
You can vary your brushwork to 

580
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:04,600
reflect the mood of the verse 
without violating the principles

581
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,900
of clarity and balance. 
Last month you completed a 

582
00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:10,700
series of four Scrolls featuring
poems about the changing 

583
00:29:10,700 --> 00:29:14,500
seasons, the spring poem used 
lighter ink and flowing Strokes 

584
00:29:14,500 --> 00:29:17,100
to suggest. 
New growth and gentle rain. 

585
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:20,700
The summer poem required bold, 
dark characters, that evoked 

586
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:24,000
heat and intensity. 
Autumn brought thinner lines and

587
00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:26,800
careful spacing to reflect the 
sense of things passing away. 

588
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,900
Winter demanded, stocks 
implicity and strong contrasts. 

589
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:34,100
The client was pleased enough to
recommend you to his friends. 

590
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:37,400
This kind of word of mouth 
recommendation is how you build 

591
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,000
your reputation. 
There are no advertisements for 

592
00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:42,100
calligraphers. 
You either become known for 

593
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:44,800
quality work or you struggle to 
find enough commission's to 

594
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,900
support yourself. 
Competition exists but feels 

595
00:29:47,900 --> 00:29:49,800
less Cutthroat than in other 
professionals. 

596
00:29:50,700 --> 00:29:53,900
Most calligraphers recognize 
that the market is limited and 

597
00:29:53,900 --> 00:29:56,000
that survival depends on 
maintaining high standards 

598
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,400
across the entire field. 
The calligrapher who produces 

599
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,400
shoddy work damages, the 
reputation of all calligraphers,

600
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:05,500
An unspoken agreement exists to 
police quality. 

601
00:30:05,500 --> 00:30:08,100
Through subtle. 
Social pressure, you have seen 

602
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:11,200
calligraphers who cut Corners by
using inferior materials or 

603
00:30:11,208 --> 00:30:13,500
rushing their work to accept 
more commission's. 

604
00:30:13,500 --> 00:30:16,800
These people rarely last more 
than a few years before their 

605
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:20,400
reputations collapse clients, 
eventually notice when the ink 

606
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:23,400
Fades prematurely when 
characters show evidence of 

607
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,300
haste, Word spreads in the 
commission's. 

608
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:28,500
Dry up your approach is the 
opposite. 

609
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,900
You work slowly and carefully 
and turn down projects. 

610
00:30:31,900 --> 00:30:34,800
When your schedule is too full, 
to give them proper attention. 

611
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,000
This sometimes means losing 
income in the short term but it 

612
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,200
protects your long-term 
reputation, your master taught 

613
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:44,500
you that a calligrapher's name, 
is their most valuable asset and

614
00:30:44,500 --> 00:30:46,600
that protecting that asset 
requires constant. 

615
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:49,300
Vigilance. 
The studio where you work was 

616
00:30:49,300 --> 00:30:52,000
built, specifically for 
calligraphy, the previous 

617
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:55,100
master, who occupied it, before 
your master design, the space 

618
00:30:55,100 --> 00:30:58,800
with large Windows facing north 
to provide consistent light 

619
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:02,100
throughout the day. 
The walls are bare except for a 

620
00:31:02,108 --> 00:31:04,200
few hanging Scrolls that rotates
seasonally. 

621
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,000
Floor is would kept meticulously
clean because dust on paper, can

622
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:12,400
interfere with ink adhesion. 
Everything in the studio, serves

623
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,600
a purpose, there is no 
decoration for decorations sake.

624
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:19,200
The aesthetic is one of refined 
Simplicity where the focus from 

625
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:21,600
remained entirely on the work 
visitors. 

626
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:24,900
Often comment on how peaceful 
the space feels you have become 

627
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:26,900
so accustomed to it. 
That you barely notice the 

628
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:29,700
atmosphere anymore. 
Your two students share a 

629
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:31,300
workspace at the opposite end of
the studio. 

630
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,900
You can observe that without 
being intrusive, they practice 

631
00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:37,600
basic Strokes for hours. 
While you work on Commissioners,

632
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:41,500
sometimes you call them over to 
demonstrate to technique or to 

633
00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:43,600
correct an era, you have noticed
from a cross, the room. 

634
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,200
The oldest student shows 
promise, but lacks the obsessive

635
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:51,300
Dedication that true Mastery 
requires, he produces competent 

636
00:31:51,300 --> 00:31:54,000
work and will probably make a 
decent living as a calligrapher.

637
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,300
But he will never be great. 
Greatness requires a willingness

638
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:01,800
to sacrifice everything else in 
pursuit of incremental 

639
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,200
Improvement. 
He is not willing to make that 

640
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:08,100
sacrifice and you do not judge 
him for it, the youngest student

641
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:10,100
might become great. 
If she continues for another 

642
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:13,600
decade, she has the dedication 
and the ability to focus for 

643
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,900
hours without distraction. 
Her techniques still needs 

644
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:20,600
refinement, but technique can be
taught the deeper qualities, 

645
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,600
that separate masters from 
journeyman are either present or

646
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,500
absent from the beginning. 
You sometimes wonder if your 

647
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:29,000
master saw that quality in you 
during those early years, of 

648
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,200
grinding can practice in basic 
Strokes. 

649
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:34,500
Did he know you would have 
eventually succeed him or was he

650
00:32:34,508 --> 00:32:37,500
simply training students with no
particular expectation? 

651
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:40,200
That any of them would reach the
highest levels of the art? 

652
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,300
These questions have no definite
answers, your master never 

653
00:32:44,300 --> 00:32:46,600
explained his thinking, or 
revealed his assessments of 

654
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,500
individual students. 
He taught everyone the same way 

655
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,400
and let time sort out, who would
persist and who would quit. 

656
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:56,100
This approach seems harsh but it
works better than trying to 

657
00:32:56,100 --> 00:32:58,400
predict potential based on early
signs. 

658
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:02,000
The afternoon stretches toward 
evening, you complete another 

659
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:05,100
page of the philosophical text 
and add it to the growing stack 

660
00:33:05,100 --> 00:33:07,600
tomorrow. 
You will finish two more pages. 

661
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,700
And the next day, another two, 
the work proceeds at its own 

662
00:33:10,708 --> 00:33:14,300
steady Pace, neither rushed, nor
delayed outside your windows. 

663
00:33:14,300 --> 00:33:17,900
The city continues, its Daily 
Business people buy and sell 

664
00:33:17,900 --> 00:33:21,300
Goods children play in the 
streets, officials conduct 

665
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:24,500
government Affairs musicians 
perform in teahouses. 

666
00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:27,900
All of this activity happens in 
a world that you inhabit only 

667
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,500
peripherally. 
Your real life occurs in this 

668
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:33,200
studio, where the only things 
that matter are in can paper and

669
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:35,500
brush. 
This isolation, might seem 

670
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:37,900
lonely to announce outside but 
you do not experience it that 

671
00:33:37,900 --> 00:33:40,100
way. 
The work itself provides 

672
00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,600
companionship. 
Each character is a small 

673
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,800
challenge to be sold. 
Each scroll is a conversation 

674
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:47,400
with the author of the text. 
You are rendering. 

675
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,000
The great calligraphers of the 
past, feel present in spirit, if

676
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:53,800
not in body. 
You lock the studio door, as the

677
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,200
sunset tomorrow will begin with 
grinding in constructing 

678
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,100
fingers, the day will unfold, 
according to patterns, 

679
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:03,000
established over centuries of 
tradition and you will spend 

680
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,400
those hours pursuing a 
Perfection that remains always 

681
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:09,400
slightly Out Of Reach. 
The history of your profession, 

682
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:12,699
stretches back to the moment. 
When humans first pressed reads 

683
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:17,300
into wet clay to make marks that
represented words, those early 

684
00:34:17,300 --> 00:34:19,800
scribes in Mesopotamia were 
record-keepers rather than 

685
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:23,100
artists but they established the
fundamental connection between 

686
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:26,600
writing and permanence. 
In Egypt, scribes held 

687
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:30,500
privileged positions in society 
because literacy was rare and 

688
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:32,600
Powerful. 
They recorded taxes and 

689
00:34:32,600 --> 00:34:35,100
religious texts. 
They documented treaties and 

690
00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:38,199
Property Transfers, their tools 
were different from yours, but 

691
00:34:38,199 --> 00:34:40,800
their role was similar, they 
made language visible and 

692
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,800
durable the alphabet. 
You use evolved over 1000s of 

693
00:34:43,808 --> 00:34:46,400
years as different cultures 
borrowed and modified writing 

694
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,600
systems from their neighbors. 
Phoenician Traders, spread their

695
00:34:49,608 --> 00:34:52,900
script around the Mediterranean 
Greeks adapted it and added 

696
00:34:52,900 --> 00:34:56,100
vowels, Roman simplified at 
further and carried it across 

697
00:34:56,100 --> 00:34:58,400
their empire. 
Each writing system developed 

698
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,200
its own aesthetic. 
Traditions Arabic calligraphy 

699
00:35:01,200 --> 00:35:04,400
grew, elaborate and geometric 
Chinese characters became 

700
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,100
standardized but retained their 
pictographic Origins. 

701
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:11,200
Sanskrit, scripts flowed with 
curves that suggested spiritual 

702
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,500
Concepts, Hebrew letters, 
acquired mystical, significance,

703
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:18,300
beyond their phonetic values. 
Your own tradition combined, 

704
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:20,900
indigenous practices with 
influences, absorbed from 

705
00:35:20,908 --> 00:35:23,500
neighboring regions over 
centuries of cultural Exchange. 

706
00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:27,700
The result is a style that feels
both ancient and specific to 

707
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:30,600
this time and place. 
Future calligraphers will 

708
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:33,500
probably modify it further 
according to changing tastes and

709
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,000
Technologies. 
Before paper existed, 

710
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,000
calligraphers wrote on 
materials, that modern 

711
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:40,800
practitioners would find 
challenging Palm leaves 

712
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:42,900
required, special cutting tools 
and ink. 

713
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:44,300
That would not cause the leaves 
to crack. 

714
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:48,000
But had to be prepared, 
carefully to create a smooth 

715
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,800
writing, surface animal skins 
needed processing to remove hair

716
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:53,800
and fought the invention of 
paper. 

717
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,300
Revolutionized writing in ways 
that are difficult to fully 

718
00:35:56,300 --> 00:35:57,800
appreciate from this side of 
History. 

719
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:02,200
Suddenly scribes had access to a
material that was relatively 

720
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,800
cheap and portable and can be 
produced in large quantities. 

721
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:09,400
The spread of knowledge 
accelerated as text became 

722
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:13,100
easier to copy and distribute. 
Your paper comes from workshops 

723
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,100
where Artisans follow techniques
that have not changed 

724
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:19,800
substantially in 500 years, they
soak tree bark. 

725
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:21,400
Until it breaks down into 
fibers. 

726
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,400
They spread the pulp on screens 
and press out the water. 

727
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,500
They dry the Sheetz in 
controlled conditions to prevent

728
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:30,700
warping or cracking. 
The best paper has a slight 

729
00:36:30,700 --> 00:36:33,900
texture that catches the brush 
and allows the ink to spread in 

730
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:36,900
controlled ways. 
Poor quality paper, either 

731
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:40,100
absorbs too much ink. 
Making the characters bleed into

732
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:42,500
fuzzy shapes or repels ink 
leaving. 

733
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:46,200
Streaky inconsistent Strokes. 
You can tell the quality of 

734
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:50,100
paper by touch before you ever 
apply a brush to it ink itself 

735
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:53,400
has its own complex history, 
ancient Chinese calligraphers 

736
00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:56,100
made ink from Pine soot mixed 
with animal glue. 

737
00:36:56,700 --> 00:37:00,000
Japanese ink makers experimented
with different sources to 

738
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:03,900
achieve various black tones. 
Some regions added perfumes to 

739
00:37:03,900 --> 00:37:06,300
their ink to make writing a more
sensory experience. 

740
00:37:07,200 --> 00:37:09,900
The ink you use comes in solid 
sticks that look like small 

741
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:11,200
blocks of polished. 
Stone. 

742
00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:14,800
Creating these sticks requires 
collecting such from controlled 

743
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:19,200
fires, where specific Woods or 
Oils are burned, different fuel 

744
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:21,300
sources, produced different 
qualities of black. 

745
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:26,300
Pinewood creates soot with a 
slightly warm tone vegetable oil

746
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:28,500
produces soot that yields a 
cooler black. 

747
00:37:28,500 --> 00:37:32,800
The soot gets mixed with glue 
and molded into sticks that are 

748
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:34,800
dried and aged. 
Sometimes for years before, 

749
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:39,100
being sold the drying process 
alone takes months, the sticks 

750
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:41,100
must lose. 
Moisture gradually, or they will

751
00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:43,500
crack and become useless 
Craftsman. 

752
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:46,400
Monitor humidity levels, 
constantly and rotate the sticks

753
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:49,700
to ensure even drying some 
workshops dry their sticks and 

754
00:37:49,700 --> 00:37:52,200
caves where temperature and 
moisture remains stable 

755
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:55,500
throughout the year freshing 
does not have the depth and 

756
00:37:55,500 --> 00:37:58,500
character of Aging. 
Something about the chemical 

757
00:37:58,500 --> 00:38:02,000
changes that occur over time. 
Improves the way ink flows and 

758
00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:05,500
bonds with paper The molecules 
are currently reorganized 

759
00:38:05,500 --> 00:38:07,700
themselves into more stable 
configurations. 

760
00:38:07,700 --> 00:38:11,800
The result is ink that grinds 
more smoothly and produces more 

761
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:15,800
consistent Darkness on paper. 
Calligraphers debate, the ideal 

762
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,600
aging period with some claiming 
three years, produces optimal 

763
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:23,700
results, While others insist on 
10. your own experiment suggests

764
00:38:23,700 --> 00:38:26,500
that five years represents, a 
sweet spot where the improvement

765
00:38:26,500 --> 00:38:30,200
from aging plateaus, In colder 
than five years costs, 

766
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:32,100
significantly. 
More but performs, only 

767
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:33,900
marginally better in your 
experience. 

768
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:36,800
Your own collection. 
Includes ink, sticks of various 

769
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:40,000
ages and qualities. 
You say your oldest and finest 

770
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:42,500
ink for special commissions 
where the client will appreciate

771
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:45,200
the difference. 
Most everyday, work uses young 

772
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:48,100
that performs adequately without
depleting your precious 

773
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:51,200
supplies. 
The relationship between 

774
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,300
calligrapher and brush. 
Maker is often closed and 

775
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:55,700
long-lasting. 
You have bought brushes from the

776
00:38:55,700 --> 00:38:59,100
same Craftsman for eight years. 
He knows your preferences and 

777
00:38:59,100 --> 00:39:01,600
can recommend specific brushes 
for particular projects. 

778
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,000
When you need something custom 
made, he understands your 

779
00:39:05,008 --> 00:39:08,900
requirements with outlink, the 
explanation is its own, 

780
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:12,300
specialized professional, 
requiring years of training, the

781
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:15,200
best brush makers can feel the 
quality of animal Hair by 

782
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:16,500
running it between their 
fingers. 

783
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:20,200
They know which combinations of 
hair types, produce specific 

784
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,500
performance characteristics. 
They understand how to balance 

785
00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:26,500
spring and flexibility and ink 
retention in a single tool. 

786
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:29,500
Some regions are famous for 
producing brushes of 

787
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:32,600
exceptional, quality. 
Calligraphers will travel for 

788
00:39:32,600 --> 00:39:34,200
days to purchase brushes from 
these. 

789
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:37,500
Renowned Workshops, the brushes 
become treasured possessions 

790
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:41,500
passed down through generations.
Stories circulate about ancient 

791
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:43,300
brushes that still perform 
flawlessly. 

792
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:47,500
After hundreds of years of use. 
Your three finest brushes came 

793
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:50,600
from different sources. 
One was a gift from your master 

794
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:52,200
on the day. 
You completed your training, 

795
00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:55,300
another, you purchased after 
receiving payment for an 

796
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:59,100
lucrative Commission. 
Third belong to a calligrapher 

797
00:39:59,100 --> 00:40:00,900
whose estate was sold after his 
death. 

798
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:04,700
Brush has its own personality 
and quirks that you have learned

799
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:07,600
through extensive use. 
The social status of 

800
00:40:07,600 --> 00:40:10,500
calligraphers has varied 
throughout history, depending on

801
00:40:10,500 --> 00:40:13,300
the value different cultures 
placed on literacy and artistic 

802
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:16,000
expression. 
In some errors, calligraphers 

803
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:18,700
enjoyed Prestige and wealth in 
other periods. 

804
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:21,900
They barely survived on Mega 
fees paid by the few clients who

805
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:25,600
wanted Henry texts. 
Currently you occupy a middle 

806
00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:29,000
position in society. 
You are neither impoverished 

807
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:32,800
your respected, but not 
celebrated people recognize 

808
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,800
calligraphy as a legitimate 
professional but few truly 

809
00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:37,800
understand the skill required to
practice it. 

810
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,300
Well, This suits, you fine 
because you never sought fame or

811
00:40:41,300 --> 00:40:43,700
Fortune. 
The greatest historical 

812
00:40:43,700 --> 00:40:45,700
calligraphers achieved legendary
status. 

813
00:40:46,500 --> 00:40:49,100
Their works are preserved in 
museums and private collections 

814
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:52,900
scholars, study their techniques
and try to understand what made 

815
00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:56,700
their brush work transcendent. 
these Master set standards that 

816
00:40:56,700 --> 00:41:00,200
contemporary calligraphers still
measure themselves against you 

817
00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:02,200
have seen some of these 
Masterworks during trips to the 

818
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:05,500
capital where museums display, 
ancient Scrolls, behind glass, 

819
00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:09,100
Standing before these pieces 
creates a mixture of inspiration

820
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:12,200
and humiliation inspiration 
because they prove what is 

821
00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:14,400
possible. 
Humiliation because the gap 

822
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:16,900
between their skill and yours 
seems impossibly wide. 

823
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:19,800
Your master used to say that 
comparing yourself to the 

824
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:22,400
greatest Master's is both 
necessary and dangerous 

825
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,300
necessary because you need 
models of Excellence to guide 

826
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:27,700
your development. 
Dangerous, because the 

827
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:29,400
comparison can become 
paralyzing. 

828
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:32,400
If you focus on the distance 
rather than the direction of 

829
00:41:32,408 --> 00:41:35,500
improvement, you try to maintain
this balance by studying 

830
00:41:35,500 --> 00:41:38,500
historical Master's while also 
accepting your own limitations. 

831
00:41:38,500 --> 00:41:42,400
You will probably never achieve 
their level of skill but you can

832
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:44,500
still create work. 
That serves its purpose and 

833
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:48,900
brings satisfaction to your self
and your clients that is enough.

834
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:52,000
The techniques you use vary 
depending on the specific 

835
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,600
requirements of each project, a 
religious text demands different

836
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:57,100
brush, work than a personal 
letter. 

837
00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:00,700
A formal Proclamation follows 
rules that do not apply to a 

838
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:03,700
casual poem, your training 
included learning when to apply,

839
00:42:03,700 --> 00:42:07,200
which approach the most formal 
style requires absolute 

840
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:09,800
Precision. 
Each stroke must be executed 

841
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:12,800
with careful control. 
The characters maintain uniform 

842
00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:17,400
size and spacing the ink is 
consistently dark, any variation

843
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:19,400
suggests lack of discipline or 
Mastery? 

844
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:23,000
This style is difficult to 
sustain for long periods because

845
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,800
it allows no room for 
spontaneity or relaxation 

846
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:30,000
semi-formal, Stylez permit, more
individual expression while 

847
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:31,600
still maintaining clear 
structure. 

848
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,900
You can vary stroke thickness, 
for emphasis character sizes, 

849
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:39,400
might shift slightly to create 
visual interest The overall 

850
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:42,300
effect, balances readability, 
with artistic personality. 

851
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:46,400
Most of your commissions, fall 
into this category, cursive 

852
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,500
Styles break, many rules in 
pursuit of speed and expressive 

853
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:51,900
energy. 
Strokes connect in ways that 

854
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:54,900
would be forbidden in formal 
writing characters, become 

855
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:59,000
abbreviated or simplified, the 
brush never fully lifts from the

856
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,000
paper between strokes. 
This style requires deep 

857
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,500
knowledge of standard forms 
because the abbreviations and 

858
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:08,300
connections only work. 
If the viewer can mentally 

859
00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:11,300
reconstruct, the proper 
characters, you practice all 

860
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:15,200
three Styles, regularly to 
maintain flexibility some days. 

861
00:43:15,200 --> 00:43:17,500
You work in formal mode for 
clients who want traditional 

862
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:19,900
appearance. 
Other days you experiment with 

863
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:22,700
cursive techniques and personal 
pieces, that no one else will 

864
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:26,300
ever see this variety prevents 
you from becoming rigid in your 

865
00:43:26,300 --> 00:43:28,800
approach. 
The process of writing a single 

866
00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:31,300
character, involves more 
physical awareness than most 

867
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:34,500
people realize your posture 
affects the quality of your 

868
00:43:34,500 --> 00:43:37,600
brush work tension in your 
shoulders transfers down your 

869
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,200
arm and into your hand, even 
your breathing pattern, 

870
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,000
influences, how smoothly the 
brush moves across the paper. 

871
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:45,600
You stand while working on large
characters. 

872
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:47,600
That require bold and energetic 
Strokes. 

873
00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:51,000
The standing position allows you
to use your whole body to 

874
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:54,100
generate momentum your weight 
shifts, from one foot to the 

875
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:56,100
other. 
As the brush sweeps, across the 

876
00:43:56,100 --> 00:43:59,700
paper, the motion resembles a 
martial arts for where physical 

877
00:43:59,700 --> 00:44:03,800
power combined with mental focus
smaller characters demand a 

878
00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:06,600
seated position where your 
forearm rests, on the desk for 

879
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:09,900
stability, your wrist provides 
most of the movement, while your

880
00:44:09,900 --> 00:44:12,600
fingers, make tiny adjustments 
to control the brush tip. 

881
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:16,700
This position allows Precision 
but limits the range of motion 

882
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:20,200
available for dynamic Strokes, 
your breathing sinks with your 

883
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:22,100
brush work. 
In ways that developed 

884
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:25,200
unconsciously over years of 
practice, you inhale, during 

885
00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:26,900
pauses. 
When considering the next 

886
00:44:26,900 --> 00:44:29,100
stroke, the breath, fills your 
lungs. 

887
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:33,000
Completely in your rib cage. 
Expands this expansion creates a

888
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:35,700
momentary stability. 
That helps you prepare mentally 

889
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:38,100
for the coming movement you 
exhale. 

890
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:39,800
As the brush moves across the 
paper. 

891
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,900
The outward breath coincides 
with the outward extension of 

892
00:44:42,900 --> 00:44:46,200
your arm, this synchronization 
happen, naturally, without 

893
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:49,400
anyone teaching you, the 
pattern, your body discovered it

894
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:51,800
through thousands of repetitions
and until breathing and 

895
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,100
brushwork became inseparable. 
The rhythm of breathing and 

896
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:58,300
writing becomes unified until 
they feel like a single 

897
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:00,700
continuous action on. 
Good days. 

898
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:03,000
You can work for hours without 
consciously thinking about 

899
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:05,800
breathing at all. 
The breath simply happens in 

900
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:09,400
perfect coordination with every 
stroke on difficult days, the 

901
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,000
coordination breaks down, and 
you must deliberately 

902
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:15,600
re-establish the pattern through
focused attention, temperature 

903
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:19,400
in, humidity affect your work 
and subtle but important ways in

904
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:21,700
some summer. 
The ink dries too quickly and 

905
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,600
you must work faster to maintain
fluid connections between 

906
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:28,500
Strokes in Winter, the ink 
thickens and requires longer 

907
00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:32,300
grinding to achieve proper 
consistency, humid days cause 

908
00:45:32,300 --> 00:45:34,800
paper to absorb ink differently 
than dry days. 

909
00:45:35,500 --> 00:45:37,100
You have learned to adjust your 
Technique. 

910
00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:40,300
According to these environmental
variables, you cannot control 

911
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:42,800
the weather but you can modify 
how much water you add to the 

912
00:45:42,808 --> 00:45:45,100
ink, or how long you pause 
between Strokes. 

913
00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:48,900
The small adjustments accumulate
into the difference between work

914
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:52,100
that looks effortless and work. 
That shows signs of struggle. 

915
00:45:52,100 --> 00:45:54,200
The mental state required for 
good. 

916
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:56,700
Calligraphy is difficult to 
describe to people who have 

917
00:45:56,700 --> 00:45:59,700
never experienced it. 
You must be simultaneously 

918
00:45:59,700 --> 00:46:03,500
relaxed and alert, your mind 
needs to be empty of distracting

919
00:46:03,500 --> 00:46:07,700
thoughts, but also fully engaged
with the immediate task this 

920
00:46:07,700 --> 00:46:10,900
paradoxical combination develops
through practice, but cannot be 

921
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:14,400
forced some days, you sit down 
to work and the proper mental 

922
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:17,700
state arrives, within minutes, 
the world Narrows to the paper 

923
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:21,300
and the brush thoughts. 
Quiet time loses its usual 

924
00:46:21,300 --> 00:46:23,800
quality. 
You enter a flow where decisions

925
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:27,700
happen without deliberation and 
every stroke emerges, exactly as

926
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,300
intended. 
Other days, the mental state 

927
00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:33,600
refuses to appear, no matter how
long you sit or how many 

928
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:37,700
breathing exercises you perform.
Your mind races with concerns 

929
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:39,700
about money or health, or 
relationships. 

930
00:46:39,700 --> 00:46:42,600
The brush feels comes and 
foreign in your hand. 

931
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:46,500
Every stroke looks wrong and 
requires correction on these 

932
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:48,200
days. 
You eventually give up and turn 

933
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:51,100
to other tasks like cleaning 
tools or organizing supplies. 

934
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:54,500
You cannot predict which type of
day, you will have when you wake

935
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:57,600
up in the morning. 
External circumstances do not 

936
00:46:57,600 --> 00:46:59,600
reliably determine internal 
States. 

937
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,400
You might feel anxious about a 
major commission but still 

938
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:03,800
produce. 
Excellent work. 

939
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:07,100
You might have no particular 
worries but find yourself unable

940
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:09,700
to concentrate. 
Your master torture. 

941
00:47:09,700 --> 00:47:12,600
You not to judge these 
fluctuations, too harshly, all 

942
00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:14,700
calligraphers experience, good 
days and bad days. 

943
00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:17,700
The key is to keep showing up 
and doing the work regardless of

944
00:47:17,700 --> 00:47:20,700
how it feels in the moment. 
Over time the good days, 

945
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:23,900
outnumber the bad days and the 
overall trajectory moves toward 

946
00:47:23,900 --> 00:47:28,700
Improvement This lesson took 
years to truly accept early. 

947
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:31,200
In your training, you would 
become frustrated on bad days 

948
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,800
and convinced that you lacked 
the necessary Talent. you would 

949
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:37,900
compare your worst work to other
students best work and conclude 

950
00:47:37,900 --> 00:47:41,200
you were falling behind Your 
master would occasionally notice

951
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,000
these spirals of negative 
thinking and redirect your 

952
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:47,000
attention to the simple task of 
grinding Inc or cleaning 

953
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:50,200
brushes, the work itself, 
eventually taught you that 

954
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:53,300
consistency matters, more than 
intermittent. 

955
00:47:53,300 --> 00:47:57,000
Brilliant. the calligrapher who 
practices every day for 10 years

956
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:00,100
will surpass The Talented 
beginner who only works when 

957
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:04,700
inspiration strikes This truth 
applies to most skills but feels

958
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:07,500
especially relevant to 
calligraphy where incremental 

959
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:09,700
improvements accumulate into 
mastery. 

960
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,400
You now try to pass this lesson 
to your students though, they 

961
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:15,800
will probably need years to 
fully internalize it. 

962
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:18,600
You can tell them that bad days 
are normal and temporary. 

963
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:22,100
You can demonstrate that even 
Masters produce mediocre work 

964
00:48:22,100 --> 00:48:25,400
sometimes, but understanding 
intellectually differs from 

965
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:27,800
accepting emotionally. 
They will learn through 

966
00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:31,100
experience or they will quit. 
Before learning occurs the 

967
00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:34,200
philosophical dimensions of 
calligraphy interests, you more 

968
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:36,900
now than they did during your 
training years back. 

969
00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:39,500
Then you focused almost entirely
on technique and skill 

970
00:48:39,500 --> 00:48:41,700
development. 
You wanted to make beautiful 

971
00:48:41,700 --> 00:48:43,700
characters and earn your 
Master's approval. 

972
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:47,100
The deeper meanings remained 
abstract Concepts without 

973
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:50,200
personal relevance. 
Now you recognize calligraphy as

974
00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,700
a form of meditation, where the 
goal is not to achieve anything.

975
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:57,400
But simply to be present with 
each stroke, the characters, you

976
00:48:57,400 --> 00:48:59,100
create matter. 
Less than the quality of 

977
00:48:59,108 --> 00:49:00,800
attention, you bring to creating
them. 

978
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:04,400
This realization paradoxically 
improve your technical work 

979
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:08,200
because trying too hard produces
tension that degrades quality. 

980
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:11,500
You have read texts written by 
Monk calligraphers, who used 

981
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:14,900
writing a spiritual practice. 
They described calligraphy as a 

982
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,400
way to empty the mind and 
connect with something larger 

983
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,400
than the individual self. 
You're not particularly 

984
00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:22,300
religious, but you understand 
what they meant. 

985
00:49:22,300 --> 00:49:25,000
The experience of losing 
yourself in the work. 

986
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:28,200
Feels like touching something 
eternal. these moments of 

987
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:30,900
transcendence arrive, 
unpredictably, and depart just 

988
00:49:30,908 --> 00:49:34,100
as suddenly You might be in the 
middle of a routine commission, 

989
00:49:34,100 --> 00:49:37,100
when suddenly everything clicks,
and you see each stroke with 

990
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:40,600
perfect clarity or you might 
finish an entire scroll without 

991
00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:43,700
experiencing anything special 
but then look at the completed 

992
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:46,900
work and recognize that 
something extraordinary happened

993
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:48,100
without your conscious 
awareness. 

994
00:49:48,900 --> 00:49:51,300
You do not discuss these 
experiences with many people 

995
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:55,000
because they sound pretentious. 
When described in words, how do 

996
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,100
you explain to a merchant that 
writing his poem? 

997
00:49:57,100 --> 00:50:00,500
Felt like touching the void? 
How do you tell your students 

998
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:03,200
that the highest achievement in 
calligraphy is to forget, you 

999
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,200
are doing calligraphy. 
These truths can only be 

1000
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,300
discovered through personal 
experience, different cultures, 

1001
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,200
develop distinct, calligraphic 
Traditions based on their unique

1002
00:50:12,200 --> 00:50:14,100
writing systems and aesthetic 
values. 

1003
00:50:14,100 --> 00:50:17,100
The Chinese tradition 
emphasized, balance and harmony 

1004
00:50:17,100 --> 00:50:20,200
with characters arranged in 
precise, grids The Arabic 

1005
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:23,500
tradition created flowing, 
geometric patterns, where text 

1006
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,300
became architectural ornament. 
The Latin tradition in medieval 

1007
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,900
Europe, illuminated manuscripts 
with gold leaf and elaborate 

1008
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:34,100
decorative flourishes. 
You have studied examples from 

1009
00:50:34,100 --> 00:50:37,100
many Traditions though, your own
work remains rooted in your 

1010
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:39,600
native Style. 
Seeing how other cultures 

1011
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:42,900
approach the same fundamental 
challenge of making language 

1012
00:50:42,900 --> 00:50:45,600
visible and beautiful has 
expanded your understanding of 

1013
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:49,000
what calligraphy can be. 
Chinese calligraphy influenced 

1014
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:52,400
your Traditions significantly. 
The tools and many techniques 

1015
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:54,800
came from China, along with 
Buddhism and Confucian 

1016
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:57,400
philosophy. 
But over centuries, local 

1017
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:00,600
preferences and Innovations, 
created a distinctly Regional 

1018
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:03,400
Style. 
Characters became slightly more 

1019
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:07,100
angular, the balance between 
thick and thin stroke, shifted 

1020
00:51:07,100 --> 00:51:11,300
new conventions developed for 
spacing and composition the five

1021
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:14,300
major scripts in Chinese 
calligraphy, represent different

1022
00:51:14,300 --> 00:51:16,600
points on the spectrum between 
formal and casual. 

1023
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:20,900
Seal script preserved, ancient 
forms used on official seals and

1024
00:51:20,900 --> 00:51:23,600
monuments. 
Clerical script developed for 

1025
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:26,600
administrative efficiency 
regular script became the 

1026
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:30,200
standard for printed texts and 
formal documents running script 

1027
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,300
increased speed while 
maintaining readability cursive 

1028
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:37,100
script prioritized expressive 
over Clarity, he practiced, 

1029
00:51:37,100 --> 00:51:39,900
primarily in regular and running
scripts, depending on the needs 

1030
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,200
of your commission's. 
Seal script appears to archaic 

1031
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:47,100
for most contemporary purposes. 
Clerical script has a historical

1032
00:51:47,100 --> 00:51:50,100
association with bureaucracy 
that clients prefer to avoid. 

1033
00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:53,800
Cursive script requires such 
specialized knowledge to read 

1034
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:55,600
that it limits your potential 
audience. 

1035
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:59,100
Arabic calligraphy takes a 
different approach because the 

1036
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:01,200
Arabic script connects letters 
within words. 

1037
00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:04,900
This creates opportunities for 
flowing composition that you're 

1038
00:52:04,900 --> 00:52:06,600
isolated. 
Character system cannot 

1039
00:52:06,600 --> 00:52:10,000
replicate Arabic, calligraphers 
developed, styles were entire 

1040
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:13,400
verses of poetry become unified 
visual compositions resembling 

1041
00:52:13,400 --> 00:52:17,100
abstract art The religious 
prohibition against depicting 

1042
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:20,600
living beings in Islamic Art. 
Elevated calligraphy to Central 

1043
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:24,600
importance in mosque decoration.
Sacred texts became the primary 

1044
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:28,000
subject for artistic expression.
Calligraphers achieved the 

1045
00:52:28,008 --> 00:52:30,900
status of our artists whose work
was collected and celebrated. 

1046
00:52:30,900 --> 00:52:34,400
This tradition continues today 
with contemporary Arabic, 

1047
00:52:34,400 --> 00:52:36,600
calligraphers pushing 
boundaries, while respecting 

1048
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:40,900
classical foundations, European,
medieval manuscripts, represent 

1049
00:52:40,900 --> 00:52:42,500
yet. 
Another approach where 

1050
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:44,300
calligraphy merged with 
illustration. 

1051
00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:47,500
Scribes spent months, creating 
single books. 

1052
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,300
With elaborate initial letters. 
Containing miniature paintings, 

1053
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:53,500
gold and Lapis Lazuli. 
Decorated the pages. 

1054
00:52:53,500 --> 00:52:56,400
The books were Treasures. 
That signaled wealth and 

1055
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,700
devotional. 
The invention of the printing 

1056
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:01,800
press transformed European 
calligraphy, from a practical 

1057
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:03,900
necessity in to an artistic 
specialty. 

1058
00:53:03,900 --> 00:53:07,100
Suddenly books could be mass 
produced and handwritten texts 

1059
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,000
became luxury items, 
calligraphers adapted by 

1060
00:53:10,000 --> 00:53:13,400
focusing on ceremonial documents
and special commission's where 

1061
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:15,500
hand work, justify the extra 
expense. 

1062
00:53:16,300 --> 00:53:19,300
Your own culture experience. 
Similar changes when printing 

1063
00:53:19,300 --> 00:53:22,700
technology arrived, the initial 
impact devastated, the 

1064
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:25,800
professional calligraphy 
Community, many calligraphers 

1065
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:28,300
lost their livelihoods as 
printed text replaced 

1066
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:31,100
handwritten books. 
The survivors adapted by 

1067
00:53:31,100 --> 00:53:33,900
emphasizing the artistic and 
spiritual dimensions of hand 

1068
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:36,600
work that machines could not 
replicate today. 

1069
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:40,200
Calligraphy, occupies a niche 
position where it serves 

1070
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:43,800
ceremonial and aesthetic 
purposes rather than utilitarian

1071
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:46,800
communication. 
No one needs handwritten letters

1072
00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:48,700
when printed forms a faster and 
cheaper. 

1073
00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:52,200
But people still value, the 
personal touch, and artistic 

1074
00:53:52,200 --> 00:53:56,000
quality that only a skilled. 
Calligrapher can provide you 

1075
00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:57,500
sometimes. 
Wonder if future Generations, 

1076
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,400
will continue practicing 
calligraphy or if the 

1077
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:03,400
traditional fade as digital 
communication, dominates all 

1078
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:06,200
aspects of life. 
Young people rarely see 

1079
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:10,000
handwriting anymore, they type 
on keyboards or tap on screens. 

1080
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,100
The physical experience of 
making marks on paper, feels 

1081
00:54:13,100 --> 00:54:16,600
increasingly foreign to them. 
Your two students represent a 

1082
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:19,700
small Rebellion against this 
trend, they chose to study an 

1083
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:22,400
ancient art form that has little
practical application in the 

1084
00:54:22,408 --> 00:54:24,500
modern world, their reasons 
vary. 

1085
00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:28,100
But both Express a hunger for 
something tangible and slow in a

1086
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:30,700
culture that increasingly values
speed and efficiency. 

1087
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:34,000
The youngest student told you 
she was attracted to calligraphy

1088
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,700
because it requires presence. 
You cannot text and write 

1089
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:40,800
calligraphy simultaneously. 
You cannot think about tomorrow.

1090
00:54:40,800 --> 00:54:44,100
While forming characters the 
work demands complete attention 

1091
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:47,100
in the present moment. 
This quality feels rare and 

1092
00:54:47,100 --> 00:54:50,100
precious in her daily life. 
The older student came to 

1093
00:54:50,100 --> 00:54:52,500
calligraphy through frustration 
with his previous career in 

1094
00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:54,600
Commerce. 
He spent years negotiating 

1095
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,800
trades and managing shipments, 
the work paid well. 

1096
00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:01,200
But felt empty, he wanted to 
create something with his own 

1097
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,200
hands that would Outlast him, 
calligraphy offered that 

1098
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,400
possibility, you understand, 
both motivations, though, your 

1099
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:09,200
own path. 
To this profession was less 

1100
00:55:09,200 --> 00:55:11,700
philosophical. 
You became a calligrapher 

1101
00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:14,400
because your parents arranged an
apprentice ship and you 

1102
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:16,100
discovered, you had aptitude for
the work. 

1103
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:19,600
Deeper meaning is emerged later 
after technique and become 

1104
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:23,100
unconscious different materials,
create different, calligraphic 

1105
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:27,400
effects, Stone requires chisels 
and hammers metal accepting 

1106
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:31,900
graved characters, wood burns 
under heated, tools play softens

1107
00:55:31,900 --> 00:55:34,800
to impressions. 
Which material has its own logic

1108
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:37,900
and constraints that shape how 
writing appears your own. 

1109
00:55:37,908 --> 00:55:40,800
Work uses brush and ink on 
paper, which allows the most 

1110
00:55:40,808 --> 00:55:44,300
fluid and expressive approach. 
The brush bends, and flexes 

1111
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:47,000
Under Pressure. 
The ink spreads into paper 

1112
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:50,600
fibers in organic patterns, the 
resulting characters contain 

1113
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:53,800
life and movement, that carved 
or stamped text cannot match. 

1114
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:57,300
Some contemporary calligraphers 
experiment with unconventional 

1115
00:55:57,300 --> 00:56:00,900
materials they write on glass or
Fabric or ceramic. 

1116
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:03,900
They use tools other than 
brushes to create unexpected 

1117
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:06,400
textures. 
They combine calligraphy with 

1118
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:08,900
painting or sculpture these 
Innovations. 

1119
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:10,600
Expand. 
The definition of what 

1120
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:13,600
calligraphy can be. 
You respect these experiments 

1121
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:15,500
without feeling called to pursue
them yourself. 

1122
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:19,900
Your interest lies in mastering,
the traditional approach rather 

1123
00:56:19,900 --> 00:56:23,100
than inventing new approaches. 
Perhaps this makes you 

1124
00:56:23,100 --> 00:56:25,800
conservative, but you believe 
that tradition deserves 

1125
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:28,300
preservation even as some people
push boundaries. 

1126
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:32,000
The role of technology in 
calligraphy remains 

1127
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:35,100
controversial, some 
calligraphers use digital tools 

1128
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:38,800
to design compositions before 
executing them on paper, others,

1129
00:56:38,800 --> 00:56:41,300
photograph their work and make 
prints for clients who want 

1130
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:44,900
multiple copies, purists argue 
that digital intervention 

1131
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:46,900
corrupts. 
The essential handmade nature of

1132
00:56:46,900 --> 00:56:50,500
the art form, you occupy a 
middle position, you 

1133
00:56:50,500 --> 00:56:52,800
occasionally photograph, your 
work for documentation but you 

1134
00:56:52,800 --> 00:56:56,100
do not create digital version 
for sale each piece you make. 

1135
00:56:56,100 --> 00:56:58,000
It exists as a unique physical 
object. 

1136
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:01,600
The slight variations between 
supposedly identical characters,

1137
00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:03,700
reveal the human hand behind 
them. 

1138
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,500
This unrepeatable quality seems 
fundamental to what calligraphy 

1139
00:57:07,500 --> 00:57:10,000
is the future of traditional 
calligraphy. 

1140
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:12,700
Probably involves a small 
community of dedicated 

1141
00:57:12,700 --> 00:57:16,400
practitioners serving a niche 
market that value's handcrafted 

1142
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:20,000
and historical continuity. 
Mass culture will continue 

1143
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:22,700
moving toward digital 
efficiency, but there will 

1144
00:57:22,700 --> 00:57:26,100
always be people who want 
something made Slowly by hand, 

1145
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:28,600
using methods that connect to 
the Past. 

1146
00:57:29,300 --> 00:57:31,800
You hope your students will 
continue practicing after they 

1147
00:57:31,800 --> 00:57:34,300
complete their training. 
But you also know that many 

1148
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:36,800
factors influence, whether 
someone commits to a difficult 

1149
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:40,600
profession with limited 
Financial Rewards, you can teach

1150
00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:44,100
them technique and share the 
philosophical Dimensions whether

1151
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:47,100
they choose to build lives 
around calligraphy, depends on 

1152
00:57:47,108 --> 00:57:49,100
circumstances beyond your 
control. 

1153
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:52,500
The rhythm of your days follows 
patterns established by 

1154
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:55,800
generations, of calligraphers 
you wake Before Dawn and 

1155
00:57:55,800 --> 00:57:57,700
grinding while the world is 
still quiet. 

1156
00:57:58,600 --> 00:58:01,600
You practice basic Strokes to 
warm up your hand and Center 

1157
00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:04,100
your mind. 
You work on commissions during 

1158
00:58:04,100 --> 00:58:06,300
the hours when your energy and 
focus are strongest. 

1159
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:09,700
Clean your tools as the day ends
and prepare for tomorrow. 

1160
00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:13,100
This routine might seem 
monotonous to someone who craves

1161
00:58:13,100 --> 00:58:16,700
variety and excitement for you. 
It provides structure. 

1162
00:58:16,700 --> 00:58:18,500
That makes sustained Excellence 
possible. 

1163
00:58:19,300 --> 00:58:23,000
The consistency removes decision
fatigue and allows you to direct

1164
00:58:23,000 --> 00:58:26,600
all your mental energy toward 
the actual work of calligraphy. 

1165
00:58:26,600 --> 00:58:29,900
You no longer wonder if you made
the right career choice, those 

1166
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:32,700
questions belong to your youth 
when other paths still seemed 

1167
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:35,000
possible. 
Now, calligraphy is simply what 

1168
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:37,800
you do, it defines, how you 
spend your time and how you 

1169
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:41,100
understand yourself removing 
calligraphy from your life would

1170
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:43,800
be like removing your skeleton, 
the structure that holds 

1171
00:58:43,800 --> 00:58:46,300
everything else together would 
collapse the money. 

1172
00:58:46,300 --> 00:58:49,700
You earn supports a modest 
lifestyle, you rent this studio 

1173
00:58:49,700 --> 00:58:53,000
in a small room where you sleep.
You eat, simple food and wearing

1174
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:55,200
clothes. 
You own, few possessions beyond 

1175
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:57,500
your tools and a small 
collection of books and Scrolls.

1176
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:01,600
This Simplicity is partly 
necessity and partly Choice, 

1177
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:04,600
desire for luxury. 
Goods would create pressure to 

1178
00:59:04,600 --> 00:59:06,600
accept more commission's and 
work faster. 

1179
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:10,200
Your quality would inevitably 
decline under that pressure 

1180
00:59:10,200 --> 00:59:14,100
better to live simply and 
maintain standards than to grow 

1181
00:59:14,100 --> 00:59:16,100
wealthy while producing inferior
work. 

1182
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:19,900
Your master live this way and 
you see no reason to live 

1183
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:22,500
differently, some calligraphers 
marry and raise families. 

1184
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:26,200
You have chosen not to The 
demands of family life would 

1185
00:59:26,200 --> 00:59:28,100
conflict with the focused 
Dedication. 

1186
00:59:28,100 --> 00:59:30,700
That calligraphy. 
Requires you do not judge 

1187
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,400
colleagues who manage both but 
you know, your own limitations 

1188
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:37,200
divided, attention, produces 
divided results, your 

1189
00:59:37,200 --> 00:59:39,700
relationships exist, primarily 
within the calligraphy 

1190
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:41,800
Community. 
You know, other calligraphers 

1191
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:44,500
around the city and occasionally
visit their Studios to examine 

1192
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:46,400
their work and discuss technical
challenges. 

1193
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,700
These conversations are the 
closest thing you have to a 

1194
00:59:49,700 --> 00:59:52,600
social life, the isolation 
rarely bothers you because the 

1195
00:59:52,600 --> 00:59:56,100
work itself provides fulfillment
that relationships might offer 

1196
00:59:56,100 --> 00:59:58,600
others. 
Each completed commission gives 

1197
00:59:58,600 --> 01:00:01,900
satisfaction each Improvement in
technique, brings quiet. 

1198
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:05,400
Joy, each moment of perfect 
concentration, feels like 

1199
01:00:05,400 --> 01:00:09,500
communion with something larger 
than yourself. you sometimes 

1200
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:12,900
imagine your master watching you
work not judging or criticizing 

1201
01:00:12,900 --> 01:00:15,800
but simply observing with the 
neutral attention he brought to 

1202
01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:18,900
everything This imagined 
presence comforts you during 

1203
01:00:18,900 --> 01:00:22,400
difficult projects or when doubt
Creeps in about your abilities. 

1204
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:25,800
The Scrolls hanging in your 
studio rotate seasonally. 

1205
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:29,000
Spring brings poems about 
renewal and growth. 

1206
01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:31,300
Some are displays bold 
energetic. 

1207
01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:35,600
Calligraphy Autumn features 
contemplative texts winter shows

1208
01:00:35,600 --> 01:00:40,100
Stark minimal compositions these
rotations Mark times passage in 

1209
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:42,600
a life that otherwise contains 
few external markers. 

1210
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,600
Your students will eventually 
leave to establish their own 

1211
01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:48,300
practices. 
New students will arrive to 

1212
01:00:48,300 --> 01:00:51,700
replace them this cycle repeats 
endlessly with each generation 

1213
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:54,100
learning from the previous one, 
and eventually teaching. 

1214
01:00:54,100 --> 01:00:57,700
The next You're simply one Link 
in a chain that extends 

1215
01:00:57,700 --> 01:01:00,500
centuries into the past and 
hopefully centuries into the 

1216
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:02,800
future. 
The Scrolls, you create will 

1217
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,300
Outlast you if they are properly
cared for Paper can survive 

1218
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:09,300
hundreds of years in good 
conditions, your characters will

1219
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:12,000
still be readable long after 
everyone who knew you has died. 

1220
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:17,200
this form of immortality is 
modest, but real You do not sign

1221
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:19,800
your work with elaborate 
flourishes or prominent seals. 

1222
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:22,900
Your Mark appears small and 
discreet in the corner of each 

1223
01:01:22,900 --> 01:01:25,100
piece. 
The work should speak for itself

1224
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:27,600
without requiring promotion of 
the makers identity. 

1225
01:01:28,600 --> 01:01:31,300
This humility is traditional, 
though, some contemporary 

1226
01:01:31,300 --> 01:01:33,100
calligraphers. 
Take a more individualistic 

1227
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:35,800
approach. 
The discipline required for 

1228
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:37,800
calligraphy shaped other aspects
of your life. 

1229
01:01:38,500 --> 01:01:41,600
You approach most tasks with the
same careful attention you bring

1230
01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:44,500
to brush work. 
You clean methodically you 

1231
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:47,700
organized systematically, you 
move deliberately rather than 

1232
01:01:47,700 --> 01:01:49,800
rushing. 
These habits develop through 

1233
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:53,200
years of calligraphic training, 
some people might describe you 

1234
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:57,100
as slow or overly careful, you 
do not experience yourself that 

1235
01:01:57,100 --> 01:02:00,500
way, moving at the proper speed 
for the task at hand feels 

1236
01:02:00,500 --> 01:02:03,700
natural. 
Rushing creates, errors pausing 

1237
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:07,100
allows consideration the pace 
that looks slow to others, is 

1238
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:09,500
simply the pace that produces 
quality results. 

1239
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:12,900
Your relationship with time has 
evolved through calligraphy 

1240
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:16,200
practice, when you were young 
time felt like an enemy that 

1241
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:18,300
would run out before you achieve
your goals. 

1242
01:02:18,300 --> 01:02:20,600
Now, time feels more like a 
medium. 

1243
01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:23,200
You move through the future will
arrive at its own pace 

1244
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:27,600
regardless of your anxiety. 
The past is finished and cannot 

1245
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:30,400
be changed. 
Only the present moment offers 

1246
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:34,900
any real opportunity for action.
This perspective does not 

1247
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:38,000
prevent you from planning or 
learning from experience, but it

1248
01:02:38,008 --> 01:02:41,100
reduces the tendency to lift 
perpetually ahead of or behind 

1249
01:02:41,100 --> 01:02:44,500
the current moment. 
The brush moving across paper 

1250
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:46,100
right now is all that really 
matters. 

1251
01:02:46,100 --> 01:02:50,500
Everything else is abstraction. 
The physical sensations of 

1252
01:02:50,508 --> 01:02:54,200
calligraphy ground, you in 
concrete reality, the roughness 

1253
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:56,900
of paper under your palm, the 
weight of the brush in your 

1254
01:02:56,908 --> 01:03:01,000
hand, the smell of ink, the 
slight ache in your shoulders. 

1255
01:03:01,000 --> 01:03:04,700
After hours of work, these 
Sensations, anchor awareness in 

1256
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:06,800
the body and prevent excessive 
mental wandering. 

1257
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,100
You notice that younger people 
increasingly live in their 

1258
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:12,700
heads. 
They think constantly about past

1259
01:03:12,700 --> 01:03:15,100
and future. 
They experience the present 

1260
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:17,300
moment through the filter of 
their mental commentary. 

1261
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:21,200
Calligraphy offers an antidote 
to this tendency by demanding 

1262
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:23,900
embodied participation, you 
cannot write. 

1263
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:27,800
Well while lost in, thought your
daily practice serves no purpose

1264
01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:31,100
Beyond itself, you do not 
practice to prepare for anything

1265
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:34,700
specific you practice because 
practice is the activity that 

1266
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:37,600
calligraphy consists of the 
doing is the point. 

1267
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:41,300
Any results or accomplishments 
that emerge a buy products 

1268
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:44,400
rather than goals? 
this understanding took many 

1269
01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:47,300
years to develop early in your 
training, you practice to 

1270
01:03:47,300 --> 01:03:50,300
improve and to earn approval and
to eventually make a living 

1271
01:03:51,200 --> 01:03:54,000
These motivations were not wrong
but they kept you focused on 

1272
01:03:54,000 --> 01:03:57,300
outcomes rather than process. 
You measured progress by 

1273
01:03:57,300 --> 01:04:00,600
comparing today's work to 
yesterday's work and feeling 

1274
01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:03,800
either satisfied or disappointed
based on whether Improvement was

1275
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:06,400
visible. 
When outcomes became less 

1276
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:09,100
important than the quality of 
your attention during practice 

1277
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:11,600
your work, paradoxically 
improved. 

1278
01:04:12,500 --> 01:04:16,000
Letting go of the need to 
achieve specific results, free 

1279
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:18,400
due to fully inhabit. 
Each moment of practice. 

1280
01:04:19,300 --> 01:04:22,400
The Strokes became more natural 
because you stopped trying to 

1281
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:26,000
force them into predetermined 
shapes, your hand, learn to 

1282
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:28,400
respond to the paper and ink 
without interference from 

1283
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:30,200
anxious. 
Thoughts about, whether the 

1284
01:04:30,200 --> 01:04:33,000
result would be good enough. 
The evening arrives, and you 

1285
01:04:33,000 --> 01:04:36,000
finish cleaning your tools. 
For the day, tomorrow will bring

1286
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:39,300
new paper and freshening the 
same characters will require the

1287
01:04:39,300 --> 01:04:42,300
same careful attention. 
Nothing dramatic will happen. 

1288
01:04:42,300 --> 01:04:45,400
Progressive, it occurs will be 
measured in tiny increments 

1289
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:49,400
invisible to Casual observation.
This is the life you chose and 

1290
01:04:49,400 --> 01:04:52,100
continue to choose with each 
morning's decision, to grinding 

1291
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:55,000
can pick up the brush. 
The alternative of not doing 

1292
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:57,900
calligraphy barely registers as 
a possibility anymore. 

1293
01:04:58,600 --> 01:05:01,100
The question is not whether to 
practice, but only what to 

1294
01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:03,700
practice and how to practice it 
slightly better than yesterday. 

1295
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:07,800
you extinguish the lamps and 
lock the studio outside, the 

1296
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:11,800
city continues, its endless 
activity, Inside this space 

1297
01:05:11,800 --> 01:05:15,000
dedicated to an ancient art 
form, everything waits in 

1298
01:05:15,000 --> 01:05:16,800
Stillness, for tomorrow's, 
renewal of effort. 

1299
01:05:17,500 --> 01:05:20,900
The brushes hang drying. 
The paper rests in its Stacks. 

1300
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:22,900
The ink Stones, its clean and 
ready. 

1301
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:25,000
You walk to your room thinking 
about. 

1302
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:27,600
Nothing in particular, dinner 
will be simple. 

1303
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:30,600
As always, sleep will come 
easily after a day of focused 

1304
01:05:30,600 --> 01:05:33,600
work and tomorrow, you will 
return to the studio to begin 

1305
01:05:33,600 --> 01:05:36,100
again. 
This is how a calligrapher's 

1306
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:40,200
life unfolds day after day year 
after year, in the steady rhythm

1307
01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:43,200
of practice and rest. 
In the gradual accumulation of 

1308
01:05:43,200 --> 01:05:46,100
skill in the quiet satisfaction 
of work done. 

1309
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:52,800
Well, Tonight, we're going to 
explore one of the most 

1310
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:55,000
fascinating Journeys in human 
history. 

1311
01:05:56,100 --> 01:05:59,400
It's a story that unfolds across
every continent and every 

1312
01:05:59,400 --> 01:06:03,900
culture revealing, how people 
discovered created and 

1313
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:08,100
understood the colors that paint
our world, close your eyes, and 

1314
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:12,100
imagine a time before synthetic 
dies before science, could 

1315
01:06:12,100 --> 01:06:15,700
explain rainbows when the only 
colors available with those. 

1316
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:19,300
You could dig from the earth or 
Coke's from plants and insects 

1317
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:23,000
Outside the world is locked in 
ice. 

1318
01:06:23,800 --> 01:06:27,800
Mammoths trudge through snow 
that never fully melts. but here

1319
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:31,600
in the flickering warmth of your
fire, you've made a discovery 

1320
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:35,500
that will echo through millennia
In your hand, you hold a piece 

1321
01:06:35,500 --> 01:06:38,600
of red ocher. 
It's a rock really iron oxide 

1322
01:06:38,600 --> 01:06:42,200
mixed with clay and sand, but 
when you rub it against the cave

1323
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:45,200
wall, it leaves a mark, a streak
of Rusty red. 

1324
01:06:45,200 --> 01:06:48,100
That catches the firelight and 
seems almost alive. 

1325
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:52,300
You've seen this color before, 
of course, in blood in the 

1326
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:55,500
sunset, in the clay by the river
after rain. 

1327
01:06:56,500 --> 01:06:59,700
This is different, this color 
belongs to you now. 

1328
01:07:00,400 --> 01:07:01,800
You can put it wherever you 
choose. 

1329
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:04,200
The red ocher isn't just any 
rock. 

1330
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:08,800
You found like around you had to
search for it, some deposits are

1331
01:07:08,800 --> 01:07:11,600
better than others. 
The really good stuff comes from

1332
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:14,000
places where iron rich water has
seeped. 

1333
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,900
Through stone for thousands of 
years, you've learned to 

1334
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:20,800
recognize the spots where the 
Earth bleeds this particular 

1335
01:07:20,800 --> 01:07:23,700
shade of rust. 
Sometimes you have to dig. 

1336
01:07:24,400 --> 01:07:27,200
Sometimes you trade for it with 
people from other regions who 

1337
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,900
know, different sources, you 
grind the ocher into powder, mix

1338
01:07:30,900 --> 01:07:35,200
it with animal fat or water. 
The consistency matters too 

1339
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:38,500
thick and it clumps too thin and
it runs down the wall before you

1340
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:40,100
can shape it into anything 
meaningful. 

1341
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,400
Your developing chemistry 
without knowing the word exists,

1342
01:07:43,400 --> 01:07:47,100
your understanding binding 
agents and pigment suspension, 

1343
01:07:47,100 --> 01:07:50,800
through pure experimentation, 
and careful, observation of what

1344
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:54,200
works and what doesn't the black
comes from charcoal? 

1345
01:07:54,200 --> 01:07:58,800
That one's easier to make burn 
bones or wood until they reduce 

1346
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:01,000
to carbon grind them. 
Fine. 

1347
01:08:01,000 --> 01:08:06,200
Now, you have two colors to work
with red and black later. 

1348
01:08:06,200 --> 01:08:09,300
You'll discover that certain 
types of clay produce yellow and

1349
01:08:09,300 --> 01:08:12,200
white. 
Manganese dioxide gives you 

1350
01:08:12,200 --> 01:08:15,000
another kind of black deeper 
than charcoal. 

1351
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:19,700
But for now, red and black your 
palate, You paint animals on the

1352
01:08:19,707 --> 01:08:23,600
walls horses and the creatures 
you hunt and the creatures that 

1353
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:26,300
hunt you, the red makes them 
look alive. 

1354
01:08:26,300 --> 01:08:30,300
The black gives the form and 
Shadow, you're not entirely 

1355
01:08:30,300 --> 01:08:31,399
sure. 
Why you're doing this? 

1356
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:34,399
Maybe it's magic, maybe it's 
memory. 

1357
01:08:34,399 --> 01:08:38,000
Maybe you just like the way it 
looks when firelight dances 

1358
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:41,500
across the painted surface. 
What you don't realize is that 

1359
01:08:41,500 --> 01:08:44,000
you're beginning a relationship 
with color that will Define 

1360
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:47,000
human culture for the next 
30,000 years. 

1361
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:50,700
Your learning that color can be 
captured controlled and 

1362
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:54,500
transformed, Your discovering 
that the world's Hughes aren't 

1363
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:58,600
fixed, they can be moved mixed 
and made permanent. 

1364
01:08:59,300 --> 01:09:03,300
This knowledge will spread. 
Slowly at first, but it will 

1365
01:09:03,300 --> 01:09:06,500
spread are the caves will fill 
with painted animals. 

1366
01:09:06,500 --> 01:09:09,700
Other hands will grind, okay, 
and mix it with fat. 

1367
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:14,200
The techniques will improve 
people will learn to blow 

1368
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:17,300
pigment through hollow bones to 
create fine, sprays of color. 

1369
01:09:17,300 --> 01:09:19,500
They'll develop stenciling 
methods. 

1370
01:09:19,500 --> 01:09:22,100
They'll Master the art of 
shading and depth. 

1371
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:27,500
But it all starts here with you,
rubbing Red Rock against Stone 

1372
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:29,300
and watching color blue in the 
Darkness. 

1373
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:32,800
The funny thing about these 
early pigments is how limited 

1374
01:09:32,800 --> 01:09:34,800
they are, and how much people do
with them anyway? 

1375
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:38,700
You can't make blue yet. 
Green is barely possible and 

1376
01:09:38,700 --> 01:09:41,600
highly unstable. 
Purple is completely Beyond 

1377
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:44,100
reach. 
But you don't miss what you've 

1378
01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:48,100
never seen created by human 
hands. the palette of Earth 

1379
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:52,100
Tones feels Complete because 
it's all you know red black 

1380
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:57,300
yellow white and brown These are
the colors of the ground, 

1381
01:09:57,300 --> 01:09:59,800
beneath your feet and the fire 
that keeps you warm. 

1382
01:10:00,700 --> 01:10:04,200
Time passes in this cave 
generations of people at their 

1383
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:07,500
marks to the walls, some 
paintings overlay others. 

1384
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:10,800
It becomes a Living Canvas, 
constantly refreshed and 

1385
01:10:10,800 --> 01:10:13,800
renewed. 
The oldest images Fade Into The 

1386
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:16,300
Rock. 
New ones, shine bright with 

1387
01:10:16,300 --> 01:10:19,300
fresh pigment. 
No one thinks about preservation

1388
01:10:19,300 --> 01:10:22,200
or permanence you paint because 
humans paint. 

1389
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:25,200
It's becoming part of what your 
people do. 

1390
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:27,900
You're in Egypt. 
Now, the year is approximately 

1391
01:10:27,900 --> 01:10:31,600
3,000 BCE. 
The pyramids don't exist yet, 

1392
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:34,100
but something remarkable is 
happening with color. 

1393
01:10:34,100 --> 01:10:38,000
You're working in a workshop 
that specializes in creating 

1394
01:10:38,000 --> 01:10:40,600
pigments, for Tomb paintings and
decorative Arts. 

1395
01:10:40,600 --> 01:10:44,300
The smells of minerals and 
mysterious chemical reactions 

1396
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:48,200
that you understand only through
experience Red is still easy. 

1397
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:51,400
Egypt has plenty of iron oxide 
deposits. 

1398
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:55,000
The desert provides endless 
variation of red ocher. 

1399
01:10:55,700 --> 01:10:58,600
But you've discovered something 
new something that would have 

1400
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:02,200
amazed those cave painters from 
27,000 years earlier. 

1401
01:11:03,100 --> 01:11:08,900
You've learned to make blue true
vibrant, stable blue, the first 

1402
01:11:08,900 --> 01:11:10,800
synthetic pigment in human 
history. 

1403
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,700
The recipe is complex, you take 
Limestone and sand, add a copper

1404
01:11:15,708 --> 01:11:19,000
compound. 
Maybe some of the natural salt 

1405
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:23,300
that everywhere in Egypt. 
Heat the mixture to about 800 

1406
01:11:23,300 --> 01:11:25,700
degrees Celcius. 
You have to maintain that 

1407
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:28,900
temperature for hours, get it 
wrong, and you end up with green

1408
01:11:28,900 --> 01:11:31,800
or nothing, useful at all, get 
it right? 

1409
01:11:31,800 --> 01:11:34,400
And you produce small crystals 
of a substance. 

1410
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:37,900
Later, ages will call Egyptian 
blue or Caprara, Vitae. 

1411
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:43,100
The blue is stunning deeper than
Sky richer than water. 

1412
01:11:43,100 --> 01:11:47,500
It's the color of lapis. 
Lazuli that impossibly expensive

1413
01:11:47,500 --> 01:11:50,300
stone that comes from 
Afghanistan, but you've made it 

1414
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:54,600
from common materials. 
Well, relatively common, the 

1415
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:57,000
process still requires 
significant resources and 

1416
01:11:57,000 --> 01:12:00,600
expertise, not everyone can make
Egyptian blue. 

1417
01:12:00,600 --> 01:12:04,000
It's a specialized skill and 
you're proud of your mastery. 

1418
01:12:04,800 --> 01:12:08,700
You grind the blue crystals into
fine power, mix them with egg, 

1419
01:12:08,700 --> 01:12:10,600
white or plant gum to create 
paint. 

1420
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:14,200
The consistently has to be 
perfect for applying to 

1421
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:18,900
plastered walls, too thick, and 
it cracks as it dries too thin. 

1422
01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:20,800
And the color looks washed out 
and pale. 

1423
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:24,900
You've done this thousands of 
times your hands know, the right

1424
01:12:24,900 --> 01:12:28,200
texture without thinking the 
workshop has other pigments too 

1425
01:12:28,200 --> 01:12:32,500
yellow comes from openland. 
A sulfide of our snake, that's 

1426
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:35,800
quite poisonous, but produces a 
color like concentrated 

1427
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:39,300
sunlight, your careful, not to 
breathe the dust when grinding 

1428
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:41,700
it. 
Green is made from powdered 

1429
01:12:41,700 --> 01:12:45,200
malachite, a copper carbonate, 
mineral that softer and easier 

1430
01:12:45,200 --> 01:12:49,000
to work with than most Stones. 
Why is gypsum or chalk? 

1431
01:12:49,700 --> 01:12:53,500
Black is still good old carbon 
though, Egyptian black is finer 

1432
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,000
and purer than anything earlier 
cultures achieved. 

1433
01:12:57,000 --> 01:12:59,800
What's interesting is how 
Egyptians think about these 

1434
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:03,100
colors? 
Each one has meaning Beyond mere

1435
01:13:03,100 --> 01:13:05,900
decoration. 
Blue is the color of the heavens

1436
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:07,400
and the Nile during flood 
season. 

1437
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:11,500
It represents fertility, birth 
and rebirth. 

1438
01:13:12,600 --> 01:13:17,100
Green symbolizes growth and 
regeneration red can mean life 

1439
01:13:17,100 --> 01:13:19,700
and victory but also chaos and 
destruction. 

1440
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:23,200
Yellow is eternal and unchanging
like the sun. 

1441
01:13:23,200 --> 01:13:26,500
White represents Purity and 
sacredness. 

1442
01:13:27,300 --> 01:13:31,500
Black is the color of Fertile, 
Mud The Source of Life in the 

1443
01:13:31,500 --> 01:13:34,200
desert. 
Your painting a Tomball today, 

1444
01:13:34,200 --> 01:13:38,300
the scene shows the deceased in 
the afterlife surrounded by 

1445
01:13:38,300 --> 01:13:40,400
symbols of abundant and 
protection. 

1446
01:13:41,400 --> 01:13:44,600
The blue has to be perfect 
because it represents the sky 

1447
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:47,100
under which this personal spend 
eternity. 

1448
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:50,500
You apply it in thin even 
layers. 

1449
01:13:50,500 --> 01:13:54,100
Each stroke matters. 
This painting will last 

1450
01:13:54,100 --> 01:13:57,500
thousands of years. 
If you do your job properly, The

1451
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,500
hierarchy of Egyptian color is 
partly practical and partly 

1452
01:14:00,500 --> 01:14:05,400
symbolic, some pigments are 
expensive, lapis lazuli cost a 

1453
01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:08,000
fortune because it has to be 
imported from so far away. 

1454
01:14:09,000 --> 01:14:11,700
Egyptian blue is cheaper, but 
still requires skill and 

1455
01:14:11,700 --> 01:14:15,300
resources to produce red ocher 
is cheap and plentiful. 

1456
01:14:15,300 --> 01:14:19,700
So important people get painted 
with more expensive colors but 

1457
01:14:19,700 --> 01:14:23,300
it's not just about cost, it's 
about what the colors mean. 

1458
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:26,400
And what they represent the 
preparation of each pigment 

1459
01:14:26,400 --> 01:14:28,500
requires its own specific 
knowledge. 

1460
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:32,400
Yellow ornament must be grounded
in a well-ventilated area 

1461
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:35,300
because the Arsenic fumes can 
sick and workers. 

1462
01:14:35,300 --> 01:14:38,600
You've learned to hold your 
breath at certain moments to 

1463
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:41,200
position yourself. 
Upwind of the grinding stone, 

1464
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:44,800
the yellow powder is so fine. 
It floats in the air like dust 

1465
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:48,200
Motes and sunlight, beautiful 
and deadly at once. 

1466
01:14:49,100 --> 01:14:52,100
Malachite for green comes in 
chunks of varying quality. 

1467
01:14:53,200 --> 01:14:56,400
The best piece is a deep vibrant
green, with few impurities 

1468
01:14:56,400 --> 01:15:00,200
lesser grades, contain more 
Stone, and less Pure Color. 

1469
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:03,400
You learn to judge quality by 
sight and touch. 

1470
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:07,200
The stone should feel dense and 
heavy the color should be 

1471
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:11,200
consistent throughout. 
Grinding malachite is easier 

1472
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:14,000
than grinding most minerals, 
because it's relatively soft. 

1473
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:18,000
The powder has a slight texture,
that makes it bind well to 

1474
01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:20,300
plaster. 
The white gypsum comes from 

1475
01:15:20,300 --> 01:15:23,600
Quarries in the desert. 
It arrives in large blocks that 

1476
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:25,400
must be broken down before 
grinding. 

1477
01:15:26,100 --> 01:15:28,400
Pure White is surprisingly 
difficult, to achieve. 

1478
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:33,200
Most gypsum has slight color. 
Variations a hint of gray here, 

1479
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:36,700
A Touch of yellow there. 
You select the whitest pieces 

1480
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:39,700
for important work, the Lesser 
whites, get used for 

1481
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:41,600
underpainting or less visible 
areas. 

1482
01:15:41,600 --> 01:15:46,300
Black carbon is prepared fresh 
each day of possible, old carbon

1483
01:15:46,300 --> 01:15:48,700
can absorb moisture from the air
and become clumpy. 

1484
01:15:48,700 --> 01:15:53,200
You burn Bones from the kitchen,
waste cattle, Bones Work, best. 

1485
01:15:53,200 --> 01:15:58,500
They produced a deep cool black 
Charred wood makes a warmer 

1486
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:02,800
black with brownish undertones. 
For the finest work, you want 

1487
01:16:02,800 --> 01:16:05,700
the bone black? 
The grinding takes time. 

1488
01:16:05,700 --> 01:16:09,900
Carbon is softer, the minerals 
but has a tendency to smear 

1489
01:16:09,900 --> 01:16:14,100
rather than powder cleanly. 
Egyptian artists developed 

1490
01:16:14,100 --> 01:16:17,200
something, that seems simple but
is actually quite sophisticated.

1491
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:21,900
They created a standardized 
color palette, every Workshop 

1492
01:16:21,900 --> 01:16:24,000
uses more or less. 
The same Shades. 

1493
01:16:24,000 --> 01:16:28,300
Red is always that particular 
red blue is always that 

1494
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:32,200
particular blue. 
This consistency allows Egyptian

1495
01:16:32,200 --> 01:16:35,400
art to develop a recognizable 
style that persists for 

1496
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:39,200
thousands of years you can look 
at a painting from any period of

1497
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:42,000
Egyptian history. 
And immediately recognized it as

1498
01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:45,200
Egyptian The Binding Media 
Matters as much as the pigment 

1499
01:16:45,200 --> 01:16:48,200
itself. 
Most commonly you use a mixture 

1500
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:51,200
of water and plant garlic 
extracted from acacia trees. 

1501
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:55,900
The gum has to be prepared 
carefully too much and the paint

1502
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:58,500
becomes sticky and difficult to 
apply. 

1503
01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:02,800
Too little and the pigment 
doesn't adhere properly to the 

1504
01:17:02,800 --> 01:17:04,900
wall. 
You've learned the right 

1505
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:09,400
proportions, through years of 
practice, your hands can judge 

1506
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:13,400
the consistency without 
measuring sometimes egg is added

1507
01:17:13,400 --> 01:17:15,200
to the binding medium for 
certain applications. 

1508
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:18,600
Egg white makes colors, more 
luminous and slightly 

1509
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:22,200
transparent. 
Egg yolks are richer more opaque

1510
01:17:22,200 --> 01:17:24,500
effect. 
The choice depends on what 

1511
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,000
surface your painting and what 
effect you want to achieve. 

1512
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:31,100
Experimentation teaches you 
things that no master can fully 

1513
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:34,700
explain in words. 
The process of creating pigments

1514
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:37,800
connects you to the Earth in 
ways that feel almost mystical. 

1515
01:17:37,800 --> 01:17:42,000
You're taking rocks and minerals
transforming them through heat 

1516
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:46,000
and grinding turning them into 
something that captures light 

1517
01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:48,800
and meaning. 
It's practical work but it's 

1518
01:17:48,808 --> 01:17:52,400
also magic in its way, you're 
giving permanence to color 

1519
01:17:52,400 --> 01:17:57,000
fixing it in place where it can 
survive the centuries Working In

1520
01:17:57,000 --> 01:18:00,100
the Heat of an Egyptian 
Workshop, sweat dripping, as you

1521
01:18:00,100 --> 01:18:03,400
grind minerals into powder. 
You sometimes think about how 

1522
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:06,200
these colors will Outlast you. 
The painting. 

1523
01:18:06,200 --> 01:18:08,800
You're working on today, might 
be visible thousands of years 

1524
01:18:08,800 --> 01:18:11,200
from now. 
The blue you're applying to this

1525
01:18:11,200 --> 01:18:13,600
particular piece of plaster, 
might be seen by people. 

1526
01:18:13,600 --> 01:18:17,100
You can't even imagine your 
hands are creating something 

1527
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:19,500
that transcends your own brief 
existence. 

1528
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:23,100
Thought makes the repetitive 
work, feel meaningful. 

1529
01:18:23,100 --> 01:18:27,800
You're in ancient Greece. 
Now, around 800 BCE something 

1530
01:18:27,800 --> 01:18:30,200
strange is happening with how 
people talk about color. 

1531
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:34,000
Your listening to someone recite
versus from The Iliad, that 

1532
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:36,700
great epic poem about the war at
Troy. 

1533
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:40,500
The descriptions of beautiful 
and Vivid but something seems 

1534
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:42,200
odd. 
If you're used to how modern 

1535
01:18:42,200 --> 01:18:47,300
people describe the world, the 
sea Homer says is wine dark. 

1536
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:54,700
Wine, dark, not blue, not green,
not even blue green, or teal or 

1537
01:18:54,700 --> 01:18:56,100
any of the words you might 
expect. 

1538
01:18:57,200 --> 01:19:00,500
The sea is compared to the color
of wine, which is generally 

1539
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:03,000
understood to be dark red or 
deep purple. 

1540
01:19:03,000 --> 01:19:06,700
This seems bizarre until you 
start noticing other things. 

1541
01:19:06,700 --> 01:19:10,900
The sky is rarely described as 
blue in early, Greek texts. 

1542
01:19:11,700 --> 01:19:14,600
Bronze is sometimes described 
with the same word used for the 

1543
01:19:14,608 --> 01:19:17,500
sea. 
Honey is described as green 

1544
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:22,000
sheep of violet. 
The more you pay attention, the 

1545
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:25,000
more you realize that ancient 
Greek color, vocabulary doesn't 

1546
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:27,300
map neatly onto modern color 
categories. 

1547
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:29,600
They had words for colors 
certainly. 

1548
01:19:31,200 --> 01:19:34,200
But those words carved up the 
Spectrum differently than you 

1549
01:19:34,200 --> 01:19:37,400
might expect. 
Greek had clear terms for white 

1550
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:39,600
and black. 
It had a word that covered the 

1551
01:19:39,600 --> 01:19:43,300
range from Red through purple. 
Through Violet, it had a word 

1552
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:46,100
that covered yellow, and green, 
and sometimes blue. 

1553
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:51,000
But specific color distinctions 
that seem obvious to modernize 

1554
01:19:51,000 --> 01:19:53,400
apparently weren't as important 
range and Greeks. 

1555
01:19:54,100 --> 01:19:56,500
They seem to care more about 
whether something was light or 

1556
01:19:56,508 --> 01:20:00,300
dark, bright or dull and about 
its specific hue. 

1557
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:03,900
This isn't because Greeks were 
color blind or couldn't perceive

1558
01:20:03,900 --> 01:20:06,600
blue. 
They could see blue just fine. 

1559
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:11,900
The Mediterranean sky was just 
as blue then as it is now. but 

1560
01:20:11,900 --> 01:20:15,300
the way they thought about and 
categorized colors emphasized 

1561
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:18,700
different qualities, the 
brightness and saturation 

1562
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:21,300
mattered more than the specific 
wavelength. 

1563
01:20:22,000 --> 01:20:25,400
Other ancient languages show 
similar patterns the Hebrew 

1564
01:20:25,400 --> 01:20:27,700
Bible. 
Rarely mentions blue though it 

1565
01:20:27,700 --> 01:20:31,500
does describe the sky. 
Early Hindu texts have elaborate

1566
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:34,300
color vocabulary for red, yellow
and white. 

1567
01:20:35,100 --> 01:20:37,600
But blue appears late in the 
linguistic record. 

1568
01:20:38,600 --> 01:20:42,400
Chinese color terms evolved over
time with some colors gaining 

1569
01:20:42,400 --> 01:20:47,000
specific names centuries after 
others, Researchers eventually 

1570
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:50,300
notice a pattern. 
Across many different cultures 

1571
01:20:50,300 --> 01:20:54,400
and languages color terms seem 
to emerge in a fairly consistent

1572
01:20:54,400 --> 01:20:57,200
order. 
If a language has only two color

1573
01:20:57,200 --> 01:21:00,700
terms, they'll be black and 
white or dark and light if it 

1574
01:21:00,700 --> 01:21:03,000
has three, the third will be 
red. 

1575
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:06,800
If four then either green or 
yellow appears blue. 

1576
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:10,500
Comes relatively late in the 
sequence purple and brown come 

1577
01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:15,100
even later. 
Orange, pink and gray, are often

1578
01:21:15,100 --> 01:21:17,300
among the last to get dedicated 
terms. 

1579
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:19,800
This doesn't mean people 
couldn't see these colors 

1580
01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:21,900
before. 
They had words for them, but it 

1581
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:25,400
suggests that having a dedicated
word for a color effects, how 

1582
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:28,500
easily people can think about 
and communicate about that 

1583
01:21:28,500 --> 01:21:31,500
color. 
Language shapes perception in 

1584
01:21:31,500 --> 01:21:34,200
subtle ways. 
When your language doesn't have 

1585
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:37,800
a word that distinguishes blue 
from Green, you might genuinely 

1586
01:21:37,800 --> 01:21:40,900
be slower to notice the 
difference or care about it, 

1587
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:43,000
even though your eyes 
registered. 

1588
01:21:43,000 --> 01:21:46,100
The distinction just fine, your 
sitting with a Greek painter. 

1589
01:21:46,100 --> 01:21:48,500
Now he's mixing pigments to 
paint a vase. 

1590
01:21:49,300 --> 01:21:53,500
He has access to red ocher 
yellow, ocher white clay, and 

1591
01:21:53,500 --> 01:21:56,700
black. 
With these four colors, he can 

1592
01:21:56,700 --> 01:22:01,600
create an astonishing range of 
images. figures in action scenes

1593
01:22:01,600 --> 01:22:05,200
from mythology, geometric 
patterns of incredible 

1594
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:09,300
complexity, He never complains 
about not having blue or green. 

1595
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,300
Those colors aren't part of his 
artistic vocabulary. 

1596
01:22:12,300 --> 01:22:15,700
The vast as he paints will be 
traded across the Mediterranean.

1597
01:22:16,600 --> 01:22:19,600
They'll influence Artistic 
Styles and dozens of cultures 

1598
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:23,600
and the color palette will 
remain consistent red figures on

1599
01:22:23,600 --> 01:22:26,100
black backgrounds. 
Black figures on red 

1600
01:22:26,100 --> 01:22:29,400
backgrounds, sometimes white 
added for detail. 

1601
01:22:31,000 --> 01:22:34,500
This limited palette becomes a 
defining characteristic of Greek

1602
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:37,800
ceramic art. 
Not because other colors are 

1603
01:22:37,800 --> 01:22:41,600
impossible to create, but 
because these colors form, a 

1604
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:44,700
complete system for what Greek 
artists want to express. 

1605
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:48,900
Meanwhile in other parts of the 
world, different color 

1606
01:22:48,900 --> 01:22:52,400
vocabularies are developing, 
some languages will end up with 

1607
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:55,300
dozens of specific. 
Colour terms others will 

1608
01:22:55,300 --> 01:22:58,700
maintain broader less specific 
categories for much longer. 

1609
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:03,700
The diversity is fascinating. 
It suggests that color 

1610
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:05,600
perception isn't just about 
biology. 

1611
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,900
It's also about culture 
language, and what a particular 

1612
01:23:09,900 --> 01:23:14,000
society decides is worth paying 
attention to You're in the 

1613
01:23:14,008 --> 01:23:16,208
ancient city of Tyre on the 
eastern shore of the 

1614
01:23:16,216 --> 01:23:19,700
Mediterranean, the year is 
roughly 1500 BCE. 

1615
01:23:19,700 --> 01:23:22,800
You work in one of the most 
valuable and prestigious 

1616
01:23:22,800 --> 01:23:26,700
Industries in the ancient world.
You're a purple dye maker. 

1617
01:23:26,700 --> 01:23:30,900
The smell is absolutely. 
Horrific, the purple doesn't 

1618
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:34,200
come from minerals or plants. 
It comes from sea snails 

1619
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:37,700
specifically species of 
miraculous snails that live in 

1620
01:23:37,708 --> 01:23:40,900
Shallow Mediterranean Waters. 
Each snail. 

1621
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,000
Produces only a tiny amount of 
dye from a gland in its body. 

1622
01:23:44,800 --> 01:23:47,600
To get enough purple to color a 
single toga. 

1623
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:50,600
You need thousands upon 
thousands of snails. 

1624
01:23:50,600 --> 01:23:54,100
The math is brutal and the 
process is worse. 

1625
01:23:55,100 --> 01:23:58,400
First, you have to collect the 
snails divers, bring them up in 

1626
01:23:58,408 --> 01:24:01,100
baskets. 
Then you have to extract the dye

1627
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:03,600
gland. 
This is delicate work, break it 

1628
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:06,600
wrong and you can terminate the 
die, get it, right? 

1629
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:09,100
And you have a tiny bit of 
yellowish, secretion that 

1630
01:24:09,100 --> 01:24:12,300
doesn't look purple at all. 
Not yet the secretions go into 

1631
01:24:12,300 --> 01:24:17,500
Vats, they ferment for days. 
The smell of rotting shellfish, 

1632
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:21,500
fills the entire District, other
Industries won't locate anywhere

1633
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:24,700
near the purple dye works 
because the stench is so 

1634
01:24:24,708 --> 01:24:27,700
overwhelming. 
People can smell it from miles 

1635
01:24:27,700 --> 01:24:30,300
away. 
But the smell means money. 

1636
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,500
It means you're creating 
something so valuable that only 

1637
01:24:34,500 --> 01:24:37,300
the wealthiest people in the 
known world can afford it. 

1638
01:24:38,800 --> 01:24:42,100
As the mixture ferments and is 
exposed to sunlight and air. 

1639
01:24:42,100 --> 01:24:47,200
Something remarkable happens, 
the yellowish goo transforms, it

1640
01:24:47,200 --> 01:24:51,400
shifts through green, then blue,
then finally settles into deep 

1641
01:24:51,400 --> 01:24:56,000
glorious, purple, not lavender, 
not move. 

1642
01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:59,500
A rich saturated purple that 
doesn't fade. 

1643
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:04,000
Colorfest in ways that most 
ancient dies can only dream of 

1644
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:07,700
being. 
Wash the fabric 100 times, the 

1645
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:11,500
purple remains Vivid. 
The exact shade varies depending

1646
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:13,600
on the snail species and the 
processing method. 

1647
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:16,200
Some batches turn out more 
reddish. 

1648
01:25:16,200 --> 01:25:20,200
Others are more bluish. 
The most prized shade is a deep 

1649
01:25:20,200 --> 01:25:22,700
reddish purple. 
That becomes known as Tyrion 

1650
01:25:22,700 --> 01:25:25,200
purple. 
It's the color of royalty, 

1651
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:28,800
literally. 
Laws will be passed restricting,

1652
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:32,200
who can wear it Emperors will 
claim it as their exclusive, 

1653
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:35,400
right? 
Color Purple become synonymous 

1654
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:39,300
with power and wealth. 
Your calculating the economics 

1655
01:25:39,300 --> 01:25:40,300
in your head. 
As you work. 

1656
01:25:40,300 --> 01:25:43,600
Each snail provides maybe one 
drop of dye. 

1657
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:47,900
Pound of dyed wool requires 
about 12,000 snails. 

1658
01:25:47,900 --> 01:25:52,500
The labor involved is immense 
the final product costs, more 

1659
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:56,000
than its weight in gold. 
Sometimes significantly more. 

1660
01:25:56,000 --> 01:25:59,600
A single purple died. 
Garment can represent years of 

1661
01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:04,200
work and the deaths of thousands
of sea creatures, but the demand

1662
01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:07,900
never stops. 
Every rule wants purple, every 

1663
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:10,900
wealthy Merchant wants to 
display their status with at 

1664
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:12,600
least a purple stripe on their 
toga. 

1665
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,900
Phoenician Traders sell Tyrion 
purple across the known World. 

1666
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:20,000
It becomes one of the most 
valuable trade goods in ancient 

1667
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:22,700
Commerce. 
City's growth from the purple 

1668
01:26:22,700 --> 01:26:26,300
trade Wars are fought partly 
over access to the best snail 

1669
01:26:26,300 --> 01:26:28,600
beds. 
The funny part is that the color

1670
01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:31,000
itself isn't even all that 
different from what you could 

1671
01:26:31,000 --> 01:26:35,100
achieve by mixing red and blue 
dyes But those mixed purple's 

1672
01:26:35,100 --> 01:26:40,300
fade they wash out, they're not 
real purple not Tyrion purple. 

1673
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:43,900
Not the color made from tens of 
thousands of snails through 

1674
01:26:43,900 --> 01:26:47,900
processes that take months and 
fill entire neighborhoods with 

1675
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:52,800
smells so bad that even you who 
work here every day sometimes 

1676
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:54,600
have to step outside for fresh 
air. 

1677
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:58,800
The purple workshops develop 
their own culture and traditions

1678
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:01,600
knowledge passes from Master to 
Apprentice. 

1679
01:27:01,600 --> 01:27:05,100
There are secrets about 
fermentation times about how 

1680
01:27:05,100 --> 01:27:08,500
much salt to add about which 
snails from which locations 

1681
01:27:08,500 --> 01:27:11,800
produce the best color. 
Some of these secrets will be 

1682
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:15,000
lost when the industry 
eventually, collapses, modern 

1683
01:27:15,000 --> 01:27:18,300
chemists will have to work hard 
to recreate the exact ancient 

1684
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,700
process. 
In some ways, the purple trade 

1685
01:27:21,700 --> 01:27:25,000
is absurd. 
It's an incredibly an official 

1686
01:27:25,000 --> 01:27:27,700
way to color fabric but 
efficiency isn't the point. 

1687
01:27:27,700 --> 01:27:31,100
Rarity is the point. 
Difficulty is the point. 

1688
01:27:32,100 --> 01:27:35,300
Fact that it takes thousands of 
snails and months of Labor to 

1689
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:38,200
create something beautiful, and 
permanent is exactly what makes 

1690
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:41,000
it valuable. 
The purple isn't just a color. 

1691
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:46,700
It's proof of wealth power, and 
the ability to command vast 

1692
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:48,900
resources. 
For something as a femoral as 

1693
01:27:48,900 --> 01:27:53,600
appearance, the purple industry,
creates entire economies coastal

1694
01:27:53,600 --> 01:27:55,900
cities. 
Build their prosperity on murex,

1695
01:27:55,900 --> 01:27:59,400
shells and dive Vats. 
The divers, who collect snails 

1696
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:01,000
develop their own, specialized 
knowledge. 

1697
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,200
They know which reefs produce 
the best best friends. 

1698
01:28:04,200 --> 01:28:08,700
They understand the seasonal 
patterns in Spring, the snails 

1699
01:28:08,700 --> 01:28:12,500
are most active and easier to 
find in Winter, they borrowed, 

1700
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:16,600
deeper, and require more effort 
to harvest Some divers work in 

1701
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,100
relatively shallow water wading 
in and plucking snails from 

1702
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:23,200
rocks. 
Others dive deep holding their 

1703
01:28:23,200 --> 01:28:26,000
breath for minutes at a time 
while Gathering shells and 

1704
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:28,500
weighted baskets. 
The work is dangerous. 

1705
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:33,400
Drowning is a constant risk. 
Sharp rocks and strong currents 

1706
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:36,900
claimed lives regularly. 
But the pay is better than most 

1707
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:38,800
other work of available to 
Common laborers. 

1708
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:43,000
The snail processes, have their 
own hierarchy at the bottom of 

1709
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:45,400
the workers who crack open 
shells and extract. 

1710
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:49,000
The tiny glands, this is 
tedious, repetitive work that 

1711
01:28:49,000 --> 01:28:51,400
stains hands and clothes 
permanently purple. 

1712
01:28:52,300 --> 01:28:55,000
The smell clings to workers even
when they go home. 

1713
01:28:55,800 --> 01:28:59,200
Families of purple workers can 
often be identified by The Faint

1714
01:28:59,200 --> 01:29:03,200
Aroma of rotting shellfish, that
never quite washes away. 

1715
01:29:04,100 --> 01:29:06,800
Higher in the hierarchy of the 
fermentation Specialists, who 

1716
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:09,500
manage the Vats. 
They understand the complex 

1717
01:29:09,500 --> 01:29:11,700
chemistry happening in these 
stinking pools. 

1718
01:29:11,700 --> 01:29:15,200
They know when to add salt or 
adjust temperature, they can 

1719
01:29:15,208 --> 01:29:18,000
judge by smell and appearance 
when the fermentation is 

1720
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:22,300
proceeding correctly. 
If a batch goes wrong months of 

1721
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:26,300
work, and thousands of snails 
are wasted the pressure to get 

1722
01:29:26,308 --> 01:29:26,700
it. 
Right? 

1723
01:29:26,700 --> 01:29:30,600
Is intense at the top of the 
master Dyers, who control the 

1724
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:34,500
final stages, they determine the
exact moment to remove fabric 

1725
01:29:34,500 --> 01:29:39,000
from the dye bath too soon. 
And the color is weak too long, 

1726
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:42,000
and it becomes too dark or 
develops unwanted undertones, 

1727
01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:44,200
they understand how different 
Fabrics. 

1728
01:29:44,200 --> 01:29:47,900
Take the dye differently. 
We'll absorbs color more readily

1729
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:51,000
than linen. 
Silk requires special treatment,

1730
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:54,900
the master Dyers guard their 
knowledge jealously and pass it 

1731
01:29:54,908 --> 01:29:58,300
only to trusted apprentices. 
The economic impact of the 

1732
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:02,100
purple trade extends beyond the 
immediate industry, the wealth 

1733
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:04,700
generated by purple dice. 
Support other businesses 

1734
01:30:04,700 --> 01:30:09,100
Potters, make the Vats and 
containers Weavers, produce the 

1735
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:12,500
fabric to be died. 
Merchants transport the finish 

1736
01:30:12,500 --> 01:30:17,500
product Bankers Finance, the 
operations, Color Purple creates

1737
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:20,700
jobs and trade networks across 
the Mediterranean world. 

1738
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:24,500
Wars are fought partly over 
control of the best nail beds. 

1739
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,800
Treaties include Clauses about 
fishing rights in water's known 

1740
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:32,700
for mux population's. 
Piracy targets ships carrying 

1741
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:35,300
purple died Goods because the 
cargo is. 

1742
01:30:35,300 --> 01:30:39,100
So valuable. 
The geopolitics of color become 

1743
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:41,500
surprisingly, complex and 
consequential. 

1744
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:45,800
Meanwhile, the snails themselves
are being harvested faster than 

1745
01:30:45,800 --> 01:30:50,000
they can reproduce. 
In some areas, populations Crash

1746
01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:54,200
from over harvesting, this 
drives prices, even higher and 

1747
01:30:54,200 --> 01:30:56,300
pushes the industry to seek new 
sources. 

1748
01:30:57,600 --> 01:31:00,300
Remote coastlines, that were 
previously ignored become 

1749
01:31:00,300 --> 01:31:03,800
valuable for their murex beds. 
The expansion of the purple 

1750
01:31:03,800 --> 01:31:06,400
trade follows the expansion of 
accessible snail. 

1751
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:10,000
Populations You sometimes, 
wonder what happens to all these

1752
01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:14,000
empty shells Millions upon 
millions of them piled up near 

1753
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:16,900
the die Works. 
They create literal mountains of

1754
01:31:16,900 --> 01:31:21,100
discarded, Miracle shells, these
shell mittens become landmarks, 

1755
01:31:21,100 --> 01:31:24,600
future archaeologists will use 
them to map the extent and 

1756
01:31:24,600 --> 01:31:26,700
intensity of the ancient purple 
industry. 

1757
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:30,200
The waste products of color 
production become historical 

1758
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:33,300
evidence, the social meaning of 
purple deepens. 

1759
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:37,900
Over time is not just expensive.
It becomes associated with 

1760
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:40,100
specific types of power and 
authority. 

1761
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:45,900
Roman senators were togas with 
purple stripes, the strike 

1762
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:49,400
indicates rank Emperor's, 
eventually, claimed exclusive 

1763
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:51,200
rights to certain shades of 
purple. 

1764
01:31:51,200 --> 01:31:54,600
Where in Imperial purple, if 
you're not, the emperor can be 

1765
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:58,200
punishable by Death. 
Color becomes literally illegal 

1766
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:01,400
for common people. 
This legal restriction of color,

1767
01:32:01,400 --> 01:32:05,000
seems absurd from a modern 
perspective, how can you make a 

1768
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:08,300
color illegal but in the ancient
world it makes perfect sense. 

1769
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:12,500
Purple represents power 
controlling who can wear purple 

1770
01:32:12,500 --> 01:32:15,300
is controlling who can display 
the symbols of authority. 

1771
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:19,400
It's about maintaining social 
hierarchies through visible 

1772
01:32:19,400 --> 01:32:22,600
markers that. 
Everyone can understand at a 

1773
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:25,900
glance. 
You're traveling now, moving 

1774
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:28,500
East along, trade routes, that 
connect the Mediterranean to 

1775
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:31,400
China. 
The year is somewhere around 

1776
01:32:31,400 --> 01:32:36,400
200, BCE in your pack, you carry
samples of dies and pigments 

1777
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:40,400
from a dozen different cultures.
You're a Trader and color is 

1778
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:42,800
your business. 
You've just left India, where 

1779
01:32:42,800 --> 01:32:46,600
you acquired something precious 
cakes of indigo of blue, dye 

1780
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:48,600
made from the leaves of the 
Indigo fairer plant. 

1781
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:52,700
The process of making indigo is 
almost as complicated as making 

1782
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:56,000
Tyrion purple, but the results 
are completely different. 

1783
01:32:56,000 --> 01:33:01,100
This blue is clear and bright 
like a piece of Sky compressed 

1784
01:33:01,100 --> 01:33:04,700
into solid for the Indigo makers
showed you their process. 

1785
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:07,900
They harvest the plants at 
exactly the right time. 

1786
01:33:07,900 --> 01:33:11,100
When the leaves contain, the 
maximum concentration of the 

1787
01:33:11,100 --> 01:33:14,800
chemical that will become blue. 
They steep the leaves in water 

1788
01:33:14,800 --> 01:33:18,300
for hours until the liquid turns
greenish. then comes the 

1789
01:33:18,300 --> 01:33:22,100
strange, part the agitate the 
water vigorously beating it with

1790
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:26,000
sticks splashing it around the 
water needs to absorb oxygen 

1791
01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:30,200
from the air as oxygen mixes 
with the green, Liquid Blue 

1792
01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:34,600
precipitates out actual blue 
particles form and sink to the 

1793
01:33:34,608 --> 01:33:37,900
bottom of the vat. 
It looks like magic this 

1794
01:33:37,900 --> 01:33:39,900
transformation from green to 
blue. 

1795
01:33:39,900 --> 01:33:43,000
Triggered by nothing more than 
air and vigorous stirring. 

1796
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:47,900
The blue sediment is collected 
formed into cakes and dried 

1797
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:50,500
these cakes can be transported 
anywhere. 

1798
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:54,900
Mix them with water when you're 
ready to die Fabric and you have

1799
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:58,100
blue indigo. 
Blue is different from Egyptian 

1800
01:33:58,100 --> 01:34:01,200
blue, Egyptian, blue is a 
pigment for painting. 

1801
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:05,900
Indigo is a Dye that penetrates 
fabric the blue soaks into wool 

1802
01:34:05,900 --> 01:34:10,600
cotton or silk and stays there. 
It's not perfectly color fast, 

1803
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:14,400
it will fade eventually with 
washing and sunlight but it's 

1804
01:34:14,400 --> 01:34:17,900
good enough for practical use 
and it produces a blue more 

1805
01:34:17,900 --> 01:34:22,000
vibrant than most Alternatives. 
You've also picked up coach Neil

1806
01:34:22,000 --> 01:34:24,800
from the Americas though. 
This is much later in history. 

1807
01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:29,000
Now, Timeline is flexible in 
this journey through color 

1808
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:31,800
coaching Neil is another insect 
bass. 

1809
01:34:31,800 --> 01:34:35,700
Die like Tyrion purple but it 
produces brilliant. 

1810
01:34:35,700 --> 01:34:39,500
Red in Stead. 
The die comes from Tiny scale 

1811
01:34:39,500 --> 01:34:41,400
insects that live on cactus 
plants. 

1812
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:46,100
You harvest, the insects dry 
them and grind them into powder.

1813
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:50,300
The resulting red is so intense.
It almost hurts to look at 

1814
01:34:51,200 --> 01:34:54,500
different regions specialize in 
different colors based on what 

1815
01:34:54,500 --> 01:34:59,000
resources are available locally.
Madder root produces red in 

1816
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:04,300
Europe and Asia weld creates 
yellow woad makes blue though 

1817
01:35:04,300 --> 01:35:05,900
not as nice. 
A blue as indigo. 

1818
01:35:06,700 --> 01:35:09,300
The knowledge of which plants 
produce, which colors spread 

1819
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:13,500
slowly along trade routes. 
Recipes are hoarded as valuable 

1820
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:16,500
secrets. 
Fortunes are made and lost over 

1821
01:35:16,500 --> 01:35:20,100
access to the best dice sources.
The matter plant requires 

1822
01:35:20,100 --> 01:35:24,000
specific growing conditions. 
It thrives in certain soils and 

1823
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:28,600
climates but fails in others 
regions with successful madder 

1824
01:35:28,600 --> 01:35:30,400
cultivation, become economically
important. 

1825
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:33,900
The Roots must grow for at least
three years before half 

1826
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:37,400
harvesting younger Roots 
produce, weak pale die. 

1827
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:40,900
Older Roots sometimes left in 
the ground for five or seven 

1828
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:43,400
years. 
Yield the deepest most permanent

1829
01:35:43,400 --> 01:35:45,100
Reds. 
Farmers. 

1830
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:47,300
Must be patient and plan years 
ahead. 

1831
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:50,000
Harvesting matter is 
labor-intensive. 

1832
01:35:50,000 --> 01:35:53,700
The roots grow deep and must be 
carefully excavated without 

1833
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:56,800
damage after harvest their 
dried. 

1834
01:35:56,800 --> 01:36:00,300
And then ground into powder. 
The powder has an earthy smell 

1835
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:04,500
not unpleasant, but distinctive 
mixed with the right mordant. 

1836
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:08,500
Usually Alum madda produces 
colors, ranging from pale, pink 

1837
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:12,300
to deep burgundy depending on 
the proportions and techniques 

1838
01:36:12,300 --> 01:36:14,800
used. 
Weld is a different kind of 

1839
01:36:14,800 --> 01:36:18,000
plant entirely. 
It grows as a tall stalk covered

1840
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,800
in small yellow flowers. 
The entire plant above ground is

1841
01:36:21,800 --> 01:36:26,800
harvested and dried unlike 
madder, which takes years weld 

1842
01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:30,100
grows in a single season. 
This makes it more accessible, 

1843
01:36:30,100 --> 01:36:32,800
but also less prestigious. 
The yellow. 

1844
01:36:32,800 --> 01:36:35,300
It produces is Brighton cheerful
though. 

1845
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:39,200
Not as permanent as some as 
would like weld yellow fade, 

1846
01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:41,200
somewhere with washing and Sonic
exposure. 

1847
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,000
Still it's widely used because 
it's affordable and the color is

1848
01:36:45,000 --> 01:36:48,100
lovely, while it lasts. 
Woad presents its own 

1849
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:50,600
challenges. 
The leaves contain the same 

1850
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:53,800
chemical compound as Indigo, but
in a lower concentration, 

1851
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:58,100
growing WOD and processing it 
into usable die requires 

1852
01:36:58,100 --> 01:37:01,900
knowledge and careful timing. 
The leaves must be harvested at 

1853
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:05,400
the right stage of growth too 
young, and they lack sufficient 

1854
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:10,300
dye content, too old and the 
quality deteriorates, the woad 

1855
01:37:10,300 --> 01:37:13,500
leaves, a crushed and formed 
into balls that ferment and dry.

1856
01:37:13,500 --> 01:37:17,700
These balls can be stored and 
transported when needed their 

1857
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:21,100
broken up and subjected to a 
fermentation process similar to 

1858
01:37:21,108 --> 01:37:26,500
Indigo The smell is terrible. 
Somewhat like Indigo but worse 

1859
01:37:26,500 --> 01:37:30,400
if that's possible. woe die 
works better than people expect,

1860
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:35,200
but never quite matches the 
quality of true indigo Still in 

1861
01:37:35,200 --> 01:37:38,400
regions where Indigo isn't 
available or is prohibitively 

1862
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,000
expensive won't serve as 
properly. 

1863
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:43,600
You're in a market now, 
somewhere, in Central, Asia 

1864
01:37:43,600 --> 01:37:48,000
around, you Merchants display, 
Fabrics died in every color 

1865
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:50,900
imaginable. 
The Reds range from brick to 

1866
01:37:50,900 --> 01:37:55,600
blood to Rose the yellow span 
from pale cream to deep gold. 

1867
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:58,800
Blues. 
Go from soft Sky to intense 

1868
01:37:58,800 --> 01:38:01,700
Navy. 
Some Fabrics are died multiple 

1869
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:03,500
times to achieve complex, 
colors. 

1870
01:38:03,500 --> 01:38:06,200
Purple comes from. 
Over dying blue. 

1871
01:38:06,200 --> 01:38:09,000
On red. 
Orange from Red on yellow. 

1872
01:38:09,000 --> 01:38:13,300
Green from yellow on blue. 
The Traders here, speak, 

1873
01:38:13,300 --> 01:38:17,900
multiple languages, Persian 
Arabic Chinese and various 

1874
01:38:17,900 --> 01:38:20,400
dialects. 
You can't identify, they're 

1875
01:38:20,400 --> 01:38:23,100
hackling over bolts of cloth and
bags of dye powder. 

1876
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:26,700
A merchant from Damascus is 
trying to sell Syrian purple to 

1877
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:30,200
a Chinese buyer. 
A Persian trade offers saffron 

1878
01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:32,700
which produces a yellow so 
expensive. 

1879
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:36,400
It's you sparingly and only for 
the most luxurious textiles. 

1880
01:38:37,200 --> 01:38:40,800
An Indian Merchant displays his 
Indigo cakes, like precious 

1881
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:43,900
gems. 
The cultural exchange happening 

1882
01:38:43,900 --> 01:38:45,800
in this market goes beyond 
Commerce. 

1883
01:38:46,700 --> 01:38:50,400
Technique is shared sometimes 
deliberately and sometimes 

1884
01:38:50,400 --> 01:38:54,700
accidentally. 
A dire observes, how a foreign 

1885
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:58,100
Merchants tests fabric quality 
and adopts the method. 

1886
01:38:59,400 --> 01:39:02,100
Trade alerts about a modern, 
he's never heard of and brings 

1887
01:39:02,100 --> 01:39:05,700
the information home knowledge 
spreads through, observation 

1888
01:39:05,700 --> 01:39:09,400
conversation and the natural 
human tendency to improve 

1889
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:11,200
processes. 
Through experimentation. 

1890
01:39:11,200 --> 01:39:15,400
You notice Regional preferences 
emerging the Chinese favor, 

1891
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:17,100
certain shades of red and 
yellow. 

1892
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:19,300
That looks slightly different 
from Persian preferences. 

1893
01:39:19,300 --> 01:39:22,800
European Merchants seek blues 
and greens in particular. 

1894
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:26,100
Combinations. 
African Traders want specific 

1895
01:39:26,100 --> 01:39:30,000
patterns of color arrangement 
These preferences aren't random,

1896
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:34,600
they reflect cultural Aesthetics
developed over centuries, they 

1897
01:39:34,600 --> 01:39:37,400
represent what each culture, 
considers, beautiful, or 

1898
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:41,200
appropriate or meaningful. 
The dying processes themselves 

1899
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:44,600
are often unpleasant. 
Many ds require mordants 

1900
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:47,100
chemicals that help the die bind
to the fabric. 

1901
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:51,700
Common mordants, include Alum, 
iron, and Tin compounds. 

1902
01:39:52,500 --> 01:39:56,500
Some toxic the die Workshop 
smell of metal and chemicals, 

1903
01:39:56,500 --> 01:40:00,400
and wet, wool workers hands are 
permanently stained from years 

1904
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:04,600
of handling died materials. 
The Vats were fabric is dyed are

1905
01:40:04,600 --> 01:40:07,900
impressive in their size and 
number large die operations have

1906
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:10,700
dozens of that. 
Each containing a different 

1907
01:40:10,700 --> 01:40:14,000
color or shade. 
The Vats are made of wood or 

1908
01:40:14,000 --> 01:40:19,200
ceramic or sometimes metal. 
Their heated over fires and the 

1909
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:22,600
temperature must be carefully, 
controlled too hot, and the 

1910
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:26,600
fabric can be damaged to cool 
and the deed doesn't penetrate 

1911
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:29,900
properly. 
Watching fabric being deed is 

1912
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:33,400
oddly Mesmerizing. 
The undyed cloth goes into the 

1913
01:40:33,400 --> 01:40:37,500
vat, looking dull and lifeless. 
It emerges dripping with color 

1914
01:40:37,500 --> 01:40:41,100
transformed. 
The color isn't always apparent 

1915
01:40:41,100 --> 01:40:44,100
immediately. 
Some dyes require exposure to 

1916
01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:47,400
air to develop their final Hue. 
Indigo died. 

1917
01:40:47,400 --> 01:40:51,300
Fabric comes out of the fat 
greenish and only turns blue as 

1918
01:40:51,300 --> 01:40:55,300
oxygen reacts with the dye. 
This transformation seems 

1919
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:57,100
magical. 
Even when you understand the 

1920
01:40:57,100 --> 01:41:01,400
chemistry, The economic 
calculations behind the die 

1921
01:41:01,400 --> 01:41:05,100
trade are Complex Transport 
costs must be factored in 

1922
01:41:05,108 --> 01:41:09,000
tariffs and taxes at various 
borders, eat into profits. 

1923
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:13,200
The risk of theft or loss. 
Adds another layer of expense. 

1924
01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:17,400
Yet the trade continues because 
the demand never stops. 

1925
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:22,400
People want colored fabric, they
want variety and Beauty in their

1926
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:26,400
clothing and Home Textiles. 
This desire drives, an industry 

1927
01:41:26,400 --> 01:41:29,600
that spans continents but the 
results are worth it. 

1928
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:33,200
A beautifully died. 
Fabric is a thing of joy. 

1929
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:36,100
Colors. 
Catch light and seemed to Glow 

1930
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:40,100
people save for years to afford.
A single garment died in the 

1931
01:41:40,108 --> 01:41:43,900
finest colors, wedding and 
festivals are opportunities to 

1932
01:41:43,900 --> 01:41:46,200
display. 
These precious colored textiles,

1933
01:41:46,200 --> 01:41:49,600
the brightest colors signal 
celebration and abundance. 

1934
01:41:49,600 --> 01:41:52,500
You notice that different 
cultures have different color. 

1935
01:41:52,500 --> 01:41:57,700
Preferences, some favor, bold 
saturated Hues others, prefer, 

1936
01:41:57,700 --> 01:42:01,100
subtle muted, tones. 
The symbolism varies too. 

1937
01:42:01,100 --> 01:42:04,900
Why might mean Purity and one 
culture and death and another 

1938
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:10,200
Red, can represent local danger,
blue might be sacred or profaned

1939
01:42:10,200 --> 01:42:13,900
depending on context. 
As colors travel along trade 

1940
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:15,800
routes. 
So do these cultural 

1941
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:20,100
associations, sometimes clashing
and creating new meanings the 

1942
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:23,500
economics of the day. 
Trader complex, a good dice 

1943
01:42:23,500 --> 01:42:25,200
Source can make a region 
wealthy. 

1944
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:28,700
Maps of a Dye industry can 
devastate communities. 

1945
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:32,600
Wars are fought over matter 
fields, and indigo, plantations.

1946
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:36,300
Trade agreements. 
Include Clauses about dye 

1947
01:42:36,300 --> 01:42:39,700
exports color has become a major
factor in international 

1948
01:42:39,700 --> 01:42:44,000
relations your in Venice. 
Now, the year is 1450. 

1949
01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:48,200
The Renaissance is in full bloom
and something extraordinary is 

1950
01:42:48,200 --> 01:42:51,700
happening with color in art. 
You're in the workshop of a 

1951
01:42:51,700 --> 01:42:54,000
master painter. 
And the range of pigments of 

1952
01:42:54,000 --> 01:42:56,800
available is stunning compared 
to what earlier artists had to 

1953
01:42:56,800 --> 01:42:59,500
work with the painters. 
Shows you his collection, 

1954
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:03,000
they're still Red Oak. 
Of course, some things never go 

1955
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:05,500
out of style. 
But now there's all so 

1956
01:43:05,500 --> 01:43:08,900
Vermilion, a brilliant Red made 
from Mercury sulfide. 

1957
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:13,700
Its topic to produce dangerous 
to handle but the color is 

1958
01:43:13,700 --> 01:43:18,100
unmatched. 
Bright and pure and permanent it

1959
01:43:18,100 --> 01:43:20,400
costs a fortune. 
So it's used. 

1960
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:23,800
Sparingly reserved for the most 
important elements of a 

1961
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:27,100
painting. 
Blue has exploded into options. 

1962
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:29,100
They're still Egyptian blue 
though. 

1963
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:30,800
The recipe has been lost and 
rediscovered. 

1964
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:34,200
There's Azurite and natural blue
copper mineral. 

1965
01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:37,300
That's less expensive than the 
alternative and then there's 

1966
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:40,100
ultramarine the most expensive 
pigment in the world. 

1967
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:43,200
More expensive than gold by 
weight. 

1968
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:47,600
Ultra Marine is made from lapis 
lazuli that Stone from 

1969
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:49,400
Afghanistan. 
That's been prized for 

1970
01:43:49,408 --> 01:43:52,300
millennia. 
But you can't just grind lapis 

1971
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:55,400
and use it as paint. 
The stone contains other 

1972
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:58,700
minerals, that dilute the blue, 
the process of extracting. 

1973
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:01,500
Pure Blue from lapis is 
complicated and wasteful. 

1974
01:44:01,500 --> 01:44:04,100
You end up with a tiny amount of
brilliant. 

1975
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:06,800
Blue pigment, from a large 
amount of expensive Stone. 

1976
01:44:08,000 --> 01:44:10,800
The painter uses ultramarine 
only for the most sacred 

1977
01:44:10,800 --> 01:44:14,000
subjects, the Virgin. 
Mary is robes are painted in 

1978
01:44:14,000 --> 01:44:16,600
ultramarine. 
It's a statement of devotion and

1979
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:18,500
wealth. 
Commissioning a painting. 

1980
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:21,600
With lots of ultramarine is a 
way of showing both piety and 

1981
01:44:21,600 --> 01:44:24,500
prosperity. 
Contracts for painting. 

1982
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:28,300
Sometimes specify exactly how 
much Ultra Marine must be used. 

1983
01:44:29,200 --> 01:44:32,400
Green has improved too 
Verdigris, made from copper 

1984
01:44:32,400 --> 01:44:36,500
exposed to a seated, produces a 
bright green, that unfortunately

1985
01:44:36,500 --> 01:44:40,000
isn't very stable. 
It can darken over time or react

1986
01:44:40,000 --> 01:44:44,900
with other pigments, but when 
fresh, its lovely There's also 

1987
01:44:44,900 --> 01:44:47,400
Green Earth and natural mineral 
pigment. 

1988
01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:49,900
That's much more reliable, but 
less vibrant. 

1989
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:53,500
The funny thing about 
Renaissance painters is how much

1990
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:55,900
they care about subtle 
variations in color. 

1991
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:59,300
They're not satisfied with just 
read or just blew. 

1992
01:44:59,300 --> 01:45:03,400
They want warm Reds and cool. 
Reds, sky, blue, and deep blue. 

1993
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:07,200
They start mixing pigments in 
complex ways to achieve specific

1994
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:09,700
effects. 
The technique of layering 

1995
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:14,000
transparent glazes of color over
opaque underpainting allows for 

1996
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:16,400
effects impossible to achieve 
with flat Colour. 

1997
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:19,500
You watch as the paint to 
prepare a flash tone? 

1998
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:23,600
It's not a single pigment, it's 
a careful mixture of white 

1999
01:45:23,600 --> 01:45:28,700
leader, a touch of yellow, maybe
a bit of black to mute it 

2000
01:45:28,700 --> 01:45:31,400
slightly. 
The exact proportions create 

2001
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:35,400
skin that looks alive, rather 
than painted, had a glaze of 

2002
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:37,700
read over the cheeks and the 
figure seems to blush. 

2003
01:45:38,600 --> 01:45:41,800
Renaissance painters a master's 
of making color behave like 

2004
01:45:41,800 --> 01:45:45,500
light on actual surfaces. 
Oil paint has recently become 

2005
01:45:45,500 --> 01:45:49,800
popular early artists used egg 
tempera where pigments were 

2006
01:45:49,800 --> 01:45:53,300
mixed with egg yolk. 
Oil paint where pigments are 

2007
01:45:53,308 --> 01:45:57,000
suspended in linseed oil or 
walnut oil allows for different 

2008
01:45:57,000 --> 01:45:59,200
effects colors. 
Can be Blended. 

2009
01:45:59,200 --> 01:46:01,800
More smoothly glazes become 
easier. 

2010
01:46:01,800 --> 01:46:05,800
The paint stays workable longer 
allowing for adjustments and 

2011
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:08,600
refinements. 
The downside is that oil 

2012
01:46:08,600 --> 01:46:11,400
paintings. 
Take much longer to dry the 

2013
01:46:11,400 --> 01:46:14,800
workshop, smells of oil and 
turpentine and pigment dust. 

2014
01:46:15,500 --> 01:46:19,100
It's not as bad as a purple dye 
works, but it's definitely a 

2015
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:21,300
working space with its own 
distinctive aroma. 

2016
01:46:22,600 --> 01:46:25,400
Apprentices grind pigments on 
marble slabs. 

2017
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:27,900
Each pigment has its own ideal 
consistency. 

2018
01:46:27,900 --> 01:46:32,200
Some are ground find as flower. 
Others work, better slightly 

2019
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:35,700
closer too much grinding. 
Can actually damage certain 

2020
01:46:35,700 --> 01:46:38,200
pigments changing their color 
properties. 

2021
01:46:39,600 --> 01:46:42,800
There's a growing trade in our 
artists materials, Merchant 

2022
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:45,400
specializing in importing 
pigments from around the world. 

2023
01:46:46,400 --> 01:46:47,400
Shops. 
Sell prepared. 

2024
01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:50,200
Paints though. 
Serious artists still prefer to 

2025
01:46:50,200 --> 01:46:52,000
prepare their own to ensure 
quality. 

2026
01:46:53,100 --> 01:46:56,000
Books are being written about 
painting techniques, though. 

2027
01:46:56,000 --> 01:46:59,500
They often guard their secrets 
and coded language or leave out 

2028
01:46:59,500 --> 01:47:02,600
crucial details to prevent 
competitors from learning too 

2029
01:47:02,600 --> 01:47:05,200
much. 
The color theory is developing 

2030
01:47:05,200 --> 01:47:07,100
too. 
Artists are beginning to 

2031
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:09,400
understand complementary colors,
though. 

2032
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:13,100
They don't use that term yet. 
They notice that red next to 

2033
01:47:13,100 --> 01:47:15,000
Green makes both colors. 
Look more vibrant. 

2034
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:17,700
Blue and orange. 
Enhance each other. 

2035
01:47:17,700 --> 01:47:21,100
These discoveries are made 
through experimentation and 

2036
01:47:21,100 --> 01:47:24,000
observation not scientific 
understanding. 

2037
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:26,900
But they work. 
You're in England. 

2038
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:29,800
Now. 
The year is 1666. 

2039
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:34,100
A young man named, Isaac Newton 
has just locked himself in a 

2040
01:47:34,100 --> 01:47:36,800
dark room. 
He has made a small hole in the 

2041
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:40,300
window, shutter, allowing a 
single beam of sunlight to enter

2042
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:44,300
In the path of that beam. 
He's placed a glass prism. 

2043
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:46,900
What happens. 
Next will change how humans 

2044
01:47:46,900 --> 01:47:50,600
understand color forever. 
The white sunlight hits the 

2045
01:47:50,600 --> 01:47:54,700
prism and spreads into a 
spectrum, red, orange, yellow, 

2046
01:47:54,700 --> 01:48:01,100
green blue indigo, violet. 
The colors of the rainbow 

2047
01:48:01,100 --> 01:48:06,000
separated and laid out in order.
This isn't entirely new. 

2048
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:09,300
People of known that prisms, 
create rain bows for a while, 

2049
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:11,800
but Newton is about to do 
something different. 

2050
01:48:12,700 --> 01:48:15,300
He takes a second prison and 
uses it to recombine the 

2051
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:19,100
separated colors, the Spectrum, 
mergers back in to White Light, 

2052
01:48:19,100 --> 01:48:23,300
then he isolates a single color 
from the first Spectrum, say red

2053
01:48:23,300 --> 01:48:25,700
and passes. 
Only that read through another 

2054
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:28,300
prism. 
The red doesn't spread into 

2055
01:48:28,300 --> 01:48:32,000
other colors. 
It stays red, each color in the 

2056
01:48:32,008 --> 01:48:34,700
spectrum is pure and can't be 
further divided. 

2057
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:39,100
This is revolutionary. 
Before Newton, most people 

2058
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:42,200
thought that prism somehow 
colored white light adding 

2059
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:45,400
something to it. 
Newton proved that white light 

2060
01:48:45,400 --> 01:48:48,100
is actually composed of all 
colors mixed together. 

2061
01:48:49,200 --> 01:48:52,700
Prism doesn't add color. 
Separates colors that were 

2062
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:55,600
already present. 
This seems simple now. 

2063
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:58,900
But at the time it's a complete 
reversal of how people 

2064
01:48:58,900 --> 01:49:03,300
understood light and color. 
Newton arranges the Spectrum in 

2065
01:49:03,300 --> 01:49:07,900
a circle creating the first 
color wheel, red, orange, 

2066
01:49:07,900 --> 01:49:14,300
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet Arranged around a circle 

2067
01:49:14,300 --> 01:49:17,600
with purple. 
Connecting Violet back to read. 

2068
01:49:18,600 --> 01:49:21,500
This organizational system will 
influence how artists and 

2069
01:49:21,500 --> 01:49:24,700
scientists think about color 
relationships for centuries. 

2070
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,000
The number seven is a bit, 
arbitrary Newton. 

2071
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:30,600
Could have divided the Spectrum 
into six colors or eight. 

2072
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,700
He chose seven partly because 
seven was considered a mystical 

2073
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:37,500
number like the seven notes in a
musical scale. 

2074
01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:41,900
All the seven known planets 
Indigo that color between blue 

2075
01:49:41,900 --> 01:49:43,600
and violet is particularly 
questionable. 

2076
01:49:44,700 --> 01:49:47,800
Many people can't reliably 
distinguish Indigo from either 

2077
01:49:47,800 --> 01:49:51,600
blue, or violet. 
Seven it is and 7. 

2078
01:49:51,600 --> 01:49:53,500
It remains in popular 
understanding. 

2079
01:49:54,100 --> 01:49:57,100
Newton's work on color as part 
of his broader investigations 

2080
01:49:57,100 --> 01:50:00,200
into Optics and light. 
He's developing theories about 

2081
01:50:00,200 --> 01:50:04,000
how light travels how it 
reflects and refracts, what it 

2082
01:50:04,008 --> 01:50:08,300
fundamentally is The work on 
color is almost a side project, 

2083
01:50:08,300 --> 01:50:12,100
but it ends up being one of his 
most influential contributions 

2084
01:50:12,100 --> 01:50:15,800
to human knowledge. 
You're watching him work, he's 

2085
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:19,700
meticulous and systematic. 
He measures angles precisely. 

2086
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:24,700
He records results carefully. 
When other scientists questioned

2087
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:28,600
his findings, he conducts more 
experiments to prove his points.

2088
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:31,500
The scientific method is coming 
into its own. 

2089
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:34,300
A newton is one of its greatest 
practitioners. 

2090
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:39,400
The implications of Newton's 
Discovery spread slowly artists 

2091
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:41,400
begin to understand color mixing
differently. 

2092
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:45,100
If white light contained all 
colors, then white pigment 

2093
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:46,000
should too. 
Alright? 

2094
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:51,300
Well, no pigments work 
differently than light mixing 

2095
01:50:51,300 --> 01:50:54,000
all pigment colors together. 
Gives you brown or gray not 

2096
01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:56,800
white. 
This confuses people for a 

2097
01:50:56,800 --> 01:50:58,900
while. 
The difference between additive 

2098
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:01,400
and subtractive color mixing 
takes time to understand. 

2099
01:51:01,400 --> 01:51:06,000
Light is additive mix. 
All the colors of light 

2100
01:51:06,000 --> 01:51:09,200
together, and you get white 
Pigments are subtractive. 

2101
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,700
They absorb certain, wavelengths
of light, and reflect others, 

2102
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:16,300
mix all pigments together, and 
they absorb most wavelengths 

2103
01:51:16,300 --> 01:51:21,100
reflecting, very little 
resulting in dark muddy colors. 

2104
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:26,200
You're in an artist studio now. 
The painters, heard about 

2105
01:51:26,200 --> 01:51:29,400
Newton's color circle, and is 
trying to apply it to paint 

2106
01:51:29,400 --> 01:51:31,800
mixing. 
He discovers that colors. 

2107
01:51:31,800 --> 01:51:33,600
Opposite each other on Newton's 
wheel. 

2108
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:39,300
When mixed as pigments create 
dull, neutral tones, red and 

2109
01:51:39,300 --> 01:51:43,200
green make brownish gray blue 
and orange make grayish Brown. 

2110
01:51:43,200 --> 01:51:47,900
This is useful information. 
If you want to mute a color mix 

2111
01:51:47,900 --> 01:51:50,700
it with its opposite. 
If you want bright saturated 

2112
01:51:50,700 --> 01:51:55,600
color, Keepers separate the 
relationship between scientific 

2113
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:58,800
understanding and artistic. 
Practice is sometimes awkward. 

2114
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:02,600
Scientists and artists are 
asking different questions about

2115
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:05,100
color. 
Scientists want to understand 

2116
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:08,800
the physics of light artists. 
Want to know how to make 

2117
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:12,500
painting's look good. 
These goals overlap but aren't 

2118
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,500
identical. 
Still Newton's work. 

2119
01:52:15,500 --> 01:52:19,000
Provides a foundation that 
artists will build on as color 

2120
01:52:19,000 --> 01:52:21,300
theory develops over the next 
few centuries. 

2121
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:24,300
You're in Germany. 
In the early 1800s the 

2122
01:52:24,300 --> 01:52:27,400
Industrial Revolution is 
changing everything including 

2123
01:52:27,400 --> 01:52:31,000
color. 
Chemist has just synthesized. 

2124
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:33,400
The first, truly, artificial 
dye. 

2125
01:52:33,400 --> 01:52:37,900
Not a synthetic version of a 
natural pigment, like Egyptian 

2126
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:41,100
blue. 
An entirely new color that has 

2127
01:52:41,100 --> 01:52:44,900
never existed in nature. 
The chemical age of color has 

2128
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:48,200
begun. 
The first synthetic dye is move 

2129
01:52:48,200 --> 01:52:51,700
created accidentally by a young 
chemist named William Perkins in

2130
01:52:51,708 --> 01:52:54,600
1856. 
He was trying to synthesize 

2131
01:52:54,600 --> 01:52:57,900
quinine medicine for malaria 
from coal tar. 

2132
01:52:57,900 --> 01:53:02,500
Instead he got a purplish 
residue most people would have 

2133
01:53:02,500 --> 01:53:04,100
thrown it away as a fail 
experiment. 

2134
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:08,600
Perkin noticed that the residue 
died fabric, a beautiful purple.

2135
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:13,800
Isn't as saturated as Tyrion 
purple but it's much cheaper and

2136
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:16,800
easier to produce. 
The color becomes wildly 

2137
01:53:16,800 --> 01:53:20,700
fashionable, Queen Victoria 
wears a move dressed to a royal 

2138
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:23,600
wedding and suddenly everyone 
wants move. 

2139
01:53:24,300 --> 01:53:27,500
The color of the 1860s. 
Is this synthetic purple born 

2140
01:53:27,500 --> 01:53:30,000
from industrial chemistry and 
happy accidents. 

2141
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:34,400
Other synthetic dies. 
Follow quickly chemists discover

2142
01:53:34,400 --> 01:53:38,400
they can create almost any color
from coal tar, derivatives and 

2143
01:53:38,400 --> 01:53:43,400
other industrial byproducts. 
The dyes are bright color fast 

2144
01:53:43,400 --> 01:53:46,900
and inexpensive compared to 
natural alternatives. 

2145
01:53:47,700 --> 01:53:50,800
The entire textile industry 
transforms within a generation. 

2146
01:53:51,900 --> 01:53:55,400
You're in a factory now. 
The scale is astonishing 

2147
01:53:55,400 --> 01:53:59,100
compared to traditional 
dyeworks, huge Vats of chemicals

2148
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:02,600
produce, thousands of pounds of 
die powder, daily, the colors 

2149
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:06,000
are impossibly bright red, 
redder than coaching eel. 

2150
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:11,700
Blues Bluer Than Indigo yellows,
the practically glow, the 

2151
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:14,300
synthetic dies don't fade like 
natural dyes. 

2152
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:17,300
They can withstand washing and 
sunlight without significant 

2153
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:21,900
color loss the Indigo industry. 
Collapses, almost overnight Why 

2154
01:54:21,900 --> 01:54:25,700
grow Indigo plants Harvest them,
process them through that 

2155
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:28,800
complicated, fermentation 
method, when you can synthesize 

2156
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:32,300
Indigo in a factory. 
The synthetic version is 

2157
01:54:32,300 --> 01:54:35,900
chemically identical to Natural 
Indigo, but Costa fraction as 

2158
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:38,900
much. 
Entire regions that depended on 

2159
01:54:38,900 --> 01:54:39,900
Indigo. 
Cultivation. 

2160
01:54:39,900 --> 01:54:43,300
Fall into economic crisis. 
The collapse happens. 

2161
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:47,700
Gradually at first, then all at 
once, Indigo Farmers notice 

2162
01:54:47,700 --> 01:54:51,900
prices dropping, they think it's
temporary a market, fluctuation 

2163
01:54:51,900 --> 01:54:54,700
that will correct itself. 
But the prices keep falling 

2164
01:54:54,700 --> 01:54:58,100
Merchants stopped buying because
they can get cheaper, synthetic 

2165
01:54:58,100 --> 01:55:01,500
Indigo from Germany. 
Or England, the plantations that

2166
01:55:01,500 --> 01:55:04,100
employed thousands of workers 
start laying people off. 

2167
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:09,100
Within a generation, an industry
that sustained entire economies 

2168
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:12,000
is essentially gone. 
The same happens with other 

2169
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:14,900
natural. 
Dyes matter, route wants 

2170
01:55:14,900 --> 01:55:18,700
essential for red, dye becomes 
nearly obsolete, the coaching 

2171
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:21,300
Neil industry, survives only 
because some people prefer 

2172
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:22,800
natural dies for certain 
applications. 

2173
01:55:22,800 --> 01:55:25,800
And because coach Neil produces 
a particular shave. 

2174
01:55:25,800 --> 01:55:28,100
That's hard to match exactly 
with synthetics. 

2175
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:32,900
The social disruption is 
enormous communities around. 

2176
01:55:32,900 --> 01:55:35,200
Die plants, lose their economic 
Foundation. 

2177
01:55:36,000 --> 01:55:39,000
Skills passed down through 
generations become obsolete. 

2178
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:43,800
The knowledge of how to grow and
process matter or Indigo or weld

2179
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:45,600
stops being economically 
valuable. 

2180
01:55:46,500 --> 01:55:49,800
Some of this knowledge is lost 
entirely later generations. 

2181
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:53,600
Trying to recreate historical. 
Die processes have to ReDiscover

2182
01:55:53,600 --> 01:55:56,400
techniques through 
experimentation because the 

2183
01:55:56,400 --> 01:55:59,900
living tradition died out. 
The environmental impact is 

2184
01:55:59,900 --> 01:56:04,400
mixed On one hand intensive, 
cultivation of dye plants, 

2185
01:56:04,408 --> 01:56:07,900
often, degraded soil and 
required significant land. 

2186
01:56:07,900 --> 01:56:11,200
Use, The collapse of these 
industries allows land to 

2187
01:56:11,200 --> 01:56:13,100
recover or be used for other 
purposes. 

2188
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,100
On the other hand, the synthetic
dye factories create their own 

2189
01:56:17,108 --> 01:56:20,800
environmental problems. 
Chemical waste streams, pollute.

2190
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:23,900
Rivers workers are exposed to 
toxic compounds. 

2191
01:56:23,900 --> 01:56:27,800
The old problems are replaced 
with new ones, not eliminated. 

2192
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,600
The textile industry transforms 
completely. 

2193
01:56:31,600 --> 01:56:34,400
Suddenly bright colors are 
affordable for everyone. 

2194
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:37,400
Working Class. 
People can wear clothing died in

2195
01:56:37,408 --> 01:56:39,700
Shades. 
That would have bankrupted them 

2196
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:43,400
a generation earlier. 
The democratization of color, 

2197
01:56:43,400 --> 01:56:45,600
changes fashion and social 
signaling. 

2198
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:50,400
When everyone can afford bright 
blue or deep red, those colors 

2199
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:53,000
stop being markers of wealth and
status. 

2200
01:56:54,200 --> 01:56:57,000
Fashion has to find new ways to 
indicate social position. 

2201
01:56:57,000 --> 01:57:01,100
Interestingly, this leads to 
increase interest in subtle 

2202
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:05,300
complex colors that are hard to 
achieve even with synthetic 

2203
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:08,000
dies. 
Rich people start, favoring 

2204
01:57:08,000 --> 01:57:11,800
sophisticated Grays, and muted 
tones, that require skilled to 

2205
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:14,700
produce. 
The Aesthetics of wealth shift 

2206
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:17,900
from Bright saturated colors to 
carefully, calibrated, 

2207
01:57:17,900 --> 01:57:21,700
understated Shades, that signal 
taste rather than mere 

2208
01:57:21,700 --> 01:57:24,200
purchasing power. 
Paint pigments. 

2209
01:57:24,200 --> 01:57:27,900
Go through a similar Revolution.
New synthetic pigments, offer 

2210
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:29,500
colors that weren't possible 
before. 

2211
01:57:30,400 --> 01:57:33,300
Cadmium yellow is brighter than 
anything made from Earth or 

2212
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:35,400
plants. 
Chromium oxide. 

2213
01:57:35,400 --> 01:57:40,000
Green is stable and permanent 
Cobalt blue is expensive, but 

2214
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:43,900
gorgeous, the artist palette 
explodes with options. 

2215
01:57:44,700 --> 01:57:47,200
The chemistry behind these new 
pigments is sophisticated. 

2216
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:50,100
Cadmium. 
Yellow comes from cadmium. 

2217
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:53,200
Sulfide. 
The exact shade depends on the 

2218
01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:56,400
particle size and the precise 
manufacturing conditions. 

2219
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:00,900
Smaller particles produced, 
lighter yellows larger 

2220
01:58:00,900 --> 01:58:03,900
particles, create deeper more 
orange yellows. 

2221
01:58:04,800 --> 01:58:08,300
Manufacturers, learn to control 
these variables producing 

2222
01:58:08,300 --> 01:58:10,600
consistent colors that artists 
can rely on. 

2223
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:14,200
Chromium oxide. 
Green is created by heating 

2224
01:58:14,200 --> 01:58:17,300
chromium salts. 
The resulting pigment is 

2225
01:58:17,300 --> 01:58:21,600
incredibly stable, it doesn't 
fade in sunlight, it doesn't 

2226
01:58:21,600 --> 01:58:25,800
react with other pigments, it's 
not toxic like some early green 

2227
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:28,900
pigments. 
This stability, makes it ideal 

2228
01:58:28,900 --> 01:58:31,000
for both artistic and Industrial
applications. 

2229
01:58:32,200 --> 01:58:35,900
Chromium oxide, green ends up 
coloring, everything from Fine 

2230
01:58:35,900 --> 01:58:40,400
Art to house paint to ceramics. 
The Cobalt pigments include 

2231
01:58:40,400 --> 01:58:44,100
cobalt blue, cobalt Violet, and 
Cobalt green. 

2232
01:58:45,000 --> 01:58:49,600
Each requires specific chemical 
processes, cobalt blue combines 

2233
01:58:49,600 --> 01:58:53,700
COBOL oxide with aluminum oxide 
at high temperatures, the 

2234
01:58:53,700 --> 01:58:57,300
resulting pigment is expensive 
because Cobalt is a relatively 

2235
01:58:57,300 --> 01:58:59,700
rare metal, but the color is 
stunning. 

2236
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:05,100
Steep saturated and permanent. 
Artists happily pay the premium 

2237
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:08,900
for such Reliable Beauty. 
The funny part is that more 

2238
01:59:08,900 --> 01:59:10,800
choices don't always make things
easier. 

2239
01:59:10,800 --> 01:59:13,300
Too many options can be 
paralyzing. 

2240
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:16,400
Some artistic stick with 
traditional palettes out of 

2241
01:59:16,408 --> 01:59:20,200
habit or principle. 
Others Embrace every new pigment

2242
01:59:20,200 --> 01:59:23,100
that comes along. 
The debates about the merits of 

2243
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:26,100
different colors become almost 
religious in their intense City.

2244
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:30,000
The Impressionists, for example,
developer distinctive palette, 

2245
01:59:30,000 --> 01:59:32,400
built around the New Bright 
synthetic colors. 

2246
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:35,600
They use Vivid blues, and 
greens, and yellows. 

2247
01:59:35,600 --> 01:59:38,800
In ways that early artists could
not have achieved, even if 

2248
01:59:38,800 --> 01:59:42,600
they'd wanted to. 
The high chroma colors, enable a

2249
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:45,200
new kind of painting that 
captures light and atmosphere 

2250
01:59:45,200 --> 01:59:49,700
with unprecedented immediacy. 
The availability of these colors

2251
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:54,200
doesn't just expand options. 
It enables entirely new 

2252
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:57,100
aesthetic movements. 
Traditional artists. 

2253
01:59:57,100 --> 02:00:01,100
Sometimes complain that the new 
synthetic pigment too bright to 

2254
02:00:01,100 --> 02:00:04,100
crude lacking the subtlety of 
Earth pigments. 

2255
02:00:04,100 --> 02:00:08,000
They're not entirely wrong. 
Some synthetic colors have a 

2256
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:11,200
harshness that can be difficult 
to modulate, but they also 

2257
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:13,800
enable effects impossible with 
traditional materials. 

2258
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:18,100
The debate between tradition and
Innovation plays out in paint 

2259
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:21,400
mixing just as it does in every 
other human endeavor. 

2260
02:00:22,300 --> 02:00:24,600
Photography arrives and 
complicates things further. 

2261
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:26,900
Early photographs are black and 
white. 

2262
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:30,300
Color photography won't become 
practical for decades. 

2263
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:33,900
But even black and white 
photography forces people to 

2264
02:00:33,900 --> 02:00:37,700
think about color differently. 
How do you represent the world 

2265
02:00:37,700 --> 02:00:41,400
in Shades of Grey? 
Which colors photograph is 

2266
02:00:41,400 --> 02:00:44,000
similar tones. 
Artists and photographers 

2267
02:00:44,000 --> 02:00:47,200
develop new visual languages to 
work within these constraints. 

2268
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:52,000
Understanding how colors 
translate to grayscale becomes 

2269
02:00:52,000 --> 02:00:56,000
essential for photographers. 
Red and green might look 

2270
02:00:56,000 --> 02:00:59,600
completely different to the eye.
But photograph is similar Shades

2271
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:02,600
of Grey. 
Blue sky and white clouds. 

2272
02:01:02,600 --> 02:01:05,600
Need careful exposure to 
maintain distinction in black 

2273
02:01:05,600 --> 02:01:09,000
and white images. 
These technical constraints 

2274
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:12,300
influence, how photographers 
compose their work and what 

2275
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:14,100
subjects they choose to 
photograph. 

2276
02:01:15,300 --> 02:01:18,800
The science of color vision, 
advances too scientists. 

2277
02:01:18,800 --> 02:01:21,700
Discover that humanize have 
three types of color receptors. 

2278
02:01:21,700 --> 02:01:26,500
Each sensitive to different 
wavelengths, red, green, and 

2279
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:29,400
blue. 
All the colors we see are 

2280
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:32,300
combinations detected by these 
three receptor types. 

2281
02:01:33,300 --> 02:01:37,200
This explains why RGB color 
mixing works for light and why 

2282
02:01:37,200 --> 02:01:39,300
certain color blindness 
conditions exist. 

2283
02:01:40,400 --> 02:01:43,800
This understanding leads to new 
color reproduction Technologies.

2284
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:47,600
If human color vision is based 
on three receptor types. 

2285
02:01:47,600 --> 02:01:50,700
Then accurate color. 
Reproduction only needs to match

2286
02:01:50,700 --> 02:01:54,200
those three responses. 
This Insight drives the 

2287
02:01:54,200 --> 02:01:58,200
development of color 
photography, color printing, and

2288
02:01:58,200 --> 02:02:00,800
eventually color television and 
computer displays. 

2289
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:05,100
The biology of human Vision 
becomes the foundation for color

2290
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:07,800
technology, you're looking at a 
chemistry textbook. 

2291
02:02:07,800 --> 02:02:12,700
Now, the formulas for synthetic 
dies are complex, long chains of

2292
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:14,900
carbon atoms with various 
elements attached. 

2293
02:02:15,600 --> 02:02:18,600
The Precision required to 
synthesize these compounds as a 

2294
02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:21,900
remarkable get one step wrong 
and you end up with a completely

2295
02:02:21,900 --> 02:02:23,800
different color or no color at 
all. 

2296
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:27,200
Chemistry has become an 
essential part of the color 

2297
02:02:27,200 --> 02:02:30,700
industry. 
The synthesis of a simple dye 

2298
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:34,400
might involve a dozen steps. 
Step requires specific 

2299
02:02:34,400 --> 02:02:37,800
temperatures pressures and 
reaction times. 

2300
02:02:38,500 --> 02:02:42,200
The wrong Catalyst, ruins, the 
whole batch contamination from 

2301
02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:46,800
tracing purity's changes, the 
final color industrial chemistry

2302
02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:49,600
requires control and precision 
that earlier. 

2303
02:02:49,600 --> 02:02:52,300
Die makers would find almost 
incomprehensible. 

2304
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:56,000
The transformation from 
artisanal, craft to Industrial 

2305
02:02:56,000 --> 02:02:59,500
science is complete. 
Your moving through time and 

2306
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:03,500
space now, different cultures, 
different eras, all 

2307
02:03:03,500 --> 02:03:05,500
understanding color in their own
ways. 

2308
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:08,400
Color meaning is never Universal
it. 

2309
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:12,600
Shifts and changes depending on 
context history, and cultural 

2310
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,700
values. 
In China, red is lucky and 

2311
02:03:15,700 --> 02:03:18,700
festive. 
It's the color of wedding's New 

2312
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:21,300
Year. 
Celebrations, Pride, where red 

2313
02:03:21,300 --> 02:03:26,100
red envelopes, contain money 
gifts, Redlands, decorate homes,

2314
02:03:26,100 --> 02:03:29,100
during festivals. 
But in some Western cultures, 

2315
02:03:29,100 --> 02:03:31,700
red can signal danger or 
aggression. 

2316
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:34,800
Stop signs and warning. 
Labels are red. 

2317
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:39,000
The difference isn't about the 
color itself, but about what 

2318
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:41,300
societies have decided the color
represents. 

2319
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:45,900
White means Purity in many 
Western Traditions, brides wear,

2320
02:03:45,900 --> 02:03:49,700
white churches are white, but in
parts of Asia, white is the 

2321
02:03:49,708 --> 02:03:53,700
color of mourning and funerals. 
The same color carries opposite 

2322
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:55,800
meanings depending on cultural 
context. 

2323
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:59,300
Neither interpretation is wrong.
They're just different. 

2324
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:03,300
You're at a funeral in Victorian
England, everyone wears black. 

2325
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:07,900
black signifies mourning and 
respect for the dead, the deeper

2326
02:04:07,900 --> 02:04:11,900
the black, the more profound the
grief, Widows might wear black 

2327
02:04:11,900 --> 02:04:13,900
for years after their husbands 
die. 

2328
02:04:14,800 --> 02:04:19,300
But in ancient Egypt, black was 
the color of fertile Nile mud, a

2329
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:23,300
symbol of life and regeneration.
The Nile Delta was called the 

2330
02:04:23,300 --> 02:04:27,900
black Clan, as a term of praise.
Purple has been associated with 

2331
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:31,800
royalty for so long that the 
connection feels natural but 

2332
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:35,800
that Association comes from the 
expense of Tyrion purple when 

2333
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:39,000
synthetic purple became cheap. 
It lost some of that Regal 

2334
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:42,300
Mystique. 
Now purple can be playful or 

2335
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:45,100
eccentric. 
The meaning shifted because the 

2336
02:04:45,100 --> 02:04:48,500
Rarity disappeared. 
Blue has changed, meanings 

2337
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:52,600
dramatically over time. 
In ancient times, blue was rare 

2338
02:04:52,600 --> 02:04:56,700
and exotic, then it became 
associated with the Virgin Mary 

2339
02:04:56,700 --> 02:05:00,000
in Christian art taking on 
sacred connotations. 

2340
02:05:00,700 --> 02:05:04,300
Later blue became the color of 
sadness in Western culture, 

2341
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:07,900
feeling blue, the blues as a 
musical genre. 

2342
02:05:07,900 --> 02:05:12,400
But blue is also stable and 
trustworthy corporate blue for 

2343
02:05:12,400 --> 02:05:16,900
business suits and bank logos 
the same color spans from sacred

2344
02:05:16,900 --> 02:05:20,500
to sad to professional. 
Green is nature and growth in 

2345
02:05:20,500 --> 02:05:24,700
most contexts its environmental 
movements and Springtime, but 

2346
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:28,800
green can also be poisoned Green
With Envy sickly green. 

2347
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:33,200
The Emerald City in Oz vs. 
The Green of Decay context 

2348
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:35,300
determines which Association 
dominates. 

2349
02:05:35,300 --> 02:05:39,400
You're in an advertising agency.
In the 1950s, color 

2350
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:42,700
psychologists are studying, how 
different colors affect consumer

2351
02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:44,900
Behavior. 
Red makes people hungry 

2352
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:48,000
supposedly so it's good for 
restaurant branding. 

2353
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:51,700
Blue is calming and trustworthy 
perfect for banks and insurance 

2354
02:05:51,700 --> 02:05:54,700
companies. 
Yellow is cheerful and attention

2355
02:05:54,700 --> 02:05:58,400
grabbing Every color gets 
assigned cycle properties. 

2356
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:03,700
Some based on research and some 
on pure speculation, the science

2357
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:05,500
behind color psychology is 
mixed. 

2358
02:06:05,500 --> 02:06:08,600
Some effects are real and 
measurable people. 

2359
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:11,300
Do respond to color in 
predictable ways under certain 

2360
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:14,800
circumstances, but culture and 
personal experience matter 

2361
02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:18,100
enormously A color that's 
calming to one. 

2362
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:20,500
Person might be agitating to 
another based on their 

2363
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:24,100
associations and memories. 
You notice that color meanings 

2364
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:27,800
can be very specific. 
Sports teams adopt colors that 

2365
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:31,500
become part of their identity. 
Wearing the wrong colors in 

2366
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:34,200
certain neighborhoods can signal
gang affiliation. 

2367
02:06:35,000 --> 02:06:38,300
Military uniforms use color to 
indicate Rank and unit. 

2368
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:41,700
The symbolic language of color 
operates on, many levels 

2369
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:44,100
simultaneously, you're in the 
present. 

2370
02:06:44,100 --> 02:06:47,100
Now, looking at a computer 
screen that can display millions

2371
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:50,200
of colors the technology that 
makes this possible would seem 

2372
02:06:50,200 --> 02:06:52,900
like magic to anyone from 
earlier eras. 

2373
02:06:53,800 --> 02:06:56,500
RGB pixels glowing and 
combinations. 

2374
02:06:56,500 --> 02:07:01,200
That create any Hue imaginable. 
Digital color is fundamentally 

2375
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:05,500
different from pigment color. 
Greens emit light, they use 

2376
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:09,500
additive color mixing. 
Red green and blue light 

2377
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:11,700
combined to create all other 
colors. 

2378
02:07:12,500 --> 02:07:15,900
Turn on all three maximum 
intensity in, you get white, 

2379
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:18,200
turn them all off and you get 
black. 

2380
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:22,300
This is the opposite of how 
paint works and it takes some 

2381
02:07:22,300 --> 02:07:26,300
getting used to, the Precision 
is astonishing colors. 

2382
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:29,000
Can be specified. 
Exactly using numeric codes 

2383
02:07:29,000 --> 02:07:33,600
hashtag FF 0, 0, 0, 0 0 is pure 
red. 

2384
02:07:33,600 --> 02:07:37,300
Hashtag 0-0 f. 
F 0 0 is pure green. 

2385
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:41,500
Hashtag zero, zero zero, zero FF
is pure blue. 

2386
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:46,500
You can create and reproduce any
color exactly using these codes?

2387
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:49,100
The subjectivity of color 
description. 

2388
02:07:49,100 --> 02:07:52,700
Finally has an objective 
measurement system, except it's 

2389
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:55,800
not quite that simple. 
Different screens display, the 

2390
02:07:55,800 --> 02:07:59,500
same color codes differently. 
The red on your phone, might not

2391
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:03,300
match the red on your computer. 
Color calibration becomes a 

2392
02:08:03,300 --> 02:08:06,700
whole industry designers. 
Agonize over, whether they're 

2393
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:09,800
carefully, chosen colors will 
look the same to everyone 

2394
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:12,900
viewing their work. 
Your designing a website. 

2395
02:08:12,900 --> 02:08:15,400
You choose colors. 
That look perfect on your 

2396
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:17,700
monitor then you check them on a
phone. 

2397
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:20,200
The blues are too dark. 
The yellows are washed out. 

2398
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:24,100
You try to compensate but 
there's no perfect solution. 

2399
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:28,500
Digital color is simultaneously 
more precise and less control 

2400
02:08:28,500 --> 02:08:32,100
than traditional pigments. 
Printing, adds another layer of 

2401
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:37,300
complexity printers. 
Use CM YK, color, cyan magenta, 

2402
02:08:37,300 --> 02:08:41,500
yellow, and black, Subtractive 
color mixing like pigments. 

2403
02:08:42,500 --> 02:08:44,400
Colors. 
You see on screen created with 

2404
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:48,000
RGB additive mixing, have to be 
converted to c. 

2405
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:49,300
M. 
Y k for printing. 

2406
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:53,300
The conversion isn't perfect. 
Some screen colors, can't be 

2407
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:55,500
printed. 
Some printed colors, can't be 

2408
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:59,900
displayed on screens, it's 
frustrating but manageable emoji

2409
02:08:59,900 --> 02:09:03,800
and digital communication create
new color associations, the 

2410
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:07,200
yellow smiley face is so 
ubiquitous it becomes a default 

2411
02:09:07,200 --> 02:09:10,200
for happiness. 
The red heart is Digital Love 

2412
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:14,000
The Purple Devil has 
implications, the simplified 

2413
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:17,300
color symbols work across 
language barriers, creating a 

2414
02:09:17,308 --> 02:09:20,900
kind of universal color 
vocabulary that earlier cultures

2415
02:09:20,900 --> 02:09:25,100
would have found useful, but 
couldn't achieve You're looking 

2416
02:09:25,100 --> 02:09:28,500
at color trends on line now, 
designers, declare colors of the

2417
02:09:28,500 --> 02:09:32,000
Year, Pantone announces that. 
This year's color is living 

2418
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:35,500
Coral, or classic blue or 
whatever carefully named Shade. 

2419
02:09:35,500 --> 02:09:38,300
They've chosen these 
pronouncements influence, 

2420
02:09:38,300 --> 02:09:42,900
fashion design and marking 
worldwide color Trend faster 

2421
02:09:42,900 --> 02:09:45,400
than ever before. 
Thanks to digital communication 

2422
02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:49,300
and Global connectivity. 
The accessibility of color is 

2423
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:53,200
unprecedented anyone with a 
computer can access millions of 

2424
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:56,900
colors instantly? 
This democratization would have 

2425
02:09:56,908 --> 02:10:00,000
amazed Renaissance painters 
hoarding their Ultra Marine. 

2426
02:10:00,700 --> 02:10:04,200
But it also makes color choices 
harder when you can have any 

2427
02:10:04,200 --> 02:10:06,300
color, which color should you 
choose? 

2428
02:10:06,300 --> 02:10:09,400
The paralysis of infinite 
options is real. 

2429
02:10:10,100 --> 02:10:12,600
Digital tools, let you 
manipulate color in ways, 

2430
02:10:12,600 --> 02:10:17,000
impossible with physical media, 
you can adjust Hue, saturation, 

2431
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:21,700
and brightness independently. 
You can apply filters that 

2432
02:10:21,700 --> 02:10:24,400
change entire color palettes 
with a single click. 

2433
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:28,600
You can color correct photos to 
make the sky blue, or the grass.

2434
02:10:28,600 --> 02:10:32,400
Greener, reality becomes 
optional, color becomes, 

2435
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,600
whatever you want it to be, but 
something is lost too. 

2436
02:10:35,600 --> 02:10:39,100
The physical experience of 
mixing paint or grinding, 

2437
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:43,800
pigment, the smell of oil and 
turpentine the texture of brush 

2438
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:47,700
on canvas, digital color is 
clean and precise, and a bit 

2439
02:10:47,708 --> 02:10:51,000
sterile, some artists 
deliberately work with physical 

2440
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:53,600
media, to reclaim that tactile 
connection to color. 

2441
02:10:53,600 --> 02:10:57,100
You're looking forward now. 
Imagining where color might go 

2442
02:10:57,100 --> 02:10:59,200
next? 
The possibilities are both 

2443
02:10:59,208 --> 02:11:03,400
exciting and a bit unsettling 
technology, continues to advance

2444
02:11:03,400 --> 02:11:07,200
understanding of color. 
Perception, deepens new 

2445
02:11:07,200 --> 02:11:10,800
applications emerge, scientists 
are developing new pigments. 

2446
02:11:10,800 --> 02:11:13,200
That do things impossible with 
traditional colors. 

2447
02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:17,900
Structural color like butterfly 
wings where the color comes from

2448
02:11:17,900 --> 02:11:21,400
microscopic surface patterns 
rather than pigment molecules. 

2449
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:25,600
These colors can be incredibly 
vibrant and don't fade because 

2450
02:11:25,600 --> 02:11:29,500
there's no chemical to degrade. 
The color is built into the 

2451
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:32,200
physical structure. 
You're watching a fabric that 

2452
02:11:32,200 --> 02:11:35,100
changes color, based on 
temperature, or light exposure. 

2453
02:11:35,900 --> 02:11:39,200
Smart textiles that shift from 
Blue to red when you're hot. 

2454
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:42,400
Building that change appearance 
throughout the day. 

2455
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:46,500
The line between static color 
and dynamic, color is blurring 

2456
02:11:46,500 --> 02:11:49,200
color becomes responsive and 
interactive. 

2457
02:11:49,200 --> 02:11:53,500
Rather than fixed virtual, 
reality creates entirely new 

2458
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:57,300
possibilities for color in VR 
colors, don't have to follow 

2459
02:11:57,300 --> 02:12:01,000
physical rules, you can make 
objects glow with impossible 

2460
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:03,000
Shades. 
You can create color 

2461
02:12:03,000 --> 02:12:05,700
combinations that could not 
exist in the real world. 

2462
02:12:06,600 --> 02:12:10,200
The experience of color becomes 
decoupled from physical reality 

2463
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:13,200
entirely. 
But questions, arise. 

2464
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:17,300
If we can create any color in 
Virtual spaces, does color lose 

2465
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:21,500
meaning, When everything can be 
any color, does color stop being

2466
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:23,600
special. 
Or does it become more 

2467
02:12:23,600 --> 02:12:25,800
meaningful? 
Because we have complete control

2468
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:29,400
over our color environments. 
The cultural meanings of color 

2469
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,900
continue to evolve Global 
Communication means color 

2470
02:12:32,900 --> 02:12:35,700
associations, spread and merge 
across. 

2471
02:12:35,700 --> 02:12:39,800
Cultures red might mean both 
luck and danger simultaneously. 

2472
02:12:40,600 --> 02:12:43,900
The complexity of color, 
symbolism increases rather than 

2473
02:12:43,900 --> 02:12:46,900
simplifies. 
You notice that some people are 

2474
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:50,600
pushing back against Digital 
Color saturation, the seeking 

2475
02:12:50,600 --> 02:12:53,800
out, natural dyes again, 
learning traditional techniques 

2476
02:12:53,800 --> 02:12:56,200
for making pigments from Earth 
and plants. 

2477
02:12:56,200 --> 02:12:59,800
There's a movement toward color 
with history and process behind 

2478
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:02,200
it. 
Color that connects to place and

2479
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:05,000
tradition rather than just 
hexadecimal codes. 

2480
02:13:05,800 --> 02:13:09,800
The science of color perception 
advances, researchers discover 

2481
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:13,200
that some people are four types 
of color receptors instead of 

2482
02:13:13,200 --> 02:13:15,900
three. 
These Tetra Chrome apps can 

2483
02:13:15,900 --> 02:13:18,800
theoretically see colors. 
The rest of us, can't even 

2484
02:13:18,800 --> 02:13:21,800
imagine. 
The variation in human color, 

2485
02:13:21,800 --> 02:13:23,900
perception is greater than 
previously thought. 

2486
02:13:24,800 --> 02:13:27,700
What you see as blue might be, 
genuinely different from what 

2487
02:13:27,700 --> 02:13:30,300
someone else sees as blue your 
in a museum. 

2488
02:13:30,300 --> 02:13:34,000
Looking at ancient cave, 
paintings the red oak as lasted 

2489
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:37,700
30,000 years its faded but still
visible. 

2490
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:40,900
Still recognizable. 
Still color. 

2491
02:13:41,700 --> 02:13:45,400
You think about the continuity 
from grinding, rocks to digital 

2492
02:13:45,400 --> 02:13:50,100
pixels from cave, walls to 
glowing screens, the human 

2493
02:13:50,100 --> 02:13:54,600
relationship with color spans, 
all of it, the future of color 

2494
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:56,800
isn't really about technology or
science. 

2495
02:13:56,800 --> 02:14:00,300
It's about what we choose to do,
with our ability to create 

2496
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:05,100
control and understand color. 
Every new tool for working with 

2497
02:14:05,100 --> 02:14:09,200
color, opens, new possibilities,
but it also raises questions 

2498
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:11,900
about meaning or authenticity 
and value. 

2499
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:15,700
Wilson's, structural colors 
replace pigments entirely. 

2500
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:19,300
Well, everyone wear clothes that
change color based on mood or 

2501
02:14:19,308 --> 02:14:22,200
environment. 
Will virtual reality make 

2502
02:14:22,200 --> 02:14:24,200
physical color, seemed dull and 
limited. 

2503
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:26,800
Or will people value physical 
color? 

2504
02:14:26,800 --> 02:14:30,500
More precisely because it has 
constraints and history your 

2505
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:33,900
back in the present sitting 
quietly thinking about 

2506
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:36,300
everything, you've learned on 
this journey through the history

2507
02:14:36,300 --> 02:14:39,900
of color from cave. 
Walls to computer screens from 

2508
02:14:39,900 --> 02:14:45,000
purple snails to digital RGB. 
The Ark of color history, bends 

2509
02:14:45,000 --> 02:14:48,600
toward increasing control and 
understanding, but also taught 

2510
02:14:48,600 --> 02:14:52,300
complexity and question's the 
early as humans, who ground Red,

2511
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:54,100
Oak, and painted animals on 
Cave. 

2512
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:56,300
Walls, were doing something 
fundamentally human. 

2513
02:14:57,100 --> 02:14:59,300
They were capturing the world 
and transforming it. 

2514
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,900
Making the ephemeral permanent 
taking color from nature and 

2515
02:15:03,900 --> 02:15:07,900
putting it where they chose that
impulse hasn't changed in 30,000

2516
02:15:07,900 --> 02:15:10,900
years. 
The tools are better, the pallet

2517
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:14,100
is broader, but the drive to 
work with color comes from the 

2518
02:15:14,100 --> 02:15:16,800
same place. 
Every culture that developed 

2519
02:15:16,800 --> 02:15:19,800
color, words was carving up the 
Spectrum according to what 

2520
02:15:19,800 --> 02:15:24,600
mattered to them, not randomly, 
not carelessly, but thoughtfully

2521
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:28,900
based on their needs and values 
and environment the Greeks with 

2522
02:15:28,900 --> 02:15:30,600
their wine, dark sea weren't 
wrong. 

2523
02:15:30,600 --> 02:15:33,600
They were just paying attention 
to different aspects of color 

2524
02:15:33,600 --> 02:15:36,400
than we do now. 
The people who spent months. 

2525
02:15:36,400 --> 02:15:40,300
Extracting purple from thousands
of snails weren't being 

2526
02:15:40,300 --> 02:15:43,600
inefficient, they were creating 
meaning through Labor and 

2527
02:15:43,600 --> 02:15:46,700
Rarity. 
The purple mattered because it 

2528
02:15:46,700 --> 02:15:49,800
was difficult. 
Because it represented something

2529
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:54,200
Beyond mere appearance. 
That's still true, we still 

2530
02:15:54,200 --> 02:15:58,300
assign meaning to Colors based 
on more than just wavelength The

2531
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,200
Renaissance painters mixing, 
elaborate flesh, tones and 

2532
02:16:01,200 --> 02:16:04,800
hoarding Ultra Marine, the 
pursuing Beauty and realism with

2533
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:08,800
the tools they had. 
Fact that we now have easier 

2534
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:11,400
ways to achieve similar effect, 
doesn't diminish their 

2535
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:14,300
accomplishments. 
If anything, it makes us 

2536
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:17,700
appreciate the skill required to
create Beauty with limited 

2537
02:16:17,700 --> 02:16:22,500
means, Newton's separating white
light into Spectrum colors was 

2538
02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:25,500
revealing something that had 
always been there, but never 

2539
02:16:25,500 --> 02:16:28,600
understood. 
The colors were in sunlight all 

2540
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:31,400
along. 
We just needed the right tools 

2541
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:35,200
and questions to see them. 
How much else about color are we

2542
02:16:35,208 --> 02:16:39,200
still not seeing what questions?
Haven't we thought to ask yet? 

2543
02:16:40,000 --> 02:16:43,000
The synthetic dye Revolution. 
Made color accessible to 

2544
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:45,500
everyone. 
That's both wonderful and a bit 

2545
02:16:45,508 --> 02:16:48,200
sad, wonderful. 
Because Beauty shouldn't be 

2546
02:16:48,208 --> 02:16:51,799
restricted to the wealthy. 
Sad because Rarity and 

2547
02:16:51,799 --> 02:16:54,600
difficulty created value and 
meaning that mass production 

2548
02:16:54,600 --> 02:16:58,100
can't replicate. 
We gain something and lose 

2549
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,299
something in every technological
advance. 

2550
02:17:01,200 --> 02:17:02,900
You think about your own 
relationship with color? 

2551
02:17:03,700 --> 02:17:06,600
The colors, you're drawn to the 
colors that make you feel 

2552
02:17:06,600 --> 02:17:09,700
certain ways. 
Your favorite blue, that's not 

2553
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:13,700
quite sky and not quite Navy, 
but somewhere perfectly between 

2554
02:17:15,299 --> 02:17:18,100
If it shade of green that 
reminds you of a forest, you 

2555
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:22,200
visited, once the red, that 
looks like autumn leaves in late

2556
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:25,700
after noon sun, and these 
personal connections to color a 

2557
02:17:25,700 --> 02:17:28,700
part of the story too. 
The history of color isn't just 

2558
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:31,500
about pigments and dies and 
scientific discoveries. 

2559
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:35,000
It's about human beings 
responding to the beauty and 

2560
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:39,100
variety of the visible spectrum.
Finding meaning in wavelengths 

2561
02:17:39,100 --> 02:17:42,500
of light, creating culture 
around something as simple and 

2562
02:17:42,500 --> 02:17:46,900
complex as color. 
Future will bring new colors and

2563
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:51,100
new ways of working with them. 
New meanings will emerge old. 

2564
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:53,299
Associations will fade or 
transform? 

2565
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:56,400
Story of color continues to 
unfold. 

2566
02:17:57,400 --> 02:18:01,000
But the core of it remains what 
it's always been humans. 

2567
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:04,400
Finding ways to capture and 
control and understand the 

2568
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:08,000
colors that surround us. 
Making sense of the rainbow 

2569
02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:12,700
finding Beauty in the Spectrum. 
You're getting drowsy. 

2570
02:18:12,700 --> 02:18:15,600
Now the journey through color 
history, has been long and 

2571
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:19,200
winding, you've traveled from 
prehistoric caves to digital 

2572
02:18:19,200 --> 02:18:21,799
Futures. 
You've met die makers and 

2573
02:18:21,799 --> 02:18:24,299
Painters, chemists and 
scientists. 

2574
02:18:25,400 --> 02:18:29,299
You've learned about okra in 
Indigo purple and blue about how

2575
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:32,900
language shapes perception and 
how culture creates meaning. 

2576
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:37,299
Colors are still there. 
When you close your eyes, red 

2577
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:40,700
and yellow, and blue, green, and
orange and purple. 

2578
02:18:40,700 --> 02:18:44,900
All the shades between all the 
meanings layered on top of 

2579
02:18:44,907 --> 02:18:49,000
simple physics like reflecting 
and refracting and being 

2580
02:18:49,000 --> 02:18:52,900
absorbed and re-emitted on 
striking your retina and 

2581
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:56,000
triggering neural responses that
your brain interprets as color. 

2582
02:18:56,900 --> 02:19:00,299
But it's never just physics. 
It's also history and culture 

2583
02:19:00,299 --> 02:19:03,799
and personal memory, it's 
Egyptian, blue, and Tyrion 

2584
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:07,100
purple, and mauve synthesized 
from coal tar. 

2585
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:10,200
It's Newton's prism, and digital
RGB. 

2586
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:12,299
And structural color that 
doesn't fade. 

2587
02:19:12,299 --> 02:19:16,200
It's every human who ever ground
a pigment or mixed to die or 

2588
02:19:16,208 --> 02:19:19,200
chose a color because it meant 
something to them. 

2589
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:24,600
The world is full of color, 
always has been but the human 

2590
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:27,900
relationship with color changes 
and grows and develops New 

2591
02:19:27,900 --> 02:19:30,700
Dimensions. 
We're still learning to see the 

2592
02:19:30,700 --> 02:19:34,500
world, still discovering new 
ways to understand and work with

2593
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:36,900
color. 
Still finding meaning in the 

2594
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:40,200
rainbow. 
Story isn't finished. 

2595
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:46,200
It never will be Color is 
ongoing always becoming always 

2596
02:19:46,200 --> 02:19:51,200
new and always ancient at once. 
The cave painters who first 

2597
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:54,800
ground red Oaker would be amazed
by synthetic pigments and 

2598
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,100
digital displays. 
But they would recognize the 

2599
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:01,800
impulse, the desire to capture 
color and make it permanent. 

2600
02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:05,100
The need to transform the world 
through color. 

2601
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:09,600
That fundamental human Drive can
connect as a millennia. 

2602
02:20:10,300 --> 02:20:14,000
We're all part of the same long 
story of learning to see and 

2603
02:20:14,000 --> 02:20:17,400
understand the colors that 
surround us. and with that 

2604
02:20:17,400 --> 02:20:21,100
thought you drift into sleep, 
The colors of History. 

2605
02:20:21,100 --> 02:20:23,300
Swirling gently through your 
dreams. 

2606
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:29,100
Red okra on Cave walls Blue from
Afghanistan purple from the sea 

2607
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:32,000
yellow from the earth green from
copper. 

2608
02:20:32,900 --> 02:20:36,100
All the colors Humanity has ever
created or discovered or 

2609
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:40,100
understood all of them. 
Part of the same long, beautiful

2610
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:48,300
story of learning to see you're 
about to step into the daily 

2611
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:51,900
rhythms of ancient Egypt. 
Not the Egypt of temples and 

2612
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:55,700
tombs but the one where most 
people live their entire lives. 

2613
02:20:56,400 --> 02:21:00,500
This is the world shaped by 
sunlight river water and the 

2614
02:21:00,500 --> 02:21:03,900
quiet repetition of work that 
sustained civilization for 

2615
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,900
thousands of years. 
You wait when light begins 

2616
02:21:07,900 --> 02:21:09,600
filtering through the doorway of
your home? 

2617
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:13,300
There's no sudden alarm. 
No jolt into Consciousness. 

2618
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:17,700
Instead, you gradually become 
aware of the sounds around you. 

2619
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:23,100
Footsteps on packed Earth, the 
soft voices of neighbors already

2620
02:21:23,100 --> 02:21:26,700
moving about and the distant 
call of birds along the river. 

2621
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:30,400
Your body knows the Rhythm 
without needing to think about 

2622
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:34,400
it. 
The sun rises and so, do you. 

2623
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:40,800
The first task is always water. 
You take a clay vessel one 

2624
02:21:40,800 --> 02:21:44,100
smooth from years of use and 
walk the familiar path toward 

2625
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:46,700
the Nile. 
The ground beneath your feet is 

2626
02:21:46,700 --> 02:21:50,500
hard and warm already. 
Even in the early morning, he 

2627
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:52,900
passed the same houses. 
You've passed every day of your 

2628
02:21:52,900 --> 02:21:56,000
life, their mud brick walls, the
color of the earth. 

2629
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:58,500
They came from some doorways. 
Are all ready. 

2630
02:21:58,500 --> 02:21:59,700
Open. 
Others. 

2631
02:21:59,700 --> 02:22:03,000
Remain in inside waiting for the
heat of the 8 to pull people 

2632
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:07,600
Outdoors at the Rivers Edge. 
You crouch and dip the vessel in

2633
02:22:07,608 --> 02:22:11,400
to the current, the water is 
cool and brown with silt. 

2634
02:22:11,400 --> 02:22:13,500
You fill the jar? 
Carefully. 

2635
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:17,400
Knowing its weight when full and
carry it back the way you came. 

2636
02:22:18,300 --> 02:22:21,700
This journey repeats itself 
throughout the day, every day in

2637
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:25,400
every season. 
Water for drinking water for 

2638
02:22:25,400 --> 02:22:29,100
cooking and water for mixing 
with clay or wetting down the 

2639
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:33,600
floor to settle dust. 
The Nile provides and you carry 

2640
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,200
what it offers. 
Your home is small and 

2641
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:40,000
practical, the walls are thick 
mud brick, which keeps the 

2642
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:41,700
interior cooler than the air 
outside. 

2643
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:46,500
The floor is packed Earth. 
Sometimes covered with woven 

2644
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:48,800
mats. 
There are no windows in the way 

2645
02:22:48,800 --> 02:22:51,600
you might imagine them just 
small openings near the roof, 

2646
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:54,200
that lets smoke escaped and 
allow a little air to move 

2647
02:22:54,200 --> 02:22:58,600
through most of your life 
happens outside these walls, the

2648
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,900
house is for sleeping for 
storage and for shelter, when 

2649
02:23:01,900 --> 02:23:05,700
the sun is too fears or the rare
rain comes, it's not where you 

2650
02:23:05,708 --> 02:23:08,500
spend your waking hours, you eat
something simple. 

2651
02:23:08,500 --> 02:23:12,800
In the morning bread, if there 
is bread, perhaps an onion, 

2652
02:23:12,800 --> 02:23:16,900
maybe a handful of dates if the 
season is right, you don't sit 

2653
02:23:16,900 --> 02:23:19,100
down for this meal in any formal
way. 

2654
02:23:19,800 --> 02:23:23,500
You eat standing or while 
preparing for the day's work or 

2655
02:23:23,500 --> 02:23:25,000
while checking on what needs 
doing. 

2656
02:23:25,900 --> 02:23:29,300
Food is fuel and the morning 
portion is just enough to begin.

2657
02:23:30,100 --> 02:23:32,600
The work of the day, depends on 
the season and the river. 

2658
02:23:33,400 --> 02:23:36,100
If the Nile is in flood, the 
fields are underwater, and you 

2659
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:39,300
do other things, you repair 
tools, we've mats work on your 

2660
02:23:39,308 --> 02:23:42,300
house or help with larger 
Community projects. 

2661
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:46,400
If the water is receded and 
planting time as come, you're in

2662
02:23:46,408 --> 02:23:49,200
the fields from early morning, 
until the heat makes it unwise 

2663
02:23:49,200 --> 02:23:52,200
to continue. 
If it's harvest season, the work

2664
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:55,100
is constant and shared among 
everyone who can help. 

2665
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,400
Fields are not your own in the 
way you might think of ownership

2666
02:23:59,400 --> 02:24:02,200
today. 
They belong to someone else, or 

2667
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:06,400
to the temple, or to the state. 
You work them because that's the

2668
02:24:06,408 --> 02:24:10,100
arrangement and in return you 
keep a portion of what's grown. 

2669
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:14,500
It's not a system you question. 
It's simply how things are and 

2670
02:24:14,500 --> 02:24:17,800
have always been You walk to the
fields with others from your 

2671
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:22,900
village carrying the tools 
you'll need a hoe perhaps or a 

2672
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:27,100
sickle, the tools are simple and
heavy made from wood and stone 

2673
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:29,200
or sometimes bronze if you're 
fortunate. 

2674
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:33,300
They've been used before and 
will be used again, you know 

2675
02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:36,100
their weight and balance as well
as you know, your own hands. 

2676
02:24:36,900 --> 02:24:40,300
In the field, you work in a 
rhythm that's almost meditative,

2677
02:24:40,300 --> 02:24:46,300
Bend strike the earth move 
forward, bend cut the stalks and

2678
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:49,100
gather them in your arm. 
The motion of the same, every 

2679
02:24:49,100 --> 02:24:52,800
time your mind wanders, while 
your body continues, you think 

2680
02:24:52,800 --> 02:24:55,400
about nothing in particular or 
about everything. 

2681
02:24:55,400 --> 02:24:59,100
The other workers, nearby. 
The quality of this year's crop,

2682
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:02,200
whether your child is helping at
home or playing near the river 

2683
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:07,400
and What needs repairing before 
the next flood comes Son climbs 

2684
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:11,700
higher, the air grows heavier. 
Sweat runs down your back and 

2685
02:25:11,700 --> 02:25:15,800
soaks into the simple linen. 
You wear you don't stop but you 

2686
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:19,700
slow down everyone slows. 
There's no point in pushing, 

2687
02:25:19,700 --> 02:25:23,300
when the heat is eat, its peak, 
you'll only exhaust yourself and

2688
02:25:23,300 --> 02:25:26,700
the work will still be there. 
When the sun is directly 

2689
02:25:26,700 --> 02:25:30,700
overhead, you stop. 
You find shade, if there's any 

2690
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:34,500
to be found under a tree near a 
wall anywhere. 

2691
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:37,500
The sun isn't touching directly.
You sit down. 

2692
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:40,200
You drink water from a shared 
jar. 

2693
02:25:40,200 --> 02:25:44,300
You might eat a little something
or you might just rest and wait 

2694
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:45,900
for the worst of the heat to 
pass. 

2695
02:25:45,900 --> 02:25:49,700
This pause is expected. 
It's built into the day as 

2696
02:25:49,700 --> 02:25:52,500
surely as the Sunrise. 
No one rushes through it. 

2697
02:25:52,500 --> 02:25:56,000
You sit with your neighbor's and
sometimes you talk and sometimes

2698
02:25:56,000 --> 02:25:59,900
you don't. the conversation when
it happens is about ordinary 

2699
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:03,500
things, whose roof needs 
patching, how the bread turned 

2700
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:06,400
out this morning, whether the 
water level seems higher or 

2701
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:10,700
lower than last year, after a 
while you return to work, the 

2702
02:26:10,700 --> 02:26:15,000
sun is still Fearless, but 
Beginning its long art downward,

2703
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:18,700
you can feel the difference even
if it's not cooling yet. 

2704
02:26:19,600 --> 02:26:22,200
You know, the afternoon will 
eventually give way to evening 

2705
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:24,600
and that knowledge makes the 
work bearable. 

2706
02:26:25,400 --> 02:26:27,500
You can continue until the light
begins to soften. 

2707
02:26:27,500 --> 02:26:31,700
There's no precise. 
End to the workday, you simply 

2708
02:26:31,700 --> 02:26:35,000
notice that others are gathering
their tools and you do the same.

2709
02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:38,800
You walk back to the Village 
together tired in a way that 

2710
02:26:38,800 --> 02:26:42,300
feels familiar and not 
unpleasant your body aches. 

2711
02:26:42,300 --> 02:26:45,300
But it's supposed to this is 
what work. 

2712
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:48,600
Feels like The Villages stirring
with a different kind of 

2713
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:51,300
activity. 
Now smoke rises from cooking 

2714
02:26:51,300 --> 02:26:54,600
fires children who are occupied 
during the day are suddenly 

2715
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:57,900
everywhere playing in the narrow
spaces between houses. 

2716
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:02,100
You can hear their voices high 
and quick as they chase each 

2717
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:04,500
other or argue over something 
that won't matter. 

2718
02:27:04,500 --> 02:27:07,800
Tomorrow you go to your own home
and set down your tools. 

2719
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:11,300
You check, what needs checking, 
whether there's grain for 

2720
02:27:11,300 --> 02:27:14,700
tomorrow, whether the water jar 
is full, whether anything in the

2721
02:27:14,700 --> 02:27:16,800
house is shifted or broken 
during the day. 

2722
02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:21,500
The small inspections happen 
without conscious thought their 

2723
02:27:21,500 --> 02:27:25,500
part of coming home. 
As evening arrives, you're aware

2724
02:27:25,500 --> 02:27:27,000
of the temperature, finally 
dropping. 

2725
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:30,200
The air that was stifling. 
All after noon begins to move. 

2726
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:34,300
You can breathe more easily. 
You sit outside your door or 

2727
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:36,500
near it and watch the sky change
colors. 

2728
02:27:37,600 --> 02:27:41,100
This is not leisure in any 
intentional sense, you'll simply

2729
02:27:41,100 --> 02:27:44,400
done with the days labor and 
there's nothing urgent left to 

2730
02:27:44,400 --> 02:27:47,400
do before dark. 
Other people are nearby doing 

2731
02:27:47,400 --> 02:27:51,100
the same thing. 
Sitting talking quietly watching

2732
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:52,900
their children. 
Mending something small. 

2733
02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:57,000
The Village settles into this 
in-between time when work is 

2734
02:27:57,000 --> 02:27:58,900
finished, but sleep hasn't yet 
arrived. 

2735
02:27:58,900 --> 02:28:01,700
It's peaceful and an 
unremarkable way. 

2736
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:05,200
You're not thinking about how 
peaceful it is, you're just 

2737
02:28:05,200 --> 02:28:08,900
their part of it. 
The river is always present, 

2738
02:28:08,900 --> 02:28:11,400
even when you can't see it, you 
hear it. 

2739
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:15,700
Sometimes a low constant sound 
beneath everything else, you 

2740
02:28:15,700 --> 02:28:17,700
smell the mud and vegetation 
that line? 

2741
02:28:17,700 --> 02:28:20,300
Its banks. 
Your whole life is oriented 

2742
02:28:20,300 --> 02:28:25,400
around it when it floods, when 
it recedes, what it brings and 

2743
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:28,700
what it takes away The Nile is 
the reason you're at all. 

2744
02:28:28,700 --> 02:28:32,800
The reason anyone is here, You 
don't think of it in Grand 

2745
02:28:32,800 --> 02:28:34,800
terms. 
It's just the river doing what 

2746
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:40,000
rivers do when full darkness. 
Comes you go inside, you lie 

2747
02:28:40,000 --> 02:28:43,500
down on your sleeping mat. 
The day is over and tomorrow 

2748
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:47,200
will be much the same. 
This sameness is not monotonous,

2749
02:28:47,200 --> 02:28:50,300
it's reliable. 
It's the structure that holds 

2750
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:53,700
your life in place, you sleep 
deeply, without worry about 

2751
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:56,600
what's coming. 
You know what's coming, the sun 

2752
02:28:56,600 --> 02:28:58,800
will rise, you'll fetch water 
your work. 

2753
02:28:58,808 --> 02:29:01,400
You'll rest when it's too hot, 
you'll return home. 

2754
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:05,300
When the light Fades, the Nile 
will continue its cycle, and 

2755
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:07,800
you'll continue yours link to it
in ways. 

2756
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:10,100
So fundamental, you never need 
to speak of them. 

2757
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:12,500
Your house needs constant 
attention. 

2758
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:14,700
The mud brick walls. 
That keep you. 

2759
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:16,400
Sheltered are made from the same
Earth. 

2760
02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:21,000
You walk on mixed with water and
straw and dried in the sun over 

2761
02:29:21,000 --> 02:29:24,100
time. 
They crack rain rare. 

2762
02:29:24,100 --> 02:29:27,600
As it is, softens them the 
corners where walls meet begin 

2763
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:31,100
to crumble, You repair these 
spots whenever you notice them 

2764
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:34,800
mixing, fresh mud, and pressing 
it into place with your hands. 

2765
02:29:34,800 --> 02:29:38,700
The process is straightforward. 
You gather Earth from a spot 

2766
02:29:38,700 --> 02:29:40,700
near your home, where it has the
right consistency. 

2767
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:44,200
You add water until the mixture 
is thick enough to hold 

2768
02:29:44,200 --> 02:29:45,900
together, but wet enough to 
shape. 

2769
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:49,600
You work in chopped straw, which
keeps the mud from splitting as 

2770
02:29:49,608 --> 02:29:51,800
it dries. 
Then you press it into the 

2771
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:54,400
damaged area. 
Smoothing it with your palms, 

2772
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:58,000
you leave it to harden in the 
Sun and in a day or two its 

2773
02:29:58,000 --> 02:30:00,800
solid again, nearly 
indistinguishable from the rest 

2774
02:30:00,800 --> 02:30:03,700
of the wall. 
This kind of repair happens, so 

2775
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:05,800
often it barely registers as a 
task. 

2776
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:09,700
You see a crack forming and the 
next time you have a free 

2777
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:13,300
moment, you fix it. 
No one taught you this in a 

2778
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:15,500
formal way. 
You watched others doing it? 

2779
02:30:15,500 --> 02:30:18,000
When you were young and 
eventually you did it yourself. 

2780
02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:22,700
That's how most skills pass from
one person to another, the roof 

2781
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:25,900
of your house is made from 
wooden beams covered with reeds 

2782
02:30:25,900 --> 02:30:29,400
and packed mud. 
It's flat, which makes it useful

2783
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:31,600
for drying things, or storing 
items. 

2784
02:30:31,600 --> 02:30:35,200
You don't need immediate access 
to, But it also means that any 

2785
02:30:35,200 --> 02:30:37,000
water that falls on it, tends to
pool. 

2786
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:41,000
And over time this weekends the 
structure You check the roof 

2787
02:30:41,000 --> 02:30:44,900
regularly adding fresh mud, 
where it's worn thin replacing 

2788
02:30:44,900 --> 02:30:47,500
reads that have rotted. 
Getting up onto the roof. 

2789
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:50,800
Involves climbing. 
The outside wall using smaller, 

2790
02:30:50,800 --> 02:30:54,600
regularities, in the brick as 
footholds. you've done this so 

2791
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:57,500
many times that your hands and 
feet know where to go without 

2792
02:30:57,500 --> 02:31:01,400
looking once you're up there, 
you can see a cross the village 

2793
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:05,900
other flat roofs, narrow 
Pathways between houses the 

2794
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:09,200
fields Beyond and in the 
distance, the ribbon of green 

2795
02:31:09,200 --> 02:31:13,100
that marks the Nile You spend 
time up here when repairs are 

2796
02:31:13,100 --> 02:31:17,000
needed, spreading mud evenly, 
pressing it down and making sure

2797
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:19,300
there are no gaps where water 
might seep through. 

2798
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,700
Its hot work under the full sun 
but its necessary. 

2799
02:31:22,700 --> 02:31:27,500
A weak roof means a wet house 
when the rains come and a wet 

2800
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:29,000
house. 
Brings more problems than you 

2801
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:32,600
want to deal with. 
Your tools are few and you take 

2802
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,500
care of them. 
A wooden hoe with a stone blade 

2803
02:31:35,500 --> 02:31:40,200
lashed to it with cord. 
A sickle is made the same way a 

2804
02:31:40,200 --> 02:31:44,200
grinding stone for grain. 
A fire drill for starting Flames

2805
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:47,700
each of these objects represent,
significant effort to make or 

2806
02:31:47,700 --> 02:31:49,900
acquire, so you don't treat them
carelessly. 

2807
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:54,000
When The Binding on your home, 
begins to loosen you replace it.

2808
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:57,800
You soak strips of leather or 
Twisted plant fiber until their 

2809
02:31:57,800 --> 02:32:01,300
pliable, then wrap them tightly 
around the joint where would 

2810
02:32:01,300 --> 02:32:05,300
meet Stone as they dry. 
They shrink and hold everything 

2811
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:09,400
firmly in place you test the 
tool, by pressing it against the

2812
02:32:09,400 --> 02:32:12,800
ground, putting weight on it and
making sure it won't come apart 

2813
02:32:12,800 --> 02:32:15,900
during use. 
If a tool breaks Beyond Simple 

2814
02:32:15,900 --> 02:32:18,500
repair, you have to make a new 
one or trade for it. 

2815
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:22,200
Making one yourself means 
finding the right materials. 

2816
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:24,600
Would that strong enough? 
But not too brittle. 

2817
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:26,900
Stone. 
That can be shaped into a useful

2818
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:29,600
Edge. 
Fiber, that can be twisted into 

2819
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:32,600
sturdy chord. 
These materials aren't always 

2820
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:35,300
easy to come by. 
You keep an eye out for them as 

2821
02:32:35,308 --> 02:32:38,100
you move through your daily 
routines and when you find 

2822
02:32:38,100 --> 02:32:41,100
something suitable you set it 
aside for when it's needed. 

2823
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:44,700
Pottery is another constant 
effort you use clay vessels for 

2824
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:47,800
everything storing grain 
carrying water, cooking and 

2825
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:50,700
serving food. 
They're fragile despite their 

2826
02:32:50,700 --> 02:32:53,200
thickness, and they crack or 
break regularly. 

2827
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,100
You can patch small cracks with 
a paste made from finely ground,

2828
02:32:57,100 --> 02:32:59,700
clay and water. 
But a vessel that's broken in 

2829
02:32:59,700 --> 02:33:02,900
half is useless. 
When you need a new pot, you 

2830
02:33:02,900 --> 02:33:05,800
make it yourself. 
If you know how or you trade for

2831
02:33:05,800 --> 02:33:08,000
one with someone who specializes
in pottery. 

2832
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:11,300
The process of making Pottery is
time-consuming. 

2833
02:33:11,300 --> 02:33:15,500
You dig clay from a spot where 
it's plentiful clean out any 

2834
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:18,500
stones or debris and work it 
with your hands until it's 

2835
02:33:18,500 --> 02:33:21,600
smooth. 
Then you shape it, either by 

2836
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:24,800
coiling long rolls of clay into 
a spiral that you smooth 

2837
02:33:24,800 --> 02:33:27,800
together or by pressing the clay
against a mold. 

2838
02:33:28,600 --> 02:33:33,200
Once shaped the pot has to dry 
slowly in the shade, if it dries

2839
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:37,800
too quickly, it cracks when it's
fully dry, it goes into a fire 

2840
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:40,600
to harden. 
You build the fire carefully. 

2841
02:33:40,600 --> 02:33:43,800
Getting it hot enough to 
transform the clay, but not so 

2842
02:33:43,800 --> 02:33:47,400
hot that everything shatters it 
takes experience to know when 

2843
02:33:47,400 --> 02:33:50,100
the temperature is, right. 
Some pots survive. 

2844
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:53,700
This process. 
Some don't weaving his work. 

2845
02:33:53,708 --> 02:33:57,100
That happens in the small spaces
of time, between other tasks. 

2846
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:01,400
You sit outside your door with a
bundle of plant fibers, usually 

2847
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,600
flax or reads and twist them 
together into cord or weave them

2848
02:34:05,608 --> 02:34:10,100
into mats or baskets, your hands
move automatically, keeping 

2849
02:34:10,100 --> 02:34:13,700
tension, even creating a pattern
that's both functional and 

2850
02:34:13,700 --> 02:34:16,500
familiar. 
Mats serve many purposes. 

2851
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:20,500
They cover the floor of your 
house, they become bedding. 

2852
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:24,700
You use them to sit on to dry 
Grain on and to wrap things for 

2853
02:34:24,700 --> 02:34:27,200
storage. 
They wear out quickly with 

2854
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:29,500
constant use, so you're always 
making more. 

2855
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:33,400
The process is calming. 
You don't have to think about 

2856
02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:37,100
it, much your fingers, know what
to do and your mind drifts. 

2857
02:34:37,900 --> 02:34:39,400
Baskets. 
Get some more structured and 

2858
02:34:39,400 --> 02:34:43,000
take longer you leave them tight
enough to hold small grains or 

2859
02:34:43,000 --> 02:34:47,000
dried Goods. 
Larger baskets can carry 

2860
02:34:47,000 --> 02:34:51,000
vegetables or tools. 
Each basket has a purpose and 

2861
02:34:51,000 --> 02:34:52,300
you make them to fit that 
purpose. 

2862
02:34:52,300 --> 02:34:55,300
A shallow wide basket for winner
in Grain. 

2863
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:58,200
Tall. 
Narrow one for carrying loads on

2864
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:01,100
your head. 
A sturdy one with a flat bottom 

2865
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:05,600
for setting down and filling. 
Clothing is simple and requires 

2866
02:35:05,600 --> 02:35:09,600
little maintenance you wear a 
basic linen, garment usually 

2867
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:11,900
just a length of fabric wrapped 
around your body. 

2868
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:14,700
It gets dirty with sweat and 
dust. 

2869
02:35:14,700 --> 02:35:18,600
So you wash it when you can 
Washing means taking it to the 

2870
02:35:18,600 --> 02:35:22,100
river soaking. 
It beating it against rocks and 

2871
02:35:22,100 --> 02:35:24,300
laying it flat in the sun to 
dry. 

2872
02:35:25,000 --> 02:35:27,500
The linen Fades and weakens over
time. 

2873
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:29,600
And eventually you need new 
cloth. 

2874
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:32,600
Making cloth is a lengthy 
process. 

2875
02:35:33,600 --> 02:35:37,900
First flax plants, have to be 
grown and harvested, then 

2876
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:40,900
they're soaked in water, and the
fibers can be separated from the

2877
02:35:40,900 --> 02:35:43,800
stems. 
The fibers are dried combed 

2878
02:35:43,800 --> 02:35:47,200
smooth and spun into thread 
using a hand spindle. 

2879
02:35:47,900 --> 02:35:51,800
The thread is woven on a simple 
Loom into fabric, every step 

2880
02:35:51,800 --> 02:35:55,300
takes time and attention because
of this you don't waste cloth. 

2881
02:35:55,300 --> 02:35:59,400
When a garment becomes too worn 
to wear you cut it into strips 

2882
02:35:59,400 --> 02:36:03,000
and use it for other things. 
Binding, tools, wiping surfaces 

2883
02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:07,400
patching, other items fire is 
essential and maintaining it is 

2884
02:36:07,400 --> 02:36:11,000
part of daily work. 
You keep a small half area in 

2885
02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:14,100
your home or just outside where 
you build Fires for cooking and 

2886
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:18,300
warmth on, cool, evening's 
Starting a fire from scratch is 

2887
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:21,700
tedious. 
You use a fire drill a pointed 

2888
02:36:21,700 --> 02:36:25,400
stick rotated quickly against a 
flat piece of wood, creating 

2889
02:36:25,400 --> 02:36:28,000
friction to eventually produces 
an ember. 

2890
02:36:28,800 --> 02:36:32,600
You transfer the Ember to a 
bundle of dry Tinder and blow 

2891
02:36:32,600 --> 02:36:36,600
gently until it catches Flame. 
Because starting a fire this 

2892
02:36:36,600 --> 02:36:38,900
way. 
Takes effort, you try not to let

2893
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:42,300
your fire go out. 
Completely You Bank the coals at

2894
02:36:42,300 --> 02:36:45,300
night, covering them, with Ash 
to slow their burning. 

2895
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:49,000
And in the morning you uncover 
them and add kindling to bring 

2896
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:52,600
the Flames back. 
If the fire does go out, you can

2897
02:36:52,600 --> 02:36:55,100
get an ember from a neighbor 
rather than starting from 

2898
02:36:55,100 --> 02:36:57,500
nothing fuel. 
For the fire comes from, 

2899
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:01,700
whatever is available dried 
reads, straw and animal dung. 

2900
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:05,100
That's been dried into cakes. 
What is less common in this part

2901
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:07,400
of the world? 
So you use it sparingly, you 

2902
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:09,600
learn to build fires that are 
just hot enough for what you 

2903
02:37:09,600 --> 02:37:14,100
need, boiling water, making 
bread warming the house without 

2904
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,700
wasting fuel. 
Your storage area, where the 

2905
02:37:17,700 --> 02:37:20,100
inside your home, or in a small 
separate structure. 

2906
02:37:20,100 --> 02:37:25,200
Holds the things you've gathered
made jars of grain, bundles of 

2907
02:37:25,200 --> 02:37:29,600
dried reads extra tools pots 
that are cracked, but might 

2908
02:37:29,600 --> 02:37:33,300
still be useful for something. 
You organize, these items in a 

2909
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:36,100
way that makes sense to you 
though to an outsider. 

2910
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,700
It might look like chaos. 
You check the grain regularly 

2911
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:43,000
insects and mice, are constant 
problems. 

2912
02:37:43,000 --> 02:37:47,100
You set traps. 
You inspect the storage jars and

2913
02:37:47,100 --> 02:37:49,300
you move grain from one 
container to another. 

2914
02:37:49,300 --> 02:37:53,600
If you suspect contamination, 
losing grain means going hungry 

2915
02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:55,500
later. 
So your Vigilant about 

2916
02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:58,500
protecting it. 
Every object in your home has 

2917
02:37:58,500 --> 02:38:01,200
been made by hand either yours 
or someone else's. 

2918
02:38:01,200 --> 02:38:04,100
There's nothing mass produced, 
nothing. 

2919
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:06,000
Identical to the object in the 
house. 

2920
02:38:06,008 --> 02:38:09,600
Next door, each jar has its own 
slighter regularity. 

2921
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:11,900
Each basket is a little 
different. 

2922
02:38:11,900 --> 02:38:15,700
Each tool, fits your hand in its
own specific way. 

2923
02:38:16,600 --> 02:38:19,800
This gives your possessions a 
kind of individuality though, 

2924
02:38:19,800 --> 02:38:23,400
you don't think of it that way, 
they're just your things shaped 

2925
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:27,600
by use and necessity. 
Repair and maintenance form, a 

2926
02:38:27,600 --> 02:38:29,400
constant background Rhythm to 
your life. 

2927
02:38:30,300 --> 02:38:34,300
Something is always wearing out 
breaking or needing attention. 

2928
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:39,500
You respond to these needs as 
they arise and in doing so you 

2929
02:38:39,500 --> 02:38:43,000
keep your household running, 
it's not dramatic work. 

2930
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:46,700
It's the steady repetitive 
effort that makes survival 

2931
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:50,200
possible in a world where 
nothing is permanent and 

2932
02:38:50,200 --> 02:38:54,500
everything requires care, you 
live in close proximity to your 

2933
02:38:54,500 --> 02:38:57,600
family. 
Multiple Generations, often 

2934
02:38:57,600 --> 02:39:02,500
share the same small house or 
cluster of houses built so near 

2935
02:39:02,500 --> 02:39:06,400
to each other, that the walls 
nearly touch your parents, your 

2936
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:11,100
siblings, your children, your 
spouse, everyone's movements, 

2937
02:39:11,100 --> 02:39:14,900
and routines overlap with yours.
Privacy is not something you 

2938
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:19,500
expect or even think about life 
is communal by necessity. 

2939
02:39:20,200 --> 02:39:23,100
Children are everywhere in the 
village and they belong to 

2940
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:27,200
everyone in a certain sense. 
You watch your neighbor's child 

2941
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:29,700
as readily as your own you 
correct? 

2942
02:39:29,700 --> 02:39:32,600
Behavior? 
When needed you offer food, if a

2943
02:39:32,600 --> 02:39:36,300
child seems hungry and you keep 
an eye out for danger other 

2944
02:39:36,300 --> 02:39:38,100
adults, do the same for your 
children. 

2945
02:39:38,100 --> 02:39:41,000
This shared responsibility means
no. 

2946
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:45,600
Child is ever truly unsupervised
even when their own parents are 

2947
02:39:45,600 --> 02:39:48,500
busy. 
When you work, your children are

2948
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:51,700
nearby. 
If they're very young, they stay

2949
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:54,700
close to the house, while you do
tasks that allow you to keep 

2950
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:57,800
them in sight. 
As they get older, they follow 

2951
02:39:57,800 --> 02:40:01,900
you to the fields or Workshop, 
not to play, but to learn by 

2952
02:40:01,900 --> 02:40:04,900
watching. 
They see how you hold, a tool, 

2953
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:08,500
how you pace yourself, through a
Long, Day's Work and how you 

2954
02:40:08,500 --> 02:40:10,500
solve small problems as they 
arise. 

2955
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:13,400
You don't teach in the way that 
involves sitting down and 

2956
02:40:13,400 --> 02:40:17,100
explaining. 
Instead you demonstrate, you let

2957
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:19,100
the child try. 
You, correct. 

2958
02:40:19,100 --> 02:40:22,700
Their grip or their technique, 
not harshly, but matter of 

2959
02:40:22,708 --> 02:40:27,100
factly. 
Over time, they improve by the 

2960
02:40:27,100 --> 02:40:29,300
time, they're old enough to be, 
truly useful. 

2961
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:31,600
They already know most of what 
they need to know. 

2962
02:40:32,500 --> 02:40:34,700
Your extended family shares 
resources. 

2963
02:40:34,700 --> 02:40:39,100
If your household has extra 
grain, after a good harvest, you

2964
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:41,800
share it with a brother or 
cousin, whose crop was less 

2965
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:46,300
abundant If your neighbor has a 
tool you need, you borrow it and

2966
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:50,000
you lend yours when asked. 
This exchange happens fluidly 

2967
02:40:50,000 --> 02:40:54,500
without formal agreements. 
You keep tracking your mind and 

2968
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:58,400
over time things balance out 
Elderly members of the family 

2969
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:02,000
remain part of the household, if
they can no longer work in the 

2970
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:05,000
fields, they do lighter tasks, 
they watch children. 

2971
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:09,800
Prepare for food weave men or 
sit in the shade and offer 

2972
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:12,100
advice based on Decades of 
experience. 

2973
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,600
You listen to them not because 
they have authority in any 

2974
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:18,300
official sense but because 
they've lived through more 

2975
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:22,100
seasons and floods and harvest. 
The new have they know things. 

2976
02:41:22,100 --> 02:41:25,700
When someone in your family is 
sick, the whole household 

2977
02:41:25,700 --> 02:41:29,900
adjusts you take on their tasks,
in addition to your own, you 

2978
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:32,400
bring them water. 
Prepare softer food if they 

2979
02:41:32,400 --> 02:41:34,600
can't chew well and keep them 
comfortable. 

2980
02:41:35,500 --> 02:41:38,000
There's no expectation that 
they'll get better quickly, 

2981
02:41:38,000 --> 02:41:42,100
illness comes and goes, you 
accommodate it and continue. 

2982
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:45,500
Childbirth happens at home with 
the help of women who have been 

2983
02:41:45,508 --> 02:41:49,000
through it before mothers, aunts
neighbors. 

2984
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:52,300
They gather when labor begins 
your scent away. 

2985
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:55,300
If your male, or you stay of 
your female, an old enough to 

2986
02:41:55,308 --> 02:41:58,700
help or learn The process is 
familiar to everyone. 

2987
02:41:58,700 --> 02:42:01,400
It's loud, it's messy and it's 
long. 

2988
02:42:02,100 --> 02:42:05,600
When the child finally arrives 
someone washes, it wraps it and 

2989
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:08,200
hands it to the mother. 
Life continues. 

2990
02:42:08,200 --> 02:42:12,300
You don't celebrate birth days. 
You don't know your exact age in

2991
02:42:12,300 --> 02:42:15,600
the way someone might today you 
know roughly how many floods 

2992
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:19,400
you've lived through and that's 
close enough you measure Time by

2993
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:22,400
seasons and events not by 
numbered years. 

2994
02:42:23,200 --> 02:42:26,700
You remember the flood when your
father died, the Harvest, when 

2995
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:30,000
your first child was born and 
the dry season when the grain 

2996
02:42:30,000 --> 02:42:34,200
ran low and everyone was hungry 
for weeks, meals are communal 

2997
02:42:34,200 --> 02:42:36,900
when possible. 
You prepare food at your half 

2998
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:39,800
but you often need it sitting 
outside with family members 

2999
02:42:39,800 --> 02:42:42,600
nearby everyone eats from shared
dishes. 

3000
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,900
You tear pieces from a common 
loaf of bread and dip into the 

3001
02:42:45,908 --> 02:42:49,800
same pot of whatever has been 
cooked. children eat when, and 

3002
02:42:49,800 --> 02:42:53,300
where they can sometimes with 
the adults sometimes in their 

3003
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:58,400
own small groups, the food 
itself is plain Bread made from 

3004
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:00,900
Emma wheat or barley. 
Onions. 

3005
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:04,600
Garlic and leeks. 
Beans fish. 

3006
02:43:04,600 --> 02:43:08,800
If someone is caught it, 
Occasionally a bit of meat, but 

3007
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:11,400
not often. 
Taste of your meals, doesn't 

3008
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,700
vary much from day to day. 
You eat what's available and 

3009
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:15,900
you're grateful when there's 
enough. 

3010
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:19,600
Cooking happens. 
Over an open fire, you boil 

3011
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:21,800
things in clay, pots bake, 
bread. 

3012
02:43:21,800 --> 02:43:25,100
In a simple oven made from mud 
brick and roast fish or 

3013
02:43:25,100 --> 02:43:28,600
vegetables over coals. 
The methods are basic and the 

3014
02:43:28,608 --> 02:43:31,700
results are predictable. 
You've been eating food prepared

3015
02:43:31,700 --> 02:43:36,100
this way your entire life, it's 
not exciting, it's nourishment, 

3016
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:40,700
you grind almost daily. 
You sit on the ground with a 

3017
02:43:40,708 --> 02:43:44,300
saddle querin, a large flat 
stone with a smaller Stone, you 

3018
02:43:44,300 --> 02:43:48,200
push back and forth across it. 
You pour grain onto the lowest 

3019
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:51,200
Stone and press and Slide, the 
upper Stone crushing the grain 

3020
02:43:51,200 --> 02:43:54,600
into flour. 
It's hard, repetitive work. 

3021
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:57,300
Your arms and shoulders ache 
after a while. 

3022
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:01,900
It has to be done, so you do it.
Sometimes you grind with another

3023
02:44:01,900 --> 02:44:04,900
woman from your household, you 
sit facing each other. 

3024
02:44:04,908 --> 02:44:09,800
Both working your own quirks and
you talk while you work or you 

3025
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:12,400
don't talk. 
The rhythm of grinding is almost

3026
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:18,100
meditative Push, Pull push pull 
the flower gathers in small 

3027
02:44:18,108 --> 02:44:20,900
piles and you brush it into a 
basket to keep it clean. 

3028
02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:23,700
Baking bread is another daily 
tasks. 

3029
02:44:23,700 --> 02:44:27,200
You mix the flour with water and
a bit of leftover dough from the

3030
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:29,400
last batch which helps it rise 
slightly. 

3031
02:44:30,600 --> 02:44:33,300
Shape it into flat rounds and 
place them on the hot inside 

3032
02:44:33,300 --> 02:44:36,500
walls of your oven or directly 
onto heated stones. 

3033
02:44:37,400 --> 02:44:41,200
The bread bakes quickly, it 
comes out dense and filling with

3034
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:43,800
a slightly sour taste. 
You eat it. 

3035
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:46,800
While it's still warm. 
If you can there, it's fine cold

3036
02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:50,500
as well. 
Your social world is small you 

3037
02:44:50,500 --> 02:44:53,700
know everyone in your village 
and they know you you know who 

3038
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:57,400
is reliable, who is lazy? 
Who was a quick temper and who 

3039
02:44:57,400 --> 02:45:00,400
is kind children? 
You've known most of these 

3040
02:45:00,400 --> 02:45:04,100
people your entire life, their 
parents New York parents, your 

3041
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:07,800
children will know their 
children. the relationships are 

3042
02:45:07,800 --> 02:45:11,500
deep, not because of great 
affection necessarily, but 

3043
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:15,500
because of familiarity and 
mutual dependence, Disputes 

3044
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:18,000
happen. 
Of course someone accuses 

3045
02:45:18,000 --> 02:45:21,600
someone else of taking more than
their share of water, a boundary

3046
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:25,300
between Fields is contested two 
families argue over. 

3047
02:45:25,300 --> 02:45:28,600
Who should do a particular task.
These conflicts are usually 

3048
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:32,600
resolved through discussion. 
The people involved sit down 

3049
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:36,500
often with older community 
members present and talk until 

3050
02:45:36,500 --> 02:45:40,500
an agreement is reached. 
No one wants ongoing tension in 

3051
02:45:40,500 --> 02:45:44,200
such a small tight-knit. 
Group celebrations are modest 

3052
02:45:44,200 --> 02:45:47,400
when the Harvest is good. 
There might be a meal with 

3053
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:51,300
slightly more food than usual. 
When a child is born people come

3054
02:45:51,300 --> 02:45:55,400
by to see it and offer small 
gifts a basket, a jar or a piece

3055
02:45:55,400 --> 02:45:58,800
of cloth these gestures 
acknowledge the event, but don't

3056
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:03,000
disrupt the normal flow of life.
You don't have Leisure Time in 

3057
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:05,400
the modern sense. 
When you're not working, your 

3058
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:09,000
maintaining your home caring for
children, preparing food or 

3059
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:11,400
resting because you're too tired
to do anything else. 

3060
02:46:12,500 --> 02:46:15,800
But within that structure, there
are moments of ease sitting with

3061
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:18,300
Neighbors in the evening. 
Watching your child. 

3062
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:20,800
Learn to walk listening to 
someone. 

3063
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:22,900
Tell a story. 
You've heard many times before. 

3064
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:26,000
These moments aren't separate 
from Life. 

3065
02:46:26,000 --> 02:46:30,000
The woven into it. 
Your sense of identity is tied 

3066
02:46:30,000 --> 02:46:33,100
to your family in your village. 
You're Someone's Child. 

3067
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:36,200
Someone's parent, someone's 
neighbor. 

3068
02:46:37,100 --> 02:46:39,700
You're known by your role and 
your relationships. 

3069
02:46:39,700 --> 02:46:43,400
Not by individual achievement. 
This isn't limiting. 

3070
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:47,500
It's simply how identity Works 
in a world where survival 

3071
02:46:47,500 --> 02:46:51,100
depends on everyone doing their 
part and supporting each other 

3072
02:46:51,100 --> 02:46:53,400
when needed. 
You learn early. 

3073
02:46:53,400 --> 02:46:56,400
That rest is not a luxury, but a
necessity. 

3074
02:46:57,500 --> 02:47:00,700
The heat of midday makes it 
dangerous to continue working in

3075
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:03,200
the fields. 
You feel it in your body? 

3076
02:47:04,100 --> 02:47:07,900
Heaviness in your limbs, the way
your thoughts, slow and the 

3077
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:10,200
pounding in your head if you 
push too hard. 

3078
02:47:11,600 --> 02:47:15,700
So you stop everyone stops. 
Is not laziness. 

3079
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:20,200
It's survival. 
You find shade wherever it's 

3080
02:47:20,200 --> 02:47:23,100
available. 
Sometimes under the sparse 

3081
02:47:23,100 --> 02:47:26,300
branches of an acacia tree, 
sometimes against the Shaded 

3082
02:47:26,300 --> 02:47:29,900
side of a mud brick wall. 
Sometimes you create shade by 

3083
02:47:29,900 --> 02:47:33,300
draping, a piece of cloth 
between two poles, you sit or 

3084
02:47:33,300 --> 02:47:36,500
lie down in this cooler space 
and let your body recover. 

3085
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:40,800
The air is thick and still 
nothing moves, except the 

3086
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:44,000
occasional insect. 
You can hear your own breathing 

3087
02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:45,500
and the breathing of those 
around you. 

3088
02:47:45,500 --> 02:47:48,400
No one speaks much during these 
rest periods. 

3089
02:47:48,400 --> 02:47:51,000
Everyone is too hot and too 
tired. 

3090
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:55,500
You close your eyes, not to 
sleep necessarily but to shut 

3091
02:47:55,508 --> 02:47:58,800
out the glare of the Sun and 
give yourself a break from the 

3092
02:47:58,800 --> 02:48:02,400
intensity of the light. 
Sometimes, you do fall asleep, 

3093
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:06,100
it's a light sleep, the kind 
where you're still aware of your

3094
02:48:06,100 --> 02:48:10,100
surroundings, but your mind 
drifts away from the present you

3095
02:48:10,100 --> 02:48:13,100
dream about nothing in 
particular, or you don't dream 

3096
02:48:13,100 --> 02:48:16,700
at all. 
When you wake 20 minutes or an 

3097
02:48:16,700 --> 02:48:18,700
hour later, the sun is still 
high. 

3098
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:22,500
But you feel slightly restored, 
water is important. 

3099
02:48:22,500 --> 02:48:25,700
During these breaks, you drink 
from the communal jar that 

3100
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:28,500
someone brought from the 
village, the water is warm and 

3101
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:31,400
taste faintly of the clay 
vessel, but it's wet and that's 

3102
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,900
what matters. 
You drink slowly and small sips 

3103
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:37,600
because drinking too fast when 
you're overheated, can make you 

3104
02:48:37,600 --> 02:48:40,400
feel sick. 
Sometimes you eat a little 

3105
02:48:40,408 --> 02:48:43,900
something during this midday 
pause a piece of bread that's 

3106
02:48:43,900 --> 02:48:47,700
been sitting in cloth a few 
dates and onion. 

3107
02:48:48,500 --> 02:48:51,700
The food is warm from being 
carried in the Heat and it's not

3108
02:48:51,700 --> 02:48:54,500
particularly appealing, but it 
gives you energy for the 

3109
02:48:54,508 --> 02:48:55,500
afternoon's. 
Work. 

3110
02:48:55,500 --> 02:48:58,200
You choose slowly without much 
thought. 

3111
02:48:59,100 --> 02:49:01,300
The rest period is not timed 
precisely. 

3112
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:05,600
You simply wait until the worst 
of the heat has passed and the 

3113
02:49:05,600 --> 02:49:08,800
sun has begun. 
Its descent toward evening, you 

3114
02:49:08,800 --> 02:49:10,300
can feel the difference in the 
air. 

3115
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:14,200
It still hot but the quality of 
the heat changes, it becomes 

3116
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:17,100
bearable. 
Again you stand stretch, pick up

3117
02:49:17,100 --> 02:49:21,100
your tools and return to work. 
At home, rest, fits into the 

3118
02:49:21,100 --> 02:49:24,500
spaces between tasks, you've 
finished grinding grain. 

3119
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:27,500
And the next thing to do is 
prepare the evening meal, but 

3120
02:49:27,500 --> 02:49:31,200
there's a gap of time in between
you sit down you lean against 

3121
02:49:31,200 --> 02:49:35,200
the wall of your house. 
Your children play, you don't 

3122
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:38,100
think of this as resting because
you don't make a formal decision

3123
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:40,400
to rest. 
You just stop moving for a 

3124
02:49:40,400 --> 02:49:42,300
while. 
Your body tells you when it 

3125
02:49:42,300 --> 02:49:44,400
needs these. 
Pauses your back aches. 

3126
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:47,700
From bending over the grinding. 
Stone, your legs are tired from 

3127
02:49:47,700 --> 02:49:51,500
walking to the fields and back, 
your hands are sore from 

3128
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:54,000
whatever repetitive tasks, 
you've been doing all morning. 

3129
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:58,500
Your respond to these signals by
sitting down by changing 

3130
02:49:58,500 --> 02:50:01,300
position, or by closing your 
eyes for a moment. 

3131
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:04,600
Sleep at night is deep and 
necessary. 

3132
02:50:05,400 --> 02:50:08,300
You lie down on your mat and 
within minutes, your 

3133
02:50:08,300 --> 02:50:11,300
unconscious. 
There's no gradual transition. 

3134
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:14,400
You're awake and then you're 
not. 

3135
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:19,100
Your body has been working all 
day and it shuts down completely

3136
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:23,100
when given the opportunity. 
The quality of sleep varies 

3137
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:26,400
depending on the season in the 
cooler months, you sleep heavily

3138
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:29,000
and wake refreshed in the 
hottest months. 

3139
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,200
You wake several times during 
the night, uncomfortable and 

3140
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:35,300
sweating. 
You step outside for a moment to

3141
02:50:35,300 --> 02:50:37,300
catch. 
Any moving are then go back 

3142
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:41,200
inside and lie down again, you 
don't worry about interrupted 

3143
02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:44,000
sleep, it's normal. 
You'll make up for it with a 

3144
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:45,100
midday rest. 
The next day. 

3145
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,800
Children nap, when they are 
young dropping off to sleep 

3146
02:50:48,800 --> 02:50:51,400
wherever they happen to be. 
When exhaustion overtakes them. 

3147
02:50:51,400 --> 02:50:55,800
You step around them or you move
them to a more suitable spot but

3148
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:59,100
you don't wait them. 
They need the sleep and they'll 

3149
02:50:59,100 --> 02:51:00,500
wake on their own when they're 
ready. 

3150
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:04,200
As children grow older, they 
resist napping. 

3151
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:07,700
They want to keep up with the 
older children to keep playing 

3152
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:11,300
and to keep moving. 
You let them learn the hard way 

3153
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:14,100
that skipping rest leads to 
crankiness and exhaustion. 

3154
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:17,200
Eventually they figure out that 
sitting down for a while. 

3155
02:51:17,200 --> 02:51:20,600
When it's hot makes the rest of 
the day easier, elderly members 

3156
02:51:20,600 --> 02:51:22,500
of your household, rest more 
frequently. 

3157
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:25,700
They sit in the shade and doze 
off during the day. 

3158
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:29,800
They sleep longer at night or 
they wake very early and lie 

3159
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:32,000
there, quietly until others 
begin to stir. 

3160
02:51:32,700 --> 02:51:36,000
You don't comment on this. 
It's understood that his body's 

3161
02:51:36,000 --> 02:51:37,400
age. 
They need different amounts of 

3162
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:40,000
rest. 
You'll be the same way someday. 

3163
02:51:40,000 --> 02:51:43,500
There's a rhythm to work and 
rest that becomes internalized. 

3164
02:51:43,500 --> 02:51:45,600
You don't think about it 
consciously. 

3165
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:50,400
You work until your body signals
that it's time to pause you, 

3166
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:53,600
rest until you feel ready to 
continue you sleep. 

3167
02:51:53,600 --> 02:51:57,600
When darkness comes and wake 
when light returns this pattern 

3168
02:51:57,600 --> 02:52:01,800
repeats every day, and it aligns
with the rhythms of the sun, and

3169
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:06,200
the river, and the seasons rest 
is not guilty or indulgent. 

3170
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:10,200
It's practical. 
A person who rests appropriately

3171
02:52:10,200 --> 02:52:14,100
can work longer and more 
effectively Person who pushes 

3172
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:17,800
through exhaustion makes 
mistakes gets hurt or becomes 

3173
02:52:17,800 --> 02:52:20,300
ill. 
You've seen this happen, you 

3174
02:52:20,300 --> 02:52:22,900
know, the signs. 
So you rest when it's 

3175
02:52:22,900 --> 02:52:26,100
appropriate and you encourage 
others to do the same, The 

3176
02:52:26,100 --> 02:52:28,700
Village has its own Collective 
rhythm of work and rest. 

3177
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:32,900
In the early morning, everyone 
is active by midday the whole 

3178
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:35,400
village. 
Quiets down smoke from cooking 

3179
02:52:35,400 --> 02:52:39,100
fires diminishes, the sounds of 
construction and repair fade. 

3180
02:52:39,100 --> 02:52:42,600
Even the children Retreat to 
shade Its Spots and settle into 

3181
02:52:42,600 --> 02:52:45,800
play. 
The Village breathes in and out 

3182
02:52:45,808 --> 02:52:50,000
with the day, Contracting during
the Heat and expanding again, as

3183
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:53,000
evening approaches. 
You don't fight this Rhythm. 

3184
02:52:53,000 --> 02:52:55,800
You move with it. 
You've never known any other 

3185
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:58,400
way. 
The idea of working straight 

3186
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:01,900
through the hottest, part of the
day, would strike you as absurd 

3187
02:53:01,900 --> 02:53:04,800
and dangerous. 
You work hard, but you work 

3188
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,500
within the limits of what your 
body and the environment allow 

3189
02:53:08,300 --> 02:53:11,800
this balance between effort and 
rest is taught without words, 

3190
02:53:11,800 --> 02:53:13,700
children. 
Watch adults. 

3191
02:53:13,700 --> 02:53:16,500
Stop working. 
When the sun is high, they see 

3192
02:53:16,500 --> 02:53:19,300
people sitting in the shade 
drinking water and waiting out 

3193
02:53:19,300 --> 02:53:21,600
the heat. 
They absorb this pattern and 

3194
02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:25,000
replicated as they grow. 
By the time they're adults 

3195
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,000
themselves, the rhythm is so 
ingrained they don't question 

3196
02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:31,100
it. 
Rest is woven into the fabric of

3197
02:53:31,100 --> 02:53:34,300
daily life, not as an 
interruption, but as an 

3198
02:53:34,300 --> 02:53:38,300
essential component, it's as 
important as the work itself, 

3199
02:53:38,300 --> 02:53:41,300
and it makes the work 
sustainable over a lifetime 

3200
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:46,300
grain is the center of your 
diet, Emma Wheaton barley grow 

3201
02:53:46,300 --> 02:53:49,100
in the fields that flood and 
drain with the Niles cycle. 

3202
02:53:49,100 --> 02:53:55,500
You plan to the waters recede 
leaving behind Rich silt You 

3203
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:57,400
harvest when the stalks are dry 
and golden. 

3204
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:01,500
Every meal you eat begins with 
grain, the grain must be 

3205
02:54:01,508 --> 02:54:03,400
processed before it can become 
food. 

3206
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:07,200
You pour it onto a large flat 
surface and toss it into the air

3207
02:54:07,200 --> 02:54:11,000
using a shallow basket. 
The wind carries away, the chaff

3208
02:54:11,000 --> 02:54:13,900
and the heavier grain falls back
into the basket. 

3209
02:54:14,600 --> 02:54:17,200
This is winnowing and it takes 
patience. 

3210
02:54:18,000 --> 02:54:21,200
You repeat the process over and 
over until the grain is clean. 

3211
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:24,200
Once winnowed the grain is 
stored in large jars. 

3212
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:27,500
Or in pits lined with Clay, you 
keep it as dry as possible 

3213
02:54:27,500 --> 02:54:29,400
because moisture leads to 
spoilage. 

3214
02:54:30,400 --> 02:54:34,000
You check the storage regularly 
looking for signs of insects or 

3215
02:54:34,000 --> 02:54:38,400
mold if you find any, you remove
the affected portion and use the

3216
02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:40,200
rest quickly before more is 
lost. 

3217
02:54:40,200 --> 02:54:44,000
When you need flour, you grind 
grain using your quirin. 

3218
02:54:44,000 --> 02:54:47,500
You pour a small amount of grain
onto the lower Stone and push 

3219
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:49,700
the upper Stone of cross it back
and forth. 

3220
02:54:49,700 --> 02:54:54,000
Applying steady pressure. 
The grain cracks and crumbles 

3221
02:54:54,000 --> 02:54:56,100
gradually turning into coarse 
flour. 

3222
02:54:56,900 --> 02:55:00,200
He gather the flower and grind 
more grain until you have enough

3223
02:55:00,200 --> 02:55:03,200
for the day's bread. 
The flour is never perfectly 

3224
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:06,200
smooth. 
It contains tiny fragments of 

3225
02:55:06,200 --> 02:55:08,300
stone worn away from the corn 
itself. 

3226
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:11,800
Over a lifetime, these particles
wear down your teeth. 

3227
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:16,300
Everyone you know has damaged 
teeth by middle age, ground flat

3228
02:55:16,300 --> 02:55:19,800
or broken from chewing bread. 
Filled with grit, it's simply 

3229
02:55:19,800 --> 02:55:22,400
part of eating. 
You mix the flour with water to 

3230
02:55:22,400 --> 02:55:24,800
form dough. 
You add a bit of old dough from 

3231
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:27,300
the previous batch which has 
begun to ferment and will help 

3232
02:55:27,300 --> 02:55:29,900
the new dough. 
Rise slightly you need it with 

3233
02:55:29,900 --> 02:55:33,300
your hands pressing and folding 
until it's smooth and elastic 

3234
02:55:34,500 --> 02:55:36,500
The dough is sticky and clings 
to your fingers. 

3235
02:55:36,500 --> 02:55:39,100
You scrape it off and continue 
working it. 

3236
02:55:39,900 --> 02:55:43,800
Baking happens in a simple oven.
A dome-shaped structure made 

3237
02:55:43,800 --> 02:55:45,700
from mud brick with an opening 
at the front. 

3238
02:55:46,600 --> 02:55:50,000
You build a fire inside and let 
it burn until the walls of very 

3239
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:52,300
hot. 
Then you scrape out most of the 

3240
02:55:52,308 --> 02:55:56,100
coals leaving just enough Heat. 
You flatten the dough into 

3241
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:58,900
rounds and slap them against the
hot interior walls. 

3242
02:55:58,900 --> 02:56:02,600
They stick their and fake 
quickly filling the air with the

3243
02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:06,500
smell of bread when the bread is
done, you pull it out using a 

3244
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:10,200
stick or your bare hands. 
If you're quick The loaves are 

3245
02:56:10,200 --> 02:56:12,600
flat and dense with a slightly 
charred exterior. 

3246
02:56:13,500 --> 02:56:16,500
You stack them in a basket and 
cover them with cloth to keep 

3247
02:56:16,508 --> 02:56:19,800
them from drying out too much. 
They'll be eaten throughout the 

3248
02:56:19,800 --> 02:56:23,100
day, torn into pieces and dipped
into whatever else is available.

3249
02:56:24,000 --> 02:56:26,700
Bread is the foundation, but you
eat other things as well. 

3250
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:30,600
Onions are common. 
You slice them and eat them raw 

3251
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:32,500
or cook them in water until 
they're soft. 

3252
02:56:33,200 --> 02:56:37,000
They add flavor and texture to 
otherwise plain meals, garlic 

3253
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:41,000
and leeks of the same purpose. 
They're pungent and strong and 

3254
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:43,100
they make simple food more 
interesting. 

3255
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:47,700
Beans and lentils grow in the 
fields, alongside grain, you 

3256
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:50,300
harvest them. 
When the pods are dry You cook 

3257
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:53,200
them in water over the fire 
boiling them until they're soft 

3258
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:56,600
enough to eat. 
Filling and provide substance. 

3259
02:56:56,600 --> 02:57:00,100
When grain alone isn't enough, 
you seize them with a little 

3260
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:02,900
salt if you have it or with 
crushed garlic. 

3261
02:57:03,900 --> 02:57:06,800
Fish is available if you live 
near the river or if someone in 

3262
02:57:06,800 --> 02:57:10,900
your family fishes. 
The Nile is full of fish, a very

3263
02:57:10,900 --> 02:57:15,200
sizes, you catch them with Nets 
or simple Hooks and lines. 

3264
02:57:16,100 --> 02:57:20,300
Fresh fish, are gutted and 
scaled, then roasted over coals 

3265
02:57:20,300 --> 02:57:23,400
or boiled in water. 
The flesh is white and Flaky. 

3266
02:57:23,400 --> 02:57:27,200
And it tastes of the river dried
fish are more common than fresh 

3267
02:57:27,200 --> 02:57:31,100
because they keep longer you 
split the fish open, remove the 

3268
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:33,500
innards and lay them in the sun 
to dry. 

3269
02:57:33,500 --> 02:57:38,000
Once dryed they become stiff and
hard and can be stored for 

3270
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:40,500
months. 
Soak them in water before 

3271
02:57:40,500 --> 02:57:43,900
cooking to soften them again. 
They're saltier and stronger 

3272
02:57:43,900 --> 02:57:49,300
tasting than fresh fish. 
Still good meat is rare, you 

3273
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:52,300
might eat it during a festival 
or after an animal is 

3274
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:56,100
slaughtered for a specific. 
Reason goat sheep and sometimes 

3275
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:58,800
cattle. 
The animal is butchered and the 

3276
02:57:58,800 --> 02:58:00,600
meat is divided. 
Among many people. 

3277
02:58:00,600 --> 02:58:05,600
You get small portion, which you
roast or boil, it's rich and 

3278
02:58:05,600 --> 02:58:07,900
fatty and unlike anything else 
you eat? 

3279
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:10,900
You save it because you don't 
know when you'll have meet 

3280
02:58:10,900 --> 02:58:13,300
again, birds can be trapped or 
hunted. 

3281
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:15,600
Ducks and geese live along the 
river. 

3282
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:19,600
You catch them using Nets or 
traps new roast them whole over.

3283
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:23,400
The fire, the meat is darker 
than fish and more flavorful. 

3284
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:26,500
The bones are brittle and your 
careful not to swallow them. 

3285
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:30,900
Vegetables grow in small plots 
near the village cucumbers 

3286
02:58:30,900 --> 02:58:35,100
lettuces and radishes. 
You harvest them as they ripen 

3287
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:38,200
and eat them fresh. 
They're crisp and watery and 

3288
02:58:38,200 --> 02:58:41,400
provide a contrast to the heavy 
Staples of bread and beans. 

3289
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:44,800
You don't cook them. 
You eat them raw sometimes with 

3290
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:47,800
a little salt. 
Fruit comes from trees that grow

3291
02:58:47,800 --> 02:58:51,300
near the river date. 
So the most common you pick them

3292
02:58:51,300 --> 02:58:53,600
when they're ripe and sweet and 
eat them as a treat. 

3293
02:58:53,600 --> 02:58:57,500
They're sticky and Rich and a 
few dates can satisfy your 

3294
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:01,400
hunger for a while. 
Figs grow in some areas and you 

3295
02:59:01,408 --> 02:59:05,300
eat them fresh or dried. 
They're soft and sweet and full 

3296
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:07,600
of tiny seeds. 
You drink water. 

3297
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:10,600
Most of the time. 
Beer is also common, though. 

3298
02:59:10,600 --> 02:59:15,000
It's not like modern beer. 
It's thick and nutritious made 

3299
02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:18,000
from partially baked bread. 
That's crumbled into water and 

3300
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:21,800
left to ferment. 
The result is a sour grainy 

3301
02:59:21,800 --> 02:59:25,200
liquid that provides calories 
and hydration you drink it 

3302
02:59:25,200 --> 02:59:28,100
throughout the day and even 
children, drink it because the 

3303
02:59:28,100 --> 02:59:31,000
fermentation makes it safer than
plain river water. 

3304
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:34,400
Milk is available. 
If your family keeps goats or 

3305
02:59:34,400 --> 02:59:38,400
sheep, you drink it fresh, or 
let it sour into something like 

3306
02:59:38,400 --> 02:59:42,200
yogurt. 
It's rich and filling and you 

3307
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:44,800
use it sparingly because the 
animals don't produce large 

3308
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:48,100
quantities. 
Honey is rare and precious. 

3309
02:59:48,100 --> 02:59:50,900
If you have access to it, you 
use it. 

3310
02:59:50,900 --> 02:59:55,100
Sparingly to sweeten food or as 
a medicine for sore throats and 

3311
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:58,800
wounds. 
It's thick and golden and taste 

3312
02:59:58,800 --> 03:00:00,000
intensely. 
Sweet. 

3313
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:04,000
You don't waste it. 
Meals are not elaborate Affairs.

3314
03:00:04,000 --> 03:00:07,600
You prepare food in the simplest
way possible and eat it when 

3315
03:00:07,600 --> 03:00:10,600
it's ready. 
Breakfast might be left over 

3316
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:14,500
bread and an onion. 
Lunch might be bread and beans 

3317
03:00:14,500 --> 03:00:19,300
dinner might be bred fish and a 
few vegetables, the meals are 

3318
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:22,400
repetitive but they're filling 
and they keep you alive. 

3319
03:00:22,400 --> 03:00:27,500
You eat with your hands. 
You tear bread, scoop beans and 

3320
03:00:27,500 --> 03:00:30,400
pick up pieces of fish. 
You wipe your hands on your 

3321
03:00:30,400 --> 03:00:32,400
clothing or rinse them in water 
when you're done. 

3322
03:00:33,200 --> 03:00:35,800
There are no plates or utensils 
in the way you might imagine 

3323
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:39,300
them you eat from shared bowls 
or directly from the cooking 

3324
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:40,500
pot. 
Food. 

3325
03:00:40,500 --> 03:00:44,700
Preparation is a constant task. 
Grinding, grain, baking bread 

3326
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:48,100
tending the fire cooking beans 
preparing vegetables. 

3327
03:00:48,100 --> 03:00:52,000
It fills much of your day. 
You do it because it must be 

3328
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:55,900
done and because if you don't 
your family won't eat you waste 

3329
03:00:55,900 --> 03:00:59,200
nothing. 
If bread goes stale, you soak it

3330
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:01,600
in water and add it to a soup or
stew. 

3331
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:05,400
If vegetables begin to wilt you 
cook them immediately. 

3332
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:11,100
Bones from fish or meter boiled 
to make broth to animals or 

3333
03:01:11,100 --> 03:01:14,100
composted. 
Every bit of food has value, 

3334
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:17,400
you're aware of hunger as a 
constant low-level presence, 

3335
03:01:17,400 --> 03:01:21,100
your rarely stuffed your rarely 
completely satisfied. 

3336
03:01:21,100 --> 03:01:25,700
You eat enough to keep working 
and that's what matters on good 

3337
03:01:25,700 --> 03:01:28,000
days. 
There's enough for everyone on 

3338
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:30,600
bad days. 
You make do with less you've 

3339
03:01:30,600 --> 03:01:33,400
been through both and you know, 
you'll go through them again. 

3340
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:38,300
As the sun lowers, the quality 
of light changes, the harsh 

3341
03:01:38,300 --> 03:01:41,400
brightness of midday softens 
into something gentler. 

3342
03:01:42,100 --> 03:01:45,500
Shadows, lengthen, across the 
village, the air cools slightly 

3343
03:01:45,500 --> 03:01:46,900
though. 
It still warm. 

3344
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:49,900
You can feel the day beginning 
to release its grip. 

3345
03:01:49,900 --> 03:01:54,500
You return from wherever you've 
been working Fields workshops 

3346
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:57,300
and you come back to your own 
small dwelling. 

3347
03:01:57,900 --> 03:02:00,300
You set down your tools in their
usual spot. 

3348
03:02:01,100 --> 03:02:02,700
You check the water jar and fill
it. 

3349
03:02:02,708 --> 03:02:06,100
If it's low, you begin the 
process of transitioning from 

3350
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:08,600
work mode to evening mode, 
though. 

3351
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:12,500
You don't name it that way. 
Fire needs tending, if it's 

3352
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:16,000
burned down to Khols, you add 
fuel to bring it back to life. 

3353
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:20,400
If it's gone out entirely, you 
restart it either by coaxing, an

3354
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:23,300
old ember back to Flame or by 
getting fire from a neighbor. 

3355
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:27,000
Once the fire is going, you 
begin preparing the evening 

3356
03:02:27,000 --> 03:02:29,300
meal. 
This preparation is similar to 

3357
03:02:29,308 --> 03:02:32,200
what you did in the morning, but
there's a different feeling to 

3358
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:34,700
it. 
Tired from the day's work, but 

3359
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:38,100
you're all so settling in the 
urgency of the morning is gone, 

3360
03:02:38,100 --> 03:02:40,400
you move more slowly with less 
Rush. 

3361
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:44,200
You know, the night is coming 
and with it rest. 

3362
03:02:45,200 --> 03:02:47,900
You might boil beans that have 
been soaking during the day. 

3363
03:02:48,600 --> 03:02:50,800
You might warm leftover Bread 
near the fire. 

3364
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:53,500
You might cook fish, if there's 
any to cook. 

3365
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:57,100
The meal comes together 
gradually and you're not in a 

3366
03:02:57,100 --> 03:03:01,400
hurry, you stir the pot, Add 
Water when needed and taste to 

3367
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:04,200
see if it's done. 
Children drift in and out of the

3368
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:07,500
house as the evening progresses.
They're drawn to the light of 

3369
03:03:07,500 --> 03:03:09,500
the fire and the smell of 
cooking food. 

3370
03:03:09,500 --> 03:03:13,100
They're all so tired from 
playing all day, they become 

3371
03:03:13,100 --> 03:03:17,100
quieter, their energy winding 
down, they sit near you and 

3372
03:03:17,100 --> 03:03:20,100
watch what you're doing or they 
lean against a wall and half 

3373
03:03:20,100 --> 03:03:23,300
doze. 
When the food is ready, you call

3374
03:03:23,300 --> 03:03:26,300
everyone to eat. 
You don't use a formal summons, 

3375
03:03:26,300 --> 03:03:30,900
you simply say that the meal is 
prepared and people, come, you 

3376
03:03:30,900 --> 03:03:32,700
serve the food into shared 
bowls. 

3377
03:03:32,700 --> 03:03:35,200
Everyone takes what they need 
you. 

3378
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:38,300
Eat together sitting on the 
ground or on low stools. 

3379
03:03:38,300 --> 03:03:40,600
The fire providing warmth and 
Light. 

3380
03:03:42,000 --> 03:03:45,900
The conversation during the meal
is low and occasional people are

3381
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:49,100
too busy eating to talk much 
when someone does speak. 

3382
03:03:49,100 --> 03:03:52,300
Its about practical things, what
needs doing tomorrow? 

3383
03:03:52,300 --> 03:03:55,000
Whether someone saw a particular
tool that's gone. 

3384
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:58,700
Missing how a child is 
recovering from a scraped knee 

3385
03:03:59,600 --> 03:04:01,400
The talk is easy and 
unremarkable. 

3386
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:05,800
After eating, you clean up in a 
basic way, you rinse the bowls 

3387
03:04:05,800 --> 03:04:09,100
with water, you scrape, the 
cooking pot and set it aside to 

3388
03:04:09,100 --> 03:04:10,500
be washed. 
More thoroughly later. 

3389
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:13,100
You make sure the fire is at a 
safe level. 

3390
03:04:13,100 --> 03:04:16,800
Not too high with enough fuel to
keep it going for a while, but 

3391
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:21,100
not so much that it's wasteful. 
The light continues to fade 

3392
03:04:21,100 --> 03:04:24,300
inside the house. 
It becomes dim. 

3393
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:27,700
You might light a small oil lamp
if you need to see clearly for 

3394
03:04:27,700 --> 03:04:30,400
some tasks. 
But more often, you simply let 

3395
03:04:30,400 --> 03:04:32,000
your eyes adjust to the 
darkness. 

3396
03:04:32,800 --> 03:04:35,400
You've lived in this space long 
enough that you can move through

3397
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:39,100
it without seeing every detail. 
You settle into the final task 

3398
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:41,600
of the day. 
Maybe You Mend, a tear in a 

3399
03:04:41,608 --> 03:04:44,900
piece of clothing, maybe you 
check the grain storage one more

3400
03:04:44,900 --> 03:04:47,200
time. 
Maybe you prepare tomorrow's 

3401
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:49,000
bread dough so it can sit 
overnight. 

3402
03:04:49,700 --> 03:04:53,500
These tasks are small and don't 
require much concentration. 

3403
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:57,700
You do them almost automatically
children are getting sleepy. 

3404
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:00,500
The youngest ones are already 
lying down on their Maps. 

3405
03:05:00,500 --> 03:05:04,700
Eyes closing, older children 
resist a bit longer but they 

3406
03:05:04,700 --> 03:05:07,700
yawns, give them away. 
You don't force them to sleep, 

3407
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:10,000
you know, they'll drop off when 
they're ready. 

3408
03:05:10,700 --> 03:05:13,600
You make sure they're in a safe 
spot to let them settle on their

3409
03:05:13,600 --> 03:05:15,900
own. 
You might sit outside for a 

3410
03:05:15,900 --> 03:05:19,200
while after the householders 
quieted the air is cooler. 

3411
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:23,800
Now sometimes even Pleasant the 
skies Full of Stars, more stars 

3412
03:05:23,800 --> 03:05:26,600
than you can count. 
You don't know their names or 

3413
03:05:26,600 --> 03:05:30,700
patterns in any formal way, but 
you recognize the general shapes

3414
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:33,700
and movements. 
You've seen these Same Stars 

3415
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:37,300
every clear night of your life, 
the village around you is 

3416
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:40,300
winding down as well. 
You hear the low murmur of 

3417
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:43,700
voices from other households, 
you see the faint glow of other 

3418
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:47,300
fires, you smell smoke and 
cooking, and the earthy scent of

3419
03:05:47,308 --> 03:05:49,800
the river. 
Everything is familiar, 

3420
03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:54,300
everything is as it should be. 
Sometimes you talk with a family

3421
03:05:54,300 --> 03:05:56,600
member or neighbor, whose 
sitting out side. 

3422
03:05:56,600 --> 03:06:00,700
The conversation is slow and 
interrupted by long, pause. 

3423
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:04,800
His You talk about the day that 
ending or the day that's coming.

3424
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:09,000
You talk about nothing in 
particular, the words matter 

3425
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:13,200
less than the company. 
Eventually you go inside, you 

3426
03:06:13,200 --> 03:06:17,000
lie down on your mat. 
Your body's tired in a thorough 

3427
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:19,400
complete way. 
Your muscles ache. 

3428
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:25,400
Your hands are rough and saw But
this tiredness is expected, it's

3429
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:28,900
the natural result of a day. 
Spent working, you don't lie 

3430
03:06:28,900 --> 03:06:31,400
awake for long, the darkness and
quiet. 

3431
03:06:31,400 --> 03:06:34,500
Pull you down into sleep. 
You're not aware of the moment 

3432
03:06:34,500 --> 03:06:37,800
when waking turns into sleeping,
it just happens. 

3433
03:06:38,800 --> 03:06:40,500
One moment you're thinking about
something. 

3434
03:06:40,500 --> 03:06:44,000
And the next moment you're not 
thinking at all the house is 

3435
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:47,900
dark and still the fire has 
burned down to a faint glow. 

3436
03:06:47,900 --> 03:06:51,200
Your family members are a sleep 
around you, they're breathing 

3437
03:06:51,200 --> 03:06:56,400
slow, and even The day is over, 
tomorrow will come soon enough 

3438
03:06:56,400 --> 03:07:01,700
and it will be much like today. 
but for now there's only this 

3439
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,900
the quiet, the dark. 
The rest. 

3440
03:07:07,200 --> 03:07:09,100
Night in your household is not 
silent. 

3441
03:07:09,100 --> 03:07:12,100
You hear the breathing of others
sleeping near you. 

3442
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:16,500
You hear the occasional shift 
and rustle as someone turns over

3443
03:07:16,500 --> 03:07:19,400
on their mat? 
you hear the night, sounds from 

3444
03:07:19,400 --> 03:07:24,000
outside, insects the distant 
movement of animals and the 

3445
03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:28,900
faint Whisper of wind You sleep 
deeply, most of the time, but 

3446
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:32,300
you wait, sometimes maybe you 
need to relieve yourself. 

3447
03:07:32,300 --> 03:07:35,900
Maybe you're uncomfortable from 
the Heat, or from lying to long,

3448
03:07:35,900 --> 03:07:39,800
and one position, maybe a sound 
as Disturbed you though not 

3449
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:43,200
enough to allow you. 
You open your eyes, adjust 

3450
03:07:43,200 --> 03:07:47,800
yourself, and settle back down. 
If you need to go outside, you 

3451
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:50,600
do so quietly. 
You step over the other 

3452
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:52,900
sleepers, careful not to wake 
them. 

3453
03:07:53,500 --> 03:07:56,000
You go out into the night air 
and take care of what you need 

3454
03:07:56,000 --> 03:07:59,600
to take care of the villages 
dark except for the stars and 

3455
03:07:59,600 --> 03:08:02,900
maybe a sliver of moon. 
You know the layout well enough 

3456
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:05,800
that you don't stumble, you 
finish and go back inside. 

3457
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:08,700
Children. 
Wake during the night more often

3458
03:08:08,700 --> 03:08:13,000
than adults, a young child might
wake crying unsure of where they

3459
03:08:13,000 --> 03:08:16,400
are in the Darkness. 
You Reach Out And Touch them, 

3460
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:18,700
your hand on their back or 
shoulder. 

3461
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:22,100
You make a soft sound to let 
them know you're there. 

3462
03:08:22,100 --> 03:08:26,000
Usually that's enough. 
They are quiet and go back to 

3463
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:29,200
sleep. 
If a child is truly distressed, 

3464
03:08:29,200 --> 03:08:31,600
you sit up and hold them for a 
while. 

3465
03:08:31,600 --> 03:08:35,300
You rock gently or you simply 
sit still with them in your 

3466
03:08:35,300 --> 03:08:39,200
arms. 
You don't speak much quiet and 

3467
03:08:39,200 --> 03:08:40,700
your present. 
So what's needed? 

3468
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:44,800
After a few minutes, the child 
relaxes, you lay them back down 

3469
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:46,300
and cover them with a like 
cloth. 

3470
03:08:46,300 --> 03:08:50,400
You return to your own mat 
babies, wake frequently, they 

3471
03:08:50,400 --> 03:08:53,400
need to nurse, you feed them 
while half of sleep, barely 

3472
03:08:53,400 --> 03:08:56,900
conscious of the process. 
It's happened so many times that

3473
03:08:56,900 --> 03:09:00,900
your body knows what to do with 
your mind, fully engaging, you 

3474
03:09:00,900 --> 03:09:03,600
hold the baby. 
They nurse, they fall back 

3475
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:06,600
asleep, and you lower them 
gently onto their mat. 

3476
03:09:06,600 --> 03:09:08,800
You're a sleep again, within 
moments. 

3477
03:09:09,800 --> 03:09:13,600
Nighttime care is matter of 
fact, you don't resent being 

3478
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:16,700
woken. 
You don't feel put upon, this is

3479
03:09:16,700 --> 03:09:18,800
what happens. 
When you have children, you 

3480
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:22,500
respond to their needs and then 
go back to sleep to simple as 

3481
03:09:22,500 --> 03:09:24,900
that. 
Elderly family members, 

3482
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:28,200
sometimes have trouble sleeping 
they wake in the night and stay 

3483
03:09:28,200 --> 03:09:30,500
awake for a while. 
You might hear them shifting 

3484
03:09:30,500 --> 03:09:34,000
around getting up and sitting in
the doorway you don't question 

3485
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:36,800
them or tell them to go back to 
bed, they'll sleep when they're 

3486
03:09:36,800 --> 03:09:39,600
able. 
In the meantime they sit quietly

3487
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:42,700
and don't disturb anyone. 
Occasionally someone in the 

3488
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:45,000
household is ill and needs 
attention during the night. 

3489
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:48,600
You bring them water, if they 
ask for it, you check to see if 

3490
03:09:48,608 --> 03:09:51,600
they have a fever by touching 
their forehead you adjust their 

3491
03:09:51,600 --> 03:09:53,600
position. 
If they're uncomfortable, you do

3492
03:09:53,600 --> 03:09:56,400
what you can knowing that some 
illnesses simply have to run 

3493
03:09:56,400 --> 03:09:59,100
their course. 
Fire, usually dies down 

3494
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:01,800
overnight but sometimes you bank
it carefully. 

3495
03:10:01,800 --> 03:10:03,600
So there are still colds in the 
morning. 

3496
03:10:04,400 --> 03:10:07,000
If you wake in the night and 
notice the fire has gone out, 

3497
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:10,500
completely you might restart it,
especially if the Knight is 

3498
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,200
cool. 
You build a small fire just for 

3499
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:17,200
warmth, not for cooking. 
The light is comforting and the 

3500
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:20,800
heat makes sleepy easier. 
Dreams happen, though. 

3501
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:24,500
You don't always remember them. 
Sometimes you wake with a vague 

3502
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:27,100
sense of having dreamed 
something, but there's details 

3503
03:10:27,100 --> 03:10:30,100
are gone. 
Other times a dream is vivid 

3504
03:10:30,100 --> 03:10:31,900
enough that it stays with you 
into the morning. 

3505
03:10:31,900 --> 03:10:35,500
You don't put much stock in 
Dreams, they're just part of 

3506
03:10:35,500 --> 03:10:40,200
sleep as natural as breathing. 
If you're woken by a loud noise 

3507
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:43,100
and animal outside a sudden rain
shower. 

3508
03:10:43,800 --> 03:10:47,300
Someone in another household 
calling out you listen for a 

3509
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:48,900
moment to determine if there's 
danger. 

3510
03:10:48,900 --> 03:10:54,600
Usually there isn't you identify
the source of the sound decides.

3511
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:57,200
It's nothing to worry about and 
go back to sleep. 

3512
03:10:58,100 --> 03:11:00,500
In the hottest months, you might
sleep out on the roof. 

3513
03:11:00,500 --> 03:11:03,800
It's cooler up there and you can
catch any Breeze. 

3514
03:11:04,600 --> 03:11:07,500
He carry on Matt up and settle 
in for the night under the Open 

3515
03:11:07,500 --> 03:11:10,000
Sky. 
You wake sometimes when the 

3516
03:11:10,000 --> 03:11:12,700
stars are still bright and lie, 
there for a while, looking up, 

3517
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:16,400
you think Idol thoughts, or you 
think nothing at all? 

3518
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:19,300
Eventually you drift back to 
sleep? 

3519
03:11:19,300 --> 03:11:22,600
Night time is accepted as part 
of the days Rhythm. 

3520
03:11:22,600 --> 03:11:27,000
It's not something to fear. 
slept in this house or one like 

3521
03:11:27,000 --> 03:11:30,800
it every night of your life, you
know, the sound, you know, the 

3522
03:11:30,800 --> 03:11:35,200
darkness, you know what's normal
and what isn't the night holds 

3523
03:11:35,200 --> 03:11:38,700
no mysteries for you, children 
learn to sleep through most 

3524
03:11:38,700 --> 03:11:43,500
disturbances when they're very 
young, any sound wakes them as 

3525
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:47,700
they grow, they sleep more 
soundly By the time they're 

3526
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:50,700
adults, they can sleep through 
the crying of a baby or the 

3527
03:11:50,700 --> 03:11:53,500
movement of someone. 
Getting up they wake only when 

3528
03:11:53,500 --> 03:11:56,500
they need to the rhythm of sleep
is not rigid. 

3529
03:11:56,500 --> 03:11:58,700
You don't go to bed at a precise
time. 

3530
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:02,400
Every night, you lie down, when 
you're tired, which is usually 

3531
03:12:02,400 --> 03:12:05,500
soon after Dark. 
You wake when light begins to 

3532
03:12:05,500 --> 03:12:09,600
filter in which is usually 
around Dawn, the exact timing 

3533
03:12:09,600 --> 03:12:12,700
varies with the seasons, but 
your body adjust naturally. 

3534
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:17,300
Sleep is deep and restorative. 
You wake in the morning, feeling

3535
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:20,800
ready to work again, your body 
is repaired itself, overnight, 

3536
03:12:20,800 --> 03:12:24,400
your mind is clear. 
You're not thinking about the 

3537
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:27,200
night that's passed, you're 
thinking about the day ahead. 

3538
03:12:28,700 --> 03:12:32,300
The household stirs gradually as
morning comes one person. 

3539
03:12:32,300 --> 03:12:36,100
Waits, and begins to move around
the sounds of their movement. 

3540
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:39,100
Awaken other children, wake and 
stop making noise. 

3541
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:41,900
You open your eyes and see that 
it's light. 

3542
03:12:41,900 --> 03:12:45,500
You sit up stretch and begin the
day. 

3543
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:49,400
The night is over and you didn't
need to struggle against it. 

3544
03:12:49,400 --> 03:12:52,900
It's simply happened as it 
always does. 

3545
03:12:53,700 --> 03:12:56,800
Your life unfolds in patterns 
that repeat so regularly. 

3546
03:12:56,800 --> 03:13:02,300
They become invisible. 
You wake work, eat rest and 

3547
03:13:02,300 --> 03:13:07,100
sleep. 
The next day, the same, the day 

3548
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:08,700
after that. 
The same again. 

3549
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:12,800
This repetition is not 
monotonous in a negative sense. 

3550
03:13:12,800 --> 03:13:16,800
It's the structure that holds 
everything together, the seasons

3551
03:13:16,800 --> 03:13:20,300
change and with them, the 
specific tasks change. 

3552
03:13:20,300 --> 03:13:25,100
But the Rhythm remains When the 
Nile floods, you work on tasks 

3553
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:29,700
that don't require dry fields 
when the water recedes you 

3554
03:13:29,700 --> 03:13:32,400
plant? 
when the crops mature you 

3555
03:13:32,400 --> 03:13:37,200
harvest, When the dry season 
comes, you prepare and wait for 

3556
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:40,300
the cycle to Begin. 
Again, you've seen this pattern 

3557
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:44,100
your entire life and your 
parents saw it before you and 

3558
03:13:44,100 --> 03:13:47,500
their parents before them. 
Your children absorb these 

3559
03:13:47,500 --> 03:13:50,600
rhythms by living them. 
They don't need formal 

3560
03:13:50,600 --> 03:13:53,300
instructions. 
They see you waking with the sun

3561
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,600
and they do the same. 
They see you stopping work 

3562
03:13:56,600 --> 03:13:58,800
during the Heat and they learn 
to rest. 

3563
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:03,500
The what you repair a tool, or 
grind grain or build a fire and 

3564
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:05,300
eventually they do these things 
themselves. 

3565
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:10,000
The knowledge passes seamlessly 
from one generation to the next.

3566
03:14:10,700 --> 03:14:13,500
You don't think of yourself as 
preserving a civilization, 

3567
03:14:13,500 --> 03:14:16,600
you'll simply living your life 
in the way that makes sense, 

3568
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:18,900
given the resources and 
environment around you. 

3569
03:14:19,900 --> 03:14:24,200
But in doing so you contribute 
to something larger, the 

3570
03:14:24,200 --> 03:14:28,500
routines, you follow the skills,
you practice and the values you 

3571
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:30,800
embody. 
These are what allow your 

3572
03:14:30,800 --> 03:14:33,000
community to persist across 
centuries. 

3573
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:35,800
The village you live in has been
here for Generations. 

3574
03:14:35,800 --> 03:14:40,100
Some of the houses have been 
standing for decades patched and

3575
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:42,400
repaired and rebuilt in 
sections, but still 

3576
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:44,100
fundamentally the same 
structures. 

3577
03:14:44,900 --> 03:14:48,200
The paths between houses are 
worn Smooth by countless feet, 

3578
03:14:48,200 --> 03:14:52,100
walking the same routes year. 
After year, the fields have been

3579
03:14:52,108 --> 03:14:55,700
planted and harvested so many 
times that the soil remember's 

3580
03:14:55,700 --> 03:15:00,400
new house is built when families
grow old house, is a band and 

3581
03:15:00,400 --> 03:15:04,500
when family shrink or move, The 
Village shifts slightly over 

3582
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:08,600
time, but it doesn't disappear. 
It remains rooted in this spot 

3583
03:15:08,600 --> 03:15:11,500
along the Nile because this is 
where water and fertile land. 

3584
03:15:11,500 --> 03:15:16,700
Meet Fundamental logic of the 
place, hasn't changed, you know,

3585
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:18,900
the history of your family 
through stories. 

3586
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:23,200
Your grandmother tells you about
a childhood which was much like 

3587
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:25,600
yours. 
Her grandmother told her similar

3588
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:28,900
stories, these narratives 
stretch back further than you 

3589
03:15:28,900 --> 03:15:32,400
can trace blending into each 
other until individual people 

3590
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:36,000
are lost and only the general 
shape of Life remains. 

3591
03:15:37,000 --> 03:15:41,200
But that shape is consistent. 
Hard work, dependence. 

3592
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:44,900
On the river, cooperation with 
neighbors and respect for The 

3593
03:15:44,900 --> 03:15:48,100
rhythms of nature. 
You don't have written records, 

3594
03:15:48,100 --> 03:15:51,300
you don't need them. 
The important knowledge is 

3595
03:15:51,300 --> 03:15:53,200
embedded in your daily 
practices. 

3596
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:56,100
You know, when to plant because 
you've seen it done every year, 

3597
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:59,300
you know, how to build a house 
because you've helped build and 

3598
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:02,600
repair houses since you are old 
enough to carry mud, you know 

3599
03:16:02,600 --> 03:16:05,000
how to navigate social 
relationships because you've 

3600
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:07,000
been part of this community, 
your whole life. 

3601
03:16:07,700 --> 03:16:12,500
Change happens, but slowly, a 
new tool design is introduced or

3602
03:16:12,500 --> 03:16:14,800
someone discovers. 
A slightly better way to store 

3603
03:16:14,800 --> 03:16:18,500
grain or a family moves into the
Village from elsewhere and 

3604
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:22,100
brings different costs. 
These changes are integrated 

3605
03:16:22,100 --> 03:16:25,900
gradually, you try the new 
method and if it works, you keep

3606
03:16:25,900 --> 03:16:28,800
using it. 
If it doesn't, you go back to 

3607
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:31,800
what, you know, there's a 
conservatism to this way of 

3608
03:16:31,808 --> 03:16:36,400
life, but it's not resistant to 
change for its own sake, its 

3609
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:40,500
caution born from experience. 
The old ways work, they've been 

3610
03:16:40,508 --> 03:16:44,500
tested across Generations. 
New ways might work better or 

3611
03:16:44,500 --> 03:16:48,300
they might fail spectacularly. 
You're willing to experiment, 

3612
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:51,600
but you don't abandon proven 
methods without good reason, 

3613
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:55,000
your sense of time is cyclical 
rather than linear. 

3614
03:16:55,800 --> 03:16:59,200
The year begins with the flood 
and ends with the dry season and

3615
03:16:59,200 --> 03:17:02,400
then it begins again. 
You don't think of time as 

3616
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:05,500
progressing towards and distant 
goal, you think of it as a 

3617
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:09,600
wheel, that turns bringing the 
same seasons and tasks around 

3618
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:13,400
again and again. 
This year's Harvest is different

3619
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:17,100
from last year's in specific 
details, but it's fundamentally 

3620
03:17:17,100 --> 03:17:21,000
the same of event. 
Within this sickle, framework 

3621
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:23,500
individual lives. 
Have a linear progression. 

3622
03:17:23,500 --> 03:17:28,900
Your born you grow. 
You work, you age and you die. 

3623
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:32,500
But even this progression is 
seen as part of the largest 

3624
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:36,600
cycle, your children will follow
the same path and their children

3625
03:17:36,600 --> 03:17:39,300
after them. 
The pattern continues. 

3626
03:17:39,300 --> 03:17:41,900
You don't know how long this has
been going on. 

3627
03:17:41,900 --> 03:17:45,200
You don't know that your 
civilization will endure for 

3628
03:17:45,200 --> 03:17:47,600
thousands of years or that 
people in the distant. 

3629
03:17:47,600 --> 03:17:49,100
Future will study your way of 
life. 

3630
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:52,000
You only know that things have 
been this way for as long as 

3631
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:55,200
anyone can remember. 
And there's no reason to think 

3632
03:17:55,200 --> 03:17:58,900
they'll change dramatically The 
Monuments being built elsewhere 

3633
03:17:58,900 --> 03:18:02,100
in Egypt. 
The temples the pyramids feel 

3634
03:18:02,100 --> 03:18:05,800
distant from your daily reality,
you know, they exist. 

3635
03:18:06,700 --> 03:18:09,200
You might have even worked on 
one if Labour was required from 

3636
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:12,400
your village. 
Don't Define your experience. 

3637
03:18:13,400 --> 03:18:16,800
your experience is defined by 
the river, the fields the 

3638
03:18:16,800 --> 03:18:20,600
village and the people, you 
know, The skills, you practice 

3639
03:18:20,600 --> 03:18:25,800
are ancient grinding, grain 
baking bread, building with mud 

3640
03:18:25,800 --> 03:18:29,100
brick weaving, baskets. 
These techniques have been 

3641
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:32,000
refined over. 
Countless Generations, you're 

3642
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:35,000
the current practitioner of 
methods that have proven their 

3643
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:39,600
worth across millennia. 
You don't innovate wildly you 

3644
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:41,200
perfect. 
What already works? 

3645
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:46,300
This quiet continuity is what 
allows a complex society to 

3646
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:48,800
function without constant 
upheaval. 

3647
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:52,800
Everyone knows their role. 
Everyone knows what's expected, 

3648
03:18:52,800 --> 03:18:57,000
the predictability creates 
stability and the stability 

3649
03:18:57,000 --> 03:19:00,800
allows people to focus on the 
immediate tasks of survival and 

3650
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:04,100
Community, rather than on 
navigating constant change. 

3651
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,900
Your life is small in scope. 
You never travel far from the 

3652
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:11,300
village. 
You never see the sea or the 

3653
03:19:11,308 --> 03:19:14,200
desert beyond the green strip 
created by the Nile. 

3654
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:18,200
Your world is measured in 
Walking distances, how far to 

3655
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:20,300
the fields, how far to the next 
Village? 

3656
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:23,300
How far up, River to the place 
where your cousin lives. 

3657
03:19:23,300 --> 03:19:27,400
But within this small world, you
have everything you need the 

3658
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:29,200
relationships. 
You maintain a deep and 

3659
03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:32,700
enduring, you know, the same 
people year after year. 

3660
03:19:32,700 --> 03:19:35,500
You watch them age. 
As they watch you age. 

3661
03:19:35,500 --> 03:19:38,500
You celebrate their successes 
and mourn their losses. 

3662
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:42,400
This web of connection is strong
because it's built slowly over 

3663
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:46,000
time, through daily interaction 
and mutual dependence. 

3664
03:19:46,000 --> 03:19:49,200
When you die, someone else will 
take up the tasks. 

3665
03:19:49,200 --> 03:19:51,900
You've been doing. 
They'll grind grain in the same 

3666
03:19:51,900 --> 03:19:55,900
way, repair houses with the same
materials and follow the same 

3667
03:19:55,900 --> 03:19:58,800
seasonal rhythms. 
Your individual contribution 

3668
03:19:58,800 --> 03:20:01,700
will be forgotten but the 
collective pattern will continue

3669
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:05,500
and that's enough. you don't 
need to be remembered by 

3670
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:10,000
history, you need to make it 
through today and tomorrow, and 

3671
03:20:10,000 --> 03:20:14,300
the day after that, You need to 
feed your family, maintain your 

3672
03:20:14,300 --> 03:20:17,500
home and fulfill your 
obligations to your community. 

3673
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:20,400
These are the things that 
matter. 

3674
03:20:20,400 --> 03:20:24,800
These are the things that keep 
civilization running the sun 

3675
03:20:24,800 --> 03:20:27,700
rises tomorrow. 
Just as it Rose this morning, 

3676
03:20:28,400 --> 03:20:32,400
the river continues its cycle 
just as it has for longer than 

3677
03:20:32,400 --> 03:20:38,500
anyone can remember you wake 
work, eat rest and sleep. 

3678
03:20:40,000 --> 03:20:42,900
Pattern repeats. 
And in that repetition there's a

3679
03:20:42,908 --> 03:20:47,000
kind of Peace you don't question
whether this is the best way to 

3680
03:20:47,000 --> 03:20:49,300
live. 
It's the way you live because 

3681
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:52,500
it's the way everyone around you
live and it works well enough to

3682
03:20:52,500 --> 03:20:54,600
sustain generation after 
generation. 

3683
03:20:54,600 --> 03:20:57,600
The continuity is quiet but 
profound. 

3684
03:20:57,600 --> 03:21:00,400
It's the steady pulse beneath 
everything else. 

3685
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:03,400
Keeping time, keeping Rhythm 
keeping life. 

3686
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:08,000
Moving forward in the only way 
it knows how The evening settles

3687
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:11,000
in wants more. 
You sit outside your door as the

3688
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:14,400
light Fades. 
Another day has ended another 

3689
03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:17,500
will begin. 
The river flows on dark and 

3690
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:21,200
steady in the growing night. you
close your eyes and breathe, The

3691
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:26,300
Familiar are This is your world 
unchanging in all the ways that 

3692
03:21:26,300 --> 03:21:31,400
matter shaped by the simple 
repetition of work and rest and 

3693
03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:35,100
the slow turning of the seasons.
You rise when the sun returns 

3694
03:21:35,100 --> 03:21:42,300
ready to begin again. 
The California Gold Rush brought

3695
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:44,900
hundreds of thousands of 
dreamers to the Sierra, Nevada 

3696
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:50,300
between 1848 and the mid-1850s. 
But the real story wasn't in the

3697
03:21:50,300 --> 03:21:52,200
headlines about overnight 
millionaires. 

3698
03:21:53,000 --> 03:21:56,300
It was in the quiet creek beds 
where solitary panners spent 

3699
03:21:56,300 --> 03:22:00,400
their days knee deep in cold 
water searching for flakes of 

3700
03:22:00,400 --> 03:22:04,500
yellow metal smaller than their 
fingernails. this is what those 

3701
03:22:04,500 --> 03:22:08,900
slow patient days actually felt 
like You wake before the sun 

3702
03:22:08,900 --> 03:22:11,800
touches, the Eastern Ridge, 
which means you wake in 

3703
03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:13,700
darkness. 
So complete, you can barely see 

3704
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:17,000
your hand. 
Your canvas tent fills with the 

3705
03:22:17,000 --> 03:22:21,800
scent of damp wall and wood 
smoke permeating, every fiber of

3706
03:22:21,808 --> 03:22:25,500
your bedroom. 
Outside the American River 

3707
03:22:25,500 --> 03:22:27,600
mutters to itself the way. 
It does every morning. 

3708
03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:31,000
The constant whisper, that 
becomes the backdrop to 

3709
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:33,900
everything you do here. 
You've been listening to that 

3710
03:22:33,900 --> 03:22:37,200
sound for three months now and 
you've stopped wondering when 

3711
03:22:37,200 --> 03:22:39,900
you'll get used to it. 
Because you already have your 

3712
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:42,900
back aches from sleeping on 
ground that never quite softens,

3713
03:22:42,900 --> 03:22:45,500
no matter how carefully you 
arrange the pine needles 

3714
03:22:45,500 --> 03:22:49,900
underneath your blanket. 
Your 37 years old, which felt 

3715
03:22:49,900 --> 03:22:53,400
Young when you left Ohio, but 
feels considerably less young. 

3716
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,700
Now that you've been hauling 
buckets of gravel up hill for 93

3717
03:22:56,700 --> 03:22:59,100
days straight, not that you're 
counting. 

3718
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:02,600
The August morning is cold 
enough that you can see your 

3719
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,700
breath, which seems impossible 
given how hot it will be by 

3720
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:07,800
noon. 
This is something nobody 

3721
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:10,200
mentioned back. 
East that the mountains could 

3722
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:12,400
freeze you at dawn and bake you 
buy lunch. 

3723
03:23:13,200 --> 03:23:16,000
You pull on your boots without 
unas fully because you learn 

3724
03:23:16,000 --> 03:23:19,400
that trick from a Danish fellow 
to camps over and it saves you 

3725
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:20,900
about 30 seconds. 
Every morning. 

3726
03:23:20,900 --> 03:23:25,300
Those seconds add up your shirt 
is still damp from yesterday's 

3727
03:23:25,300 --> 03:23:29,500
sweat, which is unpleasant, but 
not surprising nothing, dries 

3728
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,600
completely here. 
The air is too thin, the knights

3729
03:23:32,600 --> 03:23:35,900
too cold and you work too hard 
to avoid sweating straight 

3730
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:39,500
through everything you own, 
you've got two shirts total and 

3731
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:43,000
they take turns being the less 
disgusting, one outside, the 

3732
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:46,000
tent, the campus, beginning its 
morning ritual without anyone 

3733
03:23:46,000 --> 03:23:49,100
saying much of anything. 
Miners, aren't talking to before

3734
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:52,100
breakfast, the fellow whose name
you've never learned but who 

3735
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:55,900
camps about 50 feet Downstream 
is already crouched by his fire 

3736
03:23:55,900 --> 03:24:00,900
ring feeding small sticks into 
reluctant Flames his dog, a 

3737
03:24:00,900 --> 03:24:02,700
barrel-shaped mutt. 
That's missing half an ear 

3738
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:06,800
watches the fire, like it might 
Escape You've noticed that the 

3739
03:24:06,800 --> 03:24:09,900
dog is significantly better fed 
than its owner, which says 

3740
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:12,800
something about the man's 
priorities, that you find, oddly

3741
03:24:12,800 --> 03:24:15,600
reassuring. 
You build your own fire in the 

3742
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:17,700
ring of stones. 
You assembled during your first 

3743
03:24:17,700 --> 03:24:20,800
week here, back when you still 
had energy for Unnecessary 

3744
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:23,100
projects like making things look
neat. 

3745
03:24:23,100 --> 03:24:27,300
Now, the stones are black with 
soot and arranged in a circle, 

3746
03:24:27,300 --> 03:24:29,100
that's more suggestion than 
geometry. 

3747
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:32,900
Your kindling is dry because you
learn to keep it in your tent 

3748
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:36,900
wrapped in an old flour. 
Sack the matches you bought in 

3749
03:24:36,900 --> 03:24:41,100
Sacramento, a full box of the, 
which seemed wildly expensive at

3750
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:45,100
the time, a down to seven. 
You've become religious about 

3751
03:24:45,100 --> 03:24:48,400
extinguishing candles and using 
coals from the fire to light 

3752
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:51,200
your pipe, rather than striking 
a fresh match. 

3753
03:24:52,200 --> 03:24:53,700
The coffee. 
You may make is terrible. 

3754
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:57,100
This isn't self-deprecation. 
It's objectively. 

3755
03:24:57,100 --> 03:24:58,800
Bad coffee. 
Made from grounds, you've 

3756
03:24:58,800 --> 03:25:02,000
already used twice, but it's hot
and has caffeine. 

3757
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:05,600
And that's all you need. 
You drink it from a Tin Cup. 

3758
03:25:05,600 --> 03:25:08,700
That burns your lip every single
morning without fail. 

3759
03:25:08,700 --> 03:25:11,900
Because you never remember to 
wait the extra minute for it to 

3760
03:25:11,900 --> 03:25:14,200
cool. 
Some lessons refused to be 

3761
03:25:14,200 --> 03:25:17,700
learned. 
Breakfast is hardtack and bacon,

3762
03:25:17,700 --> 03:25:21,300
always hardtack and bacon. 
You've developed a technique 

3763
03:25:21,300 --> 03:25:24,600
where you fry the bacon. 
First, then use the grease to 

3764
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,100
soften the hardtack which makes 
it marginally less likely to 

3765
03:25:28,100 --> 03:25:31,300
break your teeth. 
The bacon is so salty that you 

3766
03:25:31,300 --> 03:25:33,900
can feel your heartbeat in your 
temples after eating it. 

3767
03:25:33,900 --> 03:25:37,400
But salt is the only reason it 
hasn't gone Rancid. 

3768
03:25:38,300 --> 03:25:41,000
You should pound the hard tack 
with a rock before soaking it in

3769
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:43,600
the grease. 
Otherwise it feels like chewing 

3770
03:25:43,600 --> 03:25:46,300
through roof shingles. 
A Stellar's. 

3771
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:50,100
J lands on a branch of your head
and screams at you with what? 

3772
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:54,000
Sounds like personal outrage, 
the Jays here are vibrant shade 

3773
03:25:54,000 --> 03:25:57,400
of blue and it remarkable 
fearlessness, which commands, 

3774
03:25:57,400 --> 03:26:00,100
your respect, even when their 
behavior is, what bothersome 

3775
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:02,700
this particular Jay wants your 
bacon. 

3776
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:05,900
You don't give it any but not 
because you're stingy, you 

3777
03:26:05,900 --> 03:26:07,900
genuinely don't have bacon to 
spare. 

3778
03:26:08,900 --> 03:26:12,500
The birds screams again makes a 
sound exactly like a rusty gate 

3779
03:26:12,500 --> 03:26:15,000
hinge and then flies off to 
bother someone else. 

3780
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:19,200
The sky is turning from black to
Deep Purple, which means you've 

3781
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:22,800
got maybe 20 minutes before 
proper Dawn, you eat fast 

3782
03:26:22,800 --> 03:26:25,200
faster. 
The hardtack Greece is made your

3783
03:26:25,200 --> 03:26:29,100
fingers shiny and you wipe them 
on your pants which are already.

3784
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:33,300
So, filthy that adding bacon 
grease, barely registered you've

3785
03:26:33,300 --> 03:26:34,800
learned. 
Not to think too hard about the 

3786
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:37,300
state of your clothing. 
It's all going to be covered in 

3787
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:40,700
mud within an hour. 
Anyway, your plan, the only 

3788
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:43,600
piece of equipment that truly 
matters is where you left it 

3789
03:26:43,600 --> 03:26:46,100
last night, turned upside down 
on a Flat Rock. 

3790
03:26:47,000 --> 03:26:50,700
You've got a good pan Which is 
to say it's not cracked and the 

3791
03:26:50,700 --> 03:26:54,500
bottom is relatively smooth. 
You bought it in Sacramento for 

3792
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:57,900
six dollars which was somehow 
both a fortune and a bargain. 

3793
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:01,700
The merchant said it was 
genuinely Eastern Steel, but you

3794
03:27:01,700 --> 03:27:04,400
doubt it still, it works so you 
don't care. 

3795
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:08,100
The walk from your Camp to your 
claim takes about 15 minutes 

3796
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:11,300
through Pines, that smell like 
vanilla when the Sun hits them, 

3797
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:13,600
right? 
The sun hasn't hit them right 

3798
03:27:13,600 --> 03:27:16,200
yet. 
The trail is barely a trail, 

3799
03:27:16,200 --> 03:27:19,200
just a slightly clearer path 
through the undergrowth where 

3800
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:20,600
other miners have walked before 
you. 

3801
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:24,600
You passed three abandoned 
Campsite in various states of 

3802
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:27,400
decay. 
One has a tent that's collapsed 

3803
03:27:27,400 --> 03:27:29,600
into a sad pile of rotting 
canvas. 

3804
03:27:29,600 --> 03:27:33,100
Another has a neat stack of 
firewood that someone apparently

3805
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:35,700
decided wasn't worth carrying to
their next location. 

3806
03:27:36,800 --> 03:27:41,500
In the Third location of boots 
with holes in both Souls sits by

3807
03:27:41,500 --> 03:27:44,700
a dead fire ring. 
Estimate to the futility of 

3808
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:47,900
optimism. 
These abandoned camps, don't 

3809
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:50,200
depress you the way they did in 
your first weeks here. 

3810
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:54,200
Now, they're just part of the 
landscape, like the tree stumps 

3811
03:27:54,200 --> 03:27:55,800
and the scattered piles of 
tailings. 

3812
03:27:56,800 --> 03:28:00,800
Men come and go most go. 
The ones who stay are, either 

3813
03:28:00,808 --> 03:28:04,200
making just enough to justify 
staying or a too broke to afford

3814
03:28:04,200 --> 03:28:06,500
leaving. 
You're not entirely sure which 

3815
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:09,600
category you fall into and 
you've stopped asking yourself 

3816
03:28:09,600 --> 03:28:12,600
the question. 
Your claim is a bend in a 

3817
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:16,300
smaller Creek that feeds into 
the American River about 30 

3818
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:19,700
yards from where the Creeks 
takes a sharp, turn around a 

3819
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:21,000
boulder, the size of a hay 
wagon. 

3820
03:28:22,000 --> 03:28:25,000
You chose this spot because the 
water slows down at the bend 

3821
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:28,000
which means heavier particles 
like gold. 

3822
03:28:28,000 --> 03:28:30,700
Theoretically might settle in 
the gravel. 

3823
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:34,400
This is science. 
You learned from a pamphlet you 

3824
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:38,500
bought in Sacramento titled the 
49ers guide to certain wealth. 

3825
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:42,000
Which turned out to be, neither 
a guide nor certain but did 

3826
03:28:42,000 --> 03:28:44,800
contain some useful information 
buried among the wild 

3827
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:48,700
exaggeration. 
Creek at this hour is loud with 

3828
03:28:48,700 --> 03:28:51,400
morning run off. 
The water comes down from snow 

3829
03:28:51,400 --> 03:28:53,700
melt higher. 
In the mountains which means 

3830
03:28:53,700 --> 03:28:57,200
it's absolutely freezing. 
Even in August, You've watched 

3831
03:28:57,200 --> 03:29:00,000
men jump into this Creek on hot 
afternoons for a refreshing 

3832
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:02,100
swim. 
You've watched them jump right 

3833
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:06,000
back out again yelling The creek
doesn't care about air 

3834
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:08,100
temperature. 
The creek is always cold enough 

3835
03:29:08,100 --> 03:29:10,800
to make your feet ache. 
You've staked your claim with 

3836
03:29:10,800 --> 03:29:14,300
four posts and a length of rope 
that marks off about 30 feet of 

3837
03:29:14,308 --> 03:29:17,100
Creek bed. 
This practice is legal under the

3838
03:29:17,108 --> 03:29:20,800
Loosely defined mining laws that
govern these mountains, meaning 

3839
03:29:20,800 --> 03:29:22,700
it is permitted. 
As long as you're actively 

3840
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:26,100
working the claim and no one 
with greater Authority decides 

3841
03:29:26,100 --> 03:29:30,900
to take it from you. 
So far, nobody has your claim is

3842
03:29:30,908 --> 03:29:32,900
not. 
It must be said, obviously, 

3843
03:29:32,900 --> 03:29:36,000
Rich, it's not even obviously 
promising. 

3844
03:29:36,000 --> 03:29:39,900
It's just a patch of creeks that
nobody else wanted badly enough 

3845
03:29:39,900 --> 03:29:42,700
to fight over. 
The morning light is starting to

3846
03:29:42,700 --> 03:29:46,300
filter through the Pines. 
Now coming in at that low angle,

3847
03:29:46,300 --> 03:29:48,900
that makes everything look 
softer than it actually is. 

3848
03:29:50,000 --> 03:29:53,300
The water in your section of 
Creek, looks clear and innocent 

3849
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:57,000
bubbling over rocks, that a gold
colored from iron oxide but 

3850
03:29:57,000 --> 03:29:59,300
contain not a speck of actual 
gold. 

3851
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:03,300
As you've learned through 
repeated disappointment, real 

3852
03:30:03,300 --> 03:30:05,700
gold doesn't look like gold when
it's in the creek. 

3853
03:30:05,700 --> 03:30:09,500
It looks like a slightly 
brighter flick of sand simple to

3854
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:13,600
miss easier to doubt. 
Your first job of the day is to 

3855
03:30:13,600 --> 03:30:15,800
move rocks. 
It's always moving rocks. 

3856
03:30:16,700 --> 03:30:19,400
The technique is to clear the 
larger stones from a section of 

3857
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:22,200
Creek bed, dig down into the 
gravel beneath them. 

3858
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,700
And then pan that gravel hoping 
it contains something other than

3859
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:29,500
more gravel You've moved 
approximately 7,000 rocks in 

3860
03:30:29,500 --> 03:30:32,300
your time here, which is not a 
poetic exaggeration. 

3861
03:30:32,300 --> 03:30:35,900
You actually try to count once 
and gave up after 700. 

3862
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:40,100
The rocks are slippery with 
algae cold, from the water, and 

3863
03:30:40,100 --> 03:30:43,100
frequently inhabited by Angry 
crayfish, who object, 

3864
03:30:43,100 --> 03:30:47,700
strenuously to being relocated 
crayfish of pinched to 11 times.

3865
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:50,800
And the experience never ceases 
to be startling. 

3866
03:30:51,600 --> 03:30:54,700
They hide under the rocks with 
their claws, extended waiting 

3867
03:30:54,700 --> 03:30:58,300
for an unsuspecting finger. 
You'd find the more Charming if 

3868
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:00,900
they weren't such consistent. 
Jerks about the whole situation 

3869
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:04,500
you wade into the water, which 
immediately fills your boots 

3870
03:31:04,500 --> 03:31:07,600
because your boots are not 
waterproof despite what the 

3871
03:31:07,600 --> 03:31:12,000
merchants in Sacramento promised
Cold grips, your feet, like a 

3872
03:31:12,000 --> 03:31:14,900
firm handshake from someone 
who's trying to prove something.

3873
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:17,900
You've learned to keep moving 
because standing still in this 

3874
03:31:17,900 --> 03:31:19,100
water. 
Can make your feet. 

3875
03:31:19,100 --> 03:31:22,200
So numb that you might trip over
your own ankles while walking 

3876
03:31:22,200 --> 03:31:25,500
back to camp. 
There's a technique to moving 

3877
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:29,900
rocks efficiently which mostly 
involves rolling not lifting, 

3878
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:33,600
the trick is to place your hands
under the rock while it is still

3879
03:31:33,600 --> 03:31:36,400
in the water. 
Use the water's buoyancy to 

3880
03:31:36,400 --> 03:31:40,200
assist with the initial lift and
then fully commit to moving it 

3881
03:31:40,200 --> 03:31:43,400
to shore. 
As dropping it halfway, is when 

3882
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:46,500
you're most likely to injure 
your foot, you drop to rock on 

3883
03:31:46,500 --> 03:31:50,300
your foot in week two, your 
toenail turned, black and fell 

3884
03:31:50,300 --> 03:31:52,900
off. 
The new one growing in is a 

3885
03:31:52,900 --> 03:31:55,800
weird shape that catches on your
sock by mid-morning. 

3886
03:31:55,800 --> 03:31:58,400
You've cleared enough rocks to 
expose a promising patch of 

3887
03:31:58,400 --> 03:32:02,900
gravel promising is a relative 
term, it looks essentially 

3888
03:32:02,900 --> 03:32:06,600
identical to every other patch 
of gravel you've excavated but 

3889
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:10,500
this reflects the mindset of 
successful, mining every pan 

3890
03:32:10,500 --> 03:32:14,400
could potentially contain gold 
If you start assuming that the 

3891
03:32:14,400 --> 03:32:17,700
gold isn't present, you might as
well pack up and go home to Ohio

3892
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:21,200
where you have seven dollars in 
debt and a sister in law who 

3893
03:32:21,200 --> 03:32:22,300
said you would return in a 
month. 

3894
03:32:23,200 --> 03:32:26,500
You fill your pan with gravel 
scooping down to the Bedrock if 

3895
03:32:26,500 --> 03:32:29,500
you can reach it. 
Bedrock is where the good stuff 

3896
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:31,900
settles. 
Theoretically, it is heavier 

3897
03:32:31,900 --> 03:32:33,900
than the sand and gravel that 
wash over it. 

3898
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:36,900
You've reached Bedrock exactly 
three times. 

3899
03:32:36,900 --> 03:32:40,500
Usually you just get tired of 
digging and decide to pan. 

3900
03:32:40,500 --> 03:32:43,200
What you have? 
The gravel goes into the pan 

3901
03:32:43,200 --> 03:32:44,800
along with a healthy amount of 
water. 

3902
03:32:44,800 --> 03:32:48,700
Your pan is about 15 inches 
across and maybe three inches 

3903
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:53,400
deep with a flat bottom and 
sloped sides when the pan is 

3904
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:57,300
full of wet gravel, it becomes 
heavier than it appears likely 

3905
03:32:57,300 --> 03:32:59,900
around 15 pounds of material 
that you will spend the next 

3906
03:32:59,900 --> 03:33:02,500
several minutes shaking as if 
you were trying to wake it up. 

3907
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:07,000
The technique for panning is 
simple in theory and exhausting 

3908
03:33:07,000 --> 03:33:11,000
and practice. you hold the pan 
with both hands and shake its 

3909
03:33:11,000 --> 03:33:14,500
side to side, under the water, 
using a circular motion that 

3910
03:33:14,500 --> 03:33:18,800
keeps everything submerged but 
moving The goal is to make the 

3911
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:21,000
heavier particles, including 
gold. 

3912
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:24,000
If there is any work, their way 
down to the bottom. 

3913
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:26,600
While the lightest sand and 
gravel wash over the rim. 

3914
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:30,500
This takes longer than you'd 
think much longer. 

3915
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:35,100
You shake the pan for what feels
like several years but is 

3916
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:39,300
probably closer to two minutes. 
Your arms start to hurt your 

3917
03:33:39,300 --> 03:33:42,700
back, already unimpressed with 
your life choices, begins a 

3918
03:33:42,700 --> 03:33:45,900
formal complaint. 
The water is so cold that your 

3919
03:33:45,900 --> 03:33:49,700
hands transition from feeling 
cold to becoming numb and then 

3920
03:33:49,700 --> 03:33:52,400
to experience in a strange 
burning sensation. 

3921
03:33:52,400 --> 03:33:56,100
That could be frost bite but is 
likely just your body's way of 

3922
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:58,600
indicating that this situation 
is absurd. 

3923
03:33:59,400 --> 03:34:02,900
You tilt the pan slightly 
letting the lighter material 

3924
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:06,200
wash over the edge. 
The water coming off, the pan is

3925
03:34:06,200 --> 03:34:10,200
murky with sediment. 
Turning the Clear Creek into a 

3926
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:12,700
muddy swirl Downstream from 
where you're working. 

3927
03:34:12,708 --> 03:34:16,900
You've basically turned a clean 
Creek into a dirty Creek, which 

3928
03:34:16,900 --> 03:34:19,500
seems like a metaphor for 
something, but you're too 

3929
03:34:19,508 --> 03:34:22,700
focused on the pain to figure 
out what More shaking. 

3930
03:34:22,700 --> 03:34:26,600
More swirling, your arms feel 
like they're made of warm clay. 

3931
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:29,000
You're developing muscles in 
places. 

3932
03:34:29,000 --> 03:34:30,600
You didn't know could have 
muscles. 

3933
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:34,000
There's a spot between your 
shoulder blades that's been 

3934
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:38,200
aching continuously since June. 
After another minute of shaking 

3935
03:34:38,200 --> 03:34:41,400
you've washed away about half 
the material in your pan. 

3936
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:46,000
What's left is concentrated 
gravel black sand which is 

3937
03:34:46,008 --> 03:34:49,800
heavier than regular sand and 
therefore annoying and possibly 

3938
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:52,800
somewhere in there. 
A tiny piece of gold that will 

3939
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:56,700
justify the last 20 minutes of 
work, You lift the pan out of 

3940
03:34:56,700 --> 03:35:00,100
the water to inspect it, the 
surface is still covered with 

3941
03:35:00,100 --> 03:35:04,100
black sand and small Pebbles, 
you're looking for color, which 

3942
03:35:04,100 --> 03:35:06,100
is what mine is called the 
yellow glint of gold. 

3943
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:09,800
You're also searching for larger
nuggets but you're not 

3944
03:35:09,808 --> 03:35:13,400
optimistic about finding them. 
Nuggets are what other people 

3945
03:35:13,400 --> 03:35:18,700
find you find flakes. 
The sun is higher now and the 

3946
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:21,800
light hitting your pain. 
Makes everything Sparkle for a 

3947
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:26,200
moment which is cruel because 
99% of what Sparkles is. 

3948
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:31,500
Micah Not Gold Meeker is a 
mineral that attracts attention 

3949
03:35:31,500 --> 03:35:34,300
due to its flashiness, and 
attention-seeking nature. 

3950
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:39,500
Yet it holds no intrinsic value.
You've learned to hate Meeker 

3951
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:41,500
with a passion. 
Usually reserved for people who 

3952
03:35:41,500 --> 03:35:43,800
owe you money. 
You swirl the pan. 

3953
03:35:43,800 --> 03:35:48,300
Gently watching the black sand 
shift there, right there. 

3954
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:52,500
Is that color you squint, you 
tilt the pan. 

3955
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:56,800
It's either a tiny Flack of gold
or a tiny Fleck of mica catching

3956
03:35:56,800 --> 03:35:58,600
the light in exactly the wrong 
way. 

3957
03:35:59,500 --> 03:36:02,800
You dip the pan back in the 
water and swirl again, more 

3958
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:05,700
carefully. 
This time, the specs stays put, 

3959
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:09,600
while the black sand moves gold 
is heavier than Mica. 

3960
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,700
This is goal. 
This is actual gold. 

3961
03:36:12,700 --> 03:36:16,800
It's smaller than a pinhead. 
It's possibly the smallest piece

3962
03:36:16,800 --> 03:36:20,600
of gold that can still be called
gold rather than gold colored 

3963
03:36:20,600 --> 03:36:23,100
dust. 
But it's yours. 

3964
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:27,300
You feel a small surge of 
satisfaction that's wildly 

3965
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:30,500
disproportionate to the value of
what you've just found which is 

3966
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:32,800
approximately one-tenth of one 
cent. 

3967
03:36:33,500 --> 03:36:37,200
But that's not the point. 
The point is confirmation, the 

3968
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:40,200
gold is here. 
You're in the right place, your 

3969
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:41,800
efforts are not entirely in 
vain. 

3970
03:36:43,000 --> 03:36:45,900
This is what you tell yourself. 
As you carefully tap, the flick 

3971
03:36:45,900 --> 03:36:49,100
into your Leather Pouch, which 
contains maybe a teaspoon of 

3972
03:36:49,100 --> 03:36:52,600
gold after three months of work.
The next pen contains nothing. 

3973
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:56,000
The one after that contains. 
Three Flex so small. 

3974
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:59,500
You need to check three times to
make sure they're actually there

3975
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:02,100
and not just your desperate 
imagination. 

3976
03:37:03,300 --> 03:37:06,900
Fourth pan can contains what 
might be gold, but might also be

3977
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:10,400
a piece of whether pyrite and 
you're not experienced enough to

3978
03:37:10,400 --> 03:37:12,000
know the difference just by 
looking. 

3979
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:15,600
So you save it anyway. 
This is what gold mining 

3980
03:37:15,600 --> 03:37:19,400
actually is the long repetitive 
hours between tiny victories. 

3981
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:23,500
For every moment of excitement 
when you spot color, there are 

3982
03:37:23,500 --> 03:37:26,900
dozens of pans that contain. 
Absolutely nothing intriguing. 

3983
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:31,600
You shake the pan, you wash the 
gravel, you squint at the 

3984
03:37:31,600 --> 03:37:35,800
results you find nothing you 
refill the pan with new gravel 

3985
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:39,100
you do it all again your back 
hurts. 

3986
03:37:39,100 --> 03:37:42,600
In a specific way that suggests 
you're going to regret being 37 

3987
03:37:42,600 --> 03:37:46,700
when your 47 Your knees are 
bruised, from kneeling on Creek,

3988
03:37:46,700 --> 03:37:50,700
rocks your hands have developed.
Calluses on top of calluses, 

3989
03:37:50,700 --> 03:37:53,700
creating a sort of hand armor. 
That makes your fingers less 

3990
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:56,800
flexible but more durable, 
you've got a blister on your 

3991
03:37:56,808 --> 03:38:00,200
right thumb that keeps opening 
up and then healing just enough 

3992
03:38:00,200 --> 03:38:03,400
to convince you. 
It's better right before you 

3993
03:38:03,400 --> 03:38:05,700
grip the pan again and it splits
open. 

3994
03:38:07,200 --> 03:38:09,900
Around noon, the heat becomes 
genuine. 

3995
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:12,700
The morning cold is a distant 
memory. 

3996
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:17,200
The sun reflects off the water 
and the Rocks, creating a 

3997
03:38:17,200 --> 03:38:19,000
brightness that makes your eyes 
hurt. 

3998
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:23,500
You're supposed to be wearing a 
hat and you are wearing one but 

3999
03:38:23,500 --> 03:38:26,800
the hat is mostly decorative. 
At this point, the sun here 

4000
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:30,700
doesn't negotiate, you take a 
break which means you sit on the

4001
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:34,000
bank and eat hard tack without 
bacon because you're saving the 

4002
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:37,100
bake and for dinner. 
You've got a canteen of water 

4003
03:38:37,100 --> 03:38:41,400
that tastes like metal and 
canvas but it's wet and wet is 

4004
03:38:41,400 --> 03:38:45,100
the main requirement. 
You drink half of it, reminding 

4005
03:38:45,100 --> 03:38:46,700
yourself to refill it from the 
creek. 

4006
03:38:46,700 --> 03:38:50,000
Before you head back to Camp. 
Drinking straight from the creek

4007
03:38:50,000 --> 03:38:53,100
is generally fine, though, 
you've heard stories about men 

4008
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,600
getting sick from it. 
You've been drinking Creek Water

4009
03:38:56,600 --> 03:38:59,900
for three months without getting
sick which you consider a 

4010
03:38:59,900 --> 03:39:02,600
victory. 
A mule deer watches you from a 

4011
03:39:02,600 --> 03:39:05,600
creek, chewing something with an
expression of profound judgment.

4012
03:39:07,000 --> 03:39:09,800
The deer here are not afraid of 
humans the way you'd expect. 

4013
03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:12,600
They've learned that miners 
don't generally, shoot them 

4014
03:39:12,600 --> 03:39:15,900
because bullets are expensive 
and dragging a dead, deer back 

4015
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:19,600
to Camp is more work than most 
miners want to do. this 

4016
03:39:19,600 --> 03:39:22,600
particular deer seems to be 
evaluating your Technique and 

4017
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:26,600
finding it wanting You resist, 
the urge to explain yourself to 

4018
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:30,200
the deer after your break, you 
move to a different section of 

4019
03:39:30,200 --> 03:39:32,700
your claim. 
Hoping that shifting locations 

4020
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:37,000
will shift your luck. 
This belief is superstition to 

4021
03:39:37,000 --> 03:39:41,500
strategy yet. 
The mining industry is Rife with

4022
03:39:41,500 --> 03:39:43,700
superstitions presented as 
strategies. 

4023
03:39:44,900 --> 03:39:48,400
Some men won't work on Sundays, 
others won't work without their 

4024
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:50,800
lucky shirt. 
One fellow. 

4025
03:39:50,800 --> 03:39:53,600
You met won't panel unless he's 
whistling, which makes him 

4026
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,600
deeply unpopular with the miners
on neighboring claims. 

4027
03:39:57,800 --> 03:40:00,600
The afternoon pans yield a 
better return than the morning. 

4028
03:40:01,400 --> 03:40:04,400
7 flex. 
And what might be two more if 

4029
03:40:04,400 --> 03:40:06,000
you're generous with your 
definitions? 

4030
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:09,100
This is a good day, not a great 
day. 

4031
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:12,300
A great day would involve 
finding something larger than a 

4032
03:40:12,300 --> 03:40:15,200
Fleck. 
But solidly good, You'll add 

4033
03:40:15,200 --> 03:40:18,300
maybe three cents worth of gold 
to your pouch, which doesn't 

4034
03:40:18,300 --> 03:40:20,600
sound like much. 
Until you remember that you're 

4035
03:40:20,600 --> 03:40:23,100
finding it in a creek, using a 
pan and you're increasingly 

4036
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:26,100
questionable back. 
The thing about the Sierra 

4037
03:40:26,100 --> 03:40:29,400
Nevada that nobody warns you 
about is how quickly the weather

4038
03:40:29,400 --> 03:40:31,900
can shift from Pleasant to 
actively hostile. 

4039
03:40:31,900 --> 03:40:35,600
You've seen it go from Sunny to 
hailing in the time it takes to 

4040
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:39,400
smoke a pipe, the clouds gather 
behind the Peaks to the east 

4041
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:43,700
accumulating as if they are 
preparing for something and then

4042
03:40:43,700 --> 03:40:45,700
suddenly it starts raining 
sideways. 

4043
03:40:45,700 --> 03:40:48,900
While you scramble to remember 
where you left. 

4044
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:53,200
Anything, that shouldn't get 
wet, which includes everything. 

4045
03:40:54,900 --> 03:40:59,800
Today stays clear, which is a 
mercy, you've endured rainstorms

4046
03:40:59,800 --> 03:41:03,900
in the past and the misery, they
inflict his Indescribable to 

4047
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:06,500
those who have not tried 
prospecting for gold under 

4048
03:41:06,500 --> 03:41:11,400
torrential rain. the creek Rises
the visibility drops and 

4049
03:41:11,400 --> 03:41:16,100
everything becomes a cold muddy 
exercise in stubbornness you 

4050
03:41:16,100 --> 03:41:19,200
keep working because stopping 
means losing a day of potential 

4051
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,500
income and you've already lost 
too many days to afford losing 

4052
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:25,600
more. 
The wind picks up around three 

4053
03:41:25,600 --> 03:41:29,500
which is normal for this time of
year, it comes down the canyon. 

4054
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:32,000
Like it's been personally 
insulted by something at the 

4055
03:41:32,000 --> 03:41:34,900
bottom and is rushing down to 
file a complaint. 

4056
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:40,100
The Pines Sway and Creeks 
dropping pine cones, the size of

4057
03:41:40,108 --> 03:41:42,800
your fist. 
You've been hit by Falling pine,

4058
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:45,200
cones twice. 
And while it's not dangerous, 

4059
03:41:45,200 --> 03:41:49,000
it's startling and slightly 
humiliating to be attacked by a 

4060
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:50,300
tree. 
You won't even touching. 

4061
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:54,300
Summer is the best season for 
mining, which tells you 

4062
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:59,100
something about adverse seasons?
During the summer, you can work 

4063
03:41:59,100 --> 03:42:01,400
all day without your hands. 
Freezing solid. 

4064
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,200
The creek is lower which means 
you can reach more of the 

4065
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:07,800
gravel. 
The nights are cool but not 

4066
03:42:07,800 --> 03:42:10,100
deadly. 
You've heard stories about 

4067
03:42:10,100 --> 03:42:14,500
winter mining about men, trying 
to thaw frozen gravel with fire 

4068
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:18,600
about creeks freezing. 
Solid about finding miners in 

4069
03:42:18,600 --> 03:42:20,000
the spring who didn't make it 
through. 

4070
03:42:20,000 --> 03:42:24,100
You plan to be in Sacramento by 
November assuming you've made 

4071
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:25,800
enough by then to afford 
leaving. 

4072
03:42:26,600 --> 03:42:29,200
The autism is supposed to be 
beautiful here, according to the

4073
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:32,300
Danish fellow, who spent last 
fall in these mountains. 

4074
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:36,600
He says, the Aspen's turn yellow
and the whole Canyon glows. 

4075
03:42:36,600 --> 03:42:39,600
Like, it's on fire. 
He also says that October is 

4076
03:42:39,600 --> 03:42:43,500
when the big storm start rolling
in from the Pacific and dumping 

4077
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:46,800
snow by the Foot. 
He says that November is when 

4078
03:42:46,800 --> 03:42:50,900
smart men leave and December is 
when stubborn men die. 

4079
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,200
You've marked yourself down as 
smart though. 

4080
03:42:54,200 --> 03:42:56,800
You're aware that most stubborn 
men probably think of themselves

4081
03:42:56,800 --> 03:43:00,200
the same way you finish working 
when the light gets too low to 

4082
03:43:00,208 --> 03:43:03,300
see color in the pan, Which 
happens earlier than you'd like.

4083
03:43:03,300 --> 03:43:06,200
Because the canyon walls create 
Shadows that arrived before 

4084
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:08,600
sunset. 
You've mastered the art of 

4085
03:43:08,608 --> 03:43:11,700
timing your day, based on the 
Shadows, observing their 

4086
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:13,600
leisurely progress across the 
creek. 

4087
03:43:14,700 --> 03:43:17,100
The walk back to Camp, feels 
longer than the walk to your 

4088
03:43:17,108 --> 03:43:20,500
claim, probably, because you're 
worn out and your boots are full

4089
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:23,800
of water, that squelches with 
every step your socks are 

4090
03:43:23,800 --> 03:43:27,200
incredibly durable. 
They would be on saving two 

4091
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:29,900
weeks ago, but you keep wearing 
them because the alternative is 

4092
03:43:29,900 --> 03:43:33,400
wearing no socks, which leads to
blisters, that makes the socks 

4093
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:35,500
situation, look positively 
luxurious. 

4094
03:43:36,400 --> 03:43:39,600
At Camp, you have a set evening 
routine because you don't have 

4095
03:43:39,600 --> 03:43:41,300
the energy to think of what to 
do next. 

4096
03:43:42,400 --> 03:43:44,500
Fire. 
First, using the cols, you 

4097
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:46,900
banked this morning that I 
hopefully still alive under the 

4098
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:49,300
OSH? 
The coals are still alive but 

4099
03:43:49,300 --> 03:43:53,700
barely which saves you a match. 
Small kindling, slightly, larger

4100
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:57,400
sticks, and then pieces of wood,
you've split from Deadfall. 

4101
03:43:58,400 --> 03:44:02,600
Fire catches and holds producing
smoke that smells like Pine and 

4102
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:05,800
accomplishment. 
Dinner is bacon and beans. 

4103
03:44:05,800 --> 03:44:09,700
The beans have been soaking in 
Creek Water since morning in a 

4104
03:44:09,700 --> 03:44:11,600
pot. 
You leave by your tent, covered 

4105
03:44:11,600 --> 03:44:13,500
with a Flat Rock to keep the J's
out. 

4106
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:18,700
This system works about 70% of 
the time, the other 30% you 

4107
03:44:18,700 --> 03:44:21,700
return to find J's, sitting on 
the Rock looking pleased with 

4108
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:25,400
themselves and half your beans 
scattered in the dirt today. 

4109
03:44:25,400 --> 03:44:28,300
The beans are intact, which 
means to night, you'll have 

4110
03:44:28,300 --> 03:44:30,800
adequate protein, you cook the 
bacon. 

4111
03:44:30,800 --> 03:44:33,600
First in your small pan, not the
gold pan. 

4112
03:44:33,600 --> 03:44:37,300
You're not a barbarian then at 
the beans to the bacon grease. 

4113
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,000
This is the same cooking 
technique you use for breakfast,

4114
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:45,000
which suggests your color skills
have not expanded significantly 

4115
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:49,100
during your time here. 
The beans, absorb the grease and

4116
03:44:49,100 --> 03:44:52,700
become softer and saltier which 
is the best you can hope for 

4117
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:56,700
under the circumstances. 
While the beans cook, you count 

4118
03:44:56,700 --> 03:44:59,200
your gold. 
This is both satisfying and 

4119
03:44:59,200 --> 03:45:01,900
depressing. 
Depending on your mood tonight, 

4120
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:04,600
your feeling philosophical, 
which means you can look at your

4121
03:45:04,600 --> 03:45:08,000
small Leather Pouch and think 
I'm building towards something, 

4122
03:45:08,000 --> 03:45:10,600
rather than I've been here for 
three months and have 

4123
03:45:10,600 --> 03:45:12,600
approximately 8 dollars worth of
gold. 

4124
03:45:13,700 --> 03:45:15,500
The pouch contains mostly 
flakes. 

4125
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,000
Few slightly larger pieces that 
might generously be called, 

4126
03:45:19,000 --> 03:45:22,600
small nuggets and a lot of black
sand you have not been able to 

4127
03:45:22,600 --> 03:45:26,600
separate out separating gold 
from black sand is an art form 

4128
03:45:26,600 --> 03:45:30,300
that involves Mercury, which you
don't have or tremendous 

4129
03:45:30,300 --> 03:45:34,400
patience which you have but 
prefer to use elsewhere, most 

4130
03:45:34,400 --> 03:45:36,800
miners just sell their gold with
the black sand. 

4131
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:40,300
Still mixed in accepting a lower
price in exchange for not 

4132
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:41,800
spending hours, trying to clean 
it. 

4133
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:46,100
You estimate, you've got about a
quarter ounce total in 

4134
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:50,700
Sacramento, the price of gold is
16 dollars per ounce, indicating

4135
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:53,800
that you have a total wealth of 
four dollars plus or minus. 

4136
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:56,500
Four dollars. 
After three months of work, 

4137
03:45:56,500 --> 03:45:58,700
would be depressing if you 
thought about it directly. 

4138
03:45:58,700 --> 03:46:02,700
So you think about it sideways. 
Instead, you're learning a 

4139
03:46:02,700 --> 03:46:04,700
trade, your improving, your 
Technique. 

4140
03:46:04,700 --> 03:46:07,500
Tomorrow's pan might be the one 
that changes everything. 

4141
03:46:07,500 --> 03:46:09,900
These are the lies. 
You tell yourself that might 

4142
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,300
actually be true. 
Mining attracts a specific type 

4143
03:46:13,300 --> 03:46:16,000
of person. 
Someone comfortable being alone 

4144
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:20,300
but perhaps not skilled at it. 
The distinction matters you 

4145
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:23,500
spend your days working by 
yourself but you're surrounded 

4146
03:46:23,500 --> 03:46:25,200
by other men. 
Doing the same thing. 

4147
03:46:25,200 --> 03:46:28,800
All of you existing in this 
strange state of communal 

4148
03:46:28,800 --> 03:46:31,900
Solitude. 
There's the Danish fellow whose 

4149
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:35,400
Camp is Upstream from yours. 
He is nodded at you 

4150
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:38,800
approximately 60 times, but 
you've never learned his actual 

4151
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:41,400
name. 
He's methodical in a way that 

4152
03:46:41,400 --> 03:46:45,300
suggests either previous mining 
experience or a personality that

4153
03:46:45,300 --> 03:46:49,500
can't help being methodical. 
His Camp is neat, his tools are 

4154
03:46:49,500 --> 03:46:53,200
organized and his mourning fire 
starts with The Cloud of smoke 

4155
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,500
that yours produces. 
You find this simultaneously 

4156
03:46:56,500 --> 03:46:59,200
admirable and annoying 
Downstream. 

4157
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:01,900
There's a group of three Chinese
miners who work together in a 

4158
03:47:01,908 --> 03:47:04,300
way that seems both more 
efficient and more pleasant than

4159
03:47:04,300 --> 03:47:07,500
working alone. 
They've built a rockerbox a 

4160
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:10,300
larger Contraption for 
processing gravel, and they take

4161
03:47:10,300 --> 03:47:14,100
turns operating it in shifts. 
You've watched them work, and 

4162
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:15,700
they seem to find more gold than
you do. 

4163
03:47:15,708 --> 03:47:17,900
Which suggests their technique 
is better. 

4164
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:22,200
Their claim is richer or both. 
They've never been unfriendly, 

4165
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:25,900
but they keep to themselves 
which you respect because you do

4166
03:47:25,900 --> 03:47:28,600
the same thing. 
There's a French Canadian who 

4167
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:31,100
showed up two weeks ago and 
hasn't stopped talking about the

4168
03:47:31,100 --> 03:47:33,600
Nugget. 
He found in his first week which

4169
03:47:33,600 --> 03:47:35,400
was apparently the size of a 
pea. 

4170
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:39,000
You've seen the Nugget, it's 
legitimately impressive. 

4171
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:41,100
It's all the only significant 
goal. 

4172
03:47:41,100 --> 03:47:43,600
He's found since which he 
mentioned his lesson. 

4173
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:46,800
He's starting to develop the 
look that men get when they 

4174
03:47:46,800 --> 03:47:49,100
realize their luck might have 
run out on day three. 

4175
03:47:50,400 --> 03:47:53,700
The nearest town calling it. 
A town is generous, is a 

4176
03:47:53,700 --> 03:47:56,100
six-hour walk which means you go
there. 

4177
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:59,700
Approximately never. 
The town consists of a trading 

4178
03:47:59,700 --> 03:48:03,700
post, a place that sells Whiskey
and a collection of tents that 

4179
03:48:03,708 --> 03:48:07,100
serious purposes, none of them 
particularly interesting. 

4180
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:10,200
You went there once in July to 
buy supplies and found the 

4181
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:13,900
prices so inflated that you 
seriously consider just eating 

4182
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:15,500
pine bark for the rest of the 
summer. 

4183
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:18,600
Male comes through the town 
twice a month. 

4184
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:22,000
Carried by a man on a horse who 
looks like he's reconsidering 

4185
03:48:22,000 --> 03:48:24,300
his life choices every time you 
see him. 

4186
03:48:25,100 --> 03:48:27,500
You haven't gotten mail because 
getting mail requires having 

4187
03:48:27,500 --> 03:48:31,400
sent mail first and sending mail
requires either admitting how 

4188
03:48:31,400 --> 03:48:33,200
things are going or lying about 
it. 

4189
03:48:34,100 --> 03:48:36,700
You've decided that writing home
can wait until you have 

4190
03:48:36,700 --> 03:48:40,500
something worth reporting Beyond
still here, still, poor Creek 

4191
03:48:40,500 --> 03:48:43,300
still cold. 
The thing that keeps you going 

4192
03:48:43,300 --> 03:48:47,100
isn't the dream of striking, it 
rich that dream died somewhere, 

4193
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:49,900
around week six. 
What keeps you going? 

4194
03:48:49,900 --> 03:48:53,600
Is the small regular Victory. 
Is that arrived just often 

4195
03:48:53,600 --> 03:48:56,800
enough to feel like progress, A 
good day of panning. 

4196
03:48:56,800 --> 03:49:01,500
A flake larger than usual, the 
satisfaction of improving your 

4197
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:04,800
Technique to the point, where 
you can process gravel faster 

4198
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:07,700
than you could last month, 
you've gotten better at reading 

4199
03:49:07,700 --> 03:49:10,300
the creek. 
You've learned to spot places 

4200
03:49:10,300 --> 03:49:14,500
where the water slows down where
obstacles create Eddies where 

4201
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:16,500
the Bedrock comes close to the 
surface. 

4202
03:49:16,500 --> 03:49:19,100
These are the places gold 
accumulates. 

4203
03:49:19,100 --> 03:49:22,900
If it accumulates anywhere. 
You've learned to test a spot 

4204
03:49:22,900 --> 03:49:25,600
with a single pan before 
committing to ours of digging. 

4205
03:49:26,400 --> 03:49:29,100
You've learned that the gravel 
right against Bedrock is worth 

4206
03:49:29,100 --> 03:49:32,100
checking first, because that's 
where the heaviest particles 

4207
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:35,700
settle. your panning technique 
has improved to the point where 

4208
03:49:35,700 --> 03:49:38,600
you rarely lose visible, gold 
over the rim of the pan anymore 

4209
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:42,600
which used to happen with 
embarrassing frequency, You've 

4210
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:45,700
learned the right rhythm of 
shaking and swirling the right 

4211
03:49:45,708 --> 03:49:49,200
angled at the pan and the right 
amount of water to keep in it. 

4212
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:53,400
These skills are worthless 
anywhere except right here in 

4213
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:55,600
this Creek doing this specific 
thing. 

4214
03:49:55,600 --> 03:49:59,800
But here they matter. 
There's a rhythm to the work 

4215
03:49:59,800 --> 03:50:02,200
that comes almost meditative 
when you let it. 

4216
03:50:03,100 --> 03:50:07,200
Fill the pan, shake it under the
water, tilt and swirl. 

4217
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:09,700
Watch the lighter material wash 
away. 

4218
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:14,700
Check for color repeat. 
Your mind wanders during this 

4219
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:18,300
process, which is good because 
otherwise you go crazy from the 

4220
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:21,500
repetition. 
You think about home, you think 

4221
03:50:21,500 --> 03:50:24,600
about the people you left behind
you think about whether you're 

4222
03:50:24,600 --> 03:50:27,200
actually going to make enough 
money here, to justify having 

4223
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:32,400
left You think about dinner, you
think about gold, the best day 

4224
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:36,100
you've had was three weeks ago, 
when you found five flakes in a 

4225
03:50:36,100 --> 03:50:39,000
single pan. 
Five, lakes isn't Fortune. 

4226
03:50:39,000 --> 03:50:40,700
It's not even a really good 
meal. 

4227
03:50:41,600 --> 03:50:43,800
But it was encouraging in a way 
that made you want to keep 

4228
03:50:43,800 --> 03:50:46,700
going. 
You've had worse days since then

4229
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:50,700
plenty of them but that one. 
Good day sits in your memory 

4230
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:54,000
like proof that lucky exists and
might occasionally. 

4231
03:50:54,000 --> 03:50:57,300
Remember you exist too? 
Your equipment consists of your 

4232
03:50:57,300 --> 03:51:03,500
pan a shovel, a pick a blanket, 
a tenth one cooking pot one 

4233
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:08,700
frying pan, two shirts, one pair
of pants, one hat, the sorted, 

4234
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,900
other items of questionable 
utility and a rifle. 

4235
03:51:11,900 --> 03:51:14,100
You fired. 
Exactly twice and surviving here

4236
03:51:14,100 --> 03:51:18,200
once was to scare off a bear. 
Who was investigating your Camp.

4237
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:21,700
The bear left though? 
You're not convinced the rifle 

4238
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:25,100
at anything to do with it. 
The bear seemed more annoyed by 

4239
03:51:25,108 --> 03:51:28,700
the noise than threatened by it.
Shovel is the most important 

4240
03:51:28,700 --> 03:51:31,200
tool. 
After the pan you use it to move

4241
03:51:31,200 --> 03:51:34,900
gravel, dig down to bedrock, 
create channels in the creek and

4242
03:51:34,900 --> 03:51:37,800
occasionally as a seat when 
you're too tired to stand, but 

4243
03:51:37,800 --> 03:51:42,000
the ground is too wet to sit on.
The handle is worn smooth where 

4244
03:51:42,000 --> 03:51:44,800
your hands grip it. 
And the blade is starting to 

4245
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:47,000
show signs of serious wear along
the edge. 

4246
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:49,400
You'll need a new Shovel by next
summer. 

4247
03:51:49,400 --> 03:51:52,800
Assuming you're still here next 
summer, which is an assumption. 

4248
03:51:52,800 --> 03:51:54,600
You're not ready to examine too 
closely. 

4249
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:58,000
The pick breaks up, hard packed 
gravel and chips away at 

4250
03:51:58,000 --> 03:51:59,500
Bedrock. 
When you need to clear a hollow 

4251
03:51:59,500 --> 03:52:02,800
where gold might be hiding. 
You're not great with the pick, 

4252
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:06,200
it requires a specific kind of 
controlled violence, that 

4253
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:09,100
doesn't come naturally to you, 
but you're better than you were.

4254
03:52:09,100 --> 03:52:12,800
You've learned to let the weight
of the pick do most of the work 

4255
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:15,900
rather than trying to muscle it 
down into the Rock. 

4256
03:52:16,700 --> 03:52:19,200
Your shoulders are grateful for 
this lesson though. 

4257
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:20,600
They wish you'd learned it 
sooner. 

4258
03:52:21,400 --> 03:52:25,800
Your tent is canvas supposedly 
waterproof, and actually water 

4259
03:52:25,800 --> 03:52:29,800
resistant at best. 
When it rains hard, small, drips

4260
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:33,100
develop in predictable spots, 
and you've learned to arrange 

4261
03:52:33,100 --> 03:52:36,700
your belongings to avoid them. 
The tent is tall enough that you

4262
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:38,800
can sit up inside it but not 
stand. 

4263
03:52:38,800 --> 03:52:42,800
Which means you spend a lot of 
time hunched over Your back has 

4264
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:45,800
opinions about this Arrangement.
The blanket you sleep in his 

4265
03:52:45,808 --> 03:52:50,300
wool which was expensive but 
worth it wool stays warm even 

4266
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:52,600
when wet, which is important. 
Because everything here is 

4267
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:57,300
always at least slightly wet The
blanket smells like campfire and

4268
03:52:57,300 --> 03:53:00,900
sweat and pine needles, which is
to say it smells like you've 

4269
03:53:00,900 --> 03:53:02,700
been living in the mountains for
three months. 

4270
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:07,500
September arrives without 
ceremony marked only by the fact

4271
03:53:07,500 --> 03:53:08,900
that the Danish fellow 
mentioned. 

4272
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:12,100
Its September while walking past
your clay one morning. 

4273
03:53:13,400 --> 03:53:16,300
The days are still hot but the 
nights are starting to get 

4274
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:19,100
properly cold. 
The kind of cold that makes you 

4275
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:21,800
burrow deeper into your blanket 
and consider whether you've made

4276
03:53:21,808 --> 03:53:25,300
good decisions. 
The creek is lower now than it 

4277
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:28,100
was in July. 
The snow melt has slowed to a 

4278
03:53:28,100 --> 03:53:30,400
trickle which means you can 
reach gravel. 

4279
03:53:30,400 --> 03:53:34,400
That was underwater a month ago.
This is theoretically good news 

4280
03:53:34,400 --> 03:53:37,800
in practice. 
It means you're doing the same 

4281
03:53:37,800 --> 03:53:40,400
amount of work to assess 
slightly different gravel. 

4282
03:53:40,400 --> 03:53:43,700
That contains the same 
disappointing amount of gold as 

4283
03:53:43,700 --> 03:53:46,400
the previous gravel. 
The Aspen's are starting to 

4284
03:53:46,400 --> 03:53:50,000
turn, just like the Danish 
fellow said they would Canyon 

4285
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:52,700
walls are developing patches of 
yellow that catch the afternoon 

4286
03:53:52,700 --> 03:53:55,100
light and make everything look 
like a painting. 

4287
03:53:56,000 --> 03:53:57,800
Beautiful. 
In a way that would be more 

4288
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:00,100
enjoyable if you weren't worried
about winter coming. 

4289
03:54:00,800 --> 03:54:03,600
Beauty is easier to appreciate 
when you're not concerned about 

4290
03:54:03,600 --> 03:54:06,800
freezing to death. 
The birds are changing their 

4291
03:54:06,800 --> 03:54:11,000
patterns, the Jays are still 
around, Jays are apparently 

4292
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:13,500
immortal. 
But other birds are starting to 

4293
03:54:13,508 --> 03:54:15,200
move through on their way to 
somewhere else. 

4294
03:54:16,100 --> 03:54:19,500
You've seen geese flying 
overhead in V4 Nations heading 

4295
03:54:19,500 --> 03:54:21,800
south with what seems like 
excessive enthusiasm. 

4296
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:25,800
The Geist know something, you 
know, winter in these mountains 

4297
03:54:25,800 --> 03:54:29,300
is not a theoretical problem, 
your starting to see other 

4298
03:54:29,300 --> 03:54:33,400
miners pack up and leave every 
few days and other tent comes 

4299
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:35,400
down and another Camp gets 
abandoned. 

4300
03:54:35,400 --> 03:54:37,800
And another claim becomes 
available for whoever's 

4301
03:54:37,800 --> 03:54:41,200
desperate or optimistic enough 
to take it over, you've watched 

4302
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:43,400
maybe a dozen men. 
Leave in the past, two weeks, 

4303
03:54:43,400 --> 03:54:46,900
none of them looked happy but 
some looked more defeated than 

4304
03:54:46,900 --> 03:54:49,300
others. 
The French Canadian left last 

4305
03:54:49,300 --> 03:54:51,800
Tuesday. 
He stopped by your claim to say 

4306
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:54,800
goodbye, which was more social 
interaction than you'd had in 

4307
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:56,600
weeks. 
He said, he was heading to 

4308
03:54:56,600 --> 03:55:00,200
Sacramento to find work that 
paid in actual money rather than

4309
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:03,600
tiny flecks of hope. 
He said the Nugget, he found 

4310
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:05,300
him. 
Weak one would cover his travel 

4311
03:55:05,300 --> 03:55:09,200
costs but nothing more He said 
he'd learned an important lesson

4312
03:55:09,200 --> 03:55:11,000
about luck and diminishing 
returns. 

4313
03:55:11,000 --> 03:55:14,700
He shook your hand and left and 
you haven't seen him since 

4314
03:55:14,700 --> 03:55:18,000
you're now faced with the 
question that every minor in 

4315
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:19,500
these mountains faces 
eventually. 

4316
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:24,500
When do you leave? 
The smart money says leave in 

4317
03:55:24,500 --> 03:55:27,100
October before the first real 
storms hit. 

4318
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:31,000
The optimistic money says stay 
until you've made enough to 

4319
03:55:31,008 --> 03:55:33,200
justify having come here in the 
first place. 

4320
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,400
The desperate money says, stay 
as long as physically possible 

4321
03:55:36,400 --> 03:55:38,900
because going home, empty handed
isn't really an option. 

4322
03:55:38,900 --> 03:55:41,500
You're not sure which category 
you fall into. 

4323
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:45,100
You've made approximately 12 
dollars worth of gold in four 

4324
03:55:45,100 --> 03:55:48,800
months, which works out three 
dollars per month, which is not 

4325
03:55:48,800 --> 03:55:52,600
a fortune by any definition. 
On the other hand, you've 

4326
03:55:52,600 --> 03:55:54,900
learned skills that might 
actually translate to better 

4327
03:55:54,900 --> 03:55:58,800
returns next season, you've 
learned where gold hides you've 

4328
03:55:58,800 --> 03:56:01,600
learned how to read a creek. 
You've learned how to survive in

4329
03:56:01,600 --> 03:56:04,000
the mountains with minimal 
supplies and maximum 

4330
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:06,900
stubbornness. 
There's all the question of what

4331
03:56:06,900 --> 03:56:09,600
you'd be going home to a higher 
feels? 

4332
03:56:09,600 --> 03:56:12,800
Very far away, both 
geographically and emotionally. 

4333
03:56:14,000 --> 03:56:17,500
the life, you left there, the 
debts, the obligations, the 

4334
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:21,100
small town predictability, It 
doesn't feel like something 

4335
03:56:21,100 --> 03:56:25,200
Eureka to return to. at least 
here, you're poor, but 

4336
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:30,300
independent At least here, every
plan has the potential to change

4337
03:56:30,300 --> 03:56:33,300
your circumstances. 
The Danish fellow is staying 

4338
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:35,800
through October possibly 
November. 

4339
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:39,200
He told you this while refilling
his Canteen at the creek. 

4340
03:56:40,000 --> 03:56:43,100
He King in his careful English 
that suggests he's translating 

4341
03:56:43,100 --> 03:56:45,800
from Danish in his head before 
the words come out. 

4342
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:50,500
He said he's been mining for two
years now in different locations

4343
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,000
and that patience is the main 
requirement. 

4344
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:56,500
He said that most men leave too 
early before. 

4345
03:56:56,500 --> 03:56:59,800
They've learned enough to make 
the work pay off He said this 

4346
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:02,100
with the confidence of someone 
who's either, right? 

4347
03:57:02,100 --> 03:57:06,100
Or as become very good at lying 
to himself, you decide to stay 

4348
03:57:06,100 --> 03:57:08,600
through September then reassess 
and not October. 

4349
03:57:09,500 --> 03:57:12,800
This feels like a reasonable 
compromise between optimism and 

4350
03:57:12,800 --> 03:57:15,500
survival. 
Instinct, you mark the date in 

4351
03:57:15,500 --> 03:57:19,600
your head October 1st. 
That's when you'll make a real 

4352
03:57:19,600 --> 03:57:22,600
decision about whether to winter
here or head to lower elevation,

4353
03:57:23,800 --> 03:57:26,500
the best part of each day is the
hour after dinner, when you're 

4354
03:57:26,500 --> 03:57:28,900
too tired to do anything 
productive, but not yet tired, 

4355
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:32,400
enough to sleep, you sit by your
fire, smoke your pipe. 

4356
03:57:33,400 --> 03:57:35,800
Tobacco's expensive. 
So you mix it with dried 

4357
03:57:35,800 --> 03:57:38,800
bearberry leaves, which is 
either an authentic Frontier 

4358
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:42,300
technique or something you 
invented out of desperation and 

4359
03:57:42,300 --> 03:57:44,200
watch the light fade from the 
canyon. 

4360
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:46,900
The evening light in the 
mountains is different from 

4361
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:48,200
evening light. 
Anywhere else. 

4362
03:57:49,200 --> 03:57:52,100
His golden in a way that seems 
almost thick, like you could 

4363
03:57:52,100 --> 03:57:56,400
reach out and touch it. 
The air cools rapidly once the 

4364
03:57:56,400 --> 03:57:59,700
sun drops behind the Western 
Ridge and the temperature drops 

4365
03:57:59,700 --> 03:58:02,400
10 or 15 degrees in the space of
20 minutes. 

4366
03:58:03,300 --> 03:58:05,100
You've learned to have your 
jacket Within Reach. 

4367
03:58:05,100 --> 03:58:07,100
By the time, the light starts to
turn. 

4368
03:58:07,900 --> 03:58:11,300
The sound of the evening. 
Other creep, the fire crackling,

4369
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:14,300
the wind moving through the 
pines and occasionally, the 

4370
03:58:14,308 --> 03:58:17,400
far-off sound of someone else's 
biting into wood. 

4371
03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:20,900
There's a rhythm to life here 
that slower than anything you 

4372
03:58:20,900 --> 03:58:24,000
experience in Ohio. 
Not peaceful, exactly. 

4373
03:58:24,000 --> 03:58:28,900
It's too much work to be 
peaceful, but separate remove 

4374
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:30,200
from the normal pace of the 
world. 

4375
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:33,300
You've started noticing small 
things, you wouldn't have 

4376
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:36,200
noticed. 
Four months ago, The way certain

4377
03:58:36,200 --> 03:58:38,600
rocks in the creek have 
patterned in them that look like

4378
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:40,700
writing in a language. 
Nobody can read. 

4379
03:58:41,900 --> 03:58:43,400
The way the smoke from your 
fire. 

4380
03:58:43,400 --> 03:58:46,100
Sometimes swirls in One 
Direction while the wind is 

4381
03:58:46,100 --> 03:58:49,800
clearly blowing in another. 
The way the Stars up here are so

4382
03:58:49,808 --> 03:58:52,300
bright. 
They cast actual Shadows, 

4383
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:57,400
turning the whole Forest into a 
study in silver and black some 

4384
03:58:57,400 --> 03:58:59,500
evenings. 
You hear the sound of a fiddle, 

4385
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:02,600
from one of the camps 
Downstream, someone has a fiddle

4386
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:06,000
and knows about seven songs 
which they play in the same 

4387
03:59:06,008 --> 03:59:08,800
order every time. 
You've heard this sequence so 

4388
03:59:08,800 --> 03:59:10,900
many times, you could probably 
play it yourself. 

4389
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:14,800
If you had a fiddle and any 
musical ability whatsoever, The 

4390
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:17,400
fact that you can hear the 
fiddle from your Camp, suggests 

4391
03:59:17,400 --> 03:59:21,100
sound carries father here than 
it should, or that everyone is 

4392
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:24,000
being quieter than you'd expect 
from a group of men living in 

4393
03:59:24,000 --> 03:59:26,600
the woods. 
What keeps you paning day after 

4394
03:59:26,600 --> 03:59:28,700
day? 
Is the fundamental truth, that 

4395
03:59:28,700 --> 03:59:33,200
gold is definitely here. 
Not hypothetically here not 

4396
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:37,200
rumored to be here actually 
documentarily present in this 

4397
03:59:37,200 --> 03:59:39,500
Creek in quantities that are 
small. 

4398
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:44,800
But real, you found it yourself.
You've held it in your hand, you

4399
03:59:44,800 --> 03:59:48,200
know, with absolute certain tea.
That if you have enough gravel, 

4400
03:59:48,200 --> 03:59:50,400
some of that gravel will contain
gold. 

4401
03:59:51,500 --> 03:59:54,200
This is different from most 
gambles, where your betting on 

4402
03:59:54,208 --> 03:59:56,700
something that might not even 
exist here. 

4403
03:59:56,700 --> 03:59:59,100
You're just trying to find 
enough of something that 

4404
03:59:59,100 --> 04:00:02,700
definitely exists. 
It's like fishing, but the fish 

4405
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:06,100
are tiny, and made of metal and 
really good at hiding. 

4406
04:00:07,200 --> 04:00:09,900
The biggest piece you found so 
far, is about the size of a 

4407
04:00:09,900 --> 04:00:13,100
grain of rice. 
You found it three weeks ago and

4408
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:15,800
you keep it separate from your 
other gold in a small glass 

4409
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:17,800
vial. 
You bought specifically for this

4410
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:22,300
purpose, it's your trophy piece,
the evidence that larger pieces 

4411
04:00:22,300 --> 04:00:24,600
exist and that you're capable of
finding them. 

4412
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:27,900
The fact that you haven't found 
another piece that size since is

4413
04:00:27,900 --> 04:00:29,700
information. 
You've chosen not to dwell on, 

4414
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:32,900
you've heard stories about men 
finding nuggets, the size of 

4415
04:00:32,900 --> 04:00:35,300
potatoes. 
You've heard stories about men 

4416
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:36,900
becoming rich in a single 
afternoon. 

4417
04:00:36,900 --> 04:00:39,900
You've heard so many stories 
that you've stopped believing 

4418
04:00:39,900 --> 04:00:43,100
most of them. 
But the core truth remains some 

4419
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:47,000
men, do strike it rich. 
Not many men, maybe one in a 

4420
04:00:47,008 --> 04:00:50,000
thousand but someone is that one
in 1000? 

4421
04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:51,600
And there's no particular 
reason. 

4422
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:54,500
It can't be you. 
This is the hope that persist 

4423
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:56,300
through the long days of finding
nothing. 

4424
04:00:56,300 --> 04:00:59,600
This is what makes you pick up 
the pan each morning despite 

4425
04:00:59,600 --> 04:01:02,000
your aching back and your 
questionable finance's. 

4426
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:05,300
This is what makes the whole 
Enterprise feel like something 

4427
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:10,400
other than slow motion failure. 
The first of October is in a way

4428
04:01:10,408 --> 04:01:13,600
that suggests summer has 
officially given up, you wake to

4429
04:01:13,600 --> 04:01:16,400
frost on your tent, which is new
and unwelcomed. 

4430
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:19,600
The creek seems colder though. 
You're not sure if it's actually

4431
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:21,900
colder or if you're just losing 
your tolerance for cold. 

4432
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:25,900
Either way, waiting in now 
requires a moment of mental 

4433
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:28,100
preparation. 
That wasn't necessary in August.

4434
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:32,700
You've been here, five months, 
your original plan was three 

4435
04:01:32,700 --> 04:01:36,000
months maximum. 
You've exceeded your plan by two

4436
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:38,800
months and are now actively 
ignoring the fact that you made 

4437
04:01:38,800 --> 04:01:41,800
a plan at all, The Leather Pouch
with your gold. 

4438
04:01:41,800 --> 04:01:44,000
Now, contains maybe half an 
ounce total. 

4439
04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:46,600
Eight dollars worth of work, 
though. 

4440
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,200
You try not to calculate the per
day rate because it's 

4441
04:01:49,200 --> 04:01:52,300
depressing. 
Most of the camps around your 

4442
04:01:52,300 --> 04:01:54,400
empty. 
Now, The Danish fellow is still 

4443
04:01:54,400 --> 04:01:58,400
here along with the three 
Chinese miners Downstream and 

4444
04:01:58,400 --> 04:02:01,000
maybe four five other scattered 
along the creek. 

4445
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:04,300
Forest. 
Feels empty here though. 

4446
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:07,500
It's hard to say if that is 
because people left or because 

4447
04:02:07,500 --> 04:02:10,400
the changing season makes 
everything feel more Stark. 

4448
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:14,300
You've made your decision, 
you'll stay through October. 

4449
04:02:14,300 --> 04:02:17,900
Then leave before the first 
snow, this gives you one more 

4450
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:21,300
month to add to your total. 
One more month to find something

4451
04:02:21,300 --> 04:02:24,200
significant. 
One more month to convince 

4452
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:26,700
yourself that this whole 
Adventure wasn't a 

4453
04:02:26,700 --> 04:02:30,600
miscalculation. 
October feels like the absolute 

4454
04:02:30,600 --> 04:02:33,900
deadline. 
November feels like death. 

4455
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:39,300
The work continues as it has for
months, fill the pan shake it 

4456
04:02:39,300 --> 04:02:43,100
look for color. 
Occasionally find color, mostly 

4457
04:02:43,100 --> 04:02:46,100
find nothing. 
The rhythm is so familiar. 

4458
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:49,300
Now that you could do it in your
sleep, which is good because you

4459
04:02:49,300 --> 04:02:51,200
sometimes feel like you're doing
it in your sleep. 

4460
04:02:52,100 --> 04:02:54,700
On October 15th, you find a 
nugget. 

4461
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:58,600
Not a huge nugget calling. 
It nugget is technically 

4462
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:01,400
generous, but definitely larger 
than a flake. 

4463
04:03:01,400 --> 04:03:05,000
It's about the size of a 
peppercorn with a weight. 

4464
04:03:05,000 --> 04:03:08,300
You can actually feel when you 
place it in your palm, this is 

4465
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:11,600
the best find you've had in two 
months and you spend a 

4466
04:03:11,600 --> 04:03:15,100
ridiculous amount of time just 
looking at it, turning it over, 

4467
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:19,600
feeling the weight of it. 
This nugget is worth, maybe 50 

4468
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:24,100
cents. 50 cents is not a 
Fortune, 50 cents will not 

4469
04:03:24,100 --> 04:03:27,500
change your life. 
But 50 cents found in a single 

4470
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:29,800
pan is better than the three 
cents per day. 

4471
04:03:29,800 --> 04:03:33,100
You've been averaging and it 
represents the possibility that 

4472
04:03:33,100 --> 04:03:35,200
other larger pieces might be 
nearby. 

4473
04:03:36,400 --> 04:03:40,000
This is how mining works. 
Every small success, suggests 

4474
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,000
the possibility of larger 
success just around the corner. 

4475
04:03:43,800 --> 04:03:46,500
You spend the rest of the day 
working the same area, where you

4476
04:03:46,500 --> 04:03:49,500
found, the Nugget hoping that 
where there's one piece. 

4477
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:52,500
There might be more, this is 
Sound Logic. 

4478
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:55,800
This is all the same logic that 
has led you to waste entire 

4479
04:03:55,800 --> 04:03:58,500
days, digging and spots. 
That turned out to contain 

4480
04:03:58,500 --> 04:04:01,400
exactly one piece of gold and 
nothing else. 

4481
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:07,000
By the end of the day you found 
two more flakes, normal sized, 

4482
04:04:07,000 --> 04:04:10,300
nothing, special and have 
convinced yourself that the 

4483
04:04:10,300 --> 04:04:12,500
Nugget was probably a Solo 
Traveler. 

4484
04:04:12,500 --> 04:04:15,200
Not the advanced Scout for a 
major deposit. 

4485
04:04:16,000 --> 04:04:18,500
This is disappointing, but not 
surprising. 

4486
04:04:19,600 --> 04:04:22,600
Most good news, in mining turns 
out to be followed by normal 

4487
04:04:22,600 --> 04:04:25,100
news. 
The last week of October brings,

4488
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:28,800
whether that makes it clear that
winter is not a metaphor The 

4489
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:30,800
temperature drops below freezing
at night. 

4490
04:04:30,800 --> 04:04:34,700
There's snow on the highest 
peaks visible from your Camp as 

4491
04:04:34,700 --> 04:04:37,600
a bright white line against the 
sky that seems to be creeping 

4492
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:41,000
lower each day. 
The creek is painfully cold now 

4493
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:44,300
and your hands go numb. 
Within minutes of starting work.

4494
04:04:45,000 --> 04:04:48,400
You've made your final count. 
You've got approximately three 

4495
04:04:48,400 --> 04:04:52,000
quarters of an ounce of gold 
worth, maybe 12 dollars. 

4496
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:56,400
After five months of work you've
made 12 dollars. 

4497
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:59,800
This works out to about two 
dollars and 40 cents per month 

4498
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:03,100
which is less than you could 
make doing almost any other job.

4499
04:05:03,900 --> 04:05:05,900
On the other hand, you've had an
adventure. 

4500
04:05:05,900 --> 04:05:09,400
You've learned new skills, 
you've lived in the Sierra 

4501
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,900
Nevada and survived, these 
things have value, even if they 

4502
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:17,108
don't have a price tag, The 
Danish fellow stops by on the 

4503
04:05:17,116 --> 04:05:20,100
28th to say goodbye. 
He's staying through winter 

4504
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:22,600
which you think is either. 
Braver insane. 

4505
04:05:22,600 --> 04:05:25,800
He says he's built a better 
shelter and has Supply stored. 

4506
04:05:25,800 --> 04:05:29,500
He says, winter mining is 
difficult but possible and that 

4507
04:05:29,500 --> 04:05:32,500
most men who die in the winter 
die because they're unprepared. 

4508
04:05:33,200 --> 04:05:35,600
Not because the winter itself is
unsurvivable. 

4509
04:05:35,600 --> 04:05:38,900
He wishes you luck. 
You wish him luck. 

4510
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:42,400
You shake hands with the warmth 
of men who've been neighbors 

4511
04:05:42,400 --> 04:05:46,600
without quite being friends. 
On October 30th, you break camp.

4512
04:05:47,500 --> 04:05:50,900
You take down your tent pack, 
your tools, and take a last. 

4513
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:55,200
Look at your claim. 
The creek continues, its endless

4514
04:05:55,200 --> 04:05:58,500
conversation with itself, 
caring, not at all that you've 

4515
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:01,000
spent five months of your life 
crouched next to it. 

4516
04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:06,900
Hoping, The goal is still there,
somewhere in the gravel, waiting

4517
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:10,000
for the next person, desperate, 
or optimistic enough to come 

4518
04:06:10,000 --> 04:06:13,200
looking for it. 
The walk back to Sacramento 

4519
04:06:13,200 --> 04:06:16,400
takes three days. 
Your gold pout sits in your 

4520
04:06:16,400 --> 04:06:18,500
pocket heavier than you expected
for something. 

4521
04:06:18,500 --> 04:06:22,700
So, small 12 dollars worth of 
gold is not the fortune you hope

4522
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:27,300
for but it's real money earned 
by your own labor pulled from a 

4523
04:06:27,300 --> 04:06:31,200
creek, one tiny flake. 
At a time You're not sure if 

4524
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:33,900
you'll come back next spring. 
You're not sure if five months 

4525
04:06:33,900 --> 04:06:36,700
of work for 12 dollars, 
represents failure, or 

4526
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:39,200
education. 
You're not sure if you're a 

4527
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:42,700
minor, who's taking a break, or 
a man who briefly tried Mining 

4528
04:06:42,700 --> 04:06:44,400
and is moving on to something 
else. 

4529
04:06:45,300 --> 04:06:48,700
What you're sure of is this. 
You know, how to read a creek. 

4530
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:51,800
Now, you know how to survive in 
the mountains with minimal 

4531
04:06:51,800 --> 04:06:54,400
supplies. 
You know what it feels like to 

4532
04:06:54,400 --> 04:06:56,000
find gold. 
And you know what? 

4533
04:06:56,000 --> 04:06:58,100
It feels like to spend hours, 
finding nothing. 

4534
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:00,900
These are things. 
You didn't know, six months ago 

4535
04:07:00,900 --> 04:07:04,800
and they're yours now worth more
than 12 dollars because they 

4536
04:07:04,800 --> 04:07:07,400
can't be taken away the Sierra, 
Nevada. 

4537
04:07:07,400 --> 04:07:10,200
Recedes behind you. 
As you walk, the mountains 

4538
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:12,800
holding their gold, close 
patient. 

4539
04:07:12,800 --> 04:07:16,000
And in different waiting, for 
the next wave of dreamers to 

4540
04:07:16,000 --> 04:07:19,200
arrive with their hands and 
their hope and their willingness

4541
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:22,800
to spend months in cold water 
for the chance at something 

4542
04:07:22,800 --> 04:07:26,900
better, your time as a gold 
Panner in the Sierra, Nevada is 

4543
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:30,900
one story among thousands, most 
of which ended roughly the same 

4544
04:07:30,900 --> 04:07:35,500
way with modest returns valuable
experience and the knowledge 

4545
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:38,100
that sometimes, the real 
discoveries what you learn about

4546
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:41,800
yourself in the process. 
The gold remains where he's 

4547
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:45,600
always been waiting in the 
Creeks, a constant invitation to

4548
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:49,100
those willing to bend their 
backs and numb their hands for 

4549
04:07:49,100 --> 04:07:52,000
the slim chance that today's pan
might be the one that changes 

4550
04:07:52,000 --> 04:08:00,600
everything. 
Tonight, we explore the life and

4551
04:08:00,600 --> 04:08:02,100
contributions of Rosalind 
Franklin. 

4552
04:08:02,100 --> 04:08:05,600
The brilliant scientist whose 
pioneering work in x-ray. 

4553
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:08,900
Crystallography was instrumental
in the discovery of the DNA 

4554
04:08:08,900 --> 04:08:12,700
double helix A dedication to 
science and her role in one of 

4555
04:08:12,708 --> 04:08:14,700
the most significant 
breakthroughs of the 20th 

4556
04:08:14,700 --> 04:08:18,000
century continue to inspire 
generations of researchers 

4557
04:08:18,000 --> 04:08:21,100
today. 
So, before you relax, as always,

4558
04:08:21,100 --> 04:08:25,200
take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel if 

4559
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:28,300
our content helps, you, also let
us know where you're watching 

4560
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:31,400
from and what time is for, you 
were always open to requests for

4561
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,600
stories and interesting. 
If you guys ever have any in 

4562
04:08:34,600 --> 04:08:37,900
mind, let us know. 
Now, get rid of those bright 

4563
04:08:37,900 --> 04:08:40,800
lights, turn on your fan if you 
have one and let's begin. 

4564
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:46,600
Rosalind Franklin's name often 
appears as a footnote in the 

4565
04:08:46,608 --> 04:08:50,100
story of DNA overshadowed by the
fame of James, Watson and 

4566
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:54,200
Francis, Crick yet, her life was
neither trivial, not easily 

4567
04:08:54,200 --> 04:08:58,600
summarized Born in London in 
1920 to a prominent Jewish 

4568
04:08:58,600 --> 04:09:01,500
Family. 
She grew up when few encouraged 

4569
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:03,200
women to pursue rigorous 
science. 

4570
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:07,200
Even as a child, she displayed a
fierce hunger for knowledge to 

4571
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:10,500
fight social norms. 
Her father Ellis Franklin 

4572
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:13,900
supported her education yet, 
worried about her independent 

4573
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:17,300
streak at Saint, Paul's girls 
school, she excelled in math, 

4574
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:20,700
chemistry and languages while 
her peers aimed at more 

4575
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:23,700
conventional Futures a 
scholarship to newnham college 

4576
04:09:23,700 --> 04:09:26,300
Cambridge. 
Put her among mentors, who 

4577
04:09:26,300 --> 04:09:29,000
valued her promise, but 
questioned women's roles in labs

4578
04:09:29,000 --> 04:09:32,000
and deterred. 
She pulled energy into research 

4579
04:09:32,000 --> 04:09:35,900
proving her place through 
diligent work, When World War 2 

4580
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:40,000
broke out, Britain needed signs,
she joined the British coal. 

4581
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:43,100
Utilization research Association
studying carbon's 

4582
04:09:43,100 --> 04:09:46,300
microstructures there, she 
discovered a passion for 

4583
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:49,700
methodical experimentation. 
She also encountered x-ray, 

4584
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:53,200
crystallography, a technique 
aligning perfectly with her 

4585
04:09:53,200 --> 04:09:56,300
meticulous nature. 
After the war a fellowship in 

4586
04:09:56,308 --> 04:09:59,500
Paris brought her to Jack, 
Mary's lab where she refined her

4587
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:02,200
skill in x-ray. 
Diffraction her high standards 

4588
04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:05,100
in exacting methods, yielded 
notable papers on carbon 

4589
04:10:05,100 --> 04:10:08,700
structure establishing her as a 
rising star in Crystal ography. 

4590
04:10:09,500 --> 04:10:13,500
By the early 1950s King's 
College, London, offered her a 

4591
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:16,900
position to study DNA, Maurice, 
Wilkins and his team believed 

4592
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:20,500
x-ray diffraction could unlock 
the molecules secrets. 

4593
04:10:21,300 --> 04:10:24,100
Franklin arrived armed with 
expertise determined to 

4594
04:10:24,108 --> 04:10:26,100
implement new, protocols and 
improve equipment. 

4595
04:10:27,000 --> 04:10:28,800
Lab tensions. 
Surfaced quickly. 

4596
04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:33,000
Wilkins had expected a 
collaborator Franklin insisted 

4597
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:35,700
on autonomy. 
Some colleagues admired her 

4598
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:37,600
Precision, While others found 
her difficult. 

4599
04:10:38,600 --> 04:10:41,300
Still she pressed on convinced 
that careful data could cut 

4600
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:44,000
through any confusion. 
Working with her student, 

4601
04:10:44,000 --> 04:10:47,100
Raymond Gosling. 
She captured a series of images,

4602
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:51,600
the most famous labeled photo 
51, revealing a striking helical

4603
04:10:51,600 --> 04:10:54,200
pattern. 
She wanted more evidence before 

4604
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:56,700
announcing a conclusion, 
preferring thoroughness over 

4605
04:10:56,700 --> 04:11:00,000
speculation. 
Yep, behind the scenes, her data

4606
04:11:00,000 --> 04:11:03,500
slipped into other hands, 
unbeknownst to her a colleague, 

4607
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:06,700
showed Watson, and Crick her, 
diffraction results already 

4608
04:11:06,700 --> 04:11:10,400
pursuing a helical model a 
seized, her findings, as key 

4609
04:11:10,400 --> 04:11:13,700
confirmation. 
Franklyn for the moment was 

4610
04:11:13,700 --> 04:11:16,700
focused on perfecting her 
analysis unaware. 

4611
04:11:16,700 --> 04:11:19,300
That her painstaking work was 
fueling a major Discovery 

4612
04:11:19,300 --> 04:11:22,400
elsewhere. 
Even, so the tension at Kings 

4613
04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:25,300
grew. 
Franklyn's direct Style clashed 

4614
04:11:25,300 --> 04:11:29,000
with wilkins's reserved manner. 
She believed in complete 

4615
04:11:29,000 --> 04:11:32,000
control, over her research 
methods irritating, those 

4616
04:11:32,000 --> 04:11:34,600
accustomed to a more 
hierarchical lab, but she 

4617
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:37,700
remained steadfast just in 
humidity levels and rechecking 

4618
04:11:37,700 --> 04:11:41,200
angles to sharpen her images, 
each Improvement hinted, she was

4619
04:11:41,200 --> 04:11:42,800
on the brink of a Monumental 
revelation. 

4620
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:46,600
That Revelation however would 
not bear her name alone. 

4621
04:11:48,100 --> 04:11:51,300
While Franklin, refined her data
Watson, and Crick raced forward 

4622
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:54,000
preparing to unveil their model 
of D. 

4623
04:11:54,000 --> 04:11:56,700
She had no inkling of the behind
the scenes, drama. 

4624
04:11:58,300 --> 04:12:01,400
In the darkroom, a camera 
captured Crystal patterns that 

4625
04:12:01,400 --> 04:12:04,900
were changed by biology. 
Trusted her data to speak for 

4626
04:12:04,900 --> 04:12:08,400
itself unaware that the world 
soon would hail Watson and Crick

4627
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:11,800
as The Architects of DNA's 
double helix At this stage, 

4628
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:14,300
Franklin story was poised 
between breakthrough and 

4629
04:12:14,300 --> 04:12:16,800
overshadowing. 
A rigorous approach had 

4630
04:12:16,800 --> 04:12:20,300
delivered vital Clues to Life's 
molecular code, yet, social 

4631
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:23,200
dynamics and academic politics 
threatened to Opera of Duke 

4632
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:26,500
credit. 
In the realm of science dated 

4633
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:28,700
does not always guarantee 
recognition for the one who 

4634
04:12:28,700 --> 04:12:31,800
gathers it. 
Rosalind Franklin had produced a

4635
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:35,200
Priceless glimpse into DNA's 
form, setting, the stage for 

4636
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:37,800
history to unfold in ways. 
She could not have predicted. 

4637
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:42,200
She was born into a family of 
philanthropic tradition with her

4638
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:45,000
Uncle serving, as the first 
Jewish mayor of London to noton.

4639
04:12:45,800 --> 04:12:48,600
From a young age, she was taught
the importance of service in 

4640
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:51,200
intellectual rigor. 
A combination that would shape 

4641
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:54,900
her character In her teenage 
years, she gained a reputation 

4642
04:12:54,900 --> 04:12:58,100
for Sharp wit and an unwavering 
focus on academic goals. 

4643
04:12:58,100 --> 04:13:01,000
These traits did not always 
endear her to peers, who 

4644
04:13:01,000 --> 04:13:05,300
expected, more demure Behavior. 
But she was undeterred, she had 

4645
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:08,100
glimpsed a future in which women
could stand at the frontier of 

4646
04:13:08,100 --> 04:13:12,200
Discovery and she was determined
to claim it in her journals. 

4647
04:13:12,200 --> 04:13:15,000
She expressed a love for puzzles
and a fascination with 

4648
04:13:15,000 --> 04:13:18,200
structure. 
Whether examining minerals or 

4649
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:22,400
deciphering, abstract problems. 
She found solace in unraveling 

4650
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:26,400
complexities This mindset 
translated seamlessly into her 

4651
04:13:26,400 --> 04:13:29,700
later work where Precision 
became both her shield and her 

4652
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:32,500
Compass. 
It also fueled her tenacity 

4653
04:13:32,500 --> 04:13:35,600
driving her to pursue every 
question until she reached its 

4654
04:13:35,600 --> 04:13:38,700
hidden core. 
Rosalind Franklin's arrival at 

4655
04:13:38,708 --> 04:13:40,900
King's College. 
London came with grand Hope's 

4656
04:13:40,900 --> 04:13:45,300
but the labs culture soon, 
tested her resolve She joined 

4657
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:49,100
Morris Wilkins, who believe they
would share DNA research duties.

4658
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:53,100
Franklyn's forthright style. 
However, clashed with Wilkins 

4659
04:13:53,100 --> 04:13:56,800
quieter approach worse, the 
leadership chain for the DNA 

4660
04:13:56,800 --> 04:14:00,700
project remained vague fostering
confusion about who was truly in

4661
04:14:00,700 --> 04:14:05,300
charge, Despite these challenges
Franklin pressed on exploring. 

4662
04:14:05,300 --> 04:14:07,600
How DNA fibers changed under 
varying humidity. 

4663
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:12,100
She distinguished between A and 
B forms of the molecule and her 

4664
04:14:12,100 --> 04:14:13,900
fastidious x-ray, diffraction 
work. 

4665
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:17,800
Produced the famed photo 51, 
which showed an unmistakable 

4666
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:21,400
helical pattern, Franklin 
acknowledged the significance of

4667
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:24,600
the image yet she refrained from
making hastir assumptions. 

4668
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:28,400
She spent hours perfecting 
exposures checking angles and 

4669
04:14:28,400 --> 04:14:31,700
analyzing the precise details 
etched onto photographic plates 

4670
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:35,000
Meanwhile, across town at the 
Cavendish laboratory. 

4671
04:14:35,000 --> 04:14:38,300
In Cambridge, James, Watson, and
Francis, Crick took a 

4672
04:14:38,300 --> 04:14:41,000
contrasting approach model 
Builders at heart. 

4673
04:14:41,000 --> 04:14:44,600
They chased the DNA structure by
trial and error fueled by 

4674
04:14:44,608 --> 04:14:48,300
Snippets of data gleaned from 
various sources, when Wilkins 

4675
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:52,300
revealed photo 51 to Watson, 
unbeknownst to franklyn the 

4676
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:55,200
evidence dovetails perfectly 
with their double helix hunch. 

4677
04:14:56,200 --> 04:14:59,500
By early 1953 Watson and Crick 
completed. 

4678
04:14:59,500 --> 04:15:01,300
A model that would make 
scientific history. 

4679
04:15:01,300 --> 04:15:05,100
Their publication in nature was 
concise yet transformative, 

4680
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:08,200
announcing a double helical 
structure, that explained? 

4681
04:15:08,200 --> 04:15:12,000
DNA's replication mechanism 
Wilkins and Franklin each 

4682
04:15:12,000 --> 04:15:15,400
contributed supportive papers 
but the spotlight fell squarely 

4683
04:15:15,400 --> 04:15:19,300
on Watson and Crick Franklins 
images and calculations though 

4684
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:22,200
pivotal were presented as 
secondary confirmations rather 

4685
04:15:22,200 --> 04:15:25,800
than driving forces. 
She felt the sting of exclusion 

4686
04:15:25,800 --> 04:15:29,300
yet pressed on finalizing her 
analyzes of the molecules 

4687
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:32,000
geometry. 
This period, at King's grew more

4688
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:34,400
strained. 
Franklin's Report with Wilkins 

4689
04:15:34,400 --> 04:15:36,500
had called. 
She seemed unwilling to 

4690
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:39,200
compromise on rigorous standards
and he resented her 

4691
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:42,000
independence. 
The department itself provided 

4692
04:15:42,000 --> 04:15:46,000
limited support content to bask 
in the southern for the DNA 

4693
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:48,800
breakthrough. 
Frankly, meanwhile was left to 

4694
04:15:48,800 --> 04:15:51,600
Grapple with how her painstaking
data had been used without her 

4695
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:54,700
direct consent. 
Recognizing that her future lay 

4696
04:15:54,700 --> 04:15:57,300
elsewhere. 
She began seeking a new post 

4697
04:15:57,300 --> 04:15:59,400
where she could direct her 
research on her terms. 

4698
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:03,400
Opportunity arose birkbeck 
College headed by Crystal. 

4699
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:06,800
John Desmond, Bernal. 
Though, the facilities there 

4700
04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:09,500
were humbler, the atmosphere 
promised greater autonomy. 

4701
04:16:10,400 --> 04:16:13,800
Franklin decided to leave kings 
taking with her a wealth of 

4702
04:16:13,800 --> 04:16:17,200
expertise and the resolve to 
avoid another scientific Turf 

4703
04:16:17,200 --> 04:16:19,800
War. 
Briefly concluded her work by 

4704
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:22,200
publishing her final 
observations, on the structural 

4705
04:16:22,200 --> 04:16:25,900
nuances of DNA. 
While Watson Crick, and Wilkins,

4706
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:29,400
basked in growing accolades 
Franklin exited quietly, 

4707
04:16:29,400 --> 04:16:31,300
determined to reorient, her 
career. 

4708
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:35,000
She did not wholly, abandon DNA,
friends, and colleagues 

4709
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:37,100
occasionally asked for her 
insights and she answered 

4710
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:39,400
candidly. 
She had no desire to entangle 

4711
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:41,800
herself further and debate about
authorship or recognition. 

4712
04:16:41,800 --> 04:16:44,500
The overshadowing. 
She experienced became a 

4713
04:16:44,500 --> 04:16:48,500
cautionary Tale in science data 
is currently and the one who 

4714
04:16:48,508 --> 04:16:51,000
controls its dissemination 
Wheels significant power, 

4715
04:16:52,100 --> 04:16:54,300
Franklin preferred to move 
forward rather than dwell on 

4716
04:16:54,308 --> 04:16:56,900
what might have been done 
differently in her last month's 

4717
04:16:56,900 --> 04:16:58,700
at Kings. 
She remained cordial, but 

4718
04:16:58,700 --> 04:17:03,300
distant focusing on practical 
tasks, a colleague's recognized 

4719
04:17:03,300 --> 04:17:06,100
her departure as a loss. 
Her techniques have been Central

4720
04:17:06,100 --> 04:17:09,800
to illuminating DNA. 
Still few openly acknowledge the

4721
04:17:09,800 --> 04:17:12,400
imbalance that had allowed 
others to LEAP ahead with her 

4722
04:17:12,400 --> 04:17:16,000
findings privately, franklyn 
Harper, disappointment at the 

4723
04:17:16,008 --> 04:17:19,000
Miss chance for genuine 
collaboration yet she rarely 

4724
04:17:19,000 --> 04:17:22,600
indulged in public complaints. 
Believe in the projects, success

4725
04:17:22,600 --> 04:17:24,400
should outweigh personal 
grievances. 

4726
04:17:24,400 --> 04:17:28,300
She fully engaged in planning 
her new life at book by the mid 

4727
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:31,500
1953. 
She aimed to Pivot to viruses, 

4728
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:34,700
which he saw as a logical 
extension of molecular biology. 

4729
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:39,300
If DNA held the code viruses, 
manipulated it for replication. 

4730
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:42,700
It was a fresh Frontier. 
Three of the swirl around the 

4731
04:17:42,708 --> 04:17:44,900
double helix. 
Some wondered if she might 

4732
04:17:44,900 --> 04:17:47,500
regret turning away from a 
molecule that had just earned 

4733
04:17:47,500 --> 04:17:50,500
Global Fame, but franklyn's mind
was already set. 

4734
04:17:51,200 --> 04:17:53,800
Craved, an environment where 
precision and exploration 

4735
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:56,500
mattered more than departmental 
politics or star power. 

4736
04:17:56,500 --> 04:18:00,400
In this decision, Rosalind 
Franklin, demonstrated a fierce 

4737
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:02,300
Independence that would define 
her future endeavors. 

4738
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:07,500
The DNA story continued to 
unfold with Watson Crick, and 

4739
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:09,600
Wilkins moving into the 
scientific Limelight. 

4740
04:18:09,600 --> 04:18:13,600
Franklyn, meanwhile, headed for 
new Challengers confident, that 

4741
04:18:13,600 --> 04:18:15,800
her diligence and clear sighted 
approach would gain yield 

4742
04:18:15,800 --> 04:18:19,400
groundbreaking discoveries. 
The transition set the stage for

4743
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:23,000
the next chapter of her life. 
A chapter in which viruses, not 

4744
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:27,500
DNA, would become her primary 
focus, Rosalind Franklin's moved

4745
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,800
to book back College. 
In 1953, allowed her to escape 

4746
04:18:30,800 --> 04:18:34,100
the tensions around DNA and 
forger fresh path in virus 

4747
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:36,800
research. 
Under John Desmond, Bernal. 

4748
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:40,100
She found greater Independence 
for her meticulous approach 

4749
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:43,300
while viruses lacked the 
immediate famous of DNA 

4750
04:18:43,300 --> 04:18:46,700
Franklin. 
Considered them equally vital if

4751
04:18:46,700 --> 04:18:50,500
DNA was life's blueprint viruses
were Intruders capable of 

4752
04:18:50,508 --> 04:18:54,500
hijacking that plan. 
I've chosen subject the tobacco 

4753
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:57,900
mosaic virus TMV presented 
unique challenges. 

4754
04:18:58,900 --> 04:19:02,100
Franklin painstakingly prepared 
samples to ensure, uniformity 

4755
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:06,600
using x-ray, diffraction, to 
decode TMZ rod-like structure. 

4756
04:19:07,500 --> 04:19:10,500
Teamed up with Ouran club and 
others methodically interpreting

4757
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:14,900
diffraction patterns even as a 
smaller lab birkbeck, became a 

4758
04:19:14,900 --> 04:19:18,100
Haven where frankly could shape 
projects by her exacting 

4759
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:20,200
standards. 
She still carried scars from 

4760
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:22,700
King's College. 
Someone wondered why she had 

4761
04:19:22,700 --> 04:19:25,900
shifted from DNA to viruses but 
Franklin pressed forward. 

4762
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:28,400
Drawing parallels to her earlier
work. 

4763
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:31,100
She again, insisted on 
data-driven analysis. 

4764
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,700
Never rushing to publish before 
confirming every detail. 

4765
04:19:34,700 --> 04:19:38,300
Her lab environment combined 
intensity with a collaborative 

4766
04:19:38,300 --> 04:19:41,900
Spirit, offering trainees and 
unparalleled education in 

4767
04:19:41,908 --> 04:19:46,200
Crystal or graphic rigor. 
Between 1954 and 1955, 

4768
04:19:46,200 --> 04:19:50,200
Franklin's group made steady 
gains, they confirmed TMS 

4769
04:19:50,200 --> 04:19:52,900
protein subunits arranged in 
repeating units around the 

4770
04:19:52,900 --> 04:19:55,900
viral. 
RNA these findings though, less 

4771
04:19:55,900 --> 04:19:59,000
glamorous than the double helix 
garnered respect among 

4772
04:19:59,000 --> 04:20:03,400
structural biologists unfazed by
the overshadowing DNA narrative,

4773
04:20:03,400 --> 04:20:06,800
Frankling kept expanding her 
scope, she ventured into 

4774
04:20:06,800 --> 04:20:09,900
spherical viruses. 
Hypothesizing that structural 

4775
04:20:09,900 --> 04:20:13,700
symmetry might unify diverse 
pathogens her reputation grew 

4776
04:20:13,700 --> 04:20:17,600
and she presented at conferences
describing how the same methods 

4777
04:20:17,600 --> 04:20:20,800
that had illuminated DNA could 
unpack viral design. 

4778
04:20:21,700 --> 04:20:24,200
Publicly Watson and Crick 
dominated headlines. 

4779
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:27,900
But within Crystal ography 
circles Franklin was 

4780
04:20:27,900 --> 04:20:29,100
acknowledged as a leading 
figure. 

4781
04:20:29,800 --> 04:20:33,000
She rarely spoke of the DNA 
controversy, though, colleague 

4782
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:36,400
sensed unresolved feelings. 
Instead she concentrated on 

4783
04:20:36,400 --> 04:20:41,100
perfecting viral data, believing
scientific progress mattered, 

4784
04:20:41,100 --> 04:20:47,100
more than personal credit. 
Outside the lab Franklin, led a 

4785
04:20:47,100 --> 04:20:50,500
quiet life, she enjoyed travel 
and founder in the outdoors. 

4786
04:20:50,500 --> 04:20:53,200
But her main passion remained 
the quest of visualize 

4787
04:20:53,200 --> 04:20:57,100
biological structures, funding 
was tight and she often lobbied 

4788
04:20:57,100 --> 04:20:58,400
for Grants to buy better 
equipment. 

4789
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,200
Each new insights strengthened 
her conviction that viruses 

4790
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:05,300
small yet for Middle merited. 
The same. 

4791
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:07,300
Painstaking scrutiny. 
As ding. 

4792
04:21:08,300 --> 04:21:10,900
By 1956. 
Her work expanded further, 

4793
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:14,600
collaborators, like Aaron 
Advanced diffraction analysis. 

4794
04:21:14,600 --> 04:21:18,300
Revealing intricate, protein 
shells, and casing viral, RNA 

4795
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:20,800
Franklin. 
Believed these advances might 

4796
04:21:20,800 --> 04:21:23,100
guide future strategies against 
viral diseases. 

4797
04:21:23,100 --> 04:21:25,700
The thoroughness she had applied
to DNA. 

4798
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:29,300
Now, propelled virology forward 
and accomplishment overshadowed 

4799
04:21:29,300 --> 04:21:32,500
by the double helixes Spotlight,
but crucial to understanding 

4800
04:21:32,500 --> 04:21:36,200
viral replication. 
Yes, signs of illness emerged. 

4801
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:40,200
She dismissed bouts of pain as 
stress unwilling to slow down, 

4802
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:43,900
unbeknownst to her. 
She faced a serious condition 

4803
04:21:43,900 --> 04:21:47,900
that would soon escalate for the
moment research, remained her 

4804
04:21:47,900 --> 04:21:51,400
anchor, and she pressed on 
analyzing each image that 

4805
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:54,900
emerged from her diffraction, 
apparatus, her dedication, 

4806
04:21:54,900 --> 04:21:58,600
ignited excitement at birkbeck 
motivating younger. 

4807
04:21:58,600 --> 04:21:59,900
Scientists to follow in her 
footsteps. 

4808
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:04,400
Though, Watson Crick and Wilkins
gained prizes and public. 

4809
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:07,200
Adoration for DNA Franklin never
openly. 

4810
04:22:07,200 --> 04:22:10,200
Displayed Envy friends noted she
remained courteous about the 

4811
04:22:10,208 --> 04:22:13,700
double helix maintaining. 
The stance that data, not 

4812
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:16,900
politics fueled real progress in
her lab. 

4813
04:22:16,900 --> 04:22:19,700
She was known for forging new 
ground in virus structure. 

4814
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:22,500
Determined that careful work? 
Would eventually earn its 

4815
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:25,900
acknowledgment. 
Amid these virus studies, 

4816
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:28,000
Franklins commitment to 
Excellence. 

4817
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:31,500
Never wavered, she had departed 
King's to find a more supportive

4818
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,900
environment and at birkbeck she 
discovered purpose in our 

4819
04:22:34,900 --> 04:22:37,600
raveling new puzzles, the 
Breakthrough. 

4820
04:22:37,600 --> 04:22:40,600
She spearheaded may not have led
to Global headlines but they 

4821
04:22:40,600 --> 04:22:43,600
contributed significantly to the
emerging field of molecular 

4822
04:22:43,600 --> 04:22:46,500
virology. 
All the while her health 

4823
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:48,600
concerns simmered beneath the 
surface. 

4824
04:22:48,600 --> 04:22:52,300
She continued to travel in 
lecture sharing insights and 

4825
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,200
forging collaborations 
researchers worldwide adapted. 

4826
04:22:55,200 --> 04:22:58,500
Her techniques marveling at how 
the same x-ray approach used on 

4827
04:22:58,500 --> 04:23:00,600
DNA. 
Could dissect viral architecture

4828
04:23:00,600 --> 04:23:03,900
each success. 
Confirmed her choice to abandon 

4829
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:06,600
the fame of DNA and explore a 
less explored path. 

4830
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:10,700
Rosalind Franklin's years at 
birkbeck standard as a testament

4831
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:12,700
to her resilience and 
intellectual Drive. 

4832
04:23:13,300 --> 04:23:16,600
Where others saw missed Fame. 
She saw a chance to deepen 

4833
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:18,200
knowledge. 
On a frontier with vast 

4834
04:23:18,200 --> 04:23:19,800
implications for medicine and 
agriculture. 

4835
04:23:19,800 --> 04:23:24,600
This period defined her as more 
than the woman behind photo 51. 

4836
04:23:25,800 --> 04:23:29,700
She became a Leading Light in 
virus, crystallography advancing

4837
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:31,900
an entire field through tireless
devotion. 

4838
04:23:33,200 --> 04:23:36,800
By late 1956, Rosalind Franklin 
could no longer dismiss her 

4839
04:23:36,800 --> 04:23:40,700
discomfort as mere fatigue, 
severe abdominal pain center to 

4840
04:23:40,700 --> 04:23:44,300
a specialist where she received 
a stark diagnosis of varying 

4841
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:47,500
cancer. 
News of the disease, hit hard. 

4842
04:23:48,300 --> 04:23:49,600
She was only in her 
mid-thirties. 

4843
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:53,800
With a thriving Lab at birkbeck 
and an unrelenting drive to 

4844
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:58,000
uncover the secrets of viruses. 
Tackle the situation with the 

4845
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:01,700
same uncovering determination 
that characterized her 

4846
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:04,700
scientific Pursuits. 
Franklin, underwent surgery 

4847
04:24:04,700 --> 04:24:07,400
followed by radiation treatments
that left her exhausted 

4848
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:10,600
remarkably. 
She insisted on working whenever

4849
04:24:10,600 --> 04:24:14,000
she felt even a little strength.
Her laboratory colleagues 

4850
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:18,100
witnessed a woman who despite 
obvious pain, maintained precise

4851
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:20,600
standards and pressed forward 
with x-ray, diffraction 

4852
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:24,300
experiments, submerged her to 
rest, but she believed that 

4853
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:27,700
meaningful research could serve 
as a form of hope, both for 

4854
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:30,000
herself and for the broader 
scientific Quest. 

4855
04:24:31,100 --> 04:24:34,700
Meanwhile, her research group 
canceled its progress on Tobacco

4856
04:24:34,700 --> 04:24:38,900
mosaic virus Aaron. 
Finch helped manage day-to-day 

4857
04:24:38,900 --> 04:24:42,200
tasks but franklyn remained the 
intellectual force behind the 

4858
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:46,000
projects analyzing data from her
hospital bed, when necessary, 

4859
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:50,100
she had always been meticulous 
but now her instructions became 

4860
04:24:50,100 --> 04:24:53,500
even more methodical. 
As if every experiment needed to

4861
04:24:53,500 --> 04:24:55,600
be double checked due to the 
uncertain of time. 

4862
04:24:55,600 --> 04:24:59,400
Medical Treatments showed 
initial promise Franklins 

4863
04:24:59,400 --> 04:25:02,300
Health, rebounded, enough for 
her to attend conferences and 

4864
04:25:02,300 --> 04:25:05,800
deliver lectures with renewed 
Vigor in early 1957. 

4865
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:08,600
She traveled to the United 
States to discuss her virus 

4866
04:25:08,600 --> 04:25:12,000
findings. 
There Marvel at a Clarity of 

4867
04:25:12,000 --> 04:25:14,500
thought and appreciated her, 
willingness to share data and 

4868
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:17,000
techniques. 
She returned to London with 

4869
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:19,700
fresh ideas, for comparing the 
structures of different plant. 

4870
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:23,000
Viruses convinced that a 
unifying principle might exist 

4871
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:26,800
across various shapes and sizes.
Her perseverance garnered 

4872
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:29,000
admiration from both peers and 
subordinates. 

4873
04:25:29,000 --> 04:25:32,400
Many had witnessed how 
overshadowed she'd been in the 

4874
04:25:32,408 --> 04:25:35,800
DNA story yet. 
Here she was forging new 

4875
04:25:35,800 --> 04:25:38,800
breakthroughs under the most 
challenging circumstances in 

4876
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:42,200
private Franklin confessed. 
Occasional frustration about the

4877
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:46,100
slow recognition for her virus 
work but she really let 

4878
04:25:46,100 --> 04:25:49,100
bitterness creep into daily lab 
interactions instead. 

4879
04:25:49,100 --> 04:25:52,500
She strove to uplift, younger 
researchers, reminding them that

4880
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:56,400
quality data was the Bedrock of 
scientific progress, that year 

4881
04:25:56,400 --> 04:25:58,600
she initiated a project 
examining. 

4882
04:25:58,600 --> 04:26:02,000
The polio virus structure though
it would be demanding. 

4883
04:26:02,700 --> 04:26:05,700
Polio remained, a global Health 
concern and Franklin hoped that 

4884
04:26:05,700 --> 04:26:08,500
precise to fraction studies 
might reveal new angles for 

4885
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:11,400
vaccine development. 
She collaborated with 

4886
04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:14,200
researchers at other 
institutions, coordinating 

4887
04:26:14,200 --> 04:26:16,300
sample exchanges and 
cross-checking results. 

4888
04:26:17,200 --> 04:26:20,300
The effort required significant 
energy, but franklyn refused to 

4889
04:26:20,308 --> 04:26:23,200
lower her standards by mid-19 
the 57. 

4890
04:26:23,200 --> 04:26:27,400
However, her health took another
downturn hospital visits became 

4891
04:26:27,400 --> 04:26:30,300
more frequent and her doctors 
suggested further treatments 

4892
04:26:30,300 --> 04:26:34,000
this time. 
The prognosis was darker She 

4893
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:37,300
confided in a few close friends 
admitting she feared she might 

4894
04:26:37,300 --> 04:26:39,200
not complete her most ambitious 
projects. 

4895
04:26:39,900 --> 04:26:43,000
Still, she held on to the lab as
her anchor juggling medical 

4896
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:46,000
appointments with diffraction 
sessions that extended late Into

4897
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,000
the Night. 
In August a sudden Improvement 

4898
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:52,500
sparked renewed optimism. 
She joked with colleagues about 

4899
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:56,100
planning a celebratory trip. 
Once she fully recovered letters

4900
04:26:56,100 --> 04:26:58,300
to friends abroad show her 
balancing gratitude, for 

4901
04:26:58,300 --> 04:27:01,400
extended life, with a scientists
inherent curiosity about her 

4902
04:27:01,400 --> 04:27:04,200
illness. 
She compared cancers Invasion to

4903
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:08,200
a virus, infiltrating, a cell 
determined to observe and fight 

4904
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:11,500
it with all the tools available.
Yet the disease progressed 

4905
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:16,600
relentlessly by Falling Again, 
and even routine tasks became 

4906
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:20,200
difficult Franklin's unwavering 
determination, masked its 

4907
04:27:20,200 --> 04:27:24,200
severity to most outside as She 
drafted research notes from her 

4908
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:27,800
bed, outlining next steps for 
her team, in an act of 

4909
04:27:27,808 --> 04:27:30,600
foresight. 
She delegated leadership role in

4910
04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:33,800
that ongoing experiments would 
falter if she had to step away 

4911
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:37,900
those around her admired, this 
quiet resilience, despite her 

4912
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:41,200
personal struggles, frankly 
never overlooked The Wider 

4913
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:44,700
impact of her research. 
She viewed viruses as intricate 

4914
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:48,000
pieces of nature with each 
Discovery serving as a crucial 

4915
04:27:48,000 --> 04:27:51,000
tool for comprehending disease, 
and safeguarding human lives. 

4916
04:27:51,000 --> 04:27:54,800
Observers found her courage 
extraordinary though. 

4917
04:27:54,800 --> 04:27:58,200
She rarely framed herself as 
heroic in her view, she was 

4918
04:27:58,200 --> 04:27:59,800
simply continuing what she had 
always done. 

4919
04:27:59,800 --> 04:28:03,800
Methodically Gathering data 
refining conclusions and 

4920
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:06,000
believing in the power of 
science to uplift Humanity. 

4921
04:28:07,000 --> 04:28:11,000
As 1957 came to an end, Rosalind
Franklin, found herself at a 

4922
04:28:11,008 --> 04:28:13,800
pivotal point. 
Her lab is brimming with 

4923
04:28:13,800 --> 04:28:17,400
fascinating research, on viruses
that may help unravel biological

4924
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:20,300
Mysteries. 
She had a disease that no amount

4925
04:28:20,300 --> 04:28:25,300
of scientific rigor could cure. 
Early 1958 brought New Waves of 

4926
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:28,100
uncertainty as Rosalind 
Franklin's Health deteriorated. 

4927
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:31,800
Yet, within the birkbeck lab 
momentum, persisted. 

4928
04:28:31,800 --> 04:28:35,900
She had established a system of 
shared responsibilities in that 

4929
04:28:35,900 --> 04:28:39,100
vital experiments continued even
if she needed hospitalization. 

4930
04:28:40,200 --> 04:28:43,900
Aaron others stepped up 
organizing data from the tobacco

4931
04:28:43,900 --> 04:28:47,300
mosaic virus and now the polio 
virus studies, frankly had 

4932
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:50,500
launched despite her weakened 
State, she remained, mentally 

4933
04:28:50,500 --> 04:28:53,500
sharp offering guidance from her
bedside and carefully written 

4934
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:56,600
directives. 
Franklin's presence was palpable

4935
04:28:56,600 --> 04:28:59,900
during her occasional visits to 
the lab sporting, a lab coat, 

4936
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:02,600
over her frail frame. 
She would scrutinize the latest 

4937
04:29:02,600 --> 04:29:05,900
diffraction photographs pointing
out slight anomalies and 

4938
04:29:05,900 --> 04:29:08,700
symmetry or angle. 
Colleagues found it both 

4939
04:29:08,700 --> 04:29:11,800
inspiring and heartbreaking. 
Here was a world-class mind 

4940
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:15,900
refusing to yield even as her 
body faltered She updated 

4941
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:19,600
notebooks with unwavering 
clarity as though the act of 

4942
04:29:19,600 --> 04:29:21,900
writing itself, could keep her 
Tethered to the work. 

4943
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:25,400
She loved her medical team. 
Advised rest, but frankly 

4944
04:29:25,400 --> 04:29:28,400
impressed on citing not missed 
stubbornness, but an ethical 

4945
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:31,700
Drive in her view. 
Scientific progress was a 

4946
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:34,400
collective Venture. 
If her findings could improve 

4947
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:37,800
the understanding of viruses, 
she owed it to the broader 

4948
04:29:37,800 --> 04:29:41,400
Community to see them through 
when friends, gently questioned,

4949
04:29:41,400 --> 04:29:44,700
whether it was wise to push so 
hard, she confessed that 

4950
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:47,500
focusing on data helped Stave 
off despair. 

4951
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:51,000
The lab was her Sanctuary. 
A place where logic and 

4952
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:55,800
Discovery overshadowed personal 
anxieties One highlight came in 

4953
04:29:55,800 --> 04:29:59,700
February. 1958 a journal. 
Accepted her team's details 

4954
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:03,000
paper on TMZ. 
Structural transitions lording 

4955
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:07,100
Franklins, rigorous methodology.
She allowed herself a quiet 

4956
04:30:07,108 --> 04:30:10,600
moment of satisfaction knowing, 
such recognition was hard won. 

4957
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,000
A few days later she penned 
letters to collaborators 

4958
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:16,500
proposing further investigations
into spherical. 

4959
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:19,700
Virus shells, though. 
Physically diminished her 

4960
04:30:19,700 --> 04:30:21,700
intellectual curiosity knew no 
bounds. 

4961
04:30:22,300 --> 04:30:25,500
Outside, the lab Franklin's 
closed Circle began preparing 

4962
04:30:25,500 --> 04:30:30,200
for the possibility of bad news.
Her father Ellis had passed away

4963
04:30:30,200 --> 04:30:33,600
years earlier, but extended 
family members rallied around 

4964
04:30:33,600 --> 04:30:37,700
her, she maintained stoicism 
rarely discussing prognosis. 

4965
04:30:37,700 --> 04:30:41,400
Instead, she inquired about 
others well-being, asked about 

4966
04:30:41,400 --> 04:30:44,800
the latest scientific gossip. 
A meticulously planned, the next

4967
04:30:44,800 --> 04:30:48,000
steps for her virus research. 
In quieter moments. 

4968
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:51,600
She reflected on how a woman 
once, overshadowed in the DNA, 

4969
04:30:51,600 --> 04:30:55,400
Saga had found renewed purpose. 
She never openly declared 

4970
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:57,600
regret. 
Though, some friends, perceived,

4971
04:30:57,600 --> 04:31:00,100
a lingering sadness that she 
might not see the end of certain

4972
04:31:00,100 --> 04:31:02,800
viral. 
Inquiries rumors circulated 

4973
04:31:02,800 --> 04:31:06,000
about potential nomination for 
significant Awards, though. 

4974
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:09,000
Watson Crick, and Wilkins had 
gained Global Fame. 

4975
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:12,400
A few scientific bodies 
recognized Franklins independent

4976
04:31:12,400 --> 04:31:15,400
contributions. 
Nothing concrete materialized. 

4977
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:18,600
However, and she expressed 
little interest in accolades, 

4978
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:21,600
she believed real achievement in
the data itself. 

4979
04:31:21,600 --> 04:31:25,500
The patterns, the angles, the 
consistent results, that built a

4980
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:29,500
foundation for future work. 
A spring approached her symptoms

4981
04:31:29,508 --> 04:31:32,700
worsened. 
Sharp pains returned and another

4982
04:31:32,700 --> 04:31:36,800
surgery was scheduled this time 
medical intervention offered 

4983
04:31:36,800 --> 04:31:39,900
diminishing returns Franklin 
faced the prospect that her life

4984
04:31:39,908 --> 04:31:42,900
might be cut short yet. 
She approached this possibility 

4985
04:31:42,900 --> 04:31:45,500
with the same methodical calm. 
She brought to her experiments. 

4986
04:31:45,500 --> 04:31:49,100
She revised her will setting 
aside funds for scientific 

4987
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:52,400
causes and ensuring that certain
personal items went to Cherished

4988
04:31:52,400 --> 04:31:55,200
friends. 
She also took steps to safeguard

4989
04:31:55,200 --> 04:31:58,100
her research. 
Instructing clue and others on 

4990
04:31:58,100 --> 04:32:01,400
how to best archived her 
notebooks and X-ray films on 

4991
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,100
excellent days. 
She still made brief appearances

4992
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:07,200
at birkbeck. 
One morning in April, she 

4993
04:32:07,200 --> 04:32:10,800
examined new images of the polio
virus noting symmetrical 

4994
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:14,300
patterns that hinted at a 
uniform protein Arrangement the 

4995
04:32:14,300 --> 04:32:17,700
conversation that followed held 
in hush tones behind a clutter 

4996
04:32:17,700 --> 04:32:21,500
desk brimmed with excitement. 
She encouraged her colleague to 

4997
04:32:21,500 --> 04:32:24,300
pursue further refining of these
samples convinced. 

4998
04:32:24,300 --> 04:32:29,000
The results might be pivotal Yet
by mid-april her hospital stays 

4999
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,100
grew longer. 
In a final letter to a mentor in

5000
04:32:32,108 --> 04:32:36,300
Paris Franklin described as of 
urgency, she felt every hour 

5001
04:32:36,300 --> 04:32:40,000
counted she signed off with a 
mixture of humor and resolve 

5002
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:43,300
quipping that illness might slow
her body but never mind. 

5003
04:32:44,300 --> 04:32:47,500
The note ended abruptly 
suggesting that even writing had

5004
04:32:47,500 --> 04:32:50,500
become laborious. 
Still, the spirit that had 

5005
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:53,200
guided her from Saint, Paul's 
girls school through King's 

5006
04:32:53,200 --> 04:32:54,900
College and birkbeck remained 
intact. 

5007
04:32:55,500 --> 04:32:58,600
She had consistently emphasized 
the importance of data over 

5008
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:02,100
speculation. 
Now, as life's uncertainties 

5009
04:33:02,100 --> 04:33:04,700
narrowed. 
She held to that principle more 

5010
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:08,599
fiercely than ever, every 
experiment completed, every 

5011
04:33:08,599 --> 04:33:12,400
photograph taken was a small 
triumphs over the frailties of 

5012
04:33:12,400 --> 04:33:16,200
The Human Condition. 
In that sense, she transformed 

5013
04:33:16,200 --> 04:33:18,599
her final months into a 
testament to Scientific 

5014
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:23,500
dedication, a brief but shining 
era when personal advert, to 

5015
04:33:23,500 --> 04:33:25,800
personal adversity bowed before 
the truth. 

5016
04:33:26,599 --> 04:33:28,700
Roslyn. 
Franklyn passed away on April 

5017
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:34,099
16th 1958 at the age of 37. 
The immediate shock rippled 

5018
04:33:34,099 --> 04:33:35,900
through her colleague at 
birkbeck and Beyond. 

5019
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,800
Many had witnessed her stubborn 
fight against illness. 

5020
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:42,400
The news of her death, still 
felt sudden as though a 

5021
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:44,300
brilliant lighted had been 
snuffed out too soon. 

5022
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:47,200
She had left behind half 
finished projects on the 

5023
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:50,500
structure of viruses along with 
meticulously kept notebooks. 

5024
04:33:50,500 --> 04:33:54,000
That offered clues for future 
breakthroughs tributes poured in

5025
04:33:54,000 --> 04:33:55,500
from across the scientific 
community. 

5026
04:33:56,400 --> 04:33:59,700
John Desmond Bernal, lauded her 
unwavering Devotion to exacting 

5027
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:03,700
research, Aaron klug who had 
worked closely with her publicly

5028
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,000
credited Franklin's methods for 
pushing their studies of TMV and

5029
04:34:07,000 --> 04:34:10,500
polio virus forward. 
Even Morris Wilkins whose 

5030
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:13,500
relationship with Franklin had 
been tense, expressed regret 

5031
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:17,900
that they never truly reconciled
in hushed conversations some 

5032
04:34:17,900 --> 04:34:19,599
recalled. 
How her DNA data had been 

5033
04:34:19,608 --> 04:34:23,300
pivotal to Watson and crick's 
success lamenting that she never

5034
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:25,800
saw the global accolades. 
That might have been hers under 

5035
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:29,400
Fair, a circumstances outside 
these professional circles. 

5036
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:32,500
However, the name Rosalind 
Franklin, barely registered 

5037
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:35,099
Watson and crick's double helix 
model. 

5038
04:34:35,099 --> 04:34:36,900
Had claimed the Public's 
imagination. 

5039
04:34:36,900 --> 04:34:41,300
Casting other contributors and 
peripheral roles newspapers 

5040
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:43,400
printed shorter, obituaries 
focusing. 

5041
04:34:43,400 --> 04:34:45,700
Mainly on DNA Pioneer dies, 
young. 

5042
04:34:45,700 --> 04:34:48,599
It offered scant detail about 
her virus research. 

5043
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:52,900
In one sense, Franklin's passing
mirrored, her life, vital work 

5044
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:56,700
over shadowed by allowed a 
narrative yet for those who To 

5045
04:34:56,700 --> 04:35:00,500
her impact, the morning came 
with resolve, Aaron klug LED 

5046
04:35:00,500 --> 04:35:02,099
efforts to preserve her virus 
samples. 

5047
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:05,599
And continue her research lines.
He believed that Franklin's 

5048
04:35:05,599 --> 04:35:08,800
Legacy deserved more than a 
fleeting eulogy Scholars at 

5049
04:35:08,800 --> 04:35:11,400
birkbeck and elsewhere vowed to 
finish the tasks. 

5050
04:35:11,400 --> 04:35:14,500
She had begun analyzing the 
protein shells of various 

5051
04:35:14,500 --> 04:35:17,500
viruses and refining the 
diffraction method she had 

5052
04:35:17,500 --> 04:35:20,800
pioneered in their hands. 
Her notebooks became living 

5053
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:23,900
documents, guiding new 
experiments and interpretations.

5054
04:35:23,900 --> 04:35:28,099
Meanwhile, Watson Crick, and 
Wilkins navigated a complex. 

5055
04:35:28,099 --> 04:35:31,308
Emotional space. 
The broader public saw them as 

5056
04:35:31,315 --> 04:35:34,500
the DNA triumvirate privately 
they acknowledged that 

5057
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:38,300
Franklin's data had accelerated,
their discoveries Wilkins in 

5058
04:35:38,300 --> 04:35:41,900
particular, hinted, in letters 
that he wished Circumstances had

5059
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:45,000
played out differently. 
Yet the train of recognition had

5060
04:35:45,000 --> 04:35:49,000
long since left the station, the
Nobel Prize in physiology or 

5061
04:35:49,000 --> 04:35:53,099
medicine loomed on the horizon, 
franklyn no longer alive was 

5062
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:56,300
ineligible under the rules of 
the Nobel committee leaving, 

5063
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:58,599
many to debate. 
Whether her name would have 

5064
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:02,000
appeared on that honor had she 
survived Franklins work on 

5065
04:36:02,000 --> 04:36:05,400
viruses, started to yield 
results in a distinct area of 

5066
04:36:05,400 --> 04:36:08,099
science. 
The structural insights cleaned 

5067
04:36:08,099 --> 04:36:11,200
from her approach, informed the 
eventual, creation of vaccines 

5068
04:36:11,200 --> 04:36:14,400
and treatments, Subsequent 
generations of researchers, 

5069
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:18,099
delving into polio and other 
viral, pathogens cited, her 

5070
04:36:18,099 --> 04:36:21,599
pioneering methods over time, 
references to Franklin's 

5071
04:36:21,599 --> 04:36:24,900
approach or Franklin's Precision
surfaced in published papers. 

5072
04:36:24,900 --> 04:36:29,500
In these specialized circles, 
her influence quietly grew yet 

5073
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:32,800
in the popular imagination. 
Her role in DNA remained a 

5074
04:36:32,800 --> 04:36:36,599
buried footnote, the double 
helix story retold, him 

5075
04:36:36,599 --> 04:36:38,200
magazines and television 
specials. 

5076
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:41,200
Typically highlighted the Eureka
moments of Watson and Crick. 

5077
04:36:41,900 --> 04:36:44,500
Rarely did they emphasize the 
behind the scenes images or the 

5078
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:46,099
quiet researcher? 
Who died young? 

5079
04:36:47,000 --> 04:36:49,300
To her friends. 
The Lost was both painful and 

5080
04:36:49,300 --> 04:36:51,700
unsurprising. 
They recognized that history. 

5081
04:36:51,700 --> 04:36:54,000
Often favors the Bold 
personalities who announced 

5082
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:57,300
breakthroughs not the meticulous
Minds working in the shadows. 

5083
04:36:58,200 --> 04:37:01,000
Still, there were flickers of 
recognition, a handful of 

5084
04:37:01,008 --> 04:37:03,800
articles in scientific 
periodicals praised her for 

5085
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:07,500
bridging chemistry in biology, 
female scientists in particular,

5086
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:10,000
found in frankly, in a model of 
perseverance. 

5087
04:37:10,000 --> 04:37:13,800
She had after all navigated a 
male-dominated field with 

5088
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:17,599
unflinching dedication, her 
story suggested that Brilliance 

5089
04:37:17,599 --> 04:37:21,800
alone does not guarantee a 
Specially when personal politics

5090
04:37:21,800 --> 04:37:24,800
and timing intervene in the 
months following her funeral 

5091
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:27,900
Bernal and clue compiled her 
unpublished data. 

5092
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:30,599
Releasing some of it in 
collaborative papers. 

5093
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:34,700
These Publications helped 
virology Advanced gradually even

5094
04:37:34,700 --> 04:37:37,700
though they didn't make the 
front page, Franklin's name 

5095
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:39,599
appeared on the author lists a 
silent. 

5096
04:37:39,599 --> 04:37:42,500
Reminder that her drive and 
insight continued to shape new 

5097
04:37:42,500 --> 04:37:44,599
discoveries even Beyond her 
death. 

5098
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:48,500
Thus, Rosalind Franklin's, 
physical presence vanished in 

5099
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:52,200
the final tally of 1958, but her
methods and findings. 

5100
04:37:52,200 --> 04:37:55,700
Endured scientists who 
encountered her meticulous? 

5101
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:57,599
Records spoke of feeling her 
presence. 

5102
04:37:57,599 --> 04:38:01,000
Each measured angle each note on
humidity. 

5103
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:05,400
Each reference to precise 
conditions in that Precision 

5104
04:38:05,400 --> 04:38:09,000
layering signature a blueprint 
for doing science with 

5105
04:38:09,000 --> 04:38:12,400
exactitude and Grace. 
The World At Large might have 

5106
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:15,599
moved on but in small labs 
scattered across the globe 

5107
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:19,200
Franklins in Florence quite 
quietly, persisted heeding the 

5108
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:25,599
breakthroughs tomorrow. 
In the decades, after Rosalind 

5109
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:30,000
Franklin's death, her Legacy of 
old in slow transformative ways.

5110
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:36,200
During the 1960s and 1970s 
Watson Crick and Wilkins became 

5111
04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:39,000
household names. 
Culminating in their shared 

5112
04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:43,599
Nobel Prize in 1962. 
Franklyn omitted from that honor

5113
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:47,000
by both death and Circumstance 
remained, largely in the shadows

5114
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:50,300
of popular history. 
Yet among certain scientists, 

5115
04:38:50,300 --> 04:38:54,800
her reputation for precision and
perseverance, quietly, grew at 

5116
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:57,700
birkbeck College, younger. 
Researchers carried on the virus

5117
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:00,400
studies. 
She had pioneered Aaron klug's 

5118
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:02,900
eventual Nobel, Prize in 
chemistry, recognized his work 

5119
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:06,300
on protein nucleic acid 
complexes Pursuit. 

5120
04:39:06,300 --> 04:39:09,599
Deeply rooted in Franklin's 
methodology in interviews. 

5121
04:39:09,599 --> 04:39:12,400
He pointedly credited her 
meticulous techniques for 

5122
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:15,700
guiding his path. 
References to Franklin's x-ray 

5123
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,700
approach, began appearing in 
virology circles and 

5124
04:39:18,700 --> 04:39:21,400
acknowledgment, that her role, 
extended Beyond DNA. 

5125
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:25,700
Still mainstream awareness, 
lagged school textbook, 

5126
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:29,500
celebrated the double helix as 
Watson and crick's Triumph, only

5127
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:33,000
a handful of paragraphs. 
If any acknowledged Franklin's 

5128
04:39:33,000 --> 04:39:37,000
photo 51 or the King's College 
drama, a shifting social 

5129
04:39:37,000 --> 04:39:40,300
climate, however, sparked 
renewed interest, in lesser 

5130
04:39:40,300 --> 04:39:43,700
known, female scientists, 
feminist Scholars and historians

5131
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:47,400
began probing archival materials
determined to uncover the 

5132
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:50,000
stories of women whose 
contributions had been Eclipse 

5133
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:55,100
to Buy the 1980s, a wave of 
re-examination cast a spotlight 

5134
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:57,900
on Roselyn, Frankland 
journalists and academics. 

5135
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:01,600
Scrutinized correspondence, lab 
notes, and Memoirs. 

5136
04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:03,500
From her colleague's, they are 
on earth. 

5137
04:40:03,500 --> 04:40:06,400
The reality that Franklin had 
not just assisted but Been 

5138
04:40:06,400 --> 04:40:08,800
instrumental in unraveling to a 
structure. 

5139
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:12,400
The evidence showed that her 
data shared without her full of 

5140
04:40:12,408 --> 04:40:15,100
approval had crystallized, 
Watson and crick's thinking 

5141
04:40:16,100 --> 04:40:19,400
Popular media picked up on the 
controversy framing Franklin as 

5142
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:22,100
the wrong heroine of the DNA 
Saga. 

5143
04:40:22,100 --> 04:40:24,700
While this characterization, 
sometimes veered into 

5144
04:40:24,700 --> 04:40:29,200
caricature, it revived her name 
simultaneously interest in her 

5145
04:40:29,200 --> 04:40:31,700
virus research, flourished among
specialists. 

5146
04:40:32,400 --> 04:40:35,200
A new generation of molecular, 
biologists, rediscovered her 

5147
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,500
birkbeck work. 
Amazed at how she tackled the 

5148
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:41,700
complexities of viruses. 
With the same tenacity, she 

5149
04:40:41,700 --> 04:40:44,500
brought to dinner a series of 
papers analyzing her notebooks 

5150
04:40:44,500 --> 04:40:46,500
revealed that her approaches to 
sample. 

5151
04:40:46,500 --> 04:40:49,600
Preparation, and diffraction 
analysis were decades ahead of 

5152
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:53,000
their time pharmaceutical 
researchers aiming to combat 

5153
04:40:53,000 --> 04:40:55,300
viral outbreaks, through 
inspiration from her methods, 

5154
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:58,700
demonstrating that her impact 
reached far beyond a single 

5155
04:40:58,700 --> 04:41:02,300
molecule. 
By the 1990s, Rosalind Franklin 

5156
04:41:02,300 --> 04:41:05,800
became a symbol for women in 
stem University's established, 

5157
04:41:05,800 --> 04:41:08,900
fellowships and awards bearing. 
Her name each designed to 

5158
04:41:08,900 --> 04:41:10,700
support. 
Female researchers in fields, 

5159
04:41:10,700 --> 04:41:13,900
like chemistry Crystal and 
molecular biology. 

5160
04:41:14,800 --> 04:41:17,900
Statues and plaques appeared at 
King's College London and in her

5161
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:20,200
home town celebrating her 
achievements. 

5162
04:41:21,100 --> 04:41:23,200
Though, many tributes still 
focused on DNA. 

5163
04:41:23,200 --> 04:41:25,300
The deeper picture of her 
broader. 

5164
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:28,600
Scientific passion began to take
shape documentaries and books, 

5165
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,800
offered more nuanced, portraits 
a brilliant scientist who 

5166
04:41:31,800 --> 04:41:33,600
navigated the Prejudice of her 
time. 

5167
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:36,500
Worked herself to exhaustion and
died young. 

5168
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:40,000
Leaving a treasure Trove of 
insights debates about ethics 

5169
04:41:40,000 --> 04:41:43,500
and credit allocation continued 
with some championing Watson and

5170
04:41:43,508 --> 04:41:46,000
crick's accomplishments. 
While also acknowledging the 

5171
04:41:46,000 --> 04:41:48,800
Injustice done to franklyn the 
complexities of her 

5172
04:41:48,800 --> 04:41:52,100
relationships at Kings. 
Her shift a book back and her 

5173
04:41:52,100 --> 04:41:54,800
brave fight against cancer, 
found their way into mainstream 

5174
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:58,300
awareness painting, a portrait 
of a woman whose intellect 

5175
04:41:58,300 --> 04:42:00,800
defied the era's constraints 
today. 

5176
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,600
Rosalind Franklin stands as a 
beacon of unyielding dedication.

5177
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:08,900
Her story resonates with those 
who value Precision, resilience 

5178
04:42:08,900 --> 04:42:12,900
and collaborative respect 
Museums showcase her notebooks 

5179
04:42:12,900 --> 04:42:16,100
featuring the small details that
want seemed in consequential. 

5180
04:42:16,100 --> 04:42:20,200
Meticulously labeled film 
plates, humidity, logs and 

5181
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:22,900
carefully drawn diagrams each 
artifact. 

5182
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:26,500
Testifies to her belief that 
every scrap of data mattered in 

5183
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:28,600
academic circles, Franklins 
name. 

5184
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:31,400
Now holds genuine weight. 
She is sighted, not as a 

5185
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:34,500
footnote, but as a Pioneer who 
Bridge chemistry and biology 

5186
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:38,400
Advanced crystallography and 
helped birth modern virology 

5187
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:41,200
research. 
Initiatives encourage young 

5188
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:46,300
scientists, especially women. 
To follow her example, embodying

5189
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:49,500
curiosity. 
Discipline and the courage to 

5190
04:42:49,500 --> 04:42:52,800
question norms. 
The Arc of Rosalind Franklin's 

5191
04:42:52,800 --> 04:42:55,900
reputation thus reveals a 
broader truth recognition in 

5192
04:42:55,900 --> 04:43:00,400
science, can be capricious 
delayed or uneven, what was once

5193
04:43:00,400 --> 04:43:03,800
overshadowed can through 
persistent, re-examination rise 

5194
04:43:03,800 --> 04:43:07,400
to its rightful place, Franklins
data, lit the path for one of 

5195
04:43:07,408 --> 04:43:11,000
the greatest discoveries in 
biology and her virus research, 

5196
04:43:11,000 --> 04:43:13,700
paved the way for critical 
future breakthroughs 

5197
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:17,500
Generations. 
After her passing the full story

5198
04:43:17,500 --> 04:43:21,300
of her contributions as come 
into clearer focus in that her 

5199
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:23,300
voice. 
Once muffled, now Echoes across 

5200
04:43:23,300 --> 04:43:29,100
labs and lecture Halls worldwide
and just like that, we've 

5201
04:43:29,100 --> 04:43:31,500
reached the end of our main 
story tonight, about someone who

5202
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:35,100
was truly brilliant with 
science, Hopefully, you've 

5203
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:39,000
already drifted to sleep by now 
but if not, I know my insomniacs

5204
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:41,700
when I see them. 
We got your back with stories of

5205
04:43:41,708 --> 04:43:44,300
different types in case this 
wasn't something interesting to 

5206
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:46,800
you. 
I hope you have a fantastic day 

5207
04:43:46,800 --> 04:43:50,500
and get the best rest that you 
deserve. sleep peacefully, my 

5208
04:43:50,500 --> 04:43:59,500
friends and as always good 
night, In the year, 1325 a 21 

5209
04:43:59,500 --> 04:44:02,600
year old legal scholar from 
Tangier named, IBN battuta 

5210
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:06,100
mounted, his horse to embark on 
the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. 

5211
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:09,700
What distinguished this 
particular Journey was not its 

5212
04:44:09,700 --> 04:44:13,500
beginning but its end or rather 
the absence of one when ibomber 

5213
04:44:13,500 --> 04:44:15,900
tutor finally returned home, 
nearly three decades later. 

5214
04:44:15,900 --> 04:44:20,100
He had traversed approximately 
75,000 miles visiting 

5215
04:44:20,100 --> 04:44:22,200
territories equivalent to 
roughly 44. 

5216
04:44:22,200 --> 04:44:24,700
Modern countries. 
Yet, Perhaps, the most 

5217
04:44:24,700 --> 04:44:28,200
remarkable aspect of his story. 
Is that traveling was never his 

5218
04:44:28,200 --> 04:44:31,900
passion or intention. 
Unlike Marco Polo whose 

5219
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:34,600
Mercantile family had prepared 
him for Journeys abroad or 

5220
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:36,700
Jiang. 
He who commanded massive 

5221
04:44:36,700 --> 04:44:38,500
Chinese. 
Treasure fleets with Imperial 

5222
04:44:38,500 --> 04:44:42,300
backing Eden batuta, stumbled 
into exploration almost 

5223
04:44:42,300 --> 04:44:44,800
accidentally. 
His contemporaries would have 

5224
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:48,200
considered him bookish and 
conventional a devoted here in 

5225
04:44:48,200 --> 04:44:50,100
the malloc. 
I School of Islamic 

5226
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:53,500
jurisprudence who had memorized 
the Quran and studied legal 

5227
04:44:53,500 --> 04:44:57,100
precedence, his early writings 
reveal a young man, more 

5228
04:44:57,100 --> 04:44:59,100
concerned with proper prayer 
technique than with the 

5229
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:03,200
adventures and distance lands. 
I set out alone having neither 

5230
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:05,000
fellow traveler in his 
companionship. 

5231
04:45:05,000 --> 04:45:07,300
I might find cheers or Caravan 
whose party. 

5232
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:10,900
I might join, he wrote of his 
departure, his statement was not

5233
04:45:10,900 --> 04:45:14,400
the romanticized Declaration of 
an Intrepid Explorer but the 

5234
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:15,500
lament of a sum. 
What? 

5235
04:45:15,500 --> 04:45:18,900
Anxious young man. 
The Solitude was not by choice, 

5236
04:45:18,900 --> 04:45:21,800
he had missed the pilgrim. 
Caravan, while attending his 

5237
04:45:21,808 --> 04:45:25,000
sister's funeral. 
IBN battuta's first 

5238
04:45:25,000 --> 04:45:27,800
transformative experience, came 
not from natural wonders or 

5239
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:31,400
architectural Marvels, but 
through an unexpected fever that

5240
04:45:31,400 --> 04:45:35,100
struck him outside the town of 
Tunis delirious and alone. 

5241
04:45:35,100 --> 04:45:38,100
He fell from his horse and was 
discovered by passing traveler 

5242
04:45:38,100 --> 04:45:41,500
who nursed him back to health. 
This stranger a Tunisian poet 

5243
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:44,200
returning from Al andalus, 
shared stories of Courts. 

5244
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:48,200
He had visited, while I remember
to recuperated the Young jurists

5245
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:50,900
World expanded through these 
second-hand, Tales before he had

5246
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:55,100
even left North Africa, Upon 
reaching Alexandria in battuto 

5247
04:45:55,100 --> 04:45:58,600
and countered, another pivotal 
figure a Mystic named bahane 

5248
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,500
Aldean who lived in isolation in
the city's lighthouse. 

5249
04:46:02,600 --> 04:46:05,300
During their meeting the holy 
man made an astonishing 

5250
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:07,800
prediction. 
You will visit my brother for 

5251
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:10,200
Reid. 
In India, my brother rookie in 

5252
04:46:10,200 --> 04:46:14,300
sin and my brother burhan Alden 
in China convey, my greetings to

5253
04:46:14,300 --> 04:46:16,700
them. 
IBN battuta would later. 

5254
04:46:16,700 --> 04:46:20,600
Claim this prophecy guided his 
extended travels, though. 

5255
04:46:20,600 --> 04:46:23,000
Historians note, these 
destinations weren't uncommon 

5256
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:27,100
for medieval Muslim Travelers. 
His early Journey revealed a 

5257
04:46:27,100 --> 04:46:30,300
complex tension in his character
while he craved The Prestige of 

5258
04:46:30,308 --> 04:46:33,400
scholarly appointments. 
He repeatedly abandoned secure 

5259
04:46:33,400 --> 04:46:37,100
positions after brief. 10 years 
in Damascus, he secured a 

5260
04:46:37,100 --> 04:46:40,600
respectable judge ship but 
departed after just days the 

5261
04:46:40,600 --> 04:46:42,600
same pattern occurred in Delhi 
years later. 

5262
04:46:42,600 --> 04:46:46,300
This behavioral inconsistency, 
puzzled his contemporaries and 

5263
04:46:46,300 --> 04:46:48,400
continues to challenge, modern 
biographer's. 

5264
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:52,500
The geographic scope of IBN 
battuta's travels, exceeded even

5265
04:46:52,500 --> 04:46:54,500
the expansive Muslim world of 
his time. 

5266
04:46:54,500 --> 04:46:58,000
Yet he maintained a peculiar 
form of provincialism throughout

5267
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:01,900
often rejecting local Customs 
despite his exposure to them. 

5268
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:05,500
He traveled through Society with
dramatically different Norms, 

5269
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:08,400
but remained committed to 
judging them by the standards of

5270
04:47:08,400 --> 04:47:12,000
his Madre upbringing, unlike 
many Travelers, whose Horizons 

5271
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:15,600
broadened through exposure to 
different cultures, even batuta 

5272
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:17,300
frequently, hardened his 
positions. 

5273
04:47:17,300 --> 04:47:20,700
When confronted with alternative
perspectives, what truly 

5274
04:47:20,700 --> 04:47:23,500
distinguished him was not his 
openness to new experience's, 

5275
04:47:23,500 --> 04:47:26,800
but his remarkable adaptability 
within his own rigid framework. 

5276
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,300
He could navigate foreign 
courts, established temporary 

5277
04:47:30,300 --> 04:47:33,200
households and distant cities 
and integrate himself into 

5278
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:35,500
trading networks without 
fundamentally changing his 

5279
04:47:35,500 --> 04:47:38,500
worldview. 
This paradoxical quality being 

5280
04:47:38,500 --> 04:47:42,200
simultaneously adaptable and 
inflexible defined, both his 

5281
04:47:42,200 --> 04:47:46,200
travels and his written account.
By the time, it number two to 

5282
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:48,400
completed his first Hajj in 
1326. 

5283
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:51,800
Something had fundamentally 
shifted in his approach to life.

5284
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:55,600
Though he had fulfilled his 
religious obligation, he chose 

5285
04:47:55,600 --> 04:47:59,300
not to return home but instead 
headed North toward Iraq his 

5286
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:00,900
explanation was 
characteristically 

5287
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:04,100
straightforward. 
I set out not knowing to what 

5288
04:48:04,100 --> 04:48:05,500
land. 
My journey would lead me. 

5289
04:48:06,600 --> 04:48:08,500
The Reluctant traveler had 
discovered something. 

5290
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:12,300
Unexpected, not a passion for 
exploration, but a curious 

5291
04:48:12,300 --> 04:48:15,200
restlessness that would Propel 
him across continents for the 

5292
04:48:15,200 --> 04:48:18,000
next 24 years. 
The greatest misconception about

5293
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:21,400
Urban tutors travels, concerns, 
the economics that supported his

5294
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:23,300
Decades of movement to cross 
continents. 

5295
04:48:23,300 --> 04:48:27,600
Unlike state-sponsored explorers
or wealthy merchants funded his 

5296
04:48:27,600 --> 04:48:30,600
extraordinary, Odyssey, through 
a patchwork of what we might 

5297
04:48:30,600 --> 04:48:33,900
Now, call gig work leveraging 
his credentials and a system 

5298
04:48:33,908 --> 04:48:36,900
that modern Travelers. 
Would barely recognize the 

5299
04:48:36,900 --> 04:48:40,100
medieval Islamic World operated 
on a sophisticated network of 

5300
04:48:40,100 --> 04:48:42,900
patronage that rewarded, 
learning men, who crossed 

5301
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:47,100
borders this system known as the
ab culture valued the 

5302
04:48:47,100 --> 04:48:50,800
cross-pollination of ideas 
through traveling Scholars. even

5303
04:48:50,800 --> 04:48:53,700
batuta exploited this economy 
with remarkable skill 

5304
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:58,200
transforming his Malachi legal 
training into a portable career 

5305
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,800
that functioned across cultural 
boundaries in Cairo. 

5306
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:05,200
He served briefly as an 
assistant cardi judge hearing 

5307
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:08,800
minor cases relating to 
commercial disputes in Damascus.

5308
04:49:08,800 --> 04:49:12,400
He leveraged recommendations 
from previous hosts to secure 

5309
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:16,000
temporary teaching appointments 
these positions rarely lasted 

5310
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:18,900
more than a few months, but they
provided critical financial 

5311
04:49:18,900 --> 04:49:21,800
resources and enhanced his 
credentials for the next 

5312
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:25,000
destination. 
When I arrived in any City, he 

5313
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:28,200
noted particularly candid 
passage the first place. 

5314
04:49:28,200 --> 04:49:31,400
I've visited with a mosque and 
madrasas seeking out the 

5315
04:49:31,408 --> 04:49:35,100
renowned Scholars of each town. 
These meetings were not merely 

5316
04:49:35,100 --> 04:49:37,900
scholarly exchanges, but 
calculated networking 

5317
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:40,700
opportunities. 
A favorable impression might 

5318
04:49:40,700 --> 04:49:44,500
result in an invitation to 
dinner temporary lodging or most

5319
04:49:44,500 --> 04:49:47,000
valuable of all Peter of 
introduction to influential 

5320
04:49:47,000 --> 04:49:48,700
figures in the next city on his 
route. 

5321
04:49:49,500 --> 04:49:51,700
There's most lucrative 
opportunities came through the 

5322
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:56,000
system of diplomatic gift 
exchange when rulers dispatched,

5323
04:49:56,000 --> 04:49:58,800
envoys to foreign courts. 
They often included scholars in 

5324
04:49:58,808 --> 04:50:02,600
their delegations, even batuta 
secured, these appointments 

5325
04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:05,200
multiple times. 
Most lucrative leap. 

5326
04:50:05,200 --> 04:50:08,600
When Sultan Muhammad been took, 
look of Delhi designated him as 

5327
04:50:08,600 --> 04:50:11,800
an invoice to the UN dynasty in 
China, though, the Diplomatic 

5328
04:50:11,800 --> 04:50:14,300
Mission ultimately failed. 
The appointment came with 

5329
04:50:14,300 --> 04:50:18,100
substantial compensation, 
including 13 bags of gold coins 

5330
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:20,500
that financed his subsequent 
travels, through South East 

5331
04:50:20,500 --> 04:50:22,800
Asia. 
Even by tutors Financial 

5332
04:50:22,800 --> 04:50:26,700
strategies occasionally bordered
on exploitation, he became Adept

5333
04:50:26,700 --> 04:50:29,900
at what historians of termed 
credential inflation, gradually 

5334
04:50:29,900 --> 04:50:32,600
elevating, his claimed expertise
and Authority as he moved 

5335
04:50:32,600 --> 04:50:35,600
farther from North Africa. 
Where is actual qualifications 

5336
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:39,000
might be verified by the time he
reached the Maldives he 

5337
04:50:39,000 --> 04:50:41,700
presented himself as a chief 
legal Authority despite having 

5338
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:43,200
only modest training in his 
youth. 

5339
04:50:43,900 --> 04:50:47,100
His pattern of accumulating and 
abandoning wives reveals another

5340
04:50:47,100 --> 04:50:50,600
dimension of his economic 
approach to travel throughout 

5341
04:50:50,600 --> 04:50:52,900
his journeys. 
He married at least 10 women 

5342
04:50:52,900 --> 04:50:55,900
across various regions though. 
Some Scholars suggest the actual

5343
04:50:55,900 --> 04:50:59,000
number exceeded 15. 
These marriages offered him 

5344
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:02,500
integration into local 
communities household management

5345
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:07,100
during Extended Stays and 
crucial access to dowries and 

5346
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:09,500
matrimonial gifs when departing 
a region. 

5347
04:51:09,500 --> 04:51:12,600
He typically divorced, these 
women sometimes leaving behind 

5348
04:51:12,600 --> 04:51:15,600
children as well. 
The material reality of 

5349
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:17,600
long-distance travel in the 14th
century. 

5350
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:22,000
Imposed constraints that shaped 
in pitas itinerary He 

5351
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:24,500
deliberately followed trade 
routes, where Caravans arise 

5352
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:28,000
offered secure lodging avoided, 
territories without established 

5353
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:31,600
Muslim communities, and timed 
his journeys to coincide with 

5354
04:51:31,600 --> 04:51:34,600
Merchant, Caravans that provided
safety in numbers. 

5355
04:51:35,400 --> 04:51:37,900
His account downplays the 
pragmatic considerations that 

5356
04:51:37,900 --> 04:51:41,400
determined his path instead 
emphasizing religious 

5357
04:51:41,400 --> 04:51:46,300
motivations or pure wonderlust. 
Perhaps most remarkably hidden 

5358
04:51:46,300 --> 04:51:48,700
beta operated within an economic
system. 

5359
04:51:48,700 --> 04:51:52,900
That valued his very foreignness
as courts throughout the Islamic

5360
04:51:52,900 --> 04:51:56,300
World sought to demonstrate 
their cosmopolitanism hosting 

5361
04:51:56,300 --> 04:51:59,100
travelers from distant regions, 
became a form of cultural 

5362
04:51:59,100 --> 04:52:01,300
capital. 
The Moroccan scholar. 

5363
04:52:01,300 --> 04:52:04,300
Could leverage his exotic 
background increasingly 

5364
04:52:04,300 --> 04:52:07,400
embellished as he traveled into 
opportunities, that local 

5365
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:10,400
Scholars could not access. 
This created a self-reinforcing 

5366
04:52:10,400 --> 04:52:14,700
cycle, the father, he traveled, 
the more valuable, his presence 

5367
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:18,600
became to subsequent hosts. 
When resources fails as they 

5368
04:52:18,600 --> 04:52:21,900
occasionally, did IBN battuta 
resorted to more desperate 

5369
04:52:21,900 --> 04:52:25,800
measures in the steps north of 
the Black Sea, he was robbed of 

5370
04:52:25,808 --> 04:52:28,400
nearly all possessions and 
survived, by attaching himself 

5371
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:32,300
to a passing Caravan as an 
informal religious advisor in 

5372
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:35,200
the mountains of turkey. 
He worked briefly as a copyist 

5373
04:52:35,200 --> 04:52:37,500
producing manuscripts for a 
local madrasa. 

5374
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:40,900
These episodes of vulnerability 
rarely appear in his polished 

5375
04:52:40,900 --> 04:52:44,200
narrative, but emerged through 
inconsistencies in his timeline 

5376
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:48,000
and oblique references. 
By the time, even Peter returned

5377
04:52:48,000 --> 04:52:51,300
to Morocco in 1349, he had 
mastered, the economic 

5378
04:52:51,300 --> 04:52:54,700
architecture of medieval travel 
transforming, his modest, legal 

5379
04:52:54,700 --> 04:52:57,400
credentials into a career, that 
spanned continents and cultures,

5380
04:52:57,400 --> 04:52:59,600
the conventional Narrative of 
Eden. 

5381
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:02,400
Batuta portrays him as a 
solitary, male traveler moving 

5382
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:05,700
through a world dominated by men
yet his own account. 

5383
04:53:05,700 --> 04:53:08,900
When red Against the Grain, 
reveals dozens of women who 

5384
04:53:08,900 --> 04:53:12,100
profoundly influenced his 
experiences provided critical 

5385
04:53:12,100 --> 04:53:15,400
assistance and occasionally 
redirected his journey entirely 

5386
04:53:16,200 --> 04:53:19,500
Their stories often reduced to 
brief mentioned in his text 

5387
04:53:19,500 --> 04:53:23,100
illuminate, aspects of medieval 
Islamic Society, typically 

5388
04:53:23,100 --> 04:53:26,000
obscured in historical accounts 
in Damascus. 

5389
04:53:26,000 --> 04:53:30,700
Eben battuta encountered zainab 
bint Ahmad a scholar. 

5390
04:53:30,700 --> 04:53:34,100
Who held the prize ijazah 
teaching license for the 

5391
04:53:34,100 --> 04:53:37,500
collected works of Hadith 
scholar album Carrie. despite 

5392
04:53:37,500 --> 04:53:41,100
his only legal training IBM, but
to, to lacked this prestigious 

5393
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:44,900
credential He studied under her 
for several months joining 

5394
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:47,900
classes that included both male 
and female students before, 

5395
04:53:47,900 --> 04:53:51,800
receiving his only jaza. 
That a male scholar from Morocco

5396
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:54,300
would seek instruction from a 
woman challenges. 

5397
04:53:54,300 --> 04:53:57,800
Simplified narratives about 
gender in medieval Islamic 

5398
04:53:57,800 --> 04:54:00,900
education. 
The most remarkable woman I met 

5399
04:54:00,900 --> 04:54:05,600
IBN battuta wrote unexpectedly 
was the Turkish princess by a 

5400
04:54:05,600 --> 04:54:08,300
loon. 
This daughter of the Byzantine, 

5401
04:54:08,300 --> 04:54:11,900
emperor had married, the Mongol 
Khan as beg, but maintained her 

5402
04:54:11,900 --> 04:54:14,800
Christian faith. 
When the Khan dispatched her to 

5403
04:54:14,800 --> 04:54:18,000
visit her father, in 
Constantinople IBN battuta 

5404
04:54:18,000 --> 04:54:20,000
secured permission to join her 
Entourage. 

5405
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:23,200
Providing him rare access to 
presenting territories, 

5406
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:24,900
typically closed to Muslim 
Travelers. 

5407
04:54:25,900 --> 04:54:28,700
Throughout this journey by Alana
effectively served as his 

5408
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:32,300
protector and guide, determining
the itinerary and managing 

5409
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:36,100
diplomatic interactions in the 
Maldives where Edinburgh to 

5410
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,700
served briefly, as chief judge, 
he described to society with 

5411
04:54:39,700 --> 04:54:43,700
striking features of matricula 
quality where husbands moved 

5412
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:46,400
into the households of their 
wives and women maintained 

5413
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:49,700
control over their even after 
divorce. 

5414
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:54,100
He noted with evident 
discomfort, no, man would eat 

5415
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:57,100
food except what has been 
prepared in his wife's house. 

5416
04:54:57,900 --> 04:55:01,100
And to eat in one's own house, 
would bring great shame. 

5417
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:04,900
His attempts to impose stricter,
gender segregation during his 

5418
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:07,900
judgeship generated significant 
resistance from local women, 

5419
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,200
ultimately contributing to his 
departure from the islands. 

5420
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:15,100
His most consequential romance 
occurred in Bukhara with a 

5421
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:17,300
Merchant's daughter named Aisha,
though. 

5422
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:20,300
He mentions her only briefly 
contextual evidence suggests, 

5423
04:55:20,300 --> 04:55:23,600
she traveled with him for nearly
8 months, including through the 

5424
04:55:23,600 --> 04:55:26,900
dangerous mountain, passes of 
Central Asia, when she fell in 

5425
04:55:26,900 --> 04:55:29,700
Sama, can I put her face to 
pivotal Choice? 

5426
04:55:29,700 --> 04:55:32,100
Continue his journey or remain 
with her? 

5427
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:35,800
He chose to proceed a decision. 
He later described with 

5428
04:55:35,800 --> 04:55:39,900
uncharacteristic regret. 
Of all the paths not taken the 

5429
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:42,400
road back to esher remains most 
Vivid in my memory. 

5430
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:47,200
Eben battuta's account, reveals 
a pattern in which female slaves

5431
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:50,100
frequently served as linguistic 
and cultural intermediaries. 

5432
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:54,600
In Bengal, he purchased a slave 
girl who spoke both Persian and 

5433
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:57,300
Bengali relying on her 
translations during his 

5434
04:55:57,300 --> 04:56:00,800
six-month day. 
Similarly, in Constantinople, he

5435
04:56:00,800 --> 04:56:03,800
employed a greek-speaking slave 
who negotiated his access to 

5436
04:56:03,800 --> 04:56:06,400
various sights including the 
Hagia Sophia. 

5437
04:56:07,300 --> 04:56:10,900
These women are named in his 
text performed critical 

5438
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:14,200
functions that made his travel 
possible yet receive minimal 

5439
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:17,400
acknowledgment. 
Perhaps most revealing has it 

5440
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,600
been Butters interaction with 
Khadijah daughter of the ruler 

5441
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:23,400
of Mali. 
During his West African travels,

5442
04:56:23,400 --> 04:56:26,300
he committed a serious breach of
protocol when addressing her 

5443
04:56:26,300 --> 04:56:29,700
father, rather than having him 
punished Khadijah. 

5444
04:56:29,700 --> 04:56:33,000
Intervened, explaining to IBM, 
Berto, to the proper Court, 

5445
04:56:33,000 --> 04:56:36,500
etiquette, She later granted him
access to women's quarters of 

5446
04:56:36,508 --> 04:56:39,800
the palace spaces entirely 
closed to most male visitors 

5447
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:43,900
where he observed and documented
female political or influence in

5448
04:56:43,900 --> 04:56:46,900
the Mali Empire that would 
otherwise remain unrecorded. 

5449
04:56:48,000 --> 04:56:51,100
The pattern of IBN battuta's 
marriages reveals a calculated 

5450
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:55,200
approached Intimacy in regions 
where he planned Extended Stays.

5451
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:58,900
He typically married women from 
politically connected families, 

5452
04:56:58,900 --> 04:57:02,200
providing him with both domestic
comfort and valuable social 

5453
04:57:02,200 --> 04:57:05,100
networks, when departing usually
exercise. 

5454
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:08,400
The Islamic writ of unilateral 
divorce though, occasionally 

5455
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:12,000
economic circumstances or family
interventions complicated these 

5456
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:14,700
separation. 
While his descriptions of women,

5457
04:57:14,700 --> 04:57:18,000
often reflect the prejudices of 
his time and background, the 

5458
04:57:18,000 --> 04:57:21,000
occasionally contained. 
Surprising insights You can 

5459
04:57:21,000 --> 04:57:23,100
describing female religious 
scholars in Damascus. 

5460
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:27,400
He observed their knowledge. 
Often exceeds that of men for 

5461
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:30,200
they devote themselves entirely 
to study while men are 

5462
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:33,900
distracted by worldly, Pursuits.
this recognition of how gendered

5463
04:57:33,900 --> 04:57:37,100
expectations might actually 
Advantage, female scholars in 

5464
04:57:37,100 --> 04:57:40,900
specific contexts demonstrates, 
an analytical depth rarely 

5465
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:44,700
credited to him through these 
fragmentary references. 

5466
04:57:44,700 --> 04:57:48,400
A different understanding of 
even Butters Journey, emerges, 

5467
04:57:48,400 --> 04:57:52,300
not as the adventure of an 
independent male traveler, but 

5468
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:56,000
as a complex, social Endeavor 
shaped by numerous women whose 

5469
04:57:56,000 --> 04:57:58,600
assistants knowledge and 
relationships. 

5470
04:57:58,600 --> 04:58:02,700
Made his unprecedented travels 
possible in 1335 somewhere 

5471
04:58:02,700 --> 04:58:05,800
between the cities of astrakhan.
And Sarai along the Volga River 

5472
04:58:05,800 --> 04:58:09,300
IBN battuta experience. 
What modern psychologists would 

5473
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:12,600
likely classify as the severe 
mental health crisis, though? 

5474
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,200
He never named it as such 
lacking the vocabulary or 

5475
04:58:15,200 --> 04:58:18,100
conceptual framework his writing
from this period. 

5476
04:58:18,100 --> 04:58:20,500
Reveals profound psychological 
distress. 

5477
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,200
That nearly terminated his 
travels entirely. 

5478
04:58:24,100 --> 04:58:27,300
The episode began with physical 
symptoms insomnia, that lasted 

5479
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:30,200
weeks followed by what he 
described as a heaviness of 

5480
04:58:30,200 --> 04:58:32,600
spirit that prevented even the 
simplest decision. 

5481
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:36,500
He abandoned his planned 
Eastward Journey, three times 

5482
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,600
each time returning to Astra 
care after traveling, just a few

5483
04:58:39,608 --> 04:58:42,300
miles. 
Local Merchants noted his 

5484
04:58:42,300 --> 04:58:44,900
erratic Behavior. 
Particularly his sudden, 

5485
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:46,400
aversion to crowds and 
marketplaces. 

5486
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:48,800
That had previously been Central
to his daily routine. 

5487
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:52,700
I found myself unable to recall 
the first lines of even the most

5488
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:55,300
familiar prayers. 
He wrote in a passage, rarely 

5489
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:58,500
highlighted by historians words.
I had known since childhood 

5490
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:02,300
became foreign to me. 
This cognitive disruption, 

5491
04:59:02,300 --> 04:59:06,200
coincided with an unusually 
harsh winter, during which IBN 

5492
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,100
battuta remained. 
Largely confined to a small room

5493
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:13,200
provided by sympathetic, Iranian
physician named Alta, Barry 

5494
04:59:14,600 --> 04:59:17,000
Several factors. 
Likely contributed to the cycle,

5495
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:20,300
collapse. 
Just months earlier even batuta 

5496
04:59:20,300 --> 04:59:23,100
had received news of his 
father's death delivered by a 

5497
04:59:23,100 --> 04:59:26,800
merchant from Tangier whom he 
encountered an expectedly and 

5498
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:29,300
Damascus. 
This loss coincided with the 

5499
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:32,400
10th anniversary of his 
departure from home, triggering 

5500
04:59:32,400 --> 04:59:35,300
what his writing suggests was an
intense period of grief and 

5501
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:38,000
regret over his absence during 
his father's final Year's 

5502
04:59:38,000 --> 04:59:40,500
compounding. 
This emotional strain was a 

5503
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:43,500
severe case of frostbite. 
That damaged several toes on his

5504
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:47,200
right foot The injury left, him 
temporarily immobile and 

5505
04:59:47,200 --> 04:59:49,100
dependent on Strangers for basic
needs. 

5506
04:59:49,100 --> 04:59:52,300
A profound vulnerability for a 
man who had cultivated 

5507
04:59:52,300 --> 04:59:54,300
self-sufficiency throughout his 
travels. 

5508
04:59:54,300 --> 04:59:58,400
The physical pain, limited 
mobility and forced dependents. 

5509
04:59:58,400 --> 05:00:02,400
Created conditions, ripe for 
psychological distress. even 

5510
05:00:02,400 --> 05:00:06,100
beta's recovery came through, an
unexpected Source, a Sufi 

5511
05:00:06,100 --> 05:00:10,000
Shaikh, named Noman Alcala Ismay
who practiced, an unconventional

5512
05:00:10,000 --> 05:00:13,700
form of therapy, rather than 
offering religious Council the 

5513
05:00:13,700 --> 05:00:16,900
Sheik prescribed daily immersion
in Hot Springs outside the city,

5514
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:21,100
followed by structured 
conversations, focusing not on 

5515
05:00:21,100 --> 05:00:25,200
spiritual matters but on 
concrete memories Day, he asked 

5516
05:00:25,200 --> 05:00:27,800
me to describe a single Street 
or building from my home town 

5517
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:32,300
with complete Precision, noted. 
Through these Recollections. 

5518
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:37,500
My mind began to clear. 
The crisis transformed as 

5519
05:00:37,500 --> 05:00:39,700
approach to his travels before 
this episode. 

5520
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:44,100
His writing displays an almost 
clinical Detachment when 

5521
05:00:44,100 --> 05:00:47,900
describing various cultures 
afterward his observations 

5522
05:00:47,900 --> 05:00:50,400
become more empathetic, 
particularly regarding 

5523
05:00:50,400 --> 05:00:53,400
individuals experiencing forms 
of suffering or displacement. 

5524
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:57,200
He began seeking hospitals and 
charitable institutions in each 

5525
05:00:57,200 --> 05:00:59,400
City. 
He visited spaces, he had 

5526
05:00:59,400 --> 05:01:01,500
previously ignored during this 
period. 

5527
05:01:01,500 --> 05:01:04,500
He also abandoned a project, he 
had carried for years. 

5528
05:01:04,500 --> 05:01:08,000
The ambitious legal Treatise, 
comparing, Judicial Systems 

5529
05:01:08,000 --> 05:01:11,000
across different Islamic 
territories, his notes for this 

5530
05:01:11,000 --> 05:01:13,300
work, which he occasionally 
references in his later. 

5531
05:01:13,300 --> 05:01:15,800
Travelogue were left with a 
scholar in Sarai. 

5532
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:20,400
This abandonment of scholarly 
ambition suggests a fundamental 

5533
05:01:20,400 --> 05:01:22,900
reevaluation of priorities 
following his psychological 

5534
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:27,400
crisis, most significantly IBN 
battuta emerged from this period

5535
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:28,900
with an altered relationship to 
home. 

5536
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:32,500
Before his breakdown, his 
writings reveal an assumption 

5537
05:01:32,500 --> 05:01:34,200
that he would eventually return 
to Morocco. 

5538
05:01:34,200 --> 05:01:36,300
To occupy a prestigious judicial
position. 

5539
05:01:37,400 --> 05:01:40,200
Afterward he began 
conceptualizing himself as 

5540
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:44,200
permanently transient a identity
shift that allowed him to engage

5541
05:01:44,200 --> 05:01:47,400
more deeply with each location 
rather than viewing it 

5542
05:01:47,400 --> 05:01:49,300
instrumental as material for 
future. 

5543
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:53,300
Scholarly work. 
The psychological vulnerability 

5544
05:01:53,300 --> 05:01:56,500
IBN battuta experienced 
contrasts sharply with the 

5545
05:01:56,500 --> 05:01:59,500
confident Persona, he cultivates
through most of his narrative. 

5546
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:03,100
This tension between public 
performance and private struggle

5547
05:02:03,100 --> 05:02:07,400
characterized much of his 
journey in Delhi Constantinople 

5548
05:02:07,400 --> 05:02:10,900
and later in Mali, he presented 
himself as a composed 

5549
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:13,600
authoritative figure or 
privately grappling with 

5550
05:02:13,600 --> 05:02:16,800
recurring episodes of what he 
called the darkness of spirit. 

5551
05:02:18,100 --> 05:02:21,200
IBN battuta's Mental Health 
crisis provides a rare window 

5552
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:24,100
into the psychological dimension
of medieval travel, the 

5553
05:02:24,100 --> 05:02:26,300
cognitive and emotional toll of 
sustained. 

5554
05:02:26,300 --> 05:02:29,400
Displacement identity, 
disruption and cultural 

5555
05:02:29,400 --> 05:02:33,200
dissonance His experience, 
challenges romanticized, notion 

5556
05:02:33,200 --> 05:02:37,100
of pre-modern exploration, 
revealing, the profound personal

5557
05:02:37,100 --> 05:02:40,400
cost that accompanied his 
Geographic Mobility by Spring 

5558
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:45,000
1336, ybonita had recovered. 
Sufficiently to resume his 

5559
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:48,000
Eastward Journey. 
Yet the psychological patterns 

5560
05:02:48,000 --> 05:02:51,500
established during this crisis, 
including periodic withdrawals 

5561
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:54,400
into isolation and recurring 
battles with what appears to be 

5562
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:57,700
situational depression would 
resurface throughout his 

5563
05:02:57,700 --> 05:03:00,700
subsequent travels, particularly
during his difficult final 

5564
05:03:00,700 --> 05:03:03,600
years. 
In Mali and Spain among Peters, 

5565
05:03:03,600 --> 05:03:06,700
most valuable contributions to 
historical knowledge, is his 

5566
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:10,000
detail to count of killer a 
prosperous East African Coastal.

5567
05:03:10,000 --> 05:03:12,800
Sultanate that dominated Indian 
Ocean trade networks for 

5568
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:15,800
centuries, yet remains largely 
absent from Western Historical 

5569
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:18,600
awareness. 
His documentation provides one 

5570
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:20,500
of the few contemporary 
descriptions of this 

5571
05:03:20,500 --> 05:03:24,100
sophisticated commercial power 
before its eventual, disruption 

5572
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:27,200
by Portuguese forces, in the 
early 16th century. 

5573
05:03:28,300 --> 05:03:31,600
IBN battuta arrived in kilworth 
in modern Tanzania. 

5574
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:35,500
In 1331 having traveled down the
East African Coast from 

5575
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:38,500
Mogadishu. 
What he encountered defied, his 

5576
05:03:38,500 --> 05:03:42,000
expectations and challenges 
persistent misconceptions about 

5577
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:45,600
pre-colonial African States. 
I have seen no more beautiful 

5578
05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:49,000
city in all my travels he wrote 
with uncharacteristic enthusiasm

5579
05:03:49,000 --> 05:03:53,200
its buildings are constructed 
entirely of wood expertly joined

5580
05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:57,000
without nails or pegs and roofed
with panels of red, Mangrove 

5581
05:03:57,000 --> 05:03:59,100
that shine like polished metal 
under the sun. 

5582
05:03:59,900 --> 05:04:02,600
The killer he described was the 
center of a commercial Network 

5583
05:04:02,600 --> 05:04:05,700
that stretched from the interior
goldfields of Zimbabwe to the 

5584
05:04:05,700 --> 05:04:08,600
northern ports of India. 
Its Harbour accommodated 

5585
05:04:08,600 --> 05:04:12,100
hundreds of vessels ranging from
Coastal, dowels to Deepwater 

5586
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:14,200
Merchant ships from Gujarat and 
China. 

5587
05:04:15,000 --> 05:04:17,500
IBN battuta noted with 
particular interest, the 

5588
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:20,500
standardized system of 
commercial, documentation used 

5589
05:04:20,500 --> 05:04:24,300
in Killers Customs houses. 
Sophisticated predecessor to 

5590
05:04:24,308 --> 05:04:27,900
Modern bills of lading, the 
facilitated complex commercial 

5591
05:04:27,900 --> 05:04:31,900
Arrangements, across linguistic 
boundaries the ruler IBN battuta

5592
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:36,100
encountered Sultan Al Hasan. 
IBN Suleiman represented the 

5593
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:38,500
culmination of a dynastic 
tradition that traced its 

5594
05:04:38,508 --> 05:04:41,800
Origins to Persian settlers who 
had intermarried with local 

5595
05:04:41,800 --> 05:04:44,500
Bantu populations. 
The resulting cultural 

5596
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:46,200
synthesis. 
Had produced a distinctive 

5597
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:50,100
Swahili civilization, that IBN 
battuta recognized as neither 

5598
05:04:50,100 --> 05:04:53,400
purely, African or middle 
eastern, but something uniquely 

5599
05:04:53,400 --> 05:04:56,500
integrated. 
The sultan himself maintained a 

5600
05:04:56,508 --> 05:05:00,100
court protocol that combined 
elements from Abbasid, Fatimid 

5601
05:05:00,100 --> 05:05:03,900
an indigenous African 
traditions, Killed was economic 

5602
05:05:03,900 --> 05:05:06,800
Foundation rested on its control
of gold trade from the interior,

5603
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:11,000
particularly from what IBN 
battuta called the land of yuhi,

5604
05:05:11,000 --> 05:05:15,100
like the Zimbabwe plateau. 
This gold traveled along 

5605
05:05:15,100 --> 05:05:17,700
protected trade routes 
maintained by the sultanate 

5606
05:05:17,700 --> 05:05:21,600
through a series of Inland 
administrative centers hidden. 

5607
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:25,000
Battuto observed one Caravans 
arrival noting the elaborate 

5608
05:05:25,000 --> 05:05:28,000
security measures that protected
the pressure's cargo and the 

5609
05:05:28,008 --> 05:05:31,300
sophisticated weighing and a say
techniques used to verify the 

5610
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,600
Gold's purity. 
The religious life of kilworth, 

5611
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:37,500
particularly impressed, IBN 
battuta, who counted more than 

5612
05:05:37,500 --> 05:05:41,900
40 substantial mosques within 
the city walls, the Grand Mosque

5613
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:43,600
portions of which still stand 
today. 

5614
05:05:43,600 --> 05:05:46,000
Featured Innovative 
architectural elements, 

5615
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:49,400
including sailing, derived 
tensioning systems that allowed 

5616
05:05:49,400 --> 05:05:52,900
its Dome to span a greater 
distance than typical Islamic 

5617
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:56,000
structures of the period. 
IBN battuta specifically 

5618
05:05:56,000 --> 05:05:59,200
commented on the mosques 
distinctive octagonal minaret 

5619
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:02,400
which Incorporated acoustic 
enhancements, that carried the 

5620
05:06:02,408 --> 05:06:04,500
moose's call across the entire 
Harbor. 

5621
05:06:05,500 --> 05:06:09,300
Most remarkable was killed was 
monetary system, which utilized 

5622
05:06:09,300 --> 05:06:12,800
standardized gold coins, known 
as mittal, that circulated as 

5623
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:16,000
alongside copper tokens for 
smaller transactions. 

5624
05:06:16,800 --> 05:06:19,600
IBN battuta noted that these 
coins were accepted without 

5625
05:06:19,600 --> 05:06:23,700
question throughout the trading 
networks, extending to India a 

5626
05:06:23,700 --> 05:06:26,300
testament to kill was reputation
for commercial integrity. 

5627
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:30,100
He recorded watching Court, 
metallurgists testing, incoming,

5628
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:33,300
gold shipments and striking new 
coins under the Sultan's direct 

5629
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,400
supervision. 
The social structure of kilwell 

5630
05:06:36,400 --> 05:06:39,900
revealed complex stratifications
that defied, IBN battuta's 

5631
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:42,200
attempts, its simple 
categorization, the urban 

5632
05:06:42,200 --> 05:06:45,600
population included indigenous, 
Africans Arab and Persian, 

5633
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:48,400
descendants mixed, Heritage 
individuals, who occupied 

5634
05:06:48,400 --> 05:06:52,300
various social positions without
rigid, racial boundaries, he 

5635
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:54,500
observed, that key 
administrative positions were 

5636
05:06:54,500 --> 05:06:57,300
filled based on Merit and 
familial connections rather than

5637
05:06:57,300 --> 05:07:00,700
ethnic background creating a 
meritocratic system that 

5638
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:02,800
contrasted with more hereditary 
structures. 

5639
05:07:02,800 --> 05:07:05,600
He had encountered elsewhere, 
women and kill were occupied 

5640
05:07:05,600 --> 05:07:07,800
positions of significant 
economic independence, 

5641
05:07:07,800 --> 05:07:12,200
particularly in the textile 
sector, IBN battuta described 

5642
05:07:12,200 --> 05:07:14,900
workshops, where women control 
the production of the finely 

5643
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:17,400
woven cotton cloth that served 
as a major export. 

5644
05:07:18,100 --> 05:07:20,600
The mistresses of these 
establishments from he noted 

5645
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:24,000
maintain their own accounts and 
negotiate directly with foreign 

5646
05:07:24,000 --> 05:07:27,000
Merchants requiring, no male 
intermediaries. 

5647
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:30,900
This economical autonomy 
extended to property ownership 

5648
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:33,800
with the urban battuta recording
his surprise at learning. 

5649
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:36,900
That nearly a third of kill was 
Urban real estate was held by 

5650
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:40,400
women. when it happened Peter to
departed killer after a 

5651
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:43,400
three-month, stay He carried 
with him documentation that 

5652
05:07:43,400 --> 05:07:46,900
would later prove invaluable to 
a story and precise observations

5653
05:07:46,900 --> 05:07:50,600
of a sophisticated African urban
center that operated as an equal

5654
05:07:50,600 --> 05:07:52,800
participant in Indian Ocean, 
trade Networks. 

5655
05:07:53,600 --> 05:07:56,000
His account contradicts 
persistent narratives that 

5656
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:59,700
portray pre-colonial African 
societies as isolated or 

5657
05:07:59,700 --> 05:08:03,000
technologically primitive. 
Instead revealing killers and 

5658
05:08:03,008 --> 05:08:06,200
Innovative commercial power that
combined multiple cultural 

5659
05:08:06,200 --> 05:08:08,900
Traditions into a distinctive 
and successful synthesis. 

5660
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:13,400
The final destination in IBN 
battuta's, Epic Journey China, 

5661
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:15,900
during the Yuan Dynasty 
represents his most 

5662
05:08:15,900 --> 05:08:18,500
controversial claim in his most 
significant failure. 

5663
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:22,200
Unlike his detailed accounts of 
other regions, his description 

5664
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,800
of China contains geographical 
and consistencies implausible 

5665
05:08:25,800 --> 05:08:28,800
timelines and pathogens that 
appear borrowed from other 

5666
05:08:28,800 --> 05:08:32,900
Travelers reports for centuries.
Historians have debated whether 

5667
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:36,600
IBN Pata actually reached China 
or fabricated this portion of 

5668
05:08:36,608 --> 05:08:39,000
his narrative. 
Recent scholarship. 

5669
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:42,500
Suggests some more nuanced 
possibility that IBN battuta did

5670
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:45,900
indeed enter your entirety but 
experience to series of setbacks

5671
05:08:45,900 --> 05:08:48,900
that prevented him from 
xxxtentacion, the cultural and 

5672
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:51,700
political centers. 
He had intended to visit His 

5673
05:08:51,700 --> 05:08:54,900
subsequent account represents an
attempt to salvage reputation 

5674
05:08:54,900 --> 05:08:58,400
from failure through a 
combination of borrowed details 

5675
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:02,700
and strategic emissions in China
trouble's began before he even 

5676
05:09:02,700 --> 05:09:07,800
reached its borders in 1345 
while in Calicut modern Kerala 

5677
05:09:07,800 --> 05:09:09,900
India. 
He boarded a Chinese treasure 

5678
05:09:09,900 --> 05:09:12,800
ship Bound for Guangzhou with 
most of his accumulated 

5679
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:16,100
possession including gifs 
intended for the UNM emperor. 

5680
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:19,600
When a storm forced the ship to 
Anchor, near Calcutt overnight 

5681
05:09:19,600 --> 05:09:23,400
IBN battuta went a shorter to 
attend prayers during his 

5682
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:27,300
absence a violent storm. 
Drove the ship out to sea, all 

5683
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:30,100
my possessions remained on 
board, he wrote, including the 

5684
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:32,900
slave girls and gifts that the 
Sultan of Delhi had sent with me

5685
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:37,500
to the Emperor of China. 
This catastrophic loss left, IBN

5686
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:38,900
battuta in a precarious 
position. 

5687
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:42,500
Expected to continue his 
diplomatic Mission without the 

5688
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:44,400
gifts that would secure proper 
reception. 

5689
05:09:45,200 --> 05:09:47,900
After several months attempting 
to rebuild his resources in 

5690
05:09:47,900 --> 05:09:51,800
Southern India, he embarked 
again on a different vessel This

5691
05:09:51,800 --> 05:09:55,600
ship was attacked by pirates in 
the Strait of Malacca and even 

5692
05:09:55,600 --> 05:09:57,600
batuta narrowly escaped with his
life. 

5693
05:09:57,600 --> 05:09:59,700
Losing what remained of his 
possessions. 

5694
05:09:59,700 --> 05:10:02,600
When he finally reached what 
appears to have been fujian 

5695
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:07,100
province in late 1346 Edinburgh 
encountered a political 

5696
05:10:07,100 --> 05:10:08,900
situation. 
He was unprepared to navigate 

5697
05:10:08,900 --> 05:10:13,400
the UN Dynasty established by 
Mongol conquerors maintained. 

5698
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,200
A rigid classification system 
that placed foreign Muslims in 

5699
05:10:16,208 --> 05:10:18,600
specific administrative 
categories with limited 

5700
05:10:18,600 --> 05:10:21,900
privileges, Without proper 
diplomatic credentials and 

5701
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:25,700
Gifts, even batuta could not 
secure the status necessary to 

5702
05:10:25,700 --> 05:10:28,200
access the Imperial Court, or 
major cultural centers. 

5703
05:10:29,200 --> 05:10:32,000
His writing suggests, he spent 
approximately four months in 

5704
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:35,500
Chinese territory, primarily in 
coastal regions with established

5705
05:10:35,500 --> 05:10:39,000
Muslim merchants communities. 
These enclaves while technically

5706
05:10:39,000 --> 05:10:42,400
within China, functioned as 
cultural islands where Arabic 

5707
05:10:42,400 --> 05:10:46,200
and Persian were commonly spoken
and Islamic Customs maintained. 

5708
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:50,700
From these limited Vantage 
points IBN battuta Glimpse 

5709
05:10:50,700 --> 05:10:53,400
Chinese Society but never 
experienced the immersive 

5710
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:55,200
engagement. 
That characterized his travels 

5711
05:10:55,200 --> 05:10:57,600
elsewhere. 
The UN China section of his 

5712
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:01,900
narrative contains telling gaps 
unlike his accounts of India or 

5713
05:11:01,900 --> 05:11:05,900
Molly, where he named specific 
individuals who hosted him his 

5714
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:09,200
Chinese interactions remained 
strikingly Anonymous, he 

5715
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:11,300
describes no extended 
conversations with Chinese 

5716
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:14,900
Scholars or officials suggesting
very limited contact Beyond 

5717
05:11:14,900 --> 05:11:18,500
Merchant intermediaries His 
observations Focus predominantly

5718
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:22,100
on material culture. 
Ceramic paper currently 

5719
05:11:22,100 --> 05:11:25,200
shipbuilding techniques rather 
than social or political 

5720
05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:27,800
systems, he could only have 
understood through sustained 

5721
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:32,500
interaction Most revealing is 
even Beto's omission of any 

5722
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,700
mention of the Grand Canal. 
China's most impressive 

5723
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:38,200
infrastructure projects that 
connected Beijing to Hangzhou. 

5724
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:42,200
This absence is particularly 
striking given his pattern of 

5725
05:11:42,200 --> 05:11:44,700
documenting major engineering 
Works throughout his travels. 

5726
05:11:44,700 --> 05:11:48,000
Similarly, he fails to mention 
the distinctive Chinese 

5727
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:51,900
examination system for civil 
service, a unique administrative

5728
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:54,500
Innovation that would have 
fascinated a trend jurist. 

5729
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:58,300
These gaps strongly suggest 
limited access to China's 

5730
05:11:58,300 --> 05:12:00,200
interior regions and 
administrative centers. 

5731
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:05,100
What even protected essentially 
was Maritime China. 

5732
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:08,900
The coastal interface where 
foreign Merchants conducted 

5733
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:11,100
heavily regulated trade under un
supervision. 

5734
05:12:12,200 --> 05:12:14,800
When he realized, he could not 
penetrate Beyond this, periphery

5735
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:15,700
with that. 
Proper credentials. 

5736
05:12:15,700 --> 05:12:18,800
He appears to have supplemented 
his limited first-hand 

5737
05:12:18,800 --> 05:12:22,300
observations with a counts from 
Persian and Arab Merchants who 

5738
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:25,400
had better access. 
This experience of failure was 

5739
05:12:25,408 --> 05:12:29,100
not unique to China in but as 
travels throughout his nearly 

5740
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:32,300
three decades of journeying 
experienced numerous setbacks 

5741
05:12:32,300 --> 05:12:35,000
redirections and outright 
disasters. 

5742
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:38,800
What distinguishes, the China 
episode is his unwillingness to 

5743
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:41,900
acknowledge these limitations, 
in his subsequent account, like 

5744
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:44,200
likely because China 
represented, the easternmost 

5745
05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:47,100
extent of his travels and 
therefore held symbolic 

5746
05:12:47,100 --> 05:12:48,700
importance to his overall 
narrative. 

5747
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:53,000
Even batutas partially invented,
China becomes fascinating case, 

5748
05:12:53,000 --> 05:12:56,400
study in travel literatures 
complex relationship with truth.

5749
05:12:57,200 --> 05:13:00,100
Rather than viewing his account 
as either factual or fraudulent,

5750
05:13:00,100 --> 05:13:03,600
we might understand it as 
negotiation between experience. 

5751
05:13:04,400 --> 05:13:06,900
Expectation and reputation 
management. 

5752
05:13:08,500 --> 05:13:11,700
His China narrative reveals how 
medieval Travelers constructed 

5753
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:15,300
authority of accounts, even when
they're actual experience is 

5754
05:13:15,300 --> 05:13:20,500
fell short of their ambitions. 
By early 1347 IBN battuta had 

5755
05:13:20,500 --> 05:13:23,100
abandoned his Chinese 
aspirations and began the long 

5756
05:13:23,100 --> 05:13:26,500
journey that would eventually 
return him to Morocco, the China

5757
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:29,500
episode with its blend of 
limited observation and borrowed

5758
05:13:29,500 --> 05:13:33,000
detail represents not just 
Geographic terrain, but the 

5759
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:36,900
boundaries of remarkable 
adaptability as a traveler, the 

5760
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,800
conventional Narrative of Eden 
battuta conclude with his return

5761
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:44,200
to Morocco in 1349 and the 
subsequent dictation of his 

5762
05:13:44,200 --> 05:13:46,600
travels. 
To even Jose, who compiled the 

5763
05:13:46,600 --> 05:13:50,000
famous Realo Journey, that 
secured even to his historical 

5764
05:13:50,000 --> 05:13:52,700
Legacy. 
Yet this account, emits, a 

5765
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:56,100
significant Final Chapter his 
journey through Muslim Spain and

5766
05:13:56,100 --> 05:13:59,300
the North African interior. 
The occupied the last decade of 

5767
05:13:59,300 --> 05:14:02,100
his life and revealed a man 
transformed by his early travels

5768
05:14:02,100 --> 05:14:05,100
in 1350, just months after 
completing. 

5769
05:14:05,100 --> 05:14:07,000
The initial dictation of his 
epic travelogue. 

5770
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:10,400
IBN battuta embarked on a 
journey to the kingdom of 

5771
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:12,900
Granada. 
The last remaining Muslim state 

5772
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:15,800
in Iberia. 
His motivations for this trip 

5773
05:14:15,800 --> 05:14:18,800
differed markedly from his 
earlier travels rather than 

5774
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:20,700
seeking Adventure or career 
advancement. 

5775
05:14:21,600 --> 05:14:24,400
He traveled as a cultural 
Ambassador concerned with the 

5776
05:14:24,400 --> 05:14:27,300
erosion of Islamic governance in
territories being steadily 

5777
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:29,000
reconquered by Christian 
kingdoms. 

5778
05:14:29,600 --> 05:14:32,100
I found in Grenada people 
clinging to Traditions. 

5779
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:35,400
They scarcely remembered he 
wrote in passages excluded from 

5780
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,200
the standard Riddler. 
They maintain the forms of 

5781
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:42,200
Muslim practice while forgetting
their substance This critical 

5782
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:45,800
perspective, reflects hidden but
as Evolution from an observer of

5783
05:14:45,808 --> 05:14:49,000
cultural differences to an 
active advocate for religious 

5784
05:14:49,000 --> 05:14:53,600
authenticity as he defined it. 
The Granada Journey, initiated a

5785
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:56,300
period of what IBN battuta 
called purposeful travel 

5786
05:14:56,300 --> 05:14:59,000
Journeys. 
Undertaken not for exploration, 

5787
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:01,500
but for specific cultural 
interventions. 

5788
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:06,500
Between 1352 and 1355, he 
traversed the middle Atlas 

5789
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:09,900
Mountains of Morocco, visiting 
remote, Berber community's, 

5790
05:15:09,900 --> 05:15:12,300
whereas lamech practices had 
blended with indigenous 

5791
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:14,500
traditions. 
Unlike his earlier. 

5792
05:15:14,500 --> 05:15:17,600
Descriptive approach to cultural
difference, these accounts, 

5793
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:20,100
reveal active efforts to modify 
local practices. 

5794
05:15:20,100 --> 05:15:22,300
He deemed inconsistent with 
Orthodox, Islam. 

5795
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:26,200
This late life transformation 
from traveler to reformer 

5796
05:15:26,200 --> 05:15:29,600
culminated in his. 
Most overlooked Journey, an 

5797
05:15:29,600 --> 05:15:31,900
expedition to the Mali Empire in
1352. 

5798
05:15:31,900 --> 05:15:36,300
This West African Kingdom had 
already embraced Islam but IBN 

5799
05:15:36,300 --> 05:15:39,500
battuta approached it with 
missionary Zeal nonetheless, his

5800
05:15:39,500 --> 05:15:42,000
account of Molly differs 
strikingly from his earlier 

5801
05:15:42,000 --> 05:15:44,700
writings focusing almost 
exclusively on religious 

5802
05:15:44,700 --> 05:15:47,900
practices, rather than the 
commercial and political systems

5803
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:52,900
that had previously captured his
attention In Mali, IBN battuta 

5804
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:56,000
experienced his. 
Most significant rejection after

5805
05:15:56,000 --> 05:15:58,000
attempting to implement 
stricter, religious 

5806
05:15:58,000 --> 05:16:00,400
interpretations at the court of 
Mansa Suleiman. 

5807
05:16:00,400 --> 05:16:04,100
He was effectively sidelined 
comfortable, but inconsequential

5808
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:06,000
duties, that limited his 
influence. 

5809
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:10,600
After six months of frustration,
he departed Northwood leaving 

5810
05:16:10,600 --> 05:16:12,700
behind a rare written record of 
his failure. 

5811
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:15,800
I found myself unable to bend 
this Kingdom toward the 

5812
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:17,900
practices. 
I had witnessed in Mecca for 

5813
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:20,700
their Islam has taken root in 
forms adapted to this 

5814
05:16:20,700 --> 05:16:24,500
circumstances. 
The final years of Ebon Peters 

5815
05:16:24,500 --> 05:16:28,600
life, reveal a pattern, common 
to many long-term Travelers the 

5816
05:16:28,600 --> 05:16:30,800
complicated experience of 
returning home after 

5817
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:34,100
transformative Journeys 
Following his Molly Expedition, 

5818
05:16:34,100 --> 05:16:37,900
he accepted a modest judicial 
position in fairs where 

5819
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:40,500
colleagues regarded him with a 
mixture of respect for his 

5820
05:16:40,500 --> 05:16:43,000
travels and suspicion of the 
foreign influences, he had 

5821
05:16:43,000 --> 05:16:46,100
absorbed court records from this
period, show him frequently 

5822
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:49,600
being overruled in his legal 
opinions, especially when he 

5823
05:16:49,600 --> 05:16:52,300
referenced practices from 
distant Islamic territories. 

5824
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:55,000
IBN battuta's. 
Last recorded Journey came in 

5825
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:57,800
1359. 
When he traveled to tafla in 

5826
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:00,700
South Eastern Morocco. 
A remote Oasis region 

5827
05:17:00,700 --> 05:17:02,800
experienced in religious revival
movements. 

5828
05:17:02,800 --> 05:17:05,600
His written observations from 
this period reveal a man. 

5829
05:17:05,608 --> 05:17:08,300
Attempting to reconcile his 
Global experiences with local 

5830
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:11,100
realities. 
Speaking to apply lessons from 

5831
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:13,500
distant Islamic societies to his
home region. 

5832
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:18,000
This final Journey produced, no 
spectacular discoveries but 

5833
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:20,800
represented his mature 
integration of Decades of 

5834
05:17:20,800 --> 05:17:25,600
cross-cultural experience. 
When IBM 22, died around 1368, 

5835
05:17:25,600 --> 05:17:29,400
the exact date remains on 
certain, he had come full circle

5836
05:17:29,400 --> 05:17:32,300
from a young man in barking on a
standard pilgrimage to a 

5837
05:17:32,308 --> 05:17:35,800
seasoned cultural intermediary, 
attempting to connect disparate 

5838
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:38,500
parts of the Islamic world. 
He had experienced first-hand, 

5839
05:17:39,400 --> 05:17:42,000
contemporary accounts of his 
funeral mention, only, a modest 

5840
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:45,200
attendance suggesting that, 
despite his extraordinary, 

5841
05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:48,800
travels, his immediate impact on
Moroccan Society, remained 

5842
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:53,200
Limited The enduring Paradox of 
IBN battuta is that his most 

5843
05:17:53,200 --> 05:17:55,800
significant Legacy came not 
through his intended, religious 

5844
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:59,000
and legal contributions. 
But through the travelogue, he 

5845
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:02,200
initially considered secondary 
while his attempts at cultural 

5846
05:18:02,200 --> 05:18:05,100
reform faded quickly. 
After his death, his Geographic,

5847
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:07,100
and ethnographic observations 
preserved. 

5848
05:18:07,100 --> 05:18:10,000
In the realer provided 
invaluable documentation, of 

5849
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:13,700
societies, across Africa, and 
Asia during a pivotal historical

5850
05:18:13,700 --> 05:18:16,000
period. 
In the centuries, following his 

5851
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:19,400
death, IBN battuta's account 
circulated primarily among 

5852
05:18:19,400 --> 05:18:22,700
scholars in North Africa. 
Never achieving The Wider 

5853
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:26,000
recognition in the medieval 
period that it deserved only in 

5854
05:18:26,000 --> 05:18:29,000
the mid-19th century. 
When French Colonial officials 

5855
05:18:29,000 --> 05:18:30,800
discovered manuscripts of the 
Ricola. 

5856
05:18:30,800 --> 05:18:33,900
Did his extraordinary Journey 
begin, receiving Global 

5857
05:18:33,900 --> 05:18:36,800
acknowledgment? 
The Traveler who wants sought to

5858
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,700
change the world through 
religious reform instead left 

5859
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,200
his Mark by simply bearing 
witness to the remarkable 

5860
05:18:42,200 --> 05:18:44,100
diversity of medieval 
civilization. 

5861
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:52,000
Imagine spending the night in 
that ideal position where your 

5862
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:54,500
mattress has adapted to your 
unique shape over the years, 

5863
05:18:54,500 --> 05:18:58,400
pulling your covers up to your 
chin, you sigh with satisfaction

5864
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:02,000
after stretching out and 
possibly wriggling a little, to 

5865
05:19:02,000 --> 05:19:05,900
find a cool spot on your pillow.
Isn't this nightly routine as 

5866
05:19:05,900 --> 05:19:08,700
instinctive as breathing? 
Here's something that might 

5867
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:12,100
literally make you sit up in bed
for the majority of human 

5868
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:14,200
history. 
People would have assumed you 

5869
05:19:14,200 --> 05:19:16,900
were either dead or insane based
on your horizontal sleeping 

5870
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:21,700
position you heard correctly. 
The centuries are ancestors. 

5871
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:25,700
Slept upright leaning against 
headboards walls or specially 

5872
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:28,100
made sleep chairs, that 
resembled medieval torture 

5873
05:19:28,100 --> 05:19:31,400
devices, more than Furniture. 
Imagine attempting to explain 

5874
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:34,100
your memory foam, pillow and 
California, King mattress, to a 

5875
05:19:34,100 --> 05:19:37,300
person from the 1600s. 
They would most likely start 

5876
05:19:37,300 --> 05:19:39,800
organizing your funeral by 
calling the local physician. 

5877
05:19:40,700 --> 05:19:43,000
Now before you start to feel 
proud of your contemporary 

5878
05:19:43,000 --> 05:19:46,000
sleeping Arrangements, keep in 
mind that these were not 

5879
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,500
primitive people who had not yet
mastered, the art of flying down

5880
05:19:49,500 --> 05:19:51,300
the issues. 
They were facing. 

5881
05:19:51,300 --> 05:19:53,800
Would make your worst Monday 
morning seemed like a day at the

5882
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:56,600
spa. 
When you realize what they had 

5883
05:19:56,600 --> 05:19:59,600
to contend with you may come to 
Value their resourcefulness. 

5884
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:02,500
They had good reasons for 
staying up all night. 

5885
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:06,200
It wasn't an overnight change 
from sitting to lying down. 

5886
05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:10,500
Superstitions medical theories 
that would make a fortune teller

5887
05:20:10,500 --> 05:20:13,800
blush and social Customs. 
So deeply embedded. 

5888
05:20:13,800 --> 05:20:16,400
The shifting sleep positions was
practically. 

5889
05:20:16,400 --> 05:20:19,700
Revolutionary were all part of 
this slow centuries long shift 

5890
05:20:19,700 --> 05:20:22,400
consider at the slowest 
rebellion in history. 

5891
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:27,000
Waged one pillow at a time you 
see back then sleep was more 

5892
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:29,500
than just rest. 
It was linked to beliefs about 

5893
05:20:29,500 --> 05:20:33,200
health religion, social 
standing, and even survival. 

5894
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:37,200
Depending on where you slept, 
you might be viewed, as wealthy 

5895
05:20:37,200 --> 05:20:41,600
or impoverished healthy or ill 
or virtuous or sinful. 

5896
05:20:42,500 --> 05:20:45,700
It was similar to social media, 
except that instead of sharing 

5897
05:20:45,700 --> 05:20:49,600
photos of your breakfast people 
were making snap judgments about

5898
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:51,200
how you spent your own 
conscience hours. 

5899
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:55,200
The rules that governed the 
Medieval World were entirely 

5900
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:59,100
different from those that govern
us today, plague infection 

5901
05:20:59,100 --> 05:21:02,800
starvation, or even, just your 
neighbor's goat running loose 

5902
05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:05,600
and trampling on your turnip 
Garden were all potential causes

5903
05:21:05,600 --> 05:21:08,900
of death. 
Every choice, including how you 

5904
05:21:08,900 --> 05:21:11,600
position your body for those 
valuable few hours of rest, 

5905
05:21:11,600 --> 05:21:14,300
carried weight in such a 
precarious world. 

5906
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:17,800
They were being realistic in 
ways we can hardly fathom now, 

5907
05:21:17,800 --> 05:21:20,800
not being dramatic. 
The interesting part is that 

5908
05:21:20,800 --> 05:21:23,600
sleeping upright, wasn't a 
peculiarity of Europeans, 

5909
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:26,500
similar Customs were 
independently developed by 

5910
05:21:26,500 --> 05:21:28,700
cultures in Asia Africa and the 
Americas. 

5911
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:31,800
This implies that the 
difficulties are ancestors 

5912
05:21:31,800 --> 05:21:34,800
encountered were Universal, 
which is why sitting up at night

5913
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:39,100
seemed like the sensible option.
It was adaptation to conditions 

5914
05:21:39,100 --> 05:21:40,700
that we are grateful to have 
left behind. 

5915
05:21:40,700 --> 05:21:43,700
Not ignorance. 
You're taking part in a 

5916
05:21:43,700 --> 05:21:46,500
relatively new human experiment,
as you lie, there to night, 

5917
05:21:46,500 --> 05:21:50,600
horizontal and comfortable. 
As a result of centuries of 

5918
05:21:50,608 --> 05:21:54,100
incremental, change, medical 
progress, and social Evolution, 

5919
05:21:54,100 --> 05:21:56,900
your sleeping habits are truly 
revolutionary. 

5920
05:21:56,900 --> 05:22:00,000
Your living, the kind of luxury 
that ancient kings. 

5921
05:22:00,000 --> 05:22:03,200
And queens could only imagine 
every time you turn your pillow 

5922
05:22:03,200 --> 05:22:06,800
to the cool side or change your 
blanket, indeed. 

5923
05:22:06,800 --> 05:22:10,700
Sweet dreams. 
Let's take a moment to explore 

5924
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:13,700
the medieval mind. 
Suppose you lived in a world 

5925
05:22:13,700 --> 05:22:16,100
where the only thing you knew 
about medicine was how to 

5926
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:18,900
balance your humors. 
Not the kind that make you 

5927
05:22:18,900 --> 05:22:21,700
laugh. 
But the enigmatic bodily fluids 

5928
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:23,400
that were supposed to regulate 
your health. 

5929
05:22:24,500 --> 05:22:28,600
The Four Horsemen of medieval 
medicine blood, phlegm yellow, 

5930
05:22:28,600 --> 05:22:31,800
bile and black bile. 
Were more difficult to balance 

5931
05:22:31,800 --> 05:22:34,500
than putting together Ikea 
furniture without the manual. 

5932
05:22:35,400 --> 05:22:38,000
The Learned Physicians of the 
day, believe that lying flat 

5933
05:22:38,000 --> 05:22:41,000
dangerously Disturbed. 
These humors, they held that 

5934
05:22:41,000 --> 05:22:43,500
horizontal stretching caused 
blood to pull in the wrong 

5935
05:22:43,500 --> 05:22:46,800
places, causing imbalances that 
could cause disease or even 

5936
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:49,100
death. 
It was similar to the medieval 

5937
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:52,500
game of operation except that 
you might actually die in place 

5938
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:56,400
of a buzzer going off. 
According to the doctors sitting

5939
05:22:56,400 --> 05:22:59,500
upright, maintain the delicate 
balance required for Life by 

5940
05:22:59,500 --> 05:23:01,000
allowing your humors to flow 
correctly. 

5941
05:23:01,000 --> 05:23:05,200
However, the medical issues 
extended beyond the enigmatic 

5942
05:23:05,200 --> 05:23:08,400
fluid management, medical 
professionals actually thought 

5943
05:23:08,400 --> 05:23:11,500
that line flat exposed one to 
night Vapors, which were 

5944
05:23:11,500 --> 05:23:14,400
poisonous gases that were said 
to rise from the earth and enter

5945
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:17,800
houses through floor cracks. 
Since these Vapors were believed

5946
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:20,300
to be heavier than air. 
They gathered close to the 

5947
05:23:20,300 --> 05:23:24,900
ground, like a human Periscope, 
avoiding, toxic clouds, sleeping

5948
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:26,200
upright. 
Literally lifted. 

5949
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:29,500
You above the danger zone, not 
that this was all Superstition 

5950
05:23:29,500 --> 05:23:31,900
homes from the Middle. 
Ages weren't, exactly 

5951
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:35,300
ventilation Marvels, imagine 
sharing your living space with 

5952
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:37,600
animals for warmth in a 
building. 

5953
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:40,600
That is a combination of a house
and a barn. 

5954
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:44,700
With fumes from animal feces 
smoke from poorly, ventilated 

5955
05:23:44,700 --> 05:23:48,000
fires and the general mustiness 
of damp stone walls. 

5956
05:23:48,000 --> 05:23:51,600
The air quality was likely 
suspect Even though the 

5957
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:55,700
justification up was wildly 
incorrect, it's possible that it

5958
05:23:55,700 --> 05:23:57,200
improved breathing and air 
circulation. 

5959
05:23:57,200 --> 05:24:01,500
The implications for religion 
were just as strong according to

5960
05:24:01,500 --> 05:24:05,200
Medieval Christianity, the 
deadlift flat and imitating 

5961
05:24:05,200 --> 05:24:07,000
death. 
While you slept was a sign of 

5962
05:24:07,000 --> 05:24:10,400
tempting fate by implying that 
you were prepared for Eternal 

5963
05:24:10,400 --> 05:24:12,600
rest. 
You were effectively inviting 

5964
05:24:12,600 --> 05:24:15,800
the Grim Reaper. 
According to church doctrine, 

5965
05:24:15,800 --> 05:24:19,200
the righteous should always be 
on guard even when they are 

5966
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:23,400
sleeping prepared to pray or run
at any time lying down was 

5967
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:26,400
regarded as spiritually 
hazardous because it suggested a

5968
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:27,900
state of vulnerability and 
relaxation. 

5969
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:32,000
Additionally think about the 
practicality or lack thereof of 

5970
05:24:32,000 --> 05:24:35,900
medieval bedrooms, unlike you 
most people did not have private

5971
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:39,700
sleeping quarters guests, 
servants and families, shared a 

5972
05:24:39,700 --> 05:24:41,500
room and frequently a bed. 
Only. 

5973
05:24:41,500 --> 05:24:44,900
The very wealthy could afford 
privacy and even then it was a 

5974
05:24:44,900 --> 05:24:47,300
luxury. 
Sitting up in such crowded. 

5975
05:24:47,300 --> 05:24:50,700
Conditions was a matter of space
management, not merely health or

5976
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:53,000
religion. 
If everyone, slept upright 

5977
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:56,100
leaned against walls or shared 
big chairs made for several 

5978
05:24:56,100 --> 05:24:58,100
people, you could fit more 
people in a room. 

5979
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:01,200
Additionally, the fear of 
Unexpected death while. 

5980
05:25:01,200 --> 05:25:05,000
Sleeping was incredibly useful, 
people died suddenly and often 

5981
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:08,200
in a time before modern 
medicine, the sick and dying 

5982
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:11,000
those two week to sit up with 
thought to lie down. 

5983
05:25:11,900 --> 05:25:14,300
I sleeping, upright, healthy 
individuals showed that they 

5984
05:25:14,300 --> 05:25:16,600
were still strong enough to keep
their posture while they were 

5985
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:19,100
unconscious demonstrating their 
vitality. 

5986
05:25:20,300 --> 05:25:22,100
It served as a nightly 
affirmation that. 

5987
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:26,300
I'm still here, still fighting 
still ready for whatever Dawn 

5988
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,600
might bring as you unconsciously
sink into your horizontal 

5989
05:25:29,600 --> 05:25:32,400
position tonight. 
Keep in mind that you are doing 

5990
05:25:32,408 --> 05:25:35,100
something that your forefathers 
would have regarded as either 

5991
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:38,800
courageous or foolish or 
perhaps, both your Readiness to 

5992
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:41,500
lie down demonstrates how much 
we've learned about safety 

5993
05:25:41,500 --> 05:25:44,600
health, and the basic art of 
getting a decent night's sleep. 

5994
05:25:44,600 --> 05:25:48,600
You may be asking yourself what 
exactly were they sitting on? 

5995
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:50,100
If everyone was sleeping 
upright. 

5996
05:25:50,900 --> 05:25:53,500
Depending on your stance on 
Comfort versus functionality, 

5997
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:57,100
the medieval Furniture industry 
had to get inventive in ways 

5998
05:25:57,100 --> 05:26:00,000
that would make contemporary 
ergonomic designers cry with 

5999
05:26:00,000 --> 05:26:03,100
Envy or horror. 
The Sleep chair is the 

6000
05:26:03,108 --> 05:26:06,400
equivalent of a recliner in 
medieval Europe, but it lacks 

6001
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,900
the cup holders, the reclining 
feature and pretty much every 

6002
05:26:09,900 --> 05:26:11,500
other feature, that makes modern
furniture. 

6003
05:26:11,500 --> 05:26:15,000
Bearable, these devices have the
appearance of someone marketing 

6004
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:18,300
them as bedroom furniture after 
crossing a church pew, with a 

6005
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:22,600
torture device, a high straight 
back armrests at precisely 

6006
05:26:22,600 --> 05:26:24,600
uncomfortable, angles and 
occasionally. 

6007
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:27,400
A tiny ledge or platform to 
place your feet on Raw features 

6008
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:30,200
of the basic design. 
Obviously Comfort was not the 

6009
05:26:30,200 --> 05:26:33,300
main issue, of course, fancier, 
versions were owned by the 

6010
05:26:33,300 --> 05:26:35,700
wealthy. 
In addition to being upholstered

6011
05:26:35,700 --> 05:26:38,100
with Fabrics that cost more than
the average person's yearly 

6012
05:26:38,100 --> 05:26:42,000
income, their sleep chairs were 
carved from pricey woods and 

6013
05:26:42,000 --> 05:26:44,700
occasionally had tiny storage 
spaces for personal belongings. 

6014
05:26:45,600 --> 05:26:48,200
Consider them the luxury 
vehicles of the world of setting

6015
05:26:48,200 --> 05:26:50,000
sleep. 
They are still essentially 

6016
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:53,700
uncomfortable but they do. 
So in a stylish way in a time 

6017
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:55,400
when one size fits all was the 
norm. 

6018
05:26:55,400 --> 05:26:58,800
Some had adjustable backs that 
could tilt slightly providing 

6019
05:26:58,800 --> 05:27:03,200
what amounted to customization, 
The interesting part though is 

6020
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:05,900
that these chairs served as 
status symbols in addition to 

6021
05:27:05,908 --> 05:27:07,400
being useful pieces of 
furniture. 

6022
05:27:08,400 --> 05:27:11,600
Your sleep, chairs design and 
quality made your social 

6023
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:14,100
standing as obvious as driving a
Ferrari today. 

6024
05:27:14,900 --> 05:27:18,200
Nobility displayed ornate pieces
that looked more like Thrones 

6025
05:27:18,200 --> 05:27:21,100
than sleeping Furniture. 
While wealthy merchants might 

6026
05:27:21,100 --> 05:27:23,800
have chairs with modest carving 
and comfortable padding. 

6027
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:27,800
The impoverished on the other 
hand used crude wooden stools or

6028
05:27:27,808 --> 05:27:31,200
simply leaned against walls 
transforming any level surface 

6029
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:34,700
into a makeshift bed. 
The extremely wealthy slept in 

6030
05:27:34,708 --> 05:27:36,400
rooms made specially for 
standing. 

6031
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:41,000
Imagine Hall ways with built-in 
benches walls with tapestries 

6032
05:27:41,000 --> 05:27:44,700
and cushions for leaning against
a unique, alcoves carved into 

6033
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:46,400
the stone. 
That would allow several people 

6034
05:27:46,400 --> 05:27:50,200
to sit and sleep comfortably. 
They resembled human parking 

6035
05:27:50,200 --> 05:27:53,400
garages made to hold bodies in 
their vertical resting position 

6036
05:27:53,400 --> 05:27:55,700
rather than bedrooms as we know 
them. 

6037
05:27:56,600 --> 05:27:59,500
Some clever furniture makers. 
Made communal sleep benches 

6038
05:27:59,500 --> 05:28:03,600
which along church pews style 
seats that can hold families or 

6039
05:28:03,600 --> 05:28:06,500
groups of tourists. 
Picture yourself arriving at a 

6040
05:28:06,508 --> 05:28:08,500
medieval in finding yourself 
Seated. 

6041
05:28:08,500 --> 05:28:11,700
On a bench beside total 
strangers and spending the night

6042
05:28:11,700 --> 05:28:15,700
together like birds on a Wire. 
It was obvious that personal 

6043
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:19,700
space was an unimagined luxury. 
In fact, these pieces were 

6044
05:28:19,700 --> 05:28:23,400
incredibly well-crafted in the 
absence of power tools or 

6045
05:28:23,400 --> 05:28:27,000
contemporary methods, medieval 
Woodworkers produced elaborate 

6046
05:28:27,000 --> 05:28:30,300
supports precisely measured 
angles and joints that could 

6047
05:28:30,300 --> 05:28:32,700
sustain human bodies for decades
at a time. 

6048
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:35,900
They had a deeper understanding 
of structural Integrity, 

6049
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:38,600
balance, and weight 
distribution, and some 

6050
05:28:38,600 --> 05:28:42,100
contemporary furniture. 
Even though they slept on pieces

6051
05:28:42,100 --> 05:28:44,500
made to last for centuries, your
ancestors, may have slept 

6052
05:28:44,500 --> 05:28:46,900
upright. 
It's interesting to note that 

6053
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:49,300
some sleep chairs had clever 
features that contemporary 

6054
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:53,000
furniture designers might find 
appealing Detachable, cushions 

6055
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:54,800
allowed for seasonal Comfort 
adjustments. 

6056
05:28:54,800 --> 05:28:57,700
Adjustable footrests. 
Accommodated, varying leg 

6057
05:28:57,700 --> 05:29:00,800
lengths and hidden compartments,
protected valuables while you 

6058
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:03,300
slept. 
Some even had little tables 

6059
05:29:03,300 --> 05:29:06,100
attached so that you could 
easily access prayer books, can 

6060
05:29:06,100 --> 05:29:10,500
handle's or water at night. 
The wealthy who could afford to 

6061
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:13,000
try out newly sleeping 
arrangements with the first to 

6062
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:14,600
gradually, move away from sleep 
chairs. 

6063
05:29:15,500 --> 05:29:18,500
Sleep chairs, did not vanish 
overnight as line down, beds 

6064
05:29:18,500 --> 05:29:20,700
gained popularity, some 
families. 

6065
05:29:20,700 --> 05:29:23,800
Kept them as emergencies 
furniture for visitors or in 

6066
05:29:23,800 --> 05:29:26,500
case of illness and many were 
repurposed as every day. 

6067
05:29:26,500 --> 05:29:30,100
Seating, Relics of an alien 
civilization, that somehow 

6068
05:29:30,100 --> 05:29:33,400
managed to sleep while 
simultaneously defying comfort, 

6069
05:29:33,400 --> 05:29:36,800
and gravity can be found in 
museums today. you may be 

6070
05:29:36,800 --> 05:29:39,500
horrified to learn that for the 
majority of human history, 

6071
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:43,500
privacy while sleeping was 
practically unheard of Your 

6072
05:29:43,500 --> 05:29:46,500
ancestors lived in a world where
sleeping was a social activity 

6073
05:29:46,500 --> 05:29:49,500
similar to eating dinner or 
going to church except that 

6074
05:29:49,500 --> 05:29:52,400
everyone was unconscious. 
This contrasts with your own 

6075
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:55,500
luxury of having your own room 
bed and space to sprawl. 

6076
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:58,800
However you like Imagine a 
normal medieval home. 

6077
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:02,600
In addition to sharing houses 
families also shared, sleeping 

6078
05:30:02,600 --> 05:30:06,500
quarters with apprentices 
servants, extended family, and 

6079
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:09,100
frequently, overnight Travelers 
every evening. 

6080
05:30:09,100 --> 05:30:12,100
The Great Hall of a manor house 
would be transformed into a 

6081
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:14,200
human dormitory. 
With people lining up along 

6082
05:30:14,200 --> 05:30:17,000
benches and walls in a manner 
reminiscent of medieval airport,

6083
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:20,900
seating during flight delays, 
However, the delay persisted 

6084
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:23,700
each and every night. 
Setting upright was not only 

6085
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:26,200
morally or medically right in 
these crowded sleeping 

6086
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:28,800
Arrangements, but it was also 
practically required. 

6087
05:30:28,800 --> 05:30:31,500
You'll see why lying down. 
Wasn't an option. 

6088
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:35,500
If you try to picture cramming 
15 people into an area meant for

6089
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:37,600
8. 
Everyone had to make the most of

6090
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:40,600
their vertical space which made 
Sleeping a human geometry 

6091
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:43,500
exercise. 
Like knowing how to fix clothes 

6092
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:47,200
or preserve meat the ability to 
sleep while seated evolved into 

6093
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:50,600
a survival skill. 
The social dynamics of sharing a

6094
05:30:50,600 --> 05:30:53,400
bed were intriguing, an 
intricate Unwritten rules 

6095
05:30:53,400 --> 05:30:56,600
dictated who was allowed to lean
against which walls who was 

6096
05:30:56,600 --> 05:30:59,800
given priority near the fire, 
and who was forced to make do 

6097
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:01,400
with the drafty spots by 
windows. 

6098
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,700
The nightly seating arrangements
were influenced by physical 

6099
05:31:04,700 --> 05:31:07,400
condition, age, and social 
standing. 

6100
05:31:08,200 --> 05:31:11,200
It was similar to musical chairs
in the Middle Ages, except that 

6101
05:31:11,200 --> 05:31:13,700
no one and everyone had to sleep
where they ended up. 

6102
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:17,800
Taverns and Inns elevated 
communal sleeping to a whole new

6103
05:31:17,800 --> 05:31:20,300
level. 
People from various towns, 

6104
05:31:20,300 --> 05:31:23,500
social classes and backgrounds 
would spend the night next to 

6105
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:27,000
each other sharing body heat and
likely more germs than anyone 

6106
05:31:27,000 --> 05:31:29,700
would want to consider. 
It was simply good business to 

6107
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:32,800
pack as many upright sleepers as
possible into each room because 

6108
05:31:32,800 --> 05:31:35,500
in Keepers charged by the space 
rather than the person. 

6109
05:31:36,600 --> 05:31:39,600
You didn't pay for privacy or 
comfort, you paid for a place on

6110
05:31:39,608 --> 05:31:43,200
a bench or against a wall. 
In fact, this system produced 

6111
05:31:43,200 --> 05:31:47,000
its own social mores and manners
rules about snoring changing 

6112
05:31:47,000 --> 05:31:49,100
positions. 
And what to do, if you're 

6113
05:31:49,100 --> 05:31:51,200
sleeping neighbor began talking 
in their sleep or having 

6114
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:54,500
nightmares were developed 
protocols for sharing blankets, 

6115
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:58,400
keeping modest in close quarters
and handling, the inevitable 

6116
05:31:58,400 --> 05:32:02,000
personality conflicts that occur
when strangers are compelled to 

6117
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:03,900
spend night. 
After night in close quarters 

6118
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:07,300
for all in place, even though 
they're sleeping Arrangements, 

6119
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,100
were far more comfortable. 
The wealthy were not completely 

6120
05:32:10,100 --> 05:32:13,100
immune to communal. 
Sleeping either, for convenience

6121
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:15,800
and security reasons. 
Noble households continue to 

6122
05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:18,100
have servants sleep in the same 
rooms as their masters. 

6123
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:21,000
Even a fluent families 
frequently, shared sleeping 

6124
05:32:21,000 --> 05:32:24,800
quarters with parents kids, and 
occasionally grandparents. 

6125
05:32:24,800 --> 05:32:27,200
Each finding a place in the 
family sleeping chamber. 

6126
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:30,500
These Arrangements were made 
even more complex by seasonal. 

6127
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:34,000
Variations people naturally 
huddled closer together in the 

6128
05:32:34,000 --> 05:32:37,500
winter to stay warm, but in the 
summer, They position themselves

6129
05:32:37,500 --> 05:32:40,500
strategically close to Windows 
and Doors to take advantage of 

6130
05:32:40,500 --> 05:32:43,400
any breezes. 
Most people had to make due with

6131
05:32:43,400 --> 05:32:46,200
the same space year round 
changing their positions and 

6132
05:32:46,200 --> 05:32:47,800
Arrangements. 
According to weather and 

6133
05:32:47,800 --> 05:32:49,800
temperature. 
While the wealthy might have had

6134
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:53,000
the luxury of seasonal sleeping 
Chambers different rooms for 

6135
05:32:53,000 --> 05:32:56,000
different times of the year. 
Although germ theory was not 

6136
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:57,300
yet. 
Sufficiently understood for 

6137
05:32:57,300 --> 05:32:59,700
people to be concerned about it 
disease. 

6138
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:02,400
Transmission in these settings 
must have been spectacular 

6139
05:33:03,300 --> 05:33:06,200
everyone in the sleeping chamber
was likely to get a cold after 

6140
05:33:06,200 --> 05:33:09,600
someone else did, although 
people blamed illness on bad air

6141
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:11,900
or Divine punishment, rather 
than the obvious problem of 

6142
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:15,000
dozens of people breathing, on 
each other all night, Plague 

6143
05:33:15,000 --> 05:33:17,400
outbreaks, most likely spread 
through communal sleeping 

6144
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:20,800
Arrangements, like wildfire. 
The wealthy were the first to 

6145
05:33:20,800 --> 05:33:22,400
gradually transition to private 
sleeping. 

6146
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:25,600
Families started to divide 
sleeping Arrangements by 

6147
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:29,500
generation, then by gender, and 
finally, by personal preference 

6148
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:32,900
as wealth and homes grew. 
The fact that you can sleep by 

6149
05:33:32,900 --> 05:33:36,800
yourself in your own room and in
your own bed is a testament to 

6150
05:33:36,800 --> 05:33:39,000
centuries of economic and social
advancement. 

6151
05:33:39,000 --> 05:33:43,000
That your forefathers could 
hardly have dreamed of How then 

6152
05:33:43,000 --> 05:33:44,500
did people go from sleeping 
upright? 

6153
05:33:44,500 --> 05:33:46,700
For centuries to the horizontal 
freefall. 

6154
05:33:46,700 --> 05:33:50,000
You see today? 
Everyone deciding to roll over 

6155
05:33:50,000 --> 05:33:53,000
and try lying down. 
At the same time wasn't a sudden

6156
05:33:53,000 --> 05:33:56,100
Revelation the gradual change 
from a communal survival 

6157
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:59,000
strategy to the private 
comfortable experience. 

6158
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:02,200
You know today was fueled by 
advancements in architecture 

6159
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:05,800
medicine and social attitudes 
like most revolutions. 

6160
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:09,100
This one started with the rich, 
some Aristocrats and Rich, 

6161
05:34:09,100 --> 05:34:11,600
Merchants had started 
experimenting with lying down 

6162
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:15,500
sleep by the late Medieval Era. 
But first, it was considered a 

6163
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:18,900
luxury rather than a common 
practice these early adopters 

6164
05:34:18,900 --> 05:34:21,900
who were prepared to forgo, the 
purported, spiritual and medical

6165
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:25,200
risks in favor of comfort and 
Novelty were essentially the 

6166
05:34:25,200 --> 05:34:27,100
beta testers of horizontal 
sleeping. 

6167
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:30,700
Think of them like the original 
smartphone buyers, who were 

6168
05:34:30,700 --> 05:34:33,300
initially viewed as crazy until 
everyone wanted one. 

6169
05:34:34,000 --> 05:34:36,600
The ancient theories of humors 
and night Vapors were gradually 

6170
05:34:36,600 --> 05:34:40,100
disproved by new Concepts about 
medicine and the human body that

6171
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:43,400
emerged during the Renaissance. 
When doctors noticed that 

6172
05:34:43,400 --> 05:34:45,900
wealthy people who slept on 
their backs were dying in 

6173
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:48,900
frightening numbers, they 
started to wander if sitting up 

6174
05:34:48,900 --> 05:34:50,800
straight was really necessary 
for good health. 

6175
05:34:51,900 --> 05:34:54,000
Medical texts began to imply 
that lying. 

6176
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:57,200
Flat might be helpful for some 
ailments especially for those 

6177
05:34:57,200 --> 05:34:58,900
with back pain or respiratory 
issues. 

6178
05:34:59,700 --> 05:35:02,700
Took decades for the radical 
idea to become widely accepted. 

6179
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:05,900
This transition was made 
possible in large part by 

6180
05:35:05,908 --> 05:35:08,700
architecture. 
Families, could now afford to 

6181
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:12,200
use entire rooms for sleeping as
Holmes, grew, bigger and more. 

6182
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:15,700
Upscale people no longer had to 
share, sleeping quarters with 

6183
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:18,600
strangers, servants and extended
families. 

6184
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:20,700
Thanks, to the invention of 
separate bed Chambers. 

6185
05:35:21,500 --> 05:35:23,900
Experimenting with various 
sleeping positions with out 

6186
05:35:23,900 --> 05:35:27,000
social scrutiny or space 
constraints was made possible by

6187
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:30,100
privacy at last. 
You were able to extend your 

6188
05:35:30,100 --> 05:35:32,200
body without pushing your 
neighbor in the ribs. 

6189
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:35,600
Equally significant was the 
development and enhancement of 

6190
05:35:35,600 --> 05:35:38,400
appropriate beds. 
When there were beds in the 

6191
05:35:38,400 --> 05:35:40,800
Middle Ages, they were 
frequently just mattresses with 

6192
05:35:40,800 --> 05:35:44,000
straw on wooden frames. 
The fact that these were not 

6193
05:35:44,000 --> 05:35:46,600
very comfortable for lying down,
like, likely contributed to the 

6194
05:35:46,600 --> 05:35:50,700
preference for sleeping upright.
However, lying down became more 

6195
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:53,100
and more desirable as mattress 
technology developed. 

6196
05:35:53,100 --> 05:35:56,400
Yes, there was such a thing as 
mattress technology in the 

6197
05:35:56,408 --> 05:35:59,800
pre-industrial world. 
Horizontal sleeping became not 

6198
05:35:59,800 --> 05:36:01,800
only feasible but also 
enjoyable. 

6199
05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:05,100
Thanks to feather beds. 
Better textiles, and enhanced 

6200
05:36:05,100 --> 05:36:08,600
frame Construction. 
During this time, religious 

6201
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:11,900
views also changed many medieval
Catholic teachings. 

6202
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:14,300
Including some of the 
Superstition surrounding 

6203
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,100
sleeping positions were 
contested by the Protestant 

6204
05:36:17,100 --> 05:36:20,200
Reformation. 
Protestant theologians were more

6205
05:36:20,200 --> 05:36:23,300
interested in the pragmatic 
issues of rest and health than 

6206
05:36:23,300 --> 05:36:25,900
they were in the symbolic, 
meaning of lying flat. 

6207
05:36:26,500 --> 05:36:29,300
This change in religion allowed 
people to try different sleeping

6208
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:32,800
positions without worrying about
endangering their Eternal Souls.

6209
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:36,100
These changes were hastened by 
the printing press, which 

6210
05:36:36,100 --> 05:36:39,200
disseminated novel Concepts 
regarding health and sleep, more

6211
05:36:39,200 --> 05:36:43,100
rapidly than in the past. 
Advice, regarding appropriate, 

6212
05:36:43,100 --> 05:36:46,400
sleep positioning started to 
appear in medical texts, home 

6213
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:49,100
management manuals and even 
popular literature. 

6214
05:36:49,900 --> 05:36:52,600
For the first time in history, 
written information about 

6215
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:56,100
bedroom layout, sleep, hygiene, 
and the advantages of very 

6216
05:36:56,100 --> 05:36:58,700
sleeping positions was available
to the general public 

6217
05:36:58,700 --> 05:37:01,900
information, that had previously
only been accessible to 

6218
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,500
academics and doctors became 
widely accessible. 

6219
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:07,700
During this time, social 
perceptions of rest and 

6220
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:10,900
vulnerability. 
Also changed New Perspectives on

6221
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:13,200
the significance of adequate 
sleep for well-being and 

6222
05:37:13,200 --> 05:37:17,000
productivity started to replace 
the medieval emphasis on ongoing

6223
05:37:17,000 --> 05:37:21,400
alertness and preparedness over 
time, lying down once 

6224
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:24,200
interpreted as a sign of 
spiritual, laxity or weakness 

6225
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:29,000
became linked to wisdom and 
self-care. people started to 

6226
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:32,000
realize that getting enough 
sleep was not a luxury or an 

6227
05:37:32,000 --> 05:37:35,300
Indulgence, but rather necessary
for both physical and mental 

6228
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:39,100
well-being, Not every social 
class or geographical area 

6229
05:37:39,100 --> 05:37:42,400
experience, the shift in the 
same way compared to rural 

6230
05:37:42,400 --> 05:37:45,600
Farmers or the urban poor 
wealthy urban populations 

6231
05:37:45,600 --> 05:37:47,600
adopted horizontal sleeping much
earlier. 

6232
05:37:48,500 --> 05:37:50,500
Because they lacked the 
resources to alter their 

6233
05:37:50,500 --> 05:37:53,100
sleeping habits. 
Some remote communities continue

6234
05:37:53,100 --> 05:37:56,400
to practice, upright, sleeping 
well into the modern era, not 

6235
05:37:56,400 --> 05:37:59,500
because they liked it. 
Sleeping positions have changed 

6236
05:37:59,500 --> 05:38:02,900
over time reflecting larger 
Trends in Social and economic 

6237
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:05,200
development that still influence
our way of life today. 

6238
05:38:06,900 --> 05:38:09,800
Horizontal sleeping had become 
so commonplace by the time. 

6239
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:12,400
Your grandparents were born that
most people had forgotten, it 

6240
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:16,400
had ever been a topic of debate.
The Medieval World communal. 

6241
05:38:16,400 --> 05:38:19,500
Sleeping arrangements and sleep 
chairs appeared as Antiquated as

6242
05:38:19,500 --> 05:38:22,400
any other historical Oddity. 
Sneaking. 

6243
05:38:22,400 --> 05:38:25,500
But unrelated to contemporary 
living given that for the 

6244
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:28,600
majority of History owning. 
A bed was equivalent to owning a

6245
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:31,500
luxury car. 
Something that unmistakably 

6246
05:38:31,500 --> 05:38:33,600
indicated that you were not 
struggling to survive. 

6247
05:38:33,600 --> 05:38:37,300
The evolution of beds from basic
sleeping Platforms in to the 

6248
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:40,200
ornate kingdoms of comfort. 
You know, today is a tale worth 

6249
05:38:40,200 --> 05:38:44,000
telling The development of bed 
technology, reflects the larger 

6250
05:38:44,000 --> 05:38:48,000
changes in privacy comfort and 
our evolving relationship with 

6251
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:50,500
sleep in general. 
When there were early beds at 

6252
05:38:50,500 --> 05:38:53,300
all, they were basically raised 
platforms made to keep people 

6253
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:57,100
off of damp cold floors and away
from different animals that like

6254
05:38:57,100 --> 05:39:00,100
to live on the ground. 
These were useful answers to 

6255
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:03,100
environmental problems. 
Not the comfortable Havens, you 

6256
05:39:03,100 --> 05:39:06,700
hide away to every night. 
A wooden frame, any available 

6257
05:39:06,700 --> 05:39:09,200
stuffing material straw 
feathers. 

6258
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:12,600
If you are lucky, or just extra 
blankets, folded for padding and

6259
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:14,400
some rope or leather strapping 
for support. 

6260
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:17,900
Comfort wasn't a design 
objective, it was a happy 

6261
05:39:17,900 --> 05:39:20,900
accident. 
Naturally long before, beds were

6262
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:23,000
comfortable. 
The wealthy used them as status 

6263
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:27,400
symbols with intricately carved 
posts pricey fabrics and 

6264
05:39:27,400 --> 05:39:30,100
curtains that could outstrip the
cost of most people's homes. 

6265
05:39:30,100 --> 05:39:33,600
Medieval Noble beds were symbols
of craftsmanship and wealth. 

6266
05:39:33,600 --> 05:39:36,900
These beds were Furniture pieces
intended to both rest and 

6267
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:40,300
impress guests. 
The curtains also known as bed 

6268
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,700
hangings, had several uses. 
They kept body heat during 

6269
05:39:43,700 --> 05:39:46,600
Chilli, evening's offered 
seclusion in shared sleeping, 

6270
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:49,200
quarters and showcased. 
The owners wealth through their 

6271
05:39:49,200 --> 05:39:52,000
design and quality. 
The interesting thing is that 

6272
05:39:52,000 --> 05:39:54,900
even these ornate beds were made
with lying down in mind. 

6273
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:58,700
Suing that people would sleep 
sitting up or at least somewhat 

6274
05:39:58,700 --> 05:40:01,100
upright supported by pillows and
bolsters. 

6275
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:05,200
Many medieval beds were built 
compared to more recent models. 

6276
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:08,400
The mattresses were frequently 
fairly firm and the pillows were

6277
05:40:08,400 --> 05:40:11,700
smaller and less flexible. 
Although technically feasible 

6278
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:15,500
lying flat on these early beds, 
would have been uninviting akin 

6279
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:17,500
to camping on a wooden platform 
with little padding. 

6280
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:21,100
A key factor in the lying down 
Revolution was the advancement 

6281
05:40:21,100 --> 05:40:25,200
of mattress technology. 
From basic sax filled with straw

6282
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:28,500
medieval mattresses developed 
into increasingly complex 

6283
05:40:28,500 --> 05:40:33,200
structures made of feathers down
and even early spring systems. 

6284
05:40:34,100 --> 05:40:36,600
Single bed in a wealthy home. 
May have several layers of 

6285
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:39,300
mattresses on it. 
Providing a sleeping surface 

6286
05:40:39,300 --> 05:40:41,900
that is sufficiently soft to 
allow for truly comfortable, 

6287
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:46,200
horizontal rest, In reality, the
term sleep tight refers to the 

6288
05:40:46,200 --> 05:40:48,900
practice of tightening the ropes
of supports beneath mattresses 

6289
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:52,800
in order to maintain the right 
firmness, imagine having to tune

6290
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:54,700
your bed like a guitar every 
night before bed. 

6291
05:40:56,400 --> 05:40:59,100
The first private sleeping areas
in history were made possible by

6292
05:40:59,100 --> 05:41:02,300
privacy curtains and surrounding
Beds, which served as more than 

6293
05:41:02,300 --> 05:41:05,000
just decorative accents. 
Couples and families. 

6294
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:08,000
Could finally enjoy the luxury 
of sleeping in privacy inside 

6295
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:11,300
these curtained beds, free from 
the prying eyes of guests 

6296
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:16,200
servants and extended family. 
Because of this privacy people 

6297
05:41:16,200 --> 05:41:19,500
could try out various sleeping 
positions, including the radical

6298
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:22,500
idea of lying down without 
worrying about being judged by 

6299
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:25,800
others beds, turned into private
Realms where people could 

6300
05:41:25,800 --> 05:41:27,700
disregard the Norms of social 
conduct. 

6301
05:41:28,500 --> 05:41:31,700
The Renaissance introduced fresh
concepts for Designing bedrooms 

6302
05:41:31,700 --> 05:41:33,600
that prioritize, privacy and 
comfort. 

6303
05:41:34,400 --> 05:41:37,800
Instead of serving several 
purposes bedroom started to be 

6304
05:41:37,800 --> 05:41:41,300
designed with sleep in mind and 
beds took center stage in these 

6305
05:41:41,300 --> 05:41:43,700
spaces. 
With better proportions, 

6306
05:41:43,700 --> 05:41:47,700
enhanced support systems and 
accessories made for horizontal 

6307
05:41:47,700 --> 05:41:50,200
sleep. 
Furniture manufacturers created 

6308
05:41:50,200 --> 05:41:54,300
specialty bed designs that were 
optimized for lying down The 

6309
05:41:54,300 --> 05:41:57,100
entire sleeping environment was 
redesigned around the idea of 

6310
05:41:57,100 --> 05:42:01,500
cozy, private, rest and pillows,
got bigger and softer blankets, 

6311
05:42:01,500 --> 05:42:05,100
also got more elegant, the art 
of making beds was turned into a

6312
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:07,600
mass production industry during 
the Industrial Revolution. 

6313
05:42:08,400 --> 05:42:11,300
For the first time in history, 
middle class, families could 

6314
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:14,300
afford comfortable beds. 
Thanks to Springs Metal Frames 

6315
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:17,400
and standardized sizes. 
The modern bedroom was, you 

6316
05:42:17,400 --> 05:42:20,200
know, it started to take shape 
as what had been luxury items 

6317
05:42:20,200 --> 05:42:21,900
turned into necessity for the 
home. 

6318
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:25,700
For the first time people could 
afford bets made a specialty for

6319
05:42:25,700 --> 05:42:28,700
sleeping on their backs. 
Complete with cozy surfaces and 

6320
05:42:28,700 --> 05:42:31,400
appropriate support systems to 
your ancestors. 

6321
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:36,100
Modern mattress technology would
have seemed like magic Are now, 

6322
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:37,500
highly engineered Comfort 
devices. 

6323
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:40,800
Thanks to Memory Foam, 
temperature control, adjustable 

6324
05:42:40,800 --> 05:42:43,000
firmness, and specialized 
support systems. 

6325
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:46,800
It's likely that your mattress 
has more technology than whole 

6326
05:42:46,800 --> 05:42:49,800
medieval homes. 
Medieval kings, could never have

6327
05:42:49,800 --> 05:42:52,100
dreamed of the degree of 
personal luxury that comes with 

6328
05:42:52,100 --> 05:42:54,900
being able to alter the 
temperature and firmness of your

6329
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:58,300
sleeping surface. 
To suit your own tastes your 

6330
05:42:58,300 --> 05:43:01,200
savoring, the result of 
centuries of human Ingenuity in 

6331
05:43:01,200 --> 05:43:03,500
the Quest, for better sleep. 
When you get into your bed 

6332
05:43:03,500 --> 05:43:07,500
tonight with its precisely 
calibrated firmness, climate 

6333
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:10,300
controlled comfort and private 
Sanctuary atmosphere. 

6334
05:43:11,200 --> 05:43:13,300
Your bedroom is more than just a
place to sleep. 

6335
05:43:14,000 --> 05:43:17,000
It's a private Haven furnished 
with extravagance, is that no 

6336
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:19,700
king or queen has had access to 
for the majority of human 

6337
05:43:19,700 --> 05:43:23,900
history. and now, At the 
conclusion of our exploration of

6338
05:43:23,900 --> 05:43:26,300
the strange history of human 
sleeping positions. 

6339
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:29,800
You are lying, comfortably 
horizontal and learning about 

6340
05:43:29,800 --> 05:43:31,700
ancestors. 
Who would have viewed, your 

6341
05:43:31,700 --> 05:43:34,500
current position as either 
morally dubious or medically 

6342
05:43:34,500 --> 05:43:37,000
dangerous? 
Isn't that quite a change? 

6343
05:43:37,000 --> 05:43:40,500
The Modern Marvel of sprawling. 
Across a king size mattress 

6344
05:43:40,500 --> 05:43:44,500
without giving a thought to 
humors night, Vapors, or 

6345
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:46,600
spiritual vulnerability as 
replaced. 

6346
05:43:46,600 --> 05:43:50,500
Centuries of sleeping upright. 
When you consider the irony of 

6347
05:43:50,500 --> 05:43:52,600
our current sleeping conditions,
it's delicious. 

6348
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:56,300
The majority of the issues that 
necessitated upright sleeping 

6349
05:43:56,300 --> 05:43:58,900
have been resolved. 
We have comfortable mattresses, 

6350
05:43:58,900 --> 05:44:01,300
clean are private bedrooms, and 
medical knowledge. 

6351
05:44:01,300 --> 05:44:04,300
That would have amazed medieval 
doctors, but we have also 

6352
05:44:04,300 --> 05:44:07,900
created completely new sleep 
problems while your ancestors 

6353
05:44:07,900 --> 05:44:10,300
were concerned about spiritual 
threats and night Vapors. 

6354
05:44:10,300 --> 05:44:13,900
Your concerned about screen 
time, caffeine consumption, the 

6355
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:16,900
ideal temperature of your room 
and whether the final episode of

6356
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:19,100
your favorite show will keep you
up with plot twists. 

6357
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:21,800
Additionally, we've developed 
sleep issues. 

6358
05:44:21,800 --> 05:44:24,100
That would have completely 
perplexed, medieval people. 

6359
05:44:24,100 --> 05:44:27,100
Millions of people who have 
access to the most comfortable 

6360
05:44:27,100 --> 05:44:30,300
sleeping conditions in history 
suffer from Sleep Disorders, 

6361
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:34,200
like sleep apnea restless leg 
syndrome and chronic insomnia. 

6362
05:44:35,000 --> 05:44:38,500
The hardware issues of sleep 
such as Furniture, privacy, and 

6363
05:44:38,500 --> 05:44:41,900
safety seem to have been 
resolved, but new software 

6364
05:44:41,900 --> 05:44:44,900
issues relating to stress 
lifestyle, and the fast-paced 

6365
05:44:44,900 --> 05:44:48,000
nature of contemporary life of 
being introduced, you might be 

6366
05:44:48,000 --> 05:44:49,600
lying. 
Awake wondering, whether you 

6367
05:44:49,600 --> 05:44:52,300
remember to set your alarm or 
whether that working male was 

6368
05:44:52,300 --> 05:44:55,200
important enough to reply to 
right away, just as your 

6369
05:44:55,200 --> 05:44:57,700
ancestors fell asleep from 
physical exhaustion. 

6370
05:44:58,500 --> 05:45:00,800
The economic power of the Sleep 
industry today would have 

6371
05:45:00,808 --> 05:45:02,700
astounded medieval furniture 
makers. 

6372
05:45:02,700 --> 05:45:06,700
We've transformed rest into a 
consumer category with countless

6373
05:45:06,700 --> 05:45:11,200
subcategories including memory 
foam, adjustable bases, sleep 

6374
05:45:11,200 --> 05:45:14,300
tracking devices customized 
pillows for all possible. 

6375
05:45:14,300 --> 05:45:17,000
Needs. 
White Noise, machines blackout 

6376
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:20,200
curtains, and even apps that 
optimize your sleep cycles. 

6377
05:45:21,200 --> 05:45:24,400
While medieval people only had 
one sleep chair, you now have 

6378
05:45:24,400 --> 05:45:27,300
hundreds of mattress options to 
choose from all of which 

6379
05:45:27,300 --> 05:45:31,000
promised to transform your 
sleeping experience. some 

6380
05:45:31,000 --> 05:45:33,700
medieval practices have been 
validated by modern sleep 

6381
05:45:33,700 --> 05:45:37,500
science, While others have been 
refuted, it turns out that some 

6382
05:45:37,500 --> 05:45:41,200
conditions, specially acid 
reflux, and sleep, apnea can 

6383
05:45:41,200 --> 05:45:45,100
benefit from sleeping, a little 
higher For some people sleeping 

6384
05:45:45,100 --> 05:45:47,900
in a adjustable beds or recline 
as relieves back pain or 

6385
05:45:47,900 --> 05:45:50,800
breathing issues. 
Your ancestors were not wholly. 

6386
05:45:50,800 --> 05:45:52,900
Incorrect about the advantages 
of sleeping upright. 

6387
05:45:52,900 --> 05:45:55,800
They simply lack the medical 
knowledge to comprehend. 

6388
05:45:55,800 --> 05:45:58,600
Occasionally worked, all the 
Alternatives that would have 

6389
05:45:58,608 --> 05:46:02,200
made lying down more secure and 
comfortable intriguingly the 

6390
05:46:02,200 --> 05:46:05,500
social dimensions of sleep. 
Have also resurfaced, even 

6391
05:46:05,500 --> 05:46:07,900
though we now have privacy and 
separate sleeping areas 

6392
05:46:07,900 --> 05:46:10,800
loneliness, and isolation 
related to sleep, the still 

6393
05:46:10,800 --> 05:46:14,000
problems for many people, 
communal sleeping Arrangements, 

6394
05:46:14,000 --> 05:46:16,700
automatically met the human need
for comfort and connection 

6395
05:46:16,700 --> 05:46:21,300
during sleep, which is reflected
in closely with Partners pets or

6396
05:46:21,300 --> 05:46:24,400
even weighted blankets. 
Although we now have more 

6397
05:46:24,400 --> 05:46:27,300
control over where we sleep, we 
occasionally miss the social 

6398
05:46:27,300 --> 05:46:30,600
aspects of sharing a bed. 
While sleeping habits are still 

6399
05:46:30,600 --> 05:46:33,500
being altered by technology in 
ways that medieval observers 

6400
05:46:33,500 --> 05:46:36,600
would find Enchanted a level of 
individualized, sleep 

6401
05:46:36,600 --> 05:46:38,600
optimization. 
Never before seen in human 

6402
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:42,300
history is represented by smart 
mattresses, that automatically 

6403
05:46:42,300 --> 05:46:45,700
change their firmness, sleep 
tracking devices that keep an 

6404
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:48,200
eye on everything from heart 
rate to room temperature and 

6405
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:50,200
apps that wake you up during the
best time to sleep. 

6406
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:53,700
You are interacting with an 
advanced technological 

6407
05:46:53,700 --> 05:46:56,600
ecosystem, that is intended to 
improve your quality of sleep, 

6408
05:46:56,600 --> 05:47:00,700
not just lying down to sleep. 
Think about the amazing journey 

6409
05:47:00,700 --> 05:47:04,400
that led Humanity from, upright 
communal sleeping to your own 

6410
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:08,000
private, horizontal luxury, as 
you get ready for bed tonight, 

6411
05:47:08,000 --> 05:47:12,600
your private bedroom, your cozy 
mattress and your freedom, a lie

6412
05:47:12,608 --> 05:47:15,200
down, without worrying about 
dying, or receiving a punishment

6413
05:47:15,200 --> 05:47:18,700
from God, or all symbols of 
centuries of human development, 

6414
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:23,800
invention, and shifting societal
perceptions of leisure privacy 

6415
05:47:23,800 --> 05:47:26,700
and comfort. 
Fact, one of the most 

6416
05:47:26,700 --> 05:47:29,700
revolutionary human behaviors of
the last Millennium is the 

6417
05:47:29,700 --> 05:47:33,300
simple Act of falling asleep. 
Something you do without 

6418
05:47:33,300 --> 05:47:35,800
thinking. 
Your horizontal position, 

6419
05:47:35,800 --> 05:47:39,300
symbolizes freedom, from social 
restraints, freedom from 

6420
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:42,800
medieval anxieties and access to
Comforts, that have been Out Of 

6421
05:47:42,808 --> 05:47:45,800
Reach for the wealthiest people 
for the majority of human 

6422
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:50,300
history dreams, sweet dreams, 
sleeper of revolution. 

6423
05:47:51,100 --> 05:47:54,000
Your ancestors would undoubtedly
be impressed by your mattress 

6424
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:57,500
jealous and perhaps a little 
concerned about your soul.