What It Was Really Like To Live In 1800s New York | Boring History For Sleep

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Well, look at you, you City 
dreamer in pajamas. 

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I'm glad you potatoes. 
Made it to the fire tonight. 

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It's glowing low and steady. 
The kind of warmth that makes 

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even crowded streets feel far 
away. 

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We're easing into what it was 
really like to live in 1800s, 

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New York, not as a postcard of 
grand Avenues. 

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But as a rhythm of noise 
ambition, tight spaces and 

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everyday survival, If this calm 
boring storytelling helps, you 

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unwind. 
Feel free to subscribe or leave 

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a like and tell me where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is for you. 
Now, draw a little closer to the

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warmth. 
Let your head rest on the 

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pillow, slow your breathing and 
let's get this rolling. 

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To you're about to experience 
exists in a time before electric

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lights transformed into day. 
Before automobiles replaced, the

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constant rhythm of horse Hooves 
on Stone. 

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This is New York in the latter 
half of the 1800s. 

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A city court between the 
Pastoral remnants of its Dutch 

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origin's and the steel framed 
future already Rising along. 

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Its southern tip where nearly a 
million Souls pressed together 

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in a space. 
That would seem impossibly small

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to Modern sensibilities. 
You awake Before Dawn in your 

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third floor room. 
The first sound that reaches, 

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you isn't Birdsong. 
It's the low groan of foghorns 

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drifting up from the East River.
The sound carries through the 

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pre-dawn darkness like a 
conversation between Giants, 

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each vessel announcing its 
presence, in the soupy, missed 

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that settles over the Harbour 
every morning, regardless of 

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season. 
Your room is cold. 

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The small coal stove in the 
corner, went out some time. 

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Around three in the morning and 
you can see your breath forming.

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Small clouds in the dim light 
seeping through your single 

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window. 
The class is old and hand blown 

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with imperfections that create 
strange distortions, when you 

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look through it. 
You've grown fond of these 

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warped views. 
They make The Gaslight on the 

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corner seemed to Shimmer like a 
small son. 

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You swing your legs out from 
under the wall, blankets, your 

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feet, finding the cold 
floorboards, the wood is uneven 

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worn Smooth by Decades of feet 
before yours. 

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And there's a particular board 
near bed that creaks in a way 

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that sounds almost 
conversational. 

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You've learned to step over it 
when you need to move quietly. 

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The water in your wash basin has
a thin skin of ice on it. 

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This is February and your room 
like most rooms in the tenement 

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has no proper heating beyond 
what you can provide yourself. 

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You crack the ice with your 
knuckles, the sound sharp in the

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quiet morning, and splash the 
shockingly cold water on your 

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face. 
It's effective your thoroughly 

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awake. 
Now through your window, you can

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see the harbor beginning to 
emerge from Darkness, the view 

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isn't picturesque in the way 
that wealthy neighborhoods might

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Define Beauty but it has its own
character. 

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You can see the masts of dozens 
of ships, creating a forest of 

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dark lines against the slowly 
lightening sky. 

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These aren't the massive 
steamships that will dominate 

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The Harbor in a few decades. 
Most are still sailing vessels 

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their rigging as complex as 
spider webs though. 

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More and more Steamers appear 
each year, their Smoke Stacks, 

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adding New Vertical elements to 
the skyline. 

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You dress in layers because 
that's how you survive winter 

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here. 
First the underlying, which will

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wear for several days before 
washing water is precious. 

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When you have to carry it. 
Up three flights of stairs, then

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the wool trousers slightly 
scratchy, but warm assured, a 

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vest, and finally, the coat that
seen better days, but still 

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keeps the worst of the wind out 
Your fingers are stiff as you 

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work the buttons and you think 
not for the first time about the

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people who make these buttons 
somewhere in a workshop. 

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Not unlike the one where you 
spend your own days, the 

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tenement is beginning to stir 
around you, you can hear them 

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are Tellis below starting their 
morning, the scrape of their 

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coal scuttle, the low murmur of 
Italian that you've started to 

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recognize even if you can't 
understand it. 

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Above you, the Cohen's Baby, 
begins to cry a sound, you've 

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learned to sleep through most 
nights. 

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The walls here are thin enough 
that you know, your neighbor's 

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rhythms as well as your own. 
You make your way down the 

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stairs. 
Each flight narrow and steep the

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banister warns, Smooth by 
thousands of hands. 

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The stairwell smells like a 
combination of cooking, coal, 

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smoke and Humanity. 
Not unpleasant. 

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Exactly. 
Just densely lived in on the 

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second floor. 
Landing. 

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Someone has left a bucket of 
night soil. 

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That should have been emptied 
hours ago. 

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You step around at carefully. 
Making a mental note of which 

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apartment it likely came from 
though, you won't say anything. 

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Everyone forgets, sometimes the 
street door sticks swollen from 

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The Damp and you have to put 
your shoulder into it. 

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When it finally gives way the 
February morning hits you with 

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the smell of the harbor. 
Salt water fish tar and that 

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particular organic scent of 
seaweed and marine life. 

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That tells you the tide is low. 
The cobblestones outside are 

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slick with frost and you pick 
your way carefully toward the 

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waterfront. 
The stones themselves are uneven

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made by hand decades ago and 
they've settled into a landscape

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of small Peaks and valleys in 
summer. 

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They collect heat and radiate it
back all night. 

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In Winter, they turn into an ice
rink with attitude. 

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You've learned which routes 
through your neighborhood have 

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the best footing knowledge 
earned through several 

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embarrassing Falls. 
The gaslights are still burning,

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though. 
They glow is growing pale 

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against the increasing daylight.
These lights are one of the 

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Cities Modern Marvels installed 
over the past two decades, and 

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they've changed the rhythm of 
evening life entirely. 

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Your parents talk about the old 
days when night meant true 

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darkness, when the city 
essentially shut down after 

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sunset. 
Now, the lights, create small, 

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Circles of Illumination, all 
along the major streets, and you

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can walk home from work without 
feeling like your navigating By 

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Starlight alone. 
As you approach the Waterfront, 

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the activity increases, this is 
when the harbor truly comes 

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alive. 
Steve doors are already at work,

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even in the pre-dawn dimness 
loading and unloading ships. 

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That arrived overnight or are 
preparing to catch the morning 

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tide. 
You stop for a moment to watch 

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them work. 
There's a rhythm to it. 

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That's almost hypnotic a dozen 
Men. 

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Moving together calling out to 
each other in a mixture of 

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English. 
German Irish and languages. 

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You can't identify The Creeks of
ropes through police, the third 

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of cargo hitting the dock and 
the slap of water against the 

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pilings below. 
One ship is unloading crates of 

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oranges from somewhere warm. 
Florida or the Caribbean you 

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guess? 
The smell cuts through the fish 

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and tar, Brighton suite. 
And for a moment you remember 

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that there are places where it 
isn't February where people 

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aren't bundled against the cold 
and catches you watching and 

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gives you a nod. 
You've seen him before everyone 

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who lives near the Waterfront. 
Knows everyone else at least by 

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sight you can continue along the
dock the wooden planks solid 

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under your feet. 
These peers stretch out into the

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East River, like, fingers, and 
the city has dozens of them. 

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Now each one a small industrial 
ecosystem. 

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There are warehouses that smell 
of coffee. 

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Of tobacco of spices. 
You've never tasted. 

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There are Ship Chandler shops 
with Windows full of brass 

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instruments and coiled rope. 
There are taverns that never 

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really closed catering to 
Sailors who schedules. 

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Don't match the city's normal 
hours. 

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Steamship is coming in its 
paddle Wheels churning, the 

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water white. 
Black smoke streaming from its 

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stack. 
You can feel the vibration 

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through the dock as it 
approaches a low thrum. 

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That's nothing like the silent 
arrival of sailing ships. 

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Cruise already throwing lines to
the Dock Workers and you watch 

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the complex dance of securing a 
vessel that size, it's carrying 

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passengers. 
You can see them lining the rail

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pointing at the city. 
Their voice is excited even at 

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this early hour. 
Some of them are immigrants. 

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You can tell They have that 
particular look of people seeing

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New York for the first time a 
mixture of Hope and uncertainty 

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and exhaustion. 
You remember your own family's 

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arrival though. 
You were young enough that the 

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memories are more feeling than 
fact. 

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Your mother has told you the 
stories enough times that you're

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not sure which parts you 
actually remember, and which 

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parts you've constructed from 
her telling. 

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The city they're seeing is 
already enormous by any 

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reasonable standard, but it's 
about to get much larger. 

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You can see construction 
everywhere along the Waterfront,

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new peers, new warehouses and 
new buildings Rising on filled 

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land. 
That was underwater just a few 

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years ago. 
The city is eating the harbor 

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pushing out into the river 
itself and creating new ground 

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where there was only water. 
You turn away from the harbor 

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and head Inland toward the 
coffee seller, who sets up his 

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cart at the corner of Water. 
Street. 

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Every morning, he's there 
already his Brazier glowing in 

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the glowing light. 
The smell of coffee. 

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Cutting through the harbor. 
Smells You fish a few Pennies 

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from your pocket. 
Coffee is a luxury. 

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But one you allow yourself most 
mornings. 

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The coffee is strong and hot 
served in a tin cup, that you'll

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return on your way back. 
The seller is German and he nods

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at you. 
Without speaking. 

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You've been buying coffee from 
him for six months now, but 

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you've never exchanged more than
a handful of words, that's fine.

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The coffee speaks for itself. 
You cut your hands around the 

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warm metal and watch the city 
continued to wake up. 

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Carts are beginning to appear on
the streets. 

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Horses breath steaming in the 
cold air. 

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A milk wagon rattles past the 
bottles clinking against each 

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other in rhythm with the horses 
hooves. 

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Someone is sweeping the sidewalk
in front of a shop even though 

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more dirt will accumulate before
the doors open. 

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A dog trots passed purposeful 
clearly on some important dog 

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business. 
The sky is fully light. 

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Now, the sun still below the 
Horizon but painting the clouds 

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and shades of pink and orange. 
It's going to be a clear day 

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cold but clear and you allow 
yourself a moment of 

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appreciation for this particular
morning, this particular cup of 

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coffee, and this particular view
of your city beginning its day. 

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You finish your coffee and 
return the cup to the seller, 

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who's already serving a small 
crowd of workers heading to the 

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docks. 
The street you turn on to is 

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typical of this neighborhood. 
Narrow lined with buildings that

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lean into each other like old 
friends, the cobblestones 

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creating a rough music as 
cartwheels pass over them. 

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These cobblestones are the 
city's skeleton. 

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You sometimes, think they were 
laid down when the streets were 

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planned or in some cases when 
the streets form themselves from

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foot traffic and necessity, and 
they'll probably Outlast the 

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buildings that line them. 
Each Stone was placed by hand 

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fitted against its neighbors and
the result is a Surface, that's 

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remarkably durable, but 
spectacularly uncomfortable for 

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anything with wheels. 
Stones around it. 

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River Rocks for the most part, 
though. 

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Some streets have angular 
quarried. 

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Stone. 
That supposedly Superior. 

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You can tell where you are in 
the city sometimes just by the 

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feel of the cobblestones under 
your feet. 

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The wealthy neighborhoods, 
Uptown have newer more uniformed

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Stones laid in Peter patterns 
down here. 

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The stones are older more 
chaotic and settled into their 

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positions by Decades of traffic.
And whether there's an art to 

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walking on cobblestones, in 
Winter, you learned to read the 

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surface to spot. 
The patches where ice has formed

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in the gaps between stones and 
to know which Stones sit higher 

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and provide better traction. 
Older people, sometimes slip and

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you've helped more than one 
person up from these streets. 

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Their dignity damaged more than 
their bodies usually. 

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The street you're on now, Pearl 
Street. 

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Follows the original Shoreline 
of the Island from 150 years 

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ago. 
The Dutch who first settled 

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here, built along the Waters 
Edge and though that edge is 

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moved outward as the city filled
in the harbor, the street 

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remembers is origins in its 
curved. 

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00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:47,500
Streets. 
That were planned. 

232
00:12:47,500 --> 00:12:52,100
Later further, north run in neat
grids The down here, the 

233
00:12:52,100 --> 00:12:56,000
streets, follow older Logic. 
The logic of water and available

234
00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:58,200
land and buildings that already 
existed. 

235
00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:02,700
You pass a building that's been 
torn down its guts exposed to 

236
00:13:02,708 --> 00:13:05,300
the street. 
You can see the construction 

237
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,400
methods. 
Clearly thick wooden beams brick

238
00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:12,200
in fill and plaster walls. 
The building is being replaced 

239
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:13,700
by something taller and more 
modern. 

240
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:16,400
This is happening all over the 
lower City. 

241
00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:19,700
Building's that were new 50 
years ago are being demolished 

242
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:21,600
for buildings. 
That will be new 50 years. 

243
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:25,700
Hence, the city is constantly 
eating itself and rebuilding 

244
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,700
Particularly ornate Cobblestone 
pattern catches your attention. 

245
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:34,600
Someone probably decades ago 
laid Stone in a circular design 

246
00:13:34,600 --> 00:13:37,500
around What Might Have Been a 
well, or a fountain. 

247
00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:39,700
The pattern is still visible 
though. 

248
00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:43,200
Warren the stones polished 
Smooth by countless feet. 

249
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,200
You wonder if the person who 
laid this pattern expected it to

250
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:51,000
last this long, if they thought 
about the future at all, or if 

251
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:54,900
they were just doing their work 
Stone by Stone day by day. 

252
00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:59,200
The morning traffic is building 
now carts, delivering Goods to 

253
00:13:59,208 --> 00:14:01,800
shops. 
Workers heading to the docks or 

254
00:14:01,808 --> 00:14:04,900
the warehouses or the hundred 
small manufacturers, that dot 

255
00:14:04,900 --> 00:14:08,300
the lowest city. 
The sound of wheels on 

256
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:12,700
cobblestones is constant a 
rattling clacking. 

257
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:16,100
Percussion that forms. 
The Baseline of the city's 

258
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:18,800
music. 
You add your own footsteps to 

259
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,400
it, your boots finding purchase 
on the uneven surface. 

260
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:27,200
You pass a horse that slipped on
the cobblestones its legs spread

261
00:14:27,200 --> 00:14:29,800
awkwardly, The Carter trying to 
calm it. 

262
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,400
While simultaneously, trying to 
get it back on its feet. 

263
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:37,000
This happens sometimes. 
Horses aren't naturally suited 

264
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:40,100
to cobblestones especially wet 
or icy ones. 

265
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:43,300
And you've seen more than one 
seriously injured this way. 

266
00:14:44,100 --> 00:14:46,600
Other Carters are already 
routing around the obstacle. 

267
00:14:46,600 --> 00:14:49,300
Some offering advice. 
That is probably not, welcome, 

268
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:53,300
others, simply navigating past 
with the resigned efficiency of 

269
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:57,300
people who've seen this before. 
Smell of the city is changing as

270
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:00,500
the morning progresses, the 
harbor smells are fading 

271
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:03,800
replaced by closer more, 
domestic sense. 

272
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:08,700
Bread baking, somewhere nearby. 
There's a German bakery, two 

273
00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:10,500
streets over and they start 
early. 

274
00:15:10,500 --> 00:15:15,500
Coal smoke from 100 chimneys, 
the particular organic smell of 

275
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:19,600
horses, which is so constant in 
the city that you barely notice 

276
00:15:19,600 --> 00:15:21,100
it. 
Except when it's fresh. 

277
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:26,400
And underneath everything, the 
smell of the city itself, stone 

278
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:29,600
and brick, and wood, and 
Humanity, all pressed together. 

279
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:34,400
Your tenement is one of dozens 
on this street and the street is

280
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,400
one of dozens like it in this 
neighborhood. 

281
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:40,200
And the neighborhood is one of 
several where most of the Cities

282
00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:43,400
working people live. 
The building is five stories 

283
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,000
tall, which makes it neither 
particularly tall, nor 

284
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:47,400
particularly short for this 
area. 

285
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:51,300
Newer buildings. 
Further Uptown are pushing six 

286
00:15:51,300 --> 00:15:55,300
or even seven stories, testing 
the limits of what you can build

287
00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:57,300
with. 
Without elevators, which remain 

288
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:59,700
expensive Novelties for the very
wealthy. 

289
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:02,900
You live on the third floor, 
which is actually preferable to 

290
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:07,200
the higher floors despite the 
stairs Heat rises which means 

291
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:10,700
the top floors are sweltering in
summer and water pressure such 

292
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:12,900
as it is weakens the higher you 
go. 

293
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:18,000
The ground floor is commercial 
space, a small grocery that 

294
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,300
sells to the buildings residents
and to the neighborhood. 

295
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:24,600
You can smell it from the 
street, a mixture of cheese and 

296
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:26,900
pickles. 
And the Mysterious amalgamation 

297
00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:29,300
of smells that grocery stores 
accumulate. 

298
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:33,300
Each floor of your building 
holds four Apartments though. 

299
00:16:33,300 --> 00:16:35,900
Apartment is perhaps two grand a
word. 

300
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:40,200
Their rooms really or connected 
rooms for the larger families. 

301
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:45,300
Your space is a single room 
about 12 feet by 12 feet with 

302
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:47,400
one window and a door that 
doesn't quite fit. 

303
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:49,800
Its frame. 
You share a toilet in the 

304
00:16:49,808 --> 00:16:53,100
hallway with the other three 
apartments on your floor, a 

305
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:55,800
situation that requires a level 
of Tolerance and schedule 

306
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:58,500
coordination that would shock 
your suburban. 

307
00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:01,300
Descendants. 
The martelli's below, you have 

308
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:05,300
three rooms for seven people, 
parents, four children, and the 

309
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:07,099
grandmother, who barely speaks 
English. 

310
00:17:07,099 --> 00:17:10,000
But whose cooking fills the 
stairwell with garlic and 

311
00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,000
tomato? 
Smells that make your mouth 

312
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,400
water? 
Above you, the coins have two 

313
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:18,599
rooms for themselves and their 
baby plus their expecting 

314
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:21,099
another. 
Next to you as an Irish family, 

315
00:17:21,099 --> 00:17:23,500
whose name your slightly 
embarrassed to admit, you don't 

316
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:26,099
know. 
Spike Living 10 feet away from 

317
00:17:26,099 --> 00:17:30,200
them for eight months, the walls
between apartments are thin, not

318
00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,800
paper thin, but thin enough 
that, you know, when your 

319
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:35,700
neighbors are arguing when their
children are crying, when 

320
00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:39,600
they're cooking, when they're 
entertaining, visitors, privacy 

321
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,400
is a theoretical concept here. 
You learn to extend a kind of 

322
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,300
willful ignorance toward your 
neighbor's lives to hear. 

323
00:17:46,300 --> 00:17:49,000
But not listen to know, but not 
acknowledge. 

324
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:51,200
It's a skill. 
Everyone in the building 

325
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,400
develops, the building's 
physical structure, tells its 

326
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:56,900
own story. 
The wooden stairs are worn in 

327
00:17:56,900 --> 00:17:59,800
the middle, creating small 
valleys where thousands of feet 

328
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:02,600
of trod. 
The bannister wobbles at certain

329
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,800
points required careful 
navigation. the walls are 

330
00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:09,800
plastered over brick painted in 
what might have once been a 

331
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,000
pleasant cream color, but is now
the indeterminate brownish 

332
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:15,900
shade, the tall heavily used 
buildings of eventually achieve 

333
00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:18,600
Each Landing has a window 
though. 

334
00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:21,100
These are often painted shut or 
don't open anyway. 

335
00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:25,300
Light filters through them, in 
the daytime, creating patches of

336
00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:28,300
Illumination on the stairs that 
shift as the day progresses. 

337
00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:32,200
You've learned to navigate these
stairs and complete darkness 

338
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:35,500
when necessary, you know, the 
number of steps between each 

339
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:39,200
floor, you know, which boards 
Creek and you know, exactly 

340
00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:42,300
where the banister wobbles. 
The roof is technically 

341
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:44,400
off-limits but everyone goes up 
there. 

342
00:18:44,400 --> 00:18:46,900
Anyway. 
In summer people sleep on the 

343
00:18:46,908 --> 00:18:50,600
roof when their rooms become 
unbearable in Fallen spring. 

344
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,500
It's where you hang laundry in 
winter. 

345
00:18:53,500 --> 00:18:55,600
It's where you go. 
When you need to escape the 

346
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:58,800
pressing Humanity of the 
building, to feel cold air and 

347
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:03,100
sea the sky, The view from the 
roof shows, you the density of 

348
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,500
the city buildings pressed 
together, with barely an inch 

349
00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:10,200
between them. 
Chimneys in forests and the grid

350
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:14,200
of streets visible, from above 
water, is a daily challenge. 

351
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:18,100
There's a pump in the courtyard,
behind the building, shared by 

352
00:19:18,100 --> 00:19:21,300
three buildings that face onto 
this small dark space. 

353
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:25,800
The pump works mostly though. 
It requires significant effort 

354
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,200
and sometimes needs priming. 
You've gotten strong, hauling 

355
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,700
water up three, flights of 
stairs, your arms and shoulders 

356
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:36,300
developing in ways. 
That surprise you in Winter, the

357
00:19:36,300 --> 00:19:39,800
pump, sometimes freezes and then
your buying water from the car 

358
00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:41,800
that comes around adding to your
expenses. 

359
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,700
The courtyard itself is a study 
and efficient use of space, it's

360
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:50,300
where the privies are too small 
structures serving, 60 people. 

361
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:54,400
It's where the ash pile is where
everyone dumps, their coal ash, 

362
00:19:54,408 --> 00:19:57,100
which is periodically collected 
and sold. 

363
00:19:57,100 --> 00:20:00,000
Ash has uses, you've never quite
understood. 

364
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:03,100
It's where the children play, 
When the streets are too 

365
00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,000
dangerous or too cold. 
It's where arguments happen. 

366
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,600
Where deals are made and where 
life spills out from the crowded

367
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,300
apartment. 
Someone in the building keeps 

368
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:14,200
chickens in the courtyard, 
though. 

369
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:18,200
This is technically illegal. the
chickens provide eggs which are 

370
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,100
Bartered and sold and they eat 
kitchen scraps, which reduces 

371
00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:25,800
waste the landlord knows about 
the chickens, but hasn't 

372
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:29,200
complained yet, probably because
he occasionally receives eggs 

373
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,800
from the arrangement, The 
chickens have become something 

374
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,400
of a mascot for the building. 
Plucking, adding to the general 

375
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:40,500
Symphony of urban animal sounds 
you walk Uptown for work, which 

376
00:20:40,500 --> 00:20:43,200
means you pass through the 
transitions zones where the city

377
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,600
changes character. 
It happens gradually, then all 

378
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:50,500
at once, The building's get 
taller, the windows, get cleaner

379
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:52,500
and the people on the street 
addressed differently. 

380
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:57,000
The cobblestones themselves seem
smoother though, this might be 

381
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,200
your imagination giving physical
form to economic reality. 

382
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:05,000
Broadway is where the change is 
most obvious, south of Canal 

383
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,100
Street, its commercial and 
crowded and Democratic in its 

384
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:10,100
chaos. 
North of canal. 

385
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:14,100
It begins its transformation 
into something more refined the 

386
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:17,600
shops have larger windows and 
more elaborate displays the 

387
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:19,800
pedestrians. 
Walk more slowly with the 

388
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:22,600
particular gate of people who 
don't need to hurry because 

389
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:26,400
they're not paid by the hour. 
You see a woman emerge from a 

390
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:27,900
brownstone? 
And the contrast with your 

391
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:31,500
morning is so Stark, you almost 
stopped walking Her dress is 

392
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:35,400
dark blue wool, perfectly fitted
with what must be dozens of 

393
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,900
buttons, running down the front.
a servant follows her carrying a

394
00:21:39,900 --> 00:21:44,100
package, the woman's hands, a 
gloved, her hair arranged in an 

395
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:48,200
elaborate style, that must have 
taken an hour to create steps 

396
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:50,100
into a carriage waiting at the 
curb. 

397
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:53,100
Barely acknowledging the driver 
who holds the door for her. 

398
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:55,900
The Brownstone themselves are 
remarkable. 

399
00:21:55,900 --> 00:21:59,500
These are relatively new 
buildings constructed in the 

400
00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:03,300
past 20 years, as the city has 
pushed North and they represent 

401
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,400
a completely different 
philosophy of urban living from 

402
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,800
your tenement. 
Instead of housing, dozens of 

403
00:22:09,800 --> 00:22:13,500
families vertically, each 
Brownstone housed, one family, 

404
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:17,000
sometimes. 
One very wealthy family, spread 

405
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,000
across four, or five floors of 
space, that would seem 

406
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,500
unimaginable to your neighbors, 
the buildings are faced with the

407
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:27,000
brown Sandstone that gives them 
their name carved with 

408
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,200
ornamental details that serve no
purpose Beyond decoration. 

409
00:22:31,200 --> 00:22:35,300
The Stoops are wide and imposing
lifting, the main floor above 

410
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:38,700
street level, creating a 
physical separation between the 

411
00:22:38,700 --> 00:22:42,600
house and the City. 
The windows are large hung with 

412
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:45,900
curtains that hint at rooms 
behind them, lit by chandeliers.

413
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:49,900
Basement entrances lead to 
service areas where cooks and 

414
00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:53,100
Maids working spaces that are 
still larger than your entire 

415
00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:55,900
apartment. 
You've been inside one of these 

416
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:58,400
houses, once delivering a 
package to the servants 

417
00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:01,700
entrance, the glimpse of the 
interior was almost 

418
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,200
overwhelming, the sheer amount 
of stuff. 

419
00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:07,900
These people owned the space 
devoted to single purposes. 

420
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:11,900
The Casual luxury of it. 
All a room, just for dining 

421
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:15,900
room, just for receiving 
visitors a room just for sitting

422
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:20,000
apparently. stairs wide enough 
for three people to walk a 

423
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,600
breast carpeted in patterns that
looked expensive even to your 

424
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,200
inexperience, I The funny thing 
is the people who live in these,

425
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,000
Brownstones think they're being 
modest. 

426
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:33,900
Truly the Asters and Vanderbilts
and their ilk a building 

427
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:36,900
mansions further Uptown that 
make these Brownstones look like

428
00:23:36,900 --> 00:23:39,400
Cottages. 
There's always someone richer 

429
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:41,900
always another tier of wealth to
aspire to. 

430
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:45,100
It's Turtles. 
All the way up except the 

431
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:48,900
turtles are made of money. 
You pass Washington Square, 

432
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:51,900
which is the cities attempt at 
genteel, public space. 

433
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:55,900
The park is surrounded by 
elegant townhouses and the 

434
00:23:55,908 --> 00:23:59,400
fountain at its Center is 
currently dry waiting for warmer

435
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:02,000
weather. 
Few nurses are out with their 

436
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,000
charges children raped in so 
many layers. 

437
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:08,600
They can barely move. 
Waddling around the paths like 

438
00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,800
small overdressed penguins. 
The contrast with the children 

439
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,900
in your neighborhood who play in
the streets in whatever closed 

440
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,400
their families can afford is not
lost on you at the University 

441
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,200
buildings on the east side of 
the square are impressive in 

442
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:24,800
their own right. 
Gothic Revival architecture. 

443
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,200
That's meant to inspire respect 
for learning. 

444
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,500
Students hurry between 
buildings, their scarves wrapped

445
00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:33,600
against the cold, their arms 
full of books. 

446
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:37,100
These are the children of the 
Brownstone families, mostly 

447
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:39,500
getting educated for the 
professionals. 

448
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:43,400
That will keep them in. 
Brownstones Very few of them are

449
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:45,700
the children of factory workers 
or dock laborers. 

450
00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:50,100
You can continue North and the 
character keeps changing the 

451
00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,700
buildings, get more ornate. 
The streets get wider the 

452
00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:57,900
traffic shifts from commercial 
carts to private carriages. even

453
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:01,800
the air smells different here, 
less cold smoke more of what 

454
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:06,000
ever expensive perfumes and 
soaps wealthy people use The 

455
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:09,900
dogs are different too. 
Small pampered things that serve

456
00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,800
no working, purpose carried or 
LED on leashes by servants. 

457
00:25:14,900 --> 00:25:17,100
There's a particular kind of 
Silence in these wealthy 

458
00:25:17,100 --> 00:25:18,900
neighborhoods that you find 
unsettling. 

459
00:25:19,700 --> 00:25:21,600
In your area. 
The city is never quiet. 

460
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:26,600
There's always someone shouting,
a baby crying carts, rattling or

461
00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:28,700
neighbors are arguing. 
Here. 

462
00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:33,100
The streets can be almost empty.
The sound of your footsteps. 

463
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:35,000
Echoing off the building 
facade's. 

464
00:25:36,500 --> 00:25:40,700
The noise of life is pushed 
inside behind thick walls, and 

465
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:44,000
heavy curtains, leaving the 
streets themselves, feeling, 

466
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:46,600
almost abandoned, you reach your
destination. 

467
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,700
A small Workshop that 
manufactures, lamp fixtures and 

468
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:54,400
the neighborhood changes again. 
This is commercial space, 

469
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:59,000
neither tenement nor Brownstone 
devoted to the making of things.

470
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,800
The workshop sits between 
residential areas serving, both 

471
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:08,500
belonging fully to neither. 
Your work involves careful 

472
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:10,900
repetitive tasks performed with 
tools. 

473
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,100
That would seem primitive to 
Future Generations, but are the 

474
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,900
height of current technology. 
The workshop makes gas lamp 

475
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:21,800
fixtures, the brass and glass 
Creations that are slowly 

476
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,300
lighting the city one corner at 
a time. 

477
00:26:25,100 --> 00:26:28,300
Your particular job involves 
fitting and soldering, the brass

478
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:32,200
components that hold the glass 
globes ensuring their secure and

479
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:36,000
won't leak gas. 
The workshop is a long room on 

480
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:37,700
the second floor of a commercial
building. 

481
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:41,400
Windows on both sides, provide 
natural light, for most of the 

482
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:45,800
day, supplemented by gas lamps 
when needed the irony of making 

483
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,000
lamps by Lamplight is not lost 
on you. 

484
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,700
In some summer, the windows stay
open. 

485
00:26:50,700 --> 00:26:53,700
Making the heat from the 
soldering, iron slightly more 

486
00:26:53,700 --> 00:26:56,800
bearable In Winter, they stay 
closed. 

487
00:26:56,800 --> 00:27:00,900
Trapping the heat, making the 
room, alternatively, too cold, 

488
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:02,800
and too warm. 
As the day progresses. 

489
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,800
There are 12 workers in this 
shop, each with their particular

490
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:08,600
role in the manufacturing 
process. 

491
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,300
The brass arrives already cast, 
which happens elsewhere, your 

492
00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:16,700
area, handles, assembly, 
finishing and quality control. 

493
00:27:16,700 --> 00:27:20,600
The hierarchy is clear. 
The master Craftsmen, the 

494
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,200
Journeymen, the apprentices and 
the unskilled workers who do the

495
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,500
truly repetitive tasks. 
You're somewhere in the middle 

496
00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:30,000
of this structure. 
Skilled enough to be trusted 

497
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,900
with complex work but not 
skilled enough yet to command 

498
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:36,200
top wages. 
The days rhythm is dictated by 

499
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:38,800
lightning endurance. 
You arrive at 7. 

500
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:41,900
When there's enough natural 
light to work by you. 

501
00:27:41,900 --> 00:27:44,000
Leave it six in Winter and seven
in summer. 

502
00:27:44,008 --> 00:27:47,000
When the light fails enough to 
make fine work difficult. 

503
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,000
There's a 30 minute break for 
lunch, which you eat at your 

504
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,200
workbench because there's no 
where else to eat it. 

505
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:56,700
If you're lucky, you manage a 
few shorter breaks throughout 

506
00:27:56,700 --> 00:28:00,600
the day though this is frowned 
upon the work itself requires 

507
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,500
intense concentration punctuated
by moments of almost meditative 

508
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:07,600
repetition. 
Fitting a globe Mount requires, 

509
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:10,400
Precision. 
The measurements must be exact, 

510
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,500
the angles must be, right? 
And the solder must flow, 

511
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:16,100
smoothly, and completely, get it
wrong. 

512
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:18,900
And the fixture might leak gas, 
which in a home. 

513
00:28:18,908 --> 00:28:21,500
Could mean anything from minor 
inconvenience to fatal 

514
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:25,300
explosion. 
Get it right, and no one will 

515
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:27,300
ever notice, which is exactly 
the point. 

516
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:30,700
Your hands have adapted to this 
work. 

517
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:34,200
Your fingers have developed. 
Calluses in specific places 

518
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:38,000
where you hold tools, your right
thumb is slightly scarred from a

519
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:39,800
soldering, iron mishap months 
ago. 

520
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:43,600
Your nails are permanently 
stained with brass residue that 

521
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:45,600
no amount of washing fully 
removes. 

522
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:48,600
These are working hands and they
look it. 

523
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,100
The other workers are a mixed 
group O'Brien. 

524
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:56,200
Who works beside you is Irish 
arrived five years ago and is 

525
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,400
now naturalized and proud of it.
He has opinions about 

526
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,100
everything, which he shares 
liberally and loudly. 

527
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:05,000
Chen, who does the finishing 
work? 

528
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:08,800
Is Chinese quiet, and impossibly
skilled with the buffing wheel. 

529
00:29:09,700 --> 00:29:13,600
The master Craftsman whose name 
is Albert, is German trained in 

530
00:29:13,608 --> 00:29:17,300
the old country and still thinks
American workmanship is sloppy. 

531
00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:18,900
But acknowledges, it's 
improving. 

532
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:22,700
Conversation during work is 
tolerated, as long as the work 

533
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:25,400
doesn't suffer. 
This means you've learned a lot 

534
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,300
about your fellow workers lives 
their families, their 

535
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:32,600
complaints, and their hopes, 
O'Brien is saving to bring his 

536
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:36,300
sister over from Ireland Chen. 
Sends most of his wages back 

537
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:39,900
home to his family held back to 
start his own shop. 

538
00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:42,400
Eventually though, he has been 
planning this for as long as 

539
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:46,700
anyone can remember, The noise 
in the workshop is constant but 

540
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:51,000
not overwhelming. 
Yes, of gas lamps the scraper 

541
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:55,000
files on brass the occasional 
clang of a dropped tool and the 

542
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,000
muttered curses when something 
goes wrong. 

543
00:29:58,100 --> 00:30:01,300
You've learned to work within 
this soundscape to notice when 

544
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,200
something sounds wrong and to 
hear the difference between 

545
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,400
normal work noise and the sound 
of a problem. 

546
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,300
Developing Your lunch comes from
home bread and cheese. 

547
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:13,600
And if you're lucky and coffee 
in a tin, that's gone, cold by 

548
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,200
the time, you drink it. 
But twice a week. 

549
00:30:16,200 --> 00:30:19,200
You stop at the market on your 
way home from work, which means 

550
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:21,900
planning your route to pass 
through one of the Cities, many 

551
00:30:21,900 --> 00:30:24,800
informal Market places that 
spring up wherever their space 

552
00:30:24,800 --> 00:30:27,900
and foot traffic. 
The market, you prefer is on 

553
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:30,900
Hester Street and narrow 
thoroughfare in the Lower East 

554
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:33,800
Side, that becomes almost 
impossible with vendors every 

555
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:36,500
evening. 
The transformation from Street 

556
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:39,500
to Market happens. 
Gradually starting mid off to 

557
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,500
noon as carts. 
Begin to appear reaching full 

558
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:44,300
chaos. 
By the time you arrive around 

559
00:30:44,300 --> 00:30:49,000
7:00, the street is lined with 
push cars stalls and blankets 

560
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,700
spread on the ground. 
Each of vendor calling out, 

561
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:53,500
their wears a mixture of 
languages. 

562
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:57,600
The sensory experience of the 
market is intense. 

563
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:01,800
Every vendor is competing for 
attention, which means noise 

564
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:05,700
calling out prices, describing 
products, and arguing with 

565
00:31:05,700 --> 00:31:08,800
customers. 
The smells layer on top of each 

566
00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:12,400
other pickled herring from One 
cart fresh bread. 

567
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,600
From another, the sharp Tang of 
cheese, the sweet smell of 

568
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:21,100
apples. 
The earthy scent of potatoes The

569
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:25,000
visual chaos is almost 
overwhelming piles of goods, 

570
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,100
hanging meat vegetables. 
Stacked in precarious pyramids 

571
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:34,600
bolts of cloth, used tools and 
mysterious objects you can't 

572
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,900
quite identify You've learned to
navigate this chaos efficiently.

573
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:43,400
first, walk, the entire Market 
to see what's available and at 

574
00:31:43,400 --> 00:31:47,200
what prices, the vendors at the 
far end often have slightly 

575
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,900
lower prices, because fewer 
people walk that far Second, 

576
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:55,400
never, accept the first price 
quoted haggling is expected. 

577
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:59,000
Even encouraged. 
Third know what things should 

578
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,900
cost, which comes from 
experience and observation. 

579
00:32:02,700 --> 00:32:06,600
Fourth build relationships with 
particular vendors, which 

580
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,900
sometimes results in better 
deals or first access to Quality

581
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:12,800
Goods. 
The fish vendor, you prefer is 

582
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:15,700
run by a Russian Jewish Family 
with three generations working 

583
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:18,500
together. 
The grandfather who speaks 

584
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:22,200
almost no English handles, the 
fish with practice deficiency. 

585
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,500
Cleaning them with a knife. 
That's probably older than you 

586
00:32:25,500 --> 00:32:27,600
are. 
The daughter, handles the money 

587
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,100
and the conversation switching 
between English, Yiddish and 

588
00:32:31,108 --> 00:32:32,900
Russian, depending on the 
customer. 

589
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:37,400
The grandson who's about 12, 
does the running and fetching 

590
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:41,800
they recognize you know your 
preferences and sometimes set 

591
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:44,000
aside better specimens when they
know your coming. 

592
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:48,700
Today, you're buying fishing 
specifically which is cheap, and

593
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:50,500
keeps well enough to last 
several days. 

594
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:54,600
The negotiation is brief almost 
ceremonial. 

595
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:58,000
She quote surprise you counter 
with a lower one. 

596
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,400
She looks offended. 
You look skeptical, she meets 

597
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:05,600
you halfway and you agree the 
entire transaction takes maybe 

598
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:09,300
30 seconds and saves you two 
pennies which is worth it. 

599
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:13,600
Those two pennies accumulate. 
The vegetable cart is run by an 

600
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,500
Italian family who bring their 
produce in from farms in New 

601
00:33:16,500 --> 00:33:19,000
Jersey. 
February is not a generous month

602
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,400
of vegetables, but they have 
storage apples. 

603
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:25,400
Winter squash potatoes, onions. 
And surprisingly. 

604
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,800
Some early greens from a 
greenhouse somewhere, The greens

605
00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:31,600
are expensive, but you've been 
eating preserved and stored food

606
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:33,800
for months. 
And the idea of something 

607
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:38,000
actually, green is appealing A 
vendor, you don't know is 

608
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,600
selling eggs, claiming their 
fresh from Long Island. this is 

609
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:45,800
probably true Long Island farms 
supply much of the city's food 

610
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:50,800
brought in by ferry and cart the
eggs are slightly dirty which is

611
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:53,200
actually a good sign. 
It means they haven't been 

612
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:57,400
sitting around being handled. 
You buy Six, which the vendor 

613
00:33:57,400 --> 00:33:59,700
packs carefully and saw dust in 
a small box. 

614
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,300
Six eggs, represent protein for 
most of a week, if you're 

615
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:06,000
careful, the market is also a 
social space. 

616
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:09,100
You see Neighbors here people 
from your building and 

617
00:34:09,100 --> 00:34:13,000
surrounding streets information.
Gets exchanged along with Goods,

618
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,900
Mrs. Novak from the second floor
tells you about a job opening at

619
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:20,300
her husband's Factory. 
A woman you recognize but don't 

620
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:22,100
know. 
Asks if you've heard about the 

621
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:24,199
building on Orchard Street, 
that's being condemned. 

622
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,000
A child selling matches 
recognizes you from your street 

623
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:31,100
and asks, if you've seen their 
cat which has been missing for 

624
00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,400
two days, As evening deepens, 
the gaslights, create strange 

625
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:38,800
Shadows through the market. 
The vendors faces, a lit From 

626
00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,600
Below, giving them almost 
theatrical appearance. 

627
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:45,100
Is the good seemed to glow and 
reseed depending on where they 

628
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:49,100
sit in relation to the lights. 
The market takes on a different 

629
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:53,400
character after dark slightly, 
mysterious slightly magical, 

630
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:56,100
despite being absolutely 
mundane. 

631
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:00,300
You finish your shopping and 
begin the walk home, your Canvas

632
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:03,600
Bag, heavier. 
Now the weight reassuring, This 

633
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:08,300
is food security and comfort. 
Fish will become dinner tonight 

634
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:11,000
and lunch tomorrow. 
The eggs will stretch across the

635
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:12,900
week. 
The greens will add something 

636
00:35:12,900 --> 00:35:14,700
fresh to meals. 
That are otherwise, 

637
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,900
monotonously, brown and beige. 
The potatoes are insurance 

638
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:21,600
against the Future Days. 
When you might not make it to 

639
00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:24,500
the market. 
Walking home after dark is a 

640
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:26,600
different experience. 
From walking home in daylight, 

641
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:30,200
the gaslights of transformed, 
the city and ways that are still

642
00:35:30,208 --> 00:35:33,600
being fully realized 20 years 
ago, this walk would have 

643
00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:36,000
required a lantern or the 
willingness to stumble through 

644
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:40,000
near total darkness. 
Now you walk from one pool of 

645
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:42,900
light to the next. 
The darkness between them no 

646
00:35:42,900 --> 00:35:45,500
longer quite so absolute the 
lights. 

647
00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:48,000
Themselves are marvels of 
engineering that you've learned 

648
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:50,900
not to take for granted. 
Each Street, Lamp requires 

649
00:35:50,900 --> 00:35:54,400
regular maintenance, the glass 
globe must be cleaned. 

650
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:58,300
The mantle must be replaced, 
periodically, and the gas supply

651
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:01,900
must be regulated. 
An army of lamplighters moves 

652
00:36:01,900 --> 00:36:05,400
through the city, each evening 
using long poles to turn the gas

653
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:09,400
on and ignite each lamp. 
The same men returned each 

654
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:13,000
morning to extinguish them. 
It's a job that didn't exist to 

655
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,000
generation ago and might not 
exist a generation hence but for

656
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:21,100
now it's stable employment. 
The quality of light, varies new

657
00:36:21,100 --> 00:36:25,900
lamps recently, cleaned cast a 
bright, even glow, older lamps, 

658
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:28,900
or those that need maintenance, 
provide dimmer more uneven 

659
00:36:28,900 --> 00:36:31,300
illumination. 
You've learned to read these 

660
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:34,400
variations to know which streets
are likely to be well lit and 

661
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,400
which will be murky. 
The wealthy neighborhoods have 

662
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:39,300
brighter better maintained 
lights. 

663
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:43,100
Your neighborhood has lights at 
least, which is more than can be

664
00:36:43,108 --> 00:36:46,900
said, for some areas. presents 
of streetlights has changed 

665
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:50,700
human behavior in subtle ways 
shops can stay open later 

666
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:54,500
because customers can see to 
shop Restaurants and taverns 

667
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:57,700
serve customers, who might not 
have ventured out after dark in 

668
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:01,400
early, a times young people 
caught in the evening walking 

669
00:37:01,400 --> 00:37:03,500
together under the lights. 
In a way that would have been 

670
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:06,500
impractical before. 
Crime hasn't disappeared. 

671
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:10,400
The darkness between lights is 
still dangerous but the overall 

672
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,600
feeling of the city after dark 
as shifted from hostile to 

673
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:17,000
merely cautious. 
You pass a Lamplighter at work, 

674
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:20,300
his ladder propped against a 
Lamppost, his long pole, 

675
00:37:20,300 --> 00:37:23,600
extending up to the lamp. 
He's singing something in German

676
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:25,900
his breath visible, in the cold 
air. 

677
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:29,500
It's a lonely job in many ways. 
Walking the same route, every 

678
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:32,500
evening and every morning, but 
he seems content with it. 

679
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:37,000
He nods at you, as you pass a 
small acknowledgment of shared 

680
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:41,100
Humanity in the evening City. 
The reflection of gaslights on 

681
00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:43,900
winter, ice creates, beautiful 
treacherous effects. 

682
00:37:44,500 --> 00:37:48,200
The cobblestones Gleam wetly. 
Hiding their true texture 

683
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:50,600
puddles look like pools of 
light. 

684
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:53,100
Tempting, you to step into cold 
water. 

685
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:58,300
Windows reflect the lamps, 
creating false depths and 

686
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:02,100
confusing perspectives. 
Its beautiful in an urban 

687
00:38:02,100 --> 00:38:05,600
Industrial Way That You suspect 
future Generations, won't fully 

688
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:10,100
understand inside your building.
The lighting is more variable. 

689
00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:14,400
The landlord provides gas in the
hallways, but expects, tenants 

690
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:17,000
to pay for their own lighting 
inside a Park Apartments. 

691
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:20,900
This means the hallway is a 
dimly lit with a single lamp on 

692
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:23,300
each floor. 
While individual Apartments 

693
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:26,600
range from well-lit to almost 
dark depending on arrests 

694
00:38:26,600 --> 00:38:31,100
willingness to pay for gas. you 
keep one lamp in your room which

695
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:33,700
you like when your home and 
awake and extinguish when you 

696
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:38,500
leave or sleep, The gas bill is 
a significant expense but less 

697
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:41,000
than it would cost to buy 
candles for the same amount of 

698
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:42,900
light. 
In your room. 

699
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:45,600
You like your lamp using the 
match safe you keep on the 

700
00:38:45,608 --> 00:38:48,000
Shelf. 
The match catches with the 

701
00:38:48,008 --> 00:38:51,600
sulfurous smell, and you adjust 
the gas flow until the lamp 

702
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:55,800
burned steadily. 
Sudden illumination is always 

703
00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,400
slightly startling. 
Shadows jumping back into 

704
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:01,900
Corners. 
The Familiar Contours of your 

705
00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:05,000
room becoming visible, you've 
arranged things. 

706
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:06,800
So the lamp sits on a small 
table. 

707
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:11,600
It's like falling where you need
it on your chair for reading on 

708
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,400
the area where you prepare food 
and avoiding the bed, where 

709
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,700
bright light would be wasteful 
your evening meal is simple 

710
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:19,200
because that's all you have 
energy for. 

711
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:23,000
After 10 hours of work the 
Herring gets freed in a small 

712
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:26,000
pan on your room's. 
Cold Stone filling, the space 

713
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:28,700
with a smell, that's probably 
bothering your neighbors but 

714
00:39:28,700 --> 00:39:31,500
can't be helped. 
The potatoes are boiled. 

715
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:34,800
And mashed, with a bit of 
butter, you've been hoarding The

716
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,300
greens are wilted in the pan 
after the fish comes out. 

717
00:39:37,300 --> 00:39:41,900
It's not fancy, but it's hot and
filling and contains actual 

718
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:45,700
nutrients eating alone as a 
curious thing that you've gotten

719
00:39:45,700 --> 00:39:47,800
used to, but still sometimes 
find strange. 

720
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:53,400
In your childhood home meals 
were communal noisy, social 

721
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:56,600
events. 
Now you eat in silence except 

722
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,600
for the sounds from neighboring 
Apartments. 

723
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:02,800
The Martellus arguing about 
something the Cohen baby fussing

724
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,000
and the Irish families children 
playing some game that involves 

725
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,800
a lot of running. 
You've become comfortable with 

726
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:12,300
your own company, but sometimes 
you miss the chaos of shared 

727
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:14,800
meals. 
After dinner, you have a choice 

728
00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:18,100
about how to spend your evening.
The work week doesn't allow for 

729
00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,000
much Recreation, but you have a 
few hours before bed. 

730
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:25,000
Some nights you read. 
You've been working through a 

731
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:27,300
novel borrowed from the small 
lensing library that operates 

732
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:28,800
out of a shop three streets 
over. 

733
00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:32,700
The lighting isn't ideal for 
reading your eyes, get tired, 

734
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:35,800
but the escaped into someone 
else's story is worth it. 

735
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:40,400
Other nights, you go out, 
there's a beer hall two streets.

736
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:42,100
Over that serves the 
neighborhood's working 

737
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:45,500
population. 
It's not fancy sawdust on the 

738
00:40:45,508 --> 00:40:48,100
floor. 
Long tables were strangers, sit 

739
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:51,500
together and beer served in 
heavy glass mugs that have seen 

740
00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:55,600
better days but it's warm and 
social and only costs a few 

741
00:40:55,608 --> 00:40:58,700
pennies for a beer and the 
implicit right to sit at a table

742
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:01,500
for a while. 
Tonight you decide to go out. 

743
00:41:01,500 --> 00:41:05,100
You wash your face and hands, 
change into a slightly cleaner, 

744
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:08,500
shirt pull on your coat and head
back down the stairs. 

745
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:11,200
The beer hall is busy but not 
packed. 

746
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:15,400
You find a spot at a table and 
order a beer from the server who

747
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:19,300
recognizes you with a nod. 
The beer hall serves primarily 

748
00:41:19,300 --> 00:41:22,500
German immigrants though. 
It's not exclusively German 

749
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:25,500
anymore. 
The stations around, you are a 

750
00:41:25,500 --> 00:41:28,800
mixture of German English and 
occasional bits of other 

751
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:32,600
languages. 
The topics are Universal, work 

752
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,900
money, Family Politics, the 
weather and gossip about people.

753
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:41,000
Everyone seems to know you 
settle in to the comfortable 

754
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:45,100
anonymity of being in a crowd 
listening without necessarily 

755
00:41:45,100 --> 00:41:47,900
engaging. 
Someone has brought in his paper

756
00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:50,100
which is being passed around and
discussed. 

757
00:41:50,900 --> 00:41:54,500
The news is typical political 
corruption, a fire in Brooklyn. 

758
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:59,400
A ship that sank off Long 
Island, murders marriages and 

759
00:41:59,400 --> 00:42:04,600
mundane bureaucratic happening. 
Paper costs 5 cents which is why

760
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:06,600
it's been shared rather than 
bought individually. 

761
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:11,300
Informational is a commodity and
people find ways to access it 

762
00:42:11,300 --> 00:42:15,000
economically. 
A group at the far end of the 

763
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,500
room is singing something German
and complicated. 

764
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:22,400
They're not particularly good, 
but they're enthusiastic and the

765
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:26,000
sound adds to the general 
atmosphere Bear Halls are 

766
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,000
democratic spaces in ways that 
other parts of the city aren't. 

767
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:32,600
The man in the Warren jackets. 
Sitting next to you might be a 

768
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:34,900
factory Foreman or a day laborer
in here. 

769
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:38,200
The distinction doesn't matter 
much you nurse your beer slowly,

770
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,100
making it last. 
This is rest, this is 

771
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,300
Recreation, and this is the 
limited Leisure that working 

772
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:46,400
life allows. 
You're not thinking about 

773
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,900
tomorrow's work, you're not 
worrying about rent and you're 

774
00:42:49,900 --> 00:42:52,800
not calculating how many more 
weeks until you can afford new 

775
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:55,100
boots. 
You're just existing in the 

776
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:58,700
moment. 
Warm fed slightly buzzed 

777
00:42:58,700 --> 00:43:02,900
surrounded by humanoids. 
You leave before the night gets 

778
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:05,600
too late. 
The beer hall will stay open for

779
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,600
ours yet but you have work in 
the morning and sleep is more 

780
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:12,400
valuable than another beer. 
The walk home is short, the 

781
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:14,400
streets are quiet. 
Now, with most people already 

782
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:18,200
inside you, let yourself into 
your building, climb the stairs 

783
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:21,500
and lock your door behind you. 
February in New York has a 

784
00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,200
particular character that you've
come to know intimately over 

785
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,600
your years in the city? 
It's the month when winter stops

786
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:30,100
being novel and starts being 
oppressive. 

787
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:32,400
When the cold that seemed 
bracing. 

788
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,800
In December, has become simply 
exhausting, and when you can't 

789
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:38,700
quite remember what warmth feels
like, and can't quite believe, 

790
00:43:38,700 --> 00:43:41,900
it will ever return. 
The city and winter is a study 

791
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:44,600
in Grays. 
And Browns, the snow that fell 

792
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,700
in January has been trampled and
mixed with cold dust and horse 

793
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:50,500
droppings. 
Until it's a dinghy Brown slush 

794
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:53,500
that looks and gutters and forms
treacherous patches on 

795
00:43:53,508 --> 00:43:57,100
sidewalks. 
The sky is often overcast a 

796
00:43:57,100 --> 00:43:59,500
uniform grey that makes time 
feel suspended. 

797
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:04,100
Neither Dawn nor dusk, but some 
Eternal in between, even the 

798
00:44:04,108 --> 00:44:07,500
brick building seemed gray 
somehow as if the cold is 

799
00:44:07,500 --> 00:44:10,700
leeched their color. 
Your room in Winter becomes both

800
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:14,000
shelter and prison. 
When you're not at work, your 

801
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:16,900
mostly here. 
Because going out means bracing 

802
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:20,100
yourself against cold that 
penetrates every layer of 

803
00:44:20,100 --> 00:44:23,900
clothing. you've learned to 
layer efficiently will against 

804
00:44:23,900 --> 00:44:28,200
linen against wool each layer, 
trapping a thin film of air that

805
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:33,400
your body heat warms your coat 
while warn is thick enough to 

806
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:35,600
break the wind, which is half 
the battle. 

807
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,100
The cold stove in your room is 
both a blessing and a curse. 

808
00:44:39,100 --> 00:44:42,600
It provides heat to and stoked 
but cold cost money. 

809
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:45,900
Which means you ration. 
Warmth carefully, you keep the 

810
00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:48,500
stove going in the morning while
you dress and in the evening 

811
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,500
while you're awake. 
But you let it die overnight 

812
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:55,400
relying on blankets and the 
residual warmth from Neighbors, 

813
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:57,400
stoves to keep the cold from 
becoming dangerous. 

814
00:44:57,400 --> 00:45:01,000
You've learned to sleep in wool 
socks to pile. 

815
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:04,400
Every blanket you own on your 
bed and to curl into your cell 

816
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,300
for warmth. 
Ice forms on the inside of your 

817
00:45:07,300 --> 00:45:11,200
window on the coldest nights. 
Creating fantastic patterns. 

818
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:14,200
That would be beautiful if they 
didn't represent heat loss and 

819
00:45:14,200 --> 00:45:17,300
discomfort. 
You've learned to recognize the 

820
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:20,900
different types of Frost, the 
feathery patterns that form 

821
00:45:20,900 --> 00:45:23,600
slowly. 
The opaque sheets that form 

822
00:45:23,600 --> 00:45:27,100
quickly, the clear ice that 
sometimes builds up in layers. 

823
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:30,400
Each morning you scrape at this 
ice. 

824
00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:34,500
Creating small piles of frost 
that melt slowly on the floor. 

825
00:45:35,700 --> 00:45:38,500
the quality of light changes in 
Winter and you've learned to be 

826
00:45:38,500 --> 00:45:42,900
sent to these changes the sun 
when it appears is weak and 

827
00:45:42,900 --> 00:45:47,900
distant, casting Long Shadows 
even at midday The brief hours 

828
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:51,900
of sunlight oppression to be 
utilized when possible your 

829
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:55,600
internal clock has adapted to 
these rhythms, you wake more 

830
00:45:55,600 --> 00:45:59,300
easily in summer when Dawn comes
early and struggle more in 

831
00:45:59,300 --> 00:46:02,200
winter. 
When darkness dominates Food in 

832
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,000
Winter becomes an exercise and 
creativity within severe 

833
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:07,500
constraints. 
Fresh vegetables are rare and 

834
00:46:07,500 --> 00:46:12,200
expensive limited to storage 
crops like potatoes, onions, and

835
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:15,900
cabbage. fresh fruit is 
essentially unavailable, unless 

836
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,000
you're wealthy enough to pay 
premium prices for citrus ship 

837
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:22,700
from the south You eat a lot of 
preserved Foods. 

838
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:27,800
Pickled vegetables, saltfish dry
beans and Grains that store. 

839
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:31,600
Well, Meters. 
Occasional a luxury reserved for

840
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:34,900
better weeks. 
It is infrastructure struggles 

841
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:39,100
in Winter, the winter pumps 
freeze regularly, requiring 

842
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:42,500
careful, priming and sometimes 
hot water to get them working 

843
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:45,900
again. 
The privies in the courtyard a 

844
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:48,800
cold enough to make biological 
functions and exercise and 

845
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:51,000
speed. 
The cold, deliveries are less 

846
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:54,200
reliable as Carter's struggle 
with icy streets, and increased 

847
00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:56,700
demand. 
Everything that is easy in 

848
00:46:56,700 --> 00:47:00,800
summer, becomes complicated in 
winter, but winter as a press as

849
00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,200
it becomes eventually loosened 
its grip. 

850
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:06,300
You first notice it? 
Not in temperature but in light 

851
00:47:06,300 --> 00:47:09,300
the days are getting longer. 
The difference. 

852
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:15,000
Barely perceptible dated day, 
but unmistakable over weeks, Sun

853
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:18,100
rises a few minutes earlier and 
sets a few minutes later and 

854
00:47:18,100 --> 00:47:20,400
those accumulated minutes begin 
to matter. 

855
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:25,000
I March you're walking to work 
in daylight, which feels like a 

856
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:27,600
luxury after months of pre-dawn 
darkness. 

857
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,800
The ice on your window stops. 
Forming every night. 

858
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:35,800
Appearing, only on the coldest 
mornings then not at all. the 

859
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:38,200
frost patterns, you'd grown 
almost fond of disappear 

860
00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:42,100
replaced, by simple 
condensation, you start to 

861
00:47:42,100 --> 00:47:46,000
reduce the layers you wear 
tentatively at first ready to 

862
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:48,800
add them back when early spring 
betrays you with a return to 

863
00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:52,200
Winter conditions The city 
begins to emerge from its 

864
00:47:52,200 --> 00:47:54,200
winter, hibernation in small 
ways. 

865
00:47:55,300 --> 00:47:58,400
The push cart vendors appear 
early in the day selling from 

866
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:00,400
spots, they'd abandoned in deep 
winter. 

867
00:48:01,600 --> 00:48:05,300
The children in the courtyard, 
stay outside longer their play 

868
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:07,800
no longer cut short by cold. 
That could be dangerous. 

869
00:48:08,900 --> 00:48:12,200
Windows that have been sealed 
shut for months began to open 

870
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:16,600
airing out rooms that had 
accumulated months of cold smoke

871
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:18,900
and cooking smells and human 
occupations. 

872
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:23,000
The hardback activity increases 
as the shipping season ramps up.

873
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:25,500
Ships. 
That had avoided New York's 

874
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:28,100
winter Coast. 
Begin to appear again, bringing 

875
00:48:28,100 --> 00:48:31,800
Goods that had been unavailable 
for months, the docks become 

876
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:33,900
more crowded. 
More noisy and more vital. 

877
00:48:33,900 --> 00:48:37,600
You see, orange crates on the 
docks in early March and the 

878
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:41,000
site makes you almost 
irrationally Happy The 

879
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:43,700
transition from Winter to Spring
is neither smooth nor 

880
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:47,100
predictable you'll have days in 
March, that feel like April, 

881
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:52,000
warm and generous followed by 
days that feel like January cold

882
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:54,800
enough to make you doubt. 
Spring will ever truly arrived. 

883
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:59,000
The city oscillates between 
seasons and you oscillate with 

884
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,800
it, your mood brightening on 
warm days and dimming on cold 

885
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:05,900
ones. 
Smell of the city changes as 

886
00:49:05,900 --> 00:49:09,500
winter, releases its grip. 
The coal smoke that had been 

887
00:49:09,508 --> 00:49:13,900
constantly present begins to 
diminish as people burn less for

888
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:17,000
heat. 
The organic smells of the city, 

889
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:19,500
which wintered Frozen, and 
suppress. 

890
00:49:20,400 --> 00:49:23,000
Begin to emerge, not always 
pleasantly. 

891
00:49:24,500 --> 00:49:27,400
The horse manure that had been 
frozen in the streets, begins to

892
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,500
thaw releasing smells that had 
been dormant. 

893
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:34,600
The harbors Marine smells become
stronger as the water warms. 

894
00:49:34,600 --> 00:49:38,800
A spring establishes itself, 
more firmly the city's. 

895
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,400
Rhythm changes, the work doesn't
change. 

896
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:45,800
You still go to the workshop. 
Six days a week, still fit brass

897
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:48,000
and solder joints, and inspector
glass globes. 

898
00:49:49,100 --> 00:49:52,100
But the journey there and back 
becomes more pleasant as the 

899
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:52,800
days. 
Warm. 

900
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:56,200
And length of you start to 
notice things you'd ignored 

901
00:49:56,200 --> 00:50:01,100
during winter survival mode, 
Flowers in window, boxes trees, 

902
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:04,700
beginning to Leaf out in the few
places that exist the particular

903
00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:06,900
blue of the sky. 
When clouds clear? 

904
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:09,900
The market becomes more 
interesting as the season 

905
00:50:09,900 --> 00:50:13,300
progresses. 
The stored vegetables of winter 

906
00:50:13,300 --> 00:50:16,700
are supplemented and then 
replaced by fresh spring, crops 

907
00:50:16,700 --> 00:50:21,400
greens appear then radishes then
strawberries that cost more than

908
00:50:21,408 --> 00:50:24,200
they should but tastes like 
concentrated spring. 

909
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,500
The vegetable vendors are 
happier more talkative and 

910
00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:31,800
pleased to have variety to sell 
after months of potatoes and 

911
00:50:31,800 --> 00:50:34,600
onions. 
Your room requires less coal, 

912
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,900
which means more money available
for other things, you're able to

913
00:50:37,908 --> 00:50:40,900
buy a new shirt to replace one 
that had become too worn to 

914
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:43,300
repair. 
You treat yourself to better 

915
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,900
cuts of fish, occasionally, you 
even manage to save a little 

916
00:50:46,908 --> 00:50:50,500
adding to the small stash, you 
keep in a tin under a loose 

917
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:54,900
floorboard, your insurance 
against disaster growing slowly 

918
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:58,500
but growing the streets become 
social spaces. 

919
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:00,500
Again. 
As warmth encourages people 

920
00:51:00,500 --> 00:51:06,000
outside On Sunday, afternoons, 
your one day off, you see 

921
00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:10,500
families walking together men 
gathering on Corners to talk and

922
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:13,800
children playing games, that 
require space and movement. 

923
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,400
The stoop of your building 
becomes a gathering place, where

924
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:19,200
neighbors sit and watch the 
street. 

925
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:22,200
It's changing, greetings, and 
gossip. 

926
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:23,900
And observations about the 
cities. 

927
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:28,200
Endless changes. 
The construction that had slowed

928
00:51:28,200 --> 00:51:31,800
during winter resumes with 
energy buildings that had been 

929
00:51:31,808 --> 00:51:34,600
partially demolished in Fall, 
are now being rebuilt. 

930
00:51:35,300 --> 00:51:37,900
The sound of hammering and 
soaring becomes part of the 

931
00:51:37,900 --> 00:51:40,900
city's music again. 
New buildings are going up 

932
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:43,400
throughout the city. 
Pushing North into areas that 

933
00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:45,200
had been Farmland just years 
before. 

934
00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:50,200
The cities growing transforming 
and becoming something new while

935
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:54,300
still being itself. 
You marked by Seasons now having

936
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:56,100
lived in the city. 
Long enough, that the annual 

937
00:51:56,100 --> 00:51:58,700
cycle has become familiar You 
remember? 

938
00:51:58,700 --> 00:52:01,200
Last spring? 
How you'd felt then what was 

939
00:52:01,200 --> 00:52:04,600
happening in your life? 
You anticipate next spring 

940
00:52:04,600 --> 00:52:09,200
making tentative plans that 
depend on savings and luck and 

941
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:11,700
the general continuation of 
current circumstances. 

942
00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:15,700
Future isn't certain but it's 
become more imaginable. 

943
00:52:16,600 --> 00:52:19,300
One Sunday in May you walk 
further Uptown? 

944
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:22,800
The usual curious about the 
neighborhoods that emerging from

945
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:24,600
what had recently been open 
land. 

946
00:52:25,500 --> 00:52:29,300
The transformation is startling.
streets that didn't exist on 

947
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:34,100
maps from five years ago are now
lined with Brownstones Farms 

948
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:37,300
that had supplied, the city with
milk and vegetables are now 

949
00:52:37,308 --> 00:52:39,900
neighborhoods with street names 
and gas lamps. 

950
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:43,600
The city is growing Northwood up
Manhattan Island with a kind of 

951
00:52:43,608 --> 00:52:47,600
inevitable momentum. 
Each year the developed area 

952
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:52,000
pushes further consuming the 
rural landscape, transforming it

953
00:52:52,000 --> 00:52:55,800
into urban space. 
The process isn't smooth or 

954
00:52:55,800 --> 00:52:59,100
coordinated. 
Some streets are completely up 

955
00:52:59,100 --> 00:53:01,300
while adjacent areas are still 
fields. 

956
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:04,400
New buildings stand next to Old 
Farm houses. 

957
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:08,000
Creating temporal collisions 
that feel almost surreal. 

958
00:53:09,500 --> 00:53:11,500
Watch a building going up on a 
corner lot. 

959
00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:14,500
The construction methods are 
similar to what you see 

960
00:53:14,500 --> 00:53:18,600
everywhere, wooden frames brick 
in Phil, But there's something 

961
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:20,800
more substantial about these 
newer buildings. 

962
00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:24,600
They're taller, more uniform and
Bill with an eye towards 

963
00:53:24,600 --> 00:53:26,700
permanence that older building 
sometimes lacked. 

964
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:30,400
These neighborhoods are being 
built for the long term for the 

965
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:32,700
wealthy families, that were 
occupy them for Generations. 

966
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:37,800
But even as the city builds and 
grows certain rhythms, remain 

967
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:40,500
constant. 
The harbor is still the city's 

968
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:44,600
heart, bringing in goods and 
people and news from The Wider 

969
00:53:44,600 --> 00:53:46,900
world. 
The market still operate on 

970
00:53:46,908 --> 00:53:50,500
similar principles of barter and
negotiation, that have governed 

971
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:54,500
Commerce for centuries. 
The working people still rise 

972
00:53:54,500 --> 00:53:58,700
Before Dawn and work until dusk 
still struggle to afford, rent 

973
00:53:58,700 --> 00:54:02,300
and food, and still build lives 
in the margins that wealthier 

974
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:05,200
people don't see. 
Your tenement is 40 years old, 

975
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:08,800
which makes it old by the city 
standards but not ancient. 

976
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:11,700
It will probably stand for 
another 40 years. 

977
00:54:11,700 --> 00:54:15,600
Housing, hundreds of people in 
its lifetime each with their own

978
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:19,200
stories, their own struggles and
their own small victories. 

979
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:23,300
You're just one of many who will
pass through this building this 

980
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:27,400
neighborhood, this city that 
transforms around you while 

981
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:31,200
somehow remaining itself, the 
city you're living in is 

982
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:34,900
simultaneously ancient and brand
new There are buildings here 

983
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:37,700
from Dutch times. 
Structures, that predate the 

984
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:40,900
revolution sitting alongside 
building's finished last month. 

985
00:54:40,900 --> 00:54:44,400
There are streets that follow 
Cal paths from 200 years ago 

986
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:48,400
next to streets laid out last 
year in perfect grid patterns 

987
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:53,600
The city is constantly becoming 
and never quite being always in 

988
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:57,200
the process of transformation. 
You think about your place in 

989
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:00,800
this massive organism, you're 
one of nearly a million people 

990
00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:04,100
now, living on this narrow 
Island each with their own room 

991
00:55:04,100 --> 00:55:07,700
or apartment, or house each with
their own work and worries and 

992
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:10,600
hopes. 
The city would continue without 

993
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:13,700
you, you're replaceable in ways 
that are both freeing and 

994
00:55:13,700 --> 00:55:17,900
slightly troubling. but while 
you're here, you're part of it, 

995
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:22,400
contributing your small fraction
to the whole The workshop where 

996
00:55:22,400 --> 00:55:25,100
you work, makes lamps that 
light, the city streets and 

997
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:29,400
homes is not dramatic work, not 
the kind that gets Remembered in

998
00:55:29,400 --> 00:55:33,100
history books, but it matters 
without Street lighting. 

999
00:55:33,100 --> 00:55:36,200
The city's character would be 
completely different without 

1000
00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:38,300
lamps in homes. 
People's lives would be 

1001
00:55:38,308 --> 00:55:41,700
fundamentally altered. 
Your part of the infrastructure 

1002
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:45,000
that makes Modern urban life 
possible and their satisfaction 

1003
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:48,700
in that. 
As evening, approaches you head 

1004
00:55:48,700 --> 00:55:52,200
back down town walking through 
neighborhoods as they transition

1005
00:55:52,200 --> 00:55:54,500
from commercial to residential 
to commercial. 

1006
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:56,900
Again, you passed Chinese 
groceries. 

1007
00:55:56,900 --> 00:56:00,500
In German beer halls and Irish 
taverns, and Italian bakery and 

1008
00:56:00,500 --> 00:56:04,500
Jewish delis. 
The city contains multitudes and

1009
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:09,900
your one of them neither special
nor invisible, just present, You

1010
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:12,300
arrive back at your building as 
the lamplighters are beginning 

1011
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:15,900
their evening rounds. 
You watch one, ignite the lamp, 

1012
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:20,600
on your corner, the small flame 
growing to a steady glow, in an 

1013
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:22,400
hour or two. 
The whole city will be dotted 

1014
00:56:22,400 --> 00:56:25,800
with these lights, creating a 
map of civilization visible from

1015
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:29,400
the Harbour from the Brooklyn 
Shore from anywhere with a view 

1016
00:56:29,408 --> 00:56:32,900
of Manhattan. 
You climb your stairs for what 

1017
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:34,700
must be the thousandth time this
year. 

1018
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:38,400
The creaky board. 
Still creaks the banister. 

1019
00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:41,300
Still wobbles the smell of the 
martelli's dinner. 

1020
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:43,400
Fills the stairwell making your 
mouth water. 

1021
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:46,500
You unlock your door and step 
into your room. 

1022
00:56:46,500 --> 00:56:50,000
Which is exactly as you left it 
because nothing here changes 

1023
00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:53,600
without your direct action. 
You'd like your lamp, prepare 

1024
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:56,300
your simple dinner and eat while
watching the last of the 

1025
00:56:56,300 --> 00:57:00,500
daylight fade from your window. 
Tomorrow will be Monday the 

1026
00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:04,300
start of another work week, 
another cycle of mornings and 

1027
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:09,600
evening's labor and rest. 
But to night your here, Fed and 

1028
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:12,900
warm and safe enough 
participating in the grand 

1029
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:16,600
experiment of urban life in the 
latter half of the 19th century.

1030
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:20,200
The city outside your window is 
settling into its evening. 

1031
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:23,600
Routine lights are appearing in 
Windows across the neighborhood.

1032
00:57:23,600 --> 00:57:28,300
Sounds are shifting from day 
noise to night noise, children 

1033
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:31,500
are being called inside workers,
are returning home. 

1034
00:57:31,500 --> 00:57:33,900
The city is breathing the way it
does. 

1035
00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:36,900
Every evening has done for 
decades and we'll do for 

1036
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:41,100
centuries to come. 
You are here in this moment in 

1037
00:57:41,100 --> 00:57:43,700
this place. 
And while you don't know what 

1038
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:47,600
the future holds the cities or 
your own, you know, that both 

1039
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,100
will continue changing and 
remaining. 

1040
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:55,200
Becoming and being the way 
cities and lives do and for now 

1041
00:57:55,200 --> 00:57:59,100
that's enough to settle into 
sleep to rest before Rising 

1042
00:57:59,100 --> 00:58:02,200
again to meet whatever tomorrow 
brings in this city that never 

1043
00:58:02,200 --> 00:58:12,000
quite stands. 
Still, You know how it feels to 

1044
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:13,500
feel. 
So tiny, while you're lying on 

1045
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:15,500
your back in the grass and 
gazing up at the stars. 

1046
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:19,200
Congratulations, your 
experiencing exactly the same 

1047
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:21,900
thing that most likely some 
40,000 years ago. 

1048
00:58:21,900 --> 00:58:25,900
Ignited, human astronomy. 
Imagine that as an early human, 

1049
00:58:25,900 --> 00:58:28,700
your main worries are avoiding 
being eaten by an animal with 

1050
00:58:28,700 --> 00:58:31,600
larger teeth than you and 
determining where you will get 

1051
00:58:31,600 --> 00:58:35,200
your next meal. 
However, as night falls, there 

1052
00:58:35,200 --> 00:58:39,400
it is, this breathtaking, light 
display above your head, totally

1053
00:58:39,400 --> 00:58:42,200
free of cost and without the 
need for a subscription service,

1054
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:45,400
you might initially assume that 
these prehistoric people were 

1055
00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:48,700
too preoccupied with survival to
be interested in Celestial 

1056
00:58:48,700 --> 00:58:51,800
mechanics. 
The interesting part though is 

1057
00:58:51,800 --> 00:58:54,100
that they were compelled to 
become the first astronomers in 

1058
00:58:54,100 --> 00:58:57,200
history. 
You see the sky becomes your 

1059
00:58:57,200 --> 00:58:59,700
ultimate scheduling tool when 
you don't have a calendar to 

1060
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:02,600
remind you when it's time to 
plant crops or a smartphone to 

1061
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:05,400
alert you when spring is 
approaching the stars, were not 

1062
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,400
hazardously strewn up there like
glitter on a black tablecloth. 

1063
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:12,000
As those early stargazers 
noticed, like, a cosmic clock 

1064
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:15,000
that never needed to be wowed. 
They moved in predictable 

1065
00:59:15,000 --> 00:59:18,800
patterns Eventually the same 
stars that had emerged over the 

1066
00:59:18,808 --> 00:59:21,600
Eastern Horizon, would march 
across the sky and vanish in the

1067
00:59:21,608 --> 00:59:25,000
west only to reappear the 
following night with a slight 

1068
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:28,600
shift, then came the sun which 
was as Dependable as a Swiss 

1069
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,000
watch rising in the East and 
setting in the west each and 

1070
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:35,100
every day. 
Aside from hold on a second. 

1071
00:59:36,000 --> 00:59:38,700
It appeared to travel a much 
slower lower route to cross the 

1072
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:41,600
sky in the winter, hardly 
bothering to reach very high 

1073
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:43,300
before deciding to call it a 
day. 

1074
00:59:44,000 --> 00:59:46,500
It jumped High overhead and 
stayed out until what felt like 

1075
00:59:46,508 --> 00:59:49,500
bedtime in the summer 
practically bouncing out of bed.

1076
00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:53,400
This was survival information, 
not just idle curiosity. 

1077
00:59:53,400 --> 00:59:57,200
He was time to start searching 
for certain plants that would 

1078
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:00,000
soon be ripening when that 
specific cluster of stars 

1079
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:03,100
appeared shortly before Dawn, 
you could tell winter was 

1080
01:00:03,100 --> 01:00:05,100
easing. 
When the sun began to shine for 

1081
01:00:05,100 --> 01:00:08,400
longer periods of time each day 
even more fascinating, was the 

1082
01:00:08,400 --> 01:00:10,300
moon. 
The moon appeared to have a 

1083
01:00:10,300 --> 01:00:13,700
personality disorder in contrast
to the sun which essentially 

1084
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:16,300
followed a predictable routine 
at time. 

1085
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:20,000
It was a perfect circle that was
visible to Hunters at times. 

1086
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:24,600
It resembled a cosmic smile a 
thin Crescent at times. 

1087
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:28,500
It vanished completely leaving 
the night as dark as a caves 

1088
01:00:28,500 --> 01:00:31,200
interior, the moon. 
However, had a rhythm despite 

1089
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:34,800
its seeming moodiness. 
Humanity's first calendar system

1090
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:38,400
was based on the Dependable 
pattern of roughly, 29 and a 

1091
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:41,900
half days between full moons. 
When you could simply look up 

1092
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:44,600
and see what phase the moon was 
in, you didn't need to count 

1093
01:00:44,600 --> 01:00:47,900
days these earlier astronomers, 
let's call them that because 

1094
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:50,400
even without fancy degrees or 
telescopes, they were 

1095
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:53,500
unquestionably, astronomers 
started to notice something else

1096
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:57,500
night after night. 
Year after year, the majority of

1097
01:00:57,500 --> 01:01:00,800
stars remained in the same 
relative positions that group 

1098
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:02,900
continued to appear, like a big 
dipper. 

1099
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:06,600
It appears that ancient people 
had very active imaginations 

1100
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:09,700
when it came to connecting dots 
because that row of stars that 

1101
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:11,900
someone thought looked like a 
belt remained a belt. 

1102
01:01:11,900 --> 01:01:14,600
The troublemakers. 
However were a few luminous 

1103
01:01:14,600 --> 01:01:17,100
objects that Rove the sky as if 
they were unsure of their 

1104
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:20,100
destination. 
Later, the Greeks would refer to

1105
01:01:20,100 --> 01:01:22,600
them as planets, which means, 
Wanderers. 

1106
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:24,600
And that is what we still call 
them today. 

1107
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:29,500
Five of these roving Stars 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

1108
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,800
Saturn were visible to ancient 
observers, even in the absence 

1109
01:01:32,800 --> 01:01:36,300
of telescope's Venus was 
specially perplexing because it 

1110
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:39,700
seemed to be too distinct Stars 
one that emerged shortly before 

1111
01:01:39,700 --> 01:01:41,800
sunrise and another shortly 
after Sunset. 

1112
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:45,300
It took a long time for someone 
to realize that it was the son 

1113
01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:46,900
playing peekaboo with the same 
object. 

1114
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:50,400
These observations were merely 
remembered as fascinating 

1115
01:01:50,400 --> 01:01:54,000
anecdotes, as the generations 
went by, they were assimilated 

1116
01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:56,800
into everyday life and became 
fundamental knowledge. 

1117
01:01:57,700 --> 01:02:00,800
Seasons were approaching when 
certain Stars Rose at particular

1118
01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:03,700
times, the amount of light 
available for nighttime. 

1119
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:07,100
Activities was determined by the
moon's position whether patterns

1120
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:08,900
were, predicted by the path of 
the sun. 

1121
01:02:08,900 --> 01:02:12,400
Priests or shamans, who were the
communities official timekeepers

1122
01:02:12,400 --> 01:02:15,200
and weather forecasters were 
frequently entrusted with this 

1123
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:18,400
knowledge because it was so 
valuable that it became sacred. 

1124
01:02:19,100 --> 01:02:22,400
Not only was it helpful but it 
was almost magical to be able to

1125
01:02:22,400 --> 01:02:24,900
predict with Precision when 
spring or the rains would 

1126
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:27,400
arrive. 
It is understandable why early 

1127
01:02:27,400 --> 01:02:30,800
astronomers frequently occupied 
highly esteemed and influential 

1128
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,700
roles in their communities. 
What is truly amazing though is 

1129
01:02:34,700 --> 01:02:37,300
that all of this highly Advanced
pattern recognition and 

1130
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:40,900
observation was taking place, 
thousands of years before anyone

1131
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:43,200
even had a magnifying glass to 
improve their vision. 

1132
01:02:44,100 --> 01:02:46,400
All that these ancient 
astronomers had to work with 

1133
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:49,900
their unaided eyes, their 
intellect and an almost 

1134
01:02:49,908 --> 01:02:52,300
unnatural patients for observing
the sky year. 

1135
01:02:52,300 --> 01:02:55,600
After year and night after 
night, they were unable to see 

1136
01:02:55,600 --> 01:02:58,700
the craters on our own Moon, the
moon's of Jupiter, all the rings

1137
01:02:58,700 --> 01:03:01,200
of Saturn. 
They didn't know that those five

1138
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:03,500
straight stars were worlds in 
and of themselves. 

1139
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:06,500
All that the Milky Way was 
composed of billions of 

1140
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:09,600
individual Stars. 
However, they could tell you the

1141
01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:13,300
precise time of the next full 
moon, the sun's Zenith or which 

1142
01:03:13,308 --> 01:03:16,700
stars would be visible on any 
given night of the year compared

1143
01:03:16,700 --> 01:03:19,200
to many of us today. 
These early observers had a 

1144
01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:22,700
deeper understanding of the sky.
How recently have you observed, 

1145
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:25,400
the Big Dipper's gradual 
nighttime, rotation around the 

1146
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:28,600
North Star? 
or that if you know, exactly 

1147
01:03:28,600 --> 01:03:31,600
where to look Venus can 
occasionally be seen during the 

1148
01:03:31,608 --> 01:03:35,400
day The sky was a constant 
companion to these ancient 

1149
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:38,400
astronomers who read it. 
As we do the news, the 

1150
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:41,300
longest-running scientific 
Endeavor in human history had 

1151
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:44,800
suddenly started Tens of 
thousands of years, it would go 

1152
01:03:44,800 --> 01:03:48,500
on uninterrupted, evolving from 
one generation to the next and 

1153
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:52,100
becoming more accurate and 
sophisticated with every Century

1154
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:55,500
that went by all because someone
somewhere thought that perhaps 

1155
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:58,000
the lovely lights in the sky 
were trying to convey something 

1156
01:03:58,000 --> 01:04:00,700
significant. 
We must now briefly discuss the 

1157
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:03,200
ancient Egyptians if we were to 
discuss people who took 

1158
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,600
astronomy, seriously These 
people centered their entire 

1159
01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:09,300
civilization on the Stars, not 
just observing them. 

1160
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:13,000
And by built, I mean, literally,
as they positioned their 

1161
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:16,400
monuments, with the accuracy of 
a fine watchmaker in relation to

1162
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:19,300
celestial objects, most likely 
you've heard of the Great 

1163
01:04:19,300 --> 01:04:22,600
Pyramid of Giza that enormous 
Stone construction that still 

1164
01:04:22,600 --> 01:04:25,700
baffles Engineers today and 
leaves them wondering how in the

1165
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,500
world it was built. 
What you might not know though, 

1166
01:04:28,500 --> 01:04:32,200
is that it is oriented. 
So closely to True North that 

1167
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:34,600
the difference is less than one 
15th of a degree. 

1168
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:38,300
That's more accurate than a lot 
of contemporary buildings to put

1169
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:42,000
that in perspective, without GPS
laser levels or any of the other

1170
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:43,500
tools. 
We now consider necessary. 

1171
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:47,400
How did they accomplish this? 
Naturally they made use of the 

1172
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:49,900
Stars. 
They specifically employed a 

1173
01:04:49,900 --> 01:04:53,000
method based on the North Pole 
circumference which stars follow

1174
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:56,200
they were able to determine True
North with remarkable accuracy 

1175
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,800
by observing a star at its 
eastern and western extremes 

1176
01:04:59,800 --> 01:05:02,600
during the night and then 
calculating the midpoint between

1177
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,700
those positions. 
However, the Egyptians weren't 

1178
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:08,500
merely showcasing, their powers 
in building pyramids, they were 

1179
01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:12,000
obsessed with the astronomy for 
pragmatic reasons, the Nile 

1180
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:15,300
Rivers yearly flooding, which 
spread Rich fertile silt over. 

1181
01:05:15,300 --> 01:05:18,500
The Farmland was essential to 
Egypt entire agricultural 

1182
01:05:18,500 --> 01:05:20,900
system. 
You risk starvation. 

1183
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:24,000
If you missed the timing of this
flood, if you do it correctly, 

1184
01:05:24,000 --> 01:05:27,800
you will have a lot of crops. 
The issue was that unlike many 

1185
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:31,000
other cultures, the flooding of 
the Nile did not occur according

1186
01:05:31,000 --> 01:05:34,900
to the lunar calendar, rather it
tracked, what is now known as 

1187
01:05:34,900 --> 01:05:37,400
the solely year which is the 
amount of time? 

1188
01:05:37,400 --> 01:05:41,000
It takes for Earth to complete 
one orbit around the Sun as a 

1189
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:43,700
result, the Egyptians had to 
monitor the sun's position far, 

1190
01:05:43,700 --> 01:05:46,400
more precisely than their 
neighbors every year, they 

1191
01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:49,200
observed, that a specific star 
would emerge on the Eastern 

1192
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:51,900
Horizon. 
Just Before Dawn, right before 

1193
01:05:51,900 --> 01:05:55,700
the Nile started to flood, their
Cosmic alarm clock, was this 

1194
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:59,200
star, which we call serious, and
they called sopdet. 

1195
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:03,900
After being invisible for weeks,
serious appeared in the pre-dawn

1196
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:06,600
sky signaling that the flood 
would arrive in a few days. 

1197
01:06:06,600 --> 01:06:10,300
They created one of the most 
precise calendars in Antiquity 

1198
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:14,500
based on this observation, 
creating a 365-day year that was

1199
01:06:14,500 --> 01:06:16,300
only off by roughly a quarter of
a day. 

1200
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:19,600
Not bad for those with boundless
patients and stone tools. 

1201
01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:22,800
We also have some of the oldest 
written records of astronomical 

1202
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:25,800
observations, from the 
Egyptians, they made maps of the

1203
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:29,000
Stars, monitored the motion of 
planets, and device complex 

1204
01:06:29,000 --> 01:06:31,500
techniques for determining the 
time at night. 

1205
01:06:32,800 --> 01:06:36,000
As each Deacon Rose above the 
Horizon during the night, it 

1206
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:38,800
marked the passage of time like 
a Celestial clock. 

1207
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:42,300
They separated the night sky 
into 36 sections. 

1208
01:06:42,300 --> 01:06:45,400
Each of which was linked to a 
group of stars known as a 

1209
01:06:45,400 --> 01:06:48,500
deacon, as the official 
astronomers their priests 

1210
01:06:48,500 --> 01:06:51,200
developed extraordinary. 
Skills in four casting Heavenly 

1211
01:06:51,200 --> 01:06:53,700
occurrences. 
They could predict precisely 

1212
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:56,600
when the Sun would rise to 
particular positions in the sky.

1213
01:06:56,600 --> 01:07:00,500
When the next new moon would 
occur and went specific Stars 

1214
01:07:00,500 --> 01:07:04,700
would rise, the Pharos Divine 
Authority, agricultural planning

1215
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:07,800
and religious ceremony is all 
depended on this knowledge which

1216
01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:11,000
was not merely academic. 
Speaking of pharaohs, the 

1217
01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:14,000
Egyptians considered their 
rulers, to be actual Gods with 

1218
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,400
direct ties to the heavens. 
Their entire approach to 

1219
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:19,300
astronomy was influenced by this
belief. 

1220
01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:22,500
The Sun. 
God Ra was frequently equated 

1221
01:07:22,500 --> 01:07:26,000
with the pharaoh's divine nature
and in order to preserve Cosmic 

1222
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:29,400
order significant rituals had to
be timed to coincide with 

1223
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:32,700
astronomical occurrences. 
The idea that the solar year 

1224
01:07:32,708 --> 01:07:35,600
differs from the lunar year, 
which is employed by many other 

1225
01:07:35,600 --> 01:07:40,500
cultures was also created by the
Egyptians Solely year, which is 

1226
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:42,400
determined by the sons apparent 
position. 

1227
01:07:42,400 --> 01:07:47,000
In relation to the background 
Stars has roughly 365 and a 

1228
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:50,200
quarter days, whereas a lunar 
year, which is determined by the

1229
01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:53,300
moon's phases has roughly 354 
days. 

1230
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,700
Even though this might not seem 
like much, it adds up over time.

1231
01:07:58,600 --> 01:08:01,200
Seasons in a society with a 
lunar calendar alone would 

1232
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:04,500
progressively become out of sync
with the calendar, the Egyptians

1233
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:07,300
resolved, this issue by 
concentrating solely on the sun 

1234
01:08:07,300 --> 01:08:09,800
and stars and essentially 
disregarding the moon for 

1235
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:13,300
calendar purposes. 
This was a groundbreaking method

1236
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,399
that would eventually inform our
current calendar system and have

1237
01:08:16,399 --> 01:08:18,300
an impact on Greek and Roman 
calendars. 

1238
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:22,100
However, Egyptian astronomy is 
record-keeping was arguably. 

1239
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:25,899
Its most remarkable feature. 
They tracked long-term Celestial

1240
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:28,700
Cycles by keeping meticulous 
records of their observations 

1241
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:32,000
over centuries. 
They discovered that serious is 

1242
01:08:32,000 --> 01:08:34,800
rising, gradually changed in 
relation to their calendar, 

1243
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:41,300
completing a full cycle, every 
1,460 years, rather than simply 

1244
01:08:41,300 --> 01:08:42,800
rising at the same time every 
year. 

1245
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:46,200
They came up with the idea of 
the suffix cycle. 

1246
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:50,399
Which was named after Sophos 
another name for serious, as a 

1247
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:53,500
result of this observation. 
It's almost unbelievable how 

1248
01:08:53,500 --> 01:08:57,200
accurate their observations are 
year after year, the heliacal 

1249
01:08:57,200 --> 01:09:00,200
rising of Sirius. 
The planets first appearance 

1250
01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:03,700
Before, Dawn after a period of 
invisibility, could be predicted

1251
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:05,899
by Egyptian astronomers to 
within a day or two. 

1252
01:09:06,800 --> 01:09:09,600
They were able to observe that 
Venus has both Morning Star, and

1253
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:12,700
evening star phases. 
And that Mars has a longer cycle

1254
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:14,200
than the other planets that are 
visible. 

1255
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:17,200
They even created tools to Aid 
in their observations. 

1256
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:20,000
They were able to align 
structures with astronomical 

1257
01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:23,500
accuracy, thanks to the market, 
which was basically a sighting 

1258
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:26,800
tool made from a Parmley Friv, 
it served as an Antiquated. 

1259
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:29,600
Surveying tool that could 
accurately determine angles and 

1260
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:32,200
Direction's when used in 
conjunction with a plumbline 

1261
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:35,600
appear, that explain the Motions
of celestial bodies and their 

1262
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:38,899
relevance to Earthly events are 
among the earliest known, 

1263
01:09:38,899 --> 01:09:41,399
astronomical writings produced 
by the Egyptians. 

1264
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:45,000
These records demonstrate a 
highly-developed knowledge of 

1265
01:09:45,008 --> 01:09:48,600
astronomical cycles and how they
relate to pragmatic issues like 

1266
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:51,600
farming and religious holidays. 
The way they combine their 

1267
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:53,800
understanding of astronomy with 
their religious and 

1268
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:55,400
philosophical. 
Beliefs is especially 

1269
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:58,400
intriguing. 
The sky was more than just a 

1270
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:00,400
group of far off lights to the 
Egyptians. 

1271
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:03,200
It was a blueprint for 
preserving Harmony Between 

1272
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:06,400
Heaven and Earth. 
A map of the afterlife, and a 

1273
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:08,800
roadmap for the pharaoh's 
journey to join the gods. 

1274
01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:12,100
A mythological framework for 
comprehending the daily cycle of

1275
01:10:12,100 --> 01:10:16,300
sunrise and sunset was provided 
by their goddess nut, who was 

1276
01:10:16,300 --> 01:10:19,100
set to swallow the Sun, every 
evening and give birth to it 

1277
01:10:19,100 --> 01:10:22,100
every morning. 
Serious was connected to Isis, 

1278
01:10:22,100 --> 01:10:26,400
his Divine, consort and of Cyrus
the god of the afterlife to the 

1279
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:28,100
constellation. 
We Now call Orion. 

1280
01:10:29,200 --> 01:10:32,600
These were not merely Tales, 
they were sophisticated attempts

1281
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:35,800
to use the conceptual tools at 
their disposal to make sense of 

1282
01:10:35,800 --> 01:10:39,200
the universe for Millennia to 
come civilization's would be 

1283
01:10:39,200 --> 01:10:41,500
influenced by the Egyptian 
approach to astronomy. 

1284
01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:45,000
They established a model that 
other cultures would follow and 

1285
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:47,100
expand upon through their 
strategies for monitoring 

1286
01:10:47,100 --> 01:10:50,000
astronomical Cycles. 
Their methods for exact 

1287
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,300
alignment and their Fusion of 
astronomical knowledge with real

1288
01:10:53,300 --> 01:10:56,200
world applications. 
That's not bad for a 

1289
01:10:56,200 --> 01:10:59,400
civilization that thrived more 
than 4,000 years ago, with only 

1290
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:02,500
their eyes, their minds. 
And the unwavering conviction 

1291
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,500
that the secrets of the sky were
the keys to knowing everything 

1292
01:11:05,500 --> 01:11:08,100
that mattered. 
The Babylonians were the masters

1293
01:11:08,100 --> 01:11:11,300
of mathematics, if the Egyptians
were, the painstaking record 

1294
01:11:11,300 --> 01:11:14,600
keepers of the ancient 
astronomical world, you know 

1295
01:11:14,608 --> 01:11:18,000
what this needs? 
Numbers, lots and lots of 

1296
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:20,300
numbers. 
These people thought, after 

1297
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:23,600
taking a quick, look at all 
those Celestial observations the

1298
01:11:23,600 --> 01:11:27,800
Babylonians who inhabited what 
is now in Mesopotamia faced a 

1299
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:30,500
difficult dilemma. 
The Babylonians had to contend 

1300
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:33,400
with the much less Dependable 
Tigris and Euphrates rivers, 

1301
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:36,700
then the Egyptians who could 
count on the Niles consistent. 

1302
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:40,600
Flooding, Their ability to 
comprehend, intricate patterns 

1303
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:44,200
of rainfall River levels and 
seasonal variations, which 

1304
01:11:44,200 --> 01:11:46,900
varied considerably more 
drastically from year to year 

1305
01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:49,300
was essential to their 
agricultural success. 

1306
01:11:49,300 --> 01:11:52,400
They developed an obsession with
looking for patterns in 

1307
01:11:52,400 --> 01:11:56,400
everything, particularly the sky
as a result of this uncertainty.

1308
01:11:57,300 --> 01:11:59,400
Perhaps they could make more 
accurate predictions about 

1309
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:01,700
events on Earth. 
If they could only figure out 

1310
01:12:01,700 --> 01:12:04,800
the laws governing Celestial 
movements as a result. 

1311
01:12:04,800 --> 01:12:07,900
They created, what is now 
regarded as the first authentic,

1312
01:12:07,900 --> 01:12:12,300
mathematical astronomy the 300 
360 degree circle, which is so 

1313
01:12:12,300 --> 01:12:14,900
essential to mathematics. 
And navigation that we still use

1314
01:12:14,900 --> 01:12:17,700
it today was invented by the 
Babylonians. 

1315
01:12:18,500 --> 01:12:27,600
Because 360 is divisible by so 
many numbers, 2 3 4, 5, 6, 8 9 

1316
01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:41,600
10, 12, 15, 18, 20 24, 30 36, 40
45, 60 72, 90, 120 and 180. 

1317
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:45,000
They decided to use it in a 
world without computers or 

1318
01:12:45,000 --> 01:12:46,900
computers. 
This greatly simplified 

1319
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:49,900
calculations. 
In addition, they created the 

1320
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:53,400
sex adjustable base 60 system 
for measuring time and angles 

1321
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:57,000
which divides an hour into 60 
minutes and a minute into 60 

1322
01:12:57,000 --> 01:13:00,800
seconds. 
Why 16 it is extremely helpful 

1323
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:04,100
for breaking things down into 
smaller more manageable Parts 

1324
01:13:04,100 --> 01:13:08,200
because, like, 360 it has many 
factors here is where the 

1325
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:11,300
Babylonians truly excelled. 
However, as they discovered 

1326
01:13:11,300 --> 01:13:14,100
that, the planets are simply 
chaotic movements, actually, 

1327
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:17,800
followed mathematical patterns. 
They found that mathematical 

1328
01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:20,400
formulas, could be used to 
describe the motion of a planet 

1329
01:13:20,400 --> 01:13:23,600
if its position was closely 
monitored over a period of 

1330
01:13:23,608 --> 01:13:26,200
years. 
The notion that the heavens 

1331
01:13:26,200 --> 01:13:29,000
functioned in accordance with 
mathematical laws that people 

1332
01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:31,200
could learn and comprehend was 
revolutionary. 

1333
01:13:31,200 --> 01:13:35,200
Consider Mars for centuries. 
Astronomers have been baffled. 

1334
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:38,400
By this planet seemingly 
unpredictable Behavior, like the

1335
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:41,600
Sun and Moon, Mars would 
typically, travel steadily from 

1336
01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:45,800
west to east against the 
background Stars, however, it 

1337
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:48,800
would occasionally slow down. 
Pause, go in the opposite 

1338
01:13:48,800 --> 01:13:52,100
direction for a few weeks, pause
once more, and then start moving

1339
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:54,400
East. 
This was referred to by the 

1340
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:58,500
Greeks as retrograde motion and 
it appeared to defy, any logical

1341
01:13:58,500 --> 01:14:01,400
notion of how celestial bodies 
ought to function like the 

1342
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:04,000
mathematical detectives. 
They were the Babylonians 

1343
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:07,300
tackled this problem. 
They accumulated massive tables 

1344
01:14:07,300 --> 01:14:10,900
of data by meticulously 
monitoring Mars position night 

1345
01:14:10,900 --> 01:14:14,200
after night, month after month 
and year after year. 

1346
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:17,700
They have eventually found that 
the retrograde loops on Mars had

1347
01:14:17,700 --> 01:14:22,400
a regular pattern repeating 
every 687 days which is now 

1348
01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:25,300
known to be the orbital period 
of the planet in order to Four 

1349
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,100
cast precisely when Mars would 
start, his retrograde motion, 

1350
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:31,700
how long it would last and where
the planet would be at any given

1351
01:14:31,700 --> 01:14:34,900
point in the future, they 
created complex mathematical 

1352
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:38,300
models, they only concentrated 
on identifying mathematical 

1353
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:40,600
patterns, that worked not 
realizing that. 

1354
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:43,200
Mars apparent motion was 
actually caused by Earth, 

1355
01:14:43,200 --> 01:14:46,500
passing Mars, in its orbit 
around the Sun, the Babylonians 

1356
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:49,100
treated, every planet that was 
visible in the same way. 

1357
01:14:49,900 --> 01:14:53,100
For Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter 
and Saturn. 

1358
01:14:53,100 --> 01:14:55,900
They developed intricate 
mathematical models that were 

1359
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:57,300
tailored to take into 
consideration. 

1360
01:14:57,300 --> 01:15:00,000
The unique characteristics and 
trends of each planet. 

1361
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:03,400
Surprisingly accurate, these 
models frequently predicted 

1362
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:05,700
planetary positions to within a 
degree or two. 

1363
01:15:05,700 --> 01:15:08,800
They also significantly improved
our knowledge of lunar cycles. 

1364
01:15:08,800 --> 01:15:11,600
The Babylonians were able to 
predict a Clips is with 

1365
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:15,200
remarkable accuracy, after they 
learned, that they follow an 18 

1366
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:17,500
year, 11 day cycle known as the 
Saros. 

1367
01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:21,100
This was not merely academic 
knowledge because eclipse is 

1368
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,500
were frequently interpreted as 
Divine Omens that baloney and 

1369
01:15:24,500 --> 01:15:27,100
Priests who were able to predict
them enjoyed great power and 

1370
01:15:27,100 --> 01:15:30,200
Prestige give them that they 
operated without telescope's 

1371
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:33,200
without access to contemporary 
mathematical notation. 

1372
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:36,300
And without any knowledge of the
actual solar system structure, 

1373
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,600
it is nearly impossible to 
comprehend the mathematical 

1374
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:41,700
sophistication of Babylonian 
astronomy. 

1375
01:15:42,400 --> 01:15:45,200
The employed iterative 
algorithms produce, mathematical

1376
01:15:45,200 --> 01:15:46,800
models. 
That would not be out of place 

1377
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:49,400
in a contemporary calculus 
textbook and developed 

1378
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:52,800
polynomial functions. 
Thousands of cuneiform scripted 

1379
01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:56,000
clay tablets that contain their 
astronomical records of survived

1380
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:59,000
to this day. 
Perusing them is akin to peering

1381
01:15:59,000 --> 01:16:01,400
into the ancient mathematical 
astronomers Workshop. 

1382
01:16:01,400 --> 01:16:05,000
You can observe them solving 
issues experimenting with 

1383
01:16:05,000 --> 01:16:07,800
various strategies and 
progressively improving their 

1384
01:16:07,800 --> 01:16:09,500
models to attain higher 
accuracy. 

1385
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,800
Babylonian astronomers long-term
Outlook was among its most 

1386
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:16,500
remarkable features because they
kept meticulous records for 

1387
01:16:16,500 --> 01:16:18,300
centuries. 
They were able to identify 

1388
01:16:18,300 --> 01:16:21,600
cycles and patterns that 
observers working over shorter 

1389
01:16:21,600 --> 01:16:25,000
time periods, would miss They 
observed that some Celestial 

1390
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:27,300
patterns required over decades 
and even centuries. 

1391
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:30,600
In addition to years, they 
discovered, what a now known as 

1392
01:16:30,608 --> 01:16:34,400
great conjunctions rare, 
alignments of multiple planets 

1393
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:37,600
that only happen once every few 
decades, as a result of their 

1394
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:40,800
long-term approach, they were 
highly regarded as the most 

1395
01:16:40,800 --> 01:16:43,500
accomplished astronomers and 
mathematicians of antiquity 

1396
01:16:43,500 --> 01:16:46,500
because they were able to 
forcast these events centuries 

1397
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:49,100
in advance. 
The Zodiac was also created by 

1398
01:16:49,100 --> 01:16:53,300
the Babylonians who divided the 
sky into 1230 degrees segments, 

1399
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,900
Each of which was connected to a
constellation along the sun's 

1400
01:16:56,900 --> 01:17:00,700
apparent annual path. 
This was mainly a coordinate 

1401
01:17:00,700 --> 01:17:03,200
system that enabled them to 
precisely and mathematically 

1402
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:05,200
describe the positions of 
celestial objects. 

1403
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:08,600
Not just for astrological 
purposes though. 

1404
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:10,000
They did use it for that as 
well. 

1405
01:17:10,000 --> 01:17:13,100
It is difficult to overestimate 
their impact on later. 

1406
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:17,000
Astronomy, Greek astronomers 
Drew extensively on Babylonian 

1407
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:20,000
observations and mathematical 
methods, when they started 

1408
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:24,200
formulating their own theories. 
Apollonian mathematicians were 

1409
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:26,800
the original creators of many of
the mathematical instruments 

1410
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:29,200
that astronomers used during the
Middle Ages and into the 

1411
01:17:29,208 --> 01:17:32,000
Renaissance. 
It is amazing how they were able

1412
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:34,700
to create such complex, 
mathematical models while 

1413
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:37,600
operating under a totally false 
understanding of the structure 

1414
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:41,000
of the solar system. 
They believed that the sun moon 

1415
01:17:41,000 --> 01:17:44,900
and planets all orbited the 
Earth, which they believed to be

1416
01:17:44,900 --> 01:17:48,500
at the center of the universe. 
Their mathematical models, were 

1417
01:17:48,500 --> 01:17:51,400
precise enough to make amazing 
predictions about celestial 

1418
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:53,500
events. 
In spite of this basic 

1419
01:17:53,500 --> 01:17:56,500
misunderstanding, the 
Babylonians demonstrated that it

1420
01:17:56,500 --> 01:17:58,900
is not always necessary to 
comprehend, the fundamental 

1421
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:01,900
physics of a system in order to 
mathematically, explain Its 

1422
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:04,200
Behavior. 
Even when your theoretical 

1423
01:18:04,200 --> 01:18:07,600
framework is entirely incorrect,
there are situations when 

1424
01:18:07,600 --> 01:18:10,200
careful observation and 
mathematical analysis can yield 

1425
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:13,700
valuable results. 
It began with some very patient 

1426
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:17,100
astronomers in ancient 
Mesopotamia staring at the sky 

1427
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:19,100
and writing numbers on clay 
tablets. 

1428
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:21,900
This lesson would prove useful 
throughout the history of 

1429
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:24,300
science. 
The Greeks on the other hand, 

1430
01:18:24,300 --> 01:18:27,100
had views on everything 
including the sky. 

1431
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:30,500
If the Egyptians were the 
Practical astronomers and the 

1432
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,000
Babylonians were the 
mathematical record Keepers. 

1433
01:18:33,000 --> 01:18:35,700
Then the Greeks were the ones 
who gazed up at the night sky 

1434
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,400
and asked themselves. 
This is all very nice, but what 

1435
01:18:38,400 --> 01:18:41,700
does it mean the Greeks wanted 
to know why celestial objects 

1436
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:44,000
moved the way. 
They did not just where they 

1437
01:18:44,000 --> 01:18:47,100
would be. 
Despite the fact that many of 

1438
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:50,700
their conclusions were wildly 
incorrect, this move from what. 

1439
01:18:50,700 --> 01:18:54,400
And when to why signaled, the 
start of what we might identify 

1440
01:18:54,400 --> 01:18:57,500
as modern scientific thinking. 
One of the first Greek 

1441
01:18:57,500 --> 01:19:00,600
philosophers to take astronomy, 
seriously, was thales of Malita 

1442
01:19:00,600 --> 01:19:05,300
who lived Circa 600. 
BCE A battle between the lydians

1443
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:07,800
and Meads is said to have been 
ended by Feliz, famously 

1444
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:13,500
prophesied, solar eclipse and 
585 BCE when both armies was so 

1445
01:19:13,500 --> 01:19:16,400
frightened by the unexpected 
darkness, that they promptly 

1446
01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:19,200
declared peace, regardless of 
its veracity. 

1447
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,400
This tale demonstrates, the kind
of authority that ancient 

1448
01:19:22,400 --> 01:19:26,200
astronomy could bestow, however,
faileys was only the start. 

1449
01:19:26,900 --> 01:19:29,600
It was the Greeks who dared to 
pose more ambitious questions 

1450
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:31,500
that truly revolutionized 
astronomy. 

1451
01:19:32,300 --> 01:19:35,600
Similar to an axe Amanda who 
postulated that the Earth was 

1452
01:19:35,600 --> 01:19:39,600
free to float in space without 
any assistance, a radical notion

1453
01:19:39,600 --> 01:19:41,700
that contradicted, the 
conventional wisdom that the 

1454
01:19:41,700 --> 01:19:43,400
Earth must be supported by 
something. 

1455
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:47,600
Be at a gigantic elephant, a 
giant turtle or some other 

1456
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:51,400
Cosmic Foundation, then came 
Pythagoras, The Man Behind the 

1457
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:53,900
well-known, theorem who made an 
even more significant 

1458
01:19:53,900 --> 01:19:57,000
contribution to astronomy the 
notion that the Universe 

1459
01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:59,700
functioned in accordance with 
mathematical principles. 

1460
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:02,300
Pythagoras. 
And his adherence held that the 

1461
01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:05,500
fundamental building blocks of 
reality were numbers and the 

1462
01:20:05,500 --> 01:20:08,700
profound truths about the nature
of existence could be discovered

1463
01:20:08,700 --> 01:20:11,500
by comprehending, the 
mathematical relationships, 

1464
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:15,000
governing, Celestial movements, 
Pythagoras and his followers saw

1465
01:20:15,000 --> 01:20:18,800
that musical Harmony was based 
on basic mathematical ratios and

1466
01:20:18,800 --> 01:20:21,800
they theorized that the planets 
moving through their Celestial 

1467
01:20:21,800 --> 01:20:24,100
paths. 
Must create a kind of cosmic 

1468
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:26,600
music, based on similar 
mathematical principles. 

1469
01:20:26,600 --> 01:20:29,900
This mathematical approach led 
to one of the most beautiful 

1470
01:20:29,900 --> 01:20:31,200
errors in the history of 
astronomy. 

1471
01:20:31,900 --> 01:20:33,500
The idea of The Music of the 
Spheres. 

1472
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:36,900
They thought that because we had
been exposed to this Celestial 

1473
01:20:36,900 --> 01:20:38,900
music. 
Since birth, we were unable to 

1474
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:41,700
hear it even though it was 
playing all around us though. 

1475
01:20:41,700 --> 01:20:43,800
It's a beautiful notion and holy
and correct. 

1476
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:46,400
It highlights a significant 
aspect of Greek. 

1477
01:20:46,400 --> 01:20:49,600
Thought they sought to 
understand and give meaning, to 

1478
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:52,400
Celestial phenomena rather than 
merely described. 

1479
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:57,000
Them Plato, who wrote his well 
known dialogue, tymia around 380

1480
01:20:57,000 --> 01:21:00,000
BCE and offered a theory 
regarding the universe's 

1481
01:21:00,000 --> 01:21:02,300
creation. 
Mark, the Pinnacle of this Quest

1482
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:05,100
For Greater meaning. 
Plato, claimed that a Divine 

1483
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:08,400
Craftsman known as the demiurge,
created the universe by 

1484
01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:11,300
arranging chaos, into a logical 
harmonious hole using 

1485
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:13,500
mathematical principles 
Aristotle. 

1486
01:21:13,500 --> 01:21:16,800
A pupil of Plato took these 
Concepts and ran with them, 

1487
01:21:16,800 --> 01:21:20,000
developing the universe model 
that would dominate thought for 

1488
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:23,400
almost two millennia. 
According to Aristotle, the 

1489
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,900
universe was made up of a number
of nested, crystalline spheres. 

1490
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:30,200
Each of which carried a 
celestial object in its orbit 

1491
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:32,600
around the Earth, which was 
stationary at the center of the 

1492
01:21:32,600 --> 01:21:35,000
universe. 
Many of the observations made by

1493
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:37,200
ancient astronomers were 
explained by this model. 

1494
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:40,600
Because all of the stars were 
embedded in the outermost sphere

1495
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:44,500
which rotated once a day, they 
stayed fixed in relation to one 

1496
01:21:44,500 --> 01:21:48,100
another. 
Because each planet Moon and Sun

1497
01:21:48,100 --> 01:21:51,100
had its own sphere. 
They traveled across the sky at 

1498
01:21:51,100 --> 01:21:53,700
different speeds and took 
different routes Aristotle. 

1499
01:21:53,700 --> 01:21:56,400
However, attempted to explain 
why the universe had to be this 

1500
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:59,200
way rather than merely 
explaining the mechanics of 

1501
01:21:59,200 --> 01:22:02,800
celestial motion. 
Since the Earth was clearly the 

1502
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:06,100
heaviest object in the area and 
heavy objects gravitate toward 

1503
01:22:06,100 --> 01:22:08,600
the center. 
He contended that the Earth must

1504
01:22:08,600 --> 01:22:11,500
be at the center. 
Since circles were the most 

1505
01:22:11,500 --> 01:22:15,200
ideal geometric shape and the 
heavens had to be Flawless. 

1506
01:22:15,200 --> 01:22:18,800
He insisted that. 
All celestial objects must move 

1507
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:22,700
in perfect circles, this Union 
of philosophy mathematics and 

1508
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:24,400
observation was distinctly, 
Greek. 

1509
01:22:25,300 --> 01:22:27,600
They sought to comprehend. 
The fundamental ideas, that 

1510
01:22:27,600 --> 01:22:30,500
underpin the necessity and 
inevitability of the celestial 

1511
01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:32,600
movements. 
Not merely to monitor them. 

1512
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:36,000
Hit Parker's one of the most 
remarkable Greek astronomers 

1513
01:22:36,000 --> 01:22:39,200
lived in. 
The second century BCE and 

1514
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:41,300
produced observations that were 
so accurate. 

1515
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:43,000
They were unrivaled for more 
than a millennium. 

1516
01:22:43,900 --> 01:22:46,800
By charting the locations and 
relative brightnesses of more 

1517
01:22:46,800 --> 01:22:50,100
than 800 Stars hipparcos 
produced, the first thorough 

1518
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:52,600
star catalog. 
Additionally, he discovered the 

1519
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:56,000
precession of the equinoxes, 
which is the gradual oscillation

1520
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:58,900
in Earth rotation, that results 
in a shift in the north 

1521
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:01,400
Celestial. 
Poles position over a roughly 

1522
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:05,000
26,000 years cycle. 
A park has made this discovery 

1523
01:23:05,000 --> 01:23:08,400
after noticing minor but 
consistent variations in Star 

1524
01:23:08,400 --> 01:23:11,400
positions while comparing his 
own observations with those of 

1525
01:23:11,400 --> 01:23:14,800
previous astronomers. 
A Parker saw these discrepancies

1526
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:18,200
as proof of a gradual long-term 
shift in Earth orientation, with

1527
01:23:18,200 --> 01:23:21,300
respect to the Stars, which are 
less attentive Observer might 

1528
01:23:21,300 --> 01:23:23,900
have mistakenly ascribed to 
errors in the older records. 

1529
01:23:23,900 --> 01:23:27,300
It takes extraordinary, 
Precision to detect procession 

1530
01:23:27,300 --> 01:23:29,600
even over the course of a human 
lifetime. 

1531
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:32,300
The shift we're discussing 
roughly one degree. 

1532
01:23:32,300 --> 01:23:37,600
Every 72 years is hardly notice 
of however was cautious enough 

1533
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:40,200
in his own measurements and had 
access to Babylonian records 

1534
01:23:40,200 --> 01:23:42,500
dating back. 
Several centuries to pick up on 

1535
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:46,600
this remarkably subtle effect. 
Hit Parkers also significantly 

1536
01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:48,500
Advanced our knowledge of the 
Moon and Sun. 

1537
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:51,900
He estimated the link of the 
lunar month to be less than one 

1538
01:23:51,900 --> 01:23:54,800
second accurate and he 
calculated the length of the 

1539
01:23:54,800 --> 01:23:57,800
year to be within roughly six 
minutes of the right value. 

1540
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:00,900
He even tried using a solar 
eclipse to calculate the 

1541
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:03,800
distance to the Moon but his 
result was only approximately 

1542
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:07,900
accurate aristarchus of Samos a 
Greek astronomer who lived in 

1543
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:12,600
the third Century BCE was 
arguably the most ambitious he 

1544
01:24:12,600 --> 01:24:17,100
made a complet Novel suggestion 
that the Sun not the Earth was 

1545
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:20,700
the center of the universe. 
In order to explain the apparent

1546
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:23,200
motion of celestial objects 
without requiring the entire 

1547
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:24,800
universe to revolve around the 
earth. 

1548
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:28,300
Aristarchus proposed that the 
Earth rotated on its axis. 

1549
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:31,100
Once daily and orbited the sun 
once annually. 

1550
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,300
Other Greek astronomers, largely
disregarded this extremely 

1551
01:24:34,300 --> 01:24:37,700
audacious notion, why? 
Because it appeared to go 

1552
01:24:37,708 --> 01:24:40,900
against both, careful 
observation and Common Sense, 

1553
01:24:40,900 --> 01:24:44,200
Would we not sense the earth 
rotation wouldn't? 

1554
01:24:44,200 --> 01:24:45,600
The Stars seem to change 
position? 

1555
01:24:45,600 --> 01:24:48,500
As we looked at them from 
various points in our orbit. 

1556
01:24:48,500 --> 01:24:51,200
If the Earth were traveling 
through space, considering the 

1557
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:53,400
observational instruments of the
Greeks disposal. 

1558
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:55,900
These objections were entirely 
valid. 

1559
01:24:56,700 --> 01:24:59,400
Since they had no reference 
point out, the rotating system, 

1560
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:03,000
they were unable to perceive the
effects of Earth rotation and 

1561
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:05,800
were unable to detect the 
extremely subtle Parallax 

1562
01:25:05,800 --> 01:25:07,700
shifts, that would result from 
Stella motion. 

1563
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:10,900
Therefore, the majority of Greek
astronomers continued to use 

1564
01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:13,900
increasingly intricate version 
of the earth-centered universe 

1565
01:25:13,900 --> 01:25:17,600
rather than adopting aristarchus
heliocentric model. 

1566
01:25:18,800 --> 01:25:21,500
Claudius Ptolemy created the 
most advanced of these in the 

1567
01:25:21,508 --> 01:25:24,700
second century CE. 
In order to account for the 

1568
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:27,100
intricate movements of the 
planets, while maintaining the 

1569
01:25:27,100 --> 01:25:28,400
Earth at the center of 
everything. 

1570
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:31,400
Ptolemy's model employed, 
intricate combinations of 

1571
01:25:31,408 --> 01:25:35,800
circles, moving on other circles
referred to as epicycles for 

1572
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:38,500
more than a millennium. 
Ptolemy system was the accepted 

1573
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:41,800
astronomical model because it 
was mathematically complex and 

1574
01:25:41,800 --> 01:25:44,000
reasonably accurate in 
predicting the positions of 

1575
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:46,900
planets. 
It also required dozens of 

1576
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:50,100
meticulously adjusted circles to
match observations, making it 

1577
01:25:50,108 --> 01:25:53,300
extremely complex. 
To keep the model functioning 

1578
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:55,900
and increasing. 
Number of epicycles had to be 

1579
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:58,400
added as astronomical 
observations improved over the 

1580
01:25:58,408 --> 01:26:00,900
centuries. 
Significant progress was also 

1581
01:26:00,900 --> 01:26:03,300
made by the Greeks in 
determining, the Earth's size 

1582
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:05,400
and the separations between 
celestial bodies. 

1583
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:09,000
Eratosthenes determined the 
circumference of the Earth in 

1584
01:26:09,000 --> 01:26:12,400
240. 
BC ee like comparing the angles 

1585
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:14,400
of Shadows in two cities on the 
same day. 

1586
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:17,600
And at the same time to within a
few percent of the right value, 

1587
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:20,600
his result was accurate 
eratosthenes approach was 

1588
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:23,900
elegantly straightforward. 
He was aware that at noon on the

1589
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:26,000
summer. 
Solstice, the sun was directly 

1590
01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:30,500
overhead in the city of scene 
present day as 1, Egypt and Sean

1591
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:34,100
straight down a deep. 
Well, He used the shadow cast by

1592
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:37,200
a vertical pole, to determine 
the sun's angle in Alexandria, 

1593
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:40,400
some 500 miles to the north on 
the same day. 

1594
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:43,800
And at the same time, He was 
able to determine the 

1595
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:46,500
circumference of the earth by 
using the geometry of circles, 

1596
01:26:46,500 --> 01:26:49,800
and the known distance between 
the two cities, this 

1597
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:52,800
accomplishment is especially 
noteworthy because it called for

1598
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:56,500
both mathematical proficiency 
and the organizational ability 

1599
01:26:56,500 --> 01:26:59,000
to coordinate observations over 
a great distance. 

1600
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:02,700
It illustrates the advanced 
degree of scientific cooperation

1601
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:06,000
that Greek researchers were able
to accomplish the Greeks 

1602
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:08,600
contribution to astronomy was 
their method of comprehending. 

1603
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:11,300
The universe, not just their 
particular discoveries. 

1604
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:14,400
They were the first Society to 
approach astronomical. 

1605
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,800
Phenomena methodically using 
philosophical analysis and 

1606
01:27:17,800 --> 01:27:21,300
mathematical reasoning. 
They created many of the logical

1607
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:23,800
and mathematical instruments, 
that would be crucial for later,

1608
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,000
developments in astronomy and 
they established the idea that 

1609
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:29,400
the Universe functions in 
accordance with logical 

1610
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:33,000
discoverable laws, even though 
they were Incorrect and they 

1611
01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:34,400
were incorrect about a lot of 
things. 

1612
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:37,300
Their errors were constructive 
ones, that produced better 

1613
01:27:37,300 --> 01:27:40,000
inquiries, and more advanced 
methods of comprehending the 

1614
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:42,600
cosmos. 
In astronomy, the Greeks left 

1615
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:45,200
behind a whole system of 
scientific investigation. 

1616
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:47,400
Not just the particular facts. 
They found. 

1617
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:50,500
For a group of people who 
believe that the Earth was 

1618
01:27:50,500 --> 01:27:52,400
motionless at the center of the 
universe. 

1619
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:54,700
It's not bad. 
You might assume that 

1620
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:57,100
astronomical knowledge would 
have vanished into the European 

1621
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:00,000
Dark Ages following the collapse
of the Western Roman Empire. 

1622
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:04,000
However, it's one of those 
historical oversimplifications 

1623
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:08,200
that create great story but a 
bad history, the Islamic world 

1624
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:11,200
was going through what is now 
known as the Islamic golden age.

1625
01:28:11,200 --> 01:28:14,800
And astronomy was one of its 
crown jewels even though Europe 

1626
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:18,200
was going through some difficult
times, Islamic scholars began to

1627
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:22,200
improve expand and in many cases
completely transformed, the 

1628
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:25,600
astronomical knowledge of the 
Greeks that baloneys and Indians

1629
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:28,800
in the 8th Century CE. 
They made some of the most 

1630
01:28:28,808 --> 01:28:33,400
important contributions to 
pre-television their religious 

1631
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:36,200
convictions. 
Pragmatic need and intellectual 

1632
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:39,200
curiosity, the religious 
motivation was especially 

1633
01:28:39,200 --> 01:28:42,600
significant Muslims were 
required by Islamic law to face 

1634
01:28:42,600 --> 01:28:44,100
Mecca. 
And pray five times a day. 

1635
01:28:44,108 --> 01:28:47,200
So wherever you were in the 
world, you had to find the right

1636
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:49,400
direction. 
Additionally, you had to be 

1637
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:52,600
aware of the exact times for 
prayers, which change throughout

1638
01:28:52,600 --> 01:28:55,900
the day and year, based on the 
sun's position, you can see why 

1639
01:28:55,900 --> 01:28:58,800
Islamic culture plays such a 
high value on astronomical 

1640
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:01,000
accuracy. 
When you combine this with the 

1641
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:03,400
requirement, to determine the 
start of lunar months for 

1642
01:29:03,400 --> 01:29:07,000
religious observances. 
However, the Islamic astronomers

1643
01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:09,600
did much more than merely 
resolve pragmatic religious 

1644
01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:12,700
issues. 
They created observers studied 

1645
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:16,900
and translated ancient texts, 
created new mathematical methods

1646
01:29:16,900 --> 01:29:18,800
and made observations, with 
never. 

1647
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:23,000
Before seen accuracy in many 
respects, they were the first 

1648
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:26,300
astronomers to pursue a career 
devoted to studying the heavens 

1649
01:29:26,300 --> 01:29:29,100
during the late 9. 
Early 10th centuries. 

1650
01:29:29,100 --> 01:29:32,400
Alberti was one of the most 
remarkable early Islamic 

1651
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,900
astronomers. after applying 
rigorous mathematical analysis 

1652
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:39,500
to ptolemy's, Old observations, 
Alberti found that many of his 

1653
01:29:39,500 --> 01:29:42,900
measurements required 
substantial, Corrections, He 

1654
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:45,500
calculated the solar years 
length to within two minutes and

1655
01:29:45,500 --> 01:29:49,300
22 seconds of the right answer. 
Achieving an accuracy that would

1656
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:52,300
not be surpassed for several 
centuries albertan. 

1657
01:29:52,300 --> 01:29:54,600
He also observed the sun's 
apparent movement year round and

1658
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:58,600
found that the sun's perihelion 
or closest approach to Earth was

1659
01:29:58,600 --> 01:30:02,000
progressively changing. 
This observation demonstrated 

1660
01:30:02,000 --> 01:30:05,400
that Earth's, elliptical orbit, 
rotates slowly a phenomenon, 

1661
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:07,900
that would not be completely 
understood until centuries. 

1662
01:30:07,900 --> 01:30:10,800
Later, when Newton developed his
theory of gravitation. 

1663
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:14,100
However, the institutional 
approach that Islamic 

1664
01:30:14,100 --> 01:30:16,900
astronomers developed was 
perhaps even more impressive 

1665
01:30:16,900 --> 01:30:20,100
than individual discoveries. 
They set up important 

1666
01:30:20,100 --> 01:30:23,900
observatories in places like 
Baghdad Damascus and later 

1667
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:27,500
semakan and Istanbul. 
They were research institutes. 

1668
01:30:27,500 --> 01:30:29,800
Where groups of astronomers? 
Collaborated on long-term 

1669
01:30:29,800 --> 01:30:32,700
projects, keeping meticulous 
records and transferring 

1670
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:34,500
Knowledge from one generation to
the next. 

1671
01:30:34,500 --> 01:30:37,200
These were more than just 
building with instruments 

1672
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:39,300
founded in the early 19th 
century. 

1673
01:30:39,300 --> 01:30:41,900
The Observatory at Baghdad was a
noteworthy. 

1674
01:30:42,800 --> 01:30:45,700
Here astronomers worked on, 
improving star catalogs 

1675
01:30:45,700 --> 01:30:47,900
improving. 
Planetary position, prediction 

1676
01:30:47,900 --> 01:30:50,900
techniques and carrying out, 
systematic observations of 

1677
01:30:50,900 --> 01:30:53,600
celestial phenomena. 
They were able to combine 

1678
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:56,300
Knowledge from all over the 
world because they had access to

1679
01:30:56,308 --> 01:30:58,700
libraries. 
That held astronomical texts 

1680
01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:02,600
from Persian Indian Chinese and 
Greek sources. 

1681
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:05,500
The development of the Zedge 
comprehensive. 

1682
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,000
Astronomical tables, that could 
be used to forcast, the 

1683
01:31:08,000 --> 01:31:11,600
positions of the sun, moon, and 
planets, at any given time. 

1684
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,400
Was one of the most ambitious 
Endeavors carried out by Islamic

1685
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:18,300
astronomers. 
These tables which frequently 

1686
01:31:18,300 --> 01:31:22,300
reflected Decades of Labor, by 
teams of astronomers required, a

1687
01:31:22,300 --> 01:31:24,900
great deal of meticulous, 
observation and mathematical 

1688
01:31:24,900 --> 01:31:28,600
computation the Ziggy sultani 
which ulug beg and his group 

1689
01:31:28,600 --> 01:31:30,700
produced at the summer. 
Can observatory in the 15th 

1690
01:31:30,700 --> 01:31:33,000
century is the most well known 
of these. 

1691
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:37,300
This work was so accurate that 
well, into the telescopic age, 

1692
01:31:37,300 --> 01:31:40,400
it continued to be the standard 
reference for astronomical 

1693
01:31:40,400 --> 01:31:42,400
calculations in many parts of 
the world. 

1694
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:45,900
Significant progress was also 
made by Islamic astronomers in 

1695
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:48,200
the mathematical methods 
necessary for astronomy. 

1696
01:31:49,300 --> 01:31:53,000
By developing the sine cosine 
and tangent functions which 

1697
01:31:53,000 --> 01:31:54,900
remain essential to mathematics 
today. 

1698
01:31:54,900 --> 01:31:58,500
They elevated trigonometry to a 
highly Advanced mathematical 

1699
01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:00,300
tool. 
Additionally, they made 

1700
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:03,800
significant contributions to 
algebra by creating technique 

1701
01:32:03,800 --> 01:32:06,600
for resolving challenging 
equations that were necessary 

1702
01:32:06,600 --> 01:32:10,400
for computations in astronomy, 
theoretical, astronomy, or the 

1703
01:32:10,408 --> 01:32:12,900
creation of alternative models 
to explain Celestial. 

1704
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:16,500
Motions was the focus of some of
the most inventive Islamic 

1705
01:32:16,500 --> 01:32:19,300
astronomers. 
From a philosophical point of 

1706
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:21,800
view, the ptolemaic system had 
always been a little 

1707
01:32:21,808 --> 01:32:24,800
disappointing due to its 
intricate epicycle Arrangements.

1708
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:28,500
Alternative methods were 
developed by Islamic astronomers

1709
01:32:28,500 --> 01:32:32,400
such as alberuni and ibane 
haitham known as alhazen in the 

1710
01:32:32,408 --> 01:32:35,400
West in an effort to provide 
more physically plausible 

1711
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:37,300
explanations for planetary 
motions. 

1712
01:32:37,300 --> 01:32:41,000
The scientific methodology of 
alberuni who lived in the 11th 

1713
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:42,600
century was especially 
noteworthy. 

1714
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:46,400
He rejected explanations that 
could not be empirically tested 

1715
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:50,300
and insisted that conclusions. 
Be drawn solely from meticulous 

1716
01:32:50,300 --> 01:32:52,700
observations and mathematical 
analysis. 

1717
01:32:53,500 --> 01:32:56,400
Additionally, he demonstrated a 
level of intellectual Integrity.

1718
01:32:56,400 --> 01:33:00,000
That was uncommon for his era, 
by candidly acknowledging, the 

1719
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:03,300
shortcomings of his techniques 
and the unpredictability of his 

1720
01:33:03,300 --> 01:33:06,000
measurements using a different 
approach than eratosthenes. 

1721
01:33:06,000 --> 01:33:10,000
Albini carefully measured the 
circumference of the earth and 

1722
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:12,900
his results were accurate to 
within 1% of the right value. 

1723
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:16,100
In addition, he studied lunar 
craters in. 

1724
01:33:16,100 --> 01:33:18,700
Great detail and came to the 
accurate conclusion. 

1725
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:22,300
That impacts not volcanic 
activity, were responsible for 

1726
01:33:22,300 --> 01:33:25,300
their formation. 
This conclusion would not be 

1727
01:33:25,300 --> 01:33:28,300
accepted by European astronomers
for several more centuries. 

1728
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:31,100
The creation of more precise 
tools for observing. 

1729
01:33:31,100 --> 01:33:33,700
The Stars was one of Islamic 
astronomers most important 

1730
01:33:33,700 --> 01:33:36,800
contribution. 
They developed better models of 

1731
01:33:36,808 --> 01:33:39,800
the astrolabe, an advanced 
instrument, that could be used 

1732
01:33:39,800 --> 01:33:43,200
to measure the positions of 
planets, and stars, calculate, 

1733
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:46,200
local time and resolve a number 
of astronomical issues. 

1734
01:33:46,200 --> 01:33:49,900
In addition, Islamic instrument 
makers, created the Talkatone, 

1735
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:53,700
the quadrant and several types 
of sundials, all of which were 

1736
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:56,500
intended to more, precisely 
address particular, astronomical

1737
01:33:56,500 --> 01:34:00,000
issues than earlier devices. 
These tools were frequently, 

1738
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:03,100
both scientific and artistic 
Creations embellished with 

1739
01:34:03,100 --> 01:34:06,500
calligraphy and elaborate 
geometric designs in the hands 

1740
01:34:06,500 --> 01:34:09,000
of Islamic Artisans. 
The astrolabe in particular 

1741
01:34:09,000 --> 01:34:12,400
became so sophisticated that it 
transformed into a portable 

1742
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:15,900
analog computer that could solve
a variety of navigational and 

1743
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:18,500
astronomical issues. 
With a single device. 

1744
01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:20,100
Small enough to carry in one 
hand. 

1745
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:23,100
A competent user could predict 
the rising and setting times of 

1746
01:34:23,100 --> 01:34:26,900
stars determine the time of day 
or night, find the direction of 

1747
01:34:26,908 --> 01:34:29,900
Mecca from any location. 
And even cast, horoscopes 

1748
01:34:29,900 --> 01:34:33,300
important observations were also
made by Islamic astronomers, 

1749
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:36,700
they created star catalogs that 
were more thorough and accurate 

1750
01:34:36,700 --> 01:34:39,900
than any previously, published 
ones The observed comets 

1751
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:43,500
supernovae and other ephemeral, 
Celestial phenomena in great 

1752
01:34:43,500 --> 01:34:45,800
detail. 
They improved predictive models 

1753
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:48,300
by tracking Planet movements 
with previously, unheard of 

1754
01:34:48,300 --> 01:34:51,500
accuracy in the 10th Century, 
Abdullah Rahman. 

1755
01:34:51,500 --> 01:34:54,500
Sufi made one particularly 
significant discovery. 

1756
01:34:55,500 --> 01:34:58,500
I'll Sufi discovered a fuzzy 
star-like object that hadn't 

1757
01:34:58,500 --> 01:35:01,400
been in any of the earlier 
catalogs while he was assembling

1758
01:35:01,400 --> 01:35:05,000
his star catalog. 
He referred to this object as a 

1759
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:09,100
nebula star, but in reality, it 
was the Andromeda galaxy, the 

1760
01:35:09,100 --> 01:35:12,200
first galaxies other than the 
Milky Way that astronomers had 

1761
01:35:12,200 --> 01:35:14,900
ever observed. 
It would take another thousand 

1762
01:35:14,900 --> 01:35:17,900
years for Al Sufi to realize 
that he was staring at a galaxy 

1763
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:19,500
with hundreds of billions of 
stars. 

1764
01:35:19,500 --> 01:35:22,800
Islamic astronomy had many uses 
outside of religious 

1765
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:27,200
observances, Islamic Traders and
adventurers required precise, 

1766
01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:30,200
navigational techniques because 
they were traversing great 

1767
01:35:30,200 --> 01:35:34,400
distances by land and sea. 
Islamic astronomers established,

1768
01:35:34,400 --> 01:35:36,700
the mathematical underpinning 
for the ensuing. 

1769
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:40,100
Great Age of Exploration by 
developing Advanced methods for 

1770
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:43,300
calculating latitude and 
longitude, they made important 

1771
01:35:43,300 --> 01:35:45,100
contributions to timekeeping as 
well. 

1772
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:48,900
Islamic astronomers created 
increasingly precise, sundials 

1773
01:35:48,900 --> 01:35:53,100
water clocks and other 
timepieces For both practical 

1774
01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:55,400
and religious reasons. 
They produced comprehensive 

1775
01:35:55,400 --> 01:35:58,800
tables that displayed the 
sunrise and sunset times for 

1776
01:35:58,800 --> 01:36:02,700
various latitudes throughout the
year, most significantly Islamic

1777
01:36:02,700 --> 01:36:05,100
astronomers preserved and 
advanced the knowledge base, 

1778
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:06,900
they had acquired from past 
societies. 

1779
01:36:08,000 --> 01:36:11,300
They did more than simply 
replicate old books, they filled

1780
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:14,900
in the blanks fixed mistakes, 
and expanded our understanding 

1781
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:18,000
of the universe. 
Many of the Mysteries that had 

1782
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:20,500
baffled, the Ancients had 
already been resolved by Islamic

1783
01:36:20,500 --> 01:36:23,600
astronomers when European 
scholars started to ReDiscover 

1784
01:36:23,600 --> 01:36:25,100
astronomy during the 
Renaissance. 

1785
01:36:25,100 --> 01:36:28,600
It is impossible to overestimate
the impact of Islamic astronomy 

1786
01:36:28,600 --> 01:36:30,300
on subsequent developments in 
Europe. 

1787
01:36:31,000 --> 01:36:34,600
Copernicus made extensive use of
Islamic astronomers observations

1788
01:36:34,600 --> 01:36:37,500
and mathematical methods in the 
development of his heliocentric 

1789
01:36:37,500 --> 01:36:40,800
model, the Islamic Golden Age. 
Produced many of the 

1790
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:43,300
mathematical instruments that 
were crucial to the Scientific 

1791
01:36:43,300 --> 01:36:46,300
Revolution in addition to 
Scientific advancements. 

1792
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,400
Islamic astronomy, has left. 
Its mark on the terminology, we 

1793
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:53,100
used to describe the universe. 
The Arabic origins of many of 

1794
01:36:53,100 --> 01:36:57,500
the modern star names, Elder 
Beren Altair, Beetlejuice and 

1795
01:36:57,500 --> 01:37:01,200
rigel reflect the crucial role 
that Islamic astronomers played 

1796
01:37:01,200 --> 01:37:03,300
in cataloging and researching 
the night sky. 

1797
01:37:03,300 --> 01:37:06,100
Chinese, astronomers were 
approaching the study of the 

1798
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:09,400
universe in a totally different 
way than Islamic and European 

1799
01:37:09,400 --> 01:37:11,700
astronomers who were occupied 
with debating. 

1800
01:37:11,700 --> 01:37:14,700
Whether the Sun or the Earth was
at the center of the universe 

1801
01:37:14,700 --> 01:37:17,900
developing Grand. 
Theoretical models to explain 

1802
01:37:17,900 --> 01:37:20,700
the motion of celestial objects,
was not a major concern of 

1803
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:24,800
theirs rather they concentrated 
on what now appears to be almost

1804
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:28,800
more scientific meticulously 
documenting precisely what they 

1805
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:32,900
saw when they saw it and how it 
connected to Earthly events, 

1806
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:35,900
this method developed from a 
distinctively Chinese 

1807
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:38,800
philosophical tradition. 
That believed that all though, 

1808
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:41,900
in a very particular sense, 
human Affairs and the heavens 

1809
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:45,600
were closely related. 
The emperor according to Chinese

1810
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:49,600
astronomers had the Mandate of 
Heaven, Divine consent, that 

1811
01:37:49,600 --> 01:37:52,200
validated his reign. 
Unusual. 

1812
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:55,100
Astronomical occurrences might 
indicate that this mandate was 

1813
01:37:55,108 --> 01:37:58,100
being revoked, which would 
support Rebellion or a change of

1814
01:37:58,108 --> 01:38:01,200
government as a result Chinese 
Court hired official 

1815
01:38:01,200 --> 01:38:03,600
astronomers, whose 
responsibility was to 

1816
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:08,400
continuously monitor the sky, 
the comet's supernovae eclipses 

1817
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:11,400
and other anomalies that might 
have political ramifications. 

1818
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:16,400
The timing duration and apparent
connection to current political 

1819
01:38:16,400 --> 01:38:18,700
events. 
We're all carefully documented 

1820
01:38:18,700 --> 01:38:21,400
by these core astronomers. 
In addition, to the phenomena 

1821
01:38:21,400 --> 01:38:24,400
themselves as a result, an 
astronomical record-keeping 

1822
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:26,800
system was created, that was 
unparalleled in the world in 

1823
01:38:26,800 --> 01:38:30,300
terms of longevity and 
consistency. in one form or 

1824
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:33,000
another Chinese, astronomical 
records date back more than 

1825
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:36,600
3,000 years and they have 
remained, remarkably consistent 

1826
01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:39,800
throughout political upheavals 
invasions and dynasties 

1827
01:38:40,900 --> 01:38:43,500
Contemporary astronomers, 
researching long-term Celestial 

1828
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:45,800
phenomena. 
These records have proven to be 

1829
01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:48,300
extremely helpful. 
Chinese astronomers, for 

1830
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:52,200
instance, documented, the 
emergence of guest stars stars 

1831
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:54,400
that appeared out of nowhere. 
Where none had previously been 

1832
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:58,100
seen glowed brilliantly for 
weeks or months and then 

1833
01:38:58,100 --> 01:39:02,300
vanished We now know that these 
were Novae and supernovae, which

1834
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:04,900
are Stellar explosions capable 
of momentarily. 

1835
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:08,000
Outshining, entire Galaxys, 
modern astronomers. 

1836
01:39:08,000 --> 01:39:10,900
Have been able to study the 
remnants of these ancient Cosmic

1837
01:39:10,900 --> 01:39:14,100
catastrophes, thanks to the 
Chinese records of these events 

1838
01:39:14,100 --> 01:39:16,300
which are frequently. 
The only historical 

1839
01:39:16,300 --> 01:39:19,300
documentation, we have of 
particular Stellar explosions, 

1840
01:39:19,300 --> 01:39:22,900
the most, well, known example is
most likely the Supernova of 

1841
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:26,200
1,054 CE, which Chinese are 
astronomers. 

1842
01:39:26,200 --> 01:39:28,900
Noted was visible to the naked 
eye at night for almost two 

1843
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:31,700
years and during 23 days during 
the day. 

1844
01:39:32,900 --> 01:39:35,600
One of the most actively 
researched objects in the sky, 

1845
01:39:35,600 --> 01:39:38,300
is the Crab Nebula. 
The Stellar remnant of this 

1846
01:39:38,300 --> 01:39:42,300
explosion comets, which they 
dubbed broom Stars, due to their

1847
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:45,900
sweeping Tales were also the 
subject of in-depth observations

1848
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:49,400
by Chinese astronomers. 
They kept records that enabled 

1849
01:39:49,400 --> 01:39:52,800
them to identify when specific 
comets returned on regular 

1850
01:39:52,800 --> 01:39:55,500
schedules. 
Observed Comet orbits and 

1851
01:39:55,500 --> 01:39:58,600
recorded the correlation between
a comet's position in relation 

1852
01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:01,800
to the sun and its tail. 
They are the oldest continuous 

1853
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,100
records of this. 
Well-known, Celestial visitor, 

1854
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:09,900
dating back at least 240 BCE to 
what we now refer to as Halley's

1855
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:12,900
Comet. 
Centuries later when European 

1856
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:15,300
astronomers were attempting to 
demonstrate that comets. 

1857
01:40:15,300 --> 01:40:17,600
Do not appear at random, but 
rather follow predictable 

1858
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:20,500
orbital paths, these records 
were essential. 

1859
01:40:20,500 --> 01:40:23,500
However, Chinese astronomy 
involved, more than merely, 

1860
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:27,200
keeping an eye out for Otter 
currents, Along with, creating 

1861
01:40:27,200 --> 01:40:30,200
their own complex, calendrical 
systems and Eclipse prediction 

1862
01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:33,500
techniques, Chinese astronomers.
Also conducted systematic 

1863
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:36,400
observations of the regular 
motions of celestial objects 

1864
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:40,000
they created constellations 
based on Chinese mythological 

1865
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:43,200
and cultural Traditions dividing
the sky into different. 

1866
01:40:43,200 --> 01:40:45,900
Star groups than Western 
astronomers did Chinese 

1867
01:40:45,900 --> 01:40:50,300
astronomers developed a system 
based on 28 lunar Mansions star 

1868
01:40:50,300 --> 01:40:53,500
groups that corresponded to the 
moon's position on each day of 

1869
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:56,500
its monthly cycle. 
Instead of the 12 zodiac 

1870
01:40:56,500 --> 01:40:59,600
constellations that Western 
astronomy used to divide the sky

1871
01:40:59,600 --> 01:41:02,200
along the ecliptic or the sun's 
apparent path. 

1872
01:41:02,900 --> 01:41:05,300
This system was specially 
helpful for keeping track of 

1873
01:41:05,300 --> 01:41:08,100
time and arranging activities, 
according to the phases of the 

1874
01:41:08,100 --> 01:41:09,800
moon. 
Additionally, Chinese 

1875
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:12,600
astronomers created their own 
tools, for observing the Stars. 

1876
01:41:13,400 --> 01:41:16,600
Chinese instrument makers, 
developed the Armory sphere, a 

1877
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:19,200
three-dimensional representation
of the celestial sphere 

1878
01:41:19,200 --> 01:41:22,700
constructed from intersecting 
metal rings to a remarkable 

1879
01:41:22,700 --> 01:41:25,700
degree of accuracy. 
These tools could be used to 

1880
01:41:25,700 --> 01:41:28,600
show astronomical relationships 
and track the movements of 

1881
01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:32,800
celestial objects Susan's water.
Powered Clock Tower constructed 

1882
01:41:32,800 --> 01:41:37,400
in 1092 CE was one of the most 
impressive Chinese astronomical 

1883
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:40,600
instruments. 
This enormous machine which 

1884
01:41:40,600 --> 01:41:43,600
stood more than 30 feet tall was
essentially the first 

1885
01:41:43,600 --> 01:41:47,000
astronomical computer in 
history, it was made up of a 

1886
01:41:47,000 --> 01:41:50,000
Celestial globe and armillary 
sphere and a mechanical clock. 

1887
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:53,600
In addition to having a 
sophisticated system of bells 

1888
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:56,000
and gongs that announced the 
time and other astronomical 

1889
01:41:56,000 --> 01:41:58,500
events. 
The clock tower was able to 

1890
01:41:58,500 --> 01:42:01,300
automatically track the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

1891
01:42:01,300 --> 01:42:03,600
planets. 
A number of the discoveries made

1892
01:42:03,600 --> 01:42:06,400
by Chinese astronomers would 
take centuries to replicate in 

1893
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:10,800
the west, they kept meticulous 
records of sunspot activity and 

1894
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:14,000
were the first to identify that.
The sun had dark patches on its 

1895
01:42:14,000 --> 01:42:16,800
surface, which we now refer to 
as sunspots. 

1896
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:20,300
Additionally, they observed a 
regularity is along the border 

1897
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:23,200
between the illuminated and dark
portions during lunar phases 

1898
01:42:23,200 --> 01:42:26,800
indicating that the moon's. 
Surface was not entirely smooth.

1899
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:30,100
The 11th century work of the 
astronomer shenko is one 

1900
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:31,800
especially noteworthy 
accomplishment. 

1901
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:36,300
After closely examining the 
magnetic compass Shankar found 

1902
01:42:36,300 --> 01:42:39,600
that magnetic north and True. 
North are not exactly the same. 

1903
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:42,800
It would take another Century 
for Europe to independently. 

1904
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:46,700
Discover magnetic declination, 
which was essential for precise 

1905
01:42:46,700 --> 01:42:49,700
navigation, based on his 
observations of the shapes and 

1906
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:53,500
shadows of these features shenko
also postulated that impacts 

1907
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:57,200
with the cause of lunar craters,
he even proposed that the Milky 

1908
01:42:57,200 --> 01:42:59,000
Way was made up of far-off 
stars. 

1909
01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:02,300
A theory that would not be 
accepted by European astronomers

1910
01:43:02,300 --> 01:43:05,800
until the telescopic era. 
Chinese astronomers created 

1911
01:43:05,800 --> 01:43:09,800
complex mathematical methods for
astronomical computations such 

1912
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:12,500
as Eclipse prediction technique 
that were frequently more 

1913
01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:14,100
accurate than modern Western 
methods. 

1914
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:18,100
They produced intricate star 
maps, and Celestial globes, that

1915
01:43:18,100 --> 01:43:20,700
accurately depicted, the 
positions, and motions of stars 

1916
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:24,000
practical applications were 
another noteworthy aspect of the

1917
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:27,900
Chinese approach to astronomy. 
For long-distance Land and Sea. 

1918
01:43:27,900 --> 01:43:30,700
Travel Chinese. 
Navigators employed astronomical

1919
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:33,300
methods. 
Centuries before the magnetic 

1920
01:43:33,300 --> 01:43:36,400
compass was invented in Europe. 
The Chinese used it, as 

1921
01:43:36,400 --> 01:43:39,600
navigational aide. 
By combining Compass readings 

1922
01:43:39,600 --> 01:43:42,500
with astronomical observations, 
they were able to determine 

1923
01:43:42,500 --> 01:43:44,900
position and Direction with 
remarkable accuracy, 

1924
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:48,600
astronomical, observations were 
also incorporated into Chinese 

1925
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:51,600
medical Theory because it was 
thought that human health was 

1926
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:55,700
influenced by Celestial forces. 
From a modern standpoint, this 

1927
01:43:55,700 --> 01:43:58,700
may appear to be purely 
superstitious, but it prompted 

1928
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:01,400
Chinese doctors to keep 
meticulous records that linked 

1929
01:44:01,400 --> 01:44:05,100
astronomical events seasonal, 
variations and disease patterns,

1930
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:08,200
observations that occasionally 
showed real links between 

1931
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:10,000
environmental influences and 
health. 

1932
01:44:10,000 --> 01:44:13,700
The most remarkable thing about 
Chinese astronomy is how it was 

1933
01:44:13,700 --> 01:44:15,600
able to preserve scientific 
Integrity. 

1934
01:44:15,600 --> 01:44:18,900
Despite using a theoretical 
framework that was entirely 

1935
01:44:18,900 --> 01:44:20,800
different from that of Western 
astronomy. 

1936
01:44:22,200 --> 01:44:24,500
Chinese astronomers were not 
attempting to demonstrate. 

1937
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:28,200
That Celestial motions, could be
explained by physical laws or 

1938
01:44:28,200 --> 01:44:30,700
that the Universe was on 
geometric principles. 

1939
01:44:30,700 --> 01:44:34,700
Rather their goal was to 
comprehend how Earthly events 

1940
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:36,800
and Celestial patterns relate to
one another. 

1941
01:44:36,800 --> 01:44:39,800
Because of this method, they 
were able to concentrate on 

1942
01:44:39,800 --> 01:44:42,700
astronomical topics that Western
astronomers occasionally 

1943
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:45,700
overlooked They were more 
methodical in keeping long-term 

1944
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:49,300
records more interested in 
fleeting phenomena and more 

1945
01:44:49,300 --> 01:44:51,800
perceptive of mute changes in 
familiar objects. 

1946
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:55,100
Although their method may not 
have resulted in significant 

1947
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,500
theoretical advances it did 
build a Priceless database of 

1948
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:01,600
observational data that has been
crucial to comprehending. 

1949
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:03,300
Long-term astronomical 
phenomena. 

1950
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:06,400
Another significant aspect of 
scientific inquiry is 

1951
01:45:06,400 --> 01:45:08,800
illustrated by the Chinese 
astronomical tradition. 

1952
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:12,200
There are multiple scientific 
approaches to studying the 

1953
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:16,200
cosmos. the Chinese method which
prioritized, meticulous 

1954
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:19,000
observation and documentation 
over the development of 

1955
01:45:19,000 --> 01:45:22,600
theoretical models, was equally 
legitimate as a scientific 

1956
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:25,600
inquiry method as the more 
Theory based methods, that 

1957
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:28,900
emerged in other cultures, 
Compared to Modern Western 

1958
01:45:28,900 --> 01:45:31,600
astronomy. 
It was less speculative and more

1959
01:45:31,600 --> 01:45:35,200
empirical in many respects. 
Now we must discuss the 

1960
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:38,000
astronomical accomplishments of 
the pre-columbian Americas. 

1961
01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:40,600
If you truly want to be 
astounded by what people can 

1962
01:45:40,600 --> 01:45:44,800
achieve when they pull their 
collective intelligence, Working

1963
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,800
with stone tools and lacking 
some of the basic technologies 

1964
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:50,900
that other cultures took for 
granted such as the wheel iron 

1965
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:53,400
tools or written language 
mathematical notation. 

1966
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:57,000
As we know it today, These 
civilizations created amazing 

1967
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:00,300
monuments that matched celestial
events and advanced 

1968
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:02,200
sophisticated, astronomical 
knowledge. 

1969
01:46:02,200 --> 01:46:06,100
Let's begin with the Maya whose 
achievements in astronomy are 

1970
01:46:06,100 --> 01:46:08,300
simply astounding the Maya 
created. 

1971
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:11,300
What was likely the most precise
calendar system in Antiquity. 

1972
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:15,100
In fact, it was more precise 
than the Julian calendar that 

1973
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:17,900
was in use in Europe at the 
time, their estimates of the 

1974
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:21,200
solely is duration, were within 
17 seconds of the right answer, 

1975
01:46:21,200 --> 01:46:23,900
which is incredibly accurate for
any time period. 

1976
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:27,700
But, particularly astounding for
those without telescopes or 

1977
01:46:27,700 --> 01:46:29,400
contemporary, mathematical 
instruments. 

1978
01:46:29,400 --> 01:46:32,600
However, the Maya had multiple 
calendars that operated 

1979
01:46:32,600 --> 01:46:36,200
concurrently and intricately 
interconnected there were longer

1980
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:41,000
cycles that covered far larger 
time, spans the 3605 day solar 

1981
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:44,200
calendar and the 260 days sacred
calendar. 

1982
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:47,900
The Maya calendar system 
tracked, several overlapping 

1983
01:46:47,900 --> 01:46:50,100
cycles that would eventually 
return to their initial 

1984
01:46:50,100 --> 01:46:53,900
positions after incredibly long 
periods of time reflecting their

1985
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:57,200
belief that time was cyclical 
rather than linear The Long 

1986
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:00,300
Count which measured time from a
fictitious, creation date that 

1987
01:47:00,300 --> 01:47:05,500
corresponds to August 11th. 
3140, BCE in our calendar was 

1988
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:08,600
the most well known of these 
longer cycles for more than 

1989
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:11,500
5,000 years. 
This system continuously counted

1990
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,200
days which is longer than most 
other cultures recorded 

1991
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:17,900
histories like the odometer on 
your car rolling over from 

1992
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:25,100
99,999 to 000 the alleged end of
the Maya calendar in 2012, that 

1993
01:47:25,100 --> 01:47:28,100
generated so much excitement 
wasn't really an end at all. 

1994
01:47:28,100 --> 01:47:32,100
But rather the conclusion of one
of these lengthy Cycles Maya 

1995
01:47:32,100 --> 01:47:34,800
astronomers had to make 
extremely accurate, observations

1996
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:38,300
of celestial, motions, in order 
to maintain such an accurate 

1997
01:47:38,300 --> 01:47:41,200
calendar system. 
Until well into the Renaissance,

1998
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:44,500
they were able to track the 
Motions of the sun, moon, and 

1999
01:47:44,500 --> 01:47:47,700
visible planets, with a level of
accuracy that was unmatched in 

2000
01:47:47,700 --> 01:47:50,200
Europe. 
Venus, which was essential to 

2001
01:47:50,200 --> 01:47:51,900
Miami mythology in military 
strategy. 

2002
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:55,300
Piqued their interest in 
particular, according to Maya 

2003
01:47:55,300 --> 01:47:56,900
records. 
They were able to forcast 

2004
01:47:56,900 --> 01:47:59,500
Venus's morning and evening 
star, appearances years, and 

2005
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:02,700
advanced. 
The duration of Venus's synodic 

2006
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:04,200
period. 
Well, the interval between 

2007
01:48:04,200 --> 01:48:07,600
consecutive morning or evening 
star appearances, was precisely 

2008
01:48:07,600 --> 01:48:10,300
known to them and they were able
to predict when Venus would 

2009
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:12,200
become invisible as it changed 
phases. 

2010
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:15,600
These astronomical predictions 
were put to use by the Maya 

2011
01:48:15,600 --> 01:48:17,600
rulers for more than just 
academic purposes. 

2012
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:21,000
They believe that Venus's 
various phases affected the 

2013
01:48:21,008 --> 01:48:23,700
chances of winning battles. 
So they planned military 

2014
01:48:23,700 --> 01:48:26,700
campaigns to align with Venus's 
advantageous positions. 

2015
01:48:26,700 --> 01:48:29,800
Consider yourself a Maya 
astronomer tasked with informing

2016
01:48:29,800 --> 01:48:32,100
the king, when War should be 
declared based on astronomy. 

2017
01:48:32,100 --> 01:48:35,800
Amazing architectural monuments 
that doubled as enormous. 

2018
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:40,100
Astronomical instruments were 
also constructed by the Maya El 

2019
01:48:40,100 --> 01:48:43,700
Castillo the pyramid at Chichen.
Itza, is arguably the most? 

2020
01:48:43,700 --> 01:48:47,500
Well, known example, the sun's 
angle during the Spring and fall

2021
01:48:47,500 --> 01:48:49,800
equinoxes cast Shadows on the 
pyramid. 

2022
01:48:49,800 --> 01:48:52,700
Steps that seem to depict a 
serpent to sending the structure

2023
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:56,400
symbolizing The Feathered. 
Serpent God, Google's return. 

2024
01:48:56,400 --> 01:48:59,700
However, this is only one 
instance of the astronomy of 

2025
01:48:59,700 --> 01:49:03,300
Maya architecture, the Maya 
built structures all over their 

2026
01:49:03,300 --> 01:49:07,300
land, that matched the sun, 
moon, and planets rising, and 

2027
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:11,000
setting times on significant 
dates, in their calendar, These 

2028
01:49:11,000 --> 01:49:13,400
are alignments served a 
practical purpose as well as 

2029
01:49:13,400 --> 01:49:16,900
being symbolic, enabling Maya 
astronomers to maintain their 

2030
01:49:16,900 --> 01:49:20,800
intricate calendar systems and 
make accurate observations, the 

2031
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:24,300
Maya, also observed, a clip's in
great detail and created 

2032
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:27,000
mathematical techniques to Four 
cast when they would happen. 

2033
01:49:28,200 --> 01:49:30,600
Despite having a totally 
different theoretical and 

2034
01:49:30,600 --> 01:49:33,300
mathematical Foundation. 
There are Clips prediction 

2035
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:36,100
tables were occasionally more 
accurate than those utilized in 

2036
01:49:36,100 --> 01:49:38,600
medieval Europe. 
Further north other 

2037
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:40,700
Mesoamerican. 
Cultures had equally remarkable 

2038
01:49:40,700 --> 01:49:43,200
astronomical accomplishments 
much of. 

2039
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:45,900
The astronomical knowledge of 
the Aztecs was passed down from 

2040
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:49,300
earlier cultures such as the 
Maya and the enigmatic 

2041
01:49:49,300 --> 01:49:53,100
teotihuacan. 
Builders constructed, Circa 200 

2042
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:56,300
CE the Great Pyramid of 
teotihuacan is so closely 

2043
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:58,200
synchronized. 
With astronomical occurrences 

2044
01:49:58,200 --> 01:50:01,200
that contemporary researchers 
are still finding new Celestial 

2045
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:03,400
connections incorporated into 
its design. 

2046
01:50:03,400 --> 01:50:06,300
The connection between 
astronomical cycles and their 

2047
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:10,800
complex religious calendar. 
Peaked the Aztecs interest They 

2048
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:13,400
held that the Universe had 
undergone several cycles of 

2049
01:50:13,400 --> 01:50:17,000
creation and destruction Each of
which corresponded to a distinct

2050
01:50:17,000 --> 01:50:20,400
astronomical period. 
Since their world was the 5th 

2051
01:50:20,400 --> 01:50:23,900
Sun, they felt that knowledge of
astronomical Cycles was crucial 

2052
01:50:23,900 --> 01:50:27,200
to preserving, Cosmic 
equilibrium and averting the 

2053
01:50:27,200 --> 01:50:30,200
fall of their society. 
The astronomical knowledge of 

2054
01:50:30,200 --> 01:50:33,000
many indigenous cultures in 
North America was surprisingly 

2055
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:37,400
Advanced even further north. 
Numerous tribes, use Celestial 

2056
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:40,200
observations for Agricultural 
and ceremonial purposes. 

2057
01:50:40,200 --> 01:50:44,300
Constructed earthwork monuments 
in accordance with celestial 

2058
01:50:44,300 --> 01:50:47,600
events and preserved oral 
Traditions that monitored 

2059
01:50:47,600 --> 01:50:51,400
astronomical, phenomena Cahokia,
a large settlement close to 

2060
01:50:51,400 --> 01:50:56,600
Modern Day Saint Louis that 
thrived between 1,000 and 1,200 

2061
01:50:56,600 --> 01:50:59,600
CE is arguably the most 
well-known of these. 

2062
01:51:00,900 --> 01:51:04,200
Cahokia Earthen, Mounds were 
placed around the Central Plaza,

2063
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:07,400
to commemorate important solar 
and lunar occurrences. 

2064
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:10,400
These alignments enabled, the 
inhabitants to track the 

2065
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:13,800
changing seasons with remarkable
accuracy as archaeo. 

2066
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,900
Astronomers have found, however,
the Bighorn medicine wheel in 

2067
01:51:16,900 --> 01:51:20,400
Wyoming is arguably the most 
fascinating astronomical site in

2068
01:51:20,408 --> 01:51:23,600
North America. 
Built by unidentified Native 

2069
01:51:23,600 --> 01:51:27,000
American cultures. 
This ancient stone structure is 

2070
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:29,500
made up of a circular 
arrangement of stones with 

2071
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:34,200
spokes extending outward towards
smaller Stone, Cairns According 

2072
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:37,400
to contemporary analysis, the 
structures, various components 

2073
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:40,700
correspond to the positions of 
bright stars as they rise and 

2074
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:43,300
set throughout the year. 
These alignments accuracy 

2075
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:46,500
indicates that the builders were
well versed in procession the 

2076
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,700
slow wobble in Earth rotation 
that causes star positions to 

2077
01:51:49,700 --> 01:51:52,700
gradually change over centuries 
and Stellar emotions. 

2078
01:51:53,500 --> 01:51:56,300
In addition, to knowing the 
current staff positions, it 

2079
01:51:56,300 --> 01:51:58,900
would have been necessary to 
comprehend how those positions 

2080
01:51:58,900 --> 01:52:02,400
were evolving over time in order
to create such a lineman's 

2081
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:04,300
despite lacking a written 
language. 

2082
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:07,700
As we know it today, the Incas 
in South America created their 

2083
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:10,700
own complex, astronomical 
Traditions, they recorded 

2084
01:52:10,700 --> 01:52:14,100
numerical data including 
astronomical data using a 

2085
01:52:14,100 --> 01:52:19,100
sophisticated system of noted 
String's keep that Agricultural 

2086
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:22,300
and religious calendars up to 
date inker astronomers, 

2087
01:52:22,300 --> 01:52:25,000
monitored the Motions, of the 
sun, moon, and stars, 

2088
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:28,500
astronomical principles, guided,
the layout of the Inca Capital 

2089
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:32,400
at Cusco with key structures and
ceremonial areas lining up with 

2090
01:52:32,400 --> 01:52:35,900
important astronomical 
occurrences Among the many 

2091
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:38,400
buildings at the well-known. 
Inca site of Machu Picchu. 

2092
01:52:38,400 --> 01:52:40,800
That serve as astronomical 
observation points is the 

2093
01:52:40,808 --> 01:52:43,400
interwin. 
A stone, which creates Shadows 

2094
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:47,000
that follow the path of the sun 
year-round, the use of dark 

2095
01:52:47,000 --> 01:52:49,900
constellations which are 
patterns created by dark patches

2096
01:52:49,900 --> 01:52:53,300
in the Milky Way rather than 
Bright Stars was one of the most

2097
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,700
amazing features of Andy and 
astronomy and DNA astronomers 

2098
01:52:56,700 --> 01:53:00,000
paid equal attention to the dark
regions between Bright Stars, 

2099
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:03,300
recognizing the forms of animals
and other important figures 

2100
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:04,800
there. 
Whereas, other cultures, 

2101
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:08,800
concentrated mainly on bright 
star patterns this focus on dark

2102
01:53:08,800 --> 01:53:11,600
constellations shows a deep 
comprehension of the structure 

2103
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:14,000
of the Milky. 
Way these dark patches were 

2104
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:15,800
identified by Andy and 
astronomers. 

2105
01:53:15,800 --> 01:53:18,900
As regions were something was 
obstructing the light of father 

2106
01:53:18,900 --> 01:53:23,400
of stars, not as empty space. 
In actuality, they were 

2107
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,100
observing Galactic structure in 
ways that European astronomy 

2108
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:28,500
would not formally comprehend 
until the 20th century. 

2109
01:53:28,500 --> 01:53:31,600
The fact that astronomical 
accomplishments in the Americas 

2110
01:53:31,600 --> 01:53:34,500
were made by societies with 
little exposure, to Old World, 

2111
01:53:34,500 --> 01:53:37,200
astronomical Traditions makes 
them a specialty remarkable. 

2112
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:40,900
These societies produce their 
own theoretical Frameworks, 

2113
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:44,600
mathematical methods, and 
techniques for making accurate 

2114
01:53:44,600 --> 01:53:48,200
observations. 
Frequently, their findings were 

2115
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:50,600
more accurate than those of 
recent research in Asia or 

2116
01:53:50,600 --> 01:53:52,800
Europe. 
The variety of methods employed 

2117
01:53:52,800 --> 01:53:56,200
by various American cultures 
also shows a significant aspect 

2118
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:58,500
of human Ingenuity and 
scientific research. 

2119
01:53:59,400 --> 01:54:02,300
With an emphasis on cyclical, 
computations and numerical 

2120
01:54:02,300 --> 01:54:05,200
patterns, Maya astronomy was 
highly mathematical. 

2121
01:54:06,300 --> 01:54:09,800
More architectural in nature, 
astronomy Incorporated, 

2122
01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:13,200
astronomical knowledge into the 
actual design of cities and 

2123
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:16,700
ceremonial locations. 
The integration of astronomical 

2124
01:54:16,700 --> 01:54:19,600
knowledge with seasonal 
activities and oral Traditions 

2125
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:23,200
was frequently emphasized in 
North American approaches, all 

2126
01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:26,700
of these methods, however, were 
remarkably accurate in tracking 

2127
01:54:26,700 --> 01:54:30,100
Celestial phenomena, and four 
casting astronomical events. 

2128
01:54:30,100 --> 01:54:33,500
They demonstrate that there are 
numerous scientific approaches 

2129
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:37,000
to studying the cosmos and that 
advanced astronomical knowledge 

2130
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:39,900
can arise or autonomously in 
various cultures using various 

2131
01:54:39,900 --> 01:54:43,100
instruments and theoretical 
Frameworks in the Medieval Era. 

2132
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:45,500
European astronomy started to 
come back to life after 

2133
01:54:45,500 --> 01:54:48,400
centuries of what historians 
used to refer to as the Dark 

2134
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:50,800
Ages though. 
They were not quite as gloomy as

2135
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:53,400
once thought. 
It was more like someone slowly 

2136
01:54:53,400 --> 01:54:56,900
waking up from an extended nap 
stretching, yawning and 

2137
01:54:56,908 --> 01:54:58,600
gradually. 
Remembering that there was this 

2138
01:54:58,600 --> 01:55:00,900
interesting thing called the 
sky, that might be worth 

2139
01:55:00,900 --> 01:55:04,200
observing due in large part to 
contact with Islamic 

2140
01:55:04,200 --> 01:55:07,700
civilization through Spain and 
the Crusades, the real Awakening

2141
01:55:07,700 --> 01:55:11,200
started in the 12th century. 
Suddenly European scholars 

2142
01:55:11,200 --> 01:55:13,600
realized that Islamic 
astronomers had been making 

2143
01:55:13,600 --> 01:55:16,600
incredible strides in their 
understanding of the cosmos 

2144
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:19,800
while they had been preoccupied 
with more mundane issues such as

2145
01:55:19,800 --> 01:55:23,400
surviving invasions plagues. 
And the occasional apocalyptic 

2146
01:55:23,400 --> 01:55:27,000
Panic by translating Islamic. 
Astronomical texts into Latin 

2147
01:55:27,000 --> 01:55:30,200
the first European response was 
essentially a catch-up move. 

2148
01:55:30,900 --> 01:55:33,300
By translating the writing of 
Islamic astronomers 

2149
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:37,000
mathematicians and philosophers 
Scholars such as Jared of 

2150
01:55:37,000 --> 01:55:40,200
cremona devoted their entire 
careers, to reintroducing Europe

2151
01:55:40,200 --> 01:55:42,700
to the astronomical knowledge 
that had been evolving in other 

2152
01:55:42,700 --> 01:55:45,600
parts of the world. 
However, medieval European 

2153
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:48,100
astronomers started to 
contribute and create their own 

2154
01:55:48,100 --> 01:55:51,500
methods for solving astronomical
problems, rather than merely 

2155
01:55:51,500 --> 01:55:53,400
passively absorbing his lamb 
acknowledge. 

2156
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:57,300
Albertus Magnus a German 
philosopher and scientist who 

2157
01:55:57,300 --> 01:55:59,900
lived in the 13th century and 
wrote, a great deal about 

2158
01:55:59,900 --> 01:56:02,200
astronomy. 
In addition to making his own 

2159
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,900
observations of the heavens was 
one of the most important. 

2160
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:08,600
Early figures, the question of 
whether Aristotle's Antiquated 

2161
01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:11,700
theories about the universe 
would genuinely supported by 

2162
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:15,400
rigorous, observation and Peak, 
albertus Magnus intrest. 

2163
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:20,000
He conducted in-depth research 
on comets and discovered that in

2164
01:56:20,000 --> 01:56:23,000
contrast to Aristotelian 
theories regarding comets as 

2165
01:56:23,000 --> 01:56:26,600
atmospheric phenomena. 
Their Tales consistently pointed

2166
01:56:26,600 --> 01:56:30,100
away from the Sun, although he 
lacked the telescopic ability to

2167
01:56:30,100 --> 01:56:33,000
confirm it. 
He also noted that the Milky Way

2168
01:56:33,008 --> 01:56:35,600
seemed to be made up of 
extremely faint Stars. 

2169
01:56:35,600 --> 01:56:38,900
The Practical requirements of 
the Catholic Church also 

2170
01:56:38,900 --> 01:56:40,800
influenced, medieval European 
astronomy. 

2171
01:56:41,500 --> 01:56:44,200
Because Easter depended on 
intricate relationships between 

2172
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,400
solar and lunar cycles. 
Christian Scholars needed 

2173
01:56:47,400 --> 01:56:49,600
precise methods for determining 
the date. 

2174
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:53,200
Because it was their primary 
source of income, even serious, 

2175
01:56:53,200 --> 01:56:55,900
medieval astronomers frequently 
worked as astrologers. 

2176
01:56:55,900 --> 01:56:59,200
So they also needed to 
comprehend Celestial motions for

2177
01:56:59,200 --> 01:57:02,100
astrological purposes, 
significant progress in 

2178
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:05,000
computational, astronomy, was 
made as a result of this 

2179
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,400
pragmatic approach. 
Improved mathematical methods 

2180
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:10,800
for determining Eclipse dates 
and predicting planetary 

2181
01:57:10,800 --> 01:57:13,500
positions were created by 
medieval Scholars. 

2182
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:16,700
They improved technique for 
converting between calendar 

2183
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:19,100
systems and produced calendars 
that were more accurate. 

2184
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:22,100
The creation of mechanical 
astronomical instruments, was 

2185
01:57:22,100 --> 01:57:24,500
one of the most significant 
contributions made during the 

2186
01:57:24,508 --> 01:57:27,700
Middle Ages. 
European autism's produced ever 

2187
01:57:27,700 --> 01:57:31,000
more advanced quadrants 
astrolabes and other tools for 

2188
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:33,700
observing the Stars. 
They also started creating 

2189
01:57:33,700 --> 01:57:37,000
mechanical clocks, that could 
record the sun moon and Planet 

2190
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:39,200
positions. 
In addition to the time, the 

2191
01:57:39,200 --> 01:57:42,200
astronomical clock, which was 
constructed in Prague, Circa, 

2192
01:57:42,200 --> 01:57:45,800
1410 and is still in use. 
Today was arguably the most 

2193
01:57:45,808 --> 01:57:49,400
remarkable of these. 
This amazing device, which is 

2194
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:52,300
automatically updated by a 
complex Clockwork mechanism, 

2195
01:57:52,300 --> 01:57:56,500
displays the moon's phases, the 
Sun and Moon's positions in the 

2196
01:57:56,500 --> 01:57:59,600
Zodiac and other astronomical 
information, the development of 

2197
01:57:59,600 --> 01:58:02,900
universities in medieval Europe.
Also helped astronomy by 

2198
01:58:02,900 --> 01:58:05,700
establishing institutional 
Frameworks, for the advancement 

2199
01:58:05,700 --> 01:58:07,500
and preservation of astronomical
knowledge. 

2200
01:58:08,700 --> 01:58:13,400
Universities in Paris, Oxford 
bologna, and other locations 

2201
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:16,100
developed into hubs for 
astronomy Education and Research

2202
01:58:16,100 --> 01:58:18,700
along with mathematics geometry 
and music. 

2203
01:58:18,700 --> 01:58:22,200
Astronomy was regarded as one of
the core liberal arts at these 

2204
01:58:22,200 --> 01:58:26,000
universities. 
As a result educated Europeans 

2205
01:58:26,000 --> 01:58:28,500
were supposed to understand the 
fundamentals of astronomy. 

2206
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:31,600
Scholarly discussion of 
astronomical, theories was also 

2207
01:58:31,600 --> 01:58:33,200
fostered by the university 
setting. 

2208
01:58:33,200 --> 01:58:37,400
Instead of Simply accepting the 
wisdom of the Ancients medieval 

2209
01:58:37,400 --> 01:58:40,800
astronomers debated, the merits 
of various models, suggested 

2210
01:58:40,800 --> 01:58:44,200
changes and enhancements and 
sometimes created completely 

2211
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:46,500
original solutions to 
astronomical issues. 

2212
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:49,700
The growing sophistication of 
observational methods was one 

2213
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:51,200
significant medieval 
development. 

2214
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:55,200
Prominent academics such as John
of holywood Sacro. 

2215
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:58,900
Authored important textbooks 
that described how to use basic 

2216
01:58:58,900 --> 01:59:02,700
instruments to make precise 
astronomical measurements, they 

2217
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:04,800
created standardized techniques 
for timing. 

2218
01:59:04,800 --> 01:59:08,100
Astronomical events, measuring 
Celestial angles and locating 

2219
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:10,500
Stars. 
Significant progress was also 

2220
01:59:10,500 --> 01:59:13,100
made by medieval astronomers in 
comprehending, the connection 

2221
01:59:13,100 --> 01:59:15,900
between astronomical phenomena 
and Mathematics. 

2222
01:59:16,700 --> 01:59:20,000
They improved geometric models, 
for planetary motions developed,

2223
01:59:20,000 --> 01:59:22,300
trigonometric methods for 
calculating angles, and 

2224
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:25,600
distances, and started applying 
algebraic methods to solve 

2225
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:28,700
challenging astronomical 
problems Johannes de Maurice, 

2226
01:59:28,700 --> 01:59:31,400
who proposed calendar reforms in
the 14th century that were 

2227
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:33,700
centuries. 
Ahead of their time was likely 

2228
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:36,200
the most mathematically, 
Advanced medieval astronomer 

2229
01:59:36,200 --> 01:59:39,700
Demarest determined precisely 
how much correction would be 

2230
01:59:39,700 --> 01:59:42,500
required to correct. 
The Julian calendar, which was 

2231
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:45,700
then in use as it was, gradually
becoming out of sync with the 

2232
01:59:45,700 --> 01:59:48,400
seasons. 
All the most of his suggestions 

2233
01:59:48,400 --> 01:59:51,400
were disregarded at the time, 
they for shadowed, many of the 

2234
01:59:51,408 --> 01:59:54,100
modifications, that would later 
be made to produce our current 

2235
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:56,900
Gregorian calendar. 
Important observations, were all

2236
01:59:56,900 --> 01:59:59,200
made by European astronomers in 
the Middle Ages. 

2237
02:00:00,100 --> 02:00:02,000
They made meticulous 
observations of planetary 

2238
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:05,500
positions tracked, Comet 
movements and created new star 

2239
02:00:05,500 --> 02:00:08,500
catalogs. 
They were intrigued by what they

2240
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:12,800
dubbed, conjunctions rare close,
approaches between planets that 

2241
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:15,200
were believed to have 
astrological meaning more 

2242
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:18,200
complex, theoretical solutions, 
to astronomical issues also 

2243
02:00:18,200 --> 02:00:21,700
emerge during the Middle Ages. 
The fundamental tenets of 

2244
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:24,500
ancient astronomy. 
Especially the requirement, that

2245
02:00:24,500 --> 02:00:27,900
all Celestial motions be 
perfectly, round started to be 

2246
02:00:27,900 --> 02:00:30,900
questioned by academics. 
They started creating 

2247
02:00:30,900 --> 02:00:33,100
mathematical methods. 
That would later be crucial for 

2248
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:35,200
more precise. 
Explanations of planetary, 

2249
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:38,400
motion and experimented with 
different geometric models. 

2250
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:42,000
Most significantly, medieval 
European astronomy started to 

2251
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:44,800
formulate, what is now known as 
a more scientific theory of the 

2252
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:47,600
universe. 
The significance of meticulous. 

2253
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:51,200
Observation mathematical 
analysis and logical reasoning 

2254
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:54,200
in astronomical investigation. 
Was increasingly stressed, by 

2255
02:00:54,200 --> 02:00:56,900
medieval Scholars. 
They were more interested in 

2256
02:00:56,900 --> 02:00:59,600
comparing theoretical. 
Predictions to empirical data 

2257
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:02,600
than they were in blindly 
accepting ancient authorities. 

2258
02:01:02,600 --> 02:01:05,300
The more significant changes 
that would occur during the 

2259
02:01:05,300 --> 02:01:07,800
Renaissance were made possible 
by this change in strategy. 

2260
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:11,500
By the end of the Middle Ages 
European astronomy. 

2261
02:01:11,500 --> 02:01:14,400
Had transformed from a mainly 
passive effort to preserve 

2262
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:17,600
ancient knowledge into a dynamic
Innovative field prepared to 

2263
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:19,900
address some of the most 
important issues regarding the 

2264
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:22,100
composition and functioning of 
the cosmos. 

2265
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:26,000
Scientific knowledge requires 
institutions communities of 

2266
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:28,900
Scholars, and cultural 
Frameworks that support and 

2267
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:31,700
encourage intellectual inquiry 
as the Medieval Era 

2268
02:01:31,700 --> 02:01:34,600
demonstrated. 
These circumstances were 

2269
02:01:34,600 --> 02:01:37,500
established in medieval Europe, 
setting the stage for the 

2270
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:40,400
astronomical revolutions that 
would follow spend some time 

2271
02:01:40,400 --> 02:01:41,900
reflecting on the amazing 
journey. 

2272
02:01:41,900 --> 02:01:44,700
We've just taken together as you
curl up deeper in your blankets,

2273
02:01:44,700 --> 02:01:48,600
tens of thousands, of years of 
human curiosity, inventiveness 

2274
02:01:48,600 --> 02:01:51,800
and perseverance have proceeded 
Galileo's groundbreaking 

2275
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:54,900
discovery of the sky in the 
early 1600s which altered the 

2276
02:01:54,908 --> 02:01:58,400
course of history, consider what
Humanity achieved in those 

2277
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:01,200
Millennia before the rings of 
Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter

2278
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,500
were ever seen. 
Ancient astronomers used only 

2279
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:08,000
their eyes, their brains and an 
almost Supernatural amount of 

2280
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:10,100
patience to track. 
The intricate movements of 

2281
02:02:10,100 --> 02:02:14,000
planets predicted clips and make
calendars precise enough to 

2282
02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:17,700
govern in entire civilization's.
They calculated the size of the 

2283
02:02:17,700 --> 02:02:21,100
Earth and found it to be round. 
The chartered the positions of 

2284
02:02:21,108 --> 02:02:24,700
stars and measured the distances
to celestial objects. 

2285
02:02:24,700 --> 02:02:28,200
They created mathematical models
that were Advanced enough to 

2286
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:31,100
forecast the locations of 
planets years in advance. 

2287
02:02:31,100 --> 02:02:34,500
And identified patterns in 
astronomical motions that 

2288
02:02:34,500 --> 02:02:36,300
recurred over decades and 
centuries. 

2289
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:39,300
Most astonishingly, they 
accomplished all of this while 

2290
02:02:39,300 --> 02:02:41,300
harboring basic 
misunderstandings, about the 

2291
02:02:41,300 --> 02:02:46,300
nature of the universe. 
Most pre-television revolved 

2292
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:48,700
around the earth which that 
still at the center of the 

2293
02:02:48,708 --> 02:02:51,100
universe. 
They didn't know that the Milky 

2294
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:52,600
Way was home to billions of 
stars. 

2295
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:56,400
That planets were worlds unto 
themselves or that stars were 

2296
02:02:56,400 --> 02:02:59,100
far off Suns. 
They were remarkably successful 

2297
02:02:59,100 --> 02:03:02,500
in describing and forecasting 
Celestial phenomena in spite of 

2298
02:03:02,508 --> 02:03:04,300
these floored theoretical 
Frameworks. 

2299
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,300
This illustrates a fundamental 
aspect of human intelligence, 

2300
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:11,000
even when our underlying 
knowledge is lacking or 

2301
02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:14,200
completely incorrect, we can 
frequently identify helpful 

2302
02:03:14,200 --> 02:03:17,800
patterns and make precise 
predictions the history of pre 

2303
02:03:17,800 --> 02:03:20,700
telescopic, astronomy. 
Also demonstrates, the value of 

2304
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:25,000
cross-cultural interaction and 
cultural continuity from the 

2305
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:28,600
Babylonians to the Greeks from 
the Greeks to the Islamic world 

2306
02:03:28,600 --> 02:03:32,600
and from Islamic scholars to 
Medieval Europeans knowledge was

2307
02:03:32,600 --> 02:03:35,700
transmitted every culture. 
Contributed, its unique 

2308
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:39,000
perspectives fixed past 
mistakes, and expanded. 

2309
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:41,900
The realm of knowledge for 
thousands of years, Chinese 

2310
02:03:41,900 --> 02:03:45,300
astronomers kept records. 
Building a Priceless collection 

2311
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:47,700
of observations that is still 
used by contemporary 

2312
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:51,200
researchers. 
Calendar systems created by Maya

2313
02:03:51,200 --> 02:03:54,400
mathematicians were more precise
than those utilized in medieval 

2314
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:56,800
Europe. 
During the darkest centuries of 

2315
02:03:56,800 --> 02:04:00,400
European civilization Islamic 
scholars preserved and enhanced 

2316
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,600
Greek knowledge science. 
And its best is a truly human 

2317
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:06,800
endeavor that transcends 
individual cultures languages 

2318
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:10,300
and historical periods as 
demonstrated by This Global 

2319
02:04:10,300 --> 02:04:14,300
intergenerational collaboration 
The same questions that 

2320
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:16,200
motivated. 
Ancient astronomers still 

2321
02:04:16,200 --> 02:04:19,200
motivators today. 
Where are we from, what role do 

2322
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:21,800
we play in the universe? 
What is the mechanism of the 

2323
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:24,200
universe? 
Many of the basic techniques 

2324
02:04:24,200 --> 02:04:26,700
that science still employs. 
Today were also developed by 

2325
02:04:26,700 --> 02:04:31,200
pretel astronomers. 
Ancient astronomers using crude 

2326
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:34,500
instruments but highly developed
Minds invented rigorous 

2327
02:04:34,500 --> 02:04:38,700
observation, mathematical 
modeling, hypothesis testing and

2328
02:04:38,700 --> 02:04:40,900
peer review. 
All fundamental scientific 

2329
02:04:40,900 --> 02:04:43,300
procedures. 
They develop the ability to 

2330
02:04:43,300 --> 02:04:45,900
discriminate between what they 
could see with their own eyes 

2331
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:47,900
and what they had to deduce from
them. 

2332
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:51,500
They created methods for 
tracking changes over time. 

2333
02:04:51,500 --> 02:04:55,400
Scales longer than human life 
times, measuring seemingly 

2334
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:59,000
incurable things and bringing 
order to seemingly chaotic 

2335
02:04:59,000 --> 02:05:02,400
phenomena, most significantly. 
They learned to maintain faith 

2336
02:05:02,400 --> 02:05:03,900
in the capacity of human 
reasoning. 

2337
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:07,200
While being humble about the 
limits of human knowledge, The 

2338
02:05:07,200 --> 02:05:12,700
most accomplished pre-television
between their speculations and 

2339
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:16,000
their known facts. 
They were aware that hypotheses 

2340
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:18,900
needed to be verified by 
observations and they were 

2341
02:05:18,900 --> 02:05:21,200
prepared to give up on Concepts 
that didn't work. 

2342
02:05:21,200 --> 02:05:24,200
Even if they made sense 
intuitively beyond the 

2343
02:05:24,208 --> 02:05:26,400
particular facts that ancient 
astronomers found 

2344
02:05:26,400 --> 02:05:31,600
pre-television. 
They created the entire 

2345
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:34,800
Foundation of scientific 
investigation, the notion that 

2346
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:36,600
the Universe functions in 
accordance. 

2347
02:05:36,600 --> 02:05:39,600
With discoverable laws. 
That these laws can be expressed

2348
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:42,000
mathematically. 
And that humans are able to 

2349
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,200
understand the working of the 
cosmos by means of rigorous 

2350
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:48,700
observation. 
And reasoned analysis, Galileo 

2351
02:05:48,700 --> 02:05:51,000
was expanding on tens of 
thousands of years of 

2352
02:05:51,000 --> 02:05:53,400
accumulated, knowledge and 
perfected technique. 

2353
02:05:53,400 --> 02:05:57,100
When he eventually pointed his 
telescope Skyward in 1609 

2354
02:05:57,100 --> 02:06:00,600
ancient astronomers had 
formulated the questions he was 

2355
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:03,600
trying to answer. 
The mathematical instruments. 

2356
02:06:03,600 --> 02:06:07,200
He employed had been created 
over Centuries by academics from

2357
02:06:07,200 --> 02:06:09,000
a wide range of cultural 
backgrounds. 

2358
02:06:09,700 --> 02:06:12,400
His observations were even more 
precise because earlier 

2359
02:06:12,400 --> 02:06:15,500
Generations had mastered, the 
use of much simpler instruments 

2360
02:06:15,500 --> 02:06:29,500
to make precise measurements 
pre-television observational 

2361
02:06:29,500 --> 02:06:32,200
strategies created prior to the 
telescopic era. 

2362
02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:34,800
Therefore, keep in mind that 
you're a part of this 

2363
02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:37,600
long-standing tradition of 
cosmic curiosity, as you go to 

2364
02:06:37,600 --> 02:06:40,600
sleep tonight. 
You're taking part in the oldest

2365
02:06:40,600 --> 02:06:42,100
scientific Endeavor in human 
history. 

2366
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:46,200
Each time you gaze up at the 
night sky and wonder what you're

2367
02:06:46,200 --> 02:06:49,200
seeing, You're reaching out to 
generations of astronomers, who 

2368
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:52,200
were as awestruck, by the 
cosmos, as you are the same 

2369
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:55,700
stars that ancient astronomers 
observed to exist today. 

2370
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,800
Traveling along the same 
Dependable routes that they have

2371
02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:02,000
for thousands of years. 
The Maya astronomers used the 

2372
02:07:02,008 --> 02:07:05,200
moon's phases to time their 
ceremonies and we can still see 

2373
02:07:05,200 --> 02:07:08,800
the same face of the moon today,
when Babylonian mathematicians 

2374
02:07:08,800 --> 02:07:11,900
first deduce, the planets 
intricate orbital patterns, they

2375
02:07:11,900 --> 02:07:14,700
still roam among the 
constellation and out there 

2376
02:07:14,700 --> 02:07:16,600
tonight. 
Contemporary astronomers 

2377
02:07:16,600 --> 02:07:18,900
continue to do what Their 
ancient forebears did. 

2378
02:07:18,900 --> 02:07:22,900
Observe the sky with patients 
meticulously document their 

2379
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:26,000
findings and progressively 
deeper in our understanding of 

2380
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:28,900
the universe. 
The basic human desire to 

2381
02:07:28,900 --> 02:07:32,200
comprehend our place in the 
universe as not changed. despite

2382
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:43,600
the fact that the tools have 
become much more advanced You're

2383
02:07:43,600 --> 02:07:45,400
settling into a time when 
stories aren't just 

2384
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:49,700
entertainment, but the invisible
framework of ordinary days in 

2385
02:07:49,700 --> 02:07:54,100
kitchens and Fields, workshops 
and doorways, ancient tales and 

2386
02:07:54,100 --> 02:07:56,800
familiar beliefs guide. 
Countless small decisions 

2387
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:59,700
without Fanfare or formality 
tonight. 

2388
02:07:59,700 --> 02:08:03,600
You'll explore how mythology and
folklore became woven into the 

2389
02:08:03,608 --> 02:08:07,400
fabric of daily life. 
Shaping routines with a quiet 

2390
02:08:07,400 --> 02:08:11,800
steady presence, that brought 
meaning comfort and continuity 

2391
02:08:11,800 --> 02:08:16,400
to people across Generations. 
You wake Before Dawn and the day

2392
02:08:16,400 --> 02:08:19,200
ahead already carries the subtle
influence of stories. 

2393
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:23,100
You've known since childhood 
These aren't tails, you 

2394
02:08:23,100 --> 02:08:26,800
consciously recall As you move 
through your morning tasks, but 

2395
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,100
their present nonetheless 
embedded. 

2396
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:31,500
In the way you approach your 
work, your home and the land 

2397
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:34,300
around you. 
In farming communities, the 

2398
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:37,700
rhythm of planting follows more 
than just the whether you've 

2399
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:41,400
learned that certain days suit. 
Certain crops not only because 

2400
02:08:41,400 --> 02:08:44,800
of soil temperature or moisture 
but because inherited wisdom 

2401
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:48,400
links particular plants to 
specific moments in the seasonal

2402
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:51,100
calendar. 
These connections Trace back to 

2403
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:55,000
Old stories about God's 
associated with Harvest or Tales

2404
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:57,100
of house. 
Certain grains came to humans 

2405
02:08:57,100 --> 02:08:59,600
through Divine gift or fortunate
accident. 

2406
02:09:00,400 --> 02:09:03,900
You don't recite these stories 
each time you scatter seed but 

2407
02:09:03,900 --> 02:09:06,000
their influence persists in the 
timing. 

2408
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:10,600
You choose the methods, you 
prefer the quiet confidence that

2409
02:09:10,600 --> 02:09:13,600
comes from following patterns 
that have worked for countless 

2410
02:09:13,600 --> 02:09:18,300
others before you when you 
travel even short distance is 

2411
02:09:18,300 --> 02:09:22,500
carry consideration shaped by 
traditional beliefs, Certain 

2412
02:09:22,500 --> 02:09:24,400
routes feel more natural than 
others. 

2413
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:26,700
Not just because they're easier 
to walk. 

2414
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:31,000
But because they've accumulated 
associations over time, a 

2415
02:09:31,000 --> 02:09:33,700
particular Grove might be known 
as a place where Travelers pause

2416
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:36,900
linked to an old tale about 
breast being granted there. 

2417
02:09:38,000 --> 02:09:41,900
Crossroads, hold significance, 
Beyond near navigation connected

2418
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:45,400
to stories, about choices 
Journeys, and the meeting of 

2419
02:09:45,408 --> 02:09:49,900
Perthes. these associations 
don't dominate your thinking but

2420
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:53,400
they add subtle layers to your 
movements creating a landscape 

2421
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:57,500
enriched with inherited meaning,
Your work carries gestures and 

2422
02:09:57,508 --> 02:10:01,300
practices that originated in 
mythology without you always 

2423
02:10:01,300 --> 02:10:05,400
recognizing their source. 
A blacksmith shapes metal with 

2424
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:09,700
techniques passed down through 
generations, but also with small

2425
02:10:09,700 --> 02:10:12,700
habits that Trace back to 
stories about the first myths, 

2426
02:10:12,700 --> 02:10:16,100
Divine or legendary figures 
whose methods were believed to 

2427
02:10:16,108 --> 02:10:20,400
ensure quality and safety. 
The order in which you heat 

2428
02:10:20,400 --> 02:10:25,100
hammer and cool isn't arbitrary.
It follows a pattern that feels 

2429
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:28,100
right because it's been 
reinforced by countless tellings

2430
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:29,800
of how metal work should 
proceed. 

2431
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:35,200
Stories that emphasize patients 
precision and respect for the 

2432
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:38,700
material. 
Even simple decisions about when

2433
02:10:38,700 --> 02:10:41,600
to begin tasks reflect 
mythological influence. 

2434
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:45,900
You might start new project on a
day that feels or spacious, not 

2435
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:49,100
through elaborate calculation, 
but through a general sense that

2436
02:10:49,100 --> 02:10:51,100
certain moments suit certain 
beginning. 

2437
02:10:52,300 --> 02:10:54,900
This timing comes from old 
calendars, the design to 

2438
02:10:54,900 --> 02:10:57,700
different qualities to different
days calendars. 

2439
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:00,900
Originally organized around 
Divine celebrations, or mythical

2440
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:03,800
events. 
The specifics might have blurred

2441
02:11:03,800 --> 02:11:07,100
over time but the underlying 
sense of rightness remains 

2442
02:11:07,100 --> 02:11:10,300
guiding you toward choices that 
feel aligned with something 

2443
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:12,300
larger than immediate 
practicality. 

2444
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:16,400
At home, you arrange your space 
with attention to more than 

2445
02:11:16,408 --> 02:11:20,300
function objects, occupy 
particular places because that's

2446
02:11:20,300 --> 02:11:23,600
where they've always belonged 
positions established through 

2447
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:25,500
traditional rather than mere 
convenience. 

2448
02:11:26,600 --> 02:11:29,500
The heart sits at the center of 
certain rooms because stories 

2449
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:33,300
emphasized fire, as the heart of
the household, a gift from 

2450
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,000
Divine sources that required 
honoring through proper 

2451
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:39,000
placement. 
The threshold receives special 

2452
02:11:39,000 --> 02:11:42,800
attention, because Tails warned 
that boundaries between inside 

2453
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:46,400
and outside, held significance 
marking transitions, that 

2454
02:11:46,400 --> 02:11:50,000
deserved acknowledgment. 
Your approach to animals, 

2455
02:11:50,000 --> 02:11:52,800
reflects mythological, 
understanding of their nature. 

2456
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:56,900
Certain creatures receive 
particular treatment because 

2457
02:11:56,900 --> 02:11:59,200
stories characterize them in 
specific ways. 

2458
02:12:00,200 --> 02:12:03,100
Horses are handled with 
awareness that old Tales 

2459
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:06,800
presented them as Noble 
sensitive beings connected to 

2460
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:10,700
powerful gods. 
Cattle attended with practices 

2461
02:12:10,700 --> 02:12:13,800
shaped by stories about their 
value as sacred gifts. 

2462
02:12:14,900 --> 02:12:17,800
Even common animals like 
chickens or sheep or cared for 

2463
02:12:17,800 --> 02:12:19,900
with methods influence by 
beliefs, about their 

2464
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:23,000
relationship to human 
communities relationships, 

2465
02:12:23,000 --> 02:12:26,200
defined through mythological 
Frameworks long before anyone 

2466
02:12:26,200 --> 02:12:29,300
wrote them down. 
Water sources, carry and 

2467
02:12:29,300 --> 02:12:32,400
Heritage significance. 
Wells and springs aren't just 

2468
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:35,700
practical resources, but places 
linked to stories about their 

2469
02:12:35,700 --> 02:12:40,200
origin or protection. 
You approach them with habits 

2470
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:44,000
that show respect, not from fear
or Superstition, but from 

2471
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:48,100
genuine regarded entails about 
how these resources came to be 

2472
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:51,500
available. let's bring might be 
associated with a particular 

2473
02:12:51,500 --> 02:12:55,200
deity or legendary figure and 
while you might not actively 

2474
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:59,000
worship their behavior, reflects
the reverence those stories 

2475
02:12:59,000 --> 02:13:03,800
established Whether observations
blend practical experience with 

2476
02:13:03,800 --> 02:13:07,800
mythological interpretation. 
You read the sky for signs of 

2477
02:13:07,800 --> 02:13:11,600
rain or clear days using 
knowledge accumulated over 

2478
02:13:11,600 --> 02:13:14,800
lifetime. 
But you also understand Storms 

2479
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:17,900
and Sunshine through stories 
about Divine moods or seasonal 

2480
02:13:17,900 --> 02:13:21,900
deities Frameworks that give 
whether emotional resonance 

2481
02:13:21,900 --> 02:13:26,200
Beyond mere meteorology. 
Thunder isn't frightening when 

2482
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:29,600
you've grown up with tails, that
made it comprehensible part of a

2483
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:32,100
larger pattern rather than 
random chaos. 

2484
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:36,900
Healing practices draw from both
observed, Effectiveness and 

2485
02:13:36,900 --> 02:13:40,500
mythological origin. 
Certain herbs work because 

2486
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:43,800
Generations have found them 
helpful but there are so chosen 

2487
02:13:43,800 --> 02:13:47,300
because stories connected them 
to healing gods or legendary 

2488
02:13:47,300 --> 02:13:49,900
Physicians. 
You prepare remedies with 

2489
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:52,500
methods that combine practical 
technique and traditional 

2490
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:56,300
procedure the latter influenced 
by tales about how medicine 

2491
02:13:56,300 --> 02:14:01,200
should be gathered mixed and 
diminished The timing of 

2492
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:05,200
harvest, the direction of 
stirring, the word spoken during

2493
02:14:05,200 --> 02:14:10,400
preparation, all carry traces of
mythological instruction woven 

2494
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:14,200
so deeply into Medical Practice 
that they feel Inseparable from 

2495
02:14:14,200 --> 02:14:17,800
the treatment itself. 
Your relationship with the 

2496
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,600
seasons, reflect stories that 
gave them personality and 

2497
02:14:20,600 --> 02:14:23,800
purpose. 
Bring arrives, not as abstract 

2498
02:14:23,800 --> 02:14:26,400
warming. 
But as the return of life-giving

2499
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:30,700
forces, described in familiar 
Tales, some as abundance 

2500
02:14:30,700 --> 02:14:33,800
connects to stories about 
generous deities or the Triumph 

2501
02:14:33,800 --> 02:14:37,400
of light over Darkness. 
Autumns cooling links to 

2502
02:14:37,400 --> 02:14:39,800
narrative about withdrawal and 
preparation. 

2503
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:44,800
While Winter's quiet corresponds
to tales about rest reflection 

2504
02:14:44,800 --> 02:14:49,000
and dormant sea, These 
mythological Frameworks, don't 

2505
02:14:49,000 --> 02:14:51,200
replace your practical, 
understanding of seasonal 

2506
02:14:51,200 --> 02:14:54,500
change. 
But they enrich it providing 

2507
02:14:54,500 --> 02:14:57,900
emotional context that makes the
yearly cycle feel meaningful 

2508
02:14:57,900 --> 02:15:02,600
rather than merely functional. 
Even conflict resolution draws 

2509
02:15:02,600 --> 02:15:05,900
from mythological models. 
When disputes arise in your 

2510
02:15:05,900 --> 02:15:09,500
community, the story is, 
everyone knows provide reference

2511
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:13,200
points for justice fairness and 
appropriate response. 

2512
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:17,500
Tales about wise rulers settling
arguments or God's establishing.

2513
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:21,000
Proper conduct offer templates 
that help guide real world 

2514
02:15:21,000 --> 02:15:25,100
Solutions, these aren't rigid 
laws but flexible narratives 

2515
02:15:25,100 --> 02:15:28,700
that suggests approaches 
emphasize values and create 

2516
02:15:28,700 --> 02:15:31,800
shared vocabulary for discussing
what should happen when people 

2517
02:15:31,800 --> 02:15:34,500
disagree. 
Your work clothes, carry 

2518
02:15:34,500 --> 02:15:38,100
symbolic elements alongside 
practical design, colors, 

2519
02:15:38,100 --> 02:15:41,400
patterns and materials sometimes
reflect association's 

2520
02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:45,500
established through mythology. 
A particular shade might connect

2521
02:15:45,500 --> 02:15:47,300
to a deity linked with your 
trade. 

2522
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:51,900
Specific weaving pattern, might 
Echo designs described in 

2523
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:54,100
stories about legendary Crafts. 
People. 

2524
02:15:55,000 --> 02:15:58,300
These elements don't dominate 
your appearance but they add 

2525
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,000
layers of meaning that can 
connect you to your occupations 

2526
02:16:01,000 --> 02:16:05,300
mythological Heritage, creating 
continuity between present work 

2527
02:16:05,300 --> 02:16:09,100
and ancient narrative. 
Tools receive treatment shape by

2528
02:16:09,100 --> 02:16:12,800
stories about their importance. 
You maintain your implements 

2529
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:16,000
carefully. 
Storing them properly, repairing

2530
02:16:16,000 --> 02:16:19,700
them promptly, regarding them as
partners in your labor, rather 

2531
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:24,200
than mere objects. 
This attitude traces to tails 

2532
02:16:24,200 --> 02:16:27,000
that emphasize the relationship 
between worker and tools. 

2533
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:30,800
Sometimes, personifying 
implements, or describing them 

2534
02:16:30,800 --> 02:16:34,600
as gifts from teaching deities, 
The care, you show isn't 

2535
02:16:34,600 --> 02:16:38,299
Superstition, but learned 
respect passed down through 

2536
02:16:38,299 --> 02:16:41,700
generations who understood the 
good work, required both skill 

2537
02:16:41,700 --> 02:16:45,000
and proper regard. 
For the means of production, You

2538
02:16:45,008 --> 02:16:48,000
preserve Customs without always 
knowing their complete history. 

2539
02:16:48,000 --> 02:16:52,000
But their persistence testifies 
to their value across 

2540
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:54,900
Generations. 
These Traditions aren't 

2541
02:16:54,900 --> 02:16:58,299
maintained through formal 
instructional written rules in 

2542
02:16:58,299 --> 02:17:00,299
Stead. 
They pass from older hands, to 

2543
02:17:00,299 --> 02:17:04,600
younger ones, through 
observation repetition and the 

2544
02:17:04,600 --> 02:17:07,500
quiet satisfaction of 
participating in something, 

2545
02:17:07,500 --> 02:17:09,500
larger than individual 
experience. 

2546
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:12,600
Morning routines, carry 
gestures. 

2547
02:17:12,600 --> 02:17:16,600
Inherited from mythology. the 
way you begin your day, whether 

2548
02:17:16,600 --> 02:17:20,200
with particular movements brief 
acknowledgments or simple 

2549
02:17:20,200 --> 02:17:25,100
preparations follows patterns 
established long ago, you might 

2550
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:27,700
face a certain direction when 
you first step outside. 

2551
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:32,600
Habit that originated in stories
about proper orientation to 

2552
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:36,200
welcome the Sun or align 
yourself with beneficial forces.

2553
02:17:37,200 --> 02:17:41,400
You don't perform this as ritual
because natural action the way 

2554
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:44,400
things have always been done the
way that feels right. 

2555
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:47,700
Greetings and corporate elements
Trace to mythological 

2556
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:49,500
understanding of languages 
power. 

2557
02:17:50,299 --> 02:17:53,400
The specific phrases. 
You use when meeting others, the

2558
02:17:53,400 --> 02:17:57,100
manner of your address, the 
formality or warmth of your tone

2559
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,200
all, reflect beliefs about how 
words should move between 

2560
02:18:00,200 --> 02:18:04,700
people. stories emphasize that 
speech carried weight, that 

2561
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:08,000
certain utterances promoted 
Harmony While others disrupted, 

2562
02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:11,700
it Your greeting Customs. 
Embody this wisdom without 

2563
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:14,299
requiring you to consciously. 
Remember its source. 

2564
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:17,900
Mealtime practices, preserve 
Traditions rooted in 

2565
02:18:17,900 --> 02:18:21,100
mythological teachings, about 
hospitality and proper conduct. 

2566
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:25,200
The order in which food is 
served the acknowledgment made 

2567
02:18:25,200 --> 02:18:28,500
before eating the way plates are
arranged or portions 

2568
02:18:28,500 --> 02:18:31,500
distributed. 
All follow patterns connected to

2569
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:34,799
Old stories about dining as 
sacred or significant activity. 

2570
02:18:35,900 --> 02:18:38,500
These aren't elaborate 
ceremonies, but comfortable 

2571
02:18:38,500 --> 02:18:40,799
habits. 
Ways of eating that feel 

2572
02:18:40,799 --> 02:18:44,400
civilized and respectful 
maintaining standards passed 

2573
02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:46,299
down through countless family 
meals. 

2574
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:49,799
Seasonal, transitions receive 
attention through traditional 

2575
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:53,299
preparations that blend 
practicality with symbolic 

2576
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:56,500
meaning. 
When days grow shorter, you 

2577
02:18:56,500 --> 02:18:59,400
ready your home with tasks that 
serve obvious purposes 

2578
02:18:59,400 --> 02:19:05,400
insulating against cold, storing
food, organizing supplies, but 

2579
02:19:05,400 --> 02:19:07,799
the thoroughness with which you 
perform these tasks. 

2580
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:11,600
Also reflects mythological 
emphasis on the importance of 

2581
02:19:11,608 --> 02:19:16,100
such transitions, Stories about 
seasonal change, stress the need

2582
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:19,600
for careful, preparation for 
honoring shifts in the natural 

2583
02:19:19,600 --> 02:19:21,799
world through appropriate human 
response. 

2584
02:19:22,799 --> 02:19:25,600
Children, learn Traditions 
through participation rather 

2585
02:19:25,600 --> 02:19:29,000
than formal teaching. 
They observe how adults handle 

2586
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:33,200
certain situations and gradually
adopt the same approaches Child 

2587
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:35,600
watches as Elders. 
Make particular gestures at 

2588
02:19:35,608 --> 02:19:40,000
doorways, show specific 
courtesies to guests or perform 

2589
02:19:40,000 --> 02:19:44,400
seasonal tasks in established 
sequences these observations 

2590
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:47,500
accumulated to knowledge passed 
with without lectures or 

2591
02:19:47,500 --> 02:19:51,500
explanations absorbed through 
the simple power of consistent 

2592
02:19:51,500 --> 02:19:54,400
example. 
Saying's, preserve mythological 

2593
02:19:54,400 --> 02:19:56,900
wisdom in compressed form the 
phrases. 

2594
02:19:56,900 --> 02:20:00,400
You use to comment on everyday 
situations often originated in 

2595
02:20:00,408 --> 02:20:02,900
longer stories. 
Now abbreviated into memorable 

2596
02:20:02,900 --> 02:20:06,200
lines. 
When You observe that patience 

2597
02:20:06,200 --> 02:20:09,700
brings its own rewards, your 
echoing tales about figures who 

2598
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:12,300
succeeded through steadiness, 
rather than haste. 

2599
02:20:13,200 --> 02:20:16,200
When you note that balance 
matters, more than extremes, 

2600
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:19,300
your reflecting stories that 
Illustrated this principle 

2601
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:21,800
through characters who suffered 
from excess or neglect. 

2602
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:25,300
Gestures carry meanings 
established through narrative 

2603
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:27,400
tradition, the way you 
acknowledge. 

2604
02:20:27,400 --> 02:20:28,600
Someone's Good. 
Fortune. 

2605
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:31,000
The movement. 
You make toward a luck. 

2606
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:33,700
The sign you offer to show 
respect or agreement. 

2607
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:36,900
These small motions connect to 
stories that gave them 

2608
02:20:36,900 --> 02:20:40,100
significance. 
A hand-raised in a particular 

2609
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:42,800
manner might reference a 
legendary figures blessing. 

2610
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:46,100
Slight bow. 
Might Recall tales about proper 

2611
02:20:46,100 --> 02:20:48,600
deference. 
These gestures feel natural 

2612
02:20:48,600 --> 02:20:52,000
because they've been normalized 
through repetition, becoming 

2613
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:56,000
part of your communities, 
physical vocabulary, Artisans 

2614
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,900
maintain Traditions specific to 
their crafts practices, that 

2615
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:02,200
blend technique with 
mythological precedent. 

2616
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:06,400
A Potter shapes clay following 
methods that Trace back to 

2617
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:09,900
stories about the first Potters 
whose technique were believed to

2618
02:21:09,900 --> 02:21:12,700
have been divinely inspired or 
carefully developed through 

2619
02:21:12,700 --> 02:21:16,900
trial and generations. 
The specific movements, the 

2620
02:21:16,900 --> 02:21:19,700
progression of steps, the 
attention, to particular 

2621
02:21:19,700 --> 02:21:24,500
details, all reflect this 
inherited wisdom preserved, not 

2622
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:27,000
just because it works, but 
because it connects present 

2623
02:21:27,000 --> 02:21:31,400
creation to ancient making 
Singers and storytellers, 

2624
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:33,100
preserve tales that everyone 
knows. 

2625
02:21:33,100 --> 02:21:36,400
But each telling adds subtle 
variation that keeps the 

2626
02:21:36,400 --> 02:21:38,400
tradition alive rather than 
static. 

2627
02:21:39,300 --> 02:21:42,000
You've heard the same stories 
many times yet. 

2628
02:21:42,000 --> 02:21:44,100
Each performance brings slight 
differences. 

2629
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:48,100
In emphasis New details that 
reflect current relevance. 

2630
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:52,300
Small adaptations that help old 
narratives speak to present 

2631
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:55,400
circumstances. 
This flexibility allows 

2632
02:21:55,400 --> 02:21:59,100
mythology to remain meaningful, 
rather than becoming fossilized 

2633
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:02,100
when maintaining its role as 
living tradition rather than 

2634
02:22:02,100 --> 02:22:05,300
dead history. 
Elder serve as keepers of 

2635
02:22:05,300 --> 02:22:08,900
traditional knowledge, not 
through formal Authority, but 

2636
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:11,600
through the natural respect 
their experience commands. 

2637
02:22:11,600 --> 02:22:15,600
When questions arise about, 
proper procedure, all the origin

2638
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:19,600
of certain Customs, you turn to 
those who remember more who 

2639
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:22,600
learned these things in their 
youth and have practiced them 

2640
02:22:22,600 --> 02:22:25,900
throughout their lives. 
They guidance isn't commandment,

2641
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:30,100
but gentle correction patient 
explanation, shared wisdom 

2642
02:22:30,100 --> 02:22:32,500
offered to help younger 
Generations, understand what 

2643
02:22:32,500 --> 02:22:35,500
matters and why? 
Celebrations, preserve 

2644
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:39,300
mythological commemorations even
as their religious intense to 

2645
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:43,200
Fades into cultural practice. 
The festivals You observe Mark 

2646
02:22:43,200 --> 02:22:47,100
moment significant in Old 
stories times when God's acted 

2647
02:22:47,100 --> 02:22:51,800
or legendary events occurred. 
But for you, these occasions 

2648
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:54,300
function, more as Community 
Gatherings than worship 

2649
02:22:54,300 --> 02:22:58,600
Services, you participate 
because everyone does because 

2650
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,900
the celebrations provide, 
welcome breaks and routine work 

2651
02:23:01,900 --> 02:23:04,700
because they create 
opportunities for shared 

2652
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:07,500
enjoyment and renewed connection
with your neighbors. 

2653
02:23:08,300 --> 02:23:10,900
Textile patterns, preserve 
designs connected to 

2654
02:23:10,908 --> 02:23:14,700
mythological, symbolism the 
weaving, you create or wear in 

2655
02:23:14,700 --> 02:23:17,700
corporates motifs that 
originated in stories about 

2656
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:22,300
Divine beings, legendary 
creatures or important narrative

2657
02:23:22,300 --> 02:23:25,800
moments. 
A spiral might represent Cycles 

2658
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:29,600
described in creation myths. 
Geometric Arrangements. 

2659
02:23:29,600 --> 02:23:32,700
Might Echo patterns associated 
with particular deities. 

2660
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:36,500
These designs persist because 
they're beautiful and 

2661
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:38,600
traditional pass through 
families. 

2662
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:41,300
And communities, as visual 
language that maintains its 

2663
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:45,200
appeal, even a specific 
mythological reference Fades 

2664
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:48,900
from conscious awareness. 
Building methods, reflect 

2665
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:51,600
Traditions, shape by stories 
about proper Construction. 

2666
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:56,400
The way you Orient a structure, 
the sequence in which you raise 

2667
02:23:56,400 --> 02:24:00,800
walls, the placement of openings
for light and are all follow 

2668
02:24:00,800 --> 02:24:04,100
inherited patterns influenced by
mythological teachings, about 

2669
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:07,700
architecture. 
Tales emphasize that building 

2670
02:24:07,700 --> 02:24:10,700
should align with natural 
forces, that certain 

2671
02:24:10,700 --> 02:24:13,100
configurations promoted, Harmony
and stability. 

2672
02:24:14,100 --> 02:24:17,100
Your construction practices, 
embody, this wisdom without 

2673
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:19,900
requiring you to analyze its 
mythological roots. 

2674
02:24:20,800 --> 02:24:24,100
Marriage Customs, preserve 
rituals originating and stories 

2675
02:24:24,100 --> 02:24:27,800
about partnership and Union. 
The ceremonies You observe, when

2676
02:24:27,800 --> 02:24:32,500
people join their lives together
incorporate gestures words and 

2677
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:35,800
sequences connected to 
mythological models of marriage.

2678
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:39,400
These practices feel 
appropriate, because they're 

2679
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:42,700
familiar because they have 
accompanied countless unions 

2680
02:24:42,700 --> 02:24:46,700
before yours. because they carry
the weight of tradition, that 

2681
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:49,200
makes important life 
transitions, feel properly, 

2682
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:53,100
marked and witnessed, Farming, 
Callender's, maintain observance

2683
02:24:53,100 --> 02:24:56,500
is tied to mythological 
agricultural deities or 

2684
02:24:56,500 --> 02:25:00,400
legendary first farmers. 
You plant and harvest according 

2685
02:25:00,400 --> 02:25:03,200
to schedule that blend practical
experience with traditional 

2686
02:25:03,200 --> 02:25:05,900
timing timing. 
Originally established through 

2687
02:25:05,900 --> 02:25:09,700
stories about when God's blessed
certain activities or when 

2688
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:11,500
legendary figures achieve 
success. 

2689
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:16,100
The calendar feels natural 
because it works because it's 

2690
02:25:16,100 --> 02:25:18,300
been followed successfully for 
Generations. 

2691
02:25:18,300 --> 02:25:21,000
Creating a rhythm that serves, 
both practical and cultural 

2692
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:24,400
purposes. 
Gift-giving practices, reflect 

2693
02:25:24,400 --> 02:25:28,300
mythological teachings about 
generosity and reciprocity, the 

2694
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:30,700
occasions. 
When you offer presents the 

2695
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:33,700
types of items considered 
appropriate the manner in which 

2696
02:25:33,708 --> 02:25:37,400
exchanges occur all follow 
patterns shaped by stories, 

2697
02:25:37,400 --> 02:25:40,600
emphasizing the social and 
spiritual importance of sharing 

2698
02:25:41,800 --> 02:25:45,000
These Customs are burdensome 
obligations but Pleasant 

2699
02:25:45,000 --> 02:25:47,500
Traditions that strengthen 
relationships and create 

2700
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:49,500
networks of mutual care and 
consideration. 

2701
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:54,000
You live within a framework of 
understanding that everyone 

2702
02:25:54,000 --> 02:25:57,200
around you shares. 
A Common Language of symbols 

2703
02:25:57,200 --> 02:26:01,500
associations and assumptions 
that makes communication easier 

2704
02:26:01,500 --> 02:26:03,900
and create bonds of mutual 
comprehension. 

2705
02:26:05,100 --> 02:26:07,800
These shared beliefs don't 
require a constant affirmation 

2706
02:26:07,800 --> 02:26:10,300
or discussion. 
They simply exist as the 

2707
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:14,500
background against which daily 
life unfolds stories, provide 

2708
02:26:14,500 --> 02:26:17,400
reference points that help 
explain complex situations 

2709
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:21,000
through familiar, narratives. 
When something unexpected 

2710
02:26:21,000 --> 02:26:23,400
happens. 
You and your neighbor's often 

2711
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:25,900
make sense of it, by comparing 
it to known tails. 

2712
02:26:26,900 --> 02:26:30,000
Sudden reversal of Fortune might
be discussed in terms of stories

2713
02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:32,900
about Pride or humility an 
unexpected. 

2714
02:26:32,900 --> 02:26:37,000
Kindness Might Recall tales 
about disguise benefactors or 

2715
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:40,800
the rewards of compassion. 
These comparisons don't explain 

2716
02:26:40,800 --> 02:26:43,700
everything, but they offer 
comfortable Frameworks for 

2717
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:47,400
understanding ways of 
contextualizing experience that 

2718
02:26:47,400 --> 02:26:50,600
make it feel less chaotic, and 
more comprehensible. 

2719
02:26:51,600 --> 02:26:53,700
Symbols function are shared 
vocabulary. 

2720
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:58,000
Particular plant or animal 
carries associations, everyone 

2721
02:26:58,000 --> 02:27:01,600
recognizes connections 
established through mythology 

2722
02:27:01,600 --> 02:27:04,800
that make these natural elements
mean more than their physical 

2723
02:27:04,800 --> 02:27:08,000
presence. 
A tree represents strength and 

2724
02:27:08,000 --> 02:27:10,300
endurance because stories 
characterized it at that way. 

2725
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:15,100
A dove suggests peace and 
gentleness because Tails linked 

2726
02:27:15,100 --> 02:27:18,200
it to those qualities. 
You don't need to explain these 

2727
02:27:18,200 --> 02:27:22,000
associations when you reference 
them everyone understands 

2728
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:25,400
creating efficient communication
based on common knowledge. 

2729
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:30,400
Proverbs preserve mythological 
wisdom and accessible form the 

2730
02:27:30,400 --> 02:27:33,500
short. 
Memorable sayings you use in 

2731
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:35,800
conversation often originated in
longer. 

2732
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:39,600
Narratives distilled into 
practical advice when you 

2733
02:27:39,608 --> 02:27:43,800
observe that slow and steady 
wins the race, you're invoking 

2734
02:27:43,800 --> 02:27:45,600
the lesson from well known 
Tales. 

2735
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:49,400
When you suggest that pride 
comes before a fall, your 

2736
02:27:49,400 --> 02:27:52,900
referencing stories that 
Illustrated this pattern, these 

2737
02:27:52,900 --> 02:27:56,200
Proverbs work because everyone 
shares the narrative Foundation 

2738
02:27:56,200 --> 02:27:57,800
that gives them meaning and 
Authority. 

2739
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:01,900
Common festivals, create regular
opportunities for Community 

2740
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:04,900
Gathering, occasions. 
When everyone participates in 

2741
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:07,500
activities, rooted in 
mythological commemoration, 

2742
02:28:08,500 --> 02:28:11,500
These celebrations don't feel 
religious in the formal sense 

2743
02:28:11,500 --> 02:28:13,700
but they carry spiritual 
resonance. 

2744
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:17,100
Connecting you to Cosmic 
patterns described in Old 

2745
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:20,200
stories. 
The timing of festivals aligns 

2746
02:28:20,200 --> 02:28:24,000
with seasonal changes. 
Lunar phase is or agricultural 

2747
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:26,300
Milestones. 
All understood through 

2748
02:28:26,300 --> 02:28:29,100
mythological Frameworks, that 
gave these transitions, meaning 

2749
02:28:29,100 --> 02:28:33,000
Beyond mere, calendar marking. 
Shared beliefs about proper 

2750
02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:35,500
behavior, creates, social 
cohesion, without requiring 

2751
02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:38,800
written laws. 
Everyone knows how guests should

2752
02:28:38,800 --> 02:28:42,300
be treated because stories 
emphasized Hospitality, as 

2753
02:28:42,300 --> 02:28:46,300
fundamental virtue, everyone 
understands that certain 

2754
02:28:46,300 --> 02:28:50,100
offenses require apology and 
restitution because tales about 

2755
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:53,400
Justice established. 
These principles, everyone 

2756
02:28:53,400 --> 02:28:57,300
recognizes that Elders deserve 
respect because mythology 

2757
02:28:57,300 --> 02:29:01,600
consistently portrayed wisdom as
coming with age and experience 

2758
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:06,600
these understandings function as
Unwritten rules that maintain 

2759
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:10,400
Community Harmony. 
Visual art draws from common 

2760
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:14,500
mythological imagery creating 
public spaces, decorated with 

2761
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:18,900
familiar symbols and scenes. 
You see these representations on

2762
02:29:18,900 --> 02:29:23,100
buildings in marketplaces on 
objects of daily use. 

2763
02:29:23,100 --> 02:29:26,300
They don't require explanation 
because everyone knows the 

2764
02:29:26,300 --> 02:29:28,600
story. 
They reference a depiction of a 

2765
02:29:28,600 --> 02:29:32,100
particular, God reminds you of 
associated values or attributes.

2766
02:29:32,800 --> 02:29:35,800
A scene from a famous tale, 
reinforces lessons about 

2767
02:29:35,800 --> 02:29:40,900
courage, wisdom or caution. 
This shared visual language in 

2768
02:29:40,900 --> 02:29:43,000
riches your environment with 
layers of meaning. 

2769
02:29:44,000 --> 02:29:47,900
Music incorporates Melodies and 
rhythms associated with specific

2770
02:29:47,900 --> 02:29:52,300
occasions or emotions. 
Associations often Trace to 

2771
02:29:52,300 --> 02:29:56,100
mythological contexts. 
Certain songs feel appropriate 

2772
02:29:56,100 --> 02:29:59,100
for celebrations because they've
always accompanied such events 

2773
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:03,100
linked to stories about joyful 
gods, or legendary festivities. 

2774
02:30:03,900 --> 02:30:07,500
Other Melodies suits solemn 
moments connected to tales about

2775
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:10,600
reflection or remembrance. 
You don't choose music 

2776
02:30:10,600 --> 02:30:13,500
analytically. 
But instinctively drawing on 

2777
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:16,900
shared understanding of what 
sounds match, which situations. 

2778
02:30:17,900 --> 02:30:20,900
place names, preserve, 
mythological memory, connecting 

2779
02:30:20,900 --> 02:30:25,100
your landscape to Old Stories, 
the hill, where you graze sheep 

2780
02:30:25,100 --> 02:30:30,000
carries the name of a deity or 
legendary event, The river you 

2781
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:33,700
crossed daily references a tale 
about its origin or important to

2782
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:36,700
currents there. 
These names are just labels but 

2783
02:30:36,700 --> 02:30:40,200
reminders keeping mythology, 
present in your everyday 

2784
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:44,100
geography in the stories remain 
connected to actual places. 

2785
02:30:44,100 --> 02:30:48,900
You see and use regularly 
occupational, identity is draw. 

2786
02:30:48,900 --> 02:30:52,400
Meaning from mythological 
association's, your work isn't 

2787
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:56,000
just a job, but a role connected
to larger narrative about the 

2788
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:58,100
importance and nature of 
different activities. 

2789
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:02,300
Pharmacy themselves as partners 
with life-giving forces 

2790
02:31:02,300 --> 02:31:06,100
described in agricultural myths.
Healers, understand their 

2791
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:09,300
workers continuing Traditions 
established by legendary 

2792
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:13,700
Physicians or healing deities. 
Builders connect their craft to 

2793
02:31:13,700 --> 02:31:15,900
stories about the first 
structures or Divine 

2794
02:31:15,900 --> 02:31:18,400
architecture. 
These connections, give your 

2795
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:22,600
work dignity and purpose Beyond,
mere livelihood, conflict. 

2796
02:31:22,600 --> 02:31:25,900
Resolution benefits from shared 
understanding of justice, and 

2797
02:31:25,900 --> 02:31:28,800
fairness derive from 
mythological models. 

2798
02:31:29,800 --> 02:31:33,300
When disputes arise you and your
neighbor's can reference stories

2799
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:37,400
that everyone knows tales that 
Illustrated proper responses to 

2800
02:31:37,400 --> 02:31:41,500
various wrongs or disagreements.
These narrative don't provide 

2801
02:31:41,500 --> 02:31:46,500
rigid rules, but suggests 
principles emphasize values and 

2802
02:31:46,500 --> 02:31:48,300
create common ground for 
discussion. 

2803
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:52,200
You can appeal to share stories 
as evidence for your position. 

2804
02:31:52,200 --> 02:31:55,800
Knowing others will recognize 
and consider these references. 

2805
02:31:56,800 --> 02:31:59,300
Trust within your community. 
Rest partly on shared 

2806
02:31:59,300 --> 02:32:02,900
participation in traditional 
practices. when everyone 

2807
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:07,200
observes the same Customs follow
similar routines and respects 

2808
02:32:07,200 --> 02:32:10,700
common values derive from 
mythology, it creates bonds of 

2809
02:32:10,708 --> 02:32:14,400
mutual understanding You know 
how your neighbors will likely 

2810
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:17,800
respond in various situations 
because you share the same 

2811
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:21,500
cultural Foundation. 
This predictability doesn't mean

2812
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:26,200
uniformity that creates Baseline
expectations, that make 

2813
02:32:26,200 --> 02:32:28,500
cooperation easier and social 
life more comfortable. 

2814
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:32,600
Children grow up with the same 
stories you learned creating 

2815
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:36,500
generational continuity that 
strengthens Community identity. 

2816
02:32:37,300 --> 02:32:39,800
When you see young ones, 
listening to familiar, Tales 

2817
02:32:39,800 --> 02:32:43,700
practicing traditional gestures 
or participating and seasonal 

2818
02:32:43,700 --> 02:32:46,600
observance. 
Is you recognize yourself in 

2819
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:50,100
their experience. 
This continuity ensures that the

2820
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:53,100
shared beliefs shaping your 
community won't disappear, but 

2821
02:32:53,100 --> 02:32:57,200
will persist connecting future 
generations to the same 

2822
02:32:57,200 --> 02:33:00,400
mythological foundations that 
have organized social life for 

2823
02:33:00,400 --> 02:33:03,000
so long. 
Healing practices gain 

2824
02:33:03,000 --> 02:33:05,800
additional Effectiveness through
shared belief in their power. 

2825
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:10,500
When a remedy comes, recommended
by traditional wisdom supported 

2826
02:33:10,500 --> 02:33:12,800
by stories about its legendary 
Ficus. 

2827
02:33:12,800 --> 02:33:16,800
You approached treatment with 
confidence that aids recovery. 

2828
02:33:17,800 --> 02:33:21,000
your community's Collective 
trust in these methods creates 

2829
02:33:21,000 --> 02:33:24,900
an environment where healing 
feels not just possible, but 

2830
02:33:24,900 --> 02:33:29,500
expected supported by centuries 
of mythological, validation, 

2831
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:34,600
alongside practical experience, 
Artistic expression draws from 

2832
02:33:34,600 --> 02:33:38,200
common mythological themes 
ensuring that created Works 

2833
02:33:38,200 --> 02:33:42,400
resonate with broad audiences. 
A poet composes versus the 

2834
02:33:42,400 --> 02:33:45,700
reference familiar Tales knowing
listeners will catch the 

2835
02:33:45,700 --> 02:33:47,700
Illusions and appreciate the 
connections. 

2836
02:33:47,700 --> 02:33:51,300
A sculptor creates figures that 
recall legendary characters. 

2837
02:33:51,300 --> 02:33:54,100
Confident observers will 
recognize them. 

2838
02:33:54,800 --> 02:33:58,100
A painter depict scenes from 
well known stories, certain 

2839
02:33:58,100 --> 02:34:01,000
viewers will understand and 
respond to the symbolic content.

2840
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:04,600
This shared Foundation makes art
more accessible and meaningful. 

2841
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:08,000
You move through the year, 
Guided by a calendar that marks 

2842
02:34:08,000 --> 02:34:11,400
time through both practical 
necessity and mythological 

2843
02:34:11,400 --> 02:34:15,600
significance. these pauses, in 
regular work, these moments of 

2844
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:20,100
Celebration or reflection aren't
our true breaks, but rhythms 

2845
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:23,800
established through stories that
gave seasons and Cycles deeper, 

2846
02:34:23,800 --> 02:34:28,100
meaning than mere chronological 
progression, Winters quiet 

2847
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:30,900
months Carry Association with 
rest and renewal. 

2848
02:34:31,800 --> 02:34:35,900
Concepts drawn from stories 
about dormant sea as necessary, 

2849
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:40,300
preparation for rebirth. 
You slow your pace, not just 

2850
02:34:40,300 --> 02:34:43,400
because whether limits outdoor 
work, but because traditional 

2851
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:46,500
understanding frames this season
as time for Stillness. 

2852
02:34:47,600 --> 02:34:52,400
Tales about winter emphasized, 
patients conservation, and 

2853
02:34:52,400 --> 02:34:55,900
inward Focus. 
Your activities, reflect these 

2854
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:59,700
values, your days organized 
around indoor, tasks, 

2855
02:34:59,700 --> 02:35:04,500
maintenance of tools and spaces 
time spent in Home Comfort 

2856
02:35:04,500 --> 02:35:08,200
rather than field labor. 
Midwinter celebrations, break 

2857
02:35:08,200 --> 02:35:10,600
the darkest period with 
Gathering that recall 

2858
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:15,100
mythological events associated 
with lights return or the sun's 

2859
02:35:15,100 --> 02:35:17,800
renewal. 
These festivals don't feel 

2860
02:35:17,800 --> 02:35:21,400
religious in the formal sense 
but provide welcome warmth and 

2861
02:35:21,400 --> 02:35:24,000
Community Connection during cold
dim days. 

2862
02:35:24,900 --> 02:35:29,700
You prepare special Foods, share
stories exchange, simple gifts, 

2863
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:33,100
all practices rooted entails 
about the importance of 

2864
02:35:33,108 --> 02:35:35,700
maintaining hope and fellowship 
during the hardest season. 

2865
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:39,600
Springs arrival receives 
attention through observances 

2866
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:42,800
connected to stories, about 
Awakening life and returning 

2867
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:45,500
warmth. 
You notice changes in the 

2868
02:35:45,508 --> 02:35:48,800
natural world and respond with 
traditional activities that Mark

2869
02:35:48,800 --> 02:35:52,500
this transition. 
Cleaning your home thoroughly 

2870
02:35:52,500 --> 02:35:56,000
follows Customs linked to 
mythological emphasis on Fresh 

2871
02:35:56,000 --> 02:36:00,900
Starts and clearing away. 
Winter's heaviness Planting 

2872
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:03,900
early crops occurs according to 
timing established through 

2873
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:08,200
agricultural stories, that 
connected specific moments to 

2874
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:10,700
divine blessing or favorable 
conditions. 

2875
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:14,600
Bring festivals celebrate. 
Renewal with Customs drawn from 

2876
02:36:14,608 --> 02:36:18,300
tales about fertility, gods or 
legendary plantings. 

2877
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:23,200
The celebrations feel joyful and
optimistic reflecting the 

2878
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,700
seasons promise. 
You participate in communal 

2879
02:36:26,700 --> 02:36:29,200
activities. 
Perhaps processing through 

2880
02:36:29,200 --> 02:36:33,100
Fields or gathering at 
significant locations actions 

2881
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:36,700
that originated in religious 
practice, but persist as 

2882
02:36:36,700 --> 02:36:40,500
cultural tradition. 
The specific mythological 

2883
02:36:40,500 --> 02:36:45,100
content may have faded but the 
emotional tone remains marking 

2884
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:47,600
spring as time of Hope and New 
Beginning. 

2885
02:36:48,600 --> 02:36:51,300
Summers, abundant find 
expression in festivals of 

2886
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:55,200
gratitude and enjoyment. 
Occasions rooted in stories 

2887
02:36:55,200 --> 02:36:56,200
about generous. 
Dear. 

2888
02:36:56,200 --> 02:36:59,000
It is all the Triumph of light 
and warmth. 

2889
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:03,200
You take breaks from intense 
agricultural work to gather with

2890
02:37:03,200 --> 02:37:07,400
your community sharing food, 
from early harvests enjoying 

2891
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:11,000
long, daylight hours engaging in
games or performance. 

2892
02:37:11,000 --> 02:37:13,100
Is that celebrate the seasons 
gifts? 

2893
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:17,100
These festivals, don't interrupt
necessary work but provide 

2894
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:20,400
rhythmic relief, creating 
balance between labor and 

2895
02:37:20,400 --> 02:37:22,900
Leisure. 
Midsummer holds special 

2896
02:37:22,908 --> 02:37:27,100
significance associated with 
tales about the sun's Peak power

2897
02:37:27,100 --> 02:37:30,300
or important, Divine events 
occurring at the years. 

2898
02:37:30,300 --> 02:37:33,500
Brightest point. 
Your observance might include 

2899
02:37:33,500 --> 02:37:35,400
staying awake through the short 
night. 

2900
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:40,100
Lighting fires that Echo solar 
associations or gathering 

2901
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:43,400
particular plants believed to 
hold special properties at this 

2902
02:37:43,400 --> 02:37:47,400
moment. these activities blend 
practical traditional with 

2903
02:37:47,400 --> 02:37:51,400
mythological meaning creating 
experience is that feel both 

2904
02:37:51,400 --> 02:37:56,400
festive and significant autumns 
cooling brings preparations that

2905
02:37:56,400 --> 02:37:59,300
follow patterns established 
through stories about the need 

2906
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:03,200
for careful transition from 
abundance to guess City. 

2907
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:08,000
Your Harvest with attention to 
proper timing store food using 

2908
02:38:08,000 --> 02:38:11,300
traditional methods. 
Ready your home for colder 

2909
02:38:11,300 --> 02:38:14,200
months ahead. 
These practical tasks, carry 

2910
02:38:14,200 --> 02:38:18,600
extra weight because mythology 
emphasized Autumn as crucial 

2911
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:22,800
period, requiring diligence and 
respect for natural cycles. 

2912
02:38:23,900 --> 02:38:26,600
Harvest festivals provide 
occasions to acknowledge the 

2913
02:38:26,600 --> 02:38:29,500
year's yield through customs 
rooted in agricultural 

2914
02:38:29,500 --> 02:38:32,000
mythology. 
You might make offerings of 

2915
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:34,900
first fruits. 
A practice that originated in 

2916
02:38:34,900 --> 02:38:39,300
religious ceremony, but 
continues as cultural habit. you

2917
02:38:39,300 --> 02:38:42,200
certainly gather with neighbors 
to share the work of final 

2918
02:38:42,200 --> 02:38:46,900
harvests and celebrates 
successful crops activities that

2919
02:38:46,900 --> 02:38:50,700
feel appropriate because stories
consistently portrayed Harvest, 

2920
02:38:50,700 --> 02:38:53,400
as Community achievement, 
deserving recognition, and 

2921
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:57,600
Thanksgiving Equinoxes and 
solstices marked time according 

2922
02:38:57,600 --> 02:39:00,300
to Frameworks established 
through mythological attention 

2923
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:04,100
to Celestial patterns. 
These astronomical moments 

2924
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,400
receive notice not just as 
calendar dates, but a 

2925
02:39:07,400 --> 02:39:10,700
significant transitions times 
when the balance between light 

2926
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:14,000
and dark shifts in ways that old
stories characterized as 

2927
02:39:14,000 --> 02:39:19,000
cosmically important You're 
observant might be simple, but 

2928
02:39:19,000 --> 02:39:21,400
it connects you to ancient 
attention to these rhythms. 

2929
02:39:22,300 --> 02:39:26,400
Weekly rest days provide regular
pauses in work breaks that Trace

2930
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:29,100
Origins to mythological 
teachings about the importance 

2931
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:32,000
of rhythmic renewal. 
You don't just stop working 

2932
02:39:32,000 --> 02:39:35,200
because you're tired, but 
because traditional established 

2933
02:39:35,200 --> 02:39:37,300
particular days as appropriate 
for rest. 

2934
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:42,300
Stories justify these pauses 
through Divine example or 

2935
02:39:42,300 --> 02:39:45,200
legendary wisdom about the need 
for regular recovery. 

2936
02:39:46,400 --> 02:39:50,100
Your observance maintains this 
pattern creating predictable 

2937
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:54,100
Rhythm that structures time and 
ensures consistent respite. 

2938
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,700
Evening practices, Marc Daly, 
transitions with Customs 

2939
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:03,300
influenced by mythological, 
understanding of days end, you 

2940
02:40:03,300 --> 02:40:07,100
might perform particular tasks 
as light Fades routines. 

2941
02:40:07,100 --> 02:40:10,700
That signal Works, completion 
and movement toward rest. 

2942
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:14,900
These habits aren't elaborate 
rituals but comfortable patterns

2943
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:18,600
ways of closing the day that 
feel natural because they've 

2944
02:40:18,600 --> 02:40:23,000
been followed so consistently. 
Bedtime Customs, prepare for 

2945
02:40:23,000 --> 02:40:26,000
sleep with gestures, rooted in 
traditional beliefs about 

2946
02:40:26,000 --> 02:40:27,900
nighttime, a significant 
transition. 

2947
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:32,100
The way you secure your home, 
the order in which you complete 

2948
02:40:32,100 --> 02:40:36,100
final tasks, the moments of 
quiet before actual sleep. 

2949
02:40:36,100 --> 02:40:39,800
All follow patterns shape, by 
mythological attention, to the 

2950
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:42,400
boundary between waking and 
sleeping worlds. 

2951
02:40:43,300 --> 02:40:45,600
These practices, don't stem from
fear. 

2952
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:49,300
But from genuine regard for 
sleep as important, state 

2953
02:40:49,300 --> 02:40:52,600
deserving, proper approach, 
monthly Cycles. 

2954
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:55,900
Particularly lunar phases, 
receive attention influenced by 

2955
02:40:55,908 --> 02:40:57,600
stories that characterize the 
moon. 

2956
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:03,100
A significant Force affecting 
growth behavior and proper 

2957
02:41:03,100 --> 02:41:06,800
timing for various activities. 
You notice whether the Moon is 

2958
02:41:06,800 --> 02:41:09,400
waxing or waning. 
When you plan certain tasks 

2959
02:41:09,400 --> 02:41:12,600
following traditional 
associations between lunar 

2960
02:41:12,600 --> 02:41:16,500
phases and favorable, conditions
for planting harvesting or 

2961
02:41:16,500 --> 02:41:20,300
beginning projects, These 
observances blend practical 

2962
02:41:20,300 --> 02:41:22,200
wisdom with mythological 
framework. 

2963
02:41:22,200 --> 02:41:25,100
That gave lunar cycles, meaning 
Beyond mere illumination. 

2964
02:41:26,400 --> 02:41:29,600
Life transitions receive marking
through ceremonies that follow. 

2965
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:34,100
Mythological models birth Coming
of Age, marriage death. 

2966
02:41:34,100 --> 02:41:38,100
Each passage includes practices 
drawn from stories about how 

2967
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:39,800
such moments should be 
acknowledged. 

2968
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:43,600
These ceremonies aren't rigid or
uniformed, but carry common 

2969
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:47,800
elements traditional components 
that community's recognized as 

2970
02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:50,600
appropriate ways to honor 
significant changes in 

2971
02:41:50,600 --> 02:41:55,000
individual lives. anticipation 
of festivals structures, your 

2972
02:41:55,000 --> 02:41:59,000
experience of time creating 
forward motion, as you look 

2973
02:41:59,000 --> 02:42:02,800
ahead to upcoming celebrations, 
you count days until the next 

2974
02:42:02,800 --> 02:42:05,600
major Gathering prepare 
gradually for seasonal 

2975
02:42:05,600 --> 02:42:09,000
observances, feel the rhythm of 
the Year through these regular 

2976
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:14,500
punctuations, This anticipation 
isn't anxious, but Pleasant part

2977
02:42:14,500 --> 02:42:17,800
of life's comfortable pattern, 
the way traditional calendars 

2978
02:42:17,800 --> 02:42:21,800
gives shape and meaning to times
passage you prepare meals with 

2979
02:42:21,800 --> 02:42:24,000
attention to more than nutrition
and taste. 

2980
02:42:24,900 --> 02:42:27,900
The foods, you choose the 
methods, you use the ways, you 

2981
02:42:27,900 --> 02:42:32,100
serve and share all carry traces
of mythological influence that 

2982
02:42:32,100 --> 02:42:36,500
transformed eating from Mere 
sustenance into culturally Rich,

2983
02:42:36,500 --> 02:42:40,500
practice woven with symbolic 
meaning and inherited wisdom. 

2984
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:44,700
Your Hearth occupy. 
Central importance treated as 

2985
02:42:44,700 --> 02:42:48,100
more than cooking space because 
stories emphasized fire, a 

2986
02:42:48,100 --> 02:42:52,100
sacred gift require in care and 
respect You maintain your 

2987
02:42:52,100 --> 02:42:56,000
cooking fire with consistent 
attention ensuring, its never 

2988
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:58,800
completely extinguished, 
following tradition. 

2989
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:02,300
That traces to mythological 
teachings about the half as 

2990
02:43:02,300 --> 02:43:07,800
heart of Home and Family. 
The way you tend Flames had Fuel

2991
02:43:07,800 --> 02:43:10,700
and control heat reflects 
practices passed through 

2992
02:43:10,700 --> 02:43:14,400
generations that understood fire
as both practical necessity and 

2993
02:43:14,400 --> 02:43:17,900
symbolic Center. 
Bread making follows procedures 

2994
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:21,200
that blend Effectiveness with 
traditional, derived from 

2995
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:25,200
agricultural myths. 
The way you mix ingredients, the

2996
02:43:25,200 --> 02:43:28,900
order of steps, the timing of 
rising and baking all 

2997
02:43:28,900 --> 02:43:32,500
incorporate wisdom from stories 
about the first Bakers or grain 

2998
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:35,600
as Divine gift. 
You handle dough with particular

2999
02:43:35,600 --> 02:43:40,000
movements shape, loaves in 
establish forms patterns, that 

3000
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:43,100
connect your daily baking to 
ancient practice and 

3001
02:43:43,100 --> 02:43:46,700
mythological significance, 
assigned to bread as fundamental

3002
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:49,400
food. 
Herbs and Seasonings receive 

3003
02:43:49,400 --> 02:43:52,000
selection based on both flavor 
and traditional associations 

3004
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,900
established through healing 
myths and stories about plant 

3005
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:58,600
properties. 
You add particular herbs to 

3006
02:43:58,600 --> 02:44:00,300
certain dishes, not just for 
Taste. 

3007
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:03,800
But because inherited wisdom 
connected those plants to help 

3008
02:44:03,800 --> 02:44:08,800
protect or symbolic meaning. if 
pinch of one herb might 

3009
02:44:08,800 --> 02:44:12,500
represent purification while 
another suggests blessing or 

3010
02:44:12,500 --> 02:44:16,300
Good Fortune, these additions 
subtly layer meals with 

3011
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:20,600
mythological significant Feast 
days, require special Foods 

3012
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:22,900
dishes. 
Prepared, according to recipes 

3013
02:44:22,900 --> 02:44:26,100
preserved because they suit 
specific celebrations, rooted in

3014
02:44:26,108 --> 02:44:29,700
mythological events, You make 
particular items for spring 

3015
02:44:29,700 --> 02:44:31,800
festivals. 
Different preparations. 

3016
02:44:31,800 --> 02:44:35,100
For Autumn Gatherings, 
specialized foods, for midwinter

3017
02:44:35,100 --> 02:44:39,700
celebrations, These dishes carry
associations with the occasions.

3018
02:44:39,700 --> 02:44:42,700
They commemorate their 
ingredients and preparation 

3019
02:44:42,700 --> 02:44:45,500
methods reflecting stories about
what should be eaten. 

3020
02:44:45,500 --> 02:44:49,600
When honoring particular deities
or legendary moments, Table 

3021
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:52,800
Customs, follow rules derive 
from mythological teachings, 

3022
02:44:52,800 --> 02:44:54,900
about hospitality and proper 
conduct. 

3023
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:59,200
The way you arrange seating, the
order in which people are served

3024
02:44:59,200 --> 02:45:02,900
the courtesies. 
Extended to guests all reflect 

3025
02:45:02,900 --> 02:45:06,800
stories, that emphasize dining a
socially significant activity, 

3026
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:10,600
deserving careful attention to 
Etiquette and fairness. 

3027
02:45:11,700 --> 02:45:15,100
You follow these Customs without
conscious analysis, but they 

3028
02:45:15,100 --> 02:45:18,000
shape your meals into occasions.
That feel civilized and 

3029
02:45:18,000 --> 02:45:21,500
respectful. 
Water deserves particular regard

3030
02:45:21,500 --> 02:45:24,600
based on stories that 
characterized it as precious 

3031
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:28,600
resource, connected to specific 
deities or legendary sources. 

3032
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:33,600
you use water carefully, waste 
it rarely treat Wells and 

3033
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:37,600
springs with respected, in 
mythological emphasis on water's

3034
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:42,700
Life, Giving important, The way 
you draw water, carry it, use it

3035
02:45:42,700 --> 02:45:47,000
in cooking and cleaning follows.
Practices influenced by tales 

3036
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:49,700
about proper relationship with 
this essential element. 

3037
02:45:50,700 --> 02:45:53,600
Preservation methods, combine 
practical technique with 

3038
02:45:53,600 --> 02:45:57,400
traditional wisdom Trace to 
stories about how food should be

3039
02:45:57,400 --> 02:46:01,100
stored. 
Smoking, drying salting all 

3040
02:46:01,100 --> 02:46:04,100
follow procedures passed through
generations, that learn these 

3041
02:46:04,100 --> 02:46:08,000
processes partly through trial 
and partly through mythological 

3042
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:09,800
instruction about proper 
preservation. 

3043
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:14,000
Timing of these activities 
sometimes aligned with seasonal 

3044
02:46:14,000 --> 02:46:17,100
moments considered favorable 
according to traditional 

3045
02:46:17,100 --> 02:46:20,500
calendars influenced by 
mythological Frameworks. 

3046
02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:23,900
Home Arrangement reflects 
beliefs about proper spatial 

3047
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:27,300
organization drawn from stories 
about Divine dwellings all 

3048
02:46:27,300 --> 02:46:30,800
legendary households. 
You place furniture and objects,

3049
02:46:30,800 --> 02:46:33,400
according to patterns that film 
natural, because they've been 

3050
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:36,400
consistently followed. 
But these arrangements are 

3051
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,600
originated in mythological 
teachings about how interior 

3052
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:43,500
should be organized. 
The location of sleeping areas 

3053
02:46:43,500 --> 02:46:48,100
storage spaces and work zones. 
Follows inherited wisdom about 

3054
02:46:48,100 --> 02:46:50,300
functional Division and 
symbolic. 

3055
02:46:50,300 --> 02:46:52,600
Significance of different 
domestic regions. 

3056
02:46:53,500 --> 02:46:56,200
Threshold practices acknowledged
doorways are significant 

3057
02:46:56,200 --> 02:46:58,800
boundaries a concept. 
Traced to stories that 

3058
02:46:58,800 --> 02:47:01,500
emphasized transitions between 
inside and outside. 

3059
02:47:01,500 --> 02:47:05,100
As meaningful moments, you might
perform small gestures when 

3060
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:07,600
entering or leaving habits. 
So normalized. 

3061
02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:10,900
They've become unconscious but 
originating in mythological 

3062
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,100
attention to thresholds as 
liminal spaces deserving 

3063
02:47:14,100 --> 02:47:17,500
recognition. 
These practices don't stem from 

3064
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:20,800
Superstition, but from genuine, 
traditional regard for 

3065
02:47:20,800 --> 02:47:23,800
boundaries and transitions. 
Cleaning routines. 

3066
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:27,200
Follow patterns influenced by 
stories about purity and order 

3067
02:47:27,200 --> 02:47:31,500
as virtues the thoroughness with
which you maintain your home, 

3068
02:47:31,500 --> 02:47:35,000
the specific methods. 
You use the order in which you 

3069
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:38,300
address different tasks, or 
reflect inherited practices 

3070
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:42,500
shaped by mythological emphasis 
on cleanliness as both practical

3071
02:47:42,500 --> 02:47:47,700
necessity and symbolic state, 
Bringing for instance, connects 

3072
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:52,200
to tales about renewal and Fresh
Starts making the tradition feel

3073
02:47:52,200 --> 02:47:54,600
appropriate, Beyond merely 
seasonal convenience. 

3074
02:47:55,600 --> 02:47:58,800
Textile care includes practices 
rooted in mythological 

3075
02:47:58,800 --> 02:48:02,700
associations, with spinning 
weaving and fabric. 

3076
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:07,000
The way you wash, mend and store
cloth follows. 

3077
02:48:07,000 --> 02:48:10,300
Procedures influenced by stories
about legendary Weavers or 

3078
02:48:10,300 --> 02:48:14,300
Divine textile workers. 
You handle fabric with care, 

3079
02:48:14,300 --> 02:48:17,700
taught through generations that 
understood cloth, as valuable 

3080
02:48:17,700 --> 02:48:19,400
material, deserving proper 
treatment. 

3081
02:48:20,300 --> 02:48:23,100
A value system established 
partly through myths about 

3082
02:48:23,100 --> 02:48:27,400
textiles important and partly 
through practical experience of 

3083
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:29,100
their labor, intense of 
production. 

3084
02:48:30,100 --> 02:48:33,400
Gardens receive tending that 
combines Horticultural knowledge

3085
02:48:33,400 --> 02:48:36,500
with traditional plant 
associations, derived from 

3086
02:48:36,508 --> 02:48:41,300
mythology, you grow particular 
herbs not just for use but 

3087
02:48:41,300 --> 02:48:45,400
because stories connected them 
to protector healing or 

3088
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:48,500
blessing. 
You arrange plants according to 

3089
02:48:48,500 --> 02:48:51,600
patterns that feel right? 
Arrangements. 

3090
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:55,500
Sometimes influenced by symbolic
relationships established 

3091
02:48:55,500 --> 02:48:59,500
through tales about specific 
species and their mythological 

3092
02:48:59,500 --> 02:49:03,000
significance. 
Animal Care follows practices 

3093
02:49:03,000 --> 02:49:06,000
shape by stories about proper 
treatment of domestic creatures.

3094
02:49:06,000 --> 02:49:10,500
The way you feed livestock 
shelter them address their needs

3095
02:49:10,500 --> 02:49:14,200
reflects inherited, wisdom 
influenced by myths that 

3096
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:18,600
characterized animals, as gifts 
or Partners deserving respectful

3097
02:49:18,600 --> 02:49:21,400
management. 
You speak to animals with 

3098
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:25,600
consideration, handle them with 
awareness that old Tales 

3099
02:49:25,600 --> 02:49:29,600
consistently portrayed certain 
creatures as possessing, dignity

3100
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:33,300
and sensitivity. 
Evening meals, provide daily 

3101
02:49:33,300 --> 02:49:37,400
Gathering moments that follow 
Customs Trace to mythological 

3102
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:41,400
emphasis on shared food as 
community building activity. 

3103
02:49:42,300 --> 02:49:45,900
You sit together at regular 
times, share the days of events 

3104
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:48,900
maintain conversation that 
strengthens family bonds. 

3105
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:53,000
These practices feel natural, 
but they reflect Traditions 

3106
02:49:53,000 --> 02:49:57,000
rooted in stories about communal
eating as essential to social, 

3107
02:49:57,000 --> 02:50:01,600
cohesion, and household Harmony.
leftovers receive treatment 

3108
02:50:01,600 --> 02:50:04,700
Guided by beliefs, about waste 
and gratitude derive from 

3109
02:50:04,708 --> 02:50:08,500
agricultural myths, You use 
remaining food carefully, 

3110
02:50:08,500 --> 02:50:12,500
transform it into new dishes. 
Avoid throwing away, edible 

3111
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:16,000
material. 
This frugality stems partly from

3112
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:19,000
practical necessity. 
But also from traditional 

3113
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:22,900
teachings about food as precious
resource deserving, complete 

3114
02:50:22,900 --> 02:50:26,700
utilization, Teaching is 
reinforced through stories about

3115
02:50:26,700 --> 02:50:31,200
Hunger abundance and the proper 
relationship between humans and 

3116
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:34,500
their sustenance. 
You settle in to evening hours 

3117
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:37,500
with a different, quality of 
attention, the days work, 

3118
02:50:37,500 --> 02:50:41,400
complete and night approaching. 
These hours carry their own 

3119
02:50:41,400 --> 02:50:43,900
Customs quieter to practice his 
that. 

3120
02:50:43,900 --> 02:50:47,800
Preserve mythological wisdom 
through indirect recall rather 

3121
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:51,500
than formal recitation. 
Maintaining connection to Old 

3122
02:50:51,500 --> 02:50:55,800
Tales through subtle reference 
and gentle remembrance Twilight 

3123
02:50:55,800 --> 02:51:00,800
brings natural slowing a shift 
from active labor to restful 

3124
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:04,400
occupation. 
You move indoors as light Fades 

3125
02:51:04,400 --> 02:51:07,700
following patterns established 
through generations that 

3126
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:10,200
understood evening as time for 
different activities. 

3127
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:15,500
The transition isn't abrupt, but
gradual your body responding to 

3128
02:51:15,500 --> 02:51:18,700
dimming light with instinctive. 
Adjustment influenced by 

3129
02:51:18,700 --> 02:51:21,900
countless stories that 
characterize dusk as boundary 

3130
02:51:21,900 --> 02:51:26,000
time between days Clarity and 
nights mystery, though, mystery 

3131
02:51:26,000 --> 02:51:29,300
here means rest and renewal 
rather than anything concerning 

3132
02:51:30,700 --> 02:51:34,300
Lamplight creates atmosphere 
distinct from daylight software 

3133
02:51:34,300 --> 02:51:37,800
and more intimate. 
You gather in illuminated spaces

3134
02:51:37,800 --> 02:51:41,700
that feel contained and secure 
enclosed by Darkness, but not 

3135
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:45,800
threatened by it. 
This experience of evening 

3136
02:51:45,800 --> 02:51:48,600
connects to mythological, 
understanding of home as 

3137
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:52,000
protected. 
Place Concepts, reinforced 

3138
02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:55,900
through tales that emphasized 
the half's warmth a center of 

3139
02:51:55,908 --> 02:52:00,300
safety and the house as boundary
that kept Comfort within while 

3140
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:03,700
simply acknowledging. 
The vast World Beyond older 

3141
02:52:03,700 --> 02:52:06,400
family members or neighbors, 
sometimes share memories that 

3142
02:52:06,400 --> 02:52:09,600
carry fragments of traditional 
Tales without formal 

3143
02:52:09,600 --> 02:52:12,700
storytelling. 
A comment about whether might 

3144
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:15,700
reference an old saying rooted 
in seasonal myths. 

3145
02:52:16,300 --> 02:52:19,600
And observation about someone's 
character might Echo legendary 

3146
02:52:19,600 --> 02:52:22,200
examples. 
These references aren't 

3147
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:26,100
performances, but natural 
conversation ways that mythology

3148
02:52:26,100 --> 02:52:30,400
persists in everyday speech, 
keeping stories present without 

3149
02:52:30,400 --> 02:52:34,500
requiring deliberate recitation 
children absorb these references

3150
02:52:34,500 --> 02:52:38,300
through regular exposure, 
learning mythological Frameworks

3151
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:40,400
without realizing their 
receiving instruction. 

3152
02:52:41,500 --> 02:52:45,500
A casual comment about patience 
recalls tales that Illustrated 

3153
02:52:45,500 --> 02:52:49,200
this virtue. 
A gentle correction in folks 

3154
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:51,900
standards established through 
legendary examples. 

3155
02:52:51,900 --> 02:52:55,700
The cumulative effect of these 
small moments builds 

3156
02:52:55,700 --> 02:52:59,100
comprehensive cultural 
knowledge, ensuring younger 

3157
02:52:59,100 --> 02:53:01,500
Generations. 
Inherit the same mythological 

3158
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:05,400
Foundation that shape their 
Elders understanding Handwork, 

3159
02:53:05,400 --> 02:53:08,700
occupies evening hours with 
tasks, suited to indoor quiet. 

3160
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:12,300
You meant clothing, prepare 
materials for tomorrow's work. 

3161
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:16,200
Engaging crafts that don't 
require intense concentration. 

3162
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:20,700
These activities allow for 
conversation reflection or 

3163
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:24,800
comfortable silence. 
The rhythm of repetitive tasks 

3164
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:28,700
creates meditative quality. 
Your hands moving in familiar 

3165
02:53:28,700 --> 02:53:33,100
patterns while your mind rests 
or wonders processing the day 

3166
02:53:33,100 --> 02:53:36,700
without demanding focused 
thought, Songs remembered from 

3167
02:53:36,700 --> 02:53:41,200
childhood sometimes accompanying
tasks, Melodies associated with 

3168
02:53:41,200 --> 02:53:45,100
particular activities or simply 
Pleasant to hum while working. 

3169
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:49,400
These songs often originated in 
longer mythological narratives, 

3170
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:53,700
now, abbreviated to refrains or 
choruses that maintain emotional

3171
02:53:53,700 --> 02:53:57,800
content, without requiring full 
story recall, You might not 

3172
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,600
remember when you learn these 
Tunes, but they feel Inseparable

3173
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:05,200
from their activities, their 
company creating soundtrack for 

3174
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:08,900
domestic evening routine. 
Preparation for the next day 

3175
02:54:08,900 --> 02:54:12,700
follows, astonished sequences 
ways of readying tools, 

3176
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:17,000
materials and spaces that Trace 
to traditional wisdom about 

3177
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:20,500
proper closure of one day and 
anticipation of the next. 

3178
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:23,900
You check that everything. 
Is in order that nothing 

3179
02:54:23,900 --> 02:54:27,300
essential has been forgotten. 
That tomorrow's work can begin 

3180
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,100
smoothly. 
These practices reflect 

3181
02:54:30,100 --> 02:54:34,900
mythological emphasis on cycles 
and continuity, ensuring each 

3182
02:54:34,900 --> 02:54:37,400
day, can connect properly to 
those before. 

3183
02:54:37,400 --> 02:54:42,100
And after Quiet Moments before 
actual bedtime provide time for 

3184
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:45,100
reflection without requiring 
structured meditation. 

3185
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:50,200
You simply sit noticing the days
completion feeling your body's 

3186
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:54,500
tiredness acknowledging, small 
satisfactions or minor concerns 

3187
02:54:54,500 --> 02:54:56,400
without making them larger than 
appropriate. 

3188
02:54:57,600 --> 02:55:00,200
This brief pause mirrors 
mirrors, mythological patterns 

3189
02:55:00,200 --> 02:55:03,500
of closure and transition, 
honoring the movement from 

3190
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:05,800
waking activity towards 
sleeping, rest. 

3191
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:09,700
The order in which you complete 
final tasks follows customary 

3192
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:12,700
progression learned through 
observation rather than 

3193
02:55:12,700 --> 02:55:16,200
instruction. 
You secure the house, check the 

3194
02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:19,900
fire put away days. 
Implements each action in 

3195
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:23,000
comfortable sequence, that 
signals movement toward rest. 

3196
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:26,700
These patterns feel natural 
because they've been repeated so

3197
02:55:26,700 --> 02:55:30,200
often, but they originated in 
traditional teachings, about 

3198
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:33,900
proper evening routine, and the 
important of orderly transition 

3199
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:38,000
from day to night, Family 
members, exchange simple 

3200
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:42,000
acknowledgments, that maintain 
connection as everyone prepares 

3201
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:45,700
for separate sleep. 
These brief words carry warmth, 

3202
02:55:45,700 --> 02:55:49,700
without demanding conversation 
ways of affirming relationship, 

3203
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:51,700
while respecting approaching 
rest. 

3204
02:55:52,700 --> 02:55:55,100
The practice reflects 
mythological, emphasis on 

3205
02:55:55,108 --> 02:55:58,600
household, Harmony and the bonds
that sustain Community, 

3206
02:55:58,600 --> 02:56:01,700
maintaining those connections, 
even in Quiet Moments. 

3207
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:06,400
Objects in your evening space. 
Carry familiar, associations 

3208
02:56:06,400 --> 02:56:11,200
items you've seen and used 
countless times a particular 

3209
02:56:11,200 --> 02:56:13,200
chair. 
A Worn blanket. 

3210
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:17,400
A favorite cut these things, 
provide Comfort through their 

3211
02:56:17,400 --> 02:56:21,700
reliable presence. 
Your attachment to the reflects 

3212
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:24,200
traditional understanding of 
homes as accumulations of 

3213
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:27,400
meaningful objects. 
Each piece carrying memories and

3214
02:56:27,400 --> 02:56:30,600
associations that make your 
dwelling feel specifically yours

3215
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:34,400
secured by familiarity Darkness 
outside. 

3216
02:56:34,400 --> 02:56:37,300
Doesn't concern you because your
evening routine has created 

3217
02:56:37,300 --> 02:56:40,200
secure. 
Transition from Days, openness 

3218
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:43,800
to Knights and closure. 
You trust your prepared space, 

3219
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:47,900
your established patterns, your 
sense that everything needed is 

3220
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,800
Within Reach. 
This confidence stems from 

3221
02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:54,800
practices rooted in mythological
teachings, about home a 

3222
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:57,700
sanctuary and proper evening 
routine, as foundation for 

3223
02:56:57,700 --> 02:57:01,300
peaceful night. 
Stories remain present even when

3224
02:57:01,300 --> 02:57:04,300
not actively told their 
influence felt in the 

3225
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:07,400
comfortable rhythms you follow 
the association's that give 

3226
02:57:07,400 --> 02:57:09,100
ordinary objects symbolic 
weight. 

3227
02:57:10,200 --> 02:57:13,000
Sayings that punctuate casual 
conversation? 

3228
02:57:13,800 --> 02:57:17,900
Mythology persists not through 
formal recitation but through 

3229
02:57:17,900 --> 02:57:20,200
complete integration into daily 
life. 

3230
02:57:20,200 --> 02:57:24,000
So thoroughly woven into 
ordinary practice that you carry

3231
02:57:24,000 --> 02:57:27,700
these old tales with you even 
when thinking about entirely 

3232
02:57:27,700 --> 02:57:31,300
different things The evenings 
piece, reflects, successful, 

3233
02:57:31,300 --> 02:57:34,200
completion of days, 
responsibilities and proper 

3234
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:36,100
preparation for tomorrow's 
renewal. 

3235
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:39,400
You followed patterns 
established through countless 

3236
02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:43,300
Generations, patterns shape, by 
mythological wisdom about 

3237
02:57:43,300 --> 02:57:46,900
balance between work and rest 
activity and Stillness 

3238
02:57:46,900 --> 02:57:52,100
engagement and withdrawal. 
This balance creates sustainable

3239
02:57:52,100 --> 02:57:55,400
Rhythm, that makes life feel 
manageable rather than 

3240
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:58,700
overwhelming. 
You approach sleep with 

3241
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,800
confidence rooted in practices 
that transform night from 

3242
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:05,800
concerning unknown International
restoration. 

3243
02:58:07,000 --> 02:58:10,500
These Customs don't stem from 
fear, but from positive, 

3244
02:58:10,500 --> 02:58:13,800
tradition ways of making 
Darkness, comfortable through 

3245
02:58:13,800 --> 02:58:17,900
familiar routine and inherited 
wisdom about creating conditions

3246
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:21,500
for peaceful rest. 
Your sleeping space receives 

3247
02:58:21,500 --> 02:58:24,700
attention, that makes it 
specifically suited for rest. 

3248
02:58:25,500 --> 02:58:29,100
The arrangement of bedding, the 
placement of furniture, the 

3249
02:58:29,100 --> 02:58:32,400
orientation of your bed. 
All follow patterns influenced 

3250
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:35,000
by traditional teachings about 
proper sleep environment. 

3251
02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:39,600
These aren't rigid requirements 
but comfortable preferences ways

3252
02:58:39,600 --> 02:58:42,500
of organizing space that 
Generations have found conducive

3253
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:46,300
to good, rest practices 
preserved because they genuinely

3254
02:58:46,300 --> 02:58:48,900
work. 
Objects near your bed. 

3255
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,700
Provide reassurance through 
their familiar presence items. 

3256
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:57,000
You see last before sleep, and 
first upon waking, Accumulate 

3257
02:58:57,000 --> 02:59:00,300
comforting associations, 
becoming part of your sleep 

3258
02:59:00,300 --> 02:59:01,900
routine through sheer 
repetition. 

3259
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:07,200
A particular blanket, a trusted 
lamp personal belongings 

3260
02:59:07,200 --> 02:59:10,800
arranged in a custom order. 
These things create reliable 

3261
02:59:10,800 --> 02:59:13,800
environment that makes sleep 
feel safe and natural rather 

3262
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:16,500
than vulnerable. 
The sequence in which you 

3263
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:19,900
prepare for bed follows 
astonished pattern learned, so 

3264
02:59:19,900 --> 02:59:21,700
thoroughly at requires no 
thought. 

3265
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:26,000
Each step flows naturally to the
next creating Rhythm. 

3266
02:59:26,000 --> 02:59:29,600
That signals your body sleep, 
approaches this automatic 

3267
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:31,700
progression. 
Reflects traditional wisdom 

3268
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:34,700
about the importance of 
consistent routine, in promoting

3269
02:59:34,700 --> 02:59:37,300
good rest. 
Wisdom passed through 

3270
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:40,800
generations who understood that 
bodies respond well to 

3271
02:59:40,808 --> 02:59:44,500
predictable patterns. 
Breathing naturally slows as you

3272
02:59:44,500 --> 02:59:47,800
settle your body, recognizing 
The Familiar position and 

3273
02:59:47,800 --> 02:59:51,700
environment that mean rest. 
This physiological response is 

3274
02:59:51,700 --> 02:59:54,500
enhanced by the Comfort. 
Your evening routine has created

3275
02:59:54,500 --> 02:59:59,100
the sense that everything is 
properly arranged and you're 

3276
02:59:59,100 --> 03:00:00,500
free to let go of waking 
awareness. 

3277
03:00:01,600 --> 03:00:05,400
Your relaxation comes easily 
because nothing feels wrong or 

3278
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:08,700
concerning. 
Just the simple satisfaction of 

3279
03:00:08,700 --> 03:00:10,800
day completed and night 
welcomed. 

3280
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:14,500
Children, especially benefit 
from evening practices, that 

3281
03:00:14,500 --> 03:00:16,400
create secure, transition to 
sleep. 

3282
03:00:17,300 --> 03:00:20,700
The Customs they observe in 
adult Behavior, teach them that 

3283
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:24,400
night is natural part of daily 
Rhythm rather than something 

3284
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:27,700
problematic. 
They absorb confidence through 

3285
03:00:27,700 --> 03:00:31,700
witnessing Karma, adult approach
to Darkness and rest learning 

3286
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:34,600
that bed. 
Time means Comfort not concern. 

3287
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:38,900
Traditional lullabies carry 
Melody shaped by mythological 

3288
03:00:38,900 --> 03:00:41,800
understanding of sleepers, 
gentle rather than frightening. 

3289
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:45,500
These songs emphasize rests 
restorative nature 

3290
03:00:45,500 --> 03:00:49,300
characterizing night as kind and
sleep as well. 

3291
03:00:49,300 --> 03:00:52,500
Welcome gift. 
The tunes feel soothing because 

3292
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:56,500
they've been refined through. 
Countless uses their Rhythm and 

3293
03:00:56,500 --> 03:00:59,300
tones specifically developed, to
calm and reassure. 

3294
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:01,800
Your beds location and 
orientation. 

3295
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:05,600
Follow traditional preferences, 
rooted in practical, wisdom and 

3296
03:01:05,600 --> 03:01:08,800
mythological teaching. 
The position might consider 

3297
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:11,500
airflow temperature and access 
to Morning Light. 

3298
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:14,800
But also reflects inherited 
beliefs about favorable 

3299
03:01:14,800 --> 03:01:17,900
placement. 
These considerations combined 

3300
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:20,900
into overall sense that you're 
sleeping spot is well-chosen 

3301
03:01:20,900 --> 03:01:25,600
properly situated for good rest.
Darkness itself becomes 

3302
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:28,300
comfortable, rather than 
unsettling through consistent 

3303
03:01:28,300 --> 03:01:32,100
positive Association. 
Your experience of night in your

3304
03:01:32,100 --> 03:01:35,600
familiar room surrounded by 
known objects and following 

3305
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:39,100
trusted routine. 
Trains you to find Darkness 

3306
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:43,500
restful rather than concerning. 
This conditioning reflects 

3307
03:01:43,500 --> 03:01:47,400
traditional understanding that 
proper environment and confident

3308
03:01:47,400 --> 03:01:51,600
approach, transform night into 
welcome opportunity for renewal.

3309
03:01:52,600 --> 03:01:55,300
Clothing for Sleep, follows 
Custer's, that prioritize 

3310
03:01:55,300 --> 03:01:59,100
Comfort alongside tradition. 
The garments, you wear might 

3311
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:02,500
reflect inherited preferences 
about appropriate, sleeper Tire 

3312
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:06,700
choices, influence by practical 
considerations and cultural 

3313
03:02:06,700 --> 03:02:09,700
standards established, through 
mythological Frameworks about 

3314
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:12,300
proper dress for different 
activities and times. 

3315
03:02:13,200 --> 03:02:16,300
Temperature regulation, receives
attention, through practices, 

3316
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:18,700
that ensure comfortable warmth 
without excess. 

3317
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:22,900
You adjust coverings, maintain 
appropriate room conditions, 

3318
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:26,400
follow methods pass down for 
creating optimal sleep 

3319
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:29,300
environment. 
These practical matters, carry 

3320
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,200
traditional wisdom about the 
relationship between physical 

3321
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:36,200
comfort and quality rest. 
Morning approach brings natural 

3322
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:39,300
lightening of sleep. 
Your body preparing for waking 

3323
03:02:39,300 --> 03:02:42,700
his door nears. 
This gentle transition reflects 

3324
03:02:42,700 --> 03:02:45,200
healthy sleep cycle. 
The kind of rest that 

3325
03:02:45,200 --> 03:02:47,200
traditional practices aimed to 
promote. 

3326
03:02:48,100 --> 03:02:51,600
You wake feeling restored, 
rather than groggy ready to 

3327
03:02:51,600 --> 03:02:53,900
begin the new day with energy 
restored. 

3328
03:02:53,900 --> 03:02:55,600
Through night, successful 
renewal. 

3329
03:02:57,000 --> 03:03:00,600
The reliability of this pattern 
creates deep confidence and 

3330
03:03:00,600 --> 03:03:03,600
sleeps value. 
You don't dread bed time or 

3331
03:03:03,600 --> 03:03:06,800
struggle with rest because your 
approach is soundly established 

3332
03:03:06,800 --> 03:03:10,400
through traditional practices 
that Generations have found 

3333
03:03:10,400 --> 03:03:16,300
effective This confidence itself
promotes good sleep creating 

3334
03:03:16,300 --> 03:03:21,200
beneficial cycle or expectation 
of rest helps produce the very 

3335
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,600
restoration. 
You anticipate Dreams when 

3336
03:03:24,600 --> 03:03:28,000
remembered feel like natural 
part of sleep, rather than 

3337
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:31,000
significant messages, requiring 
interpretation. 

3338
03:03:32,100 --> 03:03:34,900
Your relaxed attitude or 
dreaming reflects cultural 

3339
03:03:34,900 --> 03:03:38,600
context where sleep is primarily
understood as restoration rather

3340
03:03:38,600 --> 03:03:42,800
than mystical experience. 
Dreams are interesting when they

3341
03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:46,800
curve but not concerning just 
another aspect of Knight's 

3342
03:03:46,800 --> 03:03:50,600
natural processes. you carry 
forward, Traditions you learned 

3343
03:03:50,600 --> 03:03:54,000
from those before you and in 
your daily practice, your 

3344
03:03:54,000 --> 03:03:57,400
preparing to pass the same 
patterns, to those who come 

3345
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:01,500
after This continuity doesn't 
require conscious effort or 

3346
03:04:01,500 --> 03:04:04,800
deliberate teaching, but occurs 
naturally through the simple 

3347
03:04:04,800 --> 03:04:08,200
power of consistent, example, 
and shared life. 

3348
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:12,100
Mourning begins with gestures 
you absorbed through watching 

3349
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:15,900
others movements now so 
automatic you really notice 

3350
03:04:15,900 --> 03:04:18,900
performing them. 
The small habits can connect you

3351
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:21,900
to countless previous 
generations who started their 

3352
03:04:21,900 --> 03:04:26,100
days the same way creating chain
of practice stretching back 

3353
03:04:26,100 --> 03:04:28,800
through time. 
Your one Link in this chain, 

3354
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:33,100
both receiver and transmitter of
inherited wisdom your work 

3355
03:04:33,100 --> 03:04:36,400
methods, preserve techniques, 
refined through centuries of 

3356
03:04:36,400 --> 03:04:39,600
trial and adjustment. 
The particular way, you hold 

3357
03:04:39,600 --> 03:04:43,500
tools the sequence in which you 
perform tasks the subtle. 

3358
03:04:43,500 --> 03:04:47,200
Judgments you make about timing,
an approach all incorporate 

3359
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:50,100
accumulated knowledge, past 
person to person rather than 

3360
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:54,100
written down. each time you work
your practicing Traditions, 

3361
03:04:54,100 --> 03:04:57,100
while simultaneously adapting 
them to present circumstances, 

3362
03:04:58,100 --> 03:04:59,400
Children. 
Watch your actions with 

3363
03:04:59,400 --> 03:05:02,000
attention. 
You might not realize They 

3364
03:05:02,000 --> 03:05:05,600
notice how you respond to 
situations which Customs You 

3365
03:05:05,600 --> 03:05:08,200
observe what matters to you in 
daily life. 

3366
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:12,200
Without formal lessons, there 
are absorbing the same cultural 

3367
03:05:12,200 --> 03:05:14,600
knowledge. 
You received preparing to carry 

3368
03:05:14,600 --> 03:05:16,400
it Forward into their own adult 
hood. 

3369
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:21,600
This transmission occurs through
shared life rather than explicit

3370
03:05:21,600 --> 03:05:25,000
instruction. 
Making cultural continuity, feel

3371
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:29,400
natural rather than imposed. 
Seasonal rhythms, continue their

3372
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,100
reliable pattern. 
Each year, bringing the same 

3373
03:05:32,100 --> 03:05:34,700
progression of changes you've 
witnessed throughout your life. 

3374
03:05:35,600 --> 03:05:38,500
Your response to these Cycles 
follows established tradition 

3375
03:05:38,500 --> 03:05:42,100
while remaining flexible enough 
to address present conditions. 

3376
03:05:43,400 --> 03:05:47,700
This balance between consistency
and adaptation characterizes how

3377
03:05:47,700 --> 03:05:51,700
mythology persists maintaining 
core patterns while allowing 

3378
03:05:51,700 --> 03:05:53,800
variation that keeps practices 
relevant. 

3379
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:58,000
Stories, remain present in 
casual references, brief 

3380
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:00,100
mentions that assume shared 
knowledge. 

3381
03:06:01,000 --> 03:06:03,800
You don't need to tell complete 
Tales because everyone knows 

3382
03:06:03,800 --> 03:06:05,900
them. 
Allowing quick allusions to 

3383
03:06:05,900 --> 03:06:09,500
convey complex meanings 
efficiently, this shared 

3384
03:06:09,500 --> 03:06:13,100
Foundation makes communication 
richer every conversation, 

3385
03:06:13,100 --> 03:06:16,300
potentially drawing on deep. 
Well of common mythological, 

3386
03:06:16,300 --> 03:06:20,800
understanding objects, you use 
daily carry associations 

3387
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:24,000
accumulated through long, use 
and traditional significance. 

3388
03:06:24,900 --> 03:06:29,600
Tools are just implements but 
Partners in work deserving care 

3389
03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:31,900
and respect to learn through 
generations. 

3390
03:06:31,900 --> 03:06:34,300
Who understood proper 
relationship between worker and 

3391
03:06:34,308 --> 03:06:37,300
equipment? 
This attitude transforms 

3392
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:39,200
ordinary objects into 
meaningful. 

3393
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:43,700
Presence is in riching daily 
life with layers of symbolic 

3394
03:06:43,700 --> 03:06:46,700
significant. 
Meals, continue providing 

3395
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:50,600
occasion for Gathering and 
sharing maintaining social bonds

3396
03:06:50,600 --> 03:06:52,400
through simple practice of 
eating together. 

3397
03:06:53,300 --> 03:06:57,000
The Customs you follow at table 
aren't burdened some formalities

3398
03:06:57,000 --> 03:07:01,100
but comfortable habits ways of 
making meals civilized and 

3399
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:05,500
pleasant These practices persist
because they genuinely enhance 

3400
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:09,100
experience making eating more 
than mere refueling. 

3401
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:13,000
Evening, routines, close each 
day with reliable patterns, that

3402
03:07:13,000 --> 03:07:15,100
create satisfying sense of 
completion. 

3403
03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:19,500
You follow these Customs without
analyzing them but their effect 

3404
03:07:19,500 --> 03:07:23,700
is real helping you transition 
from day's activity to night's 

3405
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:25,900
rest with ease born of long 
practice. 

3406
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:29,400
This smooth, transition, 
reflects traditional wisdom 

3407
03:07:29,400 --> 03:07:33,300
about the importance of rhythmic
alternation between engagement 

3408
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:35,600
and withdrawal. 
Your home represents 

3409
03:07:35,600 --> 03:07:39,900
accumulated, decisions, shape by
traditional preferences the way 

3410
03:07:39,900 --> 03:07:44,000
you've arranged space chose, an 
objects maintained standards of 

3411
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:47,600
order and cleanliness all 
reflect inherited, understanding

3412
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:49,600
of how domestic life should be 
organized. 

3413
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:53,600
Your dwelling isn't just 
shelter, but expression of 

3414
03:07:53,600 --> 03:07:55,700
cultural values passed through 
generations. 

3415
03:07:56,900 --> 03:07:59,800
Community, Gatherings maintain 
connection between neighbors, 

3416
03:07:59,800 --> 03:08:03,400
creating occasions for shared 
experience, that strength and 

3417
03:08:03,408 --> 03:08:07,000
social fabric. 
The festivals and celebrations. 

3418
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:09,700
You observe together. 
Follow traditional patterns 

3419
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:13,300
while remaining alive and 
meaningful adapted as needed to 

3420
03:08:13,300 --> 03:08:17,600
serve present Community while 
honoring past practice Language 

3421
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:21,500
carries mythology in saying 
phrases and associations. 

3422
03:08:21,500 --> 03:08:24,700
So integrated into speech, they 
feel natural rather than 

3423
03:08:24,700 --> 03:08:27,800
borrowed. 
You express complex ideas 

3424
03:08:27,800 --> 03:08:31,600
through brief references to 
known stories communicate values

3425
03:08:31,600 --> 03:08:34,400
through Proverbs rooted in 
legendary examples. 

3426
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:37,900
Create shared understanding 
through common symbolic 

3427
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:40,900
vocabulary. 
Your understanding of time 

3428
03:08:40,900 --> 03:08:43,600
reflects mythological 
Frameworks, that organized 

3429
03:08:43,600 --> 03:08:48,400
cycles and patterns. 
Days weeks, months Seasons years

3430
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:51,200
all carry meanings Beyond mere 
chronology. 

3431
03:08:51,200 --> 03:08:54,800
Significant derive from stories 
that characterize these 

3432
03:08:54,800 --> 03:08:57,500
divisions as important rather 
than arbitrary. 

3433
03:08:58,300 --> 03:09:01,700
This enriched sense of time 
makes life feel more meaningful 

3434
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:06,200
connected to larger patterns 
Beyond individual experience. 

3435
03:09:07,200 --> 03:09:09,600
Respect for tradition, doesn't 
mean rigidity. 

3436
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:14,300
But rather appreciation for 
wisdom accumulated over time you

3437
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:18,200
follow inherited practices. 
Not from blind obedience, but 

3438
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:21,600
from recognition that methods 
preserved through countless 

3439
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:23,600
generations, of proven their 
value. 

3440
03:09:24,600 --> 03:09:28,900
This respect co-exists with 
practical flexibility allowing 

3441
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:33,400
adaptation when circumstances 
require while maintaining core 

3442
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:36,300
patterns that continue serving 
their purposes. 

3443
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:41,000
Well, The mythology that shapes 
your life persists, not through 

3444
03:09:41,000 --> 03:09:44,400
religious devotion or formal 
study, but through complete 

3445
03:09:44,400 --> 03:09:48,100
integration into ordinary 
practice every action. 

3446
03:09:48,100 --> 03:09:52,400
You take carries traces of 
ancient stories, every custom 

3447
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:55,200
You observe maintains 
connections to Legendary 

3448
03:09:55,200 --> 03:09:58,400
Origins. 
This thorough embedding ensures 

3449
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:02,000
mythology, survival across 
Generations, without requiring 

3450
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:06,400
conscious preservation efforts 
your satisfaction with daily 

3451
03:10:06,400 --> 03:10:09,800
life, reflects this Rich 
Foundation, the patterns you 

3452
03:10:09,800 --> 03:10:13,200
follow provide structure without
constraint meaning without 

3453
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:17,400
burden connection, without 
obligation You live within 

3454
03:10:17,400 --> 03:10:20,300
Frameworks established by 
countless others before you 

3455
03:10:20,300 --> 03:10:23,500
Frameworks that continue 
serving, their purpose of making

3456
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:27,100
life, comprehensible manageable 
and meaningful. 

3457
03:10:28,400 --> 03:10:31,700
As you settle into evening, your
participating in rhythms as old 

3458
03:10:31,700 --> 03:10:35,800
as Humanity itself. 
The comfort that you feel stems 

3459
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:38,900
partly from physical rest. 
But also from the deeper 

3460
03:10:38,900 --> 03:10:42,300
satisfaction of living aligned, 
with traditional wisdom of 

3461
03:10:42,300 --> 03:10:45,300
participating in patterns that 
connect you to past generations,

3462
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:49,500
and prepare you to pass these 
same gifts, forward to those who

3463
03:10:49,500 --> 03:10:53,200
follow. 
Tonight as Darkness settles in 

3464
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,800
your home grows quiet, you rest 
in the knowledge that tomorrow 

3465
03:10:56,800 --> 03:11:00,700
will follow familiar patterns 
that seasons will continue their

3466
03:11:00,700 --> 03:11:04,300
reliable progression. 
The community will gather at a 

3467
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:08,200
pointed times that stories will 
persist in subtle references and

3468
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:12,600
gentle reminders. 
This continuity creates profound

3469
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:15,508
security. 
The sense that you're part of 

3470
03:11:15,516 --> 03:11:18,400
something larger and more 
enduring than individual life. 

3471
03:11:19,300 --> 03:11:21,000
You're breathing deepens are 
sleep. 

3472
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:24,400
Approaches your body, trusting 
the darkness because tradition 

3473
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:28,500
has made night comfortable. 
The Customs you follow to take 

3474
03:11:28,500 --> 03:11:31,900
you to countless others, who 
live similarly Guided by the 

3475
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:34,900
same mythological wisdom that 
shape your choices without 

3476
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:40,600
requiring constant awareness. 
As you drift toward rest, these 

3477
03:11:40,600 --> 03:11:42,900
ancient patterns continue their 
quiet work. 

3478
03:11:43,800 --> 03:11:46,600
Sustaining you through darkness 
and preparing tomorrow's 

3479
03:11:46,600 --> 03:11:54,500
renewal. 
Welcome to tonight's journey 

3480
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:57,900
through one of history's. 
Most understated Treasures for 

3481
03:11:57,900 --> 03:12:01,200
the next hour, you'll discover 
how a single golden liquid 

3482
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:05,700
transformed kitchens illuminated
cities, healed bodies and 

3483
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:08,500
connected Distant, Shores 
across, thousands of years. 

3484
03:12:08,500 --> 03:12:12,900
Now please, imagine if you will 
in that comfy purple mattress, 

3485
03:12:12,900 --> 03:12:16,700
that's so snuggly and cozy. 
That you're standing in a Grove 

3486
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:19,400
that predates written language 
the trees around. 

3487
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:22,500
You twist Skyward with bark as 
nald as braided rope. 

3488
03:12:23,200 --> 03:12:25,500
Their trunks wide enough that 
you'd need three people. 

3489
03:12:25,500 --> 03:12:27,900
Linking hands to encircle the 
oldest ones. 

3490
03:12:27,900 --> 03:12:31,600
These olive trees of witnessed 
Empires, rise and crumble their 

3491
03:12:31,600 --> 03:12:35,500
Roots drinking from the same 
Limestone soil for 1000 years or

3492
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:38,500
more the leaves, catch off to 
new light with a peculiar 

3493
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:43,300
Shimmer silver underneath gray. 
Green on top creating a rustling

3494
03:12:43,300 --> 03:12:45,000
canopy. 
That sounds like distant 

3495
03:12:45,000 --> 03:12:49,300
rainfall even on windless days, 
your fingers brush against bark,

3496
03:12:49,300 --> 03:12:53,000
that feels like cold larvae, all
ridges, and valleys Frozen 

3497
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:58,700
mid-flow The tree doesn't grow 
straight, it spirals corkscrews 

3498
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:02,500
and splits into multiple trunks 
that rejoin higher up as if the 

3499
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,500
wood itself can't decide which 
direction leads to sunlight, 

3500
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:08,800
some branches, look dead until 
you notice the small green 

3501
03:13:08,800 --> 03:13:12,500
shoots emerging from what 
appeared to be Driftwood, olive 

3502
03:13:12,500 --> 03:13:15,000
trees. 
You've learned refused to die. 

3503
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:19,200
Easily cut one down to a stump 
and it sends up New Growth 

3504
03:13:19,200 --> 03:13:22,700
within Seasons. 
Set fire to an entire Grove and 

3505
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:24,400
The Roots. 
Wait, patiently underground. 

3506
03:13:24,400 --> 03:13:27,500
Ready to sprout? 
Again, when conditions improve, 

3507
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,200
The fruit hanging before you 
looks nothing, like the glossy 

3508
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:34,900
black olives in jars. 
These are small hard green. 

3509
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:39,000
Things about the size of a large
marble with a waxy coating that 

3510
03:13:39,000 --> 03:13:42,300
repels morning dew. 
You pick one and bite down 

3511
03:13:42,300 --> 03:13:44,800
without thinking then 
immediately regret it. 

3512
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:48,800
The bitterness flood your mouth.
Like you've licked a battery, a 

3513
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:51,100
chemical tank. 
So intense it makes your jaw. 

3514
03:13:51,100 --> 03:13:53,200
Ache. 
You spit it out quickly 

3515
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:55,800
understanding. 
Now why these olives need 

3516
03:13:55,800 --> 03:13:59,800
processing need time and need 
human intervention, to become 

3517
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:03,500
edible raw, olives contain All 
European a compound. 

3518
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:06,400
So bitter it serves as the trees
defense mechanism against 

3519
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:09,800
animals who might otherwise 
Devour the fruit before seeds 

3520
03:14:09,800 --> 03:14:13,100
can spread around you. 
Other Harvesters work with the 

3521
03:14:13,108 --> 03:14:15,500
patients of people who have 
performed this task since 

3522
03:14:15,500 --> 03:14:19,500
childhood An older woman spreads
wide Nets beneath, a 

3523
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:22,700
particularly heavy laden, tree 
securing, the corners with 

3524
03:14:22,700 --> 03:14:24,900
stones, so wind won't disturb 
them. 

3525
03:14:24,900 --> 03:14:28,700
Two younger people carry wooden 
ladders, worn, Smooth by Decades

3526
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:32,100
of hands, positioning them 
carefully against branches, as 

3527
03:14:32,100 --> 03:14:34,700
thick as their torsos. 
There's minimal talking, 

3528
03:14:34,700 --> 03:14:37,400
everyone knows their role in 
this Harvest that's been 

3529
03:14:37,408 --> 03:14:40,200
repeated the same way for 
Generations, stretching back 

3530
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:42,900
before anyone bothered recording
such things. 

3531
03:14:42,900 --> 03:14:46,400
The traditional Harvest happens 
in late Autumn when the olives 

3532
03:14:46,400 --> 03:14:49,900
transition from green to purple 
to Black, though, your village 

3533
03:14:49,900 --> 03:14:53,500
prefers picking them young and 
green, this timing effects, the 

3534
03:14:53,500 --> 03:14:56,900
oils flavor, early Harvest 
produce oil with more, 

3535
03:14:56,900 --> 03:15:00,200
bitterness and pepper and later 
Harvest brings sweetness and 

3536
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:03,200
buttery notes. 
You watched someone uses a hand 

3537
03:15:03,200 --> 03:15:06,800
right to comb through branches. 
Encouraging olives to drop into 

3538
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:10,500
Nets below without damaging the 
wood, the sound of fruit, hit 

3539
03:15:10,500 --> 03:15:14,500
him, fabric creates a gentle 
percussion 100s of small impacts

3540
03:15:14,500 --> 03:15:16,500
that blend into white noise 
after a while. 

3541
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:19,700
A few trees over. 
Someone has climbed High into 

3542
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:22,900
the canopy visible, only a 
shifting branches, and the 

3543
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:26,500
occasional glimpse of a tunic 
olives rained down in small 

3544
03:15:26,500 --> 03:15:30,000
clusters bouncing off Nets and 
rolling towards the edges where 

3545
03:15:30,000 --> 03:15:34,200
children wait together escapees.
Kids compete to see who can 

3546
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:38,000
collect the most Strays turning 
tedious labor into a game. 

3547
03:15:38,000 --> 03:15:41,200
The way children always manage 
their laughter carries across 

3548
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:44,400
the Grove breaking the 
meditative silence for a moment.

3549
03:15:44,408 --> 03:15:47,400
Before being absorbed back into 
the rustle of silver leaves. 

3550
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:50,200
You bend to help gather olives 
from a full net. 

3551
03:15:50,900 --> 03:15:53,100
Scooping handfuls into a woven 
basket. 

3552
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:55,400
That smells of Earth and 
previous harvests. 

3553
03:15:56,200 --> 03:15:59,700
Each Olive feels cool and firm 
with a weight that belies its 

3554
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:02,500
size the basket, grows heavy 
quickly. 

3555
03:16:02,500 --> 03:16:05,900
Olive Wood is dense, and even 
the fruit carries substantial 

3556
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:09,100
Mass, Your back reminds you of 
its presence. 

3557
03:16:09,100 --> 03:16:12,200
As you Hoist, the full basket 
and carry it toward collection 

3558
03:16:12,200 --> 03:16:14,700
carts, waiting at the Grove's 
Edge. 

3559
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:18,600
The path between trees is worn 
Smooth by countless feet 

3560
03:16:18,600 --> 03:16:21,500
walking. 
This exact route Autumn after 

3561
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:25,000
Autumn carrying baskets, just 
like yours at the collection. 

3562
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:29,100
Point baskets, get emptied into 
larger containers, creating 

3563
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:32,500
small, Avalanches of green 
purple fruit that click against 

3564
03:16:32,500 --> 03:16:36,000
would like hail on a roof. 
Someone tallys the Harvest in 

3565
03:16:36,000 --> 03:16:40,000
marks on a clay tablet, tracking
which families contributed which

3566
03:16:40,000 --> 03:16:44,200
amounts the accounting matters 
less than you'd expect most of 

3567
03:16:44,200 --> 03:16:46,600
the oil will be pressed and 
shared communally anywhere. 

3568
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:49,000
With extra jars. 
Going to families who 

3569
03:16:49,000 --> 03:16:52,600
contributed the most labor, it's
an Economy based on effort 

3570
03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:55,900
rather than ownership on 
Collective understanding rather 

3571
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:59,200
than written contracts. 
The Grove extends farther than 

3572
03:16:59,200 --> 03:17:02,300
you can see from ground level 
100 of trees. 

3573
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,300
Marching up hillsides to Rocky 
and steep for grain. 

3574
03:17:05,300 --> 03:17:09,500
Crops this is the olives gift. 
To Mediterranean people's it 

3575
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:14,000
thrives where we can barley fail
asking only for Limestone soil. 

3576
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,500
Hot dry Summers and Mild wet 
Winters. 

3577
03:17:18,400 --> 03:17:21,300
The trees need almost no care 
once established. 

3578
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:25,200
No irrigation no fertilizer. 
Minimal pruning. 

3579
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:30,000
They simply exist producing 
fruit year after year with a 

3580
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:33,000
reliability that sustained 
civilizations through droughts 

3581
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:35,200
that would have killed any other
crop. 

3582
03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:40,400
The sunset approaches the 
harvesting slows people roll up 

3583
03:17:40,400 --> 03:17:44,800
nets secure, ladders and cover 
collection baskets with fabric 

3584
03:17:44,800 --> 03:17:48,500
to protect them from due and 
opportunistic birds tomorrow 

3585
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:52,100
you'll begin the pressing but 
tonight the olives will rest and

3586
03:17:52,100 --> 03:17:56,500
so will you walking home through
dimming light, you notice how 

3587
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,500
the silver underside of olive 
leaves seem to Glow faintly 

3588
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:03,600
catching the last of sun and 
holding them a moment longer 

3589
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:06,500
than other trees. 
It's a small magic, this 

3590
03:18:06,500 --> 03:18:09,100
luminescence, but appropriate 
for a tree, whose fruit will 

3591
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,900
eventually become light itself. 
The pressing room smells of 

3592
03:18:12,900 --> 03:18:16,600
crushed vegetation and stone 
dust with undertones of 

3593
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:18,200
fermentation that aren't 
unpleasant. 

3594
03:18:18,200 --> 03:18:22,000
Once you adjust your standing 
before a millstone larger than a

3595
03:18:22,000 --> 03:18:25,600
wagon wheel, watching it rotates
slowly around a vertical axis, 

3596
03:18:25,600 --> 03:18:30,400
while a donkey pods in circles 
connected to the stone by a worn

3597
03:18:30,400 --> 03:18:32,600
wooden beam. 
The donkey knows this work. 

3598
03:18:32,600 --> 03:18:35,000
Intimately, requiring, no 
guidance. 

3599
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:37,100
Placing each hoof with a 
careful. 

3600
03:18:37,100 --> 03:18:39,900
Precision of someone who's 
traced this exact Circle 

3601
03:18:39,900 --> 03:18:44,600
thousands of times its eyes. 
Hold that distant look animals. 

3602
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:47,600
Develop when performing tasks 
that require presence but not 

3603
03:18:47,600 --> 03:18:50,500
attention. 
Beneath the Rolling Stone. 

3604
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,300
Olives gradually transformed 
from Individual fruits into a 

3605
03:18:54,300 --> 03:18:57,500
purple brown Pace. 
The millstone doesn't Crush so 

3606
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,700
much as grind. 
Its weight sufficient to break 

3607
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:04,400
down flesh and Pitt together 
into a thick mixer that releases

3608
03:19:04,400 --> 03:19:07,500
the first hints of oil. 
You can see it glistening on the

3609
03:19:07,508 --> 03:19:10,700
stone surface, catching light 
from oil, lamps hung around the 

3610
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,100
room. 
The pace collects in a stone 

3611
03:19:13,100 --> 03:19:16,800
base and carve smooth over 
centuries of use its surface 

3612
03:19:16,800 --> 03:19:20,100
stained dark from countless. 
Pressings someone adds a new 

3613
03:19:20,108 --> 03:19:23,100
basket of Olives to the Mills 
Edge, where the stone will, 

3614
03:19:23,100 --> 03:19:25,800
eventually reach them and pull 
them into its grinding path. 

3615
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:28,900
The Edition. 
Barely interrupts the Rhythm, 

3616
03:19:28,900 --> 03:19:32,700
the donkey continues, its 
circuit the stone continues, its

3617
03:19:32,700 --> 03:19:35,400
rotation and the paste grows 
deeper in the collection. 

3618
03:19:35,400 --> 03:19:39,900
Basin watching the process 
induces a kind of Trance the 

3619
03:19:39,900 --> 03:19:43,500
circular motion, the steady 
progress and the gradual 

3620
03:19:43,500 --> 03:19:46,700
transformation happening at a 
pace that defeats impatience. 

3621
03:19:47,400 --> 03:19:51,900
This isn't work, you can Rush. 
Oil extraction requires time to 

3622
03:19:51,900 --> 03:19:54,700
do its work properly when the 
paste reaches sufficient 

3623
03:19:54,700 --> 03:19:58,200
consistency, something judged by
Ai and texture rather than 

3624
03:19:58,200 --> 03:20:01,700
measurement workers scoop it 
into woven bags made from 

3625
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:04,900
Esparto grass or hemp. 
These bags, get stacked 

3626
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:06,600
carefully. 
On a pressing platform 

3627
03:20:06,600 --> 03:20:10,000
alternating with a round. 
Wooden discs that distribute 

3628
03:20:10,000 --> 03:20:13,100
pressure evenly You help 
position the bags. 

3629
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,100
Feeling the pace. 
Cool moisture seep through the 

3630
03:20:16,100 --> 03:20:19,800
weaving, leaving your hands, 
slick, the pace smells vegetable

3631
03:20:19,800 --> 03:20:22,200
and Alive. 
Nothing like the refined oil, 

3632
03:20:22,200 --> 03:20:24,200
you'll eventually pour into 
storage jars. 

3633
03:20:24,200 --> 03:20:28,600
The Press itself, dominate the 
room a massive wooden screw 

3634
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:32,200
carved from a single beam 
operated by a long lever that 

3635
03:20:32,200 --> 03:20:36,400
extends out like a ship's boom. 
The screws threads are hand-cut 

3636
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:40,300
showing The Irregular marks of 
the ads that shape them four 

3637
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:43,400
people take positions along the 
leather, preparing to walk the 

3638
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:46,400
circle that will drive the screw
downward into the Stacked bags. 

3639
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:50,200
Someone gives a signal and 
everyone pushes leaning their 

3640
03:20:50,200 --> 03:20:54,400
weight into wood Smooth by 
countless Palms, the screw 

3641
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:58,700
descends slowly grudgingly 
protesting with creeks that Echo

3642
03:20:58,700 --> 03:21:01,200
off stonewalls as pressure 
builds. 

3643
03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:04,400
The first oil emerges it seeps 
through the bag. 

3644
03:21:04,400 --> 03:21:07,300
Weaving runs down the sides of 
the discs and collects in a 

3645
03:21:07,308 --> 03:21:09,700
shallow, trough carved into the 
pressing platform. 

3646
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:13,700
The liquid catches Lamplight and
throws it back transformed. 

3647
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:18,000
No longer white light, but 
something golden viscous and 

3648
03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:21,000
alive. 
This first pressing produces the

3649
03:21:21,000 --> 03:21:25,500
finest oil cold extracted 
without heat carrying the full 

3650
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:28,800
complexity of the fruit. 
You watch it accumulate with the

3651
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:30,900
satisfaction of witnessing 
creation. 

3652
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,900
Raw material becoming treasure 
through nothing but pressure and

3653
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:38,600
patience the workers. 
Continue pushing walking their 

3654
03:21:38,600 --> 03:21:41,500
circle around the Press adding 
their strength to the screws 

3655
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:45,500
mechanical advantage. the more 
oil flows, the more the bags 

3656
03:21:45,500 --> 03:21:49,300
flattened, and the past in side,
compresses into dense a layers, 

3657
03:21:49,300 --> 03:21:53,300
eventually the flow Slows To 
occasional drops Each one 

3658
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,700
forming at the bags. 
Lowest point swelling, then 

3659
03:21:56,700 --> 03:21:59,200
falling to join its predecessors
in the collection. 

3660
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:03,000
Trough When drops become rare 
enough to count individually, 

3661
03:22:03,000 --> 03:22:06,200
the pressing stops, the bags, 
get removed. 

3662
03:22:06,200 --> 03:22:09,900
And the compressed paste inside 
is now formed into hard cakes. 

3663
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:14,200
These pressed cakes still 
contain oil but extracting it 

3664
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:17,500
requires different methods. 
Some producers, add hot water 

3665
03:22:17,500 --> 03:22:20,600
and press again, creating a 
lower grade oil suitable for 

3666
03:22:20,600 --> 03:22:24,600
lamps rather than tables others 
save the cakes as fuel. 

3667
03:22:24,600 --> 03:22:28,900
They burn slowly and steadily 
perfect for heating bath water 

3668
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:32,800
or firing Pottery Kilns, nothing
goes to waste in this economy 

3669
03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:35,700
where olives, represent months 
of Labor, transformed into 

3670
03:22:35,700 --> 03:22:39,300
liquid value, you help transfer 
the freshly pressed oil from the

3671
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:43,200
collection in to settling 
vessels wide clay containers 

3672
03:22:43,200 --> 03:22:45,800
where the oil will separate from
residual water and plant 

3673
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:49,500
particles. 
The settling takes days gravity 

3674
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:51,600
doing slow, work. 
That can't be hurried. 

3675
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:56,400
Oil floats naturally above water
creating a distinct boundary. 

3676
03:22:56,400 --> 03:23:01,000
You can see even in Lamplight. 
Finest oil, Rises to the top 

3677
03:23:01,000 --> 03:23:05,600
clear and golden below it. 
A layer of Cloudy oil mixed. 

3678
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:10,100
With plant particles below that 
the vegetable water called a 

3679
03:23:10,100 --> 03:23:13,900
mocha is still useful for 
various purposes but is no 

3680
03:23:13,900 --> 03:23:16,600
longer food. 
The pressing room maintains a 

3681
03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:19,200
temperature cooler than outside 
taking advantage of thick. 

3682
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:21,900
Stone walls, and minimal Windows
heat. 

3683
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:25,100
Damages oil encouraging 
rancidity and destroying the 

3684
03:23:25,100 --> 03:23:26,800
delicate compounds that give 
good oil. 

3685
03:23:26,800 --> 03:23:29,300
Its character. 
The workers here, understand 

3686
03:23:29,300 --> 03:23:32,500
chemistry without knowing its 
name, using observation and 

3687
03:23:32,500 --> 03:23:35,400
tradition to guide processes. 
That modern science has only 

3688
03:23:35,400 --> 03:23:39,300
recently explained They know 
that green olives pressed early 

3689
03:23:39,300 --> 03:23:42,200
yield spicy oil. 
They know that damaged fruit 

3690
03:23:42,200 --> 03:23:45,300
creates off flavors. 
They know that metal containers 

3691
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:47,500
corrupt, The Taste while clay 
preserves it. 

3692
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:51,200
A large jar in the corner holds 
oil from early oppressing. 

3693
03:23:51,200 --> 03:23:55,000
Its surface covered with a layer
of natural set of sediment that 

3694
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:57,300
protect the liquid beneath from 
oxidation. 

3695
03:23:57,300 --> 03:24:01,200
Someone dips a small clay cup 
into the clear oil below the 

3696
03:24:01,200 --> 03:24:03,200
sediment layer. 
Then offers it to you. 

3697
03:24:03,200 --> 03:24:06,700
You taste it. 
Carefully first the fruit, then 

3698
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:09,700
the pepper at the back of your 
throat, then a bitterness that 

3699
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:13,000
somehow Pleasant all of it 
balanced in a way that makes you

3700
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,100
understand why people have value
this substance for thousands of 

3701
03:24:16,100 --> 03:24:19,000
years. 
It tastes like the Grove like 

3702
03:24:19,000 --> 03:24:22,700
sunlight on Silver leaves like 
patient, labor rewarded. 

3703
03:24:23,500 --> 03:24:27,500
As the days pressing concludes 
workers clean tools with hot 

3704
03:24:27,500 --> 03:24:29,800
water and coarse cloths 
scrubbing away. 

3705
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:33,500
Paste residue before it can 
Harden, the millstone gets a 

3706
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:35,900
final rotation with nothing 
beneath it clearing away, 

3707
03:24:35,900 --> 03:24:39,300
remaining debris. 
The donkey is unhitched led to 

3708
03:24:39,308 --> 03:24:43,200
water and feed its work done 
until tomorrow brings another 

3709
03:24:43,200 --> 03:24:47,300
rotation of the same wheel, the 
same Circle, the same 

3710
03:24:47,300 --> 03:24:49,400
transformation of fruit into 
gold. 

3711
03:24:49,400 --> 03:24:53,400
You leave the pressing room with
hands that smell of olives, a 

3712
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:56,000
scent that will linger for days,
no matter how many times you 

3713
03:24:56,000 --> 03:25:00,600
wash, your kitchen measures, 
perhaps 12 feet square with a 

3714
03:25:00,600 --> 03:25:04,800
floor of packed Earth warns 
smooth as riverstone's, sunlight

3715
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:07,700
enters, through a single window 
covered with an oil cloth that 

3716
03:25:07,700 --> 03:25:12,200
close Amber when backlit The 
rooms heart is a half-built from

3717
03:25:12,200 --> 03:25:16,400
stacked stone, its surface 
black, and by Decades of cooking

3718
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:21,000
fires, next to the half sits of 
storage vessels each taller than

3719
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:23,500
a child. 
Their place is cool. 

3720
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:27,300
Despite the warm after noon, one
of these jars holds olive oil, 

3721
03:25:27,300 --> 03:25:31,800
perhaps 40 liters pressed Autumn
sealed with a clay stopper and 

3722
03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:34,200
wax to keep air from spoiling 
its contents. 

3723
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:39,100
You tip the large jar, carefully
letting oil flow into a smaller 

3724
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:41,500
vessel. 
That's easier to handle the oil 

3725
03:25:41,500 --> 03:25:44,800
moves, more slowly than water 
with a thickness that makes it 

3726
03:25:44,800 --> 03:25:48,500
want to cling to surfaces. 
It catches light as it, pours 

3727
03:25:48,500 --> 03:25:52,600
transforming from Golden to 
Amber to almost green depending 

3728
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:55,300
on the angle. 
This oil will flavor tonight's 

3729
03:25:55,300 --> 03:25:57,600
meal and tomorrow's and the day 
after that. 

3730
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:02,200
Constant presence in cooking as 
fundamental as fire itself 

3731
03:26:02,200 --> 03:26:05,300
without it, your Cuisine would 
lose half. 

3732
03:26:05,300 --> 03:26:09,500
Its identity becoming something 
unrecognizable to anyone raised 

3733
03:26:09,500 --> 03:26:12,600
on the Mediterranean Shores on a
wooden cutting board. 

3734
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:16,400
You arrange vegetables for 
tonight's meal leeks, onions, 

3735
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:20,200
some early greens and lentils 
that have been soaking since 

3736
03:26:20,200 --> 03:26:22,800
morning the knife in your hand 
is bronze. 

3737
03:26:22,800 --> 03:26:26,600
Its Edge, requiring regular 
sharpening but holding a Keynes.

3738
03:26:26,600 --> 03:26:28,800
That iron tools will later 
struggled to match. 

3739
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:32,400
You chop the leeks in to rounds 
and the onions into rough 

3740
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:35,700
chunks, working with the Casual 
efficiency of someone who's 

3741
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:39,800
prepared thousands of meals. 
Each piece falls into a clay 

3742
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:43,300
Bowl already slicked with all of
oil, the vegetables, beginning 

3743
03:26:43,300 --> 03:26:46,000
their transformation even before
heat arrives. 

3744
03:26:46,000 --> 03:26:50,900
The cooking pot is ceramic, it's
inside surface darkened by use, 

3745
03:26:50,900 --> 03:26:54,700
but still sound free of cracks, 
that would let liquid seep 

3746
03:26:54,700 --> 03:26:57,100
through you pour olive oil into 
the pot. 

3747
03:26:57,100 --> 03:26:59,600
First enough to Coat. 
The bottom generously. 

3748
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:03,500
Perhaps a quarter cup by modern 
measurements, though, you judge 

3749
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:07,900
by Ai and habit, rather than 
precise amounts the oil spreads 

3750
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:10,800
across the pots, interior, 
finding every curve and 

3751
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:14,600
depression, creating a golden 
pool that will prevent food from

3752
03:27:14,600 --> 03:27:18,400
sticking and contribute, its own
flavor to whatever Cooks within 

3753
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,800
coals from the mornings fire, 
still glow, red beneath white 

3754
03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:26,000
ash, You brush away, the Ash 
with a bundle of straw exposing 

3755
03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:28,900
the heat beneath. 
Then position, the pot carefully

3756
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:32,300
over the hottest section, the 
oil begins warming immediately, 

3757
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:35,900
its surface developing, the 
faintest Shimmer as convection, 

3758
03:27:35,900 --> 03:27:39,100
currents move through it, you 
test the temperature by dropping

3759
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:40,900
a small piece of onion into the 
oil. 

3760
03:27:40,900 --> 03:27:45,000
It should Sizzle gently without 
immediately Browning creating a 

3761
03:27:45,008 --> 03:27:45,900
sustained. 
Hiss. 

3762
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:49,200
That tells you the heat is 
right, the vegetables go in next

3763
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:52,500
tumbling from Bold to pot with 
sounds that satisfy on some 

3764
03:27:52,500 --> 03:27:55,500
Primal level. 
The hiss of moisture meeting hot

3765
03:27:55,500 --> 03:27:59,500
oil, the crackle is sugars, 
begin to caramelize and the 

3766
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:02,500
aromatic steam that rises to 
fill the kitchen with promise, 

3767
03:28:02,500 --> 03:28:07,000
you stir with a wooden spoon 
worn Smooth by years of use its 

3768
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:10,000
handle permanently stained with 
oil that seeped into the wood 

3769
03:28:10,000 --> 03:28:12,300
grain. 
The vegetable softened 

3770
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:15,600
gradually, the colors 
intensifying rather than fading 

3771
03:28:15,600 --> 03:28:19,700
all of oil preserving the bright
greens and deep purples in ways 

3772
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:23,400
that water-based cooking never 
could a small Jug on the Shelf 

3773
03:28:23,400 --> 03:28:25,500
holds oil reserve for finishing 
dishes. 

3774
03:28:25,500 --> 03:28:28,700
The finest pressing kept 
separate for drizzling, over 

3775
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:32,500
food, just before serving. 
This oil never sees heat 

3776
03:28:32,500 --> 03:28:35,000
preserving all the delicate 
compounds. 

3777
03:28:35,000 --> 03:28:37,900
That make it special, you'll use
it to night to dress. 

3778
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:41,300
Lentils, after they finish 
cooking adding a final layer of 

3779
03:28:41,300 --> 03:28:44,600
flavor that heat treated oil 
can't provide the difference 

3780
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:47,600
between cooking oil and 
finishing oil matters enormously

3781
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:51,000
though explaining exactly why 
requires vocabulary. 

3782
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:52,400
Your culture hasn't yet 
developed. 

3783
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:56,300
While the vegetables cook, you 
prepare flatbread dough flour, 

3784
03:28:56,300 --> 03:29:00,100
water, a pinch of salt and olive
oil work together until the 

3785
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:01,900
mixture stops sticking to your 
hands. 

3786
03:29:01,900 --> 03:29:05,500
The oil makes the dough more 
forgiving easier to handle and 

3787
03:29:05,500 --> 03:29:07,800
less likely to tear when you 
stretch it thin. 

3788
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:11,300
You let it rest. 
While the lentils simmer the 

3789
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:15,200
dough developing texture Through
Time rather than effort later, 

3790
03:29:15,200 --> 03:29:18,600
you'll form it into circles, 
cooking them directly on a hot 

3791
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:20,400
stone at the hearts Edge 
brushing. 

3792
03:29:20,400 --> 03:29:23,600
Each finished bread with olive 
oil to keep it soft in the 

3793
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:25,900
corner. 
A smaller jar holds olive oil. 

3794
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:30,300
Infused with herbs rosemary, 
thyme and bay leaves submerged 

3795
03:29:30,300 --> 03:29:33,900
in oil for weeks until their 
Essence, is permeate the liquid 

3796
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:37,400
you use this for special 
occasions but even ordinary days

3797
03:29:37,400 --> 03:29:41,000
might see it appear if meals 
feel too plain the herbs, add 

3798
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:44,200
complexity yes but more 
importantly they preserve the 

3799
03:29:44,208 --> 03:29:47,900
oils freshness their natural 
antibacterial properties. 

3800
03:29:47,900 --> 03:29:51,300
Extending shelf life in ways 
that seem almost magical. 

3801
03:29:51,300 --> 03:29:54,900
You understand this works 
without knowing why Following 

3802
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:57,800
practices handed down through 
generations of cooks who 

3803
03:29:57,800 --> 03:29:59,300
discovered through trial and 
error. 

3804
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:01,300
What science will later, 
explain. 

3805
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:05,200
The lentils need another edition
of oil, Midway through cooking, 

3806
03:30:05,200 --> 03:30:08,900
not for flavor this time but to 
prevent them from foaming, over 

3807
03:30:08,900 --> 03:30:12,200
a thin stream Port across the 
pots surface calms. 

3808
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:15,800
The bubbling immediately the oil
spreading to trap and collapse 

3809
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:18,900
foam before it can escape. 
This trick works. 

3810
03:30:18,900 --> 03:30:21,300
So reliably you barely think 
about it anymore. 

3811
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:25,100
Just as you barely think about 
breathing olive, oil isn't an 

3812
03:30:25,100 --> 03:30:27,700
ingredient, you had to cooking 
it's the medium within which 

3813
03:30:27,700 --> 03:30:30,200
cooking happens as essential as 
the pot itself. 

3814
03:30:31,200 --> 03:30:33,900
This evening deepens, you like 
lamps throughout the house. 

3815
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:36,900
These are simple. 
Clay vessels with a spout for 

3816
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:38,600
the wick. 
And a hole for pouring fuel. 

3817
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:41,400
Olive oil fills each lamp the 
same oil. 

3818
03:30:41,400 --> 03:30:44,800
You cook with though, perhaps an
older pressing or a lower grade,

3819
03:30:44,800 --> 03:30:46,500
that's developed a slight 
bitterness. 

3820
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:50,000
The Wicks are twisted flax 
trimmed regularly to prevent 

3821
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:52,400
smoking. 
You like them one by one 

3822
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:56,200
watching small Flames appear and
settle into steady burning the 

3823
03:30:56,200 --> 03:30:58,200
light. 
They cast is warmer than later. 

3824
03:30:58,200 --> 03:31:01,900
Petroleum products will provide 
with a slight golden quality 

3825
03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:06,500
that makes skin look healthier 
and food more appetizing The 

3826
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:10,500
meal finishes cooking as full 
Darkness arrives, you Ladle. 

3827
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,700
Lentils into shallow bowls 
vegetables into a communal dish 

3828
03:31:13,700 --> 03:31:18,100
and bread onto a wooden board. 
Final touch that. 

3829
03:31:18,100 --> 03:31:20,900
Reserved finishing oil gets 
drizzled over everything with a 

3830
03:31:20,908 --> 03:31:24,500
practiced hand. 
Creating glossy pools that sink 

3831
03:31:24,500 --> 03:31:28,400
slowly into the hot food. 
The aroma is extraordinary all 

3832
03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:31,400
the meals elements unified by 
the singling gradient. 

3833
03:31:31,400 --> 03:31:34,300
That's touched every component 
from raw to finished. 

3834
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,900
You eat with bread, torn by hand
using pieces to scoop up lentils

3835
03:31:38,900 --> 03:31:41,700
and vegetables. 
The breads oil brush surface, 

3836
03:31:41,700 --> 03:31:44,800
making each bite Rich enough to 
satisfy without overwhelming, 

3837
03:31:44,800 --> 03:31:47,500
after the meal. 
You save the oil that remains in

3838
03:31:47,500 --> 03:31:50,500
serving dishes, pouring it back 
into storage rather than 

3839
03:31:50,500 --> 03:31:53,500
discarding it. 
This oil is taken on flavors 

3840
03:31:53,500 --> 03:31:56,500
from the food, it touched making
it perfect for tomorrow's 

3841
03:31:56,500 --> 03:31:59,700
cooking where those flavors will
contribute to new dishes. 

3842
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,400
Nothing goes to waste and a 
household where all of oil 

3843
03:32:02,400 --> 03:32:06,900
represents stored labored 
sunlight and stored wealth in 

3844
03:32:06,900 --> 03:32:09,900
his most fungible form the jars 
in your kitchen. 

3845
03:32:09,900 --> 03:32:13,600
Hold more than food. 
They hold security knowing that,

3846
03:32:13,600 --> 03:32:17,000
even if grain harvest fail, 
these Sealed vessels. 

3847
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,000
Contain enough calories to see 
your family through lean months.

3848
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:24,600
You're walking through the city 
after Sunset navigating streets.

3849
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:26,600
That would be treacherous 
without illumination. 

3850
03:32:27,500 --> 03:32:31,100
Light spills from every window 
and doorway each building 

3851
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:34,200
contributing its share to the 
collective effort of holding 

3852
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:37,200
Darkness at Bay. 
The primary source of all this 

3853
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:40,100
light hangs from brackets, sits 
and niches. 

3854
03:32:40,100 --> 03:32:44,400
And rests on Ledges thousands of
small clay lamps. 

3855
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:48,000
Each burning olive oil with a 
steadiness that candles will 

3856
03:32:48,000 --> 03:32:49,100
later. 
Struggle to match. 

3857
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:53,100
The Flames are surprisingly 
bright numerous enough that you 

3858
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:57,100
can read inscriptions on public 
buildings, recognize faces from 

3859
03:32:57,100 --> 03:33:00,500
20 feet away and avoid. 
Stepping in things better left 

3860
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:04,000
unmentioned, the city's Main 
Street features, elaborate 

3861
03:33:04,000 --> 03:33:07,800
lampstands taller than a person 
designed to illuminate public 

3862
03:33:07,800 --> 03:33:10,700
spaces, where citizens, gather 
off to Daylight ends. 

3863
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:15,300
These stands hold multiple lamps
range in tears, creating islands

3864
03:33:15,300 --> 03:33:17,300
of brightness. 
That push back Shadows. 

3865
03:33:17,300 --> 03:33:22,200
Someone maintains these lamps 
refilling, oil trimming Wix and 

3866
03:33:22,200 --> 03:33:24,900
ensuring Flames, don't fail 
during the night hours when 

3867
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:28,700
their absence would be most 
keenly felt To public service is

3868
03:33:28,700 --> 03:33:32,400
important as maintaining Wells 
or repairing roads paid for by 

3869
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:35,700
wealthy citizens who understand 
that dark streets, discourage 

3870
03:33:35,700 --> 03:33:39,700
Commerce and encourage crimes. 
You pass a merchant shop where 

3871
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:43,200
Lamplight streams through an 
open doorway revealing customers

3872
03:33:43,200 --> 03:33:47,600
examining Goods despite the late
hour, the shops interior blazes 

3873
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:50,400
with perhaps 20 laps positioned 
throughout the space. 

3874
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:53,400
On counters hanging from the 
ceiling. 

3875
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:56,400
Tucked into Corners, to 
eliminate all Shadows, this 

3876
03:33:56,400 --> 03:34:00,500
abundance of light, represents 
significant expense with all of 

3877
03:34:00,508 --> 03:34:03,900
oil consumed by the literature 
each night, but the merchant 

3878
03:34:03,900 --> 03:34:06,100
considers it to Central 
customers. 

3879
03:34:06,100 --> 03:34:07,600
Won't buy what? 
They can't properly. 

3880
03:34:07,600 --> 03:34:11,200
See, and the extended hours more
than compensate for the fuel 

3881
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:14,400
costs. 
Temple ahead uses light as an 

3882
03:34:14,408 --> 03:34:18,500
element of religious experience.
With hundreds of lamps oranged 

3883
03:34:18,500 --> 03:34:20,900
to create specific effects 
Flames. 

3884
03:34:20,900 --> 03:34:24,900
Reflect off polished marble 
multiply and bronze mirrors, and

3885
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:28,000
cast Shadows of columns, that 
seemed to dance as air. 

3886
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:31,100
Currents make the Flames, 
flicker the priest, understand 

3887
03:34:31,100 --> 03:34:35,100
lighting design, intuitively 
positioning lamps to emphasize 

3888
03:34:35,100 --> 03:34:37,500
Divine statues. 
While leaving other areas in 

3889
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:40,300
mysterious dimness, the 
interplay of the light and 

3890
03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:43,000
Shadow transforms architecture 
into theater. 

3891
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:47,200
Making the Sacred Space feel 
separate from the mundane World 

3892
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:51,100
outside at a corner you noticed 
someone refilling Street lamps 

3893
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:54,200
from a large jug. 
Moving from bracket to bracket 

3894
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,800
with practice efficiency, The 
Lamplighter pours oil through a 

3895
03:34:57,800 --> 03:35:01,500
small funnel careful. 
Not to spill or overfill knowing

3896
03:35:01,500 --> 03:35:04,400
exactly how much each lamp needs
to burn through the night. 

3897
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:07,800
When one lamp shows a weak 
flame, The Lamplighter adjusts 

3898
03:35:07,800 --> 03:35:10,800
the wick pulling, it slightly 
higher to draw more oil, 

3899
03:35:10,800 --> 03:35:15,000
increasing brightness, this work
continues every evening. 

3900
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:18,900
A routine is regular sunrise in 
the city. 

3901
03:35:18,900 --> 03:35:22,000
Never returns to the 
vulnerability of total darkness,

3902
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:25,200
you turn down a residential 
street, where light is more 

3903
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:28,500
modest, but still present. 
Each household maintains at 

3904
03:35:28,500 --> 03:35:32,000
least one lamp visible from the 
street, a contribution, to 

3905
03:35:32,000 --> 03:35:35,300
Collective safety, that custom 
demands, even from the poorest 

3906
03:35:35,300 --> 03:35:38,000
families. 
Some windows show, the Warm Glow

3907
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,700
of multiple lamps in suggesting 
how old's wealthy enough for 

3908
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:46,400
evening activities Beyond sleep.
Others, display single Flames. 

3909
03:35:46,400 --> 03:35:50,500
Sufficient for basic tasks, but 
leaving much of the interior in 

3910
03:35:50,500 --> 03:35:53,300
darkness, you can map the 
neighborhood's, economic 

3911
03:35:53,300 --> 03:35:57,800
geography by counting visible 
Flames a Tavon ahead spills and 

3912
03:35:57,800 --> 03:36:01,200
sound into the street. 
It's doorway bright as midday 

3913
03:36:01,200 --> 03:36:04,300
inside lamps. 
Hang from every available beam 

3914
03:36:04,300 --> 03:36:06,400
clustered. 
So densely their individual 

3915
03:36:06,400 --> 03:36:10,000
Flames, blend into General 
brilliant's The Tavern keeper. 

3916
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:13,800
Understands that Darkness 
encourages sleep, while light 

3917
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:18,500
encourages spending, So the oil 
flows freely, the Wicks burn 

3918
03:36:18,500 --> 03:36:22,600
tall and customers, linger hours
passed, what they originally 

3919
03:36:22,600 --> 03:36:25,400
intended. 
This calculated generosity with 

3920
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:28,500
lighting cost less than the 
additional Wine and Food sales. 

3921
03:36:28,500 --> 03:36:32,800
It generates Downside Ali, you 
glimpse a different kind of 

3922
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:37,100
flame, the blue, tinged burn of 
a lamp fueled by something other

3923
03:36:37,100 --> 03:36:40,900
than pure olive oil, lower 
grade, pressings vegetable 

3924
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:44,600
water, with residual, oil 
content and even fish oil in 

3925
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:47,300
coastal cities. 
All these find their way into 

3926
03:36:47,300 --> 03:36:50,600
lamps, when pure olive oils cost
exceed, someone's budget. 

3927
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:54,200
The resulting Flames. 
Burned dirtier producing more 

3928
03:36:54,200 --> 03:36:56,800
smoke and less light, but still 
push back. 

3929
03:36:56,800 --> 03:36:59,200
Darkness more effectively than 
no light at all. 

3930
03:37:00,800 --> 03:37:04,300
You can judge household finances
by the quality of flame visible 

3931
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:08,000
through Windows, a bathhouse, 
complex ahead glows, like a 

3932
03:37:08,000 --> 03:37:12,000
Beacon Light streaming from high
windows, were steam clouds the 

3933
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:14,700
glass inside. 
Hundreds of lamps, maintain 

3934
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:17,900
illumination, even in the 
bathing rooms where moisture and

3935
03:37:17,900 --> 03:37:20,400
heat create challenges for 
maintaining flames. 

3936
03:37:21,100 --> 03:37:24,100
Special lamps with protective 
covers keep water from drowning 

3937
03:37:24,100 --> 03:37:27,600
Wix our ventilation systems. 
Draw smoke away. 

3938
03:37:27,600 --> 03:37:31,200
Before it can accumulate enough 
to bother Bays the bathhouse, 

3939
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:34,400
advertises, its luxury partly 
through this properly, get use 

3940
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,800
of light if they can afford to 
illuminate, even the changing 

3941
03:37:37,800 --> 03:37:41,700
rooms brilliantly, clearly they 
spare, no expense elsewhere. 

3942
03:37:41,700 --> 03:37:45,800
You reach your destination, a 
friend's apartment on the third 

3943
03:37:45,800 --> 03:37:50,000
floor of an insula, the building
stairwell is dark except for a 

3944
03:37:50,000 --> 03:37:53,200
single lamp on each Landing, 
just enough to prevent Falls, 

3945
03:37:53,200 --> 03:37:56,000
but require in careful attention
to where you place your feet. 

3946
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,600
This minimal lighting represents
a calculated economy. 

3947
03:38:00,300 --> 03:38:02,800
The building's landlord provides
enough oil for safety, but 

3948
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:06,000
nothing more residents who want 
brighter, stairwells bring their

3949
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:09,400
own lamps, carrying them up and 
down, like the portable light 

3950
03:38:09,400 --> 03:38:12,600
sources that they are. 
Inside your friend's apartment, 

3951
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:15,200
several lamps, create a 
comfortable glow. 

3952
03:38:15,200 --> 03:38:18,600
That makes the small space feel 
welcoming the lamp. 

3953
03:38:18,600 --> 03:38:21,000
Sit on a shelf specifically 
designed for them. 

3954
03:38:21,000 --> 03:38:23,800
Positioned to illuminate the 
room without risk of being 

3955
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:26,800
knocked over. 
Wix are trimmed short to prevent

3956
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:30,600
smoking and Flames are adjusted 
to provide light without wasting

3957
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:32,800
oil. 
Your friend demonstrates a 

3958
03:38:32,800 --> 03:38:35,900
technique for making oil. 
Last longer adding water to the 

3959
03:38:35,900 --> 03:38:39,200
lamps base, creating a layer 
beneath the oil, that the wick 

3960
03:38:39,200 --> 03:38:41,700
can't reach as the oil burns 
down. 

3961
03:38:41,700 --> 03:38:46,000
It eventually sits a top water 
and the Wix stops drawing fuel 

3962
03:38:46,000 --> 03:38:48,000
precisely. 
When the oil is exhausted 

3963
03:38:48,000 --> 03:38:51,200
preventing waste. 
Notice how the lamp light makes 

3964
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:55,200
everything look slightly. 
Golden skin tones, warmer food 

3965
03:38:55,200 --> 03:38:58,100
more appetizing and the rooms, 
Warren Furniture, more 

3966
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:00,800
presentable. 
This is all of oils gift to be 

3967
03:39:00,808 --> 03:39:04,200
on Mira illumination. 
It transforms Vision itself, 

3968
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:08,500
making the Night World gentler 
than daylight ever appears 

3969
03:39:08,500 --> 03:39:12,800
Modern Electric Light will later
strip away this warmth replacing

3970
03:39:12,800 --> 03:39:16,400
it with harsh neutrality, that 
claims to show things as they 

3971
03:39:16,400 --> 03:39:19,100
really are. 
But people raise by olive oil. 

3972
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:22,400
Flames know. 
The truth reality has always 

3973
03:39:22,400 --> 03:39:26,600
been golden at the edges, warm 
in the shadows And software 

3974
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:30,000
Darkness and Light Meat as you 
eventually leave and walk home, 

3975
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:33,000
the city's lights, create a 
constellation at ground level 

3976
03:39:33,000 --> 03:39:36,200
each flame a small star burning 
olive oil. 

3977
03:39:36,200 --> 03:39:38,900
Instead of hydrogen the 
collective brightness is 

3978
03:39:38,900 --> 03:39:41,800
sufficient that you can see 
clouds reflecting the glow. 

3979
03:39:41,800 --> 03:39:45,500
The night sky above the city, 
subtly lighter than the rural 

3980
03:39:45,500 --> 03:39:49,000
Darkness beyond the walls. 
This artificial day extends, 

3981
03:39:49,000 --> 03:39:53,000
human activity hours passed what
nature intended, and all of it 

3982
03:39:53,000 --> 03:39:57,400
runs on olives on Groves and 
presses and jars of golden fuel.

3983
03:39:57,400 --> 03:40:00,400
That makes civilization possible
after Sunset. 

3984
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:03,400
You're watching a physician 
prepare for treatment in a room 

3985
03:40:03,408 --> 03:40:07,100
that smells of herbs and heated 
olive oil, The Physician works 

3986
03:40:07,100 --> 03:40:10,700
at a table covered with small 
ceramic vessels each containing 

3987
03:40:10,700 --> 03:40:14,100
different preparations some pure
oil others. 

3988
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:16,600
Infused with plant materials 
whose properties have been 

3989
03:40:16,608 --> 03:40:20,700
observed and catalogued through 
generations of practice the 

3990
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:23,200
doctors hands move with the 
confidence of someone whose 

3991
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:27,000
performed these preparations. 
Thousands of Times measuring by.

3992
03:40:27,000 --> 03:40:31,000
I adjusting proportions based on
factors that have more to do 

3993
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:34,000
with intuition than formula. 
A patient sits nearby. 

3994
03:40:34,000 --> 03:40:38,500
An older man, with joint pain 
that worsens each winter, The 

3995
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:42,000
Physician warms olive oil in a 
shallow bronze pan, held over a 

3996
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:45,400
small Brazier monitoring 
temperature by testing drops on 

3997
03:40:45,400 --> 03:40:48,800
the back of one hand, when the 
oil reaches the right warmth, 

3998
03:40:48,800 --> 03:40:52,500
hot enough to fill therapeutic, 
but not burning The Physician 

3999
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:55,800
applies it to the patient's 
knees, working the oil into the 

4000
03:40:55,800 --> 03:41:00,000
skin with firm circular motions.
The patient's expression shifts 

4001
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:03,900
from discomfort to relief as 
warmth penetrates into joints. 

4002
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:07,800
The oil carrying heat deeper 
than it would penetrate alone. 

4003
03:41:07,800 --> 03:41:12,600
The masses for perhaps, 20 
minutes, the Physicians hands 

4004
03:41:12,600 --> 03:41:16,300
never pausing, maintaining 
constant contact with skin that 

4005
03:41:16,300 --> 03:41:20,200
gradually pinked from increased 
blood flow, more oil gets added 

4006
03:41:20,200 --> 03:41:22,500
as the first application of 
absorbs into the skin. 

4007
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:26,700
The physician using far more 
than you'd expect believing that

4008
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:29,900
generous amounts work better 
than conservative applications. 

4009
03:41:29,900 --> 03:41:31,900
The excess doesn't bother 
anyone. 

4010
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:35,400
What doesn't absorb will be 
wiped away and the oil will be 

4011
03:41:35,400 --> 03:41:37,500
transferred to cloths. 
That will later be used for 

4012
03:41:37,500 --> 03:41:40,900
other purposes. 
Nothing goes to waste on the 

4013
03:41:40,900 --> 03:41:44,300
table and other preparation 
weights, olive oil in fused with

4014
03:41:44,300 --> 03:41:46,000
chamomile, lavender and 
something else. 

4015
03:41:46,000 --> 03:41:49,200
You don't recognize the 
physician explains that this 

4016
03:41:49,200 --> 03:41:52,200
mixture helps with sleep 
troubles, the herbs properties 

4017
03:41:52,200 --> 03:41:55,800
carried into the body, through 
skin absorption, your skeptical 

4018
03:41:55,800 --> 03:41:58,500
about herbs, affecting sleep 
through topical application, 

4019
03:41:58,500 --> 03:42:01,800
that the physician insists that 
patients report better rest 

4020
03:42:01,800 --> 03:42:03,700
after evening. 
Massages with this particular 

4021
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:07,300
blend Whether it works through 
absorption or simply because 

4022
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:10,300
warm oil massage, relaxes 
people, the results seems 

4023
03:42:10,300 --> 03:42:13,000
consistent enough to justify the
preparations. 

4024
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:16,200
Existence, a younger woman 
arrives with a skin condition. 

4025
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:20,600
Patches of dry flaking skin on 
her arms that itch constantly. 

4026
03:42:21,700 --> 03:42:24,900
The Physician examines the 
affected areas then reaches for 

4027
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:28,300
a jar of olive oil, mixed with 
beeswax and something that 

4028
03:42:28,300 --> 03:42:31,700
smells faintly of pine, this 
preparation has the consistency 

4029
03:42:31,700 --> 03:42:35,700
of soft butter. 
Spreading easily but staying 

4030
03:42:35,700 --> 03:42:37,800
where it's applied, rather than 
running off skin. 

4031
03:42:37,800 --> 03:42:40,900
The Physician applies it 
generously to the affected 

4032
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:44,800
areas, explaining that the oil, 
softens the skin, while the wax 

4033
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:48,000
creates a barrier that prevents 
moisture loss, the pine 

4034
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:51,700
component collected as resin. 
From local trees helps reduce 

4035
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,500
inflammation through mechanisms.
The Physician doesn't fully 

4036
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:58,200
understand but as observed 
countless times, you watch The 

4037
03:42:58,200 --> 03:43:00,800
Physician, prepare a wound 
dressing for someone who burned 

4038
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:05,000
their hand in a cooking fire. 
Clean cloth gets soaked in olive

4039
03:43:05,000 --> 03:43:08,000
oil and then wrapped around the 
injury after cleaning the oil. 

4040
03:43:08,000 --> 03:43:10,800
Soaked bandage keeps air from 
reaching the burned, skin 

4041
03:43:10,808 --> 03:43:14,700
reducing pain and preventing the
wound from drying into hard. 

4042
03:43:14,700 --> 03:43:16,700
Scabs that might crack and 
reopen. 

4043
03:43:16,700 --> 03:43:19,300
The Physician changes, the 
dressing daily. 

4044
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:23,100
Each time applying fresh oil 
maintaining the wound in a moist

4045
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:25,900
environment that promotes 
healing modern medicine. 

4046
03:43:25,900 --> 03:43:28,900
Will eventually prove this 
treatment effective though the 

4047
03:43:28,900 --> 03:43:31,500
Physicians great great 
grandchildren won't live long 

4048
03:43:31,500 --> 03:43:35,600
enough to see that validation in
the corner, large storage jars. 

4049
03:43:35,600 --> 03:43:39,300
Hold olive oil Reserve 
specifically for medical use not

4050
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:43,600
necessarily the finest pressing 
but clean oil from healthy fruit

4051
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:46,900
free of the rancidity. 
That develops and poorly stored 

4052
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:50,900
supplies, The Physician checks, 
the stores regularly ensuring 

4053
03:43:50,900 --> 03:43:53,700
sufficient quantity, to handle. 
The regular stream of patients. 

4054
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:56,300
Who arrive seeking treatment for
ailments? 

4055
03:43:56,300 --> 03:43:59,900
Ranging from minor skin. 
Irritations to serious injuries 

4056
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:04,300
during epidemic years oil 
consumption in Is dramatically 

4057
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:07,500
as the physician treats more 
patience than usual, applying 

4058
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:10,100
oil. 
To Fever hot skin mixing it with

4059
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:13,700
medicines that need a carrier 
base and using it to prevent bed

4060
03:44:13,700 --> 03:44:18,100
sores in patients too, weak to 
move a shelf, holds specialized 

4061
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:21,900
tools bronze instruments for 
scraping oil from skin after 

4062
03:44:21,900 --> 03:44:26,400
massages, small cups for mixing 
preparations, mortars for 

4063
03:44:26,400 --> 03:44:30,000
grinding herbs, that will be 
infused into oil and delicate 

4064
03:44:30,000 --> 03:44:32,800
measuring spoons. 
That allow precise dosing when 

4065
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:36,300
patients need specific amounts 
of medicated preparations. 

4066
03:44:36,300 --> 03:44:40,300
Each tool shows the wearer of 
regular use bronzer Services 

4067
03:44:40,300 --> 03:44:44,300
Polished by countless cleanings 
and ceramic mortars stained from

4068
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:47,600
hundreds of different herb. 
Mixtures, this is a working 

4069
03:44:47,600 --> 03:44:51,300
space, not decorative. 
Every item is present because it

4070
03:44:51,300 --> 03:44:55,000
serves a practical purpose. 
The Physician prepares an oil 

4071
03:44:55,008 --> 03:44:58,600
mixture for you to take home 
explaining, its use for minor 

4072
03:44:58,600 --> 03:45:02,000
cuts and scrapes. 
The base is pure olive oil with 

4073
03:45:02,000 --> 03:45:04,400
small amounts of crushed garlic 
for its antibacterial 

4074
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:07,500
properties, and honey for wound 
sealing. 

4075
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:12,000
The mix just smells pungent but 
not unpleasant and the physician

4076
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:13,900
assures. 
You it prevents the festering 

4077
03:45:13,900 --> 03:45:16,400
that turns minor injuries into 
serious problems. 

4078
03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:18,500
You'll use it. 
Whenever someone in your 

4079
03:45:18,508 --> 03:45:21,800
household suffers a cut, 
applying it twice daily until 

4080
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:24,400
healing completes. 
The preparation will last 

4081
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:26,700
months. 
If stored properly, the olive 

4082
03:45:26,700 --> 03:45:29,800
oil preventing bacterial growth 
in the honey, garlic mixture 

4083
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:32,900
through mechanisms. 
Nobody will understand for 

4084
03:45:32,900 --> 03:45:35,400
another 2000 years before 
leaving. 

4085
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:39,500
You notice the Physicians own 
hands, smooth, Supple, and 

4086
03:45:39,500 --> 03:45:41,800
showing none of the roughness. 
You'd expect from someone who 

4087
03:45:41,808 --> 03:45:44,000
works. 
Constantly, The Physician 

4088
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:47,900
catches your glance and holds up
both hands demonstrating skin, 

4089
03:45:47,900 --> 03:45:49,800
that seems younger than the face
of it. 

4090
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:54,400
The secret is simple. 
Constant contact with olive oil 

4091
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:57,400
hands soaking in it. 
Daily through the work of 

4092
03:45:57,400 --> 03:46:00,500
treating others. 
The oil penetrate so deeply and 

4093
03:46:00,500 --> 03:46:04,300
so regularly that The Physician 
Skin maintains flexibility that 

4094
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:06,100
people decades. 
Young might envy. 

4095
03:46:06,100 --> 03:46:10,600
It's not occupational benefit 
unintended but welcome, that 

4096
03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:13,400
makes the Physicians hands 
themselves and advertisement for

4097
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,900
oils properties. 
You head to the public baths 

4098
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:18,900
next. 
A routine that says as much 

4099
03:46:18,908 --> 03:46:22,300
about social connection as 
hygiene, the bath complex is 

4100
03:46:22,300 --> 03:46:24,700
entrance area smells powerfully 
of olive oil. 

4101
03:46:24,700 --> 03:46:28,600
The scent intensified by heat 
and humidity drifting from the 

4102
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:31,200
bathing rooms Beyond attendant 
stand. 

4103
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:34,300
Ready with bronze, implements 
and ceramic vessels prepared to 

4104
03:46:34,308 --> 03:46:37,300
perform the scraping ritual. 
That's become Central to bathing

4105
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:39,500
culture. 
You pass through to the changing

4106
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:42,000
room, storing clothes in a cubby
while trying to remember which 

4107
03:46:42,000 --> 03:46:46,200
number you belongings occupy. 
The warm room comes first with a

4108
03:46:46,208 --> 03:46:48,600
temperature comfortable enough 
to begin sweating without 

4109
03:46:48,600 --> 03:46:51,500
shocking the system. 
An attendant approaches with a 

4110
03:46:51,508 --> 03:46:54,600
ceramic vessel of olive oil 
offering to perform the full 

4111
03:46:54,600 --> 03:46:57,500
cleansing ritual, you agree. 
And the attendant begins 

4112
03:46:57,500 --> 03:46:59,500
applying oil generously across 
your skin. 

4113
03:46:59,500 --> 03:47:03,900
Arms legs back chest using 
enough that it runs in small 

4114
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:05,900
rivulets before being spread 
more evenly. 

4115
03:47:05,900 --> 03:47:10,000
The oil sits on skin without 
immediately absorbing creating a

4116
03:47:10,000 --> 03:47:11,900
slick barrier between you and 
the world. 

4117
03:47:11,900 --> 03:47:15,100
The warm rooms heat increases 
your Skin's temperature. 

4118
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,900
Gradually opening pause and 
encouraging perspiration. 

4119
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:22,700
That mixes with the olive oil 
coating your body after perhaps 

4120
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:27,100
15 minutes, when sweaters begun 
flowing, freely, the attendant 

4121
03:47:27,100 --> 03:47:31,200
returns with a strigil. 
Curved bronze Blade with a 

4122
03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:35,500
handle designed specifically for
scraping oil and dirt from skin.

4123
03:47:35,500 --> 03:47:39,100
The scraping process looks 
violent but feel surprisingly 

4124
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:44,200
Pleasant the blade, removing oil
dead skin cells, sweat and 

4125
03:47:44,200 --> 03:47:47,700
accumulated Grime in long 
strokes that leave Clean Skin 

4126
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:50,200
behind. 
You watch the mixture of oil and

4127
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:52,600
remove material collect at the 
stridas edge. 

4128
03:47:52,600 --> 03:47:55,600
Forming a gray. 
Brown substance, that's promptly

4129
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:58,800
wiped onto a cloth. 
After each pass the attendant 

4130
03:47:58,800 --> 03:48:01,000
Works. 
Methodically covering every 

4131
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:04,400
accessible area, occasionally, 
adding more oil, where skin 

4132
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:08,400
seems dry the scraping removes 
far more than you expected 

4133
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:12,600
revealing skin, that looks 
brighter, feel smoother, and 

4134
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:14,900
seems to Glow with health. 
That wasn't visible before. 

4135
03:48:14,900 --> 03:48:19,600
This is cleaning through oil, 
paradoxical using fat, to remove

4136
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:23,400
fat relying on olive oils, 
ability to dissolve the oils and

4137
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:25,300
grime. 
That water alone can't touch 

4138
03:48:25,300 --> 03:48:28,900
after the scraping completes a 
rinse with clean water. 

4139
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:31,800
Moves. 
Any remaining oil though, some 

4140
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:34,600
inevitably stays absorbed into 
skin providing. 

4141
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:38,200
Moisturizing benefits that will 
last for days, you move through 

4142
03:48:38,200 --> 03:48:41,400
the progressively hotter rooms 
than to the cold plunge. 

4143
03:48:41,400 --> 03:48:44,100
The temperature shock. 
Closing pause that the warm 

4144
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:46,200
rooms opened throughout the 
process. 

4145
03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:51,000
Olive oil remains present in 
lamps, providing light in the 

4146
03:48:51,008 --> 03:48:54,100
massage oil and attendant offers
for an additional fee. 

4147
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:57,500
And in the preparation, people 
apply to their hair to maintain 

4148
03:48:57,500 --> 03:49:00,600
shine and manageability leaving 
the baths. 

4149
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:03,100
Your skin fills different than 
when you arrived. 

4150
03:49:03,800 --> 03:49:06,700
Softer cleaner and somehow More 
Alive. 

4151
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:09,900
The olive oil treatment has 
removed layers of dead cells, 

4152
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:13,800
stimulated circulation, and 
moisturized deeply enough that 

4153
03:49:13,800 --> 03:49:15,900
you won't need any additional 
treatment for days. 

4154
03:49:15,900 --> 03:49:19,600
This bathing ritual, practice, 
by millions across the Empire. 

4155
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:23,300
Represent. 
Olive oils role in daily life, A

4156
03:49:23,300 --> 03:49:26,100
role so fundamental that 
imagining bathing without it 

4157
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:28,900
seemed impossible. 
Future Generations, will use 

4158
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:31,800
soap and will shower under 
running water, but they'll lose 

4159
03:49:31,808 --> 03:49:34,800
something in the process, the 
ritual, intimacy with oil. 

4160
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:38,300
That's made skincare a 
meditative practice rather than 

4161
03:49:38,300 --> 03:49:41,700
a rushed necessity. 
Your standing on a dock were 

4162
03:49:41,700 --> 03:49:43,700
cargo ships arrive from distant 
ports. 

4163
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:47,700
Filled with trade goods, that 
represent the economic life, 

4164
03:49:47,700 --> 03:49:51,400
blood of Maritime Commerce, 
among the crates and bundles, 

4165
03:49:51,400 --> 03:49:56,200
one type of container dominates,
the amphora, Clay vessel 

4166
03:49:56,200 --> 03:49:58,800
designed specifically for 
transporting olive oil across 

4167
03:49:58,800 --> 03:50:01,600
Seas. 
These are four e stand taller 

4168
03:50:01,600 --> 03:50:04,600
than a child with pointed 
bottoms that make them useless 

4169
03:50:04,600 --> 03:50:08,900
for setting on flat surfaces but
perfect for securing and ship 

4170
03:50:08,900 --> 03:50:12,700
holds their shape has evolved 
over centuries toward maximum 

4171
03:50:12,700 --> 03:50:16,000
efficiency holding approximately
25 liters. 

4172
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,000
While remaining light enough for
a single person to carry when 

4173
03:50:19,000 --> 03:50:23,500
full longshoremen work, in 
teams, moving amp free from ship

4174
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:27,800
to dock using techniques that 
minimize breakage One worker 

4175
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:31,500
positions himself in the ship's.
Hold hoisting amp for to a 

4176
03:50:31,500 --> 03:50:35,000
second worker standing at the 
rail, who passes the third on 

4177
03:50:35,000 --> 03:50:37,200
the dock. 
The amphi, never touched ground 

4178
03:50:37,200 --> 03:50:40,400
during the transfer always held 
by someone or leaning against 

4179
03:50:40,400 --> 03:50:43,100
something, their pointed 
bottoms, making them tip 

4180
03:50:43,100 --> 03:50:45,900
immediately. 
If released this instability is 

4181
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:50,400
intentional, it forces careful. 
Handling reducing the Casual 

4182
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:53,700
roughness, that breaks 
containers and Spills valuable 

4183
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:57,200
contents each and four are best 
stamps pressed into. 

4184
03:50:57,200 --> 03:50:59,900
Its clay handles before firing 
marks. 

4185
03:50:59,900 --> 03:51:03,600
Identifying the producer, the 
origin estate, and sometimes 

4186
03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:07,300
even the specific year of 
pressing, these stamp servers 

4187
03:51:07,300 --> 03:51:09,800
quality. 
Guarantees reputation's 

4188
03:51:09,800 --> 03:51:12,900
distilled into small symbols 
that buyers learn to recognize 

4189
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:17,400
and I'm for us, stamped with 
certain marks commands premium 

4190
03:51:17,400 --> 03:51:20,600
prices because everyone knows 
those producers Harvest early 

4191
03:51:20,600 --> 03:51:23,200
press carefully and store 
properly. 

4192
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:27,900
Other stamps indicate bulk oil 
suitable for lamps or soap 

4193
03:51:27,900 --> 03:51:31,200
making rather than direct 
consumption the entire system 

4194
03:51:31,200 --> 03:51:34,300
relies on reputation because 
there's no way to test oil 

4195
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:38,300
quality before purchasing except
by trusting the stamps. 

4196
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:42,500
You watch a merchant examining 
amp for a just unloaded from a 

4197
03:51:42,500 --> 03:51:44,700
ship that arrived from somewhere
in Greece. 

4198
03:51:44,700 --> 03:51:48,500
The merchant inspects seals on 
each vessel ensuring they 

4199
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:51,700
haven't been broken during 
transport checking for cracks in

4200
03:51:51,700 --> 03:51:54,400
the clay that might indicate 
spoilage from sea water, 

4201
03:51:54,400 --> 03:51:57,600
infiltration one and four are 
shows a small crack near the 

4202
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:01,600
bottom and the merchant sets it 
aside for immediate use knowing 

4203
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,700
it won't survive for the 
transport or extended storage 

4204
03:52:04,700 --> 03:52:08,800
the oil inside remains good. 
But the container has become a 

4205
03:52:08,800 --> 03:52:13,200
liability rather than an asset. 
Prices fluctuate, based on 

4206
03:52:13,200 --> 03:52:15,700
information that flows through 
the same shipping lanes. 

4207
03:52:15,700 --> 03:52:20,200
As the oil itself would arrives 
at the Harvest in one region and

4208
03:52:20,200 --> 03:52:22,700
immediately and four from that 
area become more valuable. 

4209
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:27,000
News of bumper crops elsewhere, 
suppresses prices for oil from 

4210
03:52:27,000 --> 03:52:31,200
successful regions pirates, 
captured a convoy last month and

4211
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:35,100
the lost cargo creates temporary
scarcity that drives up values. 

4212
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:38,100
This price and stability means 
Merchants. 

4213
03:52:38,100 --> 03:52:40,700
Who can store oil safely through
lean periods. 

4214
03:52:40,700 --> 03:52:45,100
Make fortunes by selling when 
Supply Titans in a warehouse 

4215
03:52:45,100 --> 03:52:47,700
behind the docks. 
Thousands of amphorae stand in 

4216
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:50,200
organized rows. 
Each marked with information 

4217
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:54,500
about contents, origin and 
arrival date the warehouse 

4218
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:57,600
keeper maintains careful, 
records knowing exactly. 

4219
03:52:57,600 --> 03:53:00,700
Which oils are aging well and 
which should be sold quickly 

4220
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:04,500
before they turn Rancid. 
Some oils improve with time, 

4221
03:53:04,500 --> 03:53:08,700
developing complexity, that 
young pressing lacks others Peak

4222
03:53:08,700 --> 03:53:10,000
immediately and decline 
steadily. 

4223
03:53:11,000 --> 03:53:13,700
The warehouse Keepers expertise 
lies in understanding these 

4224
03:53:13,700 --> 03:53:17,100
differences in knowing which 
amphi to hold and which to 

4225
03:53:17,100 --> 03:53:21,000
liquidate you follow a convoy of
carts loaded with them for a 

4226
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:24,900
heading Inland, from the port. 
The carts moves slowly drive as 

4227
03:53:24,900 --> 03:53:27,700
careful to avoid jolts, that 
might crack clay vessels. 

4228
03:53:27,700 --> 03:53:32,000
The road itself is totally 
smooth, maintaining trade routes

4229
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:34,800
benefits everyone. 
So communities along major 

4230
03:53:34,800 --> 03:53:37,800
roads, dedicate substantial 
resources to repairs and 

4231
03:53:37,800 --> 03:53:41,600
improvements without good roads.
And for a transport becomes 

4232
03:53:41,600 --> 03:53:45,200
prohibitively expensive due to 
breakage so Road, quality 

4233
03:53:45,200 --> 03:53:49,900
directly affects olive oil 
prices in Inland markets, At a 

4234
03:53:49,900 --> 03:53:52,000
weigh station. 
You observe the careful process 

4235
03:53:52,000 --> 03:53:54,100
of unloading M3 for overnight 
storage. 

4236
03:53:55,000 --> 03:53:56,500
Each vessel gets checked for 
leaks. 

4237
03:53:56,500 --> 03:53:59,700
Then positioned upright in sand,
filled boxes that hold them 

4238
03:53:59,700 --> 03:54:03,100
steady. the sand, absorbs any 
seepage while providing 

4239
03:54:03,100 --> 03:54:07,000
cushioning against accidental 
impacts this attention to detail

4240
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:09,300
throughout the supply chain 
represents the difference 

4241
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:12,800
between profitable and 
unprofitable trade Oil that 

4242
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:16,400
reaches markets in good 
condition sells well oil that 

4243
03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:20,800
arrives rancid or leaked away 
represents pure loss, a merchant

4244
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:24,100
your traveling, with explains 
the economics, an amphora of 

4245
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:26,900
Premium oil, cost them 40 dinar 
at the port. 

4246
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:31,200
Transporting land will cost 
another 10 if they reach the 

4247
03:54:31,200 --> 03:54:36,500
destination city without losses 
they can sell for 70, denarii a 

4248
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:39,900
healthy but not excessive profit
that rewards the risk and effort

4249
03:54:39,900 --> 03:54:41,600
of moving goods from coast to 
Interior. 

4250
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:45,800
But if half the amp for a break 
during transport, the profitable

4251
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:50,200
Venture comes a disaster. 
This calculation drives every 

4252
03:54:50,200 --> 03:54:54,400
decision about which roads to 
take how fast to travel and how 

4253
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:57,400
much to pay for Quality carts 
and experienced drivers. 

4254
03:54:57,400 --> 03:55:01,000
He passed a broken amp for her 
by the roadside is contents long

4255
03:55:01,000 --> 03:55:04,300
since soaked into the Earth, 
leaving only Pottery shards and 

4256
03:55:04,308 --> 03:55:06,900
a dark stain. 
The merchant points to it as 

4257
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:09,200
cautionary. 
Tale, someone tried to save 

4258
03:55:09,200 --> 03:55:11,500
money with cheaper containers or
fast to travel. 

4259
03:55:11,508 --> 03:55:14,700
And this is the result. 
The broken m4a, likely 

4260
03:55:14,700 --> 03:55:17,700
represented, someone's profit, 
margin for an entire shipment, 

4261
03:55:17,700 --> 03:55:21,400
the loss enough to make the 
difference between success and 

4262
03:55:21,400 --> 03:55:24,000
failure for a small Merchants 
yearly Ventures. 

4263
03:55:24,000 --> 03:55:27,600
Had a market in an inland City. 
You watch the final step of the 

4264
03:55:27,608 --> 03:55:31,800
journey and 4A being opened for 
the first time since sealing 

4265
03:55:31,800 --> 03:55:33,100
months. 
Earlier at Mediterranean 

4266
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:37,100
Coastal, Estates a merchant 
breaks, the wax, seal carefully,

4267
03:55:37,100 --> 03:55:40,500
then extracts the clay stopper, 
immediately, smelling the 

4268
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:44,700
contents to verify quality. 
Good oil, smells fruity and 

4269
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:49,300
fresh despite its Journey. 
Poor oil reeks of rancidity, of 

4270
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:51,200
oxidation. 
That's turned fats into 

4271
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:53,300
compounds that tastes as bad as 
they smell. 

4272
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:57,200
The merchants knows determines 
whether an emperor is contents 

4273
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:01,000
will be sold as food grade oil 
or diverted to Industrial uses 

4274
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:05,000
some amphi contain oil as 
traveled unbelievable distances 

4275
03:56:05,000 --> 03:56:08,800
from Groves in North Africa, 
from States and Spain. 

4276
03:56:08,800 --> 03:56:12,700
And from Ireland, in the Eastern
Mediterranean each Empress, 

4277
03:56:12,700 --> 03:56:15,700
stamped tells a story of climate
and soil, and production, 

4278
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:19,200
methods, specific to its origin.
The diversity of available, in 

4279
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:21,900
large City Markets would have 
been unimaginable, a few 

4280
03:56:21,908 --> 03:56:24,900
Generations early. 
Before Maritime trade. 

4281
03:56:24,900 --> 03:56:28,300
Networks integrated Olive 
producing regions into a single 

4282
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:31,300
economy. 
Now you can taste oil from a 

4283
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:34,400
dozen different regions in a 
single afternoon, comparing 

4284
03:56:34,400 --> 03:56:40,100
flavors that reflect tailhook. 
The merchant who opened the 

4285
03:56:40,108 --> 03:56:43,500
amphora offers taste to 
potential buyers pouring small 

4286
03:56:43,500 --> 03:56:47,000
amounts into clay cups. 
People taste thoughtfully 

4287
03:56:47,000 --> 03:56:50,600
letting the oil coat, their 
mouths paying attention to the 

4288
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:53,300
finish. 
And after taste, some spit after

4289
03:56:53,300 --> 03:56:56,500
tasting, saving their appetite 
for food rather than consuming 

4290
03:56:56,500 --> 03:57:00,800
oil directly others swallow, 
appreciating oils that are good 

4291
03:57:00,800 --> 03:57:04,600
enough to enjoy By The Spoonful,
the tasting process resembles 

4292
03:57:04,600 --> 03:57:07,600
later wine. 
Cultures formality with its own 

4293
03:57:07,600 --> 03:57:10,600
vocabulary for describing 
qualities that separate. 

4294
03:57:10,600 --> 03:57:14,300
Excellent from merely adequate. 
You purchased an amp for of oil 

4295
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:16,900
from somewhere. 
You've never visited trusting 

4296
03:57:16,900 --> 03:57:18,900
the stamps and the merchants 
reputation. 

4297
03:57:18,900 --> 03:57:22,200
The pointed bottom means, you'll
need to find a stand to hold it 

4298
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:26,300
upright in your home or sink it 
in to sand in a storage room or 

4299
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:28,700
lay it on its side in a rack 
designed for that purpose. 

4300
03:57:28,700 --> 03:57:32,300
The awkward shape that made 
Transportation now becomes your 

4301
03:57:32,300 --> 03:57:35,300
problem, a puzzle to solve 
before you can access the 

4302
03:57:35,300 --> 03:57:39,100
contents but once solved this 
and for her, will provide oil 

4303
03:57:39,100 --> 03:57:40,800
for your household for weeks or 
months. 

4304
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:45,100
Connection to distant Groves and
foreign hands that press these 

4305
03:57:45,100 --> 03:57:48,400
olives sealed. 
This container and sent it off 

4306
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:52,100
on a journey that ends in your 
home, your standing in a temple 

4307
03:57:52,100 --> 03:57:55,100
where olive oils roll, 
transcends practical, utility 

4308
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:58,700
entering the realm of the 
Sacred, the air smells of 

4309
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,700
burning oil from dozens of 
lamps, but also a fragrant oils 

4310
03:58:02,700 --> 03:58:04,500
prepared. 
Specifically, for religious 

4311
03:58:04,500 --> 03:58:09,300
purposes olive oil, infused with
myrrh, frankincense speaker, 

4312
03:58:09,300 --> 03:58:11,200
nard and other precious 
substances. 

4313
03:58:11,200 --> 03:58:16,600
That transform it from cooking 
fat to Holy ointment a priest 

4314
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:19,600
prepares for evening, rituals 
checking that Eternal Flames 

4315
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:23,600
still burn that oil reserves 
remain, sufficient and that the 

4316
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:26,900
sacred objects require anointing
have received their regular 

4317
03:58:26,900 --> 03:58:29,900
applications. 
The Eternal Flame occupies the 

4318
03:58:29,900 --> 03:58:33,400
Temple Central position burning 
in a special lamp that's never 

4319
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:36,600
allowed to extinguish this lamp 
holds the finest. 

4320
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:41,200
Olive oil changed daily to 
ensure Purity tended by priests 

4321
03:58:41,200 --> 03:58:44,200
whose Primary Duty as 
maintaining its Flame, the 

4322
03:58:44,200 --> 03:58:48,200
theological, implications Run 
Deep, like itself represents 

4323
03:58:48,200 --> 03:58:53,300
divine presence and olive oil 
fuels that presents, making it a

4324
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:55,900
medium through which the sacred 
enters the physical world. 

4325
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:59,600
When priests light lamps from 
the Eternal Flame, they're not 

4326
03:58:59,608 --> 03:59:02,800
just providing illumination. 
But propagating, Holiness, 

4327
03:59:02,800 --> 03:59:08,100
Through Fire fed by blessed oil.
Ceremony begins as a family 

4328
03:59:08,100 --> 03:59:10,000
arrives with their infant for 
dedication. 

4329
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:14,100
Rituals the priest brings out a 
small golden vessel containing 

4330
03:59:14,100 --> 03:59:16,900
anointing oil. 
Olive oil blessed through 

4331
03:59:16,900 --> 03:59:20,200
prayers and mixed with aromatic 
compounds worth more per ounce 

4332
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:23,500
than gold using a thumb. 
The priest marks, the infants 

4333
03:59:23,500 --> 03:59:26,900
forehead with these small Cross 
of oil, Seeking words that 

4334
03:59:26,900 --> 03:59:29,700
connect this child to 
generations of ancestors who 

4335
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:33,900
received identical marks, the 
oil sits visibly on the Infant 

4336
03:59:33,900 --> 03:59:38,000
skin slowly absorbing caring 
with it whatever properties. 

4337
03:59:38,000 --> 03:59:39,900
The blessings supposedly 
imparted. 

4338
03:59:39,900 --> 03:59:43,200
You watch, as the priest, 
anoints other objects, a new 

4339
03:59:43,208 --> 03:59:47,000
altar cloth a restored section 
of Temple wall and a bronze 

4340
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:49,000
Shield, dedicated by a 
successful. 

4341
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:52,400
General each receives oil 
applied with specific prayers. 

4342
03:59:52,400 --> 03:59:55,400
The liquid itself becoming a 
vehicle for making common 

4343
03:59:55,400 --> 03:59:57,600
things. 
Holy the oil doesn't change 

4344
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:00,300
physically from this treatment, 
but in every one's 

4345
04:00:00,300 --> 04:00:03,600
understanding, it changes 
essentially becoming something 

4346
04:00:03,600 --> 04:00:07,300
more than pressed all lives. 
Even while remaining exactly 

4347
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:11,000
that this dual nature 
simultaneously mundane and 

4348
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:15,200
sacred makes olive oil unique 
suited, for religious purposes. 

4349
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:19,000
In a preparation room, you see 
the process of making sacred 

4350
04:00:19,000 --> 04:00:21,400
oil. 
The base is pure olive oil from 

4351
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,500
the first pressing chosen for 
Quality that reflects the 

4352
04:00:24,500 --> 04:00:28,400
importance of its intended. 
Use to this base, priesthood 

4353
04:00:28,400 --> 04:00:31,700
ground, cinnamon, cassia myrrh, 
and other aromatic plants, 

4354
04:00:31,700 --> 04:00:35,000
mixing carefully, while reciting
prayers meant to infuse. 

4355
04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:36,600
The blend with spiritual 
properties. 

4356
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:40,300
The resulting oil, smells 
overwhelming complex, unlike 

4357
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:44,100
anything used in daily life, 
it's cost per liter would feed a

4358
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:48,200
family for months, making lavish
use of it, a genuine sacrifice 

4359
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:51,700
resources, directed toward 
Divine purposes, rather than 

4360
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:55,000
human comfort. 
A storage room holds them for of

4361
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:58,600
sacred oil sealed and marked 
with symbols indicating their 

4362
04:00:58,600 --> 04:01:01,800
consecrated status. 
These oils are never used for 

4363
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:05,000
cooking or lamps or any mundane 
purpose to do. 

4364
04:01:05,000 --> 04:01:08,700
So would be blasphemy a mixing 
of categories that must remain 

4365
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:11,300
separate. 
Yet they're still olive oil, 

4366
04:01:11,300 --> 04:01:14,800
chemically identical to what 
Phil's kitchen jars throughout 

4367
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:17,600
the city. 
A different exist in human 

4368
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:20,900
intention and social agreement. 
No, test could distinguish 

4369
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:24,800
sacred from profane oil. 
This fact bothers no one. 

4370
04:01:24,800 --> 04:01:28,900
The distinction feels as real as
the oil itself during a wedding 

4371
04:01:28,908 --> 04:01:31,900
ceremony you watch the priests 
use oil to bless the couple 

4372
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:34,500
marking their hands with 
fragrant oil. 

4373
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:37,900
While pronouncing them joined, 
the oils presence in this 

4374
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:41,800
ceremony isn't decorative, it 
represents Prosperity Divine, 

4375
04:01:41,800 --> 04:01:45,300
favor, and the hope that their 
Union will prove as fruitful as 

4376
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:49,400
olive trees and as enduring as 
Groves that outlive the humans, 

4377
04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:51,900
who plant them later, the couple
will take home. 

4378
04:01:51,900 --> 04:01:55,100
A small vessel of blessed oil, 
keeping it in their household, 

4379
04:01:55,100 --> 04:01:58,800
as protection and a reminder of 
vows spoken before, Witnesses 

4380
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:03,200
human, and divine, a funeral 
procession arrives and olive oil

4381
04:02:03,200 --> 04:02:05,000
plays, yet another role in this 
transition. 

4382
04:02:05,900 --> 04:02:09,100
The body has been Anointed with 
oil as part of preparation for 

4383
04:02:09,100 --> 04:02:13,600
burial, the oil preserving the 
flesh while symbolizing care and

4384
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:17,300
respect for the deceased. 
Oil soaked, cloths wrap the body

4385
04:02:17,300 --> 04:02:20,300
maintaining moisture and 
preventing The Accelerated 

4386
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:24,000
decomposition that would occur 
in dry are some of these oils 

4387
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:27,100
are expensive with family. 
Spending significant portions of

4388
04:02:27,100 --> 04:02:30,100
their savings to ensure proper 
treatment of their dead. 

4389
04:02:30,100 --> 04:02:33,900
The smell of aromatic oils mixed
with human death creates an 

4390
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:37,400
odor, both Pleasant and 
disturbing Beauty, and Decay 

4391
04:02:37,400 --> 04:02:40,200
into mingles. 
In a private room, the priest 

4392
04:02:40,200 --> 04:02:43,600
teachers and Associate, how to 
mix sacred oils, explaining 

4393
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:46,200
proportions, and prayers. 
That must accompany the work 

4394
04:02:46,200 --> 04:02:50,000
this knowledge passes through 
oral tradition, mastered to 

4395
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:53,800
student creating lineages of 
Specialists to understand both 

4396
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:57,500
the Practical chemistry and 
ritual requirements of sacred 

4397
04:02:57,500 --> 04:03:00,100
oil production. 
The initiate watches carefully, 

4398
04:03:00,100 --> 04:03:04,200
memorizing not just what the 
priest does but how the specific

4399
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:07,500
gestures and words that 
Positively transform mixing into

4400
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:11,200
blessing years from now, this 
initiate will teach another and 

4401
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:15,100
the traditional continue olive 
oil, linking Generations through

4402
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:19,000
unbroken chains of practice. 
You notice how much olive oil. 

4403
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:22,800
The temple consumes hundreds of 
liters monthly just for lamps, 

4404
04:03:22,800 --> 04:03:26,800
dozens more for anointing and 
blessing and special reserves 

4405
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:29,900
for major ceremonies. 
Maintaining this consumption 

4406
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:33,400
requires dedicated Olive. 
Groves Estates that exists 

4407
04:03:33,400 --> 04:03:35,800
solely to supply religious 
institutions. 

4408
04:03:35,800 --> 04:03:39,100
The sacred Groves are managed, 
no differently than commercial 

4409
04:03:39,100 --> 04:03:43,600
ones, they're pruned harvested 
and pressed using identical 

4410
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:45,900
methods. 
Yet there are oil goes directly 

4411
04:03:45,900 --> 04:03:49,500
to Temples, never entering 
normal Commerce, creating a 

4412
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:52,600
parallel economy of divine 
provision that mirrors. 

4413
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:56,100
But never touches the secular 
oil trade as evening prayers 

4414
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:59,300
conclude precured through the 
temple lighting additional 

4415
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:04,000
lamps, each flame representing a
prayer, a hope and a connection 

4416
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:07,200
between worshiper and divine. 
The practice creates a 

4417
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:11,500
constellation of small lights, 
100s of flames, burning olive 

4418
04:04:11,500 --> 04:04:13,800
oil while people kneel or stand 
in prayer. 

4419
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:18,100
The visual effect is powerful 
Darkness pushed back by 

4420
04:04:18,100 --> 04:04:21,500
Collective effort, each lamp an 
individual contribution to 

4421
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:24,100
communal brightness without all 
of oil. 

4422
04:04:24,100 --> 04:04:27,400
This display would be impossible
without olive Grove's. 

4423
04:04:27,400 --> 04:04:31,700
These temples would stand dark 
and silent Walking home through 

4424
04:04:31,700 --> 04:04:34,800
Darkness held at Bay by oil. 
Lamps lining the streets. 

4425
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:38,900
You reflect on how completely 
olive oil has woven itself into 

4426
04:04:38,900 --> 04:04:42,400
every aspect of life. 
It lights, your path, flavors 

4427
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:46,300
your food, heals your injuries 
cleanses, your body connects 

4428
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:49,400
distant regions through trade 
and links you to the Divine 

4429
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:53,000
through sacred rituals. 
No, other substance touches so 

4430
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:57,200
many domains serves so many 
purposes, and proved so 

4431
04:04:57,200 --> 04:05:00,600
essential while remaining. 
So humble, the Olive Tree 

4432
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:04,900
itself, seems unremarkable, 
gnarled slow-growing and 

4433
04:05:04,900 --> 04:05:07,700
demanding little yet from its 
fruit flows. 

4434
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:11,000
Civilization's golden thread 
Binding Together, all the 

4435
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:13,600
separate elements that make 
human life more than mere 

4436
04:05:13,600 --> 04:05:17,000
survival, your standing in a 
Grove that's witnessed the rise 

4437
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:18,300
and fall of entire 
civilizations. 

4438
04:05:18,300 --> 04:05:23,500
Its oldest trees planted so long
ago that no records document 

4439
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:26,600
their Origins. 
These ancient olives of felt the

4440
04:05:26,600 --> 04:05:30,100
footsteps of people who spoke 
languages now, lost, who 

4441
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:32,100
worshiped. 
Gods whose names nobody 

4442
04:05:32,100 --> 04:05:35,900
remembers and who built cities 
that have eroded back into the 

4443
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:38,600
hillside. 
They once, crowned, the trees 

4444
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:42,000
remain still producing fruit in 
different to the human, dramas 

4445
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:45,200
that have played out beneath 
their branches, an archaeologist

4446
04:05:45,200 --> 04:05:48,200
working nearby explains that 
Olive pits found in local 

4447
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:50,900
excavations date back 8,000 
years. 

4448
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:54,100
Meaning people have been 
harvesting these hillsides since

4449
04:05:54,100 --> 04:05:59,100
before Pottery before metal 
tools and before writing the 

4450
04:05:59,100 --> 04:06:00,700
relationship between humans and 
olives. 

4451
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:04,900
Here, predates civilization 
itself existing in some form 

4452
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:08,200
through every era of human 
development, from stone tools, 

4453
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:11,300
to satellite imagery, The 
Groves, your standing in might 

4454
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:14,300
not be that ancient, but they 
descend from these first 

4455
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:18,300
cultivated trees in an unbroken 
chain of propagation that spans 

4456
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:22,000
hundreds of generations, you run
your hand along bark. 

4457
04:06:22,000 --> 04:06:25,500
That feels like frozen time, 
ridges and valleys recording 

4458
04:06:25,500 --> 04:06:28,200
Decades of growth in patterns as
unique as fingerprints. 

4459
04:06:29,600 --> 04:06:32,000
This particular tree is old 
enough, that three people 

4460
04:06:32,000 --> 04:06:34,300
linking hands couldn't encircle 
its trunk. 

4461
04:06:34,300 --> 04:06:36,500
Its Hollow interior could 
shelter. 

4462
04:06:36,500 --> 04:06:39,600
Several children during 
rainstorms yet, it produces 

4463
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:43,800
fruit as reliably as trees a 
tenth its age, olive trees don't

4464
04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:47,500
age like other plants, they 
don't gradually weaken and die 

4465
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:51,000
but simply growth thicker more 
nulled and more impossible 

4466
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:52,800
looking while maintaining 
Vitality. 

4467
04:06:52,800 --> 04:06:56,100
That seems to contradict 
everything you understand about 

4468
04:06:56,100 --> 04:06:59,400
mortality, the archaeologists 
points out ancient stone. 

4469
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:02,800
Terraces built to prevent soil 
erosion, their construction. 

4470
04:07:02,800 --> 04:07:06,200
So solid they still function 
centuries after the civilization

4471
04:07:06,200 --> 04:07:09,600
that built them vanished, these 
Terraces create level planting 

4472
04:07:09,600 --> 04:07:13,600
areas on sloped to steep 
agriculture catching rainwater 

4473
04:07:13,600 --> 04:07:16,800
and preserving topsoil, that 
would otherwise wash away during

4474
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,800
winter storms. 
The labor involved in building 

4475
04:07:19,800 --> 04:07:23,400
them was enormous. 
Thousands of hours moving Stones

4476
04:07:23,400 --> 04:07:26,900
leveling ground and creating the
infrastructure necessary for 

4477
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:28,800
Olive cultivation in challenging
Terrain. 

4478
04:07:29,600 --> 04:07:32,300
Yet the investment proved worth.
While over time frames that 

4479
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:36,000
dwarf human lifespan. 
You notice evidence of ancient 

4480
04:07:36,000 --> 04:07:39,300
pressing operations. 
Circular depression's carved 

4481
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:43,300
into Bedrock, where millstone's,
once turned channels that guided

4482
04:07:43,300 --> 04:07:46,800
oil, from pressing platforms to 
collection vessels and anchoring

4483
04:07:46,800 --> 04:07:50,200
points for press beams. 
These installations function for

4484
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:52,900
Generations before being 
abandoned, when he economic 

4485
04:07:52,900 --> 04:07:56,700
conditions, shifted or 
population's declined, Now 

4486
04:07:56,700 --> 04:07:59,800
they're covered with moss and 
leaves slowly eroding. 

4487
04:07:59,800 --> 04:08:03,800
Their purpose obvious only to 
trained observers The Groves, 

4488
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:07,100
they served continue producing 
indifferent to whether humans 

4489
04:08:07,100 --> 04:08:10,300
still press their fruit or leave
it to fall and wrote climate 

4490
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:13,300
patterns, recorded in ice cores 
and Lake sediments reveal. 

4491
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:15,900
That this region has experienced
dramatic changes. 

4492
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:19,300
During the olive Groves. 
Existence periods of extreme 

4493
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:21,600
drought should have killed these
trees yet. 

4494
04:08:21,600 --> 04:08:24,800
Somehow they endured their deep 
roots finding moisture. 

4495
04:08:24,800 --> 04:08:27,300
Other plants, could not access 
Invasion. 

4496
04:08:27,300 --> 04:08:31,500
Swept through repeatedly, armies
burning farms and slaughtering 

4497
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:35,000
populations but olive trees 
survived because their nearly 

4498
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:39,000
impossible to kill completely. 
Even if trunk and branches burn 

4499
04:08:39,000 --> 04:08:43,100
to Ash Roots, send up New 
Growth, rebuilding from below 

4500
04:08:43,100 --> 04:08:45,200
ground. 
With patients, that makes human 

4501
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:49,300
urgency seem absurd an ancient 
Olive Tree nearby shows, clear, 

4502
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,900
signs of having been cut down 
then regrowing from the stump 

4503
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:56,100
creating multiple new trunks 
that fuse together over time. 

4504
04:08:56,900 --> 04:08:59,300
In the practice of copper 
singing, olives for wood, while 

4505
04:08:59,300 --> 04:09:02,400
preserving their root systems 
allowed Farmers to harvest the 

4506
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:04,900
trees themselves without ending 
production. 

4507
04:09:04,900 --> 04:09:08,600
The regrown trunks might take 20
years to begin bearing fruit 

4508
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:11,900
again, but in the olives 
timeline, 20 years is nothing 

4509
04:09:11,900 --> 04:09:15,500
barely worth noticing. 
This one tree is probably been 

4510
04:09:15,500 --> 04:09:18,700
cut and regrown five or six 
times over its existence. 

4511
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:21,600
Each cycle producing Decades of 
firewood. 

4512
04:09:21,600 --> 04:09:25,700
While the roots waited patiently
for their chance to rebuild, you

4513
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:28,700
sit beneath a massive Olive and 
try to imagine the lives its 

4514
04:09:28,700 --> 04:09:33,100
witnessed People of sat exactly 
here for centuries, seeking 

4515
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:36,800
shade from Mediterranean heat. 
Perhaps eating olives, from this

4516
04:09:36,800 --> 04:09:41,400
very tree children, have climbed
its branches, lovers of carved, 

4517
04:09:41,400 --> 04:09:44,400
initials into bark, that later 
grew over an obscured. 

4518
04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:48,300
Their declaration's battles, may
have raged nearby while the 

4519
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,800
trees simply continued its slow 
cycle of flowering and fruiting 

4520
04:09:51,800 --> 04:09:55,700
in different to human violence. 
The tree is probably lived 

4521
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:59,500
through famines plagues Golden 
Ages, Dark Ages conquests and 

4522
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:03,600
liberation's all while doing 
nothing but being a tree, the 

4523
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:06,500
archaeologists mentioned that 
olive trees can affectively live

4524
04:10:06,500 --> 04:10:10,300
forever through a process of 
continuous renewal As the 

4525
04:10:10,300 --> 04:10:13,700
central trunk ages and Hollows, 
the tree, sends up new shoots 

4526
04:10:13,700 --> 04:10:16,300
from its base. 
These shoots eventually become 

4527
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:18,200
new trunks. 
While the old one gradually 

4528
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:21,500
crumbles away. 
The root system remains unbroken

4529
04:10:21,500 --> 04:10:25,200
through this process, meaning 
the trees identity persists, 

4530
04:10:25,200 --> 04:10:28,500
even though none of its above 
ground Parts, might be original.

4531
04:10:28,500 --> 04:10:30,900
Some of the Groves in this 
region may have been 

4532
04:10:30,908 --> 04:10:33,600
continuously alive. 
Since before humans began 

4533
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:37,200
writing down history, modern 
threats to these ancient Groves 

4534
04:10:37,200 --> 04:10:39,200
come not from the climate or 
diseases. 

4535
04:10:39,200 --> 04:10:42,700
That have always challenged, all
of cultivation but from economic

4536
04:10:42,700 --> 04:10:45,500
changes that make old trees less
valuable than the land. 

4537
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:49,300
They occupy Heard of developers 
cutting down thousand year old 

4538
04:10:49,308 --> 04:10:53,700
olives to build Resorts ancient 
Groves being replaced by crops 

4539
04:10:53,700 --> 04:10:57,700
that produce faster Returns the 
trees that survived every 

4540
04:10:57,700 --> 04:11:01,600
historical catastrophe. 
Now face chainsaws Guided by 

4541
04:11:01,600 --> 04:11:05,800
spreadsheets showing that quick,
profits from destruction exceed,

4542
04:11:05,800 --> 04:11:09,000
the patient income from 
preservation yet some Groves 

4543
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:13,000
remain protected recognized as 
cultural heritage as important 

4544
04:11:13,000 --> 04:11:15,600
as ancient buildings or 
archaeological sites. 

4545
04:11:15,600 --> 04:11:18,700
These protected, Groves are 
maintained using traditional 

4546
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:21,700
methods pressed with equipment 
that would be familiar to 

4547
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:25,600
Farmers from centuries past and 
producing oil marketed 

4548
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:28,000
specifically as coming from 
ancient trees. 

4549
04:11:28,000 --> 04:11:31,600
Whether the oil actually tastes 
different is debatable but 

4550
04:11:31,600 --> 04:11:35,400
customers pay premium prices for
the connection to history for 

4551
04:11:35,400 --> 04:11:37,100
fruit from trees that their 
great. 

4552
04:11:37,100 --> 04:11:40,600
Great grandparents might have 
harvested walking through these 

4553
04:11:40,600 --> 04:11:43,900
Groves as often in like creates 
dramatic contrast between 

4554
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:45,700
illuminated leaves and Deep 
Shadows. 

4555
04:11:45,700 --> 04:11:50,000
You feel Strange, temporal 
vertigo, everything around you 

4556
04:11:50,000 --> 04:11:52,600
looks timeless. 
It could be a scene from any 

4557
04:11:52,600 --> 04:11:57,000
Century in the past 2000 years. 
The trees haven't changed the 

4558
04:11:57,000 --> 04:12:00,600
hillsides, haven't changed. 
If you squint slightly, you can 

4559
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:04,600
imagine yourself in any era, the
present, just another moment in 

4560
04:12:04,600 --> 04:12:08,700
an endless chain of harvests and
pressings that extends Beyond 

4561
04:12:08,700 --> 04:12:12,100
memory in both directions, the 
archaeological evidence 

4562
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:14,500
scattered throughout these 
hillsides tells a story of 

4563
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:16,900
continuous use despite political
chaos. 

4564
04:12:16,900 --> 04:12:21,000
When one Empire collapsed in the
population fled within a 

4565
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:25,700
generational, two new people. 
Arrived and resumed half a olive

4566
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:28,700
trees themselves, served as a 
track to their presence 

4567
04:12:28,700 --> 04:12:30,600
advertising. 
That this land could support 

4568
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:34,700
human communities abandoned a 
grain field and within a year it

4569
04:12:34,700 --> 04:12:38,100
reverts to Wild grasses, but 
abandoned and Olive Grove and 

4570
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:42,100
decades later, it, still there 
still producing still waiting 

4571
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:44,500
for humans to return and resume 
the partnership. 

4572
04:12:44,500 --> 04:12:47,800
You collect a few olives from 
the Owned examining them 

4573
04:12:47,800 --> 04:12:50,500
closely. 
They're the same size and shape 

4574
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:53,200
as the preserved, olives, 
archaeologists find in ancient 

4575
04:12:53,200 --> 04:12:55,800
shipwrecks. 
And as the olives depicted in 

4576
04:12:55,800 --> 04:12:59,500
frescoes and mosaics from 
civilizations, that no longer 

4577
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:03,500
exists, the genetic diversity 
and modern Olive cultivars is 

4578
04:13:03,500 --> 04:13:07,100
surprisingly narrow suggesting 
that most productive trees, 

4579
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:10,600
descend from relatively few 
ancient parents that 

4580
04:13:10,600 --> 04:13:12,400
demonstrated Superior 
characteristics. 

4581
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:16,000
The olive of your holding might 
be genetically, nearly identical

4582
04:13:16,000 --> 04:13:19,300
to olives that fed Roman 
soldiers, Greek, philosophers, 

4583
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:23,400
and Egyptian Traders all the way
back to whoever first noticed 

4584
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:25,800
that these bitter fruits became 
delicious after proper 

4585
04:13:25,800 --> 04:13:30,000
processing, your standing in a 
modern Supermarket, looking at a

4586
04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:32,800
shelf displaying dozens of olive
oil varieties. 

4587
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:37,800
Each bottle promising, superior 
quality, health benefits or 

4588
04:13:37,800 --> 04:13:40,800
authentic tradition. 
The bottles are clear glass or 

4589
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:42,900
dark green. 
Some with elaborate labels 

4590
04:13:42,900 --> 04:13:46,700
depicting Mediterranean scenes 
others with minimalist. 

4591
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:49,800
Designs suggesting 
sophistication Behind These 

4592
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:53,200
modern presentations lies the 
same substance that's flavored 

4593
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:54,700
human. 
Civilization, for Millennia. 

4594
04:13:54,700 --> 04:13:58,400
Now, reduced to Consumer Choice 
among competing Brands. 

4595
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:02,900
You pick up a bottle, labeled 
extra virgin reading, the fine 

4596
04:14:02,900 --> 04:14:05,100
print, that explains what this 
designation means. 

4597
04:14:06,100 --> 04:14:10,000
The oil inside was cold pressed 
without heat or chemicals from 

4598
04:14:10,000 --> 04:14:14,000
olives harvested at optimal 
ripeness and processed, within 

4599
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:17,600
hours of picking these 
requirements, Echo practices 

4600
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:20,800
developed thousands of years ago
when presses learned through 

4601
04:14:20,800 --> 04:14:24,100
trial and error that speed care 
and temperature control, 

4602
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:28,000
produced Superior oil, the 
terminology is modern but the 

4603
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:31,500
principles are ancient linking 
your kitchen to those of people 

4604
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:35,200
who live before philosophy or 
democracy existed the price 

4605
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:37,800
range across. 
This shelf, is staggering some 

4606
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:40,800
bottles cost as much per liter 
as an ancient worker earned. 

4607
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:43,800
In a week, While others are 
cheap enough that oil has become

4608
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:47,700
just another commodity, this 
democratization represents both 

4609
04:14:47,700 --> 04:14:51,900
Triumph and loss. 
More people can afford olive oil

4610
04:14:51,900 --> 04:14:54,900
than ever before in history. 
But the intimate relationship 

4611
04:14:54,900 --> 04:14:57,700
between consumers and producers 
has been severed. 

4612
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:01,100
You don't know which growth 
produced this oil whose hands 

4613
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,700
harvested these olives, or how 
many generations, their family 

4614
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,000
has been pressing fruit from 
these specific trees. 

4615
04:15:07,000 --> 04:15:10,100
The cooking show plays on a 
screen near the checkout. 

4616
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:14,000
A chef drizzling olive oil over 
vegetables while explaining how 

4617
04:15:14,000 --> 04:15:16,100
it's healthier than butter or 
other fats. 

4618
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:20,500
The health claims are accurate. 
Olive oil does contain mono and 

4619
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:23,300
saturated fats that improve 
cardiovascular health 

4620
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:27,100
antioxidants. 
That protect cells and compounds

4621
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:30,100
that reduce inflammation. 
But ancient people who build 

4622
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:33,700
their Cuisines around all of 
oil, none of this using it not 

4623
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:36,200
because it was healthy but 
because it was available 

4624
04:15:36,200 --> 04:15:40,700
delicious and versatile. 
They stumbled into good health 

4625
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,900
through cullinary tradition. 
Their bodies benefiting from 

4626
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:46,300
choices made for entirely 
different reasons. 

4627
04:15:47,300 --> 04:15:51,300
You notice organic options oil 
from olives grown without 

4628
04:15:51,300 --> 04:15:53,800
synthetic, pesticides, or 
fertilizers. 

4629
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:57,200
This marketing implies that 
non-organic methods are 

4630
04:15:57,200 --> 04:15:59,600
standard. 
Now representing, a fundamental 

4631
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:03,000
shift from traditional Olive 
cultivation, that use no 

4632
04:16:03,000 --> 04:16:04,600
chemicals because they didn't 
exist. 

4633
04:16:04,600 --> 04:16:07,900
The modern organic movement is 
actually a return to ancient 

4634
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:11,400
practices charging premium 
prices for what was once 

4635
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:14,400
Universal. 
The irony seems lost on most 

4636
04:16:14,400 --> 04:16:16,400
Shoppers filling their carts 
without considering the 

4637
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:19,300
historical Arc that brought 
these bottles to this Shelf. 

4638
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:23,600
At home, you drizzle oil over a 
salad, the action. 

4639
04:16:23,600 --> 04:16:26,700
So casual that you don't pause 
to think about it yet. 

4640
04:16:26,700 --> 04:16:29,700
This simple gesture connects you
to every cook throughout history

4641
04:16:29,700 --> 04:16:33,700
who performed the same motion. 
The oil catches light streaming 

4642
04:16:33,700 --> 04:16:37,000
through your window. 
Exactly as it caught lamp light 

4643
04:16:37,000 --> 04:16:39,800
in ancient kitchens. 
It Coats the vegetables. 

4644
04:16:39,800 --> 04:16:42,100
With the same golden Sheen that 
made food. 

4645
04:16:42,100 --> 04:16:45,500
Look appetizing to people whose 
names, nobody remembers the 

4646
04:16:45,500 --> 04:16:48,500
chemistry of fat, interacting 
with plants cells hasn't 

4647
04:16:48,500 --> 04:16:51,300
changed. 
Meaning the salad tastes similar

4648
04:16:51,300 --> 04:16:53,000
to versions eaten 2000 years 
ago. 

4649
04:16:53,000 --> 04:16:56,500
Your bathroom contains olive oil
based soaps and cosmetics 

4650
04:16:56,500 --> 04:17:00,400
products marketed as natural 
alternatives to synthetic 

4651
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:03,400
options. 
Soap itself was invented partly 

4652
04:17:03,400 --> 04:17:06,300
to replace the oil scraping 
method used in ancient baths 

4653
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:08,900
yet. 
Now, olive oil soap represents a

4654
04:17:08,900 --> 04:17:10,400
return to more authentic 
cleansing. 

4655
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:14,000
The circular motion of hygiene 
history, suggests that human 

4656
04:17:14,000 --> 04:17:17,300
needs remain constant while 
Technologies cycle between 

4657
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:21,600
complexity and simplicity, each 
generation rediscovering 

4658
04:17:21,600 --> 04:17:24,200
benefits that previous 
generations took for granted. 

4659
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:29,100
You like to can handle petroleum
wax with a cotton wick, creating

4660
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:31,700
a flame without olive oil for 
the first time in human. 

4661
04:17:32,100 --> 04:17:34,800
History candles existed in 
ancient times. 

4662
04:17:34,800 --> 04:17:38,300
But oil, lamps, provided most 
illumination making olive oil, 

4663
04:17:38,300 --> 04:17:42,100
the primary medium through which
people pushed back Darkness, the

4664
04:17:42,100 --> 04:17:46,300
shift from oil to candles to 
gas, to electricity represents 

4665
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:49,500
increasing separation between 
light and its fuel source. 

4666
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:53,100
Ancient people's understood 
exactly what burned when they 

4667
04:17:53,100 --> 04:17:55,900
lit lamps. 
Flip a switch without thinking 

4668
04:17:55,900 --> 04:17:59,700
about the coal or natural gas or
nuclear reaction generating your

4669
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:02,200
electricity a Mediterranean 
restaurant. 

4670
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:04,400
Nearby advertisers authentic 
Cuisine. 

4671
04:18:04,400 --> 04:18:08,100
Its menu featuring dishes built 
around olive oil in ways that 

4672
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:09,900
would be familiar to ancient 
diners. 

4673
04:18:09,900 --> 04:18:13,700
The ingredients are identical, 
the cooking methods unchanged in

4674
04:18:13,708 --> 04:18:16,500
Essentials. 
Yet the context is completely 

4675
04:18:16,500 --> 04:18:19,600
different. 
Ancient people ate these Foods 

4676
04:18:19,600 --> 04:18:22,700
because they were local and 
available not because they were 

4677
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:25,900
exotic or healthy. 
The restaurant charges premium 

4678
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:29,500
prices for authenticity that 
used to be called what we have. 

4679
04:18:29,500 --> 04:18:32,600
Transforming necessity into 
luxury through distance, 

4680
04:18:32,600 --> 04:18:36,300
temporal distance, separating us
from when these Foods were 

4681
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:38,900
ordinary. 
You read about all of oil fraud 

4682
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:43,000
about bottles labeled Italian or
Greek containing oil from North 

4683
04:18:43,000 --> 04:18:47,600
Africa or Spain, and about extra
virgin designations applied to 

4684
04:18:47,608 --> 04:18:49,800
oil. 
That doesn't meet tactical 

4685
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:52,900
requirements. 
These deceptions Echo ancient 

4686
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:55,300
problems. 
Merchants of always, been 

4687
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:59,200
tempted to dilute expensive oil,
with cheap, alternatives to 

4688
04:18:59,200 --> 04:19:03,100
misrepresent Origins and to sell
last year's ranted, oil as this 

4689
04:19:03,100 --> 04:19:06,400
year's fresh pressing, the 
amphora stamps that guaranteed 

4690
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:10,200
quality in ancient markets were 
responses to fraud that still 

4691
04:19:10,200 --> 04:19:13,300
exists. 
Human nature, remaining constant

4692
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:16,600
across Millennia, the news 
article discusses, how climate 

4693
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:19,700
change threatens traditional 
Olive growing regions and how 

4694
04:19:19,700 --> 04:19:23,300
Rising temperatures and changing
rainfall patterns, might shift 

4695
04:19:23,300 --> 04:19:25,900
production to areas that 
previously couldn't support 

4696
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:28,600
olives. 
The trees themselves can adapt, 

4697
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:32,400
they've survived climate changes
throughout history, but the 

4698
04:19:32,400 --> 04:19:35,700
cultural connection between 
specific regions and Olive 

4699
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:39,900
cultivation, might break what 
happens to Greek or Spanish or 

4700
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:42,800
Italian culinary identity of 
Olives, no longer Thrive. 

4701
04:19:42,800 --> 04:19:46,400
There can tradition persist when
the material basis for 

4702
04:19:46,400 --> 04:19:49,500
traditional disappears. 
You notice how olive oil has 

4703
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:53,200
become short-handed for healthy.
Eating the Mediterranean diet 

4704
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:57,200
and lifestyle choices associated
with longevity and well-being. 

4705
04:19:58,400 --> 04:20:02,400
This Association isn't wrong but
it's incomplete ancient. 

4706
04:20:02,400 --> 04:20:05,400
People who consumed olive, oil, 
daily died, young from 

4707
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:09,200
infectious and injuries. 
Modern medicine prevents easily.

4708
04:20:09,900 --> 04:20:12,700
The oil didn't make them healthy
in any comprehensive sense. 

4709
04:20:12,700 --> 04:20:16,600
They simply lacked Alternatives.
We take for granted separating 

4710
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:19,800
olive oils, actual benefits from
romanticized, versions of 

4711
04:20:19,800 --> 04:20:22,400
Mediterranean life requires 
care, that marketing, 

4712
04:20:22,400 --> 04:20:25,400
departments, rarely provide in 
your pantry. 

4713
04:20:25,400 --> 04:20:29,000
A bottle of olive oil sits next 
to vegetable oil, canola oil, 

4714
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:31,500
and coconut oil. 
Each suited for different 

4715
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:34,400
purposes. 
Different heat tolerances and 

4716
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:37,700
different flavor profiles. 
This, abundance would astonish 

4717
04:20:37,700 --> 04:20:40,800
ancient Cooks who used olive oil
for everything because it was 

4718
04:20:40,800 --> 04:20:42,600
the only fat they had in 
quantity. 

4719
04:20:42,600 --> 04:20:46,500
Modern cooking, specialization 
this oil for sauteing that one 

4720
04:20:46,500 --> 04:20:49,500
for baking and another for 
salads represents both 

4721
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:54,400
sophistication and loss we've 
gained options but sacrificed 

4722
04:20:54,400 --> 04:20:56,700
the intimate knowledge that 
comes from using a single 

4723
04:20:56,700 --> 04:20:58,700
ingredient in every possible. 
Way. 

4724
04:20:58,700 --> 04:21:02,500
You cook dinner using olive oil,
clean up with all of oil soap 

4725
04:21:02,500 --> 04:21:05,400
and moisturize your hands with 
olive oil lotion. 

4726
04:21:05,400 --> 04:21:08,700
All while electric lights 
eliminate, any need for oil 

4727
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:13,400
lamps Oil persists in Modern 
Life, but its role as narrowed 

4728
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:16,000
from essential to optional, from
Universal. 

4729
04:21:16,000 --> 04:21:19,100
To particular, you could survive
comfortably without it 

4730
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:22,300
substituting other fats, and 
cooking other products for 

4731
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:25,500
cleaning, and moisturizing, and 
other sources for illumination. 

4732
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:29,400
This optionality represents, the
fundamental difference between 

4733
04:21:29,400 --> 04:21:32,900
your relationship with olive oil
and that of people for whom it 

4734
04:21:32,900 --> 04:21:36,200
was a replaceable yet walking 
through the supermarket or 

4735
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:38,800
cooking dinner, you 
occasionally, feel a strange, 

4736
04:21:38,800 --> 04:21:42,400
temporal connection, a sense 
that you're performing actions 

4737
04:21:42,400 --> 04:21:45,300
that link you to an unbroken 
chain of human activity. 

4738
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:49,700
Stretching Back to Before 
recorded history, when you 

4739
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:52,900
drizzle, all of oil over food, 
you're doing exactly what 

4740
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:55,300
countless humans have done in 
the same way for the same 

4741
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:58,200
reasons. 
The bottle is different, the 

4742
04:21:58,200 --> 04:22:01,400
kitchen is different and the 
context is different, but the 

4743
04:22:01,400 --> 04:22:04,800
action itself is unchanged in 
this small gesture. 

4744
04:22:04,800 --> 04:22:08,200
You briefly touch the Deep past,
performing a ritual. 

4745
04:22:08,200 --> 04:22:11,700
So ancient that its Origins 
predate, the concept of ritual 

4746
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:14,900
itself, the olive trees in 
distant Groves, continue their 

4747
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:18,200
patient work. 
Flowering each spring fruiting 

4748
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:22,000
each Autumn and producing the 
same golden liquid that fueled 

4749
04:22:22,000 --> 04:22:25,000
civilizations now studied only 
by archaeologists. 

4750
04:22:25,000 --> 04:22:28,000
Some of those trees might be the
direct descendants. 

4751
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:31,600
Literally through route, 
propagation of trees, that 

4752
04:22:31,600 --> 04:22:33,700
witnessed events recorded in 
histories. 

4753
04:22:33,700 --> 04:22:36,800
You've read, they connect past 
to present, through living 

4754
04:22:36,800 --> 04:22:42,000
continuity, biology preserving, 
what human memory cannot as long

4755
04:22:42,000 --> 04:22:45,400
as those trees survive as long 
as someone Harvest their fruit 

4756
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:49,100
and presses it into oil, the 
ancient world isn't entirely 

4757
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:53,800
lost it flows forward 
year-by-year Harvest by Harvest 

4758
04:22:53,800 --> 04:23:03,900
a golden thread that refuses to 
break you stand at the narrow 

4759
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:07,100
window of the manor house 
watching November Fade Into 

4760
04:23:07,100 --> 04:23:11,000
December with that peculiar 
quality of late Autumn light, 

4761
04:23:11,000 --> 04:23:13,000
that seems to drain color from 
the world. 

4762
04:23:14,300 --> 04:23:17,700
The landscape beyond the thick 
glass expensive, glass. 

4763
04:23:17,700 --> 04:23:21,200
A point of Pride for your 
household has transformed into 

4764
04:23:21,200 --> 04:23:24,900
something spare and honest. 
The fields that were gold with 

4765
04:23:24,900 --> 04:23:28,900
Harvest two months ago now like 
dark and furrowed waiting for 

4766
04:23:28,900 --> 04:23:32,500
spring like a held breath. 
This is the time of year when 

4767
04:23:32,500 --> 04:23:35,200
your ancestors believed the 
boundary between worlds, grew 

4768
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:38,100
thin. 
When the old gods though, you'd 

4769
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:41,800
never speak such thoughts aloud 
with the priest nearby, walk the

4770
04:23:41,800 --> 04:23:44,200
Frozen Earth alongside Christian
Saints. 

4771
04:23:45,000 --> 04:23:48,400
The tree stand bear against the 
sky, their branches making 

4772
04:23:48,400 --> 04:23:52,400
patterns like the veins in an 
Oakley pressed flat in a 

4773
04:23:52,400 --> 04:23:55,100
manuscript. 
You know, each of those trees by

4774
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:58,400
sight, the ancient Oak that 
marks the boundary between your 

4775
04:23:58,400 --> 04:24:02,000
Lord's land and the common 
fields the line of beaches that 

4776
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:05,300
shelter the road to the village 
and the Twisted Hawthorne where 

4777
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:09,600
May Day Celebrations happen in a
season that feels impossibly 

4778
04:24:09,600 --> 04:24:12,000
distant. 
Now, the cold has been building 

4779
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:15,900
for weeks that peculiar medieval
cold, that seems to seep through

4780
04:24:15,900 --> 04:24:19,100
stone walls as if they were made
of wool rather than Masonry, 

4781
04:24:19,900 --> 04:24:23,200
You've learned to dress in 
layers, a linen shift against 

4782
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:27,900
your skin, a woman Turtle over 
that and today an additional 

4783
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:31,500
circuit line with rapid fur that
your grandmother made before she

4784
04:24:31,500 --> 04:24:34,600
died. 
The first still smells faintly 

4785
04:24:34,600 --> 04:24:39,100
of the herbs used to store it. 
A mixture of lavender and tansy,

4786
04:24:39,100 --> 04:24:42,200
that brings her back to you. 
Across the years with a Clarity,

4787
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:45,400
that sometimes catches your 
breath, the manners preparations

4788
04:24:45,400 --> 04:24:47,700
for winter began at mickle's 
back. 

4789
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:50,400
When the last warm days of 
September still held the memory 

4790
04:24:50,400 --> 04:24:52,700
of Summer. 
You helped bring in the final 

4791
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:56,200
Harvest working alongside 
Villages whose families have 

4792
04:24:56,200 --> 04:24:59,000
been tied to this land for 
Generations Beyond Counting. 

4793
04:24:59,800 --> 04:25:02,700
The Wheaton barley was stored in
The Granary rats. 

4794
04:25:02,700 --> 04:25:05,300
Be damned though. 
The barn cats do their best to 

4795
04:25:05,300 --> 04:25:07,000
keep that particular problem 
manageable. 

4796
04:25:07,800 --> 04:25:11,200
Apples were laid carefully and 
straw in the undercroft, each 

4797
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:14,100
one checked for bruises that 
might spread wrote through the 

4798
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:17,100
entire store. 
The Autumn pigs were slaughtered

4799
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:20,000
off to Saint. 
Martin's day a process, you've 

4800
04:25:20,000 --> 04:25:22,900
grown accustomed to over the 
years though, you never quite 

4801
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:25,200
learn to enjoy it. 
Salted pork. 

4802
04:25:25,200 --> 04:25:29,000
Now, hangs from the rafters of 
the Larder, alongside dried fish

4803
04:25:29,000 --> 04:25:31,900
from The Summer's catch and the 
smoke deal that tasted like the 

4804
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:35,100
river mud, where they were 
caught, your householders stored

4805
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:38,500
enough food to see you through 
to spring or so everyone hopes 

4806
04:25:38,500 --> 04:25:42,100
with that particular combination
of faith and anxiety, the 

4807
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:44,200
characterizes medieval winter 
planning. 

4808
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:47,200
Crop failures. 
Happen stores. 

4809
04:25:47,200 --> 04:25:50,500
Go bad. 
Winter can be a season of slow 

4810
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:54,300
starvation if preparations were 
insufficient or luck proves 

4811
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:56,500
cruel, but this year looks 
promising. 

4812
04:25:57,400 --> 04:26:00,400
The Harvest was good. 
The weather has been harsh but 

4813
04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:04,000
not catastrophic and your Lord's
household has both the resources

4814
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:06,400
and the will to celebrate 
Christmas properly. 

4815
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:10,600
This matters more than you might
initially think, because 

4816
04:26:10,600 --> 04:26:14,400
Christmas in the Medieval World 
Isn't just a day, it's a season,

4817
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:17,700
a statement and sometimes a 
battlefield where social 

4818
04:26:17,700 --> 04:26:20,800
hierarchies are simultaneously 
reinforced and momentarily, 

4819
04:26:20,800 --> 04:26:23,100
suspended. 
The Advent season has been 

4820
04:26:23,100 --> 04:26:26,600
observed with the properity, for
the past four weeks. 

4821
04:26:26,600 --> 04:26:30,100
You've been fasting, or at least
what passes for fasting when 

4822
04:26:30,100 --> 04:26:34,100
you're not a monks, sworn to 
extreme piety, Know meet on 

4823
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:36,800
Wednesdays. 
Fridays or Saturdays know? 

4824
04:26:36,800 --> 04:26:37,800
Rich foods? 
No. 

4825
04:26:37,800 --> 04:26:41,600
Excessive celebration. 
Church calls this a time of 

4826
04:26:41,600 --> 04:26:45,100
penitence and preparation, a 
spiritual winter, before the 

4827
04:26:45,100 --> 04:26:47,400
birth of Christ, brings light 
back to the world. 

4828
04:26:48,300 --> 04:26:51,200
You've noticed that this 
enforced or stero team makes the

4829
04:26:51,200 --> 04:26:54,600
upcoming Feast seem even more 
glorious, which may or may not 

4830
04:26:54,608 --> 04:26:57,900
be the church's actual 
intention, the manner itself has

4831
04:26:57,900 --> 04:27:01,600
been gradually transforming. 
fresh rushes have been laid on 

4832
04:27:01,600 --> 04:27:04,700
the floors of the Great Hall 
mixed with herbs that release 

4833
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:08,300
their scent when crushed 
underfoot The smell reminds you 

4834
04:27:08,308 --> 04:27:12,400
of Summer Meadows, which is 
probably the point, an olfactory

4835
04:27:12,400 --> 04:27:16,700
Defiance of Winter's barrenness.
The walls of being cleaned of 

4836
04:27:16,700 --> 04:27:18,600
the years accumulation of soot 
and grime. 

4837
04:27:18,600 --> 04:27:21,800
A job that fell to you and the 
other household members over 

4838
04:27:21,800 --> 04:27:26,100
several days of hard labor, that
left everyone's hands Roar and 

4839
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:29,800
their backs aching outside. 
You can see the first real snow 

4840
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:32,500
of the Season. 
Beginning to fall, not the wet 

4841
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:36,100
brief flurries that came and 
melted last week but proper 

4842
04:27:36,100 --> 04:27:40,300
snow, that means business. 
Flake's a small and determined, 

4843
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,700
the kind that will accumulate 
into drifts that might cut off 

4844
04:27:43,700 --> 04:27:45,400
the manor from the village for 
days. 

4845
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:50,100
Part of you feels a flutter of 
anxiety at this isolation but 

4846
04:27:50,100 --> 04:27:53,600
another part perhaps the part 
that remembers older ways of 

4847
04:27:53,608 --> 04:27:57,900
thinking feels A peculiar 
comfort in being snowed in as if

4848
04:27:57,900 --> 04:28:01,100
winter itself, has decided to 
hold you safe in a white cocoon 

4849
04:28:01,100 --> 04:28:04,100
and until spring comes to wake 
you the shortest day of the 

4850
04:28:04,100 --> 04:28:07,300
year, has just passed and you 
noticed its arrival with the 

4851
04:28:07,300 --> 04:28:10,000
attention that medieval people 
pay to such markers. 

4852
04:28:11,100 --> 04:28:15,200
At the winter solstice Darkness 
claims nearly 16 hours of every 

4853
04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:18,400
day here in England. 
Leaving only a brief window of 

4854
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:21,100
Grey, light that barely 
qualifies as day at all. 

4855
04:28:22,200 --> 04:28:25,700
Your ancestors, the truly 
ancient ones before Christianity

4856
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:29,500
came to these islands lit, great
Fires, at the solstice to 

4857
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:33,800
encourage the sun to return. 
Church calls such practices 

4858
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:37,300
Pagan Superstition. 
But you notice that, the Advent 

4859
04:28:37,300 --> 04:28:39,900
wreath with its Progressive 
lighting of candles follows a 

4860
04:28:39,900 --> 04:28:43,700
suspiciously similar pattern. 
The Village Church Bell Rings, 

4861
04:28:43,700 --> 04:28:46,900
marking the hour of none, what 
we would call three in the 

4862
04:28:46,908 --> 04:28:50,200
afternoon though, the medieval 
Reckoning of time is less 

4863
04:28:50,200 --> 04:28:53,900
precise than you might prefer. 
The sound carries clearly 

4864
04:28:53,900 --> 04:28:57,400
through the cold air, that 
particular quality of bell tone 

4865
04:28:57,400 --> 04:29:00,600
in Winter. 
That seems to travel further and

4866
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:02,500
ring longer than it does in 
summer. 

4867
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:06,800
You recognize the bells voice 
the way, you might recognize a 

4868
04:29:06,800 --> 04:29:10,200
neighbor's knock having heard 
it, Mark the hours and call to 

4869
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:14,200
prayer for your entire life. 
Christmas Eve is tomorrow and 

4870
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:17,700
The Manor has reached that state
of barely contained energy that 

4871
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:21,600
precedes any major event. 
They're still work to be done. 

4872
04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:24,800
There's always work to be done 
in a medieval household. 

4873
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:28,100
But the essential preparations 
are complete. 

4874
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:32,300
The ale has been brewed and is 
properly strong, which you 

4875
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:34,900
confirmed through the 
time-honored method of sampling.

4876
04:29:34,900 --> 04:29:38,800
It possibly more often than 
strictly necessary for quality 

4877
04:29:38,800 --> 04:29:42,900
control purposes. 
The bread has been baked in 

4878
04:29:42,900 --> 04:29:45,200
quantities. 
That seemed excessive until you 

4879
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:46,700
remember. 
How many people will need to be 

4880
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:49,900
fed over the coming days? 
Your role in tomorrow's 

4881
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:52,300
festivities is both simple and 
complex. 

4882
04:29:53,300 --> 04:29:56,300
You are neither nobility or 
servant, but something in 

4883
04:29:56,300 --> 04:30:00,700
between what later centuries 
will call yoman or franklyn. 

4884
04:30:00,700 --> 04:30:04,200
A person of some substance Who 
belongs to the manor household 

4885
04:30:04,200 --> 04:30:06,800
with, without being of the 
aristocratic class. 

4886
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:10,100
This means you'll eat at the 
great feast, but not at the high

4887
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:14,000
table, you'll participate in the
celebrations but not lead them. 

4888
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,100
You'll observe the social 
theater of medieval Christmas 

4889
04:30:17,100 --> 04:30:20,100
from a position that 
simultaneously inside and 

4890
04:30:20,100 --> 04:30:22,700
outside the performance, the 
light is failing. 

4891
04:30:22,700 --> 04:30:26,100
Now that early winter dusk that 
makes you feel the day has been 

4892
04:30:26,108 --> 04:30:29,000
stolen from you. 
Candles will need to be lit 

4893
04:30:29,000 --> 04:30:31,000
soon. 
Carefully rationed because 

4894
04:30:31,000 --> 04:30:35,000
Beeswax is expensive and Tallow 
candles smell like rendered fat,

4895
04:30:35,000 --> 04:30:39,100
which is exactly what they are. 
You've grown accustomed to doing

4896
04:30:39,100 --> 04:30:42,600
as much as possible by daylight 
planning, your activities 

4897
04:30:42,600 --> 04:30:44,700
around. 
The sun's brief appearance like 

4898
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:48,500
a farmer planning around rain. 
But tomorrow tomorrow, the 

4899
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:52,200
Christmas season truly begins. 
And with it comes a temporary 

4900
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,600
suspension of the normal. 
Order of things, the darkness of

4901
04:30:55,608 --> 04:30:58,800
winter will be pushed back by 
fire and celebration. 

4902
04:30:58,800 --> 04:31:03,800
The usual hierarchies will be 
playfully inverted. 12 days, the

4903
04:31:03,800 --> 04:31:07,200
manner will exist in a kind of 
sanctioned Carnival where the 

4904
04:31:07,208 --> 04:31:09,500
rules that govern the rest of 
the year become flexible 

4905
04:31:09,500 --> 04:31:14,300
negotiable and almost dreamlike 
you turn from the window and 

4906
04:31:14,300 --> 04:31:16,600
head toward the Great Hall, 
where the evening meal is being 

4907
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,900
prepared. 
The smell of pottage that 

4908
04:31:19,900 --> 04:31:23,900
Eternal stew that contains 
whatever vegetables and grains 

4909
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:26,200
are available drifts up from the
kitchen. 

4910
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:29,700
It's a humble meal. 
This last supper before the 

4911
04:31:29,700 --> 04:31:33,700
feast, but it tastes of comfort 
and anticipation tomorrow. 

4912
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:36,400
You think smiling to yourself 
tomorrow? 

4913
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:40,200
The celebration begins Christmas
Eve morning arrives with the 

4914
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:42,300
kind of cold. 
That makes the water in the wash

4915
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:45,500
basin, develop a thin skin of 
ice overnight. 

4916
04:31:45,500 --> 04:31:49,800
You break through it with your 
fingers, the shock of cold water

4917
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:53,100
on your face serving as a more 
effective, wake up than any 

4918
04:31:53,100 --> 04:31:56,200
amount of coffee could provide, 
not that you have coffee. 

4919
04:31:56,200 --> 04:31:59,400
Anyway, since it won't be common
in England for another 200 

4920
04:31:59,400 --> 04:32:02,600
years. 
You make do with weak ale, which

4921
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,000
is safer to drink than water and
has the additional benefit of 

4922
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:08,400
making early morning. 
Chores seems slightly less 

4923
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:11,400
miserable, the manner is already
awakened working, when you 

4924
04:32:11,400 --> 04:32:14,700
emerge from your chamber, the 
household operates on a schedule

4925
04:32:14,700 --> 04:32:16,500
that treats dawn has already 
late morning. 

4926
04:32:17,200 --> 04:32:20,200
A function of winters short days
and the amount of work that 

4927
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:23,500
needs to be accomplished before 
the evening's festivities in the

4928
04:32:23,500 --> 04:32:26,000
kitchen. 
A separate building, because a 

4929
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:29,100
fire danger connected to the 
main hall by a covered walkway. 

4930
04:32:29,100 --> 04:32:32,900
That never quite keeps the food 
as hot as the cooks would like 

4931
04:32:33,700 --> 04:32:37,500
Preparations began before first 
light you make your way there 

4932
04:32:37,500 --> 04:32:40,700
now partly to see if you can 
help and partly because the 

4933
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:43,500
kitchen is reliably, the warmest
place in the entire Manor. 

4934
04:32:44,300 --> 04:32:48,100
The great half dominates one 
wall large enough that you could

4935
04:32:48,100 --> 04:32:50,500
stand up right inside it. 
If the fire wasn't currently 

4936
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:55,200
roaring a temperature that would
melt lead, cook a woman of 

4937
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:57,700
indeterminate age. 
Whose face has been reddened by 

4938
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:00,700
years of working over Flames 
directs. 

4939
04:33:00,700 --> 04:33:03,300
The control chaos with the 
authority of a military 

4940
04:33:03,300 --> 04:33:05,700
commander. 
The Christmas Feast requires 

4941
04:33:05,700 --> 04:33:09,500
days of preparation and today 
represents the culmination of 

4942
04:33:09,500 --> 04:33:14,099
planning that began weeks ago. 
A wild boar brought down by your

4943
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:18,000
lord Hunting Party three days. 
Previous hangs in the cold room,

4944
04:33:18,000 --> 04:33:22,599
ready for roasting. 
You saw the hunt participated in

4945
04:33:22,599 --> 04:33:24,000
it. 
Actually and remember the 

4946
04:33:24,000 --> 04:33:27,500
precise moment when the ball 
turned at Bay its tusks, 

4947
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:31,099
catching the winter light before
the spears found their mark. 

4948
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:36,099
Medieval hunting is less Sport 
and more dangerous necessity. 

4949
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:39,599
A fact that the ball made 
emphatically clear before it 

4950
04:33:39,599 --> 04:33:41,599
died. 
The ball will be the feast 

4951
04:33:41,599 --> 04:33:44,900
centerpiece roasted whole and 
brought into the hole with 

4952
04:33:44,900 --> 04:33:48,400
appropriate ceremony. 
But it's only one element of a 

4953
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:51,500
meal that will include dishes 
both familiar and strange to 

4954
04:33:51,500 --> 04:33:55,099
Modern sensibilities. 
You watch as kitchen servants. 

4955
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:59,400
Prepare peacock, yes peacock, 
which will be roasted. 

4956
04:33:59,400 --> 04:34:02,900
And then carefully reassembled 
with its iridescent feathers to 

4957
04:34:02,900 --> 04:34:06,099
create a display that value 
spectacle, as much as flavor. 

4958
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:09,300
Medieval feasting is performance
art. 

4959
04:34:09,300 --> 04:34:13,300
That happens to be edible. 
Pies are being assembled but not

4960
04:34:13,300 --> 04:34:15,599
the sweet desserts. 
That later centuries will 

4961
04:34:15,599 --> 04:34:19,800
associate with the word medieval
Pi is a massive Affairs. 

4962
04:34:19,800 --> 04:34:23,599
Some large enough that you need 
both arms to carry them filled 

4963
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:27,800
with combinations, that would 
puzzle modern Cooks, Venison and

4964
04:34:27,800 --> 04:34:33,200
dried fruits. 
Pork and apples fish and spices 

4965
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:36,800
that came all the way from the 
Orient of Venetian traders who 

4966
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:40,000
charge prices that made your 
lord went even as he paid them. 

4967
04:34:41,099 --> 04:34:45,200
These pies, serve partly as food
and partly a storage containers,

4968
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:48,599
a thick pastry crusts, more 
Structural Engineering than 

4969
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:51,500
cuisine. 
The spices themselves represent 

4970
04:34:51,500 --> 04:34:55,400
wealth in a form that later ages
will find hard to comprehend. 

4971
04:34:56,200 --> 04:35:00,800
The pepper cinnamon Ginger and 
cloves that the cook uses with 

4972
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:05,300
what seems like abandon actually
cost more per pound than some of

4973
04:35:05,308 --> 04:35:09,700
the servants are in a year. 
But Christmas demands lavish 

4974
04:35:09,700 --> 04:35:12,700
display and properly. 
Spiced dishes announced to 

4975
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,400
everyone present that this 
household has both prosperity 

4976
04:35:15,400 --> 04:35:18,800
and access to the far-reaching 
trade networks. 

4977
04:35:18,800 --> 04:35:23,099
That connect medieval England to
The Wider World, your assign to 

4978
04:35:23,108 --> 04:35:26,700
help with the March pain, that 
medieval precursor to marzipan, 

4979
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:30,099
that combines ground, almonds 
with sugar and rose water into 

4980
04:35:30,099 --> 04:35:32,400
something that shaped into 
elaborate decorations. 

4981
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:36,900
The almonds came from Spain, the
sugar from Cyprus and the 

4982
04:35:36,908 --> 04:35:38,700
rosewater from someone's 
careful. 

4983
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:40,400
Distillation of this Summer's 
roses. 

4984
04:35:41,200 --> 04:35:43,700
Your shaping. 
The sweet paste into forms, 

4985
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:46,800
flowers, and animals, and 
geometric patterns. 

4986
04:35:46,800 --> 04:35:48,300
That would make a mathematician 
happy. 

4987
04:35:49,200 --> 04:35:52,000
While around you, the kitchen's 
work continues at a pace, that 

4988
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:54,400
would exhaust a modern caterer 
bread. 

4989
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,900
Baking happened in waves with 
loaves emerging from the Clay 

4990
04:35:57,900 --> 04:36:00,900
Oven in the Bakehouse at 
intervals, timed by experience, 

4991
04:36:00,900 --> 04:36:05,599
rather than clocks. 
The finest white bread made from

4992
04:36:05,599 --> 04:36:10,000
wheat flour, that's been served 
multiple times, will Grace the 

4993
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:12,599
high table where your lord and 
his family will sit. 

4994
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:17,200
The coarser brown bread, still 
perfectly good but made from 

4995
04:36:17,200 --> 04:36:20,800
less refined flour, will feed 
the rest of the household. 

4996
04:36:20,800 --> 04:36:24,900
The hierarchy of medieval 
Society is reflected, even in 

4997
04:36:24,900 --> 04:36:28,200
gluten content, the elf supplies
are checked and rechecked 

4998
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:32,400
multiple barrels, stand. 
Ready each marked with symbols, 

4999
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:34,300
that indicate its strength and 
Brewing date. 

5000
04:36:35,099 --> 04:36:36,900
Medieval people drink ale the 
way. 

5001
04:36:36,908 --> 04:36:40,099
Modern people, drink water, not 
because they're all functioning 

5002
04:36:40,099 --> 04:36:43,800
alcoholics, but because 
fermentation makes water safe. 

5003
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:48,300
The alcohol content is typically
lower than modern beer but the 

5004
04:36:48,308 --> 04:36:51,700
quantities consumed would still 
make designated driving an 

5005
04:36:51,700 --> 04:36:55,000
interesting concept. 
If cars, existed wine is 

5006
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:58,500
reserved for the high table and 
for mixing into spice drinks 

5007
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:00,599
that will be heated and served 
throughout the evening. 

5008
04:37:01,599 --> 04:37:05,599
You helped prepare the hypocrisy
yesterday, wine mixed with honey

5009
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:09,400
and spices strained through 
cloth until it runs, clear and 

5010
04:37:09,400 --> 04:37:11,800
sweet. 
It tastes like Christmas 

5011
04:37:11,800 --> 04:37:15,400
distilled into liquid for 
warming, you from the inside 

5012
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:18,400
out, in a way that the half 
fire, never quite manages. 

5013
04:37:18,400 --> 04:37:22,099
The Great Hall itself is being 
transformed from its everyday 

5014
04:37:22,099 --> 04:37:24,900
functionality into something 
approaching splendor. 

5015
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:28,400
The usual Trestle tables have 
been joined by additional 

5016
04:37:28,400 --> 04:37:31,800
surfaces borrowed from 
neighboring rooms creating a 

5017
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:35,200
u-shape that will seat everyone 
from highest to lowest according

5018
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:37,800
to their station fresh 
tablecloths. 

5019
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:41,900
Which will linen not the rough 
hemp used for everyday meals 

5020
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:44,700
cover. 
The boards, their whiteness, a 

5021
04:37:44,700 --> 04:37:47,700
statement of cleanliness and 
status that guests will notice 

5022
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:50,900
and appreciate decorations are 
appearing as you watch. 

5023
04:37:50,900 --> 04:37:54,800
Transforming the stonehall into 
something warmer and more alive.

5024
04:37:55,599 --> 04:37:58,000
Garlands of Holly and Ivy 
draped, along the walls. 

5025
04:37:58,000 --> 04:38:01,700
They green are Defiance of 
Winter's baroness that carries 

5026
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:06,200
meaning older than Christianity.
the Holly with its red berries, 

5027
04:38:06,200 --> 04:38:09,400
and sharp leaves represents 
masculine energy in the old ways

5028
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:13,500
of thinking, well, ivy with its 
clinging softness represents the

5029
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:17,099
feminine bringing them together 
at Christmas symbolizes. 

5030
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:20,000
The hope that opposites can 
unite and create something 

5031
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:23,900
harmonious, which makes them 
perfect decorations for a 

5032
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:27,200
seasoned dedicated to peace and 
goodwill missile toe. 

5033
04:38:27,200 --> 04:38:29,599
Hangs in the doorway. 
Another tradition that the 

5034
04:38:29,599 --> 04:38:31,800
church tolerates with out quite 
approving. 

5035
04:38:33,300 --> 04:38:36,099
The white berries and the fact 
that missile toe grows on oak 

5036
04:38:36,099 --> 04:38:40,200
trees without touching Earth. 
Made it sacred to The Druids who

5037
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:43,400
haven't existed for centuries, 
but whose influence lingers, in 

5038
04:38:43,400 --> 04:38:46,200
ways that surface during winter 
celebrations? 

5039
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:50,099
You notice that people paused 
slightly when passing beneath it

5040
04:38:50,099 --> 04:38:53,200
aware of its presence. 
Even if they pretend not to be 

5041
04:38:53,200 --> 04:38:56,200
the Lord of The Manor has 
invited guests from neighboring 

5042
04:38:56,200 --> 04:38:59,099
states, which means Chambers are
being prepared for overnight 

5043
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:02,000
visitors. 
Fresh straw is being laid. 

5044
04:39:02,000 --> 04:39:06,000
In the palates linens are being 
aired and the households best 

5045
04:39:06,000 --> 04:39:08,099
pottery is being brought out 
from Storage. 

5046
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:12,500
Medieval hospitality is both 
genuine, kindness and social 

5047
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:14,700
necessity. 
You never know. 

5048
04:39:14,700 --> 04:39:16,900
When you might need to show up 
at someone else's door. 

5049
04:39:16,900 --> 04:39:20,400
So, treating visitors well, is 
essentially an investment in 

5050
04:39:20,400 --> 04:39:23,099
your own future comfort. 
You take a moment to step 

5051
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:25,700
outside needing air, that 
doesn't smell of cooking and 

5052
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:28,200
smoke. 
The courtyard is busy with a 

5053
04:39:28,207 --> 04:39:31,700
riving Provisions, a cart as 
just delivered fish from the 

5054
04:39:31,700 --> 04:39:35,900
coast in salt for the journey. 
Another brings wine from 

5055
04:39:35,900 --> 04:39:38,900
Bristol. 
The barrels marked with seals 

5056
04:39:38,900 --> 04:39:43,500
that testify to their origin. 
Third Kart carries what appears 

5057
04:39:43,500 --> 04:39:47,500
to be nothing but firewood. 
Seems excessive until you 

5058
04:39:47,500 --> 04:39:49,300
remember that keeping the Great 
Hall. 

5059
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:52,300
Warm enough for feasting 
requires roughly, the equivalent

5060
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:55,500
of burning a small Forest, The 
Village Fokker. 

5061
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:57,000
Arriving. 
Now those who will help serve 

5062
04:39:57,000 --> 04:39:58,500
the feast or provide 
entertainment. 

5063
04:39:58,500 --> 04:40:03,100
You see the minstrel who comes 
every year, his small stringed, 

5064
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:05,200
instrument wrapped carefully 
against the cold. 

5065
04:40:05,200 --> 04:40:08,700
There's the Storyteller who can 
recite romances about King 

5066
04:40:08,700 --> 04:40:11,500
Arthur and his knights with the 
dramatic Flair. 

5067
04:40:11,500 --> 04:40:14,400
That makes even familiar Tales 
seem fresh. 

5068
04:40:15,500 --> 04:40:19,100
A group of young men carry 
instruments for dancing, drums 

5069
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:20,900
and pipes. 
And something that might be a 

5070
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:22,900
primitive. 
Fiddle children are everywhere 

5071
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:26,800
Under Foot and overexcited 
getting in the way with that 

5072
04:40:26,800 --> 04:40:29,100
particular genius. 
That children have perfected 

5073
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:32,500
across all time periods. 
They're supposed to be helping 

5074
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:36,200
with preparations, but mostly 
their building anticipation to 

5075
04:40:36,200 --> 04:40:39,200
levels that make them 
practically vibrate with energy 

5076
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:43,400
Christmas for medieval children 
means the rare treat of plenty 

5077
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:47,100
more food than they usually see 
sweet things. 

5078
04:40:47,100 --> 04:40:50,800
They taste only a few times a 
year and a general atmosphere of

5079
04:40:50,800 --> 04:40:54,200
Celebration that makes adults 
temporarily less strict about 

5080
04:40:54,200 --> 04:40:57,300
Behavior. 
The church bell Ring's for sexed

5081
04:40:57,300 --> 04:41:00,900
the noon service reminding 
everyone that beneath all the 

5082
04:41:00,900 --> 04:41:04,300
feasting and celebration 
Christmas is ultimately a 

5083
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:07,500
religious observant. 
A group heads toward the village

5084
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,300
church for prayers. 
Their breath making clouds in 

5085
04:41:10,308 --> 04:41:12,700
the cold. 
Are you can consider joining 

5086
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:15,800
them but decide your time is 
better spent continuing with 

5087
04:41:15,800 --> 04:41:19,900
preparations God, you figure 
probably understands the 

5088
04:41:19,908 --> 04:41:22,800
Practical necessities of 
feeding, a household of 40 

5089
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:25,200
people plus guests, back in the 
kitchen. 

5090
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:29,100
The Controlled Chaos is evolved 
into something more intense, the

5091
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:33,500
bore is on the spit now, slowly 
rotating over the fire its fat 

5092
04:41:33,500 --> 04:41:36,500
dripping and sizzling in a way 
that makes your mouth water, 

5093
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:38,300
despite the substantial 
breakfast. 

5094
04:41:38,300 --> 04:41:40,800
You later. 
The cook is basting it with a 

5095
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:44,300
mixture that smells of Honey 
herbs and something sharp that 

5096
04:41:44,300 --> 04:41:47,900
might be vinegar. 
Medieval cooking often, combines

5097
04:41:47,900 --> 04:41:52,000
flavors in ways that later. 
Centuries will forget and sour 

5098
04:41:52,000 --> 04:41:56,100
together. 
Fruit with meat and spices used 

5099
04:41:56,100 --> 04:41:59,900
with a heavy hand that modern 
palates might find over Welling.

5100
04:41:59,900 --> 04:42:03,300
You help carry dishes from 
Kitchen to haul part of the 

5101
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:05,300
human chain. 
That moves food across the gap 

5102
04:42:05,300 --> 04:42:07,800
between where it's cooked and 
where it will be served. 

5103
04:42:08,700 --> 04:42:12,300
The serving dishes themselves, a
statements of wealth pewter. 

5104
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:14,800
For the household, silver for 
the high table. 

5105
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:19,100
Your lord owns exactly three 
pieces of actual gold plate, 

5106
04:42:19,100 --> 04:42:22,000
which will be displayed 
prominently even though their 

5107
04:42:22,000 --> 04:42:23,800
decorative rather than 
functional. 

5108
04:42:24,500 --> 04:42:27,500
Medieval status is performed 
through material Goods. 

5109
04:42:27,500 --> 04:42:30,900
Christmas is the biggest 
performance of the year, the 

5110
04:42:30,900 --> 04:42:34,600
afternoon passes in a blur of 
activity punctuated by small 

5111
04:42:34,600 --> 04:42:38,200
moments of connection. 
You share a joke with the cook's

5112
04:42:38,200 --> 04:42:41,200
assistant about the peacock, 
which looks considerably more 

5113
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:43,500
dignified alive than it. 
Does halfway plucked. 

5114
04:42:44,200 --> 04:42:46,700
You help a kitchen boy, who is 
nearly in tears because he 

5115
04:42:46,700 --> 04:42:48,500
dropped a bowl of expensive 
spices. 

5116
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:52,000
You tell him accidents happen, 
sweep up the loss. 

5117
04:42:52,000 --> 04:42:54,700
And don't mention it to anyone 
who might punish him. 

5118
04:42:55,500 --> 04:42:58,500
You steal a moment to sample. 
The March pain purely for 

5119
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:02,100
quality control purposes and 
find it perfectly sweet with 

5120
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:04,200
just enough rose water to make 
it interesting. 

5121
04:43:04,200 --> 04:43:08,700
As Darkness begins to fall which
happens a poorly early in an 

5122
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:12,000
English December. final 
preparations, reach their 

5123
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:15,800
crescendo Candles a lit 
throughout the whole, their 

5124
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:18,600
light reflecting off the Silver 
and pewter to create an 

5125
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:21,500
atmosphere that transforms the 
everyday space into something 

5126
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:25,300
approaching magical. 
Fire in the great half has been 

5127
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:29,100
built up until it Roars like a 
living thing pushing heat into 

5128
04:43:29,100 --> 04:43:32,000
the hall with an enthusiasm. 
That makes the far end almost 

5129
04:43:32,000 --> 04:43:34,500
comfortable. 
He take a moment to stand in the

5130
04:43:34,508 --> 04:43:38,400
hall watching the transformation
from workspace to Feast Hall, 

5131
04:43:38,400 --> 04:43:41,500
reach completion. 
The tables are set, the 

5132
04:43:41,500 --> 04:43:45,100
decorations are in place. 
The food is nearly ready and the

5133
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:49,200
guests are beginning to arrive. 
In a few hours, this space will 

5134
04:43:49,200 --> 04:43:54,100
be filled with people music, 
food and celebration. 

5135
04:43:55,200 --> 04:43:58,700
But right now in this quiet 
moment, before the festivities 

5136
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:02,700
begin You can appreciate the 
work that went into creating 

5137
04:44:02,700 --> 04:44:06,700
this, medieval Christmas. 
The cooperation the tradition, 

5138
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:10,500
the small acts of preparation, 
that connect you to centuries of

5139
04:44:10,508 --> 04:44:13,500
people who celebrated this same 
season in similar ways. 

5140
04:44:13,500 --> 04:44:17,000
Tomorrow is Christmas day. 
But tonight to night is 

5141
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:19,800
Christmas Eve. 
When the anticipation might 

5142
04:44:19,800 --> 04:44:23,400
actually be better than the 
Fulfillment, You head toward 

5143
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:25,700
your chamber to change into your
best clothes. 

5144
04:44:25,700 --> 04:44:27,800
The ones saved for special 
occasions. 

5145
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:32,200
Feast will begin soon and you 
want to be ready to experience 

5146
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:35,300
it properly with all the 
attention and appreciation, that

5147
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:38,800
such careful, preparation, 
deserves evening, arrives with 

5148
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:41,400
the kind of cold, that makes you
grateful for every piece of 

5149
04:44:41,400 --> 04:44:44,200
wool, you own. 
You dress for the feast in your 

5150
04:44:44,200 --> 04:44:48,600
finest garments, a deep blue 
tunic that your mother made died

5151
04:44:48,600 --> 04:44:52,200
with woad that cost more than 
you like to remember and a 

5152
04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:55,100
circle in broided with a pattern
that tries hard to look like 

5153
04:44:55,100 --> 04:44:58,200
noble decoration. 
While remaining just humble 

5154
04:44:58,200 --> 04:45:00,700
enough to avoid accusations of 
social climbing. 

5155
04:45:01,700 --> 04:45:05,600
Medieval fashion is a careful 
navigation between displaying 

5156
04:45:05,600 --> 04:45:08,900
your prosperity and not 
appearing to rise above your 

5157
04:45:08,900 --> 04:45:11,300
station. 
The Great Hall has reached that 

5158
04:45:11,300 --> 04:45:14,800
perfect moment when all 
preparation is complete and the 

5159
04:45:14,800 --> 04:45:17,900
celebration is about to begin. 
guests have arrived from 

5160
04:45:17,908 --> 04:45:21,000
neighboring manners, their 
horses stamping in the Stables 

5161
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,000
while their owners warm 
themselves by the fire, The 

5162
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:27,500
social geography of the hall, 
reflects the strict hierarchy of

5163
04:45:27,500 --> 04:45:30,200
medieval life. 
The high table on its race 

5164
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:33,000
platform. 
One end the household, tables 

5165
04:45:33,000 --> 04:45:36,900
arranged perpendicular to it and
space at the lower end for 

5166
04:45:36,900 --> 04:45:39,500
entertainers and servants, who 
will eat off to the Finish 

5167
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:42,800
serving your lord enters with 
the ceremony appropriate to his 

5168
04:45:42,800 --> 04:45:46,100
position, accompanied by his 
lady wife and their children, 

5169
04:45:46,100 --> 04:45:49,500
everyone stands. 
Not because there's a formal 

5170
04:45:49,500 --> 04:45:53,100
rule, requiring it, but because 
some forms of respect are so 

5171
04:45:53,108 --> 04:45:55,800
deeply ingrained, they feel like
natural law. 

5172
04:45:57,300 --> 04:46:00,600
He takes his place at the center
of the high table and only when 

5173
04:46:00,600 --> 04:46:02,700
he seated does. 
Everyone else follow suit? 

5174
04:46:03,600 --> 04:46:06,500
Choreography of medieval manners
that no one has to think about 

5175
04:46:06,500 --> 04:46:08,400
because it's been drilled in 
since childhood. 

5176
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:12,600
The feast begins with a ceremony
that predates Christianity by 

5177
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:17,300
centuries, a servant enters 
carrying the Waffle Bowl an 

5178
04:46:17,300 --> 04:46:19,300
enormous. 
Wooden vessel filled with spiced

5179
04:46:19,300 --> 04:46:23,300
ale decorated with ribbons and 
containing What appear to be 

5180
04:46:23,300 --> 04:46:25,800
small. 
Roasted apples floating on top, 

5181
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:29,400
your lord raises the bowl and 
speaks the traditional words 

5182
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:34,900
race hail behold or be healthy 
and everyone responds drink 

5183
04:46:34,900 --> 04:46:37,600
hail. 
The bowl is passed around the 

5184
04:46:37,600 --> 04:46:39,800
hall. 
Each person taking a drink. 

5185
04:46:39,800 --> 04:46:43,800
A communal sharing that binds 
everyone present into temporary 

5186
04:46:43,800 --> 04:46:46,500
Fellowship. 
Then the food begins to arrive 

5187
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:50,100
course after course, in a 
display that makes your earlier,

5188
04:46:50,100 --> 04:46:52,400
sampling seem ridiculously 
inadequate. 

5189
04:46:53,600 --> 04:46:56,500
The bore enters first carried on
a massive. 

5190
04:46:56,500 --> 04:47:01,600
Wooden platter by for strong 
servant's with Bailey leaves and

5191
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:04,800
accompanied by musicians playing
a triumphant Fanfare on 

5192
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:08,000
instruments that sound vaguely 
like very aggressive kazoos. 

5193
04:47:08,900 --> 04:47:11,000
Medieval music is an acquired 
taste. 

5194
04:47:11,800 --> 04:47:14,800
But you've acquired it over 
years of exposure, the balls 

5195
04:47:14,800 --> 04:47:18,400
head is removed and set before 
your lord, who carves the first 

5196
04:47:18,400 --> 04:47:22,200
portion with the knife, he wears
at his belt that every day, tool

5197
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:25,800
that serves for eating, working 
and occasional self-defense, 

5198
04:47:25,800 --> 04:47:29,500
depending on circumstances. 
The meter is distributed 

5199
04:47:29,500 --> 04:47:32,700
according to rank with the 
choices portions going to the 

5200
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:36,300
high table and progressively 
less prestigious Cuts, moving 

5201
04:47:36,300 --> 04:47:39,900
down the social scale. 
You receive a serving that's 

5202
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:43,000
perfectly respectable, tender 
and Rich with fat. 

5203
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:47,200
And seasoned with herbs, you 
helped gather last summer more 

5204
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:49,000
dishes. 
Following waves that test Your 

5205
04:47:49,000 --> 04:47:52,300
Capacity, the peacock 
reassembled into something 

5206
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:55,600
approximating life gets admired 
more than eaten. 

5207
04:47:55,600 --> 04:47:58,900
Its meat is tough and the 
feathers are mostly for show. 

5208
04:47:59,900 --> 04:48:02,400
The pies arrive. 
They're crossed golden and the 

5209
04:48:02,408 --> 04:48:07,200
contents steaming fish dishes 
appear required by church or 

5210
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,400
even during feast days prepared 
in ways that disguise their 

5211
04:48:10,400 --> 04:48:12,700
origin under layers of spices 
and sauces. 

5212
04:48:13,600 --> 04:48:17,100
Vegetables, cooked with butter 
and herbs eggs prepared in 

5213
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:19,500
combinations. 
That seemed designed to use as 

5214
04:48:19,500 --> 04:48:22,300
many eggs as possible. 
Cheese from the Summers 

5215
04:48:22,300 --> 04:48:26,900
production aged, just right? 
Bread in quantities. 

5216
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:28,600
That would normally feed you for
a week. 

5217
04:48:28,600 --> 04:48:32,400
The male happens in that 
peculiar medieval Rhythm where 

5218
04:48:32,400 --> 04:48:35,900
eating is punctuated by 
entertainment conversation and 

5219
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:39,000
periodic breaks for your stomach
to catch up with your ambition. 

5220
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:43,800
Servants circulate with pictures
of Ale, and wine, keeping cups, 

5221
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:46,400
filled with the efficiency of 
long practice. 

5222
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:50,200
The whole grows warmer from the 
Press of bodies and the Roaring 

5223
04:48:50,200 --> 04:48:53,500
fire until you find yourself. 
Pushing back from the table, 

5224
04:48:53,500 --> 04:48:57,300
slightly loosening your belt and
wondering how anyone could 

5225
04:48:57,300 --> 04:49:00,100
possibly eat more. 
But of course, there's always 

5226
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:03,100
more, the March pain. 
You helped prepare arrives in 

5227
04:49:03,108 --> 04:49:06,000
elaborate forms. 
Alongside other sweets, that 

5228
04:49:06,008 --> 04:49:08,400
involve combinations of Honey 
fruit and nuts. 

5229
04:49:08,400 --> 04:49:11,600
Spiced wine is served hot 
warming. 

5230
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,100
You from the inside. 
While simultaneously, making you

5231
04:49:14,100 --> 04:49:17,600
slightly dizzy. 
The conversation around you 

5232
04:49:17,600 --> 04:49:20,700
grows louder as inhibitions 
lower, and the evening 

5233
04:49:20,700 --> 04:49:23,600
progresses toward the moment, 
every one is actually waiting 

5234
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:28,300
for Midnight Mass. 
Church bell begins ringing while

5235
04:49:28,300 --> 04:49:31,700
the feast is still in full 
swing, it's tone, cutting 

5236
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:34,200
through the noise to remind 
everyone that beneath the 

5237
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:37,200
celebration. 
This is a Holy Night. 

5238
04:49:38,600 --> 04:49:41,900
The birth of Christ, the 
theological reason for this 

5239
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:45,700
entire season will be 
commemorated at midnight in a 

5240
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:47,800
ceremony that is remained 
essentially unchanged for 

5241
04:49:47,800 --> 04:49:51,300
centuries. 
The transformation from Feast 

5242
04:49:51,300 --> 04:49:53,900
Hall to worshipers is gradual 
but inevitable. 

5243
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:56,800
As people begin to sit down 
their cups and prepare to make 

5244
04:49:56,800 --> 04:49:59,800
their way to the church. 
You bundle yourself back into 

5245
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:03,200
your warmest clothes, adding an 
additional cloak because the 

5246
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:06,400
walk to the church is short, but
the building itself has no 

5247
04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:09,300
heating Beyond body warmth and a
few candles. 

5248
04:50:10,500 --> 04:50:14,900
The procession from Mana to 
church happens by Torchlight, a 

5249
04:50:14,900 --> 04:50:18,100
line of illuminated figures 
moving through darkness, in a 

5250
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:21,600
scene that could be from any 
Christmas Eve for the past 500 

5251
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,300
years. 
The Village Church sits apart 

5252
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:27,400
from the manor serving, both the
household and the village in the

5253
04:50:27,408 --> 04:50:30,700
uneasy partnership that 
characterizes medieval religious

5254
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:33,500
life. 
It's a stone building that was 

5255
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:35,300
already old when your 
grandparents were young. 

5256
04:50:35,300 --> 04:50:39,100
Its architecture. 
Simple but solid designed to 

5257
04:50:39,100 --> 04:50:41,000
last centuries rather than 
decades. 

5258
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:45,300
The bell in his Tower continues,
ringing calling the faithful to 

5259
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:49,100
worship with a voice that 
carries across the Frozen Fields

5260
04:50:49,100 --> 04:50:51,400
inside. 
The church has been transformed 

5261
04:50:51,400 --> 04:50:53,600
by candlelight and Evergreen 
decorations. 

5262
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:57,500
The normal austerity of 
stonewalls and plain surfaces as

5263
04:50:57,500 --> 04:50:59,700
been softened by garlands of 
Holly and Ivy. 

5264
04:51:00,400 --> 04:51:04,000
Well, Banks of candles create 
pools of warm light, that push 

5265
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:06,100
back against the vast Darkness 
outside. 

5266
04:51:07,200 --> 04:51:12,500
Smell is distinctive, beeswax, 
and incense, Cold Stone and wool

5267
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:15,600
clothing, that particular center
of a medieval church that 

5268
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:19,300
combines devotion with practical
reality, the priest stands 

5269
04:51:19,300 --> 04:51:20,300
ready? 
Investments? 

5270
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:24,700
That are the finest possessions.
This poor Church owns the silken

5271
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:27,600
embroidery were gifts from your 
Lord's family Generations ago. 

5272
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:32,000
Passed down and carefully. 
Maintained brought out only for 

5273
04:51:32,000 --> 04:51:35,800
the highest holy days. 
In the candlelight they shine 

5274
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:38,500
with a richness that transforms 
The Humble Village priest. 

5275
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:41,700
In to something approaching 
Magnificent, the mass begins in 

5276
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:44,200
Latin that. 
Sacred language that most people

5277
04:51:44,200 --> 04:51:46,900
present don't actually 
understand but which carries the

5278
04:51:46,900 --> 04:51:49,300
weight of tradition and divine 
Authority. 

5279
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:53,700
The priest voice Rises and falls
in the ancient Cadence's. 

5280
04:51:53,700 --> 04:51:56,900
Speaking words that were already
old when England became England,

5281
04:51:56,900 --> 04:51:59,800
you follow along, not through 
understanding, but through 

5282
04:51:59,800 --> 04:52:04,300
familiarity knowing when to 
stand Neil and make responses 

5283
04:52:04,300 --> 04:52:07,500
that are more muscle memory than
conscious thought, there's 

5284
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:10,300
something profound about 
participating in a ceremony, you

5285
04:52:10,300 --> 04:52:14,400
don't fully comprehend trusting 
that the ritual itself carries, 

5286
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:18,900
meaning, beyond your individual 
grasp of its words The Latin 

5287
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:22,300
phrases wash over you like a 
river ancient and Powerful 

5288
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:26,500
connecting you to centuries of 
believers who stood in churches 

5289
04:52:26,500 --> 04:52:29,900
throughout Christendom. 
Seeking these same words at this

5290
04:52:29,908 --> 04:52:34,700
same hour, the Christmas liturgy
has particular Beauty a joy that

5291
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:37,700
breaks through even when 
mediated by a language, you 

5292
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:41,100
don't speak. 
Priest reads the Nativity Story 

5293
04:52:41,100 --> 04:52:44,200
in Latin, of course. 
But you know it well enough to 

5294
04:52:44,200 --> 04:52:48,500
follow along in your mind. 
The journey to Bethlehem the Inn

5295
04:52:48,500 --> 04:52:50,800
with no room, the stable in the 
manger. 

5296
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:55,200
The Angels appear to Shepherds 
in fields that probably looked a

5297
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:56,600
lot like the ones surrounding 
your village. 

5298
04:52:56,600 --> 04:52:59,700
There's a moment during the 
mass, when the priest elevates, 

5299
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:03,600
the consecrated host, and the 
entire congregation drops to his

5300
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:07,100
knees. 
In unison, the Bell Rings, a 

5301
04:53:07,100 --> 04:53:10,400
small handbell, not the Tower 
Bell and in the candle. 

5302
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:13,200
It darkness of a medieval Church
on Christmas Eve. 

5303
04:53:13,200 --> 04:53:16,300
You feel the presence of 
something larger than yourself? 

5304
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:20,300
Whether it's the Divine, the 
weight of tradition, or simply 

5305
04:53:20,300 --> 04:53:23,500
the human need to mark this 
darkest season with light and 

5306
04:53:23,500 --> 04:53:26,700
hope you're not sure, maybe it 
doesn't matter. 

5307
04:53:26,700 --> 04:53:29,800
Maybe all three are aspects of 
the same truth. 

5308
04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:32,300
Carols. 
Begin after the consecration. 

5309
04:53:32,300 --> 04:53:35,000
These aren't the refined hymns. 
That later. 

5310
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:38,200
Centuries will create but 
rougher older songs that blend 

5311
04:53:38,200 --> 04:53:41,800
Christian themes with folk 
Melodies that probably predate 

5312
04:53:41,800 --> 04:53:45,500
Christianity. 
The tunes are simple enough that

5313
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:49,400
everyone can join in creating a 
sound, that's more enthusiastic 

5314
04:53:49,400 --> 04:53:53,600
than technically proficient. 
Medieval congregational singing 

5315
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:57,300
operates on the principle that 
volume compensates for any lack 

5316
04:53:57,300 --> 04:53:59,700
of skill. 
You sing along your voice 

5317
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:01,400
joining dozens of others in the 
cold. 

5318
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:05,900
Air, the song tells of angels 
and Shepherds of a star leading 

5319
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:10,100
wise men from the East and of a 
baby born in circumstances of 

5320
04:54:10,100 --> 04:54:13,300
poverty who nonetheless 
represents salvation for all 

5321
04:54:13,300 --> 04:54:17,000
Humanity. 
The theology is heavy, but the 

5322
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:20,300
melody is bright that 
particularly medieval 

5323
04:54:20,300 --> 04:54:22,000
combination of profound 
religious. 

5324
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:24,800
Meaning delivered through 
approachable, even cheerful 

5325
04:54:24,800 --> 04:54:28,300
music, The Mask concludes in the
small hours of the morning 

5326
04:54:28,300 --> 04:54:31,100
Christmas day. 
Now technically though it still 

5327
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:34,500
feels like night. 
The priest gives his final 

5328
04:54:34,500 --> 04:54:37,400
blessing and the congregation 
begins to stir. 

5329
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:40,000
Preparing to head back out into 
the cold. 

5330
04:54:41,000 --> 04:54:44,500
But there's a reluctance to 
leave a desire to extend this 

5331
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:47,700
moment when the entire Community
stands together and shared 

5332
04:54:47,700 --> 04:54:50,300
purpose and shared belief 
outside. 

5333
04:54:50,300 --> 04:54:54,200
The snow has begun again, soft 
flakes, that catch the torch 

5334
04:54:54,200 --> 04:54:57,000
light as the procession reforms 
for the walk, back to the manor.

5335
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:01,300
Your breath makes clouds in the 
Frigidaire and your toes have 

5336
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:02,800
lost. 
Most of their feeling despite 

5337
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:04,600
your Woolen stockings and 
leather boots. 

5338
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:08,000
But there's a warmth inside you 
that has nothing to do with 

5339
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:11,100
temperature. 
Satisfaction of having mark this

5340
04:55:11,100 --> 04:55:14,900
Knight properly of having 
participated in a tradition that

5341
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:17,300
connects you to Believers across
time and space. 

5342
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:19,200
The manor house. 
Appears ahead. 

5343
04:55:19,200 --> 04:55:23,800
It's Windows glowing with 
firelight promising warmth and 

5344
04:55:23,800 --> 04:55:28,200
the continuation of Celebration 
Because while midnight mass 

5345
04:55:28,200 --> 04:55:32,000
represents the spiritual Heart 
of Christmas Eve, the night is 

5346
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:36,400
far from over. 
Food still, Waits hail still 

5347
04:55:36,400 --> 04:55:38,900
flows and the celebration of 
Christ. 

5348
04:55:38,900 --> 04:55:42,400
Birth will continue until 
exhaustion and Dawn finding send

5349
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:45,100
everyone to bed. 
You enter the Great Hall to find

5350
04:55:45,100 --> 04:55:47,500
that Servants of kept the fires 
burning and the food. 

5351
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:51,700
Warm a smaller group remains. 
Now those Hardy Souls who have 

5352
04:55:51,708 --> 04:55:54,900
the stamina to continue 
celebrating after a feast and a 

5353
04:55:54,900 --> 04:55:58,400
midnight mass. 
You join them accepting a cup of

5354
04:55:58,408 --> 04:56:01,300
hot. 
Spiced wine settling by the fire

5355
04:56:01,300 --> 04:56:04,700
to let its warmth seat back into
your Frozen extremities 

5356
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:08,300
Christmas day has begun. 
And with it comes the promise of

5357
04:56:08,308 --> 04:56:12,800
12, more days of celebration, of
Fellowship, of temporary, 

5358
04:56:12,800 --> 04:56:16,900
suspension of the normal order. 
Your exactly where you belong 

5359
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:21,300
surrounded by Community wrapped 
in Tradition, marking the turn 

5360
04:56:21,300 --> 04:56:24,000
of the year in ways that your 
ancestors would recognize. 

5361
04:56:24,000 --> 04:56:28,300
It's a good feeling this sense 
of connection and continuity. 

5362
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:33,200
It's What Christmas Means 
underneath, all the Theology and

5363
04:56:33,200 --> 04:56:38,400
ceremony the simple human need 
to push back Darkness with light

5364
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:42,900
to combat winter, with warmth 
and to face the cold season 

5365
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:46,500
together rather than Alone 
Christmas morning arrives later 

5366
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:48,800
than usual. 
A concession to the previous 

5367
04:56:48,800 --> 04:56:52,100
night's festivities that leaves 
you grateful for the heavy 

5368
04:56:52,100 --> 04:56:54,800
curtains around your bed, and 
the extra blanket. 

5369
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:57,300
You remember to add before, 
collapsing into sleep. 

5370
04:56:58,100 --> 04:57:01,000
The manor house is quiet with 
the particular silence that 

5371
04:57:01,000 --> 04:57:05,000
follows significant celebration.
Not the active hush of people 

5372
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:08,600
sleeping, but the exhausted 
Stillness of people who have 

5373
04:57:08,608 --> 04:57:12,000
thoroughly worn themselves out 
and are taking their time 

5374
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:14,900
recovering. 
You rise eventually drawn by the

5375
04:57:14,900 --> 04:57:18,400
smell of fresh bread and the 
recognition that however, much 

5376
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:21,300
you ate last night. 
Hunger has a way of returning 

5377
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:25,000
with the morning. 
The Great Hall shows signs of 

5378
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:29,000
last night's, Feast the tables. 
Haven't been fully cleared those

5379
04:57:29,000 --> 04:57:30,800
servants have made initial 
progress. 

5380
04:57:31,700 --> 04:57:34,100
Someone has kept the fire going 
for which, you're grateful 

5381
04:57:34,100 --> 04:57:36,300
because the stone walls, hold 
cold. 

5382
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:39,600
Like, they hold memories, 
stubbornly and for a long time. 

5383
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:43,400
The breakfast laid out is 
generous even by Feast Day 

5384
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:45,100
standards. 
Fresh bread. 

5385
04:57:45,100 --> 04:57:48,500
Still warm from the Bakehouse 
butter, that tastes of summer, 

5386
04:57:48,500 --> 04:57:52,300
grass, despite the winter 
season, and cheese aged to that 

5387
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:56,200
perfect point where it's sharp 
without being overwhelming, Cold

5388
04:57:56,200 --> 04:57:59,600
meats left from yesterday's 
Feast, including slice of that 

5389
04:57:59,600 --> 04:58:01,900
ball, that tasted even better 
cold than they did hot. 

5390
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:04,700
Porridge made rich with honey 
and nuts. 

5391
04:58:05,500 --> 04:58:08,300
Small beer to drink because 
starting the day with ale is 

5392
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:11,000
perfectly normal and clean. 
Water is suspect and coffee 

5393
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:14,100
hasn't been invented yet. 
People drifting gradually 

5394
04:58:14,100 --> 04:58:17,700
responding to their own internal
schedule and varying levels of 

5395
04:58:17,700 --> 04:58:19,500
recovery from last night's 
revelries. 

5396
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:22,500
Your Lord arrives looking 
surprisingly. 

5397
04:58:22,500 --> 04:58:26,900
Well rested, which either speaks
to a noble Constitution or to 

5398
04:58:26,900 --> 04:58:29,500
having servants, who ensure that
Lords get proper sleep 

5399
04:58:29,500 --> 04:58:34,000
regardless of his schedule's. 
His children trail behind him. 

5400
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:37,700
Still dressed in their Christmas
finest from yesterday apparently

5401
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:41,600
having slept in their good 
clothes, rather than changing a 

5402
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:44,000
very medieval approach to 
laundry conservation. 

5403
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:48,100
The plan for today involves more
eating naturally because the 

5404
04:58:48,100 --> 04:58:51,500
Christmas Feast spans multiple 
days and yesterday's offerings 

5405
04:58:51,500 --> 04:58:55,500
were merely the beginning. 
But first there's the morning 

5406
04:58:55,500 --> 04:58:58,900
gift-giving ceremony. 
A tradition that sits somewhere 

5407
04:58:58,900 --> 04:59:02,600
between religious observance and
social performance, medieval 

5408
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:05,500
Christmas gifts aren't what 
later centuries will make of the

5409
04:59:05,500 --> 04:59:08,000
traditional. 
There are no wrapped packages 

5410
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:10,900
with bows. 
No surprise is concealed until 

5411
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:15,400
the moment of opening. 
Instead gifs a practical often 

5412
04:59:15,400 --> 04:59:18,600
expected and carefully 
calibrated to reflect and 

5413
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:22,700
reinforce social relationships. 
Your Lord will give gifts to his

5414
04:59:22,700 --> 04:59:26,300
household money to serve an 
cloth to Craftsman. 

5415
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:29,300
Perhaps a new knife to someone 
who service deserves 

5416
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:32,800
recognition. 
In return, he'll receive gifts 

5417
04:59:32,800 --> 04:59:34,000
that. 
Acknowledged his position 

5418
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:39,200
glove's handkerchiefs spices and
things that flatter without 

5419
04:59:39,200 --> 04:59:42,300
presuming equality. 
You've prepared your own modest 

5420
04:59:42,300 --> 04:59:45,700
gifts, a jar of honey from your 
hives, to the Cook who's made 

5421
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:48,600
your meals all year. 
A carved wooden toy for the 

5422
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:51,700
Lord's, youngest child, and a 
link of ribbon for the lady of 

5423
04:59:51,700 --> 04:59:54,100
the manor that you purchased 
from a peddler who passed 

5424
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:57,800
through in autumn These aren't 
extravagant presence, but there 

5425
04:59:57,800 --> 05:00:00,900
are appropriate to your station 
and to the relationships. 

5426
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:04,100
They acknowledge the gift, 
giving happens in the Great Hall

5427
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:06,700
with everyone present to witness
the exchanges. 

5428
05:00:07,500 --> 05:00:09,300
There's a ritualistic quality to
it. 

5429
05:00:09,300 --> 05:00:13,400
Each presentation accompanied by
words of thanks and reciprocal 

5430
05:00:13,400 --> 05:00:13,900
good. 
Wishes. 

5431
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:17,800
When your lord gives you a small
purse containing coins, you 

5432
05:00:17,800 --> 05:00:21,100
know, the exact amount without 
counting it, three days wages, 

5433
05:00:21,100 --> 05:00:24,600
the standard Christmas gift of 
valued household members. 

5434
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:27,900
It's enough to feel generous 
without being so much as to 

5435
05:00:27,900 --> 05:00:31,300
disrupt the social order. 
The children receive their gifts

5436
05:00:31,300 --> 05:00:35,100
with an enthusiasm that makes 
the adults smile toys carved 

5437
05:00:35,100 --> 05:00:39,600
from wood, a small horse, a 
ball, and a doll made of cloth 

5438
05:00:39,600 --> 05:00:43,100
and stuffing. 
These are precious items in a 

5439
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,000
world where childhood is shorter
and toys are rare. 

5440
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:49,500
The later generations will 
consider a normal You watch a 

5441
05:00:49,500 --> 05:00:52,200
boy of paps. 
Seven receive his wooden sword 

5442
05:00:52,200 --> 05:00:54,400
with a joy. 
So pure it makes you remember 

5443
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:57,700
your own childhood. 
When such simple things could 

5444
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:01,400
contain entire worlds of 
imagination once, the gifts of 

5445
05:01:01,408 --> 05:01:04,300
being exchanged, the serious 
business of continuing, the 

5446
05:01:04,300 --> 05:01:09,000
feast begins, Fresh tables are 
set the servants having cleared 

5447
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:12,900
last night's remains while you 
were distracted by gift-giving a

5448
05:01:12,900 --> 05:01:16,300
new dishes, begin to appear. 
Today's offerings are somewhat 

5449
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:19,100
lighter than yesterday's. 
A recognition that there are 

5450
05:01:19,100 --> 05:01:23,000
still 11 more days of feasting 
ahead, and pacing is essential 

5451
05:01:23,000 --> 05:01:26,400
to survival. 
Pies appear smaller than last 

5452
05:01:26,400 --> 05:01:30,100
night's, massive constructions, 
but no less elaborate One 

5453
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:32,800
contains dried cherries and 
spices that tastes like 

5454
05:01:32,808 --> 05:01:36,700
concentrated summer. 
Another holds a mixture of meats

5455
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:39,400
that have been cooked down into 
something rich and satisfying. 

5456
05:01:40,300 --> 05:01:43,100
There are pastries filled with 
cheese and herbs, small enough 

5457
05:01:43,100 --> 05:01:46,200
to eat with your hands, which 
you do, despite the grease that 

5458
05:01:46,200 --> 05:01:49,900
accumulates on your fingers. 
Truly magnificent offering is 

5459
05:01:49,900 --> 05:01:53,900
the subtlety that peculiar 
medieval creation that's part 

5460
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:56,900
Food. 
Part art project an entirely 

5461
05:01:56,900 --> 05:01:58,600
concerned with impressing 
guests. 

5462
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:03,300
To today's version is a castle 
made entirely of March pain, 

5463
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:07,400
complete with tiny sugar, towers
and walls details with such 

5464
05:02:07,400 --> 05:02:09,400
care. 
You feel almost guilty eating 

5465
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:13,300
it. 
Almost the sweetness is intense,

5466
05:02:13,300 --> 05:02:17,100
the Almond flavor pronounced and
the entire creation. 

5467
05:02:17,100 --> 05:02:20,100
Represent hours of someone's 
careful work that will be 

5468
05:02:20,100 --> 05:02:23,600
consumed in minutes. 
Medieval feasting is always been

5469
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:27,200
partly about conspicuous 
consumption and this sugary 

5470
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:30,700
Castle delivers that message 
with Clarity entertainment 

5471
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:33,100
accompanies the meal because 
eating for hours would be 

5472
05:02:33,108 --> 05:02:36,700
tedious without distraction. 
The minstrel from yesterday, 

5473
05:02:36,700 --> 05:02:40,900
reappears, this time performing 
songs that range from religious 

5474
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:45,100
hymns to stories of courtly. 
Love to ballads about Robin Hood

5475
05:02:45,100 --> 05:02:48,200
that are probably treasonous. 
If anyone bothered to think too 

5476
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:51,300
hard about them. 
Tunes are catchy in that way, 

5477
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:55,500
Medieval music has modal scales 
that sound simultaneously 

5478
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:59,500
familiar and strange to ears 
trained on later harmonies 

5479
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:03,300
between courses, a juggler 
performs, keeping six wooden 

5480
05:03:03,300 --> 05:03:05,700
balls in the air with a skill 
that looks effortless but 

5481
05:03:05,700 --> 05:03:09,200
represents years of practice. 
When someone from the audience 

5482
05:03:09,200 --> 05:03:12,300
calls out a challenge. 
He adds knives, the rotational 

5483
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:15,200
their blades catching the 
firelight as they spin. 

5484
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:19,300
It's the kind of performance 
that makes you hold your breath 

5485
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:23,100
partly from admiration and 
partly from the very real 

5486
05:03:23,100 --> 05:03:26,100
possibility that someone might 
need bandages soon. 

5487
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:31,800
Medieval entertainment doesn't 
include safety nets, literal or 

5488
05:03:31,800 --> 05:03:34,800
figurative. 
Storyteller takes his turn, 

5489
05:03:34,800 --> 05:03:38,000
settling onto a stool near the 
fire and launching into a 

5490
05:03:38,000 --> 05:03:40,300
romance about. 
So Gawain and his various 

5491
05:03:40,300 --> 05:03:44,300
Adventures His voice Rises and 
falls with the drama. 

5492
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:49,600
Describing battles with giants, 
encounters with temptresses and 

5493
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:53,200
moral dilemmas that somehow 
always resolved in ways that 

5494
05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:56,600
reinforce the importance of 
Christian virtue and feudal 

5495
05:03:56,600 --> 05:03:59,100
loyalty. 
You've heard this story before. 

5496
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:04,000
Probably several times, but the 
telling matters, as much as the 

5497
05:04:04,000 --> 05:04:08,200
tale, the storytellers are is in
bringing familiar narrative to 

5498
05:04:08,200 --> 05:04:10,400
life. 
In making audience's feel 

5499
05:04:10,400 --> 05:04:13,600
emotions, they already know are 
coming the meal stretches 

5500
05:04:13,600 --> 05:04:16,200
through the afternoon in that 
Timeless way that medieval 

5501
05:04:16,200 --> 05:04:19,600
feasts have where you lose track
of, whether you're eating lunch 

5502
05:04:19,600 --> 05:04:22,500
or dinner or something in 
between, Servants. 

5503
05:04:22,500 --> 05:04:25,600
Keep bringing food and people 
keeping it though. 

5504
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:28,700
The pace has slowed considerably
from last night's enthusiasm 

5505
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:32,000
there's a limit to how much 
roast meat and spiced wine. 

5506
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:35,700
Any human system can process and
your approaching yours with the 

5507
05:04:35,700 --> 05:04:38,600
certainty of someone who's done 
this before and should know 

5508
05:04:38,600 --> 05:04:41,700
better. 
Somehow, never learns as the 

5509
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:44,400
winter afternoon Fades which it 
does appallingly. 

5510
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:46,500
Early leaving, you feeling? 
Cheated of daylight. 

5511
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:50,800
Someone suggest games, this is 
met with enthusiasm by those 

5512
05:04:50,800 --> 05:04:53,800
young enough to still have 
energy and groans from those of 

5513
05:04:53,800 --> 05:04:56,000
us who eaten too much to move 
with any Grace. 

5514
05:04:56,900 --> 05:04:58,600
But the suggestion carries the 
day. 

5515
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:02,000
And tables are pushed back to 
create space in the Great Hall. 

5516
05:05:02,000 --> 05:05:04,400
The games that follow are the 
traditional Christmas 

5517
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:07,300
diversions. 
Some religious in origin. 

5518
05:05:07,300 --> 05:05:11,000
Others considerably older and 
more Pagan than the church would

5519
05:05:11,000 --> 05:05:14,600
prefer to acknowledge. 
Hoodman blind is played first. 

5520
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:17,800
A medieval version of Blind 
Man's Bluff. 

5521
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:22,000
Where someone is hooded and must
catch other players by sound and

5522
05:05:22,008 --> 05:05:25,300
touch alone. 
The game quickly, descends into 

5523
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,800
cheerful chaos with hooded 
players, stumbling into 

5524
05:05:28,800 --> 05:05:32,100
Furniture while everyone else 
with laughter and offers 

5525
05:05:32,100 --> 05:05:36,400
misleading directions. 
Hot cockles comes next, a game 

5526
05:05:36,408 --> 05:05:39,600
that seems designed to test both
physical endurance and social 

5527
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:43,000
bonds. 
One person Neil's blindfolded 

5528
05:05:43,000 --> 05:05:46,100
While others take turns striking
their back and the kneeling 

5529
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:49,600
person must guess who hit them, 
it's rougher than its sounds. 

5530
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:52,300
And watching, it makes you 
grateful that medieval Society, 

5531
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:54,600
has some concept of rank 
appropriate play. 

5532
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:57,200
The servants participated 
enthusiastically. 

5533
05:05:58,600 --> 05:06:01,300
Apparently viewing this as an 
opportunity for socially, 

5534
05:06:01,300 --> 05:06:03,700
sanctioned revenge against 
authority figures who have 

5535
05:06:03,700 --> 05:06:06,800
annoyed them throughout the 
year, someone produces a ball 

5536
05:06:06,800 --> 05:06:10,900
leather stuffed with rags and an
impromptu game of catch develops

5537
05:06:10,900 --> 05:06:12,500
that rapidly becomes 
competitive. 

5538
05:06:12,500 --> 05:06:17,100
Medieval people take their game 
seriously even informal ones, 

5539
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:20,500
the ball flies back and forth 
with increasing velocity. 

5540
05:06:20,500 --> 05:06:24,000
Until someone makes an errant 
throw that sends it directly 

5541
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:27,400
into the remnants of the feast, 
scattering pastries, and 

5542
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:30,900
sloshing wine. 
The resulting laughter suggests,

5543
05:06:30,900 --> 05:06:33,900
this might have been intentional
music starts up again. 

5544
05:06:33,900 --> 05:06:38,400
This time for danceing The dance
is a communal rather than 

5545
05:06:38,400 --> 05:06:42,300
partnered with long lines of 
people moving through patterns 

5546
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:46,900
that everyone knows by heart. 
Depths a simple but the 

5547
05:06:46,900 --> 05:06:50,100
combinations are complex 
requiring attention and 

5548
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:52,700
coordination. 
That's challenging after several

5549
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:56,300
cups of wine. 
You join in partly because 

5550
05:06:56,300 --> 05:07:00,000
refusing would be anti-social 
and partly because the movement 

5551
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:03,300
feels good after hours of 
sitting and eating the Carroll 

5552
05:07:03,300 --> 05:07:05,100
dances are particularly 
enjoyable. 

5553
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:08,300
Combining song with movement in 
patterns that Circle the whole 

5554
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:13,700
These dances are old probably 
predating Christianity, their 

5555
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:15,600
circular forms. 
Echoing the wheel of the year 

5556
05:07:15,600 --> 05:07:19,500
and the cycles of seasons. 
The church's christianized them,

5557
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:23,700
adding religious lyrics to Pagan
forms, creating that typical 

5558
05:07:23,700 --> 05:07:27,500
medieval blend of old and new 
beliefs, that characterizes. 

5559
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:30,700
So much of the holiday. 
As you move through the dance, 

5560
05:07:30,700 --> 05:07:34,100
you become aware of the 
community or part of These are 

5561
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:37,200
people, you've known your entire
life whose families have been 

5562
05:07:37,208 --> 05:07:39,200
connected to yours for 
Generations. 

5563
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:43,600
The Lord's grandfather in your 
grandfather, The Cook's mother 

5564
05:07:43,600 --> 05:07:46,300
taught your mother. 
How to brew proper ale. 

5565
05:07:47,500 --> 05:07:50,000
The children playing in the 
corner will grow up to work. 

5566
05:07:50,000 --> 05:07:53,100
Alongside your own children, 
continuing patterns of 

5567
05:07:53,100 --> 05:07:55,400
relationship that stretch back 
Beyond memory. 

5568
05:07:55,400 --> 05:07:58,700
This interconnection is what 
medieval life actually means. 

5569
05:07:58,700 --> 05:08:02,100
Underneath all the historical 
discussion of feudalism and 

5570
05:08:02,100 --> 05:08:06,400
hierarchy, You're not isolated 
individuals, pursuing, separate 

5571
05:08:06,400 --> 05:08:10,400
paths, but threads in a fabric. 
That's been weaving itself for 

5572
05:08:10,400 --> 05:08:13,300
centuries. 
Christmas Feast is partly about 

5573
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:16,200
celebrating Christ's birth. 
Yes, but it's also about 

5574
05:08:16,200 --> 05:08:19,900
reinforcing the social bonds 
that reminding everyone of their

5575
05:08:19,900 --> 05:08:23,100
place in the larger pattern. 
The dancing continues until 

5576
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:26,600
people are genuinely exhausted 
flushed with exertion and dizzy 

5577
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:29,600
from spinning. 
Someone calls for more wine and 

5578
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:32,400
servants appear with pictures 
because apparently, there's no 

5579
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:35,700
upper limit to how much liquid a
medieval Feast can produce and 

5580
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:38,700
consume. 
You accept one more cup, more 

5581
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:41,900
from habit than desire. 
Holding it while you catch your 

5582
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:44,400
breath and let your heart rate 
return to something approaching 

5583
05:08:44,400 --> 05:08:46,900
normal. 
A fire in the great half is 

5584
05:08:46,900 --> 05:08:50,200
built up again, with massive 
logs, added that will burn 

5585
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:53,400
through the night. 
The Yule Log tradition, that 

5586
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:55,800
enormous piece of wood that's 
supposed to burn throughout the 

5587
05:08:55,808 --> 05:08:58,600
Christmas. 
Season sits at the half's heart 

5588
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:02,500
glowing with heat that pushes 
back against the winter cold 

5589
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:07,200
This log was cut from an oak 
tree with ceremony dragged to 

5590
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:10,900
the manner with celebration and 
lit with Embers saved from last 

5591
05:09:10,900 --> 05:09:14,400
year's, yule log. it's a 
tradition that predates 

5592
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:18,400
Christianity by centuries, a 
file worshiping ritual that the 

5593
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:21,000
church tolerates because 
traditions this old are 

5594
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,800
impossible to eradicate evening,
settles over the manor, the 

5595
05:09:24,800 --> 05:09:27,900
calling it evening feels wrong 
when darkness arrived hours ago,

5596
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:32,000
time during the Christmas season
operates differently measured 

5597
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:36,200
not by clocks which are rare and
temperamental anyway, but by the

5598
05:09:36,200 --> 05:09:40,800
rhythm of Feasts entertainments 
and rest periods that flow into 

5599
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:43,900
one another without clear 
boundaries the Great Hall is 

5600
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:47,100
reached that perfect state of 
comfortable exhaustion, where 

5601
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:51,100
everyone is content to Simply 
exist together, Some people are 

5602
05:09:51,100 --> 05:09:54,800
still eating working through the
seemingly infinite supplies of 

5603
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:57,500
food. 
Others are talking their 

5604
05:09:57,500 --> 05:10:00,300
conversations animated by wine 
and fellowship. 

5605
05:10:01,000 --> 05:10:03,900
Children are sprawled near the 
fire, not quite asleep, but 

5606
05:10:03,900 --> 05:10:07,100
clearly heading that direction. 
Dogs that have been begging 

5607
05:10:07,100 --> 05:10:09,500
scraps all day. 
Now like contentedly under 

5608
05:10:09,500 --> 05:10:13,600
tables their bellies full and 
their loyalty temporary 

5609
05:10:13,600 --> 05:10:17,500
purchased with roast meat, you 
find yourself a spot near the 

5610
05:10:17,500 --> 05:10:20,600
fire, not too close to be 
uncomfortably hot but close 

5611
05:10:20,600 --> 05:10:22,100
enough to benefit from his 
warmth. 

5612
05:10:22,800 --> 05:10:26,300
The heat makes you drowsy that 
Pleasant heaviness that comes 

5613
05:10:26,300 --> 05:10:29,800
from physical satisfaction and 
the knowledge that you have no 

5614
05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:33,000
where else to be and nothing 
else you must do. 

5615
05:10:34,200 --> 05:10:36,300
Christmas. 
You realize is partly about this

5616
05:10:36,300 --> 05:10:40,400
about permission to Simply exist
without the constant pressure of

5617
05:10:40,400 --> 05:10:43,700
work and obligation the minstrel
plays quietly now. 

5618
05:10:44,500 --> 05:10:47,400
Soft tunes that underscore 
rather than dominate, the Halls 

5619
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:50,100
atmosphere. 
Someone is telling a story and 

5620
05:10:50,100 --> 05:10:53,600
one corner their voice rising 
and falling while listeners 

5621
05:10:53,600 --> 05:10:55,100
respond with occasional 
laughter. 

5622
05:10:56,000 --> 05:10:58,700
A group near the far. 
End is singing not a 

5623
05:10:58,700 --> 05:11:01,400
performance, but the Casual 
music making that happens when 

5624
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:04,300
people who've known each other 
forever, harmonize, without 

5625
05:11:04,300 --> 05:11:07,300
thinking about it. 
You let your eyes drift closed 

5626
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:09,300
from a moment, just resting 
them. 

5627
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:12,900
When you open them again, some 
undefined amount of time as 

5628
05:11:12,900 --> 05:11:15,100
passed. 
And the fire has burned lower, 

5629
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:19,400
The hall is quieter. 
Now people having gradually 

5630
05:11:19,400 --> 05:11:23,400
migrated to their beds or simply
fallen asleep where they sat. 

5631
05:11:24,300 --> 05:11:27,600
This is normal for Christmas 
celebrations, sleep happens when

5632
05:11:27,600 --> 05:11:31,000
it happens, in whatever 
location, you happen to occupy 

5633
05:11:31,000 --> 05:11:34,000
when exhaustion finally wins 
tomorrow. 

5634
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:36,600
Or today, depending on how you 
count time. 

5635
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:40,400
After midnight, the feast will 
continue more food, more 

5636
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:44,400
entertainment, more Fellowship, 
The 12 Days of Christmas, 

5637
05:11:44,400 --> 05:11:48,200
stretch ahead each day, bringing
similar patterns of Celebration 

5638
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:52,100
each night blending into the 
next and the season becomes a 

5639
05:11:52,100 --> 05:11:55,400
single extended experience 
rather than discrete days. 

5640
05:11:55,400 --> 05:12:00,100
But for now, in this moment, 
your content to sit by the fire 

5641
05:12:00,100 --> 05:12:04,100
surrounded by Community, warm 
and fed and safe. 

5642
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:08,800
Winter rages outside but inside 
the man a walls Christmas holds 

5643
05:12:08,800 --> 05:12:13,300
Darkness at Bay with light cold 
with warmth and isolation with 

5644
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:15,000
Fellowship. 
It's enough. 

5645
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:19,500
It's everything really the 
second day of Christmas arrives 

5646
05:12:19,500 --> 05:12:22,800
with your body's insistent 
reminder, that you're not as 

5647
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:26,200
young as you want were and that 
medieval feasting takes a 

5648
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:29,100
physical toll that would benefit
from Modern pain relievers. 

5649
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:32,300
You extract yourself from 
wherever you ended up sleeping 

5650
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:37,000
Appears to be a pile of cushions
near the half which explains why

5651
05:12:37,000 --> 05:12:39,600
one side of your body feels 
roasted while the other feels 

5652
05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:42,900
Frozen and Survey. 
The Great Hall in mourning 

5653
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:46,700
light, the space looks like the 
aftermath of a very successful 

5654
05:12:46,700 --> 05:12:49,000
party which is exactly what it 
is. 

5655
05:12:50,000 --> 05:12:53,600
Servants are already moving 
through clearing the detritus of

5656
05:12:53,608 --> 05:12:56,400
yesterday celebrations. 
With the efficient resignation 

5657
05:12:56,400 --> 05:12:59,800
of people who know they'll be 
doing the same work for 11, more

5658
05:12:59,800 --> 05:13:03,200
days, your help where you can 
carrying dishes to the kitchen 

5659
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:06,400
straightening benches, and 
trying to find where your shoes 

5660
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:09,700
ended up after last night's 
dancing, removed them from your 

5661
05:13:09,700 --> 05:13:12,200
feet. 
Breakfast is a quieter than yes 

5662
05:13:12,200 --> 05:13:13,300
today. 
Partly. 

5663
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:16,100
Because several people are still
asleep and partly because 

5664
05:13:16,100 --> 05:13:18,800
everyone's ambition for food has
been temporarily satisfied. 

5665
05:13:20,000 --> 05:13:23,900
He settle for bread and cheese 
small beer and an apple from the

5666
05:13:23,908 --> 05:13:25,900
Autumn storage. 
That's gone slightly soft. 

5667
05:13:25,900 --> 05:13:28,100
But tastes sweet enough to 
forgive its texture. 

5668
05:13:29,000 --> 05:13:32,600
Medieval mornings after feast 
days are exercises, in gentle 

5669
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:35,800
recovery, allowing your body to 
catch up with what your 

5670
05:13:35,800 --> 05:13:39,100
enthusiasm inflicted upon it. 
The day, unfolds, with less 

5671
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:40,800
structure than yesterday's 
Ceremony. 

5672
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:44,200
This is boxing day though. 
It won't be called that for 

5673
05:13:44,200 --> 05:13:47,700
several more centuries. 
The tradition of giving gifts to

5674
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:49,700
servants and the poor has 
already happened. 

5675
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:54,100
Yesterday's presence covered. 
That obligation today is for 

5676
05:13:54,100 --> 05:13:56,900
continuing the celebration in 
whatever form appeals to 

5677
05:13:56,908 --> 05:14:01,400
people's current energy levels, 
some chose to hunt bundling into

5678
05:14:01,400 --> 05:14:04,500
warm clothes and heading out 
with dogs and weapons to pursue 

5679
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:06,300
Winter game through snowy 
fields. 

5680
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:11,000
Hunting during Christmas is 
partly sport partly necessity 

5681
05:14:11,000 --> 05:14:14,900
and partly an excuse to escape 
the manor House's increasingly 

5682
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:19,100
crowded and aromatic interior. 
You can consider joining them, 

5683
05:14:19,100 --> 05:14:22,200
but decide that standing in 
Frozen Fields waiting for deer 

5684
05:14:22,200 --> 05:14:24,500
sounds less appealing than 
staying by the fire. 

5685
05:14:24,500 --> 05:14:28,500
Instead you participate in the 
games that develop or throughout

5686
05:14:28,500 --> 05:14:32,900
the day, someone has produced a 
set of dice carved from bone and

5687
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:35,900
gambling begins with the 
enthusiastic disregard for 

5688
05:14:35,900 --> 05:14:39,000
church prohibitions. 
That characterizes medieval 

5689
05:14:39,000 --> 05:14:43,400
attitudes toward gaming wages. 
Small amounts a few coins. 

5690
05:14:43,400 --> 05:14:47,600
A knife that seen better days a 
promise to do someone share of 

5691
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:50,800
work next week. 
The dice clatter across the 

5692
05:14:50,800 --> 05:14:55,700
table and fortunes rise and fall
with each throw medieval dice 

5693
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:58,300
games are wonderfully. 
Simple compared to what later, 

5694
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:00,700
centuries will devise. 
The rules are straightforward, 

5695
05:15:00,700 --> 05:15:04,700
the outcomes depend entirely on 
chance and the entertainment 

5696
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:07,700
value comes from the social 
interaction more than the game 

5697
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:11,800
itself. 
You win some lose more and don't

5698
05:15:11,800 --> 05:15:13,600
particularly care about either 
outcome. 

5699
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:18,100
The point is the participation, 
the fellowship and the shared 

5700
05:15:18,100 --> 05:15:21,300
experience of trying your luck 
against fate and your friends 

5701
05:15:21,300 --> 05:15:24,200
cards haven't been invented yet 
or at least have reached 

5702
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:26,200
England. 
So your spare the complexity 

5703
05:15:26,200 --> 05:15:28,300
that playing cards will 
eventually bring to gaming 

5704
05:15:29,000 --> 05:15:32,500
Instead, there are board games 
carved into wooden surfaces 

5705
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:36,400
games, involving moving pieces, 
according to dice, throws and 

5706
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:38,400
games that require strategy and 
planning. 

5707
05:15:39,200 --> 05:15:42,200
Someone produces a chess set and
you watch a match between two 

5708
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:45,500
players who take the game 
seriously enough that Spectators

5709
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:47,200
full silent during crucial 
moments. 

5710
05:15:48,200 --> 05:15:51,100
The children have their own 
games happening in corners and 

5711
05:15:51,100 --> 05:15:53,900
corridors. 
They play with the wooden toys 

5712
05:15:53,900 --> 05:15:58,100
from yesterday's gifs creating 
elaborate scenarios that seem to

5713
05:15:58,100 --> 05:16:02,600
involve Knights dragons and a 
surprising amount of falling 

5714
05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:06,000
over dramatically. 
Their energy is boundless in 

5715
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:07,300
that way. 
That makes adults 

5716
05:16:07,300 --> 05:16:09,600
simultaneously, envious and 
exhausted. 

5717
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:12,100
You remember having that much 
Vitality? 

5718
05:16:12,100 --> 05:16:16,200
Once though it feels like a 
previous lifetime, rather than a

5719
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:18,800
previous decade, midday brings 
another meal? 

5720
05:16:18,800 --> 05:16:22,300
Because, of course, it does. 
The feast continues with 

5721
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:25,900
offerings that aim for variety 
rather than volume, at least 

5722
05:16:25,900 --> 05:16:29,200
that seems to be the intention 
though the actual quantities. 

5723
05:16:29,200 --> 05:16:34,000
Remain substantial. 
Roasted foul today, smaller 

5724
05:16:34,000 --> 05:16:37,100
birds that cook faster than 
yesterday's, massive bore. 

5725
05:16:38,000 --> 05:16:41,100
Fish prepared with enough spices
to disguise its origin. 

5726
05:16:41,100 --> 05:16:44,700
A concession to religious rules 
about when meat can be eaten. 

5727
05:16:45,600 --> 05:16:48,200
Vegetable dishes that actually 
taste of their ingredients 

5728
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:50,000
rather than the sources covering
them. 

5729
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:53,900
There's a meat pie that turns 
out to contain lamprey. that 

5730
05:16:53,900 --> 05:16:57,500
peculiar Elite fish that wealthy
people considered a delicacy 

5731
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:01,700
despite its appearance and 
suggesting otherwise You try it 

5732
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:05,000
because refusing would be rude. 
Discover it tastes like River. 

5733
05:17:05,000 --> 05:17:08,400
Mud and regret it and quietly 
feed the rest to a dog under the

5734
05:17:08,400 --> 05:17:10,700
table. 
The dog appears equally 

5735
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:13,700
unimpressed but eats it anyway 
because dogs have different 

5736
05:17:13,700 --> 05:17:15,900
standards than humans. 
When it comes to food 

5737
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:19,100
evaluation, the often new to 
entertainment comes from an 

5738
05:17:19,100 --> 05:17:22,400
unexpected Source, visitors 
arrive from a neighboring 

5739
05:17:22,400 --> 05:17:24,500
manner. 
Their lord, having to decide to 

5740
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:27,500
make a Christmas call that 
combines social obligation with 

5741
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:30,900
genuine friendly in this 
Medieval visiting during 

5742
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:33,600
Christmas is expected, staying 
isolated. 

5743
05:17:33,600 --> 05:17:36,600
During the season of Fellowship 
would be considered anti-social 

5744
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:40,500
bordering on hostile. 
The visitors bring gifts for 

5745
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:44,800
their hosts, a barrel of wine. 
A haunch of venison, some 

5746
05:17:44,800 --> 05:17:49,200
expensive candles and are 
welcome with the enthusiasm that

5747
05:17:49,200 --> 05:17:53,100
such generosity deserves with 
new guests, come new stories, 

5748
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:56,300
fresh, gossip and different 
perspectives on shared 

5749
05:17:56,300 --> 05:17:59,600
acquaintances. 
Medieval people are tremendous 

5750
05:17:59,600 --> 05:18:02,900
gossips, treating news about 
neighbors with the attention 

5751
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:05,800
that later ages will reserve for
celebrity scandals. 

5752
05:18:05,800 --> 05:18:09,300
You learn about marriage is 
being arranged lands, being 

5753
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:13,400
disputed and Priests behaving in
ways that suggest their vows of 

5754
05:18:13,408 --> 05:18:16,300
celibacy are more aspirational 
than actual. 

5755
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:20,400
The specifics would probably 
sound tedious to Outsiders. 

5756
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,300
But for you, these are the 
stories that make up the fabric 

5757
05:18:23,300 --> 05:18:25,700
of Your World. 
The Visitors bring their own 

5758
05:18:25,700 --> 05:18:28,600
entertainment, as well. 
One of them is apparently known 

5759
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:32,100
for his riddles and he proceeds 
to pose questions that range 

5760
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:36,800
from clever to grow in inducing.
What has hands but cannot clap. 

5761
05:18:37,700 --> 05:18:40,900
Clock accept that hardly. 
Anyone present has seen an 

5762
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:44,500
actual clock. 
So the answer Falls flat What 

5763
05:18:44,500 --> 05:18:48,900
gets wetter as it dries. 
The towel which works better and

5764
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:51,400
produces satisfied nods from 
those who guess correctly, 

5765
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:54,000
evening brings music and more 
dancing. 

5766
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:57,200
Because apparently yesterday's 
dancing wasn't sufficient to 

5767
05:18:57,200 --> 05:18:59,300
exhaust. 
Everyone's enthusiasm for 

5768
05:18:59,300 --> 05:19:04,400
spinning in circles to Medieval 
Tunes, The dance is tonight are 

5769
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:07,600
more elaborate with patterns 
that require instruction for 

5770
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:11,100
those unfamiliar with them. 
You watch your lord attempt to 

5771
05:19:11,100 --> 05:19:15,500
particularly complex step, 
stumble, recover with dignity, 

5772
05:19:15,500 --> 05:19:18,900
mostly intact and continued. 
As if nothing happened. 

5773
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:23,200
Medieval Aristocrats are very 
good at pretending that public. 

5774
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:26,700
Mishaps are intentional choices.
Someone suggest to Christmas 

5775
05:19:26,700 --> 05:19:29,900
play and a group of the more 
theatrical household members, 

5776
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:33,500
begin organizing a performance. 
These aren't elaborate 

5777
05:19:33,500 --> 05:19:36,900
Productions with scripts and 
rehearsals but improvised 

5778
05:19:36,900 --> 05:19:39,200
entertainments based on familiar
stories. 

5779
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:43,900
Tonight's offering appears to be
the Nativity with servants and 

5780
05:19:43,900 --> 05:19:47,200
minor Nobles volunteering for 
roles that include Shepherds 

5781
05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:51,400
angels and what appears to be a 
very reluctant donkey played by 

5782
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:54,900
someone wearing a blanket and 
making half-hearted praying 

5783
05:19:54,900 --> 05:19:59,300
sound, the players Charming in 
its amateurs, with actors for 

5784
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:03,000
getting their lines, Angels 
Wings falling off mid-scene and 

5785
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:06,300
the baby Jesus represented by a 
wooden doll that looks nothing 

5786
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:10,000
like an infant and everything, 
like a carved log with a face 

5787
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:14,900
painted on it. but the audience 
loves it, responding with cheers

5788
05:20:14,900 --> 05:20:19,300
and laughter and genuine, 
appreciation for the effort, And

5789
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:22,200
evil entertainment values 
participation over Perfection, 

5790
05:20:22,200 --> 05:20:24,200
the attempt over the 
achievement. 

5791
05:20:24,200 --> 05:20:27,500
As Knight deepens, the 
celebration settles Into the 

5792
05:20:27,500 --> 05:20:31,700
Now, familiar pattern of eating 
drinking talking and generally 

5793
05:20:31,700 --> 05:20:34,700
existing together in that 
comfortable way that happens 

5794
05:20:34,700 --> 05:20:38,000
when people have shared several 
days of continuous celebration. 

5795
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:43,000
The wine flows loosening tongues
and lowering inhibitions in ways

5796
05:20:43,000 --> 05:20:44,500
that tomorrow might bring 
regrets. 

5797
05:20:45,100 --> 05:20:48,300
But a night produces only warmth
and fellowship, you find 

5798
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:51,100
yourself in a conversation with 
one of the visiting Noble's. 

5799
05:20:51,100 --> 05:20:55,000
Discussing topics that range 
from the weather was a safe 

5800
05:20:55,000 --> 05:20:58,700
subject to the political 
situation with France, less 

5801
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:01,200
safe. 
But interesting to speculation 

5802
05:21:01,200 --> 05:21:02,900
about what the New Year might 
bring. 

5803
05:21:04,300 --> 05:21:07,000
Medieval people are both 
fatalistic, about the future 

5804
05:21:07,000 --> 05:21:10,400
believe in that God's will 
ultimately determined everything

5805
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:14,700
and actively engaged in trying 
to shape circumstances to their 

5806
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:17,500
advantage. 
The contradiction doesn't bother

5807
05:21:17,500 --> 05:21:19,900
anyone. 
The conversation drifts to 

5808
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:23,300
memory of previous Christmases 
and stories emerge about 

5809
05:21:23,300 --> 05:21:27,500
celebrations in years past. 
The Christmas when snow fell so 

5810
05:21:27,500 --> 05:21:30,100
heavily. 
That the manor was isolated for 

5811
05:21:30,100 --> 05:21:32,800
a week. 
The Christmas, when the boar 

5812
05:21:32,800 --> 05:21:35,600
escaped before, it could be 
roasted and had to be recaptured

5813
05:21:35,600 --> 05:21:38,200
in an adventure that apparently 
involved. 

5814
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:42,400
Three servants, two dogs and 
considerable property damage. 

5815
05:21:43,300 --> 05:21:45,500
The Christmas, when the 
priesthood drunk too much was 

5816
05:21:45,500 --> 05:21:49,000
sale and delivered midnight, 
mass in Latin, that was 

5817
05:21:49,008 --> 05:21:52,800
creatively interpreted at best. 
These stories can connect you to

5818
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:56,000
the history of the place and 
people around you, creating a 

5819
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:59,000
sense of continuity that 
stretches Beyond individual 

5820
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:02,000
lifetimes. 
You're not just celebrating this

5821
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:04,500
Christmas. 
You're participating in a 

5822
05:22:04,500 --> 05:22:07,100
tradition that your grandparents
knew that your grandchildren 

5823
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:10,300
will know that create a thread 
of shared experience, running 

5824
05:22:10,300 --> 05:22:13,600
through time. 
The fire burns lower again and 

5825
05:22:13,600 --> 05:22:16,700
again it's up with fresh logs 
that will carry warmth through 

5826
05:22:16,700 --> 05:22:20,500
the night. 
The Yule Log continues, its slow

5827
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:23,800
combustion. 
A constant presence that anchors

5828
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:27,400
the celebration to something 
older than Christianity. 

5829
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:32,800
All of them as old as humans 
gathering around, fire to push 

5830
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:35,800
back, darkness and cold. 
Sleep comes, gradually. 

5831
05:22:35,800 --> 05:22:40,300
People drifting away or simply 
settling where they sit in 

5832
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:44,500
cloaks and blankets content to 
rest in the great Halls communal

5833
05:22:44,500 --> 05:22:47,300
warmth. 
You find your own sleeping Spot 

5834
05:22:47,300 --> 05:22:50,700
somewhere between the fire and 
the wall where warmth and stone 

5835
05:22:50,700 --> 05:22:52,900
create a balance that feels just
right. 

5836
05:22:52,900 --> 05:22:56,800
Tomorrow will bring another day 
of Celebration and the day after

5837
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:01,100
that, and the day after that, 
until the 12 days of past and 

5838
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:03,600
Epiphany arrives to Mark the end
of the Christmas season. 

5839
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:08,400
But that's a future concern for 
now, surrounded by Community, 

5840
05:23:08,400 --> 05:23:11,800
warm and fed and safe you, let 
sleep, take you. 

5841
05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:16,100
Your last conscious thought of 
vague sense of contentment, that

5842
05:23:16,100 --> 05:23:20,900
this is What Christmas Means not
the presents or the food, or any

5843
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:23,600
single element. 
But the whole experience of 

5844
05:23:23,600 --> 05:23:27,200
living within community of 
marking times, passage together 

5845
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:30,500
of creating shared memories, 
that will warm you through 

5846
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:34,200
Winters Yet to Come the middle 
Days of Christmas blur together,

5847
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:36,800
with that Pleasant in 
distinctness, that comes from 

5848
05:23:36,800 --> 05:23:40,500
continuous celebration with the 
anchoring routine of normal 

5849
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:43,100
work. 
You've lost track of whether 

5850
05:23:43,100 --> 05:23:45,500
this is the third fourth or 5th 
day. 

5851
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:50,000
Not because you're drunk though.
The steady consumption of Ale 

5852
05:23:50,000 --> 05:23:52,500
and wine certainly isn't helping
temporal clarity. 

5853
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:57,000
But because the days themselves 
have merged into one extended 

5854
05:23:57,000 --> 05:24:00,200
present tense. 
Where time is measured by meals 

5855
05:24:00,200 --> 05:24:04,200
and entertainment, rather than 
by any more conventional metric 

5856
05:24:04,200 --> 05:24:07,900
this morning or possibly after 
noon, the winter light, makes it

5857
05:24:07,900 --> 05:24:09,700
hard to tell. 
You, find yourself with 

5858
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:13,500
unexpected free time, the 
servants have the Great Hall. 

5859
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:16,800
Well, in hand, the kitchen is 
managing without your help and 

5860
05:24:16,800 --> 05:24:19,100
the current entertainment 
doesn't require audience 

5861
05:24:19,100 --> 05:24:23,700
participation You take advantage
of this rare Solitude to claim a

5862
05:24:23,700 --> 05:24:25,600
chair near. 
The fire wrapped in a blanket 

5863
05:24:25,608 --> 05:24:29,600
that smells of wood smoke and 
wool content to Simply sit and 

5864
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:33,400
watch the Flames medievals. 
A mesmerizing in ways that 

5865
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:37,900
Modern Heating can't replicate 
Flames move with unpredictable 

5866
05:24:37,900 --> 05:24:40,800
Beauty, finding shapes in the 
burning wood. 

5867
05:24:40,800 --> 05:24:45,000
That seem almost meaningful. 
Your ancestors saw Spirits in 

5868
05:24:45,000 --> 05:24:49,400
such Flames, reduces in their 
flickering and believe that fire

5869
05:24:49,400 --> 05:24:52,000
was a living thing with 
intelligence and intention. 

5870
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:56,500
Church disapproves of such 
thinking, but sitting here alone

5871
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:58,700
with the fire, you can 
understand the impulse. 

5872
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:03,100
Flames do seem Alive. 
Dance dancing, and breathing, 

5873
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:05,900
and consuming the wood with what
looks remarkably. 

5874
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:08,700
Like, hunger. 
The Great Hall is quieter than 

5875
05:25:08,700 --> 05:25:11,900
it's been since Christmas Eve. 
Most people are elsewhere 

5876
05:25:11,900 --> 05:25:15,900
hunting sleeping off last 
night's feast or participating 

5877
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:18,600
in some entertainment happening 
in another part of the manor. 

5878
05:25:19,500 --> 05:25:23,600
Quiet, feels precious after days
of constant noise and activity. 

5879
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:27,300
You're not anti-social, you've 
thoroughly enjoyed the 

5880
05:25:27,300 --> 05:25:31,000
celebration, but everyone needs 
occasional Solitude to process 

5881
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:34,600
experience and simply exist 
without performing for others. 

5882
05:25:34,600 --> 05:25:38,900
Your thoughts drift to 
Christmases past memories Rising

5883
05:25:38,900 --> 05:25:42,300
like the Sparks from the fire? 
You remember childhood 

5884
05:25:42,300 --> 05:25:45,900
Christmases, when the feast 
seemed impossibly Grand and you 

5885
05:25:45,900 --> 05:25:49,700
believed without question that 
the season was magical, You 

5886
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:53,200
remember the first Christmas 
after your father died, when the

5887
05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:56,400
celebration felt hallowed, 
despite everyone's efforts to 

5888
05:25:56,400 --> 05:26:00,000
maintain traditions. you 
remember, last year's Christmas,

5889
05:26:01,000 --> 05:26:04,500
Seemed unremarkable at the time 
but now carries a poignancy at 

5890
05:26:04,500 --> 05:26:07,500
lack there because you 
understand how each celebration 

5891
05:26:07,500 --> 05:26:09,600
is unique. 
Even when following familiar 

5892
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:12,500
patterns, medieval life 
encourages, this kind of 

5893
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:16,000
reflection this awareness of 
times passage and the cycles 

5894
05:26:16,000 --> 05:26:20,400
that structure human existence. 
The agricultural year creates a 

5895
05:26:20,400 --> 05:26:23,700
rhythm of planting and harvest 
growth and dormant sea. 

5896
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:28,300
The church year marks time with 
Saints days and holy Seasons the

5897
05:26:28,300 --> 05:26:30,800
human life cycle moves from 
birth through childhood 

5898
05:26:30,800 --> 05:26:36,100
adulthood old age and death with
a visibility that later ages 

5899
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:38,900
will try to hide but the 
medieval people accept As 

5900
05:26:38,900 --> 05:26:42,600
Natural Christmas sits at the 
intersection of these Cycles. 

5901
05:26:42,600 --> 05:26:46,300
The darkest time of the natural 
year, the celebration of 

5902
05:26:46,308 --> 05:26:48,100
Christ's birth in the religious 
year. 

5903
05:26:48,100 --> 05:26:51,900
And for you personally, a moment
to reflect on your own Journey 

5904
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:54,000
Through Time. 
You think about the people 

5905
05:26:54,000 --> 05:26:57,400
who've passed away since last 
Christmas Your neighbor's wife 

5906
05:26:57,400 --> 05:27:01,300
died in childbirth, both mother 
and infant were lost despite the

5907
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:04,000
midwife's. 
Best efforts an old man from The

5908
05:27:04,000 --> 05:27:06,500
Village whose name you're 
ashamed to realize you forgot 

5909
05:27:06,500 --> 05:27:10,800
and though you remember his face
and his kindness, a child who 

5910
05:27:10,800 --> 05:27:14,300
fell through, ice on the Mill, 
Pond gone before, anyone could 

5911
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:17,900
reach him. 
Medieval death is commonplace in

5912
05:27:17,900 --> 05:27:21,300
ways that later. 
Centuries will forget a constant

5913
05:27:21,300 --> 05:27:24,000
presence that makes the 
celebration of life, all the 

5914
05:27:24,000 --> 05:27:26,800
more important. 
But you also think about new 

5915
05:27:26,800 --> 05:27:30,600
arrivals babies born, in the 
past year who are experiencing 

5916
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:33,400
their first Christmas though 
their two young to remember it 

5917
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:37,200
marriages that joined families 
in bonds that will Ripple 

5918
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:41,100
through generations. 
New households established new 

5919
05:27:41,100 --> 05:27:45,600
positions, filled the constant 
renewal that balances deaths 

5920
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:50,000
persistence. 
Life continues, patterns, repeat

5921
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:53,800
and Christmas marks the turn of 
the year with acknowledgment 

5922
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:57,200
that both endings and Beginnings
are part of the same cycle. 

5923
05:27:57,200 --> 05:28:01,600
The fire pops loudly, sending 
Sparks up the chimney and 

5924
05:28:01,600 --> 05:28:05,500
startling you from your reverie.
You add another log watching. 

5925
05:28:05,500 --> 05:28:08,800
It catch and begin, its own 
transformation, from solid wood 

5926
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:14,100
to Flame and heat and eventually
Ash The cycle of consumption and

5927
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:16,200
transformation. 
Seems like it should mean. 

5928
05:28:16,200 --> 05:28:19,700
Something should carry some 
deeper significance that you can

5929
05:28:19,700 --> 05:28:22,100
almost grasp but not quite 
articulate. 

5930
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,200
Medieval people are comfortable 
with this kind of incomplete 

5931
05:28:26,200 --> 05:28:29,200
understanding with truths, that 
feel real. 

5932
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:32,700
Even when they can't be fully 
explained, A servant appears 

5933
05:28:32,700 --> 05:28:35,800
with food because of course, 
there's more food. 

5934
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:39,300
There's always more food during 
Christmas and you accept a plate

5935
05:28:39,300 --> 05:28:40,900
without really looking at what's
on it. 

5936
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:45,000
The eating has become almost 
automatic, he background 

5937
05:28:45,000 --> 05:28:48,100
activity that continues 
regardless of actual hunger. 

5938
05:28:49,200 --> 05:28:52,000
YouTube mechanically while 
continuing to watch the fire 

5939
05:28:52,000 --> 05:28:55,300
finding yourself. 
Surprisingly content with this 

5940
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:59,300
moment of solitary existence 
within the largest celebration, 

5941
05:28:59,300 --> 05:29:02,700
the door opens admitting cold 
air, and several people 

5942
05:29:02,700 --> 05:29:04,700
returning from some outdoor 
activity. 

5943
05:29:05,400 --> 05:29:08,800
They're laughing flushed with 
exertion and cold bringing 

5944
05:29:08,800 --> 05:29:12,800
energy, that disrupts your quiet
contemplation, but that you find

5945
05:29:12,800 --> 05:29:17,300
yourself welcoming anyway, 
Solitude is precious but so is 

5946
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:19,400
community. 
And the balance between them is 

5947
05:29:19,400 --> 05:29:23,200
what makes life bearable. 
Someone settles near you an 

5948
05:29:23,200 --> 05:29:25,900
older man, whose name, you know,
but whose life story, you've 

5949
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:29,000
never fully heard. 
In the Casual way that happens 

5950
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:31,200
during Christmas. 
When normal social boundaries 

5951
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:35,700
relaxed, he begins talking about
his own memories Christmases, 

5952
05:29:35,700 --> 05:29:38,600
from 50 years ago, when the 
current launch grandfather, 

5953
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:41,500
ruled the manner and the world 
was simultaneously different and

5954
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:45,200
exactly the same histories are 
fascinating, not for their 

5955
05:29:45,200 --> 05:29:47,700
drama. 
But for their ordinariness he 

5956
05:29:47,700 --> 05:29:50,100
talks about Feast that sound 
like the one you're currently 

5957
05:29:50,100 --> 05:29:54,200
experiencing about music and 
games and about the particular 

5958
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:57,700
quality of Fellowship that 
Christmas creates He mentioned, 

5959
05:29:57,700 --> 05:30:00,700
people long Dead, with a 
casualness of someone who's out 

5960
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:02,800
lived. 
Most of his generation treating 

5961
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:07,200
mortality, as a fact, rather 
than a tragedy, Medieval old 

5962
05:30:07,208 --> 05:30:10,900
age, brings this perspective, if
you live long enough, Death 

5963
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:13,600
Becomes a familiar companion 
rather than a terrifying. 

5964
05:30:13,600 --> 05:30:18,000
Stranger you listen Asking 
occasional questions, learning 

5965
05:30:18,000 --> 05:30:20,500
things about the manners history
that no, written record 

5966
05:30:20,500 --> 05:30:23,800
captures. 
These oral histories are how 

5967
05:30:23,800 --> 05:30:25,700
medal communities remember 
themselves? 

5968
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:30,000
Stories passed from person to 
person each telling adding and 

5969
05:30:30,008 --> 05:30:33,000
subtracting details until the 
truth becomes less important 

5970
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:36,200
than the meaning. 
The old man's memories, aren't 

5971
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:37,300
historically. 
Accurate. 

5972
05:30:37,300 --> 05:30:41,100
Probably, but their true in a 
deeper sense. the capture the 

5973
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:44,000
feeling of those past 
celebrations, the texture of 

5974
05:30:44,000 --> 05:30:47,500
Life lived, within this 
community, and the continuity, 

5975
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:51,700
that connects to present more 
people join your Fireside 

5976
05:30:51,700 --> 05:30:55,900
Gathering drawn by the warmth 
and the conversation Someone 

5977
05:30:55,900 --> 05:30:59,400
contributes their own memories 
and someone else tells a story 

5978
05:30:59,400 --> 05:31:01,900
they heard from their 
grandmother and gradually the 

5979
05:31:01,900 --> 05:31:05,400
solitary reflection transforms 
into communal remembering. 

5980
05:31:06,300 --> 05:31:10,100
This is how medieval people 
process experience not through 

5981
05:31:10,100 --> 05:31:12,800
individual introspection though,
that happens. 

5982
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:15,800
But through shared storytelling 
that creates Collective 

5983
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:19,300
understanding the afternoons, 
slides toward evening with that 

5984
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:21,400
winter. 
A Pity that still surprises you 

5985
05:31:21,400 --> 05:31:25,700
even though you've experienced 
it every year of your life, Fire

5986
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,500
needs constant, feeding you take
your turn. 

5987
05:31:28,500 --> 05:31:31,600
Adding logs, maintaining the 
warmth that makes the Great Hall

5988
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:35,100
habitable. 
The, your log continues at Slow 

5989
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,300
Burn smaller now than when it 
was lit on Christmas Eve, but 

5990
05:31:38,300 --> 05:31:42,100
still substantial still serving.
Its purpose of carrying fire 

5991
05:31:42,100 --> 05:31:46,000
through the darkest season. 
Someone suggests mulled wine and

5992
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:48,500
a servant is dispatched to heat 
some with spices. 

5993
05:31:49,500 --> 05:31:52,400
The drink arrives and wooden 
cups that warm your hands while 

5994
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:55,900
the wine, warms your inside 
creating a double comfort. 

5995
05:31:55,900 --> 05:31:59,500
That makes the winter evening 
feel less threatening Medieval 

5996
05:31:59,500 --> 05:32:02,400
people are experts at these 
small Comforts, it creating 

5997
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:05,900
warmth and light and fellowship 
to combat the cold and dark that

5998
05:32:05,900 --> 05:32:08,300
surrounds them. 
The storytelling continues. 

5999
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:12,300
Ranging from personal memories 
to folktales to outright 

6000
05:32:12,300 --> 05:32:15,200
Fabrications that everyone 
recognizes as such. 

6001
05:32:15,200 --> 05:32:19,000
But enjoys any way, A story 
about a knight and a dragon. 

6002
05:32:19,008 --> 05:32:23,100
A story about a clever peasant 
who outwitted a demon. 

6003
05:32:24,000 --> 05:32:27,300
Story about ancient Kings and 
their great Deeds that probably 

6004
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:31,000
never happened but the capture 
something true about human 

6005
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:34,400
ambition and folly. 
Medieval people don't 

6006
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,000
distinguish, sharply between 
history and Legend. 

6007
05:32:38,000 --> 05:32:42,200
Between fact and story there, 
all ways of understanding the 

6008
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:46,000
world, all valid, in their own 
terms, you can contribute Your 

6009
05:32:46,000 --> 05:32:48,300
Own Story. 
Something that happened to you 

6010
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:51,700
years ago, that's become Smooth 
by repeated, telling into 

6011
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:56,400
something almost Mythic The 
facts have been simplified the 

6012
05:32:56,400 --> 05:32:59,900
timeline compressed and the 
ending made more satisfying than

6013
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:04,600
the messy reality probably was. 
But the story Works drawing 

6014
05:33:04,600 --> 05:33:07,900
laughter and response from your 
audience creating connection 

6015
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:11,900
through shared narrative the 
evening meal arrives, more food,

6016
05:33:11,900 --> 05:33:16,100
always more food but tonight it 
feels less like gorging and more

6017
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:19,800
like fuel for the storytelling. 
you eat without paying much 

6018
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:23,400
attention, focused on the 
conversation, on the faces 

6019
05:33:23,400 --> 05:33:27,300
around, you lit by firelight and
on the sense of being exactly 

6020
05:33:27,300 --> 05:33:30,600
where you belong has night 
deepens, the Gathering settles 

6021
05:33:30,600 --> 05:33:34,500
into comfortable, companionship,
The story, slow and eventually 

6022
05:33:34,500 --> 05:33:39,000
stopped by the contented Silence
of people who've said what 

6023
05:33:39,000 --> 05:33:42,100
needed saying and are now 
content to Simply exist 

6024
05:33:42,100 --> 05:33:45,600
together. 
Fire crackles, someone shifts 

6025
05:33:45,600 --> 05:33:48,200
position and a dog-sized in 
sleep. 

6026
05:33:48,200 --> 05:33:52,500
Small sounds that emphasize 
rather than break the quiet you.

6027
05:33:52,500 --> 05:33:55,800
Let your mind drift again this 
time forward rather than 

6028
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:58,700
backward. 
What will next Christmas bring 

6029
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:02,200
will everyone currently present 
be here to celebrate it. 

6030
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:05,500
Will new people join the 
Gathering While others depart 

6031
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:09,700
through death or distance. 
The future is unknowable which 

6032
05:34:09,700 --> 05:34:12,800
medieval people except with a 
faith that later ages will find 

6033
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:16,100
either admirable or fatalistic, 
depending on their perspective. 

6034
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:20,700
But that's a future concern. 
Tonight surrounded by community 

6035
05:34:20,700 --> 05:34:24,600
and warmth with stories told and
heard your content with the 

6036
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:27,700
present moment. 
This is what the Christmas 

6037
05:34:27,700 --> 05:34:31,500
season offers, not just feasting
and entertainment but these 

6038
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:35,700
quieter moments of connection 
and reflection of understanding 

6039
05:34:35,700 --> 05:34:38,800
your place within the larger 
patterns of community and time. 

6040
05:34:38,800 --> 05:34:42,200
The fire burns on Eternal in the
moment. 

6041
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:45,100
Even though, you know, it will 
eventually consume its Fuel and 

6042
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:47,500
die. 
But there will be more wood to 

6043
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:51,200
morrow, more fires to warm, 
future Knights and more 

6044
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,700
Christmases to celebrate in 
years, to come the patterns, 

6045
05:34:54,700 --> 05:34:58,800
repeat the Cycles turn, and your
part of something that extends 

6046
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:02,300
beyond your individual life, 
into past and future alike to 

6047
05:35:02,300 --> 05:35:06,100
comforting, thought this sense 
of continuity, you're not alone.

6048
05:35:06,100 --> 05:35:10,200
Not really Your connected to 
everyone, who came before and 

6049
05:35:10,200 --> 05:35:13,600
everyone who will come after all
of you celebrating the same 

6050
05:35:13,600 --> 05:35:16,300
season, marking the same turning
of the Year. 

6051
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:19,700
Finding meaning in similar 
rituals of light and want and 

6052
05:35:19,700 --> 05:35:23,300
fellowship. 
Sleep comes easily to night your

6053
05:35:23,300 --> 05:35:25,800
mind settled by reflection and 
connection. 

6054
05:35:25,800 --> 05:35:30,800
Your body warm from fire and 
wine your spirit content with 

6055
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:34,600
its place in the world. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

6056
05:35:34,600 --> 05:35:39,400
of Celebration, but for now this
moment of Peace by the fire is 

6057
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:41,900
enough. 
More than enough, everything 

6058
05:35:41,900 --> 05:35:45,000
really everything. 
The final days of the Christmas 

6059
05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:48,200
season arrived with a feeling 
that simultaneously Melancholy 

6060
05:35:48,200 --> 05:35:50,700
and relieved. 
The celebration has been 

6061
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:53,900
glorious. 
The fellowship genuine and the 

6062
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:58,100
feasting abundant, but even the 
best parties must eventually end

6063
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:00,800
a medieval stamina has its 
limits. 

6064
05:36:01,600 --> 05:36:04,500
You wake on what you determine 
must be somewhere around the 

6065
05:36:04,500 --> 05:36:08,300
10th or 11th day of Christmas, 
your body informing you. 

6066
05:36:08,300 --> 05:36:11,600
With some emphasis that it would
appreciate a return to normal, 

6067
05:36:11,600 --> 05:36:14,300
eating patterns and regular 
sleep schedules. 

6068
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,700
The manor house shows signs of 
the continuous celebration. 

6069
05:36:18,500 --> 05:36:22,400
The Great Hall, despite daily 
cleaning has accumulated the 

6070
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:26,200
patina of 12 days of use. 
The Russians on the floor, need 

6071
05:36:26,200 --> 05:36:30,200
replacing the tables are showing
permanent stains from spilled, 

6072
05:36:30,200 --> 05:36:34,700
wine and dropped food, even the 
decorations, the Holly and Ivy. 

6073
05:36:34,700 --> 05:36:37,800
That seemed so fresh on 
Christmas Eve are looking tired.

6074
05:36:37,800 --> 05:36:42,100
Their leaves drooping their 
branches drying out, but they're

6075
05:36:42,100 --> 05:36:45,100
still a piffany ahead. 
The 12th night when the 

6076
05:36:45,100 --> 05:36:48,400
Christmas season, officially 
concludes with one final 

6077
05:36:48,400 --> 05:36:51,100
celebration. 
Honoring the arrival of the 

6078
05:36:51,100 --> 05:36:55,200
three kings at Christ's Manger. 
This last Feast will Mark the 

6079
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:59,100
transition back to ordinary time
to the regular patterns of work 

6080
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,900
and obligation that structure 
medieval life outside. 

6081
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,800
The holy Seasons. 
You spend the morning helping 

6082
05:37:04,800 --> 05:37:08,400
with preparations partly from 
obligation and partly from the 

6083
05:37:08,400 --> 05:37:11,700
recognition that keeping busy 
makes time pass more pleasantly.

6084
05:37:13,000 --> 05:37:15,900
The kitchen is preparing yet. 
Another Feast though. 

6085
05:37:15,900 --> 05:37:18,900
The Kooks enthusiasm seemed 
somewhat diminished by two weeks

6086
05:37:18,908 --> 05:37:22,900
of continuous cooking. 
You help where you can chopping 

6087
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:25,600
vegetables with less Precision 
than the task, probably 

6088
05:37:25,600 --> 05:37:29,700
requires, stirring pots and 
trying to stay out of the way. 

6089
05:37:29,700 --> 05:37:34,100
When actual competent Cooks need
space to work, the final feasts 

6090
05:37:34,100 --> 05:37:37,300
menu represents a great greatest
hits collection from the past 12

6091
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:41,000
days dishes that were 
particularly successful reappear

6092
05:37:41,000 --> 05:37:44,900
while experiments that didn't 
work so well, a quietly omitted.

6093
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:48,800
The ball makes a final 
appearance or at least parts of 

6094
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:50,500
it. 
Do transformed into a pie that 

6095
05:37:50,500 --> 05:37:54,300
combines the remaining meet with
so many spices that its original

6096
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:58,500
identity is more theoretical 
than actual more peacock. 

6097
05:37:58,500 --> 05:38:01,400
Because apparently the first 
peacock wasn't displaying 

6098
05:38:01,400 --> 05:38:05,000
enough. 
Fish dishes that honor religious

6099
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:08,100
tradition while secretly making 
everyone wish for just a little 

6100
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:10,800
more meat. 
The subtlety for tonight's Feast

6101
05:38:10,800 --> 05:38:13,300
is reportedly even more 
elaborate than previous 

6102
05:38:13,300 --> 05:38:16,000
offerings though. 
The kitchen is keeping it hidden

6103
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:17,700
until the proper moment of 
Revelation. 

6104
05:38:18,600 --> 05:38:21,900
You've caught glimpses, 
something involving castles and 

6105
05:38:21,908 --> 05:38:25,800
possibly dragons, all made from 
March pain, and sugar work that 

6106
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:27,500
represents someone's heroic 
effort. 

6107
05:38:28,100 --> 05:38:29,900
But the full effect is being 
saved. 

6108
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:32,900
For Maximum Impact. 
The afternoon, brings a 

6109
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:35,600
reflective quality. 
Sense of ending. 

6110
05:38:35,600 --> 05:38:38,100
That makes you notice details. 
You've been taking for granted 

6111
05:38:38,100 --> 05:38:41,700
the way finite plays on the 
great Halls walls. 

6112
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:46,000
The sound of familiar voices in 
conversation, Smell of wood 

6113
05:38:46,000 --> 05:38:49,300
smoke and food and the 
accumulated Center of two weeks 

6114
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,900
of Celebration. 
These sensory experience is of 

6115
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:56,900
surrounded you constantly, but 
now knowing there are about to 

6116
05:38:56,900 --> 05:38:58,800
end. 
They suddenly seemed precious 

6117
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:02,100
and worth fixing in memory. 
Some guests, begin to party 

6118
05:39:02,100 --> 05:39:05,800
needing to return to their own 
manners and obligations before a

6119
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:09,000
piffany. 
The farewells are genuine and 

6120
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:12,400
Promises to visit in the new 
year or exchanged with the 

6121
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:15,700
understanding that such visits 
may or may not actually happen 

6122
05:39:15,700 --> 05:39:19,500
depending on whether work and 
the hundred other factors that 

6123
05:39:19,500 --> 05:39:22,800
govern medieval life. 
You participate in the good 

6124
05:39:22,800 --> 05:39:27,000
buys, feeling that peculiar 
medieval blender formality, and 

6125
05:39:27,000 --> 05:39:30,900
warmth that characterizes 
relationships between people who

6126
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:33,500
are neither family, nor 
strangers, but something in 

6127
05:39:33,500 --> 05:39:36,800
between as evening approaches 
the household gathers for the 

6128
05:39:36,800 --> 05:39:40,200
final Feast with an energy. 
That's different from previous 

6129
05:39:40,200 --> 05:39:44,000
nights, they're still 
enthusiasm, but its tempered by 

6130
05:39:44,008 --> 05:39:47,300
fatigue and the knowledge that 
this is the last such gathering 

6131
05:39:47,300 --> 05:39:50,400
for many months. 
The next major celebration will 

6132
05:39:50,400 --> 05:39:53,400
be Easter and that feels 
impossibly distant from this. 

6133
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:56,200
December evening. 
The meal begins with the usual 

6134
05:39:56,200 --> 05:39:59,400
ceremony, but precedes with 
slightly less Gusto, the early 

6135
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:01,800
Feasts. 
People are eating because it's 

6136
05:40:01,800 --> 05:40:05,400
expected more than because they 
are actually hungry after 12 

6137
05:40:05,400 --> 05:40:08,400
days of continuous. 
Feasting you work your way 

6138
05:40:08,400 --> 05:40:11,100
through a plate of food, that 
would have excited you immensely

6139
05:40:11,100 --> 05:40:15,100
to weeks ago, but now seems 
somewhat redundant How many 

6140
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:17,300
different ways can one prepare 
roasted meat? 

6141
05:40:18,200 --> 05:40:21,000
Apparently quite a few. 
But at this point, they're all 

6142
05:40:21,008 --> 05:40:24,000
starting to taste similar 
regardless of spices and sauces.

6143
05:40:24,000 --> 05:40:27,900
The subtleties revealed draws 
appropriate gasps of admiration.

6144
05:40:27,900 --> 05:40:31,800
It's a March pain, castles even 
more elaborate than previous 

6145
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:35,500
attempts, complete with tiny 
sugar Knights and what appears 

6146
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:37,500
to be a dragon made from spun 
sugar. 

6147
05:40:37,500 --> 05:40:39,700
That's colored red with some 
kind of dye. 

6148
05:40:39,700 --> 05:40:43,200
The artistic achievement is 
remarkable and everyone 

6149
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:45,600
acknowledges it appropriately 
before the structure is 

6150
05:40:45,608 --> 05:40:49,608
dismantled and consumed. 
Medieval art is meant to be 

6151
05:40:49,616 --> 05:40:53,700
temporary Beauty created for the
moment rather than preserved for

6152
05:40:53,700 --> 05:40:57,500
posterity entertainment, for the
final night, includes the best 

6153
05:40:57,500 --> 05:40:59,500
performance from the past 12 
days. 

6154
05:40:59,500 --> 05:41:02,100
The minstrel plays his favorite 
songs. 

6155
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:06,500
The Storyteller accounts is most
successful Tale, the jugular 

6156
05:41:06,500 --> 05:41:09,700
performs his most impressive 
routine adding even more knives 

6157
05:41:09,700 --> 05:41:13,000
to his rotation until it seems 
impossible that he won't 

6158
05:41:13,000 --> 05:41:17,200
accidentally stab someone. 
Medieval audiences appreciate 

6159
05:41:17,200 --> 05:41:20,900
technical skill and tonight's 
performance is represent Mastery

6160
05:41:20,900 --> 05:41:24,400
earned through years of practice
as dancing again. 

6161
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:27,700
But gentler this time, as if 
everyone's collectively 

6162
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:30,300
acknowledged that aggressive 
celebration would be more than 

6163
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:33,800
tired bodies can manage. 
The carols are sung with real 

6164
05:41:33,800 --> 05:41:36,600
feelings. 
These familiar songs taking on 

6165
05:41:36,600 --> 05:41:38,700
extra meaning as they Mark the 
end of the season. 

6166
05:41:39,600 --> 05:41:43,200
You join the singing, your voice
blending with dozens of others 

6167
05:41:43,200 --> 05:41:45,300
in harmony? 
Is that a more enthusiastic than

6168
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:48,000
perfect but that creates 
Something Beautiful. 

6169
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:51,100
Nonetheless, as midnight 
approaches, the Gathering takes 

6170
05:41:51,100 --> 05:41:54,800
on a more solemn tone Epiphany. 
Celebrates the arrival of the 

6171
05:41:54,800 --> 05:41:57,200
major. 
I, those wise men from the East 

6172
05:41:57,200 --> 05:41:59,000
to follow the star to find the 
Christ. 

6173
05:41:59,000 --> 05:42:01,800
Child. 
In medieval thinking, they 

6174
05:42:01,800 --> 05:42:05,000
represent the inclusion of 
Gentiles and Christianity's 

6175
05:42:05,000 --> 05:42:08,200
promise the expansion of 
Salvation Beyond its Jewish 

6176
05:42:08,200 --> 05:42:10,600
Origins to Encompass the entire 
world. 

6177
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:15,200
It's heavy theological stuff but
mostly you think about the 

6178
05:42:15,200 --> 05:42:18,300
journey, those men made 
traveling vast distances 

6179
05:42:18,300 --> 05:42:19,700
following what they believed 
was. 

6180
05:42:19,700 --> 05:42:23,500
Divine guidance arriving to 
offer gifts to a baby born in 

6181
05:42:23,500 --> 05:42:26,300
poverty. 
The story resonates in ways that

6182
05:42:26,300 --> 05:42:30,600
transcend its religious meaning 
The idea of a journey of 

6183
05:42:30,600 --> 05:42:33,600
following something, you believe
in even when the path is 

6184
05:42:33,600 --> 05:42:36,200
unclear. 
Of offering what you have to 

6185
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:39,800
something greater than yourself.
These are Universal Human 

6186
05:42:39,800 --> 05:42:43,000
Experience, is that medieval 
people understand, viscerally. 

6187
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:47,900
Your own life has been a journey
of sorts with paths taken and 

6188
05:42:47,900 --> 05:42:52,800
not take and decisions made with
imperfect information and faith,

6189
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:55,100
that things will work out 
combined with effort to make 

6190
05:42:55,100 --> 05:42:57,600
them do. 
So a blessing is pronounced over

6191
05:42:57,600 --> 05:43:00,100
the Gathering. 
The Priest speaking words that 

6192
05:43:00,100 --> 05:43:02,600
commend everyone to God's care 
in the coming year. 

6193
05:43:03,500 --> 05:43:06,500
The prayer is in Latin 
naturally, but the sentiment 

6194
05:43:06,500 --> 05:43:09,300
comes through clearly enough. 
May you be safe? 

6195
05:43:09,300 --> 05:43:12,500
May you prosper. 
May you live to celebrate 

6196
05:43:12,500 --> 05:43:16,600
together again next Christmas. 
Simple wishes that carry weight 

6197
05:43:16,600 --> 05:43:20,200
because medieval life makes none
of them guaranteed the Gathering

6198
05:43:20,200 --> 05:43:24,000
begins to disperse. 
People seeking their beds with 

6199
05:43:24,000 --> 05:43:26,400
the satisfaction of Celebration 
completed. 

6200
05:43:27,200 --> 05:43:29,700
The Great Hall will be 
thoroughly cleaned tomorrow, the

6201
05:43:29,700 --> 05:43:32,800
decorations removed and the 
normal routine resumed. 

6202
05:43:33,700 --> 05:43:37,000
But tonight for these Final 
hours, the Christmas season 

6203
05:43:37,000 --> 05:43:40,800
still holds protecting you 
within its bubble of sanctioned 

6204
05:43:40,800 --> 05:43:44,200
celebration before releasing you
back to the regular patterns of 

6205
05:43:44,208 --> 05:43:47,800
medieval existence. 
You find yourself as you have on

6206
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:51,100
previous nights near the fire 
watching the Flames with 

6207
05:43:51,100 --> 05:43:54,200
thoughts that are too scattered 
to form coherent patterns. 

6208
05:43:55,200 --> 05:43:57,500
The Yule Log has burned down to 
almost nothing. 

6209
05:43:57,500 --> 05:44:01,600
Soon to be extinguished, its 
remains saved to light next. 

6210
05:44:01,600 --> 05:44:03,800
Year's log in continuation of 
tradition. 

6211
05:44:04,900 --> 05:44:08,300
Fires warmth, still surrounds 
you but you can sense the cold, 

6212
05:44:08,300 --> 05:44:11,000
Beyond it, winter. 
Still holding the world. 

6213
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:14,300
In its grip, despite Christmases
temporary defiance.