What Life in Dark Age Britain Truly Felt Like | King Arthur’s Britain—RAINY History

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Tonight, my tired little 
friends. 

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You don't need to stay alert, 
just let the sound of rain and 

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the rhythm of the story carry 
you. 

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We're continuing to monitor any 
weird audio issues. 

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So if you wake up and hear 
something, please let us know. 

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Now, in Dark Age, Britain life, 
unfolded beneath the low skies 

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and steady drizzle shaped by 
damp Fields. 

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Smoky halves worn paths and days
that follow the same quiet 

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patterns, no matter the weather.
If you enjoy these slow 

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atmospheric Journeys into the 
past, you can like the video 

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subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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Now, dim the light, Let the 
Rain, or your fan, be the white 

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noise and allow the night to 
settle in. 

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Welcome to the quiet world of 
post-roman Brickman somewhere in

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the 5th or 6th Century your 
standing. 

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In a landscape of rain, soaked 
Fields, small settlement, 

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sheltered by Woodland and lives 
shaped more by weather and 

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routine and by written record. 
This is the world that later 

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became Legend, but for now, it's
simply home. 

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You wake up to the sound of rain
on thatch, steady and familiar. 

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The air inside smells of wood 
smoke and damp wool. 

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Outside the sky, hangs low and 
gray the way it does. 

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Most mornings here. 
The fire overnight dries your 

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layers. 
Yet they retain a hint of 

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moisture in this climate the day
begins with Gathering as most 

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days do. 
You pull a cloak, over your 

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shoulders and step outside into 
the drizzle. 

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The ground beneath your feet is 
soft churned by weeks of rain 

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into a familiar, slickness? 
You know exactly where to walk 

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to avoid the deepest mud near 
the doorway. 

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Others are already moving 
through the settlement heading 

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toward the Woodland edge with 
baskets, and Warren bags. 

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You join them without much 
conversation. 

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Everyone knows what needs doing.
The rhythm of gathering is so 

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embedded in daily life that it 
requires little discussion. 

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You follow a path that winds 
between barefields and Scattered

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trees. 
The landscape feels endlessly 

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damp puddles reflect the pale 
Sky grass bends under the weight

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of water. 
Your shoes, simple leather, 

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things tied with cord a soaked 
within minutes, but the 

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situation is normal. 
Dry feet are a luxury reserved 

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for sitting by the fire. 
At the Woodland Edge. 

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You begin looking for kindling. 
Dead branches that have stayed 

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somewhat dry beneath the canopy.
You test each piece with your 

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hands checking for rot or 
excessive dampness. 

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Good fuel is precious in a 
climate where everything wants 

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to stay wet. 
You gather slowly methodically 

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knowing that rushing achieves. 
Nothing useful others spread out

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nearby each person working their
own familiar section. 

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Someone finds a patch of edible 
greens and calls out Softly. 

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Few people move over to help 
gather the hands moving quickly 

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Through The Damp leave. 
The greens will add something 

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fresh to the evening meal. 
You take your share and tuck 

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them into your bag. 
Children move through the trees 

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and a small group searching for 
anything useful. 

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They know to look for certain 
mushrooms, a fallen nuts that 

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might still be valuable. 
And for the particular bark that

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can be stripped and used for 
cordage, Their knowledge comes 

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from watching adults from 
gentle, correction and from 

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years of walking the same paths.
You move deeper into the woods 

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where the ground is slightly 
less waterlogged here, you can 

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gather longer sticks suitable 
for Tool handles or repairs. 

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You select carefully looking for
straight growth. 

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Without too many knots. 
Each piece you take will be used

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completely. 
Nothing is wasted when materials

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are this hard one, the rain 
continues, sometimes heavier, 

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sometimes lighter but always 
present. 

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You adjust your cloak and keep 
working. 

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There's a certain comfort in the
steadiness of it. 

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The rain is reliable, it shapes 
everything, but it's also just 

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the backdrop to life as constant
as breathing. 

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By midday your basket is 
reasonably full. 

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You've gathered fuel food and 
materials for repairs. 

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Others are finishing too. 
They can containers. 

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Loaded with similar finds, you 
will begin the walk back 

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together. 
Moving slowly through the 

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wetlands, the return Journey 
feels longer. 

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Your load is heavy now and the 
rain as picked up slightly but 

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you're a no particular hurry. 
The day stretches ahead with 

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more tasks, but none of them 
require speed. 

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You pause one to rest setting 
your basket down and letting 

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your shoulders ease. 
Someone shares a handful of 

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berries, they found near a 
stream. 

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The berries are Tartan cold from
the rain but welcome you share 

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some of your Greens in return. 
This quiet exchange of gathered 

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Goods happens naturally without 
ceremony Back at the settlement,

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you sort through what you've 
collected, the kindling goes to 

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a covered area where it can dry 
further. 

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The greens go to someone 
preparing food the sticks, you 

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gathered will be shaped later 
when there's time to sit and 

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work with steady hands. 
You notice how much of gathering

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is about patience? 
You must patiently, wait for the

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appropriate time to venture out 
your patiently, waiting for the 

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materials to dry the season 
shift, bringing with them, a 

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variety of resources, the 
landscape provides resources but

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according to its own schedule 
and you have learned to work 

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within that rhythm. 
The afternoons brings more 

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Gathering of a different sort. 
You head to the fields where 

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last season's crops of left 
stubble and Scattered grain. 

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You move through the rows with a
small sack collecting, what the 

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birds have taken. 
It's tedious work bending and 

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searching at every handful 
counts. 

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Others work. 
Nearby in the same field. 

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Spread out across the wet ground
the work is solitary but 

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companionable, you can see 
people you've known your whole 

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life doing the same task their 
movements as familiar as your 

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own Rain drips from your hood 
and runs down your back. 

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Your hands are cold and stiff. 
But you keep working. 

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Present is simply what the day 
requires. 

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Later by the fire, your hands 
will. 

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Warm later. 
There will be rest. 

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For now, there is a gathering. 
As evening approaches, you make 

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one final trip to collect water.
The stream runs fast and brown 

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with runoff, swollen, by days of
rain. 

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You fill your containers 
carefully? 

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Making sure no mud gets in the 
water. 

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Will need to settle before it's 
used, but that's expected. 

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Walking back with a heavy water 
vessels. 

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You feel the days work in your 
shoulders and legs. 

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It's a beneficial tiredness. 
The kind that comes from useful 

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effort, you know, your sleep 
well tonight. 

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LOL by the same rain that made 
the days work necessary. 

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The settlement comes into view 
small and lower against the 

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landscape smoke. 
Rising from several halves. 

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Despite the damp, It looks 
exactly as it did this morning, 

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has it does every evening? 
That sameness is reassuring. 

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The present is a world where 
change comes slowly, where each 

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day resembles the last, and 
where the work of gathering 

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never quite ends but never 
overwhelms, either. 

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You stole the water and head 
inside. 

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As the light begins to fade, 
tomorrow will bring more 

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Gatherings different perhaps in 
small details, but essentially 

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the same The Rhythm continues 
shaped by rain and season by 

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what the land offers and by what
your hands can find. 

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Inside out of the rain, you turn
your attention to the work of 

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Maintenance. 
This is quieter than a gathering

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and more focused. 
You settle near the fire with a 

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pile of items that need 
attention. 

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Tunic with a torn seam, a 
buskett with a loosening weave, 

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a tool handle that is working 
free from its head. 

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You start with the tunic 
threading, a bone needle with 

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cord made from plant fibers. 
The stitching is simple but 

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needs to be strong. 
You work slowly. 

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Pushing the needle through 
layers of damp wall, your hands.

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Remember the motion from 
countless previous repairs this 

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same tunic has been mended many 
times each patch and seem a 

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small record of use Someone else
sits nearby working on a 

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different repair. 
Their re-attaching, leather to a

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warn shoe, using an awl to punch
holes for new stitching. 

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The work requires concentration,
but not conversation. 

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You both understand the 
importance of keeping things, 

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functional in a world where 
replacement is difficult. 

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Children play quietly in the 
corner. 

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Building small structures from 
sticks and mud. they're learning

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by watching absorbing the 
patient approach to making and 

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fixing occasionally one comes 
over to show you something. 

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They've made you offer, gentle 
encouragement noting, what works

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well in their construction. 
The basket repair takes longer. 

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You need to soak new with these 
to make them flexible enough to 

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weave in where the old ones have
broken. 

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While they soak you move on to 
the tool handle wraping, it with

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wet leather that will shrink 
tight as it dries. 

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This kind of repair will hold 
for months. 

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If done carefully. 
Rain continues outside a soft 

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percussion on the roof. 
Inside the Fire provides light 

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and warmth. 
The combination makes this space

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feel separate from the weather. 
A small zone of dry per purpose 

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in an otherwise saturated world.
You work through the piles. 

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Steadily. 
Frayed rope that needs the ends.

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Bound a clay pot with a crack 
that can be sealed with a mixed 

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of clay and Ash, The Wooden 
Spoon has a worn out Edge, that 

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requires reshaping. 
Each item represents hours of 

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previous use and will provide 
many more hours of service. 

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Once repaired, Someone brings in
a cloak that's developed several

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holes, they spread it out to 
assess the damage. 

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The fabric is thin from years of
wear but there's still enough 

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good material to work with, they
begin cutting a patch from an 

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even more worn piece using every
scrap that has any strength 

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left, the making and repairing 
continues through the afternoon.

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There's always something that 
needs attention clothing. 

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Wears through at the elbows and 
knees bags, develop holes, 

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cordage phrase, wooden items, 
crack or split. 

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In this damp climate, nothing 
lasts as long as you might hope.

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So maintenance, becomes a 
constant occupation. 

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You start working on a new 
basket, weaving fresh, with ease

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while they're still pliable. 
The pattern is simple, but 

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effective, creating a structure 
that will hold gathered Goods. 

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Your hands move almost 
automatically following a rhythm

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learned in childhood. 
The basket gross, slowly, taking

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shape over the course of an 
hour. 

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Around the fire, others are 
involved in similar tasks. 

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Someone is spinning wool that 
drops spindle rotating. 

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Steadily, another person is 
working leather scraping and 

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softening a hide that will 
eventually become something 

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useful. 
The room fills with a small 

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sounds of a craft the scrape of 
tools, The Whisper of fibers 

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being worked and the occasional 
quiet comment. 

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The child asks to help with the 
basket weaving you show them how

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to select with these of similar 
thickness, how to bend them 

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without breaking and how to tuck
the ends in neatly. 

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They try a few rows under your 
guidance, their small hands 

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working carefully. 
The weaving isn't perfect but 

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it's functional and that's what 
matters. 

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The light outside. 
Grows dimmer someone adds wood 

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to the fire and Sparks rise 
briefly before settling. 

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The warmth feels good on your 
hands which have grown stiff 

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from the details work. 
You flex your fingers and return

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to stitching. 
Repairing is as important as 

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making new items perhaps more so
materials are too valuable to 

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discard while they still have 
use a garment might be mended a 

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dozen times patches layered over
patches until the original 

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fabric is barely visible beneath
the repairs. 

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This problem isn't poverty. 
Exactly. 

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It's simply the Practical 
reality of a world where 

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everything must be made by hand.
You finish the tunic repair and 

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hold it up to check the seam. 
It's solid if not beautiful. 

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fabric will now withstand 
additional weeks of wear 

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multiple cycles of getting 
soaked and dried by the fire as 

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well as exposure to more mud 
work and whether you fold it 

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carefully and set it aside the 
basket, weaving continues. 

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You've reached the point where 
the structure needs to be 

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tightened pulling the with these
snug before adding the final 

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rows. 
This requires steady pressure 

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and attention to tension, two 
loose and the basket will be 

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weak too tight and these might 
snap. 

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Evening. 
Settles in fully. 

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Now, the work by firelight takes
on a meditative quality. 

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Your surrounded by people doing 
similar tasks, each focused on 

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their own repairs but part of 
the collective effort to keep 

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everything functional This 
shared work is comforting in its

232
00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:23,600
familiarity. 
Someone finishes repairing a 

233
00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:26,300
fishing net and spreads it out 
to search for missiles. 

234
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:30,000
The netting is delicate, work. 
Requiring adequate lights so 

235
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,400
they move closer to the fire. 
You can see their fingers moving

236
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:35,500
quickly. 
Through the mesh, tying off 

237
00:13:35,508 --> 00:13:37,100
knots where repairs have been 
made. 

238
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:41,400
You begin your final task which 
involves sharpening a blade, 

239
00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:44,600
using a stone that is kept wet 
specifically for this purpose. 

240
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:48,600
The scraping sound is rhythmic 
almost musical. 

241
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:52,800
The blade isn't for any dramatic
purpose, just for everyday, 

242
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:57,800
cutting tasks. keeping it, sharp
makes every job easier from food

243
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:02,000
preparation to cutting cordage 
The children have grown quieter,

244
00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:06,600
some already drowsy. 
One lies near the fire half a 

245
00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:09,300
sleep. 
While an older child continues, 

246
00:14:09,300 --> 00:14:11,000
playing with quiet 
concentration. 

247
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,300
The atmosphere is peaceful and 
productive without being rushed.

248
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:18,200
You test the Blade's Edge 
carefully with your thumb, sharp

249
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:20,500
enough. 
Now, for good, use for, why pick

250
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:22,700
clean and wrap it in leather for
protection. 

251
00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:26,800
Tomorrow, it will be used for 
Gathering and preparation and 

252
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:31,000
you'll have to sharpen it again.
The pile of items needing repair

253
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,200
has diminished though. 
It never entirely disappears. 

254
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:38,800
There will always be more tears,
more warn edges, and more things

255
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:42,500
that need attention. 
But for tonight, you've made 

256
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:45,500
progress. 
Several items are now ready for 

257
00:14:45,508 --> 00:14:48,500
another period of use. 
You set your work aside and 

258
00:14:48,508 --> 00:14:51,400
stretch. 
Your shoulders are tired from 

259
00:14:51,400 --> 00:14:53,100
hunching. 
Over detailed tasks. 

260
00:14:53,100 --> 00:14:56,300
Your eyes feel heavy from 
focusing and Fire Light. 

261
00:14:56,300 --> 00:14:59,800
But their satisfaction in seeing
the repaired items stacked 

262
00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:02,800
neatly ready to serve their 
purpose once again. 

263
00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:08,300
Outside, rain continues, its 
steady fall inside the work of 

264
00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:12,100
making and repairing has created
order from where and usefulness 

265
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:14,900
from damage. 
Tomorrow will bring new tasks 

266
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:17,700
and new items that need 
attention to night. 

267
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:21,300
You've done what needed doing 
with patient hands and borrowed 

268
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:23,800
light. 
Morning brings people together, 

269
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:27,300
naturally, you emerge from your 
dwelling to find others already 

270
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:32,300
moving about, 10 to small tasks,
a woman carries water from the 

271
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:34,300
communal storage. 
Two. 

272
00:15:34,300 --> 00:15:38,500
Men discuss a repair needed on a
shared shelter children cluster 

273
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:41,300
near the animals, watching them 
with quiet interest. 

274
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,000
The settlement functions through
this casual cooperation. 

275
00:15:45,900 --> 00:15:48,600
There's no formal structure 
dictating who does what? 

276
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,400
But somehow tasks get 
distributed. 

277
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:55,200
You've known everyone here since
childhood or they've known you 

278
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:58,000
since yours. 
This familiarity creates 

279
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:00,400
unspoken understanding of how 
things work. 

280
00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:03,400
You join a group heading to 
check on the animals. 

281
00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:08,100
You see a few goats some sheep 
and chickens that are scratching

282
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,700
in the mud. 
Despite the rain, the animals 

283
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:13,400
are kept in a rough enclosure 
that multiple families tend 

284
00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:15,700
together. 
You help scatter grain for the 

285
00:16:15,708 --> 00:16:18,100
chickens. 
Your movements synchronized with

286
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:22,200
others doing the same task 
Someone notices a weak spot in 

287
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,100
the animal enclosures fence 
without discussion. 

288
00:16:25,100 --> 00:16:28,500
Several people begin Gathering 
materials to reinforce it. 

289
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:32,000
You fetch some of the sticks you
gather yesterday, while others 

290
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,000
bring cordage and Stakes, the 
repair happens through 

291
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:37,500
Collective effort. 
Each person contributing what 

292
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:42,000
they can The work proceeds with 
minimal directions, people 

293
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:44,300
who've worked together for 
years, simply know what needs 

294
00:16:44,300 --> 00:16:47,100
doing. 
One person holds Stakes while 

295
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:50,000
another hammers them in. 
Someone else begins, weaving 

296
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:54,200
branches between the posts. 
You tie off cordage securing, 

297
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:58,000
everything firmly. 
Children, watch this repair work

298
00:16:58,000 --> 00:17:03,100
absorbing the technique. one 
asks, if they can help, An adult

299
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:06,200
shows them how to hold the 
stakes, steady, giving them a 

300
00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:10,500
role as genuinely useful. 
The child focuses intently on 

301
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,900
the task feeling a sense of 
pride in their inclusion. 

302
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:17,400
Midday brings people back to the
central area of the settlement. 

303
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:21,500
Food, preparation happens. 
Communally with several people 

304
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:25,000
working near the main hearth. 
You help cut vegetables. 

305
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:28,700
While others tend the fire, add 
water to a large pot and 

306
00:17:28,700 --> 00:17:30,600
seasoned with herbs, someone 
gathered. 

307
00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,600
The cooking area becomes a 
natural Gathering point. 

308
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:36,800
People work on their tasks, 
while chatting occasionally. 

309
00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:40,100
Someone mentions seeing deer 
tracks near the Woodland Edge. 

310
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:44,100
Another person describes finding
a plentiful patch of edible 

311
00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:46,500
roots. 
Information is shared casually 

312
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,000
woven into the flow of work, a 
baby fusses. 

313
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,400
And the nearest person Picks 
Them Up regardless of whether 

314
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:56,600
they're the parent. 
The baby is passed from person 

315
00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:00,200
to person as work. 
Continues, someone bounces the 

316
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:04,000
child gently, while stirring the
pot, Someone else holds the baby

317
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,200
while cutting bread. 
This Collective care is so 

318
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,800
normal, it goes unremarked. 
You noticed how much of 

319
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,700
community life happens through 
proximity people, work near each

320
00:18:14,700 --> 00:18:17,500
other, rest near each other, and
share space without needing 

321
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:21,400
constant interaction? 
The togetherness is comfortable 

322
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:24,300
rather than intense. 
You can be alone with your 

323
00:18:24,300 --> 00:18:26,000
thoughts while still being part 
of the group. 

324
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:29,400
After noon brings different 
clusters of activity. 

325
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:33,200
Some people work on a 
longer-term projects, like 

326
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:37,600
preparing, hides or making 
tools, others, rest, taking 

327
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:39,700
advantage of a brief break in 
the rain. 

328
00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:44,400
A few sit together near the fire
hands busy with small repairs 

329
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:49,000
talking intermittently. 
You join a group processing, 

330
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:52,700
flax separating fibers that will
eventually become thread and 

331
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:54,800
fabric. 
The work requires. 

332
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:57,600
Many hands and happens best as a
shared task. 

333
00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:01,900
You fall into the Rhythm easily,
your motions matching, those of 

334
00:19:01,900 --> 00:19:05,500
the people decide you. 
Someone starts humming and the 

335
00:19:05,508 --> 00:19:07,400
sound becomes part of the works 
pattern. 

336
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:11,300
An elder sits nearby watching 
and occasionally offering 

337
00:19:11,300 --> 00:19:13,400
guidance. 
Their presence isn't 

338
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,500
authoritative so much as 
information or they recall 

339
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:19,800
decades old practices and are 
capable of resolving issues when

340
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:22,300
they emerge. 
You've worked alongside this 

341
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:25,900
person since childhood learning 
through observation, and gentle 

342
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:28,400
correction. 
Children move between different 

343
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:31,300
groups, welcome everywhere. 
But not required to stay 

344
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:35,100
anywhere, they observe adults. 
Working play games with each 

345
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:39,500
other and help with small tasks.
When asked Their integration 

346
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:42,200
into community life is natural 
and unhurried. 

347
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,000
Someone discovers a tool is 
missing and several people help 

348
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,600
search for it. 
The Searchers methodical 

349
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,300
checking common work areas and 
storage spots. 

350
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:55,300
You find it eventually half 
buried in mud near the animal 

351
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:58,300
enclosure. 
First and thanks you briefly and

352
00:19:58,300 --> 00:20:02,500
work resumes evening approaches.
And people begin, gravitating 

353
00:20:02,500 --> 00:20:05,900
toward indoor spaces, the 
settlement has several shared 

354
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:08,400
structures where groups can 
gather around fires. 

355
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:13,100
You settle into one joining 
people you've known forever The 

356
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:16,400
atmosphere is quiet and easy. 
Food is distributed. 

357
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,000
Simply the communal. 
Pot is ladled into bowls and 

358
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:21,600
passed around until everyone has
some. 

359
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:25,700
Someone brings bread to share 
and other person adds dried fish

360
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,100
to the mix Mills happened 
through this informal pooling of

361
00:20:29,108 --> 00:20:32,100
resources with everyone 
contributing what they have. 

362
00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:36,700
After eating people settle into 
various activities, some 

363
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:41,700
continued hand work by firelight
others, rest their energy spent 

364
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:45,000
from the days efforts. 
You sit repairing a piece of 

365
00:20:45,008 --> 00:20:48,000
clothing comfortable in the 
company of familiar people doing

366
00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:51,400
familiar things. 
Child climbs into your lap. 

367
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,800
Exhausted from playing you 
adjust to accommodate them. 

368
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:59,600
Continuing your work one-handed 
This easy physical affection is 

369
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:02,100
common here. 
People touch casually 

370
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:05,400
supportively without particular 
significance. 

371
00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:08,700
Someone tells a story about 
something that happened years 

372
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:12,200
ago, a humorous mishap involving
a Stubborn goat. 

373
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:16,100
Others laugh, some adding their 
memories of that animal. 

374
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:19,700
The storytelling is relaxed, not
performative. 

375
00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:22,800
People are simply sharing their 
memories under the glow of the 

376
00:21:22,808 --> 00:21:25,200
fire. 
You notice how the community 

377
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:27,700
maintains itself through these 
small exchanges. 

378
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:31,400
The community maintains itself 
through shared work, shared 

379
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:35,100
food, shared stories and shared 
care of children. 

380
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:40,100
There's no dramatic cooperation,
no grand gestures, just the 

381
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:43,100
steady daily practice of living 
alongside people. 

382
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:46,100
You've always known. 
As the evening deepens, the 

383
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:49,700
group gradually quiets. 
Some people hit their dwellings 

384
00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:52,900
others remained by the fire 
drowsy and warm. 

385
00:21:52,900 --> 00:21:56,800
You stay awhile longer feeling 
the comfort of being among your 

386
00:21:56,800 --> 00:21:59,800
community surrounded by familiar
presence. 

387
00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:04,600
Is the fire burns. 
Low rain patterns on the roof 

388
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:08,800
around you, people shift into 
more comfortable positions 

389
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:11,400
preparing for sleep or simply 
resting. 

390
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:17,900
This is community life 
unspectacular reliable and 

391
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:21,600
shaped by shared need and long 
familiarity. 

392
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:26,400
You eventually rise and make 
your way to your own space, but 

393
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,100
you carry the sense of community
with you tomorrow, you'll rejoin

394
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:33,500
the same people work. 
Alongside them and share food 

395
00:22:33,500 --> 00:22:36,700
and tasks and the endless small 
exchanges that make up daily 

396
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:40,100
life. 
The pattern continues generation

397
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,500
after generation held together 
by proximity and practice. 

398
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:46,200
Rain arrives heavier in the 
early afternoon. 

399
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:50,700
Drumming steadily on the thatch 
of you look up from your work 

400
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:53,400
and recognize the kind of rain 
that will last for hours. 

401
00:22:54,300 --> 00:22:57,700
Others make the same assessment,
wordlessly beginning to set 

402
00:22:57,700 --> 00:23:00,900
aside outdoor tasks, you move 
inside joining. 

403
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:02,900
Several people already gathered 
near the fire. 

404
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:07,400
Someone has added wood recently 
The Flames provide good warmth 

405
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:11,200
Against The Damp chill. 
You settle onto a bench, feeling

406
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:13,000
your shoulders, release their 
tension. 

407
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:16,800
Rest is simply what happens when
weather demands it? 

408
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:20,700
The afternoon stretches ahead, 
unstructured. 

409
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:25,000
Some people continue with indoor
work spinning, weaving, and 

410
00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:29,000
small repairs others. 
Simply sit watching the fire 

411
00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:32,000
letting their bodies recover 
from the mornings efforts. 

412
00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:37,000
You choose to rest setting your 
tasks aside for now A child 

413
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,100
curls up near the half. 
Drowsy from the warmth. 

414
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,300
An adult sits nearby half dozing
their hands. 

415
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:46,900
Still holding a piece of work. 
That's no longer being worked. 

416
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,800
The room fills with a peaceful 
quiet broken, only by rain 

417
00:23:51,800 --> 00:23:54,100
sounds and the occasional shift 
of logs in the fire. 

418
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,900
You notice how rest integrates 
naturally into the days? 

419
00:23:57,900 --> 00:24:01,700
Rhythm there's no guilt attached
to pausing work when the weather

420
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:03,600
makes outdoor tasks in 
practical. 

421
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:07,800
No one comments on people 
sitting idle rest is simply 

422
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:11,300
recognized as necessary as 
normal as working. 

423
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:13,600
Your own eyes. 
Grow heavy. 

424
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,500
You lean back against the wall, 
finding a comfortable position. 

425
00:24:18,600 --> 00:24:21,100
Fires warmth seeps into your 
bones. 

426
00:24:22,100 --> 00:24:25,700
Rain provides a steady backdrop 
of sound that somehow makes the 

427
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:29,100
interior feel more sheltered 
more separate from the world's 

428
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,400
demands. 
Someone else has already drifted

429
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:35,300
into sleep, their breathing deep
and regular. 

430
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:37,500
Their presence doesn't disturb 
anyone. 

431
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:41,900
Sleep is allowed whenever it 
comes particularly on these gray

432
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:45,000
wet days when the light stays 
dim from morning to evening. 

433
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:48,900
You doze without meaning to 
sliping into a light sleep. 

434
00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:53,900
That feels Perfectly Natural 
Time passes unmeasured, when you

435
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:58,300
wake, the fire has burned lower.
But someone has added wood 

436
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:02,200
without waking anyone. 
The rain continues unchanged, 

437
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:06,900
another person wakes, around the
same time, they stretch and yawn

438
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:09,400
then settle back into watching 
the flames. 

439
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,800
No one speaks. 
The quiet feels right. 

440
00:25:14,700 --> 00:25:17,100
Comfortable. 
There's no need to fill the 

441
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:20,600
space with conversation. 
The rhythm of rest varies by 

442
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:24,100
season and weather. 
During busy Harvest times. 

443
00:25:24,100 --> 00:25:28,000
Rest comes mainly at night, 
snacked in brief, pauses during 

444
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,100
the day. 
During Winter's deepest months, 

445
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:34,500
rest and work blend together, 
both happening in shorter 

446
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:39,000
increments as light in energy, 
dictate today with rain as your 

447
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,400
main companion. 
Rest dominates you let it 

448
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:44,500
happen. 
Trusting that tomorrow will the 

449
00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:46,800
next day will bring better 
weather outdoor tasks. 

450
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:50,600
The work will wait. 
The land will still be there for

451
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:53,000
now staying dry. 
And warm is the most sensible 

452
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:55,300
choice. 
Children have adapted to the 

453
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:59,400
indoor Day by creating quiet 
games, they stack, small objects

454
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:03,300
arranged stones in patterns and 
Whisper together, without 

455
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:07,300
disturbing the adults rest. 
They've learned that rainy days 

456
00:26:07,300 --> 00:26:10,500
mean. 
Indoor, voices, Karma, play and 

457
00:26:10,500 --> 00:26:13,900
respecting others. 
Need for peace. you rise, 

458
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:16,400
eventually, to check on the 
fire, adding another piece of 

459
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:20,900
wood, the movement feels good 
after sitting still You stretch 

460
00:26:20,900 --> 00:26:24,800
your arms, overhead feeling your
spine, length, and then settle 

461
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,400
back down in a slightly 
different position. someone near

462
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,100
you begins quiet hand work their
fingers, moving through familiar

463
00:26:32,100 --> 00:26:36,100
motions of cordage making The 
activity is soothing rather than

464
00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,200
industrious something to occupy 
the hands. 

465
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,900
While the Mind rests you watch 
for a while, then let your gays 

466
00:26:42,900 --> 00:26:46,200
return to the fire. 
The afternoon continues its slow

467
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:50,500
progression light outside 
remains gray and dim making it 

468
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:54,000
hard to judge the time. 
Not that precise time matters 

469
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:58,100
much. the day will end when 
darkness comes fully and until 

470
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:02,200
then you'll rest when tired 
work, when energetic and eat 

471
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:06,200
when hungry You feel drowsiness 
returning and don't fight it. 

472
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,600
Your head nods forward, new 
drift again into that Pleasant 

473
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:12,400
State between sleeping and 
waking. 

474
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:18,200
Fires warmth, is constant. 
Rains rhythm is Hypnotic your 

475
00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:23,400
body releases into complete 
rest, This pattern of rest isn't

476
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,900
laziness, you know, that 
tomorrow, if weather permits, 

477
00:27:26,900 --> 00:27:30,300
you'll be out Gathering From 
First Light, your body will work

478
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:32,800
hard. 
Your hands will stay busy and 

479
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:35,400
your energy will be spent on 
necessary tasks. 

480
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:39,700
Today's rest is part of a larger
Rhythm allowing recovery, so 

481
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:43,800
work can continue Someone stirs 
the pot hanging over the fire. 

482
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:46,000
Releasing the smell of cooking 
food. 

483
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:48,700
The aroma is comforting but not 
yet. 

484
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:52,400
Compelling enough to fully wake.
You you register the smell and 

485
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:57,000
drift back into dozing. 
Hours pass in this way, rest and

486
00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:59,400
drowsiness and Fire Light and 
Rain. 

487
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,200
The community moves through the 
day at the pace. 

488
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:06,000
The weather suggests without 
resistance without frustration. 

489
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:09,500
This is simply how life works 
when you're this close to the 

490
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:12,400
lands rhythms. 
As evening approaches people, 

491
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:16,300
gradually become more alert. 
The deepest rest has been taken 

492
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:20,200
now, there's gentle movement 
toward evening, tasks, food 

493
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:23,400
preparation, checking on 
animals, and bringing in 

494
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:25,000
anything that shouldn't stay out
overnight. 

495
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:28,300
You rise from your rest feeling 
restored. 

496
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,200
The day hasn't been productive 
in the obvious sense, but your 

497
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:36,000
body feels better your energy 
renewed tomorrow. 

498
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,800
You'll work with strength at 
today's rest as preserved. 

499
00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:42,100
Outside. 
Rain continues into the evening 

500
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:45,100
but it is lighter. 
Now, less, insistent. 

501
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:49,000
You make a quick trip to the 
storage area, moving through the

502
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:52,500
drizzle without concern. 
Your rest is made even small 

503
00:28:52,500 --> 00:28:55,900
discomforts feel manageable back
inside, you join others 

504
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:59,100
gathering for the evening meal, 
the food is simple, but warming,

505
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:03,200
perfect, for a day, spent mostly
indoors, you eat slowly 

506
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:04,900
savoring, the comfort of hot 
food. 

507
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:08,700
After a day of deep rest, the 
evening ahead promises more of 

508
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:12,500
the same peaceful rhythm. 
Early sleep probably given how 

509
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:13,900
much rest the day is already 
held. 

510
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,900
Tomorrow will bring whatever 
weather it brings and you'll 

511
00:29:16,900 --> 00:29:20,800
adjust accordingly. 
For now your warm fed and 

512
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:24,600
thoroughly rested. 
On the roof continues, its 

513
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:28,700
steady pattern inside, people 
settle into the evening's quiet 

514
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,400
routine. 
The day has moved at the pace, 

515
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:35,000
it needed to buy weather rather 
than ambition and that feels 

516
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:38,800
exactly right. 
The morning's first task is 

517
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:40,600
tending. 
The fire building it up for 

518
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,100
cooking. 
You add dry Woods saved 

519
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:46,500
specifically for this purpose 
watching as flames grow 

520
00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:49,300
stronger. 
The fire will be the center of 

521
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:53,200
food preparation for the entire 
day, its heat, precious and 

522
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:54,200
carefully. 
Managed. 

523
00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:57,700
Someone brings out grain stored 
from the last half of his 

524
00:29:57,708 --> 00:30:02,200
measuring, a portion into a 
grinding stone, you take a turn 

525
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:05,100
at the grinding, pushing the 
upper Stone in steady circle's. 

526
00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:10,000
The motion is rhythmic almost 
meditative grain slowly 

527
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:14,000
transforms into rough flower 
collecting in the stones hollow 

528
00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:16,800
center. 
Others, join the preparation 

529
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:18,900
area. 
Each bringing ingredients 

530
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:22,400
they've gathered or stored. 
Root vegetables muddy from 

531
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:26,900
recent digging. 
Dried herbs hanging in bunches a

532
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:29,900
precious bit of Saved. 
Fat everyone contributes 

533
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:32,600
something to the communal 
cooking you help clean the root 

534
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:34,900
vegetables scraping away dirt 
with a warm knife. 

535
00:30:34,900 --> 00:30:37,900
The roots and not be at a 
regular nothing like the 

536
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:39,700
uniform. 
Vegetables of later times. 

537
00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,400
Some of barely bigger than your 
thumb, but each one represents 

538
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,200
time spent digging in cold wet 
Earth. 

539
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:51,200
The grinding continues people 
taking turns as their arms Tire.

540
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:54,000
Children watch learning the 
motion. 

541
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,700
And Rhythm one is allowed to try
their small hands struggling 

542
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:00,900
with the weight of the stone but
they managed a few rotations 

543
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:04,600
with adult guidance. 
Water gets added to the ground 

544
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:09,500
grain mixed into a thick paste. 
Someone shake this into flat 

545
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:12,300
cakes, that will be cooked on 
hot Stones near the fire. 

546
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,500
The process is simple but 
requires attention. 

547
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:20,900
Too much water and the cakes 
will fall apart too little and 

548
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:24,700
they'll be impossibly dense. 
You tend the cooking Stones 

549
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:29,000
making sure they're hot enough. 
Few drops of water hiss and 

550
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,900
dance on the surface. 
Confirming their ready. 

551
00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:35,900
The First cakes, go on releasing
a toasted smell, as they cook. 

552
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:39,100
You flip them carefully, with a 
flat piece of wood. 

553
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:43,000
Meanwhile, a pot of water. 
Hangs over the main fire, 

554
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,900
suspended from a hook Someone 
adds chopped vegetables. 

555
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:50,800
Wild Greens gathered yesterday 
and a handful of grain. 

556
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:55,600
The pot will simmer for hours 
developing into a thick porridge

557
00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:00,500
that will feed many people. 
The cooking area becomes a focus

558
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:03,500
of quiet activity. 
People move around each other 

559
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:06,100
smoothly, each handling, 
different tasks. 

560
00:32:06,100 --> 00:32:09,700
Someone stirs the pot. 
Someone else checks the grain 

561
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:11,800
cakes. 
You begin preparing, another 

562
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:15,000
batch of roots, cutting them 
into pieces, small enough to 

563
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,200
soften during cooking. 
Herbs get added to the pot, 

564
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:20,700
releasing their scent into the 
steam. 

565
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:24,500
The smell is earthy and slightly
bitter but familiar and 

566
00:32:24,500 --> 00:32:28,700
comforting. these are the 
flavors of home of every meal 

567
00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:33,100
you've eaten since childhood A 
child brings Wild, Garlic found 

568
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:37,400
near the stream, the leaves 
still wet and muddy and adult 

569
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:40,300
rinses them carefully. 
Then chops them to add to the 

570
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,200
pot. 
The child watches please. 

571
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:45,300
Their Gathering has contributed 
something useful. 

572
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,000
First grain cakes. 
Come off the hot stones. 

573
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:52,400
They're brown and slightly 
charred at the edges with a 

574
00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:56,200
dense chewy texture. 
Someone breaks One open, testing

575
00:32:56,200 --> 00:33:00,300
it the inside, steams briefly. 
It's pronounced done. 

576
00:33:00,300 --> 00:33:03,100
And the cakes are set aside to 
cool slightly. 

577
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:06,700
You start another batch, the 
routine. 

578
00:33:06,700 --> 00:33:10,700
Now automatic place the cakes. 
Wait for the bottom to firm. 

579
00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:13,500
Flip carefully and cook until 
both sides are done. 

580
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:17,200
The repetition is soothing 
rather than boring. 

581
00:33:17,900 --> 00:33:21,200
Your hands know what to do more 
ingredients appear as the 

582
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,700
morning, progresses. 
Someone brings small, dry fish 

583
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:27,400
carefully hoarded from an early 
catch. 

584
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:31,300
These get added to the pot 
adding richness to the simple 

585
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:35,000
vegetables. 
Another person contributes dried

586
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:39,500
mushrooms earthy and intents. 
A pot bubbles. 

587
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:43,500
Steadily reducing slowly. 
Someone takes it periodically 

588
00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:45,500
though. 
There's little to adjust. 

589
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:49,800
You don't have many seasonings 
to work with salt is precious 

590
00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:53,700
and used sparingly. 
The food's flavor comes mainly 

591
00:33:53,700 --> 00:33:57,600
from the ingredients themselves 
and from long slow cooking. 

592
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,200
Midday approaches, and the first
meal begins to take shape. 

593
00:34:02,200 --> 00:34:04,800
The grain cakes are stacked on a
wooden board. 

594
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:08,000
The pot is thickened into a 
substantial porridge. 

595
00:34:08,600 --> 00:34:11,000
There's enough for everyone 
though, portions will be modest 

596
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,699
people gather as food is ready. 
Finding places to sit near the 

597
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:17,199
fire. 
The porridge gets laid into 

598
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:19,199
wooden bowls passed from hand to
hand. 

599
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:21,699
Grain cakes are distributed 
evenly. 

600
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:25,699
Everyone receives similar 
amounts, regardless of who 

601
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:30,000
contributed, what ingredients? 
You eat, slowly warming, your 

602
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:32,800
hands on the bowl. 
The food is simple, but 

603
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:36,300
satisfying exactly what your 
body needs after a cold 

604
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:39,300
morning's work. 
The grain cakes are dense and 

605
00:34:39,300 --> 00:34:43,100
filling good for soaking in the 
porridge, after eating 

606
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:46,699
preparation begins again, for 
the evening meal, the pot gets 

607
00:34:46,699 --> 00:34:50,000
refilled with water. 
New vegetables are added and the

608
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:53,199
cooking continues. 
Food, preparation, never quite 

609
00:34:53,199 --> 00:34:55,199
stops. 
There's always something 

610
00:34:55,199 --> 00:35:00,200
simmering grain being ground and
vegetables being cleaned you 

611
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:02,000
help prepare greens gathered 
earlier. 

612
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:06,300
Stripping leaves from tough 
stems, the work is detailed and 

613
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:09,200
takes time. 
Each Leaf gets examined and 

614
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:13,200
damaged portions are removed. 
Nothing edible is wasted, but 

615
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:15,200
nothing questionable is included
either. 

616
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:19,000
Someone works on rendering fat 
from scraps saved over many 

617
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,500
days. 
The fat will be used for cooking

618
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:23,400
for waterproofing and for lamp 
fuel. 

619
00:35:23,400 --> 00:35:27,900
Every bit is precious, the 
process is slow, requirement 

620
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:29,700
patient heat and regular 
stirring. 

621
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:32,700
The afternoons cooking has a 
different quality than the 

622
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:34,900
mornings. 
There's less urgency and more 

623
00:35:34,908 --> 00:35:38,900
time for careful preparation. 
You take advantage of this to 

624
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:43,200
work on making a special mixture
dried berries, pounded with a 

625
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:46,300
bit of fat and honey. 
It will keep for weeks and 

626
00:35:46,300 --> 00:35:48,000
provide concentrated 
nourishment. 

627
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:50,600
Children, help with simple 
tasks. 

628
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,600
Sorting dried beans picking 
through grain for stones or 

629
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,500
chaff and crushing herbs between
Stones. 

630
00:35:57,500 --> 00:36:02,200
Their help is genuinely useful 
freeing adults for more complex 

631
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,000
work. 
They learned through doing their

632
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,600
skills, improving gradually, the
fire requires constant 

633
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,000
attention. 
Someone always needs to be 

634
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,900
nearby adding wood adjusting 
pots. 

635
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:17,300
And moving cooking Stones. 
You take your turn at fire 

636
00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:19,500
tending, appreciating the 
warmth. 

637
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:23,300
After hours of working in cooler
parts, the settlement evening, 

638
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,100
preparation intensifies. 
As light begins to fade, the 

639
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:29,700
meal needs to be ready before. 
Darkness makes work too 

640
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:32,100
difficult. 
You help finish preparing the 

641
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:35,600
roots, getting them into the 
pot, in time to soften properly.

642
00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:40,000
Someone checks the grain Supply 
making sure enough is ground for

643
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:42,200
tomorrow. 
The evening pot has been 

644
00:36:42,208 --> 00:36:45,400
simmering for hours now. 
The ingredients soft and well 

645
00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:48,100
Blended. 
Someone adds a precious pinch of

646
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,800
salt, stirring it through the 
Transformations is subtle but 

647
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:56,500
noticeable, the flavors suddenly
more defined Fresh grain cakes 

648
00:36:56,500 --> 00:36:59,500
on the stones. 
They're familiar smelling the 

649
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:03,500
space you've made dozens today, 
but the process still requires 

650
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:08,100
attention, each one represents 
food energy and survival. 

651
00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:10,700
You treat them with the care 
they deserve. 

652
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:15,000
As full Darkness arrives, the 
evening meal is ready. 

653
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:18,900
People gather again, tired. 
From the days work, ready for 

654
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:22,300
food and warmth. 
The distribution is the same as 

655
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,400
midday even portions. 
Everyone fed. 

656
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:27,800
Simple, gratitude for what's 
available. 

657
00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:31,008
You eat your evening meal, 
feeling the days work in your 

658
00:37:31,016 --> 00:37:36,000
hands and arms, grinding grain 
chopping vegetables and tending 

659
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:37,700
fire. 
All of it. 

660
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:40,400
Adds up to tired muscles and a 
deep appetite. 

661
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,700
The food tastes specially good 
after this much effort. 

662
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:47,200
After eating, let's clean up 
pots. 

663
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,900
Get scraped clean and wooden 
bowls are rinsed with a bit of 

664
00:37:50,900 --> 00:37:53,800
water. 
Everything gets stored properly 

665
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,700
for tomorrow's. 
Use the Fire gets banked 

666
00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:00,300
carefully preserved for morning 
when it will be built up again 

667
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:03,600
for another day of cooking. 
You settle near the fires 

668
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:06,800
remaining warmth. 
Hands, finally, still after 

669
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:10,100
hours of food work. 
Tomorrow will bring the same 

670
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:15,100
cycle, grinding cooking, tending
and preparing the Rhythm 

671
00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:20,700
continues meal after meal day 
after day, the essential work of

672
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:24,700
keeping everyone fed Darkness 
arrives, early the way it does 

673
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:27,700
for most of the year. 
He gather with others near the 

674
00:38:27,700 --> 00:38:30,600
main half where firelight pushes
Back the Night. 

675
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:33,900
Outside. 
Rainfall steadily. 

676
00:38:34,500 --> 00:38:38,700
Inside warmth and light, create 
a small world separate from the 

677
00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:41,300
weather. 
People settle into comfortable 

678
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:43,100
spots. 
They've claimed through habit. 

679
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:47,700
You sit on a bench, worn smooth 
from years of use your back 

680
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:50,300
against the wall. 
Someone sits on the floor. 

681
00:38:50,300 --> 00:38:53,800
Nearby legs stretched toward the
fires warmth. 

682
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:57,200
Children, cluster closest to the
flames. 

683
00:38:57,900 --> 00:38:59,600
Their faces bright in the 
firelight. 

684
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,500
Fire itself is beautiful in its 
simplicity. 

685
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:08,600
Would burning flames dancing 
heat radiating outward. 

686
00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:13,200
You watch it without thinking 
much your mind quiet after the 

687
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:16,900
day's work. 
Fires movement is endlessly. 

688
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:19,500
Variable yet. 
Somehow always the same. 

689
00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:22,200
Someone works on a piece of 
clothing repair. 

690
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:24,900
Fingers, move, moving. 
Steadily in the firelight. 

691
00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:28,500
The work is automatic enough 
that they don't need bright 

692
00:39:28,500 --> 00:39:32,700
light, just enough to see the 
basic shape, you recognize the 

693
00:39:32,700 --> 00:39:35,300
Garment their mending from, 
seeing it warned dozens of 

694
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:38,400
times. 
A child leans against an adult, 

695
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:41,000
drowsy from warmth and a full 
stomach. 

696
00:39:42,100 --> 00:39:45,200
The adult adjusts absently to 
accommodate the child's weight, 

697
00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:50,400
continuing their own quiet work.
This casual physical closeness 

698
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:53,800
is everywhere in the Hearth 
space people touching without 

699
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:56,800
particular meaning. 
You stretch your legs toward the

700
00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:59,600
fire feeling warmth seep through
your worn shoes. 

701
00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,900
Your feet have been cold most of
the day wet from walking through

702
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:07,200
rain and mud. 
The heat is a quiet luxury 

703
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:11,900
appreciated without comment. 
Someone adds wood to the fire 

704
00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:15,400
selecting pieces from the 
carefully hoarded dry pile. 

705
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:19,800
The would catch is quickly 
Flames Rising higher for a few 

706
00:40:19,808 --> 00:40:23,500
moments before, settling back. 
The fires maintenance is a 

707
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:27,300
shared responsibility. 
Handled by whoever is near East 

708
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:30,400
when it needs tending. 
The room fills with small 

709
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:34,400
sounds. 
A crackle of burning wood on the

710
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:36,400
roof. 
Someone's quiet. 

711
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:40,300
Breathing the soft scrape of a 
tool being worked. 

712
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:45,100
He sounds blend into a texture 
that feels like home like safety

713
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:47,400
like the particular quality of 
evening. 

714
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:52,100
You notice how the firelight 
changes people's faces, creating

715
00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:54,900
shadows and highlights that 
shift with the flames? 

716
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:59,300
Everyone looks softer in this 
light younger somehow. 

717
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:02,900
The harshness of daylight is 
replaced by this gentler 

718
00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:06,400
illumination. 
A child asks, a question about 

719
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,700
something they saw today and an 
adult answers quietly. 

720
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:12,300
The conversation is brief and 
simple. 

721
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:15,800
The child seems satisfied and 
returns to watching the fire. 

722
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:19,800
The small exchanges happen. 
Periodically, but don't disturb 

723
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:23,400
the general choir. 
Someone begins working with Clay

724
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:27,000
shaping, a simple vessel. 
Their hands move slowly 

725
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:29,700
smoothing the clay with wet 
fingers. 

726
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:34,300
You watch the process mesmerized
by the gradual emergence of 

727
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:37,100
form. 
The work requires no discussion 

728
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:41,100
just patient shaping. 
Your own hands, rest empty in 

729
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:44,800
your lap. 
After a day of constant work, it

730
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:46,700
feels good to have nothing 
required of them. 

731
00:41:46,700 --> 00:41:49,700
He flex your fingers, 
occasionally working out 

732
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:52,400
stiffness, but mostly you let 
them rest. 

733
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:55,200
The evening continues without 
events. 

734
00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:59,100
People sit work continues at a 
gentle pace. 

735
00:41:59,900 --> 00:42:01,600
Children. 
Gradually grow quieter. 

736
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,200
Their energy spent An adult 
tells a brief story about 

737
00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:08,600
something that happened years 
ago and a few people smile in 

738
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,900
recognition. 
You feel sleep beginning to pull

739
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:16,000
at you but resist for now. 
These evening hours by the fire 

740
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:18,700
are too Pleasant to rush through
the warmth. 

741
00:42:18,700 --> 00:42:23,000
The company the simple comfort 
of being inside while rain falls

742
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,700
outside all of it, deserves 
appreciation. 

743
00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:30,900
Someone shifts position, their 
movement, barely noticeable in 

744
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,800
the dim light. 
Others are just slightly in 

745
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,100
response. 
The whole group rebalancing like

746
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:39,800
water, finding its level. 
Closeness is comfortable rather 

747
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:43,100
than crowding familiar bodies. 
In familiar space. 

748
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:46,900
Fire Burns lower and someone 
builds it up again. 

749
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:51,900
Not too high fuel must last 
through the night but enough to 

750
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:55,600
maintain warmth and light the 
process is quick and practiced. 

751
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,600
Fire remains a constant 
presence, requiring regular 

752
00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:01,400
attention, but giving much in 
return. 

753
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:05,100
A child has fallen and sleep 
curled against an adult. 

754
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:08,900
Another child fights, sleep, 
their eyes, blinking heavily in 

755
00:43:08,900 --> 00:43:11,500
the firelight. 
You remember being that age 

756
00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:13,400
struggling to stay awake for 
these evening. 

757
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:16,600
Gatherings not wanting to miss 
anything even though nothing 

758
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:19,900
particular was happening. 
The work around the house 

759
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:23,100
gradually winds down. 
Fingers, grow too stiff. 

760
00:43:23,108 --> 00:43:27,000
A detailed tasks eyes tire from 
focusing in dim light. 

761
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:30,900
People set their work, aside 
naturally transitioning from 

762
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:34,100
activity to rest. 
You lean your head back against 

763
00:43:34,100 --> 00:43:36,800
the wall, watching Smoke Rise, 
toward the roof hole. 

764
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:41,300
The smoke moves in complex 
patterns responding to air. 

765
00:43:41,300 --> 00:43:45,500
Currents, you can't feel it's 
hypnotic this slow drift and 

766
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:49,100
curl of smoke. 
Someone covers a sleeping child 

767
00:43:49,100 --> 00:43:51,700
with a cloak. 
Tucking it around small 

768
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:55,600
shoulders, the gesture is 
automatic and tender, without 

769
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:59,500
being sentimental. 
Care, happens quietly here woven

770
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:03,200
into the ordinary moments. 
The conversation, never allowed 

771
00:44:03,200 --> 00:44:07,900
Fadez, almost completely People 
sit in companionable, silence 

772
00:44:07,900 --> 00:44:10,800
each, lost in their own thoughts
or in? 

773
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:14,400
No thoughts at all. 
Fire provides enough interest 

774
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:17,200
and enough focus without 
requiring more. 

775
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:21,900
You feel the day settling into 
your bones a pleasant tiredness.

776
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:23,200
That promises. 
Good sleep. 

777
00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:27,900
Your muscles award, your stomach
is full and your hands are 

778
00:44:27,900 --> 00:44:30,300
finally still. 
The evening has done. 

779
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:33,900
What it's meant to do? 
Provided transition from work to

780
00:44:33,900 --> 00:44:38,400
rest from day to night. 
Rain continues outside steady 

781
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:42,300
and Shore. 
Inside the Fire Burns on the 

782
00:44:42,300 --> 00:44:45,600
light, holds back darkness and 
people, rest together in the 

783
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:48,000
ancient pattern of gathering 
after sunset. 

784
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:50,500
This is evening life. 
Simple. 

785
00:44:50,500 --> 00:44:53,900
Warm shared and utterly 
familiar. 

786
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:59,000
The night deepens around the 
half space, but inside time 

787
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:02,500
feels suspended. 
For now there's only Fire Light 

788
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:06,500
warmth quiet company and the 
sound of rain. 

789
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:10,500
Everything else can wait for 
more morning, a half Fire Burns 

790
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:12,600
lower as people begin preparing 
for sleep. 

791
00:45:12,600 --> 00:45:15,900
You help Bank, the coals 
carefully covering them with Ash

792
00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:17,100
so they'll hold through the 
night. 

793
00:45:18,400 --> 00:45:22,000
Small Flames still flickers 
enough to provide dim light and 

794
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,800
a bit of warmth. 
You move to the sleeping area 

795
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:26,500
where others are already 
settling. 

796
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:29,000
Sleeping space is a close 
together. 

797
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:31,500
Bodies arranged efficiently to 
share warmth. 

798
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:36,500
You find your spot familiar from
countless nights and settle onto

799
00:45:36,500 --> 00:45:39,200
a bed of dried grass covered 
with warm fabric. 

800
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:44,000
The sound of settling surround. 
You people, shifting positions, 

801
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:47,500
finding comfort. 
Child whimpering briefly before 

802
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:50,700
being swayed, some one coughing 
quietly. 

803
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:55,300
These nighttime sounds are as 
familiar as daylight ones part 

804
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:56,700
of the Rhythm you've known 
forever. 

805
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:00,200
You pull a wool covering over 
yourself, though. 

806
00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:02,200
It's not quite enough to block 
all the chill. 

807
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,800
But with people sleeping nearby,
their body heat helps. 

808
00:46:07,500 --> 00:46:11,100
You adjust closer to the person 
on your left and they shift to 

809
00:46:11,100 --> 00:46:14,300
accommodate you this sharing of 
warmth is practical and 

810
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:17,400
completely ordinary. 
A baby fuss is somewhere in the 

811
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:19,200
darkness. 
You hear soft. 

812
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:21,800
Sounds of comfort being offered 
gentle. 

813
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:27,300
Pats quiet humming The baby 
settles quickly soothed by a 

814
00:46:27,300 --> 00:46:30,000
familiar presence. 
Nightcare happens. 

815
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:32,500
Matter of factly, without drama 
or stress. 

816
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:35,800
Rain on the roof provides. 
A constant backdrop. 

817
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:41,300
The sound is soothing a reminder
of the shelter of you Inside 

818
00:46:41,300 --> 00:46:45,600
stays relatively dry though. 
Dampness seeps in the Edge's. 

819
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:48,700
You used to sleeping in slightly
damp conditions. 

820
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:53,700
Truly dry bedding is rare. 
Your body, relaxes in to sleep 

821
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:56,900
gradually muscles. 
Released their tension, your 

822
00:46:56,900 --> 00:47:00,400
breathing deepens. 
The days work, Fades into the 

823
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,000
background. 
Sleep comes naturally, when 

824
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:05,800
you've spent the day working 
physically, when your warm 

825
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:09,300
enough and fed enough some time 
in the knights, middle hours, 

826
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:13,900
you wait, briefly This is normal
this pattern of sleeping and 

827
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:16,700
waking you. 
Listen to the rain, to the 

828
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:20,000
breathing of people around you 
and to the small sounds of 

829
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:22,500
night. 
Nothing seems amiss. 

830
00:47:22,500 --> 00:47:25,500
So you shift position and let 
sleep return. 

831
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:29,900
A child, wakes, crying and you 
hear an adult responding 

832
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:32,300
immediately. 
Soft words. 

833
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:36,500
Gentle Touch. 
The crying stops within moments.

834
00:47:37,500 --> 00:47:40,900
The child's fear, whatever it 
was dissolves. 

835
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:44,400
In the presence of calm care. 
You drift back to sleep, 

836
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:49,300
listening to the soothing sounds
Later you wake again needing to 

837
00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:52,700
relieve yourself. 
You rise carefully stepping over

838
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:56,600
sleeping bodies in the dim light
from the bank to fire outside. 

839
00:47:56,600 --> 00:48:01,500
Rain continues, you move to the 
designated area quickly then 

840
00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:03,300
return to warmth as fast as 
possible. 

841
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:07,300
Back in your sleeping spot, your
now more awake. 

842
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:10,200
You lie, listening to the night.
Sounds in. 

843
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:11,600
No. 
Hurry to force sleep. 

844
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:15,000
Your mind is quiet, not troubled
by worries. 

845
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:19,000
Tomorrow will bring more 
Gathering more work and more 

846
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,400
rain. 
Tonight, brings rest. 

847
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:24,500
Someone else is also awake. 
You can tell from their 

848
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:28,800
breathing, but neither of you 
speaks nighttime, wakefulness is

849
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:31,400
private. 
Even in this communal space, you

850
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:33,200
share silence. 
Rather than words. 

851
00:48:33,900 --> 00:48:36,700
You notice how the darkness 
feels different here than it 

852
00:48:36,700 --> 00:48:40,400
does outside. 
Outside darkness is vast and 

853
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:44,900
complete inside with banked fire
and human presence. 

854
00:48:44,900 --> 00:48:50,700
Darkness is softer safer. 
The walls and roof create a 

855
00:48:50,700 --> 00:48:52,600
boundary that makes night, less 
overwhelming. 

856
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:55,500
The child shifts and sleep 
mumbling. 

857
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:59,100
Something unintelligible. 
And adult near makes a small 

858
00:48:59,100 --> 00:49:01,500
soothing sound barely more than 
breath. 

859
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:06,500
The child settles again. 
Tiny nighttime interactions 

860
00:49:06,500 --> 00:49:10,300
happen constantly the community,
caring for itself, even in 

861
00:49:10,300 --> 00:49:13,400
sleep. 
Your eyes adjust to the darkness

862
00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:17,100
in enough to make out shapes the
mound of sleeping bodies. 

863
00:49:18,100 --> 00:49:22,600
Faint glow from the half. 
The roof structure of everything

864
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:24,800
is indistinct, but recognize of 
all. 

865
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:29,100
This is your world in darkness 
as familiar as in light. 

866
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:32,700
Sleep pulls at you again and you
let it come. 

867
00:49:32,700 --> 00:49:36,700
Your last conscious thought is 
of rain steady and endless. 

868
00:49:36,700 --> 00:49:39,400
The sound that defines so much 
of life here. 

869
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:42,800
Then you're sleeping again, 
deeply this time. 

870
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:46,900
Your body claiming the rest, it 
needs dreams come and go 

871
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:51,400
formless and forgotten. 
Your sleep is the sleep of 

872
00:49:51,408 --> 00:49:56,000
physical tiredness, heavy and 
restorative the night passes in 

873
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:57,900
sections of sleep and brief 
waking. 

874
00:49:57,900 --> 00:50:00,300
The pattern is old as human 
existence. 

875
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:03,700
Near dawn, you wake to find. 
The rain has stopped. 

876
00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:07,600
The silence is almost startling 
after hours of steady 

877
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:10,900
precipitation. 
You can hear birds beginning to 

878
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:13,200
call the first signs of 
approaching light. 

879
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:15,800
But it's still dark enough to 
sleep more. 

880
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:21,100
So you do when you wake again, 
gray light is seeping in Others 

881
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:24,300
are beginning to stir. 
The night is ending 

882
00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:28,700
transitioning into another day. 
you stretch carefully mindful of

883
00:50:28,708 --> 00:50:33,200
sleeping neighbors, feeling your
body weight, gradually Someone 

884
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:34,700
is already tending. 
The fire. 

885
00:50:34,700 --> 00:50:39,200
Building it up from last night's
colds, smoke Rises and the smell

886
00:50:39,200 --> 00:50:41,200
of new wood. 
Burning signals mornings 

887
00:50:41,200 --> 00:50:43,600
arrival. 
You rise from your sleeping 

888
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:45,600
spot, folding your covering 
neatly. 

889
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:48,700
The night has passed safely as 
night to do. 

890
00:50:48,700 --> 00:50:53,300
Everyone has slept woke him 
being cared for when needed and 

891
00:50:53,300 --> 00:50:57,200
now faces morning together. 
Care that sustained everyone 

892
00:50:57,200 --> 00:51:01,200
through Darkness was quiet and 
unremarkable, as effective for 

893
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:04,600
being ordinary. 
You step outside into Dawn's 

894
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:07,500
gray light. 
The world is wet and dripping, 

895
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:12,100
but the rain has paused. 
It's enough today, we'll bring 

896
00:51:12,100 --> 00:51:17,000
its own whether its own rhythm. 
For now, you've rested been warm

897
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:20,200
enough and slept surrounded by 
your community. 

898
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:24,500
Knights work is done, you stand 
at the settlements Edge in the 

899
00:51:24,508 --> 00:51:27,600
early morning, looking cross 
fields and Woodland that have 

900
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:31,300
been here longer than memory. 
The same view, your parents knew

901
00:51:31,300 --> 00:51:35,600
and theirs before them. 
The land changes slowly shaped 

902
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:39,900
by weather and Seasons but the 
fundamental landscape endures. 

903
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,400
An elder Works nearby, their 
movements careful. 

904
00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:46,500
And deliberate with age, You've 
watched this person your whole 

905
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:51,300
life learning by observation. 
Now you do the same work, they 

906
00:51:51,300 --> 00:51:54,700
do your hands following 
patterns, they've repeated for 

907
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:57,500
decades. 
This is how knowledge passes 

908
00:51:57,500 --> 00:52:02,100
through watching through doing 
alongside and through gradual 

909
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:05,600
absorption children. 
Play in the mud, their game 

910
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:08,000
involving Sticks and Stones 
arranged in patterns. 

911
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:12,000
You recognize the game from your
own childhood though you never 

912
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:15,400
learned formal rules. 
Somehow children just know how 

913
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:17,800
to play it. 
The knowledge transmitted 

914
00:52:17,800 --> 00:52:20,100
through generations without 
explanation. 

915
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:24,800
The settlement itself, shows 
layers of use paths, Warren 

916
00:52:24,800 --> 00:52:28,700
Deep, by countless feet. 
Benches Smooth by years of 

917
00:52:28,700 --> 00:52:33,700
sitting fire pits blackened by 
thousands of meals everything 

918
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:36,500
here carries the mark of 
continuous human presence 

919
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:38,900
though. 
No one records that present in 

920
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:41,200
writing. 
You help prepare a section of 

921
00:52:41,208 --> 00:52:43,500
wall. 
Using technique you learned by 

922
00:52:43,500 --> 00:52:45,000
watching. 
Others repair walls. 

923
00:52:45,000 --> 00:52:49,500
The knowledge is entirely 
practical held in muscle memory 

924
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:53,700
and visual understanding, you 
know, how to select Stones, how 

925
00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:57,200
to fit them together and how to 
pack gaps with smaller pieces. 

926
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:01,800
This knowing comes from 
experience, not instruction. 

927
00:53:03,100 --> 00:53:05,600
Someone tells a story about 
something that happened before 

928
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:08,900
you were born. 
Stories, familiar, you've heard 

929
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:12,100
it many times, but the telling 
serves a purpose. 

930
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:17,100
It keeps the event alive 
connects past to present and 

931
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:20,300
remind everyone that this place 
has a history even without 

932
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:22,900
written records. 
The work of the day. 

933
00:53:22,900 --> 00:53:28,300
Proceeds, as always Gathering 
preparing making repairing the 

934
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:31,200
same tasks done by the same 
people in the same place. 

935
00:53:32,100 --> 00:53:35,200
This repetition isn't boring, 
it's the foundation of 

936
00:53:35,208 --> 00:53:39,300
continuity the way life sustains
itself across time. 

937
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:43,200
You think about how little 
changes from year to year the 

938
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:46,300
same crops were planted the same
animals tended? 

939
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:50,000
The same Gathering routes will 
walked stability comes from 

940
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:54,700
this, sameness from knowing what
to expect and how to respond yet

941
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:58,600
within that stability. 
Small variations appear, a child

942
00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:01,000
Masters, a skill, their sibling 
hasn't learned yet. 

943
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:04,200
Someone discovers a new patch of
useful plants. 

944
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:06,700
Where the patterns shift, 
slightly. 

945
00:54:07,700 --> 00:54:11,400
These variations Ripple through 
the community absorbed into the 

946
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:13,300
general pattern without 
disrupting it. 

947
00:54:14,500 --> 00:54:17,400
An elder mentioned remembering 
when certain trees were young. 

948
00:54:18,300 --> 00:54:21,200
He tried to imagine this 
landscape decades ago, but find 

949
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:24,600
it difficult. 
Trees seem permanent though, you

950
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,200
know intellectually they've 
grown during human life times. 

951
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:31,200
Time moves differently here 
measured in seasons and 

952
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:34,400
generations. 
Rather than ours you notice how 

953
00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:37,800
much of Life happens without 
deliberate planning tasks. 

954
00:54:37,800 --> 00:54:41,500
Get done because they need doing
children, learn because they're 

955
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:45,500
surrounded by competent, adults.
The community functions because 

956
00:54:45,500 --> 00:54:48,600
everyone knows their role 
through long practice, it's 

957
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:52,400
organic rather than organized. 
Settlement has no formal 

958
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:55,800
leadership, no written laws and 
no complex hierarchy. 

959
00:54:56,500 --> 00:54:59,700
Yet somehow decisions. 
Get made disputes. 

960
00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:01,900
Get resolved and work gets 
distributed. 

961
00:55:02,900 --> 00:55:06,700
The mechanisms are invisible 
woven into relationships and 

962
00:55:06,700 --> 00:55:09,800
shared understanding accumulated
over lifetimes. 

963
00:55:09,800 --> 00:55:12,400
You help. 
Prepare food your hands. 

964
00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:15,800
Moving through, familiar 
motions, these same meals. 

965
00:55:15,800 --> 00:55:18,400
Have been prepared by countless 
hands before yours. 

966
00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:21,500
The recipes such as they are 
exists. 

967
00:55:21,500 --> 00:55:25,600
Only in practice and memory. 
No one writes them down, because

968
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:29,400
everyone simply knows. 
Children gather around an elder 

969
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:31,000
who's working on a complex 
repair. 

970
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:36,200
They watch intently asking 
occasional questions, the Elder 

971
00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:39,500
answers briefly demonstrating 
techniques rather than 

972
00:55:39,500 --> 00:55:43,700
explaining them. 
This is education practical 

973
00:55:43,700 --> 00:55:46,800
Visual and embedded in daily 
life. 

974
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:49,700
After noon brings a brief 
clearing in the weather. 

975
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:54,300
You look up at patches of Blue 
Sky rare and welcome. 

976
00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:57,800
The moment feels special but not
remarkable. 

977
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:02,000
Beautiful, weather comes when it
comes is enjoyed, while present 

978
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:06,000
and is released when it passes. 
You think about the stories? 

979
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:08,600
You've heard of great leaders 
and distant places. 

980
00:56:09,500 --> 00:56:12,000
Some people speak of a time when
things were different. 

981
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:14,800
And more organized, though, the 
details of vague. 

982
00:56:15,400 --> 00:56:19,000
You don't know if these stories 
are true, or just stories either

983
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:20,600
way. 
They don't change your daily 

984
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:22,800
reality. 
The land around. 

985
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:27,800
You contains remnants of early. 
Occupation old walls overgrown, 

986
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:31,000
paths stones, that seem 
deliberately placed. 

987
00:56:31,000 --> 00:56:35,100
You don't know who made these 
things or when they're just part

988
00:56:35,100 --> 00:56:38,300
of the landscape part of what is
always been here. 

989
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:42,600
Evening approaches and you join 
others heading towards shelter. 

990
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:47,400
The day has been like most days.
Work done food, prepared, and 

991
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:51,000
small tasks completed. 
Nothing dramatic happened. 

992
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:55,000
And that's exactly right drama 
would be disruption. 

993
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:59,400
Sameness is safety you settled 
by the fire with people, you've 

994
00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:02,000
known forever. 
Some are older than you some 

995
00:57:02,000 --> 00:57:04,900
young girl. 
Familiar, your lives are woven 

996
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:08,100
together, not through choice, 
but through simple proximity and

997
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:11,600
shared necessity. 
This is your community because 

998
00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:15,200
this is where you are. 
Someone mentioned the old stones

999
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:17,300
on the hillside wandering 
allowed what they mean? 

1000
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:21,800
No one knows the stones of being
there longer than anyone's 

1001
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:24,400
memory. 
They'll remain after everyone. 

1002
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:29,100
Here has gone. this doesn't feel
sad just factual. 

1003
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:32,200
The stones endure while people 
come and go. 

1004
00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:35,800
You think about your own place 
in this continuity? 

1005
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:39,600
You're neither the beginning, 
nor the end, just one person in 

1006
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:43,600
a long sequence, the work you do
maintains life for now and 

1007
00:57:43,600 --> 00:57:47,300
others will do the same work 
after you, this is enough. 

1008
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:53,600
Fire Burns steady smoke Rising 
through the roof hole outside 

1009
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:58,000
and night gathers inside people 
rest together as they've done 

1010
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:00,900
for Generations. 
Tomorrow will bring more of the 

1011
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:06,600
same rain, work food, sleep, and
the endless cycle of ordinary 

1012
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:08,900
days. 
You feel no need to record. 

1013
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:13,500
What happens here, life simply 
continues experience, directly 

1014
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:18,000
held in memory and practice. 
Stories pass from person to 

1015
00:58:18,000 --> 00:58:20,600
person. 
Skills transfer through 

1016
00:58:20,600 --> 00:58:23,800
demonstration. 
The community perpetuates 

1017
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:25,700
itself, through living rather 
than writing. 

1018
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:30,600
Later much later, people will 
tell stories about this time, 

1019
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:34,900
he'll speak of kings and heroes 
of magic and great Deeds. 

1020
00:58:34,900 --> 00:58:37,400
But those stories won't be about
this reality. 

1021
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:42,600
This quiet continuity of rain 
and work, and shared life, those

1022
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:44,200
stories will be something else 
entirely. 

1023
00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:50,000
For now, there's only this. 
Fires warmth, the reins return 

1024
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:52,600
and the familiar presence of 
community. 

1025
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:56,600
You're part of something that 
extends, backward and forward in

1026
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:59,900
time though, you can't see 
either end, the knowing is 

1027
00:58:59,900 --> 00:59:03,900
enough, you close your eyes 
listening to rain resume its 

1028
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:08,200
pattern on the roof. 
The sound is eternal unchanged 

1029
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:11,400
by human presence. 
People have listened to this 

1030
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:13,100
same Reign for countless 
Generations. 

1031
00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:17,300
People will listen to it for 
generations, to come, the world 

1032
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:22,000
continues, its quiet, Rhythm 
Seasons, turn work, persists, 

1033
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:27,600
children, grow Elders age, the 
land endures, shaped by water 

1034
00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:29,700
and time and patient human 
hands. 

1035
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:34,300
This is life in its most 
fundamental form, continuity 

1036
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:38,600
without record, survival through
practice and memory, held in 

1037
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:42,400
living rather than writing. 
You sleep surrounded by your 

1038
00:59:42,400 --> 00:59:46,700
community sheltered from rain 
warmed by shared fire. 

1039
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:50,200
Tomorrow will come and you'll do
what needs doing. 

1040
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:54,600
Pattern holds because that's 
what patterns do and in this 

1041
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:59,300
holding in, this continuation is
a piece deeper than any story. 

1042
00:59:59,300 --> 01:00:03,400
Could capture rain falls Fire 
Burns. 

1043
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:09,300
People sleep The long Rhythm 
continues quiet and unbroken in 

1044
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:11,400
the land, that will someday be 
called Britain. 

1045
01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:23,900
But it is for now, Simply just 
home. picture yourself stepping 

1046
01:00:23,900 --> 01:00:27,300
off a Dusty Stagecoach, in 1882 
somewhere, in the Arizona 

1047
01:00:27,300 --> 01:00:30,800
territory, Your back aches. 
As if you've been sitting on a 

1048
01:00:30,800 --> 01:00:34,900
concrete park bench for 12 
hours, a situation that given 

1049
01:00:34,900 --> 01:00:38,100
the suspension system of 
Frontier Transportation isn't 

1050
01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:41,700
too far from reality. 
The Sun is setting behind the 

1051
01:00:41,700 --> 01:00:43,500
mountains. 
Painting everything in that 

1052
01:00:43,500 --> 01:00:45,600
golden hour. 
Light that would make a modern 

1053
01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:49,900
Instagram influencer, weep With 
Envy, Your searching for a place

1054
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:52,800
to eat drink and maybe wash off 
three days worth of trail dust. 

1055
01:00:52,800 --> 01:00:55,400
And there it is right across the
street. 

1056
01:00:55,400 --> 01:01:00,100
The Silver Dollar Saloon It's 
painted sign creeks in the 

1057
01:01:00,100 --> 01:01:02,800
evening Breeze and those iconic 
batwing doors. 

1058
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,400
You know, the ones that swing 
both ways and come up to about 

1059
01:01:06,400 --> 01:01:08,900
chest height, a practically 
calling your name. 

1060
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:12,400
Now before you push through 
those doors, let's pause for a 

1061
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:15,200
moment you're about to enter 
what was essentially the social 

1062
01:01:15,200 --> 01:01:18,500
media platform of its day. 
Imagine a wild west Saloon as a 

1063
01:01:18,500 --> 01:01:21,700
fusion of Facebook Twitter and 
your local Starbuck's, all 

1064
01:01:21,700 --> 01:01:25,000
housed within a single wooden 
structure that exudes a sentence

1065
01:01:25,008 --> 01:01:27,700
of tobacco whiskey and surreal 
dreams. 

1066
01:01:28,800 --> 01:01:32,000
The Batwing doors weren't just 
for show, by the way, they were 

1067
01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:34,800
brilliantly practical, like 
cargo shorts, but actually 

1068
01:01:34,800 --> 01:01:38,600
useful, they kept out dust and 
tumbleweeds while letting in 

1069
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:41,400
fresh air and allowing people to
see who was coming and going. 

1070
01:01:42,400 --> 01:01:45,200
In a place where your reputation
literally, determined, whether 

1071
01:01:45,200 --> 01:01:48,300
you lived or died knowing who 
just walked in was rather 

1072
01:01:48,300 --> 01:01:51,800
important information as you 
approach the entrance, you 

1073
01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:55,000
notice the doors are worn Smooth
by thousands of hands pushing 

1074
01:01:55,000 --> 01:01:57,400
through them. 
The wood has that patina that 

1075
01:01:57,400 --> 01:02:00,900
only comes from Decades of use, 
like, the handle of a well-loved

1076
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:03,000
baseball bat or your 
grandmother's rolling pin. 

1077
01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:05,600
Inside. 
You can hear the sounds of 

1078
01:02:05,608 --> 01:02:09,800
laughter glasses, clinking, a 
slightly off-tune piano and the 

1079
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:11,800
occasional of boots on wooden 
floors. 

1080
01:02:11,800 --> 01:02:16,300
You take a deep breath catching 
sense of wood, smoke roasted 

1081
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,500
meat and something that might be
coffee, but could just as easily

1082
01:02:19,500 --> 01:02:22,700
be paint thinner. 
Your stomach rumbles, reminding 

1083
01:02:22,700 --> 01:02:25,700
you that hard tack and jerky, 
don't constitute fine, dining, 

1084
01:02:25,700 --> 01:02:28,500
no matter how you. 
Look at it, here's where your 

1085
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:32,100
modern sensibility start to kick
in your accustomed to perusing, 

1086
01:02:32,100 --> 01:02:34,500
online restaurant reviews and 
perhaps observing the Health 

1087
01:02:34,500 --> 01:02:37,100
Department's rating prominently 
displayed in the window. 

1088
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:40,900
But this isn't that world, the 
only reviews system here is, 

1089
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:43,800
whether people are still alive 
after eating with food and even 

1090
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:46,100
thats not always a reliable 
indicator, giving the general 

1091
01:02:46,100 --> 01:02:50,000
life expectancy of the frontier.
You adjust your hat because 

1092
01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:52,600
everyone wore caps. 
Then it wasn't optional, like, 

1093
01:02:52,600 --> 01:02:55,500
wearing pants to Walmart, and 
push through those Swinging 

1094
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:59,200
Doors, they spring back behind 
you with a satisfying whoosh. 

1095
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:02,600
And suddenly, you're inside and 
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 

1096
01:03:02,600 --> 01:03:05,200
The first thing that hits you 
isn't the site. 

1097
01:03:05,200 --> 01:03:09,700
It's the sound, it's loud. 
It's not as loud as a rock 

1098
01:03:09,700 --> 01:03:12,800
concert, but rather as loud as a
busy restaurant on a Friday 

1099
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:17,200
night, Conversations overlap 
like competing radio stations 

1100
01:03:17,200 --> 01:03:21,100
punctuated by the occasional 
burst of laughter, the scrape of

1101
01:03:21,100 --> 01:03:24,000
chairs on wooden floors and the 
rhythmic thunk. 

1102
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:26,500
Thunk of someone dealing cards 
at a table near the back. 

1103
01:03:27,400 --> 01:03:29,300
The second thing that hits you 
is the smell. 

1104
01:03:29,300 --> 01:03:33,100
It's a complex bouquet that no 
modern knows is quite prepared 

1105
01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:35,400
for, there's the obvious whiskey
and tobacco. 

1106
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:38,400
But underneath, that is the 
earthy scent of wool and leather

1107
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:42,100
the metallic of Gun oil and 
something that might charitably 

1108
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:46,200
be called from tiered, but more 
accurately described as three 

1109
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:49,900
weeks without a proper bath. 
The lighting is dim, not 

1110
01:03:49,900 --> 01:03:53,300
romantic restaurant dim, but we 
only have oil lamps and candles.

1111
01:03:53,300 --> 01:03:55,900
Dim your eyes. 
Take a moment to adjust. 

1112
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:58,800
Like, when you walk into a movie
theater, except the movie 

1113
01:03:58,800 --> 01:04:01,300
theater, doesn't have armed 
Patron's and questionable 

1114
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:04,200
hygiene standards. 
And there you stand, just inside

1115
01:04:04,200 --> 01:04:07,700
those famous Swinging Doors 
taking in your first real wild 

1116
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:10,700
west Saloon. 
The adventure is about to begin.

1117
01:04:10,700 --> 01:04:13,400
And honestly, you're not 
entirely sure whether to be 

1118
01:04:13,408 --> 01:04:17,100
excited or concerned, maybe 
both, probably both. 

1119
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:20,700
You can now see the faces around
you, as your eyes have adjusted 

1120
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:25,200
to the oil lamps Amber glow, and
what faces they are. it's as if 

1121
01:04:25,208 --> 01:04:28,100
you've stepped into a dynamic 
daguerreotype only with everyone

1122
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:31,900
in motion and some armed the 
first rule of saloon etiquette 

1123
01:04:31,900 --> 01:04:34,300
which nobody bothered to mention
in your guidebook is this. 

1124
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,500
Don't just stand there. 
Gawking like a tourist at Times 

1125
01:04:37,500 --> 01:04:39,700
Square, you need to move with 
purpose. 

1126
01:04:39,700 --> 01:04:43,200
Even if that purpose is simply 
find a place to sit without 

1127
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,400
getting shot. 
The bartender, catches your eye 

1128
01:04:46,400 --> 01:04:50,300
and nods, the universal gesture 
that transcends time and roughly

1129
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:52,500
translate to buy something or 
get out. 

1130
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,100
He's a large man with sleeves, 
rolled up past his elbows. 

1131
01:04:56,100 --> 01:04:59,400
Sporting the kind of mustache 
that required, serious daily 

1132
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:02,500
maintenance think, Tom Selleck 
but with more experience, 

1133
01:05:02,500 --> 01:05:05,400
breaking up fights and less 
experience solving crimes in 

1134
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:07,600
Hawaii. 
You scan the room for seating 

1135
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:10,100
options. 
There's the bar itself naturally

1136
01:05:10,100 --> 01:05:12,600
with a few empty stools that 
look about as comfortable as 

1137
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:15,000
sitting on a fence post. 
The bar is actually quite 

1138
01:05:15,000 --> 01:05:17,300
impressive. 
A long stretch of polished wood,

1139
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:21,000
that seen more drama than a soap
opera Behind the bar bottles 

1140
01:05:21,000 --> 01:05:22,600
lined, the shelves, like glass 
soldiers. 

1141
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:25,400
However, several of them have 
handwritten labels that raise 

1142
01:05:25,400 --> 01:05:27,000
questions about quality control 
standards. 

1143
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:30,200
Then there are the tables 
scattered around the room. 

1144
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:33,300
This is where the study of 
social anthropology becomes 

1145
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:35,900
fascinating. 
Each table seems to have its 

1146
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:40,100
ecosystem, its own unspoken 
rules, and its potential for 

1147
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:44,700
sudden violence. 
A table of real cowboys, not the

1148
01:05:44,700 --> 01:05:46,500
Hollywood version sits near the 
front window. 

1149
01:05:46,500 --> 01:05:50,200
They're Dusty Sun weathered and 
looked like, they haven't seen a

1150
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:52,800
bar in months. 
Their hats are sweat and 

1151
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:54,900
practical. 
Their boots are scuffed from 

1152
01:05:54,900 --> 01:05:58,300
actual work, and their clothes 
have that lived in quality that 

1153
01:05:58,300 --> 01:05:59,900
comes from spending weeks on the
trail. 

1154
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:02,900
Their nursing beers and 
discussing something that 

1155
01:06:02,900 --> 01:06:06,300
involves a lot of gesturing 
toward the door. he decide to 

1156
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:10,100
file these observations under 
information to remember, and 

1157
01:06:10,100 --> 01:06:13,000
keep looking In the corner, 
there's a poker game happening 

1158
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,200
at around table. 
The players are a mixed bunch a 

1159
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:17,700
man in a slightly too fancy 
vest. 

1160
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:20,700
Who might be a traveling 
salesman a grizzled prospector, 

1161
01:06:20,700 --> 01:06:22,600
who's a beard? 
Could hide a small animal. 

1162
01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:25,500
And two other gentlemen, whose 
occupations are harder to 

1163
01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:28,600
determine but whose serious 
expression suggests the stakes 

1164
01:06:28,600 --> 01:06:32,800
are real The fourth rule of 
saloons survival which follows 

1165
01:06:32,800 --> 01:06:34,900
the first three rules of. 
Don't stare. 

1166
01:06:34,900 --> 01:06:38,900
Don't touch anyone's hat and 
don't ask about anyone's past. 

1167
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:43,100
Is this never sit at a poker 
table unless you're invited and 

1168
01:06:43,100 --> 01:06:45,200
prepared to lose your shirt, 
literally. 

1169
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:49,400
There's a piano in one corner. 
An upright that seemed better 

1170
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:52,300
decades, where a woman in a blue
dress is playing something that 

1171
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:55,000
might be. 
Oh, Susanna if you squint your 

1172
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:58,300
ears, just right, she's what 
they called a saloon girl and 

1173
01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:01,600
her job description, included 
entertainment, conversation and 

1174
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:04,700
selling drinks, despite what 
Hollywood might have suggested, 

1175
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:07,700
most saloon girls were 
essentially, the taverns 

1176
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:10,100
customer service 
Representatives, not anything 

1177
01:07:10,100 --> 01:07:13,100
more scandalous. 
The characters continue to 

1178
01:07:13,100 --> 01:07:17,600
unfold before you like the pages
in a very dusty book, the 

1179
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:20,700
gentleman at the bar dressed in 
immaculately and a black suit, a

1180
01:07:20,700 --> 01:07:23,400
clean hat and Shining boots is a
sight to behold. 

1181
01:07:24,300 --> 01:07:26,900
He could be a banker a preacher,
or someone you really don't want

1182
01:07:26,900 --> 01:07:29,200
to accidentally bump into his 
coat. 

1183
01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:31,100
Hangs. 
Just so, and you can't tell if 

1184
01:07:31,100 --> 01:07:33,000
that's because he's very 
particular about his appearance 

1185
01:07:33,000 --> 01:07:35,500
or because he's carrying 
something under there, that 

1186
01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:39,200
requires easy access at a small 
table near the back. 

1187
01:07:39,200 --> 01:07:41,500
A couple of older men are 
engaged in what appears to be 

1188
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:44,200
either a heated philosophical 
debate, or an argument about 

1189
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:45,800
whose turn it is to buy the next
round. 

1190
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:50,000
The voices rise and fall like a 
verbal tide and occasionally, 

1191
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:52,900
one of them pounds, the table 
for emphasis making the glasses 

1192
01:07:52,900 --> 01:07:55,100
jump. 
You realize, you're still 

1193
01:07:55,108 --> 01:07:57,500
standing there like a 
decoration, so you make your 

1194
01:07:57,500 --> 01:08:00,400
move toward the bar. 
The bartender watches your 

1195
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,100
approach with the expression of 
someone who seen everything at 

1196
01:08:03,100 --> 01:08:04,800
least twice and isn't easily 
impressed. 

1197
01:08:05,600 --> 01:08:07,100
As you climb onto one of those 
fence. 

1198
01:08:07,100 --> 01:08:09,100
Post stools. 
You notice the bars surface 

1199
01:08:09,100 --> 01:08:13,200
tells its stories ring stains 
from countless glasses, small 

1200
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:15,900
Nicks from knives. 
And what might be initials 

1201
01:08:15,900 --> 01:08:18,300
carved by patrons with too much 
time and whiskey. 

1202
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:23,000
The stool creaks ominously under
your weight, not because you're 

1203
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:26,399
heavy, but because it's held 
together with hope nails and 

1204
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:28,300
possibly some very determined 
termites. 

1205
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:31,899
You settle in trying to look 
like you belong or fighting the 

1206
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:33,600
urge to ask if they have a wine 
list. 

1207
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:38,100
The bartender approaches wiping 
his hands, on a towel that has 

1208
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:42,100
witnessed Better Days. 
What'll it be, he asks, can you 

1209
01:08:42,108 --> 01:08:45,100
realize you're about to make 
your first real decision in the 

1210
01:08:45,100 --> 01:08:45,700
world? 
West. 

1211
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:50,000
Choose wiseley your stomach and 
your reputation may depend on 

1212
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:52,899
it. 
What it be the bartender asks, 

1213
01:08:52,899 --> 01:08:56,000
again, you realize that this 
isn't like browsing through a 20

1214
01:08:56,000 --> 01:08:57,600
Page menu at the Cheesecake 
Factory. 

1215
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,100
Your options are limited and 
some of them might be 

1216
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:03,100
questionable for your long-term 
Health prospects. 

1217
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:05,500
Let's start with the drinks, 
shall we? 

1218
01:09:06,300 --> 01:09:09,300
The house specialty is whiskey 
and buy specialty. 

1219
01:09:09,300 --> 01:09:11,899
I mean, it's basically the only 
option that won't require you to

1220
01:09:11,899 --> 01:09:15,000
lie down afterward. 
However, it's important to note 

1221
01:09:15,000 --> 01:09:18,300
that the master distiller did 
not age Frontier whiskey and 

1222
01:09:18,300 --> 01:09:19,700
Charming. 
Oak barrels for 12 years. 

1223
01:09:19,700 --> 01:09:23,500
Oh no, this whiskey was aged for
about as long as it took to make

1224
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:25,600
it, which was roughly the same 
amount of time. 

1225
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:29,200
It takes to microwave a burrito,
the bartender holds up a bottle 

1226
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:32,100
with a handwritten label. 
That simply says whiskey in 

1227
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:34,899
letters that suggest the writers
hand was an entirely steady at 

1228
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:37,700
the time. 
The liquid inside has an amber 

1229
01:09:37,700 --> 01:09:41,399
color that could generously be 
called rustic or more accurately

1230
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:45,800
described as concerning. but you
know what, when you've been 

1231
01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:48,200
eating Trail Dust for three 
days, your standards become 

1232
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:51,100
remarkably flexible, Whiskey 
sounds, perfect. 

1233
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:55,200
You say, because when in Rome, 
or in this case, when in a place

1234
01:09:55,200 --> 01:09:58,000
where Rome seems like a distant 
fever dream, you do as the 

1235
01:09:58,000 --> 01:10:01,500
locals, do the bartender pause? 
You a shot in a glass, that's 

1236
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:03,300
clean enough. 
Assuming you don't look too 

1237
01:10:03,300 --> 01:10:06,000
closely at The Rim. 
The whiskey boasts, a color 

1238
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,300
reminiscent of weak tea and an 
aroma reminiscent of what could 

1239
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:13,200
want to have been corn. 
You take a sip and wow, it's 

1240
01:10:13,200 --> 01:10:15,900
like liquid campfire with hints 
of regret and finish that 

1241
01:10:15,900 --> 01:10:17,700
suggests. 
You should probably something 

1242
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:21,600
soon. 
Speaking of food, let's talk 

1243
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:26,200
about your dining options, the 
menu such as it exists is posted

1244
01:10:26,200 --> 01:10:29,300
on a chalkboard behind the bar 
written in the same shaky 

1245
01:10:29,300 --> 01:10:32,300
handwriting as the whiskey label
your choices are beef. 

1246
01:10:32,300 --> 01:10:34,800
Stew beans and bacon, cornbread 
and something. 

1247
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:36,800
Optimistically labeled fresh 
fish. 

1248
01:10:37,900 --> 01:10:39,400
Now you're in the middle of the 
desert. 

1249
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:43,700
So the fresh fish raises, some 
immediate questions fresh from. 

1250
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:46,800
Where exactly, how can the fish 
be considered fresh, when the 

1251
01:10:46,800 --> 01:10:49,400
nearest substantial body of 
water is a 3-day ride away? 

1252
01:10:50,300 --> 01:10:52,800
The bartender notices, your 
expression and Chuckles. 

1253
01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:55,900
Don't worry about the fish. 
He says he's been on the menu 

1254
01:10:55,900 --> 01:10:57,800
for two years. 
Nobody's ever ordered it. 

1255
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:01,500
You decide beef stew? 
Sounds like the safest bet. 

1256
01:11:01,500 --> 01:11:05,100
It's a decision that shows 
wisdom beyond your years or at 

1257
01:11:05,108 --> 01:11:07,100
least beyond your experience 
with Frontier cuisine. 

1258
01:11:08,100 --> 01:11:10,900
The bartender calls your order 
back to the kitchen which is 

1259
01:11:10,900 --> 01:11:13,700
apparently just behind a curtain
doorway where you can hear the 

1260
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:16,800
sounds of serious cooking 
happening lots of clanging, some

1261
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:20,200
creative vocabulary and what 
might be prayer while you, wait,

1262
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:22,100
you notice the other Patron's 
dining choices? 

1263
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:25,300
The Cowboys at the front table 
are sharing a plate of beans and

1264
01:11:25,300 --> 01:11:28,300
bacon, that could probably feed 
a small army or at least three 

1265
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:30,800
famished Cowboys. 
They're eating with the 

1266
01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:33,800
efficiency of people who view 
food as fuel rather than an 

1267
01:11:33,800 --> 01:11:36,900
experience, which is probably 
the right attitude when your 

1268
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:39,800
dining options are limited to 
brown stuff and other brown 

1269
01:11:39,800 --> 01:11:42,300
stuff. 
The poker players have ordered 

1270
01:11:42,308 --> 01:11:45,000
rounds of everything, 
apparently, because their table 

1271
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:48,200
looks like a frontier Buffet. 
There are plates of cornbread 

1272
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:52,600
bowls of Sears to Stew strip of 
bacon and enough whiskey to fill

1273
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:54,900
a small boat. 
Of course, they're playing for 

1274
01:11:54,900 --> 01:11:56,500
money. 
So they might be trying to 

1275
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:59,700
fortify themselves for a long 
night of cards and potentially 

1276
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:02,900
life-changing losses. 
The well-dressed gentleman at 

1277
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:06,100
the bar is nursing a single 
glass of whiskey and a plate of 

1278
01:12:06,100 --> 01:12:08,800
cornbread eating. 
With the careful, Precision of 

1279
01:12:08,800 --> 01:12:12,100
someone, who's either very 
refined or very suspicious of 

1280
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:15,000
the food quality. 
He cuts his cornbread into 

1281
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:17,100
perfect squares and chews 
thoughtfully. 

1282
01:12:17,100 --> 01:12:20,000
Like he's conducting a 
scientific analysis of its 

1283
01:12:20,000 --> 01:12:23,700
ingredients. 
Your stew arrives carried by a 

1284
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:27,200
woman who emerges from behind 
the kitchen curtain like she's 

1285
01:12:27,200 --> 01:12:30,200
stepping onto a stage. 
She's the cook clearly. 

1286
01:12:30,200 --> 01:12:33,400
And she sets the ball down with 
the pride of someone who knows 

1287
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:36,700
her craft. 
A timbal hot enough to Brand 

1288
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:39,900
cattle, holds the stew and its 
contents appear. 

1289
01:12:39,900 --> 01:12:43,300
Substantial, the stew contains 
chunks of beef that were once 

1290
01:12:43,300 --> 01:12:45,900
tough, but have now become 
tender vegetables. 

1291
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:49,200
That could be charitably 
described as rustic and a gravy.

1292
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:50,500
Thick enough to serve as a 
mortar. 

1293
01:12:50,500 --> 01:12:54,400
It smells fantastic actually, 
like, comfort food made by 

1294
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:55,900
someone who understands that 
Comfort. 

1295
01:12:55,900 --> 01:12:58,600
Sometimes comes in the form of 
calories and warmth, rather than

1296
01:12:58,600 --> 01:13:00,400
presentation and Molecular 
Gastronomy. 

1297
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:04,400
You take a spoonful and it's 
delicious, really good. 

1298
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:07,300
The kind of good that makes you 
understand why people wrote 

1299
01:13:07,300 --> 01:13:10,300
songs about home cooking. 
The cornbread that comes with it

1300
01:13:10,300 --> 01:13:13,300
is dense and filling with a 
slightly sweet taste that 

1301
01:13:13,300 --> 01:13:15,300
balances the hearty stew 
perfectly. 

1302
01:13:16,200 --> 01:13:18,600
There's nothing like the fluffy 
cake like cornbread. 

1303
01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:20,200
You might know from Modern 
restaurants. 

1304
01:13:20,900 --> 01:13:24,200
This bread symbolizes business 
and can sustain you throughout a

1305
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:26,200
long day of your planned 
Frontier activities. 

1306
01:13:26,900 --> 01:13:30,300
As you eat, you start to relax a
little, the whiskey has smooth, 

1307
01:13:30,300 --> 01:13:33,500
some of your rough edges. 
The food is warming, you from 

1308
01:13:33,500 --> 01:13:36,600
the inside out and the general 
atmosphere is starting to feel 

1309
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:40,700
less like a movie set and more 
like to place where people come 

1310
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:42,700
to eat and drink and escape from
their day. 

1311
01:13:42,700 --> 01:13:45,300
But then you notice something 
that makes your spoon. 

1312
01:13:45,300 --> 01:13:49,100
Pause halfway to your mouth, The
conversation at the Cowboys 

1313
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:51,300
table has gotten quieter more 
intense. 

1314
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,400
They keep glancing toward the 
door and one of them has shifted

1315
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:55,800
his chair. 
So he has a better view of the 

1316
01:13:55,800 --> 01:13:58,200
entrance. 
The world dress gentleman has 

1317
01:13:58,200 --> 01:14:00,800
also noticed the changes and as 
angled himself slightly on his 

1318
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:03,900
stool, oh, you get the feeling 
that your peaceful dinner is 

1319
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:07,200
about to become significantly, 
more interesting, you're just 

1320
01:14:07,200 --> 01:14:10,300
starting to feel settled. 
The stew is warming, your belly.

1321
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:13,300
The whiskey is taken the edge 
off, three days of Stagecoach 

1322
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:15,100
travel. 
And you'll beginning to think 

1323
01:14:15,100 --> 01:14:18,700
that whole Wild West experience 
might be more civilized than the

1324
01:14:18,700 --> 01:14:22,200
stories suggested. 
At that moment, the Batwing 

1325
01:14:22,200 --> 01:14:25,600
doors opened forcefully causing 
the room's temperature to drop 

1326
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,700
by approximately 10 degrees 3 
men walk in and they walk like 

1327
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:32,400
they own the place they appear 
as though their contemplating 

1328
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:34,300
acquiring it without the need 
for paperwork. 

1329
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:38,200
They're different from the other
patrons cleaner better dressed. 

1330
01:14:38,200 --> 01:14:41,100
But with an edge that makes 
everyone else look like Sunday 

1331
01:14:41,100 --> 01:14:44,800
school teachers by comparison. 
The leader is tall and lean 

1332
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:48,200
wearing a black coat that seen 
some use, but not much abuse. 

1333
01:14:49,000 --> 01:14:52,400
His hat is perfectly positioned 
and his boots exuded a shine 

1334
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:54,900
that suggests. 
He either meticulously maintains

1335
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:57,700
his belongings or hasn't been 
traversing the desert dust for 

1336
01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:00,600
days. 
His eyes scan the room with the 

1337
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:03,900
methodical, Precision of someone
conducting an inventory, his 

1338
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:06,400
companions. 
Flank him like bookends one 

1339
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:09,100
shorter and stockier. 
Bill, like a man who settles 

1340
01:15:09,100 --> 01:15:12,300
disagreements with his fists and
another whose trying a little 

1341
01:15:12,308 --> 01:15:15,300
too difficult to look casual 
while obviously being anything 

1342
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:18,700
but They moved to the bar, but 
not before the tour. 

1343
01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:20,200
One. 
Makes I contact with several 

1344
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:24,400
patrons including you? 
Now you've never been in a 

1345
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:27,700
situation quite like this, but 
some instincts are Universal, 

1346
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:30,000
it's akin to being an a 
restaurant. 

1347
01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:32,900
When a group enters that exudes 
an unsettling presence, 

1348
01:15:32,900 --> 01:15:36,800
excessively loud overly 
aggressive and behaving, as 

1349
01:15:36,800 --> 01:15:40,000
though they are seeking 
confrontation, Except in this 

1350
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:43,200
case, the people who might find 
trouble or armed and there's no 

1351
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:46,700
manager to complain to the 
bartenders demeanor changes. 

1352
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:49,800
Subtly, he's still approaches 
them and asks what they want but

1353
01:15:49,800 --> 01:15:52,500
now there's tension in his 
shoulders the Cowboys at the 

1354
01:15:52,508 --> 01:15:55,600
front table of gone, completely 
quiet which is probably the 

1355
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:57,400
frontier equivalent of turning 
off your phone. 

1356
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,700
When you sense drama Brewing. 
Whiskey says the tall. 

1357
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:03,500
Stranger the good stuff. 
Not what you've been serving and

1358
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:05,900
everyone else this story is 
interesting. 

1359
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:09,000
Apparently, there's a two-tier 
beverage system in operation 

1360
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:13,100
here and you've been drinking 
from the economy section The bar

1361
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:15,700
tender reaches under the bar and
produces a different bottle. 

1362
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,000
This one with an actual printed 
label and liquid, that doesn't 

1363
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:22,100
look like it could strip paint. 
As the strangers get their 

1364
01:16:22,100 --> 01:16:25,100
drinks, you notice, the poker 
game is paused, the players are 

1365
01:16:25,100 --> 01:16:27,700
still holding their cards, but 
nobody's looking at them 

1366
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,000
anymore. 
The saloon girl has stopped 

1367
01:16:30,000 --> 01:16:33,700
playing piano mid-song, which 
creates an awkward sounds that 

1368
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:37,100
everyone pretends not to notice 
you can continue eating your 

1369
01:16:37,100 --> 01:16:40,000
stew, trying to channel the 
energy of someone who's totally 

1370
01:16:40,000 --> 01:16:43,000
absorbed in their meal and 
definitely not eavesdropping on 

1371
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:44,600
potentially dangerous 
conversations. 

1372
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:47,800
Your task is harder than it. 
Sounds when every instinct is 

1373
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:51,500
telling you to pay attention to 
the new arrivals The tall 

1374
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:54,000
stranger turns from the bar, 
whiskey and hand and addresses 

1375
01:16:54,000 --> 01:16:56,300
the room in general evening, 
folks. 

1376
01:16:56,300 --> 01:16:59,300
Beautiful night, isn't it? 
His voice is Pleasant enough, 

1377
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:03,300
but there's something underneath
it like a velvet glove with 

1378
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:07,100
brass knuckles inside. 
A few people Mumble responses. 

1379
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,100
Someone asks a question that 
you're uncertain if the right 

1380
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,700
answer could lead to your death.
We're looking for someone, The 

1381
01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:16,900
Stranger continues, taking a 
casual sip of his whiskey. 

1382
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:19,600
We're searching for a friend by 
the name of Thompson. 

1383
01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:22,800
Bill Thompson heard, he might be
in these parts. 

1384
01:17:22,800 --> 01:17:26,500
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson but you can feel 

1385
01:17:26,500 --> 01:17:29,600
the collective tension in the 
room ratchet up another notch. 

1386
01:17:29,600 --> 01:17:33,400
It's like when someone asks who 
broke this and even though 

1387
01:17:33,400 --> 01:17:34,900
you're innocent, you still feel 
guilty. 

1388
01:17:36,500 --> 01:17:38,000
One of the Cowboys clears his 
throat. 

1389
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:41,400
Dr. Thompsons in these parts. 
He says carefully. 

1390
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:43,800
Might help if you could be more 
specific. 

1391
01:17:45,400 --> 01:17:48,000
The Stranger smiles and it's not
entirely a pleasant expression. 

1392
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:53,300
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 
If you saw him about 40 brown 

1393
01:17:53,300 --> 01:17:56,400
hair scar on his left cheek from
a disagreement about cattle 

1394
01:17:56,400 --> 01:18:01,100
ownership 10's to be memorable. 
The description hangs in the air

1395
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:04,700
like smoke from a bad cigar. 
You notice, the well-dressed 

1396
01:18:04,700 --> 01:18:07,500
gentleman at the bar has become 
very interested in the bottom of

1397
01:18:07,508 --> 01:18:10,800
his whiskey glass and the poker 
players have the Frozen Look of 

1398
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:13,500
people trying to become 
invisible through sheer force of

1399
01:18:13,500 --> 01:18:16,100
will. 
Can't say the name rings a bell.

1400
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:18,800
The cowboy says, which is 
probably true but also probably 

1401
01:18:18,800 --> 01:18:21,800
not the whole truth. 
The Stranger nods like he 

1402
01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:24,700
expected this answer. 
Well, that's disappointing. 

1403
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:28,000
But understandable. 
Sometimes people's memories need

1404
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:31,800
a little encouragement. 
And that's when you realize your

1405
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:34,600
peaceful evening, has officially
taken a turn toward the kind of 

1406
01:18:34,600 --> 01:18:36,600
excitement. 
You read about in dime novels, 

1407
01:18:36,600 --> 01:18:40,300
but, never actually wanted to 
experience firsthand The stew 

1408
01:18:40,300 --> 01:18:43,800
suddenly tastes like cardboard 
and the whiskey isn't warming. 

1409
01:18:43,800 --> 01:18:45,300
Your stomach so much as 
churning. 

1410
01:18:45,300 --> 01:18:48,500
It you keep eating trying to 
look like someone who's 

1411
01:18:48,500 --> 01:18:52,100
completely oblivious to the 
growing tension, while your mind

1412
01:18:52,100 --> 01:18:55,600
races through your options. 
You could finish quickly and 

1413
01:18:55,600 --> 01:18:57,500
leave, but that might draw 
attention. 

1414
01:18:57,500 --> 01:19:01,000
You could stay and hope things 
settle down, but that could mean

1415
01:19:01,000 --> 01:19:03,400
getting caught in whatever's 
about to happen, or you could 

1416
01:19:03,400 --> 01:19:05,200
just keep eating stew and 
pretend you're anywhere else 

1417
01:19:05,200 --> 01:19:08,000
which is your current strategy, 
but probably not a long-term 

1418
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:11,000
solution. 
The Stranger takes another sip 

1419
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:14,200
of his whiskey and smiles that 
unsettling smiling again. 

1420
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:16,200
Well, no hurry, we've got all 
night. 

1421
01:19:17,300 --> 01:19:20,700
Oh good, they're staying, this 
should be interesting in a 

1422
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:23,700
situation like this. 
It can be quite challenging to 

1423
01:19:23,700 --> 01:19:26,100
focus on your own Affairs. 
When everyone else is 

1424
01:19:26,100 --> 01:19:28,100
activities, are taking place 
right next to you. 

1425
01:19:28,900 --> 01:19:32,700
Like trying to ignore a fire 
alarm technically possible, but 

1426
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:35,200
probably not advisable for your 
continued well-being. 

1427
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:39,000
You've developed a sudden, 
intense fascination with your 

1428
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:40,900
stew examining each piece of 
beef. 

1429
01:19:40,900 --> 01:19:43,200
Like you're conducting a 
scientific study on Frontier, 

1430
01:19:43,200 --> 01:19:46,200
cooking techniques. 
Meanwhile the three strangers 

1431
01:19:46,200 --> 01:19:49,200
have settled in at a table near 
the center of the room close 

1432
01:19:49,200 --> 01:19:51,900
enough to watch everyone far 
enough from the door to make 

1433
01:19:51,900 --> 01:19:53,800
leaving quickly a challenge for 
anyone else. 

1434
01:19:54,600 --> 01:19:57,500
The tall one seemingly 
representing the group has 

1435
01:19:57,500 --> 01:20:00,000
initiated a conversation with a 
variety of patrons. 

1436
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,700
Is the kind of conversation 
where one person asks questions 

1437
01:20:02,700 --> 01:20:05,200
and everyone else provides 
answers that are technically 

1438
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:06,800
truthful, but carefully and 
complete. 

1439
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:10,000
Nice Town, you've got here. 
He says to the room in general 

1440
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:13,600
quiet, peaceful. 
The kind of place, where a man 

1441
01:20:13,608 --> 01:20:17,600
could disappear if he wanted to.
the Cowboys nod polite Lee 

1442
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:20,600
similar to how one might nod 
when someone makes a comment 

1443
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:24,000
about the weather that could be 
interpreted as a threat The 

1444
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:27,200
poker players have resumed their
game but you notice their beting

1445
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:29,000
much more conservatively than 
before. 

1446
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:32,700
Nothing dampens, the spirit of 
gambling, more than the threat 

1447
01:20:32,700 --> 01:20:36,200
of unexpected violence. 
The bartender continues wiping 

1448
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,700
glasses with that towel. 
Which by now must be either 

1449
01:20:39,700 --> 01:20:41,900
perfectly clean or completely 
contaminated. 

1450
01:20:42,900 --> 01:20:45,600
He's developed the expression of
someone who's seen this movie 

1451
01:20:45,600 --> 01:20:48,600
before and knows, it doesn't end
with everyone shaking hands and 

1452
01:20:48,600 --> 01:20:51,600
sharing recipes. 
You're making excellent progress

1453
01:20:51,600 --> 01:20:53,800
on your stew. 
When the shorter of the three 

1454
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:55,800
strangers. 
The one built like a human, 

1455
01:20:55,800 --> 01:20:57,400
Cannonball, stands up and 
stretches. 

1456
01:20:57,400 --> 01:21:01,600
It's an innocent enough gesture.
Except for the way, his coat 

1457
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:03,100
Falls open just enough to 
reveal. 

1458
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:05,400
What's definitely not a pocket 
watch on his hip. 

1459
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:09,000
Think I'll take a look around. 
He announces get familiar with 

1460
01:21:09,008 --> 01:21:12,000
the local geography. 
He starts wandering between the 

1461
01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:13,600
tables, not bothering anyone. 
Exactly. 

1462
01:21:13,600 --> 01:21:17,100
But making his presence felt 
it's like having a tiger 

1463
01:21:17,100 --> 01:21:18,800
casually stroll through your 
living room. 

1464
01:21:18,800 --> 01:21:22,100
It might not eat you, but you're
definitely going to keep track 

1465
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:25,500
of where it is. 
When he gets to the poker table,

1466
01:21:25,500 --> 01:21:27,700
he pulls his to watch the game. 
Interesting. 

1467
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:30,600
He says, looking at the cards, 
that's almost a winning hand. 

1468
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:34,200
You've got their friend Specter 
with the impressive beard looks 

1469
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:37,300
up nervously just having a 
friendly game Mr. Nothing 

1470
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:40,000
serious. 
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 

1471
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:42,500
replies though. 
I noticed you've got quite a 

1472
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:46,800
pile of coins that lucky night. 
Some nights are better than 

1473
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:48,500
others, prospector says 
carefully. 

1474
01:21:48,500 --> 01:21:50,600
The Stranger nods thought for 
me. 

1475
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:52,800
That's true. 
Some nights. 

1476
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:56,000
A man's luck can change. 
Very, suddenly, it's not exactly

1477
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,700
a threat but it's not exactly 
not a threat either. 

1478
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:01,600
It's that special, kind of 
Frontier Communication. 

1479
01:22:01,600 --> 01:22:04,800
That says everything while 
saying nothing like a passive 

1480
01:22:04,800 --> 01:22:08,200
aggressive email written with 
six shooters, The wandering 

1481
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:11,400
stranger continues his tour 
eventually making his way toward

1482
01:22:11,400 --> 01:22:15,900
the bar toward you. you become 
intensely interested in the last

1483
01:22:15,900 --> 01:22:18,900
few spoonfuls of your stew, 
hoping to project the aura of 

1484
01:22:18,908 --> 01:22:21,700
someone completely absorbed in 
their dinner and definitely not 

1485
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,600
worth talking to Evening, he 
says settling onto the stool 

1486
01:22:25,600 --> 01:22:28,900
next to you evening, you reply. 
Because ignoring him would be 

1487
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:31,300
rude and rudeness in this 
situation, could have 

1488
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:33,600
consequences that extend beyond 
hurt feelings. 

1489
01:22:34,600 --> 01:22:36,700
Good stew. 
He asks, looking at your bowl. 

1490
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:38,200
Yes. 
Quite good. 

1491
01:22:38,200 --> 01:22:39,000
You answer. 
Honestly. 

1492
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:41,500
No point in lying about 
something so easily. 

1493
01:22:41,500 --> 01:22:44,300
Verified, You're not from around
here. 

1494
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:48,600
He observes his not a question. 
Just passing through you say 

1495
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:50,800
which is true and hopefully 
boring enough to end the 

1496
01:22:50,808 --> 01:22:54,100
conversation, he nods and orders
a whiskey from the bartender. 

1497
01:22:55,100 --> 01:22:57,900
Not the good stuff, you notice 
which suggests either budget 

1498
01:22:57,900 --> 01:23:00,600
constraints or that he's not as 
important as his tall friend. 

1499
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:04,300
While he waits for his drink, he
studies you with the Casual 

1500
01:23:04,300 --> 01:23:07,100
interest of someone examining a 
potentially interesting bug. 

1501
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:11,800
Passing through to where he asks
now, you're in slightly trickier

1502
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:14,500
territory too much detail. 
Might make you memorable in 

1503
01:23:14,500 --> 01:23:16,600
ways. 
You don't want to be too little 

1504
01:23:16,600 --> 01:23:19,800
might make you seem suspicious. 
You go with vague but plausible.

1505
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:22,500
West. 
You say, looking for 

1506
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:24,100
opportunities. 
He Chuckles. 

1507
01:23:24,100 --> 01:23:26,600
Aren't we all friend? 
Aren't we all? 

1508
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:31,400
His whiskey arrives and he takes
a sip then he leans slightly 

1509
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:34,000
closer and you catch a whiff of 
tobacco leather. 

1510
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:38,900
And something that might be But 
of advice, he says quietly 

1511
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:42,000
sometimes the best opportunity 
is knowing when to keep moving. 

1512
01:23:42,000 --> 01:23:46,100
No I mean you nod because you do
know what he means and because 

1513
01:23:46,100 --> 01:23:47,700
agreeing seems like the safest 
option. 

1514
01:23:47,700 --> 01:23:51,200
He's telling you in the polite 
as possible terms that this 

1515
01:23:51,200 --> 01:23:53,600
might be a good night to finish 
your dinner and find somewhere 

1516
01:23:53,600 --> 01:23:58,000
else to be. appreciate the 
advice you say, He nods and 

1517
01:23:58,000 --> 01:24:00,300
returns to his whiskey 
apparently, satisfied. 

1518
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:02,400
That his message has been 
delivered and understood. 

1519
01:24:03,200 --> 01:24:06,100
He finished the last of your 
student cornbread trying to eat 

1520
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:08,800
at a pace that suggests, you're 
not hurrying, but not lingering 

1521
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:11,100
either. 
That's when the Batwing doors 

1522
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:14,700
swing, open again and this time 
you know, before you even look 

1523
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,100
that whoever's coming in is 
going to make the evening 

1524
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:20,500
significantly more complicated. 
Because that's how these things 

1525
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:23,700
work and the wild west. 
Just when you think you've got a

1526
01:24:23,700 --> 01:24:27,100
handle on the situation, the 
situation decides to handle you 

1527
01:24:27,100 --> 01:24:29,900
instead the man who walks 
through those batwing doors is 

1528
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:34,000
about 40 years old has brown 
hair and sports a scar on his 

1529
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:35,900
left cheek. 
That looks like it came from a 

1530
01:24:35,900 --> 01:24:37,300
disagreement about cattle 
ownership. 

1531
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:41,100
In other words, he matches the 
description of Bill Thompson 

1532
01:24:41,100 --> 01:24:43,600
perfectly, which means your 
peaceful evening. 

1533
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:47,100
Has just transformed into front 
row seats for whatever's about 

1534
01:24:47,100 --> 01:24:50,700
to unfold. but here's the thing 
that makes this intriguing from 

1535
01:24:50,700 --> 01:24:54,100
a social dynamics perspective, 
Bill Thompson doesn't look 

1536
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:55,700
surprised to see the three 
strangers. 

1537
01:24:55,700 --> 01:24:58,500
He doesn't pause doesn't scan 
the room. 

1538
01:24:58,500 --> 01:25:00,800
Nervously and doesn't show any 
of the signs. 

1539
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:02,600
You'd expect from someone who's 
being hunted. 

1540
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:06,600
Instead, he walks to the bar 
with the Casual confidence of a 

1541
01:25:06,608 --> 01:25:10,300
man whose precisely where he 
wants to be evening Jake. 

1542
01:25:10,300 --> 01:25:13,100
He says, to the bartender who 
suddenly looks like, he'd rather

1543
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:16,200
be anywhere else, perhaps 
somewhere peaceful like the 

1544
01:25:16,200 --> 01:25:19,900
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 
The tools stranger at the center

1545
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:21,700
table doesn't say anything 
immediately. 

1546
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:25,600
He just watches Thompson order, 
a whiskey and settle against the

1547
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:30,000
bar like he owns it. 
The silent stretches out like 

1548
01:25:30,000 --> 01:25:33,700
taffy, and you can practically 
hear everyone in the room. 

1549
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:35,600
Not breathing. 
Finally, the tall. 

1550
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:39,000
Stranger speaks, Bill Thompson. 
That's right. 

1551
01:25:39,000 --> 01:25:42,500
Thompson replies without turning
around and you'd be casting 

1552
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:45,400
unless I miss my guests. 
Carson. 

1553
01:25:46,200 --> 01:25:49,000
Now, the tall stranger has a 
name, which somehow makes the 

1554
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:51,500
whole situation feel more real 
and more dangerous at the same 

1555
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:54,700
time. 
Carson stands up slowly the kind

1556
01:25:54,700 --> 01:25:57,200
of deliberate movement that 
suggests, he's very comfortable 

1557
01:25:57,200 --> 01:25:59,200
with everyone's attention, 
focused on him. 

1558
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:03,000
Been looking for you Bill. 
I figured that was the case 

1559
01:26:03,000 --> 01:26:06,400
Thompson says taking a sip of 
his whiskey heard, you boys were

1560
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:08,700
asking around. 
Thought I'd save you the trouble

1561
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:11,600
of hunting all over creation. 
Now, this is intriguing. 

1562
01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:13,700
Instead of a Manhunt your 
witnessing. 

1563
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:15,100
What appears to be a planned 
meeting? 

1564
01:26:15,800 --> 01:26:17,800
The question is whether it's 
going to be a civilized 

1565
01:26:17,800 --> 01:26:20,700
conversation or something that 
requires you to duck under 

1566
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:23,600
tables. 
The cowboy at the front table, 

1567
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:26,800
shifts slightly in his chair and
you notice his hand resting 

1568
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:30,200
casually near his side. 
The poker players of giving up 

1569
01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:32,800
all pretense of playing cards, 
and openly watching the 

1570
01:26:32,800 --> 01:26:36,100
proceedings, even the saloon 
girl as positioned herself near,

1571
01:26:36,100 --> 01:26:39,700
what you hope is a back exit. 
Carson moves away from his table

1572
01:26:39,700 --> 01:26:42,700
but not quickly, not 
aggressively, it's more like a 

1573
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:44,500
dance where both Partners know 
the steps. 

1574
01:26:45,600 --> 01:26:47,700
You've got something that 
belongs to my employer bill. 

1575
01:26:47,700 --> 01:26:50,300
That's so Thompson says what 
might that be? 

1576
01:26:50,300 --> 01:26:54,200
Don't play games. 
The money from the Tucson jobson

1577
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:57,400
Chuckles but it's not 
particularly amused sound money.

1578
01:26:57,400 --> 01:26:59,400
What makes you think? 
I've got any money. 

1579
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,400
Look at me, cast, and do I look 
like a man who's recently come 

1580
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:05,100
into wealth? 
And he's got a point, Thompson's

1581
01:27:05,100 --> 01:27:08,400
clothes, A Worn, but clean, his 
boots are scuffed and his hat to

1582
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:12,300
seen better years if he sit on a
pile of stolen money, he's 

1583
01:27:12,300 --> 01:27:14,700
either excellent at hiding it or
terrible at spending it. 

1584
01:27:15,700 --> 01:27:19,200
My employer seems to think 
otherwise Carson says your 

1585
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:21,800
employer thinks many things 
doesn't make them true. 

1586
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:24,200
The conversation is polite, 
almost casual. 

1587
01:27:24,200 --> 01:27:26,900
But you can feel the 
undercurrent of violence running

1588
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:28,700
beneath it like a stream under 
ice. 

1589
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:31,900
Both men are armed. 
You can tell by the way, they 

1590
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:35,000
carry themselves, the way their 
coats, hang and the way they 

1591
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:37,900
position their hands. 
The question is whether they're 

1592
01:27:37,900 --> 01:27:39,600
going to keep talking or start 
shooting. 

1593
01:27:39,600 --> 01:27:42,700
You're beginning to understand 
why the bartender was nervous 

1594
01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:45,500
about the fish on the menu. 
In a place where business 

1595
01:27:45,500 --> 01:27:48,600
disputes are settled with 
gunpowder freshness, standards 

1596
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:50,800
are probably flexible. 
Shorter. 

1597
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:53,200
Stranger the one who gave you 
the friendly advice about 

1598
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:56,200
knowing when to keep moving. 
Has positioned himself near the 

1599
01:27:56,208 --> 01:27:57,900
door? 
Not blocking it. 

1600
01:27:57,900 --> 01:27:59,900
Exactly. 
But making it clear that anyone 

1601
01:27:59,900 --> 01:28:01,700
wanting to leave would need to 
get past him. 

1602
01:28:03,100 --> 01:28:05,700
The third member of their group 
has moved to cover the back of 

1603
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:07,900
the room. 
Thompson seems to notice these 

1604
01:28:07,900 --> 01:28:09,700
movements without looking 
directly at them. 

1605
01:28:10,600 --> 01:28:13,600
Brought the whole crew did you? 
That's flattering though. 

1606
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:15,800
I have to say for a friendly 
conversation about money. 

1607
01:28:15,800 --> 01:28:19,300
I don't have you boys seem a 
little prepared. 

1608
01:28:20,200 --> 01:28:24,900
Just being careful, Carson says 
nothing personal. oh, I'm sure 

1609
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:28,300
Thompson replies just like what 
happened in Prescott was nothing

1610
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,800
personal Cotton's expression 
changes slightly At The Mention 

1611
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:34,400
Of Prescott and you get the 
feeling that there's a whole 

1612
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:36,900
other story. 
There probably involving more 

1613
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:40,500
cattle, more disagreements, and 
definitely more scars. 

1614
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:44,900
That was business. 
Carson says so is this Thompson 

1615
01:28:44,900 --> 01:28:47,100
replies. 
And that's when you realize that

1616
01:28:47,100 --> 01:28:49,900
you're not just witnessing a 
confrontation between men with a

1617
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:53,100
disagreement about money. 
You're watching the continuation

1618
01:28:53,100 --> 01:28:55,700
of something that started 
somewhere else, probably 

1619
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:58,400
involving cattle because 
everything in the west, seems to

1620
01:28:58,400 --> 01:29:01,400
involve cattle and definitely 
involving the kind of business 

1621
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:03,100
that leaves scars on people's 
faces. 

1622
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:06,500
The room has gone completely 
quiet except for the sound of 

1623
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:09,200
your own heartbeat which seems 
unreasonably loud. 

1624
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:12,600
Give them the circumstances. 
You're trying to decide whether 

1625
01:29:12,600 --> 01:29:15,900
finishing your whiskey would be 
a good idea, liquid courage, or 

1626
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:19,400
a terrible idea impaired 
judgment, when Thompson turned 

1627
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:22,800
slightly and catches your eye. 
You might want to step outside 

1628
01:29:22,800 --> 01:29:24,300
for some are friend. 
He says quietly. 

1629
01:29:25,100 --> 01:29:27,500
Sometimes these business 
discussions, get a little heated

1630
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:31,000
which is probably the latest way
anyone has ever suggested that 

1631
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:32,800
you evacuate before the shooting
starts. 

1632
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:35,600
Here's the thing, about the wild
west, that all those Hollywood 

1633
01:29:35,600 --> 01:29:38,500
movies, got wrong, most 
confrontations didn't end in 

1634
01:29:38,508 --> 01:29:42,100
gunfights the ended in 
negotiations, compromises, and 

1635
01:29:42,100 --> 01:29:44,500
people finding ways to settle 
their differences without 

1636
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:47,500
ventilating each other because, 
despite what the dime novel 

1637
01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:50,200
suggested most folks preferred 
being alive to being legendary. 

1638
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:53,700
You're contemplating Thompson 
suggestion about stepping 

1639
01:29:53,700 --> 01:29:56,300
outside when something 
unexpected happens. 

1640
01:29:57,400 --> 01:30:00,600
Carson. 
Laughs Carson, laughs not with a

1641
01:30:00,600 --> 01:30:03,500
menacing or bitter laugh but 
with an actual genuine laugh 

1642
01:30:03,500 --> 01:30:06,100
that changes his entire face. 
You know what? 

1643
01:30:06,100 --> 01:30:09,900
Bill You're absolutely right. 
This idea is ridiculous. 

1644
01:30:10,900 --> 01:30:13,700
He sits back down at his table 
and the tension in the room 

1645
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:16,900
doesn't exactly disappear, but 
it shifts into something more 

1646
01:30:16,900 --> 01:30:20,600
manageable, removing the timer. 
Instead of cutting wires is akin

1647
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:23,400
to diffusing a bomb. 
We're both getting too old for 

1648
01:30:23,400 --> 01:30:26,400
this Carson continues. 
And honestly, my employer is an 

1649
01:30:26,408 --> 01:30:29,100
idiot. 
Thompson turns around still 

1650
01:30:29,100 --> 01:30:30,800
holding his whiskey eyebrows 
raised. 

1651
01:30:30,800 --> 01:30:33,100
That's quite an admission coming
from you. 

1652
01:30:33,100 --> 01:30:36,200
Well, it's true. 
Sending me in the boys all the 

1653
01:30:36,200 --> 01:30:39,100
way out here to collect money. 
That probably doesn't exist from

1654
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:40,800
a job. 
That went sideways six months 

1655
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:43,500
ago from a man who has been 
trying to go straight ever 

1656
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:45,300
since. 
Carson, shakes his head. 

1657
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:47,700
Some days. 
I wonder why I don't just buy a 

1658
01:30:47,708 --> 01:30:51,300
farm and raise chickens. 
The shortest Ranger looks 

1659
01:30:51,300 --> 01:30:53,800
confused by this turn of events 
boss. 

1660
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:57,200
We came all this way. 
I know what we came here for. 

1661
01:30:57,200 --> 01:31:00,200
Mike, Carson says, but 
occasionally, you get somewhere 

1662
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:01,700
in realized the trip wasn't 
worth taking. 

1663
01:31:02,500 --> 01:31:05,200
Thompson moves away from the bar
but toward Carson's table, not 

1664
01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:07,900
toward the door. 
He pulls out a chair and sits 

1665
01:31:07,900 --> 01:31:10,800
down still cautious but no 
longer looking like he's 

1666
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:13,100
expecting to dodge bullets. 
So what happens? 

1667
01:31:13,100 --> 01:31:16,800
Now. 
Thompson asks now, Now we finish

1668
01:31:16,800 --> 01:31:19,400
our drinks, you tell me what 
really happened in Tucson, and 

1669
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:21,600
maybe we figure out how to 
explain to my employer, that his

1670
01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:24,300
money disappeared Into Thin Air 
without anyone getting shot over

1671
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:26,700
it. 
And just like that, the standoff

1672
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:30,200
becomes a conversation The 
Cowboys at the front table, 

1673
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:32,500
start breathing again. 
The poker players. 

1674
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:33,800
Remember they have cards to 
play? 

1675
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:37,800
The saloon girl begins playing 
the piano again but this time 

1676
01:31:37,800 --> 01:31:40,000
she selects a more cheerful tune
than the one she played 

1677
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:43,300
previously, you decide to stay 
put and order another whiskey 

1678
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:46,100
because the scene is turning 
into exactly the kind of 

1679
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:49,900
Frontier drama, you came West to
experience it except without the

1680
01:31:49,900 --> 01:31:51,900
Mortal Peril you hadn't really 
plan on. 

1681
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:56,200
Thompson signals, Jake for 
another drink and settles in his

1682
01:31:56,200 --> 01:31:58,700
chair. 
Tucson was a disaster from the 

1683
01:31:58,708 --> 01:31:59,600
start. 
He begins. 

1684
01:31:59,600 --> 01:32:03,200
Your employer had a bank that 
turned out to be expecting us. 

1685
01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:08,400
Sided information had to be. 
We walked into that bank and 

1686
01:32:08,400 --> 01:32:10,700
found half the territorial 
militia waiting for us. 

1687
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:15,000
Lost two, good men, barely got 
out alive and came away with 

1688
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:17,100
exactly nothing except a 
newfound. 

1689
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:20,000
Appreciation for honest. 
Work, Carson nods. 

1690
01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:22,100
Thought for me, that explains 
some things. 

1691
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:25,500
My employer has been mighty 
closed, mouth about the details,

1692
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:30,600
probably because he set us up 
tops and says my guest He made a

1693
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:33,900
deal with the law decided We 
Were Expendable and figured he'd

1694
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:35,600
collect the reward money instead
of paying us. 

1695
01:32:36,700 --> 01:32:39,300
The shorter. 
Stranger Mike looks between his 

1696
01:32:39,300 --> 01:32:42,300
boss and Thompson like he's 
watching a tennis match played 

1697
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:45,900
with words instead of bulls. 
So there never was any money to 

1698
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:48,100
recover. 
Oh there was money. 

1699
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,100
Thompson says just not where my 
employer thinks it ended up. 

1700
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:54,500
He reaches into his coat. 
And for a moment, everyone tends

1701
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:56,300
his again. 
But what he pulls out is a 

1702
01:32:56,300 --> 01:32:58,100
folded piece of paper, not a 
weapon. 

1703
01:32:58,800 --> 01:33:01,000
Bank draft, he explains showing 
it to Carson. 

1704
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:03,400
It was intended for the Tucson 
orphanage. 

1705
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:06,300
Figured if I was going to steal 
money, I might as well, steal it

1706
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:09,400
for someone who needed it, more 
than your employer did Carson 

1707
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:12,000
examines the paper and his 
expression shifts to one that 

1708
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:16,100
could be interpreted as respect 
You donated stolen money to an 

1709
01:33:16,100 --> 01:33:19,400
orphanage. seemed like the right
thing to do at the time tops and

1710
01:33:19,400 --> 01:33:23,200
says, with a shrug still does 
actually Like looks completely 

1711
01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:25,500
baffled by this turn of events 
boss. 

1712
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:27,100
What do we tell him? 
Back in Phoenix? 

1713
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:31,300
Carson folds, the bank draft and
handed back to Thompson, We tell

1714
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:34,000
him that Bill Thompson is dead. 
What? 

1715
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:37,500
Mike's voice goes up. 
An octave died in a gunfight 

1716
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:40,400
tragic, really? 
We buried him outside of town 

1717
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,900
and said some words a very 
touching ceremony Carson's 

1718
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:46,100
deadpan, delivery would make a 
professional poker player. 

1719
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:50,600
Proud Money was never recovered.
He probably spent all the money 

1720
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:54,000
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died Thompson grins. 

1721
01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:57,200
I like it, though. 
I prefer to think I spent it on 

1722
01:33:57,200 --> 01:34:00,700
Whiskey and tight women. 
Details, Carson waves. 

1723
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:03,800
Dismissively point is, as far as
Phoenix is concerned. 

1724
01:34:03,800 --> 01:34:06,600
This case is closed and that's 
when you realize you've just 

1725
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:10,200
witnessed something remarkable. 
Problem-solved not with violence

1726
01:34:10,200 --> 01:34:14,200
but with creativity pragmatism 
and a healthy dose of Frontier 

1727
01:34:14,200 --> 01:34:16,800
Justice. 
This solution ensures that 

1728
01:34:16,800 --> 01:34:19,500
everyone leaves with their lives
and dignity intact. 

1729
01:34:19,500 --> 01:34:22,300
The Sloan has returned to 
something approaching normal. 

1730
01:34:22,300 --> 01:34:26,100
The poker game has resumed with 
renewed, enthusiasm, apparently 

1731
01:34:26,100 --> 01:34:28,800
nothing makes cards more 
captivating than the possibility

1732
01:34:28,800 --> 01:34:30,700
that you might not live to play 
another hand. 

1733
01:34:31,600 --> 01:34:34,200
The Cowboys have ordered another
round and a back to discussing 

1734
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:36,400
whatever, important Cowboy 
business they were discussing 

1735
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:40,400
before the excitement started. 
Carson stands up and extends his

1736
01:34:40,400 --> 01:34:42,900
hand to Thompson. 
It's been a pleasure doing 

1737
01:34:42,900 --> 01:34:45,700
business with you Bill, or 
should I say, it's been a 

1738
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:48,400
pleasure not doing business with
you Thompson shakes. 

1739
01:34:48,400 --> 01:34:51,800
His hand. 
Likewise give my regards to 

1740
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:54,000
Phoenix. 
Tell them I died bravely. 

1741
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:58,100
Oh, I will, I will probably 
include some details about how 

1742
01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:00,500
you took three of us with you 
just to make the story more 

1743
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:04,400
interesting. 
Mike still looks confused, but 

1744
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:07,500
the third member of Carson's 
group who's been silent through 

1745
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:11,600
most of this, finally speaks up.
Does your statement mean we can 

1746
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:13,800
go home now? 
I'm tired of sleeping on the 

1747
01:35:13,800 --> 01:35:16,200
ground. 
Yes, Eddie we can go home. 

1748
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,600
Carson says patiently and we can
stop at that hotel in Flagstaff 

1749
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:22,500
on the way back. 
The one with the actual beds, 

1750
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:26,500
the one with the actual beds. 
Eddie brightens considerably at 

1751
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:28,700
this news. 
Apparently even in the wild 

1752
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:31,200
west, a good night's sleep was 
worth more than a questionable, 

1753
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:36,200
gunfight As Carson's group 
prepares to leave the Tool Man. 

1754
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:38,800
Pauses at your table. 
Thanks for the entertainment. 

1755
01:35:38,800 --> 01:35:41,800
He says not often do we get to 
watch a business meeting that 

1756
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:43,300
ends with everyone still 
breathing? 

1757
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:47,000
My pleasure, you reply, raising 
your glass and a small salute, 

1758
01:35:47,000 --> 01:35:49,100
here's to create a creative 
problem solving. 

1759
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:52,700
I'll drink to that. 
Carson says, and surprisingly, 

1760
01:35:52,700 --> 01:35:56,400
he does finishing his whiskey in
one, smooth, motion before 

1761
01:35:56,400 --> 01:35:58,000
tipping, his hat and heading for
the door. 

1762
01:35:59,500 --> 01:36:02,100
The saloon settles in to a 
comfortable evening Rhythm. 

1763
01:36:02,100 --> 01:36:04,500
As the three strangers 
disappear, through the Batwing, 

1764
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:08,300
doors, Thompson moves to the bar
orders, another whiskey and 

1765
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:10,800
Strikes up a conversation with 
Jacob about the weather and the 

1766
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:13,300
price of cattle. 
You sit back in your chair, 

1767
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:16,300
nursing your second whiskey and 
marveling at what you've just 

1768
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,000
experienced in the span of two 
hours. 

1769
01:36:19,000 --> 01:36:22,800
You've witnessed a Manhunt a 
standoff and negotiation and a 

1770
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:24,600
resolution that would have made 
Solomon proud. 

1771
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:28,100
You've seen grown men solve 
their problems with words and of

1772
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:30,300
weapons, and creativity and said
of violence. 

1773
01:36:31,100 --> 01:36:34,300
The saloon girl starts playing 
Red River Valley and this time 

1774
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:37,500
she gets all the notes, right? 
The poker players are laughing 

1775
01:36:37,508 --> 01:36:40,000
at something. 
The prospector said, the Cowboys

1776
01:36:40,000 --> 01:36:43,200
are planning their next cattle 
drive and you're sitting in a 

1777
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:46,200
wild West Tavern, drinking 
whiskey that tastes like liquid.

1778
01:36:46,200 --> 01:36:50,100
Campfire, eating stew that could
keep you going for a week and 

1779
01:36:50,100 --> 01:36:53,900
thinking that maybe just maybe 
the real wild west was more 

1780
01:36:53,900 --> 01:36:56,400
intriguing than any Hollywood 
movie ever suggested. 

1781
01:36:57,200 --> 01:37:00,300
Because the truth is most 
people, then just like, most 

1782
01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:02,100
people. 
Now, we're just trying to get 

1783
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:03,800
through their day without too 
much trouble. 

1784
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:07,000
They wanted to eat a decent 
meal, have a drink with friends,

1785
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:09,900
maybe play some cards and go 
home to their families. 

1786
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:13,100
The fact that they sometimes 
carried guns and settled 

1787
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:16,200
disputes with jewels doesn't 
mean they preferred violence. 

1788
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:19,200
It just means they lived in a 
time and place where being 

1789
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:21,400
prepared for trouble was a 
practical necessity. 

1790
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:24,900
As the evening winds down and 
you can consider heading to 

1791
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:28,900
whatever passes for logging in 
this Frontier Town, you reflect 

1792
01:37:28,900 --> 01:37:30,200
on the lesson you've learned 
tonight. 

1793
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:33,900
Some times the most dangerous 
situations are resolved, not by 

1794
01:37:33,900 --> 01:37:36,400
the fastest gun or the strongest
fighter. 

1795
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:39,800
But by the person clever enough 
to find a solution that lets 

1796
01:37:39,800 --> 01:37:41,800
everyone walk away with their 
pride intact. 

1797
01:37:43,400 --> 01:37:46,400
Thompson glances at you from the
bar, raising his glass in a 

1798
01:37:46,400 --> 01:37:50,600
small salute to orphanages, he 
says, quietly to often edges, 

1799
01:37:50,600 --> 01:37:53,300
you reply, and you both drink to
the kind of justice that doesn't

1800
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:54,900
make headlines. 
But makes the world a little bit

1801
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:56,900
better. 
One small Act of decency. 

1802
01:37:56,900 --> 01:38:00,800
At a time, outside the desert 
night is clear and cold full of 

1803
01:38:00,808 --> 01:38:04,600
stars that seem close enough to 
touch inside the Silver Dollar. 

1804
01:38:04,600 --> 01:38:08,700
Saloon the oil lamps burn warm 
and steady the piano plays soft 

1805
01:38:08,700 --> 01:38:11,700
Melodies and people who've never
met before tomorrow will be 

1806
01:38:11,700 --> 01:38:14,900
strangers again, sharing stories
and whiskey and the kind of 

1807
01:38:14,908 --> 01:38:17,500
companionship that Travelers 
have always found in places like

1808
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:20,600
this. 
And that more than any gunfight,

1809
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:23,700
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 
Rush drama, is what the wild 

1810
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:27,900
west was really about people 
finding ways to connect to solve

1811
01:38:27,900 --> 01:38:31,000
problems and to help each other 
through the challenges of living

1812
01:38:31,000 --> 01:38:32,700
in a hard place during a hard 
time. 

1813
01:38:33,500 --> 01:38:36,700
Your stew is long, finished. 
Your whiskey glasses is empty 

1814
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:38,500
and your adventure. 
In Frontier. 

1815
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:41,700
Dining is complete. 
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 

1816
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:45,200
that Stagecoach and continue 
West carrying with you, the 

1817
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:48,000
memory of an evening, when the 
wild west revealed itself to be 

1818
01:38:48,008 --> 01:38:51,800
not quite as wild as advertised,
but infinitely more fascinating 

1819
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:54,900
than you'd expected. 
Sometimes the best stories 

1820
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:58,500
aren't about the fastest, guns, 
or the biggest fights, sometimes

1821
01:38:58,500 --> 01:39:00,900
they're about the moments. 
When Ordinary People find 

1822
01:39:00,900 --> 01:39:04,000
extraordinary ways to be decent 
to each other even when 

1823
01:39:04,000 --> 01:39:06,900
especially when it would be 
easier not to be. 

1824
01:39:07,800 --> 01:39:10,800
And with that thought you finish
your whiskey tip your hat to 

1825
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:13,800
Jake the bartender nod, Fair 
well, to Thompson and the other 

1826
01:39:13,800 --> 01:39:17,400
patrons, and push through those 
famous batwing doors into the 

1827
01:39:17,408 --> 01:39:20,600
star-filled desert night, 
carrying with you, a story worth

1828
01:39:20,600 --> 01:39:22,300
telling. 
And the kind of satisfied 

1829
01:39:22,300 --> 01:39:25,200
tiredness that comes from a day.
Well, lived and an evening. 

1830
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:28,800
Well, spent the Silver Dollar 
Saloon settles into its 

1831
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:29,900
nighttime. 
Rhythm behind. 

1832
01:39:29,900 --> 01:39:33,400
You ready to welcome the next 
travel trailer the next Story. 

1833
01:39:33,400 --> 01:39:35,900
The next small drama of frontier
life. 

1834
01:39:36,800 --> 01:39:38,200
Because that's what places like 
this. 

1835
01:39:38,200 --> 01:39:41,500
Do they provide a stage where 
ordinary people can have 

1836
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:44,500
extraordinary moments, where 
strangers can become friends 

1837
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:47,500
over shared meal and a glass of 
something that might charitably 

1838
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:50,600
be called whiskey? 
And in the morning, the 

1839
01:39:50,600 --> 01:39:53,700
stagecoach will come and you'll 
climb aboard for the next leg of

1840
01:39:53,708 --> 01:39:55,600
your journey. 
But you'll always remember the 

1841
01:39:55,600 --> 01:39:58,300
night, you learned that the real
wild west wasn't one with guns. 

1842
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:02,700
It was one with conversation 
creativity and the kind of human

1843
01:40:02,700 --> 01:40:06,600
decency that transcends time and
place Suite dreams, Travelers 

1844
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:09,300
the frontier weights. 
And now, you know, it's not 

1845
01:40:09,300 --> 01:40:12,500
quite as dangerous as the story 
suggests, just infinitely more 

1846
01:40:12,500 --> 01:40:14,000
interesting than you ever 
imagined. 

1847
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:23,600
Sleep wasn't quite the 
uninterrupted, eight our luxury.

1848
01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:27,500
You once knew in another life, 
instead you dozed fitfully 

1849
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:31,200
between the sounds of night. 
The distant howl that made your 

1850
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:34,700
spine, tingle the rustle of 
something large, moving through 

1851
01:40:34,700 --> 01:40:38,700
the brush outside and the gentle
snoring of your cavemen curled 

1852
01:40:38,700 --> 01:40:40,900
around the dying, Embers of last
night's fire. 

1853
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,900
Your bed is a carefully arranged
pile of Furs and dried grasses 

1854
01:40:44,900 --> 01:40:47,500
position. 
Just far enough from the cave 

1855
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:49,000
mouth to avoid the morning. 
Chill. 

1856
01:40:49,000 --> 01:40:51,400
But close enough to make a quick
Escape if needed. 

1857
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:53,800
Yes. 
Escape plans were part of 

1858
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:57,200
interior decorating back there. 
The stone beneath you has been 

1859
01:40:57,200 --> 01:41:00,400
worn Smooth by countless nights 
of human body seeking comfort 

1860
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:04,500
and honestly it's not terrible. 
Once you pile on enough, Mammoth

1861
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:08,600
hide Stretching your arms 
carefully because that shoulder 

1862
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:11,100
you wrenched wrestling, a 
particularly stubborn root 

1863
01:41:11,100 --> 01:41:14,200
vegetable last week. 
Still protests You noticed the 

1864
01:41:14,200 --> 01:41:15,900
familiar ache in your lower 
back? 

1865
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:19,900
Living in the Paleolithic era 
was essentially a continuous low

1866
01:41:19,900 --> 01:41:23,100
intensity exercise regiment that
would leave modern Fitness 

1867
01:41:23,100 --> 01:41:25,800
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

1868
01:41:26,700 --> 01:41:29,700
Fire pit still glows faintly in 
the center of your cave home. 

1869
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:32,500
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

1870
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:36,300
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

1871
01:41:36,300 --> 01:41:39,900
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

1872
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:42,800
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

1873
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:45,000
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

1874
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:47,700
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

1875
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:51,200
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

1876
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:54,000
checking your body for new 
aches, Cuts or mysterious 

1877
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:57,600
bruises that appeared overnight.
Living near nature, often 

1878
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:00,300
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

1879
01:42:00,300 --> 01:42:03,300
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

1880
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:06,300
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and a tender spot on 

1881
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:08,700
your hip where you misjudge the 
height of a boulder. 

1882
01:42:09,500 --> 01:42:13,000
This is a common occurrence, 
your stomach announces itself 

1883
01:42:13,000 --> 01:42:15,600
with a rumble that Echoes 
slightly off the cave walls. 

1884
01:42:16,400 --> 01:42:19,400
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

1885
01:42:19,400 --> 01:42:22,500
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so, 

1886
01:42:22,500 --> 01:42:26,400
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

1887
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:30,200
success, a gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

1888
01:42:30,200 --> 01:42:31,500
someone else to share their 
food. 

1889
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:35,000
You peer outside, the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

1890
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:38,100
growing daylight, the world 
stretches out before you in 

1891
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:42,100
Endless, green broken by Rocky 
outcroppings, and the distant 

1892
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:44,500
glimmer of the river that serves
as your neighborhood's. 

1893
01:42:44,500 --> 01:42:48,300
Main Street grocery store and 
Community Center all rolled into

1894
01:42:48,300 --> 01:42:50,600
one. 
The air carries the scent of 

1895
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:54,600
pine resin damper and something 
that might be Smoke From Another

1896
01:42:54,600 --> 01:42:58,100
group's fire miles away. 
Where the prediction was a 

1897
01:42:58,100 --> 01:43:01,200
survival skill back then, not 
casual conversation. 

1898
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:04,800
You scan the sky with the 
intensity of a meteorologist. 

1899
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:07,800
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning newspaper. 

1900
01:43:08,400 --> 01:43:12,000
Those wispy streaks to the West 
suggest wind later which could 

1901
01:43:12,000 --> 01:43:15,200
mean Rain by evening. 
The thought makes you mentally 

1902
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:17,200
catalog. 
The caves water containers, 

1903
01:43:17,200 --> 01:43:20,800
mostly animal, bladders, and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

1904
01:43:20,800 --> 01:43:24,600
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

1905
01:43:24,600 --> 01:43:26,300
indicates your companions are 
stirring. 

1906
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:30,400
There's grack who snoring, could
wake the dead and occasionally 

1907
01:43:30,400 --> 01:43:32,300
did wake the living at 
inconvenient moments? 

1908
01:43:32,300 --> 01:43:35,900
He's already up running thick 
fingers through hair. 

1909
01:43:35,900 --> 01:43:38,900
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

1910
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:41,600
products were readily available.
Beside him. 

1911
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:45,400
Mira stretches like a cat. 
Her movements graceful, despite 

1912
01:43:45,400 --> 01:43:48,300
sleeping on Stone and fur. 
The day ahead. 

1913
01:43:48,300 --> 01:43:51,200
Holds the usual. 
Uncertainity food needs to be 

1914
01:43:51,208 --> 01:43:54,700
found tools require maintenance 
and Somewhere Out There 

1915
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:57,600
opportunities and dangers 
waiting equal measure. 

1916
01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:02,200
But first, there is the simple 
joy of living in a world where 

1917
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:05,300
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 
triumphs against the challenges,

1918
01:44:05,300 --> 01:44:08,900
your feet, find their way to the
cave entrance, and you stand 

1919
01:44:08,900 --> 01:44:11,700
there for a moment breathing in 
the morning are that tastes 

1920
01:44:11,700 --> 01:44:13,200
cleaner than anything you could 
imagine. 

1921
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:17,500
The sun climbs, higher 
promising, warmth later and 

1922
01:44:17,500 --> 01:44:20,900
somewhere in the distance, a 
bird calls with the kind of pure

1923
01:44:20,900 --> 01:44:23,900
joy, that makes you remember. 
Why being alive even in the 

1924
01:44:23,900 --> 01:44:28,000
Stone Age, has its moments of 
absolute perfection finding 

1925
01:44:28,000 --> 01:44:31,000
breakfast in the Paleolithic era
was like playing the world's 

1926
01:44:31,000 --> 01:44:34,000
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

1927
01:44:34,008 --> 01:44:36,100
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

1928
01:44:37,200 --> 01:44:40,700
You step outside the cave bare 
feet, immediately registering 

1929
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:43,200
the temperature and texture of 
the ground information. 

1930
01:44:43,200 --> 01:44:46,200
Your modern brain would dismiss 
but your ancient instincts 

1931
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,000
catalog automatically, The 
morning. 

1932
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:52,700
Due as settled on everything 
turning spider, webs in Toledo, 

1933
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:56,200
masterpieces and making certain 
rocks, slippery enough to turn a

1934
01:44:56,200 --> 01:44:58,300
casual stroll into an impromptu 
tumbling session. 

1935
01:44:59,200 --> 01:45:01,900
Having experienced this lesson 
first hand, several times. 

1936
01:45:01,900 --> 01:45:05,600
You now walk with a measured 
gate, understanding that gravity

1937
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:07,500
Remains the Same in the stone 
ages as it does. 

1938
01:45:07,500 --> 01:45:10,100
Everywhere else. 
You'll stomach grumbles again, 

1939
01:45:10,100 --> 01:45:13,700
more insistently this time, 
you've noticed that the human 

1940
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:16,600
digestive system doesn't care 
about the historical 

1941
01:45:16,600 --> 01:45:20,100
significance of your situation. 
It's simply craves food. 

1942
01:45:20,100 --> 01:45:24,300
Ideally as soon as possible. 
This morning's breakfast menu 

1943
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:26,800
depends entirely on your 
knowledge of what's edible vs. 

1944
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:28,700
What's decorative versus what's 
deadly? 

1945
01:45:28,700 --> 01:45:31,700
It's like being a contestant on 
the world's most dangerous 

1946
01:45:31,700 --> 01:45:35,300
cooking show. 20 yards from the 
cave, you spot a cluster of 

1947
01:45:35,308 --> 01:45:36,900
berry bushes. 
That wasn't there yesterday 

1948
01:45:36,900 --> 01:45:40,400
actually they were there 
yesterday but your brain is 

1949
01:45:40,400 --> 01:45:43,500
still learning to see food 
sources instead of just green 

1950
01:45:43,500 --> 01:45:46,100
stuff. 
The berries are small and dark 

1951
01:45:46,100 --> 01:45:48,000
purple and past the preliminary 
tests. 

1952
01:45:48,700 --> 01:45:51,300
Birds have been eating them 
without falling over and they 

1953
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:54,200
smell, right? 
You taste one carefully letting 

1954
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,000
the flavor register fully before
committing to a handful. 

1955
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:00,300
They are sweet. 
Slightly tart and have a texture

1956
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:02,000
that suggests. 
They won't cause immediate 

1957
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:06,600
digestive Rebellion success. 
Gathering enough to satisfy your

1958
01:46:06,600 --> 01:46:09,700
hunger, you remain vigilant for 
potential opportunities. 

1959
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:13,900
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 
often a progressive meal eaten 

1960
01:46:13,900 --> 01:46:16,200
as you found it, rather than 
sitting down to a prepared 

1961
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:19,400
plate. 
Near the berry bushes, a cluster

1962
01:46:19,400 --> 01:46:22,100
of what you've learned at. 
Edible roots, poke through the 

1963
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:23,800
soil. 
Digging them up. 

1964
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:25,900
Requires the sharp stick you 
carved last week. 

1965
01:46:25,900 --> 01:46:29,200
Next, Excavating route, turns 
out to be excellent exercise for

1966
01:46:29,200 --> 01:46:30,700
muscle groups. 
You didn't know existed. 

1967
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:35,000
The roots are starchy filling 
and tastes vaguely, like 

1968
01:46:35,000 --> 01:46:37,000
potatoes. 
If potatoes had been designed by

1969
01:46:37,000 --> 01:46:39,200
someone, who'd only heard a 
rough description of what food 

1970
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:41,700
should taste. 
Like a flash of movement catches

1971
01:46:41,700 --> 01:46:45,000
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 
the peculiar way. 

1972
01:46:45,000 --> 01:46:47,100
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

1973
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:50,600
Absolutely, still. 
Your hand moves slowly towards 

1974
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:53,200
the throwing stick tucked into 
your woven grass belt. 

1975
01:46:54,000 --> 01:46:56,100
Rabbit would be a protein 
upgrade to this morning's 

1976
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:59,700
vegetarian fare but hunting 
requires a combination of skill 

1977
01:46:59,700 --> 01:47:03,300
luck and the kind of patience. 
That doesn't come naturally. 

1978
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:05,400
When your stomach is demanding 
immediate attention. 

1979
01:47:06,400 --> 01:47:09,100
The throwing stick is a Marvel 
of Stone Age, engineering 

1980
01:47:09,100 --> 01:47:12,200
basically a carefully balanced 
wooden projectile that you've 

1981
01:47:12,208 --> 01:47:14,200
practiced with until your 
shoulder aches. 

1982
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:18,200
The rabbit remains motionless 
probably calculating its odds of

1983
01:47:18,208 --> 01:47:20,600
Escape versus the energy cost of
sudden movement. 

1984
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:23,500
You shift your weight slowly 
raise. 

1985
01:47:23,500 --> 01:47:26,200
The stick with movements, smooth
enough, not to trigger the 

1986
01:47:26,200 --> 01:47:29,000
rabbits flight response. 
Then a branch cracks somewhere 

1987
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:32,100
behind you probably cracked 
stumbling around looking for his

1988
01:47:32,100 --> 01:47:35,700
breakfast and the rabbit 
vanishes and a blur of brown fur

1989
01:47:35,700 --> 01:47:39,300
and indignation your throwing 
sticks sales through empty air 

1990
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:42,400
and lands with a disappointed 
thudd against a tree trunk. 

1991
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:48,000
So much for upgraded protein. 
You retrieve the stick mentally 

1992
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:51,000
adding practice hunting, in 
areas with fewer clumsy 

1993
01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:54,000
companions to your growing list 
of survival improvements. 

1994
01:47:55,100 --> 01:47:58,300
The berries and Roots will have 
to suffice for now supplemented 

1995
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:00,100
by the memory of yesterday's 
successful. 

1996
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:03,800
Fishing Expedition. 
Walking back toward the cave. 

1997
01:48:03,800 --> 01:48:06,300
You notice Mira has discovered a
bird's nest with eggs. 

1998
01:48:06,300 --> 01:48:09,100
The kind of find that makes 
everyone's mourning. 

1999
01:48:09,100 --> 01:48:12,000
Significantly. 
Brighter eggs are perfect food 

2000
01:48:12,000 --> 01:48:14,300
packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

2001
01:48:14,300 --> 01:48:16,800
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

2002
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:20,600
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and faster.

2003
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:23,500
Feet is when the parents are 
larger birds with strong 

2004
01:48:23,500 --> 01:48:26,900
opinions about egg ownership, 
the morning meal shapes up to be

2005
01:48:26,900 --> 01:48:30,400
a combination of your berries 
and Roots, shared eggs and some 

2006
01:48:30,400 --> 01:48:33,400
leftover fish that crack managed
not to eat entirely yesterday. 

2007
01:48:33,400 --> 01:48:36,900
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

2008
01:48:36,900 --> 01:48:40,100
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

2009
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:42,900
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

2010
01:48:42,900 --> 01:48:44,400
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

2011
01:48:45,200 --> 01:48:49,600
On a sun warmed, Rock outside 
the cave, you eat slowly save 

2012
01:48:49,600 --> 01:48:52,900
for flavors that are simple 
direct and somehow more 

2013
01:48:52,900 --> 01:48:57,100
satisfying, the new expected, 
the food tastes like work, like 

2014
01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:59,800
success. 
Like the peculiar Pride that 

2015
01:48:59,800 --> 01:49:02,100
comes from feeding yourself 
through knowledge and effort. 

2016
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:05,300
Rather than convenient your 
stomach settles in to 

2017
01:49:05,300 --> 01:49:07,700
contentment. 
And the day ahead seems more 

2018
01:49:07,700 --> 01:49:09,400
manageable with breakfast 
accomplished. 

2019
01:49:10,100 --> 01:49:13,500
The sun rises higher warming, 
the rocks on your shoulders. 

2020
01:49:14,300 --> 01:49:16,800
Somewhere in the distance. 
You can hear the river calling 

2021
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:19,700
with Promises of fish and the 
kind of morning bath that wakes 

2022
01:49:19,700 --> 01:49:22,400
up every nerve ending at once. 
After breakfast. 

2023
01:49:22,400 --> 01:49:25,500
Your attention, turns to the 
Daily maintenance tasks that 

2024
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,700
keep Stone Age life. 
Functional your toolkit needs 

2025
01:49:28,700 --> 01:49:32,000
inspection and in a world where 
the nearest hardware store won't

2026
01:49:32,000 --> 01:49:35,500
exist for several Millennia. 
Tool maintenance isn't optional.

2027
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:39,100
Its survival. 
You settle onto a Flat Rock that

2028
01:49:39,100 --> 01:49:42,100
serves as your workbench 
spreading out your collection of

2029
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:45,000
implements with the care of a 
surgeon instruments. 

2030
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:48,900
There's the knife you chip from 
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 

2031
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:51,600
still sharp enough to slice 
through high but showing tiny 

2032
01:49:51,600 --> 01:49:53,700
Nicks from yesterday's route, 
digging Expedition. 

2033
01:49:54,500 --> 01:49:57,000
You've bound the spear tip which
required three attempts to 

2034
01:49:57,000 --> 01:50:00,900
perfect to its wooden shaft with
such meticulous, cine wrapping 

2035
01:50:00,900 --> 01:50:02,300
that it almost appears 
decorative. 

2036
01:50:03,100 --> 01:50:05,900
Flint, knapping the art of 
striking stone with stone to 

2037
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:09,400
create sharp edges requires the 
kind of focused attention. 

2038
01:50:09,400 --> 01:50:13,600
That makes meditation look like 
multi-tasking, you chose a piece

2039
01:50:13,608 --> 01:50:16,500
of flint testing its weight and 
dense City with fingers that 

2040
01:50:16,500 --> 01:50:18,600
have learned to read Stone, like
others, read books. 

2041
01:50:19,400 --> 01:50:21,500
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 
in your palm. 

2042
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:24,500
Its surface won't Smooth by 
countless impacts. 

2043
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,800
The first strike sends a small 
chip flying landing near your 

2044
01:50:28,808 --> 01:50:33,900
feet with a tiny click success. 
You turn the Flint slightly, 

2045
01:50:33,900 --> 01:50:37,400
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 

2046
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:39,800
to be revealed through patient. 
Precise work. 

2047
01:50:40,600 --> 01:50:47,300
Strike turn, examine strike, 
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 

2048
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:49,300
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

2049
01:50:49,300 --> 01:50:52,100
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material. 

2050
01:50:52,900 --> 01:50:55,800
Somewhere around the 15th, 
strike your concentration, 

2051
01:50:55,800 --> 01:50:58,900
waivers for just a moment, and 
the Hammerstone catches, the 

2052
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:01,900
Flint at the wrong angle, 
instead of a clean chip, a large

2053
01:51:01,908 --> 01:51:05,200
chunk breaks away, taking half 
your emerging Blade with it. 

2054
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:08,700
Flint now looks less like a 
future tool and more like 

2055
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:11,400
evidence of why patients isn't 
just a virtue. 

2056
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:15,000
It's a requirement. 
You set the ruined Flint aside 

2057
01:51:15,000 --> 01:51:17,900
and reach for another piece. 
Reminding yourself, that failure

2058
01:51:17,900 --> 01:51:19,500
is just another word for 
practice. 

2059
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:24,100
The second attempt goes better 
partly because you've already 

2060
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:26,400
made today's mistake and partly 
because your hands. 

2061
01:51:26,400 --> 01:51:30,300
Remember the proper rhythm. 
Gradually a serviceable blade 

2062
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:33,400
emerges from the Royal Stone its
Edge sharpened enough to make 

2063
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:37,100
your respected immediately. 
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 

2064
01:51:37,100 --> 01:51:40,800
just making new implements. 
Your spare shaft is developed a 

2065
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:43,900
small crack near The Binding. 
The kind of floor that could 

2066
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:45,500
turn a hunting trip into a 
disaster. 

2067
01:51:45,500 --> 01:51:48,600
If left unattended. 
You unwrap the sin, you 

2068
01:51:48,600 --> 01:51:50,700
carefully. 
It's too valuable to waste and 

2069
01:51:50,700 --> 01:51:53,900
examine the crack more closely. 
The split runs with the wood 

2070
01:51:53,900 --> 01:51:57,700
grain, which is positive news 
across grain crack would mean 

2071
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:01,500
starting over with a new shaft. 
You select a thin strip of wet, 

2072
01:52:01,500 --> 01:52:04,300
hide and wrap it tightly around 
the damaged area. 

2073
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:06,200
Pulling the wood fibers back 
together. 

2074
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:10,600
Once it dries, the hide will 
shrink creating a repair 

2075
01:52:10,600 --> 01:52:13,700
stronger than the original wood.
It's the Stone Age. 

2076
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:17,900
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 
the adhesive in the tape, fire 

2077
01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:19,300
maintenance to demands his 
attention. 

2078
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:23,300
The coals from last night of 
settled into a bed of Embers, 

2079
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:26,600
perfect for cooking but needing 
encouragement to Flame up again.

2080
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:31,900
You add small kindling, dry 
grass thin Twigs strips of birch

2081
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:34,100
bark, that catch fire. 
Like they were designed for the 

2082
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:36,800
purpose. 
The Flames respond eagerly 

2083
01:52:36,800 --> 01:52:39,800
crackling to life with the kind 
of enthusiasm that makes you 

2084
01:52:39,800 --> 01:52:43,000
appreciate Humanity's ancient 
partnership with control 

2085
01:52:43,000 --> 01:52:46,100
combustion. 
Keeping the fire alive was a 

2086
01:52:46,100 --> 01:52:49,000
community responsibility that 
rotated among the caves 

2087
01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:51,600
inhabitants. 
Today is your turn to be the 

2088
01:52:51,600 --> 01:52:55,400
firekeeper, which means feeding 
it, regularly banking the coals 

2089
01:52:55,400 --> 01:52:57,800
for cooking and most 
importantly, never letting it 

2090
01:52:57,800 --> 01:53:01,200
die completely. 
Starting a fire from scratch. 

2091
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:04,800
Using flint and steel, or rather
flint and iron pyrite. 

2092
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:08,400
Since steel won't be invented 
for quite a while is possible, 

2093
01:53:08,400 --> 01:53:12,400
but exhausting you practice the 
Fire Starting technique anyway 

2094
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:14,500
because redundancy keeps you 
alive. 

2095
01:53:15,200 --> 01:53:18,700
Strike Flint against pyrite, 
directing the Sparks into a nest

2096
01:53:18,700 --> 01:53:22,500
of the finest driest hinder. 
You can prepare Cedar bark 

2097
01:53:22,500 --> 01:53:26,100
worked into soft fibers Birch, 
fungus, and dried grass. 

2098
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:30,600
So fine, it's almost powder, the
Sparks catch glowing like tiny 

2099
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:34,300
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, Coke's them into 

2100
01:53:34,308 --> 01:53:37,900
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing but skill 

2101
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:40,800
and persistent. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

2102
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:44,600
satisfaction that's hard to 
describe. in a world, where most

2103
01:53:44,600 --> 01:53:48,000
things are uncertain being able 
to create Fire On Demand, feels 

2104
01:53:48,000 --> 01:53:51,700
like having superpowers, Which 
from the perspective of any 

2105
01:53:51,700 --> 01:53:55,600
other animal, you suppose it is.
Your morning's work spreads out 

2106
01:53:55,608 --> 01:53:59,800
around, you newly sharpened 
tools, repair weapons, a healthy

2107
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,500
fire and the kind of competence 
that builds confidence. 

2108
01:54:02,500 --> 01:54:05,700
These aren't glamorous tasks, 
but they form the foundation 

2109
01:54:05,700 --> 01:54:07,500
that makes everything else 
possible. 

2110
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:12,300
Every sharp edge, every strong 
binding, and every glowing coal 

2111
01:54:12,300 --> 01:54:14,700
represents the difference 
between thriving and merely 

2112
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:17,600
surviving. 
The sun has climbed higher while

2113
01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:20,300
you worked and the warmth feels 
good on your shoulders. 

2114
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:24,100
In the distance, you can hear 
water running over rocks. 

2115
01:54:24,100 --> 01:54:27,200
The river calling with Promises 
of fish and the kind of cooling 

2116
01:54:27,200 --> 01:54:30,500
bath that makes hot work. 
While the river beckons with the

2117
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:33,900
sound of water, moving over 
Stones, a constant murmur that 

2118
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:35,900
serves as the soundtrack to your
daily life. 

2119
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,300
You gather your fishing 
equipment, the spear with a 

2120
01:54:39,300 --> 01:54:43,000
particularly point a, net woven 
from plant fibers that took 

2121
01:54:43,000 --> 01:54:46,200
weeks to complete and the kind 
of optimism that comes from 

2122
01:54:46,200 --> 01:54:48,700
successful. 
Fishing experience is mixed with

2123
01:54:48,700 --> 01:54:51,300
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

2124
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:54,400
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

2125
01:54:54,400 --> 01:54:57,700
terrain, that changes subtly 
with each day's weather today. 

2126
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:00,700
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's brief 

2127
01:55:00,700 --> 01:55:04,100
Reign causing footing to become 
uncertain in areas where the 

2128
01:55:04,100 --> 01:55:06,300
clay soil has turned into a 
slippery surface. 

2129
01:55:06,300 --> 01:55:09,000
You've learned to read these 
conditions automatically 

2130
01:55:09,000 --> 01:55:12,600
adjusting your gate to have the 
kind of spectacular fall that 

2131
01:55:12,600 --> 01:55:15,900
looks amusing in hindsight, but 
feels considerably less funny 

2132
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:18,400
when you're picking Mudd Out of 
uncomfortable places. 

2133
01:55:19,400 --> 01:55:21,700
Your fishing spot is a bend in 
the river where the current 

2134
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:25,200
slows and deepens creating a 
natural pool were fish tend to 

2135
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,500
gather The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

2136
01:55:28,500 --> 01:55:31,900
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

2137
01:55:31,900 --> 01:55:34,100
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

2138
01:55:34,100 --> 01:55:36,800
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

2139
01:55:38,300 --> 01:55:40,700
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

2140
01:55:40,700 --> 01:55:42,300
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

2141
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:45,100
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

2142
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:47,800
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

2143
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:50,900
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

2144
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:54,400
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

2145
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,400
are unaware that you're studying
their patterns with the 

2146
01:55:57,400 --> 01:56:00,700
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

2147
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:03,300
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

2148
01:56:03,300 --> 01:56:06,500
patterns and preferred depths 
holds position near the far 

2149
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:08,800
Bank. 
Its fins making tiny adjustments

2150
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:12,000
to maintain its place in the 
current its perfectly positioned

2151
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:14,500
for a spear throw. 
Assuming you can manage the 

2152
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:18,500
complex physics of refraction 
water resistance and the fish's 

2153
01:56:18,500 --> 01:56:20,800
likely Escape Route all while 
maintaining the balance 

2154
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:23,200
necessary. 
Not to fall off your rock in to 

2155
01:56:23,200 --> 01:56:25,500
the river. 
You raise the spear slowly 

2156
01:56:25,500 --> 01:56:27,600
muscles. 
Remembering the thousands of 

2157
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:30,600
practice throws that have taught
your arms, the proper Ark and 

2158
01:56:30,600 --> 01:56:34,100
release point. 
The fish remains steady. 

2159
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:37,700
Focused on something Upstream 
that might be food drifting down

2160
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:40,800
with the current. 
This is the moment when patience

2161
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:44,400
and preparation meet opportunity
assuming your aim is improved 

2162
01:56:44,400 --> 01:56:46,400
since yesterday somewhat 
embarrassing performance. 

2163
01:56:47,400 --> 01:56:50,100
The spear leaves your hand, with
the smooth motion of long, 

2164
01:56:50,100 --> 01:56:54,000
practice, cutting through air, 
and then water with barely a 

2165
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:58,200
splash. success appears certain 
for a moment, then physics 

2166
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:01,700
asserts itself in the form of 
water refraction and your spare 

2167
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:05,300
passes harmlessly beneath the 
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 

2168
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:08,600
of indignant motion that somehow
manages to look, reproachful, 

2169
01:57:09,400 --> 01:57:11,900
Retrieving the spear requires 
wading into water that 

2170
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:14,700
shockingly cold. 
Despite the warm air, the river 

2171
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:18,000
bottom is a collection of smooth
Stones, Some steady and reliable

2172
01:57:18,000 --> 01:57:20,300
others. 
Perfectly designed to shift, 

2173
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:23,700
unexpectedly and send Wade. 
As sprawling into deeper water, 

2174
01:57:23,708 --> 01:57:27,300
you move carefully, your feet. 
Testing each step before 

2175
01:57:27,300 --> 01:57:30,400
committing your full weight, the
spear has lodged between two 

2176
01:57:30,400 --> 01:57:33,500
rocks and deeper water. 
Requiring, a Wade that brings 

2177
01:57:33,500 --> 01:57:37,100
the river level to mid-thigh. 
The cold is invigorating in the 

2178
01:57:37,108 --> 01:57:39,000
way that makes you immediately 
understand why? 

2179
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:41,800
Some people voluntarily take 
cold showers while 

2180
01:57:41,800 --> 01:57:44,100
simultaneously making you 
question their sanity. 

2181
01:57:44,900 --> 01:57:47,700
Your muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving the 

2182
01:57:47,700 --> 01:57:50,700
spear become a matter of quick 
efficiency, rather than careful 

2183
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:54,200
technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

2184
01:57:54,200 --> 01:57:57,500
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

2185
01:57:57,500 --> 01:57:59,900
warmed Stone. 
The net offers different 

2186
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:03,000
possibilities. 
Let's Precision required but 

2187
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:05,600
demanding perfect timing, and 
the ability to read fish 

2188
01:58:05,600 --> 01:58:07,100
Behavior. 
Well, enough to predict their 

2189
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:10,800
movements You study the water 
again, looking for the subtle 

2190
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:13,200
signs that indicate where fish 
are likely to swim. 

2191
01:58:14,100 --> 01:58:16,500
School of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

2192
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:19,400
Their bodies flashing silver as 
they turn in unison. 

2193
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:22,000
They're following some 
underwater logic, that makes 

2194
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:24,500
perfect sense to them and 
appears completely random to 

2195
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:26,500
you. 
The net requires positioning 

2196
01:58:26,500 --> 01:58:30,000
Downstream from their path, then
patience, while they swim into 

2197
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:34,100
range, You slip into the water 
again, moving with exaggerated 

2198
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:37,100
care to avoid sending vibrations
through the riverbed that would 

2199
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:40,500
scatter your targets. 
The fish continue their 

2200
01:58:40,500 --> 01:58:43,100
mysterious choreography, 
occasionally coming 

2201
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:45,400
tantalizingly close to your nets
range. 

2202
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:47,300
Before veering away. 
Is if they've suddenly 

2203
01:58:47,300 --> 01:58:49,100
remembered important 
appointments elsewhere. 

2204
01:58:49,900 --> 01:58:51,600
Finally, the school's wandering 
path. 

2205
01:58:51,600 --> 01:58:53,200
Brings them directly toward your
position. 

2206
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:56,600
You raise the net slowly waiting
for the moment. 

2207
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,800
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

2208
01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:03,000
space The technique and assess 
takes precise timing. 

2209
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:06,400
If you act to early, the fish 
will scatter and if you act too 

2210
01:59:06,400 --> 01:59:07,900
late, they will have already 
passed through. 

2211
01:59:08,800 --> 01:59:11,900
Now, the net sweeps through 
water and fish with satisfying 

2212
01:59:11,900 --> 01:59:15,500
efficiently and suddenly your 
holding breakfast, lunch, and 

2213
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:17,500
possibly dinner in woven plant 
fibers. 

2214
01:59:18,400 --> 01:59:21,500
The fish flip and struggle with 
understandable urgency and you 

2215
01:59:21,500 --> 01:59:24,000
wait quickly to shore to 
transfer them, to the woven 

2216
01:59:24,000 --> 01:59:26,000
basket that serves as your 
portable container. 

2217
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:29,300
Success. 
Tastes like cold river water and

2218
01:59:29,300 --> 01:59:31,800
feels like the quiet 
satisfaction of having fed 

2219
01:59:31,800 --> 01:59:33,300
yourself through skill and 
patience. 

2220
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:36,300
The morning's fishing has 
provided enough protein for the 

2221
01:59:36,300 --> 01:59:39,500
day plus extra to share with 
your cavemen who may have had 

2222
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:42,000
less luck with their own food 
Gathering expeditions. 

2223
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:45,800
Walking back toward the cave 
basket of fish and one hand and 

2224
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:48,900
wet fishing gear in the other. 
You reflect on the peculiar 

2225
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:51,000
satisfaction of having succeeded
at something. 

2226
01:59:51,000 --> 01:59:54,500
Your ancestors would recognize 
and prove of There's something 

2227
01:59:54,500 --> 01:59:57,300
deeply right about providing 
Foods through your own efforts 

2228
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:00,000
even when those efforts 
occasionally involve falling 

2229
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:03,200
into cold water, while chasing 
fish that seemed to mock your 

2230
02:00:03,200 --> 02:00:06,300
hunting skills, the afternoon 
sun has reached that perfect 

2231
02:00:06,300 --> 02:00:08,000
angle, where it warms without 
burning. 

2232
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:11,200
Your successful fishing 
Expedition has left. 

2233
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:13,800
You feeling confident enough to 
venture further from the cave 

2234
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:16,900
than usual. 
Today seems like an ideal time 

2235
02:00:16,900 --> 02:00:20,500
to explore the valley Beyond The
Ridge where rumor delivered by a

2236
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:22,900
traveling group. 
Last week suggests, there might 

2237
02:00:22,908 --> 02:00:25,900
be fruit trees and possibly 
deposits of the particularly 

2238
02:00:25,900 --> 02:00:27,900
good Flint, that makes Superior 
tools. 

2239
02:00:27,900 --> 02:00:31,400
You gather exploration supplies 
with the methodical care of 

2240
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:33,600
someone who has learned that 
preparation, prevents most 

2241
02:00:33,600 --> 02:00:36,400
disasters, an improvisation 
handle the rest. 

2242
02:00:37,200 --> 02:00:39,300
Your pack consists of a large 
hide bag. 

2243
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:42,500
Containing water in a bladder 
dried meat from last week's 

2244
02:00:42,500 --> 02:00:45,000
successful hunt, the 
multi-purpose knife. 

2245
02:00:45,000 --> 02:00:47,400
That's sharp enough to be 
useful, but not so precious, 

2246
02:00:47,400 --> 02:00:50,900
you'd weep if you lost it and 
cordage woven from plant fibers,

2247
02:00:50,900 --> 02:00:54,600
that serves approximately 600 
different functions in Stone Age

2248
02:00:54,600 --> 02:00:57,400
life. 
The ridge requires a climb that 

2249
02:00:57,400 --> 02:01:00,300
would be considered moderate 
exercise in modern terms, but 

2250
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:01,900
feels more like a full body 
workout. 

2251
02:01:01,900 --> 02:01:05,000
When you're carrying supplies 
and watching for loose rocks, 

2252
02:01:05,000 --> 02:01:07,400
that could turn an afternoon 
hike into a medical emergency 

2253
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:11,000
your route follows, what might 
charitably be called a path? 

2254
02:01:11,500 --> 02:01:14,500
Really just a series of animal 
tracks connected by your own 

2255
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:17,000
optimistic. 
Assumptions about the best way 

2256
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:21,100
up steep Terrain. 
Halfway up the ridge, you pores 

2257
02:01:21,100 --> 02:01:23,700
to catch your breath and 
immediately understand why your 

2258
02:01:23,708 --> 02:01:26,500
ancestors developed such 
impressive cardiovascular 

2259
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:29,400
systems. 
Every activity in Paleolithic 

2260
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:33,100
life was essentially a fitness 
program designed by someone with

2261
02:01:33,100 --> 02:01:36,300
a sadistic sense of humor and a 
deep commitment to building 

2262
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:38,100
character through physical 
challenge. 

2263
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:41,100
The view from The Ridge Top 
makes the climb worth. 

2264
02:01:41,100 --> 02:01:45,100
While The Valleys below you like
a green carpet dotted with 

2265
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:47,800
Silver Streams, and dark patches
that might be Groves of the 

2266
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:51,000
fruit trees. 
You'll see In the distance smoke

2267
02:01:51,000 --> 02:01:54,400
rises from what's probably 
another group's fire, reminding 

2268
02:01:54,400 --> 02:01:57,200
you that you're not alone in 
this vast landscape just 

2269
02:01:57,200 --> 02:01:59,800
temporarily out of the shouting 
range of your neighbors 

2270
02:01:59,800 --> 02:02:02,900
descending, into the valley 
proves trickier than the ascent 

2271
02:02:02,900 --> 02:02:06,200
gravity, assists your progress 
with the kind of helpful. 

2272
02:02:06,200 --> 02:02:09,700
Enthusiasm that occasionally 
threatens to turn a controlled 

2273
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:11,400
descent into an uncontrolled 
tumble. 

2274
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:15,100
You pick your way, carefully 
down the slope using trees and 

2275
02:02:15,100 --> 02:02:17,500
rock outcroppings as handholds 
and trying. 

2276
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:20,000
Not to think about how much 
easier going down is than 

2277
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:22,600
climbing. 
Back up will be The valley floor

2278
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:25,600
reveals itself to be a mixture 
of opportunity and complexity. 

2279
02:02:26,400 --> 02:02:30,400
Yes, there are fruit trees. 
Several varieties you recognize,

2280
02:02:30,400 --> 02:02:33,300
and a few that require the kind 
of careful testing that 

2281
02:02:33,300 --> 02:02:35,300
determines whether their food or
decoration. 

2282
02:02:36,100 --> 02:02:38,300
The good news is many trees are 
heavy with ripe fruit. 

2283
02:02:38,300 --> 02:02:41,400
The challenge news is that 
you're apparently not the first 

2284
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:44,800
to discover this resource Fresh 
Tracks in the software near the 

2285
02:02:44,800 --> 02:02:46,800
largest fruit Grove. 
Tell a story that makes your 

2286
02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:50,800
survival instincts pay clothes 
for attention the large paw 

2287
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:54,500
prints, indicating a predator 
rather than prey are so recent 

2288
02:02:54,500 --> 02:02:58,700
that their ages remain Sharp. 
Bear most likely and probably 

2289
02:02:58,700 --> 02:03:01,500
still in the area since Bears 
tend to stay near excellent food

2290
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:03,600
sources until they've exhausted 
them completely. 

2291
02:03:04,600 --> 02:03:07,200
This scenario creates what you 
might call a tactical situation,

2292
02:03:07,200 --> 02:03:10,700
the fruit represents valuable 
calories and nutrients. 

2293
02:03:10,700 --> 02:03:12,600
That would improve everyone's 
diet significantly. 

2294
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:17,100
The bare represents the kind of 
conversation partner, who 

2295
02:03:17,100 --> 02:03:20,400
settles disagreements through 
methods that don't typically end

2296
02:03:20,400 --> 02:03:25,000
well for the smaller participant
wisdom suggests Retreat, hunger 

2297
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:28,300
suggests to negotiation Pride 
suggests, you're probably 

2298
02:03:28,308 --> 02:03:31,800
overthinking the whole situation
you compromised by gathering 

2299
02:03:31,800 --> 02:03:34,700
fruit from trees on the 
periphery of the Grove working 

2300
02:03:34,700 --> 02:03:37,600
quickly. 
But quietly is tuned for any 

2301
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:40,100
sound that might indicate your 
about to have an unexpected 

2302
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:41,900
encounter with the local bear 
population. 

2303
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:45,900
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

2304
02:03:45,900 --> 02:03:49,800
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

2305
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:52,600
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps, that 

2306
02:03:52,600 --> 02:03:54,100
weigh considerably more than 
yours. 

2307
02:03:55,500 --> 02:03:57,900
The fruit Gathering goes well 
until you reach for a 

2308
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:00,400
particularly promising, cluster 
growing just out of these reach,

2309
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,400
stretching toward it requires 
shifting, your weight onto a 

2310
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:05,100
branch. 
That seemed sturdy enough when 

2311
02:04:05,100 --> 02:04:07,300
you tested it. 
But apparently has strong 

2312
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:09,600
opinions about supporting human 
body weight. 

2313
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:14,100
The branch surrenders with a 
sharp crack that Echoes through 

2314
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:17,000
the Grove like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

2315
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:20,300
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

2316
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:23,700
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

2317
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:27,300
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

2318
02:04:27,300 --> 02:04:30,000
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

2319
02:04:30,000 --> 02:04:33,800
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

2320
02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:36,500
its presence. 
So dramatically after several 

2321
02:04:36,500 --> 02:04:38,900
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears, 

2322
02:04:38,900 --> 02:04:42,600
You can conclude that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

2323
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:45,200
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

2324
02:04:45,200 --> 02:04:48,500
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

2325
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:51,000
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

2326
02:04:51,800 --> 02:04:54,100
Your pack now can contains 
enough fruit to supplement 

2327
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:56,800
several meals? 
Plus the kind of story that will

2328
02:04:56,800 --> 02:04:59,800
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire, the 

2329
02:04:59,800 --> 02:05:03,000
discovery of the Flint deposits 
proves anti-climactic, after the

2330
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,700
fruit tree Adventure, yes, the 
stone is excellent quality. 

2331
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:08,800
Better than what you've been 
working with. 

2332
02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:12,100
Yes there's enough to supply 
your tool making needs for 

2333
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:16,500
months and yes it's located in 
an easy to access outcropping 

2334
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:19,300
that doesn't require negotiating
with large carnivores. 

2335
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:23,400
You gather several Prime pieces 
of Flint testing each for 

2336
02:05:23,400 --> 02:05:26,800
quality and selecting those most
likely to produce Superior 

2337
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:29,200
tools. 
The additional weight in your 

2338
02:05:29,200 --> 02:05:32,000
pack reminds you that the return
Journey will be more challenging

2339
02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:35,400
than the trip down, but a good 
Flint is worth the extra effort.

2340
02:05:36,100 --> 02:05:39,200
The afternoon light has begun 
its slow slide toward evening. 

2341
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,300
By the time you start the 
return, climb your pack. 

2342
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:44,800
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 
makes the ascent feel like a 

2343
02:05:44,808 --> 02:05:47,900
full body strength, training 
session, designed by someone who

2344
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:51,400
believes suffering, builds 
character each step up the ridge

2345
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:54,500
requires deliberate effort and 
you find yourself developing a 

2346
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:58,200
new appreciation for the concept
of pack weight distribution, the

2347
02:05:58,200 --> 02:05:59,900
return to your cave feels like 
coming home. 

2348
02:05:59,900 --> 02:06:03,100
After a successful Adventure, 
your pack heavy with the days 

2349
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:06,400
discoveries and your body 
pleasantly worn out from useful 

2350
02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:09,000
exertion. 
The late afternoon, light 

2351
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:12,300
filters, through the trees with 
that gold and quality, that 

2352
02:06:12,300 --> 02:06:14,900
makes everything look like. 
It's been painted by someone who

2353
02:06:14,900 --> 02:06:17,000
understands the beauty of 
natural illumination. 

2354
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:20,200
Your cavemen have been busy 
during your absence. 

2355
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:23,700
Mira has constructed what 
appears to be a fish drying rack

2356
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:26,700
from carefully arranged 
branches, and several of 

2357
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:28,600
yesterday's catching in neat 
rows. 

2358
02:06:29,400 --> 02:06:32,100
Slowly transforming into 
preserved protein that will last

2359
02:06:32,100 --> 02:06:35,800
much longer than fresh fish. 
Crack has been working on 

2360
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:38,200
something involving a great deal
of scraped hide. 

2361
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:41,300
And what looks like sinu though,
his projects often remain 

2362
02:06:41,300 --> 02:06:43,100
mysterious until they reach 
completion. 

2363
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:46,700
The fruit, you've gathered 
creates immediate excitement. 

2364
02:06:46,700 --> 02:06:50,800
Fresh fruit has been scarce 
lately and the variety you've 

2365
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:53,100
brought back include several 
types that none of you have 

2366
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:56,000
tasted before. 
This leads to the careful ritual

2367
02:06:56,000 --> 02:06:58,000
of testing new foods, small 
amounts. 

2368
02:06:58,000 --> 02:07:01,800
First attention paid to flavor 
and any immediate reactions, 

2369
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,800
then waiting to see if your 
digestive system approves of the

2370
02:07:04,808 --> 02:07:07,300
innovation. 
The unknown fruits, turn out to 

2371
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:10,600
be pleasantly sweet with a 
slightly tart finish and your 

2372
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:12,100
stomach accepts them without 
protest. 

2373
02:07:13,100 --> 02:07:16,000
Success dinner will be 
considerably more intriguing 

2374
02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:18,600
than usual. 
The remaining fruit can be dried

2375
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:22,500
using techniques that transform 
perishable food, into long-term 

2376
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,300
storage solutions, your Flint, 
Discovery. 

2377
02:07:25,300 --> 02:07:27,400
Generate a different kind of 
enthusiasm. 

2378
02:07:28,500 --> 02:07:30,900
Grack examined. 
Each piece with the focused 

2379
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:34,600
attention of an expert, testing 
density and grain structure with

2380
02:07:34,608 --> 02:07:36,000
technique, you're still 
learning. 

2381
02:07:36,800 --> 02:07:40,300
Good, Flint means better tools 
which means more successful 

2382
02:07:40,300 --> 02:07:43,300
hunting and Gathering which 
means improved odds of thriving 

2383
02:07:43,300 --> 02:07:46,900
rather than merely surviving. 
His evening approaches, the 

2384
02:07:46,900 --> 02:07:49,700
ritual of fire. 
Building begins, today's fire 

2385
02:07:49,700 --> 02:07:51,800
will be larger than usual partly
for cooking. 

2386
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:54,600
The varied Foods, you've all 
gathered partly for the social 

2387
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:57,400
warmth that comes from sitting 
around Flames while sharing the 

2388
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:01,200
day's experiences, you add a 
portion of fuel and soon the 

2389
02:08:01,200 --> 02:08:04,300
cave, entrance glows with 
cheerful light pushing back the 

2390
02:08:04,300 --> 02:08:07,700
growing Darkness outside cooking
in the Stone, Age requires 

2391
02:08:07,700 --> 02:08:11,300
timing, attention and 
acceptance, that Precision isn't

2392
02:08:11,300 --> 02:08:14,000
always possible. 
The fish cooked quickly on hot 

2393
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:16,300
Stones, placed near the fire, 
their flesh. 

2394
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:19,200
Turning from translucent to 
opaque with the kind of 

2395
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:21,900
straightforward honesty, that 
makes you trust the process 

2396
02:08:21,900 --> 02:08:25,700
routes require longer cooking. 
They are buried in coal and 

2397
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:28,800
covered with more coal until the
hard starch becomes something 

2398
02:08:28,800 --> 02:08:32,900
approaching tender. 
Fruit needs no cooking but some 

2399
02:08:32,900 --> 02:08:35,500
of it gets wrapped in leaves and
placed near the fires Edge, 

2400
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:38,500
where gentle heat, concentrates 
the flavors and creates 

2401
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:40,500
something resembling A Primitive
desert. 

2402
02:08:41,800 --> 02:08:45,000
The result tastes like 
concentrated summer, sweet and 

2403
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:47,700
warm, and satisfying. 
In ways that make you understand

2404
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:50,400
why humans developed such 
elaborate relationships with 

2405
02:08:50,400 --> 02:08:53,400
food preparation. 
Meal time in your small 

2406
02:08:53,400 --> 02:08:56,000
community follows informal. 
Protocols, that balanced 

2407
02:08:56,000 --> 02:09:00,200
individual needs with group 
Harmony Everyone shares the food

2408
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:02,100
based on their contributions and
needs. 

2409
02:09:02,108 --> 02:09:05,400
Today's successful. 
Fishing Expedition earns you a 

2410
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:06,600
larger portion of the evening 
meal. 

2411
02:09:06,600 --> 02:09:09,300
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

2412
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:12,000
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

2413
02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:14,700
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner evolves around the day's 

2414
02:09:14,700 --> 02:09:18,000
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

2415
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:21,100
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

2416
02:09:21,100 --> 02:09:22,700
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

2417
02:09:22,700 --> 02:09:27,900
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically mere 

2418
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:31,300
explains her fish drying 
technique, learned from a group 

2419
02:09:31,300 --> 02:09:34,300
they encountered several weeks 
ago who came from a region where

2420
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:37,300
preservation methods had evolved
to handle seasonal variations 

2421
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:41,000
and food availability Your 
adventure in the fruit Grove 

2422
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,200
gets recounted with the kind of 
embellishment that turns a minor

2423
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:46,000
mishap into an entertaining 
story. 

2424
02:09:47,000 --> 02:09:49,600
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

2425
02:09:49,600 --> 02:09:53,300
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

2426
02:09:53,300 --> 02:09:58,300
slightly more narrow this is how
oral tradition begins not with 

2427
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:01,600
deliberate exaggeration, but 
with the natural tendency to 

2428
02:10:01,600 --> 02:10:04,300
make experience his more 
engaging when sharing them with 

2429
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:07,900
others, As full Darkness, 
settles outside the cave 

2430
02:10:07,900 --> 02:10:10,700
entrance. 
Fire becomes the center of your 

2431
02:10:10,700 --> 02:10:14,100
small world. 
It's light creates a circle of 

2432
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:17,200
warmth and safety. 
That makes the vast night seemed

2433
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:20,800
manageable rather than 
threatening Flames danced with 

2434
02:10:20,800 --> 02:10:23,800
hypnotic patterns that capture 
attention in ways that 

2435
02:10:23,800 --> 02:10:26,900
television won't manage to 
duplicate for several thousand 

2436
02:10:26,900 --> 02:10:29,400
years. 
The evenings work continues 

2437
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:31,900
around the fire. 
You begin shaping, one of the 

2438
02:10:31,900 --> 02:10:34,700
new Flint pieces into what will 
eventually become a superior 

2439
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,100
knife. 
The careful chip by chip 

2440
02:10:37,100 --> 02:10:40,300
process, made easier by good 
light, and comfortable seating 

2441
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:44,500
on, fur covered rocks. 
Mera works on cordage twisting, 

2442
02:10:44,500 --> 02:10:47,400
plant fibers into strong rope, 
using techniques that require 

2443
02:10:47,400 --> 02:10:50,500
consistent tension and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

2444
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:53,400
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

2445
02:10:53,400 --> 02:10:55,100
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

2446
02:10:55,108 --> 02:10:58,200
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

2447
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:01,800
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

2448
02:11:01,800 --> 02:11:04,300
material that insulates better 
than woven grass. 

2449
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:07,500
And last longer than most 
Alternatives available to Stone 

2450
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:10,700
Age, Crafts People. 
The fire settles in to steady 

2451
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:14,400
coals as the night deepens and 
conversation gradually gives way

2452
02:11:14,400 --> 02:11:17,700
to the quiet satisfaction of 
useful work accomplished in Good

2453
02:11:17,700 --> 02:11:20,000
Company. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

2454
02:11:20,000 --> 02:11:23,200
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight offers the simple 

2455
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:27,000
pleasure of warmth food and the 
security that comes from being 

2456
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:31,000
part of a group that works 
together successfully Outside 

2457
02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:34,700
the cave night, sounds begin, 
their ancient chorus owls 

2458
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:37,500
calling across the valley, the 
distance splash of something 

2459
02:11:37,500 --> 02:11:40,200
large, moving through the river 
and the rustle of small 

2460
02:11:40,200 --> 02:11:42,200
creatures going about their 
nocturnal business. 

2461
02:11:43,300 --> 02:11:45,800
The sounds aren't threatening 
when heard from the safety of 

2462
02:11:45,800 --> 02:11:49,200
your file, it cave. 
They're simply the soundtrack of

2463
02:11:49,200 --> 02:11:52,100
a world that continues its 
complex business, regardless of 

2464
02:11:52,100 --> 02:11:55,700
human concerns, the transition 
from active evening to restful 

2465
02:11:55,700 --> 02:11:59,100
night, happens gradually in your
Stone Age World marked, not by 

2466
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:02,700
clocks or schedules but by the 
natural rhythm of fire settling 

2467
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:06,000
into coals and bodies growing 
heavy with the days accumulated.

2468
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:10,100
Fatigue, The work around the 
fire continues but at the 

2469
02:12:10,100 --> 02:12:12,800
relaxed pace of people who 
understand that sometimes are 

2470
02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:15,200
improved by patients rather than
hurried completion. 

2471
02:12:16,200 --> 02:12:19,100
Your Flint knapping project has 
progressed to the delicate stage

2472
02:12:19,100 --> 02:12:21,700
where each strike must be 
precisely calculated. 

2473
02:12:22,400 --> 02:12:25,900
The emerging blade shows, 
promise straight edge, good 

2474
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:28,100
thickness. 
The kind of balance that will 

2475
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:32,200
make it useful for details work.
The rhythm of stone striking, 

2476
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:35,300
Stone creates a gentle 
percussion that blends with the 

2477
02:12:35,300 --> 02:12:38,600
soft sounds of your companions 
activities and the crackling 

2478
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:42,000
Whisper of the dying fire. 
Mirrors. 

2479
02:12:42,000 --> 02:12:44,300
Cordage work has produced 
several arm lengths, of strong 

2480
02:12:44,300 --> 02:12:47,700
rope Twisted with the consistent
tension that comes from 

2481
02:12:47,700 --> 02:12:51,000
practice, hands, and focused, 
attention, she tests each 

2482
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:54,500
section by pulling against it 
with a full strength, nodding 

2483
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:57,100
with satisfaction when the 
fibers hold without stretching 

2484
02:12:57,100 --> 02:13:00,500
or breaking. 
Good, rope means better, Nets, 

2485
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:03,700
stronger bindings and countless 
other applications that make 

2486
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:07,300
daily life more manageable. 
Grax hide preparation. 

2487
02:13:07,300 --> 02:13:10,300
Has reached the stage where the 
material needs to rest overnight

2488
02:13:10,300 --> 02:13:12,000
before the final softening 
process. 

2489
02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:15,600
He rolls at carefully and places
it where morning, due won't 

2490
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:18,400
reach but are can continue to 
circulate around it. 

2491
02:13:19,200 --> 02:13:21,400
His movements have the 
unhurried, Precision of someone 

2492
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:24,500
whose learned that Russian this 
particular process leads to 

2493
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:26,500
disappointing results and wasted
effort. 

2494
02:13:27,700 --> 02:13:30,800
Fire has settled into the 
perfect state for banking hot 

2495
02:13:30,800 --> 02:13:32,300
coals. 
That will retain heat through 

2496
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,300
the night, while being easily, 
coaxed back to Flame when 

2497
02:13:35,300 --> 02:13:38,000
morning. 
Comes your cold care for Lee, 

2498
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:40,600
covering them with a layer of 
Ash, that will insulate without 

2499
02:13:40,600 --> 02:13:42,600
smothering. 
Then surrounding the whole 

2500
02:13:42,600 --> 02:13:45,700
arrangement, with stones, that 
will radiate absorbed heat long 

2501
02:13:45,700 --> 02:13:49,500
after the Flame's disappear. 
Your sleeping area Beckham's 

2502
02:13:49,500 --> 02:13:52,400
with the promise of rest after a
day, filled with successful 

2503
02:13:52,400 --> 02:13:55,200
activities. 
The Furs have been arranged for 

2504
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:58,500
maximum comfort with extra 
padding beneath your hip and 

2505
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:00,600
shoulder. 
The pressure points that 

2506
02:14:00,600 --> 02:14:02,800
determine whether you wake 
refreshed or spend the night 

2507
02:14:02,808 --> 02:14:05,200
shifting position in search of 
elusive comfort. 

2508
02:14:06,700 --> 02:14:10,300
As you settle into your sleeping
Arrangement, the days experience

2509
02:14:10,300 --> 02:14:13,200
is Replay in your mind with the 
satisfaction that comes from 

2510
02:14:13,200 --> 02:14:15,700
time. 
Well, spent The morning 

2511
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:18,500
successful fishing, the 
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 

2512
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:21,600
discoveries and the evenings 
productive work around the fire.

2513
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:25,000
Each activity connected to the 
others in the Seamless Web of 

2514
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:28,100
interdependence that 
characterizes Donate Life. 

2515
02:14:29,100 --> 02:14:31,800
The sounds of your companions 
settling into their sleeping 

2516
02:14:31,800 --> 02:14:34,000
Arrangements, create a 
comfortable background of 

2517
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:37,400
familiar noises. 
Soft movements as Furs or 

2518
02:14:37,408 --> 02:14:41,700
adjusted, the quiet breathing, 
that indicates relaxation and 

2519
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:45,100
the occasional contented side 
that suggest everyone is pleased

2520
02:14:45,100 --> 02:14:48,600
with the days accomplishments. 
These are the sound of security.

2521
02:14:49,400 --> 02:14:51,600
Of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

2522
02:14:52,700 --> 02:14:55,700
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

2523
02:14:55,700 --> 02:14:58,800
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

2524
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:01,800
His voice carrying clearly 
through air that has grown cool 

2525
02:15:01,800 --> 02:15:06,200
and still The River Murders. 
Its constant song a liquid 

2526
02:15:06,208 --> 02:15:09,500
soundtrack that says reliable as
sunrise and equally soothing 

2527
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:13,300
Somewhere in the distance, a 
wolf howls, not the threatening 

2528
02:15:13,300 --> 02:15:16,200
sound of nearby danger, but the 
distant communication of 

2529
02:15:16,200 --> 02:15:19,500
creatures going about their own 
business in their territory, the

2530
02:15:19,500 --> 02:15:21,800
darkness beyond your cave, 
entrance isn't empty. 

2531
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:25,400
Is full of life following 
rhythms older than human memory.

2532
02:15:26,200 --> 02:15:29,700
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue, 
nocturnal prey night, blooming, 

2533
02:15:29,700 --> 02:15:33,000
plants release, fragrances that 
attract night flying insects, 

2534
02:15:33,000 --> 02:15:36,000
and the complex web of 
relationships that sustains this

2535
02:15:36,000 --> 02:15:39,200
ecosystem continues without 
pause or fanfare. 

2536
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:44,200
From your perspective enveloped 
in warm furs with a banked fire 

2537
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:47,300
nearby and trusted companions 
within reach the night. 

2538
02:15:47,300 --> 02:15:50,800
Feels protective rather than 
threatening Your cave has become

2539
02:15:50,800 --> 02:15:52,500
home in the most fundamental 
sense. 

2540
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:56,400
A place where you belong, where 
you're safe, where you can rest 

2541
02:15:56,400 --> 02:15:58,700
without constant vigilance 
sleep. 

2542
02:15:58,700 --> 02:16:01,500
Approaches with the gentle 
inevitability of Tides or 

2543
02:16:01,508 --> 02:16:05,000
Seasons natural processes that 
don't require your participation

2544
02:16:05,000 --> 02:16:08,500
or permission. 
Your breathing deepens matching 

2545
02:16:08,500 --> 02:16:10,400
the slow rhythm of complete 
relaxation. 

2546
02:16:11,900 --> 02:16:14,900
The days minor aches and 
tensions dissolve into the kind 

2547
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:17,300
of profound rest that comes from
physical work. 

2548
02:16:17,900 --> 02:16:21,300
Fresh air and the satisfaction 
of having lived fully within 

2549
02:16:21,300 --> 02:16:25,300
your circumstances. 
Dreams, when they come filled 

2550
02:16:25,300 --> 02:16:27,500
with the textures and colors of 
your waking world. 

2551
02:16:28,400 --> 02:16:31,000
The sound of running water over 
smooth Stones, sunlight 

2552
02:16:31,000 --> 02:16:33,799
filtering through leaves, and 
the satisfying weight of 

2553
02:16:33,808 --> 02:16:36,900
well-made tools in your hands 
all contribute to these dreams. 

2554
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:40,400
These aren't the anxious 
disconnected fragments that 

2555
02:16:40,400 --> 02:16:43,400
trouble more complex minds. 
They're the peaceful processing 

2556
02:16:43,400 --> 02:16:46,400
of a life lived in harmony with 
immediate tangible realities. 

2557
02:16:46,400 --> 02:16:51,000
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

2558
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:53,299
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

2559
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:56,000
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

2560
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:59,200
morning, ready to kill into 
flame, when the new day begins 

2561
02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:01,200
its cycle of challenges and 
opportunities. 

2562
02:17:01,200 --> 02:17:04,500
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

2563
02:17:04,500 --> 02:17:08,200
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

2564
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:11,100
frustration. 
But tonight offers the perfect 

2565
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:14,400
rest that prepares mind and body
for whatever comes next. 

2566
02:17:15,299 --> 02:17:18,400
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

2567
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:21,400
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

2568
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:24,100
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

2569
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:27,700
essential mode. 
The night Embraces you with the 

2570
02:17:27,700 --> 02:17:31,100
vast Stillness of a world where 
artificial light hasn't yet. 

2571
02:17:31,100 --> 02:17:34,200
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

2572
02:17:34,200 --> 02:17:37,600
mechanical, sounds where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

2573
02:17:37,600 --> 02:17:42,000
and work resumes when it rises, 
This is sleep as it was designed

2574
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:46,900
to be profound restorative and 
perfectly aligned with the 

2575
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:49,200
natural world. 
That remains your home your 

2576
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:52,000
challenge and your endless 
source of both struggle and 

2577
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:56,400
wonder In the depths of night, 
your cave becomes a pocket of 

2578
02:17:56,407 --> 02:17:59,200
human warmth in the vast, 
coolness of the world. 

2579
02:17:59,200 --> 02:18:04,100
The banked fire glows like a 
gentle heartbeat steady and 

2580
02:18:04,100 --> 02:18:07,799
reassuring. 
Your breathing synchronizes with

2581
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:10,700
the ancient rhythms that have 
guided human rest for countless 

2582
02:18:10,700 --> 02:18:14,600
Generations. 
Slow deep peaceful. 

2583
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:17,900
Breaths that carry away the days
tension and prepare your body 

2584
02:18:17,900 --> 02:18:21,299
for tomorrow's Adventures. 
The first beneath you hold the 

2585
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,799
days, accumulated warmth, 
creating a cocoon of comfort 

2586
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:28,400
that makes the stone floor. 
Feel almost luxurious your 

2587
02:18:28,400 --> 02:18:31,600
muscles, relax, completely 
releasing the subtle tensions 

2588
02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:34,600
that come from constant 
awareness, constant Readiness 

2589
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:37,700
and constant engagement with the
world that demands your full 

2590
02:18:37,700 --> 02:18:41,600
attention during waking hours. 
Sleep when it finally claims, 

2591
02:18:41,600 --> 02:18:45,200
you completely is the kind of 
rest that modern humans rarely 

2592
02:18:45,200 --> 02:18:49,299
experienced uninterrupted by 
artificial lights, electronic 

2593
02:18:49,299 --> 02:18:53,100
sounds or the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

2594
02:18:53,100 --> 02:18:56,299
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

2595
02:18:56,299 --> 02:19:00,900
purpose, Complete restoration of
body and mind preparing you for 

2596
02:19:00,900 --> 02:19:03,500
another day of the most 
essential human activities, 

2597
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:07,400
finding food, creating shelter, 
making tools. 

2598
02:19:07,400 --> 02:19:09,799
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

2599
02:19:09,799 --> 02:19:12,799
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

2600
02:19:14,299 --> 02:19:17,299
The night passes peacefully 
around your small community. 

2601
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:20,700
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

2602
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:24,000
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity and evening 

2603
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:25,799
spent in productive 
companionship. 

2604
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:29,600
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

2605
02:19:29,600 --> 02:19:32,000
activities while within your 
cave. 

2606
02:19:32,000 --> 02:19:36,100
Three humans Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

2607
02:19:36,100 --> 02:19:40,600
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather work hand, rest. 

2608
02:19:41,500 --> 02:19:44,500
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

2609
02:19:44,500 --> 02:19:47,299
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

2610
02:19:47,299 --> 02:19:50,900
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

2611
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:55,700
but tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

2612
02:19:55,700 --> 02:19:59,300
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

2613
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:03,400
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

2614
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:13,100
truest home Imagine a Sea of 
Grass that goes on forever 

2615
02:20:13,100 --> 02:20:15,400
Beyond every Horizon, you can 
think of. 

2616
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:20,000
This is the Eurasian steppe a 
huge area of Rolling grasslands.

2617
02:20:20,000 --> 02:20:21,400
That makes the American Great 
Plains. 

2618
02:20:21,400 --> 02:20:25,100
Look like a lawn in a suburb 
here where the ground curves 

2619
02:20:25,100 --> 02:20:27,800
away into nothingness and the 
sky seems close enough to touch 

2620
02:20:27,800 --> 02:20:30,400
lived, people who would 
eventually change the whole 

2621
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:32,500
world. 
But when they woke up each 

2622
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:35,400
morning to milk their horses, 
they had no idea what they were 

2623
02:20:35,400 --> 02:20:37,400
doing. 
You wouldn't call them Mongol. 

2624
02:20:37,400 --> 02:20:40,300
Steppes Prime real estate, there
are no fertile river. 

2625
02:20:40,300 --> 02:20:43,800
Valleys like the Nile in Egypt, 
no, protective mountain ranges, 

2626
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:46,700
like the Alps and Switzerland, 
and no Forest like those that 

2627
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:47,900
covered Europe. 
In the Middle Ages. 

2628
02:20:47,900 --> 02:20:51,600
Instead, you had grasped that 
never ended and changed color 

2629
02:20:51,600 --> 02:20:53,300
with the seasons, like a living 
carpet. 

2630
02:20:53,300 --> 02:20:56,500
In the spring, it would turn 
green so bright that it hurt 

2631
02:20:56,500 --> 02:21:00,200
your eyes in the Summer. 
Waves of golden grain rippled in

2632
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,300
the wind all the time in the 
fall it turned copper and bronze

2633
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:06,600
and in the winter snow and ice 
covered it, which could kill a 

2634
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:08,000
traveler who wasn't ready in a 
few hours. 

2635
02:21:09,000 --> 02:21:12,100
But if you knew how to read this
landscape, if you knew its 

2636
02:21:12,100 --> 02:21:15,400
rhythms and respected, its harsh
Beauty, the steps could give you

2637
02:21:15,400 --> 02:21:18,900
things that farming communities 
might never understand the 

2638
02:21:18,900 --> 02:21:22,400
grass-fed a lot of cows sheep 
goats and horses people got 

2639
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:24,900
everything they needed from 
these animals milk for drinking 

2640
02:21:24,900 --> 02:21:28,900
and making cheese meat for 
protein, hides, for clothes and 

2641
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:32,300
shelter, and wool for warmth on 
those cold winter nights, when 

2642
02:21:32,300 --> 02:21:34,800
the temperature could drop. 
So low, that your breath froze 

2643
02:21:34,800 --> 02:21:37,500
before it left your mouth, the 
people who lived in this 

2644
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:41,100
difficult landscape were Nomads,
but that word doesn't do justice

2645
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:42,800
to how advanced their way of 
life was. 

2646
02:21:42,800 --> 02:21:45,500
Instead of thinking of them as 
homeless people who are 

2647
02:21:45,500 --> 02:21:48,500
wandering around, think of them 
as highly specialized mobile 

2648
02:21:48,500 --> 02:21:51,600
communities, that had mastered, 
the art of living in harmony 

2649
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:54,200
with their surroundings. 
They didn't just wander around 

2650
02:21:54,200 --> 02:21:56,500
the steps. 
They followed old migration 

2651
02:21:56,500 --> 02:21:58,300
routes that had been improved 
over time. 

2652
02:21:58,300 --> 02:22:01,800
They moved their herds to new 
pastures with the same care that

2653
02:22:01,800 --> 02:22:04,600
farmers do. 
When they rotate their crops, a 

2654
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:07,200
typical Mongol family owned, 
maybe 100 different kinds of 

2655
02:22:07,200 --> 02:22:10,500
animals and taking care of This 
mobile wealth required skills 

2656
02:22:10,500 --> 02:22:12,200
that would impress a modern 
Rancher. 

2657
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,100
You needed to know which grasses
were best for different animals 

2658
02:22:15,100 --> 02:22:18,400
at different times of the year. 
How to find water in a place 

2659
02:22:18,408 --> 02:22:21,100
where Rivers were hard to find 
how to guess what? 

2660
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:23,800
The weather would be like, and 
how to protect your herds from 

2661
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:27,600
both people, who wanted to steal
them and wolves that followed 

2662
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:30,900
the migrations, like Shadows the
girl, which is what people 

2663
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:32,300
today. 
Call a yurt, was the best 

2664
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,300
building for this way of life. 
Think about a house that could 

2665
02:22:35,300 --> 02:22:38,900
be put together or taken apart 
in less than an hour moved by a 

2666
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:42,200
few camels and keep a family of 
six warm and dry in both the 

2667
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:43,700
heat of Summer and the cold of 
Winter. 

2668
02:22:43,700 --> 02:22:46,600
The jail was like a small house 
that can be moved around. 

2669
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:50,300
It was about the same way as a 
small car and could stand up to 

2670
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:53,300
wins that would flatten. 
Most modern tents, the inside of

2671
02:22:53,300 --> 02:22:56,300
a deer was set up like a world 
designed yacht with everything 

2672
02:22:56,300 --> 02:23:00,200
in its right place, the fire pit
which provided heat light and 

2673
02:23:00,200 --> 02:23:02,300
placed to cook meals was in the 
center. 

2674
02:23:02,300 --> 02:23:05,600
When you walked in men's things 
were on the left and women's 

2675
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:08,600
things were on the right. 
This Arrangement showed how each

2676
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:11,400
gender had its own important. 
But different role in nomadic 

2677
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:14,900
Society, the back of the G which
was directly across from the 

2678
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:18,100
door, was the place of honor 
where in Portland guests, sat 

2679
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:20,800
and Family Treasures were shown 
off, but maybe the most 

2680
02:23:20,800 --> 02:23:23,400
interesting thing about life on 
the steps was how it changed, 

2681
02:23:23,400 --> 02:23:26,200
the people who lived there. 
Imagine growing up in a world 

2682
02:23:26,200 --> 02:23:28,700
where your backyard was 
literally endless when you 

2683
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:30,300
learned to ride before, you 
could walk. 

2684
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:33,200
Well and why you had to be able 
to read weather patterns and 

2685
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:36,600
clouds and find Way across 
grasslands with no tracks using 

2686
02:23:36,600 --> 02:23:39,000
only the stars and your 
knowledge of the land. 

2687
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,400
Subtle Contours Mongol kids 
learned skills, that would seem 

2688
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:45,500
like superpowers to people who 
live in the suburbs today they 

2689
02:23:45,500 --> 02:23:48,700
could ride horses bareback at 
full speed and shoot Arrows with

2690
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:51,700
deadly accuracy. 
They could live for days on just

2691
02:23:51,700 --> 02:23:55,200
mayor's milk and dried meat. 
They could find water in places,

2692
02:23:55,200 --> 02:23:58,200
where others only saw grass that
went on forever and they could 

2693
02:23:58,200 --> 02:23:59,900
travel hundreds of miles of 
land. 

2694
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:01,800
That look the same without 
getting lost. 

2695
02:24:01,800 --> 02:24:04,000
This wasn't just a way to get in
shape. 

2696
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:08,600
It was a way to get your mind in
shape living on the steps taught

2697
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:11,800
you that the world was big, that
there were always new places to 

2698
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:15,100
go and that you had to be able 
to change quickly to stay alive.

2699
02:24:15,100 --> 02:24:18,800
It taught you to be independent,
but at also talked you to Value 

2700
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:20,600
the strong ties of family and 
tribe. 

2701
02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:22,600
That could mean the difference 
between life and death. 

2702
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:26,800
When winter storms, hit or 
enemy, Raiders came the steps 

2703
02:24:26,800 --> 02:24:28,000
also talked you. 
Something else. 

2704
02:24:28,000 --> 02:24:31,600
The borders were made up that 
the grass didn't care about the 

2705
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:34,200
claims of sedentary people and 
that being able to move. 

2706
02:24:34,300 --> 02:24:37,800
Around was more important than 
any fixed fortification when the

2707
02:24:37,808 --> 02:24:40,200
tribes of the steps. 
Finally found a leader who could

2708
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,000
bring them all together into one
terrifyingly, powerful Army. 

2709
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:45,200
These lessons would be very 
important. 

2710
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:49,200
But that's not the end of our 
story for now, picture those 

2711
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:51,600
thousands of nomadic families 
living on the vast. 

2712
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:54,700
Grasslands each following their 
own Old Paths each. 

2713
02:24:54,700 --> 02:24:57,900
Keeping their own relationships 
with neighboring, tribes, and 

2714
02:24:57,900 --> 02:24:59,200
each. 
Living a life that was both 

2715
02:24:59,200 --> 02:25:03,100
free, and limited harsh, and 
beautiful, and simple, and very 

2716
02:25:03,100 --> 02:25:05,500
complex. 
The steps were like a huge 

2717
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:08,500
school, where students learned, 
how to survive ride horses 

2718
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:12,600
predict, the weather Care for 
Animals and fight everyone who 

2719
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:15,000
grew up there learned skills, 
that would have taken, European 

2720
02:25:15,000 --> 02:25:18,400
Knights years to learn if they 
could learn them at all and 

2721
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:21,000
every now and then one of the 
scattered graduates would come 

2722
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:23,500
along, who could see, past the 
normal tribal boundaries. 

2723
02:25:23,500 --> 02:25:26,400
This person could picture 
bringing all the people of the 

2724
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:28,700
grass, sea together into 
something bigger and stronger 

2725
02:25:28,700 --> 02:25:30,700
than any Kingdom that stayed in 
one place. 

2726
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:34,200
Someone like that was about to 
be born, but anyone watching 

2727
02:25:34,200 --> 02:25:35,800
would not have thought it was a 
good thing. 

2728
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:39,100
He would be born into a harsh 
world that had already shaped 

2729
02:25:39,100 --> 02:25:42,200
many generations of nomadic 
children, but the skills and 

2730
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:44,700
points of view that landscape 
taught him would help him build 

2731
02:25:44,700 --> 02:25:46,800
the biggest empire in history, 
that was all connected. 

2732
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:50,600
The steps were ready. 
They just didn't know it yet in 

2733
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:53,900
1162 on what was probably a 
normal spring morning in the 

2734
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:56,900
heart of Mongolia. 
Child was born, who would grow 

2735
02:25:56,900 --> 02:26:00,100
up to scare half the world and 
bring the other half together? 

2736
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:04,100
His birth name was TAMU gin, 
which means ironworker in 

2737
02:26:04,100 --> 02:26:06,600
English. 
This was a practical name for a 

2738
02:26:06,600 --> 02:26:09,400
practical people, but it didn't 
suggest that this baby would 

2739
02:26:09,400 --> 02:26:12,100
grow up to make anything more 
important than horseshoes or 

2740
02:26:12,108 --> 02:26:14,900
Arrow points. 
The chapter headings in temujin 

2741
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:17,800
early, life story are very harsh
like those in a medieval 

2742
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:19,700
Survival Guide. 
Yes. 

2743
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:21,800
Again his father was a minor 
tribal leader. 

2744
02:26:21,800 --> 02:26:24,500
You could think of him as the 
head of a small family business,

2745
02:26:24,500 --> 02:26:27,000
in an industry where most 
business problems were solved 

2746
02:26:27,000 --> 02:26:29,300
with arrows. 
When temperature was about nine 

2747
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:33,300
years old rivals, poisoned his 
father leaving the family in a 

2748
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:35,800
dangerous situation, like sheep 
without a Shepherd in a land 

2749
02:26:35,808 --> 02:26:37,500
full of wolves. 
What happened? 

2750
02:26:37,500 --> 02:26:40,000
Next was the kind of childhood, 
that could either completely 

2751
02:26:40,000 --> 02:26:43,300
break someone or make them 
incredibly strong tems. 

2752
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:46,600
Family was basically kicked out 
by their former allies and left 

2753
02:26:46,600 --> 02:26:49,500
to fend for themselves in a 
society where being alone, often

2754
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:52,000
meant death. 
Imagine a family that suddenly 

2755
02:26:52,000 --> 02:26:54,500
has no home or friends in a 
world where your neighbor's 

2756
02:26:54,500 --> 02:26:57,200
might think you are more useful 
as a slave than as an equal 

2757
02:26:57,200 --> 02:27:00,500
during these tough years. 
Young learned lessons that would

2758
02:27:00,500 --> 02:27:03,500
change the way he led and built 
his Empire for the rest of his 

2759
02:27:03,500 --> 02:27:05,800
life. 
He learned that loyalty based on

2760
02:27:05,808 --> 02:27:07,800
blood or tradition could go 
away. 

2761
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:11,000
As soon as things change, he 
learned that being able to make 

2762
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:13,100
new friends with people who may 
have been enemies. 

2763
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:15,500
Yesterday was often the key to 
Staying Alive. 

2764
02:27:15,500 --> 02:27:18,700
Most importantly, he learned 
that the traditional tribal 

2765
02:27:18,700 --> 02:27:22,700
system was Flawed because it had
endless fights strict 

2766
02:27:22,700 --> 02:27:26,300
hierarchies and couldn't unite 
against common threats during 

2767
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:28,300
these years in the wilderness to
mujin. 

2768
02:27:28,300 --> 02:27:31,000
Also learned something else. 
He had a special ability to get 

2769
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:33,700
people to follow him even when 
they didn't have a good reason 

2770
02:27:33,700 --> 02:27:36,000
to do. 
So even when his family had to 

2771
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:39,400
eat roots and catch fish with 
their hands, he still managed to

2772
02:27:39,400 --> 02:27:42,000
get people to follow him, who 
thought he was worth betting, 

2773
02:27:42,000 --> 02:27:44,400
their Futures on. 
It was the kind of charm that 

2774
02:27:44,400 --> 02:27:46,000
you couldn't learn or passed 
down. 

2775
02:27:46,000 --> 02:27:49,600
You either had it or you didn't,
TAMU Jin had a lot of it. 

2776
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:51,900
It was like watching someone 
climb a mountain. 

2777
02:27:51,900 --> 02:27:54,300
While everyone else was still 
arguing about which way to go. 

2778
02:27:54,308 --> 02:27:58,200
He went from being an outcast to
being the leader of his tribe to

2779
02:27:58,200 --> 02:27:59,800
mujin built. 
A coalition of followers 

2780
02:27:59,800 --> 02:28:02,300
through, alliance's, victory and
shared goals. 

2781
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,300
These followers were not tied 
together by traditional tribal 

2782
02:28:05,300 --> 02:28:09,100
loyalties, but by something new 
shared ambition and mutual 

2783
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:12,300
benefit Tama Jim something that 
most leaders on the step. 

2784
02:28:12,300 --> 02:28:14,600
Didn't the old way of fighting 
all the time. 

2785
02:28:14,600 --> 02:28:18,100
Between tribes wasn't just 
wasteful, it was so harmful to 

2786
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,100
the tribes themselves. 
The certain tree kingdoms around

2787
02:28:21,100 --> 02:28:24,600
the steps were getting stronger 
and more united while the Mongol

2788
02:28:24,600 --> 02:28:27,500
tribes 40 each other over old 
grudges and grazing rights. 

2789
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:31,200
The dinasty ruled Northern 
China, the Western year ruled 

2790
02:28:31,200 --> 02:28:34,300
the Silk Road corridors and 
different Central Asian Powers 

2791
02:28:34,300 --> 02:28:37,300
were spreading their power into 
areas when Nomads used to live 

2792
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:39,400
temujin. 
Thought the answer was to do 

2793
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:41,000
something that had never been 
done before. 

2794
02:28:41,000 --> 02:28:43,900
Bring all the tribes together, 
under one leader who could 

2795
02:28:43,900 --> 02:28:47,100
direct their combined military 
power outward instead of inward,

2796
02:28:47,100 --> 02:28:50,500
it was like suggest Sting that 
every small family business in a

2797
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:53,100
troubled industry come together 
to form one well-run 

2798
02:28:53,100 --> 02:28:55,600
Corporation. 
But the negotiations were done 

2799
02:28:55,608 --> 02:28:58,500
with swords and the final 
agreements were made with blood.

2800
02:28:58,500 --> 02:29:01,600
Oaths, it took Decades of 
political maneuvering that would

2801
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:03,900
have impressed Machiavelli to 
bring the two sides together. 

2802
02:29:03,900 --> 02:29:07,000
Temujin formed alliances with 
former enemies. 

2803
02:29:07,000 --> 02:29:10,600
Broke promises, when he needed 
to took useful ideas from 

2804
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:13,700
tribes, he had defeated and 
slowly built a military and 

2805
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:15,700
political system. 
That went beyond the usual step 

2806
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:19,100
groups, the decimal system of 
organizing, the military was one

2807
02:29:19,100 --> 02:29:22,700
of his most important, new ideas
temujin, didn't organize his 

2808
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:25,800
troops along traditional tribal 
lines which would have kept old 

2809
02:29:25,800 --> 02:29:28,300
loyalties and feuds alive 
instead. 

2810
02:29:28,300 --> 02:29:33,700
He broke his army up into groups
of 10 100 1000 and 10,000 

2811
02:29:33,700 --> 02:29:36,400
Warriors from different tribes 
who swore new Oaths of loyalty 

2812
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:39,500
to him personally it was like 
getting rid of all the old high 

2813
02:29:39,500 --> 02:29:42,300
school cliques and making new 
ones based on common goals and 

2814
02:29:42,300 --> 02:29:45,500
said of past friendships. 
There were many great things 

2815
02:29:45,500 --> 02:29:48,500
about this system. 
It kept anyone try from getting 

2816
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,500
too strong in the larger group 
it made Warriors from different 

2817
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:55,100
tribes worked together which 
slowly broke down old tribal 

2818
02:29:55,100 --> 02:29:57,400
prejudices. 
It was most important because it

2819
02:29:57,400 --> 02:30:00,800
made a new identity Mongol that 
went beyond the old tribal 

2820
02:30:00,800 --> 02:30:03,100
divisions and made. 
Everyone feel like they were 

2821
02:30:03,100 --> 02:30:06,300
part of the bigger project 
timijan had done, something that

2822
02:30:06,300 --> 02:30:08,400
had never been done. 
Before in the recorded history 

2823
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:12,500
of the steps by 1206, he had 
brought almost all of the Mongol

2824
02:30:12,500 --> 02:30:15,300
tribes together, under his own 
leadership at a big meeting 

2825
02:30:15,300 --> 02:30:18,800
called a coral tie, the tribal 
leaders formally recognized him 

2826
02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:21,200
as their supreme leader and gave
him a new name. 

2827
02:30:21,200 --> 02:30:25,500
That reflected his unprecedented
achievement Genghis Khan, which 

2828
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:27,900
means Universal ruler or ruler 
of all. 

2829
02:30:27,900 --> 02:30:31,200
It was like watching a small 
town business owner, become the 

2830
02:30:31,200 --> 02:30:33,900
CEO of a multi-national 
corporation. 

2831
02:30:33,900 --> 02:30:36,800
Except this corporation's, 
business model was to conquer 

2832
02:30:36,800 --> 02:30:40,700
new markets and grow into every 
available Market the tribes. 

2833
02:30:40,700 --> 02:30:43,000
That lived on the steps had come
together to form a single 

2834
02:30:43,000 --> 02:30:45,500
military force. 
That could project power over 

2835
02:30:45,500 --> 02:30:48,800
long distance with a speed and 
efficiency that would change the

2836
02:30:48,800 --> 02:30:51,600
way wars were fought. 
But Genghis, Khan didn't just 

2837
02:30:51,600 --> 02:30:52,900
bring the Mongol tribes 
together. 

2838
02:30:53,700 --> 02:30:56,900
After he fixed the problem of 
division within the group, he 

2839
02:30:56,900 --> 02:30:59,600
quickly turned his attention to 
threats and chances from outside

2840
02:30:59,600 --> 02:31:02,300
the same strategic thinking that
had helped him. 

2841
02:31:02,308 --> 02:31:05,000
Bring the steps together, was 
now focused on the sedentary 

2842
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:06,700
kingdoms, that were next to his 
new Empire. 

2843
02:31:06,700 --> 02:31:09,900
If the Mongols were stronger, 
when they were United than when 

2844
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:12,300
they were split up, then they 
would be even stronger. 

2845
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:14,800
When they conquered their 
neighbors, the change was 

2846
02:31:14,800 --> 02:31:18,400
complete, the boy who had once 
caught fish with his bare hands 

2847
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:20,700
and lived on the streets, had 
become the leader of the most 

2848
02:31:20,700 --> 02:31:24,200
powerful army in the world, 
settled people at long seen the 

2849
02:31:24,200 --> 02:31:26,600
steps as a place where Annoying 
Barbarian raids happened. 

2850
02:31:27,300 --> 02:31:29,000
Soon. 
They would be the starting point

2851
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:31,700
for a series of Conquest, that 
would change the political map 

2852
02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:34,100
of Eurasia. 
The grass, he had found its 

2853
02:31:34,100 --> 02:31:36,500
captive and the winds were good 
for a long trip. 

2854
02:31:37,500 --> 02:31:40,600
Imagine the first time Genghis 
Khan looked past the steps at 

2855
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:43,700
the settled kingdoms that had 
always seemed so far away and 

2856
02:31:43,700 --> 02:31:46,600
safe behind their walls. 
It must have felt like a small 

2857
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:49,600
business owner who was doing 
well, suddenly realizing that 

2858
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:52,900
their local market was just the 
beginning that there were huge, 

2859
02:31:52,900 --> 02:31:55,300
untapped opportunities waiting, 
just beyond their current 

2860
02:31:55,300 --> 02:31:58,700
Horizon's in this case though, 
the business would grow through 

2861
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:02,700
Cavalry Charges and see Jenkins.
The Mongols first, big Target 

2862
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:06,000
was the Western Ghia Kingdom 
which ruled over the Silk Road 

2863
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:07,600
trade routes. 
That went through what is now 

2864
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:10,900
Northwestern China. 
This decision showed how smart 

2865
02:32:10,900 --> 02:32:14,100
Genghis Khan was instead of 
attacking the strongest 

2866
02:32:14,100 --> 02:32:16,800
neighbors right away. 
He started with a kingdom that 

2867
02:32:16,800 --> 02:32:19,900
was rich enough to be worth, 
conquering but not strong enough

2868
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:23,100
to threaten his Empire's 
existence for an army that had 

2869
02:32:23,100 --> 02:32:24,700
mostly used mobile tactics 
before. 

2870
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:28,100
The Western Seattle campaign was
like a graduate level course in 

2871
02:32:28,100 --> 02:32:30,600
Siege Warfare. 
The Mongols learned that they 

2872
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:33,600
usual hit-and-run tactics. 
Which worked well against other 

2873
02:32:33,600 --> 02:32:37,100
nomadic foes didn't work as well
against cities with high walls 

2874
02:32:37,100 --> 02:32:40,500
and supplies for long sieges. 
So like all successful 

2875
02:32:40,500 --> 02:32:43,600
businesses do, when they face 
new problems, they changed 

2876
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:46,000
learned and came up with new 
ideas. 

2877
02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:49,500
The Mongol Army changed from 
being a, nomadic Force to 

2878
02:32:49,500 --> 02:32:52,500
something more like a modern 
combined arms military in just a

2879
02:32:52,500 --> 02:32:55,000
few years, they hired Engineers 
from lands. 

2880
02:32:55,000 --> 02:32:58,400
They taken over learned how to 
use Chinese Siege methods, and 

2881
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:01,200
learned how to use catapults, 
battering, rams, and other 

2882
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:03,800
Specialized tools. 
It was like seeing a motorcycle 

2883
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:06,400
gang suddenly gain the 
logistical skills of a 

2884
02:33:06,400 --> 02:33:09,600
professional Army while still 
being able to move and be 

2885
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:11,900
aggressive. 
The Mongols didn't just use the 

2886
02:33:11,900 --> 02:33:14,700
same military tactics as 
everyone else, they made them 

2887
02:33:14,700 --> 02:33:16,800
better. 
Their Siege operations became 

2888
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:19,400
famous for how quickly and 
effectively they worked. 

2889
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:22,100
European armies might take 
months to break down a single 

2890
02:33:22,108 --> 02:33:25,400
Fortress, but Mongol forces 
could sometimes take whole 

2891
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:28,700
cities in just a few days. 
By using both traditional Siege 

2892
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:31,500
tactics, new engineering and 
psychological warfare methods. 

2893
02:33:31,500 --> 02:33:34,800
The Mongol armies full range of 
skills was shown when they took 

2894
02:33:34,800 --> 02:33:36,600
over the Gin Dynasty. 
In northern China. 

2895
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:39,900
This wasn't a small border 
Kingdom like Western Sia. 

2896
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,600
It was one of the most advanced 
civilizations in the world with 

2897
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:46,500
the Great Wall protecting it and
armies that had been perfecting 

2898
02:33:46,500 --> 02:33:48,200
their skills for hundreds of 
years. 

2899
02:33:48,200 --> 02:33:51,800
The Gin Dynasty ruled Overland 
that was home to millions of 

2900
02:33:51,800 --> 02:33:55,800
people protected by hundreds of 
fortified cities and backed by 

2901
02:33:55,800 --> 02:33:58,400
economic resources that were 
much bigger than anything. 

2902
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:02,100
The steps could produce but the 
Mongols methodically tore down. 

2903
02:34:02,100 --> 02:34:04,200
This Old Kingdom just like 
mechanics. 

2904
02:34:04,200 --> 02:34:05,900
Take apart a complicated 
machine. 

2905
02:34:05,900 --> 02:34:08,900
They know how to fix. 
They attacked from directions 

2906
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:11,900
that the Chinese didn't expect, 
which let them get around the 

2907
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:14,500
Great Wall. 
They also use captured gin 

2908
02:34:14,500 --> 02:34:17,500
Engineers to improve their own 
Siege techniques and a mix of 

2909
02:34:17,508 --> 02:34:20,800
military pressure and diplomatic
maneuvering to slowly cut off 

2910
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:22,300
gin Defenders from their 
possible. 

2911
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:25,200
Allies people living at the 
time, couldn't believe how 

2912
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:28,400
quickly these conquests happened
within a few years of the 

2913
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:32,200
Mongols arrival kingdoms that 
have been around for years would

2914
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:34,000
be gone. 
It was like watching someone 

2915
02:34:34,000 --> 02:34:35,800
play a video game at a faster 
speed. 

2916
02:34:35,800 --> 02:34:38,300
But the results were real and 
would last forever. 

2917
02:34:38,300 --> 02:34:41,000
The Mongol War Machine had done,
something that military 

2918
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:44,500
theorists would spend hundreds 
of years trying to figure out it

2919
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:48,600
had the perfect mix of speed 
Firepower, organization and 

2920
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:51,500
flexibility at the same time on 
the Western Front. 

2921
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,100
Mongol troops were moving into 
Central Asia, in the same 

2922
02:34:54,100 --> 02:34:56,700
methodical way. 
The Mongols conquest of the 

2923
02:34:56,700 --> 02:34:59,200
quarries meet Empire. 
Which ruled over a lot of what 

2924
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:01,100
is now? 
Iran Afghanistan and Central 

2925
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:05,400
Asia showed another side of this
strategic thinking They could 

2926
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:08,200
run multiple campaigns at the 
same time over long distances 

2927
02:35:08,200 --> 02:35:11,300
while keeping widely separated 
forces in sink. 

2928
02:35:11,300 --> 02:35:14,000
The Diplomatic incident that 
turned into a full blown. 

2929
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:16,800
War started this Western 
campaign almost by accident. 

2930
02:35:17,900 --> 02:35:20,700
The cars made sure made a big 
mistake when he killed Mongol 

2931
02:35:20,700 --> 02:35:23,400
trade invoice. 
This was like, declaring war on 

2932
02:35:23,400 --> 02:35:25,500
what was already the most 
dangerous military group in the 

2933
02:35:25,508 --> 02:35:27,700
world. 
Genghis, Khan's answer was 

2934
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:31,900
quick, clear and completely 
devastating in just three years.

2935
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:35,100
The choirs made Empire was 
completely destroyed. 

2936
02:35:35,100 --> 02:35:39,000
It cities were in Ruins and its 
people were either spread out or

2937
02:35:39,000 --> 02:35:40,800
taken in by the growing Mongol 
system. 

2938
02:35:41,500 --> 02:35:44,500
What was so impressive about 
these conquests was how the 

2939
02:35:44,500 --> 02:35:47,000
Mongols were able to keep 
control of such large areas 

2940
02:35:47,000 --> 02:35:50,400
while still expanding most 
empires in history have hit 

2941
02:35:50,400 --> 02:35:53,400
natural limits, where the costs 
of expansion were higher than 

2942
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,200
the benefits. 
However, the Mongols seemed to 

2943
02:35:56,208 --> 02:35:59,000
have solve this basic Problem by
combining flexible 

2944
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:01,700
Administration with effective 
military action. 

2945
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:05,500
The Mongols usually used in 
changed local government systems

2946
02:36:05,500 --> 02:36:08,600
and of trying to force a single 
system of government on all of 

2947
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:11,200
their lands. 
Chinese territories were still 

2948
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:14,000
run by modified version of 
traditional Chinese bureaucracy 

2949
02:36:14,000 --> 02:36:17,600
and Central Asian regions, kept 
their own cultural and religious

2950
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:20,500
practices under Mongol rule it 
was like running a 

2951
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:23,500
multi-national company where 
each regional office could keep 

2952
02:36:23,500 --> 02:36:26,200
its own corporate culture. 
While making sure that all of 

2953
02:36:26,200 --> 02:36:28,000
the company strategies work 
together. 

2954
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:30,500
This flexible Administration 
went along with the 

2955
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:32,900
communication system that was 
very new for its time. 

2956
02:36:32,900 --> 02:36:35,500
The yam was the Mongol Postal 
System. 

2957
02:36:35,500 --> 02:36:38,300
It built a network of relay 
stations that could send 

2958
02:36:38,300 --> 02:36:41,000
messages across the Empire fast 
faster than any other. 

2959
02:36:41,400 --> 02:36:44,600
Them of communication. 
It used to take months for a 

2960
02:36:44,600 --> 02:36:48,100
message to get from Mongolia to 
Eastern Europe, but now it only 

2961
02:36:48,100 --> 02:36:51,200
takes weeks, this made it easier
for the central government to 

2962
02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:54,200
keep control over areas that 
were thousands of miles apart. 

2963
02:36:55,000 --> 02:36:58,000
The psychological consequences 
of these conquests were possibly

2964
02:36:58,000 --> 02:37:00,100
more significant than their 
military implications. 

2965
02:37:00,100 --> 02:37:03,700
The Mongols showed that distance
was no protection against a 

2966
02:37:03,700 --> 02:37:05,400
well-organized and motivated 
Force. 

2967
02:37:05,400 --> 02:37:07,800
The new tactics could break 
through traditional 

2968
02:37:07,800 --> 02:37:10,400
fortifications. 
And that people who sedentary 

2969
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:12,900
societies have thought were 
primitive barbarians could 

2970
02:37:12,900 --> 02:37:16,600
conquer entire civilizations. 
The Mongol Empire was bigger 

2971
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:19,600
than the continental United 
States and growing quickly by 

2972
02:37:19,600 --> 02:37:22,000
the time. 
Genghis, Khan died in 1227. 

2973
02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:26,200
It stretched from Korea to the 
Caspian Sea, but this was only 

2974
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:29,600
the start Genghis, Khan's 
successes would continue to grow

2975
02:37:29,600 --> 02:37:32,100
the system. 
He had built eventually creating

2976
02:37:32,100 --> 02:37:34,800
an Empire that stretched from 
Eastern Europe to the Pacific 

2977
02:37:34,800 --> 02:37:37,500
Ocean and changed the course of 
human history. 

2978
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,600
The great expansion changed, not
only the political map of 

2979
02:37:40,608 --> 02:37:44,200
Eurasia, but also what people 
thought and Empire could be the 

2980
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:45,900
Mongols showed that nomadic 
societies. 

2981
02:37:45,900 --> 02:37:48,900
Could not only compete with 
settled civilizations, but they 

2982
02:37:48,900 --> 02:37:50,200
could also be better at 
military. 

2983
02:37:50,200 --> 02:37:53,700
Effectiveness administrative 
efficiency and controling 

2984
02:37:53,700 --> 02:37:55,500
territory. 
Grass. 

2985
02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:58,200
Sea had turned into an ocean. 
And its waves were crashing 

2986
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:00,400
against Shores that had never 
felt their power before. 

2987
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:03,900
Imagine, waking up one morning 
to find out that your city, your

2988
02:38:03,900 --> 02:38:07,000
region, or even, your whole 
country had been taken over by 

2989
02:38:07,000 --> 02:38:10,600
the biggest empire in history, 
almost overnight during the 13th

2990
02:38:10,600 --> 02:38:13,300
and 14th centuries. 
Millions of people in Eurasia 

2991
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:16,700
lived like this, Surprisingly, 
for many of them, it wasn't as 

2992
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:18,800
bad as you might think had its 
peak. 

2993
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:21,800
The Mongol Empire was less like 
a typical Conquest State and 

2994
02:38:21,800 --> 02:38:24,700
more like an ancient version of 
a multinational corporation with

2995
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:27,800
very good management. 
The Mongols figured out how to 

2996
02:38:27,808 --> 02:38:30,400
keep Central Authority. 
While allowing local flexibility

2997
02:38:30,400 --> 02:38:33,800
how to bring together different 
cultures without losing. 

2998
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:36,900
What made them valuable and how 
to make systems that were both 

2999
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:39,800
efficient and adaptable. 
These are things that many 

3000
02:38:39,800 --> 02:38:43,200
modern organizations still have 
trouble with most people's daily

3001
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:45,900
lives in, the Empire went on as 
they had before the conquest. 

3002
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:48,800
But there were some big changes 
that anyone who was paying 

3003
02:38:48,800 --> 02:38:51,900
attention would have noticed 
right away, trade was safer and 

3004
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:55,600
more profitable than it had been
in 100s of years with the Mongol

3005
02:38:55,600 --> 02:38:59,900
Postal System news ideas and new
things could travel across huge 

3006
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:02,000
distances at speeds never seen 
before. 

3007
02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:05,000
Instead of relying on the 
arbitrary decisions of local 

3008
02:39:05,000 --> 02:39:08,200
rulers legal disputes could be 
settled through standardized 

3009
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:11,200
procedures, the famous Silk 
Road, which had connected 

3010
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:14,500
Eastern West for centuries, but 
at often been interrupted by 

3011
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:17,600
Warfare and banditry became 
under Mongol protection. 

3012
02:39:17,600 --> 02:39:20,000
What we might think of, as the 
world's first truly 

3013
02:39:20,000 --> 02:39:23,000
International highway system, 
Merchants could travel from 

3014
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:26,400
Venice to Beijing, more safely 
than a medieval, European could 

3015
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:28,500
travel from one city to another 
in their own kingdom. 

3016
02:39:29,400 --> 02:39:32,300
This commercial security had a 
big impact on how people lived 

3017
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:35,600
every day in the Empire. 
Chinese silk became available in

3018
02:39:35,600 --> 02:39:38,000
Europe at prices, that the new 
middle class could afford 

3019
02:39:38,800 --> 02:39:42,200
Islamic astronomical tools made 
their way to Mongol courts where

3020
02:39:42,200 --> 02:39:44,800
they changed the way people 
navigated and kept track of 

3021
02:39:44,800 --> 02:39:47,000
time. 
The first information revolution

3022
02:39:47,000 --> 02:39:49,800
happened when European metal 
working technique's, moved East 

3023
02:39:49,800 --> 02:39:52,300
and Asian printing technology 
moved West. 

3024
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:55,600
But the Mongol Empires attitude 
toward religious and cultural 

3025
02:39:55,600 --> 02:39:59,100
diversity was probably the most 
interesting thing about life 

3026
02:39:59,100 --> 02:40:02,000
under their rule medieval 
governments often required 

3027
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:04,900
people to follow the same 
religion in order to be loyal to

3028
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:07,300
the government. 
The Mongols on the other hand 

3029
02:40:07,300 --> 02:40:08,900
practiced. 
What we now call 

3030
02:40:08,900 --> 02:40:12,200
multi-culturalism long before 
the idea was even thought of 

3031
02:40:12,200 --> 02:40:17,100
nestorian, Christians Muslims, 
Buddhists confucians towers and 

3032
02:40:17,100 --> 02:40:21,100
adherence of traditionalism, all
occupied positions within the 

3033
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:24,500
Imperial framework. 
This tolerance wasn't just a 

3034
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:26,700
nice idea, it was a practical 
need. 

3035
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:30,300
The Mongol Empire was so big and
so different that it would have 

3036
02:40:30,300 --> 02:40:33,100
taken resources that even the 
Mongols didn't have to try to 

3037
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:35,300
make everyone follow the same 
religion or culture. 

3038
02:40:35,300 --> 02:40:39,000
Instead they made systems that 
let different groups keep their 

3039
02:40:39,000 --> 02:40:42,000
own Traditions while also taking
part in the large Imperial 

3040
02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:44,200
project. 
He created a kind of 

3041
02:40:44,208 --> 02:40:47,500
Cosmopolitan culture that didn't
come back until the modern era 

3042
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:51,500
Persian poets could work with 
Chinese Engineers Islamic 

3043
02:40:51,500 --> 02:40:52,800
scholars. 
Could argue philosophy with 

3044
02:40:52,800 --> 02:40:56,100
Buddhist monks and European 
Merchants could learn advanced 

3045
02:40:56,100 --> 02:40:59,400
math from Arab mathematicians in
Mongol cities, it was like 

3046
02:40:59,400 --> 02:41:01,600
living in an old-fashioned 
version of an International 

3047
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:04,600
University town, but the campus 
was half the world. 

3048
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,700
Architecture during Mongol rule 
exemplified this cultural 

3049
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:12,100
amalgamation buildings mixed 
parts from different styles to 

3050
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,400
make completely new Styles. 
Islamic archers could support 

3051
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:17,700
Chinese. 
Roofs Persian tile work. 

3052
02:41:17,700 --> 02:41:20,600
Could decorate them and European
silver could pay for them. 

3053
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:23,000
These were just random 
combinations. 

3054
02:41:23,000 --> 02:41:25,900
They were carefully, thought out
Integrations, that showed how 

3055
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:28,500
different style of art could 
work together to make each other

3056
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:31,800
better, instead of worse. 
The Mongols also changed, the 

3057
02:41:31,800 --> 02:41:35,300
way people ate, the traditional 
nomadic diet of meat and dairy 

3058
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:37,900
was improved by adding foods and
cooking methods from all over 

3059
02:41:37,900 --> 02:41:41,300
the Empire, Mongol kitchens 
started using Chinese spices, 

3060
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:45,600
personal fruits, European grains
and cooking methods that have 

3061
02:41:45,600 --> 02:41:48,900
been used in isolation for 100s 
of years, but were now mixed 

3062
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:51,100
together to make completely new 
ways of cooking. 

3063
02:41:51,100 --> 02:41:53,300
The Assassin, was the Mongol 
legal system. 

3064
02:41:53,300 --> 02:41:57,400
It was a complete and flexible 
way to get Justice, the Mongols 

3065
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:00,000
usually didn't force a single 
legal code on all of their 

3066
02:42:00,000 --> 02:42:02,400
territories. 
Instead they let local legal 

3067
02:42:02,400 --> 02:42:05,000
Traditions continued while 
setting up general rules. 

3068
02:42:05,400 --> 02:42:07,200
That made sure important things 
stay the same. 

3069
02:42:07,208 --> 02:42:09,900
It was like having a 
constitution that protected 

3070
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:13,000
basic rights while letting 
states keep their own rules and 

3071
02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:16,300
traditions compared to most 
other civilizations at the time,

3072
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:19,500
women had a relatively High 
status in Mongol Society. 

3073
02:42:20,400 --> 02:42:23,800
Mongol women could own land 
trade and even sometimes make 

3074
02:42:23,800 --> 02:42:26,900
political decisions when the 
Empire took over areas where 

3075
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:30,400
women had fewer rights Mongol 
influence often led to slow 

3076
02:42:30,400 --> 02:42:33,900
improvements in their legal and 
social status, the Mongols 

3077
02:42:33,900 --> 02:42:36,000
supported education and 
scholarship because they knew 

3078
02:42:36,000 --> 02:42:38,600
that running such a large empire
required Advanced knowledge 

3079
02:42:38,600 --> 02:42:42,200
systems they built libraries 
helped people translate between 

3080
02:42:42,200 --> 02:42:45,700
languages and paid for scholarly
exchanges that sped up the 

3081
02:42:45,700 --> 02:42:48,500
spread of knowledge across 
cultural lines Arabic 

3082
02:42:48,500 --> 02:42:50,500
translation of Chinese medical 
texts. 

3083
02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:54,700
Persian translation of Islamic 
mathematical treatises and 

3084
02:42:54,700 --> 02:42:58,000
European astronomical 
observations added to Asian Star

3085
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:00,900
Charts. 
This cross-cultural exchange was

3086
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:04,000
shown in the art of the Mongol. 
Period painter started using 

3087
02:43:04,000 --> 02:43:07,000
technique and subjects from 
different Traditions making 

3088
02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:08,700
works. 
That would have been impossible 

3089
02:43:08,700 --> 02:43:11,400
without the mixing of cultures 
that the Empire made possible. 

3090
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,700
Musicians, tried out, different 
instruments and scales from all 

3091
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:17,700
over the world, creating new 
ways to express themselves that 

3092
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:20,900
were based on many different 
musical styles historians. 

3093
02:43:20,900 --> 02:43:23,300
Now, agree that the Mongol 
Empire set the stage for the 

3094
02:43:23,300 --> 02:43:26,700
first truly global economy. 
This is perhaps the most 

3095
02:43:26,700 --> 02:43:30,300
important thing. 
It did ideas products and new 

3096
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:32,700
ways of doing things could 
travel farther than ever before 

3097
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,900
this economic integration meant 
that things happening in one 

3098
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:39,200
part of the Empire could have 
effects right away in places, 

3099
02:43:39,208 --> 02:43:42,500
thousands of miles away. 
This was the first time this 

3100
02:43:42,500 --> 02:43:45,100
kind of economic 
interconnectedness happened for 

3101
02:43:45,100 --> 02:43:47,800
the average person. 
Living under Mongol rule, these 

3102
02:43:47,800 --> 02:43:50,000
changes may not have been 
immediately apparent in their 

3103
02:43:50,000 --> 02:43:52,700
daily lives. 
But their cumulative impact was 

3104
02:43:52,700 --> 02:43:55,000
transformative. 
You are more likely to find 

3105
02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:57,300
foreign Goods in your local 
market here. 

3106
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:00,800
News from far away, places meet 
people from different cultures 

3107
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:03,200
and get ideas. 
And new things that had come 

3108
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:05,800
from far away. 
The Mongol empire built 

3109
02:44:05,800 --> 02:44:08,400
something that had never been 
done before in human history. 

3110
02:44:09,300 --> 02:44:12,500
The civilization that was truly 
Cosmopolitan, connecting 

3111
02:44:12,500 --> 02:44:15,400
cultures that had been cut off 
from each other for a long time.

3112
02:44:15,400 --> 02:44:19,100
It was an early version of 
globalization run by people who 

3113
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:22,100
had always thought that the 
whole world was just grass sky 

3114
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:24,000
and the occasional tribe next 
door. 

3115
02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:27,200
The Mongols learned to think 
about big areas and long 

3116
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:30,400
distance is in the steps now, 
they had used that point of view

3117
02:44:30,400 --> 02:44:33,100
to build a political and 
economic system that made the 

3118
02:44:33,100 --> 02:44:37,000
world smaller and more connected
than it had ever been before the

3119
02:44:37,000 --> 02:44:39,000
signs of trouble. 
In the Mongol, Empire started 

3120
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:42,500
out small, like clouds slowly 
covering up a perfect spring 

3121
02:44:42,500 --> 02:44:45,200
day. 
But they grew into a storm 

3122
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:47,300
system that changed the weather 
patterns for Good. 

3123
02:44:47,300 --> 02:44:50,700
By the end of the 13th century, 
the Empire that had seemed 

3124
02:44:50,700 --> 02:45:05,600
unbreakabull family business has
to deal with What happens when 

3125
02:45:05,600 --> 02:45:08,000
people who weren't involved in 
making the vision have to carry 

3126
02:45:08,000 --> 02:45:10,600
it out, Genghis, Khan's, 
grandsons and great-grandsons 

3127
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,900
received an Empire. 
But they also had the impossible

3128
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:15,600
job of keeping Unity across 
land. 

3129
02:45:15,600 --> 02:45:18,500
So large that it took months 
from messages to get from one 

3130
02:45:18,500 --> 02:45:20,600
end to the other. 
It was like trying to run a 

3131
02:45:20,600 --> 02:45:23,700
modern business with medieval 
communication tools, but each 

3132
02:45:23,700 --> 02:45:26,700
part of the business, had its 
own Army and its own ideas about

3133
02:45:26,700 --> 02:45:29,200
how to move forward. 
Strategically the Empire 

3134
02:45:29,200 --> 02:45:31,800
structure which had been 
brilliantly adapted to Rapid 

3135
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:34,900
growth turned out to be less 
useful for long-term management.

3136
02:45:34,900 --> 02:45:37,900
The Mongol system worked great 
when they were new lands to 

3137
02:45:37,900 --> 02:45:41,300
conquer a new resources to share
among the different branches of 

3138
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:44,400
the Imperial family. 
But when expansion slowed down 

3139
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:47,200
partly, because they had run out
of neighbors, who were easy to 

3140
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,500
conquer, the Empire started to 
have the same kind of internal 

3141
02:45:50,500 --> 02:45:53,300
competition that it used to have
the against enemies. 

3142
02:45:53,300 --> 02:45:56,500
Imagine a family that got rich 
by always expanding their 

3143
02:45:56,500 --> 02:46:00,300
business into new markets. 
Then all of a sudden they found 

3144
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:02,800
themselves in a situation where 
they had taken over all the 

3145
02:46:02,808 --> 02:46:06,100
markets, the energy that Once 
gone into growing, the family 

3146
02:46:06,100 --> 02:46:08,200
business. 
Now turned Inward and different 

3147
02:46:08,200 --> 02:46:11,100
family members started fighting 
over, who would control the 

3148
02:46:11,100 --> 02:46:12,200
resources that were already 
there. 

3149
02:46:12,200 --> 02:46:15,400
The Mongol Empire was basically 
going through the biggest family

3150
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,500
business fight in history, but 
the family members were in 

3151
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:20,900
charge of land, the size of 
modern countries and had 

3152
02:46:20,900 --> 02:46:23,000
professional armies to back up 
their arguments. 

3153
02:46:23,000 --> 02:46:26,300
As the empire, grew fights over 
who would take over became more 

3154
02:46:26,300 --> 02:46:29,200
bitter and complicated. 
Genghis, Khan was able to get 

3155
02:46:29,200 --> 02:46:31,200
people to do what he wanted 
because of his strong 

3156
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:32,800
personality and Military 
success. 

3157
02:46:32,800 --> 02:46:35,700
But his descendants had to 
compete for loyalty among 

3158
02:46:35,700 --> 02:46:38,800
subordinates who had their own 
Regional interests, and cultural

3159
02:46:38,800 --> 02:46:41,100
identities. 
It was like seeing the corporate

3160
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:43,600
culture that a charismatic 
founder had worked hard to build

3161
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:47,000
slowly fall apart as different 
regional managers started to 

3162
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:50,300
follow their own goals, as the 
Mongol military campaigns became

3163
02:46:50,300 --> 02:46:53,500
less effective, the famous Unity
that had made them. 

3164
02:46:53,500 --> 02:46:56,800
So effective began to break down
into a patchwork of competing 

3165
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,500
interests. 
The Yuan dynasty in China, the 

3166
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,700
ilani in Persia the golden horde
in Eastern Europe and the 

3167
02:47:02,700 --> 02:47:04,600
chagatai khanate in Central 
Asia. 

3168
02:47:04,700 --> 02:47:07,700
All said they were under the 
great Khan's rule in Mongolia. 

3169
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:12,100
But in reality, they acted more 
and more like independent Powers

3170
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:15,400
with their own foreign policies,
and Military goals sociologist. 

3171
02:47:15,400 --> 02:47:17,900
Now, call the process that made 
this political fragmentation 

3172
02:47:17,900 --> 02:47:22,000
worse, cultural accommodation. 
This means that the Mongol 

3173
02:47:22,000 --> 02:47:24,800
rulers slowly adopted the 
customs and views of the people,

3174
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:28,400
they ruled the Mongol cards in 
China started to think, and act 

3175
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:31,000
like Chinese Emperors. 
The ones in Persia started to 

3176
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:34,100
act like Persian Court members 
and the ones in Russia started 

3177
02:47:34,100 --> 02:47:36,700
to run their countries in ways 
that were similar to how things 

3178
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:38,400
were done in their own 
countries. 

3179
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:41,200
It was a natural change that 
made them better rulers of their

3180
02:47:41,200 --> 02:47:45,000
own areas, but it also made them
less Mongol and less dedicated 

3181
02:47:45,000 --> 02:47:48,800
to keeping the empire together. 
Changing religions was a big 

3182
02:47:48,808 --> 02:47:51,700
part of this cultural. 
Change some Mongol rulers, 

3183
02:47:51,700 --> 02:47:54,700
followed the main religions in 
their areas such as Buddhism. 

3184
02:47:54,700 --> 02:47:58,300
In some places, Islam, in others
and Christianity and still 

3185
02:47:58,300 --> 02:48:01,100
others. 
At first, the Empire's religious

3186
02:48:01,100 --> 02:48:02,800
diversity was one of its 
strengths. 

3187
02:48:02,800 --> 02:48:06,500
However, as different branches 
of the Imperial family developed

3188
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,500
different, religious beliefs, 
and cultural identities, it 

3189
02:48:09,500 --> 02:48:13,200
became a source of division. 
The empires economy was also 

3190
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:14,900
starting to show signs of 
stress. 

3191
02:48:14,900 --> 02:48:18,700
The Mongol system relied heavily
on tribute from conquered lands 

3192
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:22,800
and money made from trade over 
long distance as But as 

3193
02:48:22,800 --> 02:48:25,900
political Unity broke down 
trade, routes became less safe, 

3194
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:29,600
and collecting tribute became 
harder and more expensive, local

3195
02:48:29,600 --> 02:48:31,200
officials. 
Whether they were Mongols or 

3196
02:48:31,208 --> 02:48:34,300
locals started, keeping more of 
the money, they collected for 

3197
02:48:34,300 --> 02:48:36,000
themselves. 
Instead of sending it to the 

3198
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:39,100
central treasury changes in 
technology in the military. 

3199
02:48:39,100 --> 02:48:42,600
Also hurt the Mongols advantages
people who lived near the 

3200
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,500
Mongols and their subjects. 
Slowly started to use the new 

3201
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:49,400
ideas and Siege Warfare and 
military organization that had 

3202
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:50,900
made. 
The Mongols unbeatable in the 

3203
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:54,600
13th century gunpowder weapons, 
which had first give them Mongol

3204
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:56,400
troops. 
A big Edge became more common 

3205
02:48:56,400 --> 02:48:59,700
and advanced the military 
strategies that were once only 

3206
02:48:59,700 --> 02:49:02,700
known to the Mongols became 
known to everyone making the 

3207
02:49:02,700 --> 02:49:05,800
playing field more even between 
nomadic and said, entry forces, 

3208
02:49:05,800 --> 02:49:09,100
the Mongols began to feel the 
effects of Empire building on 

3209
02:49:09,100 --> 02:49:11,700
their population which was 
perhaps the most important 

3210
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:14,500
thing. 
When Genghis Khan started his 

3211
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:18,000
conquests, the original Mongol 
population was probably no more 

3212
02:49:18,008 --> 02:49:21,100
than a million people even with 
the help of Allied tribes and 

3213
02:49:21,100 --> 02:49:24,400
hired helpers ethnic Mongols 
were still a small group in 

3214
02:49:24,400 --> 02:49:28,400
their own Empire. 
As time went on into marriage 

3215
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:31,500
and cultural assimilation, made 
it harder and harder to define 

3216
02:49:31,500 --> 02:49:34,100
or keep a Mongol identity 
climate change. 

3217
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:37,500
Also contributed to the Empire's
slow decline, but its effects 

3218
02:49:37,500 --> 02:49:40,500
were small and took a long time 
to show the medieval warm 

3219
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,700
period, which had made it easier
for steppe Nomads to live during

3220
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:46,700
the Empire's growth phase was 
ending and the weather was 

3221
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:49,500
getting cooler and more. 
Unpredictable, these changes 

3222
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:52,100
made it harder for Nomads to 
live their traditional way of 

3223
02:49:52,100 --> 02:49:55,500
life and the grasslands that 
used to support large Mongol. 

3224
02:49:55,500 --> 02:49:58,700
Populations in their herds 
became less able to support them

3225
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:02,100
natural, disasters and disease 
outbreaks but even more strain 

3226
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:04,600
on the Empire's. 
Administrative systems, the 

3227
02:50:04,600 --> 02:50:07,400
black death, which killed 
millions of people in Eurasia in

3228
02:50:07,408 --> 02:50:10,800
the 14th century hit Mongol 
lands, a specialty hard because 

3229
02:50:10,800 --> 02:50:13,900
the trade routes that had made 
the Empire Rich also helped 

3230
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:17,100
spread the disease, the plague 
outbreaks that killed so many 

3231
02:50:17,108 --> 02:50:20,100
people in the Empire, made it 
harder to keep political Unity 

3232
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:22,500
at a time when it was getting 
harder to do. 

3233
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:26,300
So by the early 14th century, 
the Mongol Empire which had Once

3234
02:50:26,308 --> 02:50:29,900
been a single entity had split 
into four separate kannada. 

3235
02:50:29,900 --> 02:50:32,800
These Connors still had 
diplomatic relations with each 

3236
02:50:32,800 --> 02:50:35,600
other but they didn't work 
together on military or economic

3237
02:50:35,600 --> 02:50:38,200
issues anymore. 
It was like seeing a successful 

3238
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:41,100
multi-national company slowly, 
break up into separate. 

3239
02:50:41,100 --> 02:50:45,000
Regional companies had the same 
corporate history but different 

3240
02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:48,800
business plans and Market goals.
The change didn't have to be bad

3241
02:50:48,800 --> 02:50:51,200
for the people who lived in 
areas that used to be Mongol. 

3242
02:50:51,800 --> 02:50:54,800
Many areas continue to do well 
under their new Mongol, 

3243
02:50:54,800 --> 02:50:58,000
descended ruling classes. 
The Empire's cultural exchanges 

3244
02:50:58,000 --> 02:51:01,100
and technological advances 
continue to shape growth across 

3245
02:51:01,100 --> 02:51:03,700
Eurasia. 
But the political Unity that had

3246
02:51:03,700 --> 02:51:07,100
made the Empire's most amazing 
accomplishments possible, safe, 

3247
02:51:07,100 --> 02:51:11,200
long-distance trade, the quick 
spread of new ideas and an 

3248
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:14,900
unprecedented mixing of cultures
was slowly fading away like salt

3249
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:17,600
in water. 
The steps which used to be the 

3250
02:51:17,600 --> 02:51:20,700
starting point for World 
Conquest were slowly returning 

3251
02:51:20,700 --> 02:51:23,500
to their traditional role as the
home of nomadic tribes. 

3252
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:26,800
The big test of building a 
nomadic Empire was coming to an 

3253
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:29,700
end but its effects would last 
for hundreds of years. 

3254
02:51:29,700 --> 02:51:32,800
It wasn't like watching a 
building fall down when the 

3255
02:51:32,800 --> 02:51:35,800
Mongol Empire fell apart. 
It was more like watching a 

3256
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:38,500
river system slowly. 
Change course, with some 

3257
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:41,000
channels drawing up and others, 
cutting New Paths through 

3258
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:44,300
different types of land by the 
14th century, the political 

3259
02:51:44,300 --> 02:51:47,400
Unity that had once stretched 
from Korea to Hungary was 

3260
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:49,900
breaking up into smaller easier 
to manage Parts. 

3261
02:51:49,900 --> 02:51:53,200
Each part was changing to Fit 
the needs and opportunities of 

3262
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:55,100
the area, which would have been 
Unthinkable. 

3263
02:51:55,100 --> 02:51:58,200
During the Empire's, 
expansionist phase, the UN 

3264
02:51:58,200 --> 02:51:59,800
dynasty. 
In China, had problems that 

3265
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:02,700
showed how Mongol rule didn't 
work in societies that were 

3266
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:04,900
settled. 
The Mongol Khan had inherited 

3267
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:07,100
the world's most advanced 
bureaucratic system. 

3268
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:09,800
But they were still different 
from the Chinese people. 

3269
02:52:09,800 --> 02:52:13,200
They ruled in terms of culture 
and ethnicity, it was like being

3270
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:15,900
the CEO of a company, whose 
culture, you respected, but 

3271
02:52:15,900 --> 02:52:18,900
never fully understood. 
And you were in charge of people

3272
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:21,100
who knew much more about how the
business worked. 

3273
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:24,000
The new did the when rulers 
tried a lot of different things 

3274
02:52:24,000 --> 02:52:25,600
to stay in power and do their 
jobs. 

3275
02:52:25,600 --> 02:52:29,900
Well, some people like Kublai, 
Khan Embrace Chinese culture, so

3276
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:33,000
much, that they became Chinese 
Emperors with Mongol ancestry. 

3277
02:52:33,000 --> 02:52:36,300
Some people tried to keep Mongol
traditions and identity while 

3278
02:52:36,300 --> 02:52:37,900
using Chinese ways of running 
things. 

3279
02:52:38,800 --> 02:52:41,400
Others try to rule by keeping 
Mongol and Chinese elements 

3280
02:52:41,400 --> 02:52:43,300
separate, but still connected to
each other. 

3281
02:52:43,300 --> 02:52:46,200
None of these methods worked 
perfectly in the long run. 

3282
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:49,300
The Mongol rulers looked less 
and less like real, heirs to 

3283
02:52:49,300 --> 02:52:53,100
Genghis Khan's Legacy as they 
got used to Chinese culture and 

3284
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:56,300
more they insisted on keeping 
Mongol culture separate the 

3285
02:52:56,300 --> 02:52:57,800
more. 
They pushed away the Chinese 

3286
02:52:57,800 --> 02:53:01,400
people whose help was needed for
good governance. it was a 

3287
02:53:01,408 --> 02:53:04,400
classic problem of Imperial rule
that didn't have a perfect 

3288
02:53:04,400 --> 02:53:08,500
answer in 1368, the Ming Dynasty
overthrew, the Yuan Dynasty, 

3289
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:12,300
which ended Mongol political 
control over China, However, 

3290
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:15,400
Mongol influence on Chinese 
culture and institutions did not

3291
02:53:15,408 --> 02:53:17,700
end. 
The Mongol period brought about 

3292
02:53:17,700 --> 02:53:21,100
changes in Chinese military 
organization, administrative 

3293
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:24,100
practices, and even building 
styles that are still seen 

3294
02:53:24,100 --> 02:53:26,200
today. 
The new Ming rulers were against

3295
02:53:26,200 --> 02:53:29,600
Mongols that they quietly used 
many of the same government 

3296
02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:32,900
methods that had worked well for
the UN in the western parts of 

3297
02:53:32,900 --> 02:53:34,700
the old Empire. 
On the other hand different 

3298
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:37,100
patterns of Decline and 
adaptation were happening. 

3299
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,700
Ilkan art. 
In Persia fell, apart in the 

3300
02:53:39,700 --> 02:53:42,500
1330s. 
Breaking up into many smaller 

3301
02:53:42,500 --> 02:53:45,800
kingdoms and city-states, but 
Persian culture, which had been 

3302
02:53:45,800 --> 02:53:49,000
greatly shaped by Mongol ways of
running things and tastes in art

3303
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:51,600
kept growing in ways. 
That showed this mix of 

3304
02:53:51,600 --> 02:53:55,100
cultures, the Mongol period left
a lasting mark on Persian, 

3305
02:53:55,100 --> 02:53:58,900
miniature painting architecture 
and literature the golden horde 

3306
02:53:58,900 --> 02:54:01,000
which ruled over a lot of 
Eastern Europe and Russia, 

3307
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:03,700
lasted longer than some other 
parts of the Empire. 

3308
02:54:03,700 --> 02:54:07,100
This was partly because its 
lands were better suited to a 

3309
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:10,000
traditional nomadic lifestyle 
and partly because it didn't 

3310
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:11,600
have to deal with as much 
pressure to. 

3311
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:15,100
A simulate culturally, but even 
the golden hordes slowly change 

3312
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:16,600
from its original Mongol 
identity. 

3313
02:54:17,500 --> 02:54:19,700
It became more turkic in 
language and Islamic in 

3314
02:54:19,708 --> 02:54:22,400
religion, but it kept some of 
its traditional nomadic 

3315
02:54:22,400 --> 02:54:25,900
political systems. 
The fate of Mongolia itself may 

3316
02:54:25,900 --> 02:54:28,000
have been the most powerful 
symbol of how the Empire 

3317
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:30,800
changed. 
The country that started the 

3318
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:33,800
biggest Conquest in history 
slowly, went back to its old 

3319
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:37,300
ways of organizing tribes and 
moving around with the seasons. 

3320
02:54:37,300 --> 02:54:40,200
The big cities that had been 
built to run the Empire, like 

3321
02:54:40,200 --> 02:54:43,900
karakorum the capital and others
were either abandoned or turned 

3322
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:47,100
into small trading posts. 
The administrative system that 

3323
02:54:47,100 --> 02:54:50,300
used to coordinate activities, 
across half the world was cut 

3324
02:54:50,300 --> 02:54:53,500
back to only managing the 
Affairs of small nomadic groups.

3325
02:54:53,500 --> 02:54:56,900
But calling this process 
declined might be misleading 

3326
02:54:56,900 --> 02:54:59,900
because it makes it sound like 
something valuable was lost in. 

3327
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:01,700
A lot of ways. 
What was happening was more like

3328
02:55:01,700 --> 02:55:05,200
a Natural Evolution, where the 
Empire's best ideas were kept 

3329
02:55:05,200 --> 02:55:07,700
and changed and it's less useful
parts. 

3330
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:09,200
Were allowed to fade away on 
their own. 

3331
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:11,700
For a long time. 
After the Mongol Empire fell 

3332
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:14,900
apart its Postal System, 
continued to have an effect on 

3333
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:18,200
communication networks across 
Eurasia, the decimal military 

3334
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,200
structure that Genghis, Khan had
established became the norm for 

3335
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:24,800
armies across China and Europe. 
the legal principles found in 

3336
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:27,700
the Yasser still had an effect 
on the law, in many of the 

3337
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:31,100
states that came after it, trade
networks and cultural exchanges 

3338
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:34,100
that thrived under Mongol 
protection created patterns, 

3339
02:55:34,100 --> 02:55:37,700
that lasted long into the modern
era the time when the Mongols 

3340
02:55:37,700 --> 02:55:40,600
ruled Russia, which later 
Russian historians called the 

3341
02:55:40,600 --> 02:55:44,500
Mongol yoke, Actually helped 
Russian power grow and become 

3342
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:47,200
more centralized. 
When Russia started its own 

3343
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:50,700
Imperial expansion, the Russian 
princes who acted as middlemen 

3344
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:53,700
between the golden horde and the
local people learned a lot about

3345
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,800
how to run a government fight 
Wars and make deals the 

3346
02:55:57,800 --> 02:55:59,400
strategies and organizational 
methods. 

3347
02:55:59,400 --> 02:56:02,100
That Ivan the Terrible used to 
take over Mongol successor 

3348
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:05,100
states in the 16th century. 
The first used by the Mongols 

3349
02:56:05,100 --> 02:56:07,200
themselves. 
It was like watching a 

3350
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:08,700
successful business model 
slowly. 

3351
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:11,700
Spread through an industry. 
The company that came up with 

3352
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:14,600
the new ideas might be bought 
out or replaced by competitors. 

3353
02:56:14,600 --> 02:56:18,000
But the ideas themselves would 
still have an effect on how the 

3354
02:56:18,000 --> 02:56:20,900
whole industry worked. 
The Mongol Empires political 

3355
02:56:20,900 --> 02:56:24,200
system was too ambitious to last
forever but its changes to 

3356
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:27,500
government the military and the 
economy became permanent parts 

3357
02:56:27,500 --> 02:56:30,900
of Eurasian civilization. 
The Empire changed a lot because

3358
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:33,900
of disease, but not always in 
the way you might think the 

3359
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:36,700
black death, which killed about 
one third of the people in many 

3360
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:38,600
parts of Eurasia and the 14th 
century. 

3361
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:42,000
Messed up, the usual social and 
economic ties in the areas. 

3362
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,000
That used to be part of the 
Mongol Empire, but it also made 

3363
02:56:45,000 --> 02:56:47,900
it possible for people to move 
up in society and for 

3364
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,600
institutions to change in ways 
that might not have been 

3365
02:56:50,600 --> 02:56:52,300
possible. 
If things had been more stable, 

3366
02:56:52,300 --> 02:56:55,400
the plague years caused a 
demographic disaster, in many 

3367
02:56:55,408 --> 02:56:57,700
areas, which led to a lack of 
workers. 

3368
02:56:57,700 --> 02:57:00,900
This gave the workers who 
survived more power to negotiate

3369
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,400
and move up in society old 
hierarchies became less rigid, 

3370
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:08,300
New Economic ties, formed and 
political systems changed to 

3371
02:57:08,300 --> 02:57:09,800
fit. 
The new situation, the 

3372
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:12,400
combination of Mongol 
Innovations and changes brought 

3373
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,700
on by the plague permanently 
changed the rigid social systems

3374
02:57:15,700 --> 02:57:17,900
that have been common in many 
societies. 

3375
02:57:17,900 --> 02:57:20,800
Before the Mongols, the Mongol 
Empires affects on the 

3376
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:23,800
environmental, had long-lasting 
effects that went well beyond 

3377
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:26,700
its political life. 
The Mongol Empires growth 

3378
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:30,100
brought about big changes and 
trade routes land, use patterns 

3379
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:34,000
and population movements, these 
changes had long-lasting effects

3380
02:57:34,000 --> 02:57:36,500
on the environment. 
Some areas that lost a lot of 

3381
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:38,800
people during the conquest 
period, stayed sparsely 

3382
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:42,900
populated for many years, which 
let forests grow back and animal

3383
02:57:42,900 --> 02:57:45,700
populations recover in ways that
affected later patterns of 

3384
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:48,800
settlement and development. 
Most importantly, the Mongol 

3385
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,300
period set up ways for people to
talk to each other over long 

3386
02:57:51,300 --> 02:57:53,900
distances and share their 
cultures that are still 

3387
02:57:53,908 --> 02:57:56,600
important in world history. 
Today, the notion that 

3388
02:57:56,600 --> 02:57:59,600
Innovations are testicles, 
religious Concepts and 

3389
02:57:59,600 --> 02:58:02,600
Commercial practices. 
Could disseminate swiftly over 

3390
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:06,100
extensive distances and idea 
that was groundbreaking in the 

3391
02:58:06,100 --> 02:58:09,200
13th century. 
Volt into a fundamental 

3392
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:12,600
principle of global functioning 
the Mongol empire built. 

3393
02:58:12,600 --> 02:58:16,200
What was basically the first 
Global Information Network, Even

3394
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:19,900
though the Empire itself fell 
apart the networks, it had set 

3395
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:22,900
up kept moving ideas. 
New things across cultural Lines

3396
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:26,000
by the 15th century, the 
different successor states to 

3397
02:58:26,000 --> 02:58:28,500
the Mongol empire were following
their own Paths of development 

3398
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:32,100
that were influenced by their 
Mongol roots and the conditions 

3399
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:34,900
in their own areas. 
The timurid empire in Central 

3400
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:38,000
Asia mixed Mongol military 
customs with Persian cultural 

3401
02:58:38,000 --> 02:58:41,000
sophistication and Islamic 
religious devotion. 

3402
02:58:41,000 --> 02:58:44,500
The Crimean Karnataka kept its 
nomadic political structures 

3403
02:58:44,500 --> 02:58:47,600
while adjusting to the changing 
political landscape of Eastern 

3404
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:50,000
Europe. 
The northern un stayed in charge

3405
02:58:50,000 --> 02:58:53,000
of Mongolia, keeping the 
traditional culture of the steps

3406
02:58:53,000 --> 02:58:55,200
while adapting to having less 
land to control. 

3407
02:58:55,200 --> 02:58:58,400
These successor states were just
weak copies of the original 

3408
02:58:58,400 --> 02:59:01,000
Empire. 
It was successful changes to the

3409
02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:04,000
way things were, each had 
figured out how to keep the most

3410
02:59:04,000 --> 02:59:07,100
important parts of the Mongol 
culture while also learning new 

3411
02:59:07,100 --> 02:59:09,600
skills, that help them do well 
in their own environments. 

3412
02:59:09,600 --> 02:59:12,700
It was like seeing a big company
successfully break up into 

3413
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:15,800
smaller parts, that then became 
successful businesses on. 

3414
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:18,600
Their own. 
The slow change in Mongol 

3415
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:21,600
identity, mirrored, these larger
trends of adaptation and growth 

3416
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:25,000
by the 15th century. 
The term Mongol had evolved into

3417
02:59:25,000 --> 02:59:26,400
a cultural and political 
Concept. 

3418
02:59:26,400 --> 02:59:30,200
In addition to its ethnic 
connotation individuals, lacking

3419
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:33,000
direct biological ties to the 
original Mongol tribes. 

3420
02:59:33,000 --> 02:59:36,300
Could assert a Mongol identity. 
If they embraced Mongol, 

3421
02:59:36,300 --> 02:59:40,000
political Customs military 
practices or cultural values. 

3422
02:59:40,000 --> 02:59:43,000
On the other hand, people of 
Mongol descent who had fully 

3423
02:59:43,000 --> 02:59:46,300
integrated into Chinese Persian,
or other cultural systems. 

3424
02:59:46,300 --> 02:59:49,200
May no longer identify as Mongol
in any significant way. 

3425
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:52,700
One of the original Empires best
features was its ability to 

3426
02:59:52,700 --> 02:59:56,400
change identity categories. 
This flexibility still helps 

3427
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:59,600
Mongol success of state's it 
helped them get talented and 

3428
02:59:59,600 --> 03:00:01,100
loyal people from different 
groups. 

3429
03:00:01,100 --> 03:00:03,700
While still staying connected to
the famous Mongol Legacy. 

3430
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:07,100
It was a kind of cultural 
branding that lasted a long time

3431
03:00:07,100 --> 03:00:10,200
and could change with the time. 
The long end of the Mongol 

3432
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:13,500
Empire wasn't a tragedy. 
It was a natural change from one

3433
03:00:13,500 --> 03:00:16,500
type of organization to another 
that was better suited to new 

3434
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:18,800
conditions. 
The Empire had done what it 

3435
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:21,600
needed to do. 
It had linked areas that had 

3436
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:24,900
been cut off from each other set
up new ways for people to trade 

3437
03:00:24,900 --> 03:00:28,600
and share culture and shown that
nomadic societies could build 

3438
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:31,800
and run complex governments 
across a whole continent. 

3439
03:00:31,800 --> 03:00:35,100
As you snuggle deeper into your 
blanket and think about how your

3440
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:38,000
own Cozy home is an example of 
hundreds of years of 

3441
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:41,100
improvements in building Heating
and Furnishing that came from 

3442
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:44,100
many different cultures. 
You might think about how the 

3443
03:00:44,100 --> 03:00:47,500
Mongol Empire's greatest 
achievement was not Conquering 

3444
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:50,700
the world, but bringing it 
together. 700 years ago, the 

3445
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:54,200
Mongols trade communication and 
cultural exchange networks 

3446
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:57,000
across Eurasia. 
These networks laid the 

3447
03:00:57,000 --> 03:00:59,200
groundwork for the global 
interconnectedness. 

3448
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:02,600
We take for granted today, as 
you get ready for bed in a world

3449
03:01:02,600 --> 03:01:04,600
where you can order things from 
halfway around the world. 

3450
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:07,600
With a few clicks, talk to 
people on different continents, 

3451
03:01:07,600 --> 03:01:10,800
right away and learn about 
thousands of different cultures.

3452
03:01:10,800 --> 03:01:14,200
You are living with the 
consequences of choices made by 

3453
03:01:14,200 --> 03:01:17,500
nomadic herders on the Asian. 
Steppes seventh century ago, the

3454
03:01:17,500 --> 03:01:20,500
Mongol Empires impact on Modern 
Life is so deeply ingrained in 

3455
03:01:20,500 --> 03:01:23,500
our world today that we hardly 
ever, think about it, like 

3456
03:01:23,500 --> 03:01:26,300
background music that sets, the 
mood of a room without drawing 

3457
03:01:26,300 --> 03:01:29,200
attention to itself. 
The most obvious Legacy is the 

3458
03:01:29,200 --> 03:01:31,800
political borders and ethnic 
groups of today's country's. 

3459
03:01:31,800 --> 03:01:35,500
The vastness of Russia's land 
shows patterns of growth that 

3460
03:01:35,500 --> 03:01:38,400
started during the Mongol 
period, the borders of China. 

3461
03:01:38,400 --> 03:01:40,900
Today, include areas that were 
brought together into a single 

3462
03:01:40,900 --> 03:01:44,300
state during the unity. 
The different cultures in 

3463
03:01:44,300 --> 03:01:45,800
Central. 
Asian countries, are a result of

3464
03:01:45,808 --> 03:01:47,900
people moving around and 
settling there. 

3465
03:01:47,900 --> 03:01:51,200
During the Mongol conquests, the
Mongol, Empire's Legacy shaped, 

3466
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:53,600
even the United States, which 
didn't exist at the time. 

3467
03:01:53,600 --> 03:01:57,000
For example, the horses that 
change planes, Indian culture 

3468
03:01:57,000 --> 03:02:00,100
were descendants of animals that
nomadic people had bred and 

3469
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,100
improved and the 
Transcontinental trade networks 

3470
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,300
that European explorers. 
Found in the Americas were based

3471
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:09,300
on patterns that were first 
established along the Silk Road,

3472
03:02:09,300 --> 03:02:14,100
the genetic Legacy is just as 
strong Modern DNA studies show 

3473
03:02:14,100 --> 03:02:17,200
that about one in every 200 men 
alive today, has genetic 

3474
03:02:17,200 --> 03:02:19,300
markers. 
That can be traced back to the 

3475
03:02:19,300 --> 03:02:21,800
Mongol Empire. 
The highest concentration of 

3476
03:02:21,800 --> 03:02:24,300
these markers are in areas that 
were once part of the Empire, 

3477
03:02:24,300 --> 03:02:27,600
this isn't just interesting from
a historical point of view. 

3478
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:31,000
It's proof of cultural 
integration on a scale that 

3479
03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:34,200
hadn't been seen before and 
wouldn't be seen, again until 

3480
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:37,000
the modern era, the Mongol 
Empire mixed people from 

3481
03:02:37,000 --> 03:02:39,300
different parts of the world who
had been living apart for 

3482
03:02:39,300 --> 03:02:42,900
thousands of years. 
This made the first truly Global

3483
03:02:42,900 --> 03:02:46,100
gene pool, but the genetic 
mixing was only one part of a 

3484
03:02:46,100 --> 03:02:48,600
larger cultural blending that 
still affects everything from 

3485
03:02:48,600 --> 03:02:51,700
food to buildings. 
Mongol cities were the first 

3486
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:55,000
places where Chinese Persian 
Central Asian and European 

3487
03:02:55,000 --> 03:02:57,000
cooking style met on a large 
scale. 

3488
03:02:57,000 --> 03:03:00,400
This is where Fusion cooking, 
which mixes ingredients and 

3489
03:03:00,400 --> 03:03:02,100
techniques from different, 
cultures began. 

3490
03:03:02,100 --> 03:03:05,300
The architectural styles of 
many, Asian cities, still show 

3491
03:03:05,300 --> 03:03:07,800
design ideas that were developed
during the Mongol period. 

3492
03:03:07,800 --> 03:03:10,700
When Builders had to make 
buildings that could meet a wide

3493
03:03:10,700 --> 03:03:14,000
range of cultural needs and 
tastes, the Mongol influence can

3494
03:03:14,000 --> 03:03:17,500
be seen in the language itself. 
Hundreds of words in dozens of 

3495
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:20,600
languages, can be traced back to
the Mongols or to the cultural 

3496
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:22,600
mixing that happened. 
While the empire was around. 

3497
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:25,900
The Mongols came up with new 
ideas and institutions that are 

3498
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:28,600
still used in military 
administrative and trade-related

3499
03:03:28,600 --> 03:03:31,400
language across Eurasia 
languages that were never 

3500
03:03:31,400 --> 03:03:34,400
directly under Mongol rule was 
still affected by the increased 

3501
03:03:34,400 --> 03:03:37,900
trade and cultural exchange that
came with it, the Mongols way of

3502
03:03:37,900 --> 03:03:40,400
being tolerant of other 
religions set examples, that 

3503
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:43,600
still affect how we think about 
religious freedom and cultural 

3504
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:46,100
diversity today, in the 13th 
century. 

3505
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:49,000
The idea that political loyalty 
and religious belief could be 

3506
03:03:49,000 --> 03:03:53,400
separated was re it is still 
controversial in some parts of 

3507
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:56,100
the world today. 
The Mongol example showed that 

3508
03:03:56,100 --> 03:03:58,600
having different religions in a 
big political group, can be a 

3509
03:03:58,600 --> 03:04:02,400
strength instead of a weakness. 
Mongol influences can also be 

3510
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:05,200
seen in educational and 
intellectual Traditions the 

3511
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:08,100
focus on practical knowledge. 
The blending of different 

3512
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,200
scholarly traditions, and the 
translation movements that 

3513
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:14,200
thrived with Mongol support 
created ways for Scholars to 

3514
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:17,100
share ideas, that shape the 
growth of universities 

3515
03:04:17,100 --> 03:04:21,300
libraries, and scholarly 
networks across Eurasia, the 

3516
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:23,800
Renaissance in Europe. 
The last flowering of the 

3517
03:04:23,800 --> 03:04:27,000
Islamic golden age, and the 
technological advances of Ming 

3518
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:30,400
China, all built on ideas that 
were made Stronger by cultural 

3519
03:04:30,400 --> 03:04:33,400
exchanges between the Mongols 
and other cultures, the way 

3520
03:04:33,400 --> 03:04:36,400
modern military are organized. 
Still shows the effects of new 

3521
03:04:36,400 --> 03:04:39,600
ideas that the Mongol Army came 
up with the decimal system of 

3522
03:04:39,600 --> 03:04:42,400
military units, the use of 
different weapon systems and 

3523
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:46,200
tactics, the focus on 
communication and mobility and 

3524
03:04:46,200 --> 03:04:48,200
the use of psychological warfare
techniques. 

3525
03:04:48,200 --> 03:04:52,000
All became standard military 
practices that still affect how 

3526
03:04:52,000 --> 03:04:54,300
modern armies are organized and 
deployed. 

3527
03:04:54,300 --> 03:04:57,700
The way NATO organizes its 
military forces is based on the 

3528
03:04:57,708 --> 03:05:01,300
same ideas that help the Mongol 
Empire turn Warriors For many 

3529
03:05:01,300 --> 03:05:04,200
different cultures into 
effective fighting units, the 

3530
03:05:04,200 --> 03:05:07,500
trade networks, that the Mongols
protected and grew are where the

3531
03:05:07,500 --> 03:05:10,400
idea of a global economy that 
connects all modern Nations 

3532
03:05:10,400 --> 03:05:13,500
comes from during the Mongol 
period, it was shown on a 

3533
03:05:13,500 --> 03:05:17,100
continental scale that Goods 
services and information should 

3534
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:19,200
be able to move freely across 
political borders. 

3535
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:22,600
The economic relationships could
cross cultural and religious 

3536
03:05:22,600 --> 03:05:26,200
lines, and that Prosperity 
depended on keeping peaceful 

3537
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:28,900
trading relationships. 
The principles that were first 

3538
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:31,500
used in the Mongol Commercial 
Code, are still used in modern 

3539
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:34,800
international trade law, which 
focuses on standardizing 

3540
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:38,600
procedures and ways to settle 
disputes Mongol invasions even 

3541
03:05:38,600 --> 03:05:40,900
changed how we think about 
geography and Maps. 

3542
03:05:40,900 --> 03:05:44,500
The maps that helped Europeans. 
Explore the Americas used 

3543
03:05:44,500 --> 03:05:47,300
geographical information that 
Mongol leaders had collected and

3544
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:49,800
kept safe. 
The Age of Exploration was made 

3545
03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:53,000
possible by advances in 
astronomy navigation and 

3546
03:05:53,000 --> 03:05:55,700
surveying that were built on 
intellectual foundations that 

3547
03:05:55,700 --> 03:05:57,800
were strengthened by scholarly 
exchanges. 

3548
03:05:57,800 --> 03:06:01,200
During the Mongolia, the Mongol 
Empire showed that Will 

3549
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:03,800
diversity and political Unity 
could work together instead of 

3550
03:06:03,808 --> 03:06:06,400
against each other, which is 
perhaps the most important 

3551
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:08,600
thing. 
This lesson is especially 

3552
03:06:08,600 --> 03:06:10,900
important for today's 
multinational States and 

3553
03:06:10,900 --> 03:06:13,400
international groups that need 
to find a balance between local 

3554
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:16,700
freedom and central control the 
European Union, the United 

3555
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:19,400
Nations and other modern 
organizations face the same 

3556
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:22,900
basic problem, that the Mongols 
did how to keep good government 

3557
03:06:22,900 --> 03:06:25,900
in places, where people speak 
different languages, follow 

3558
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:28,700
different religions and have 
different cultural Traditions. 

3559
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:32,800
The Mongol solution, keeping 
central control, over important 

3560
03:06:32,800 --> 03:06:34,600
tasks. 
While letting local groups, have

3561
03:06:34,600 --> 03:06:36,500
some freedom in cultural and 
religious matters. 

3562
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:40,000
Still affects how modern 
organizations deal with this 

3563
03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:42,500
problem. 
Mongol administrators were the 

3564
03:06:42,500 --> 03:06:45,500
first to use these ideas on a 
large scale in federal systems 

3565
03:06:45,500 --> 03:06:49,100
of government international law 
and Multinational corporate 

3566
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:51,400
structures. 
The Empire's methods for 

3567
03:06:51,400 --> 03:06:54,100
Innovation and Technology 
transfer set trends that still 

3568
03:06:54,100 --> 03:06:56,100
affect how new ideas spread 
around the world. 

3569
03:06:56,100 --> 03:06:59,200
The Mongols were the first to 
systematically transfer 

3570
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,500
technology by actively looking 
for useful new ideas. 

3571
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:06,300
Adapting them to fit their needs
and spreading them across their 

3572
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:08,700
lands. 
The Mongol period was the first 

3573
03:07:08,700 --> 03:07:11,000
time that people came up with 
ideas, for research and 

3574
03:07:11,000 --> 03:07:13,600
development, International 
scientific collaboration. 

3575
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:17,500
And the quick spread of new 
technologies around the world as

3576
03:07:17,500 --> 03:07:20,300
you drift off to sleep, you 
might think about how the pillow

3577
03:07:20,300 --> 03:07:23,100
under your head is probably made
of materials from many different

3578
03:07:23,100 --> 03:07:25,300
countries. 
How the building around you is 

3579
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:27,800
built using methods that were 
developed in many different 

3580
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:31,800
cultures and how the electronic 
devices nearby can connect you 

3581
03:07:31,800 --> 03:07:34,100
to people and information from 
all over the world. 

3582
03:07:34,100 --> 03:07:37,200
All of these modern convenience 
is a on the same idea. 

3583
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:38,900
That led to the Mongols 
expansion. 

3584
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:42,500
The societies are stronger and 
more successful when they are 

3585
03:07:42,500 --> 03:07:44,900
connected to each other. 
Instead, of being cut off from 

3586
03:07:44,900 --> 03:07:48,400
each other, the Mongol Empire 
didn't last as a government, but

3587
03:07:48,400 --> 03:07:50,600
its idea of a world where 
everything is connected. 

3588
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:54,500
Did we all live in the world? 
The Mongols dreamed of a world 

3589
03:07:54,508 --> 03:07:56,900
where distance doesn't stop 
people from talking to each 

3590
03:07:56,900 --> 03:07:59,100
other. 
When new ideas spread quickly 

3591
03:07:59,100 --> 03:08:02,000
across cultures, where people 
from different backgrounds, can 

3592
03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:05,300
work together to reach common 
goals and where the resources 

3593
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:07,900
and knowledge of different 
societies can be combined to 

3594
03:08:07,900 --> 03:08:10,000
make something better than the 
sum of its parts. 

3595
03:08:10,000 --> 03:08:13,000
Before you fall asleep. 
Think back to those wide open 

3596
03:08:13,000 --> 03:08:16,000
grasslands where our story 
began, not the Mongolia of 

3597
03:08:16,000 --> 03:08:19,300
tourist attractions and modern 
cities but the endless steppe 

3598
03:08:19,300 --> 03:08:22,300
were a few nomadic families used
to live in harmony with rhythms 

3599
03:08:22,300 --> 03:08:25,600
that are older than history. 
Think about how the endless 

3600
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:29,400
grass Moved In Waves under a 
huge sky and how that landscape 

3601
03:08:29,400 --> 03:08:32,600
changed the people who would 
later change half the world is 

3602
03:08:32,600 --> 03:08:35,800
very calming to end this story 
where it began with the wind 

3603
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:38,700
blowing through the grass and 
The feeling of endless space 

3604
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:42,400
stretching Beyond every Horizon.
The Mongol Empire came and went 

3605
03:08:42,408 --> 03:08:45,800
conquered and fell apart, but 
the steps are still very much 

3606
03:08:45,800 --> 03:08:49,100
like they were when TAMU gin 
first learned to ride the grass,

3607
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:52,500
still grows the season, still 
change from the harsh cold of 

3608
03:08:52,500 --> 03:08:55,800
winter to the short warmth of 
Summer and somewhere in that 

3609
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:58,800
vastness heard us still lead 
their animals along paths that 

3610
03:08:58,808 --> 03:09:00,400
have been used for thousands of 
years. 

3611
03:09:00,400 --> 03:09:03,600
But now, you know, that this 
seemingly empty landscape was 

3612
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:05,400
actually the beginning of one of
history's. 

3613
03:09:05,400 --> 03:09:08,700
Most interesting experiments in 
how people can work together. 

3614
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:12,700
Those scattered tribes living in
felt tents and following their 

3615
03:09:12,700 --> 03:09:15,800
herds across vast grasslands 
were able to create something 

3616
03:09:15,800 --> 03:09:18,900
new, the government that could 
bring together people from 

3617
03:09:18,900 --> 03:09:22,000
different backgrounds. 
Over long distances, an economic

3618
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:25,000
system that linked markets that 
have been cut off from each 

3619
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:28,600
other, and a cultural framework 
that let different civilizations

3620
03:09:28,600 --> 03:09:31,000
learn from each other while 
still keeping their own 

3621
03:09:31,000 --> 03:09:33,400
identities. 
The story of the Mongol Empire 

3622
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:36,500
is really about how people can 
connect with each other, when 

3623
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:39,500
there are no more, Barriers 
between them and instead there 

3624
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:43,200
are networks of exchange and 
cooperation it's about the power

3625
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:45,700
of being able to move around in 
a world that often thinks 

3626
03:09:45,700 --> 03:09:49,200
stability is more important. 
The benefits of being able to 

3627
03:09:49,200 --> 03:09:52,800
change in societies that often 
value tradition over new ideas 

3628
03:09:52,800 --> 03:09:56,700
and the idea that people from 
outside may have answers to 

3629
03:09:56,700 --> 03:09:58,800
problems that people from 
within, haven't been able to 

3630
03:09:58,808 --> 03:10:02,200
solve historians today, 
sometimes argue about whether 

3631
03:10:02,200 --> 03:10:04,700
the Mongol conquests were one of
the greatest things that people 

3632
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,100
have ever done. 
One of the worst things that 

3633
03:10:07,100 --> 03:10:09,700
people have ever done. 
The answer is probably both 

3634
03:10:09,700 --> 03:10:13,400
like, with most hard historical 
questions cities were destroyed 

3635
03:10:13,400 --> 03:10:16,400
and people had to move, but new 
cities were built a, new chances

3636
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:19,900
were made old ways of life were 
changed, but new ways of 

3637
03:10:19,900 --> 03:10:22,800
expressing culture came from the
mixing of traditions that were 

3638
03:10:22,800 --> 03:10:26,400
once separate. 
Political systems fell apart but

3639
03:10:26,400 --> 03:10:29,600
new institutions that were more 
open and useful often took their

3640
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:31,800
place. 
It seems clear that the Mongol 

3641
03:10:31,800 --> 03:10:34,800
period sped up human progress in
ways that still affect our world

3642
03:10:34,800 --> 03:10:36,900
today. 
The cultural exchanges, 

3643
03:10:36,900 --> 03:10:40,700
technological advancements and 
institutional experiments that 

3644
03:10:40,700 --> 03:10:44,300
transpire during the Empire's 
duration established paradigms 

3645
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:46,700
that influence. 
The Renaissance, the Scientific 

3646
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:51,000
Revolution and the Contemporary 
global economy. 700 years later,

3647
03:10:51,000 --> 03:10:53,700
we are still dealing with the 
effects of decisions, made in 

3648
03:10:53,700 --> 03:10:56,900
Mongol councils. 
The Mongol story teaches us that

3649
03:10:56,900 --> 03:11:00,400
human societies can change and 
adapt more than we think. 

3650
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:03,500
They can the same species that 
had spent thousands of years. 

3651
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:07,100
Building isolated agricultural 
societies was able to build and 

3652
03:11:07,100 --> 03:11:10,700
run a continental Empire that 
worked well, overlong distances 

3653
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:13,600
and cross cultures the same 
groups that had been fighting 

3654
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,700
and competing for what seemed 
like forever found that they 

3655
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:18,600
could work together to reach 
bigger goals. 

3656
03:11:19,600 --> 03:11:22,200
This ability to change gives us 
hope for the problems. 

3657
03:11:22,200 --> 03:11:25,100
We face around the world. 
If no magic heard us, could 

3658
03:11:25,100 --> 03:11:28,000
figure out how to govern areas 
from Korea to Hungary, while 

3659
03:11:28,000 --> 03:11:30,200
respecting, the cultural 
autonomy of hundreds of 

3660
03:11:30,208 --> 03:11:33,200
different groups. 
Maybe modern societies can find 

3661
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:36,700
ways to deal with climate 
change, economic inequality, and

3662
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:39,500
political fragmentation. 
That seemed just as hard to deal

3663
03:11:39,508 --> 03:11:42,800
with from where we are now, the 
Mongol Empire also shows us that

3664
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:45,500
some of the most important, new 
ideas in history of come from 

3665
03:11:45,508 --> 03:11:48,700
places, we didn't expect. 
It wasn't the urban Elites of 

3666
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:51,700
established civilization who 
changed Warfare Administration, 

3667
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:55,200
and international relations. 
It was no medic Outsiders, who 

3668
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:57,300
looked at the same problems from
a whole new angle. 

3669
03:11:57,300 --> 03:12:00,800
This means that experts, today 
might not be taking seriously 

3670
03:12:00,800 --> 03:12:03,200
the ideas and communities that 
could help solve today's 

3671
03:12:03,200 --> 03:12:05,800
problems. 
You might find comfort in the 

3672
03:12:05,808 --> 03:12:07,600
thought of that. 
Endless Blue Sky. 

3673
03:12:07,600 --> 03:12:10,000
Over the steps. 
As you fall asleep, it's the 

3674
03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:12,700
same sky that watched over. 
Mongol heard as 800 years ago 

3675
03:12:12,700 --> 03:12:15,300
and the same sky, that covers 
your own home tonight. 

3676
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:19,100
That sky has seen the rise and 
fall of Empires, the movement of

3677
03:12:19,100 --> 03:12:21,100
people. 
The growth of technologies that 

3678
03:12:21,100 --> 03:12:24,700
have changed human life and the 
slow growth of the connected 

3679
03:12:24,700 --> 03:12:26,800
world. 
We live in now, but it is also 

3680
03:12:26,808 --> 03:12:30,500
seen quite a times like families
gathering around cooking fires, 

3681
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:34,200
kids learning to ride horses, 
Elders, telling stories that 

3682
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:37,400
passed down, cultural Knowledge 
from one generation to the next 

3683
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:40,600
and regular people. 
Making the small choices that 

3684
03:12:40,600 --> 03:12:44,100
when added together change the 
course of human history, the 

3685
03:12:44,100 --> 03:12:46,300
grand sweep of Empires and 
conquests is important. 

3686
03:12:46,300 --> 03:12:50,000
But so are the small acts of 
Bravery creativity and kindness 

3687
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:52,600
that make big changes in history
possible. 

3688
03:12:52,600 --> 03:12:55,900
The Mongol Empire is no longer 
around but it's ideas about what

3689
03:12:55,900 --> 03:12:59,200
people can do, are still around.
The Mongol period was when these

3690
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:02,700
ideas first took shape, the 
different cultures can enrich 

3691
03:13:02,700 --> 03:13:04,300
each other in stead of 
threatening each other. 

3692
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:08,000
The geographical barriers don't 
have to become social barriers. 

3693
03:13:08,000 --> 03:13:12,300
That Innovation can come from 
both isolation and synthesis and

3694
03:13:12,300 --> 03:13:15,400
that societies can be organized 
in ways that benefit all their 

3695
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:18,500
members instead of just their 
Elites, these ideas continue to 

3696
03:13:18,508 --> 03:13:21,000
inspire efforts to make the 
world more fair and connected 

3697
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:24,300
tonight, as you fall asleep in a
world where Mongolian 

3698
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:26,600
traditional music might be 
playing through your speakers 

3699
03:13:26,600 --> 03:13:30,100
Kashmir from Central Asian goats
might be warming, your shoulders

3700
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:33,300
and the spices in your evening 
tea might have come from trade 

3701
03:13:33,300 --> 03:13:36,700
routes first used by Mongol 
Merchants your experience in the

3702
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:40,400
everyday Legacy of that, amazing
experiment in how to organize 

3703
03:13:40,400 --> 03:13:43,200
people that started on the steps
over 800 years ago. 

3704
03:13:43,200 --> 03:13:47,700
Sweet dreams of wide, open 
spaces and endless Horizons of 

3705
03:13:47,700 --> 03:13:49,100
people. 
Realizing they have more in 

3706
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:52,100
common than they thought and of 
how humans can always change 

3707
03:13:52,100 --> 03:13:54,400
create and connect with each 
other. 

3708
03:13:54,400 --> 03:13:56,700
No matter what barriers seem to 
be in the way. 

3709
03:13:56,700 --> 03:14:00,000
The story of the Mongol Empire 
is really our story. 

3710
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:03,300
It's the story of how people 
learn to get along on a planet 

3711
03:14:03,300 --> 03:14:05,600
that belongs to all of us. 
Sleep. 

3712
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:07,300
Well, under the sky that never 
ends. 

3713
03:14:16,100 --> 03:14:18,100
Picture yourself on a wooden 
ship in the middle of the 

3714
03:14:18,100 --> 03:14:20,500
Atlantic Ocean in the year, 
1700. 

3715
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:24,300
The water looks like a wrinkled 
blue bed sheet with no edges. 

3716
03:14:24,300 --> 03:14:28,900
It goes on forever. 
Sales made of canvas above, you 

3717
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:32,200
snap and below in the wind 
making sounds like thunder in 

3718
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:34,200
the distance. 
You can hear the wood creaking 

3719
03:14:34,200 --> 03:14:37,800
all the time below deck. 
The ships wouldn't bones Bend 

3720
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:41,000
and grown as the waves, lift and
drop the ship in a never-ending 

3721
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:42,400
Rhythm. 
That makes your stomach feel 

3722
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:44,900
bad. 
Now, here's the scary part. 

3723
03:14:44,900 --> 03:14:48,500
You have no idea where you are. 
You have a pretty good idea of 

3724
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:50,000
how far north or south you've 
gone. 

3725
03:14:50,000 --> 03:14:53,600
That's not too hard. 
A Sextant can tell you the angle

3726
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,700
of the Sun at noon, when it is 
at its highest point in the sky.

3727
03:14:57,600 --> 03:15:00,500
To find your latitude compare 
that angle to tables and a book 

3728
03:15:00,508 --> 03:15:02,700
and do some math. 
That would make your high school

3729
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:06,300
geometry, teacher proud The 
hundreds of years Sailors have 

3730
03:15:06,300 --> 03:15:08,100
been doing this and it worked 
great. 

3731
03:15:08,800 --> 03:15:11,800
But what about the eastern West 
that's when things got hard 

3732
03:15:11,800 --> 03:15:15,900
scary and very hard to 
understand to find out how far 

3733
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:19,300
east or west you've traveled 
your longitude you need to know 

3734
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:22,600
what time it is back home. 
This may seem easy but it's 

3735
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,100
actually very hard. 
You can figure out that you're 

3736
03:15:25,100 --> 03:15:28,100
about 60 degrees west of London,
if you know that it's noon where

3737
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:30,400
you are now and that it's four 
in the afternoon back in London.

3738
03:15:31,300 --> 03:15:34,500
15 degrees of longitude is equal
to one hour of time, difference 

3739
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:38,200
is really beautiful math. 
The kind that makes you feel 

3740
03:15:38,200 --> 03:15:41,900
smart, just thinking about it. 
The problem is that clocks from 

3741
03:15:41,900 --> 03:15:46,000
the 1700s were Moody and worked 
great in your living room but as

3742
03:15:46,000 --> 03:15:48,200
soon as you put them on a ship, 
they became useless. 

3743
03:15:48,200 --> 03:15:51,800
Lumps of metal and gears the 
metal parts of the device 

3744
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:55,400
expanded and contracted when the
temperature changed the moisture

3745
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:58,800
in the air caused their delicate
parts to rust, the constant 

3746
03:15:58,800 --> 03:16:01,600
rocking motion messed up their 
pendulums, which were the 

3747
03:16:01,608 --> 03:16:04,900
weights that kept time steady. 
And what about Salt Air? 

3748
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:07,800
Salt Air was like poison to 
machines. 

3749
03:16:07,800 --> 03:16:11,100
It ate away at brass and steel. 
Like the ocean waves, that 

3750
03:16:11,100 --> 03:16:15,200
slowly wear down a cliff. 
Sailors in the Age of 

3751
03:16:15,208 --> 03:16:18,000
Exploration were, basically 
driving across a flat desert 

3752
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:23,400
with no GPS Compass or map, they
had to guess where they were by 

3753
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:25,400
looking at the sun and making 
educated guesses. 

3754
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:28,700
And as you might expect, this 
caused disaster, that would 

3755
03:16:28,700 --> 03:16:32,300
haunt Maritime history. 
Ships would sail confidently 

3756
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:35,100
toward what they thought was a 
safe harbor, only to find 

3757
03:16:35,100 --> 03:16:37,600
themselves grinding onto rocks. 
That shouldn't have been there 

3758
03:16:37,600 --> 03:16:40,900
for another 100 miles. 
Hope fleets would miss their 

3759
03:16:40,900 --> 03:16:44,600
destinations by hundreds of 
miles and sailors would run out 

3760
03:16:44,600 --> 03:16:47,100
of food and water, as they 
desperately searched, the 

3761
03:16:47,100 --> 03:16:49,600
Horizon for land, that was 
actually far behind them. 

3762
03:16:50,300 --> 03:16:53,200
The ocean was hiding things. 
Those things were dangerous. 

3763
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:58,100
On a foggy October night in 
1707, a British naval fleet led 

3764
03:16:58,100 --> 03:17:00,100
by Admiral. 
Sir, cloudsley shovel was 

3765
03:17:00,100 --> 03:17:03,500
sailing home from Gibraltar. 
This was the worst Maritime 

3766
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:06,400
disaster of the time. 
The Admirals Navigators told 

3767
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:07,700
him. 
They were safely to the west of 

3768
03:17:07,700 --> 03:17:09,500
the dangerous. 
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 

3769
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:11,800
which are near the southwestern 
tip of England. 

3770
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:14,200
They were wrong 
catastrophically. 

3771
03:17:14,200 --> 03:17:17,800
It was wrong in the past. 
Four ships, hit the rocks that 

3772
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:19,500
night and went down in a matter 
of hours. 

3773
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:23,400
Their screams were lost in the 
fog and wind, as almost 2,000 

3774
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:27,100
men, drowned in the cold, 
Atlantic Waters, Admiral shovell

3775
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:29,900
was one of them. 
He made it to shore alive but a 

3776
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:32,200
local woman killed him because 
she wanted his emerald ring. 

3777
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:35,500
It was the kind of tragedy that 
shows you how cruel it can be 

3778
03:17:35,500 --> 03:17:37,900
when people make mistakes and 
nature Acts. 

3779
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:41,800
Britain was shocked the country 
that was building an empire that

3780
03:17:41,800 --> 03:17:44,400
stretched around the world 
couldn't even safely get its own

3781
03:17:44,400 --> 03:17:46,800
ship's home. 
It was like being a great race 

3782
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:50,200
car driver, who couldn't always 
Park in their own garage. the 

3783
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:52,400
embarrassment was only worse 
than the rising death, toll of 

3784
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:54,800
the money lost, when Merchant 
ships disappeared into the 

3785
03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:58,000
ocean's, vast anonymity, There 
had to be a change. 

3786
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:01,900
The question was what? 
And who would be smart enough to

3787
03:18:01,900 --> 03:18:04,500
figure out problem that had 
stumped the smartest people of 

3788
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:07,300
the time? 
In the village of falbi. 

3789
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:10,700
In Yorkshire England, a boy 
named John Harrison grew up in a

3790
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,500
world where the Sun moved across
the sky, and the seasons 

3791
03:18:13,500 --> 03:18:17,700
changed. 
John was born in 1693 and was 

3792
03:18:17,700 --> 03:18:20,100
the kind of kid who noticed 
things that other kids didn't 

3793
03:18:20,100 --> 03:18:22,500
like how Shadows moved across 
the floor. 

3794
03:18:22,500 --> 03:18:26,100
How birds seemed to know exactly
when Dawn would break and the 

3795
03:18:26,100 --> 03:18:27,700
exact rhythm of his own 
heartbeat. 

3796
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:31,700
His dad was a carpenter, which 
meant he was a Craftsman, an 

3797
03:18:31,700 --> 03:18:34,000
artist and a problem solver all 
at the same time. 

3798
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:38,400
When people needed a door that 
fit just right a table, that 

3799
03:18:38,400 --> 03:18:41,500
wouldn't wobble, or a beam that 
could hold up a roof for 100 

3800
03:18:41,500 --> 03:18:43,600
years. 
They came to you carpentry, 

3801
03:18:43,600 --> 03:18:46,800
required an eye for detail, and 
a feel for how materials worked.

3802
03:18:46,800 --> 03:18:50,500
Young John, learned the skills 
quickly like a sponge soaking up

3803
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:53,500
water but what really interested
John was something that most 

3804
03:18:53,500 --> 03:18:56,200
Carpenters didn't think about 
very much time. 

3805
03:18:56,200 --> 03:18:59,400
He would watch his dad work and 
pay attention to how long each 

3806
03:18:59,400 --> 03:19:02,900
job took how the quality of the 
wood affected, how fast it could

3807
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:05,300
be cut and how is Dad's 
experience helped him? 

3808
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:08,000
Guess how long a project would 
take with amazing accuracy? 

3809
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:12,600
John was thinking about 
measurement, precision and the 

3810
03:19:12,608 --> 03:19:15,800
Unseen rhythms that controlled 
everything around him while 

3811
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:18,900
other boys, his age were playing
games or doing things that made 

3812
03:19:18,900 --> 03:19:22,000
their parents sigh heavily. 
When John was about seven years 

3813
03:19:22,000 --> 03:19:25,500
old, he got smallpox a disease 
that killed millions of people 

3814
03:19:25,500 --> 03:19:27,800
and left those who survived with
scars for life. 

3815
03:19:28,500 --> 03:19:31,800
John lived, but the sickness 
kept him in bed for weeks 

3816
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:34,800
someone gave him a watch while 
he was recovering and it changed

3817
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:37,200
his life. 
You might think that a watch as 

3818
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:40,200
a boring gift for a sick kid, 
there were no flashing lights 

3819
03:19:40,200 --> 03:19:43,100
moving Parts. 
You could see or bells and 

3820
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:46,800
whistles that watch though was a
window into a world of 

3821
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:48,300
precision. 
For John Harrison. 

3822
03:19:48,300 --> 03:19:51,700
He would put it to his ear and 
listen to the steady Tick, Tock 

3823
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:53,600
of brass and steel like a 
heartbeat. 

3824
03:19:54,300 --> 03:19:57,400
He would watch the hands move 
slowly around the dial turning 

3825
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:02,100
seconds into minutes minutes 
into hours and hours into days. 

3826
03:20:02,100 --> 03:20:04,500
He took it apart which is the 
most amazing thing. 

3827
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:08,200
Imagine being seven years old 
sick, with a disease. 

3828
03:20:08,200 --> 03:20:11,100
That is killing people all 
around you and deciding that. 

3829
03:20:11,100 --> 03:20:14,200
The most interesting thing you 
could do is take apart, a 

3830
03:20:14,200 --> 03:20:16,000
complicated machine to see how 
it works. 

3831
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:20,500
John took out each tiny screw 
gear and piece of metal with 

3832
03:20:20,500 --> 03:20:23,200
great care and put them on his 
bedside table. 

3833
03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:27,000
Then with a level of focus that 
seems almost impossible for a 

3834
03:20:27,000 --> 03:20:29,800
child, you put it all back 
together and it still worked. 

3835
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:32,000
This wasn't just mechanical 
skill. 

3836
03:20:32,000 --> 03:20:35,600
It was a kind of Genius that 
shows itself early and loudly 

3837
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,100
John Harrison New Orleans wanted
to do before most kids could 

3838
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:42,400
spell their own names. 
John's interesting clocks didn't

3839
03:20:42,400 --> 03:20:44,600
fade. 
As he got older, he didn't make 

3840
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:47,600
it less deep. 
He made it deeper, he started 

3841
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:50,900
making clocks. 
Not as a business at first, but 

3842
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:54,200
as a hobby that took up all of 
his free time, he worked in his 

3843
03:20:54,208 --> 03:20:56,600
father's, carpentry, shop and 
tried out different materials 

3844
03:20:56,600 --> 03:21:00,600
designs and ways to fix the 
basic problems that made clocks 

3845
03:21:00,600 --> 03:21:03,200
inaccurate. 
Wood was the first thing he 

3846
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:04,700
chose that changed. 
Everything. 

3847
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:08,300
Other clockmakers used Metal 
Gears, that changed shape with 

3848
03:21:08,308 --> 03:21:11,800
temperature changes. 
John on the other hand, found 

3849
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:15,100
that certain types of wood like 
Oak and boxwood had a amazing 

3850
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:17,300
qualities. 
If you cut them the right way 

3851
03:21:17,300 --> 03:21:20,200
and put them together the right 
way, they would naturally adjust

3852
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:23,500
to changes in temperature when 
one part got bigger, the other 

3853
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:26,300
part got smaller which kept the 
clocks accuracy stable. 

3854
03:21:26,300 --> 03:21:29,500
It was the kind of insight that 
seems clear in retrospect but 

3855
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:33,300
takes Real Genius to find. 
John was learning about physics 

3856
03:21:33,300 --> 03:21:36,400
and Engineering on his own even 
though these ideas wouldn't be 

3857
03:21:36,400 --> 03:21:39,700
written down for decades. 
He did this while working in a 

3858
03:21:39,700 --> 03:21:41,500
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 
candlelight. 

3859
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:44,900
By the time he was in his 
twenties, John had made clocks. 

3860
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:47,500
That was so accurate that they 
only lost about one second a 

3861
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:49,900
month. 
This was an amazing feat for the

3862
03:21:49,900 --> 03:21:52,600
time. 
People would travel for miles to

3863
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:56,000
see his clocks, which were local
wanders, but John wasn't happy. 

3864
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:58,900
He could tell that there was 
something bigger that his skills

3865
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:02,000
could do some bigger problems. 
That only his unique genius 

3866
03:22:02,000 --> 03:22:04,000
could solve. 
He didn't know yet. 

3867
03:22:04,000 --> 03:22:06,200
That the problem was waiting for
him in the form of a 

3868
03:22:06,200 --> 03:22:10,300
parliamentary prize, a maritime 
crisis, and the task of making a

3869
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:13,300
clock, that could keep perfect 
time, while being tossed around 

3870
03:22:13,300 --> 03:22:18,400
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 
John Harrison was only 21 and 

3871
03:22:18,400 --> 03:22:20,200
still making wooden clocks in 
Yorkshire. 

3872
03:22:20,200 --> 03:22:23,000
The British Parliament, did 
something strange. 

3873
03:22:23,000 --> 03:22:26,600
They asked for help. 
The longitude act said that 

3874
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:29,300
anyone who could figure out the 
longitude problem would get a 

3875
03:22:29,300 --> 03:22:32,700
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is
about the same as several 

3876
03:22:32,700 --> 03:22:36,500
million pounds today. 20,000 
pounds. 

3877
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:38,300
Take a moment to think about 
that. 

3878
03:22:39,200 --> 03:22:41,700
Parliament was offering enough 
money to buy a smallest state 

3879
03:22:41,700 --> 03:22:45,300
live, comfortably for life and 
still have enough left over to 

3880
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:46,700
pay for your grandchildren's 
education. 

3881
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:50,800
At the time, a skilled 
Craftsman, could only make 50 

3882
03:22:50,800 --> 03:22:53,600
pounds a year. 
People quit their jobs and spent

3883
03:22:53,600 --> 03:22:55,200
their lives trying to solve 
problems. 

3884
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:57,400
That seemed impossible because 
of the prize. 

3885
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:01,500
But there were some rules for 
the prize, Your solution had to 

3886
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:03,900
be able to figure out the 
longitude within half a degree 

3887
03:23:03,900 --> 03:23:07,200
after a ship had sailed to the 
West Indies and back, which 

3888
03:23:07,200 --> 03:23:10,300
could take months. 
That might not sound very exact 

3889
03:23:10,300 --> 03:23:12,400
until you remember. 
That half a degree of longitude,

3890
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:14,500
at the equator is about 34 
miles. 

3891
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:18,600
Your method had to tell ship's 
Captain where he was to within 

3892
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:21,300
the distance of personal could 
walk in a day after months, at 

3893
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:24,100
Sea, through storms and calm, 
heat and cold. 

3894
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,400
Parliament set up the board of 
longitude to look at the 

3895
03:23:27,400 --> 03:23:31,200
proposed Solutions, this group 
of scientists naval officers and

3896
03:23:31,200 --> 03:23:33,800
government officials were decide
who should get the prize. 

3897
03:23:34,500 --> 03:23:36,700
Some of the smartest people in 
Britain were on this board. 

3898
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:39,900
Including astronomers who liked 
the lunar distance method for 

3899
03:23:39,900 --> 03:23:43,600
finding longitude The lunar 
distance method was beautiful in

3900
03:23:43,608 --> 03:23:48,300
math and very hard in astronomy.
Theoretically Navigators could 

3901
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:51,300
figure out their longitude, by 
measuring the exact position of 

3902
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:54,700
the Moon against background 
stars and comparing that to 

3903
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:58,800
tables made by astronomers. 
It took clear skies accurate 

3904
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:02,700
tools, complicated math, and at 
least an hour of work for each 

3905
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:05,200
measurement. 
Astronomers were happy with the 

3906
03:24:05,208 --> 03:24:08,500
solution but Sailors who were 
practical wanted to throw their 

3907
03:24:08,500 --> 03:24:11,300
Sexton's overboard. 
A lot of the board members 

3908
03:24:11,300 --> 03:24:14,200
specially the astronomers 
thought that the answer to the 

3909
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,100
longitude problem had to come 
from the Stars. 

3910
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:20,400
After all navigation has always 
been about looking at the stars.

3911
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,800
They thought it was unlikely at 
best and ridiculous at worst 

3912
03:24:23,800 --> 03:24:26,300
that someone could fix this 
problem with a mechanical device

3913
03:24:26,300 --> 03:24:28,600
which was basically a very fancy
clock. 

3914
03:24:29,500 --> 03:24:32,000
John Harrison would have to deal
with this bias for most of his 

3915
03:24:32,000 --> 03:24:33,900
life, but he didn't know that 
yet. 

3916
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:40,100
John made a choice in 1728 when 
he was 35, that would shape the 

3917
03:24:40,100 --> 03:24:42,900
rest of his life. 
He would go to London, show the 

3918
03:24:42,900 --> 03:24:46,200
board of longitude his ideas for
a sea clock, and when the prize 

3919
03:24:46,200 --> 03:24:50,200
that no one else had been able 
to get In the 1700s. 

3920
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:52,500
It wasn't easy to get from 
Yorkshire to London. 

3921
03:24:52,500 --> 03:24:55,800
It took days of travel on roads 
that were barely improved. 

3922
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:58,300
Dirt paths. 
Staying in coaching Inns where 

3923
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:00,500
the beds had more previous 
occupants than you wanted to 

3924
03:25:00,500 --> 03:25:03,200
think about and spending money 
that John didn't really have to 

3925
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:05,700
spare. 
But he went on the trip bringing

3926
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:08,200
with him drawings and 
descriptions of a clock that no 

3927
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:11,200
one had ever seen before. 
John went to London to find 

3928
03:25:11,200 --> 03:25:14,500
Edmund Halley the same Halle who
has a comet named after him. 

3929
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:18,100
Halle was the astronomer Royal 
and a member of the board of 

3930
03:25:18,100 --> 03:25:20,300
longitude. 
This meant that he could either 

3931
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:23,400
help or hurt. 
John's goals, John was lucky 

3932
03:25:23,400 --> 03:25:25,800
that Haley was the kind of 
scientist who valued smart 

3933
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:27,300
answers, no matter where they 
came from. 

3934
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:31,500
Hallie looked at John's plan's 
and saw that they were truly 

3935
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:34,000
unique. 
This wasn't a crazy person with 

3936
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:37,600
vague ideas and crazy claims. 
This was a Craftsman who had 

3937
03:25:37,600 --> 03:25:40,300
spent a lot of time thinking 
about how hard it was to keep 

3938
03:25:40,300 --> 03:25:43,600
track of time at Sea and come up
with specific useful Solutions. 

3939
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:47,400
Halle introduced John to George 
Graham London's. 

3940
03:25:47,400 --> 03:25:50,500
Best clockmaker. 
Graham was also smart enough to 

3941
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:52,100
know when genius came to his 
shop. 

3942
03:25:53,000 --> 03:25:55,700
Graham spent the whole day with 
John listening to his ideas, 

3943
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:58,900
looking at his drawings and 
slowly, realizing that this 

3944
03:25:58,900 --> 03:26:02,100
country Carpenter had ideas that
London's best instrument makers 

3945
03:26:02,100 --> 03:26:04,900
have missed. 
Grounded something amazing by 

3946
03:26:04,900 --> 03:26:07,300
the end of their meeting. 
He offered to lend John money 

3947
03:26:07,300 --> 03:26:09,200
without charging him interest to
help him build. 

3948
03:26:09,200 --> 03:26:12,300
His first Marine timekeeper, it 
was a leap of faith in what 

3949
03:26:12,300 --> 03:26:14,600
people could do and it changed 
everything. 

3950
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:18,400
John went back to Yorkshire with
enough money to start building a

3951
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,600
clock that could work at Sea. 
He was about to enter a part of 

3952
03:26:21,600 --> 03:26:22,900
his life that would last for 
decades. 

3953
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:25,100
Drive him, insane and change the
world. 

3954
03:26:25,100 --> 03:26:27,900
But first he had to make the 
thing. 

3955
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:31,900
Think about how long it would 
take to make just one clock, not

3956
03:26:31,900 --> 03:26:35,000
as a hobby or a side project. 
But as your main focus for five 

3957
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:38,400
years of calculating adjusting 
testing and improving. 

3958
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,500
That's what John Harrison did 
from 1730 to 1735. 

3959
03:26:42,500 --> 03:26:45,900
He made his first Marine 
timekeeper which would be called

3960
03:26:45,900 --> 03:26:49,600
H1 H1 was not a delicate pocket.
Watch. 

3961
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:53,000
It was a huge machine that 
weighed about 75 pounds and was 

3962
03:26:53,008 --> 03:26:56,000
about two feet tall. 
Your first thought when you saw 

3963
03:26:56,000 --> 03:26:58,700
it in a museum today would 
probably be at it. 

3964
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:01,600
Looks like a steampunk sculpture
with all the brass gears and 

3965
03:27:01,600 --> 03:27:05,700
strange moving Parts. 
But every part of h-1 design had

3966
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:09,100
a specific purpose in the fight 
against the forces that had 

3967
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:10,700
stopped. 
Every other attempt at making a 

3968
03:27:10,700 --> 03:27:13,100
sea clock. 
John's main problem was figuring

3969
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:16,000
out how to make a clock, that 
keeps accurate time, even when 

3970
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:20,700
it is moved shaking. 
Heated, cool, and hit by salty 

3971
03:27:20,700 --> 03:27:23,300
are all the time. 
It was like asking someone to 

3972
03:27:23,300 --> 03:27:25,500
play a violin while riding a 
roller coaster during an 

3973
03:27:25,500 --> 03:27:28,100
earthquake. 
The main task is hard enough 

3974
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:30,000
without all those extra things 
getting in the way. 

3975
03:27:30,000 --> 03:27:32,900
John's ideas were brilliant 
because he had spent years 

3976
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:35,800
thinking about how mechanisms 
work when they are under stress.

3977
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:39,500
John used a balance mechanism 
with two weighted bars, 

3978
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:41,600
connected by Springs and of a 
pendulum. 

3979
03:27:42,400 --> 03:27:45,600
A pendulum needs gravity to work
all the time, but it didn't work

3980
03:27:45,600 --> 03:27:46,700
on a ship. 
That was tilting. 

3981
03:27:47,500 --> 03:27:50,400
One bar would swing one way and 
the other would swing the other 

3982
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:53,700
way, when the ship rolled which 
stopped the ship from moving, it

3983
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:56,400
was a mechanical genius that was
turned into brass and steel. 

3984
03:27:57,200 --> 03:27:59,900
The two balances were like 
dancers moving in perfect 

3985
03:27:59,900 --> 03:28:03,100
opposition, their movement. 
So perfectly timed, that the 

3986
03:28:03,100 --> 03:28:06,500
ship's rocking didn't matter the
ship pitched and rolled through 

3987
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:09,600
the waves, but inside H1s 
mechanism, time moved forward 

3988
03:28:09,600 --> 03:28:12,800
with calm precision. the 
temperature was another problem 

3989
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:17,600
when you heat metal it expands, 
and when you cool it, it shrinks

3990
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:21,200
You may have noticed this when 
you run hot water over a Jared 

3991
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:25,100
to make it easier to open these 
tiny changes in size can mess up

3992
03:28:25,100 --> 03:28:27,400
the timing of a clock so much 
that it stops working. 

3993
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:30,500
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

3994
03:28:30,500 --> 03:28:34,500
The strips were made of brass 
and steal and reacted to changes

3995
03:28:34,500 --> 03:28:38,300
in temperature in ways making up
for each other, then there was 

3996
03:28:38,300 --> 03:28:42,100
friction, which is bad for all 
moving Parts, friction was 

3997
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:44,600
trying to slow things down and 
make them less accurate. 

3998
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:48,200
Every time gear teeth, meshed 
together or a bearing turned in 

3999
03:28:48,200 --> 03:28:50,800
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

4000
03:28:50,800 --> 03:28:54,100
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold 

4001
03:28:54,100 --> 03:28:57,200
thinned in the Heat and 
eventually turned into sticky 

4002
03:28:57,200 --> 03:28:58,600
residue that gummed up the 
works. 

4003
03:28:58,600 --> 03:29:03,000
John's answer was to use lignum.
Vitae a very hard heavy wood 

4004
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:06,400
that has its own natural oils. 
His bearings were made from this

4005
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:09,100
wood that doesn't need oil so he
didn't need any at all. 

4006
03:29:09,700 --> 03:29:12,200
John knew a lot about how 
materials acted when they were 

4007
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:17,300
under stress and every problem 
had a solution H1 was more than 

4008
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:19,700
just a clock. 
It was a dissertation in 

4009
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:22,100
mechanical engineering that a 
man who had never gone to 

4010
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:23,600
college wrote in brass and 
steal. 

4011
03:29:24,400 --> 03:29:28,900
Each one was ready for its trial
in 1735, the board of longitude 

4012
03:29:28,900 --> 03:29:32,300
sent John on the HMS, Centurion 
to Lisbon, Portugal and back. 

4013
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:35,900
This trip would test whether 
this complicated machine could 

4014
03:29:35,900 --> 03:29:37,500
really do what John said, it 
could. 

4015
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:41,800
Think about how John felt as he 
watched his five years of work. 

4016
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:44,400
Being carefully, loaded onto a 
royal Navy warship. 

4017
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:47,200
The open ocean was about to 
judge everything. 

4018
03:29:47,200 --> 03:29:50,500
He had an up every hour. 
He had spent in his workshop and

4019
03:29:50,500 --> 03:29:52,600
every calculation and adjustment
he had made. 

4020
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:56,900
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 
doesn't care about your precise 

4021
03:29:56,900 --> 03:29:59,100
tools or the work you've done 
for the rest of your life. 

4022
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:03,900
The centurion's deck was covered
in waves and the ship rolled at 

4023
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:06,100
angles that made even 
experienced Sailors. 

4024
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:11,300
Hold onto the railings. 
Below in the captain's cabin, H1

4025
03:30:11,300 --> 03:30:14,700
sat quietly ticking away, 
seemingly unaffected by the 

4026
03:30:14,700 --> 03:30:17,600
chaos around it. 
The ships Navigators, thought 

4027
03:30:17,600 --> 03:30:20,200
they were getting closer to 
England from a certain place on 

4028
03:30:20,200 --> 03:30:22,700
the way back. 
John's clock said they were 

4029
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:25,500
really about 90 miles east of 
Where The Navigators thought 

4030
03:30:25,500 --> 03:30:27,900
they were. 
John told the captain that they 

4031
03:30:27,900 --> 03:30:30,300
were getting close to England 
near The Dangerous Waters 

4032
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:32,500
around. 
Start point, he did this with 

4033
03:30:32,500 --> 03:30:35,100
the confidence of someone who 
trusted his own work more than 

4034
03:30:35,100 --> 03:30:39,000
what most people thought. 
Roger Wills the captain believed

4035
03:30:39,000 --> 03:30:42,400
what John said enough to change 
course and when the fog cleared 

4036
03:30:42,400 --> 03:30:44,900
start point was right, where 
John's clock said, it would be. 

4037
03:30:45,700 --> 03:30:48,000
The Navigators had made a 
mistake that could have easily 

4038
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:49,900
sunk the ship by almost 100 
miles. 

4039
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:53,200
H1 was correct. 
You might think that this 

4040
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,000
successful trial would have won 
John the longitude prize right 

4041
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:59,700
away His clock had just shown 
that it could do exactly what 

4042
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:03,200
Parliament had promised to pay 
20,000 pounds to do. 

4043
03:31:04,200 --> 03:31:06,600
But you would be underestimated,
how hard it is to convince 

4044
03:31:06,600 --> 03:31:09,400
experts who are dealt for that. 
Someone has solved a problem. 

4045
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:11,000
They thought was almost 
impossible. 

4046
03:31:12,100 --> 03:31:15,800
The board of longitudes said 
that H1 had potential which in 

4047
03:31:15,800 --> 03:31:19,400
bureaucratic language means, 
this is interesting but we're 

4048
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:21,100
not ready to give you all that 
money yet. 

4049
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:25,000
They gave John 500 pounds to 
keep working on it, and make a 

4050
03:31:25,000 --> 03:31:27,600
better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

4051
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:30,100
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

4052
03:31:30,100 --> 03:31:33,900
John might have been feeling 
down, he went back to his shop 

4053
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:35,800
and started making plans for H2 
instead. 

4054
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:38,400
You might think that H2 would 
take less time. 

4055
03:31:38,400 --> 03:31:40,900
Now that John knew how to do it,
because it took him five years 

4056
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:43,600
to build H1. 
You would be very wrong. 

4057
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:47,300
It took John almost 20 years to 
finish H2, but not because he 

4058
03:31:47,300 --> 03:31:49,400
worked slowly. 
He kept coming up with better 

4059
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:51,500
ideas. 
This is the time in John 

4060
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:54,200
Harrison's, life that will test 
your patience just to hear about

4061
03:31:54,200 --> 03:31:56,600
it. 
Imagine spending your whole 

4062
03:31:56,600 --> 03:32:00,800
adult life trying to solve one 
problem getting close and then 

4063
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:04,200
realizing you could do better 
and starting over over and over 

4064
03:32:04,200 --> 03:32:10,500
for 40 years, H2, which was 
finished in 1741 was heavier 

4065
03:32:10,500 --> 03:32:15,300
than H1 about 86 pounds. 
But it had changes that made it 

4066
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:18,000
more accurate. 
In theory, John had fine-tuned 

4067
03:32:18,000 --> 03:32:20,800
his temperature compensation 
system improved, his balance 

4068
03:32:20,800 --> 03:32:23,800
mechanism and made a lot of 
small changes that when added 

4069
03:32:23,800 --> 03:32:26,700
together made a difference, it 
was like seeing a perfectionist 

4070
03:32:26,700 --> 03:32:30,200
change of document changing the 
words and punctuation until each

4071
03:32:30,200 --> 03:32:34,600
sentence was as clear as glass 
But before H2 could be tested at

4072
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:38,400
C, John realized, something that
worried him he had already come 

4073
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:42,400
up with ways to make it better. 
The world of ships was also 

4074
03:32:42,400 --> 03:32:45,900
changing the board of longitude 
had paid for the creation of a 

4075
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:47,800
new way to measure the distance 
to the Moon. 

4076
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:51,100
An astronomers were publishing 
tables that made navigating by 

4077
03:32:51,100 --> 03:32:54,100
the Stars easier. 
John's chance to prove his 

4078
03:32:54,100 --> 03:32:55,700
mechanical solution was running 
out. 

4079
03:32:57,000 --> 03:32:59,800
John started working on H3 in 
1749. 

4080
03:33:00,700 --> 03:33:04,400
It would take him 17 years to 
finish this version during that 

4081
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:08,700
time he hardly left his 
Workshop, rarely saw friends and

4082
03:33:08,700 --> 03:33:11,400
focused so hard that his friends
and family will worry. 

4083
03:33:11,400 --> 03:33:15,100
William his son who had grown up
watching his father's Obsession 

4084
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:18,500
became his assistant and later 
his Advocate when he had to deal

4085
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:22,700
with the board of longitude. 
H3 was smaller than the ones 

4086
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:25,200
that came before it, but it was 
much more complicated. 

4087
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:29,200
John added new features like a 
bimetallic strip to adjust for 

4088
03:33:29,200 --> 03:33:32,100
temperature and a caged roller 
bearing mechanism. 

4089
03:33:33,200 --> 03:33:36,200
This design was so ahead of its 
time that it wasn't rediscovered

4090
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:39,400
and widely used until the 
Industrial Revolution, more than

4091
03:33:39,400 --> 03:33:42,400
100 years later. 
You benefit from something. 

4092
03:33:42,400 --> 03:33:45,300
John Harris and came up with 
while trying to solve the 

4093
03:33:45,300 --> 03:33:47,500
longitude problem. 
Every time you ride in a car or 

4094
03:33:47,500 --> 03:33:51,300
use a machine with roller 
bearings, But there was a 

4095
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:53,800
problem with H3 that John 
couldn't completely fix. 

4096
03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:57,000
There was more sensitive to the 
ship's movement than his other 

4097
03:33:57,000 --> 03:33:59,800
designs. 
The changes he made in some 

4098
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:01,500
areas had made other areas 
weaker. 

4099
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:04,000
It was the kind of trade-off in 
engineering that keeps 

4100
03:34:04,000 --> 03:34:07,300
perfectionists up at night and 
John was definitely a 

4101
03:34:07,300 --> 03:34:09,900
perfectionist. 
John was in his 60s by the 

4102
03:34:09,900 --> 03:34:13,200
middle of the 1750s. 
He had been working on C clocks 

4103
03:34:13,200 --> 03:34:16,400
for more than 30 years. 
His first try was good enough to

4104
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:19,100
show that the idea worked but 
not good enough to win. 

4105
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:22,600
The longitude prize, his later 
attempts would be better in some

4106
03:34:22,600 --> 03:34:25,300
ways, but he still hadn't 
reached the level of perfection,

4107
03:34:25,300 --> 03:34:28,900
he wanted a lot of people would 
have given up the right thing to

4108
03:34:28,908 --> 03:34:31,200
do, would have been to admit 
that he had made in Portland 

4109
03:34:31,200 --> 03:34:33,200
contributions, take whatever 
money. 

4110
03:34:33,200 --> 03:34:35,700
The board of longitude was 
willing to give him and then 

4111
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:39,000
retire knowing that he had 
helped people learn more John 

4112
03:34:39,000 --> 03:34:41,800
Harrison was not like most 
people and he was not being 

4113
03:34:41,800 --> 03:34:45,000
reasonable about this problem. 
John made a choice in his 

4114
03:34:45,000 --> 03:34:47,500
Workshop that must have seemed a
little crazy even to him. 

4115
03:34:47,500 --> 03:34:51,200
He would stop working on H3 and 
start over from scratch with a 

4116
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:54,000
very different method. 
His new clock would be nothing 

4117
03:34:54,000 --> 03:34:55,700
like the big complicated 
machine. 

4118
03:34:55,700 --> 03:35:00,100
He had spent years building, it 
would be small elegant and based

4119
03:35:00,100 --> 03:35:02,500
on ideas, he had learned while 
working on the other ones, but 

4120
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:06,500
had never fully used He would 
make H4 which would be a watch 

4121
03:35:06,500 --> 03:35:09,000
think of a pocket watch from the
1700s. 

4122
03:35:09,000 --> 03:35:12,600
Like the kind you might see in a
period drama is hanging from a 

4123
03:35:12,600 --> 03:35:14,200
gold chain on a gentleman's 
waistcoat. 

4124
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:18,800
Fancy classy and small enough to
fit in your hand Now picture 

4125
03:35:18,800 --> 03:35:21,800
this watch being so accurate and
well made that it will lose less

4126
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:23,900
than a minute. 
After months, at Sea, through 

4127
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:29,700
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
That was H4. 

4128
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:33,700
John Harrison started working on
H4 in 1755. 

4129
03:35:33,700 --> 03:35:37,400
And by 1759, he had made 
something that looks simple but 

4130
03:35:37,400 --> 03:35:41,000
wasn't it was about five inches 
across, which is big for a 

4131
03:35:41,000 --> 03:35:42,500
pocket, watch by today's 
standards. 

4132
03:35:42,500 --> 03:35:47,000
But small compared to H1 H2 or 
H3, there was only three pounds 

4133
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:49,200
heavy. 
You could easily hold it in both

4134
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:52,900
hands and admire its clean white
face, elegant, Roman numerals 

4135
03:35:52,900 --> 03:35:56,100
and the way its hands moves 
smoothly to Mark second and 

4136
03:35:56,100 --> 03:36:00,500
minutes with perfect timing. 
But the ease was a trick inside 

4137
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:02,400
H4. 
Silver case was a world of 

4138
03:36:02,400 --> 03:36:05,400
exactness. 
John had put together everything

4139
03:36:05,400 --> 03:36:07,600
he had learned about 
clock-making over the past 30 

4140
03:36:07,600 --> 03:36:10,400
years into a package that could 
fit in your pocket. 

4141
03:36:11,400 --> 03:36:13,100
The balance wheel moved back and
forth. 

4142
03:36:13,100 --> 03:36:16,400
Five times per second, which was
faster than any other Marine. 

4143
03:36:16,400 --> 03:36:20,200
Timekeeper This meant that small
mistakes in each oscillation 

4144
03:36:20,200 --> 03:36:22,200
would average out of getting 
worse. 

4145
03:36:23,000 --> 03:36:25,500
It was the application of 
statistical smoothing to 

4146
03:36:25,500 --> 03:36:27,500
mechanical engineering long 
before. 

4147
03:36:27,500 --> 03:36:29,500
Anyone had put these ideas into 
writing. 

4148
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:33,200
The escapement mechanism, which 
turns the Springs energy into. 

4149
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:36,600
The regular tiktok motion was a 
work of art in terms of 

4150
03:36:36,600 --> 03:36:40,500
miniaturization and accuracy. 
John had made sure that every 

4151
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,800
tooth on every gear fit together
perfectly, which cut down on 

4152
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:46,800
friction to almost nothing while
still keeping the right ratios 

4153
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:50,500
for keeping time. 
The craftsmanship was so good 

4154
03:36:50,500 --> 03:36:54,200
that when you look at H4 under a
magnifying glass, you can see 

4155
03:36:54,200 --> 03:36:56,600
details that shouldn't have been
possible with tools from the 

4156
03:36:56,608 --> 03:36:59,200
18th century. 
The temperature compensation 

4157
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:03,200
system used by metallic balance 
that grew and shrank in just the

4158
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:06,600
right amounts to keep the watch 
accurate in both, arctic cold 

4159
03:37:06,600 --> 03:37:11,300
and tropical heat, The bearings 
which were tiny Ruby bearings 

4160
03:37:11,300 --> 03:37:13,200
that John used at important 
friction points. 

4161
03:37:13,200 --> 03:37:16,800
Kept the machine from wearing 
down and kept it accurate for a 

4162
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:19,600
long time. 
Every part of H4 was the most 

4163
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:21,500
advanced thing that could be 
done with machines. 

4164
03:37:21,500 --> 03:37:27,200
At the time H4 was ready for its
trial in 1761 when John was 68 

4165
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:30,400
years old, The board of 
longitude sent the watch on a 

4166
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:34,400
trip to Jamaica to test it. 
The trip would take months and 

4167
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:36,800
put the watch through all kinds 
of weather and conditions that 

4168
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:40,800
could happen in the Atlantic. 
William John's son offered to go

4169
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:43,700
with H4 on the trip. 
This was partly because his 

4170
03:37:43,700 --> 03:37:46,900
father was too old for such a 
long and hard journey and partly

4171
03:37:46,900 --> 03:37:49,500
because someone needed to wind 
the watch every day and keep an 

4172
03:37:49,500 --> 03:37:52,400
eye on how it was working. 
Can you picture how William felt

4173
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:55,600
as HMS Deptford? 
Got ready to leave, he had his 

4174
03:37:55,600 --> 03:37:58,500
father's whole life's work. 
In a silver case, that was small

4175
03:37:58,500 --> 03:38:02,600
enough to fit in his pocket. 
If H4 didn't work all the work, 

4176
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,100
the house and family had done 
for decades would have been for 

4177
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:07,700
nothing. 
If they were successful they 

4178
03:38:07,700 --> 03:38:11,300
would gain Fame wealth and the 
satisfaction of solving. 

4179
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:13,400
One of the biggest scientific 
problems of the time. 

4180
03:38:13,400 --> 03:38:16,100
The trip to Jamaica took 81 
days. 

4181
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:20,100
And during that time, William 
wound, H4 every day and kept 

4182
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:21,600
careful records of how it 
worked. 

4183
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:25,100
The watch kept ticking through 
the heat of the Caribbean and 

4184
03:38:25,100 --> 03:38:28,100
the storms of the Atlantic, as 
well as the calm times. 

4185
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:31,200
When the ship barely moved, and 
the gaels when experienced 

4186
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:35,200
Sailors prayed for deliverance. 
William compared h4s. 

4187
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:37,400
Time to local astronomical 
observations. 

4188
03:38:37,400 --> 03:38:41,000
When the Deptford finally got to
Jamaica H4, had lost five 

4189
03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:44,200
seconds. 
Five seconds, the watch was off 

4190
03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:47,900
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 
Sea during which it traveled, 

4191
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:50,000
thousands of miles in all kinds 
of weather. 

4192
03:38:50,900 --> 03:38:53,700
That mistake meant that the 
longitude calculation was off by

4193
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:56,800
just over one nautical mile 
which is a lot better than the 

4194
03:38:56,800 --> 03:38:59,800
34 miles. 
The longitude prize needed the 

4195
03:38:59,800 --> 03:39:03,200
trip back was just as amazing. 
The Deptford came back to 

4196
03:39:03,200 --> 03:39:06,900
England after 161 days at Sea 
and h4s. 

4197
03:39:06,900 --> 03:39:09,700
Total error was one minute and 
54.5 seconds. 

4198
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:13,200
There should have been no doubt 
that John Harrison had sold the 

4199
03:39:13,200 --> 03:39:16,200
longitude problem because it had
gone so far beyond what was 

4200
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:17,800
needed to win. 
The highest level of the 

4201
03:39:17,800 --> 03:39:21,600
longitude prize, At this point, 
you might think that the board 

4202
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:24,300
of longitude would have given 
John the full 20,000 pounds 

4203
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:27,700
prize, right away, ordered 
several copies of H4 and 

4204
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:31,400
celebrated British creativity. 
That is not what happened. 

4205
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:34,400
Not even close. 
If you've ever had to deal with 

4206
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:36,600
the red tape, you know how 
annoying it is, when rules 

4207
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:39,100
change, goals change, and 
committee's, ask for more proof 

4208
03:39:39,100 --> 03:39:42,900
before they make a decision. 
Now, multiply that frustration 

4209
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:45,600
by a few decades and add the 
bitter disappointment of seeing 

4210
03:39:45,600 --> 03:39:48,300
lesser solution. 
Get support, while your own work

4211
03:39:48,300 --> 03:39:51,800
is met with endless Stout. 
John Harrison had that 

4212
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:55,100
experience after he falls 
successful trial, the board of 

4213
03:39:55,108 --> 03:39:57,200
longitude said that H4 had done 
very well. 

4214
03:39:57,200 --> 03:40:00,000
But in giving them the prize, 
they are asked for another 

4215
03:40:00,000 --> 03:40:02,000
trial. 
They said that the first trip 

4216
03:40:02,000 --> 03:40:05,100
might have been a fluke. 
We had to test the watch again 

4217
03:40:05,100 --> 03:40:06,500
to make sure it worked the same 
way. 

4218
03:40:06,500 --> 03:40:09,600
Every time. 
John who is now 70 years old had

4219
03:40:09,600 --> 03:40:14,400
to agree. the second trial 
happened in 1764 on a trip to 

4220
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:17,500
Barbados the board of longitude 
sent Neville masculine this 

4221
03:40:17,508 --> 03:40:21,100
time, he was an astronomer who 
was very interested in the lunar

4222
03:40:21,100 --> 03:40:24,400
distance method of finding 
longitude Masculine was smart 

4223
03:40:24,400 --> 03:40:28,400
and dedicated, but unfortunately
for John, he was completely sure

4224
03:40:28,400 --> 03:40:31,000
that astronomical methods were 
better than mechanical ones. 

4225
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:35,000
H4 worked perfectly during the 
trip but masculins report 

4226
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:38,500
focused on small problems and 
theoretical issues instead of 

4227
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:42,100
the watches overall accuracy. 
It was like complaining that the

4228
03:40:42,108 --> 03:40:45,400
cup holder is an inch too small.
When you review a car that gets 

4229
03:40:45,400 --> 03:40:48,600
100 miles per gallon. 
When they got back to England, 

4230
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:51,900
the board decided that even 
though H4 had done a great job, 

4231
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:54,900
they couldn't give him the full 
prize until John showed 

4232
03:40:54,900 --> 03:40:57,400
everyone, how he built things, 
and let other watchmakers copy 

4233
03:40:57,400 --> 03:41:00,400
his work. 
This request, put John in a bad 

4234
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:02,400
spot. 
He didn't want to share his 

4235
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:05,500
Secrets because other makers 
could copy his design and he 

4236
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:06,600
would lose his Edge in the 
market. 

4237
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:10,100
He would not get the prize, he'd
worked his whole adult life for 

4238
03:41:10,100 --> 03:41:13,900
if he said no. 
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 

4239
03:41:13,900 --> 03:41:15,900
that looked like, it was meant 
to keep him from getting the 

4240
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:20,000
credit he deserved. the board 
finally gave John half of the 

4241
03:41:20,008 --> 03:41:23,700
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 
only if he explained how he did 

4242
03:41:23,700 --> 03:41:27,300
it and made sure that the 
duplicate watches were built It 

4243
03:41:27,300 --> 03:41:29,700
was like winning an Olympic gold
medal and being told, you could 

4244
03:41:29,700 --> 03:41:31,900
only have it if you taught 
everyone else how to do it 

4245
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:34,100
first. 
If they were happy with how you 

4246
03:41:34,100 --> 03:41:36,600
taught them, you might get the 
rest of your prize later 

4247
03:41:36,600 --> 03:41:38,400
Neville. 
Masculine had become the 

4248
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:40,800
astronomer Royal and a senior 
member of the board of 

4249
03:41:40,808 --> 03:41:43,200
longitude. 
By this point, he kept pushing 

4250
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,200
for the lunar distance method by
publishing tables and 

4251
03:41:46,200 --> 03:41:49,500
instructions that made 
navigating the Stars easier, it 

4252
03:41:49,500 --> 03:41:51,400
was good work. 
That helped a lot of sailors, 

4253
03:41:51,400 --> 03:41:54,400
but it also meant that the 
person judging John's mechanical

4254
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:59,500
method had spent years working 
on a competing solution The 

4255
03:41:59,500 --> 03:42:02,200
scientific Community had a 
strong bias against Mechanical 

4256
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:04,600
Solutions. 
A lot of astronomers thought 

4257
03:42:04,600 --> 03:42:07,300
that navigation was an 
astronomical problem at its core

4258
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:09,900
and should be sold with 
astronomical tools. 

4259
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:13,300
They were offended that a 
Craftsman who was not even a 

4260
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:16,500
real scientist or mathematician 
could use gears and Springs to 

4261
03:42:16,500 --> 03:42:19,800
figure out, longitude, For 
years, John built duplicate 

4262
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:21,700
watches under the boards 
watchful eye. 

4263
03:42:22,500 --> 03:42:24,900
He showed other watchmakers how 
to do it and gave them more and 

4264
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:26,700
more details explanations of his
work. 

4265
03:42:27,700 --> 03:42:30,700
William his son, became his 
lawyer, publicist and moral 

4266
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:33,400
support all at once. 
He argued John's case. 

4267
03:42:33,400 --> 03:42:35,200
Before the board wrote 
pamphlets. 

4268
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:38,000
Explaining how unfair their 
treatment was and did all of 

4269
03:42:38,008 --> 03:42:41,800
these things? 
John was in his late 70s by the 

4270
03:42:41,800 --> 03:42:44,800
early 1770s and he still hadn't 
won the full. 

4271
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:47,700
Longitude prize. 
It had turned into a bit of a 

4272
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:50,800
public Scandal, this man had 
clearly solved the problem that 

4273
03:42:50,800 --> 03:42:53,500
Parliament had asked him to, but
he couldn't get the promised 

4274
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:57,100
reward because of technical 
issues, bureaucratic delays, and

4275
03:42:57,100 --> 03:42:59,800
what seemed to be professional 
jealousy, from the astronomical 

4276
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:03,800
establishment, In 1772 John was 
desperate. 

4277
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:06,000
Knew he didn't have much time 
left because he was getting 

4278
03:43:06,000 --> 03:43:09,800
older, he did something strange.
He wrote to King George. 

4279
03:43:09,800 --> 03:43:12,300
The third directly, it was a 
brave. 

4280
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:14,900
Move to go straight to the Royal
Authority and stead of going 

4281
03:43:14,900 --> 03:43:18,600
through the board of longitude. 
King George, the third liked 

4282
03:43:18,600 --> 03:43:21,600
science, and was specially 
interested in tools that were 

4283
03:43:21,600 --> 03:43:24,100
very accurate. 
The King was said to be very 

4284
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:26,300
angry when he found out about 
John's situation. 

4285
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:30,000
A man has spent 50 years working
on an important problem and 

4286
03:43:30,000 --> 03:43:31,600
still hadn't gotten the promised
reward. 

4287
03:43:31,600 --> 03:43:35,200
He added four brought to his 
private Observatory or he 

4288
03:43:35,200 --> 03:43:38,200
watched it work for weeks. 
The King was sure that John had 

4289
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:41,900
been treated unfairly George the
third used his power to make 

4290
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:43,700
Parliament. 
Give John Harrison the rest of 

4291
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:47,200
the prize money. 
John finally got the full 20,000

4292
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:49,100
pounds. 
He had been promised almost 60 

4293
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:53,100
years earlier in 1773 when he 
was 80 years old, it was a win. 

4294
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:55,500
But it was a sad one. 
John one. 

4295
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:58,300
Not because the scientific 
Community recognized his work, 

4296
03:43:58,300 --> 03:44:01,400
but because the royal family had
stepped in and stopped them from

4297
03:44:01,400 --> 03:44:04,400
objecting any longer. 
The board of longitude never 

4298
03:44:04,400 --> 03:44:05,900
officially said that John had 
won. 

4299
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:09,000
The longitude prize instead. 
They made the payment as a 

4300
03:44:09,008 --> 03:44:12,300
special Grant from Parliament, 
which was worded in such a way, 

4301
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:14,800
as to avoid suggesting that the 
board had made a mistake. 

4302
03:44:14,800 --> 03:44:20,300
Three years later in 1776, John 
Harrison died at the age of 83, 

4303
03:44:20,300 --> 03:44:24,300
he had lived long enough to see 
his work at praised to know that

4304
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:27,800
his sea clocks worked and could 
save lives and to see the start 

4305
03:44:27,800 --> 03:44:30,400
of a revolution in how ships 
navigated that would last for 

4306
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:34,100
the next 200 years. 
But he died without ever getting

4307
03:44:34,100 --> 03:44:36,900
a formal letter from the board 
of longitude saying that he had 

4308
03:44:36,900 --> 03:44:38,400
solved. 
The problem, they had asked him 

4309
03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:41,900
to solve, you might not feel 
like you've won even when you do

4310
03:44:41,900 --> 03:44:44,000
win. 
As you get more comfortable in 

4311
03:44:44,000 --> 03:44:47,000
your blankets, the stress of the
day starts to fade. 

4312
03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:50,000
Let's talk about what happened 
after John Harrison died. 

4313
03:44:50,000 --> 03:44:53,700
This is when his story goes from
being about a personal Victory 

4314
03:44:53,700 --> 03:44:57,800
to a global change. 
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 

4315
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:01,400
were making Marine chronometers,
based on John's ideas, these 

4316
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:04,900
watches were very expensive. 
A good Marine chronometer could 

4317
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:07,400
cost more than the captain of 
the ship made in a year. 

4318
03:45:08,100 --> 03:45:10,700
But, for long trips, they 
quickly became very useful. 

4319
03:45:11,600 --> 03:45:14,300
Ship owners learned that the 
price of a chronometer was 

4320
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,200
nothing compared to the value of
the cargo they could lose if 

4321
03:45:17,200 --> 03:45:20,700
they got lost. the standard 
equipment, the British Navy 

4322
03:45:20,700 --> 03:45:24,400
started, giving Shipps Marine 
chronometers Captain James Cook 

4323
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:27,500
took a chronometer made by 
larcom Kendall on his famous 

4324
03:45:27,500 --> 03:45:32,900
Pacific voyages in the 1770s, it
was basically a copy of H4 Cook 

4325
03:45:32,900 --> 03:45:35,600
wrote with great, enthusiasm 
about how accurate and 

4326
03:45:35,600 --> 03:45:38,000
dependable the chronometer was 
calling it. 

4327
03:45:38,000 --> 03:45:40,900
His trusty friend and never 
failing guide. 

4328
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:44,400
People pay attention when the 
man who met more of the Pacific 

4329
03:45:44,400 --> 03:45:46,000
Ocean than anyone else before 
him. 

4330
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:50,400
Praise your navigation tool. 
By the beginning of the 1800s 

4331
03:45:50,400 --> 03:45:52,600
Marine, chronometers were the 
most common way to find 

4332
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:55,500
longitudes at sea. 
The board of longitudes. 

4333
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:58,100
Preferred astronomical, methods 
were still used as a backup. 

4334
03:45:58,100 --> 03:46:00,800
Good Navigators. 
Used every tool they could find 

4335
03:46:00,800 --> 03:46:04,500
but John Harrison's mechanical 
solution became the main way to 

4336
03:46:04,500 --> 03:46:06,900
navigate for the next 100 and 
150 years. 

4337
03:46:07,800 --> 03:46:09,900
The effect on trade by sea was 
huge. 

4338
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,100
Now, ships could plan their 
routes with confidence knowing 

4339
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:15,500
that they could always find out 
where they were on the trip. 

4340
03:46:16,400 --> 03:46:18,700
Marine chronometers, that came 
from John Harrison's. 

4341
03:46:18,700 --> 03:46:21,900
Designs were used by clipper 
ships that raced tea from China 

4342
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:25,200
to England, Merchant ships, that
connected Europe with the 

4343
03:46:25,200 --> 03:46:27,900
Americas. 
And Naval Expeditions that map. 

4344
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:31,700
The world's remaining coastline.
The changes to safety were just 

4345
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:33,300
as big. 
There were a lot fewer 

4346
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:37,400
shipwrecks caused by navigation,
mistakes. now captains could 

4347
03:46:37,400 --> 03:46:40,400
safely get close to dangerous 
coastlines at night or in fog 

4348
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:43,600
knowing where they were The 
ocean was still dangerous 

4349
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:47,100
because storms icebergs, broken 
equipment, and human mistakes 

4350
03:46:47,100 --> 03:46:50,600
still sank ships. 
However, one major cause of 

4351
03:46:50,608 --> 03:46:52,600
Maritime disasters, had mostly 
been removed. 

4352
03:46:53,500 --> 03:46:56,400
More subtly being able to keep 
track of time accurately at Sea 

4353
03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:58,900
led to the creation of accurate 
charts and maps. 

4354
03:46:59,800 --> 03:47:03,900
Now every Harbor entrance, every
dangerous Shoal, and every 

4355
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:06,700
Coastline could be found with 
precision and saved for Future 

4356
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:08,900
Sailors. 
The ocean of the world were 

4357
03:47:08,900 --> 03:47:12,700
slowly, but surely changing from
vast unknown areas where 

4358
03:47:12,700 --> 03:47:15,700
positions were unclear to mapped
areas where locations were known

4359
03:47:16,900 --> 03:47:19,800
The ideas about technology that 
John came up with had an effect 

4360
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:22,900
on clock-making. 
Well, into the 20th century, his

4361
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:25,700
new ideas for temperature, 
compensation, friction 

4362
03:47:25,700 --> 03:47:28,600
reduction, and precision, 
balance mechanisms became 

4363
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:30,400
standard parts of high-quality 
watches. 

4364
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:34,800
Watchmakers studied his designs 
the same way musicians study 

4365
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:38,600
back or Architects. 
Study old temples as examples of

4366
03:47:38,608 --> 03:47:41,300
how to use basic ideas with 
genius level skill. 

4367
03:47:42,200 --> 03:47:44,800
Lieutenant Commander Rupert, 
goold said that restoring, the 

4368
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:48,600
original Harrison C clocks which
had fallen into disrepair was 

4369
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:50,400
one of the best things that ever
happened to him. 

4370
03:47:51,400 --> 03:47:54,700
When I opened H1 and saw John's,
wooden gears and carefully 

4371
03:47:54,700 --> 03:47:57,600
planned mechanisms. 
It was like talking to a Master 

4372
03:47:57,600 --> 03:47:59,400
Craftsman from hundreds of years
ago. 

4373
03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:02,000
The clocks were more than just 
old things. 

4374
03:48:02,000 --> 03:48:05,300
They were also working examples 
of ideas that were still useful.

4375
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:08,800
The Harrison sea clocks made it 
through World War Two in London.

4376
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:12,300
They were kept safe in a volt 
during the blitz, when German 

4377
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:15,100
bombs fell on the city every 
night, they were cleaned 

4378
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:18,000
restored and then put on display
at the Royal Observatory. 

4379
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:21,400
In Greenwich where they still 
are today, you can see them 

4380
03:48:21,400 --> 03:48:23,900
ticking away, just like they did
hundreds of years ago. 

4381
03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:27,900
If you ever go to London H1 
through H5, and a few of John's,

4382
03:48:27,900 --> 03:48:30,800
other clocks are there, but the 
Marine chronometer was not the 

4383
03:48:30,800 --> 03:48:32,400
best navigation tool for all 
time. 

4384
03:48:33,200 --> 03:48:36,700
By the end of the 20th century 
GPS systems that use satellite 

4385
03:48:36,700 --> 03:48:39,500
started to take the place of 
mechanical navigation, tools 

4386
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:43,600
ships could now tell where they 
were within feet of miles and 

4387
03:48:43,600 --> 03:48:46,000
they could do it all the time 
instead of having to do it once 

4388
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:49,600
a day. 
The change happened slowly, but 

4389
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:52,300
by the early 2000s Marine 
chronometers were no longer the 

4390
03:48:52,300 --> 03:48:55,600
main tools for navigation, they 
were used as backups and safety 

4391
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,200
devices. 
But even this technological 

4392
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:01,600
advancement doesn't take away 
from what Harrison did GPS 

4393
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:03,600
satellites need very accurate 
clocks. 

4394
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:06,500
Like atomic clocks that make 
John's chronometers look rough 

4395
03:49:06,500 --> 03:49:10,300
by comparison. 
But the basic idea is still the 

4396
03:49:10,300 --> 03:49:13,600
same to navigate correctly, you 
need to keep track of time 

4397
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:16,600
correctly. 
John Harrison knew this truth so

4398
03:49:16,600 --> 03:49:19,100
well that he spent his whole 
life trying to make it better 

4399
03:49:19,100 --> 03:49:22,100
and every navigation system 
since then has been built on 

4400
03:49:22,100 --> 03:49:25,500
that Story of Harrison also 
changed, how we think about 

4401
03:49:25,500 --> 03:49:29,100
scientific recognition and the 
link between practical skills 

4402
03:49:29,100 --> 03:49:32,700
and theoretical science. 
John was not a mathematician 

4403
03:49:32,700 --> 03:49:36,600
with a degree from a university 
or a natural philosopher from 

4404
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:39,400
the upper class. 
He was a working class Craftsman

4405
03:49:39,400 --> 03:49:42,400
who sold to Problem by trying 
different things over and over 

4406
03:49:42,400 --> 03:49:46,400
using his mechanical intuition 
and being very stubborn. 

4407
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:48,800
His success called into 
question. 

4408
03:49:48,800 --> 03:49:51,700
The idea that only traditional 
academic sources can lead to 

4409
03:49:51,708 --> 03:49:54,800
important scientific 
breakthroughs, Historians have 

4410
03:49:54,800 --> 03:49:56,500
been both embarrassed and 
fascinated. 

4411
03:49:56,500 --> 03:49:59,500
By the way, the board of 
longitude treated Harrison in 

4412
03:49:59,500 --> 03:50:02,900
the last few decades. 
How could smart well-meaning? 

4413
03:50:02,900 --> 03:50:05,000
People not see that the answer 
to the problem. 

4414
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:09,000
They had defined was so clear. 
The answer has to do with class 

4415
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:12,700
bias jealousy among 
professionals institutional, 

4416
03:50:12,700 --> 03:50:15,000
inertia. 
And the fact that people tend to

4417
03:50:15,000 --> 03:50:17,500
prefer solutions that come from 
people who are like them, 

4418
03:50:17,500 --> 03:50:21,800
instead of people who are not. 
Today several museums have 

4419
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:24,800
working copies of Harrisons 
chronometers that were made by 

4420
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:28,200
skilled craftsmen, who followed 
his original plans, these 

4421
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:31,900
replicas still work as well as 
they did, in the 1700s losing 

4422
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:33,700
only a few seconds. 
A month, even though they were 

4423
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:37,000
made with tools and methods from
that time, it shows how well 

4424
03:50:37,000 --> 03:50:39,800
John's designed worked and how 
well he understood the 

4425
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:42,600
underlying ideas. 
The story of Harrison has 

4426
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:46,100
inspired books movies and even a
best-selling novel by David, 

4427
03:50:46,100 --> 03:50:49,700
Sobel called longitude, which 
told millions of people about 

4428
03:50:49,700 --> 03:50:53,000
John's fight and Victory. 
Students learn about him as a 

4429
03:50:53,008 --> 03:50:56,200
role model for hard work in new 
ideas Engineers. 

4430
03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:58,700
Look at his mechanisms as 
examples of how to solve 

4431
03:50:58,700 --> 03:51:02,200
problems in a smart way. 
And anyone who has ever felt 

4432
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:03,700
like an expert, didn't believe 
in them. 

4433
03:51:03,700 --> 03:51:06,700
Can find something inspiring in 
his refusal to give up. 

4434
03:51:07,400 --> 03:51:10,500
As you start to feel sleepy, 
let's take a step back and think

4435
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:13,400
about what John Harrison's work 
really means in the grand scheme

4436
03:51:13,400 --> 03:51:15,800
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

4437
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:18,600
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

4438
03:51:18,600 --> 03:51:21,600
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe. 

4439
03:51:22,300 --> 03:51:25,100
Time was mostly a local thing 
for most of human history. 

4440
03:51:25,100 --> 03:51:28,700
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

4441
03:51:28,700 --> 03:51:32,500
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

4442
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:36,400
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

4443
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:39,000
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

4444
03:51:39,900 --> 03:51:42,900
But a societies grew and 
communication got better this 

4445
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:44,700
way of keeping time caused 
problems. 

4446
03:51:44,700 --> 03:51:47,100
What time does the morning coach
leave. 

4447
03:51:47,100 --> 03:51:50,400
When should we get together? 
The absence of a standardized 

4448
03:51:50,400 --> 03:51:53,100
time became progressively, 
problematic, when organizing 

4449
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:55,500
activities, requiring 
coordination across distant 

4450
03:51:55,500 --> 03:51:59,100
locations, the longitude problem
made people rethink how they 

4451
03:51:59,100 --> 03:52:02,100
thought about time. 
To use Harrison's chronometers 

4452
03:52:02,100 --> 03:52:05,400
to find your way, you needed to 
know the time in both your area 

4453
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:09,300
and at a reference point, 
Greenwich England became that 

4454
03:52:09,300 --> 03:52:12,100
reference point and this is how 
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 

4455
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:15,400
All of a sudden time wasn't just
something that people in one 

4456
03:52:15,400 --> 03:52:18,100
place, could see. 
It was a global standard that 

4457
03:52:18,100 --> 03:52:21,700
linked far away places on Earth.
This change in how people 

4458
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:24,900
thought about time eventually 
led to the time zones. 

4459
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:27,400
We used now, In the 19th 
century. 

4460
03:52:27,400 --> 03:52:30,900
When railroad started linking 
far off cities, it became 

4461
03:52:30,900 --> 03:52:32,900
impossible to keep track of 
local times. 

4462
03:52:32,900 --> 03:52:36,100
It was a nightmare to coordinate
a train schedule that used 

4463
03:52:36,100 --> 03:52:39,400
dozens of different local times.
The answer was to break the 

4464
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:42,800
world up into time zones, Each 
of which was set to a standard 

4465
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:45,200
time. 
Greenwich was the main Meridian,

4466
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:47,700
which is the point from which 
all other longitudes are 

4467
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:49,600
measured. 
When you look at your watch to 

4468
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:52,500
see if your late for a meeting 
or to help a friend on the other

4469
03:52:52,500 --> 03:52:54,500
side of the world, figure out 
what time it is. 

4470
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:58,000
You're using a way of thinking 
that came from John Harrison's 

4471
03:52:58,000 --> 03:53:01,800
work on the longitude problem. 
Standardization of time was 

4472
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:05,000
necessary for navigation, which 
is why it became the same all 

4473
03:53:05,000 --> 03:53:07,800
over the world. 
Harrison's chronometers were 

4474
03:53:07,800 --> 03:53:09,100
all. 
So an important step in the 

4475
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:11,900
history of human precision. 
Before the Industrial 

4476
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:14,400
Revolution, most things were 
made by hand. 

4477
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:18,100
It fit the frame of the door. 
The wheel was rounded enough. 

4478
03:53:18,100 --> 03:53:21,100
People used their eyes and 
experience to make measurements.

4479
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:24,800
And stead of exact tools, the 
work of John Harris and required

4480
03:53:24,800 --> 03:53:27,800
and showed a level of accuracy. 
That was not needed before. 

4481
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:31,500
And was almost impossible to 
imagine, it was necessary to 

4482
03:53:31,500 --> 03:53:34,500
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 
within a few millimeters. 

4483
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:37,400
Every Spring had to have the 
right amount of tension. 

4484
03:53:37,400 --> 03:53:40,000
Each bearing needed to be the 
right size. 

4485
03:53:40,000 --> 03:53:43,600
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.
It was Precision Engineering 

4486
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:45,100
before. 
That word, even existed. 

4487
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:48,400
John had to come up with new 
ways and tools to get the 

4488
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:52,400
accuracy his designs needed. 
This focus on accuracy spread 

4489
03:53:52,400 --> 03:53:55,500
from clock-making to other 
areas, the Industrial Revolution

4490
03:53:55,500 --> 03:53:58,200
was based on machines that got 
better and better at making 

4491
03:53:58,200 --> 03:54:00,100
parts that fit together better 
and better. 

4492
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:03,400
The tolerance standards that 
modern manufacturing takes for 

4493
03:54:03,400 --> 03:54:07,600
granted Parts machined, a 
thousandth of an inch components

4494
03:54:07,600 --> 03:54:09,800
designed to fit together with 
minimal gaps. 

4495
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:13,400
These ideas came about in part 
because of the Precision culture

4496
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:17,200
that clockmakers like Harrison 
started, Harrison's life also 

4497
03:54:17,200 --> 03:54:20,400
shows how strong people can be, 
which is very moving. 

4498
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:24,500
He started making C locks when 
he was in his 30s, but it wasn't

4499
03:54:24,500 --> 03:54:27,400
until he was 80 that he got full
credit for them. 

4500
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:32,500
That's a lot of work on one 
problem over 50 years 50 years 

4501
03:54:32,500 --> 03:54:36,600
of math changes let downs and 
little wins believing that what 

4502
03:54:36,600 --> 03:54:40,000
he was doing mattered for 50 
years even when powerful people 

4503
03:54:40,000 --> 03:54:40,600
told him. 
It didn't. 

4504
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:44,700
Think about how much you want to
achieve that goal, most of us 

4505
03:54:44,700 --> 03:54:48,000
have trouble staying focused on 
a project for a few months when 

4506
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:50,700
results don't come quickly. 
When others don't immediately, 

4507
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:53,800
notice our hard work, or when 
the way forward seems unclear, 

4508
03:54:53,800 --> 03:54:56,800
we get discouraged. 
John Harrison had to deal with 

4509
03:54:56,800 --> 03:54:59,600
all of these problems for 
decades, but he never gave up. 

4510
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:02,100
There were a lot of things that 
made him keep going. 

4511
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:06,200
There was Pride for sure the 
pride of the Craftsmen in making

4512
03:55:06,208 --> 03:55:10,400
something that works perfectly. 
There was ambition the chance to

4513
03:55:10,400 --> 03:55:12,900
win, the longitude prize and get
recognition for it. 

4514
03:55:13,600 --> 03:55:16,800
But there was also something 
deeper a belief that the problem

4515
03:55:16,800 --> 03:55:20,300
could be fixed that it was 
possible to keep time accurately

4516
03:55:20,300 --> 03:55:22,800
at Sea and that he was the one 
who could do it. 

4517
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:26,300
It's not common to find someone 
who has this mix of technical 

4518
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:29,600
skill stubbornness and 
unshakable self-confidence. 

4519
03:55:29,600 --> 03:55:33,200
A lot of people have one or two 
of these traits, but having all 

4520
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,100
three for a long time, creates 
the kind of focused intense that

4521
03:55:36,100 --> 03:55:38,100
can solve problems, that others 
think are impossible. 

4522
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:41,900
As you're breathing slows and 
your mind starts to Drift Off to

4523
03:55:41,900 --> 03:55:43,900
Sleep. 
Let's think about what we can 

4524
03:55:43,900 --> 03:55:47,900
learn from John Harris and story
today in a world that seems very

4525
03:55:47,900 --> 03:55:51,100
different from 18th century 
England, but still has many of 

4526
03:55:51,100 --> 03:55:54,100
the same basic problems. 
The first lesson is about being 

4527
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:55,600
an expert and having 
credibility. 

4528
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:59,000
There were a lot of smart people
on the board of longitude like 

4529
03:55:59,000 --> 03:56:02,100
Royal astronomers mathematicians
and naval officers. 

4530
03:56:02,100 --> 03:56:04,800
They really thought they knew 
the best way to solve the 

4531
03:56:04,800 --> 03:56:07,500
longitude problem, they weren't 
mean or dumb. 

4532
03:56:08,600 --> 03:56:11,200
But they were so sure that 
astronomy had to be the answer 

4533
03:56:11,200 --> 03:56:14,600
that they couldn't fully see the
value of mechanical answer. 

4534
03:56:15,800 --> 03:56:17,900
Actually one suggested by 
someone who wasn't in their 

4535
03:56:17,900 --> 03:56:20,000
field. 
We see this happen. 

4536
03:56:20,000 --> 03:56:23,600
A lot in history, experts in a 
field become so attached to 

4537
03:56:23,608 --> 03:56:26,700
certain methods that they refuse
to consider other options. 

4538
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:30,400
Especially those suggested, by 
people who aren't experts. 

4539
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:34,300
This is a reminder that having 
credentials and an education 

4540
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:35,900
doesn't mean you're open to new 
ideas. 

4541
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:39,100
Sometimes the person who makes 
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 

4542
03:56:39,100 --> 03:56:40,800
that what they're trying to do 
is impossible. 

4543
03:56:41,600 --> 03:56:44,200
Second, there's the lesson about
how to be perfect and keep 

4544
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:46,500
going. 
John Harrison could have stopped

4545
03:56:46,500 --> 03:56:49,000
after H1 showed that the basic 
idea worked. 

4546
03:56:49,000 --> 03:56:52,600
He could have taken his partial 
payment and fame and lived 

4547
03:56:52,600 --> 03:56:55,900
comfortably in his later years. 
Instead, he kept asking for 

4548
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:58,800
better more polished and more 
perfect answers. 

4549
03:57:00,100 --> 03:57:03,700
H4 was his fifth major at fixing
a problem, that his first try 

4550
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:06,408
had mostly fixed. 
It's good that you're trying to 

4551
03:57:06,416 --> 03:57:08,800
be perfect, but it's also a 
little worrying. 

4552
03:57:08,800 --> 03:57:10,900
When does the search for 
improvement? 

4553
03:57:10,900 --> 03:57:13,200
Make it hard to put a good 
enough solution into action, 

4554
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:17,100
Harrison worked on his designs 
for decades, but Sailors, kept 

4555
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:19,700
dying because of navigation, 
mistakes that H1 could have 

4556
03:57:19,700 --> 03:57:21,900
fixed. 
People who work on hard 

4557
03:57:21,900 --> 03:57:24,700
problems, have to deal with the 
tension between wanting 

4558
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:27,200
everything to be perfect and 
being practical. 

4559
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:29,900
Third. 
There's the lesson about getting

4560
03:57:29,900 --> 03:57:34,100
credit and being recognized John
Harrison needed outside proof 

4561
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:37,100
that he had sold the problem. 
Like the longitude Prize or 

4562
03:57:37,100 --> 03:57:40,400
official recognition from the 
board, he got most of what he 

4563
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:43,200
wanted but not always in the way
he wanted the board. 

4564
03:57:43,200 --> 03:57:46,500
Never said he was the winner in 
an official way instead of being

4565
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:49,600
recognized by the institution. 
The prize money came from the 

4566
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:52,300
Royal Family. 
His Vindication was both 

4567
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:55,500
complete and incomplete. 
Many of us spend our lives 

4568
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:58,800
looking for recognition for our 
work, whether it's getting a 

4569
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:02,100
promotion getting good reviews, 
making a lot of money or just 

4570
03:58:02,108 --> 03:58:05,600
getting praise from people. 
We look up to Harrison's Story 

4571
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:09,000
shows that validation can come 
in surprising ways, and may not 

4572
03:58:09,000 --> 03:58:10,800
be as satisfying as we thought 
it would be. 

4573
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:14,800
The work itself, the joy of 
solving the problem and making 

4574
03:58:14,800 --> 03:58:17,700
something that works. 
Well might have to be the reward

4575
03:58:17,700 --> 03:58:20,400
forth. 
There's the lesson about how 

4576
03:58:20,400 --> 03:58:23,500
things get better. 
There wasn't one brilliant idea 

4577
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:26,700
or lucky find that solved the 
longitude problem it was fixed 

4578
03:58:26,700 --> 03:58:28,800
over the course of Decades of 
small changes. 

4579
03:58:28,800 --> 03:58:31,900
Each one building on the last 
Harrison's. 

4580
03:58:31,900 --> 03:58:34,400
First clock taught him things 
that he used to make his second 

4581
03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:37,300
clock, which taught him things 
that he used to make his third 

4582
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:39,908
clock. 
Progress was made up of a lot of

4583
03:58:39,916 --> 03:58:43,500
small steps forward. 
Not one big jump, this pattern 

4584
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:45,600
holds true for most major 
accomplishments. 

4585
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:48,300
We like to think that 
breakthroughs happen in dramatic

4586
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:50,700
Eureka moments but real 
progress. 

4587
03:58:50,700 --> 03:58:52,500
Usually looks more like John 
Harrison's. 

4588
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,900
Workshop years of careful 
testing countless small changes 

4589
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:57,800
and slowly building up knowledge
and skill. 

4590
03:58:58,500 --> 03:59:00,700
Fifth. 
There's the lesson about picking

4591
03:59:00,700 --> 03:59:03,500
your problems. 
John Harrison could have made a 

4592
03:59:03,500 --> 03:59:06,000
good living as a clockmaker by 
making regular clocks, for 

4593
03:59:06,000 --> 03:59:09,500
regular people. 
In Stead, he decided to take on 

4594
03:59:09,500 --> 03:59:12,700
one of the hardest, technical 
problems of his time. this 

4595
03:59:12,700 --> 03:59:16,200
decision shaped his whole life, 
leading him to Victory but also 

4596
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:19,700
to years of anger and 
disappointment We all pick 

4597
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:23,900
problems to work on even if we 
don't mean to some people, pick 

4598
03:59:23,900 --> 03:59:26,100
problems that are both solvable 
and rewarding. 

4599
03:59:26,100 --> 03:59:30,500
Some people choose problems that
are hard but important Some 

4600
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:33,500
people like Harrison pick 
problems that seem almost 

4601
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:36,800
impossible but a very important.
There isn't one right? 

4602
03:59:36,800 --> 03:59:40,000
Answer for what kind of problem 
to solve but the choice you make

4603
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,600
will affect the way you live. 
Last but not least, there's the 

4604
03:59:43,600 --> 03:59:47,600
lesson about time, John Harrison
devoted his life to accurately 

4605
03:59:47,600 --> 03:59:50,800
measuring time recording, its 
Passage through Springs, and 

4606
03:59:50,800 --> 03:59:53,400
gears and making its flow 
visible and measurable. 

4607
03:59:53,400 --> 03:59:57,000
But his own sense of time was 
shaped by Decades of hard work, 

4608
03:59:57,000 --> 04:00:00,500
the slower accumulation of skill
and knowledge, and a level of 

4609
04:00:00,508 --> 04:00:02,600
patience that most of us can't 
even begin to. 

4610
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:06,300
Imagine in this age of instant 
communication and quick change, 

4611
04:00:06,300 --> 04:00:09,300
it's hard to believe that 
Harrison would spend 50 years. 

4612
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:12,700
On one problem, we used to 
getting quick results, quick 

4613
04:00:12,700 --> 04:00:14,800
feedback, and instant 
satisfaction. 

4614
04:00:16,100 --> 04:00:18,300
Harrison's story. 
Reminds us that some goals, take

4615
04:00:18,300 --> 04:00:21,900
a different kind of time. 
Instead of days or months, they 

4616
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:23,800
take decades and progresses 
slow. 

4617
04:00:23,800 --> 04:00:26,800
Recognition may not come until 
the end if at all. 

4618
04:00:28,100 --> 04:00:30,700
As you start to fall asleep, 
picture yourself visiting John 

4619
04:00:30,700 --> 04:00:32,700
Harrison's Workshop in the 
1750s. 

4620
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:37,200
The room would smell like metal 
filings and oil would shavings 

4621
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:39,500
and the smell of a place where 
people work hard. 

4622
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:42,000
Candles. 
And the little bit of sunlight 

4623
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:43,800
that came through the small 
Windows would give off. 

4624
04:00:43,800 --> 04:00:47,100
Like, it was so dim that if 
barely lit up the incredibly 

4625
04:00:47,100 --> 04:00:50,200
fine work, John did. 
Squinting at tiny gears and 

4626
04:00:50,208 --> 04:00:52,900
Springs. 
You would hear the ticking of 

4627
04:00:52,900 --> 04:00:56,500
many clocks not just one each 
clock marked time in a slightly 

4628
04:00:56,500 --> 04:01:00,300
different way as John tested 
change and improved his designs.

4629
04:01:00,900 --> 04:01:04,100
The Sounds would mix and get in 
each other's way, making 

4630
04:01:04,100 --> 04:01:06,500
complicated rhythms? 
That never quite fit together, 

4631
04:01:06,500 --> 04:01:10,000
tick, tock, tick tock a dozen 
different voices are measuring 

4632
04:01:10,000 --> 04:01:12,400
the same invisible river that 
flows by all the time. 

4633
04:01:12,400 --> 04:01:16,100
And there would be John himself,
probably in his 60s or 70s, by 

4634
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:19,400
the time was being built. 
His eyesight, wasn't what it 

4635
04:01:19,408 --> 04:01:21,800
used to be but his hands were 
still steady. 

4636
04:01:21,800 --> 04:01:24,900
His mind was still sharp and his
determination was still strong. 

4637
04:01:24,900 --> 04:01:27,700
He would have tools, he made 
himself for jobs, that no one 

4638
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:31,400
else had ever done before. 
Like specialized files custom 

4639
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:34,500
made measuring tools Jigs, and 
fixtures to hold small parts 

4640
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:37,200
while he worked on them. 
If you asked him, why he kept 

4641
04:01:37,200 --> 04:01:40,500
going after 30 or 40 years 
without full recognition, he 

4642
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:42,300
probably wouldn't have a 
dramatic answer. 

4643
04:01:42,300 --> 04:01:45,800
He might just say that. 
The problem could be fixed that 

4644
04:01:45,800 --> 04:01:49,000
he knew how to fix it and that 
the world needed The Fixx. 

4645
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:52,100
It might have been that easy for
John Harris and his story is 

4646
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:55,400
ultimately about what people can
do, what can happen when 

4647
04:01:55,400 --> 04:01:58,100
intelligent skill and 
determination come together and 

4648
04:01:58,100 --> 04:02:01,300
stay together for a lifetime. 
It's about believing in your own

4649
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:10,400
work. 
Now, imagine this in that comfy 

4650
04:02:10,400 --> 04:02:13,800
bed of yours, your standing on 
the deck of research vessel in 

4651
04:02:13,808 --> 04:02:17,800
the middle of the Pacific Ocean,
300 miles from the nearest land 

4652
04:02:18,500 --> 04:02:21,500
Is just passed Dawn and the 
water around you is that 

4653
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:24,800
particular shade of blue that 
doesn't exist, anywhere else on 

4654
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:27,300
Earth. 
Not the blue of swimming pools 

4655
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:31,000
or tropical lagoons, but 
something deeper more honest. 

4656
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:33,200
The kind of blew that makes you 
realize. 

4657
04:02:33,200 --> 04:02:35,300
The ocean isn't trying to be 
pretty for anyone. 

4658
04:02:36,000 --> 04:02:38,200
Below your feet. 
The ocean floor, lies nearly 

4659
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,400
four miles down. 
If you could somehow drain all 

4660
04:02:41,400 --> 04:02:44,000
this water away, you'd be 
standing at the edge of a cliff 

4661
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:46,500
that makes the Grand Canyon look
like a drainage ditch. 

4662
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:49,100
But you can't see any of that 
from here. 

4663
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:52,700
All you can see is the gentle 
roll of swells, that began 

4664
04:02:52,700 --> 04:02:56,400
somewhere near New Zealand and 
will end eventually on a beach 

4665
04:02:56,400 --> 04:03:00,100
in California. 
The research submersible hangs 

4666
04:03:00,100 --> 04:03:03,100
from a crane. 
It's white Hull gleaming in the 

4667
04:03:03,100 --> 04:03:05,700
early light. 
It looks exactly like what it 

4668
04:03:05,700 --> 04:03:08,100
is. 
A very expensive, very 

4669
04:03:08,100 --> 04:03:10,600
sophisticated metal ball with 
Windows. 

4670
04:03:11,400 --> 04:03:14,900
The head researcher a woman 
who's made this descent 17 times

4671
04:03:14,900 --> 04:03:17,300
checks her watch and nods to The
Crew. 

4672
04:03:17,300 --> 04:03:20,600
He climb inside through a hatch,
that's barely wide enough for 

4673
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:23,900
your shoulders settle into a 
seat designed by someone. 

4674
04:03:23,900 --> 04:03:27,800
Who'd, apparently never met a 
human spine and watch as they 

4675
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:30,600
seal you. 
In The Descent begins with all 

4676
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:32,400
the drama of a grocery store 
elevator. 

4677
04:03:33,200 --> 04:03:35,500
For the first few minutes, 
you're still in the zone where 

4678
04:03:35,500 --> 04:03:38,600
normal ocean things happen. 
The water is that luminous 

4679
04:03:38,600 --> 04:03:40,600
Caribbean Blue. 
That makes you understand why 

4680
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:43,100
people pay thousands of dollars 
to go snorkeling. 

4681
04:03:43,800 --> 04:03:47,500
Sunlight streams down in shafts 
that look almost solid as if you

4682
04:03:47,500 --> 04:03:52,100
could grab onto them, small fish
dark past, the viewport species,

4683
04:03:52,100 --> 04:03:54,400
you might recognize from 
aquariums or fishing 

4684
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,900
documentaries. 
The water is about 75 degrees, 

4685
04:03:57,900 --> 04:04:02,100
which is to say perfectly 
Pleasant the temperature of a 

4686
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,300
bath, you would actually want to
get into at 50 feet down. 

4687
04:04:05,300 --> 04:04:09,000
You notice the first change, the
red wavelengths of light of 

4688
04:04:09,000 --> 04:04:11,500
vanished. 
If you'd brought a tomato with 

4689
04:04:11,500 --> 04:04:14,300
you which would be weird but 
bear with me, it would look. 

4690
04:04:14,300 --> 04:04:18,200
Black blood looks black down 
here too which is something that

4691
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:21,500
surprises new divers when they 
cut themselves and see what 

4692
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:23,400
appears to be ink leaking from 
their skin. 

4693
04:04:23,400 --> 04:04:26,000
The ocean is eating the color 
spectrum. 

4694
04:04:26,000 --> 04:04:29,400
One wavelength at a time, 
starting with the warm tones, 

4695
04:04:29,400 --> 04:04:32,500
the colors of fire and Sunset 
and everything humans 

4696
04:04:32,500 --> 04:04:34,800
traditionally associate with 
safety. 

4697
04:04:35,800 --> 04:04:40,300
At 100 feet, the orange goes 
then yellow at 300 feet, which 

4698
04:04:40,300 --> 04:04:42,700
is about as deep as recreational
scuba divers. 

4699
04:04:42,700 --> 04:04:45,100
Ever go. 
And honestly, good for them, for

4700
04:04:45,100 --> 04:04:48,200
knowing their limits, the water 
is still relatively warm and 

4701
04:04:48,200 --> 04:04:51,100
still bright enough to read by. 
But already, you've descended 

4702
04:04:51,100 --> 04:04:53,800
farther than 99% of humans ever 
will. 

4703
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:58,000
Now in a realm visited only by 
professional divers military 

4704
04:04:58,000 --> 04:05:01,200
submarines and people who made 
some really interesting Life 

4705
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:04,100
Choices. 
That's 600 feet the green 

4706
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:07,000
wavelengths. 
Filter out the water around, you

4707
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:10,100
is now entirely blue and purple.
The colors of bruises. 

4708
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:13,900
And Twilight, the temperature 
has dropped to 50 degrees, which

4709
04:05:13,900 --> 04:05:17,000
doesn't sound that cold until 
you remember that water conducts

4710
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:21,700
heat away from your body 25 
times faster than are outside. 

4711
04:05:21,700 --> 04:05:25,300
This pressurized capsule 
hyperthermia would be competing 

4712
04:05:25,300 --> 04:05:28,100
with nitrogen Narcosis for which
could kill you first. 

4713
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:31,700
It would be a close race. 
This is the Twilight Zone 

4714
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:33,900
officially called the 
mesopelagic. 

4715
04:05:33,900 --> 04:05:38,200
The Twilight Zone, sounds much 
better and scientists appreciate

4716
04:05:38,200 --> 04:05:41,900
a good name as much as anyone 
some light still penetrates here

4717
04:05:41,900 --> 04:05:44,800
but it's the kind of like that 
makes you squint that never 

4718
04:05:44,800 --> 04:05:48,200
quite feels like enough. 
If This Were a place on land it 

4719
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:50,900
would be that moment just after 
Sunset when you're trying to 

4720
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:54,100
decide if you should turn on the
headlights or if you can make it

4721
04:05:54,100 --> 04:05:56,800
home first. 
You definitely turn on the 

4722
04:05:56,800 --> 04:06:00,400
Headlights by a 1000 feet. 
Even the blue is starting to 

4723
04:06:00,400 --> 04:06:03,600
give up the water. 
Looks less like water and more 

4724
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:06,000
like smoke. 
Like your descending through 

4725
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:08,300
some dense medium, that can't 
quite decide. 

4726
04:06:08,300 --> 04:06:12,000
What state of matter, it wants 
to be the temperature is 45 

4727
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:14,700
degrees. 
Now, outside the submersible, 

4728
04:06:14,700 --> 04:06:18,600
the pressure is roughly 45 times
what it is at the surface, which

4729
04:06:18,600 --> 04:06:21,900
means every square inch of your 
body would be experiencing 45 

4730
04:06:21,900 --> 04:06:25,400
pounds of force. 
The submersible's hole is six 

4731
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:28,400
inches of titanium designed by 
people who stayed awake during 

4732
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:31,400
their physics classes, and 
you're suddenly very grateful 

4733
04:06:31,400 --> 04:06:34,400
for their attention, to detail a
2000 feet. 

4734
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:37,400
You enter the midnight zone, the
Beth at pelagic, and the last of

4735
04:06:37,400 --> 04:06:40,400
the light goes out. 
Not gradually not with any 

4736
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:43,500
ceremony, just gone. 
You've been descending for about

4737
04:06:43,500 --> 04:06:47,000
40 minutes and now you're in. 
The kind of Darkness that City 

4738
04:06:47,000 --> 04:06:48,600
dwellers don't even have a 
reference. 

4739
04:06:48,600 --> 04:06:52,500
For, is not the darkness of a 
room with the lights off, where 

4740
04:06:52,500 --> 04:06:55,000
your eyes are just, and you can 
still make out the shape of the 

4741
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:58,100
furniture. 
It's not the darkness of auroral

4742
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:00,600
road at night where you still 
have Starlight. 

4743
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:05,100
This is the darkness of being 
inside a mountain inside a cave.

4744
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:09,400
Inside the Earth itself, the 
only light now comes from your 

4745
04:07:09,400 --> 04:07:13,700
submersible's external floods, 
which cut through the water and 

4746
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:16,800
start white beams that make the 
darkness Beyond them seem even 

4747
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,700
more. 
Absolute And in those beams, you

4748
04:07:19,700 --> 04:07:24,800
see them particles Millions upon
millions of particles drifting 

4749
04:07:24,800 --> 04:07:27,800
down through the water, like the
world's slowest snowstorm. 

4750
04:07:27,800 --> 04:07:32,100
This is Marine snow the detritus
of the ocean surface. 

4751
04:07:32,100 --> 04:07:35,300
Everything that lived and died 
up where the sun shines. 

4752
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,300
Now, making its long, slow 
Journey to the bottom. 

4753
04:07:39,000 --> 04:07:42,700
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 
scales fecal. 

4754
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:46,800
Pellets from whales sharks and 
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 

4755
04:07:46,800 --> 04:07:50,700
scraps of seaweed, The water is 
thick with Organic. 

4756
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:54,800
Confetti each spec representing 
something that was once alive in

4757
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:57,600
the world above. 
It takes weeks for this material

4758
04:07:57,600 --> 04:08:01,400
to drift down from the surface 
tumbling, end-over-end Through 

4759
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:05,800
The Dark Water, getting smaller 
as bacteria, break it down and 

4760
04:08:05,800 --> 04:08:08,400
being eaten and recent by 
creatures that live at different

4761
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:11,100
depths. 
This is what sustains the deep 

4762
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:13,900
ocean leftovers from someone 
else's party. 

4763
04:08:14,900 --> 04:08:18,300
The temperature is 38 degrees. 
Now, if you could somehow step 

4764
04:08:18,300 --> 04:08:22,400
out side, which you absolutely 
cannot and should not even think

4765
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:26,600
about the pressure would be 
approximately, 120 times what it

4766
04:08:26,600 --> 04:08:29,900
is at the surface, your lungs 
would collapse before you could 

4767
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:32,700
even inhale your ear, drums 
would rupture. 

4768
04:08:33,700 --> 04:08:37,700
Gas spaces in your body would 
compress to nothing, it would be

4769
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:40,200
to put it mildly a bad 
experience. 

4770
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:45,400
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 
the vast majority of submarines 

4771
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:47,400
ever. 
Go military vessels. 

4772
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:51,400
Generally tap out around 2,000 
feet because at some point even 

4773
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,100
governments decide that 
discretion is the better part of

4774
04:08:54,100 --> 04:08:57,700
not being crushed like a soda, 
can you're now in a depth Zone 

4775
04:08:57,700 --> 04:09:00,900
visited, only by research 
vessels, certain species of 

4776
04:09:00,900 --> 04:09:04,700
whales that are frankly showing 
off and fish species that have 

4777
04:09:04,700 --> 04:09:06,600
never seen sunlight, and never 
will. 

4778
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:11,400
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift, your submersible 

4779
04:09:11,400 --> 04:09:14,500
passes through clouds of it. 
And for a moment, you could 

4780
04:09:14,500 --> 04:09:17,000
almost convinced yourself. 
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 

4781
04:09:17,000 --> 04:09:21,400
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere
except three miles on the water 

4782
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:24,100
in the Pacific. 
But then you see something move 

4783
04:09:24,100 --> 04:09:27,100
in the darkness, beyond your 
lights, something larger than 

4784
04:09:27,100 --> 04:09:29,000
the particles, something 
deliberate. 

4785
04:09:29,000 --> 04:09:34,400
And you remember exactly where 
you are, at 3500 feet, you've 

4786
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:36,900
descended deeper than the 
Titanic rests. 

4787
04:09:37,500 --> 04:09:41,200
That ship took two and a half 
miles to reach the bottom and it

4788
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:44,700
took 93 years before someone 
sent a submersible down to 

4789
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,100
photograph. 
It, the water temperature is now

4790
04:09:47,100 --> 04:09:51,700
36 degrees just above freezing 
cold enough that you can see 

4791
04:09:51,700 --> 04:09:54,500
your breath inside the capsule, 
despite the heating system. 

4792
04:09:55,300 --> 04:09:59,000
The pressure is nearly 2,000 
pounds per square inch at the 

4793
04:09:59,000 --> 04:10:03,500
surface, your body displaces 
about two gallons of air down 

4794
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:06,600
here that same amount of air 
would fit in a tennis ball and 

4795
04:10:06,600 --> 04:10:11,700
still you keep descending. 
Still somehow this father to go 

4796
04:10:11,700 --> 04:10:15,500
the ocean, you realize is almost
incomprehensibly deep. 

4797
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:20,200
If Mount Everest, all 29,000 
feet of, it were placed in the 

4798
04:10:20,208 --> 04:10:23,000
deepest part of the ocean. 
There would still be a mile of 

4799
04:10:23,000 --> 04:10:25,900
water of the summit. 
The average depth of the ocean 

4800
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:29,700
is over 12,000 feet. 
Humans live on what amounts to 

4801
04:10:29,700 --> 04:10:32,700
Tiny dry Islands. 
Poking up through a global Water

4802
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:36,400
envelope that covers 71% of the 
planet surface. 

4803
04:10:37,600 --> 04:10:43,300
At 4000 feet, your descent slows
the seafloor is approaching, not

4804
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:48,000
the dramatic trenches but the 
abyssal plain the endless flat 

4805
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:50,400
muddy expanse. 
The covers more of Earth's 

4806
04:10:50,400 --> 04:10:54,600
surface than all the continents 
combined your lights illuminate.

4807
04:10:54,600 --> 04:10:57,200
Set of that hasn't been 
Disturbed in thousands of years,

4808
04:10:57,200 --> 04:11:01,500
fine, particles that settle over
everything like dust on an 

4809
04:11:01,500 --> 04:11:04,500
abandoned house. 
The last Photon of sunlight that

4810
04:11:04,500 --> 04:11:07,300
could theoretically Reach This 
depth gave up about two miles 

4811
04:11:07,300 --> 04:11:12,500
ago You are now in a place of 
absolute Eternal Night as place,

4812
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:16,000
where the sun is a rumor, where 
Darkness isn't the absence of 

4813
04:11:16,008 --> 04:11:20,100
light, but rather the default 
state of existence interrupted 

4814
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:23,600
only by the bioluminescent 
flashes of creatures, making 

4815
04:11:23,600 --> 04:11:26,700
their own rules about 
illumination and yet, as your 

4816
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:30,200
submersible, finally touches 
bottom, with a gentle bump and a

4817
04:11:30,200 --> 04:11:32,900
puff of sediment. 
You see something moving, 

4818
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:36,400
multiple somethings the ocean 
floor. 

4819
04:11:36,400 --> 04:11:39,300
Supposedly so hostile to life is
crawling with it. 

4820
04:11:39,300 --> 04:11:42,200
The Fading of light, it turns 
out was just the beginning. 

4821
04:11:43,300 --> 04:11:46,700
First thing you notice about the
abyssal plain is how flat it is.

4822
04:11:46,700 --> 04:11:50,700
I mean, really genuinely flat in
a way that makes Kansas look 

4823
04:11:50,700 --> 04:11:54,200
positively mountainous from your
viewport, the sea floor 

4824
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:55,800
stretches away in all 
directions. 

4825
04:11:55,800 --> 04:11:59,200
Like a parking lot designed by 
someone with no imagination and 

4826
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:02,800
unlimited space. 
The settlement is uniform grey, 

4827
04:12:02,800 --> 04:12:07,000
brown famous talcum powder and 
it appears to go on forever in 

4828
04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:10,300
every direction. 
The pressure outside is now 

4829
04:12:10,300 --> 04:12:14,400
around 6,000 pounds per square 
inch to put that in perspective.

4830
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:18,700
If you could somehow stand on 
the sea floor, unprotected you'd

4831
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:21,600
experience about 400 times. 
The pressure that's crushing 

4832
04:12:21,600 --> 04:12:24,400
your car tires. 
Right now, every square inch of 

4833
04:12:24,400 --> 04:12:26,900
your body would be supporting 
the weight of a small car. 

4834
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:30,900
This is the kind of pressure 
that makes steel spheres Creak 

4835
04:12:30,900 --> 04:12:33,900
and groan. 
The kind of pressure that turned

4836
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:38,000
the Titans submersible into 
compressed fragments in about 4 

4837
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:40,400
milliseconds. 
During its ill-fated descent to 

4838
04:12:40,400 --> 04:12:43,800
the Titanic. 
Your submersible, thankfully was

4839
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:46,600
designed by people who 
understood exactly what water 

4840
04:12:46,600 --> 04:12:50,100
pressure at depth means. 
The titanium Hull is thicker 

4841
04:12:50,100 --> 04:12:53,400
than your thigh with no straight
seams where stress could 

4842
04:12:53,408 --> 04:12:56,400
concentrate and no clever 
Corners were physics. 

4843
04:12:56,400 --> 04:12:59,400
Could gain a foothold, it's 
essentially a very sophisticated

4844
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:03,500
ball because balls as it turns 
out a very good at handling on 

4845
04:13:03,500 --> 04:13:06,700
the directional pressure 
submarines are cylindrical 

4846
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:09,100
because they need to move 
through water efficiently 

4847
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:12,500
submersible. 
That just need to not implode a 

4848
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:15,800
spherical because Spears 
distribute stress evenly across 

4849
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,300
their entire surface. 
The water temperature is 

4850
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:23,200
stabilized at around 36 degrees 
Fahrenheit just barely above 

4851
04:13:23,200 --> 04:13:27,300
freezing at this depth water 
actually becomes slightly more 

4852
04:13:27,300 --> 04:13:30,700
dense than it is at the surface 
compressed by its own weight 

4853
04:13:30,700 --> 04:13:34,000
into something that's not quite 
the H2O, you're used to. 

4854
04:13:34,008 --> 04:13:37,500
If you could examine it at the 
molecular level you'd see the 

4855
04:13:37,500 --> 04:13:40,700
water molecules packed together 
more tightly than they ever get 

4856
04:13:40,700 --> 04:13:43,700
in your glass at dinner outside 
a creature swims. 

4857
04:13:43,700 --> 04:13:46,500
Past your viewport. 
Something that looks vaguely 

4858
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:48,300
fish. 
Like if fish were designed by 

4859
04:13:48,308 --> 04:13:50,800
someone who'd only heard them 
described over a bad phone 

4860
04:13:50,800 --> 04:13:53,300
connection. 
It's about 8 inches long 

4861
04:13:53,300 --> 04:13:57,300
translucent with eyes that are 
disproportionately huge and 

4862
04:13:57,300 --> 04:14:00,000
teeth that a disproportionately 
pointier than seems necessary. 

4863
04:14:00,000 --> 04:14:03,600
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

4864
04:14:03,600 --> 04:14:06,100
vertebrates on Earth. 
You've probably never heard of 

4865
04:14:06,100 --> 04:14:09,600
it because it lives where humans
don't, there are more bristle 

4866
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:12,500
mouths in the ocean and there 
are humans on land that they 

4867
04:14:12,508 --> 04:14:15,100
live in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

4868
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:19,400
that we barely acknowledge their
existence The submersible's 

4869
04:14:19,400 --> 04:14:22,800
manipulator, arm extends 
collecting a settlement sample. 

4870
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:25,500
The movement is excruciatingly 
slow. 

4871
04:14:25,500 --> 04:14:28,900
Because everything moves slowly 
down here, water at this depth 

4872
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:33,500
has a viscosity about 60% higher
than at the surface, which means

4873
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:36,600
pushing through it feels less 
like swimming and more like 

4874
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:40,200
moving through cold honey. 
For the creatures that live 

4875
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:42,400
here. 
Speed is mostly irrelevant. 

4876
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:45,300
Anyway, where exactly would they
hurry to? 

4877
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:49,900
a sea cucumber, trundles passed 
and trundles is really the only 

4878
04:14:49,900 --> 04:14:53,400
appropriate verb It's moving at 
approximately the speed of 

4879
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:55,900
erosion. 
One of those animals that makes 

4880
04:14:55,900 --> 04:14:57,500
sloths. 
Look hyperactive. 

4881
04:14:57,500 --> 04:15:01,100
Sea cucumbers are essentially 
animated vacuum cleaners 

4882
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,500
crawling across the sediment and
ingesting anything organic. 

4883
04:15:04,500 --> 04:15:08,900
They encounter they process, the
mud extract, whatever calories, 

4884
04:15:08,900 --> 04:15:12,300
they can from the sparse, 
organic matter and excrete, 

4885
04:15:12,300 --> 04:15:14,600
pellets of slightly, reorganized
mud. 

4886
04:15:14,600 --> 04:15:19,800
It's not glamorous, but it's a 
living Technically the pressure 

4887
04:15:19,800 --> 04:15:23,800
affects everything down here in 
ways that seem almost designed 

4888
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:28,100
to make life inconvenient. 
Gas bladders, which many fish 

4889
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:31,700
use to control their buoyancy 
and shallow water, a completely 

4890
04:15:31,700 --> 04:15:34,800
useless at this depth. 
Pressure would compress them to 

4891
04:15:34,800 --> 04:15:37,200
nothing. 
So the fish that live here of 

4892
04:15:37,200 --> 04:15:40,400
either give up on gas as 
entirely or replace them with 

4893
04:15:40,400 --> 04:15:43,100
deposits of lighter than water 
oils that don't compress. 

4894
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,000
Its the difference between 
trying to use a balloon for 

4895
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:48,500
buoyancy versus using a chunk of
Styrofoam. 

4896
04:15:49,500 --> 04:15:52,700
One option adapts to pressure, 
the other just gets crushed, 

4897
04:15:52,700 --> 04:15:55,300
you'll submersible, drifts 
forward slowly. 

4898
04:15:55,300 --> 04:15:59,500
It's Motors barely audible as it
hums through the hole in the 

4899
04:15:59,508 --> 04:16:02,600
distance and distance is weird 
down here because there are no 

4900
04:16:02,608 --> 04:16:05,500
reference points. 
You see a cluster of what looks 

4901
04:16:05,500 --> 04:16:08,500
like tube worms. 
Each one rising from the 

4902
04:16:08,500 --> 04:16:10,700
sediment like an abandoned 
Periscope. 

4903
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:14,400
These are polyte worms, and 
they've constructed tubes from 

4904
04:16:14,400 --> 04:16:18,500
mucus and sediment particles. 
They extend their feathery 

4905
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:22,100
feeding appendages into the 
water hoping to snag some of 

4906
04:16:22,100 --> 04:16:25,900
that Marine snow as it drifts 
past they've been growing for 

4907
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:28,700
decades. 
Possibly centuries adding 

4908
04:16:28,700 --> 04:16:30,600
millimeters to their tubes each 
year. 

4909
04:16:30,600 --> 04:16:35,000
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your light's named for 

4910
04:16:35,000 --> 04:16:38,900
its long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

4911
04:16:38,900 --> 04:16:41,600
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

4912
04:16:41,600 --> 04:16:44,100
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

4913
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:48,100
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

4914
04:16:48,100 --> 04:16:49,900
loitering. 
With food. 

4915
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:53,900
So scarce Predators can't afford
to waste energy, chasing prey, 

4916
04:16:53,900 --> 04:16:56,600
they parked themselves 
somewhere, promising and wait. 

4917
04:16:57,400 --> 04:17:01,000
Sometimes for days. 
The metabolic rate of deep sea 

4918
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:04,900
fish is astonishingly low often.
Just two to three percent of 

4919
04:17:04,900 --> 04:17:08,700
what surface fish require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes.

4920
04:17:08,700 --> 04:17:12,100
The pressure means that simple 
biological processes. 

4921
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:16,000
Work differently down here, cell
membranes, which are fluid at 

4922
04:17:16,000 --> 04:17:19,300
the surface would become rigid, 
and useless at this depth, 

4923
04:17:19,300 --> 04:17:23,100
except that deep sea organisms, 
have adapted their membrane 

4924
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:26,400
lipids to stay flexible. 
Under Pressure proteins, that 

4925
04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:28,800
were denature and fall apart in 
shallow water. 

4926
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:30,500
Fish. 
Have been modified with subtle 

4927
04:17:30,500 --> 04:17:33,200
molecular changes that make them
stable Under Pressure. 

4928
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:36,700
This light comparing a house 
built for California, versus a 

4929
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:39,800
house built for Alaska, same 
basic structure, different 

4930
04:17:39,800 --> 04:17:43,500
engineering requirements, You 
notice something odd about the 

4931
04:17:43,500 --> 04:17:46,700
fish that passed through your 
lights, many of them appear to 

4932
04:17:46,700 --> 04:17:50,700
be melting, not literally, but 
their flesh has a weird 

4933
04:17:50,700 --> 04:17:54,400
gelatinous quality. 
A translucent that makes them 

4934
04:17:54,400 --> 04:17:56,700
look like they're made of 
partially set jello. 

4935
04:17:57,500 --> 04:18:00,800
This isn't diseased or damaged 
its adaptation. 

4936
04:18:00,800 --> 04:18:03,500
At these depths were food is 
scared. 

4937
04:18:03,500 --> 04:18:07,700
And every calorie counts When 
painting a dense, muscular body 

4938
04:18:07,700 --> 04:18:11,100
is a waste of resources. 
These fish have essentially 

4939
04:18:11,100 --> 04:18:14,900
given up on structural Integrity
in favor of energy conservation.

4940
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:18,900
Their water balloons. 
Because down here, there's no 

4941
04:18:18,900 --> 04:18:21,500
evolutionary pressure to be 
streamlined or sturdy. 

4942
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:25,900
There are no fast currents to 
fight against, no Predators fast

4943
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:29,300
enough to make fleeing 
worthwhile, an isopod crawls 

4944
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:31,300
across the settlement, a 
creature that looks 

4945
04:18:31,300 --> 04:18:34,300
distressingly like a pill bug 
that got into the steroids. 

4946
04:18:34,300 --> 04:18:37,900
It's about 10 inches long, 
armored and moving with the 

4947
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:41,100
deliberation of something that 
has nowhere to be in an eternity

4948
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:44,800
to get there. 
Giant isopods are scavengers the

4949
04:18:44,800 --> 04:18:48,300
vultures of the deep ocean. 
They can go years without eating

4950
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,600
their metabolism, slowed to a 
level at barely qualifies as 

4951
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:54,100
life. 
When a whale carcass or large 

4952
04:18:54,100 --> 04:18:57,600
fish drops to the sea floor, 
they congregate in numbers that 

4953
04:18:57,600 --> 04:18:59,000
would make a horror movie 
direct. 

4954
04:18:59,000 --> 04:19:02,100
A weep with joy. 
Stripping the remains down to 

4955
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:04,300
Bare Bones over the course of 
months. 

4956
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:08,600
The submersible sonar Ping's 
mapping the seafloor around you.

4957
04:19:09,400 --> 04:19:11,600
The sound travels strangely down
here. 

4958
04:19:11,600 --> 04:19:14,300
Water pressure, affects the 
speed of sound. 

4959
04:19:14,300 --> 04:19:17,400
Making it travel about 3% faster
than at the surface. 

4960
04:19:17,400 --> 04:19:21,600
But more interesting is what the
sonar reveals the abyssal plain 

4961
04:19:21,600 --> 04:19:23,300
isn't quite as flat as it 
appeared. 

4962
04:19:23,300 --> 04:19:27,300
There are subtle variations 
gentle Hills and Valleys 

4963
04:19:27,300 --> 04:19:30,900
measured in meters and features 
that took millions of years to 

4964
04:19:30,900 --> 04:19:34,800
form a sediment accumulated. 
Grain by grain Century. 

4965
04:19:34,800 --> 04:19:38,600
By Century you're sitting in a 
place where sediment accumulates

4966
04:19:38,600 --> 04:19:41,600
at roughly one, centimeter every
Thousand Years. 

4967
04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:45,900
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

4968
04:19:45,900 --> 04:19:50,500
than human civilization, older 
than agriculture older than the 

4969
04:19:50,500 --> 04:19:53,700
last ice age. 
Your resting on layers of time 

4970
04:19:53,700 --> 04:19:57,000
compressed into geology. 
Each stratum representing 

4971
04:19:57,000 --> 04:20:01,400
Millennia of marine snow slowly 
drifting down and settling a 

4972
04:20:01,400 --> 04:20:04,900
Grenadier, fish swims past and 
other deep sea resident, with 

4973
04:20:04,900 --> 04:20:06,400
the large head and tapering 
body. 

4974
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:08,800
The seems to be standard issued 
out here. 

4975
04:20:09,700 --> 04:20:13,800
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

4976
04:20:13,800 --> 04:20:17,500
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

4977
04:20:17,500 --> 04:20:19,400
images. 
There's not enough light for 

4978
04:20:19,400 --> 04:20:22,900
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

4979
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:25,100
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially, 

4980
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:29,000
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

4981
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:31,400
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

4982
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:35,300
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

4983
04:20:35,300 --> 04:20:38,200
to press against the 
submersible's hull, the force of

4984
04:20:38,200 --> 04:20:41,500
several million pounds. 
The titanium flexes 

4985
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:45,600
microscopically Distributing the
stress inside your comfortable 

4986
04:20:45,600 --> 04:20:49,000
at one atmosphere of pressure. 
The same as a nice spring day at

4987
04:20:49,000 --> 04:20:52,000
sea level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

4988
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:55,700
floor is just six inches of 
metal and Engineering Beyond 

4989
04:20:55,700 --> 04:20:58,300
which the pressure is sufficient
to compress bone. 

4990
04:20:58,300 --> 04:21:02,400
A jellyfish drifts past though, 
calling it a jellyfish is 

4991
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:04,800
generous. 
It's more like a translucent 

4992
04:21:04,800 --> 04:21:08,100
blob with tentacles. 
So delicate it looks like it 

4993
04:21:08,100 --> 04:21:10,100
might come apart. 
If you looked at it too hard, 

4994
04:21:10,100 --> 04:21:14,700
these deep sea jellies are about
95% water with just enough, 

4995
04:21:14,700 --> 04:21:18,600
biology to qualify as alive. 
They drift through the darkness 

4996
04:21:18,600 --> 04:21:22,100
trailing tentacles that can 
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 

4997
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:26,000
waiting for something small and 
unlucky to blunder into them 

4998
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:29,800
when they capture prey, which 
happens rarely based on how thin

4999
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:33,100
these jellies are, they digested
over the course of weeks. 

5000
04:21:33,100 --> 04:21:36,800
Everything happens in slow 
motion down here, the weight of 

5001
04:21:36,808 --> 04:21:40,400
water shapes everything at this 
depth, it determines body 

5002
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:44,600
structure hunting, strategies 
reproduction and even the 

5003
04:21:44,600 --> 04:21:48,200
chemistry of life itself, 
Creatures here have evolved 

5004
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:52,200
Under Pressure literal, physical
pressure that would kill surface

5005
04:21:52,200 --> 04:21:55,200
organisms instantly. 
They've solved engineering 

5006
04:21:55,200 --> 04:21:57,200
problems. 
That human Engineers struggle 

5007
04:21:57,200 --> 04:22:00,300
with and they've done it not 
through intelligence or design. 

5008
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:04,500
But through the simple brutal 
process of trying, everything. 

5009
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:09,200
Keeping what works discarding? 
What doesn't and repeating for 

5010
04:22:09,200 --> 04:22:12,800
50 million years? 
Your lights sweep across the set

5011
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:17,300
of something catches your eye. 
Tracks long. 

5012
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:21,000
Parallel grooves in the mud 
leading off into the darkness. 

5013
04:22:21,800 --> 04:22:25,400
Something walked here recently, 
recently being a relative term 

5014
04:22:25,400 --> 04:22:28,500
when sediment takes Millennia to
settle, the tracks could be 

5015
04:22:28,508 --> 04:22:32,400
hours old or decades old. 
Time moves differently when the 

5016
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:35,000
environment changes. 
So slowly that centuries are 

5017
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:38,100
barely noticeable. 
The submersible begins to rise 

5018
04:22:38,100 --> 04:22:41,100
ascending slowly from the 
abyssal plain toward the next 

5019
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:44,400
leg of your journey. 
As you lift away from the sea 

5020
04:22:44,400 --> 04:22:47,800
floor, you take one last. 
Look at that uniform muddy 

5021
04:22:47,800 --> 04:22:52,800
expands, it looks lifeless. 
Barren, a place where nothing 

5022
04:22:52,800 --> 04:22:55,900
should exist. 
And yet impossibly life, 

5023
04:22:55,900 --> 04:22:59,500
persists, Adapted to pressure, 
that would crush submarines 

5024
04:22:59,500 --> 04:23:03,400
cold, that would kill in minutes
and darkness, That Never Ends 

5025
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:07,000
like persists because life is 
stubborn that way, because 

5026
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:11,200
chemistry finds even under 6,000
pounds per square inch of water.

5027
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:15,200
The weight of water, doesn't end
a life, it just changes. 

5028
04:23:15,200 --> 04:23:18,600
The terms, the thermometer on 
your instrument panel reads, 

5029
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:23,400
35.7 degrees Fahrenheit. 
This isn't the kind of cold that

5030
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:26,600
makes you put on a sweater. 
This is the kind of cold that 

5031
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:30,700
permeates everything that seeps 
into molecular structures and 

5032
04:23:30,700 --> 04:23:33,200
slows chemical reactions to 
accrual. 

5033
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:37,300
This is cold. 
That has lasted unchanged for 

5034
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:40,100
millions of years. 
Here's something that will 

5035
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:43,800
reorganize your perspective. 
The deep ocean doesn't really do

5036
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:47,500
seasons while the surface might 
warm in summer, and cool in 

5037
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:51,500
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.
The temperature has been 

5038
04:23:51,508 --> 04:23:54,500
essentially constant since long 
before, humans started 

5039
04:23:54,500 --> 04:23:58,800
recording, whether the Ice Age 
came and went, massive glaciers 

5040
04:23:58,800 --> 04:24:01,900
covered half of Europe, and 
North America melted reformed 

5041
04:24:01,900 --> 04:24:05,700
and melted again and down here. 
The temperature may be changed 

5042
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:07,800
by half a degree. 
May be. 

5043
04:24:07,800 --> 04:24:11,900
This stability is both a 
blessing and a curse for deep 

5044
04:24:11,900 --> 04:24:14,900
sea life. 
The blessing is predictability 

5045
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:18,900
organisms, don't need to adapt 
to temperature swings, don't 

5046
04:24:18,900 --> 04:24:22,800
need to prepare for winter or 
endure summer, heat waves, the 

5047
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:25,400
curse is that they've become. 
So specialized for coal that 

5048
04:24:25,400 --> 04:24:27,900
even minor temperatures would be
catastrophic. 

5049
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:30,900
These creatures are, like people
who've only ever lived in one 

5050
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:34,700
climate their entire lives who 
have built every aspect of their

5051
04:24:34,700 --> 04:24:37,100
biology around. 
Specific environmental 

5052
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:40,800
conditions, a squid Glides past 
your viewport, its body about 

5053
04:24:40,800 --> 04:24:44,100
two feet long arms trailing 
behind in warmer water. 

5054
04:24:44,100 --> 04:24:46,500
A squid. 
This size would be darting 

5055
04:24:46,500 --> 04:24:49,500
around changing colors 
demonstrating, the kind of 

5056
04:24:49,500 --> 04:24:52,700
hyperactive energy that makes 
squid both fascinating and 

5057
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:56,400
exhausting to watch this one 
moves like its swimming through 

5058
04:24:56,400 --> 04:25:00,900
molasses, which in a sense it is
give the viscosity of cold 

5059
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:04,500
pressure Rise water. 
Its metabolism runs at a 

5060
04:25:04,500 --> 04:25:07,500
fraction of the speed of its 
surface dwelling cousins, where 

5061
04:25:07,500 --> 04:25:09,200
a coastal squid, might live two 
years. 

5062
04:25:09,200 --> 04:25:12,900
This one could live 20 
Everything happens slower. 

5063
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:16,500
When you're running your biology
on economy mode, the cold 

5064
04:25:16,500 --> 04:25:20,500
affects proteins in fascinating 
ways at surface temperatures, 

5065
04:25:20,500 --> 04:25:24,500
proteins are flexible Dynamic 
molecules that fold and unfold 

5066
04:25:24,500 --> 04:25:28,800
bind to things and released them
and generally act like the busy 

5067
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:32,500
little molecular machines they 
are But cold makes molecules 

5068
04:25:32,500 --> 04:25:35,700
sluggish. 
It reduces the kinetic energy 

5069
04:25:35,700 --> 04:25:37,100
available for chemical 
reactions. 

5070
04:25:38,200 --> 04:25:41,500
So, deep sea organisms produce 
proteins that are specifically 

5071
04:25:41,500 --> 04:25:43,400
adapted to work at low 
temperatures. 

5072
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:45,700
Proteins. 
That would actually stop 

5073
04:25:45,700 --> 04:25:48,200
functioning properly. 
If you warm them up, these 

5074
04:25:48,200 --> 04:25:51,700
creatures would be poisoned by 
warm water, not because heat 

5075
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:55,900
itself is toxic, but because 
their entire biochemistry would 

5076
04:25:55,900 --> 04:26:00,500
stop working correctly. 
Fish swims past that appears to 

5077
04:26:00,500 --> 04:26:04,800
have antifreeze in its blood, 
which as it turns out, it does 

5078
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:09,000
many deep sea fish produce 
antifreeze proteins molecules 

5079
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:11,900
that prevent ice crystals from 
forming in their tissues. 

5080
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:16,500
Now, you might reasonably point 
out that 36 degrees is above 

5081
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:18,300
freezing. 
So why would they need 

5082
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:20,600
antifreeze? 
Excellent question. 

5083
04:26:20,600 --> 04:26:23,700
The answer is that these 
pressures the freezing point of 

5084
04:26:23,700 --> 04:26:27,400
water drops slightly Also fish 
body fluids have a lower 

5085
04:26:27,400 --> 04:26:30,300
freezing point than pure water 
anyway because they contain 

5086
04:26:30,300 --> 04:26:33,300
salts and proteins. 
But some deep sea fish, have 

5087
04:26:33,300 --> 04:26:36,100
added an extra margin of safety 
producing. 

5088
04:26:36,100 --> 04:26:39,900
Glycoproteins that bind any ice 
crystals that start to form and 

5089
04:26:39,900 --> 04:26:43,200
prevent them from growing. 
Its biological insurance against

5090
04:26:43,200 --> 04:26:45,900
a catastrophe that might occur 
once in a million years. 

5091
04:26:46,900 --> 04:26:50,100
The cold also means that 
decomposition happens at a 

5092
04:26:50,100 --> 04:26:53,700
geological pace. 
When a fish dies in warm surface

5093
04:26:53,700 --> 04:26:56,400
water bacteria break it down 
within days. 

5094
04:26:56,400 --> 04:27:00,300
Down here that same fish might 
remain relatively intact for 

5095
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:03,700
months or even years. 
The cold slows bacterial 

5096
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:06,300
metabolism, just like it slows, 
everything else. 

5097
04:27:07,000 --> 04:27:10,100
This has interesting 
implications the deep ocean is 

5098
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:13,800
in effect. 
A preservation chamber, whale 

5099
04:27:13,800 --> 04:27:17,100
carcasses can remain on the sea 
floor for decades slowly being 

5100
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:20,900
consumed by a succession of 
Specialists organic matter, that

5101
04:27:20,900 --> 04:27:22,400
would vanish quickly and warm 
water. 

5102
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:26,200
Persists, providing a long-term 
food source for the scavengers 

5103
04:27:26,200 --> 04:27:29,500
patient enough to find it, your 
lights illuminate, a cluster of 

5104
04:27:29,508 --> 04:27:33,000
amphipods, small Crustaceans 
that look like swimming commas 

5105
04:27:33,000 --> 04:27:37,000
clustered around what appears to
be a fragment of, Something 

5106
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:40,600
organic could be fish flesh. 
Could be whale. 

5107
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:43,800
Blubber could be the remains of 
a jellyfish that died at the 

5108
04:27:43,808 --> 04:27:47,200
surface 6 months ago and finally
drifted down here. 

5109
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:50,800
The amphipods are eating it with
the enthusiasm of people who 

5110
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:53,700
aren't sure when their lead 
again because they genuinely 

5111
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:55,200
aren't sure when their leaked 
again. 

5112
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,400
Food is so scarce down here, 
that finding a meal is an event 

5113
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:02,100
worth documenting. 
The submersible's external 

5114
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:05,800
sensors record, the water 
salinity, dissolved, oxygen 

5115
04:28:05,800 --> 04:28:09,800
levels and Trace chemical 
composition, the oxygen content 

5116
04:28:09,800 --> 04:28:13,400
is surprisingly, High cold water
holds more dissolved oxygen than

5117
04:28:13,400 --> 04:28:16,900
warm water which is one of the 
few advantages of operating in 

5118
04:28:16,900 --> 04:28:20,200
what amounts, to a natural 
refrigerator many deep sea 

5119
04:28:20,200 --> 04:28:23,200
organisms have evolved large 
Gill surfaces to extract that 

5120
04:28:23,200 --> 04:28:26,300
oxygen efficiently. 
Because while there's plenty of 

5121
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:29,200
oxygen available, the cold 
temperature means they're 

5122
04:28:29,200 --> 04:28:30,700
metabolic Machinery. 
Works slowly. 

5123
04:28:30,700 --> 04:28:35,600
So they need to maximize intake 
a comb jelly drifts past its 

5124
04:28:35,600 --> 04:28:38,800
rows of siliac, creating those 
characteristic rainbow ripples 

5125
04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:42,100
as they catch your light's. 
Comb jellies are among the most 

5126
04:28:42,100 --> 04:28:44,000
alien looking creatures in the 
ocean. 

5127
04:28:44,000 --> 04:28:47,400
All translucent geometry and 
flowing movement. 

5128
04:28:47,400 --> 04:28:51,000
This one is about the size of 
your fist, pulsing slowly 

5129
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:54,900
through the water. 
And warm surface waters comb 

5130
04:28:54,900 --> 04:28:56,800
jellies can swim with surprising
speed. 

5131
04:28:56,800 --> 04:29:01,200
The Cilia beating rapidly, this 
one moves, like its underwater, 

5132
04:29:01,200 --> 04:29:04,100
which okay? 
It is underwater. 

5133
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:07,200
But you know what I mean. 
It moves like it's underwater 

5134
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:13,200
even for something underwater. 
Slow dream-like as if swimming 

5135
04:29:13,200 --> 04:29:16,800
Through Time rather than water. 
The cold has another effect that

5136
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:19,400
scientists didn't fully 
appreciate until recently. 

5137
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:25,100
It affects intelligence. 
Many deep sea fish have smaller 

5138
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:28,000
brains relative to their body 
size than surface fish. 

5139
04:29:28,000 --> 04:29:32,300
This isn't because they're 
stupid will they might be but 

5140
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:35,000
that's not the point. 
Brain tissue is metabolically 

5141
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:38,300
expensive. 
Requiring significant energy to 

5142
04:29:38,300 --> 04:29:42,500
maintain in an environment where
food is scarce and metabolism is

5143
04:29:42,500 --> 04:29:46,400
slow maintaining a large. 
Brain is a luxury, few species 

5144
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,900
can afford. 
So deep sea fish, have evolved 

5145
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:53,400
to operate on minimal, neural 
Hardware, like running a modern 

5146
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:58,100
computer on a processor from 
1995 it works, but don't expect 

5147
04:29:58,100 --> 04:30:01,500
miracles. 
A CQ cumber crosses the sediment

5148
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:03,900
with the urgency of a glacier 
sea. 

5149
04:30:03,900 --> 04:30:06,300
Cucumbers are basically the 
Roomba vacuum cleaners of the 

5150
04:30:06,300 --> 04:30:10,000
deeper potion, except slow, or 
less intelligent, which is 

5151
04:30:10,000 --> 04:30:12,900
saying something given that 
roomba's regularly gets stuck 

5152
04:30:12,900 --> 04:30:13,500
on. 
Shoelaces. 

5153
04:30:13,500 --> 04:30:17,500
This particular specimen is 
about a foot long, dark brown, 

5154
04:30:17,500 --> 04:30:21,400
and covered in small papaya that
might serve some function or 

5155
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:22,900
might just be a long for the 
ride. 

5156
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:27,600
Processing sediment, extracting,
whatever Trace organic matter. 

5157
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:31,100
It can find and leaving behind 
neat, little piles of waste 

5158
04:30:31,100 --> 04:30:34,200
pellets. 
In cold water, this process 

5159
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:36,400
takes even longer than it would 
in warm water. 

5160
04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:41,000
This sea cucumber might move 10 
feet in a day and consider it a 

5161
04:30:41,000 --> 04:30:43,700
productive outing. 
The cold also affects 

5162
04:30:43,700 --> 04:30:47,200
reproduction in ways that seem 
almost designed to frustrate the

5163
04:30:47,200 --> 04:30:49,800
animals. 
Involved many deep sea species, 

5164
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:53,600
reach sexual maturity slowly. 
We're talking years or even 

5165
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:56,200
decades. 
The anglerfish you saw earlier 

5166
04:30:56,200 --> 04:31:00,500
with its bioluminescent lure. 
It might not be ready to mate 

5167
04:31:00,500 --> 04:31:04,300
and its 15-year old compared 
that to surface fish species 

5168
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:08,200
that reach maturity in months. 
The cold temperature slows 

5169
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,700
growth rates, delays 
development, and generally makes

5170
04:31:11,700 --> 04:31:14,700
the entire process of 
reproduction and investment. 

5171
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:18,100
That requires serious long-term 
planning, a Dumbo octopus. 

5172
04:31:18,100 --> 04:31:21,500
Appears at the edge of your 
light for the ear like fins on 

5173
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:23,000
its head. 
That make it look like Disney's 

5174
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:26,700
elephant had a really strange 
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 

5175
04:31:26,700 --> 04:31:30,600
octopuses live at depths ranging
from 10,000 to 20,000 feet, 

5176
04:31:30,600 --> 04:31:33,700
making them some of the deepest 
living octopuses known. 

5177
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:35,800
They hover just above the sea 
floor. 

5178
04:31:35,800 --> 04:31:37,800
Flapping those ear fins and slow
motion. 

5179
04:31:37,800 --> 04:31:40,400
Looking for small worms and 
Crustaceans. 

5180
04:31:40,400 --> 04:31:44,600
Everything about this octopus 
says low energy lifestyle. 

5181
04:31:45,500 --> 04:31:48,700
It doesn't jet around like it's 
shallow water cousins, it 

5182
04:31:48,700 --> 04:31:51,900
doesn't change color rapidly. 
Its chromatophores, likely works

5183
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:55,300
sluggishly at this temperature, 
it simply drifts along 

5184
04:31:55,300 --> 04:31:58,300
occasionally, extending an arm 
to grab something edible. 

5185
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:01,600
Then continuing, its endless 
slow-motion, patrol of the 

5186
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:05,900
Abyss, the submersible's heating
system kicks on with a quiet hum

5187
04:32:05,900 --> 04:32:09,200
inside your comfortable at about
68 degrees. 

5188
04:32:09,200 --> 04:32:12,800
But the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

5189
04:32:12,800 --> 04:32:16,800
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

5190
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:20,000
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

5191
04:32:20,000 --> 04:32:23,300
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

5192
04:32:23,300 --> 04:32:26,800
our species as existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

5193
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:29,900
many deep sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

5194
04:32:29,900 --> 04:32:34,300
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

5195
04:32:34,300 --> 04:32:37,200
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

5196
04:32:37,200 --> 04:32:40,600
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

5197
04:32:40,600 --> 04:32:43,300
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

5198
04:32:43,300 --> 04:32:45,400
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs. 

5199
04:32:45,700 --> 04:32:48,100
Spite working in what? 
Amounts to a giant underwater 

5200
04:32:48,100 --> 04:32:51,300
freezer, a jellyfish of truly 
impressive size. 

5201
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:54,100
Appears ahead of you. 
It's Bell is at least three feet

5202
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:58,800
across translucent with dozens 
of tentacles trailing behind it.

5203
04:32:58,800 --> 04:33:02,500
Like streamers. 
This is a deep sea Medusa and 

5204
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:05,200
it's probably been drifting 
through these cold waters for 

5205
04:33:05,200 --> 04:33:09,700
years growing slowly, capturing,
whatever small creatures are 

5206
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:13,599
unlucky enough to brush against 
it, stinging tentacles in warm 

5207
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:15,000
water. 
A jellyfish. 

5208
04:33:15,000 --> 04:33:18,400
This size might live for a few 
months in the cold deep ocean. 

5209
04:33:18,400 --> 04:33:21,900
It could persist for decades its
tissues breaking down. 

5210
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:25,500
So slowly, that time becomes 
almost irrelevant, the cold 

5211
04:33:25,500 --> 04:33:29,099
doesn't just slow life down, it 
changes the entire strategy. 

5212
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:34,500
Surface dwelling organisms, live
fast reproduce quickly and die 

5213
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:37,000
young. 
Deep, sea organisms, lift 

5214
04:33:37,000 --> 04:33:41,000
slowly, reproduce rarely, and 
persist for decades or 

5215
04:33:41,000 --> 04:33:43,300
centuries. 
It's the difference between a 

5216
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:45,000
sprinter and an Ultra 
marathoner. 

5217
04:33:45,800 --> 04:33:49,599
Between burning bright and 
burning long, your submersible 

5218
04:33:49,599 --> 04:33:52,000
continues, its journey across 
the abyssal. 

5219
04:33:52,000 --> 04:33:55,099
Plain through water, that has 
been cold since before. 

5220
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:58,099
There were humans to feel cold 
through an environment. 

5221
04:33:58,099 --> 04:34:01,700
So stable that Evolution here 
happens, even more slowly than 

5222
04:34:01,700 --> 04:34:03,800
usual. 
The organisms around. 

5223
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,700
You aren't surviving the cold. 
They've transcended it becoming 

5224
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:10,700
so perfectly adapted to it. 
That the cold is simply their 

5225
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:13,300
default State. 
The only temperature they've 

5226
04:34:13,300 --> 04:34:18,000
ever known or could tolerate the
thermometer still reads 35.7 

5227
04:34:18,000 --> 04:34:21,900
degrees. 
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 

5228
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:26,200
years from now, 100,000 years 
from now, the cold, the Outlast 

5229
04:34:26,200 --> 04:34:29,900
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 
doesn't change, and doesn't care

5230
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:31,300
about what's happening on the 
surface. 

5231
04:34:31,300 --> 04:34:36,800
It's simply persists patient and
eternal shaping life into forms 

5232
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:41,400
that moves slowly think slowly 
grows slowly and endure. 

5233
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:45,500
Your hovering about 50 feet of 
the abyssal plain, and you 

5234
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:47,500
haven't seen anything. 
Eat anything else for the past 

5235
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:51,200
45 minutes. 
This it turns out is completely 

5236
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:53,800
normal down here. 
Food isn't scared. 

5237
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:56,700
It's essentially theoretical. 
It's something. 

5238
04:34:56,700 --> 04:34:59,400
You've heard exists, something 
your grandparents mentioned. 

5239
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:02,400
Once something you might 
encounter at some point before 

5240
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:06,000
you die of old age. 
The Marine snow continues, its 

5241
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:09,099
endless drift downward. 
And now, you understand why they

5242
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:11,800
call it that, it really does 
look like snow. 

5243
04:35:11,800 --> 04:35:15,200
Except the snow falls at roughly
three to four miles per hour. 

5244
04:35:15,800 --> 04:35:19,200
This stuff this Falls at about 
four feet per day. 

5245
04:35:20,300 --> 04:35:23,700
Particle leaving the surface. 
Today won't reach this depth for

5246
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:26,599
about a month and a half. 
And by the time it gets here, 

5247
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:29,599
it's been picked over by every 
hungry creature at every depth 

5248
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:33,400
along the way what reaches the 
abyssal plain is basically the 

5249
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:36,200
crumbs from someone else's 
Crumbs from someone else's 

5250
04:35:36,200 --> 04:35:38,800
crumbs. 
Scientists estimate that only 

5251
04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:41,900
about 1% of the organic matter 
produced at the surface ever 

5252
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:46,099
makes it to the deep sea floor, 
one percent, imagine living in a

5253
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:49,900
place where 99% of all food is 
destroyed before it reaches you 

5254
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:54,099
and the 1% that remains has been
thoroughly pre-tied by everyone 

5255
04:35:54,099 --> 04:35:58,700
else's. now, imagine thats the 
good time's the periods. 

5256
04:35:58,700 --> 04:36:02,700
That's the deep ocean. 
The transparents squid hangs 

5257
04:36:02,700 --> 04:36:04,200
Motionless In The Water ahead of
you. 

5258
04:36:04,200 --> 04:36:07,599
And when I say transparent, I 
mean, you can literally see its 

5259
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:09,300
internal organs through its 
skin. 

5260
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:14,700
This isn't some artistic Choice.
It's camouflage in A Place With 

5261
04:36:14,700 --> 04:36:18,400
No Light being invisible, 
doesn't help much But this squid

5262
04:36:18,400 --> 04:36:21,400
likely migrates Upward at night 
to feed in slightly shallower 

5263
04:36:21,400 --> 04:36:25,599
Waters where transparency is 
actually useful right now though

5264
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:30,500
it's just hanging there. 
Doing absolutely nothing because

5265
04:36:30,500 --> 04:36:34,000
doing nothing is the only energy
efficient strategy when food is 

5266
04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:37,400
this rare. 
The squid stomach is visible 

5267
04:36:37,400 --> 04:36:41,300
through its translucent tissue, 
and it's empty, not just empty. 

5268
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:45,099
Like, I should probably soon but
empty, like a last eight three 

5269
04:36:45,099 --> 04:36:46,300
weeks ago and I'm fine with 
that. 

5270
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,500
Deep sea creatures, have evolved
metabolic rates so low that they

5271
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:53,599
make hibernating bears. 
Look hyperactive this squid 

5272
04:36:53,599 --> 04:36:56,500
might eat twice a month and 
consider itself well fed. 

5273
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:00,300
Here's a fun fact that will 
rearrange your understanding of 

5274
04:37:00,300 --> 04:37:02,599
energy. 
Some deep sea fish have 

5275
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:06,500
metabolic rate so low that they 
burn fewer calories per day than

5276
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:11,500
a battery releases were talking 
about animals that operate on 

5277
04:37:11,500 --> 04:37:15,500
less than 10 calories per day. 
A single potato, chip contains 

5278
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:17,500
more energy than some deep sea 
fish. 

5279
04:37:17,500 --> 04:37:20,599
Consume in a week, they've 
essentially learned to run their

5280
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:24,700
entire biology on standby mode. 
Keeping just enough functions 

5281
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:28,300
active to qualify as alive 
waiting, for the rare moment 

5282
04:37:28,300 --> 04:37:32,700
when food actually appears a rat
tail fish swims past, and you 

5283
04:37:32,700 --> 04:37:34,599
notice something odd about his 
body composition. 

5284
04:37:35,700 --> 04:37:38,000
It's mostly water and very 
little muscle. 

5285
04:37:38,800 --> 04:37:41,700
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 
actual tissue. 

5286
04:37:41,700 --> 04:37:44,500
The rest is water and gelatinous
protein. 

5287
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:48,400
This is the deep sea equivalent 
of a budget, laptop maximum 

5288
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:52,400
size, minimum components. 
The fish needs to be large 

5289
04:37:52,400 --> 04:37:55,200
enough to avoid predation, and 
to hold sufficient eggs for 

5290
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:58,300
reproduction, but it can't 
afford the energy cost of 

5291
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:00,599
maintaining muscle tissue. 
It rarely uses. 

5292
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:04,400
So it's essentially a water 
balloon with just enough biology

5293
04:38:04,400 --> 04:38:07,599
attached to keep things running.
Your lights catch something 

5294
04:38:07,599 --> 04:38:11,900
falling, a larger chunk of 
organic matter, maybe the size 

5295
04:38:11,900 --> 04:38:15,599
of a softball to sending faster 
than the usual Marine snow. 

5296
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:20,300
This is what scientists called, 
fasting particles chunks of 

5297
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:22,400
fecal. 
Matter from surface whales, dead

5298
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:24,599
jellyfish and fragments of large
fish. 

5299
04:38:24,599 --> 04:38:29,000
This is Prime real estate in the
deep ocean, the equivalent of 

5300
04:38:29,000 --> 04:38:31,000
finding a 20-dollar, bill on the
sidewalk. 

5301
04:38:31,800 --> 04:38:34,800
Within moments small Crustaceans
appear from the darkness. 

5302
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:38,400
Converging on this falling 
treasure, they'll strip it 

5303
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:40,000
clean. 
Before it reaches the sea floor,

5304
04:38:40,000 --> 04:38:43,200
fighting over scraps, that 
surface creatures would consider

5305
04:38:43,200 --> 04:38:47,300
garbage The food, scarcity? 
Affects every aspect of life 

5306
04:38:47,300 --> 04:38:49,300
down here. 
Take reproduction. 

5307
04:38:50,099 --> 04:38:52,900
Many deep sea fish are, what's 
called broadcast spawners? 

5308
04:38:52,900 --> 04:38:56,200
They release eggs, and sperm 
into the water and hopes. 

5309
04:38:56,200 --> 04:39:00,300
Some of the meat in food, Rich, 
surface waters, fish can afford 

5310
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:03,599
to produce hundreds of thousands
of tiny eggs because most will 

5311
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:06,500
die. 
But enough, will survive in the 

5312
04:39:06,500 --> 04:39:09,200
deep ocean. 
Females produce, far, fewer 

5313
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:11,900
eggs. 
But each one is large and packed

5314
04:39:11,900 --> 04:39:14,900
with nutrients, giving the 
larvae a better chance of 

5315
04:39:14,900 --> 04:39:17,700
surviving the brutal early weeks
when they're too small to 

5316
04:39:17,700 --> 04:39:20,599
compete for food. 
Effectively a gulper eel appears

5317
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:23,700
in your lights and it's exactly 
as unsettling as the name. 

5318
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:29,700
Suggests Its mouth is normalis 
literally four times the size of

5319
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:33,099
its body opening to a size that 
looks physically impossible. 

5320
04:39:33,099 --> 04:39:36,800
This is because when you never 
know when you eat again you 

5321
04:39:36,800 --> 04:39:39,100
can't afford to be picky about 
price size. 

5322
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:42,300
If something edible swims past 
you need to be able to swallow 

5323
04:39:42,300 --> 04:39:44,200
it. 
Whether it's smaller than you 

5324
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:48,400
roughly or size, or in some 
remarkable cases actually larger

5325
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:50,800
than you. 
The GoPro real has essentially 

5326
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:53,600
evolved into a self-propelled 
stomach that occasionally 

5327
04:39:53,600 --> 04:39:57,100
encounters food. 
But here's the thing, even that 

5328
04:39:57,100 --> 04:40:00,900
enormous mouth goes unused. 
Most of the time, scientists 

5329
04:40:00,900 --> 04:40:03,600
have examined, gulper eel, 
stomachs and found the empty 

5330
04:40:03,600 --> 04:40:07,100
more often than not. 
This fish can go months without 

5331
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:10,600
eating. 
Its metabolism is so slow that a

5332
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:14,100
single meal. 
Even a small one can sustain it 

5333
04:40:14,100 --> 04:40:16,600
for weeks. 
It drifts through the darkness 

5334
04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:17,900
mouth. 
A gape. 

5335
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:21,100
Essentially trolling for food on
the off chance that something 

5336
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:24,300
edible might swim into it. 
It's the most passive hunting 

5337
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:27,700
strategy imaginable and it works
about as well as you would 

5338
04:40:27,700 --> 04:40:31,600
expect which is to say barely a 
haul of marine snow accumulates 

5339
04:40:31,600 --> 04:40:34,800
on the sea floor, beneath you 
forming small Mounds that rise. 

5340
04:40:34,800 --> 04:40:37,600
Perhaps an inch above, the 
surrounding sediment, these 

5341
04:40:37,600 --> 04:40:41,000
Mounds represent months or years
of accumulation and their 

5342
04:40:41,000 --> 04:40:45,200
hotspots of biological activity,
which in this context means that

5343
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:49,100
two or three CQ cumbers, might 
visit them in a given decade the

5344
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:50,700
sea. 
Cucumbers will process this 

5345
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:52,800
settlement. 
Extracting, what ever? 

5346
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:56,600
Trace organic matter remains and
leave behind slightly different 

5347
04:40:56,600 --> 04:40:59,600
settlement. 
It's the Deep Ocean's version of

5348
04:40:59,600 --> 04:41:03,400
farming except slower and Sadder
the food. 

5349
04:41:03,400 --> 04:41:06,500
Scarce city is led to some truly
bizarre feeding strategies. 

5350
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:10,500
Some deep sea fish have, Jaws 
that can dislocate to allow them

5351
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:12,400
to swallow prey larger than 
themselves. 

5352
04:41:12,400 --> 04:41:16,200
Others have expandable, stomachs
that can stretch to accommodate 

5353
04:41:16,200 --> 04:41:19,300
rare large meals. 
It's like showing up to a buffet

5354
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:22,000
once a year and trying to eat 
enough to last until the next 

5355
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:25,100
one, the strategy Works 
technically but it's not 

5356
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:28,800
something you'd recommend a 
vampire squid drifts past and 

5357
04:41:28,800 --> 04:41:31,200
despite the name it doesn't suck
blood it. 

5358
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,600
Got its name from the dark 
webbing between its arms, which 

5359
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:37,500
looks like a vampire's cloak 
when it inverts the arms over 

5360
04:41:37,500 --> 04:41:40,600
itself in a defensive posture, 
but here's what makes the 

5361
04:41:40,600 --> 04:41:43,900
vampire squid special. 
It's one of the few deep sea 

5362
04:41:43,900 --> 04:41:45,900
creatures that figured out a 
clever food hack. 

5363
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:49,800
Instead of waiting for live 
prey, it collects Marine snow, 

5364
04:41:49,800 --> 04:41:53,600
those drifting particles of 
organic matter using filaments 

5365
04:41:53,600 --> 04:41:57,500
covered in sticky mucus. 
It then runs these filaments 

5366
04:41:57,500 --> 04:42:00,600
through his arms, scraping off 
the collected particles and 

5367
04:42:00,600 --> 04:42:02,400
eating them. 
Is this dignified? 

5368
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:05,500
No. 
Does it sound like something a 

5369
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:08,600
creature would do if it had 
literally any other option also 

5370
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:11,800
know. 
But it works the vampire squid 

5371
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:14,600
is essentially become a filter 
feeder in a place where to 

5372
04:42:14,600 --> 04:42:17,600
feeding shouldn't be viable 
because they're so little to 

5373
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:23,400
filter It surviving on scraps of
scraps and somehow impossibly. 

5374
04:42:23,400 --> 04:42:27,600
It's making it work your 
submersible sensors detect. 

5375
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:31,200
A localized area of slightly 
higher, biological activity 

5376
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:35,300
ahead. 
As you approach, you see why a 

5377
04:42:35,300 --> 04:42:39,600
whale full. 
A gray whale dead for perhaps a 

5378
04:42:39,600 --> 04:42:41,900
decade. 
Lies on the sea floor, like a 

5379
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:45,100
gift from the gods. 
Its flesh has been Stripped Away

5380
04:42:45,100 --> 04:42:48,800
by scavengers but it's bones 
remain and they're covered with 

5381
04:42:48,800 --> 04:42:52,300
strange white filaments. 
These are zombie worms. 

5382
04:42:52,300 --> 04:42:55,400
Yes. 
That's their actual name and 

5383
04:42:55,400 --> 04:42:57,700
their dissolving. 
The whale bones to extract the 

5384
04:42:57,700 --> 04:43:01,400
lipids trapped inside. 
This whale carcass, which were 

5385
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:05,400
decomposing months in warm 
shallow water will sustain a 

5386
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:08,300
community of specialist down 
here for 50 or 60 years. 

5387
04:43:09,300 --> 04:43:12,100
This is what counts as a bananza
in the deep ocean. 

5388
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:15,200
A dead whale little last two 
generations. 

5389
04:43:15,200 --> 04:43:19,800
The scarcity of food has shaped 
every aspect of evolution down 

5390
04:43:19,800 --> 04:43:22,400
here. 
Deep sea fish of reduced 

5391
04:43:22,400 --> 04:43:26,000
skeletal density, less bone 
means less tissue to maintain. 

5392
04:43:26,000 --> 04:43:29,100
They have minimal scales or no 
scales at all. 

5393
04:43:29,100 --> 04:43:32,500
Their brains are smaller. 
Their organs are compact. 

5394
04:43:32,500 --> 04:43:35,800
Everything nonessential has been
Stripped Away In The Name Of 

5395
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,100
Energy Efficiency, they're like 
organisms that have been through

5396
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:40,700
a ruthless corporate 
restructuring. 

5397
04:43:40,700 --> 04:43:44,500
Cut down to only the Departments
that absolutely must keep 

5398
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:47,000
running. 
Tripod fish sits on the sea 

5399
04:43:47,000 --> 04:43:50,400
floor ahead and it's doing 
exactly what its name suggests. 

5400
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:53,200
Standing on three elongated 
fins. 

5401
04:43:53,200 --> 04:43:57,400
Like a camera tripod, it's 
facing into the current such as 

5402
04:43:57,400 --> 04:44:01,700
it is waiting for food to drift 
past this fish can stand here 

5403
04:44:01,700 --> 04:44:04,700
for days. 
Barely moving barely breathing 

5404
04:44:04,700 --> 04:44:08,100
and conserving every possible 
Cal when something edible 

5405
04:44:08,100 --> 04:44:12,500
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 
strike a quick snap of Jaws that

5406
04:44:12,500 --> 04:44:15,100
represents more energy 
expenditure than the fish is 

5407
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:18,500
made in the past week. 
Then it'll return to its tripod 

5408
04:44:18,500 --> 04:44:21,800
stance and some more. 
This is hunting in the deep 

5409
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:27,000
ocean standing, very still for a
very long time and hoping Food, 

5410
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:29,900
scarcity. 
Oddly enough has led to less 

5411
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:33,600
competition when resources are 
this sparse defending a 

5412
04:44:33,600 --> 04:44:34,800
territory? 
Makes no sense. 

5413
04:44:34,800 --> 04:44:36,900
Because there's nothing worth 
defending. 

5414
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,500
Fighting over food costs more 
energy than just waiting for the

5415
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:45,200
next bit of marine. 
Snow to drift past so deep sea 

5416
04:44:45,200 --> 04:44:47,800
creatures, have largely 
abandoned territorial Behavior, 

5417
04:44:47,800 --> 04:44:52,700
they simply spread out maximize 
their spacing and hope they're 

5418
04:44:52,700 --> 04:44:55,400
particular patch of seafloor, 
receives slightly more than 

5419
04:44:55,400 --> 04:44:57,400
average, rainfall of organic 
matter. 

5420
04:44:57,400 --> 04:45:00,900
Your submersible begins to 
ascend, leaving the abyssal 

5421
04:45:00,900 --> 04:45:03,700
plain behind. 
As you rise, you look down at 

5422
04:45:03,700 --> 04:45:07,500
the sea floor, one more time at 
the vast muddy expanse. 

5423
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:11,200
Where food is rare enough to be 
precious where creatures have 

5424
04:45:11,200 --> 04:45:14,200
evolved to survive on almost 
nothing and where the entire 

5425
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:16,900
ecosystem operates on energy, 
margins. 

5426
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:20,700
So thin that surface organisms 
could not even comprehend them. 

5427
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:25,200
When food becomes fiction, life 
becomes patients and down here. 

5428
04:45:25,200 --> 04:45:27,300
Patience is the only virtue that
matters. 

5429
04:45:27,300 --> 04:45:31,000
Your submersible is moving 
laterally, now, crossing the 

5430
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:34,600
abyssal plain towards something.
The sonar detected an hour ago. 

5431
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:37,800
Origin from the sea floor, like 
a mountain. 

5432
04:45:38,000 --> 04:45:41,400
Range that never quite breaks. 
The surface, your approaching, 

5433
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:45,100
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?
One of the places where tectonic

5434
04:45:45,100 --> 04:45:48,300
plates are spreading apart and 
Earth is literally creating new 

5435
04:45:48,300 --> 04:45:51,300
sea floor. 
Pumping out fresh rock from the 

5436
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:55,800
mantle below The water 
temperature ahead is rising, not

5437
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:58,200
much. 
You've gone from 36 degrees to 

5438
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:01,900
38 degrees but in a place where 
temperature has been constant 

5439
04:46:01,900 --> 04:46:04,700
for millions of years. 
To degrees feels like a 

5440
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:07,600
revolution. 
Your sensors are also detecting.

5441
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:10,400
Chemical anomalies hydrogen, 
sulfide. 

5442
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:14,600
Methane and metals in solution. 
Something ahead is profoundly 

5443
04:46:14,600 --> 04:46:18,000
changing, the chemistry of the 
water and then you see it. 

5444
04:46:18,900 --> 04:46:22,800
Black smoker, it rises from the 
sea floor, like a chimney from 

5445
04:46:22,800 --> 04:46:26,500
Hell roughly 20 feet. 
Tall made of minerals that have 

5446
04:46:26,500 --> 04:46:28,900
precipitated out of superheated 
water. 

5447
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:33,300
And from its opening, billowing 
up into the cold, ocean comes a 

5448
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:37,800
dark plume that looks like smoke
but is actually water heated to 

5449
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:42,200
over 600 degrees Fahrenheit. 
So hot, it would boil instantly 

5450
04:46:42,200 --> 04:46:45,800
at the surface but stays liquid 
down here because the pressure 

5451
04:46:45,800 --> 04:46:47,800
is too intense to let it 
vaporize. 

5452
04:46:47,800 --> 04:46:51,600
This is a hydrothermal vent and 
it represents a complete 

5453
04:46:51,600 --> 04:46:54,300
inversion of everything you've 
learned about the depot potion. 

5454
04:46:55,000 --> 04:46:57,300
This is a place of heat in the 
cold Abyss. 

5455
04:46:57,900 --> 04:47:02,100
A chemical energy in a food, 
starved Wasteland of a Bundy and

5456
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:05,400
scarcity, and it's absolutely 
calling with life. 

5457
04:47:06,300 --> 04:47:08,000
The area around the vent is 
covered. 

5458
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:10,600
And I mean, covered with tube 
worms. 

5459
04:47:10,600 --> 04:47:14,000
They're called riftia and 
they're about as weird as 

5460
04:47:14,000 --> 04:47:16,900
organisms. 
Get each one is six feet long 

5461
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:19,300
white with brilliant, red 
plumes. 

5462
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:23,500
Extending from their tubes, they
have no mouth, no digestive 

5463
04:47:23,500 --> 04:47:27,200
system, and no anus. 
They survive entirely through a 

5464
04:47:27,200 --> 04:47:30,100
symbiotic relationship with 
bacteria that live inside their 

5465
04:47:30,100 --> 04:47:32,700
bodies. 
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 

5466
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:36,200
sulfide from the vent water, 
which is toxic to most organisms

5467
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:38,400
to produce energy through 
chemosynthesis. 

5468
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:41,100
And they share that energy with 
the worm. 

5469
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:45,000
The worm in return provides, the
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 

5470
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:48,000
and oxygen. 
Its photosynthesis without the 

5471
04:47:48,000 --> 04:47:51,600
photo part life powered by 
Earth's internal heat rather 

5472
04:47:51,600 --> 04:47:54,400
than the Sun. 
A white crab scuttles across the

5473
04:47:54,408 --> 04:47:57,400
tube worms picking at the plumes
with its claws. 

5474
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:01,600
This is a vent crab and it's 
blind its eyes of regressed to 

5475
04:48:01,608 --> 04:48:05,000
useless nubbins because there's 
no light down here anyway and 

5476
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:08,000
maintaining functional eyes 
costs energy that could be 

5477
04:48:08,008 --> 04:48:11,300
better, spent elsewhere. 
But it doesn't need eyes. 

5478
04:48:11,300 --> 04:48:14,800
It can sense the chemical 
gradients in the water finding 

5479
04:48:14,800 --> 04:48:17,300
its way toward food sources by 
chemistry alone. 

5480
04:48:17,300 --> 04:48:21,600
The black smoker continues to 
Billow its dark plume, which is 

5481
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:25,400
actually mineral-rich water 
precipitating out, iron copper 

5482
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:29,900
zinc and other metals as it hits
the cold ocean over time. 

5483
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:33,500
This precipitation builds the 
chimney taller adding layer upon

5484
04:48:33,500 --> 04:48:37,000
layer of minerals, some of these
chimneys grow for decades 

5485
04:48:37,000 --> 04:48:40,800
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 
feet before they collapse under 

5486
04:48:40,800 --> 04:48:43,300
their own weight. 
While the cells shut with 

5487
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:46,700
mineral deposits, a shrimp 
swarms, around the vent opening,

5488
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:50,200
thousands of them. 
So densely packed they look like

5489
04:48:50,200 --> 04:48:53,300
a living carpet. 
These are venturing and their 

5490
04:48:53,300 --> 04:48:56,300
farming bacteria. 
They've evolved specialized 

5491
04:48:56,300 --> 04:48:59,400
structures on their backs where 
bacteria grow and the shrimp 

5492
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:02,300
position themselves at, just the
right distance from the vent. 

5493
04:49:03,100 --> 04:49:06,600
Close enough to benefit from the
chemical Rich water far enough. 

5494
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:09,300
Not to cook. 
They literally stamped at the 

5495
04:49:09,308 --> 04:49:12,300
edge of boiling harvesting 
microorganisms that are 

5496
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:16,900
themselves harvesting energy 
from toxic minerals. the 

5497
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:21,300
temperature gradients, here are 
extreme The water exiting, the 

5498
04:49:21,308 --> 04:49:24,400
vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 
inches away. 

5499
04:49:24,400 --> 04:49:29,400
Its 300 degrees, a foot away. 
It's 100 degrees. 2 feet away. 

5500
04:49:29,400 --> 04:49:33,300
Its back to ambient temperature,
that same 36 degrees, that 

5501
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:36,900
characterizes the rest of the 
Abyss organisms here have to 

5502
04:49:36,908 --> 04:49:40,100
navigate thermal boundaries, 
that would be instantly lethal 

5503
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,200
if crossed positioning 
themselves with Precision in a 

5504
04:49:43,200 --> 04:49:45,000
Zone. 
That's simultaneously warm 

5505
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:47,300
enough to support chemosynthetic
bacteria. 

5506
04:49:47,300 --> 04:49:52,900
But cool enough not to denature 
proteins, the giant clam sits 

5507
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:54,300
near the base of the Venture 
chimney. 

5508
04:49:54,300 --> 04:49:59,600
Its shell, easily three feet 
across Like the tube worms, it 

5509
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:02,100
has no need for a conventional 
digestive system. 

5510
04:50:02,100 --> 04:50:06,100
It's full of chemosynthetic 
bacteria that do the heavy 

5511
04:50:06,108 --> 04:50:09,400
lifting of energy production. 
The clam just sits there, 

5512
04:50:09,400 --> 04:50:13,300
filtering vent, water, providing
its bacterial partners with 

5513
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,300
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 
the nutrients. 

5514
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:19,000
They produce. 
It's been sitting in this exact 

5515
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:22,900
spot for potentially 100 years. 
Growing slowly surrounded by 

5516
04:50:22,900 --> 04:50:25,500
toxic chemicals. 
That would kill most organisms 

5517
04:50:25,500 --> 04:50:28,000
within minutes. 
What's remarkable about these 

5518
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:30,800
vent ecosystems is that they're 
completely independent of the 

5519
04:50:30,800 --> 04:50:33,300
Sun. 
Every other ecosystem on Earth 

5520
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:38,400
forests, grasslands, coral 
reefs, even the Deep oceans. 

5521
04:50:38,400 --> 04:50:41,800
A Bissell Plains, ultimately 
depends on photosynthesis 

5522
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:44,400
energy. 
Enters through plants or 

5523
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:47,200
phytoplankton and then moves up 
through food chains. 

5524
04:50:47,200 --> 04:50:52,100
But here at hydrothermal vents 
energy enters Through Chemistry 

5525
04:50:52,100 --> 04:50:56,500
bacteria, take hydrogen sulfide 
and produce or garlic compounds 

5526
04:50:56,500 --> 04:50:59,700
those bacteria, become the 
foundation of an entire food 

5527
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:02,000
web. 
This means that if the sun went 

5528
04:51:02,000 --> 04:51:04,700
out to Morrow, which lets be 
clear, it won't, but 

5529
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:06,800
hypothetically, these vent 
communities. 

5530
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:10,200
Would be fine. 
They wouldn't even notice their 

5531
04:51:10,200 --> 04:51:14,000
powered by Earth's, internal 
heat by the radioactive decay of

5532
04:51:14,000 --> 04:51:17,800
elements in the mantle, and by 
geological processes that That 

5533
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:19,100
will continue for billions of 
years. 

5534
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:23,600
After the sun expands into a red
giant, and consumes the inner 

5535
04:51:23,600 --> 04:51:26,900
planets, an octopus appears at 
the edge of your lights pale and

5536
04:51:26,900 --> 04:51:30,500
ghostly. 
It's hunting extending its arms 

5537
04:51:30,500 --> 04:51:34,400
into crevices between rocks, 
searching for crabs or shrimp. 

5538
04:51:34,400 --> 04:51:38,000
This is one of the few places in
the deep ocean, where Predators 

5539
04:51:38,000 --> 04:51:41,900
can actually find enough food to
justify hunting actively the 

5540
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:44,100
concentration of life. 
Here is so unusual. 

5541
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:47,900
So contrary to the sparse 
distribution of organisms on the

5542
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:51,300
abyssal plain that it almost 
feels like you've traveled to a 

5543
04:51:51,300 --> 04:51:53,700
different planet. 
The black smoker pulses, 

5544
04:51:53,700 --> 04:51:57,500
slightly not dramatically, just 
a subtle variation in the plume,

5545
04:51:57,500 --> 04:52:00,100
intensity. 
This is because the flow isn't 

5546
04:52:00,100 --> 04:52:03,600
constant, it varies with 
pressure changes deep in the 

5547
04:52:03,600 --> 04:52:06,800
Earth's crust with the opening 
and closing of microscopic, 

5548
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:10,100
fissures in the rock below when 
events flow stops. 

5549
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:14,000
The ecosystem dies. 
The tube worms unable to move 

5550
04:52:14,000 --> 04:52:19,400
simply perish, the bacteria, 
die, the crabs, leave Within 

5551
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,100
months, a thriving Community can
become a graveyard. 

5552
04:52:23,200 --> 04:52:27,500
Put new vents are always forming
along the mid-ocean ridges tube 

5553
04:52:27,500 --> 04:52:30,700
worm, larvae drift in the 
currents waiting to detect the 

5554
04:52:30,700 --> 04:52:33,100
chemical signature of hydrogen 
sulfide. 

5555
04:52:33,100 --> 04:52:36,600
When they find a new vent, they 
settle and begin building their 

5556
04:52:36,600 --> 04:52:40,800
tubes, within a few years, a new
community establishes itself. 

5557
04:52:40,800 --> 04:52:44,200
The vents are ephemeral on 
geological time scales. 

5558
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:48,000
Each one might last 20 or 30 
years before it seals shut. 

5559
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:51,600
But the system as a whole 
persists because there are 

5560
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:55,100
always new vents forming 
somewhere along the 40,000 mile 

5561
04:52:55,100 --> 04:52:59,000
long mid-ocean ridge system. 
A fish swims past that looks 

5562
04:52:59,000 --> 04:53:02,100
relatively normal or at least as
normal as deep sea fish, look, 

5563
04:53:02,100 --> 04:53:06,800
but with one striking feature, 
its gills are bright red, almost

5564
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:10,200
fluorescent. 
This is event fish and those red

5565
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:13,000
gills are packed with hemoglobin
that specially adapted to 

5566
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:14,800
handle. 
Both the low oxygen of deep 

5567
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:18,900
water and the presence of 
hydrogen sulfide, which normally

5568
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:22,700
interferes with oxygen transport
in blood, its solved a chemical 

5569
04:53:22,700 --> 04:53:25,900
problem that would stomp most 
organisms allowing it to live in

5570
04:53:25,900 --> 04:53:29,500
water that simultaneously 
oxygen, poor and toxin rich. 

5571
04:53:30,200 --> 04:53:33,900
The submersible sensors are 
recording constantly temperate, 

5572
04:53:33,900 --> 04:53:37,600
chemical composition, pH levels,
and flow rates. 

5573
04:53:37,600 --> 04:53:42,900
The water, here is a Civic pH 
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 

5574
04:53:42,900 --> 04:53:45,900
heavy metals by surface 
standards. 

5575
04:53:45,900 --> 04:53:49,800
This is a toxic waste dump by 
the standards of vent organisms,

5576
04:53:49,800 --> 04:53:53,000
its Paradise. 
A white smoker appears in the 

5577
04:53:53,000 --> 04:53:55,600
distance a related but different
phenomenon. 

5578
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:58,900
Where black smokers emit Dark, 
mineral-rich Water? 

5579
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:01,300
White smokers emit 
lighter-colored. 

5580
04:54:01,300 --> 04:54:04,900
Fluids that are cooler. 
Only about 200 to 300 degrees. 

5581
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:07,700
And contain different dissolved 
minerals. 

5582
04:54:07,700 --> 04:54:10,500
They support similar, but 
distinct communities. 

5583
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:14,200
Different species of tube worms,
different bacteria and different

5584
04:54:14,200 --> 04:54:16,700
crabs. 
Evolution has produced 

5585
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:19,200
Specialists for every 
conceivable niche. 

5586
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:21,800
In this environment. 
What scientists find most 

5587
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:25,100
exciting about hydrothermal 
vents isn't just that life 

5588
04:54:25,100 --> 04:54:28,700
exists here. 
What it implies, if life can 

5589
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:32,400
thrive in toxic, superheated 
water powered by chemistry 

5590
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:35,900
rather than sunlight in complete
darkness under crushing 

5591
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:39,000
pressure. 
Well, it suggests life might be 

5592
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:41,400
possible in places. 
We'd previously ridden off as 

5593
04:54:41,400 --> 04:54:45,100
uninhabitable. 
Subsurface, ocean of Jupiter's 

5594
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:48,100
moon. 
Europa maybe the underground 

5595
04:54:48,100 --> 04:54:53,400
water of Mars, possibly The 
concept of a habitable zone has 

5596
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:56,500
expanded dramatically since 
hydrothermal vents were 

5597
04:54:56,500 --> 04:55:01,200
discovered in 1977 a bacterial, 
mats to the Rocks, near the vent

5598
04:55:01,200 --> 04:55:04,500
base, white and fuzzy. 
Looking these bacteria are 

5599
04:55:04,500 --> 04:55:07,900
probably growing at the fastest 
rate, any organism, grows in the

5600
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,700
deep ocean, which is still slow 
by surface standards but blazing

5601
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:14,000
fast compared to the millimeter 
per year. 

5602
04:55:14,000 --> 04:55:17,000
Growth of most deep sea life. 
They're converting, hydrogen 

5603
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:21,800
sulfide to energy, reproducing 
and forming layers of biomass 

5604
04:55:21,800 --> 04:55:25,900
that other organisms will grazon
The concentration of life. 

5605
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:29,500
Here is staggering compared to 
the baron Bissell plane on the 

5606
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:30,900
plane. 
You might see a fish. 

5607
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:34,200
Every few hours here you can 
count hundreds of all organisms 

5608
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:35,900
in a single frame of the 
viewport. 

5609
04:55:36,800 --> 04:55:39,900
It's the difference between a 
desert and Oasis between 

5610
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:43,600
starvation and abundance. 
The submersible begins to pull 

5611
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:46,900
away from the vent and has it. 
Does you watch the community 

5612
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:51,300
received Into Darkness The 
bright plume of black smoke, a 

5613
04:55:51,300 --> 04:55:53,200
water continues to Billow 
upward. 

5614
04:55:54,100 --> 04:55:57,800
Tube worms, wave their red. 
Plumes in the current, the crabs

5615
04:55:57,800 --> 04:56:01,100
continue, their endless 
Scavenging, and somewhere in the

5616
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:04,800
rock below magma is heating 
water, dissolving minerals, and 

5617
04:56:04,800 --> 04:56:08,300
creating the chemical foundation
for the entire impossible, 

5618
04:56:08,300 --> 04:56:11,900
ecosystem where black smokers 
raw with life. 

5619
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:17,600
The Depots rules are suspended. 
Food is abundant growth is 

5620
04:56:17,600 --> 04:56:20,800
quick. 
Temperature rises above freezing

5621
04:56:20,800 --> 04:56:25,600
and life. 
Improbably thrives, your 

5622
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:27,900
submersible has left the 
hydrothermal vent behind and 

5623
04:56:27,900 --> 04:56:30,700
return to the vast. 
Dark expanse of the open water 

5624
04:56:30,700 --> 04:56:34,400
column The depth gauge reads 
11,000 feet. 

5625
04:56:35,200 --> 04:56:39,700
The temperature is back to 36 
degrees, the pressure is a snore

5626
04:56:39,700 --> 04:56:41,700
Miss. 
And now, for the first time, 

5627
04:56:41,700 --> 04:56:44,900
since you pass through the 
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 

5628
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:49,100
about to see light real light 
produced by living organisms, 

5629
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:53,000
for purposes, that would make a 
Communications engineer envious.

5630
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:55,900
The first flash is so brief. 
You almost miss it. 

5631
04:56:55,908 --> 04:56:58,800
A blue green spark about 50 feet
away. 

5632
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:03,100
Lasting may be a 10th of a 
second, then another, then three

5633
04:57:03,100 --> 04:57:05,700
more in quick. 
Succession, forming a pattern. 

5634
04:57:05,700 --> 04:57:09,500
Dot dot, dot dash dash dash. 
Dot dot. 

5635
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:14,000
You'll not receive a morse code 
soos, but you are witnessing one

5636
04:57:14,000 --> 04:57:17,100
of the most sophisticated 
communication systems in nature 

5637
04:57:17,100 --> 04:57:22,200
bioluminescence. 
Down here where sunlight never 

5638
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:25,800
reaches, roughly 90% of 
organisms produce their own 

5639
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:28,500
light. 
Not weak, light not ambiguous 

5640
04:57:28,500 --> 04:57:31,900
glows, but actual photons 
generated through chemical 

5641
04:57:31,900 --> 04:57:34,700
reactions. 
Usually involving a molecule 

5642
04:57:34,700 --> 04:57:38,700
called luciferin reacting with 
an enzyme called luciferous the 

5643
04:57:38,700 --> 04:57:40,300
name. 
Sound like they came from a 

5644
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:44,800
fantasy novel luciferin 
literally light bringing named 

5645
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:49,100
after Lucifer, the light bearer.
Scientists in the 19th century. 

5646
04:57:49,100 --> 04:57:53,100
Had a flair for dramatic naming,
a jellyfish, drifts passed your 

5647
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:55,500
viewport and as it does it 
pulses with light. 

5648
04:57:56,500 --> 04:58:00,800
Not bright light more, like the 
glow of a watch dial, but enough

5649
04:58:00,800 --> 04:58:03,900
to illuminate its Bell and 
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 

5650
04:58:03,900 --> 04:58:07,300
blue green. 
The color isn't random blue 

5651
04:58:07,300 --> 04:58:11,700
green light with wavelengths, 
around 470, nanometers travels. 

5652
04:58:11,700 --> 04:58:15,400
Farthest through sea water. 
Red light is absorbed within 

5653
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:18,900
feet of the source. 
But Bluegreen can travel does of

5654
04:58:18,900 --> 04:58:21,000
yards before being scattered or 
absorbed. 

5655
04:58:21,000 --> 04:58:24,800
So Evolution as tuned, most 
bioluminescence to this narrow 

5656
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:28,200
band of the spectrum, the color 
that actually works in this 

5657
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:31,500
environment. 
And now the flash this one from 

5658
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:34,900
something small and fast, 
moving, Zips across your field 

5659
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:36,500
of view. 
Leaving a Trail of Light. 

5660
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,300
Aluminous contrail in the 
Blackwater. 

5661
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:44,100
This might be a coat pod. 
One of the tiny Crustaceans that

5662
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,900
form the base of the oceans 
food, web even down here when 

5663
04:58:47,900 --> 04:58:51,600
threatened many coats release. 
A burst of bioluminescent 

5664
04:58:51,600 --> 04:58:54,600
chemicals. 
Creating a flash that startles 

5665
04:58:54,600 --> 04:58:57,700
Predators or more cleverly 
illuminates, the Predator, 

5666
04:58:57,700 --> 04:59:01,600
making it visible to its own 
Predators, its biological 

5667
04:59:01,600 --> 04:59:05,300
misdirection. 
I might be eaten, but you're 

5668
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:08,600
definitely being seen. 
A lantern fish appears in your 

5669
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:11,000
lights. 
One of the most common fish in 

5670
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:13,000
the ocean. 
The most people have never heard

5671
04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:16,000
of them because they live in the
mess of magic Zone and only 

5672
04:59:16,000 --> 04:59:19,600
mention of the surface at night.
Its sides are covered with photo

5673
04:59:19,600 --> 04:59:22,800
Force, specialized light 
producing organs arranged in 

5674
04:59:22,808 --> 04:59:26,000
precise patterns. 
Each species has a different 

5675
04:59:26,000 --> 04:59:28,400
pattern, like a barcode made of 
light. 

5676
04:59:28,400 --> 04:59:31,900
This is how Lanta fish 
recognized their own species in 

5677
04:59:31,900 --> 04:59:36,400
the dark by reading each other's
light patterns the lantern fish 

5678
04:59:36,400 --> 04:59:40,400
swims beneath your submersible 
and as it does, its ventral 

5679
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:44,500
photo Force glow, softly, this 
is called counter illumination. 

5680
04:59:45,800 --> 04:59:48,700
Fish matches the faint 
downwelling light from above 

5681
04:59:48,700 --> 04:59:51,400
making itself, invisible to 
Predators. 

5682
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:54,500
Looking up from below it. 
Active camouflage, using 

5683
04:59:54,500 --> 04:59:58,600
bioluminescence a biological 
version of what stealth aircraft

5684
04:59:58,600 --> 05:00:01,100
do with radar. 
The fish isn't trying to be 

5685
05:00:01,100 --> 05:00:03,600
bright. 
It's trying to be precisely as 

5686
05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:07,500
bright as the background, which 
is much harder a dragon fish 

5687
05:00:07,500 --> 05:00:10,600
materializes from the darkness 
and it's carrying its own 

5688
05:00:10,600 --> 05:00:13,500
spotlight. 
Beneath its eye is a photo for 

5689
05:00:13,500 --> 05:00:15,400
that. 
Emits red light which is 

5690
05:00:15,408 --> 05:00:19,400
extremely unusual in the deep 
ocean most organisms can't see 

5691
05:00:19,400 --> 05:00:22,600
red light at this depth. 
They lack the necessary photo 

5692
05:00:22,600 --> 05:00:26,900
receptors, but Dragonfish, can 
they've evolved the ability to 

5693
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:30,100
see red and they've evolved the 
ability to produce it. 

5694
05:00:30,100 --> 05:00:33,700
This gives them a private 
channel of communication and 

5695
05:00:33,700 --> 05:00:37,600
more importantly, a hunting 
tool, they can illuminate prey 

5696
05:00:37,600 --> 05:00:39,800
without the prey knowing their 
being illuminated. 

5697
05:00:39,800 --> 05:00:42,800
It's like having night vision 
goggles in a world where 

5698
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:46,500
everyone else is blind. 
The Dragon Fishes like sweeps 

5699
05:00:46,500 --> 05:00:47,900
across the water, like a 
Searchlight. 

5700
05:00:47,900 --> 05:00:51,700
And for a moment, you see 
several small Crustaceans Frozen

5701
05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:54,700
in its beam illuminated in 
wavelengths. 

5702
05:00:54,700 --> 05:00:57,300
They can't detect. 
They have no idea they've been 

5703
05:00:57,300 --> 05:00:59,700
spotted. 
Then the dragon fish strikes. 

5704
05:00:59,700 --> 05:01:02,600
Inhaling one of them and 
disappears back into the 

5705
05:01:02,600 --> 05:01:06,400
darkness. 
Fauna 4 drifts passed. 

5706
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:10,300
Colonial organism that looks 
like a long stringy jellyfish. 

5707
05:01:10,300 --> 05:01:15,000
The entire length of, it may be 
30 feet is decorated with tiny 

5708
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:18,800
bioluminescent light, making it 
look like an underwater 

5709
05:01:18,800 --> 05:01:21,300
Christmas tree. 
These lights serve multiple 

5710
05:01:21,300 --> 05:01:26,100
purposes, attracting prey 
startling, predators and may be 

5711
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:28,000
communicating with other 
siphonophores. 

5712
05:01:29,100 --> 05:01:33,000
The Colony pulses its lights in 
waves creating patterns that 

5713
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:36,100
Ripple along its length. 
You're watching a light show 

5714
05:01:36,100 --> 05:01:38,700
designed by Evolution for an 
audience of Hungry Fish. 

5715
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:41,900
Your submersibles external light
switch off. 

5716
05:01:42,600 --> 05:01:45,100
The crew wants to observe 
bioluminescence without 

5717
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:48,600
interference for a moment. 
You're in complete darkness. 

5718
05:01:49,400 --> 05:01:52,500
Kind of Darkness, that makes you
understand what absence of light

5719
05:01:52,500 --> 05:01:56,400
really means. 
And then slowly you start to see

5720
05:01:56,400 --> 05:02:01,900
them flashes glows, pulses. 
The water around, you is alive 

5721
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:05,300
with light, a squid, produces a 
burst of luminous Inc. 

5722
05:02:06,100 --> 05:02:09,700
Not blacking like its surface 
relatives use, but glowing ink. 

5723
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,900
Cloud of light, hangs in the 
water roughly squid shaped while

5724
05:02:14,900 --> 05:02:17,400
the squid itself jets away into 
the darkness. 

5725
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,400
The Predator that was pursuing 
it lunges at the glowing decoy, 

5726
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:25,700
giving the squid precious second
to escape its biological sleight

5727
05:02:25,700 --> 05:02:27,500
of hand. 
I'm over here. 

5728
05:02:28,500 --> 05:02:30,000
No. 
Wait, I'm over there. 

5729
05:02:30,000 --> 05:02:32,800
Actually, I'm nowhere near 
either of those locations. 

5730
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:36,700
Fish swims past with photo Force
inside its mouth. 

5731
05:02:36,700 --> 05:02:41,000
When it opens its jaws, the 
inside glows creating illuminous

5732
05:02:41,000 --> 05:02:43,600
cave that small prey might 
mistake for shelter. 

5733
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:47,100
They swim toward the light, 
seeking safety of fine teeth 

5734
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:52,200
instead It's the anglerfish 
strategy refined of a lure 

5735
05:02:52,200 --> 05:02:55,500
dangling in front the entire 
mouth becomes the Trap the 

5736
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:59,400
bioluminescence down here serves
so many purposes that scientists

5737
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:03,700
are still cataloging them. 
Defense startle, Predators 

5738
05:03:03,700 --> 05:03:07,400
illuminate them for their 
predators or create decoys 

5739
05:03:07,400 --> 05:03:12,400
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 
prey invisibly if you have read 

5740
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,800
light or create hunting 
Partnerships by signaling to 

5741
05:03:15,800 --> 05:03:20,900
others, Communication. 
Species recognition made 

5742
05:03:20,900 --> 05:03:24,400
attraction and territorial 
displays camouflage. 

5743
05:03:25,300 --> 05:03:28,200
Counter illumination to 
disappear against downwelling 

5744
05:03:28,200 --> 05:03:32,200
light, a jellyfish passes by, 
that looks unremarkable, and 

5745
05:03:32,200 --> 05:03:36,300
till something bumps into it. 
Then it explodes with light. 

5746
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:40,700
Bright pulsing rings that 
radiate out from the point of 

5747
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:43,600
contact. 
This is a burglar alarm display.

5748
05:03:44,500 --> 05:03:47,000
The jellyfish is trying to 
attract attention to whatever 

5749
05:03:47,000 --> 05:03:49,900
just touched it. 
Hoping that attention comes in 

5750
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:53,000
the form of a predator that will
eat the thing that bumped into 

5751
05:03:53,000 --> 05:03:55,400
it. 
It's desperate loud. 

5752
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:58,800
And surprisingly effective. 
Many fish will immediately 

5753
05:03:58,800 --> 05:04:01,600
Retreat from anything that 
suddenly lights up like a police

5754
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:03,700
car? 
Some of the light patterns 

5755
05:04:03,700 --> 05:04:06,600
you're seeing aren't random 
flashes but coded signals 

5756
05:04:06,600 --> 05:04:10,600
certain species of squid produce
specific patterns when they're 

5757
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:13,900
looking for mates. 
Particular sequences of flashes 

5758
05:04:13,900 --> 05:04:15,800
that translate roughly to, I'm 
available. 

5759
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:18,900
I'm the right species and I'm in
breeding condition. 

5760
05:04:19,800 --> 05:04:22,700
Other squid produce different 
patterns that mean, this 

5761
05:04:22,700 --> 05:04:26,700
territory is occupied, or I'm 
too large to be worth attacking.

5762
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:31,700
Flashlight fish appears. 
Yes that's its actual name with 

5763
05:04:31,700 --> 05:04:35,000
a large photo Force beneath its 
eyes that it can cover with. 

5764
05:04:35,000 --> 05:04:39,600
Specialized flaps of skin, 
creating a control of signal. 

5765
05:04:39,600 --> 05:04:44,600
It flashes in patterns three 
quick, pause too quick. 

5766
05:04:44,600 --> 05:04:49,200
Pause one long. 
Other flash light fish respond 

5767
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:52,000
with their own patterns. 
You're watching a conversation 

5768
05:04:52,000 --> 05:04:55,900
conducted entirely and blinks a 
discussion of whatever matters 

5769
05:04:55,900 --> 05:04:59,800
to flash light fish feeding 
spots, perhaps mating of 

5770
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:04,200
availability local Predators, 
the content doesn't matter as 

5771
05:05:04,200 --> 05:05:05,700
much as the fact that it's 
happening. 

5772
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:10,000
Social communication using light
in a place where light was 

5773
05:05:10,000 --> 05:05:13,800
supposed to be impossible, the 
suburbs lights come back on and 

5774
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:17,200
the bioluminescent vanishes 
washed out by the bright 

5775
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,600
artificial illumination. 
It's a reminder that what you're

5776
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,600
seeing was actually quite dim. 
Photons produced One reaction at

5777
05:05:24,600 --> 05:05:26,800
a time efficient but not 
powerful. 

5778
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:31,000
The typical bioluminescent 
organism produces about as much 

5779
05:05:31,008 --> 05:05:34,800
light as a single LED. 
It seems brighter and absolute 

5780
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:38,100
Darkness, but it's nowhere near 
the intensity of sunlight or 

5781
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:42,300
even a flashlight. 
An anglerfish swim slowly passed

5782
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:47,000
and its lure is glowing again. 
That famous dangling appendage 

5783
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:50,700
with bioluminescent bacteria, 
living inside it, the bacteria 

5784
05:05:50,700 --> 05:05:53,800
glow continuously. 
And the angle of fish controls, 

5785
05:05:53,800 --> 05:05:56,300
whether the light is visible by 
covering or uncovering, the 

5786
05:05:56,300 --> 05:05:58,700
organ with specialized pigment 
cells. 

5787
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:03,500
It's an on-off switch control by
chromatophores, the same cells 

5788
05:06:03,500 --> 05:06:05,800
that squid and octopuses used to
change color. 

5789
05:06:06,700 --> 05:06:09,700
By biology as repurposed, the 
same tools for completely 

5790
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:12,600
different applications. 
The depth gauge. 

5791
05:06:12,600 --> 05:06:16,800
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 
approaching, the deepest zones, 

5792
05:06:16,800 --> 05:06:21,500
most submersible can reach the 
hadal Zone named after Hades. 

5793
05:06:21,500 --> 05:06:25,200
And even here in what should be 
a realm of absolute Darkness? 

5794
05:06:25,200 --> 05:06:29,700
Life carries, its own light, not
as defiant, not a celebration, 

5795
05:06:29,700 --> 05:06:35,000
but as a tool, a way to survive,
communicate hunt and reproduce 

5796
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:37,200
in a place where survival seems 
impossible. 

5797
05:06:38,000 --> 05:06:41,000
The light that carries messages 
isn't trying to illuminate the 

5798
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:43,300
darkness. 
It's just trying to say 

5799
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:46,900
something one flash at a time. 
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 

5800
05:06:46,900 --> 05:06:51,900
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 
food, stay away, come closer, 

5801
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:55,600
simple messages, really? 
But delivered with photons and 

5802
05:06:55,600 --> 05:06:58,600
of sound with chemistry and 
electricity. 

5803
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:02,300
And with Elegance, that makes 
human communication systems 

5804
05:07:02,300 --> 05:07:05,500
seemed almost crude the 
chronometer on your instrument 

5805
05:07:05,500 --> 05:07:08,400
panel indicates, you've been 
descending and exploring for six

5806
05:07:08,400 --> 05:07:11,900
hours. 
But down here at 13,000 feet. 

5807
05:07:12,600 --> 05:07:16,600
You could be told it's been six 
minutes or six days and you'd 

5808
05:07:16,600 --> 05:07:20,000
have no way to verify it time 
works differently when nothing 

5809
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:24,700
around you indicates its passage
no Sunrise, no Sunset, no 

5810
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:27,600
temperature changes, no seasons 
and no Tides. 

5811
05:07:27,600 --> 05:07:30,200
Strong enough to notice. 
Just the Eternal. 

5812
05:07:30,200 --> 05:07:34,100
Now stretching in all 
directions, a bristle worm 

5813
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:35,900
crawls across the sediment 
beneath you. 

5814
05:07:35,900 --> 05:07:39,600
And based on the growth rings in
segments, scientists estimate. 

5815
05:07:39,600 --> 05:07:42,700
This individual is somewhere 
between 40 and 60 years old, 

5816
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:46,500
it's been alive since the 
Kennedy administration possibly 

5817
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:50,400
moving at roughly the speed of 
tectonic, plates, eating 

5818
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:52,700
settlement and processing 
nutrients. 

5819
05:07:52,700 --> 05:07:56,300
So slowly, that its metabolism 
is barely distinguishable from 

5820
05:07:56,300 --> 05:07:58,900
geology. 
Time in the deep ocean is not 

5821
05:07:58,900 --> 05:08:02,600
measured in days or weeks, but 
in decades and centuries that 

5822
05:08:02,600 --> 05:08:06,000
seek you come, but you saw 
earlier, Based on growth rate 

5823
05:08:06,000 --> 05:08:07,500
studies, it might be 100 years 
old. 

5824
05:08:07,500 --> 05:08:10,800
The tube worms at the 
hydrothermal vent can live for 

5825
05:08:10,800 --> 05:08:15,200
250 years adding microscopic 
amounts to their length each 

5826
05:08:15,200 --> 05:08:17,700
year. 
So patient, they make tortoises 

5827
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:19,900
look. 
Impulsive Grenadier. 

5828
05:08:19,900 --> 05:08:22,500
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 
Essentially doing nothing. 

5829
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:26,500
It's been doing nothing for the 
past three days, not because 

5830
05:08:26,500 --> 05:08:30,200
it's lazy but because with a 
metabolic rate this low doing 

5831
05:08:30,200 --> 05:08:33,900
nothing is its default state. 
It will wait here until 

5832
05:08:33,900 --> 05:08:37,000
something edible comes within 
range, then it will strike with 

5833
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:39,100
movement. 
So slow, you could probably 

5834
05:08:39,100 --> 05:08:42,000
dodged it if you were paying 
attention, the strike will 

5835
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:44,900
consume more calories than the 
fish is burned in the past week,

5836
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:47,200
which is why it won't attempt to
another one. 

5837
05:08:47,200 --> 05:08:50,400
Unless success seems very 
probable, you'll submersible, 

5838
05:08:50,400 --> 05:08:53,900
settles onto the sea floor, with
a gentle bump stirring up a 

5839
05:08:53,900 --> 05:08:56,900
small cloud of sediment that 
takes several minutes to settle 

5840
05:08:56,900 --> 05:09:00,500
at the surface Disturbed 
settlement would resettle in 

5841
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:05,300
seconds, maybe a minute at the 
most down here in cold, discus, 

5842
05:09:05,300 --> 05:09:08,700
water the particles drifted 
downward, with the enthusiasm of

5843
05:09:08,700 --> 05:09:13,300
a teenager asked to chores There
in no, hurry, there's no current

5844
05:09:13,300 --> 05:09:17,500
to speak of no disturbance and 
no reason for haste the 

5845
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:20,800
settlement Cloud, finally 
settles, and you can see the 

5846
05:09:20,800 --> 05:09:25,700
surface clearly again, uniform 
undisturbed mud, extending in 

5847
05:09:25,708 --> 05:09:28,800
every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

5848
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:32,000
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

5849
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:36,100
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it another 

5850
05:09:36,100 --> 05:09:39,300
several thousand years. 
You can call down through the 

5851
05:09:39,300 --> 05:09:42,600
mud here and read Earth's 
history like a very boring book.

5852
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:45,400
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

5853
05:09:45,400 --> 05:09:50,400
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

5854
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:53,500
from the sediment, a colonial 
organism that looks like an 

5855
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:56,800
old-fashioned quill pen, which 
is exactly where it got its 

5856
05:09:56,800 --> 05:09:58,900
name. 
This individual is about two 

5857
05:09:58,900 --> 05:10:01,800
feet tall. 
Swaying almost imperceptibly in 

5858
05:10:01,800 --> 05:10:04,200
current too weak to register on 
your instruments. 

5859
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:08,700
Its filter feeding extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

5860
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,800
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

5861
05:10:11,800 --> 05:10:15,600
This sea pen is, probably at 
least 200 years old, it was here

5862
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:19,000
before the American Revolution. 
It will be here long after your,

5863
05:10:19,000 --> 05:10:22,900
great-grandchildren a dust. 
The slow pace of life down here,

5864
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:25,800
isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation. 

5865
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:29,600
In an environment with minimal 
food, limited, temperature, 

5866
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:33,300
variation, and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

5867
05:10:33,300 --> 05:10:35,200
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

5868
05:10:35,200 --> 05:10:38,500
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

5869
05:10:38,500 --> 05:10:42,500
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

5870
05:10:42,500 --> 05:10:45,100
wait. 
They're the biological 

5871
05:10:45,100 --> 05:10:49,000
equivalent of high efficiency, 
Vehicles optimized, not for 

5872
05:10:49,000 --> 05:10:51,100
Speed. 
But for distance per calorie. 

5873
05:10:51,800 --> 05:10:55,500
Tripod, fish remains in, its 
characteristic stance elevated 

5874
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:59,400
on elongated fin Rays facing 
into the imperceptible current. 

5875
05:10:59,400 --> 05:11:03,000
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

5876
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:06,300
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

5877
05:11:06,300 --> 05:11:09,900
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

5878
05:11:09,900 --> 05:11:14,400
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

5879
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:16,000
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

5880
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:21,100
In the deep ocean is measured by
growth rings in fishier Bones by

5881
05:11:21,100 --> 05:11:23,500
radioactive decay in sediment 
layers. 

5882
05:11:23,500 --> 05:11:26,000
And by the slow accumulation of 
marine. 

5883
05:11:26,000 --> 05:11:30,700
Snow a glass, sponge nearby 
might be 500 years old older 

5884
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:33,600
than the founding of Saint 
Petersburg older than the Taj 

5885
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,000
Mahal. 
It's been sitting on this spot 

5886
05:11:36,000 --> 05:11:38,500
filtering water since the Mingus
D. 

5887
05:11:38,500 --> 05:11:42,200
If it could speak it would tell 
you that changes, something that

5888
05:11:42,200 --> 05:11:44,400
happens to other people in other
places. 

5889
05:11:44,400 --> 05:11:48,400
Your submersible sampling arm 
extends and collects a core of 

5890
05:11:48,400 --> 05:11:51,900
sediment. 
Chups two feet long, containing 

5891
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:54,900
mud that represents roughly 2 
million years of deposition. 

5892
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:58,800
The bottom of the core is from 
the place to scene from a time 

5893
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:01,500
when mastered ones walked the 
Earth and humans were just 

5894
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:04,500
figuring out fire. 
The top player was deposited 

5895
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:08,000
last Tuesday, or may be last 
month at this rate of 

5896
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:10,300
accumulation. 
The distinction is meaningless. 

5897
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:14,400
Crinoids. 
It's attached to a rock and a 

5898
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:18,000
kind of Derm that looks like a 
flower made of arms crinoids. 

5899
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:21,500
Sometimes called living fossils.
Though, that term is somewhat 

5900
05:12:21,500 --> 05:12:24,300
misleading because all organisms
are equally evolved. 

5901
05:12:24,300 --> 05:12:27,700
Having had the same amount of 
time to adapt their environments

5902
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:31,000
but crinoids do look. 
Remarkably similar to their 

5903
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:35,400
ancestors from 300 million years
ago which suggests that their 

5904
05:12:35,400 --> 05:12:37,500
body plan works. 
Well enough that there's been no

5905
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:41,300
pressure to change it if it's 
not broken, don't fix it. 

5906
05:12:41,300 --> 05:12:45,000
Even if not fixing it means 
staying the same for geological 

5907
05:12:45,000 --> 05:12:47,700
errors. 
The slow time of the deep ocean 

5908
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:50,700
means that recovery from 
disturbance takes decades or 

5909
05:12:50,700 --> 05:12:53,300
centuries. 
If a submarine scrapes across 

5910
05:12:53,300 --> 05:12:56,700
the sea floor, the tracks can 
remain visible for 50 years. 

5911
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:01,300
If deep sea mining were to occur
the Disturbed areas, wouldn't 

5912
05:13:01,300 --> 05:13:04,000
recover in any human meaningful 
time frame. 

5913
05:13:04,000 --> 05:13:08,200
The organisms here have adapted 
to stability to an environment 

5914
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:10,700
that changes. 
So slowly that they can afford 

5915
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:14,500
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly
and recover slowly. 

5916
05:13:15,700 --> 05:13:19,200
Rapid change is something their 
biology simply isn't equipped to

5917
05:13:19,200 --> 05:13:21,600
handle. 
Sea spider walks across the 

5918
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:25,100
sediment, not actually a spider,
but a technical gonad. 

5919
05:13:25,700 --> 05:13:28,400
Creatures so weird that 
scientists had to give it its 

5920
05:13:28,400 --> 05:13:31,700
own taxonomic class. 
This particular specimen is 

5921
05:13:31,708 --> 05:13:35,100
about the size of your hand. 
Moving with the deliberation of 

5922
05:13:35,100 --> 05:13:38,300
something, that understands it 
has all day and all night, and 

5923
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:39,900
all year to get wherever it's 
going. 

5924
05:13:40,600 --> 05:13:44,200
Its legs probe, the mud 
searching for small worms or 

5925
05:13:44,200 --> 05:13:48,400
hydroids when it finds, one it 
will feed for hours, possibly 

5926
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:50,500
days. 
Extracting nutrients. 

5927
05:13:50,500 --> 05:13:53,700
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading terms and conditions, 

5928
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:57,700
the concept of circadian, 
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 

5929
05:13:57,700 --> 05:13:59,800
cycles that govern most surface 
life. 

5930
05:13:59,800 --> 05:14:04,000
Barely exists down here. 
There's no daylight cycle to 

5931
05:14:04,000 --> 05:14:07,600
synchronize to no reason for an 
organism to be more active at 

5932
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:11,200
one time than another. 
Some deep sea fish show activity

5933
05:14:11,200 --> 05:14:14,200
patterns that correspond to the 
vertical migration of prey from 

5934
05:14:14,200 --> 05:14:19,300
above Peaks of activity every 12
or 24 hours, but many show, no 

5935
05:14:19,300 --> 05:14:22,000
Cycles at all. 
They feed when they encounter 

5936
05:14:22,000 --> 05:14:25,600
food rest, when they don't and 
ignore the passage of time 

5937
05:14:25,600 --> 05:14:28,800
entirely. 
Your instruments detect a slight

5938
05:14:28,800 --> 05:14:30,400
current. 
Water. 

5939
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,800
Moving at approximately, one 
centimeter per second or about 

5940
05:14:33,800 --> 05:14:36,900
two feet per minute. 
This is what passes for strong 

5941
05:14:36,900 --> 05:14:39,600
flow in the deep ocean. 
Land. 

5942
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:42,600
You wouldn't even feel this. 
It wouldn't roughly your hair or

5943
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,800
cool, your skin. 
But down here, it's sufficient 

5944
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:48,900
to influence where organisms 
settle, which direction they 

5945
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:52,400
faced and how they position 
themselves to maximize food 

5946
05:14:52,400 --> 05:14:55,300
capture. 
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 

5947
05:14:55,300 --> 05:14:57,600
piece of Driftwood that somehow 
made it down here. 

5948
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:01,000
Probably sank after being 
waterlogged for months at the 

5949
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:05,500
surface. the wood is being 
slowly consumed by bacteria, and

5950
05:15:05,600 --> 05:15:09,400
Specialized wood boring 
bivalves, this process will take

5951
05:15:09,400 --> 05:15:12,400
decades. 
Similar piece of wood on land 

5952
05:15:12,400 --> 05:15:15,900
would be decomposed within 
years, maybe months in a humid 

5953
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:19,300
environment. 
But down here in cold water with

5954
05:15:19,300 --> 05:15:22,200
limited oxygen and sparse 
bacterial, population's 

5955
05:15:22,200 --> 05:15:25,200
decomposition happens at 
geological speeds. 

5956
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:29,600
The slow time has stranger 
effect on Evolution with 

5957
05:15:29,600 --> 05:15:32,700
generation times, measured in 
decades, rather than years. 

5958
05:15:32,700 --> 05:15:36,500
And population sizes, often 
small due to food scarcity, 

5959
05:15:36,500 --> 05:15:41,300
genetic changes take longer to 
spread through populations, but 

5960
05:15:41,300 --> 05:15:45,000
there's also less competition 
fewer environmental changes to 

5961
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:47,800
adapt to and therefore less 
selective pressure. 

5962
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:52,300
Evolution here happens in slow 
motion, which is fitting for 

5963
05:15:52,308 --> 05:15:54,800
organisms that do everything in 
slow motion. 

5964
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:59,400
A cusp skills swims past one of 
the deepest dwelling fish ever 

5965
05:15:59,400 --> 05:16:02,900
recorded, found at depth 
succeeding 27,000 feet. 

5966
05:16:03,700 --> 05:16:05,900
It moves through the water with 
minimal effort. 

5967
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:10,300
Its body undulating slowly time 
for this fish is measured 

5968
05:16:10,300 --> 05:16:11,800
differently than for surface 
fish. 

5969
05:16:12,500 --> 05:16:15,500
We're a tuna might burn through 
its energy reserves in hours of 

5970
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:19,000
high-speed swimming. 
This kuskie can go weaks on a 

5971
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:21,700
single small meal. 
It's playing a completely 

5972
05:16:21,700 --> 05:16:25,300
different game one where 
patients isn't a virtue but a 

5973
05:16:25,300 --> 05:16:28,300
survival requirement. 
The submersible's clock 

5974
05:16:28,300 --> 05:16:31,300
indicates, you've been on the 
bottom for 90 minutes, but it 

5975
05:16:31,308 --> 05:16:34,300
feels both longer and shorter 
than that longer. 

5976
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:38,500
Because so little as happened, 
no dramatic events, no sudden, 

5977
05:16:38,500 --> 05:16:42,500
movements, no changes in the 
environment shorter because the 

5978
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:45,000
unchanging nature of your 
surroundings makes time feel 

5979
05:16:45,000 --> 05:16:48,800
compressed as if you just 
arrived, it's already time to 

5980
05:16:48,800 --> 05:16:51,200
leave. 
This is time at the bottom of 

5981
05:16:51,200 --> 05:16:54,000
the world. 
Not linear not urgent. 

5982
05:16:54,000 --> 05:16:57,700
Not bound by the rotations and 
revolution's that govern surface

5983
05:16:57,700 --> 05:17:01,500
life, just the slow accumulation
of moments and to ours. 

5984
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:05,700
In today's into decades into 
centuries, each one identical to

5985
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:09,100
the last each one like to be 
identical to the next. 

5986
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:12,600
Time down here. 
Doesn't pass it. 

5987
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:15,800
Accumulates your submersible is 
ascending now. 

5988
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:20,700
Rising slowly through water that
humans have visited perhaps 20 

5989
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:25,100
times in all of history. 20 
visits to a realm that covers 

5990
05:17:25,100 --> 05:17:28,100
more than half. 
The planet's surface, we've sent

5991
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:32,500
more missions to the Moon. 12 
Apollo Landings alone than to 

5992
05:17:32,500 --> 05:17:36,500
the deepest parts of the ocean. 
We have better maps of Mars than

5993
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:38,900
of the seafloor. 
There are more people who've 

5994
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:41,300
walked in space than have been 
to the hadal Zone. 

5995
05:17:41,300 --> 05:17:43,700
This fact should bother you more
than it does. 

5996
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:48,400
We've designated ourselves, the 
dominant species on Earth, the 

5997
05:17:48,400 --> 05:17:51,100
only ones with self-awareness 
and technology and Grand 

5998
05:17:51,100 --> 05:17:54,200
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 
explored our own Planet. 

5999
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:57,700
The deep ocean Remains. 
The largest unexplored from tear

6000
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:01,100
on Earth, not because it's 
impossible to reach, but because

6001
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:04,600
it's expensive difficult and 
yields knowledge rather than 

6002
05:18:04,600 --> 05:18:08,200
profit in 1960. 
Jacques piccard and Don Walsh 

6003
05:18:08,200 --> 05:18:10,000
descended to the bottom of the 
challenge of deep. 

6004
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:14,400
The deepest point in the ocean 
nearly 36,000 feet down. 

6005
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:18,400
They spent 20 minutes on the 
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 

6006
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:23,900
shrimp and return to the surface
then nothing It would be 52 

6007
05:18:23,900 --> 05:18:28,700
years before anyone returned to 
that depth. 52 years in that 

6008
05:18:28,700 --> 05:18:32,300
time, we sent humans to the 
Moon, six times launched, 

6009
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:36,400
hundreds of satellites, but the 
International Space Station, and

6010
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:38,600
sent probes to every planet in 
the solar system. 

6011
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:41,900
But the deepest part of our own 
ocean one. 

6012
05:18:41,900 --> 05:18:44,500
Visit every 50 years sounds 
about, right. 

6013
05:18:44,500 --> 05:18:47,400
The deep ocean doesn't make for 
good television. 

6014
05:18:48,400 --> 05:18:51,900
There are no stunning Vistas no 
dramatic Landscapes. 

6015
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:56,000
A know charismatic megafauna 
just darkness. 

6016
05:18:56,000 --> 05:19:00,100
Mud and weird fish. 
It's hard to get funding for 

6017
05:19:00,100 --> 05:19:02,600
exploring mud. 
It's hard to get public interest

6018
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:05,300
in creatures that look like 
mistakes spaces. 

6019
05:19:05,300 --> 05:19:08,500
Sexy, the ocean floor is not 
your assent. 

6020
05:19:08,500 --> 05:19:13,100
Continues 8,000 feet now. 
Rising through the Abyssal Zone,

6021
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:17,000
the organisms, your passing, the
jellyfish, the squid. 

6022
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:19,200
The strange fish with impossible
proportions. 

6023
05:19:19,200 --> 05:19:23,200
Have probably never seen a 
submersible before might never 

6024
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:25,300
see one. 
Again, your lights are likely 

6025
05:19:25,300 --> 05:19:29,300
the brightest illumination of 
experience since well ever. 

6026
05:19:30,300 --> 05:19:34,700
Your UFO to them, an 
inexplicable intrusion of light,

6027
05:19:34,700 --> 05:19:37,200
and noise, and artificial 
geometry into their world of 

6028
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:39,900
organic curves, and 
bioluminescent Whispers 

6029
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:44,200
scientists estimate that we've 
explored less than 5% of the 

6030
05:19:44,200 --> 05:19:48,100
ocean floor 5%. 
We know more about the surface 

6031
05:19:48,100 --> 05:19:51,600
of Venus where the temperature 
is 900 Degrees and the pressure 

6032
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:55,400
would flatten you instantly than
about significant portion of our

6033
05:19:55,400 --> 05:19:59,000
own sea floor. 
We've mapped 100% of Venus, 

6034
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:04,100
we've mapped 5% of the ocean 
floor at high resolution 6,000 

6035
05:20:04,100 --> 05:20:06,600
feet. 
Now your passing through Zone's,

6036
05:20:06,600 --> 05:20:09,500
where scientists of collected 
perhaps a dozen specimens of 

6037
05:20:09,500 --> 05:20:13,000
certain species, we know these 
creatures exist because we've 

6038
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:14,400
accidentally caught them in 
Nets. 

6039
05:20:14,400 --> 05:20:18,700
But we don't know how they live,
where they breed, what they eat 

6040
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:22,900
or how long they survive. 
We have their bodies but not 

6041
05:20:22,900 --> 05:20:26,000
their stories. 
The deep ocean, resists, human 

6042
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:28,200
intrusion, not through 
hostility, but through in 

6043
05:20:28,200 --> 05:20:31,500
different, It doesn't care that 
we want to explore it. 

6044
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:36,100
It continues its cold dark high 
pressure existence. 

6045
05:20:36,100 --> 05:20:39,400
Whether we visit or not, the 
organisms here have been 

6046
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,000
evolving for hundreds of 
millions of years without human 

6047
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:44,500
input and they'll continue 
evolving long. 

6048
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:47,200
After we're gone. 
Our submarines and submersible 

6049
05:20:47,200 --> 05:20:50,200
for footnotes in their world, 
grief anomalies that appear 

6050
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,700
collect a few samples, takes 
some photographs and vanish. 

6051
05:20:54,200 --> 05:20:58,700
4,000 feet your approaching the 
depth where submarines operate 

6052
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:01,300
where human technology becomes 
more common. 

6053
05:21:02,200 --> 05:21:04,400
But even here the visits are 
rare. 

6054
05:21:05,000 --> 05:21:08,100
A military submarine might pass 
through these Waters once a 

6055
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:11,300
month or once a year research 
vessels, come even less 

6056
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:15,000
frequently, the creatures here 
live their entire lives in near 

6057
05:21:15,000 --> 05:21:17,400
total isolation from Human 
observation. 

6058
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:19,500
There's something humbling about
that. 

6059
05:21:19,500 --> 05:21:23,100
We like to think we've conquered
Earth, that we've cataloged its 

6060
05:21:23,100 --> 05:21:25,500
creatures, and mapped its 
terrain and understood its 

6061
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:28,200
systems. 
But the deep ocean reminds us 

6062
05:21:28,200 --> 05:21:31,600
that most of this planet is 
beyond our reach operating. 

6063
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:34,900
According to rules, we barely 
understand populated by 

6064
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:38,300
creatures, with never seen 2000 
feet. 

6065
05:21:38,300 --> 05:21:42,000
Now you're in the Bethel Zone, 
where a few more submersible's 

6066
05:21:42,000 --> 05:21:45,100
operate where some commercial 
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 

6067
05:21:46,200 --> 05:21:48,900
But even here, human presence is
sporadic. 

6068
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:52,500
Troll of my drag the seafloor. 
Once destroying Century old 

6069
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,500
Coraline minutes, then move on. 
The damage remains for decades, 

6070
05:21:56,500 --> 05:21:59,200
but the humans who caused it 
never return to see it 

6071
05:21:59,200 --> 05:22:02,400
scientists estimate that there 
are potentially one million 

6072
05:22:02,400 --> 05:22:05,400
species living in the deep ocean
that we haven't discovered yet 

6073
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:09,900
one million in an age where we 
can sequence genomes and edit 

6074
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:11,800
genes and create artificial 
intelligence. 

6075
05:22:11,800 --> 05:22:16,000
We still don't know what lives 
in 70% of our own Planet were 

6076
05:22:16,000 --> 05:22:19,000
cataloging exoplanets in other 
solar systems while remaining 

6077
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:23,700
fundamentally ignorant of our 
Ocean's depths 1000 feet. 

6078
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:29,300
Light is beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

6079
05:22:29,300 --> 05:22:31,500
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

6080
05:22:31,500 --> 05:22:35,200
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

6081
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:38,100
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels. 

6082
05:22:38,100 --> 05:22:42,100
Submarines underwater, cables, 
offshore drilling platforms 

6083
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:44,700
technology is everywhere up 
here. 

6084
05:22:44,700 --> 05:22:48,800
The contrast is striking The 
space of a few hours. 

6085
05:22:48,800 --> 05:22:51,100
You've moved from a place. 
Essentially Untouched by 

6086
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:54,700
Humanity to a place where human 
impact is everywhere. 

6087
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:58,800
From sea floor that hasn't been 
Disturbed in Millennia to 

6088
05:22:58,800 --> 05:23:03,000
Water's fished commercial from 
darkness and isolation to light 

6089
05:23:03,000 --> 05:23:08,900
and intrusion. 500 feet. you can
see the surface now, a boundary 

6090
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:12,300
between worlds, a transition 
from the familiar to the alien 

6091
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:18,700
above Sunlight warmth, human 
ship's satellite and billions of

6092
05:23:18,700 --> 05:23:21,400
people living their lives. 
Mostly unaware of what exists 

6093
05:23:21,400 --> 05:23:25,300
below below. 
The coal, the dark, the 

6094
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:28,000
pressure, and the strange slow. 
Life. 

6095
05:23:28,000 --> 05:23:31,400
That persists in conditions that
would kill surface organisms 

6096
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:34,500
instantly. 
The submersible breaks through 

6097
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,500
the surface with a slash that 
seems absurdly loud. 

6098
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:41,900
After hours of near silence 
water streams off the hull, the 

6099
05:23:41,900 --> 05:23:43,700
hatch opens and warm are floods 
in. 

6100
05:23:43,700 --> 05:23:47,700
Are that feels tropical compared
to the refrigerated interior? 

6101
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:52,500
You climb out into sunlight that
seems impossibly bright painful.

6102
05:23:52,500 --> 05:23:56,200
Almost the research vessels 
crane lifts the submersible from

6103
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:58,500
the water. 
The ocean surface rolls? 

6104
05:23:58,500 --> 05:24:01,300
Gently looking exactly the same 
as it. 

6105
05:24:01,300 --> 05:24:04,100
Did six hours ago. 
Nothing about it suggests, What 

6106
05:24:04,100 --> 05:24:08,300
Lies Beneath the miles of cold 
Darkness, the strange creatures 

6107
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:12,300
the slow, time the alien. 
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 

6108
05:24:12,300 --> 05:24:16,000
its Secrets. 
You'll write a report scientists

6109
05:24:16,000 --> 05:24:18,900
will study or samples. 
A few photographs will be 

6110
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:22,400
published, and then everyone 
will mostly forget. 

6111
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:25,600
Because the deep ocean doesn't 
capture imagination. 

6112
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:29,000
The way space does it doesn't 
promise mineral wealth or 

6113
05:24:29,000 --> 05:24:33,000
strategic Advantage? 
It's just their deep and dark 

6114
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:36,500
and full of weird fish. 
But for the creatures down 

6115
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:40,500
there, this is everything. 
This is their entire world. 

6116
05:24:40,500 --> 05:24:43,900
The only World they've ever 
known or will know. 

6117
05:24:43,900 --> 05:24:49,300
And we are to them vanishingly 
rare, the Legends, rumors, 

6118
05:24:49,300 --> 05:24:53,100
inexplicable lights that appear 
once in a lifetime, if at all. 

6119
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:56,600
The rare moments, we arrived 
change nothing for them. 

6120
05:24:56,600 --> 05:25:00,500
The deep ocean continues. 
Its cold dark existence. 

6121
05:25:00,500 --> 05:25:04,100
The Marine snow keeps falling. 
Tube worms. 

6122
05:25:04,100 --> 05:25:06,300
Keep filtering. 
Hydrogen sulfide. 

6123
05:25:06,300 --> 05:25:08,700
The tripod fish. 
Keep waiting for food. 

6124
05:25:09,600 --> 05:25:13,500
Time moves, slowly pressure 
remains constant and life 

6125
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:17,700
persists in the dark with or 
without us, you're standing on 

6126
05:25:17,708 --> 05:25:21,100
the deck of the research vessel 
watching the sun, set over the 

6127
05:25:21,100 --> 05:25:23,900
Pacific. 
The water is turning from Blue 

6128
05:25:23,900 --> 05:25:27,800
to purple to almost black as the
light fades in an hour, it'll be

6129
05:25:27,800 --> 05:25:30,800
completely dark surface dark the
kind where you can still see 

6130
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:34,500
stars and shiplights, not deep 
ocean dark, which is a different

6131
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:38,200
thing entirely somewhere beneath
this ship four miles down, life 

6132
05:25:38,200 --> 05:25:41,100
is continuing exactly as it has 
for millions of years. 

6133
05:25:42,100 --> 05:25:44,100
Seek you come as a processing 
sediment? 

6134
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:48,100
Fish awaiting for food. 
Bacteria are converting 

6135
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:51,900
chemicals into energy at 
hydrothermal vents, none of them

6136
05:25:51,900 --> 05:25:55,900
know or care that humans exist, 
that we've built civilizations 

6137
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:58,600
and Technologies and dreams of 
exploring the universe. 

6138
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:03,100
The deep ocean represents 
Earth's final frontier, not. 

6139
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,300
Because it's the last place to 
explore chronologically, but 

6140
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,200
because it might be the last 
place we actually do explore 

6141
05:26:09,200 --> 05:26:13,000
thoroughly. 
Space is the dream that captures

6142
05:26:13,000 --> 05:26:15,100
human imagination. 
Mars. 

6143
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:19,000
The moons of Jupiter exoplanets 
orbiting distant Stars. 

6144
05:26:19,000 --> 05:26:22,300
These are the Frontiers that 
Inspire funding and public 

6145
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:25,800
interest. 
The deep ocean is just there. 

6146
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:32,800
Wet dark expensive to visit and 
full of uncharismatic fauna. 

6147
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:36,600
But here's what we're missing. 
The deep ocean is genuinely 

6148
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:40,100
alien in ways that Mars isn't. 
Mars is a dead world. 

6149
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:44,500
It's cold dry and sterile. 
If there's life there, it's 

6150
05:26:44,500 --> 05:26:48,300
probably microbial. 
Probably hiding underground and 

6151
05:26:48,300 --> 05:26:50,600
probably not doing anything 
particularly interesting. 

6152
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:53,800
The deep ocean is teeming with 
complex life. 

6153
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:56,800
Organisms with bizarre 
adaptations. 

6154
05:26:56,800 --> 05:27:00,400
Intricate ecosystems and 
evolutionary solutions to 

6155
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:01,800
problems. 
We didn't know existed. 

6156
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:06,700
It's alien life on our own 
planet and were largely ignoring

6157
05:27:06,700 --> 05:27:09,400
it. 
The pressure, the cold, the 

6158
05:27:09,400 --> 05:27:11,800
darkness. 
These aren't just obstacles to 

6159
05:27:11,800 --> 05:27:14,900
exploration of their selective 
forces that have created 

6160
05:27:14,900 --> 05:27:17,800
organisms fundamentally 
different from anything in our 

6161
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:21,100
terrestrial experience. 
A huddle snail fish. 

6162
05:27:21,100 --> 05:27:23,900
That looks like it's melting a 
gulper eel. 

6163
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:26,600
That's mostly mouth. 
A barrel life fish with a 

6164
05:27:26,608 --> 05:27:29,500
transparent head and upward 
pointing tubular eyes. 

6165
05:27:30,300 --> 05:27:32,000
These aren't science fiction 
creatures. 

6166
05:27:32,000 --> 05:27:35,500
They're real organisms that 
evolved to solve real problems 

6167
05:27:35,500 --> 05:27:38,100
in real environments and we 
barely know them. 

6168
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:42,400
Most deep-sea species are known 
from a handful of specimens, if 

6169
05:27:42,400 --> 05:27:45,000
that? 
We have rough ideas about their 

6170
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:49,500
diets, vague estimates of their 
populations and speculation 

6171
05:27:49,500 --> 05:27:54,200
about their reproduction. 
It's 2026 and we can sequence, 

6172
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:57,700
the Genome of any organism we 
can catch but we can't catch 

6173
05:27:57,700 --> 05:27:59,900
most of them because we don't 
know where they live or how to 

6174
05:27:59,908 --> 05:28:01,700
find them. 
The sun is gone. 

6175
05:28:01,700 --> 05:28:05,900
Now stars are appearing more 
than you can see from cities but

6176
05:28:05,900 --> 05:28:07,800
still washed out by the ship's 
lights. 

6177
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:11,600
Real darkness. 
The kind that makes the deeper 

6178
05:28:11,600 --> 05:28:12,500
potions. 
Darkness. 

6179
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,900
Meaningful is hard to find on 
Earth's surface anymore. 

6180
05:28:15,900 --> 05:28:19,800
We've illuminated the land. 
Lit up our cities and banished 

6181
05:28:19,800 --> 05:28:23,700
the night through technology. 
That the deep ocean remains dark

6182
05:28:23,700 --> 05:28:27,900
in different to our lights 
unchanged by our presents 

6183
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:30,100
scientists. 
Talk about charismatic 

6184
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:35,000
megafauna, the pandas Tigers 
elephants, and whales organisms 

6185
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:38,100
that capture public imagination 
and drive conservation efforts. 

6186
05:28:38,900 --> 05:28:43,100
The deep ocean has almost no 
charismatic megafauna giant 

6187
05:28:43,100 --> 05:28:45,100
squids. 
Maybe though we film living 

6188
05:28:45,100 --> 05:28:46,900
specimens, only a handful of 
times. 

6189
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:52,000
Most deep-sea creatures are 
small, weird translucent and 

6190
05:28:52,000 --> 05:28:55,000
utterly lacking an appeal to 
anyone who isn't a marine 

6191
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:58,500
biologist or genuinely strange, 
this presents a problem. 

6192
05:28:59,300 --> 05:29:02,400
How do you conserve and protect 
ecosystems that people don't 

6193
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:05,500
care about? 
How do you prevent deep sea 

6194
05:29:05,500 --> 05:29:08,000
mining when the alternative is 
mud? 

6195
05:29:09,000 --> 05:29:10,700
How do you regulate fishing in 
areas? 

6196
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:15,200
No one visits for species. 
No one's heard of the answer so 

6197
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:16,800
far. 
Has been, we mostly don't. 

6198
05:29:17,700 --> 05:29:21,100
The deep ocean remains, largely 
unregulated, unexplored, and 

6199
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:24,300
unprotected. 
A few Marine reserves exist, but

6200
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:26,900
their drops. 
In an ocean commercial interests

6201
05:29:26,900 --> 05:29:28,900
are already eyeing. 
The mineral deposits around 

6202
05:29:28,900 --> 05:29:33,100
hydrothermal vents rich in 
Copper zinc and Rare Earth 

6203
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:35,500
elements. 
The economics are compelling. 

6204
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:40,000
The ecological costs are unknown
but likely severe the crew 

6205
05:29:40,008 --> 05:29:42,200
member walks passed heading 
below deck. 

6206
05:29:43,000 --> 05:29:44,800
Ship rocks, gently in the 
swells. 

6207
05:29:45,700 --> 05:29:48,100
Somewhere in the darkness, 
Dolphins might be riding the 

6208
05:29:48,100 --> 05:29:51,700
bear wave or bioluminescent 
Plankton might be creating 

6209
05:29:51,700 --> 05:29:53,200
glowing trails. 
In the water. 

6210
05:29:53,200 --> 05:29:56,300
The surface ocean is still 
magical in place is still 

6211
05:29:56,300 --> 05:30:00,000
capable of wonder. 
But the real Mysteries, the real

6212
05:30:00,000 --> 05:30:03,200
alien environments are below. 
The deep. 

6213
05:30:03,200 --> 05:30:06,800
Ocean is Earth's largest biome 
the Abyssal Plains alone. 

6214
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:08,600
Cover more area than all 
terrestrial. 

6215
05:30:08,600 --> 05:30:12,000
Habitats combined. 
And we've sampled it about as 

6216
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,000
thoroughly as you'd sample a 
continent by collecting a few 

6217
05:30:15,000 --> 05:30:19,100
dozen shovels of dirt were 
extrapolating ecosystems from 

6218
05:30:19,100 --> 05:30:23,000
fragments inferring food, webs 
from partial evidence and 

6219
05:30:23,000 --> 05:30:26,300
guessing at population Dynamics 
based on mathematical models. 

6220
05:30:26,300 --> 05:30:30,300
This is fine for generating 
hypotheses but it's a poor 

6221
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:31,900
foundation for protecting 
ecosystems. 

6222
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:35,500
We don't understand. 
How do you assess the impact of 

6223
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:37,500
deep sea mining? 
When you don't know what lives 

6224
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:39,800
there? 
How do you prevent extinctions 

6225
05:30:39,800 --> 05:30:42,200
of species? 
You have to discovered How do 

6226
05:30:42,208 --> 05:30:45,500
you balance resource extraction 
against ecological preservation?

6227
05:30:45,500 --> 05:30:49,600
When the ecology is mostly 
guesswork, the stars are bright.

6228
05:30:49,600 --> 05:30:53,800
Now, you can see the Milky Way, 
a pale ban across the sky. 

6229
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:56,800
Billions of stars, many with 
planets. 

6230
05:30:56,800 --> 05:30:59,800
Some of those planets 
potentially harboring life. 

6231
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:03,500
We're spending billions on 
telescopes and space missions to

6232
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:06,200
find that life. 
While simultaneously ignoring 

6233
05:31:06,200 --> 05:31:09,600
complex ecosystems in our own 
Ocean's, there's no 

6234
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:13,600
contradiction really Space and 
ocean exploration aren't in 

6235
05:31:13,600 --> 05:31:16,200
competition. 
We could fund both adequately if

6236
05:31:16,200 --> 05:31:18,900
we chose to, but the funding 
ratios reveal. 

6237
05:31:18,900 --> 05:31:23,200
Our priorities, space gets the 
money, the public interest and 

6238
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,400
the grand Ambitions. 
The ocean gets what's left over 

6239
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:29,200
which isn't much. 
Maybe that's human nature. 

6240
05:31:30,000 --> 05:31:33,000
We've always looked outward 
toward Horizons toward what's 

6241
05:31:33,000 --> 05:31:35,100
beyond the next Hill or across 
the next ocean. 

6242
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,900
Looking down into depths that 
crush and freeze and hide their 

6243
05:31:38,900 --> 05:31:42,000
secrets doesn't trigger the same
exploratory, impulse. 

6244
05:31:42,800 --> 05:31:44,800
But the ocean depths are 
genuinely here. 

6245
05:31:44,800 --> 05:31:49,600
Genuinely alien and genuinely 
full of discoveries, waiting to 

6246
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:53,400
be made the deep ocean will 
allow last Humanity when were 

6247
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:56,500
gone, whether in 100 years or 
100 million. 

6248
05:31:56,500 --> 05:32:01,600
The epistle planes will still be
accumulating set of Hydrothermal

6249
05:32:01,600 --> 05:32:05,300
vents will still be creating 
Oasis of life and the snail, 

6250
05:32:05,300 --> 05:32:07,700
fish will still be doing what 
ever it is Harold. 

6251
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:10,900
Snailfish do the ocean doesn't 
need us. 

6252
05:32:10,900 --> 05:32:14,200
It was here before we evolved 
and it'll be here after we were 

6253
05:32:14,208 --> 05:32:16,500
extinct. 
But we need it in ways. 

6254
05:32:16,508 --> 05:32:19,400
We've probably don't fully 
appreciate the ocean. 

6255
05:32:19,400 --> 05:32:23,700
Regulates climate produces 
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 

6256
05:32:23,700 --> 05:32:27,300
and drives weather patterns. 
The deep ocean is part of that 

6257
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:31,300
system, not isolated from the 
surface, but connected through 

6258
05:32:31,300 --> 05:32:35,500
the slow mixing of water, the 
vertical migration of organisms 

6259
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:39,400
and the reign of organic matter 
from above, and we're changing 

6260
05:32:39,408 --> 05:32:41,100
it. 
Ocean acidification. 

6261
05:32:41,100 --> 05:32:45,000
Caused by absorbed, CO2 is 
affecting deep sea organisms 

6262
05:32:45,000 --> 05:32:48,300
that have never dealt with ph 
changes warming. 

6263
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:50,900
Surface waters are altering 
circulation patterns that 

6264
05:32:50,900 --> 05:32:54,300
determine when nutrients go, 
which affects what sinks to the 

6265
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:57,800
Deep plastic microparticles. 
Have been found at the bottom of

6266
05:32:57,800 --> 05:33:00,600
the Marianna trench. 
We've managed to pollute the 

6267
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,500
deepest part of the ocean. 
A place we barely visit the deep

6268
05:33:04,500 --> 05:33:08,200
ocean is Earth's final frontier.
Not because it's the last place 

6269
05:33:08,200 --> 05:33:11,200
left to explore, but because it 
might be the last place we 

6270
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:13,900
actually recognize as worth 
exploring before. 

6271
05:33:13,900 --> 05:33:16,600
It's too late. 
Before we've changed it too much

6272
05:33:16,600 --> 05:33:20,000
to understand what it was. 
Before we've lost species, we 

6273
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:23,900
never knew existed the ship's 
engines rumbled to life. 

6274
05:33:24,600 --> 05:33:28,800
Your heading back to Port, back 
to land, back to the world of 

6275
05:33:28,800 --> 05:33:31,300
air and sunlight and reasonable 
pressure. 

6276
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:34,400
The deep ocean. 
Recedes behind you, not 

6277
05:33:34,400 --> 05:33:36,500
physically. 
It's still right there under the

6278
05:33:36,500 --> 05:33:40,100
ship but conceptually It becomes
something you visited rather 

6279
05:33:40,100 --> 05:33:43,400
than something you're 
experiencing a memory rather 

6280
05:33:43,400 --> 05:33:46,500
than an immediate reality. 
And that's how most people 

6281
05:33:46,500 --> 05:33:48,100
experience. 
The deep ocean. 

6282
05:33:48,100 --> 05:33:51,700
There's an abstraction a fact 
mentioned in documentaries. 

6283
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:55,100
A place that exists 
theoretically but has no bearing

6284
05:33:55,100 --> 05:33:58,800
on daily life. 
It's easier that way easier than

6285
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:02,300
contemplating, the vast cold, 
dark volumes of water that cover

6286
05:34:02,300 --> 05:34:05,300
most of the planet. 
Easier than Imagining the 

6287
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:07,300
strange slow. 
Life that persists there. 

6288
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:11,600
But it exists regardless, the 
deep ocean doesn't need our 

6289
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:14,600
acknowledgment or our 
understanding it's simply is 

6290
05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:21,600
eternal patient indifferent. 
Earth's quiet depths where life 

6291
05:34:21,600 --> 05:34:24,600
found ways to persist that 
surface organisms would consider

6292
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:28,500
impossible where time moves 
differently, where light is a 

6293
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:31,400
message rather than an 
environment and where food is 

6294
05:34:31,400 --> 05:34:36,100
rare and patience is everything.
Final frontier isn't out there 

6295
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:40,300
Among the Stars, it's down 
there, Bonita ship's, beneath 

6296
05:34:40,300 --> 05:34:42,100
our feet to when we stand on the
shore. 

6297
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:48,300
Alien vast, mostly unknown and 
largely ignored, while we dream 

6298
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,300
of Mars, the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

6299
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:55,400
The ocean roles beneath and 
somewhere in the darkness below,

6300
05:34:55,400 --> 05:34:59,500
a depth that crushed. 
Submarines life continues. 

6301
05:34:59,500 --> 05:35:05,500
Its slow patient existence with 
or without our attention with or

6302
05:35:05,500 --> 05:35:11,600
without our understanding just 
continuing as it has, as it will

6303
05:35:11,600 --> 05:35:13,700
in the end. 
That's what the deep ocean 

6304
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:16,500
teaches us. 
Assistance matters more than 

6305
05:35:16,500 --> 05:35:22,200
speed patients matters more than
urgently and life finds ways to 

6306
05:35:22,200 --> 05:35:24,300
exist in conditions that seem 
impossible. 

6307
05:35:25,300 --> 05:35:27,500
The creatures of the deep aren't
trying to impress anyone, 

6308
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:30,900
they're not putting on a show, 
they're simply living in the 

6309
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:32,700
only way that works in their 
environment. 

6310
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:36,300
And maybe that's the lesson 
worth keeping as you head back 

6311
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:40,100
to shore back to human 
complexity and artificial light 

6312
05:35:40,100 --> 05:35:44,300
life is remarkably good at being
life, even in places where it 

6313
05:35:44,300 --> 05:35:47,300
shouldn't work, even under 
conditions that would kill most 

6314
05:35:47,300 --> 05:35:52,900
organisms instantly. 
The deep ocean exists, vast cold

6315
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:58,100
dark and patient always there 
always waiting. 

6316
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:01,700
Always doing what it's done for 
hundreds of millions of years 

6317
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:06,700
and we occasionally briefly 
expensively visit, its edges and

6318
05:36:06,700 --> 05:36:11,000
Marvel at what we find then 
return to the surface to the 

6319
05:36:11,000 --> 05:36:15,200
light to the warm shallows. 
Where humans belong the Deep 

6320
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:17,600
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.