What Daily Life Was Like for a 1950s Housewife | Boring History

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Tonight, my sleep Buddies. 
You don't need to keep up with 

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the day because this is a story 
meant to play Gently in the 

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background. 
In the 1950s daily life. 

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For many Housewives. 
Followed steady routines of 

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work. care and expectation 
shaped by repetition quiet 

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endurance and moments of calm 
found between tusks So, if you 

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enjoy these slow, human stories 
from the past, you can, if you 

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want, like the video, subscribe 
and let me know where you're 

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listening from, and what time it
is. 

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Now, dim the lights, turn on a 
fan for that perfect noise and 

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let's get straight into it. 
Your stepping into the daily 

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rhythm of a 1950s housewife for 
each morning. 

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Begins the same and each evening
closest with familiar rituals. 

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This is a world shaped by 
routine where the care of a home

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and family follows patterns that
repeat with quiet constantly, 

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let yourself settle into the 
steady flow of these ordinary 

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days where expectation and 
repetition Creator life of their

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own you wait before the rest of 
the household stirs. 

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The alarm clock on the 
nightstand, ring softly and you 

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reach over to silence it before 
it disturbs anyone else. 

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The room is still dim the first 
light of dawn, just beginning to

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show through the curtains. 
You slip out from under the 

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covers and set your feet on the 
cool floor, the house is quiet 

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at this hour. 
You move through the bedroom 

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without turning on the overhead 
light. 

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Finding your robe and slippers 
by touch. 

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The fabric of the robe is cotton
Warren soft from years of 

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washing and it wraps around you 
with familiar comfort. 

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The hallway is silent. 
As you pass the children's 

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rooms, their doors closed, their
breathing steady behind them. 

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You descend the stairs with 
care, your hand trailing along, 

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the banister, each step 
memorized through countless 

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repetitions. 
In the kitchen, you turn on the 

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small lamp of the counter. 
The light is warm and contained 

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in enough to see by without 
feeling harsh, You fill the 

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percolator with water from the 
tap measure coffee grounds into 

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the basket and set it on the 
stove. 

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Flame catches blue beneath the 
pot and you adjust it to a low 

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simmer. 
The center of coffee will fill 

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the room. 
In a few minutes that first 

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signal that the day has truly 
begun. 

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Well, the coffee. 
Brews you open the refrigerator 

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and take stock of what you have 
eggs, milk and butter wrapped in

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waxed paper. 
A package of bacon sits on the 

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lower shelf and you can consider
whether to use it this morning 

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or save it for the weekend. 
You decide on toast and 

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scrambled eggs for breakfast, 
simple and filling. 

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You set the butter dish on the 
table and take down plates from 

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the cabinet. 
Arranging them at each place, 

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setting with the care of long 
habit. 

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The Percolator begins to bubble 
that distinctive sound, that 

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marks every morning. 
You pour yourself a cup and 

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cradle it in both hands standing
by the window. 

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Outside the street is still a 
few lights appear in neighboring

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Windows as other households, 
begin their own mornings. the 

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sky is turning pale blue, the 
color soft and even you can see 

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your breath on the window pane 
where the warmth of the kitchen 

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meets the cool glass. 
You hear movement up stairs, 

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footsteps crossed, the floor 
above you and, you know, your 

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husband is awake. 
You set your cup down and return

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to the stove cracking eggs in to
a bowl and whisking them with a 

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fork. 
The butter melts in the pan, 

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spreading in a thin gold and 
layer. 

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You pour the eggs in and stir 
them slowly as they cook, 

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keeping them soft and fluffy the
way your family prefers. 

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Your husband comes down dressed 
for work. 

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His shoes already on is tie 
knotted. 

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He sits at the table and you 
bring him coffee returning to 

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the stove to finish the eggs. 
He reads the paper while he 

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waits the pages turning with a 
soft rustle, you plate, the eggs

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and toast set them in front of 
him and refill his cup. 

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He nods, his thanks already 
absorbed in the news of the day.

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The children. 
Wake next, you hear them moving 

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above voices. 
Muffled, through the ceiling. 

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You pour glasses of milk and set
them at their places. 

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They come down one by one. 
Still drowsy taking the seats 

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without much conversation. 
The youngest robbed sleep. 

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From her eyes. 
Her hair Tangled, from the 

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pillow. 
The older one, sit straighter 

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more alert already thinking 
about the school day ahead. 

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You bring them their breakfast 
and remind them to eat quickly. 

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They have school and the bus 
comes at the same time, every 

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day, they ate with the focused 
attention children, bring to 

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food Forks, scraping against 
plates, milk leaving, white, 

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mustaches that. 
You gently remind them to wipe 

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away. 
You move between the table and 

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the counter clearing dishes as 
they finishing plates in the 

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sink. 
Your husband folds the paper and

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stands checking his watch. 
He takes his hat from The Hook 

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by the door and tells you he 
will be home at his usual time. 

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You walk him to the door and 
watch as he heads down the 

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front. 
Walk toward the car, parked at 

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the curb, The morning air is 
crisp and you pull your robe 

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tighter as you stand in the 
doorway. 

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The children finished their 
breakfast and gather their 

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school books you check that they
have their lunches packed the 

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night before and waiting in the 
refrigerator you hand them the 

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brown paper bags, each one 
labeled with a child's name in 

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your handwriting. 
You remind them to bring home 

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any notes from their teachers 
and any permission slips that 

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need signing They file out the 
door and you stand on the porch 

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and they reach the corner where 
the bus stops. 

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The yellow bus arrives right on 
schedule. 

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Its brakes squeaking as it comes
to a halt. 

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The children climb aboard and 
you wave though. 

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You cannot tell if they see you 
through the windows. 

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The bus pulls away and the 
street is quiet again. 

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When the house is empty, you 
return to the kitchen. 

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The table is scattered with 
crumbs and half empty glasses. 

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He clear everything away. 
Stacking dishes in the sink, 

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your hot water and add a few 
drops of dish. 

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Soap washing each plate and cut 
by hand. 

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The water is warm against your 
skin, and the soap makes soft 

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bubbles that cling to your 
fingers. 

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You scrub, each dish, 
thoroughly, rinse it under clear

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water and place it in the drying
rack. 

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You dry the dishes with a clean 
towel and put them back in the 

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cabinet. 
Each plate has its place each 

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carpets designated Shelf. 
The kitchen is tidy. 

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Now, the counters wiped down and
the floor clear of crumbs swept 

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into the dustpan. 
You glance at the clock. 

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The morning has only just begun.
And there is much left to do 

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before the day can be considered
properly underway. 

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You prepare yourself for the day
ahead changing out of your robe 

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and into a house dress, the 
dress is practical buttons down 

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the front and is patterned with 
small flowers against a light 

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background. 
You tie an apron around your 

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waist. 
The pockets already holding a 

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handkerchief and a shopping list
you started yesterday. 

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You run a comb through your hair
and pin it back. 

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Checking your reflection briefly
on the whole mirror before 

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moving on. you begin with the 
beds, you climb the stairs 

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again.' left on the floor. 
You hang the pajamas on hooks by

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the door and smooth each 
bedspread flat tucking the edge 

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of the mattress with hospital 
corners your mother taught you 

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years ago. 
You straighten pillows and pick 

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up straight toys, placing them 
back in their proper spots on 

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shelves or in boxes. 
A stuffed bear, goes back on the

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bed and a toy truck is returned 
to the wooden toy chest. 

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In your own room, you pull the 
sheets tight and fold. 

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The top blanket down, neatly, 
you fluff the pillows and set 

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them up right against the 
headboard. 

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You open the curtains to let in 
light and the room brightens. 

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dust moats, drifts slowly in the
air near the window visible in 

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the shaft of Morning, Sun, 
Downstairs, you collect the 

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laundry. 
There is a hamper in the 

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bathroom and another in the hall
closet. 

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You carry both to the kitchen 
and sort the clothes on the 

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floor by color and fabric 
White's in one pile, darks in 

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another and delicate separate 
from everything else. 

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The washing machine sits in a 
corner of the kitchen. 

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Squat, white, appliance with 
dials and live that lifts. 

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You load the first batch of 
laundry in the machine, adding 

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detergent from a large box that 
sits on the shelf above. 

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The powder is bright blue, and 
smells of synthetic flowers. 

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You set the dial to the 
appropriate cycle and turn it 

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on. 
The machine hums as it fills 

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with water and you lower the 
lid, the cycle will take time 

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and you turn your attention 
elsewhere while it runs. 

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You move through the living room
with a dust cloth wiping down 

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the surfaces of tables and 
shelves. 

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The mantle above the fireplace 
holds framed photographs and you

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lift each one to clean. 
Beneath it before setting it 

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back in place, there is a 
wedding photo School Portraits 

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of the children and a picture of
your husband's parents. 

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You dust the lamp shades and the
arms of chairs working 

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methodically from one side of 
the room to the other. 

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The vacuum cleaner stands in the
hall closet, you pull it out and

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plug it into the outlet, pushing
across the carpet in straight 

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lines. the sound is steady and 
low and you guide the machine 

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carefully around the legs of 
furniture, The carpet shows the 

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tracks where you have passed 
neat parallel lines, that will 

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fade as people walk across them 
later. 

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When the living room is 
finished, you move to the dining

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room, then the hall way, 
covering every inch of flooring 

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that needs attention. the 
washing machine finishes its 

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cycle with a loud buzz, that 
cuts through the quiet house, 

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you return to the kitchen and 
lift, the wet clothes from the 

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drum heavy with water Twisted 
together in a damp mask. 

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You carry them outside to the 
backyard where the clothesline 

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stretches between two metal 
posts. 

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The line is taught and secure 
checked regularly for where You 

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pin each piece of laundry to the
line with wooden clothes pins, 

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spacing them evenly. 
So they can dry without 

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touching. 
Shirts, hang by their shoulders 

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trousers by their waistbands, 
and Sheet stretched full length,

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along the line. 
The fabric is heavy with water 

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and Drops Fall onto the grass 
below. 

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Darkening, small circles in the 
dirt. 

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A breeze stirs, the wet clothes 
and you know, they will dry by 

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afternoon if the weather holds. 
Back inside you start the next 

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load of laundry and wipe down 
the bathroom you scrub the sink 

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with cleanser. 
The white powder forming a paste

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that you work into the porcelain
with a damp sponge the faucets, 

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a polished until they shine 
catching the light from the 

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small window of Clean the mirror
with vinegar and a soft raging 

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streets and fingerprints left 
from the morning routines of 

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face washing and toothbrushing. 
The toilet and tub received the 

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same attention. 
You work on your knees 

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scrubbing, the tub with a brush 
paying special attention to the 

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ring that forms at the water 
line. 

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The work is physical and you 
feel it in your shoulders and 

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back, but you do not rush. 
Thoroughness matters more than 

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speed when you finish the 
bathroom. 

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Smells of cleanser and vinegar 
sharp and clean. 

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You mop the kitchen floor on 
your hands, and knees, dipping a

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sponge into a bucket of soapy 
water. 

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The linoleum gleams. 
When you finish and you rinse 

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the sponge and wring it out, 
setting it aside to dry. 

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Empty the bucket in the sink and
put it away under the counter, 

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where it lives between uses. 
The second load of laundry 

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finishes and you hang it, beside
the first. 

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The clothesline is full. 
Now the display of your family's

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wardrobe flapping gently in the 
breeze. you step, back to check 

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that everything is secure, that 
no pins, have come loose, The 

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sun is higher in the sky and you
can feel its warmth on your 

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shoulders as you stand in the 
backyard. 

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Inside again, you check the 
pantry and make a list of what 

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needs to be restocked. 
Flowers running low and you're 

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nearly out of canned vegetables.
The sugar canister is half full,

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which means it will need 
refilling. 

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Soon. 
You write these items on a piece

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of paper in neat, handwriting 
folding the list and tucking it 

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into your purse. 
The grocery store will be your 

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destination later after lunch. 
When the morning Rush is passed 

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and the aisles are less crowded.
You dust the bedrooms up stairs,

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running the cloth over dresses 
and nightstands. 

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00:12:40,300 --> 00:12:43,600
You empty wastebaskets into a 
larger bag that you will take 

229
00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:46,900
out to the trash bin later. 
You check under the children's 

230
00:12:46,900 --> 00:12:50,700
beds for forgotten items and 
find a sock, a marble, and a 

231
00:12:50,700 --> 00:12:52,400
homework paper that should have 
been turned in. 

232
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:55,700
Last week, you make a mental 
note to remind them about the 

233
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:58,300
homework. 
The house is taking shape 

234
00:12:58,300 --> 00:13:01,400
around, you becoming cleaner and
more orderly with each task 

235
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,800
completed. 
This is satisfying work, seeing 

236
00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:06,900
the results of your effort in 
every room. 

237
00:13:07,700 --> 00:13:12,200
The house responds to your care.
Looking better, smelling fresher

238
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:16,500
and feeling more comfortable. 
You pause briefly to drink a 

239
00:13:16,500 --> 00:13:19,200
glass of water standing at the 
kitchen sink, and looking out at

240
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:22,200
the backyard. 
The laundry moves in the breeze.

241
00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:24,400
The white sheets billowing like 
sails. 

242
00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:27,800
You set the Empty Glass in the 
sink and return to your tasks. 

243
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:30,500
The middle of the day brings 
thoughts of the children. 

244
00:13:30,500 --> 00:13:34,000
You check the clock and know 
they are at school sitting at 

245
00:13:34,008 --> 00:13:36,600
their desks learning what their 
teachers set before them. 

246
00:13:37,200 --> 00:13:40,300
You pick them in their 
classrooms quiet and attentive 

247
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:42,200
and you hope they are doing 
well. 

248
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,800
You wonder if the youngest 
remember to hand in her spelling

249
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:48,300
homework and if the older one is
getting along with the 

250
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:50,200
classmates who sometimes give 
him trouble. 

251
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,400
He think about what they will 
need, when they return home, 

252
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:57,400
snacks will be expected. 
Something simple to tie them 

253
00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:00,800
over until dinner. 
He set out crackers and a jar of

254
00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:03,500
peanut butter placing them on 
the counter, where they will be 

255
00:14:03,508 --> 00:14:06,900
easy to reach you slice, an 
apple and arrange, the pieces on

256
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:09,600
a plate, covering it with a 
clean towel to keep them from 

257
00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:12,700
browning before they arrive, you
go through their school, work 

258
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:15,300
from the previous day and 
papers, they brought home and 

259
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,000
left on the table. 
You look over their assignments,

260
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,400
checking for notes from teachers
or reminders about coming 

261
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:24,100
events. 
There is a permission slip for a

262
00:14:24,100 --> 00:14:25,700
field trip and you sign it 
carefully. 

263
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,600
Placing it in the folder that 
will go back with them tomorrow.

264
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,900
There is also a notice about a 
bake sale and you make a note to

265
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:35,800
prepare cookies later. 
In the week, you fold their 

266
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:38,500
clean clothes and now dry and 
brought in from the line. 

267
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:42,500
The fabric is stiff from the Sun
and air and you fold each piece 

268
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:46,800
with care shirts are folded with
sleeves crossed and pants are 

269
00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:50,300
folded at the crease. 
Each child has a small dresser 

270
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:53,200
in their room and you placed 
their things in the appropriate 

271
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:55,500
drawers. 
Socks are rolled together in 

272
00:14:55,500 --> 00:14:59,800
pairs underwear, stacked neatly 
and everything is returned to 

273
00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:03,000
its place. 
This small Act of order helps 

274
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,500
the household run more smoothly 
and helps the children find what

275
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:08,400
they need in the morning without
confusion. 

276
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:12,300
Your husband will be home in the
evening and you can consider 

277
00:15:12,300 --> 00:15:15,500
what he might need. 
His work shirts hanging in the 

278
00:15:15,508 --> 00:15:20,100
closet pressed and ready. 
You check his shoes and see that

279
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,300
they could use polishing. 
You take them to the kitchen and

280
00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:26,700
work polish into the leather 
with a soft cloth buffing them 

281
00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:30,000
until they gleam. 
The smell of the Polish is sharp

282
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,600
and waxy, you set the shoes back
by the door where he'll find 

283
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,900
them in the morning. 
The house is a space you share 

284
00:15:36,900 --> 00:15:40,200
with others and each person's 
needs a woven into your daily 

285
00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:43,100
tasks. 
You prepare without being asked 

286
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:45,800
and anticipating what will make 
their lives easier. 

287
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:51,100
This is not a bird but a rhythm 
you have learned a pattern that 

288
00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:53,500
feels natural off to years of 
repetition. 

289
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:56,500
You know what your husband 
prefers for breakfast? 

290
00:15:56,500 --> 00:16:00,500
What time he likes to leave for 
work and which shirts he wears 

291
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:03,300
on which days. 
You know, which child needs 

292
00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:06,000
extra help with homework and 
which one needs reminding to 

293
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,100
wash behind their ears. 
When the children come home, 

294
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:12,300
they enter with noise and 
movement dropping their bags by 

295
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:13,600
the door and heading for the 
kitchen. 

296
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:16,400
You greet them and offer the 
snacks. 

297
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,100
You prepared. 
They eat standing up talking 

298
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:22,500
over each other about their day,
you listen without interrupting 

299
00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:26,600
Gathering details about their 
teachers, their classmates and 

300
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:28,100
the small drama's of school 
life. 

301
00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:32,400
Someone's desk was moved. 
Someone else got in trouble for 

302
00:16:32,408 --> 00:16:34,400
talking. 
The lunch was terrible. 

303
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:36,100
According to both of them 
though. 

304
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:38,100
They ate what you packed without
complaint. 

305
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:41,600
They finished their snacks and 
Scattered to different parts of 

306
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:45,300
the house. one, heads upstairs 
to change out of school clothes,

307
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:49,400
another sits at the table with 
homework, You move between them 

308
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,300
answering questions and offering
guidance when needed. 

309
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:55,700
You help them sound out a 
difficult word, explain a math 

310
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:59,000
problem and remind them to write
neatly, so the teacher can read 

311
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,800
their work. 
You remind them of chores, they 

312
00:17:01,808 --> 00:17:05,900
have promised to do setting the 
table, taking out the trash, and

313
00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:09,599
feeding the family dog. 
The dog waits by the back door 

314
00:17:09,599 --> 00:17:14,200
tail, wagging, and anticipation.
The children comply with varying

315
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,800
degrees of enthusiasm. 
You do not demand Perfection 

316
00:17:17,800 --> 00:17:20,200
only that they contribute, what 
they can. 

317
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:25,000
The house is not yours alone to 
manage and they are learning 

318
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:26,800
their own responsibilities 
within it. 

319
00:17:28,099 --> 00:17:31,600
The older child sets the table 
placing forks and knives at each

320
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,000
setting. 
We check the work and gently 

321
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,900
correct, the placement of a 
napkin and the direction of a 

322
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:39,900
knife. 
The smaller lessons accumulate 

323
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:41,800
over time. 
Teaching without lectures. 

324
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:46,000
The younger child fills, the 
dog's bowl with kibble and 

325
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,300
carries it outside. 
You watch through the window to 

326
00:17:49,300 --> 00:17:51,500
make sure the task is completed 
properly. 

327
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:55,000
They return to their activities,
once their chores are done. 

328
00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:58,700
One reads a book in the living 
room curled up in the corner of 

329
00:17:58,700 --> 00:18:01,500
the sofa. 
The other plays with toys in the

330
00:18:01,508 --> 00:18:05,000
hallway building something 
elaborate, with blocks, you can 

331
00:18:05,008 --> 00:18:07,500
hear the quiet. 
Click of wood on wood as the 

332
00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:10,800
structure grows. 
Your husband arrives in the 

333
00:18:10,808 --> 00:18:13,700
early evening and the house 
shifts again to accommodate his 

334
00:18:13,708 --> 00:18:16,200
presence. 
He hangs his hat and coat 

335
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:20,000
loosened his tie and sinks into 
his chair in the living room. 

336
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,900
You bring him coffee and the 
evening paper and he settles in 

337
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:27,300
to read the children knowed to 
keep their voices lower. 

338
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:31,100
Now to move with less noise. 
They have learned that their 

339
00:18:31,100 --> 00:18:34,300
father needs quiet after a day 
of work and he will be more 

340
00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:36,700
available to them. 
After he has had time to unwind.

341
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:40,300
He returned to your own tasks 
aware of each person's location 

342
00:18:40,300 --> 00:18:43,400
and activity. 
The household functions as a 

343
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,600
unit. 
Each member playing a role. 

344
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:49,500
He called coordinate these roles
without thinking adjusting as 

345
00:18:49,500 --> 00:18:52,500
needs arise, maintaining the 
balance that keeps everything 

346
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,300
running smoothly. you know, when
to intervene and when to step 

347
00:18:56,300 --> 00:19:00,400
back when to offer help and when
to let them figure things out on

348
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,600
their own, The afternoon light 
stretches through the windows 

349
00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,700
golden and warm. 
The house feels full in a good 

350
00:19:07,708 --> 00:19:10,600
way. 
Occupied, but not chaotic. 

351
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:14,500
Everyone is where they should be
doing, what they should be 

352
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:17,600
doing. 
You move among them a steady 

353
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:21,300
presence that holds it all 
together. rest does not come in 

354
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:24,300
Long stretches but in small 
moments scattered throughout the

355
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:29,000
day You find these moments. 
When you can sit down for a few 

356
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:33,500
minutes between tasks, they're 
not scheduled or planned, but 

357
00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:35,900
you have learned to recognize 
when they are possible. 

358
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:37,800
After the children, leave for 
school. 

359
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,000
And before the laundry finishes,
its cycle. 

360
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,900
You sit at the kitchen table 
with your second cup of coffee, 

361
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:46,700
house is quiet and you let 
yourself simply sit without 

362
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:49,400
moving. 
The coffee is warm in your hands

363
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,800
and you sip it slowly. 
Looking out the window at the 

364
00:19:51,808 --> 00:19:54,500
backyard. 
The grass needs mowing. 

365
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:57,300
But that is a task for your 
husband, on the weekend. 

366
00:19:57,300 --> 00:19:59,900
Not something you need to worry 
about now. 

367
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,700
You have a magazine on the 
counter one, you picked up at 

368
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:07,100
the grocery store last week. 
You flip through its Pages, 

369
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:11,000
looking at recipes and 
advertisements reading short 

370
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,300
articles about homemaking and 
family life. 

371
00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:17,800
There is a feature on organizing
kitchen cupboards and another on

372
00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:21,400
making the most of leftovers. 
The writing is cheerful and 

373
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:24,900
practical offering tips. 
You already know, but find 

374
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:29,100
comforting to read again. 
There are photographs of perfect

375
00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:32,500
kitchens and women in dresses 
and aprons smiling, as they 

376
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:36,700
arrange flowers, or frost cakes.
You know your own kitchen will 

377
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:40,000
never look quite like these. 
But there is pleasure in the 

378
00:20:40,008 --> 00:20:44,300
aspiration. 
In the afternoon after the 

379
00:20:44,300 --> 00:20:47,500
children are home and occupied, 
you sit in the living room with 

380
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:49,800
mending. 
There's always something that 

381
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:52,200
needs a button reattached or a 
hemp repair. 

382
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:54,800
You threatened needle and work 
slowly. 

383
00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:59,700
Your hands moving with 
practiced, ease the radio Place 

384
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:03,600
softly in the background music 
and occasional news reports 

385
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,700
providing gentle company. 
The programs during the day are 

386
00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:10,300
familiar. 
Soap operas and variety shows 

387
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:12,000
you half listen to while you 
work. 

388
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:15,200
Sometimes you sit without doing 
anything at all. 

389
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:18,200
Close your eyes for a few 
minutes, leaning. 

390
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:20,500
Back in the chair, letting your 
shoulders relax. 

391
00:21:21,800 --> 00:21:24,000
The house makes small sounds 
around you. 

392
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:28,600
The settling of wood, the hum of
the refrigerator, and the 

393
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,200
ticking of the clock on the 
mantle. 

394
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:33,800
These pauses are brief, but they
are necessary. 

395
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:38,200
You have learned to take them 
without guilt, recognizing that 

396
00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:42,900
rest allows you to continue. 
On some afternoons, a neighbor 

397
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:45,900
stops by for a short visit, you 
sit together at the kitchen 

398
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:48,000
table, sharing, coffee and 
conversation. 

399
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:52,800
The talk is easy and unhurried 
covering ordinary topics 

400
00:21:52,800 --> 00:21:56,200
children weather and plans for 
the weekend. 

401
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,700
She tells you about sale at the 
department store down. 

402
00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:01,900
Town. 
Nutella about a recipe. 

403
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:04,100
You tried that did not turn out,
quite right. 

404
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:09,700
These visits are a form of rest,
too, a break from Solitude and a

405
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:11,600
connection to the world, beyond 
your own household. 

406
00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:16,300
When The Neighbor leaves you 
Walker to the door and wave as 

407
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:19,800
she crosses the lawn to her own 
house Your return to the kitchen

408
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:23,900
and the quiet settles back in 
you appreciate this return to 

409
00:22:23,900 --> 00:22:26,500
Solitude. 
After company, you value both 

410
00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,100
each in his own time. 
You've learned to recognize when

411
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:33,700
you need to pause your body, 
tells you a tiredness in your 

412
00:22:33,708 --> 00:22:36,100
legs or a heaviness in your 
shoulders. 

413
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,200
You are one of these signals 
sitting down with a glass of 

414
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:43,800
water taking a breath. and 
letting the moment pass before 

415
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:48,200
you resume, you know, that 
pushing through exhaustion leads

416
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:52,200
to mistakes. 
To irritability and to work, 

417
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:56,200
that must be redone. 
Rest is not Leisure, it is not 

418
00:22:56,200 --> 00:23:00,300
extended or indulgent. 
It is functional woven into the 

419
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:03,600
day as naturally as any other 
tasks you rest. 

420
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,900
So you can continue. 
So the work ahead does not over 

421
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:11,100
you, you rest because the day is
long, and your energy is finite.

422
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:15,400
You have learned this through 
experience through days when you

423
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:17,300
push too hard and paid for it 
later. 

424
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:21,500
In the late afternoon, when 
dinner is not yet urgent, but 

425
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:23,300
the days main tasks are 
complete. 

426
00:23:23,300 --> 00:23:27,100
You sometimes. 
Step out side, you stand on the 

427
00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:30,300
back, porch, and breathe the 
air, watching the light change, 

428
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:34,600
as the sun begins, its descent 
The world is calm at this hour 

429
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:36,700
and you allow yourself to be 
calm within it. 

430
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,800
The neighborhood is quiet with 
other houses just as busy inside

431
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:44,300
and just as still outside These 
moments Do not announce 

432
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:48,300
themselves, they arrive quietly,
and you take them as they come. 

433
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:51,500
You do not wait for permission 
or for someone to tell you. 

434
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:54,600
It is acceptable to pause, you 
simply do it. 

435
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,600
Knowing it is part of what 
allows you to keep going. 

436
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:01,500
You've learned that rest is not 
selfish, but essential. 

437
00:24:02,100 --> 00:24:05,000
That taking care of yourself, 
enables you to take care of 

438
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,800
others. 
Sometimes rest comes in the form

439
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,300
of a bath. 
At the end of the day, water hot

440
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:12,900
enough to steam and a few 
minutes alone behind a locked 

441
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:15,200
door. 
Sometimes it comes in the few 

442
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,900
pages of a book read before 
sleep, sometimes it is nothing 

443
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:21,700
more than sitting in a chair and
letting your mind wander 

444
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:23,600
thinking of nothing in 
particular. 

445
00:24:24,600 --> 00:24:27,900
You do not have long Vacations 
or days off the work of the 

446
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:29,700
house. 
Continues every day we can 

447
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:32,200
included. 
But you have these small 

448
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,800
respects and they are enough. 
They sustain you through the 

449
00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:40,400
repetition through the endless 
cycle of tasks that must be done

450
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:43,600
and then done again. 
Planing meals, is a task that 

451
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:47,300
never ends each day, brings 
three meals and you are 

452
00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:50,200
responsible for all of them. 
You think about dinner while 

453
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:53,400
making breakfast, considering 
what ingredients you have and 

454
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:55,500
what needs to be used before it 
spoils? 

455
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:58,800
You think about breakfast while 
cleaning up from dinner 

456
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:00,500
planning? 
What will be quick and 

457
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:03,900
nourishing for the morning rush 
you keep a mental inventory of 

458
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:07,200
the pantry and refrigerator 
knowing what sits on each Shelf.

459
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,500
Canned goods line, the back of 
the pantry their labels turned 

460
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:14,800
outward for easy identification.
Dry Goods. 

461
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:20,200
Fill glass jars. 
Flour sugar rice and oats the 

462
00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,600
refrigerator holds perishables 
and you check these daily 

463
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:25,700
noting. 
What must be cooked soon. 

464
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:29,300
There is a head of lettuce that 
is beginning to wilt and you 

465
00:25:29,308 --> 00:25:31,300
decide it will go into a salad 
tonight. 

466
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:34,500
The chicken you bought earlier 
in the week needs to be used 

467
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:38,100
within the next day or two in 
the late morning you decide on 

468
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,500
dinner. 
Tonight, it will be meatloaf 

469
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:45,000
mashed potatoes and green beans.
These are foods your family eats

470
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,400
without complaint familiar and 
filling. 

471
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:51,200
You take ground beef from the 
refrigerator and set it on the 

472
00:25:51,208 --> 00:25:52,600
counter to come to room 
temperature. 

473
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:57,000
Cold meat does not mix as well. 
And you have learned these small

474
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:58,600
details through years of 
cooking. 

475
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:02,700
You peel potatoes at the sink, 
the Skins falling into the drain

476
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:06,000
in Long strips. 
The potatoes are pale and smooth

477
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,500
underneath and you drop them 
into a pot of cold water to keep

478
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:12,500
them from browning. 
You will cook them later close 

479
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:16,100
to dinner time so they will be 
hot when served You mix the 

480
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:18,800
meatloaf in a large bowl. 
Combining the beef with 

481
00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:21,300
breadcrumbs and egg, and a bit 
of milk. 

482
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,500
Your hands work, the mixture 
together, pressing and needing 

483
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:27,400
and until it reaches a uniform 
texture. 

484
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,200
Feeling is familiar. 
Cool. 

485
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,500
Meet between your fingers. 
The slight resistance is the 

486
00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:38,200
ingredients combined. 
You shape it into a loaf and 

487
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,400
place it in a baking pan 
spreading ketchup over the top 

488
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:44,200
in a thick layer. 
It goes into the oven and you 

489
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,000
set the timer. 
The kitchen will smell of 

490
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:50,800
cooking meat soon. 
A smell that signals dinner is 

491
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:54,000
underway. 
The potatoes boil on the stove, 

492
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,600
the water bubbling gently, you 
open, a can of green beans and 

493
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:00,100
pour them into a saucepan, 
adding a small pattern of 

494
00:27:00,100 --> 00:27:02,300
butter. 
The kitchen fills with the 

495
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:04,900
center of cooking food, warm and
ordinary. 

496
00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:09,200
These are the smells of home, 
the smells your children will 

497
00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:10,900
remember when they think of 
their childhood. 

498
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:15,500
You set the table, while 
everything Cooks plates forks 

499
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:18,400
knives and napkins folded beside
each plate. 

500
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,300
You filled glasses with water 
and place them at each setting. 

501
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:27,000
The table looks neat and ready. 
He small Center of order in the 

502
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,200
busy household. 
You white, the table with a damp

503
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:32,900
cloth. 
Removing Crumbs from earlier, 

504
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:35,200
snacks. 
When the timer Rings. 

505
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,600
You remove the meatloaf from the
oven and let it rest. 

506
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:40,600
The top is browned and slightly 
crisp. 

507
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:44,700
And the catch up is caramelized.
He drained the potatoes, and 

508
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,300
mash them with butter and milk 
whipping them until they are 

509
00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:51,600
smooth and creamy. 
The green beans are drained and 

510
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:55,900
placed in a serving dish. 
Steam rising from them, you call

511
00:27:55,900 --> 00:27:58,500
the family to the table. 
They come from different parts 

512
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:00,100
of the house and take their 
seats. 

513
00:28:00,100 --> 00:28:03,100
You bring the food to the table 
and serve each person. 

514
00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:06,800
Portioning out meatloaf and 
scooping potatoes onto plates. 

515
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:09,900
The green beans are passed 
around and everyone helps 

516
00:28:09,900 --> 00:28:12,900
themselves. 
You serve yourself last taking 

517
00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:15,100
smaller. 
Portions to ensure there is 

518
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:18,300
enough for everyone else. 
The meal is eaten with a little 

519
00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:22,600
conversation at first. 
Forks scrape against plates and 

520
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:27,000
the sound is companionable. 
eventually someone speaks and 

521
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,300
the talk picks up, your husband 
mentioned, something that 

522
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,500
happened at work and you 
listened asking questions, where

523
00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:38,400
appropriate The children talk 
about school about friends and 

524
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,900
about Minor conflicts that seem 
enormous to them. 

525
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:45,000
You mediate gently, when they 
are argue redirecting attention 

526
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:49,300
before tensions, escalate you, 
eat slowly aware that you may 

527
00:28:49,300 --> 00:28:52,400
need to get up for something. 
Someone has forgotten More 

528
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:55,300
water, more bread, and salt, 
that was left in the kitchen. 

529
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,500
Your attentive to the needs of 
others ensuring the meal 

530
00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:03,000
proceeds smoothly. when the male
is finished, you clear the 

531
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,700
table, the plates are stacked 
and the leftovers are wrapped 

532
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:09,800
and stored in the refrigerator, 
there is enough meatloaf for 

533
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:13,300
your husband's lunch tomorrow 
and you make a note of this You 

534
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,000
wash the dishes in hot soapy 
water scrubbing. 

535
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,500
Away the remnants of dinner. 
The pans are heavier and take 

536
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:23,300
more effort, but you work 
through them one by one rinsing 

537
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:25,100
and placing them in the rack to 
dry. 

538
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:28,500
The kitchen is cleaned, the 
counters wiped down, and the 

539
00:29:28,508 --> 00:29:31,500
floor swept the room is returned
to the state. 

540
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:33,000
It was in before you began 
cooking. 

541
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:37,200
Ready for the next meal, you 
hang the dish towels to dry and 

542
00:29:37,208 --> 00:29:40,500
turn off the overhead light 
leaving, only the small lamp of 

543
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:44,600
the sink lowering Breakfast. 
Tomorrow will be simple oatmeal.

544
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:48,200
Perhaps with toast. 
You make a mental note to set 

545
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:50,200
out the oats tonight. 
So they are easy to find in the 

546
00:29:50,208 --> 00:29:52,600
morning. 
Lunch for your husband will need

547
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:56,500
to be packed and you think about
what to include a sandwich made 

548
00:29:56,500 --> 00:29:59,600
from tonight's leftover 
meatloaf, an apple, and a 

549
00:29:59,608 --> 00:30:02,300
coffee. 
You will prepare it in the 

550
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:05,600
morning while he reads. 
The paper food is a constant 

551
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:09,800
thread through your days, 
planning, preparing, serving, 

552
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:14,300
and cleaning each meal leads to 
the next and the cycle. 

553
00:30:14,300 --> 00:30:18,800
Never stops, you do not resent. 
This it is simply what is 

554
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:22,400
required and you have learned to
do it efficiently without wasted

555
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:25,200
motion. 
You've learned which meals, your

556
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:29,300
family prefers, which shortcuts 
save time without sacrificing 

557
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:33,400
quality, which dishes can be 
prepared ahead and which must be

558
00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,900
made fresh. 
You have accumulated years of 

559
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:38,500
knowledge, about feeding a 
family. 

560
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:42,800
You know, how to stretch a small
amount of meat with fillers how 

561
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,300
to make vegetables palatable to 
reluctant children and how to 

562
00:30:46,308 --> 00:30:48,400
present the same ingredients in 
different ways. 

563
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:50,100
So the family does not grow 
bored. 

564
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:52,200
You know how to cook for 
company? 

565
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,700
Preparing extra without 
appearing to fuss. you know how 

566
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:59,300
to make do when money is tight 
creating satisfying meals, from 

567
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:02,600
simple ingredients, this 
knowledge is practical and 

568
00:31:02,600 --> 00:31:07,600
unromantic but it is real keeps 
your family fed and healthy and 

569
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:11,200
that is no small thing. 
The afternoon is a time of 

570
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:14,600
gradual, slowing tasks, that 
were urgent in the morning. 

571
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:17,500
Feel less pressing now. 
You have accomplished what 

572
00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:20,500
needed to be done and the 
remaining hours stretch out with

573
00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:23,500
a different quality. 
The light changes becoming 

574
00:31:23,500 --> 00:31:26,900
warmer and more golden and the 
pace of the household shifts 

575
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:29,100
with it. 
You finish the last of the 

576
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:32,200
ironing running the hot iron 
over your husband's work shirts.

577
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,400
Fabrics. 
Smooths under the pressure and 

578
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:37,700
you can feel the heat rising 
from the metal plate. 

579
00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:41,800
Your shirt on a hanger, 
buckling, the top button so it 

580
00:31:41,800 --> 00:31:44,800
holds its shape. 
The ironing board is folded and 

581
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,500
put away and the iron is left to
cool on the counter. 

582
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,000
You have learned not to touch it
for at least 20 minutes having 

583
00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:55,300
burned yourself in the past, 
through impatience, you check on

584
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:57,600
the children. 
They're in the backyard playing 

585
00:31:57,600 --> 00:31:59,400
a game that involves running and
shouting. 

586
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:03,300
You watch them from the window 
for a moment satisfy that they 

587
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:07,300
are occupied and safe. 
The dog runs with them barking. 

588
00:32:07,300 --> 00:32:11,600
Occasionally his tail wagging. 
the yard is fenced and you know,

589
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:15,300
they cannot wander off without 
you seeing Inside you move 

590
00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:17,300
through the house tidying, as 
you go. 

591
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:20,000
Magazines are straightened on 
the coffee table. 

592
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:24,000
Cushions are plumped on the sofa
and shoes aligned up by the 

593
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:26,900
door. 
The smaller adjustments. 

594
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:30,200
Maintain a sense of order 
preventing clutter from 

595
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:33,100
accumulating. 
You pick up toys that have 

596
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:36,100
migrated from the children's 
rooms, returning them to their 

597
00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,100
proper places and you glance at 
the clock and see that 

598
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:41,500
dinnertime is approaching. 
The food is prepared. 

599
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,400
Waiting only to be reheated and 
served. 

600
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,800
You have planned ahead and now 
the evening feels manageable. 

601
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:51,400
He turn on the oven to preheat 
knowing you will need it soon to

602
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:54,200
warm the meatloaf. 
The light outside begins to 

603
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,100
change the sun. 
Lowers casting longer Shadows 

604
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:00,800
across the yard the air cools 
slightly. 

605
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:03,100
You close a window that was open
early. 

606
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,300
House. 
Adjust to the shift from day to 

607
00:33:06,308 --> 00:33:10,400
evening and so, do you You 
remove your apron and smooth, 

608
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,300
your dress, checking that you 
look presentable for when your 

609
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,300
husband arrives, home, your 
husband arrives, home at his 

610
00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:19,100
regular time and the rhythm of 
the household shifts again. 

611
00:33:19,900 --> 00:33:23,400
You hear his car, pull into the 
driveway, the engine cutting off

612
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:27,300
and the car door closing. 
He enters through the front door

613
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:29,900
and you greet him. 
He moves through the house 

614
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:32,200
changing out of his work clothes
and washing his hands. 

615
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:36,400
You hear him up stairs, the 
sound of drawers opening and 

616
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,500
closing and water running in the
bathroom. 

617
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:42,600
The children are called inside. 
They come reluctantly still 

618
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:47,000
energized from play but they 
obey they wash their hands at 

619
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:49,300
the kitchen sink jostling. 
Each other for space. 

620
00:33:50,100 --> 00:33:54,000
You remind them to settle down 
and they do their voice is 

621
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:55,800
dropping to a more acceptable 
volume. 

622
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,100
They know the routine and know 
what is expected as evening 

623
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:03,300
approaches you serve dinner and 
the family gathers at the table.

624
00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:07,700
The meal proceeds, as it always 
does with food eaten and small 

625
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:11,600
conversations exchanged. 
You refill glasses and pass 

626
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:15,900
serving dishes ensuring, 
everyone has what they need. the

627
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:18,900
conversation, flows around you 
and you participate when 

628
00:34:18,900 --> 00:34:23,400
appropriate mostly listening and
observing After dinner, the 

629
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:25,699
children have a brief period of 
free time before bed. 

630
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:29,300
They play quietly in the living 
room or reading their rooms. 

631
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:33,199
Your husband returns to his 
chair with the newspaper and you

632
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:36,699
clear the kitchen. 
The evening tasks are familiar 

633
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:39,900
and require little thought you 
move through them with the ease 

634
00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:44,800
of long practice dishes, washed 
leftover stored counters wiped. 

635
00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:47,100
The kitchen is restored to 
order. 

636
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:51,000
Once more you prepare lunches 
for tomorrow, wrapping would 

637
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:54,300
just in waxed paper, filling the
thermos with coffee for your 

638
00:34:54,308 --> 00:34:57,500
husband, you set everything in 
the refrigerator where it will 

639
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:00,700
stay fresh overnight. 
You check the time and realize 

640
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:04,200
the day is drawing to a close. 
The evening is arrived and soon,

641
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:07,000
it will be night. 
The transition feels natural, 

642
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:09,200
the day winding down, as it 
should. 

643
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:13,200
You can feel your own energy to 
diminishing the tiredness of a 

644
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:14,700
full day. 
Settling into your muscles. 

645
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:18,900
You take a moment to sit in the 
living room, sharing the space, 

646
00:35:18,900 --> 00:35:24,200
with your husband, he reads and 
you sit nearby your hands folded

647
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,000
in your lap. 
The companionship is quiet. 

648
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,200
Required. 
No words. 

649
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:34,500
After years of marriage, your 
comfortable in silence together.

650
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:37,100
House. 
Settles around you. 

651
00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:41,100
Sounds of the day fade replaced 
by evening Stillness. 

652
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:45,500
Outside the streetlights, come 
on one by one Illuminating. 

653
00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:50,100
The sidewalk The neighborhood is
quiet, families inside their own

654
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:53,600
homes living their own versions 
of this, same routine. 

655
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:56,100
The children are called to 
prepare for bed. 

656
00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,700
They protest mildly as they 
often do. 

657
00:35:58,700 --> 00:36:02,700
But your firm Bedtime is not 
negotiable, and they know this. 

658
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:07,600
They charge up stairs and you 
follow to supervise left to 

659
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:10,700
their own device is. 
They would skip steps, forget to

660
00:36:10,700 --> 00:36:13,900
brush their teeth and delay 
until much later than this 

661
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:18,100
healthy, they change into 
pajamas, the fabric soft from 

662
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:22,300
many washing You check that they
have chosen appropriate pajamas 

663
00:36:22,300 --> 00:36:24,900
for the weather. 
Not too warm on a summer night. 

664
00:36:24,900 --> 00:36:28,700
Not too thin when it's cold. 
They brush their teeth. 

665
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:32,700
And you watch to ensure, they do
it properly, not just running 

666
00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:34,600
the brush on the water and 
calling it done. 

667
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:38,700
You remind them to brush the 
back teeth to take their time. 

668
00:36:38,700 --> 00:36:42,600
They wash their faces, new 
provide washcloths and towels. 

669
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,300
You check their work making. 
Sure teeth are actually brushed 

670
00:36:46,300 --> 00:36:50,100
and faces are actually clean. 
Sometimes you must send them 

671
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,100
back to do it again. 
More thoroughly. 

672
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:55,000
They accept this with 
resignation knowing you will 

673
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:58,500
check you tuck them into their 
beds, pulling the covers up to 

674
00:36:58,500 --> 00:37:01,000
their chins. 
The younger one asked for a 

675
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:05,400
glass of water and you bring it.
knowing this is partly a delayed

676
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:09,400
tactic, but also a genuine need 
the older one arranges stuffed 

677
00:37:09,400 --> 00:37:12,500
animals, along the edge of the 
bed, a nightly ritual that must 

678
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:16,200
be completed before, sleep can 
come You say, goodnight to each 

679
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,300
one and they settle in with 
varying degrees of Readiness to 

680
00:37:19,300 --> 00:37:21,800
sleep. 
The younger one will likely be 

681
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:25,600
asleep within minutes. the older
one will read for a while a 

682
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:29,400
small lamp on the nightstand, 
providing light, You allow this 

683
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,800
knowing that quiet reading is 
acceptable before sleep. 

684
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:36,200
You turn out the overhead lights
in their rooms, leaving the 

685
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:38,900
doors slightly open, so you can 
hear if they call for you. 

686
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:42,700
The whole way is damn lit. 
Only by a small lamp on a table 

687
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:45,900
near the stairs. 
This lamp stays on all night, a 

688
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:48,300
guide. 
If anyone needs to get up, Down 

689
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:49,900
stairs, your husband is still 
reading. 

690
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:53,600
You sit with him for a short 
time, sharing the quiet of the 

691
00:37:53,608 --> 00:37:56,400
evening. 
The house is peaceful now, the 

692
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:58,500
days activity Fading Into 
Stillness. 

693
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:03,500
You discuss tomorrow briefly 
confirming plans and mentioning 

694
00:38:03,500 --> 00:38:06,900
things that need attention. 
The conversation is practical 

695
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:09,700
covering Logistics, rather than 
feelings. 

696
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:13,200
You think about the next day, 
mentally reviewing? 

697
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:15,800
What needs to be done. 
There is always something. 

698
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:17,800
But tonight, you do not dwell on
it. 

699
00:38:18,600 --> 00:38:22,000
Tonight is for rest, for letting
go of the day's concerns. 

700
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,800
You allow yourself to relax to 
stop planning and preparing for 

701
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,800
just a little while. 
You prepare yourself for bed? 

702
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:32,500
Moving through your own routine.
You remove your dress and hang 

703
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:34,900
it in the closet. 
You wash your face at the 

704
00:38:34,908 --> 00:38:37,700
bathroom sink, using Cold Cream 
to remove the days. 

705
00:38:37,700 --> 00:38:41,000
Accumulation, you brush your 
teeth and your hair counting, 

706
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:44,200
the stroke as your tortoise. 
A girl, you change into your 

707
00:38:44,208 --> 00:38:48,100
nightgown, the fabric, cool 
against your skin, you set your 

708
00:38:48,100 --> 00:38:50,800
slippers beside the bed where 
you will find them easily in the

709
00:38:50,808 --> 00:38:53,100
morning. 
You set the alarm clock for 

710
00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:55,500
tomorrow, the same time it is 
set every day. 

711
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:58,800
Clock tick. 
Steadily a sound, you barely 

712
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,600
notice any more. 
You slip under the covers 

713
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,000
feeling the coolness of the 
sheets against your skin, your 

714
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,100
husband joins you a short time 
later and you both settle in 

715
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:10,500
finding your comfortable 
positions. 

716
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,800
The bed is familiar the mattress
shaped by years of use to 

717
00:39:14,808 --> 00:39:18,100
accommodate your body's. 
The house is dark and quiet 

718
00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:21,000
outside. 
The street is still the 

719
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,100
neighbor's lights. 
Going out, one by one. 

720
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:27,000
You can hear the faint sound of 
a car, passing several blocks 

721
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,400
away. 
But mostly there is silence. 

722
00:39:30,300 --> 00:39:34,100
You close your eyes and let your
body relaxing, the tension of 

723
00:39:34,108 --> 00:39:37,000
the day. 
Your review the day briefly in 

724
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,500
your mind, not dwelling on 
anything but simply 

725
00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:41,200
acknowledging. 
What was accomplished. 

726
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,800
The house is clean. 
The family is fed and the 

727
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:47,500
laundry is done. 
Tomorrow will bring the same 

728
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:50,000
tasks but tomorrow is not yet 
here. 

729
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:55,800
For now, you can rest. 
Sleep comes gradually a gentle 

730
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:57,800
drifting rather than a sudden 
plunge. 

731
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:02,800
You do not fight it, you let it 
take you, knowing that tomorrow 

732
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,900
will bring the same with them. 
The same tasks, and the same 

733
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,400
quiet repetition. 
This knowledge is comforting 

734
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:13,400
rather than oppressive it 
provides structure. 

735
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:17,100
Predictability and a sense of 
order in a world that often 

736
00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:22,200
feels chaotic your breathing 
slows and deepens the last 

737
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:24,800
thoughts of the day fade 
replacement by the Stillness of 

738
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:29,500
sleep. the house settles around 
you creaking, softly as it cools

739
00:40:29,500 --> 00:40:34,900
outside the night continues, but
inside all his rest, The days. 

740
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:38,900
Repeat each one much like the 
last you wake at the same time, 

741
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,200
move through the same rooms and 
complete the same tasks. 

742
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:45,900
There is comfort in this 
repetition, a sense of security 

743
00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:50,500
and knowing what to expect. 
The world outside may change but

744
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:53,400
within your home, the Rhythm 
remains constant. 

745
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:57,100
The seasons change and your 
routines are just slightly to 

746
00:40:57,100 --> 00:41:00,300
accommodate them in Winter. 
You like the furnace in the 

747
00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:03,700
morning and close the windows 
against the cold, you dress, the

748
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:06,800
children in layers, reminding 
them to wear their coats. 

749
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:11,400
The laundry takes longer to dry 
indoors, new Drake, wet clothes 

750
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:15,000
over racks in the basement. in 
some summer, you open the 

751
00:41:15,008 --> 00:41:18,400
windows early, to catch the cool
morning, air closing them again,

752
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:23,100
as the day heats up, You serve 
lighter meals, salads and cold 

753
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:27,500
cuts instead of heavy roasts. 
The children play outside longer

754
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:30,500
their bedtimes stretching with 
the extended daylight. 

755
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:34,800
The core of your days remains 
constant, meals are still 

756
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:37,600
prepared. 
Dishes are still washed and 

757
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:41,700
flaws are still swept. 
The specific tasks may vary with

758
00:41:41,700 --> 00:41:44,800
the weather but the overall 
pattern does not change. 

759
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:49,200
He marked time, not by dramatic 
events, but by small milestones 

760
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:54,500
A child loses a tooth and you 
save it in a small box, your 

761
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:57,400
husband receives a raise. 
And you discuss what it might 

762
00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:00,700
allow perhaps a new refrigerator
or a family vacation. 

763
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:05,500
The dog, learns a new tricking 
on command and the children are 

764
00:42:05,500 --> 00:42:08,000
delighted. 
These moments are noted, and 

765
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:10,500
then absorbed into the ongoing 
flow of daily life. 

766
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:13,800
They do not disrupt the routine 
but become part of it. 

767
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,100
Small variations in an otherwise
steady rhythm. 

768
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:20,600
You do not often think about the
larger shape of your life. 

769
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:24,500
You're too occupied with the 
immediate needs of each day but 

770
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:27,900
occasionally and a quiet moment,
you reflect on the years that 

771
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:31,000
have passed and the years that 
lie ahead You see them 

772
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,100
stretching out in an unbroken 
line each day linked to the 

773
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:38,800
next, your identity is shaped by
these routines, you are defined 

774
00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:42,500
by the care, you provide, the 
tasks, you complete and the 

775
00:42:42,508 --> 00:42:46,600
order you maintain. 
When people ask what you do, you

776
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:50,100
say you're a housewife that 
answer in compasses, everything.

777
00:42:51,100 --> 00:42:54,200
It is not a job with clearly 
defined hours or measurable 

778
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:58,400
output, but it is work. 
Nonetheless, it is constant 

779
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:02,900
demanding essential work. 
The house is your domain, and, 

780
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:06,400
you know, every inch of it, you 
know, which floorboards Creak, 

781
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,800
which force it drips and which 
door sticks in humid weather. 

782
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:13,000
You know where everything 
belongs and how long each task 

783
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:15,400
will take. 
This knowledge is a form of 

784
00:43:15,408 --> 00:43:19,800
Mastery quiet and unacknowledged
but deeply real You know, the 

785
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:23,300
idiosyncrasies of your 
appliances, the washing machine 

786
00:43:23,300 --> 00:43:26,700
that needs an extra push to 
start the oven that runs hot and

787
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:29,600
requires temperature adjustment,
and the vacuum cleaner that 

788
00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:32,400
works better. 
If you jiggle the cord These are

789
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,300
small frustrations but you have 
learned to work around them. 

790
00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:39,100
Your family depends on you and 
you meet that dependence with 

791
00:43:39,100 --> 00:43:43,200
steady reliability. 
You do not seek recognition or 

792
00:43:43,200 --> 00:43:46,000
praise. 
The work itself is its own 

793
00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:49,500
reward, or if not a reward then 
simply what must be done. 

794
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:53,400
You measure success. 
Not by achievements or by the 

795
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:56,800
smooth functioning of the 
household and by the comfort and

796
00:43:56,800 --> 00:44:00,500
well-being of those you care for
The years accumulate and the 

797
00:44:00,508 --> 00:44:04,200
routines remain your children 
grow, and you adjust your care 

798
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,200
to their changing needs. 
The youngest who wants needed? 

799
00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:10,400
Help dressing? 
Now managers alone The older one

800
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:14,000
who needed homework supervision 
now, works independently, your 

801
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,900
husband ages and you age 
alongside him the house stays 

802
00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:20,100
the same. 
Requiring, the same care 

803
00:44:20,100 --> 00:44:24,400
offering the same shelter. 
You do not imagine a different 

804
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:27,400
life. 
This is the life you have and 

805
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,600
you have learned to live it. 
Well, You found a way to move 

806
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:34,500
through each day with competence
and calm managing the endless 

807
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:38,200
tasks, that fill your hours, you
have developed strategies and 

808
00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:41,100
shortcuts and learned what 
matters, and what can be let go?

809
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,700
You have friendships with other 
women, who live similar lives. 

810
00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:47,500
You meet at the grocery store or
cross backyard. 

811
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:50,500
Fence is exchanging advice and 
sympathy. 

812
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:54,500
These connections are important 
reminders that you are not alone

813
00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:57,000
in this work. 
Other women understand the 

814
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:00,300
challenges, you face the small 
frustrations and the quiet 

815
00:45:00,300 --> 00:45:03,400
satisfactions. 
You have learned what to expect 

816
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:06,500
from each day and this knowledge
brings a measure of Peace. 

817
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:10,100
You know that if you start the 
laundry early, it will be dry by

818
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:12,500
after noon. 
You know, that if you prepare 

819
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,300
dinner components in the 
morning, the evening Rush will 

820
00:45:15,300 --> 00:45:18,000
be less stressful. 
You know, that children need 

821
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:21,600
consistency, that husbands, 
appreciate routine and that 

822
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:23,400
homes require constant 
maintenance. 

823
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:27,200
At night when the house is dark 
and everyone is asleep. 

824
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:30,200
You lie in bed and feel the 
quiet all around you. 

825
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:33,900
It is a peaceful quiet, the kind
that comes. 

826
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:37,500
After a day of work completed, 
you have done, what was needed 

827
00:45:37,500 --> 00:45:39,800
and tomorrow you will do it 
again. 

828
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:42,600
The continuity is its own kind 
of comfort. 

829
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:46,800
There is no uncertainty, no need
to wonder what comes next. 

830
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:50,600
You know, what comes? 
Next morning, will come and you 

831
00:45:50,608 --> 00:45:53,900
will rise before the alarm and 
the day will unfold as it always

832
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:56,300
does. 
You will make breakfast and pack

833
00:45:56,300 --> 00:46:00,400
lunches, wash dishes, and sweet 
floors, prepare dinner and tuck 

834
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,400
children into bed. 
This knowledge could feel 

835
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:06,300
oppressive this certainly that 
nothing will change. 

836
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:12,000
But in Stead, it feels secure. 
In a world that often seems 

837
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:15,800
unpredictable and chaotic, your 
home is a place of order. 

838
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:20,800
The tasks may be endless but 
they are so manageable, you know

839
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:24,700
how to do them and you do them. 
Well, You close your eyes and 

840
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:26,200
let yourself drift towards 
sleep. 

841
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,400
The house. 
Settles around you. 

842
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:33,400
It's walls, solid and familiar. 
You're safe here held by routine

843
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:36,400
surrounded by the life of Bill 
and maintained. 

844
00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:40,000
The work is never finished, but 
that is acceptable. 

845
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:44,700
It can continues day after day. 
Week after week, year after 

846
00:46:44,700 --> 00:46:48,100
year. 
And so the days continue one 

847
00:46:48,100 --> 00:46:52,800
after another steady and 
unchanging a rhythm as reliable 

848
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:57,400
as your own heartbeat. 
You wake and work, and rest and 

849
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:01,600
sleep, and then you wake again, 
the pattern repeats. 

850
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:06,500
And in that repetition, you find
your place, your purpose and 

851
00:47:06,500 --> 00:47:08,600
your life. 
The mornings. 

852
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:12,300
All begin the same and the 
evenings all in the same and in 

853
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:14,000
between is the work that defines
you. 

854
00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:19,200
You do not question it or resist
it, you simply live it day after

855
00:47:19,200 --> 00:47:22,300
day, moving through the familiar
rooms of your home. 

856
00:47:22,300 --> 00:47:26,100
Caring for the people you love 
and maintaining the small world 

857
00:47:26,100 --> 00:47:30,000
that depends on you. 
This is what daily life is like 

858
00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:39,200
for you and it is enough. 
Your stepping into the everyday 

859
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:43,800
world of late 16th century and 
early 17th century, England away

860
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:45,800
from the theater and printed 
folios. 

861
00:47:46,700 --> 00:47:50,900
Here in the regular rhythms of 
streets, lodging and households,

862
00:47:50,900 --> 00:47:55,200
William Shakespeare lived a life
shaped by work travel and quiet.

863
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:58,700
Observation, this is the story 
of his ordinary days. 

864
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:02,800
He awakened a room where light 
filters through small Windows. 

865
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:07,700
The S smells of wood and wool. 
Whether you're in Stratford upon

866
00:48:07,708 --> 00:48:11,300
Avon or in London mornings, 
begin with simple tasks. 

867
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,400
You pull on clothes that have 
been worn before and will be 

868
00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:16,600
worn again. 
Choose a practical. 

869
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:22,200
Floor is cool, but your feet. 
In Stratford the house on Henley

870
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:24,600
Street holds the familiar sounds
of family. 

871
00:48:25,300 --> 00:48:29,000
Doors, open and close. 
Voices carry from room to room, 

872
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:33,800
your wife and manages the 
household, your children move 

873
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:37,200
through their own routines. 
You spend time here between 

874
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:40,600
stretches of work in London 
returning to a place where the 

875
00:48:40,608 --> 00:48:43,100
streets are known and the faces 
are constant. 

876
00:48:43,100 --> 00:48:46,900
The house itself is substantial 
Timber frames. 

877
00:48:46,900 --> 00:48:49,700
Support the walls, the rooms are
divided by function. 

878
00:48:49,700 --> 00:48:53,300
There is a hole for Gathering 
Chambers for sleeping and a 

879
00:48:53,300 --> 00:48:56,300
kitchen for cooking the 
structure has stood for years. 

880
00:48:56,300 --> 00:49:00,800
It will stand for years more, 
you know, every corner of it, 

881
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:04,700
your daughter's Susanna and 
Judith have their own lives 

882
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:08,700
within the household. 
Suzanna is the elder serious and

883
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:11,700
capable. 
Judith is quieter and more 

884
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:14,200
reserved. 
You see them when you return 

885
00:49:14,200 --> 00:49:18,200
from London, the time between 
visits means you notice their 

886
00:49:18,200 --> 00:49:20,800
growth in sudden, jumps rather 
than gradual changes. 

887
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:24,200
Han is practical. 
She manages the property. 

888
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:27,700
Oversees the servants and 
handles daily necessities. 

889
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:31,300
Your marriage is not passionate 
but it is functional. 

890
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:35,100
You respect each other, you 
fulfill your roles. 

891
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,500
When you're home, you share 
meals and discuss household 

892
00:49:38,500 --> 00:49:41,600
matters, when you are away, she 
continues with you. 

893
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,600
The town of Stratford is small 
enough that everyone knows 

894
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:48,600
everyone you walk through the 
streets and greet, Neighbors, 

895
00:49:48,600 --> 00:49:52,200
The Baker, the Smith, the 
tailor, these are people, you 

896
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,800
have known since childhood. 
They know your family, they know

897
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:58,300
your business. 
There is comfort in this 

898
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:01,500
familiarity. 
The river Avon runs through the 

899
00:50:01,500 --> 00:50:04,900
town you walk along it, 
sometimes watching the water 

900
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:07,900
move. 
The sound is constant and 

901
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:11,700
soothing in summer. 
The banks are green in Winter. 

902
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:15,500
They are bare the river marks 
the seasons more clearly than 

903
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:17,800
the calendar. 
London is different. 

904
00:50:17,800 --> 00:50:21,400
The city is larger, louder and 
more crowded. 

905
00:50:21,400 --> 00:50:25,400
You log in rooms near the Thames
or in neighborhoods, where to 

906
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:29,800
work, as gather, the building's 
lean close to gather smoke rises

907
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,300
from chimneys. 
The river moves, steadily 

908
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:36,800
carrying boats and barges. 
You walk the same routes often 

909
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:40,400
enough that your feet know the 
turns your lodgings in London 

910
00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:43,500
change over the years. 
You move from one set of rooms 

911
00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:46,500
to another Sometimes you stay 
with other theater. 

912
00:50:46,500 --> 00:50:49,400
People, sometimes you rent a 
space above a shop. 

913
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:51,400
The accommodations are 
temporary. 

914
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:53,800
You do not invest in making them
comfortable. 

915
00:50:53,800 --> 00:50:56,300
They are places to sleep and 
work. 

916
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:59,700
Nothing more. 
The city streets are busy from 

917
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:02,500
the early morning until late 
evening carts. 

918
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,100
Rumble over cobblestones 
vendors. 

919
00:51:05,100 --> 00:51:07,400
Call out their Wares 
apprentices. 

920
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:11,100
Hurry to complete errands. 
You navigate through the crowd 

921
00:51:11,100 --> 00:51:14,000
without much. 
Thought the motion is automatic.

922
00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:17,200
You pass the same landmarks 
daily. 

923
00:51:18,100 --> 00:51:21,900
Certain churches, certain 
Bridges, certain Corners were 

924
00:51:21,900 --> 00:51:24,600
streets. 
Meet These markers help you 

925
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:29,200
Orient yourself even on foggy 
mornings or dark evenings, you 

926
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:31,700
know, where you are by the shape
of building's and the sound 

927
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:34,000
around you. 
More Mornings in London. 

928
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,400
Begin with the sound of carts 
and voices. 

929
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:39,800
You leave your lodging and step 
into streets already busy with 

930
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:43,300
work. 
Baker's Brewers merchants and 

931
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:45,500
laborers, move through their own
schedules. 

932
00:51:45,500 --> 00:51:49,600
He passed them without much. 
Notice, the rhythm of the city 

933
00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:53,000
is constant and you are part of 
it, the smell of the city is 

934
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:57,700
distinctive smoke from fires. 
The Tang of the river horse dung

935
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:00,800
in the streets, cooking food 
unwashed bodies. 

936
00:52:00,800 --> 00:52:04,500
You stop noticing after a while 
it becomes background. 

937
00:52:04,500 --> 00:52:07,700
Like the noise, you walk to the 
theater. 

938
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:10,900
The globe stands south of the 
river around. 

939
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:13,000
Wooden structure visible from a 
distance. 

940
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:17,100
You cross the Thames by boat or 
Bridge depending on the weather 

941
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:20,900
and the time the water is cold 
in Winter and calm in summer, 

942
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:24,900
Boatman call out to passengers, 
you pay your fare and step 

943
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,100
aboard. 
The boat ride is brief, you sit 

944
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:32,000
or stand among other passengers.
Some are going to the theater as

945
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:34,700
workers or Patron's. 
Others have different 

946
00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:39,500
destinations the boat rocks. 
Gently The Boatman works, the 

947
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:43,900
ores with practice deficiency. 
You watch the water or the far 

948
00:52:43,900 --> 00:52:47,700
Bank The walk from the bridge to
the theater takes you through 

949
00:52:47,700 --> 00:52:50,000
streets lined with workshops and
homes. 

950
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:54,400
You see the same buildings, the 
same signs, and the same 

951
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:58,300
corners. 
The root becomes automatic your 

952
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:01,500
mind wanders, while your feet 
carry you forward, you think 

953
00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:04,500
about the work ahead, a scene 
that needs revision. 

954
00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:08,400
A line that felt awkward in 
yesterday's rehearsal a 

955
00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:10,100
conversation, you need to have 
with an actor. 

956
00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:13,000
These thoughts occupy you as you
walk. 

957
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:16,600
Inside the theater, the days 
work Begins. 

958
00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:21,100
The space is open to the sky in 
the center, wooden benches and 

959
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:25,000
galleries surround the stage the
smell of sawdust and costumes, 

960
00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:29,000
fills the air. 
It is arrived and prepare. 

961
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:32,500
You speak with them about the 
days performance or the next 

962
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:35,100
rehearsal. 
The conversation is a practical.

963
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:38,300
Lines are reviewed. 
Blocking is a Justice. 

964
00:53:38,300 --> 00:53:42,200
Did costumes are checked. 
The stage itself is a raise 

965
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:46,900
platform, trapdoors allow actors
to enter from below the balcony,

966
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:51,000
above serves as battlements 
bedrooms or upper Windows 

967
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:54,400
depending on the play. 
The architecture is simple but 

968
00:53:54,400 --> 00:53:57,000
versatile. 
You write with these physical 

969
00:53:57,000 --> 00:54:00,700
constraints in mind. 
The backstage area is cramped 

970
00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:04,200
costumes. 
Hang on, pegs props are stacked 

971
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:06,300
in Corners. 
Actors change. 

972
00:54:06,300 --> 00:54:08,300
Quickly pulling on robes or 
armor. 

973
00:54:08,300 --> 00:54:12,700
The space is organized chaos. 
Everyone knows where things are 

974
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:15,300
supposed to be even if they are 
not always there. 

975
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:18,800
He write in the mornings or 
afternoons, depending on the 

976
00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:22,900
schedule a table, a chair paper 
and ink. 

977
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:27,400
The tools are simple, you sit 
and work through scenes, 

978
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:31,900
revising lines, that felt rough.
The day before the process is 

979
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:36,600
slow, you cross out words, 
rewrite phrases and test Rhythm 

980
00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:40,000
allowed to yourself. 
Writing is not magical. 

981
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:42,800
It is work. 
That requires focus and 

982
00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:45,700
repetition. 
The ink you use is black and 

983
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,900
thin it flows from the quill 
easily. 

984
00:54:48,900 --> 00:54:52,600
When the quill is sharp, when 
the point dulls, the writing 

985
00:54:52,600 --> 00:54:57,100
becomes scratchy, you sharpen 
the quill with a small knife The

986
00:54:57,100 --> 00:54:59,900
motion is familiar. 
You've done it thousands of 

987
00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:03,400
times paper is expensive but not
prohibitively. 

988
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:08,600
So you use it carefully margins 
are filled with notes Crossed 

989
00:55:08,600 --> 00:55:12,400
Out Lines remain visible beneath
new ones each sheet represents 

990
00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:14,900
money. 
So waste is minimized. 

991
00:55:14,900 --> 00:55:17,200
You read what you've written 
allowed. 

992
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:20,300
Hearing the words reveals 
problems that reading silently 

993
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:23,600
does not. 
A rhythm that seemed on the page

994
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:27,300
sound awkward, when spoke in a 
line that felt clever feels 

995
00:55:27,300 --> 00:55:32,200
forced you adjust accordingly. 
Between rehearsals and 

996
00:55:32,208 --> 00:55:35,300
performances, there are hours to
fill you walk. 

997
00:55:35,300 --> 00:55:39,400
You observe you listen to 
conversations in markets and 

998
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:43,000
taverns, people speak about 
their work, their families, and 

999
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:45,600
their complaints. 
You remember fragments of 

1000
00:55:45,600 --> 00:55:50,200
speech, turns a phrase and the 
way anger or humor sounds in 

1001
00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:53,200
different voices. 
These pieces find their way into

1002
00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:56,900
your writing later, the 
marketplace is particularly rich

1003
00:55:56,900 --> 00:56:01,100
with material arguments over 
prices, flirtations between 

1004
00:56:01,100 --> 00:56:04,100
vendors and customers. 
Complaints about the weather or 

1005
00:56:04,100 --> 00:56:07,200
the quality of goods you watch 
and listen without seeming to 

1006
00:56:08,200 --> 00:56:11,800
People do not perform when they 
think they are unobserved, their

1007
00:56:11,800 --> 00:56:13,700
natural behavior is more 
interesting than any 

1008
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:17,100
performance. 
You notice physical details, how

1009
00:56:17,100 --> 00:56:20,800
a merchant shift his weight, 
when lying, how a woman adjusts 

1010
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:24,900
her shawl when cold how a child 
tugs at a parent sleeve for 

1011
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:29,300
attention, These small gestures 
reveal character, you file them 

1012
00:56:29,300 --> 00:56:32,800
away. 
In Stratford, the pace is slow. 

1013
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:35,500
You walk through the town and 
into the countryside. 

1014
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:39,300
Feel stretch out in all 
directions. 

1015
00:56:39,300 --> 00:56:43,800
The air is quieter. 
You visit family, handle 

1016
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:46,000
business matters and to 
property. 

1017
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:50,900
There are documents to sign 
rents to collect and agreements 

1018
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:55,200
to make these tasks are 
necessary and unremarkable, you 

1019
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:58,500
own property in and around 
Stratford, some of it produces 

1020
00:56:58,500 --> 00:57:00,800
income. 
Some of it is for your families.

1021
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:03,500
Use you check on these 
properties when you are home, 

1022
00:57:03,500 --> 00:57:07,200
you speak with tenants you, 
inspect buildings for needed 

1023
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:09,800
repairs. 
The work is mundane but 

1024
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:13,000
important. 
The countryside around Stratford

1025
00:57:13,000 --> 00:57:16,400
offers space and silence. 
You walk along paths, you have 

1026
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,500
known since childhood the 
landscape changes with the 

1027
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:23,200
seasons, but remains 
fundamentally the same Hills in 

1028
00:57:23,200 --> 00:57:26,900
the distance, feels divided by 
hedgerows sheep grazing. 

1029
00:57:26,900 --> 00:57:30,700
The occasional Farmhouse. 
You think while walking not 

1030
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:34,400
focused thoughts, but a kind of 
mental wandering ideas for 

1031
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:39,400
scenes memories, observations 
about people, you have seen the 

1032
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:43,200
walking itself, helps the 
thinking movement and thought to

1033
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:45,500
Connected. 
You eat midday meals, wherever 

1034
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,900
you happen to be in London. 
This might mean a tava near the 

1035
00:57:48,908 --> 00:57:53,900
theater or stall selling bread 
and cheese in Stratford Mills 

1036
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:57,000
are taken at home. 
The food is plain and filling 

1037
00:57:57,000 --> 00:58:02,600
bread, meat, vegetables and Ale.
You eat without ceremony and 

1038
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:05,400
return to your work? 
Taverns in London. 

1039
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:08,600
Vary in quality. 
Some are clean and well-kept, 

1040
00:58:08,600 --> 00:58:11,200
others are dark and smell of old
beer. 

1041
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:15,600
You choose based on location and
familiarity rather than quality.

1042
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:19,600
As long as the food is edible 
and the ale is drinkable The 

1043
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:23,400
Tavern serves its purpose. 
You sit at communal tables. 

1044
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:27,900
Stranger, sit beside you 
sometimes conversation starts. 

1045
00:58:27,900 --> 00:58:31,900
Sometimes everyone eats in 
silence, your comfortable with 

1046
00:58:31,900 --> 00:58:36,000
both, you can be social when it 
serves you you can be invisible.

1047
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:38,900
When you prefer the bread is 
coarse and dense. 

1048
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:42,700
It fills your stomach, the meat 
is whatever is available that 

1049
00:58:42,700 --> 00:58:46,200
day beef, mutton, pork and 
chicken. 

1050
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:49,800
It is cooked simply roasted or 
boiled. 

1051
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:54,700
Vegetables are mostly Roots, 
turnips, carrots and onions. 

1052
00:58:54,700 --> 00:58:59,300
They are soft from long cooking.
Afternoons, bring performance is

1053
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:02,800
or more writing if a play is 
being staged, you watch from the

1054
00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:04,900
side or assist with last minute 
changes. 

1055
00:59:05,800 --> 00:59:09,100
The actors perform the same line
you wrote but they add their own

1056
00:59:09,100 --> 00:59:12,000
interpretations. 
You notice what works and what 

1057
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:15,100
does not you make mental notes 
for future revisions. 

1058
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:19,600
The audience is varied grounding
stand in the yard, close to the 

1059
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:25,900
stage, they allowed an active, 
they Heckle laugh and gas, their

1060
00:59:25,900 --> 00:59:29,600
reactions are immediate The 
wealthier patrons sit in the 

1061
00:59:29,608 --> 00:59:32,300
galleries. 
They are quieter, but no less 

1062
00:59:32,300 --> 00:59:34,700
engaged. 
You gauge the audience's 

1063
00:59:34,700 --> 00:59:36,800
response. 
When do they lean forward? 

1064
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:40,400
When do they shift restlessly? 
When do they laugh? 

1065
00:59:40,400 --> 00:59:43,500
When do they fall silent these 
reactions? 

1066
00:59:43,500 --> 00:59:46,800
Tell you, what is working? 
A joke that lands in rehearsal 

1067
00:59:46,800 --> 00:59:49,700
might fall flat in performance? 
A serious moment. 

1068
00:59:49,700 --> 00:59:53,600
Might get an unexpected laugh. 
You adjust future performance is

1069
00:59:53,600 --> 00:59:57,000
based on what you learn. 
If a scene drags, you tighten 

1070
00:59:57,000 --> 01:00:01,800
it, If a joke misses you replace
it, the plays are not fixed. 

1071
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:04,800
They evolved with each 
performance when there is no 

1072
01:00:04,800 --> 01:00:06,800
performance, the afternoon is 
opened. 

1073
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:10,100
You might read walk or visit 
someone. 

1074
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:13,900
Time is not scared, but it is 
not wasted. 

1075
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:18,100
You move through the hours with 
purpose, even when the purpose 

1076
01:00:18,100 --> 01:00:21,500
is simply rest. 
Reading offers its own 

1077
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:26,600
Pleasures, you read history 
classical texts and poetry by 

1078
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:30,000
other writers the reading 
informs your writing without 

1079
01:00:30,000 --> 01:00:34,700
direct imitation. 
You absorbed Styles ideas and 

1080
01:00:34,700 --> 01:00:38,800
structures later, they emerged 
transformed in your own work. 

1081
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:42,500
You read in your lodging or in 
quiet corners of the theater. 

1082
01:00:42,500 --> 01:00:46,900
The light needs to be good. 
You cannot read by candlelight 

1083
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:48,700
for long without your eyes 
tiring. 

1084
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:53,300
Daylight is better, is your 
position yourself near a window 

1085
01:00:53,300 --> 01:00:55,800
when possible. 
Some books are borrowed, some 

1086
01:00:55,800 --> 01:00:59,800
are purchased books are valuable
you treat them carefully, you do

1087
01:00:59,800 --> 01:01:03,300
not Mark the pages or bend the 
covers when you finish you 

1088
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:05,000
return. 
Borrowed books promptly, 

1089
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:10,400
evenings approach gradually the 
light changes Shadows length and

1090
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:15,100
the city begins to settle In 
London, you return to your 

1091
01:01:15,100 --> 01:01:19,300
lodging or meet colleges at 
avern in Stratford you remain at

1092
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:22,100
home. 
The transition from day to night

1093
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:26,200
is gentle the quality of light 
in late afternoon is soft. 

1094
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:29,700
The harsh. 
Brighton of midday fades. 

1095
01:01:30,400 --> 01:01:34,200
Colors become richer Shadows a 
longer and more dramatic. 

1096
01:01:34,200 --> 01:01:38,100
You notice these changes their 
affect your mood without you 

1097
01:01:38,100 --> 01:01:42,200
thinking about it consciously in
summer, the days are long. 

1098
01:01:42,800 --> 01:01:46,000
Evening seems delayed. 
You worked later because the 

1099
01:01:46,000 --> 01:01:49,400
light permits it in winter. 
Darkness comes early. 

1100
01:01:50,200 --> 01:01:51,700
You're just your schedule 
accordingly. 

1101
01:01:52,700 --> 01:01:56,700
The seasons dictate rhythms, you
do not live a life of constant 

1102
01:01:56,700 --> 01:02:00,000
excitement, the days are built 
from routine. 

1103
01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:04,200
You walk the same streets, see 
the same faces and perform the 

1104
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:07,600
same tasks. 
This repetition is not Dull it 

1105
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:10,700
provides structure. 
It allows you to notice small 

1106
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:14,700
changes to refine your 
observations and to build a life

1107
01:02:14,700 --> 01:02:17,600
that supports your work. 
The routine is comforting. 

1108
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:21,100
You know what, each day will 
bring there are variations but 

1109
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:23,200
the overall pattern remains 
consistent. 

1110
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:27,300
This predictability allows you 
to focus on the work rather than

1111
01:02:27,300 --> 01:02:30,800
on Logistics. 
You develop habits, you wake up 

1112
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,700
at the same time, you eat at the
same time, you work during the 

1113
01:02:34,700 --> 01:02:37,400
same hours, these habits create 
efficiency. 

1114
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:40,700
You do not waste energy to 
deciding what to do next. 

1115
01:02:40,700 --> 01:02:44,800
You simply follow the pattern, 
Your relationship with both 

1116
01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:49,200
cities is practical, London 
offers work, income and 

1117
01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:52,900
connection to the theater world.
It's trapped for offers family 

1118
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:57,200
property and a slower Pace. 
You move between them regularly 

1119
01:02:57,200 --> 01:02:59,200
adjusting to each place as 
needed. 

1120
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:01,700
Neither feels more real than the
other. 

1121
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:06,000
Both are part of your life, the 
journey between the cities takes

1122
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:09,200
two or three days depending on 
conditions you travel on 

1123
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:12,500
Horseback or by coach. 
The roads are rough in places 

1124
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:13,300
smooth. 
In others. 

1125
01:03:13,300 --> 01:03:18,300
Rain makes the muddy dry weather
makes the dusty you stop at the 

1126
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:21,600
same ends along the way. 
The innkeepers recognize you, 

1127
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:25,500
they know your preferences, a 
room that is quiet a meal. 

1128
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:27,800
That is simple ale. 
That is fresh. 

1129
01:03:27,800 --> 01:03:32,000
These small familiarities make 
travel easier you carry very 

1130
01:03:32,000 --> 01:03:36,700
little with you when you travel.
If you clothes papers and money.

1131
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:41,300
The journey between Stratford 
and London takes time but it is 

1132
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:44,400
familiar. 
You know, the roads the Inns 

1133
01:03:44,400 --> 01:03:48,800
along the way and the rhythms of
travel, you do not rush you 

1134
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:52,800
arrive, when you arrive. 
The landscape changes as you 

1135
01:03:52,808 --> 01:03:55,800
travel. 
Flat Fields, giveaway to Rolling

1136
01:03:55,800 --> 01:03:58,600
Hills Villages appear and 
disappear. 

1137
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:01,600
You watch the scenery without 
much interest. 

1138
01:04:01,600 --> 01:04:04,800
It is pleasant, but not 
captivating. 

1139
01:04:05,700 --> 01:04:08,900
The real interest is in 
arriving, not in the journey 

1140
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:11,900
itself. 
Other Travelers share the roads 

1141
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:15,800
Merchants Messengers, and 
Farmers bringing Goods to 

1142
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:18,500
Market. 
You exchanged, Greetings, or 

1143
01:04:18,500 --> 01:04:22,300
nots, Sometimes you ride 
alongside someone for a stretch,

1144
01:04:22,300 --> 01:04:26,700
sometimes you travel alone. 
At night, you settle into 

1145
01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:31,100
whichever space you occupy. 
The room is dark or lit by a 

1146
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:34,800
single candle You prepare for 
sleep by setting aside, the 

1147
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:39,200
day's concerns tomorrow will 
bring more of the same work, the

1148
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:41,500
same streets and the same 
routines. 

1149
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:45,000
This predictability is 
comforting, you know what to 

1150
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:48,800
expect? 
Transition from waking to 

1151
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:53,300
sleeping is gradual, you do not 
fight it, you let tiredness 

1152
01:04:53,300 --> 01:04:56,500
overtake. 
You the day ends, the night 

1153
01:04:56,500 --> 01:05:01,000
begins sleep, will restore you 
for whatever tomorrow brings you

1154
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:05,400
earn your living by writing This
is not a romantic Pursuit. 

1155
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:09,400
It is a job that requires 
discipline skill and attention 

1156
01:05:09,400 --> 01:05:12,700
to deadlines. 
The theater company depends on 

1157
01:05:12,700 --> 01:05:17,400
new material, audiences expect 
variety you provide both. 

1158
01:05:18,300 --> 01:05:21,500
Your writing process is 
methodical, you sit with paper 

1159
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:25,500
and Dink, you begin with an idea
a character or a situation. 

1160
01:05:26,600 --> 01:05:30,200
The first draft is rough, words 
come quickly, but they are not 

1161
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:34,100
always the right words. 
He right through scenes testing 

1162
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:38,100
dialogue building conflicts and 
moving characters from one 

1163
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:41,500
moment to the next. 
The initial inspiration for a 

1164
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:45,600
play can come from anywhere. 
A story, you heard a historical 

1165
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:48,100
event an old play you want to 
improve? 

1166
01:05:49,000 --> 01:05:50,700
A character type, you want to 
explore. 

1167
01:05:51,600 --> 01:05:54,200
The Source matters less than 
what you do with it. 

1168
01:05:54,900 --> 01:05:58,800
You often work from existing 
stories histories of English 

1169
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:02,600
kings, Italian Tales Roman 
biographies. 

1170
01:06:02,600 --> 01:06:05,900
These provide Frameworks, you 
adapt them. 

1171
01:06:05,900 --> 01:06:09,500
Change them and reshape them to 
suit your purposes. 

1172
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,200
The bones of the story. 
Come from elsewhere. 

1173
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:16,400
Flesh is your own. 
Revision is where the real work 

1174
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:19,600
happens. 
You read what you cross out 

1175
01:06:19,600 --> 01:06:22,800
lines, that feel false, you 
rewrite speeches, that lack 

1176
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:27,900
Rhythm you tighten scenes that 
drag Process is slow and 

1177
01:06:27,900 --> 01:06:30,500
repetitive. 
You might spend days on a single

1178
01:06:30,500 --> 01:06:32,400
actor, just adjusting until it 
feels right. 

1179
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:36,600
You read passengers allowed to 
yourself, the sound matters. 

1180
01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:40,500
Align that looks good on paper. 
Might not sound right when spoke

1181
01:06:40,500 --> 01:06:42,900
and the Rhythm needs to match 
the meaning. 

1182
01:06:43,700 --> 01:06:45,600
Stressed. 
Syllables need to fall in the 

1183
01:06:45,608 --> 01:06:49,000
right places. 
You count beats. 5 beats per 

1184
01:06:49,000 --> 01:06:51,300
line for most beaches 10. 
Syllables. 

1185
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:54,000
The pattern is flexible not 
rigid. 

1186
01:06:54,600 --> 01:06:56,700
You break it. 
When breaking it, serves the 

1187
01:06:56,700 --> 01:07:01,600
meaning. but the underlying 
Rhythm provides structure, your 

1188
01:07:01,600 --> 01:07:05,400
revised dialogue to sound like 
speech not like writing People 

1189
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:08,700
interrupt each other, they leave
sentences unfinished. 

1190
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:12,600
They repeat themselves. 
They use contractions your 

1191
01:07:12,600 --> 01:07:15,600
written dialogue needs to 
capture this naturalness while 

1192
01:07:15,600 --> 01:07:17,600
remaining clear enough for an 
audience to follow. 

1193
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:20,100
The plays are written for 
performance. 

1194
01:07:20,100 --> 01:07:23,700
Not publication. 
You write with the voices of 

1195
01:07:23,700 --> 01:07:27,700
specific actors in mind, you 
know, their strengths, their 

1196
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:31,100
ranges and the types of roles 
they perform best. 

1197
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:34,800
This knowledge shapes your 
character's he gives certain 

1198
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:38,100
actors the roles that suit them.
The writing is collaborative in 

1199
01:07:38,100 --> 01:07:40,100
this way. 
Even when you are alone at the 

1200
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,900
table, Richard Burbage gets the 
leading tragic role's. 

1201
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,300
He has the voice and presents 
for them will kempe. 

1202
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:51,300
And later Robert Armin, get the 
comic roles they can improvise 

1203
01:07:51,300 --> 01:07:53,300
and you write space for them to 
do so. 

1204
01:07:54,200 --> 01:07:57,900
Boy, actors, play the women. 
You write female roles that 

1205
01:07:57,900 --> 01:07:59,500
suit, their voices and 
abilities. 

1206
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:02,300
You know, who will be available 
for each production. 

1207
01:08:02,300 --> 01:08:08,000
If a key actor is ill or away, 
you adjust, you rewrite roles 

1208
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:11,400
you redistribute lines, the play
must go on. 

1209
01:08:11,400 --> 01:08:16,100
So you make it work, you also 
write poetry Sonnets a longer 

1210
01:08:16,100 --> 01:08:18,700
narrative poems. 
These are different from plays. 

1211
01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:22,200
The structure is tighter. 
The language is denser. 

1212
01:08:22,200 --> 01:08:25,800
You write them for patreons for 
publication and for your own 

1213
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:28,899
satisfaction. 
The income from poetry is less 

1214
01:08:28,899 --> 01:08:32,700
predictable than the income from
plays, but it adds variety to 

1215
01:08:32,700 --> 01:08:34,600
your work. 
The sonics. 

1216
01:08:34,600 --> 01:08:38,300
Follow a strict form 14 lines a 
particular. 

1217
01:08:38,300 --> 01:08:42,200
Rhyme scheme, specific meter. 
The constraints are part of the 

1218
01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:44,899
appeal, you find Freedom within 
the restrictions. 

1219
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:47,500
The form forces, you to be 
precise. 

1220
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:52,300
You write narrative poems on 
commission, a patron, requests a

1221
01:08:52,300 --> 01:08:56,200
poem, on a particular subject, 
you research, plan, draft and 

1222
01:08:56,200 --> 01:08:59,100
revise. 
The work is similar to writing 

1223
01:08:59,100 --> 01:09:02,399
plays but with different 
technical demands, the language 

1224
01:09:02,399 --> 01:09:05,800
can be more elaborate, there is 
no need to consider how it will 

1225
01:09:05,800 --> 01:09:08,700
sound on stage. 
The theater business is not just

1226
01:09:08,700 --> 01:09:12,399
writing, you're part of a 
company, you attend meetings, 

1227
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:16,700
you discuss which plays a stage 
which roles to cast and which 

1228
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:20,800
costs to commission. 
You help manage finances, divide

1229
01:09:20,800 --> 01:09:25,100
profits and handle disputes. 
The work is Administrative and 

1230
01:09:25,108 --> 01:09:28,100
necessary. 
The company is organized, as a 

1231
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:31,700
partnership several Members Own 
shares, you are one of them. 

1232
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:34,700
This gives you a say in 
decisions and a share of the 

1233
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:37,500
profits, it all means you share 
the risks. 

1234
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:41,200
If a play fails, everyone loses 
money meetings, can be 

1235
01:09:41,200 --> 01:09:44,000
contentious different 
shareholders have different 

1236
01:09:44,000 --> 01:09:46,899
priorities. 
Someone wants to Stage a 

1237
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:49,600
particular type of play. 
Someone else disagrees. 

1238
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:54,200
You are argue you compromise. 
The Venturi decisions are made. 

1239
01:09:54,200 --> 01:09:59,600
Financial matters are complex, 
tickets sales cost for costumes 

1240
01:09:59,600 --> 01:10:03,800
and props, rent for the theater 
space and payments to actors and

1241
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:06,600
musicians. 
The accounts must be kept 

1242
01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:11,800
carefully, errors can lead to 
losses or disputes rehearsals 

1243
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:15,000
film many hours. 
You sit with actors and read 

1244
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:19,600
through scenes, you clarify 
intentions, you suggest, line 

1245
01:10:19,600 --> 01:10:21,700
reading's. 
You adjust blocking. 

1246
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:24,800
When something feels off. 
The actors offer their own 

1247
01:10:24,808 --> 01:10:26,400
ideas. 
You listen. 

1248
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:30,700
Sometimes they're suggestions 
improve the work, sometimes you 

1249
01:10:30,700 --> 01:10:33,100
hold firm to your original 
vision. 

1250
01:10:33,700 --> 01:10:37,100
Blocking is the physical 
movement on stage who enters 

1251
01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:41,200
from where, who stands where 
during a conversation, who moves

1252
01:10:41,200 --> 01:10:45,200
when These decisions affect how 
the audience, understands 

1253
01:10:45,200 --> 01:10:49,100
relationships and intentions you
work with the actors to find, 

1254
01:10:49,100 --> 01:10:52,600
natural movements, an actor 
might instinctively turn away 

1255
01:10:52,600 --> 01:10:56,000
during a particular line, This 
reveals something about the 

1256
01:10:56,000 --> 01:10:58,500
character, you notice and 
Incorporated. 

1257
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:03,100
Some actors need more directions
than others experienced actors, 

1258
01:11:03,100 --> 01:11:06,700
bring their own interpretations,
younger actors need guidance. 

1259
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:10,000
You adjust your approach based 
on who you are working with. 

1260
01:11:10,900 --> 01:11:13,600
Props and costumes are discussed
during rehearsals. 

1261
01:11:13,600 --> 01:11:16,200
Does this character need a 
sword? 

1262
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:18,400
Should this character wear a 
cloak? 

1263
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:22,200
These are practical questions 
with artistic implications. 

1264
01:11:22,200 --> 01:11:26,100
The visual elements support. 
The story performance is of the 

1265
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:29,700
culmination of weeks, or months 
of work, you watch from 

1266
01:11:29,700 --> 01:11:33,300
backstage or from the galleries,
the audience responds in real 

1267
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:37,800
time. 
They laugh Gars gross silent or 

1268
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:41,200
lose interest. 
The reactions, tell you, what 

1269
01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:43,400
works? 
You take note? 

1270
01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:46,400
Future plays will reflect what 
you learn here. 

1271
01:11:47,100 --> 01:11:50,800
The Groundlings are the most 
vocal they shout comments, they 

1272
01:11:50,800 --> 01:11:53,200
boo villains. 
They cheer Heroes. 

1273
01:11:53,200 --> 01:11:56,600
Their energy affects the 
performance actors feed off it. 

1274
01:11:56,600 --> 01:11:59,600
The galleries are quieter, but 
you can still gauge their 

1275
01:11:59,600 --> 01:12:02,400
engagement. 
Do they Lean Forward during 

1276
01:12:02,400 --> 01:12:05,000
tempts moments? 
Do they whisper to each other 

1277
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:08,400
during boring stretches. 
You watch and learn. 

1278
01:12:09,300 --> 01:12:11,100
Some performance is go better 
than others. 

1279
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:14,000
The actors might be particularly
sharp one day. 

1280
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:16,500
The audience might be 
particularly receptive 

1281
01:12:16,500 --> 01:12:20,600
everything clicks other days. 
The performance is flat. 

1282
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:24,300
The actor's misuse. 
The audience is restless. 

1283
01:12:24,300 --> 01:12:28,400
You accept both the theater is a
commercial Enterprise. 

1284
01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:32,000
Success is measured in tickets. 
Sales and Repeat Performance is 

1285
01:12:33,100 --> 01:12:36,600
you write plays that, people 
want to see, This does not mean,

1286
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:40,300
you write only for popularity, 
but you are aware of audience 

1287
01:12:40,300 --> 01:12:44,200
preferences, you balance your 
own interests with what will 

1288
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:48,100
draw a crowd. 
Comedies, generally draw larger 

1289
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:50,800
crowds and tragedies people want
to laugh. 

1290
01:12:50,800 --> 01:12:54,400
They want entertainment. 
The tragedies have their 

1291
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:58,700
audience too. 
The key is variety you write 

1292
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:01,200
different types of plays to 
appeal to different, moods 

1293
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:05,300
historical plays, a popular 
English audiences, want to see 

1294
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:07,200
stories about their own Kings 
and battles. 

1295
01:13:07,200 --> 01:13:11,100
You give them these stories 
shape to emphasize the themes 

1296
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:15,500
you find interesting, you write 
quickly when needed a play can 

1297
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:18,000
be completed and weaks if the 
company requires it. 

1298
01:13:18,900 --> 01:13:23,400
Other times, you take longer you
revise old plays for new 

1299
01:13:23,400 --> 01:13:26,100
productions. 
You adapt stories from history, 

1300
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,900
from Italian sources and from 
English Legends. 

1301
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:31,700
The Source material is a 
starting point. 

1302
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:36,800
Finished plays your own. 
Speed does not necessarily mean 

1303
01:13:36,800 --> 01:13:39,800
lower quality. 
Some of your best work comes 

1304
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:43,000
quickly. 
The ideas are clear The 

1305
01:13:43,000 --> 01:13:46,000
Executioner's, smooth others, 
labor along. 

1306
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:50,200
Requiring extensive revision. 
You keep old drafts. 

1307
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,000
Sometimes you return to a play, 
you wrote years ago and see ways

1308
01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:57,100
to improve it. 
You revise and the company 

1309
01:13:57,100 --> 01:14:01,800
stages, the new version, Players
renewed, your income comes from 

1310
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:04,500
several streams. 
The theater company. 

1311
01:14:04,500 --> 01:14:07,700
Pays you for new plays. 
You receive a share of profits 

1312
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:09,800
from performance. 
Is Patron's commission? 

1313
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:14,700
Poems, you invest in property. 
The combination provides 

1314
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:17,700
stability. 
You're not wealthy but you are 

1315
01:14:17,700 --> 01:14:21,600
secure the share of profits 
varies depending on how well the

1316
01:14:21,600 --> 01:14:24,700
play performs and how many 
performances of staged. 

1317
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:27,700
A popular play brings in 
significant money. 

1318
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:31,500
A play that closes after a few 
performances brings in little. 

1319
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:36,000
Patronage is less reliable but 
potentially more lucrative. 

1320
01:14:36,900 --> 01:14:40,000
A wealthy Patron might pay 
handsomely for a poem, but 

1321
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:42,600
patrons are unpredictable their 
favor. 

1322
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:46,100
Can shift you do not depend on 
patronage alone. 

1323
01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:51,100
Property investment is your 
long-term security, you buy land

1324
01:14:51,100 --> 01:14:54,700
and buildings in Stratford. 
These provide rental income, 

1325
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:57,900
they will support your family 
after you stop working. 

1326
01:14:58,800 --> 01:15:03,300
The Investments are practical, 
not speculative writing a 

1327
01:15:03,300 --> 01:15:06,200
solitary, but it exists within a
social structure. 

1328
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:11,900
You rely on actors stage hands. 
Musicians and managers they rely

1329
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:14,500
on you? 
The work is interdependent. 

1330
01:15:14,500 --> 01:15:19,000
A play, is not complete until it
is performed, and it cannot be 

1331
01:15:19,000 --> 01:15:22,600
performed without all these 
parts working together. the 

1332
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:26,600
musicians provide interlude and 
accompaniment they play before 

1333
01:15:26,600 --> 01:15:30,700
the performance during scene 
changes, and sometimes during 

1334
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:35,500
scenes, The music sets the mood.
You can salt with them about 

1335
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:38,800
what is needed. 
Stage hands, manage the physical

1336
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:42,000
elements, they move props. 
They operate. 

1337
01:15:42,000 --> 01:15:44,800
The trap doors, they handle the 
curtains. 

1338
01:15:44,800 --> 01:15:48,300
Their work is invisible to the 
audience but essential to the 

1339
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:51,500
performance. 
The theater manager handles 

1340
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:52,400
business. 
Matters. 

1341
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:56,400
Scheduling ticket sales. 
Negotiations, with authorities, 

1342
01:15:56,400 --> 01:16:00,800
you work with him to ensure the 
company operates smoothly, you 

1343
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:04,300
keep notebooks small 
observations fragments of 

1344
01:16:04,300 --> 01:16:08,300
dialogue and ideas. 
For scenes, you write things 

1345
01:16:08,300 --> 01:16:10,800
down. 
When they occur to you, later 

1346
01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:15,200
you return to these notes. 
Some become plays others remain 

1347
01:16:15,200 --> 01:16:17,700
notes. 
The process of collecting and 

1348
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:21,200
refining is ongoing the 
notebooks are small enough to 

1349
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:23,100
carry with you. 
You pull them out. 

1350
01:16:23,100 --> 01:16:26,100
When something strikes, you a 
phrase overheard in the market, 

1351
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:29,900
an interesting face in the 
crowd, a situation that could 

1352
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:32,700
become a scene. 
You do not organize the 

1353
01:16:32,700 --> 01:16:35,100
notebook. 
Systematically ideas are 

1354
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:37,600
recorded as they come. 
When you need something, you 

1355
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:41,100
page through until you find it. 
The disorder does not bother 

1356
01:16:41,100 --> 01:16:43,800
you. 
The notes of you alone, the work

1357
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:48,000
has its frustrations lines. 
You labored over for flat in 

1358
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:51,400
performance. 
Actors, forget cues, audiences 

1359
01:16:51,400 --> 01:16:54,800
are distracted. 
Whether affects attendance the 

1360
01:16:54,800 --> 01:16:58,100
roof, leaks, during rain. 
These are practical problems 

1361
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:02,500
with practical Solutions, you 
adjust and continued Reign 

1362
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:04,700
drives away. 
The Groundlings, they will not 

1363
01:17:04,700 --> 01:17:06,400
stand in the yard getting 
soaked. 

1364
01:17:06,400 --> 01:17:09,900
The galleries stay Fuller but 
the energy is different. 

1365
01:17:09,900 --> 01:17:13,400
You might cut the performance 
short or cancel entirely. 

1366
01:17:14,300 --> 01:17:18,800
Actors, forget lines. 
It happens, they improvised they

1367
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:22,100
get back on track. 
If the problem is severe, you 

1368
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:25,900
add extra rehearsals, you work 
with the actor individually you 

1369
01:17:25,900 --> 01:17:27,200
all. 
So experienced moments of 

1370
01:17:27,208 --> 01:17:30,200
satisfaction, A scene lands. 
Exactly. 

1371
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:33,900
As you hope that delivers a line
with perfect timing. 

1372
01:17:33,900 --> 01:17:37,800
The audience is silent during a 
tense moment, then erupts in 

1373
01:17:37,808 --> 01:17:41,100
laughter or Applause. 
These moments are gratifying, 

1374
01:17:41,100 --> 01:17:44,500
but they do not change. 
The nature of the work tomorrow.

1375
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:46,600
You will return to the table and
write again. 

1376
01:17:47,300 --> 01:17:50,700
The satisfaction is brief, you 
enjoy it in the moment. 

1377
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:53,800
Then move on, there is always 
more work to do. 

1378
01:17:53,800 --> 01:17:56,800
The next play is already forming
in your mind. 

1379
01:17:56,800 --> 01:18:01,100
You do not think of yourself as 
exceptional, you are working 

1380
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:05,100
playwright in a city full of 
working playwrights, some are 

1381
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:07,900
more successful. 
Some are less, you're somewhere 

1382
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:10,800
in the middle producing work. 
That is reliable and 

1383
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:12,100
occasionally. 
Excellent. 

1384
01:18:12,800 --> 01:18:16,400
This is enough, Christopher, 
Marlowe was exceptional before 

1385
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:19,600
his death. 
Ben Johnson is talented and 

1386
01:18:19,600 --> 01:18:22,600
ambitious, Thomas Dekker rights 
prolifically. 

1387
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:27,200
You are one among several. 
The competition is healthy, it 

1388
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,700
pushes you to improve the rhythm
of writing rehearsing and 

1389
01:18:30,700 --> 01:18:32,300
Performing becomes second 
nature. 

1390
01:18:33,300 --> 01:18:36,500
You know how long it takes to 
complete a draft, you know, how 

1391
01:18:36,500 --> 01:18:39,600
much time actors need to learn 
their lines, you know, when to 

1392
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,300
push for changes and when to 
accept what has been done 

1393
01:18:43,100 --> 01:18:45,000
Experience teaches you these 
things. 

1394
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:49,400
You can estimate accurately now,
you know, a five-act play will 

1395
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:51,800
take six to eight weeks to write
if you work steadily. 

1396
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:54,800
You know, rehearsals will take 
two to three weeks. 

1397
01:18:54,800 --> 01:18:58,700
You know, a successful play will
run for a dozen performance as 

1398
01:18:58,700 --> 01:19:03,300
or more He writing different 
moods, sometimes the work flows 

1399
01:19:03,300 --> 01:19:06,800
easily other times. 
It is slow and difficult. 

1400
01:19:06,800 --> 01:19:10,500
You do not, wait for 
inspiration, you sit down and 

1401
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:12,100
write regardless of how you 
feel. 

1402
01:19:13,200 --> 01:19:16,900
Discipline is more important 
than mood on difficult days. 

1403
01:19:16,900 --> 01:19:20,000
You produce fewer Pages. 
The words do not come easily, 

1404
01:19:20,000 --> 01:19:23,500
you force them. 
Anyway, the forced work can be 

1405
01:19:23,500 --> 01:19:26,300
revised later. 
The important thing is to keep 

1406
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,400
moving forward on. 
Good days, you write more than 

1407
01:19:29,400 --> 01:19:33,100
you expected. 
The ideas flow, the dialogue 

1408
01:19:33,100 --> 01:19:36,700
sounds right on the first try 
you ride the momentum as long as

1409
01:19:36,700 --> 01:19:38,600
it lasts. 
Your relationship. 

1410
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:42,200
With your own work is practical.
You do not romanticize the 

1411
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:46,600
process, you do not agonize over
every word you do, what is 

1412
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:50,000
required and move forward. 
This approach allows you to 

1413
01:19:50,000 --> 01:19:52,500
produce a large body of work 
over many years. 

1414
01:19:52,500 --> 01:19:54,900
You're proud of some plays more 
than others. 

1415
01:19:54,900 --> 01:19:57,900
Some represent your best 
thinking and your finest 

1416
01:19:57,900 --> 01:20:00,400
language. 
Others are competent, but not 

1417
01:20:00,400 --> 01:20:03,100
exceptional. 
You accept this range. 

1418
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:06,000
Not everything can be your best 
work. 

1419
01:20:06,000 --> 01:20:10,000
At the end of the day. 
You set aside the papers, the 

1420
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:14,600
ink drys, the words. 
Remain on the page tomorrow, you

1421
01:20:14,600 --> 01:20:18,700
will return to them. 
This is the pattern writing is 

1422
01:20:18,700 --> 01:20:21,400
not an event. 
It is a habit. 

1423
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:26,200
That the papers Stack Up pages 
of dialogue, notes, and 

1424
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:30,000
revisions, the physical 
accumulation represents hours of

1425
01:20:30,000 --> 01:20:32,700
work. 
You keep the drafts organized. 

1426
01:20:32,700 --> 01:20:35,800
Well enough to find what you 
need you waste paper when 

1427
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:38,900
necessary. 
If page is so heavily revised 

1428
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:40,400
that it is illegible. 
You copy it. 

1429
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:45,000
Fresh the time spent copying is 
worth the clarity, the work 

1430
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:48,500
continues, there is always 
another play to write another 

1431
01:20:48,500 --> 01:20:52,200
performance to attend and 
another revision to make the 

1432
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:56,400
cycle repeats. 
This repetition is not tedious, 

1433
01:20:56,400 --> 01:20:58,300
it is the structure of your 
life. 

1434
01:20:58,300 --> 01:21:01,500
You spend time with other 
people, the theater world is 

1435
01:21:01,500 --> 01:21:06,400
small and the same faces appear 
regularly actors, playwrights 

1436
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:10,800
managers, and musicians, you 
know, them by name, you know, 

1437
01:21:10,808 --> 01:21:13,300
their habits their skills and 
their temperaments. 

1438
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:16,500
Richard Burbage is serious about
his craft. 

1439
01:21:16,500 --> 01:21:19,000
He prepares thoroughly for 
roles. 

1440
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:22,800
He thinks deeply about character
conversations. 

1441
01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:24,300
With him are focused on the 
work. 

1442
01:21:24,300 --> 01:21:29,200
You respect his dedication. 
Will Kempy is boisterous. 

1443
01:21:29,200 --> 01:21:33,300
He jokes constantly, his energy.
Fills a room. 

1444
01:21:33,300 --> 01:21:37,500
He can also be difficult, his 
improvisation, sometimes go too 

1445
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:40,300
far. 
You have learned to write roles 

1446
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:42,000
that channel. 
His energy productively. 

1447
01:21:43,100 --> 01:21:46,400
Robert Armin, who replaces 
campaign is more subtle, his 

1448
01:21:46,400 --> 01:21:49,800
humor is verbal rather than 
physical You write different 

1449
01:21:49,800 --> 01:21:53,300
types of fools for him. 
The shift changes, the tone of 

1450
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:57,700
your comedy is a common 
gathering places after a 

1451
01:21:57,700 --> 01:22:00,500
performance or rehearsal. 
The company goes to a nearby 

1452
01:22:00,500 --> 01:22:02,800
Talent. 
You sit at a long table with 

1453
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,500
others, ail is poured bread and 
cheese. 

1454
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:10,200
A shared conversations overlap. 
Someone tells a story, someone 

1455
01:22:10,200 --> 01:22:13,400
else, argues a point. 
You listen, more than you speak 

1456
01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:15,600
but you can contribute when it 
feels natural. 

1457
01:22:17,100 --> 01:22:22,000
The Tavern is warm and noisy. 
Smell of Ale and bodies as 

1458
01:22:22,000 --> 01:22:24,100
strong. 
The space is crowded. 

1459
01:22:24,100 --> 01:22:26,700
You sit shoulder to shoulder 
with others. 

1460
01:22:27,500 --> 01:22:29,700
The proximity is comfortable 
after years of it. 

1461
01:22:30,400 --> 01:22:34,100
You have your preferred seat? 
Near the end of the table. 

1462
01:22:34,800 --> 01:22:37,100
Close enough to hear but not at 
the center. 

1463
01:22:37,100 --> 01:22:40,700
This position allows you to 
participate or withdraw as you 

1464
01:22:40,708 --> 01:22:44,300
choose. 
The talk is often about work, 

1465
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:48,800
which plays a drawing crowds 
which actors are improving. 

1466
01:22:49,500 --> 01:22:51,100
What other companies are 
staging? 

1467
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:54,200
The theater world is competitive
but not hostile. 

1468
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:57,100
People share information, they 
offer advice. 

1469
01:22:57,100 --> 01:22:59,300
They complain about shared 
frustrations. 

1470
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:02,000
You learn about other companies 
through these conversations. 

1471
01:23:03,100 --> 01:23:05,600
The Admirals men are staging a 
new play by Decker. 

1472
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:08,100
The children of the chapel are 
performing at court. 

1473
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,100
This information helps, you 
understand the landscape? 

1474
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:15,400
It informs your own decisions. 
You also talk about other 

1475
01:23:15,400 --> 01:23:19,300
things. 
Politics gossip and Family 

1476
01:23:19,300 --> 01:23:22,100
Matters. 
The conversations are ordinary, 

1477
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:25,900
you learn about someone sick, 
child, someone's new logging, 

1478
01:23:25,900 --> 01:23:27,700
and someone's dispute with the 
landlord. 

1479
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:32,000
These details do not affect you 
directly, but they are part of 

1480
01:23:32,000 --> 01:23:35,700
the fabric of social life. 
Politics are discussed 

1481
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:38,500
cautiously. 
The authorities, monitor public 

1482
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:41,700
discourse saying the wrong thing
can lead to trouble. 

1483
01:23:41,700 --> 01:23:45,200
You, listen to political talk 
but contribute little, you are 

1484
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:49,000
aware of the risks, gossip is 
safer and more entertaining. 

1485
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:54,100
Who is feuding with whom who is 
courting, whom, who was fallen 

1486
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:57,400
out of favor with a patron, 
Stories are repeated and 

1487
01:23:57,400 --> 01:24:00,100
embellished. 
You take them with skepticism 

1488
01:24:00,100 --> 01:24:03,800
friendships form, slowly. 
He work with the same people for

1489
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:06,400
years trust. 
Builds through repeated 

1490
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:09,300
interactions. 
You rely on certain actors to 

1491
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:13,000
deliver difficult roles. 
They rely on you to write parts 

1492
01:24:13,000 --> 01:24:16,100
that suit them. 
This Mutual dependence creates a

1493
01:24:16,100 --> 01:24:18,000
bond that is professional and 
personal. 

1494
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:20,500
You have friends. 
You do not work with often 

1495
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,400
writers, you respect actors who 
have moved to other companies. 

1496
01:24:25,300 --> 01:24:27,900
Friendships. 
Persist, even when work does not

1497
01:24:27,900 --> 01:24:31,300
connect you, you see each other 
in taverns on the street. 

1498
01:24:31,300 --> 01:24:35,500
And Gatherings, you have friends
outside the theater people, from

1499
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:39,300
Stratford Neighbors in London. 
Merchants you deal with 

1500
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:41,900
regularly. 
These relationships are less 

1501
01:24:41,900 --> 01:24:45,900
intense, but still meaningful, 
you exchanged, greetings, you 

1502
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:47,500
help each other with small 
tasks. 

1503
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,200
You maintain a presence in each.
Other's lives. 

1504
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:53,900
Without Constant Contact. 
Your family in Stratford is a 

1505
01:24:53,900 --> 01:24:56,500
separate world and manages the 
household. 

1506
01:24:56,500 --> 01:25:01,200
The your daughter's grow older, 
your son hamnet is buried in 

1507
01:25:01,200 --> 01:25:04,000
Stratford. 
This loss is part of your life 

1508
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:07,700
but you do not speak of it. 
Often grief is private, you 

1509
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:13,300
carry it quietly. 
Hamnet died in 1596 he was 11. 

1510
01:25:13,300 --> 01:25:18,300
The loss was sudden and painful.
You were in London when it 

1511
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,400
happened, by the time you 
returned to Stratford, he was 

1512
01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:24,600
already buried. 
The grief did not diminish over 

1513
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:27,400
time, it simply became part of 
you. 

1514
01:25:28,200 --> 01:25:31,900
You do not write about the Greek
directly, but it seeps into your

1515
01:25:31,900 --> 01:25:33,800
work. 
Fathers. 

1516
01:25:33,800 --> 01:25:36,800
Losing Sons children. 
Dieing Young. 

1517
01:25:37,900 --> 01:25:40,800
The themes appear in plays 
written after his death. 

1518
01:25:41,800 --> 01:25:44,200
The connection is unconscious, 
but real. 

1519
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:49,100
When you are in Stratford you 
participate in local life, you 

1520
01:25:49,100 --> 01:25:52,700
attend church, you visit 
neighbors, handle business 

1521
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:55,600
matters. 
People know you as a local man 

1522
01:25:55,600 --> 01:25:59,400
who works in London your famous.
A playwright is secondary to 

1523
01:25:59,400 --> 01:26:03,000
your role as a property. 
Owner and family man Church 

1524
01:26:03,000 --> 01:26:06,800
attendance is required. 
You go to Holy Trinity Church. 

1525
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,800
Most Sundays, when you're in 
Stratford, the service is 

1526
01:26:09,800 --> 01:26:12,500
familiar. 
The same prayers, the same 

1527
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:17,400
Psalms you sit with your family,
the ritual is comforting, you 

1528
01:26:17,400 --> 01:26:20,400
know, the vicar you contribute 
to church repairs and 

1529
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:22,800
maintenance. 
These are expected 

1530
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:25,200
responsibilities for someone of 
your standing. 

1531
01:26:25,200 --> 01:26:27,300
You fulfill them with out 
complaint. 

1532
01:26:27,900 --> 01:26:29,900
In London, you are more 
Anonymous. 

1533
01:26:29,900 --> 01:26:33,400
The city is large enough that 
you can move through it without 

1534
01:26:33,400 --> 01:26:36,700
constant recognition. 
You are known within the theater

1535
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:40,300
Community, but outside it, you 
are just another man on the 

1536
01:26:40,308 --> 01:26:43,000
street. 
This anonymity is useful. 

1537
01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:45,800
It allows you to observe without
being observed. 

1538
01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:50,500
You can sit in a listen without 
people performing for you, you 

1539
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:53,200
can walk through markets and 
watch people interact naturally.

1540
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:56,300
This freedom to observe is 
valuable it. 

1541
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:59,300
Feeds your work, you watch 
people, you notice how they 

1542
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:03,800
walk, how they speak and how 
they react to each other markets

1543
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:09,100
streets, taverns churches, every
space offers examples of human 

1544
01:27:09,100 --> 01:27:11,700
behavior. 
You collect these observations. 

1545
01:27:11,700 --> 01:27:14,800
They inform your writing with 
without you thinking about it. 

1546
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:17,500
Consciously, a woman haggling 
over fish. 

1547
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:20,700
The way she gestures the tone of
her voice when she feels 

1548
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:24,700
cheated, the expression on the 
fishmongers face, you file these

1549
01:27:24,700 --> 01:27:27,500
details away a child crying in 
the street. 

1550
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:33,600
The parents response, impatient 
comforting angry, the 

1551
01:27:33,600 --> 01:27:35,000
interaction reveals the 
relationship. 

1552
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:40,000
You remember it two men arguing 
their postures, their volume. 

1553
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:43,100
The moment. 
One backs down the Dynamics of 

1554
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:47,800
power and submission you noted 
all Social Gatherings are 

1555
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:51,000
informal, someone invites a few 
people to their lodging. 

1556
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:55,500
You sit and talk. 
There is no formal agenda, the 

1557
01:27:55,500 --> 01:27:57,400
conversation drifts from topic 
to topic. 

1558
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:02,000
You might discuss a recent play,
a piece of news or a shared 

1559
01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:04,800
acquaintance. 
The atmosphere is relaxed. 

1560
01:28:04,800 --> 01:28:06,900
The Gatherings happen 
spontaneously. 

1561
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:11,100
Someone mentioned an idea in 
passing others. 

1562
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:14,200
Express interest. 
By evening, a group. 

1563
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:19,300
As assembled, hail is shared 
stories are told laughter fills 

1564
01:28:19,300 --> 01:28:22,000
the room. 
You enjoy these moments, the 

1565
01:28:22,000 --> 01:28:26,400
easy companionship, the lack of 
pressure, No one is performing. 

1566
01:28:26,400 --> 01:28:30,100
No one is trying to impress, 
people are simply present with 

1567
01:28:30,100 --> 01:28:32,700
each other. 
You do not seek the company of 

1568
01:28:32,700 --> 01:28:35,600
the wealthy or powerful, your 
patrons are part of your 

1569
01:28:35,600 --> 01:28:38,200
professional life, but not your 
social life. 

1570
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:41,700
He maintain a respectful 
distance, you fulfill 

1571
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:44,000
commissions you Express 
gratitude. 

1572
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:46,200
You do not pretend to be 
something. 

1573
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:49,100
You are not. 
The Earl of Southampton was an 

1574
01:28:49,100 --> 01:28:51,500
early Patron. 
He commissioned your narrative 

1575
01:28:51,500 --> 01:28:55,700
poems, you dedicated Venus and 
Adonis and the rape of Lucretia 

1576
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:58,100
to him, the relationship was 
cordial. 

1577
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:01,400
But formal, you understand the 
difference between Patron and 

1578
01:29:01,408 --> 01:29:05,600
friend, patrons provide money, 
friends, provide companionship. 

1579
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:09,500
The two are not the same. 
Your relationships are built on 

1580
01:29:09,500 --> 01:29:13,300
practical foundations. 
You help people, they help you. 

1581
01:29:13,300 --> 01:29:16,500
You share resources information 
and time. 

1582
01:29:16,500 --> 01:29:19,100
These exchanges are not 
calculated. 

1583
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:24,000
They are simply how things work.
And actor needs a place to stay,

1584
01:29:24,000 --> 01:29:28,100
you know, someone with a room, 
you make the introduction later 

1585
01:29:28,100 --> 01:29:30,000
that actor, Returns the favor in
some way. 

1586
01:29:30,000 --> 01:29:33,500
The reciprocity is natural, a 
playwright needs information 

1587
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:37,400
about a historical event, you 
lend him your book, he lends you

1588
01:29:37,408 --> 01:29:40,200
something later the exchanges 
build Goodwill. 

1589
01:29:40,200 --> 01:29:43,900
You see the same people in the 
same place as the predictability

1590
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:46,400
is comforting? 
You know where to find someone, 

1591
01:29:46,400 --> 01:29:49,300
if you need them, you know, who 
will be at the tavern after a 

1592
01:29:49,300 --> 01:29:52,400
performance, you know who to ask
for help with a particular task,

1593
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:57,200
the theater Community has its 
regular spots, certain taverns 

1594
01:29:57,200 --> 01:30:01,700
certain streets certain shops. 
You move through these spaces 

1595
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:06,000
and encounter familiar faces. 
The rhythm is steady conflicts. 

1596
01:30:06,000 --> 01:30:08,700
Arise occasionally? 
Someone feels slighted. 

1597
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:11,000
Someone disagrees with the 
decision. 

1598
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:15,700
These disputes are resolved 
through conversation compromise 

1599
01:30:15,700 --> 01:30:20,700
or simply let in time pass. 
You do not hold grudges, neither

1600
01:30:20,700 --> 01:30:24,300
do most of the people, you know,
the community is too small, for 

1601
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:27,400
long term, enmity, an actor 
feels he was given a role 

1602
01:30:27,408 --> 01:30:31,100
beneath his abilities. 
He complains, you explain your 

1603
01:30:31,100 --> 01:30:34,000
reasoning, he accepts it, or he 
does not. 

1604
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:38,700
Either way, the work continues, 
a disagreement about profit, 

1605
01:30:38,700 --> 01:30:42,600
sharing numbers are reviewed. 
The accounts are checked a 

1606
01:30:42,600 --> 01:30:46,800
resolution is reached the 
dispute is forgotten, you all. 

1607
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:50,700
So spend time alone, between 
social engagements, you walk, or

1608
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:53,400
sit in your lodging, Solitude is
necessary. 

1609
01:30:53,400 --> 01:30:56,300
It allows you to process what 
you've seen and heard. 

1610
01:30:56,300 --> 01:31:00,200
It gives you space to think. 
Without distraction you need 

1611
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:04,000
Solitude to write conversation. 
Fills your mind with other 

1612
01:31:04,000 --> 01:31:07,500
people's words alone. 
You can hear your own thoughts. 

1613
01:31:07,500 --> 01:31:12,500
The characters can speak you 
need Solitude to rest social 

1614
01:31:12,500 --> 01:31:16,200
interaction, even Pleasant 
interaction requires energy 

1615
01:31:16,200 --> 01:31:20,800
alone. 
You can simply be Your social 

1616
01:31:20,800 --> 01:31:22,700
life is neither vibrant nor 
dull. 

1617
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:27,600
It is consistent, you see, 
people regularly, you maintain 

1618
01:31:27,600 --> 01:31:31,700
connections, you can contribute 
to Shared activities, you 

1619
01:31:31,700 --> 01:31:35,300
receive support when needed this
network of relationships is part

1620
01:31:35,300 --> 01:31:37,600
of the structure that supports 
your work and your life. 

1621
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:41,600
The network is invisible, most 
of the time, you take it for 

1622
01:31:41,600 --> 01:31:45,900
granted, but when you need help 
it, is there someone knows 

1623
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:49,400
someone who can solve a problem.
Information is passed along 

1624
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:53,000
favors are exchanged. 
At the end of the evening, you 

1625
01:31:53,000 --> 01:31:55,700
part ways with friends and 
colleagues, you walk back to 

1626
01:31:55,700 --> 01:31:59,400
your lodging, the streets are 
quieter at night, you move 

1627
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:02,100
through them. 
Without hurry tomorrow, you will

1628
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,200
see many of the same people. 
Again, the continuity is 

1629
01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:07,700
reassuring. 
The familiar faces are 

1630
01:32:07,700 --> 01:32:10,000
comforting. 
You do not have to explain 

1631
01:32:10,000 --> 01:32:12,800
yourself, you do not have to 
establish your identity. 

1632
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:16,100
You are known your part of the 
community. 

1633
01:32:17,500 --> 01:32:21,300
This belonging is simple and 
deep rest is woven into your 

1634
01:32:21,308 --> 01:32:23,700
days. 
It is not separate from work. 

1635
01:32:23,700 --> 01:32:28,100
It is part of the pattern. 
You take breaks during writing 

1636
01:32:28,100 --> 01:32:30,100
after an hour or two at the 
table. 

1637
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:34,700
You stand and stretch. 
You walk to the window, you look

1638
01:32:34,700 --> 01:32:38,500
out at the street or the river, 
the movement helps it clears 

1639
01:32:38,500 --> 01:32:41,100
your mind. 
When you sit back down the 

1640
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:43,500
words, come a little easier. 
Your body grows. 

1641
01:32:43,500 --> 01:32:45,900
Stiff from sitting your back 
aches. 

1642
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:49,800
Your shoulders, tighten. 
standing and moving releases, 

1643
01:32:49,800 --> 01:32:54,400
the tension you roll your neck, 
you flex your fingers, the 

1644
01:32:54,400 --> 01:32:57,500
relief is immediate, The view 
from your window changes 

1645
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:00,900
depending on where your lodging,
sometimes you see the river. 

1646
01:33:01,700 --> 01:33:03,400
Sometimes you see a narrow 
Street. 

1647
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:07,800
Sometimes you see a courtyard? 
The View does not matter much. 

1648
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:11,800
Looking at something distant, 
rest, your eyes, afternoon's. 

1649
01:33:11,800 --> 01:33:15,400
Often include pauses if there is
no performance schedules, you 

1650
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:18,700
might sit in the theater 
Courtyard. other company members

1651
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:23,600
do the same, you talk quietly or
simply sit inside of The sun is 

1652
01:33:23,600 --> 01:33:26,900
warm, the breezes cool. 
These moments are unhurried. 

1653
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:30,600
The courtyard is paved with 
stone benches line. 

1654
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:34,500
The walls in summer. 
The space is Pleasant in Winter.

1655
01:33:34,500 --> 01:33:38,800
It is too cold for lingering. 
The seasonal Rhythm affect, how 

1656
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:41,600
you rest? 
You watch clouds moving across 

1657
01:33:41,600 --> 01:33:44,300
the sky. 
You notice the angle of the sun,

1658
01:33:44,300 --> 01:33:46,100
you feel the warmth on your 
face. 

1659
01:33:46,100 --> 01:33:50,600
These Sensations are simple and 
restorative travel between 

1660
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:52,700
Stratford and London includes 
rest. 

1661
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:56,600
The journey takes time. 
You stop at ins along the way 

1662
01:33:56,600 --> 01:34:00,100
you eat a meal. 
You sleep in an unfamiliar bed 

1663
01:34:00,900 --> 01:34:02,700
The next morning you can 
continue. 

1664
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:06,000
The rhythm of travel has its own
slowness. 

1665
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:09,700
The forced rest of travel is 
different from chosen, rest. 

1666
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:14,200
You cannot work while traveling.
You cannot write effectively on 

1667
01:34:14,200 --> 01:34:18,300
Horseback or in a jolting coach,
you must simply be present in 

1668
01:34:18,300 --> 01:34:21,400
the journey. 
You watch the landscape, you 

1669
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:24,600
think you sometimes drowse in 
the saddle? 

1670
01:34:24,600 --> 01:34:28,800
The horse knows the road, even 
when your attention wanders, In 

1671
01:34:28,800 --> 01:34:34,400
Stratford rest looks different. 
The town is quieter than London.

1672
01:34:35,400 --> 01:34:37,400
There are fewer demands on your 
time. 

1673
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:42,300
You walk through Fields, you sit
in your garden, you spend time 

1674
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:45,200
with family without the pressure
of performance, schedules or 

1675
01:34:45,200 --> 01:34:48,500
writing deadlines. 
The garden behind your house is 

1676
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:53,300
modest, vegetables, herbs. 
And a few flowers, you sit on a 

1677
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,500
bench and watch things grow. 
The pace of plant growth is 

1678
01:34:56,500 --> 01:34:59,600
slower than any human activity 
watching. 

1679
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:03,300
It is calming, you pull a few 
weeds, you inspect the 

1680
01:35:03,300 --> 01:35:06,900
vegetables, these small tasks 
are restful, because they are 

1681
01:35:06,900 --> 01:35:10,200
simple and tangible, the results
are immediate and visible. 

1682
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:13,100
You do not think of rest as 
indulgences. 

1683
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:17,300
It is necessary. 
Your mind needs time to recover 

1684
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:21,200
from the focus of writing your 
body needs time to recover from 

1685
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,600
the physical demands of travel 
and City Life. 

1686
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:28,300
Rest is practical without rest, 
your thinking becomes muddy 

1687
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:34,100
words, do not come ideas, feel 
forced, rest clears, the fog it 

1688
01:35:34,100 --> 01:35:38,000
restores clarity. 
Without rest your body protests 

1689
01:35:38,000 --> 01:35:42,400
headaches, stiff joints 
exhaustion that sleep alone. 

1690
01:35:42,400 --> 01:35:47,100
Cannot fix rest prevents these 
problems you nap occasionally. 

1691
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:50,500
In the middle of the afternoon. 
You lie down and close your 

1692
01:35:50,500 --> 01:35:53,400
eyes. 
The nap is short not deep. 

1693
01:35:54,300 --> 01:35:57,000
When you wait, you feel 
refreshed enough to continue the

1694
01:35:57,000 --> 01:35:59,300
days work, you do not undress 
for these naps. 

1695
01:36:00,200 --> 01:36:03,600
You simply lie on the bed or on 
a bench, you close your eyes, 

1696
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:06,600
you drift for a quarter hour or 
half an hour. 

1697
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:09,200
The rest is light, but 
effective. 

1698
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:11,900
The room is quiet during these 
naps. 

1699
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:14,200
The city sounds Fade to the 
background. 

1700
01:36:14,200 --> 01:36:18,700
You're breathing slows, your 
thoughts scatter, and dissolve. 

1701
01:36:19,200 --> 01:36:23,400
Waiting is also a form of rest, 
you wait for actors to arrive at

1702
01:36:23,400 --> 01:36:26,600
rehearsal you wait for 
performances to begin you. 

1703
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:28,100
Wait for the weather to clear 
before. 

1704
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:32,600
Traveling, during these times, 
you are still, you let your 

1705
01:36:32,600 --> 01:36:35,300
thoughts wander. 
You notice details around you, 

1706
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:39,800
waiting used to frustrate you. 
Now, you accepted the time will 

1707
01:36:39,800 --> 01:36:42,900
pass, whether you're impatient 
or not better to be calm. 

1708
01:36:42,900 --> 01:36:46,500
You observe while waiting the 
way light falls on a wall. 

1709
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:48,300
The sound of someone's 
footsteps. 

1710
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:50,600
The smell of bread baking 
nearby. 

1711
01:36:51,600 --> 01:36:55,000
Waiting becomes observation 
evening's, bring a natural 

1712
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:58,600
slowering, the light Fades work.
Becomes harder. 

1713
01:36:59,300 --> 01:37:01,300
You accept this and shift your 
focus. 

1714
01:37:01,300 --> 01:37:05,100
You might read and stead of 
right, you might sit with others

1715
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:08,500
and alone. 
The transition is gentle the 

1716
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:10,300
transition happens without 
decision. 

1717
01:37:11,100 --> 01:37:15,100
Your body knows when the working
day is ending, your mind begins 

1718
01:37:15,100 --> 01:37:17,700
to release its focus. 
You do not fight this. 

1719
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:21,700
You are allow the shift. 
You rest your eyes by looking at

1720
01:37:21,700 --> 01:37:24,800
distant things. 
After hours of reading or 

1721
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:25,900
writing, you look out the 
window. 

1722
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:28,000
You watch people move on the 
street. 

1723
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:33,000
You watch clouds, or Birds, The 
shift in focus is soothing. 

1724
01:37:33,700 --> 01:37:38,500
Close work strains, the eyes, 
the small letters, blur your 

1725
01:37:38,500 --> 01:37:41,500
eyes water. 
Looking at distant objects, 

1726
01:37:41,500 --> 01:37:46,400
relaxes the muscles, the blur 
clears, physical rest matters. 

1727
01:37:47,200 --> 01:37:50,800
you walk regularly, which keeps 
your body active, but you also 

1728
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:54,500
know when to sit or lie down You
do not push yourself to 

1729
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:58,300
exhaustion, you recognize the 
signs of fatigue and respond to 

1730
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:00,700
them. 
Exhaustion makes you stupid. 

1731
01:38:01,600 --> 01:38:05,000
Your judgment fails. 
Your patients thin's. 

1732
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:07,700
Rest prevents this 
deterioration. 

1733
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:11,600
You protect your capacity to 
think by protecting your energy.

1734
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:15,900
Rest is not always silent. 
Sometimes you rest by talking 

1735
01:38:15,900 --> 01:38:18,300
with others, the conversation is
light. 

1736
01:38:18,300 --> 01:38:20,800
No one is performing or making 
arguments. 

1737
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:25,000
You simply exchanged words. 
The social connection itself is 

1738
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:27,200
restful, talk about nothing 
important. 

1739
01:38:27,200 --> 01:38:31,700
Whether a meal, someone enjoyed 
a minor inconvenience. 

1740
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:35,500
The topic do not matter. 
The companionship is the point 

1741
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:39,900
laughter, is restful a good 
joke, a funny story. 

1742
01:38:40,900 --> 01:38:43,000
The release of laughter eases 
tension. 

1743
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:48,000
You feel lighter afterward, you 
rest in familiar places, your 

1744
01:38:48,000 --> 01:38:51,300
lodging, in London, your home in
Stratford the theater. 

1745
01:38:51,300 --> 01:38:53,700
When it is empty, these spaces 
are known. 

1746
01:38:53,700 --> 01:38:57,600
You do not have to navigate, or 
adjust, you can simply be 

1747
01:38:58,800 --> 01:39:01,800
Familiar spaces, require no. 
Thought, you know where 

1748
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:04,200
everything is? 
You do not have to orient 

1749
01:39:04,200 --> 01:39:06,400
yourself. 
The mental ease is part of the 

1750
01:39:06,400 --> 01:39:10,800
rest, you have favorite spots. 
A particular chair, a certain 

1751
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:13,200
bench in the garden, a corner of
the theater. 

1752
01:39:14,500 --> 01:39:16,800
These places hold associations 
with rest. 

1753
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:19,000
Sit in them triggers, 
relaxation. 

1754
01:39:19,000 --> 01:39:23,800
Sleep is the deepest rest but it
is preceded by smaller forms of 

1755
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:27,500
rest throughout the day. 
These pauses accumulate, they 

1756
01:39:27,500 --> 01:39:30,200
prevent the kind of exhaustion 
that makes work impossible. 

1757
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:34,200
They sustain you over long 
periods, the small rests are 

1758
01:39:34,208 --> 01:39:36,400
invisible. 
You do not think of them as 

1759
01:39:36,400 --> 01:39:38,300
rest. 
But they add up. 

1760
01:39:39,000 --> 01:39:41,100
They maintain your capacity to 
work. 

1761
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:43,800
You do not schedule restaurants 
rigidly. 

1762
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:47,900
It happens naturally. 
When you are tired, you stop. 

1763
01:39:48,700 --> 01:39:52,100
When you are refreshed, you can 
continue the rhythm is 

1764
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:55,300
intuitive. 
Your body tells you when to rest

1765
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:59,300
Heaviness in the limbs 
difficulty, concentrating. 

1766
01:39:59,300 --> 01:40:04,300
These signals are reliable. 
You listen to them, sometimes, 

1767
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:07,800
rest is interrupted an urgent 
matter, arises. 

1768
01:40:08,600 --> 01:40:12,600
A performance is scheduled 
unexpectedly. you adjust you 

1769
01:40:12,600 --> 01:40:16,800
rest when you can not always 
when you prefer Interruptions 

1770
01:40:16,800 --> 01:40:20,700
are part of life, you do not 
resent them, you handle what 

1771
01:40:20,700 --> 01:40:23,200
needs handling then return to 
rest when possible? 

1772
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:27,700
The quality of rest varies. 
Some days, a short Breakers 

1773
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:31,100
enough, other days, you need 
more, you listen to your body 

1774
01:40:31,100 --> 01:40:33,300
and mind your respond 
accordingly. 

1775
01:40:34,000 --> 01:40:38,300
Deep fatigue requires deep rest,
a full night's sleep a day 

1776
01:40:38,300 --> 01:40:41,100
without work. 
You recognize when you need this

1777
01:40:41,100 --> 01:40:45,600
and try to provide it like 
fatigue requires less a brief, 

1778
01:40:45,608 --> 01:40:48,300
pause a walk, a change of 
activity. 

1779
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:51,100
You calibrate your response to 
your need. 

1780
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:56,100
Rest is not dramatic, it is not 
an escape or a reward. 

1781
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:59,000
It is simply part of living, you
work. 

1782
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:02,800
You rest and you work again. 
The cycle is steady. 

1783
01:41:02,800 --> 01:41:06,300
The steadiness is reliable. 
You trust the Rhythm. 

1784
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:10,600
You know, rest will come this. 
Trust allows you to work fully 

1785
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:13,700
because you know, restoration is
built into the pattern. 

1786
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:17,400
At the end of the day. 
Rest prepares you for sleep. 

1787
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:21,400
You slow down. 
Gradually, you complete final 

1788
01:41:21,400 --> 01:41:23,900
tasks. 
You settle your thoughts. 

1789
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:26,700
By the time you lie down. 
Your body is ready. 

1790
01:41:27,600 --> 01:41:29,700
The evening wind down is 
deliberate. 

1791
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:33,600
You do not work until the moment
you collapse into bed, you 

1792
01:41:33,600 --> 01:41:35,800
create space between work and 
sleep. 

1793
01:41:36,700 --> 01:41:40,000
This space eases the transition 
you eat. 

1794
01:41:40,000 --> 01:41:44,400
Simple food bread is a constant.
It is fresh in the morning and 

1795
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,100
harder by evening. 
You eat it with butter or 

1796
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,100
cheese, sometimes you dip it in 
a or broth. 

1797
01:41:50,900 --> 01:41:52,900
Bread is the foundation of every
meal. 

1798
01:41:52,900 --> 01:41:56,600
When bread is scared hunger, 
fills, more urgent. 

1799
01:41:56,600 --> 01:42:01,800
When bread is abundant even a 
plain meals, adequate the bread,

1800
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:05,300
varies and quality, sometimes it
is light and well risen, 

1801
01:42:05,300 --> 01:42:10,000
sometimes it is dense and coarse
the grain used affects the taste

1802
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:13,500
and texture wheat. 
Bread is preferable, but Riley 

1803
01:42:13,500 --> 01:42:17,300
is more common. 
You develop preferences bread 

1804
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:20,500
from a particular Baker, the 
right degree of doneness. 

1805
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:23,900
You notice these things without 
being particular about them 

1806
01:42:23,900 --> 01:42:27,800
meals in London or often at you 
order. 

1807
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:30,000
What is available? 
Meet pies. 

1808
01:42:30,000 --> 01:42:32,900
Roasted foul and vegetables, 
boiled or baked. 

1809
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:37,300
Food is hot and filling you eat 
without ceremony. 

1810
01:42:37,300 --> 01:42:40,300
The plate is emptied. 
You return to work? 

1811
01:42:41,200 --> 01:42:43,000
Tavern. 
Food is reliable in its 

1812
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,200
mediocrity. 
It is rarely! 

1813
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:47,600
Excellent! 
It is rarely terrible. 

1814
01:42:47,600 --> 01:42:51,500
It serves its purpose which is 
to fuel your body for more work.

1815
01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:55,900
Meet pies are convenient. 
The crust holds the filling. 

1816
01:42:56,400 --> 01:42:58,100
You can eat while walking if 
needed. 

1817
01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:01,600
The Filling is usually mutton or
pork with some gravy. 

1818
01:43:02,200 --> 01:43:04,500
Roasted foul is chicken or 
Capon. 

1819
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:08,000
Sometimes duck. 
The meat is cooked until tender.

1820
01:43:08,000 --> 01:43:11,600
The skin is crisp. 
You eat it with your fingers, 

1821
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:16,200
tearing pieces from the carcass.
In Stratford meals are prepared 

1822
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:19,500
at home and the household staff 
cook over the fire. 

1823
01:43:19,500 --> 01:43:23,200
You eat at the table with 
family, the food is familiar 

1824
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:26,400
mutton, pork root, vegetables 
and bread. 

1825
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:30,800
Meals are served at regular 
times, you know what to expect? 

1826
01:43:31,800 --> 01:43:34,400
The predictability of home 
cooked meals as comforting. 

1827
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:38,100
You know, the Kooks habits, you 
know, what will be served on 

1828
01:43:38,100 --> 01:43:41,400
particular days? 
The food is simple but carefully

1829
01:43:41,400 --> 01:43:43,900
prepared. 
And manages the household 

1830
01:43:43,900 --> 01:43:46,900
accounts and ensures nothing is 
wasted. 

1831
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:50,400
Meals are planned around what is
available and affordable. 

1832
01:43:50,400 --> 01:43:54,100
You eat together when possible. 
The family gathers at the table 

1833
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:58,500
you say grace. 
Food is passed conversation 

1834
01:43:58,500 --> 01:44:00,900
happens naturally. 
The meal is a point of 

1835
01:44:00,908 --> 01:44:05,000
connection ale is the common 
drink, water is less reliable. 

1836
01:44:05,000 --> 01:44:08,200
You drink ale with meals and 
between meals. 

1837
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:12,100
It is mild not strong, it 
quenches thirst without 

1838
01:44:12,100 --> 01:44:15,200
affecting your ability to work, 
hail is brutal. 

1839
01:44:15,200 --> 01:44:19,100
Locally the quality varies by 
Brewer, you know, which Ale 

1840
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:21,700
House is serve better ale you 
prefer them when you have a 

1841
01:44:21,708 --> 01:44:24,100
choice. 
The Alice slightly sweet and 

1842
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:26,200
slightly bitter. 
It has substance. 

1843
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:28,200
It is more nourishing than 
water. 

1844
01:44:28,200 --> 01:44:30,800
You drink from wooden or pewter 
cups. 

1845
01:44:30,800 --> 01:44:34,200
The cups are refilled as needed,
drinking is continuous 

1846
01:44:34,200 --> 01:44:37,300
throughout the day. 
Why is occasional when you have 

1847
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:39,100
extra money, or when a patron 
offers it? 

1848
01:44:39,100 --> 01:44:42,600
You drink wine. 
It is richer than ale, you drink

1849
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:45,400
it slowly, it accompanies 
special occasions. 

1850
01:44:45,400 --> 01:44:48,900
Not daily routines. 
Why is imported and expensive? 

1851
01:44:48,900 --> 01:44:53,400
Red wine from France, or Spain, 
white wine from the Rhine. 

1852
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:56,500
The Taste is complex and 
unfamiliar to your Everyday 

1853
01:44:56,500 --> 01:45:00,600
palette, you appreciate wine 
when it is, offered you save it 

1854
01:45:00,600 --> 01:45:05,400
but you do not crave it. 
Ale suits, you fine, you eat 

1855
01:45:05,400 --> 01:45:09,100
fruit when it's in season 
apples, pears and berries. 

1856
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:14,300
The fruit is fresh for a brief 
time, then gone, you enjoy it 

1857
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:19,200
while it lasts in Winter. 
You eat dried fruit or none at 

1858
01:45:19,200 --> 01:45:21,500
all? 
Fresh fruit is a summer pleasure

1859
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:25,400
berries picked from hedgerows 
apples from the orchard. 

1860
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:29,100
The sweetness and juicer. 
Welcome after the heavier foods 

1861
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:32,000
of winter tried fruit keeps 
through winter. 

1862
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:37,800
Pulls and pears sliced thin and 
dry dried raisins and currants. 

1863
01:45:37,800 --> 01:45:39,900
They are sweet. 
And chewy. 

1864
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:43,700
Cheese and eggs are reliable. 
You eat them off. 

1865
01:45:43,700 --> 01:45:47,500
And cheese is packed for travel.
Eggs are cooked in. 

1866
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:50,600
Various ways, both provide 
nourishment without much 

1867
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:55,800
preparation, cheeses, hard and 
keeps well You cut slices from 

1868
01:45:55,800 --> 01:45:59,800
the wheel, you eat it with 
bread, the flavor is sharp and 

1869
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,000
salty, eggs are boiled fried or 
scrambled. 

1870
01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:05,500
They are filling and quick to 
prepare. 

1871
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,500
You eat them for breakfast. 
Often meals, with colleagues of 

1872
01:46:09,500 --> 01:46:12,900
social, you sit together at a 
long table, food is passed 

1873
01:46:12,900 --> 01:46:17,400
around people serve themselves. 
The conversation continues while

1874
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,300
you eat. 
The meal is not the focus but it

1875
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:22,900
creates a shared space eating 
together. 

1876
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:25,600
Builds. 
Camaraderie the act of sharing 

1877
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:30,000
food is bonding, you talk and 
eat simultaneously. 

1878
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:34,700
The informality is Pleasant, you
learn about people over meals, 

1879
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:39,000
their appetites Their Manners, 
their preferences these details.

1880
01:46:39,000 --> 01:46:42,500
Add to your understanding of 
them, you do not overeat 

1881
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:45,900
portions are moderate, you eat 
enough to feel satisfied. 

1882
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:50,900
Not stuffed excess is rare and 
unpleasant overeating makes you 

1883
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:54,500
sluggish. 
Your mind dulls, your body feels

1884
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:58,500
heavy, you avoid this. 
When possible you eat and the 

1885
01:46:58,500 --> 01:47:02,600
hunger is gone, then stop the 
discipline is automatic. 

1886
01:47:02,600 --> 01:47:04,700
You do not need to think about 
it. 

1887
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:08,300
In the long, the road between 
Stratford and London, offer 

1888
01:47:08,300 --> 01:47:11,400
predictable meals, you order the
stew or the roast. 

1889
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:15,800
You drink ale, you eat bread, 
the quality varies but the 

1890
01:47:15,800 --> 01:47:19,000
format does not. 
You know what you are getting in

1891
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:23,400
food, is utilitarian it fills 
the stomach, it provides energy 

1892
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,600
for the next day's travel. 
You do not expect pleasure from 

1893
01:47:26,600 --> 01:47:28,400
it. 
Some inserts are better than 

1894
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:31,100
others. 
You remember, which ones you 

1895
01:47:31,100 --> 01:47:34,600
plan your stops accordingly when
possible Comfort comes from 

1896
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:38,900
warmth and routine. 
A hot meal on a cold day, A 

1897
01:47:38,900 --> 01:47:41,900
Familiar dish after a long 
journey, the taste of bread 

1898
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:44,700
baked the same way your family 
as always baked it. 

1899
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:49,300
The small consistencies matter. 
Hot food on a cold day. 

1900
01:47:49,300 --> 01:47:52,800
Warms you from the inside the 
heat spreads through your body. 

1901
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:56,800
You feel restored, Familiar 
food, connects you to home to 

1902
01:47:56,800 --> 01:48:00,500
Childhood to continuity. 
The Taste is memory made 

1903
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:02,600
tangible. 
You do not spend much time 

1904
01:48:02,600 --> 01:48:06,100
thinking about food. 
It is fuel, it is Comfort. 

1905
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:10,500
It is part of the day you eat 
when you are hungry, you stop 

1906
01:48:10,500 --> 01:48:13,200
when you are full. 
Food serves a function. 

1907
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:17,100
It does not need to be more than
adequate when it is better than 

1908
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:20,000
adequate. 
You notice and appreciate it but

1909
01:48:20,000 --> 01:48:22,900
you do not require it. 
Special occasions. 

1910
01:48:22,900 --> 01:48:25,900
Bring different food. 
A feast at a Patron's house. 

1911
01:48:25,900 --> 01:48:27,900
A celebration with the theater 
company. 

1912
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:31,700
Food is richer and more varied. 
You enjoy it. 

1913
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:33,500
But you do not crave it 
regularly. 

1914
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,900
Feasts include dishes, you never
retail otherwise, elaborate 

1915
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:41,200
roasts, Rich sources, imported 
Delicacies. 

1916
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:46,100
The abundance is impressive and 
slightly overwhelming, You eat 

1917
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:50,300
more at feasts than usual, the 
social expectation is to partake

1918
01:48:50,300 --> 01:48:53,300
generously. 
You do, so though it makes you 

1919
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:56,200
uncomfortable, afterward your 
appreciate good cooking. 

1920
01:48:56,200 --> 01:48:59,900
When a meal is well prepared, 
you notice, you might comment on

1921
01:48:59,900 --> 01:49:03,300
it, you might ask how something 
was made, but you do not 

1922
01:49:03,300 --> 01:49:04,400
require. 
Excellent. 

1923
01:49:04,400 --> 01:49:08,100
Adequacy is enough, a 
well-cooked meal is a pleasure, 

1924
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:12,100
the flavors are balanced. 
The textures are right, you 

1925
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:13,700
notice the care that went into 
it. 

1926
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:16,200
But most meals are not well 
cooked. 

1927
01:49:16,200 --> 01:49:19,800
They are adequately cooked. 
This is acceptable. 

1928
01:49:19,800 --> 01:49:23,800
You do not complain. 
Hunger is not constant. 

1929
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,800
You eat regularly enough to 
avoid it but when hunger does 

1930
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:31,500
come, it is simple. 
You find food you eat. 

1931
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:35,200
The problem is solved. 
True hunger is rare. 

1932
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:38,900
Your income is sufficient to 
keep you fed the hunger. 

1933
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,100
You feel is usually just the 
body signal, that it is time to 

1934
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:45,800
eat again. 
When you do feel hunger, it 

1935
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:50,100
sharpens your focus on food, the
simplest meal tastes better. 

1936
01:49:50,100 --> 01:49:52,800
Your body's need makes the food 
more. 

1937
01:49:52,800 --> 01:49:57,200
Satisfying, some foods remind 
you of childhood certain breads,

1938
01:49:57,200 --> 01:50:00,500
certain stews, you eat them and 
remember other times. 

1939
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:05,700
The memories are not sharp. 
They are soft and vague like the

1940
01:50:05,700 --> 01:50:09,200
Comfort, the food provides. 
The bread, your mother baked 

1941
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:14,500
baked the stew from feast days. 
These taste carry association's,

1942
01:50:14,500 --> 01:50:17,700
they are Pleasant in a way that 
has nothing to do with the food 

1943
01:50:17,700 --> 01:50:21,300
itself. 
You eat alone, sometimes in your

1944
01:50:21,308 --> 01:50:25,700
logging with a plate and a cup. 
You choose slowly, you think 

1945
01:50:25,700 --> 01:50:30,800
about the day or about nothing? 
The Solitude is peaceful eating 

1946
01:50:30,800 --> 01:50:35,400
alone requires no performance, 
no conversation, no manners 

1947
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:38,200
Beyond basic cleanliness, you 
can simply eat. 

1948
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:42,700
The quiet is meditative chewing 
tasting swallowing. 

1949
01:50:43,500 --> 01:50:46,800
The actions are simple and 
grounding you eat with family 

1950
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:50,600
and Stratford, the table is full
conversations happen around. 

1951
01:50:50,600 --> 01:50:55,500
You, you participate, or you. 
Listen the meal anchors the day 

1952
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:59,500
it gathers, everyone in one 
place, family meals have their 

1953
01:50:59,500 --> 01:51:03,700
own Rhythm and serves the 
children talk you. 

1954
01:51:03,700 --> 01:51:07,600
Listen and occasionally 
contribute The structure is 

1955
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:12,000
familiar and comforting meals, 
Mark Time Breakfast dinner 

1956
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:15,100
supper. 
The day is punctuated by these 

1957
01:51:15,100 --> 01:51:17,600
gatherings. 
You do not waste food. 

1958
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:21,900
What is left is saved. 
Bread becomes crumbs for 

1959
01:51:21,900 --> 01:51:24,900
thickening soup. 
Bones are boiled for broth. 

1960
01:51:24,900 --> 01:51:29,200
Nothing is thrown away lightly 
food costs, money and effort 

1961
01:51:29,200 --> 01:51:32,900
wasting it is careless. 
You erase to Value. 

1962
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:36,000
What you have leftovers. 
Are used creatively. 

1963
01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:38,800
Yes to do. 
Is roast becomes today's pie, 

1964
01:51:38,800 --> 01:51:43,800
stale bread becomes pudding. 
Drink provides its own Comfort a

1965
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:46,700
cup of veil at the end of a long
day a shared drink with a 

1966
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:51,800
friend, the warmth of it, the 
taste the ritual of lifting, the

1967
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:55,700
cup and drinking drinking is 
social you toast, you clink 

1968
01:51:55,700 --> 01:52:00,200
Cuts, you drink together, the 
ACT creates connection a drink 

1969
01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:03,200
at Days End signals transition 
work is done. 

1970
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:07,600
Rest Begins the drink marks. 
The boundary, you do not drink 

1971
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:10,200
to excess. 
You have seen what that does to 

1972
01:52:10,200 --> 01:52:12,800
people. 
You drink enough to relax, not 

1973
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:16,400
enough to lose control. 
Moderation is natural to you. 

1974
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:19,900
Drunkenness is ugly slurred 
speech. 

1975
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:25,400
Poor judgment loss of dignity. 
You avoid this state two or 

1976
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:29,300
three cups of ALR enough, you 
know, your limits you recognize 

1977
01:52:29,300 --> 01:52:33,000
when you have had enough, you 
stop before you become impaired.

1978
01:52:33,700 --> 01:52:35,700
Food and drink are part of the 
Rhythm of Life. 

1979
01:52:35,700 --> 01:52:40,100
They Mark, Time Breakfast, 
midday meal, and evening, 

1980
01:52:40,100 --> 01:52:43,500
supper, they provide structure. 
They offer Comfort. 

1981
01:52:43,500 --> 01:52:47,700
They sustain you. 
The daily rhythm of eating is 

1982
01:52:47,700 --> 01:52:51,400
one of the reliable patterns. 
No matter what else happens, you

1983
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:54,300
will eat. 
This regularity is reassuring 

1984
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,600
food and drink a shared 
experience is, they can connect 

1985
01:52:57,600 --> 01:52:59,800
you to others. 
They can connect you to place. 

1986
01:52:59,800 --> 01:53:02,600
They can connect you to your 
self evenings. 

1987
01:53:02,600 --> 01:53:06,600
Begin when the light fades, If 
there has been a performance, it

1988
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:10,800
is over the audience is left. 
The actors of changed out of 

1989
01:53:10,800 --> 01:53:13,500
their costumes. 
The theater is quiet. 

1990
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:16,900
The theater after a performance 
has a particular quality. 

1991
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:20,200
The energy is dissipated the 
space. 

1992
01:53:20,200 --> 01:53:25,400
Feels larger voices, Echo 
differently, props and costumes 

1993
01:53:25,400 --> 01:53:30,400
are put away the stages sweat. 
The work of preparation for 

1994
01:53:30,400 --> 01:53:34,600
tomorrow, begins quietly. 
You leave the theater and walk 

1995
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:37,800
back to your logging. 
The streets are less crowded 

1996
01:53:37,800 --> 01:53:40,500
than during the day. 
Shops are closing. 

1997
01:53:40,500 --> 01:53:44,000
People are heading home. 
You move with the flow of the 

1998
01:53:44,000 --> 01:53:46,700
crowd, then break away to your 
own path. 

1999
01:53:47,500 --> 01:53:49,500
The evening streets. 
Have a different character. 

2000
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:53,400
The urgency of the day is gone, 
people walk more slowly 

2001
01:53:53,400 --> 01:53:57,700
conversations are quieter. 
You know, the roots so well you 

2002
01:53:57,700 --> 01:53:59,400
could walk it and complete 
darkness. 

2003
01:54:00,500 --> 01:54:04,300
Your feet, find the familiar 
terms without thought, your 

2004
01:54:04,300 --> 01:54:08,500
lodging is modest a room with a 
bed, a table and a chair. 

2005
01:54:08,500 --> 01:54:13,400
Sometimes a small half, the 
space is functional, you do not 

2006
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:17,000
need more, you lie to Candle, 
the room becomes visible in the 

2007
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,500
soft glow, Candle is Tallow, not
beeswax. 

2008
01:54:20,500 --> 01:54:25,400
The smell is slightly unpleasant
the flame, flickers, and smokes,

2009
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:28,400
but it provides light which is 
what matters. 

2010
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:32,200
The room is cold in Winter. 
The walls are thin. 

2011
01:54:32,200 --> 01:54:36,000
You like a fire. 
If there is wood, if not, you 

2012
01:54:36,000 --> 01:54:38,700
wrap yourself in a blanket. 
In summer. 

2013
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:43,300
The room is stuffy you open the 
window if there is one The air 

2014
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:46,200
from outside is only slightly 
fresher than the air inside. 

2015
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:51,300
You sit at the table, you might 
read books are not abundant but 

2016
01:54:51,300 --> 01:54:55,400
you have a few histories poetry 
and classical texts. 

2017
01:54:55,900 --> 01:55:00,100
You read slowly absorbing the 
words reading is different from 

2018
01:55:00,100 --> 01:55:02,700
writing. 
It is receptive rather than 

2019
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:05,100
active. 
You own hole and sheds 

2020
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:09,200
Chronicles, Pluto's lives and 
ovid's Metamorphoses These books

2021
01:55:09,200 --> 01:55:12,100
are resources for your work and 
all so Pleasures in themselves 

2022
01:55:12,100 --> 01:55:16,400
you read passages, you have read
before familiarity does not 

2023
01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:19,600
diminish the enjoyment. 
You notice new things in 

2024
01:55:19,600 --> 01:55:22,600
familiar texts. 
Reading by candlelight is 

2025
01:55:22,600 --> 01:55:26,300
difficult, the light is dim and 
flickering, you hold the book, 

2026
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:31,000
close your eyes tire quickly. 
Sometimes you do not read, you 

2027
01:55:31,000 --> 01:55:34,400
simply sit. 
Your mind is still active, but 

2028
01:55:34,400 --> 01:55:39,300
it is not focused on a task. 
Thoughts drift. you think about 

2029
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:42,200
a scene, you are writing, you 
think about a conversation from 

2030
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:46,700
early, you think about nothing 
in particular, The drifting mind

2031
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:50,700
Finds Its Own paths ideas can 
connect with your direction. 

2032
01:55:50,700 --> 01:55:54,500
This mental wandering is 
productive in ways that Focus 

2033
01:55:54,500 --> 01:55:58,100
thought is not You might solve a
problem that has been troubling.

2034
01:55:58,100 --> 01:56:00,500
You? 
The solution arrives without 

2035
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:03,200
effort emerging from the 
drifting thoughts. 

2036
01:56:04,300 --> 01:56:08,000
If you are in Stratford the 
evening is spent with family, 

2037
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:11,900
you sit near the fire. 
And might sow or manage 

2038
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:14,600
household accounts, your 
daughters might be nearby. 

2039
01:56:15,500 --> 01:56:18,600
The presence of others is 
comforting, even when there is 

2040
01:56:18,600 --> 01:56:23,400
little conversation. 
Fire crackles, the light shifts 

2041
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:28,400
and moves the warmth radiates 
outward, you sit within range of

2042
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:30,300
it. 
And works quietly. 

2043
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:33,800
A needle moves steadily. 
She's comfortable with silence. 

2044
01:56:33,800 --> 01:56:38,800
You appreciate this about her. 
Susanna Reids if there's enough 

2045
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:41,100
light. 
Judith might prepare something 

2046
01:56:41,100 --> 01:56:44,000
for the next day. 
Everyone is occupied. 

2047
01:56:44,000 --> 01:56:48,400
But together In London. 
He sometimes visit a Tavern in 

2048
01:56:48,408 --> 01:56:51,400
the evening, not the same Tavern
as after a performance. 

2049
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:56,600
Quieter one, you sit in a 
corner, you drink ale slowly. 

2050
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,900
You listen to the murmur of 
other conversations without 

2051
01:56:59,900 --> 01:57:03,400
participating. 
The quieter taverns attract 

2052
01:57:03,400 --> 01:57:06,800
older Patriots. 
The energy is subdued, people 

2053
01:57:06,800 --> 01:57:09,500
drink and talk but without the 
rowdiness of the afternoon 

2054
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:14,100
taverns you chose a spot away 
from the door away from the fire

2055
01:57:14,100 --> 01:57:16,600
somewhere. 
You can observe without being 

2056
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:19,500
Central. 
The conversations around you are

2057
01:57:19,500 --> 01:57:23,100
fragments you hear pieces of 
stories, bits of arguments and 

2058
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:26,100
laughter. 
Your present, but separate. 

2059
01:57:26,700 --> 01:57:29,700
Writing can happen in the 
evening but it is less common. 

2060
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:34,600
Your mind is tired from the day.
The focus required for writing 

2061
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:37,700
is harder to summon. 
If you do write, it is often 

2062
01:57:37,700 --> 01:57:40,400
revision rather than new 
material Crossing out. 

2063
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:43,600
A word, adding a phrase, small 
adjustments. 

2064
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:47,500
Evening, writing is finicky 
work, correcting errors, 

2065
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:50,900
smoothing rough lines. 
It does not require the Creative

2066
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:54,400
Energy of drafting new material.
The light is poor for writing, 

2067
01:57:54,400 --> 01:57:59,000
you squint at the page, the 
letters blur you work slowly. 

2068
01:57:59,000 --> 01:58:02,300
You might copy a clean version 
of a heavily revised page. 

2069
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:06,000
The copying requires a tension, 
but not creativity. 

2070
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:10,800
It is meditative work. 
Lamp light or Candlelight 

2071
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:12,900
creates a different atmosphere 
than daylight. 

2072
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:15,900
The Shadows are deeper. 
The room. 

2073
01:58:15,900 --> 01:58:18,200
Feels smaller. 
More contained. 

2074
01:58:18,900 --> 01:58:21,600
The world outside, the circle of
light seems distant. 

2075
01:58:21,600 --> 01:58:24,500
This isolation is not 
uncomfortable. 

2076
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:28,800
It is simply a fact of evening. 
The lit space becomes your 

2077
01:58:28,800 --> 01:58:32,600
entire world. 
What exists beyond the light is 

2078
01:58:32,600 --> 01:58:35,300
irrelevant. 
The intimacy is focusing. 

2079
01:58:36,000 --> 01:58:39,700
Shadows move as the flame moves.
The walls seemed to breathe. 

2080
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:43,800
The effect is Hypnotic, you 
prepare for the next day you set

2081
01:58:43,800 --> 01:58:46,800
out clothes, you check that you 
have paper and ink for writing, 

2082
01:58:46,800 --> 01:58:49,200
you plan your route. 
If you need to go somewhere, 

2083
01:58:49,200 --> 01:58:52,900
these small preparations, make 
more mornings easier laying out 

2084
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:54,500
clothes saves time in the 
morning. 

2085
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:58,300
You do not have to search or 
decide the choices are already 

2086
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:01,300
made checking your supplies 
prevents frustration. 

2087
01:59:02,300 --> 01:59:03,700
Running out of ink. 
Mid-sentence. 

2088
01:59:03,700 --> 01:59:07,900
Is anointing preventing it is. 
Simple mental, preparation is 

2089
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:11,400
also part of this, you review. 
What to Morrow requires? 

2090
01:59:11,400 --> 01:59:15,500
You set intention a light not 
burdened. 

2091
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:17,500
Some you think about the work 
ahead? 

2092
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:21,400
Not with anxiety. 
But with awareness there is a 

2093
01:59:21,400 --> 01:59:24,200
place to finish. 
There is a rehearsal to attend. 

2094
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:28,700
There are meetings to hold the 
tasks are clear, you do not need

2095
01:59:28,700 --> 01:59:31,400
to solve them now. 
You simply acknowledge them. 

2096
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:35,000
Acknowledging tomorrow's work 
prevents it from intruding on 

2097
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:36,900
rest. 
You have named it. 

2098
01:59:36,900 --> 01:59:40,700
You have noted. 
It now you can set it aside the 

2099
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:44,500
tasks do not overwhelm you. 
They are simply what comes next.

2100
01:59:44,500 --> 01:59:49,100
You have done similar work. 
Many times before, evening's are

2101
01:59:49,100 --> 01:59:50,500
all. 
So when you feel the separation 

2102
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:55,600
between London and Stratford 
most acutely, In London, you're 

2103
01:59:55,600 --> 02:00:00,100
alone or with colleagues. 
In Stratford you're with family,

2104
02:00:00,100 --> 02:00:03,100
neither is better. 
They are different. 

2105
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:07,500
Both are part of your life. 
The separation creates a kind of

2106
02:00:07,508 --> 02:00:10,400
doubling. 
You have two lives, two selves. 

2107
02:00:10,400 --> 02:00:14,300
The London self and the 
Stratford self they overlap, but

2108
02:00:14,300 --> 02:00:16,700
are not identical. 
You miss your family. 

2109
02:00:16,700 --> 02:00:21,000
When in London you miss the work
when in Stratford the longing is

2110
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:24,000
mild and manageable you stretch 
your body. 

2111
02:00:24,800 --> 02:00:29,000
Writing and sitting leave you 
stiff your back aches, your 

2112
02:00:29,000 --> 02:00:33,300
shoulders tightened. standing 
and moving releases, the tension

2113
02:00:33,300 --> 02:00:38,100
you roll your shoulders, you 
flex your fingers, the movement 

2114
02:00:38,100 --> 02:00:42,500
is small but necessary, your 
body protests the day Stillness,

2115
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:46,500
Joints Creak muscles are tight 
movement. 

2116
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:49,300
Reminds them. 
They can still move, you walk 

2117
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:53,700
around the room, you touch your 
toes, you reach overhead, the 

2118
02:00:53,700 --> 02:00:57,100
stretchers are simple, there are
relief, is immediate your body, 

2119
02:00:57,100 --> 02:01:02,100
softens blood flows, the 
discomfort eases Sometimes you 

2120
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:06,400
pray not long or formal prayers,
just a moment of quiet 

2121
02:01:06,400 --> 02:01:09,300
reflection. 
You think about the day you 

2122
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:13,200
Express gratitude for what went?
Well you asked for strength for 

2123
02:01:13,200 --> 02:01:16,200
what comes next? 
The practice is private and 

2124
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:18,200
brief. 
Prayer is a habit from 

2125
02:01:18,200 --> 02:01:20,900
childhood. 
The words are familiar, they 

2126
02:01:20,900 --> 02:01:22,500
provide structure for 
reflection. 

2127
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:26,500
You do not pray for specific 
outcomes, you pray for the 

2128
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:30,900
ability to do your work well for
the health of your family for 

2129
02:01:30,900 --> 02:01:34,100
peace. 
The prayer is between you and 

2130
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:36,400
God. 
No one else is involved. 

2131
02:01:36,400 --> 02:01:41,000
The intimacy is complete. 
You hear the sounds of the city 

2132
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:45,400
or town settling fewer voices, 
the occasional call of a night 

2133
02:01:45,408 --> 02:01:48,500
Watchman, The Creeks of a 
building, these sounds are 

2134
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:50,400
familiar. 
They Mark the transition to 

2135
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:52,900
night. 
The night Watchman calls. 

2136
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:56,200
The hour is voice carries 
through the quiet streets. 

2137
02:01:56,200 --> 02:01:59,400
The sound is reassuring. 
Someone is watching. 

2138
02:02:00,200 --> 02:02:03,400
Building settle as temperatures.
Drop would contracts. 

2139
02:02:03,400 --> 02:02:06,500
Joint shift. 
The sound of gentle and 

2140
02:02:06,500 --> 02:02:09,200
constant. 
If you're tired you feel it in 

2141
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:11,700
the evening. 
Your eyes are heavy, your 

2142
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:15,800
thoughts slow you accept this. 
There is no point in fighting 

2143
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:20,500
fatigue, you prepare for sleep. 
Instead, tiredness is a signal, 

2144
02:02:20,500 --> 02:02:24,900
your body needs rest, you honor 
the signal rather than pushing 

2145
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:28,000
through. 
Fighting fatigue only delays, 

2146
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:30,900
the inevitable. 
Better to surrender to it and 

2147
02:02:30,900 --> 02:02:33,200
get the rest. 
You need, you might write a 

2148
02:02:33,200 --> 02:02:37,200
letter to a friend to family to 
a business associate. 

2149
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:41,500
The letter is practical. 
You share news asked questions 

2150
02:02:41,500 --> 02:02:46,100
and convey information you write
clearly and simply when the 

2151
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:50,400
letter is finished, you seal it,
it will be sent tomorrow letters

2152
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:52,400
maintain connections across 
distance. 

2153
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:56,700
You write to people in Stratford
when you're in London, you write

2154
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:58,900
to London contacts when you're 
in Stratford. 

2155
02:02:59,800 --> 02:03:02,300
The letters are brief. 
You're not verbose and 

2156
02:03:02,300 --> 02:03:04,400
correspondence. 
You state. 

2157
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:08,700
What needs dating and finish? 
Sealing the letter with wax 

2158
02:03:08,700 --> 02:03:11,700
makes it official. 
The seal is a small Mark of 

2159
02:03:11,708 --> 02:03:14,700
completion. 
You tidy the room before bed, 

2160
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:19,200
you put away papers, you close 
books, you Bank, the fire or 

2161
02:03:19,200 --> 02:03:22,200
extinguish the candle. 
The space is ready. 

2162
02:03:22,200 --> 02:03:25,400
For sleep order brings calm 
tidying. 

2163
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:28,500
As a transition ritual, it 
signals the end of the day's 

2164
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:31,500
activities. 
The rumors reset for tomorrow. 

2165
02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:36,200
Finding things is easier when 
the room is orderly morning, you

2166
02:03:36,200 --> 02:03:38,400
will appreciate Evening News 
organization. 

2167
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:41,400
The act of tidying is calming in
itself. 

2168
02:03:41,400 --> 02:03:45,400
The simple motions are 
meditative evenings are not 

2169
02:03:45,408 --> 02:03:47,700
eventful. 
They are the space between the 

2170
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:49,400
work of the day and the rest of 
the night. 

2171
02:03:49,400 --> 02:03:53,100
They allow you to transition, 
they give you time to settle 

2172
02:03:53,100 --> 02:03:56,400
your mind and body. 
The transition is necessary. 

2173
02:03:56,400 --> 02:03:59,800
You cannot go directly from work
to sleep. 

2174
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:04,200
The Gap allows decompression 
your mind, needs time to stop 

2175
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:08,900
churning your body needs time to
relax evening provides this 

2176
02:04:08,900 --> 02:04:11,300
time, you do not rush through 
the evening. 

2177
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:15,200
There is no deadline. 
You move at your own pace when 

2178
02:04:15,200 --> 02:04:19,200
you're ready, you go to bed 
until then you occupy the quiet 

2179
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:22,100
hours without pressure. 
The lack of pressure is itself 

2180
02:04:22,100 --> 02:04:24,400
restful. 
No one expects anything. 

2181
02:04:24,400 --> 02:04:29,000
No one is waiting. 
You are free to Simply Be the 

2182
02:04:29,000 --> 02:04:31,500
evening is yours. 
It is not dictated by 

2183
02:04:31,500 --> 02:04:33,700
performance, schedules or 
writing deadlines. 

2184
02:04:33,700 --> 02:04:37,400
It is time that belongs to you 
alone or to you and your family 

2185
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:42,900
or to you, and a quiet room. 
This time is valuable in its 

2186
02:04:42,900 --> 02:04:47,700
Simplicity owning your time is a
luxury most people's time 

2187
02:04:47,700 --> 02:04:49,800
belongs to others in the 
evening. 

2188
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:53,200
Yours is your own. 
The Simplicity is the value. 

2189
02:04:53,200 --> 02:04:55,800
Nothing complex, nothing 
demanding. 

2190
02:04:55,800 --> 02:05:00,000
Just time passing gently You 
prepare for bed, when the 

2191
02:05:00,000 --> 02:05:03,000
evening winds down, you change 
into a nightshirt. 

2192
02:05:03,700 --> 02:05:07,000
The fabric is worn and soft. 
You set aside, the clothes you 

2193
02:05:07,008 --> 02:05:09,400
wore during the day they will be
there in the morning. 

2194
02:05:09,400 --> 02:05:13,600
The nightshirt is comfortable. 
It has been washed many times. 

2195
02:05:13,600 --> 02:05:18,000
The fabric is thin but warm 
enough changing clothes signals.

2196
02:05:18,000 --> 02:05:21,600
The final transition work 
clothes come off, sleep clothes,

2197
02:05:21,600 --> 02:05:25,700
go on the boundary is marked. 
You fold the day's clothes or 

2198
02:05:25,700 --> 02:05:28,100
hang them on a peg. 
This small Act of care. 

2199
02:05:28,100 --> 02:05:30,200
Maintains order. 
The bed is simple. 

2200
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:33,800
A wooden frame, a mattress 
stuffed with straw feathers, 

2201
02:05:33,800 --> 02:05:38,500
Blanket's and a coverlet. 
In Winter, you add more blankets

2202
02:05:38,500 --> 02:05:40,900
in summer. 
You use viewer. 

2203
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:44,600
The bed is not luxurious but it 
is adequate. 

2204
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:49,700
The mattress in London's is 
usually straw it Russells when 

2205
02:05:49,700 --> 02:05:53,100
you move it flattens over time 
and needs her stuffing. 

2206
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:56,000
The mattress in Stratford is 
feathers. 

2207
02:05:56,000 --> 02:06:00,400
It is soft softer and quieter. 
It shapes to your body more 

2208
02:06:00,400 --> 02:06:04,200
comfortably. 
Blankets a wall, they're heavy 

2209
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:06,700
and warm. 
They smell slightly of lanolin. 

2210
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:11,800
You lie down the mattress yields
beneath you, your body, relaxes 

2211
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:14,800
into it. 
The days tensions, begin to 

2212
02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:20,000
release your muscles, loosen 
your breathing, slows the 

2213
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:24,700
horizontal position itself is a 
relief your spine, releases your

2214
02:06:24,700 --> 02:06:27,000
muscles. 
Do not have to hold you upright,

2215
02:06:27,000 --> 02:06:30,300
you feel the weight of your body
against the mattress. 

2216
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:34,400
The pressure is grounding your 
supported your breathing. 

2217
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:37,300
Naturally slows. 
The Rhythm becomes steady. 

2218
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:40,800
The regularity is soothing. 
The room is dark. 

2219
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,400
If there is a moon, faint light 
comes through the window. 

2220
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:46,900
If not, the darkness is 
complete. 

2221
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:51,700
You do not mind. 
Darkness is restful, complete 

2222
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,100
darkness is rare in the city. 
There is always some ambient 

2223
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:57,000
light. 
But it is dark enough. 

2224
02:06:57,000 --> 02:07:01,400
Moonlight creates shapes and 
shadows, you can see the outline

2225
02:07:01,400 --> 02:07:03,600
of furniture. 
The effect is soft. 

2226
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:06,400
Darkness removes visual 
stimulation. 

2227
02:07:06,400 --> 02:07:10,800
Your eyes can finally rest. 
They do not have to focus. 

2228
02:07:10,800 --> 02:07:15,400
You hear the sounds of night. 
In London, there are distant, 

2229
02:07:15,400 --> 02:07:17,600
voices, footsteps and the 
occasional cart. 

2230
02:07:18,400 --> 02:07:22,500
Intract food, there is wind 
animals and The Creeks of the 

2231
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,400
house. 
These sounds do not disturb you.

2232
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:29,800
They are part of the background.
London, Knight sounds are human 

2233
02:07:29,800 --> 02:07:32,900
people. 
Moving through the streets doors

2234
02:07:32,900 --> 02:07:38,900
closing voices calling Stratford
night sounds and natural wind in

2235
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:43,300
trees and Owl calling. 
A dog barking in the distance. 

2236
02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:48,800
The Sounds form a kind of music,
they rise and fall, they overlap

2237
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:53,500
and separate, they Mark time 
passing Your thoughts, slow. 

2238
02:07:53,500 --> 02:07:58,200
The concerns of the day fade. 
You do not try to solve problems

2239
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,400
or plan ahead. 
You simply let your mind drift. 

2240
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:04,800
Images and fragments pass 
through your awareness. 

2241
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:07,400
They do not form coherent 
narratives. 

2242
02:08:07,400 --> 02:08:09,800
They are just thoughts 
dissolving into rest. 

2243
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:14,300
The Mind, empties gradually, 
thoughts, become less frequent 

2244
02:08:14,300 --> 02:08:19,900
less insistent, images appear, 
and fade, a face from the day. 

2245
02:08:19,900 --> 02:08:25,000
A line from a play, a memory 
with no context, the dissolution

2246
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:28,600
is Pleasant conscious thought 
gives way to something quieter. 

2247
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:33,200
Sleep comes gradually. 
You do not notice the exact 

2248
02:08:33,200 --> 02:08:37,100
moment, your breathing deepens, 
your Consciousness. 

2249
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:40,700
Dims you slip from waking into 
sleep without effort? 

2250
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:44,500
The boundary between waking and 
sleeping is invisible. 

2251
02:08:44,500 --> 02:08:48,000
You cross it without knowing 
your body knows before your 

2252
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:50,800
mind? 
Muscles twitch. 

2253
02:08:51,500 --> 02:08:55,000
Breathing changes rhythm. 
Transition is smooth. 

2254
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:58,000
No Struggle. 
No resistance. 

2255
02:08:58,000 --> 02:09:03,500
Just a gentle Falling Away. 
The night passes, you sleep 

2256
02:09:03,500 --> 02:09:07,100
deeply at first then more 
lightly toward morning, you 

2257
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:09,800
might wake once or twice you 
shift position. 

2258
02:09:09,800 --> 02:09:13,400
You adjust the blankets you fall
back asleep, quickly. 

2259
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:18,500
Deep sleep is dreamless or 
dreams are not remembered. 

2260
02:09:19,200 --> 02:09:21,400
Your body does its restorative 
work. 

2261
02:09:22,100 --> 02:09:26,300
Light, sleeping brings more 
awareness, you hear sound, you 

2262
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:29,800
notice temperature? 
But you remain mostly asleep 

2263
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:32,600
waking briefly in the night is 
normal. 

2264
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:35,200
You register it and return to 
sleep. 

2265
02:09:35,200 --> 02:09:37,800
It does not disturb the overall 
rest. 

2266
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:41,500
Dreams occur, but you do not 
remember most of them. 

2267
02:09:42,300 --> 02:09:44,500
Occasionally a dream lingers 
after waking. 

2268
02:09:45,400 --> 02:09:48,600
It is strange or Vivid. 
You think about it, briefly, 

2269
02:09:48,600 --> 02:09:51,800
then Let It Go. 
Dreams are not significant. 

2270
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:55,400
They're just the mind working 
through the days Impressions, 

2271
02:09:55,400 --> 02:09:58,500
dreams are ephemeral. 
They fade quickly. 

2272
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:03,300
After waking details, slip away 
as you try to hold them a vivid.

2273
02:10:03,300 --> 02:10:06,600
Dream, might stay with you 
through the morning, you puzzle 

2274
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:11,400
over it, then it loses its power
and you forget, you don't look 

2275
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:15,200
for meaning in dreams, they are 
random firings of a sleeping 

2276
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:19,400
mind in Winter, the cold wakes, 
you, you pull the blankets 

2277
02:10:19,400 --> 02:10:23,000
tighter, you curl into a smaller
shape to conserve warmth. 

2278
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:26,400
The cold is uncomfortable, but 
not unbearable. 

2279
02:10:26,400 --> 02:10:30,300
You wait, for more morning. 
Winter nights are long and dark.

2280
02:10:30,300 --> 02:10:34,200
The cold is invasive. 
It finds gaps in the blankets. 

2281
02:10:34,200 --> 02:10:36,600
You pile. 
Every available blanket on the 

2282
02:10:36,600 --> 02:10:40,100
bed, still your nose, and the 
tips of your ears are cold 

2283
02:10:41,100 --> 02:10:43,500
Sometimes you get up and add a 
layer of clothing under the 

2284
02:10:43,500 --> 02:10:47,600
nightshirt, then you return to 
bed and sleep better in summer 

2285
02:10:47,600 --> 02:10:51,100
warmth can be oppressive you 
push the blankets aside, you 

2286
02:10:51,100 --> 02:10:54,300
license still trying to catch 
any Breeze, the discomfort 

2287
02:10:54,300 --> 02:10:58,700
passes, you sleep again. 
Summer nights are short the heat

2288
02:10:58,700 --> 02:11:02,100
persists even after dark, the 
arrow, still and heavy. 

2289
02:11:02,900 --> 02:11:05,000
You remove blankets until only a
sheet. 

2290
02:11:05,008 --> 02:11:08,400
Remains you kick that aside too,
if the heat demands it. 

2291
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:12,600
Any movement generates warmth, 
you lie is still as possible. 

2292
02:11:12,600 --> 02:11:18,000
Eventually sleep comes despite 
the discomfort, your body rests 

2293
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:22,400
muscles repair. 
Your mind processes sleep is 

2294
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:24,600
restorative. 
You do not think about this 

2295
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:27,800
consciously, but you feel it. 
When you wake, the rest is done,

2296
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:32,200
its work, your body heals itself
during sleep, small injuries, 

2297
02:11:32,200 --> 02:11:36,500
men, strained muscles, relax, 
your mind, sorts and stores. 

2298
02:11:36,500 --> 02:11:40,300
The days experience is what is 
important is kept. 

2299
02:11:41,000 --> 02:11:45,000
What is not is discarded. 
You wake feeling different than 

2300
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:48,100
you felt when you went to bed 
the changes subtle. 

2301
02:11:48,100 --> 02:11:53,300
But real you're restored. 
You share a bed with an in 

2302
02:11:53,300 --> 02:11:56,900
Stratford He sleeps on one side 
and you on the other. 

2303
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:00,400
You're aware of her presence 
without it interrupting your 

2304
02:12:00,400 --> 02:12:03,600
rest. 
The shared warmth is comforting.

2305
02:12:04,400 --> 02:12:07,000
Two bodies in a bed, generate 
more heat than one. 

2306
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:09,500
In winter. 
This is welcome. 

2307
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:13,900
You know the rhythm of her 
breathing The sound is familiar 

2308
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:16,800
and comforting. 
Sometimes she wakes, when you 

2309
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:21,000
wake sometimes, she sleeps 
through the companionship 

2310
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:26,700
exists, even in sleep, in 
London, you sleep alone, the bed

2311
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:31,500
is entirely yours you spread out
or curl up as you choose, there 

2312
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,400
is freedom in this but also a 
kind of loneliness. 

2313
02:12:34,400 --> 02:12:38,200
You do not dwell on it. 
Sleeping alone, you can move 

2314
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:40,900
without consideration. 
You can sprawl. 

2315
02:12:40,900 --> 02:12:45,300
You can take all the blankets, 
the freedom is pleasant, but the

2316
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:50,100
bed feels larger emptier, you 
miss the companionship sometimes

2317
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,100
other times, you appreciate the 
Solitude. 

2318
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:57,600
Both of valid. 
The quality of sleep varies some

2319
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:00,600
nights, you sleep soundly from 
dark to Dawn. 

2320
02:13:00,600 --> 02:13:06,300
Other nights, sleep is broken. 
You wait, repeatedly you lie, 

2321
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:09,500
awake, for stretches, by 
morning, you are less rested. 

2322
02:13:09,500 --> 02:13:13,700
You accept this. 
Not every night is perfect good.

2323
02:13:13,700 --> 02:13:16,700
Sleep is a gift. 
You wake feeling strong and 

2324
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:19,300
clear. 
The day ahead seems manageable 

2325
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:23,100
poorly believes you fuzzy. 
Your thoughts are slower. 

2326
02:13:23,100 --> 02:13:26,900
Your patience is thinner. 
You do what needs doing any way?

2327
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:30,600
You cannot control the quality 
of sleep, you can only create 

2328
02:13:30,600 --> 02:13:34,500
conditions that favor it. 
The rest is beyond your power 

2329
02:13:34,500 --> 02:13:39,600
morning comes with light. 
He wakes slowly, you lie, still 

2330
02:13:39,600 --> 02:13:41,300
for a moment. 
Orienting yourself. 

2331
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:44,700
You remember where you are? 
You think about the day ahead. 

2332
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:48,900
Then you rise the first light of
dawn is gray and soft. 

2333
02:13:48,900 --> 02:13:53,900
It grows brighter gradually. 
You hear mourning sounds Birds 

2334
02:13:53,900 --> 02:13:58,300
people beginning their work, the
city or town is waking you 

2335
02:13:58,300 --> 02:14:02,400
stretch in bed before Rising 
Your body protests the 

2336
02:14:02,400 --> 02:14:04,800
transition from horizontal to 
vertical. 

2337
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:10,400
Then adjusts you dress. 
You step into the day, the night

2338
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:12,800
is behind you. 
Sleep as done. 

2339
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:14,900
What it can you're ready to 
begin? 

2340
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:17,800
Again, dressing is automatic the
clothes. 

2341
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,400
You laid out of there. 
You put them on without thought.

2342
02:14:21,900 --> 02:14:25,300
The day begins work, weights 
people wait. 

2343
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:29,000
The routine continues sleep is 
not dramatic. 

2344
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:31,700
It is not an escape or an 
adventure. 

2345
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:37,000
It is simply rest your body 
requires it, your mind requires 

2346
02:14:37,000 --> 02:14:39,700
it. 
You give yourself over to it 

2347
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:41,900
each night, trusting that it 
will restore you. 

2348
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:46,600
Sleep is fundamental without it 
nothing else functions properly,

2349
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:51,200
you trust sleep, you surrender 
to it it has never failed to 

2350
02:14:51,200 --> 02:14:53,900
restore you. 
The routine of sleep is steady. 

2351
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:57,300
You go to bed around the same 
time, you wake around the same 

2352
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:01,500
time, the consistency helps, 
your body knows what to expect 

2353
02:15:01,500 --> 02:15:06,100
regularity AIDS, sleep, your 
body develops a rhythm, the 

2354
02:15:06,100 --> 02:15:09,600
Rhythm supports rest. 
When travel or work disrupts, 

2355
02:15:09,600 --> 02:15:13,700
the Rhythm sleep is harder. 
You notice the difference, you 

2356
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:17,000
do not fight sleep. 
When you're tired, you sleep, 

2357
02:15:17,000 --> 02:15:21,100
when you're arrested you, wait. 
The rhythm is natural. 

2358
02:15:21,100 --> 02:15:26,200
You follow it without resistance
resistance is futile, the body's

2359
02:15:26,200 --> 02:15:27,800
need for sleep is 
non-negotiable. 

2360
02:15:27,800 --> 02:15:31,900
You have learned to listen to 
your body signals when it says 

2361
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,600
sleep, you sleep. 
When it says, wake you wake. 

2362
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:40,100
Sleep, connects the days, it 
marks the end of one and the 

2363
02:15:40,100 --> 02:15:43,800
beginning of the next, it 
provides a pause a reset. 

2364
02:15:45,100 --> 02:15:46,800
When you wait, you are the same 
person. 

2365
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:51,300
But the day is new, Sleep is the
boundary between yesterday and 

2366
02:15:51,300 --> 02:15:55,600
today, it's separates and 
connects them the new Day brings

2367
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:59,000
new possibilities. 
The problems of yesterday might 

2368
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:02,500
look different. 
The work continues fresh your 

2369
02:16:02,500 --> 02:16:05,800
continuous across days but sleep
renews you. 

2370
02:16:05,808 --> 02:16:10,900
Each morning is a small rebirth.
Your life is not shaped by Grand

2371
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:14,300
events. 
It is shaped by repetition the 

2372
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:18,100
same streets walked again. 
And again the same tasks 

2373
02:16:18,100 --> 02:16:21,200
performed day. 
After day, the same people are 

2374
02:16:21,200 --> 02:16:24,500
seen over and over, this 
continuity is the foundation of 

2375
02:16:24,508 --> 02:16:27,500
everything. 
The grand Narrative of your life

2376
02:16:27,500 --> 02:16:31,400
is actually composed of tiny, 
repeated moments walking to the 

2377
02:16:31,408 --> 02:16:35,500
theater setting to write eating 
bread sleeping. 

2378
02:16:36,600 --> 02:16:40,700
The repetition creates depth. 
Each time you walk a street, you

2379
02:16:40,700 --> 02:16:43,900
know, it better each time you 
write the processor smoother 

2380
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:49,299
continuity is underrated, people
seek novelty and drama but life 

2381
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:52,700
is built on the ordinary. 
You write many plays over many 

2382
02:16:52,700 --> 02:16:55,100
years. 
Each one is created through the 

2383
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:58,700
same process sitting writing 
revising. 

2384
02:16:58,700 --> 02:17:03,200
Rehearsing performing. 
The process does not change the 

2385
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:08,000
plays do, but the work remains 
constant by now you have 

2386
02:17:08,000 --> 02:17:11,500
written, dozens of plays, the 
number is less important than 

2387
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:14,200
the accumulated. 
Practice, each player's 

2388
02:17:14,200 --> 02:17:17,799
different different characters, 
different conflicts, different 

2389
02:17:17,799 --> 02:17:20,799
language, but the making of them
is the same. 

2390
02:17:20,799 --> 02:17:24,900
The constant sea of process 
allows variety of product. 

2391
02:17:25,799 --> 02:17:29,299
Because you know how to make a 
play, you can make many kinds of

2392
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:32,100
plays You observe the world 
around you. 

2393
02:17:32,100 --> 02:17:35,400
You see how people speak? 
How they move and how they 

2394
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:38,500
react. 
These observations accumulate, 

2395
02:17:38,500 --> 02:17:40,900
they become the material of your
writing. 

2396
02:17:40,900 --> 02:17:43,000
The process is slow and 
unconscious. 

2397
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:45,000
You do not set out to collect 
material. 

2398
02:17:45,000 --> 02:17:49,200
It simply happens as you live. 
Every interaction is potential 

2399
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:51,900
material. 
Every conversation, every 

2400
02:17:51,900 --> 02:17:56,000
gesture, every conflict, the 
accumulation is invisible, and 

2401
02:17:56,000 --> 02:17:59,900
you need it, then the material 
is there, stored without your 

2402
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:04,200
knowing Living and writing are 
not separate one feeds, the 

2403
02:18:04,200 --> 02:18:08,299
other continuously. 
Your influence grows that you do

2404
02:18:08,299 --> 02:18:11,500
not notice it happening. 
People begin to quote, your 

2405
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:13,799
lines. 
Your plays are performed more 

2406
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:17,299
frequently. 
Your name becomes known, But to 

2407
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:22,100
you, the work is the same. 
You write revised rehearse and 

2408
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:25,299
perform. 
The external recognition does 

2409
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:29,500
not change the internal routine.
Success, creeps up slowly. 

2410
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:32,500
There is no single moment of 
arrival. 

2411
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:36,400
You hear your lines quoted in 
taverns, you see other 

2412
02:18:36,400 --> 02:18:40,500
playwrights, imitating, your 
techniques, these are signs, but

2413
02:18:40,500 --> 02:18:43,500
you do not dwell on them, the 
work matters more than the 

2414
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:46,100
recognition, you focus on the 
work. 

2415
02:18:46,100 --> 02:18:50,400
You maintain your commitments to
the theater company to your 

2416
02:18:50,400 --> 02:18:55,100
family, to your patreons. 
These commitments require steady

2417
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:59,100
effort, you show up. 
You do the work, you fulfill 

2418
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:02,299
your obligations. 
This reliability is what 

2419
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:05,799
sustains, your career 
reliability is more valuable 

2420
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:09,500
than brilliant people depend on 
you to deliver you meet 

2421
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:13,799
deadlines your honor agreements.
You show up when expected this 

2422
02:19:13,799 --> 02:19:18,000
builds Trust. 
Trust compounds over time, your 

2423
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:20,000
reputation is built on 
consistency. 

2424
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:24,200
Your legacy is in moments that 
are not recorded the 

2425
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:27,500
conversation in a table in that 
inspires a character the walk 

2426
02:19:27,500 --> 02:19:30,500
through London, that shapes a 
setting, the quiet hour of 

2427
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:33,000
revision that turns a weak scene
into a strong one. 

2428
02:19:33,000 --> 02:19:36,600
These moments are ordinary. 
They are so essential. 

2429
02:19:37,500 --> 02:19:40,100
The important moments, do not 
feel important when they happen,

2430
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:44,100
they feel like ordinary moments 
a strangest phrase becomes 

2431
02:19:44,100 --> 02:19:47,400
Hamlet's line, a gesture. 
You noticed becomes lady 

2432
02:19:47,400 --> 02:19:51,300
Macbeth's movement, the legacy 
is built from invisible pieces. 

2433
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:55,800
No one knows where the ideas 
came from only you know and even

2434
02:19:55,800 --> 02:19:59,800
you forget most of them, you 
grow older, the work continues, 

2435
02:19:59,800 --> 02:20:03,100
you do not slow down 
dramatically, you simply keep 

2436
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:07,100
going the rhythm of writing and 
Performing does not stop because

2437
02:20:07,100 --> 02:20:09,200
you age. 
It continues. 

2438
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:13,100
As long as you are able your 
body ages, your eyes weaken, 

2439
02:20:13,100 --> 02:20:17,200
your joints, ache, But your mind
remains Sharp. 

2440
02:20:18,100 --> 02:20:20,100
The work adapts to your changing
body. 

2441
02:20:20,800 --> 02:20:24,000
You write less when your hand 
tires, you rest more. 

2442
02:20:25,000 --> 02:20:27,700
But you do not stop age. 
Brings perspective. 

2443
02:20:27,700 --> 02:20:32,100
You see patterns, you could not 
see when young girl, the work 

2444
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:35,700
benefits from this. 
You invest in property, you 

2445
02:20:35,700 --> 02:20:39,400
secure your family's Future. 
These decisions are practical. 

2446
02:20:39,400 --> 02:20:41,900
They are not about Glory or 
fame. 

2447
02:20:41,900 --> 02:20:45,200
There are about ensuring that 
your wife and children are cared

2448
02:20:45,208 --> 02:20:48,400
for the work is necessary and 
unglamorous. 

2449
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:53,100
You buy new place, one of the 
largest houses in Stratford, you

2450
02:20:53,100 --> 02:20:57,400
buy land, you make investments, 
these purchases are insurances. 

2451
02:20:58,400 --> 02:21:01,300
The theater fails, your family 
will still have income and 

2452
02:21:01,300 --> 02:21:03,500
shelter. 
The business of securing a 

2453
02:21:03,500 --> 02:21:07,800
future is tedious contracts, 
negotiations, legal documents, 

2454
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:11,300
you do it anyway, you return to 
Stratford more often. 

2455
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:15,000
As you age, the pull of Home, 
strengthens you spend more time 

2456
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:18,900
with family, you manage your 
property, you participate in a 

2457
02:21:18,900 --> 02:21:22,500
local Affairs, the transition 
from London to Stratford is 

2458
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:25,700
gradual. 
It feels natural, London 

2459
02:21:25,700 --> 02:21:29,900
exhausts, you more than it used 
to the noise, the crowds the 

2460
02:21:29,900 --> 02:21:34,500
constant activity Stratford is 
quieter, the pace is slow. 

2461
02:21:34,500 --> 02:21:37,700
Your family. 
Is there the police strong. 

2462
02:21:37,700 --> 02:21:40,500
You do not make a dramatic 
decision to retire. 

2463
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:43,600
You simply spend more time at 
home and less time in London. 

2464
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:48,200
The transition is organic the 
theater continues without you 

2465
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:51,600
need to be their constantly. 
Other playwrights, right? 

2466
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:57,200
Other actors perform the company
adapts Your Role shifts from 

2467
02:21:57,200 --> 02:22:01,400
Central to supportive. 
You accept this, you have done 

2468
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:04,400
your part. 
The company does not need you as

2469
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:07,900
much as it once did. 
This is Success, not failure. 

2470
02:22:08,900 --> 02:22:13,200
Younger playwrights, bring new 
energy, you support them, you 

2471
02:22:13,200 --> 02:22:15,800
offer, guidance. 
When asked, Epping back. 

2472
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:19,800
Feels right. 
You have earned rest the company

2473
02:22:19,800 --> 02:22:22,400
will continue. 
You look back on the work with 

2474
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:27,400
satisfaction not Pride. 
The plays exist, they are 

2475
02:22:27,408 --> 02:22:29,600
performed people. 
Enjoy them. 

2476
02:22:29,600 --> 02:22:33,100
That is enough. 
You do not need more than that. 

2477
02:22:33,100 --> 02:22:37,700
Pride would be an appropriate. 
You did your work, The Works 

2478
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:39,400
exceeded. 
That is all. 

2479
02:22:40,200 --> 02:22:42,400
Satisfaction is quieter than 
Pride. 

2480
02:22:42,400 --> 02:22:46,600
It is contentment with effort 
made and tasks completed. 

2481
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:50,300
The plays Will Outlast you. 
This is Pleasant to consider but

2482
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:52,100
not essential you wrote them 
for. 

2483
02:22:52,100 --> 02:22:56,200
Now, what happens after is not 
your concern, your habits 

2484
02:22:56,200 --> 02:23:01,000
remain, you walk you, right? 
You read you, sit with others, 

2485
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:05,500
you eat simple meals, you sleep,
when tired, these patterns do 

2486
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:07,400
not change, they are who you 
are. 

2487
02:23:07,400 --> 02:23:11,400
The habits of carry you through 
decades, they will carry you to 

2488
02:23:11,408 --> 02:23:13,800
the end your comfortable in your
routine. 

2489
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:18,000
They fit you like old clothes 
changes, unnecessary. 

2490
02:23:18,900 --> 02:23:21,000
Athens work. 
Why alter them? 

2491
02:23:22,000 --> 02:23:25,100
You think about the future? 
Rarely you focus on the present?

2492
02:23:26,000 --> 02:23:30,000
There is work to do today. 
There are people to see there 

2493
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:33,300
are tasks to complete. 
The future will arrive when it 

2494
02:23:33,300 --> 02:23:36,000
arrives you do not rush toward 
it. 

2495
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:39,600
The future is abstract, the 
present is real. 

2496
02:23:40,600 --> 02:23:43,200
Planning too much for the future
distracts from living. 

2497
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:47,600
Now You handle what needs 
handling you trust the rest to 

2498
02:23:47,600 --> 02:23:51,500
work itself out your 
relationships endure the people 

2499
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:53,800
you have known for years are 
still part of your life. 

2500
02:23:53,800 --> 02:23:58,000
Some of deed others have moved 
away but many remain. 

2501
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:01,000
The continuity of friendship is 
comforting. 

2502
02:24:01,000 --> 02:24:05,800
Richard, Burbage is still acting
your daughter's, a grown Aniston

2503
02:24:05,800 --> 02:24:10,100
managing the household, the 
faces change over time, but some

2504
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:14,300
remain constant. 
These constants Anki, you Long 

2505
02:24:14,300 --> 02:24:15,200
French. 
Friendships are deep. 

2506
02:24:15,200 --> 02:24:19,800
They require no explanation. 
The shared history speaks for 

2507
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,400
itself. 
You do not seek Legacy 

2508
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:24,700
consciously. 
You do not write to be 

2509
02:24:24,700 --> 02:24:27,100
remembered. 
You write because it is your 

2510
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:30,400
work. 
Plays a created for the present 

2511
02:24:30,400 --> 02:24:32,900
for the audience is who come to 
see them now. 

2512
02:24:33,700 --> 02:24:35,800
What happens after is not your 
concern. 

2513
02:24:35,800 --> 02:24:40,100
Legacy is what others make of 
your work after you're gone, you

2514
02:24:40,100 --> 02:24:43,200
have no control over it. 
You write for the audience in 

2515
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:45,400
front of you for the actors, you
know. 

2516
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:49,000
For now. 
If the plays last, that is 

2517
02:24:49,000 --> 02:24:52,400
Pleasant, if they do not, you 
will not know. 

2518
02:24:52,400 --> 02:24:57,100
Either way you have done your 
work, your life has been steady 

2519
02:24:57,100 --> 02:25:01,500
not without hardship, but 
without catastrophe, you have 

2520
02:25:01,500 --> 02:25:06,000
worked, you have rested, you 
have maintained connections, you

2521
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:09,400
are fulfilled, responsibilities 
life is ordinary in many ways, 

2522
02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:14,100
but it is also full Hamlet's 
death was hard financial. 

2523
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:16,200
Worry is existed conflicts 
arose. 

2524
02:25:16,200 --> 02:25:20,300
But overall life has been stable
stability allowed, the work 

2525
02:25:20,300 --> 02:25:24,400
without it, you could not have 
produced so much, fullness does 

2526
02:25:24,400 --> 02:25:28,100
not require drama a life of 
steady work and care as full. 

2527
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:33,300
The Quiet Moments matter. 
Walk through a field, the 

2528
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:37,000
conversation with a friend, the 
owl was spent reading the night 

2529
02:25:37,000 --> 02:25:39,600
was spent sleeping. 
These are not the moments that 

2530
02:25:39,600 --> 02:25:43,800
make history. 
Moments that make a life history

2531
02:25:43,800 --> 02:25:46,700
records. 
The extraordinary life is built 

2532
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,600
from the ordinary the small 
moments accumulate together. 

2533
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:53,900
They are everything. 
You will not be remembered for 

2534
02:25:53,900 --> 02:25:58,400
walking through a field, but the
walking shaped who you were it 

2535
02:25:58,400 --> 02:26:00,200
shaped? 
What you wrote, you have 

2536
02:26:00,200 --> 02:26:04,400
observed much, you have written 
much, you have lived, a life of 

2537
02:26:04,408 --> 02:26:08,000
attention and Care. 
The work reflects, this, the 

2538
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:10,500
characters feel real because 
they are drawn from real 

2539
02:26:10,500 --> 02:26:13,700
observation. 
The language feels alive because

2540
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:15,900
it comes from a mind that has 
listened carefully. 

2541
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:19,300
Tension is the foundation of 
good writing. 

2542
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:22,000
You have paid attention for 
decades. 

2543
02:26:23,000 --> 02:26:27,200
The care, you take shows in the 
work, the Precision, the Nuance,

2544
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:32,000
the humanity, the life and the 
work are inseparable, the work 

2545
02:26:32,000 --> 02:26:35,400
Grew From the life. 
The life was shaped by the work.

2546
02:26:35,400 --> 02:26:40,500
You can continue day follows 
day, work, follows, rest 

2547
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:44,600
Seasons, turn you remaining 
engaged with the world around 

2548
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,000
you. 
You notice you remember you 

2549
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:52,800
create the pattern continues, it
will continue until it cannot. 

2550
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:57,000
Engagement is the key you remain
interested. 

2551
02:26:57,000 --> 02:27:02,400
Curious attentive as long as you
engage you are alive in the way 

2552
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:05,700
that matters. 
Most life is not extraordinary. 

2553
02:27:05,700 --> 02:27:09,000
It is simply lived with 
consistency and purpose. 

2554
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:12,100
This is enough. 
This has always been enough. 

2555
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,000
Extraordinary lives are rare and
often tragic. 

2556
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:19,000
Ordinary lives are common and 
often rich. 

2557
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,700
You have lived consistently, you
have lived with purpose. 

2558
02:27:22,700 --> 02:27:25,300
These are achievements enough is
enough. 

2559
02:27:25,300 --> 02:27:27,500
You do not need to be more than 
you are. 

2560
02:27:27,500 --> 02:27:31,600
When the day ends, you prepare 
for sleep, you settle into bed, 

2561
02:27:31,600 --> 02:27:36,000
you let go of the day's concerns
tomorrow, will come, there will 

2562
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:38,400
be more work, more walking, and 
more observations. 

2563
02:27:38,400 --> 02:27:42,900
But for now, you rest the day 
ends, the Night Comes sleep 

2564
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:45,700
arrives. 
Tomorrow is another day, the 

2565
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:49,300
pattern will repeat for. 
Now you rest, the work is done. 

2566
02:27:49,300 --> 02:27:53,800
The day is complete, the Rhythm 
continues, the life continues, 

2567
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:56,700
the work continues. 
This is how it has always been. 

2568
02:27:56,700 --> 02:28:00,300
This is how it will. 
Remain, continuity is the 

2569
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,900
deepest truth, Everything 
Changes slowly within an 

2570
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:06,600
unchanging pattern the rhythm is
reliable. 

2571
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:10,000
You trust it. 
It has carried you, this far. 

2572
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:14,000
It will carry you to the end and
Beyond The end, the work will 

2573
02:28:14,000 --> 02:28:18,200
continue in other hands other 
voices other times. 

2574
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:23,300
But that is not your concern. 
Your concern is now this day 

2575
02:28:23,300 --> 02:28:28,900
this moment this breath and so 
you rest and so the world 

2576
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:40,100
continues and so The Story Goes 
On Imagine New York City in 1904

2577
02:28:40,100 --> 02:28:43,400
when the tallest skyscrapers 
hardly reach the skyline and 

2578
02:28:43,400 --> 02:28:46,800
horses continue to clip clop 
along cobblestone streets, with 

2579
02:28:46,800 --> 02:28:49,300
the occasional car. 
Julius Robert Oppenheimer 

2580
02:28:49,300 --> 02:28:52,500
though, everyone would call him,
Robert or simply Opti to his 

2581
02:28:52,500 --> 02:28:55,900
friends was born into this world
of Gaslight and escalating 

2582
02:28:55,900 --> 02:28:58,900
ambition, though Roberts early 
years, were depicted in more 

2583
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:01,000
general terms. 
You might think that future 

2584
02:29:01,000 --> 02:29:03,600
Atomic scientists come from, 
childhood spent staring at 

2585
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:06,100
telescope and chemistry sets 
Julius. 

2586
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,000
His father had come from Germany
with little more than a keen 

2587
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:11,500
sense of style and a passion for
textiles. 

2588
02:29:11,500 --> 02:29:14,500
By the time Robert was born, the
family business had become 

2589
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:17,100
successful enough to buy an 
apartment with a view of the 

2590
02:29:17,100 --> 02:29:21,000
Hudson River furnished with 
impressionist paintings, Persian

2591
02:29:21,000 --> 02:29:24,500
rugs and the kind of cozy quiet 
that comes with having money. 

2592
02:29:24,500 --> 02:29:27,600
Ella Roberts, mother was an 
artist who saw the world through

2593
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:30,800
light and Shadow compositions as
young Robert played quietly 

2594
02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:33,700
close by, she had set up a 
Reason by their Upper West Side 

2595
02:29:33,700 --> 02:29:36,000
homes. 
Tall windows and began painting 

2596
02:29:36,000 --> 02:29:38,500
watercolors. 
Displaying the Thoughtfulness 

2597
02:29:38,500 --> 02:29:40,300
that would define his entire 
life. 

2598
02:29:40,300 --> 02:29:43,500
Even as a young child, he had an
eye for the world that seemed 

2599
02:29:43,500 --> 02:29:46,500
older than his years. 
It wasn't precocious in the way 

2600
02:29:46,500 --> 02:29:49,500
that adults find it, unsettling,
but it was genuine. 

2601
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,000
Curiosity about how things fit 
together, though. 

2602
02:29:52,000 --> 02:29:54,700
Deeply intellectual, the 
Oppenheimer household was not 

2603
02:29:54,700 --> 02:29:57,900
particularly religious, every 
wall was adorned with books like

2604
02:29:57,900 --> 02:30:01,500
old friends waiting to chat and 
topics discussed at the dinner. 

2605
02:30:01,500 --> 02:30:04,300
Table included literature art 
and difficult philosophical 

2606
02:30:04,300 --> 02:30:07,500
issues like a tiny. 
Sober sponge Robert took in all 

2607
02:30:07,500 --> 02:30:11,500
of this cultivating, the kind of
all encompassing curiosity that 

2608
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:14,700
would eventually enable him to 
discuss Hindu philosophy with 

2609
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:18,000
the same ease as he would 
quantum mechanics, Robert found 

2610
02:30:18,000 --> 02:30:21,500
school to be almost too easy. 
He was quietly working his way 

2611
02:30:21,500 --> 02:30:24,400
through books that most adults 
would find difficult while other

2612
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:26,400
kids were having trouble with 
spelling and math. 

2613
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,900
By the age of 10, he was reading
translated, Plato and Penning. 

2614
02:30:29,900 --> 02:30:33,300
Poetry that was surprisingly 
sophisticated for someone whose 

2615
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:36,900
voice had not yet changed this 
thin pale boy who could talk 

2616
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:39,500
about literature. 
Graduate student but still 

2617
02:30:39,500 --> 02:30:41,900
required assistance getting to 
books on high shelves. 

2618
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:45,600
Left his teachers unsure of how 
to interpret him an alternative 

2619
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:48,300
form of Education was offered by
the family's Long Island 

2620
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:51,200
Vacation House. 
Robert developed a contemplative

2621
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:54,000
love for the outdoors here. 
He was a child who collected 

2622
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,600
rocks with the methodical 
attention of someone who saw 

2623
02:30:56,600 --> 02:30:58,400
stories in their crystalline 
structures. 

2624
02:30:58,400 --> 02:31:02,700
Not the kind who built forts or 
Court frogs an early indication 

2625
02:31:02,700 --> 02:31:05,100
of the scientific mind growing 
beneath his literary. 

2626
02:31:05,100 --> 02:31:08,000
Interests was the meticulous 
labeling and cataloging of each 

2627
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:10,800
specimen. 
Among family friends Roberts 

2628
02:31:10,800 --> 02:31:12,400
rock collection became 
legendary. 

2629
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:15,900
He could spend hours studying a 
single mineral sample. 

2630
02:31:15,900 --> 02:31:19,500
Turning it in the light to 
reveal various features reading 

2631
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:22,800
about its geological formation 
and comprehending its 

2632
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:24,500
significance in the grand scheme
of things. 

2633
02:31:24,500 --> 02:31:28,200
He first learned to think in 
deep time to Envision forces 

2634
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:31,200
that could reshape continents 
and processes that took millions

2635
02:31:31,200 --> 02:31:33,800
of years thanks to geologie 
later. 

2636
02:31:33,800 --> 02:31:36,700
On this sense of scale would 
enable him to understand physics

2637
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:39,000
Concepts that other bright 
Minds, found difficult to 

2638
02:31:39,008 --> 02:31:42,300
understand by his early. 
Adolescence Robert had developed

2639
02:31:42,300 --> 02:31:44,700
into a young man who appeared to
be a little different from his 

2640
02:31:44,700 --> 02:31:47,700
contemporaries. 
He was amiable enough, but his 

2641
02:31:47,700 --> 02:31:50,700
passions and the ferocity with 
which he pursued them had an 

2642
02:31:50,700 --> 02:31:53,700
unearthly quality. 
Robert had become enthralled 

2643
02:31:53,700 --> 02:31:56,900
with Hindu philosophy and wanted
to read the original texts. 

2644
02:31:56,900 --> 02:31:59,400
So he was teaching himself 
Sanskrit. 

2645
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:01,200
While other boys his age were 
learning baseball. 

2646
02:32:01,200 --> 02:32:03,500
And the first hints of romantic 
interest. 

2647
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:06,400
Although, Robert was 
undoubtedly, not exempt from the

2648
02:32:06,400 --> 02:32:10,400
joy of intellectual achievement 
the Sanskrit study was more than

2649
02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:13,400
just academic boasting, the 
philosophical issues, these 

2650
02:32:13,400 --> 02:32:16,400
ancient writings addressed such 
as what the nature of reality is

2651
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:19,900
truly captivated him. 
How do we make sense of our 

2652
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:22,200
position in the vast seemingly 
uncaring? 

2653
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:25,200
Universe for him. 
These were pressing personal 

2654
02:32:25,200 --> 02:32:27,000
issues rather than abstract, 
riddles. 

2655
02:32:27,000 --> 02:32:29,600
That would shape his views on 
everything from moral 

2656
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:32,200
responsibility to subatomic 
particles. 

2657
02:32:32,200 --> 02:32:35,700
His parents were both proud and 
perplexed, as they observe their

2658
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:38,900
sons intellectual growth. 
Robert appeared to be developing

2659
02:32:38,900 --> 02:32:40,500
into a person. 
Whose mind worked on 

2660
02:32:40,508 --> 02:32:42,600
frequencies. 
They were always able to pick up

2661
02:32:42,600 --> 02:32:45,900
despite their desire to raise a 
thoughtful cultured child. 

2662
02:32:45,900 --> 02:32:48,900
They realized they were raising 
someone very special. 

2663
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:52,300
When he casually mentioned over 
breakfast, that he had started a

2664
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:54,700
small literary magazine at 
school or that he had been 

2665
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:57,500
communicating with professional.
Geologists about his rock 

2666
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:00,200
collection for Robert. 
The passage from childhood to 

2667
02:33:00,200 --> 02:33:02,000
adolescents wasn't totally 
seamless. 

2668
02:33:02,000 --> 02:33:05,200
Social situations were 
occasionally awkward due to his 

2669
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:08,100
intellectual prowess. 
He would make references that 

2670
02:33:08,100 --> 02:33:11,400
were too complex for his peers 
to understand or get so 

2671
02:33:11,400 --> 02:33:13,900
engrossed in a book that he 
forgot he was meant to be taking

2672
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:17,400
part in group activities but 
instead of growing resentful or 

2673
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:20,800
conceited over his Is Robert 
acquired, a kind of mild 

2674
02:33:20,800 --> 02:33:23,300
disinterest, that would benefit 
him for the rest of his life. 

2675
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:27,000
He discovered how to live in two
different worlds at once the 

2676
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:29,900
world of scientific facts and 
the world of artistic Beauty, 

2677
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:33,000
the world of teenage worries and
the world of adulthood ideas. 

2678
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:36,200
Robert had already started to 
consider the issues that would 

2679
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:38,400
shape his adult life as he 
neared graduation from the 

2680
02:33:38,400 --> 02:33:41,200
ethical culture School. 
The school that placed equal 

2681
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:43,500
emphasis on moral growth and 
academic success. 

2682
02:33:43,500 --> 02:33:46,500
How can we strike a balance 
between social responsibility 

2683
02:33:46,500 --> 02:33:50,300
and personal success? 
What responsibilities do we have

2684
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:53,800
to serve others with our gifts? 
In a universe, that appears to 

2685
02:33:53,800 --> 02:33:55,500
be controlled by impersonal 
forces. 

2686
02:33:55,500 --> 02:33:58,900
How do we find meaning? 
These were the usual worries of 

2687
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:02,500
a College, Bound 18 year old, 
but then Robert Oppenheimer had 

2688
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:04,200
never been normal with 
interests. 

2689
02:34:04,200 --> 02:34:06,800
Ranging from poetry, to geology 
to philosophy. 

2690
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:10,200
He was getting ready to enroll 
at Harvard University with a 

2691
02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:12,900
mine that was already beginning 
to recognize connections, that 

2692
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:15,600
others had overlooked. 
The young man who had begun, by 

2693
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:18,400
gathering rocks, Was preparing 
to contribute to the discovery 

2694
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,600
of the atoms Mysteries. 
For someone with Roberts thirst 

2695
02:34:21,600 --> 02:34:25,500
for knowledge Harvard in 1922 
was like an intellectual candy 

2696
02:34:25,500 --> 02:34:28,200
store as the majority of 
freshmen were learning how to 

2697
02:34:28,200 --> 02:34:30,800
organize their own laundry and 
deal with the social 

2698
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:32,600
complexities of living in a 
door. 

2699
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:36,000
Robert was taking courses from a
wide range of academic 

2700
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:40,300
Specialties much like a person 
at a fancy Buffet, who is unable

2701
02:34:40,300 --> 02:34:42,600
to choose between the main 
course, is in the appetizers. 

2702
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:45,700
Do you know how some people 
discover their calling early on 

2703
02:34:45,700 --> 02:34:49,400
and pursue to Sidious? 
Robert wasn't like that. 

2704
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:53,200
Rather, he went into college 
like a passionate Adventurer, 

2705
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:55,900
charting a new continent. 
He enrolled in classes in 

2706
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:58,600
languages, literature, 
philosophy, history, and almost 

2707
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:00,500
as an afterthought, chemistry 
and physics. 

2708
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:04,000
His transcript appeared to be 
the work of multiple students, 

2709
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:06,900
who schedules had been 
inadvertently combined during 

2710
02:35:06,900 --> 02:35:09,200
this time. 
Harvard was still mostly a 

2711
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:11,200
finishing school for young men 
from well-to-do families. 

2712
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:15,200
But it was also starting to draw
serious academics who believed 

2713
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:18,100
that the University was a place 
where genuine intellectual work 

2714
02:35:18,100 --> 02:35:20,500
could take place between these 
two Realms. 

2715
02:35:20,500 --> 02:35:23,500
Robert found himself privileged 
enough to be at ease in social 

2716
02:35:23,500 --> 02:35:26,700
situations, but to inquisitive 
to be content with merely 

2717
02:35:26,700 --> 02:35:30,100
academic credentials. 
This intense young man would ask

2718
02:35:30,100 --> 02:35:32,800
questions that showed he had 
read far more than the assigned 

2719
02:35:32,800 --> 02:35:35,800
materials leaving his professors
unsure of how to respond. 

2720
02:35:35,800 --> 02:35:39,600
Robert might tan gently bring up
a Sanskrit texts in a literature

2721
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:42,600
class to clarify a point 
regarding Western poetry he 

2722
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:45,000
would relate molecular 
structures to philosophical. 

2723
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:48,000
Inquiries concerning, the nature
of existence and matter in a 

2724
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:50,900
chemistry lab. 
Some faculty members felt uneasy

2725
02:35:50,900 --> 02:35:53,400
about the interdisciplinary 
thinking While others would 

2726
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,600
genuinely thrilled about it. 
For students who shared his 

2727
02:35:56,600 --> 02:36:00,300
diverse interests Roberts room 
in his Harvard dorm turned into 

2728
02:36:00,300 --> 02:36:03,600
a sort of Salon, Robert would 
lead casual conversations, that 

2729
02:36:03,600 --> 02:36:07,500
could range from quantum theory 
to TS while other undergraduates

2730
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:10,400
were preoccupied with football 
games and fraternity parties 

2731
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:12,600
Elliott's. 
Most recent poems, are about the

2732
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:14,900
Russian revolution's political 
ramifications. 

2733
02:36:14,900 --> 02:36:18,000
Robert was genuinely interested 
in what other people thought 

2734
02:36:18,000 --> 02:36:20,500
about the big questions and 
genuinely curious about 

2735
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:23,000
everything. 
So, these weren't performances 

2736
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:27,200
or attempts to flaunt himself. 
The academic work was almost too

2737
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:30,400
simple in a fraction of the time
required for his peers to master

2738
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:34,300
the assigned material for most 
courses, Robert was able to read

2739
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:36,100
independently about topics that 
went. 

2740
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:39,300
Well beyond any syllabus, he 
found that he had a special 

2741
02:36:39,300 --> 02:36:42,900
talent for physics, not only for
manipulating numbers but also 

2742
02:36:42,900 --> 02:36:45,800
for using his imagination to 
picture how the invisible realm 

2743
02:36:45,800 --> 02:36:48,100
of atoms and energy might truly 
function. 

2744
02:36:48,100 --> 02:36:52,300
However despite his academic 
success, Robert was having 

2745
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:54,600
trouble answering more 
introspective questions about 

2746
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:56,900
his life goals in his Social 
Circle. 

2747
02:36:56,900 --> 02:36:59,900
It was expected that intelligent
young men would pursue 

2748
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:04,100
respectable careers in business,
law or medicine which would 

2749
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:06,500
enable them to continue living 
the comfortable lives. 

2750
02:37:06,500 --> 02:37:09,000
They had known as children, 
these traditional routes, 

2751
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:11,800
through robot in, but, in some 
ways, they seem too narrow for 

2752
02:37:11,808 --> 02:37:14,900
the questions that captivated 
him something clicked in his 

2753
02:37:14,900 --> 02:37:18,100
junior year, a professor who had
trained in Europe and brought 

2754
02:37:18,100 --> 02:37:20,200
back, tales of the 
groundbreaking discoveries being

2755
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:23,300
made in physics Labs across the 
Atlantic was teaching Robert. 

2756
02:37:23,300 --> 02:37:26,700
An advanced chemistry course. 
For the first time, Robert 

2757
02:37:26,700 --> 02:37:29,700
realized that science was about 
asking basic questions about the

2758
02:37:29,708 --> 02:37:33,300
nature of reality itself, not 
just about learning facts and 

2759
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:36,600
doing calculations. 
The moment was ideal in the 

2760
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:40,100
1920s physics was going through.
A revolution that only occurs 

2761
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:44,200
once every 100 years, quantum 
mechanics and relativity, Theory

2762
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:46,900
discoveries, were upending, 
everything scientists believe. 

2763
02:37:46,900 --> 02:37:50,500
They knew about matter energy, 
space and time. 

2764
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:53,200
Robert wanted to be involved 
because it felt like he was 

2765
02:37:53,200 --> 02:37:56,100
witnessing the development of a 
new perspective on the cosmos. 

2766
02:37:56,900 --> 02:37:59,800
Robert had discovered his 
calling, by his senior year, he 

2767
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:01,100
would pursue a career in 
physics. 

2768
02:38:01,100 --> 02:38:04,000
But he wanted to focus on the 
fundamental issues that were 

2769
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:05,800
changing how people perceive 
reality. 

2770
02:38:05,800 --> 02:38:08,400
This was more of a calling than 
a career decision. 

2771
02:38:08,400 --> 02:38:12,100
It was the same kind of intense 
Dedication that might Inspire 

2772
02:38:12,100 --> 02:38:15,300
someone to pursue a career in 
philosophy or poetry after 

2773
02:38:15,300 --> 02:38:17,700
earning a summa cum laude degree
in 1925. 

2774
02:38:17,700 --> 02:38:20,200
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

2775
02:38:20,208 --> 02:38:22,300
his life. 
He had the option to remain in 

2776
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:25,000
America and pursue Graduate 
Studies at one of the reputable 

2777
02:38:25,000 --> 02:38:27,800
universities, which would 
provide him with a secure and 

2778
02:38:27,800 --> 02:38:29,500
reliable route to academic 
achievement. 

2779
02:38:29,500 --> 02:38:32,800
He could also travel to Europe 
where the Giants of theoretical.

2780
02:38:32,800 --> 02:38:35,500
Physics were working out the 
implications of quantum, theory,

2781
02:38:35,500 --> 02:38:37,900
and coffee shops, and Labs from 
Cambridge to gutting. 

2782
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:41,500
And That's where the real action
was in theoretical physics. 

2783
02:38:41,500 --> 02:38:45,000
The choice to travel to Europe, 
wasn't made solely for academic 

2784
02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:48,100
reasons. 
In addition, Robert was fleeing 

2785
02:38:48,100 --> 02:38:51,100
from a complex romantic 
circumstance that had left him, 

2786
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:54,200
emotionally damaged, and unsure 
of his own discernment in 

2787
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:57,400
Private Affairs Europe, provided
him with both geographical 

2788
02:38:57,400 --> 02:39:00,200
separation from issues. 
He wasn't yet prepared to handle

2789
02:39:00,200 --> 02:39:05,400
and intellectual Adventure. 
Thus in the fall of 1925, Robert

2790
02:39:05,400 --> 02:39:08,000
found himself on a ship 
traveling across the Atlantic 

2791
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:10,800
with letters of introduction to 
some of the world's most 

2792
02:39:10,800 --> 02:39:14,700
renowned scientists and a ton of
questions concerning atomic 

2793
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:19,000
structure, quantum mechanics and
the bizarre new reality. 

2794
02:39:19,000 --> 02:39:23,400
That physics was unveiling, he 
was 21 years old bright, a 

2795
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:26,400
little gullible about the world 
outside of Academia and on the 

2796
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:29,700
cusp of one of the most exciting
eras in scientific history. 

2797
02:39:29,700 --> 02:39:32,800
The young man was traveling 
across the ocean to contribute 

2798
02:39:32,800 --> 02:39:35,200
to the understanding of the true
nature of the universe. 

2799
02:39:35,200 --> 02:39:38,700
He had begun his college career 
by reading poetry and collecting

2800
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,100
rocks. 
Someone with Robert ambition and

2801
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:43,400
curiosity, had been 
unconsciously preparing for 

2802
02:39:43,400 --> 02:39:45,600
this, kind of intellectual 
Adventure, all his life. 

2803
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:50,400
Imagine getting off a train in 
Cambridge England in 1925 with a

2804
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:52,600
head full of physics. 
Equations that you hope will 

2805
02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:55,400
impress the great Earnest 
Rutherford and a suitcase full 

2806
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:57,600
of clothing that suddenly seems 
to American. 

2807
02:39:57,600 --> 02:40:00,600
This was Robert's first 
introduction to the Cavendish 

2808
02:40:00,600 --> 02:40:03,900
laboratory where men who viewed,
the fundamental nature of 

2809
02:40:03,900 --> 02:40:06,600
reality as a problem to be 
solved by meticulous 

2810
02:40:06,600 --> 02:40:10,600
experimentation and astute 
intuition for making some of the

2811
02:40:10,600 --> 02:40:14,100
most significant discoveries in 
atomic physics back. 

2812
02:40:14,100 --> 02:40:17,600
Then the Cavendish resembled the
most exclusive Workshop in the 

2813
02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:21,700
world with Scientists discussing
Atomic nuclei and electrons the 

2814
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:24,400
way, others might discuss the 
weather and equipment that 

2815
02:40:24,400 --> 02:40:26,900
looked like it belonged in the 
basement of a Victorian 

2816
02:40:26,900 --> 02:40:29,800
inventors home. 
Robert was in the odd position 

2817
02:40:29,800 --> 02:40:32,700
of being fully unprepared. 
For the Practical experimental 

2818
02:40:32,700 --> 02:40:36,000
methods that British physics. 
Placed such a strong emphasis on

2819
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:39,700
but intellectually prepared, for
sophisticated theoretical work. 

2820
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:42,700
You know how it feels to believe
you are proficient at something 

2821
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:44,700
until you observe a true expert 
in action. 

2822
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:48,000
Those were Roberts initial 
months at Cambridge. 

2823
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:51,000
He was able to explain quantum 
mechanics with mathematical 

2824
02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:53,600
precision. 
But he was unable to handle the 

2825
02:40:53,600 --> 02:40:55,300
delicate. 
Manipulations needed for 

2826
02:40:55,300 --> 02:40:58,100
experimental work without 
causing minor catastrophes. 

2827
02:40:58,100 --> 02:41:01,100
His attempts to construct 
equipment frequently ended in 

2828
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:04,300
shattered glassware and outcomes
that left is supervisors 

2829
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:06,000
wandering. 
If theoretical physics would be 

2830
02:41:06,008 --> 02:41:09,200
a better fit for this driven, 
Young American Robert worked 

2831
02:41:09,200 --> 02:41:10,800
with the same methodical 
intensity. 

2832
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:13,600
He brought to everything else, 
so it wasn't a lack of 

2833
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:15,300
intelligence or effort. 
That was the issue. 

2834
02:41:15,300 --> 02:41:19,400
However, experimental physics, 
necessitates, a distinct way of 

2835
02:41:19,400 --> 02:41:22,700
thinking a tactile comprehension
of material behavior. 

2836
02:41:22,700 --> 02:41:25,700
And an intuitive sense of when 
something is functioning 

2837
02:41:25,700 --> 02:41:29,300
correctly, the concrete world of
laboratory equipment was almost 

2838
02:41:29,300 --> 02:41:32,900
alien to Robert whose mind was 
already functioning at such 

2839
02:41:32,900 --> 02:41:36,700
abstract levels. 
In fact, Roberts growth as a 

2840
02:41:36,708 --> 02:41:39,300
scientist depended heavily on 
this difficult time. 

2841
02:41:39,300 --> 02:41:42,600
He had to face the possibility 
of his intellectual gifts, might

2842
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:44,900
be limited. 
And for the first time, in his 

2843
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:47,300
academic career, something 
wasn't coming easily. 

2844
02:41:47,300 --> 02:41:50,500
Instead of giving up, Robert 
took the setback as an 

2845
02:41:50,500 --> 02:41:53,000
opportunity to reflect more 
thoroughly on. his career goals 

2846
02:41:53,000 --> 02:41:57,400
as a physicist, In contrast. 
The theoretical work fulfilled 

2847
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:01,700
all of Robert's expectations in 
the 1920s, the physics Community

2848
02:42:01,700 --> 02:42:04,200
was small enough for informal 
seminars and one-on-one 

2849
02:42:04,200 --> 02:42:07,900
discussions to quickly spread 
revolutionary ideas, Robert 

2850
02:42:07,900 --> 02:42:10,700
found himself at the center of 
debates concerning Quantum, 

2851
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:14,000
tunneling wave, particle, 
duality, and other ideas that 

2852
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:16,500
went against everything. 
People had previously believed 

2853
02:42:16,500 --> 02:42:18,500
to be true about the physical 
world. 

2854
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:22,200
Robert decided to transfer to 
gutting and Germany, where Max 

2855
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:24,600
born was spearheading some of 
the most advanced work in 

2856
02:42:24,608 --> 02:42:27,200
theoretical physics after a year
at Cambridge. 

2857
02:42:28,100 --> 02:42:30,600
This choice would influence the 
remainder of Robert's career. 

2858
02:42:30,600 --> 02:42:33,100
This was part of a revolutionary
movement. 

2859
02:42:33,100 --> 02:42:35,900
That was rewriting. 
The laws of nature, not just to 

2860
02:42:35,900 --> 02:42:39,600
change in University's. 
The quantum Revolution began in 

2861
02:42:39,600 --> 02:42:43,500
gutting in 1926, when bright 
people realized their making 

2862
02:42:43,500 --> 02:42:46,100
discoveries that will forever 
alter human understanding. 

2863
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:49,600
The university town is filled 
with the kind of intellectual 

2864
02:42:49,600 --> 02:42:52,400
excitement, that result when 
Robert arrived. 

2865
02:42:52,400 --> 02:42:55,100
He was surrounded by Young 
physicists from all over the 

2866
02:42:55,100 --> 02:42:58,000
world who all interested in 
working with born, and his 

2867
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:01,100
colleague on problems that had 
never been solved because they 

2868
02:43:01,100 --> 02:43:04,200
had never been properly 
formulated before in a way that 

2869
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:06,700
Robert had never encountered 
before the work was highly 

2870
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:09,500
collaborative. 
And coffee shop conversations 

2871
02:43:09,500 --> 02:43:13,600
and seminars ideas were freely, 
exchanged and progressed toward 

2872
02:43:13,600 --> 02:43:15,700
understanding was more important
than credit. 

2873
02:43:15,700 --> 02:43:19,000
Robert flourished in this 
setting and found that rather 

2874
02:43:19,000 --> 02:43:22,500
than detracting from his physics
thinking his wide, cultural 

2875
02:43:22,500 --> 02:43:24,500
background and philosophical 
interests. 

2876
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:27,600
Actually, strengthened it Robert
started working on quantum, 

2877
02:43:27,600 --> 02:43:30,300
mechanical problems under 
Bourne's, tutelage that called 

2878
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:32,900
for real physical intuition 
about the behavior of atoms. 

2879
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:36,500
And molecules, in addition to 
mathematical expertise, the 

2880
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:39,500
quantum mechanics of molecular 
rotation, was the subject of his

2881
02:43:39,500 --> 02:43:42,900
doctoral dissertation, which he 
finished in an exceptionally 

2882
02:43:42,900 --> 02:43:45,800
short amount of time. 
This technical work showed his 

2883
02:43:45,800 --> 02:43:48,600
command of the new theoretical 
tools and opened up research 

2884
02:43:48,600 --> 02:43:50,200
avenues. 
That would occupy other 

2885
02:43:50,200 --> 02:43:53,600
physicists for decades what 
Robert discovered about the true

2886
02:43:53,600 --> 02:43:55,900
nature of science. 
However, may have been more 

2887
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:57,600
significant than the particular 
study. 

2888
02:43:57,600 --> 02:44:00,900
He learned in gutting in that 
the best discoveries frequently 

2889
02:44:00,900 --> 02:44:03,500
result from my identifying, 
which questions are worthwhile 

2890
02:44:03,500 --> 02:44:07,100
to ask rather than from 
resolving predetermined issues. 

2891
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:10,300
He develop The ability to think,
like, a theoretical physicist, 

2892
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:14,000
which included being at ease 
with ambiguity, a depth at 

2893
02:44:14,000 --> 02:44:17,300
mathematical abstraction and 
constantly aware of connections,

2894
02:44:17,300 --> 02:44:20,100
that others might Overlook 
Roberts knowledge of politics 

2895
02:44:20,100 --> 02:44:22,800
and culture was also expanded by
his time in Europe. 

2896
02:44:23,500 --> 02:44:25,100
Which would have an impact on 
his future. 

2897
02:44:25,100 --> 02:44:29,100
This was vimar Germany, a 
country struggling with economic

2898
02:44:29,100 --> 02:44:32,800
instability and escalating 
political tensions as it 

2899
02:44:32,800 --> 02:44:35,700
attempted to reconstruct itself.
Following the destruction of 

2900
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:39,200
World War, One Roberts or 
first-hand how political forces 

2901
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:42,000
could quickly jeopardize 
academic freedom and scientific 

2902
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:44,800
collaboration. 
But he also saw first-hand how 

2903
02:44:44,800 --> 02:44:48,000
intellectual life could Thrive 
even in turbulent Times? 

2904
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:51,800
Robert had changed from a bright
but unfocused college graduate 

2905
02:44:51,800 --> 02:44:54,200
to one of the rising stars of 
theoretical physics. 

2906
02:44:54,200 --> 02:44:57,500
By the time, he finished his 
Doctorate in 1927, he had 

2907
02:44:57,508 --> 02:44:59,800
acquired research techniques 
that would benefit him 

2908
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:02,700
throughout his career learned to
think in the mathematical 

2909
02:45:02,700 --> 02:45:06,100
language of quantum mechanics 
and cultivated connections with 

2910
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:08,900
Scientists who would influence 
physics in the 20th century? 

2911
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:12,600
Once a hobbyist rock collector, 
the young man was now prepared 

2912
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,200
to contribute to the discovery 
of the fundamental laws, 

2913
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:19,000
governing everything from Star 
Behavior to Atomic Structure, he

2914
02:45:19,000 --> 02:45:22,200
would however, first go back to 
America to assist in creating a 

2915
02:45:22,200 --> 02:45:24,400
physics community. 
That could rival the 

2916
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:26,800
intellectual stimulation. 
He had encountered in Europe, 

2917
02:45:26,800 --> 02:45:29,900
Robert was carrying more than 
just a doctorate as he got ready

2918
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:31,700
to set sail, again, across the 
Atlantic. 

2919
02:45:31,700 --> 02:45:34,400
He was introducing, a fresh 
perspective on physics. 

2920
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:36,600
That would contribute to the 
transformation of American 

2921
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:40,000
Science from a primarily 
Regional Endeavor into a global 

2922
02:45:40,000 --> 02:45:42,900
leader in basic research. 
The young man who had enjoyed 

2923
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:44,600
reading. 
Sounds great was coming back as 

2924
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:47,500
a man who could decipher 
Nature's Own hidden grammar, in 

2925
02:45:47,500 --> 02:45:49,100
contrast to the intellectual 
Oasis. 

2926
02:45:49,100 --> 02:45:52,308
He'd encountered in Europe. 
American physics appeared to be 

2927
02:45:52,316 --> 02:45:56,500
a desert when Robert returned to
the United States in 1927, the 

2928
02:45:56,500 --> 02:45:58,800
majority of American physics 
departments were still 

2929
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:01,800
concentrating on real-world 
applications and conventional 

2930
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:05,100
experimental methods. 
While European universities were

2931
02:46:05,100 --> 02:46:08,000
humming with discussions about 
relativity Theory and quantum 

2932
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:10,000
mechanics. 
Everyone was still playing 

2933
02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:13,000
simple folk tunes, which was 
like coming back from a Symphony

2934
02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:15,800
concert. 
However, Robert viewed this as 

2935
02:46:15,800 --> 02:46:17,600
an opportunity rather than a 
letdown. 

2936
02:46:17,600 --> 02:46:20,900
Even though American physics was
theoretically underdeveloped, 

2937
02:46:20,900 --> 02:46:24,100
there was still an opportunity 
to develop something new and 

2938
02:46:24,100 --> 02:46:27,100
established an intellectual 
community that could compete 

2939
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:28,600
with the major European 
learning. 

2940
02:46:28,600 --> 02:46:31,900
Hubs it only required, someone 
who was prepared to sow the 

2941
02:46:31,900 --> 02:46:34,600
seeds and then patiently and 
enthusiastically tend to their 

2942
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:36,700
growth. 
The physics department at the 

2943
02:46:36,708 --> 02:46:39,400
University of California 
Berkeley, where he held his 

2944
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:42,300
first job was searching for 
someone who could introduce 

2945
02:46:42,300 --> 02:46:44,800
graduate students to the 
theoretical work, that was 

2946
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:46,300
transforming the field in 
Europe. 

2947
02:46:46,300 --> 02:46:49,500
When Robert got there, there 
were a few bright students who 

2948
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:51,000
wanted to learn about Quantum. 
Mechanics. 

2949
02:46:51,008 --> 02:46:54,500
But didn't know where to start. 
It was similar to asking someone

2950
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:56,900
who had never heard the language
to teach them a foreign 

2951
02:46:56,900 --> 02:46:58,900
language. 
What followed was one of those? 

2952
02:46:58,900 --> 02:47:01,800
Understated revolutions that 
alter everything but are rarely 

2953
02:47:01,808 --> 02:47:04,900
reported in the media. 
Robert started constructing, the

2954
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:06,900
Berkeley School of theoretical 
physics. 

2955
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:09,900
Turning nearly nothing into a 
research program, that would 

2956
02:47:09,900 --> 02:47:11,900
eventually compete with the best
in the world. 

2957
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:15,000
However, he accomplished this in
a manner, that was 

2958
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:17,600
distinctively. 
American refusing European 

2959
02:47:17,600 --> 02:47:21,400
sophistication with a more open 
cooperative and Democratic 

2960
02:47:21,400 --> 02:47:24,800
method of scientific inquiry 
Roberts teaching style, was the 

2961
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:27,300
key because it was different 
from anything, his students had 

2962
02:47:27,300 --> 02:47:30,000
ever encountered, rather than 
giving polished lectures, while 

2963
02:47:30,000 --> 02:47:33,400
standing at a Blackboard Robert 
would solve problems allowed as 

2964
02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:36,200
his students observed, the 
process of discovery it was 

2965
02:47:36,208 --> 02:47:38,800
similar to being permitted to 
watch a master Craftsman in 

2966
02:47:38,800 --> 02:47:41,700
action, witnessing. 
Not only the final product, but 

2967
02:47:41,700 --> 02:47:44,200
also the methods and ways of 
thinking that enabled 

2968
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:46,900
excellence. 
The physics Community came to 

2969
02:47:46,900 --> 02:47:49,800
Revere Roberts seminars. 
He would be deep in conversation

2970
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:53,000
with whoever had arrived. 
Early, explaining connections 

2971
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:56,700
between quantum mechanics 
statistical mechanics and Astro 

2972
02:47:56,700 --> 02:47:59,100
physics that most professors 
were treated as distinct 

2973
02:47:59,100 --> 02:48:02,300
subjects, while drawing 
equations on the Blackboard, 

2974
02:48:02,300 --> 02:48:05,500
everyone was expected to 
contribute and the environment 

2975
02:48:05,500 --> 02:48:07,400
was more akin to sell on a 
classroom. 

2976
02:48:08,100 --> 02:48:11,100
Do you know how some Educators 
tend to oversimplify difficult 

2977
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:13,200
subjects? 
Robert possessed, the opposite 

2978
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:15,500
Talent? 
He was able to make even the 

2979
02:48:15,500 --> 02:48:17,700
most difficult. 
Theoretical physics ideas seem 

2980
02:48:17,700 --> 02:48:21,200
not just understandable, but 
inevitable, his seminars, would 

2981
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,900
leave students with a fresh 
perspective on physical issues 

2982
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:27,000
as well as new knowledge as if 
they had been given access to 

2983
02:48:27,000 --> 02:48:30,600
secrets about the true workings 
of the universe students from 

2984
02:48:30,600 --> 02:48:33,300
all over, the nation were drawn 
to the Berkeley program because 

2985
02:48:33,300 --> 02:48:36,000
they had heard about this young 
Professor who was making a 

2986
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:39,000
significant contribution to the 
teaching of physics in America. 

2987
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:42,700
They arrived hoping to learn 
quantum mechanics, but instead, 

2988
02:48:42,700 --> 02:48:44,500
they found a whole new way of 
doing science. 

2989
02:48:44,500 --> 02:48:49,100
One that value depth, as much as
breathe philosophical insight as

2990
02:48:49,100 --> 02:48:52,500
much as mathematical skill and 
teamwork as much as individual 

2991
02:48:52,500 --> 02:48:56,100
success Roberts impact went well
beyond His official teaching 

2992
02:48:56,100 --> 02:48:58,300
duties. 
For a whole generation of 

2993
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:00,600
American, physicists, many of 
whom would later. 

2994
02:49:00,600 --> 02:49:02,600
Make important contributions to 
the discipline. 

2995
02:49:02,600 --> 02:49:06,100
He served as a mentor in 
intellectual Mentor more 

2996
02:49:06,100 --> 02:49:08,500
significantly, though he was not
merely teaching them to solve 

2997
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:10,300
problems. 
He was teaching them how to 

2998
02:49:10,308 --> 02:49:14,100
think like scientists Roberts 
interdisciplinary approach and 

2999
02:49:14,100 --> 02:49:16,800
wide range of interests were 
reflected in the research that 

3000
02:49:16,800 --> 02:49:20,000
came out of Berkeley. 
In the 1930s working on issues 

3001
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:23,200
ranging from nuclear theory to 
astrophysics to Atomic and 

3002
02:49:23,200 --> 02:49:25,800
molecular physics. 
His students frequently 

3003
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:28,700
discovered connections between 
these ostensibly disparate 

3004
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:31,400
fields that more narrowly 
focused researchers would 

3005
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,800
Overlook although Robert himself
made significant contributions 

3006
02:49:34,800 --> 02:49:36,400
to the fields of quantum 
tunneling. 

3007
02:49:36,400 --> 02:49:38,800
Cosmic ray showers and neutron 
stars. 

3008
02:49:38,800 --> 02:49:42,100
His greatest accomplishment was 
establishing a scientific 

3009
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:46,000
Community capable of confidently
and creatively addressing any 

3010
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:49,100
issue Roberts. 
Genuine excitement for the 

3011
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:51,900
process of Discovery. 
In addition to his Mastery of 

3012
02:49:51,908 --> 02:49:55,700
physics was what made him, such 
an Effective Teacher, he tackled

3013
02:49:55,700 --> 02:49:58,500
every new problem with the 
Positiveness of someone who was 

3014
02:49:58,500 --> 02:50:01,700
learning physics for the first 
time and this enthusiasm was 

3015
02:50:01,700 --> 02:50:04,900
infectious, in addition to 
learning how to solve problems. 

3016
02:50:04,900 --> 02:50:07,900
Students also discovered how 
much they enjoy the intellectual

3017
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,400
Journey. 
That is scientific research, the

3018
02:50:10,400 --> 02:50:11,800
Berkeley school was one of the 
top. 

3019
02:50:11,800 --> 02:50:14,800
Hubs for theoretical physics, 
research worldwide, by the late,

3020
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:16,800
1930s. 
The collaborative 

3021
02:50:16,800 --> 02:50:19,900
interdisciplinary approach that 
Robert had taught them was being

3022
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:22,600
carried by his former students, 
as they dispersed throughout 

3023
02:50:22,600 --> 02:50:25,700
American universities. 
American physics was starting to

3024
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:29,000
compete with European science by
creating its own unique research

3025
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,400
and teaching methodology, rather
than by imitating European 

3026
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:36,000
techniques, however, Roberts 
career and the interaction 

3027
02:50:36,000 --> 02:50:39,400
between science and Society were
about to change as a result of 

3028
02:50:39,400 --> 02:50:42,700
the intersection of his teaching
success with more significant 

3029
02:50:42,700 --> 02:50:46,900
historical forces soon the same 
theoretical discoveries that 

3030
02:50:46,900 --> 02:50:49,100
made his seminar. 
So fascinating would serve as 

3031
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:52,000
the base for weapons with 
previously unheard of 

3032
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:55,800
destructive potential and the 
educator who had dedicated his 

3033
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:58,900
professional life to fostering. 
Intellectual Community would be 

3034
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:01,300
called upon to lead, an 
unprecedented scientific 

3035
02:51:01,300 --> 02:51:03,100
Endeavor to put an end to a 
conflict. 

3036
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:06,200
All of Roberts, interpersonal, 
and intellectual leadership. 

3037
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:09,600
Abilities would be put to the 
test as he went from being a 

3038
02:51:09,600 --> 02:51:12,500
university Professor to a 
scientific administrator. 

3039
02:51:12,500 --> 02:51:15,700
However, the groundwork had been
established during his time at 

3040
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:18,500
Berkeley where he discovered 
that the most significant 

3041
02:51:18,500 --> 02:51:21,200
scientific breakthroughs 
frequently result from groups of

3042
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:24,700
gifted individuals collaborating
to achieve shared objectives. 

3043
02:51:24,700 --> 02:51:28,000
Rather than from Lone Geniuses 
imagine being tasked with 

3044
02:51:28,000 --> 02:51:31,000
creating a brand new city in the
middle of a New Mexico Mesa 

3045
02:51:31,000 --> 02:51:34,400
assembling a team of some of the
most talented and erratic 

3046
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,600
scientists on the planet and 
organizing them to tackle the 

3047
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:40,200
most difficult, technical 
problem in human history. 

3048
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:43,600
All while keeping everything you
do completely seek route in 

3049
02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:46,600
1942, Robert was offered this 
task by the US government. 

3050
02:51:46,600 --> 02:51:52,100
And he accepted at somehow, at 
7,300 feet about sea level, on a

3051
02:51:52,100 --> 02:51:54,900
plateau in circle by mountains. 
That seemed to go on forever 

3052
02:51:54,900 --> 02:51:58,300
beneath a vast guy. 
Roberts, first impression of Los

3053
02:51:58,300 --> 02:52:00,300
Alamos, was hardly more than a 
boy's school. 

3054
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:04,600
It was remote harsh, and totally
unfit for the kind of scientific

3055
02:52:04,600 --> 02:52:06,100
work that would have to take 
place there. 

3056
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:09,100
But it was all so beautiful. 
In the way that Barren 

3057
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,600
Landscapes can be after seeing 
the website. 

3058
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:14,100
The majority of people would 
have recommended going somewhere

3059
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:16,600
more affordable. 
But when Robert looked at that 

3060
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:20,000
Mesa, he noticed something 
different, he saw a setting that

3061
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:22,200
might motivate the kind of 
extraordinary effort that 

3062
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:25,900
extraordinary times required. 
A space that could support quick

3063
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:29,900
expansion and an isolation that 
would offer security more than 

3064
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:31,600
that. 
He realized that developing. 

3065
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:33,600
The atomic bomb was a human 
challenge. 

3066
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:36,600
That would necessitate the 
establishment of an entirely new

3067
02:52:36,600 --> 02:52:40,200
type of scientific Community. 
The Manhattan Project marked a 

3068
02:52:40,200 --> 02:52:42,500
significant change in the 
structure and financing of 

3069
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:45,800
scientific research Los Alamos 
would unite hundreds of 

3070
02:52:45,808 --> 02:52:49,600
scientists and Engineers to work
on a single well-defined goal 

3071
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:53,000
under military security and 
government guidance rather than 

3072
02:52:53,000 --> 02:52:55,600
having individual professors 
work with small groups of 

3073
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:58,700
students on problems of their 
own choosing with Robert 

3074
02:52:58,700 --> 02:53:00,500
conducting. 
It was like a tempting to turn 

3075
02:53:00,500 --> 02:53:03,700
scientific research from chamber
music into a symphony orchestra 

3076
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:08,100
Just the logistical difficulties
were astounding without knowing 

3077
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:10,800
exactly what they would be 
working on scientists and their 

3078
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:14,400
families had to be recruited. 
The closest major city was 

3079
02:53:14,400 --> 02:53:17,700
hundreds of miles away. 
So housing labs and support 

3080
02:53:17,700 --> 02:53:20,400
facilities, had to be built. 
Their equipment had to be 

3081
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,200
transported to an unofficial 
site via Mountain Roads. 

3082
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:26,900
And it had to happen fast enough
to change the course of a global

3083
02:53:26,900 --> 02:53:29,900
conflict. 
The human problems however were 

3084
02:53:29,900 --> 02:53:32,600
even more intricate. 
In addition to representing 

3085
02:53:32,600 --> 02:53:36,100
various physics and chemistry, 
Specialties the scientists who 

3086
02:53:36,100 --> 02:53:38,000
arrived at. 
Los Alamos also represented 

3087
02:53:38,000 --> 02:53:41,600
various cultures, research 
methodologies and viewpoints on.

3088
02:53:41,608 --> 02:53:44,600
The best way to structure. 
Scientific Endeavors American 

3089
02:53:44,600 --> 02:53:47,000
Scholars who had never left 
their homelands, collaborated 

3090
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:50,800
with European refugees who had 
fled fascism Engineers, who had 

3091
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,500
to construct real devices. 
That would functioning combat 

3092
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:55,900
environments. 
Worked alongside theoretical 

3093
02:53:55,900 --> 02:53:58,900
physicists, who thought in 
abstract mathematical terms, 

3094
02:53:58,900 --> 02:54:01,900
although he undoubtedly helped 
solve technical problems 

3095
02:54:01,900 --> 02:54:05,400
Roberts, genius during the time 
was more organizational and 

3096
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:08,500
social than scientific somehow. 
He was able to maintain 

3097
02:54:08,500 --> 02:54:10,700
scientific standards under 
extreme time. 

3098
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:14,500
Pressure balance the conflicting
demands of scientific, openness 

3099
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:17,800
and Military security, and 
Foster sentence of shared 

3100
02:54:17,800 --> 02:54:20,900
purpose, among individuals who 
had spent their careers working 

3101
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:23,200
independently. 
There had never been a 

3102
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:25,500
community, like the one that 
grew up at Los Alamos in the 

3103
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:28,600
history of science. 
Not because they had to But 

3104
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:30,500
because they were engrossed in 
the thrill of group. 

3105
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:34,100
Discovery scientists put in more
hours and worked harder than 

3106
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:37,700
they had ever thought possible. 
Suddenly Roberts theoretical 

3107
02:54:37,700 --> 02:54:40,700
knowledge, which he had been 
imparting at Berkeley was being 

3108
02:54:40,700 --> 02:54:43,600
applied to real world issues. 
With immediate consequences 

3109
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:46,900
during this time Roberts 
leadership style was a 

3110
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:50,200
reflection of all he had learned
in his years, as a teacher about

3111
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:52,900
scientific creativity and human 
motivation. 

3112
02:54:52,900 --> 02:54:56,000
He concentrated on fostering an 
environment where talented 

3113
02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:58,700
individuals could produce their 
best work, rather than 

3114
02:54:58,700 --> 02:55:01,000
attempting to micromanage 
technical details. 

3115
02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:04,000
Made sure his scientists have 
the tools and assistance, they 

3116
02:55:04,000 --> 02:55:06,400
required while shielding them 
from bureaucratic meddling. 

3117
02:55:07,200 --> 02:55:09,500
He promoted the kind of casual 
conversations and 

3118
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:13,000
interdisciplinary cooperation 
that had been so fruitful at 

3119
02:55:13,000 --> 02:55:16,000
Berkeley for someone with 
Roberts wide range, of cultural 

3120
02:55:16,000 --> 02:55:17,800
interests, and vast, personal 
Network. 

3121
02:55:17,800 --> 02:55:21,100
The security requirements at Los
Alamos, presented unique 

3122
02:55:21,100 --> 02:55:24,300
challenges, his previous 
affiliations with leftist and 

3123
02:55:24,300 --> 02:55:27,100
communist groups which had not 
seen significant during his 

3124
02:55:27,100 --> 02:55:31,300
academic career suddenly became 
issues of National Security when

3125
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:34,000
he was a tempting to coordinate 
the most significant scientific 

3126
02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:37,800
Endeavor in American history. 
FBI agents looked into his 

3127
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:41,300
background maintaining, his own 
moral equilibrium and sense of 

3128
02:55:41,300 --> 02:55:43,500
perspective, while overseeing 
work that was specifically 

3129
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:46,700
intended to produce. 
Wmds was perhaps the most 

3130
02:55:46,700 --> 02:55:48,700
challenging tasks, Robert had to
undertake. 

3131
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:51,800
After years of studying 
philosophical issues, regarding 

3132
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:53,500
the nature of reality and human 
responsibility. 

3133
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:57,200
The man was now directly faced 
with the applications of 

3134
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:00,400
scientific knowledge. 
The technical work moved, along 

3135
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:03,200
remarkably quickly. 
And effectively the kind of 

3136
02:56:03,200 --> 02:56:06,300
concentrated cooperation that 
only the urgency of War could 

3137
02:56:06,300 --> 02:56:09,400
Foster led to the resolution of 
issues that might have taken 

3138
02:56:09,400 --> 02:56:11,100
years to resolve in peace. 
Time. 

3139
02:56:11,100 --> 02:56:14,100
In a matter of months, 
scientists who had never held a 

3140
02:56:14,100 --> 02:56:17,300
job outside of Academia were now
managing, intricate engineering 

3141
02:56:17,300 --> 02:56:20,100
projects, and designing 
industrial processes. 

3142
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:23,300
The precise blueprints for 
nuclear weapons were developed 

3143
02:56:23,300 --> 02:56:25,900
using the theoretical insights 
of quantum mechanics. 

3144
02:56:26,900 --> 02:56:29,500
Robert started to wrestle with 
issues, that would follow him 

3145
02:56:29,500 --> 02:56:32,100
for the rest of his life. 
As the project came to a close. 

3146
02:56:32,100 --> 02:56:35,400
What moral ramifications did, 
what they were producing have. 

3147
02:56:36,000 --> 02:56:38,500
What effects might nuclear 
weapons have on human 

3148
02:56:38,500 --> 02:56:40,200
civilization and international 
relations. 

3149
02:56:40,200 --> 02:56:43,700
What obligations did scientists 
have regarding how their 

3150
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:46,500
findings were used? 
These were pressing real-world 

3151
02:56:46,500 --> 02:56:49,500
issues that would soon require 
Solutions, not abstract, 

3152
02:56:49,500 --> 02:56:52,800
philosophical conundrums. 
When he first agreed to build a 

3153
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:55,200
laboratory. 
In the desert, the quiet bookish

3154
02:56:55,200 --> 02:56:58,500
Professor who had once taught 
Sanskrit for fun was about to 

3155
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:01,500
become one of the most powerful 
people in modern history and the

3156
02:57:01,508 --> 02:57:04,400
weight of that influence was 
starting to weigh heavily on 

3157
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:06,500
him. 
Roberts stood in a bunker in the

3158
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:11,500
New Mexico desert on the morning
of July, 16th, 1945, and 

3159
02:57:11,500 --> 02:57:14,700
anticipating whether three years
of the most rigorous scientific 

3160
02:57:14,700 --> 02:57:17,400
Endeavor in human history would 
yield the outcome. 

3161
02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:21,100
That theory had predicted 20,000
yards away on a tower was the 

3162
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:23,500
gadget. 
They dubbed Gadget far enough 

3163
02:57:23,508 --> 02:57:25,500
away that in the worst case 
scenario. 

3164
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:27,100
They might live to lament their 
errors. 

3165
02:57:27,100 --> 02:57:29,600
You know how you feel, when 
you've studied everything you 

3166
02:57:29,600 --> 02:57:32,900
can before a final exam, but 
you're still unsure if you'll be

3167
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:35,800
sufficiently prepared, the 
stakes were a little higher than

3168
02:57:36,000 --> 02:57:38,500
Course grade. 
But that was Robert's mindset in

3169
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:41,000
the pre-dawn darkness of the 
Alamogordo desert. 

3170
02:57:41,000 --> 02:57:43,700
They were on the verge of the 
first artificial nuclear 

3171
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,900
explosion in Earth's history, if
their calculations were 

3172
02:57:46,900 --> 02:57:48,900
accurate. 
If their calculations were 

3173
02:57:48,900 --> 02:57:51,900
incorrect, the repercussions 
could be anything from a 

3174
02:57:51,900 --> 02:57:55,100
regional disaster to an 
embarrassing failure with the 

3175
02:57:55,108 --> 02:57:57,700
same mechanical accuracy that 
had defined the Manhattan 

3176
02:57:57,700 --> 02:58:03,900
Project as a whole, the 
countdown began 10, 9 8, 7 at 

3177
02:58:03,900 --> 02:58:06,900
zero, a flash of light brighter 
than the sun, blazed across the 

3178
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:09,700
desert visible from 150 miles 
away. 

3179
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:13,200
Transforming the mountains into 
Bleak Silhouettes against a 

3180
02:58:13,200 --> 02:58:16,500
man-made Dawn, even from a 
distance of observers, could 

3181
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:20,100
feel the heat on their faces 
then like an unseen tsunami, the

3182
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:21,900
Shockwave rolled across the 
desert floor. 

3183
02:58:21,900 --> 02:58:25,100
It was precisely the kind of 
literary allusion that had 

3184
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,100
defined Roberts thinking 
throughout his career, but this 

3185
02:58:28,100 --> 02:58:31,100
time, the ancient poetry carried
a weight that no classroom 

3186
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:34,100
discussion, could have prepared 
him for Robert later claimed 

3187
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:36,800
that a line from the bag of Gita
came to Mind as he watched the 

3188
02:58:36,800 --> 02:58:40,100
expanding Fireball rising to a 
mushroom cloud, that would 

3189
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:42,300
become the iconic image of the 
nuclear age. 

3190
02:58:42,300 --> 02:58:46,400
Now I am become death destroyer 
of worlds. 

3191
02:58:47,500 --> 02:58:50,800
In addition to being Robert's 
greatest scientific achievement.

3192
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,600
The Trinity test marked the 
start of his most trying time as

3193
02:58:54,600 --> 02:58:56,400
a person. 
However, the successful 

3194
02:58:56,400 --> 02:58:59,200
detonation also, meant that 
Robert and his colleagues had 

3195
02:58:59,200 --> 02:59:02,200
succeeded in creating something 
that could potentially destroy 

3196
02:59:02,200 --> 02:59:05,200
human civilization. 
Proving that the theoretical 

3197
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:07,600
work, done at Los Alamos had 
been correct and that the 

3198
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:10,700
massive investment of talent and
resources had produced the 

3199
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:13,800
weapon that military planners 
believed could end World War 2. 

3200
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:17,600
The weeks after Trinity were a 
curious jumble of Joy fatigue 

3201
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:20,400
and mounting fear of what they 
had let loose though. 

3202
02:59:20,400 --> 02:59:23,100
Many of the scientists at Los 
Alamos were starting to realize 

3203
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:25,900
that their achievement would 
fundamentally alter human 

3204
02:59:25,900 --> 02:59:28,800
perceptions of power War and the
natural world. 

3205
02:59:28,800 --> 02:59:32,000
They had achieved something 
unprecedented in the history of 

3206
02:59:32,000 --> 02:59:35,600
Science and Engineering, Robert 
was in the odd position of 

3207
02:59:35,600 --> 02:59:37,500
receiving. 
Praise for accomplishments that 

3208
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:39,300
made him feel more and more 
uncomfortable. 

3209
02:59:39,300 --> 02:59:42,500
It was a practical illustration 
of how humans could use the 

3210
02:59:42,500 --> 02:59:45,900
basic forces of nature, for 
destructive ends based on the 

3211
02:59:45,900 --> 02:59:49,000
same theoretical, insights That 
had made his Berkeley seminars, 

3212
02:59:49,000 --> 02:59:51,900
so intellectually stimulating, 
it was similar to receiving 

3213
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:54,800
recognition for resolving a 
sophisticated mathematical 

3214
02:59:54,800 --> 02:59:57,800
puzzle while being aware that 
the solution would result in 

3215
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:00,900
great suffering, Robert and his 
colleagues discovered along with

3216
03:00:00,900 --> 03:00:03,800
the rest of the world, what 
their theoretical work looked 

3217
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:06,700
like, when applied to real 
cities with real people, when 

3218
03:00:06,700 --> 03:00:09,500
the bombs were dropped on 
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August

3219
03:00:09,500 --> 03:00:14,100
1945, photographs of destroyed 
buildings reports of radiation, 

3220
03:00:14,100 --> 03:00:17,100
sickness and death tolls. 
That reached the hundreds of 

3221
03:00:17,100 --> 03:00:20,100
thousands the abstract 
calculations about energy 

3222
03:00:20,100 --> 03:00:23,200
release and blast effects. 
Like Robert's own emotions, The 

3223
03:00:23,200 --> 03:00:25,800
public's response to the atomic 
bombs was complicated. 

3224
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:28,600
The weapons may have saved 
hundreds of thousands of 

3225
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:32,000
American and Japanese lives by 
bringing an end to World War 2 

3226
03:00:32,000 --> 03:00:34,300
without the need for an 
expensive invasion of Japan. 

3227
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,900
However, they had also brought a
new class of destructive power 

3228
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:40,000
into human history, making 
earlier. 

3229
03:00:40,000 --> 03:00:43,600
Conflicts seem almost archaic in
comparison as the man who had 

3230
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:46,400
enabled nuclear war. 
Robert was both feared and 

3231
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:49,000
hailed as a hero. 
Everyone who had worked on the 

3232
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:51,500
Manhattan Project found. 
It difficult to make the shift 

3233
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:54,000
from the urgency of War to 
contemplation in peace. 

3234
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:57,000
But Robert found it particularly
difficult. 

3235
03:00:57,000 --> 03:01:00,200
The immediate objective of 
bringing the water a closed 

3236
03:01:00,200 --> 03:01:02,100
before Nazi, Germany could 
create its own. 

3237
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:05,500
Atomic bomb had taken precedence
over the ethical concerns 

3238
03:01:05,500 --> 03:01:07,500
surrounding nuclear weapons 
during the conflict. 

3239
03:01:07,500 --> 03:01:10,500
Now that the war was over and 
the US was the only country with

3240
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:13,000
nuclear weapons. 
Those ethical issues needed to 

3241
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:15,200
be addressed. 
Robert started, discussing the 

3242
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:18,800
ramifications of atomic energy 
in public contending that a 

3243
03:01:18,800 --> 03:01:21,100
disastrous arms. 
Race could only be avoided by 

3244
03:01:21,100 --> 03:01:24,400
International collaboration and 
civilian control of nuclear 

3245
03:01:24,400 --> 03:01:26,700
technology. 
Some of his detractors would 

3246
03:01:26,700 --> 03:01:29,100
later viewers support for 
international control of nuclear

3247
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,000
weapons, and the sharing of 
atomic secrets with other 

3248
03:01:32,000 --> 03:01:33,900
countries as naive or even 
treasonous. 

3249
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:37,000
However Roberts worries were 
more grounded in his knowledge 

3250
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:39,400
of the relevant science than in 
political ideology. 

3251
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:42,900
He understood that a world with 
multiple nuclear Powers would be

3252
03:01:42,908 --> 03:01:45,800
far more dangerous than one. 
Where nuclear energy was managed

3253
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:47,900
cooperatively by International 
institutions. 

3254
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:51,700
That the fundamentals of nuclear
physics, could not be kept 

3255
03:01:51,700 --> 03:01:55,000
secret forever, and the other 
countries would eventually 

3256
03:01:55,000 --> 03:01:56,700
develop their own Atomic 
weapons. 

3257
03:01:56,700 --> 03:02:00,400
After learning Sanskrit, out of 
curiosity and collecting rocks 

3258
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:02,300
for fun. 
The man, now, found himself at 

3259
03:02:02,300 --> 03:02:04,500
the center of discussions about 
the future of human 

3260
03:02:04,500 --> 03:02:07,600
civilization, in order to decide
whether his scientific 

3261
03:02:07,600 --> 03:02:10,200
accomplishments would be 
regarded as Humanity's greatest 

3262
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:11,900
achievement or its ultimate 
error. 

3263
03:02:11,900 --> 03:02:15,100
The theoretical physicist who 
had previously preferred the 

3264
03:02:15,100 --> 03:02:19,100
company of books and ideas was 
now, conferring with generals 

3265
03:02:19,100 --> 03:02:23,100
politicians and diplomats on 
this matter, by the end of 1945,

3266
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:25,900
Robert was starting to realize 
that scientific achievement 

3267
03:02:25,900 --> 03:02:27,900
could be more burdened and the 
failure. 

3268
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:31,300
Particularly if it provided 
humans with capabilities that 

3269
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:34,400
their moral development and 
wisdom had not equipped them to 

3270
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:38,000
manage responsibly the boy who 
had once pondered his place in 

3271
03:02:38,000 --> 03:02:40,600
the universe was now struggling 
with the fact that he had helped

3272
03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:43,300
create a world in which that 
Universe might not have much 

3273
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:45,900
more time to reflect following 
Los Alamos. 

3274
03:02:45,900 --> 03:02:48,800
Robert, learned something that 
many successful people learn too

3275
03:02:48,800 --> 03:02:51,400
late. 
Fame can be a trap that alters 

3276
03:02:51,400 --> 03:02:53,600
your perception of yourself, as 
well as how other people 

3277
03:02:53,600 --> 03:02:55,800
perceive. 
You now, one of America's, most 

3278
03:02:55,800 --> 03:02:59,000
famous scientists, the bashful 
Professor, who had been happy to

3279
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:01,700
lecture, small groups of 
graduate students about quantum,

3280
03:03:01,700 --> 03:03:05,700
mechanics was expected to have 
views on everything from nuclear

3281
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:08,200
policy to the fate of human 
civilization. 

3282
03:03:08,200 --> 03:03:11,200
Imagine being asked to comment 
on political decisions. 

3283
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:14,400
You're not qualified to make 
invited to every significant 

3284
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:16,800
meeting on subjects. 
You have never studied and 

3285
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:20,100
treated as an authority on 
matters that are well outside of

3286
03:03:20,100 --> 03:03:24,000
your actual area of expertise. 
This was Robert's life in the 

3287
03:03:24,008 --> 03:03:28,200
late 1940s, and he managed it 
with his usual wits and Annie 

3288
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:31,200
Taylor about public relations, 
and politics that would lead to 

3289
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:34,000
major problems down the road. 
Robert was offered a new 

3290
03:03:34,008 --> 03:03:37,200
position by the atomic energy 
commission that seemed to be a 

3291
03:03:37,200 --> 03:03:40,200
perfect fit for his background 
in science and his wider 

3292
03:03:40,200 --> 03:03:43,500
interest in culture director of 
Princeton's Institute for 

3293
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:46,600
advanced study, one of the most 
prominent places in American 

3294
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:49,200
intellectual life. 
It allowed the brightest Minds 

3295
03:03:49,200 --> 03:03:52,100
in the world to focus on basic 
research without being 

3296
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:55,800
sidetracked by administrative or
teaching, responsibilities along

3297
03:03:55,800 --> 03:03:58,700
with other Titans of 20th 
century mathematics and science 

3298
03:03:58,700 --> 03:04:03,800
Einstein worked there. 
In the late 1940s, Princeton was

3299
03:04:03,800 --> 03:04:07,200
a Haven for Scholars, where 
serious thinkers could Ponder. 

3300
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,100
The most profound issues in 
their disciplines with the same 

3301
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:12,200
further he had brought to Los 
Alamos. 

3302
03:04:12,200 --> 03:04:15,800
Robert threw himself into this 
work but this time the urgency 

3303
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:17,500
was intellectual rather than 
military. 

3304
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:20,300
He sought to ascertain. 
Whether there were more profound

3305
03:04:20,300 --> 03:04:23,600
ideas that might bring together 
our knowledge of matter energy, 

3306
03:04:23,600 --> 03:04:27,300
space and time as well as 
whether the theoretical 

3307
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:29,000
insights. 
Of quantum mechanics, could be 

3308
03:04:29,000 --> 03:04:32,000
expanded upon. 
However, Robert was unable to 

3309
03:04:32,008 --> 03:04:35,000
fully escape the public role, 
that his wartime accomplishments

3310
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:37,500
had given him. 
He testified before Congress on 

3311
03:04:37,500 --> 03:04:40,400
nuclear policy. 
Served on government advisory 

3312
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:43,100
committees and delivered 
lectures to audiences, who were 

3313
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:46,000
more interested in hearing from 
the father of the atomic bomb 

3314
03:04:46,000 --> 03:04:49,100
that from a theoretical 
physicist tackling abstract, 

3315
03:04:49,100 --> 03:04:53,000
Quantum field Theory problems, 
Robert was exposed to political 

3316
03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:55,700
forces through these public 
activities, that followed rules 

3317
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:58,200
very different from those, he'd 
learned in academic and 

3318
03:04:58,200 --> 03:05:01,200
scientific circles, although, 
there may be disagreements over,

3319
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:04,600
Is most people in universities 
respect one another's, right to 

3320
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:07,400
have differing views, 
ideological disagreements in 

3321
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:09,700
politics particularly in the 
early years of the Cold War 

3322
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:13,200
could easily turn into personal 
assaults and inquiries about 

3323
03:05:13,200 --> 03:05:16,400
loyalty and patriotism, 
politicians and journalists 

3324
03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:18,900
searching for proof of 
disloyalty among high-profile 

3325
03:05:18,900 --> 03:05:20,900
Americans. 
Suddenly, turned Roberts 

3326
03:05:20,900 --> 03:05:24,200
previous affiliations with 
Communists and leftist groups 

3327
03:05:24,200 --> 03:05:26,600
which had seemed in 
consequential during his 

3328
03:05:26,600 --> 03:05:30,200
academic career and had been a 
disregarded during the war 

3329
03:05:30,200 --> 03:05:32,600
because his Services were needed
into ammunition. 

3330
03:05:32,600 --> 03:05:36,200
They dusted off and looked for 
evidence of subversive activity 

3331
03:05:36,200 --> 03:05:39,000
in the same FBI files that had 
been put aside during the 

3332
03:05:39,000 --> 03:05:42,500
Manhattan Project. 
Ironically, Robert had never 

3333
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:46,400
been a particularly political 
individual in the 1930s, his 

3334
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:49,400
engagement with leftist groups, 
was driven less by a methodical 

3335
03:05:49,400 --> 03:05:53,000
political philosophy and more by
intellectual curiosity and 

3336
03:05:53,000 --> 03:05:56,000
social justice concerns, 
although he had attended 

3337
03:05:56,000 --> 03:05:59,100
meetings and given money to 
causes that seemed deserving, he

3338
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:01,300
had never been the type of 
activists who sought to 

3339
03:06:01,300 --> 03:06:04,700
overthrow the US government or 
Advanced Soviet objectives. 

3340
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:08,400
However, context, and subtlety 
don't translate well into 

3341
03:06:08,400 --> 03:06:12,200
political headlines and Roberts,
multifaceted personality and 

3342
03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:13,900
wide range of intellectual 
interests. 

3343
03:06:13,900 --> 03:06:16,500
Made him a prime target for 
those who wished to paint 

3344
03:06:16,508 --> 03:06:20,700
scientists as dishonest. 
And possibly treacherous, the 

3345
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:23,300
man was now being questioned 
about his dedication to American

3346
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:26,300
Security after spending three 
years of his life developing 

3347
03:06:26,300 --> 03:06:28,300
weapons. 
That helped win World War 2 

3348
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:31,200
Roberts, search for meaning. 
And purpose, in research, that 

3349
03:06:31,200 --> 03:06:34,100
was unrelated to immediate 
practical applications was 

3350
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:36,200
reflected in the scientific work
produced. 

3351
03:06:36,200 --> 03:06:38,900
During this time, he was working
on his shoes in elementary 

3352
03:06:38,900 --> 03:06:40,600
particle physics and Quantum 
field. 

3353
03:06:40,800 --> 03:06:44,000
Theory that might not be useful 
for decades if at all with the 

3354
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:46,500
weight of knowing how quickly 
theoretical insights, could be 

3355
03:06:46,508 --> 03:06:48,500
turned into game-changing 
Technologies. 

3356
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:52,300
It was like going back to the 
pure intellectual pleasure that 

3357
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:55,500
had initially drawn him to 
physics Roberts lectures. 

3358
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:58,200
During this time, show someone 
attempting to understand the 

3359
03:06:58,200 --> 03:07:01,400
meaning of Science in a world 
where scientific advancements 

3360
03:07:01,400 --> 03:07:03,300
could have such far-reaching 
effects. 

3361
03:07:03,300 --> 03:07:06,000
He discussed the need for 
scientists to consider the 

3362
03:07:06,000 --> 03:07:09,500
wider, ramifications of their 
work, the responsibility that 

3363
03:07:09,500 --> 03:07:12,500
came with discovering Nature's 
secrets and the relationship 

3364
03:07:12,500 --> 03:07:15,900
between scientific knowledge and
human values for Robert. 

3365
03:07:15,900 --> 03:07:18,600
These were urgent personal 
issues that kept him up at 

3366
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:20,300
night. 
Not purely philosophical 

3367
03:07:20,300 --> 03:07:22,800
debates. 
The man was now struggling with 

3368
03:07:22,800 --> 03:07:24,900
the ethical implications of 
scientific knowledge. 

3369
03:07:24,900 --> 03:07:28,600
Whereas previously, he delighted
in the pure intellectual beauty 

3370
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:32,000
of quantum mechanics, When 
knowledge of the natural world 

3371
03:07:32,000 --> 03:07:34,400
could be abused, how do you seek
it out? 

3372
03:07:34,400 --> 03:07:38,000
How do you strike a balance 
between citizens duty to advance

3373
03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:40,900
human welfare and scientists 
duty to pursue the truth? 

3374
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:44,200
Those who had ever expressed 
sympathy for leftist causes or 

3375
03:07:44,200 --> 03:07:47,000
supported International 
cooperation in nuclear policy 

3376
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,100
faced growing hostility in the 
political atmosphere of the 

3377
03:07:50,100 --> 03:07:54,600
early 1950s politicians like 
Senator Joseph McCarthy were 

3378
03:07:54,600 --> 03:07:57,800
advancing their careers by 
disparaging fellow Travelers and

3379
03:07:57,800 --> 03:08:01,100
suspected Communists. 
Fostering an environment where 

3380
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:03,900
affiliation with divisive 
ideologies could ruin 

3381
03:08:03,900 --> 03:08:07,300
reputations and lead to Career. 
Termination Roberts position 

3382
03:08:07,300 --> 03:08:10,800
became more and more vulnerable 
politicians seeking to prove 

3383
03:08:10,800 --> 03:08:13,300
their anti-communist 
credentials, naturally targeted 

3384
03:08:13,300 --> 03:08:17,000
him because of his notoriety as 
a scientist and his prior 

3385
03:08:17,000 --> 03:08:19,900
affiliation with leftist causes 
at the same time. 

3386
03:08:19,900 --> 03:08:22,900
He disagreed with political and 
military leaders who supported a

3387
03:08:22,900 --> 03:08:25,500
more aggressive strategy for 
cold war, competition with the 

3388
03:08:25,508 --> 03:08:28,700
Soviet Union because of his 
persistence support for 

3389
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:30,200
international control of 
nuclear. 

3390
03:08:30,600 --> 03:08:33,900
And his opposition to the 
development of hydrogen bombs. 

3391
03:08:33,900 --> 03:08:37,200
For Robert, the hydrogen bomb 
controversy, was specially 

3392
03:08:37,200 --> 03:08:39,600
challenging the physics that had
enabled. 

3393
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:42,700
The atomic bomb was extended in 
the theoretical work needed to 

3394
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:46,400
develop, Fusion weapons but the 
potential destructive power was 

3395
03:08:46,400 --> 03:08:48,800
orders of magnitude higher as 
weapons. 

3396
03:08:48,800 --> 03:08:51,600
So destructive that they could 
have no logical strategic use, 

3397
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:54,900
Robert contended, that hydrogen 
bombs, were both morally, and 

3398
03:08:54,900 --> 03:08:58,800
militarily, unnecessary critics.
However, saw his resistance to 

3399
03:08:58,800 --> 03:09:01,800
the hydrogen bomb as proof that 
he was either unaware of Soviet 

3400
03:09:01,800 --> 03:09:04,700
intentions or deliberately 
trying to undermine American 

3401
03:09:04,700 --> 03:09:07,900
nuclear capabilities in a 
political climate that favored 

3402
03:09:07,900 --> 03:09:10,700
straightforward classification 
of loyalty and disloyalty. 

3403
03:09:10,700 --> 03:09:14,200
It was challenging to convey the
nuanced Viewpoint of someone who

3404
03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:16,000
opposed some types of nuclear 
weapons. 

3405
03:09:16,000 --> 03:09:17,900
But supported nuclear 
deterrents. 

3406
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:21,100
Robert became more and more 
excluded from the policy debates

3407
03:09:21,100 --> 03:09:24,300
where his scientific background 
could have been most useful as 

3408
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,600
the 1950s went on. 
He was now distrusted by the 

3409
03:09:27,600 --> 03:09:30,200
same government that attracted 
him to plan, the Manhattan 

3410
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,200
Project decisions about the 
development and deployment of 

3411
03:09:33,200 --> 03:09:36,600
America's nuclear, arsenal were 
routinely, excluding the man who

3412
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:40,500
had contributed to its creation.
This time period had a huge 

3413
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,200
personal cost. 
Robert had based his career on 

3414
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:45,600
the belief that reasonable 
people would respect and 

3415
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:48,300
acknowledge scientific 
integrity, and intellectual 

3416
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:51,800
honesty, he was learning that 
moral complexity was frequently 

3417
03:09:51,800 --> 03:09:53,500
misunderstood as moral 
confusion. 

3418
03:09:53,500 --> 03:09:56,700
And that these traits could be 
viewed as weaknesses rather than

3419
03:09:56,700 --> 03:10:00,300
strengths in the context of Cold
War Politics, the scene was 

3420
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:02,000
being prepared for a 
confrontation. 

3421
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:05,400
That would put not only Roberts 
fortitude to the test, but also,

3422
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:08,900
the balance between political 
power and scientific knowledge. 

3423
03:10:08,900 --> 03:10:12,400
In American democracy, the boy 
who had once read Sanskrit and 

3424
03:10:12,400 --> 03:10:15,300
collected rocks was about to 
encounter the most challenging 

3425
03:10:15,300 --> 03:10:18,300
task of his life. 
A political trial that would 

3426
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:20,800
decide whether or not 
intellectual Independence and 

3427
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:24,800
public service could co-exist in
Cold War America rather than a 

3428
03:10:24,800 --> 03:10:27,000
scientific issue that could be 
resolved with careful 

3429
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:30,000
consideration and Innovative 
thinking Robert was a 

3430
03:10:30,000 --> 03:10:33,200
well-respected scientific 
adviser until he received a 

3431
03:10:33,200 --> 03:10:36,708
letter in December 1953, that 
would make him a symbol of the 

3432
03:10:36,716 --> 03:10:40,000
conflicts in Cold War America 
between National Security and 

3433
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:42,900
intellectual Freedom. 
His security clearance was being

3434
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:44,600
revoked by the atomic energy 
commission. 

3435
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:47,700
The same agency that had 
depended on his knowledge for 

3436
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:51,200
years, due to concerns about his
dependability and loyalty. 

3437
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:54,300
Have you ever had the depressing
realization that people you 

3438
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:56,500
trusted have been Gathering 
evidence of your alleged 

3439
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:59,500
wrongdoing and assembling a case
against you behind your back. 

3440
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:02,200
All the while smiling and 
seeking your advice. 

3441
03:11:02,200 --> 03:11:05,100
That was the case for Robert 
when he discovered that FBI 

3442
03:11:05,100 --> 03:11:08,400
records spanning Decades of his 
contacts, discussion and actions

3443
03:11:08,400 --> 03:11:12,000
had been assembled into a case 
to Bar him from any government 

3444
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:14,100
employment. 
Involving classified material, 

3445
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:18,000
the charges included, both 
specific all Broad questions 

3446
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:20,300
regarding Robert's moral, fiber 
and discernment. 

3447
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:23,300
His prior ties to communist 
groups were cited. 

3448
03:11:23,300 --> 03:11:26,800
As proof of his betrayal, his 
resistance to the hydrogen bomb 

3449
03:11:26,800 --> 03:11:30,000
was seen as possibly driven more
by outside pressure than by 

3450
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:33,400
ethical and scientific 
considerations, his wide range 

3451
03:11:33,400 --> 03:11:37,000
of intellectual interests and 
complex personality was somehow 

3452
03:11:37,000 --> 03:11:38,800
turned into proof of his 
unreliability. 

3453
03:11:39,800 --> 03:11:42,000
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

3454
03:11:42,008 --> 03:11:43,700
his life. 
He could quietly. 

3455
03:11:43,700 --> 03:11:46,700
Accept that his security 
clearance had been revoked, go 

3456
03:11:46,700 --> 03:11:49,900
back to working, only on 
academic projects and escape the

3457
03:11:49,908 --> 03:11:51,800
publicity. 
That would accompany a legal 

3458
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:55,000
battle or aware that this would 
produce a public spectacle that 

3459
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:58,200
would subject specifics of his 
personal life and political 

3460
03:11:58,200 --> 03:12:00,200
affiliations to hostile 
scrutiny. 

3461
03:12:00,200 --> 03:12:03,900
He could insist on a hearing, 
Robert's choice to contest, the 

3462
03:12:03,900 --> 03:12:07,300
charges demonstrated his faith 
in his own moral, character, as 

3463
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:09,500
well as his ignorance of the 
procedure, he was about to 

3464
03:12:09,500 --> 03:12:12,600
undergo, he felt that reasonable
people would realize that his 

3465
03:12:12,600 --> 03:12:16,100
service to the nation had always
been driven by patriotism rather

3466
03:12:16,100 --> 03:12:18,900
than disloyalty. 
If he could clearly explain his 

3467
03:12:18,900 --> 03:12:22,200
actions and motivations, he 
didn't realize how much the 

3468
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:25,500
political landscape had changed 
since the War years when his 

3469
03:12:25,508 --> 03:12:28,700
contributions had been accepted.
In spite of suspicions about his

3470
03:12:28,700 --> 03:12:31,900
affiliation, with the exception 
of the legal protections that 

3471
03:12:31,900 --> 03:12:35,900
defendants, typically, enjoy the
hearing's which started in April

3472
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:39,700
1954 had all the features of a 
criminal trial, despite being 

3473
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:43,000
Formerly referred to as an 
administrative review, in 

3474
03:12:43,000 --> 03:12:45,900
addition to being unable to 
cross-examine hostile Witnesses 

3475
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:47,400
and view the evidence against 
him. 

3476
03:12:47,400 --> 03:12:50,700
Robert was also unable to see 
the cases key classified 

3477
03:12:50,700 --> 03:12:54,000
documents because his attorneys 
lacked security clearances. 

3478
03:12:54,000 --> 03:12:57,000
The extent to which Roberts life
had been monitored by the 

3479
03:12:57,000 --> 03:12:58,500
government for years was made 
clear. 

3480
03:12:58,500 --> 03:13:01,500
During the proceedings FBI 
agents had gathered 

3481
03:13:01,500 --> 03:13:03,900
comprehensive reports on his 
personal relationships and 

3482
03:13:03,900 --> 03:13:07,000
political activities. 
Monitored his conversations and 

3483
03:13:07,000 --> 03:13:10,000
looked into his friends and 
co-workers, the man who had 

3484
03:13:10,000 --> 03:13:13,000
dedicated his life to government
service during the war was now 

3485
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:16,200
discovering that during his most
productive time, the same 

3486
03:13:16,200 --> 03:13:19,100
government had been, considering
him a possible security threat 

3487
03:13:19,100 --> 03:13:22,600
according to the testimony. 
Given during the hearing, Robert

3488
03:13:22,600 --> 03:13:25,600
did not look like the person, 
his friends and co-workers knew 

3489
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:28,400
he was characterized by 
witnesses as conceited. 

3490
03:13:28,400 --> 03:13:32,400
Untrustworthy and possibly 
disloyal someone whose 

3491
03:13:32,400 --> 03:13:34,600
resistance to specific weapons 
programs. 

3492
03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:38,300
May be driven more by outside 
pressure and by sincere ethical 

3493
03:13:38,300 --> 03:13:42,100
and scientific. 
Sophisticated introspective 

3494
03:13:42,100 --> 03:13:45,200
physicist, who had constructed 
Los Alamos, was reduced to a 

3495
03:13:45,200 --> 03:13:47,400
cartoon villain. 
Whose every move could be seen 

3496
03:13:47,400 --> 03:13:50,600
as proof of subversive intent. 
According to Robert's own 

3497
03:13:50,600 --> 03:13:52,400
testimony. 
He was being methodically 

3498
03:13:52,400 --> 03:13:55,500
humiliated by a procedure that 
appeared to be more intended to 

3499
03:13:55,500 --> 03:13:58,600
ruin his reputation than to 
ascertain the truth about his 

3500
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:01,500
loyalty and he was fighting to 
keep his dignity. 

3501
03:14:01,500 --> 03:14:05,500
He responded to inquiries about 
personal details, described 

3502
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:09,400
relationships, and conversations
from decades past and attempted 

3503
03:14:09,400 --> 03:14:13,100
to explain his nuanced stances 
on complex policy issues, to 

3504
03:14:13,100 --> 03:14:15,800
those who seemed intent on. 
Misinterpreting them the 

3505
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:18,500
testimony of former co-workers 
and friends who had been coerced

3506
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:22,000
into testifying against Robert, 
was the most upsetting part of 

3507
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:25,300
the hearing testimonies 
regarding his character judgment

3508
03:14:25,300 --> 03:14:28,400
and dependability were requested
from government officials. 

3509
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:31,800
Who had consulted him scientists
who had collaborated with him at

3510
03:14:31,800 --> 03:14:35,500
Los Alamos and close friends who
had confided in him, others gave

3511
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:38,000
him the kind of carefully 
qualified testimony that hurt 

3512
03:14:38,000 --> 03:14:40,200
him while preserving their own 
security. 

3513
03:14:40,300 --> 03:14:43,900
Clearances While others bravely,
stood by him, given the 

3514
03:14:43,900 --> 03:14:46,300
political atmosphere and the 
way, the proceedings were set up

3515
03:14:46,308 --> 03:14:50,900
the final decision, which was 
made public in June. 1954 was 

3516
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:53,200
inevitable. 
The hearing board came to the 

3517
03:14:53,200 --> 03:14:56,200
conclusion that although Robert 
was most likely loyal, his 

3518
03:14:56,200 --> 03:14:59,400
character and judgment were 
questioned, making him unfit to 

3519
03:14:59,400 --> 03:15:00,800
have access to classified 
material. 

3520
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:03,600
His position, as a government 
advisor was essentially 

3521
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:06,800
terminated when his security 
clearance was revoked and many 

3522
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:10,100
Americans began to view him. 
As a security risk both 

3523
03:15:10,100 --> 03:15:12,700
personally and professionally, 
Robert suffered greatly in the 

3524
03:15:12,708 --> 03:15:15,800
immediate wake of the hearings, 
many in the government and 

3525
03:15:15,800 --> 03:15:17,900
defense establishment. 
Now viewed, the man who had, 

3526
03:15:17,908 --> 03:15:21,300
once been one of America's most 
eminent scientists as a pariah, 

3527
03:15:21,300 --> 03:15:24,500
former co-workers were reluctant
to associate with someone who 

3528
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,600
carried the stigma of having 
this security clearance. 

3529
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:31,400
Revoked, Speaking invitations 
were withdrawn and job 

3530
03:15:31,400 --> 03:15:34,500
opportunities, vanished. 
However, the hearing also had 

3531
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:37,300
wider ramifications for 
democracy and Science in America

3532
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:40,500
other scientists were warned by 
Robert's treatment that moral 

3533
03:15:40,500 --> 03:15:44,000
complexity, and independent 
thought were dangerous traits in

3534
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:46,100
anyone wishing to work on 
matters of national 

3535
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:48,600
significance. 
The case showed how easily 

3536
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:51,900
political factors could override
expertise and how easily the 

3537
03:15:51,900 --> 03:15:55,000
demands of ideological 
Conformity could compromise. 

3538
03:15:55,000 --> 03:15:57,700
Scientific Integrity. 
Robert was starting a new 

3539
03:15:57,708 --> 03:16:00,400
chapter in his life that would 
put his fortitude to the test 

3540
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:03,600
and require him to reevaluate 
his identity and Mission. 

3541
03:16:03,600 --> 03:16:07,100
As he walked out of the hearing 
room, for the last time, having 

3542
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,500
lost both his security clearance
and his position as a government

3543
03:16:10,500 --> 03:16:14,600
advisor, in a Democratic Society
Under Pressure, the young man 

3544
03:16:14,600 --> 03:16:17,300
who had constructed atomic bombs
and the boy who had gathered 

3545
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:19,700
rocks. 
Now represented the strength and

3546
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:23,000
fragility of intellectual 
Independence, Robert was placed 

3547
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:26,100
in a strange form of Exile, 
following the security hearings 

3548
03:16:26,800 --> 03:16:29,600
He was not exiled from the 
nation but he was essentially 

3549
03:16:29,600 --> 03:16:32,500
cut off from the government work
that had provided the greatest 

3550
03:16:32,500 --> 03:16:34,800
practical value to his 
scientific expertise. 

3551
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:37,900
It was similar to being a master
Craftsman who was abruptly 

3552
03:16:37,900 --> 03:16:40,600
informed that his abilities were
no longer required for the most 

3553
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:43,900
important projects. 
Abandoning him to work alone on 

3554
03:16:43,900 --> 03:16:46,800
his craft, While others made the
choices that were determine the 

3555
03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:49,800
course of events, both 
practically and psychologically.

3556
03:16:49,800 --> 03:16:53,600
The change was abrupt Robert had
been at the Forefront of 

3557
03:16:53,600 --> 03:16:56,500
America's most significant 
scientific and policy debates 

3558
03:16:56,500 --> 03:16:59,000
for over 10 years. 
He had grown accustomed to 

3559
03:16:59,008 --> 03:17:02,300
receiving calls from government.
Representatives request for 

3560
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,400
advice on nuclear weapons 
policy, and invitations to 

3561
03:17:05,400 --> 03:17:08,700
high-level meetings for the 
first time since before the war,

3562
03:17:08,700 --> 03:17:10,800
the man, who'd been one of 
America's. 

3563
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:14,500
Most consulted experts found 
himself with extended periods, 

3564
03:17:14,500 --> 03:17:18,300
of unbroken time, when the phone
abruptly stopped ringing and the

3565
03:17:18,300 --> 03:17:21,800
invitation stopped coming in The
Institute for advanced study at 

3566
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:25,100
Princeton served as a Haven 
during this trying time because 

3567
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:27,500
of the institute's culture of 
intellectual Independence, 

3568
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:31,400
Roberts, political issues had no
bearing on his reputation there 

3569
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:34,500
and his colleague, still 
respected him for his scientific

3570
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:37,100
accomplishments. 
Even in this Safe Haven though. 

3571
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:39,700
Robert found it difficult to 
understand the new meaning of 

3572
03:17:39,700 --> 03:17:43,300
his life and work, you know how 
losing something significant can

3573
03:17:43,300 --> 03:17:46,100
occasionally reveal sides of 
yourself that were hidden or 

3574
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:48,800
ignored while you were 
preoccupied with it Roberts. 

3575
03:17:48,800 --> 03:17:52,600
Exile from government service 
compelled him to ReDiscover Of 

3576
03:17:52,600 --> 03:17:55,400
himself that his work as a 
nuclear policy, adviser had 

3577
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:58,600
obscured with new Vigor. 
He went back to his physics, 

3578
03:17:58,600 --> 03:18:01,600
studies tackling Quantum field, 
Theory problems that were 

3579
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:04,200
intellectually demanding but 
wholly, unrelated to military 

3580
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:07,600
uses, during this time, Robert 
produced, some of his most 

3581
03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:10,000
imaginative and ambitious 
scientific work. 

3582
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:13,300
He could now focus on the kinds 
of fundamental questions that 

3583
03:18:13,300 --> 03:18:16,600
initially Drew him to physics. 
Freed from the pragmatic 

3584
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:19,800
concerns that had dominated his 
thinking, both during and after 

3585
03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:23,000
the war, whether the theoretical
framework of quantum mechanics, 

3586
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:25,900
could be expanded to offer a 
cohesive understanding of all 

3587
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:27,500
the fundamental forces in 
nature. 

3588
03:18:27,500 --> 03:18:32,300
What physicists now, refer to as
a theory of everything was of 

3589
03:18:32,300 --> 03:18:35,600
particular interest to him. 
However, Robert also started to 

3590
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:38,900
approach the relationship 
between science and society and 

3591
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:41,600
The Wider ramifications of 
scientific knowledge in a more 

3592
03:18:41,600 --> 03:18:44,200
methodical manner. 
He had a unique perspective on 

3593
03:18:44,200 --> 03:18:46,800
how scientific advancements 
could be used to gain political 

3594
03:18:46,800 --> 03:18:50,400
and military power as well as 
how scientists can be torn 

3595
03:18:50,400 --> 03:18:53,500
between their civic duties and 
their dedication to the truth. 

3596
03:18:53,500 --> 03:18:57,100
Thanks to his experience as 
during the Hatton project and 

3597
03:18:57,100 --> 03:19:00,200
the security hearings Robert 
became one of the first well, 

3598
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:02,600
known signs to write 
thoughtfully about what is now 

3599
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:05,900
known as the social 
responsibility of science, as a 

3600
03:19:05,900 --> 03:19:08,900
result of these Reflections. 
He maintained that scientists 

3601
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:11,300
could not merely seek knowledge 
for its own sake without 

3602
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:13,900
considering the potential 
application of that knowledge. 

3603
03:19:13,900 --> 03:19:17,200
He also cautioned Against The 
Perils of Permitting political 

3604
03:19:17,200 --> 03:19:20,500
factors to obstruct free speech 
and scientific investigation. 

3605
03:19:20,500 --> 03:19:22,700
During this time, his writing 
and speaking. 

3606
03:19:22,700 --> 03:19:25,600
Demonstrated a mind, still 
struggling with the basic issues

3607
03:19:25,600 --> 03:19:28,900
that had captivated him since he
was a young boy, but now 

3608
03:19:28,900 --> 03:19:31,200
bearing, the burden of 
experience from witnessing the 

3609
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:34,400
transformation of intangible 
Concepts into revolutionary 

3610
03:19:34,400 --> 03:19:36,900
Technologies. 
The young man who had pondered 

3611
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,800
the nature of reality, had grown
into a man who recognized the 

3612
03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:42,800
dangers that could arise. 
When people were able to alter 

3613
03:19:42,800 --> 03:19:45,800
reality at its most basic 
levels, in addition to a 

3614
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:49,000
lingering sense of loss and 
dislocation Roberts, personal 

3615
03:19:49,000 --> 03:19:52,900
life in the 1950s. 
And 1960s was characterized by a

3616
03:19:52,900 --> 03:19:55,700
slow recovery from the trauma of
the security hearings. 

3617
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:58,700
He continued to be close to his 
children and stayed married to 

3618
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:00,400
Kitty. 
Who had been there for him 

3619
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:03,700
during the ordeal. 
However, friends noticed that he

3620
03:20:03,700 --> 03:20:07,000
was now wary than before, that 
the world was more hostile and 

3621
03:20:07,000 --> 03:20:08,900
unpredictable than he had 
previously realized. 

3622
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:12,400
Over time. 
The scientific communities 

3623
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:15,400
reaction to Robert's treatment 
changed at first. 

3624
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:18,200
A lot of scientists were 
hesitant to support him because 

3625
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,700
they were worried that doing so 
would harm their own careers. 

3626
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:24,000
However, more scientists 
realized that the attack on 

3627
03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:26,600
Robert was actually an attack on
the independence and integrity 

3628
03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:30,100
of science itself as the 
political landscape started to 

3629
03:20:30,100 --> 03:20:32,900
shift in the late 1950s and 
early 1960s. 

3630
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:36,700
During this time Roberts 
writings and lectures Drew 

3631
03:20:36,700 --> 03:20:39,400
audiences interested in his 
viewpoint on the ethical and 

3632
03:20:39,408 --> 03:20:42,800
political issues confronting 
contemporary society as well as 

3633
03:20:42,800 --> 03:20:46,400
his scientific discoveries, his 
experience is a given him a 

3634
03:20:46,400 --> 03:20:49,000
unique authority to speak about 
the relationship between power 

3635
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:51,400
and knowledge. 
In the modern world, making him 

3636
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:54,600
a sort of Elder Statesman of 
American intellectual life. 

3637
03:20:54,600 --> 03:20:57,800
Ironically Roberts exclusion 
from government policy 

3638
03:20:57,800 --> 03:21:00,700
discussion occurred just when 
his insights could have been 

3639
03:21:00,700 --> 03:21:03,200
most useful. 
The risk of nuclear war was 

3640
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:05,800
becoming a constant aspect of 
international relations. 

3641
03:21:05,800 --> 03:21:09,600
The nuclear arms race was 
speeding up new weapons were 

3642
03:21:09,600 --> 03:21:11,900
being Developed that made the 
atomic bombs of World War. 

3643
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:15,400
Two seemed almost archaic, the 
man who had contributed to the 

3644
03:21:15,400 --> 03:21:18,100
creation of this predicament was
now, barred from participating, 

3645
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:20,300
in attempts to control or remedy
it. 

3646
03:21:20,300 --> 03:21:23,500
However, Roberts influenced 
during this time came from his 

3647
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:26,600
work, as a public intellectual, 
and teacher, rather than from 

3648
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:28,900
his direct involvement in policy
decisions. 

3649
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:31,700
His writings and speeches 
influenced to generation of 

3650
03:21:31,700 --> 03:21:33,600
scientists perspectives on their
roles. 

3651
03:21:33,600 --> 03:21:36,800
And his example showed that 
intellectual Integrity could be 

3652
03:21:36,808 --> 03:21:41,200
upheld in the face of strong 
political pressure as the 1960s 

3653
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:44,100
went on Robert started to get 
credit for his scientific 

3654
03:21:44,100 --> 03:21:47,200
contributions without openly 
criticizing the way the 

3655
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:47,900
government. 
Treated him. 

3656
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:50,500
He was invited to deliver 
significant lectures. 

3657
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:54,200
Won prestigious honors and was 
progressively restored to his 

3658
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:57,100
position as a respected member 
of American intellectual life. 

3659
03:21:57,100 --> 03:22:00,700
But in exchange for the 
recognition, he agreed to stay 

3660
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:03,300
out of the circles that made the
most significant decisions 

3661
03:22:03,300 --> 03:22:06,800
regarding nuclear weapons, when 
the nuclear Agee helped create 

3662
03:22:06,800 --> 03:22:10,200
continued to unfold in ways that
exceeded even his Most 

3663
03:22:10,200 --> 03:22:13,100
pessimistic predictions about 
the dangers of nuclear, weapons 

3664
03:22:13,100 --> 03:22:16,000
and fulfilled. 
Some of his worst fears the man 

3665
03:22:16,000 --> 03:22:19,000
who had once stood in the New 
Mexico desert and watch the 

3666
03:22:19,000 --> 03:22:22,400
first atomic explosion was now 
watching from a distance, the 

3667
03:22:22,400 --> 03:22:25,200
boy who had once gather rocks on
Long Island beaches, a 

3668
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:27,200
transformed into something, 
Robert could never have 

3669
03:22:27,200 --> 03:22:29,200
predicted as he approached his 
last year's. 

3670
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:32,900
A living representation of the 
ethical dilemmas that occur when

3671
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:36,500
political power and scientific 
knowledge, Collide the whole 

3672
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:39,900
story of Humanity's journey into
the nuclear age from the 

3673
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:42,200
theoretical. 
Discoveries that enabled, Atomic

3674
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:45,700
weapons to the political Fallout
that was still being felt 

3675
03:22:45,700 --> 03:22:48,300
decades. 
Later was etched in the mind of 

3676
03:22:48,300 --> 03:22:51,700
the elderly physicist strolling 
through the peaceful streets of 

3677
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:54,300
Princeton you know, how 
sometimes the most significant 

3678
03:22:54,300 --> 03:22:57,300
life lessons are revealed only 
near the end when all of the 

3679
03:22:57,300 --> 03:22:59,800
different experiences and 
decisions can be viewed as a 

3680
03:22:59,800 --> 03:23:03,200
part of a greater whole growing 
awareness of what his remarkable

3681
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:06,000
life had shown about the 
opportunities and risks faced by

3682
03:23:06,000 --> 03:23:09,500
any society that depends more 
and more on scientific knowledge

3683
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:13,100
for its security and prosperity 
characterized Roberts later 

3684
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:16,500
years as the political landscape
shifted and more American 

3685
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:18,600
started to doubt, the excesses 
of Cold War. 

3686
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:22,600
Hysteria Roberts reputation 
started to slowly recover in the

3687
03:23:22,600 --> 03:23:26,700
1960s, but quickly gained 
momentum scientists, who had 

3688
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:29,500
kept quiet during his ordeal 
started to openly discuss. 

3689
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:31,900
How Fair. 
His treatment was government 

3690
03:23:31,900 --> 03:23:34,500
Representatives who had 
supported or Taken part in the 

3691
03:23:34,500 --> 03:23:37,800
security hearings started to 
privately apologized for their 

3692
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:39,700
involvement. 
In what was becoming viewed as a

3693
03:23:39,708 --> 03:23:43,000
disgraceful chapter in American 
history, the government's 

3694
03:23:43,000 --> 03:23:45,400
highest award for contributions 
to nuclear science. 

3695
03:23:45,400 --> 03:23:49,400
The Enrico Fermi award was given
to Robert by President Lyndon 

3696
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:53,000
Johnson in 1963. 
The ceremony was meticulously 

3697
03:23:53,000 --> 03:23:55,100
planned to honor, Robert 
scientific accomplishment 

3698
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:58,200
without specifically criticizing
how the Eisenhower 

3699
03:23:58,200 --> 03:24:01,700
Administration handled him. 
However the symbolism was clear,

3700
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:05,100
Robert was being honored for his
contributions to American 

3701
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:07,500
Science by the same government 
that had labeled him. 

3702
03:24:07,500 --> 03:24:10,400
A security risk Roberts 
acceptance of the award 

3703
03:24:10,400 --> 03:24:13,300
demonstrated, the elegance and 
Nuance that had defined his 

3704
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:15,700
whole professional life. 
He could have taken the 

3705
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:19,100
opportunity to be resentful of 
how he was treated or to attack 

3706
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:21,700
the political forces that had 
almost ruined his career. 

3707
03:24:21,700 --> 03:24:26,100
Rather, he discussed the ongoing
difficulties that society and 

3708
03:24:26,100 --> 03:24:28,900
scientists face as they consider
the ramifications of nuclear 

3709
03:24:28,900 --> 03:24:32,300
technology and other significant
scientific advancements. 

3710
03:24:32,300 --> 03:24:35,500
Roberts latest scientific 
Endeavors, demonstrated his 

3711
03:24:35,500 --> 03:24:39,200
continuing interest in basic 
issues as well as his developing

3712
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,400
realization, that he was running
out of time to make significant 

3713
03:24:42,400 --> 03:24:44,900
contributions. 
He kept considering the most 

3714
03:24:44,900 --> 03:24:46,900
profound issues in theoretical 
physics. 

3715
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:50,400
But he also started to devote 
more of his time to instructing 

3716
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,700
and guiding the next generation 
of scientists who would continue

3717
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:54,800
the work. 
He had started. 

3718
03:24:54,800 --> 03:24:57,600
During this time, his lectures 
were mastered works of 

3719
03:24:57,600 --> 03:25:01,100
scientific communication that 
Blended technical Mastery with 

3720
03:25:01,100 --> 03:25:04,600
the kind of wide range. 
In cultural perspective that had

3721
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:07,400
always been a Hallmark of his 
thought during these lectures 

3722
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:09,800
students and colleagues 
frequently commented that they 

3723
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:11,900
felt as though they were 
watching someone who had 

3724
03:25:11,900 --> 03:25:15,000
accomplished a unique synthesis 
of philosophical, understanding,

3725
03:25:15,000 --> 03:25:19,500
scientific knowledge and hard. 
One wisdom about human nature 

3726
03:25:19,500 --> 03:25:22,700
Roberts impact on American 
Science went well beyond his 

3727
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:25,500
involvement in the Manhattan 
Project, or his particular 

3728
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:28,500
research contributions. 
He'd contributed to the 

3729
03:25:28,500 --> 03:25:31,000
development of the idea that a 
scientist should be a public 

3730
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:34,500
intellectual who could explain 
difficult scientific Concepts to

3731
03:25:34,500 --> 03:25:37,500
a wider audience and who had an 
obligation to consider the 

3732
03:25:37,500 --> 03:25:40,500
social and political 
ramifications of scientific 

3733
03:25:40,500 --> 03:25:43,500
advancements, a science and 
technology shaped modern 

3734
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:46,100
society, more and more. 
This model would become more and

3735
03:25:46,100 --> 03:25:48,600
more significant. 
During his time at Berkeley, 

3736
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:51,800
Robert trained a generation of 
physicists who would go on to 

3737
03:25:51,800 --> 03:25:54,100
make him important contributions
to American Science. 

3738
03:25:54,100 --> 03:25:57,400
Perhaps more significantly 
though they can continue his 

3739
03:25:57,400 --> 03:26:00,800
method of conducting scientific 
research which placed a strong 

3740
03:26:00,800 --> 03:26:04,200
emphasis on teamwork. 
Intellectual diversity, and the 

3741
03:26:04,200 --> 03:26:07,000
significance of comprehending, 
the larger context in which 

3742
03:26:07,000 --> 03:26:10,900
scientific work is conducted the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

3743
03:26:10,900 --> 03:26:13,700
physics served as a model for 
the structure and methodology of

3744
03:26:13,700 --> 03:26:15,200
cutting-edge scientific 
research. 

3745
03:26:15,200 --> 03:26:18,600
In his later years Roberts 
interpersonal, relationships 

3746
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:21,400
were characterized by a greater 
understanding of the familial 

3747
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:25,100
ties and friendships that had 
supported him during his darkest

3748
03:26:25,100 --> 03:26:26,900
moments with those closest to 
him. 

3749
03:26:26,900 --> 03:26:29,700
The man who had occasionally 
come across as distant and 

3750
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:32,700
intellectually intimidating, 
became more approachable and 

3751
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:36,300
emotionally transparent friends 
observed that in ways that his 

3752
03:26:36,300 --> 03:26:39,800
prior emphasis on academic 
success may have obscured, his 

3753
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:43,200
experiences had taught him to 
Value loyalty and real human 

3754
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:45,400
connection. 
Some of the most profound 

3755
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,100
observations on science and 
Society, ever written by a 

3756
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:50,800
scientist were found in Roberts 
last years of life. 

3757
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:53,900
He wrote about the need for 
wisdom, to keep up with human 

3758
03:26:53,900 --> 03:26:57,300
technical capabilities, the 
beauty and horror of scientific 

3759
03:26:57,300 --> 03:26:59,900
discovery and the 
responsibilities that come with 

3760
03:26:59,900 --> 03:27:03,200
knowledge future generations of 
scientists Would consider their 

3761
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:05,700
work and its implications 
differently as a result of these

3762
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:08,600
lectures and essays. 
When Roberts health started to 

3763
03:27:08,600 --> 03:27:12,200
deteriorate in the late 1960s, 
he approached his impending 

3764
03:27:12,200 --> 03:27:15,100
death with the same blend of 
emotional nuance and 

3765
03:27:15,100 --> 03:27:18,500
intellectual curiosity that had 
marked his approach to all of 

3766
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:20,100
his other significant life 
challenges. 

3767
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:23,600
He did not seem to see death as 
a tragedy to be avoided at all 

3768
03:27:23,600 --> 03:27:28,600
costs but rather as another 
mystery to be pondered That's 

3769
03:27:28,600 --> 03:27:32,000
62, Robert Oppenheimer passed 
away from throat, cancer on 

3770
03:27:32,000 --> 03:27:36,300
February, 18th 1967, a legacy is
complicated and difficult. 

3771
03:27:36,300 --> 03:27:39,700
As the man himself was left 
behind by the passing of the boy

3772
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:42,700
who had collected rocks. 
The young man who had learned 

3773
03:27:42,700 --> 03:27:45,900
Sanskrit the teacher, who had 
revolutionized American 

3774
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:49,900
theoretical physics, the 
scientific administrator who had

3775
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:52,900
planned the Manhattan Project 
and the public intellectual who 

3776
03:27:52,900 --> 03:27:55,600
had wrestled with the moral 
implications of nuclear weapons.

3777
03:27:55,600 --> 03:27:57,900
Think about this, as you go to 
bed tonight? 

3778
03:27:57,900 --> 03:28:00,900
Intelligent people are still 
awake today because of the 

3779
03:28:00,900 --> 03:28:03,300
questions that kept Robert, 
Oppenheimer up at night. 

3780
03:28:03,300 --> 03:28:06,400
During his most trying times. 
How can we strike a balance 

3781
03:28:06,408 --> 03:28:09,300
between seeking knowledge and 
being concerned about its 

3782
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,000
implications? 
What obligations do 

3783
03:28:12,000 --> 03:28:15,100
professionals have to society 
and what obligations does 

3784
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:17,600
society have to uphold 
intellectual Freedom? 

3785
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:21,100
How do we make informed choices 
about technologies that have the

3786
03:28:21,100 --> 03:28:23,900
potential to drastically alter 
human civilization? 

3787
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:27,200
There are no simple answers to 
these questions in Robert's 

3788
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:29,900
life, but it does offer 
something perhaps more valuable.

3789
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:33,300
An example of how a thoughtful 
individual can wrestle with 

3790
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:36,300
moral complexity without 
slipping into either naive 

3791
03:28:36,300 --> 03:28:39,800
idealism, or cynicism, the man 
who assisted in the development 

3792
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:42,100
of nuclear weapons. 
Spent the remainder of his life,

3793
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:45,800
attempting to comprehend and 
explain the ramifications of his

3794
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:47,900
actions, never escaping 
responsibility. 

3795
03:28:47,900 --> 03:28:51,700
But also not letting guilt stop 
him from making further 

3796
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:54,600
contributions to the welfare and
knowledge of humanity. 

3797
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:57,600
Robert contributed to the 
creation of the atomic age, 

3798
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:01,200
which is still developing today.
Although nuclear weapons 

3799
03:29:01,200 --> 03:29:04,400
continue to pose a threat to 
human survival nuclear 

3800
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:07,300
technology. 
Also produces carbon free energy

3801
03:29:07,300 --> 03:29:09,900
and life-saving Medical 
Treatments. 

3802
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:13,200
The same scientific techniques. 
That uncovered the mysteries of 

3803
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:16,300
atomic structure are still 
producing new types of problems 

3804
03:29:16,300 --> 03:29:18,900
that we have. 
Not yet learned to predict all 

3805
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:21,600
that may provide answers to 
Humanity's biggest problems. 

3806
03:29:21,600 --> 03:29:24,600
Many of the same problems that 
Robert and his colleague's face 

3807
03:29:24,600 --> 03:29:28,000
during the Manhattan Project 
still face scientists today, who

3808
03:29:28,000 --> 03:29:30,600
are developing genetic 
engineering artificial 

3809
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:33,300
intelligence and other game 
changing Technologies. 

3810
03:29:33,300 --> 03:29:36,000
How do you continue potentially 
useful research? 

3811
03:29:36,000 --> 03:29:39,600
While being aware of its risks, 
how can one uphold scientific 

3812
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:42,000
objectivity while admitting 
moral obligations? 

3813
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:45,600
How do you explain complicated 
technical matters to the public 

3814
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:49,000
and political leaders who have 
to decide how these Technologies

3815
03:29:49,000 --> 03:29:52,000
should be developed and governed
Roberts example, implies that 

3816
03:29:52,000 --> 03:29:54,200
all though, there are no easy 
answers to these questions. 

3817
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:57,100
Anyone who chooses to work at 
the boundaries of human 

3818
03:29:57,100 --> 03:29:59,700
knowledge cannot avoid them 
conducting scientific. 

3819
03:30:00,000 --> 03:30:03,000
Search in a vacuum apart from 
social and political influences 

3820
03:30:03,000 --> 03:30:06,500
is not a morally neutral. 
Endeavor it occurs in human 

3821
03:30:06,500 --> 03:30:09,400
communities is supported by 
human institutions. 

3822
03:30:09,400 --> 03:30:12,600
And generates knowledge that can
be applied to both positive and 

3823
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:15,900
negative human goals. 
The young man who gathered rocks

3824
03:30:15,900 --> 03:30:20,100
out of Natural, Curiosity, grew 
up to realize that Curiosity no 

3825
03:30:20,100 --> 03:30:23,200
matter how pure its original 
motivation, always leads to 

3826
03:30:23,200 --> 03:30:25,400
power. 
And that power always raises 

3827
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:28,300
issues of responsibility. 
Perhaps the most distinctive 

3828
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:30,300
feature of the Contemporary 
scientific Endeavor. 

3829
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,300
Is this shift from naive or to 
moral complexity. 

3830
03:30:33,300 --> 03:30:36,900
But Roberts life also shows 
that, despite circumstances that

3831
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:39,600
could be used as an excuse for 
pessimism or hopelessness. 

3832
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:43,800
It is possible to preserve human
decency and intellectual 

3833
03:30:43,800 --> 03:30:46,300
Integrity. 
He never lost faith in the value

3834
03:30:46,300 --> 03:30:49,800
of seeking the truth, even if 
doing so resulted in knowledge, 

3835
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:52,000
that was dangerous. 
Even when his efforts were 

3836
03:30:52,000 --> 03:30:55,300
misinterpreted or dismissed by 
political authorities, he never 

3837
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:57,600
gave up on applying his 
knowledge to advance human 

3838
03:30:57,600 --> 03:31:00,100
welfare. 
According to the Sanskrit, Text 

3839
03:31:00,100 --> 03:31:03,100
Robert Hood, read as a Young 
Man, wisdom is the result of 

3840
03:31:03,100 --> 03:31:05,100
realizing how everything is 
interconnected. 

3841
03:31:05,100 --> 03:31:08,700
And the obligations that follow 
from that realization, he 

3842
03:31:08,700 --> 03:31:12,200
explored those ancient insights 
and applied them to contemporary

3843
03:31:12,200 --> 03:31:15,000
scientific knowledge throughout 
his career in a way. 

3844
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:18,700
Humans who acquire the ability 
to control these connections 

3845
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:22,000
take on responsibilities that go
well beyond their immediate 

3846
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:24,100
goals. 
The universe that physics 

3847
03:31:24,100 --> 03:31:27,000
reveals is in fact, 
interconnected at the most basic

3848
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:30,800
levels, as you fall asleep, you 
may have a dream about a slender

3849
03:31:30,800 --> 03:31:32,900
young man, standing on a Mason 
New Mexico. 

3850
03:31:32,900 --> 03:31:36,800
Witnessing the first artificial 
sunrise, over the desert and 

3851
03:31:36,800 --> 03:31:39,200
realizing that everything has 
changed forever. 

3852
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:42,300
All years later. 
You might dream of that same 

3853
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:45,100
person strolling through 
Princeton in the evening light. 

3854
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:48,500
Still thinking about issues of 
responsibility and knowledge 

3855
03:31:48,500 --> 03:31:51,900
that have no definitive answers 
but require constant 

3856
03:31:51,900 --> 03:31:54,800
consideration from anyone 
concerned with the future of 

3857
03:31:54,808 --> 03:31:58,000
human civilization even though 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

3858
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:00,800
more than 50 years ago, the 
issues he brought up are still 

3859
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:03,100
relevant today. 
Our world is shaped by 

3860
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:05,900
technological, advancements, and
scientific discoveries. 

3861
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:08,800
That would have seemed magical 
to earlier Generations. 

3862
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:11,900
The decisions we make about how 
to use these advancements. 

3863
03:32:11,900 --> 03:32:13,800
Will determine the kind of 
world. 

3864
03:32:13,800 --> 03:32:17,200
We leave for future Generations.
The legacy of the boy who 

3865
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:19,600
gathered rocks and went on to 
become the man who helped 

3866
03:32:19,600 --> 03:32:23,600
discover the secrets of the atom
is not a list of solutions, but 

3867
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:26,100
rather a dedication to 
continuing to ask the right 

3868
03:32:26,108 --> 03:32:28,900
questions with wisdom, bravery 
and humility. 

3869
03:32:28,900 --> 03:32:32,300
Remembering Roberts, example of 
how a thoughtful person can 

3870
03:32:32,300 --> 03:32:35,300
engage with moral complexity 
while maintaining both 

3871
03:32:35,300 --> 03:32:39,300
intellectual honesty and hope 
for human wisdom is crucial as 

3872
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:41,900
we grapple with the implications
of artificial intelligence, 

3873
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:45,800
climate change, genetic 
engineering and other trans 

3874
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:49,600
Technologies in our own time 
rest easy, knowing that 

3875
03:32:49,600 --> 03:32:52,600
somewhere tonight someone is 
sitting at a computer or working

3876
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:56,100
in a lab pushing the limits of 
human knowledge while grappling 

3877
03:32:56,100 --> 03:32:59,300
with issues of accountability 
and consequence that bind them 

3878
03:32:59,300 --> 03:33:02,800
across decades to a theoretical 
physicist who wants stood in the

3879
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:05,800
New Mexico desert and saw the 
world transformed in a burst of 

3880
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:07,900
artificial light, there are 
still questions. 

3881
03:33:07,900 --> 03:33:11,500
Each new generation takes on the
duty of interacting with them in

3882
03:33:11,508 --> 03:33:15,400
a thoughtful and brave manner. 
And the greatest hope for our 

3883
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:16,900
future. 
As a species may be found in 

3884
03:33:16,900 --> 03:33:20,200
that continuous dialogue between
human wisdom and curiosity. 

3885
03:33:28,000 --> 03:33:30,400
You know, that feeling when you 
wake up without an alarm 

3886
03:33:30,400 --> 03:33:33,600
naturally stirring, just as the 
first light creeps through your 

3887
03:33:33,600 --> 03:33:36,200
bedroom window. 
That's actually your body 

3888
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:38,100
remembering something incredibly
ancient. 

3889
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:40,800
Your ancestors didn't need 
smartphones. 

3890
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:43,800
Buzzing at 6:30 a.m. because 
they had something far more 

3891
03:33:43,800 --> 03:33:47,200
reliable, the sun itself and a 
deep understanding of how the 

3892
03:33:47,200 --> 03:33:49,800
world moves around. 
Them picture yourself living 

3893
03:33:49,800 --> 03:33:53,100
5,000 years ago. 
Imagine a world without clocks 

3894
03:33:53,100 --> 03:33:56,100
ticking on walls. 
Digital displays glowing in the 

3895
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:58,900
dark or scheduling apps. 
Reminding you about meetings. 

3896
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:03,900
Instead, you would awaken to the
sound of the roosters crow, a 

3897
03:34:03,900 --> 03:34:06,300
reminder that people actually 
kept roosters as their own 

3898
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:09,800
personal alarm clocks. 
The internal Timing System of 

3899
03:34:09,800 --> 03:34:12,700
these, birds is so precise that 
they would Crow at nearly the 

3900
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:15,700
same time every morning within a
few minutes variation. 

3901
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:17,600
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

3902
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:20,300
You wouldn't think? 
Oh, it's six 15. 

3903
03:34:20,300 --> 03:34:23,400
Mm. 
You'd think the sun is one hands

3904
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:26,300
with the Horizon. 
All the Shadows are three times 

3905
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:29,700
longer than my height. 
Ancient people measured Time by 

3906
03:34:29,700 --> 03:34:32,500
observing the world around them 
and they became incredibly 

3907
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:35,700
skilled at reading these natural
signals in ancient Egypt 

3908
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:36,900
priesthood. 
Watch for the moment. 

3909
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:39,800
When certain Stars appeared on 
the horizon Just Before Dawn, 

3910
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:43,800
they called these Deacon stars 
and they divided the Knight into

3911
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:45,500
segments based on which stars 
were visible. 

3912
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:48,700
It wasn't just about knowing 
when to wake up, it was about 

3913
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,000
understanding the rhythm of the 
universe itself. 

3914
03:34:52,500 --> 03:34:55,300
Your ancestors approximately 200
Generations. 

3915
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,100
Back had to be time, experts out
of necessity. 

3916
03:34:59,000 --> 03:35:02,500
Farmers needed to know when to 
plant and harvest Sailors needed

3917
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,900
to navigate by the Stars, 
religious ceremonies had to 

3918
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:09,500
happen at specific moments. 
Missing the right time, could 

3919
03:35:09,500 --> 03:35:11,700
mean the difference between a 
successful Harvest and 

3920
03:35:11,700 --> 03:35:15,200
starvation, or between safely, 
reaching port and becoming lost 

3921
03:35:15,200 --> 03:35:17,700
at sea. 
The funny thing is they were 

3922
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:21,000
probably better at telling time 
than you are right now without a

3923
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:22,600
watch. 
Could you tell if it's close to 

3924
03:35:22,600 --> 03:35:25,000
2 p.m. or 4 p.m. just by looking
around? 

3925
03:35:26,300 --> 03:35:29,700
Ancient people could estimate 
time within minutes, just by 

3926
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:32,400
glancing at Shadows or noticing,
which birds were singing. 

3927
03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:36,100
They didn't just track out as 
they understood Seasons with 

3928
03:35:36,100 --> 03:35:38,900
Incredible precision. 
They knew that when the player 

3929
03:35:38,900 --> 03:35:41,900
dies star cluster appeared at a 
certain angle, it was time to 

3930
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:45,600
start preparing for winter. 
When specific flowers bloomed, 

3931
03:35:45,600 --> 03:35:48,100
it meant the reins would come in
exactly three weeks. 

3932
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:52,200
Such information wasn't 
Superstition, it was accumulated

3933
03:35:52,200 --> 03:35:54,900
knowledge, passed down through 
generations, of careful 

3934
03:35:54,900 --> 03:35:58,200
observation, imagine living so 
connected to Natural rhythms 

3935
03:35:58,200 --> 03:36:00,500
that you could sense. 
Time in your bones. 

3936
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:04,200
You'd wake up naturally Before 
Dawn work during the productive 

3937
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:07,700
hours, when light was good rest 
during the heat of midday and 

3938
03:36:07,700 --> 03:36:11,800
settle into evening activities 
as the sun began to set, Your 

3939
03:36:11,800 --> 03:36:15,100
body would be synchronized with 
the earth rotation in a way that

3940
03:36:15,100 --> 03:36:16,700
modern people can barely 
imagine. 

3941
03:36:17,600 --> 03:36:20,400
The ancient Chinese divided day 
and night in to 12 period. 

3942
03:36:20,400 --> 03:36:24,000
Each lasting about two hours. 
But instead of numbers they 

3943
03:36:24,000 --> 03:36:27,700
named these periods after 
animals, the hour of the rat, 11

3944
03:36:27,700 --> 03:36:31,300
p.m. to 1 a.m. 
Yar of the ox one a.m. to 3 a.m.

3945
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,600
And so on each animal 
represented the time when that 

3946
03:36:34,600 --> 03:36:38,200
creature was most active, it's 
practical and poetic at the same

3947
03:36:38,200 --> 03:36:42,000
time very different from our 
cold numerical approach to time.

3948
03:36:42,700 --> 03:36:44,300
What strikes you most about 
ancient? 

3949
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:47,700
Timekeeping isn't just how they 
did it but how relaxed they were

3950
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:51,200
about precision. 
If someone said meet me when the

3951
03:36:51,200 --> 03:36:54,900
sun is halfway to its highest 
point, everyone understood this 

3952
03:36:54,900 --> 03:36:57,500
might vary by 10 or 15 minutes 
depending on the season. 

3953
03:36:57,500 --> 03:37:00,300
The weather will simply how 
carefully you are paying 

3954
03:37:00,300 --> 03:37:04,300
attention. 
Time was fluid natural and 

3955
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:07,700
forgiving. 
The system wasn't primitive, it 

3956
03:37:07,700 --> 03:37:10,600
was sophisticated in ways. 
We've forgotten, they built 

3957
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:13,700
entire civilizations using 
nothing but careful, observation

3958
03:37:13,700 --> 03:37:17,400
of natural patterns And somehow 
they manage to coordinate 

3959
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:20,700
complex, societies plan, 
elaborate constructions, and 

3960
03:37:20,700 --> 03:37:23,600
maintain religious calendars, 
that were accurate to cross 

3961
03:37:23,600 --> 03:37:26,000
centuries. 
As you drift towards sleep 

3962
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:29,600
tonight, your participating in 
the same daily Rhythm that has 

3963
03:37:29,600 --> 03:37:31,500
guided humans for thousands of 
years. 

3964
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:35,500
Your body knows it's time to 
rest, just as it has always 

3965
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:37,200
known. 
Let's talk about the most 

3966
03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:39,900
obvious time. 
Keeping your ancestors, used the

3967
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:43,200
Sun, but they didn't just notice
that it Rose and set. 

3968
03:37:43,200 --> 03:37:47,400
They became experts at reading. 
The sun's position understanding

3969
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:50,500
its moods and predicting Its 
Behavior with startling 

3970
03:37:50,500 --> 03:37:53,100
accuracy. 
You've probably noticed that the

3971
03:37:53,100 --> 03:37:56,800
sun doesn't rise in exactly the 
same spot every day during the 

3972
03:37:56,800 --> 03:37:58,900
summer. 
It rises further north and 

3973
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:02,900
travels higher across the sky. 
In Winter, it rises further 

3974
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:06,700
south, and stays lower. 
Ancient people not only noticed 

3975
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:10,100
this, they used it as a 
sophisticated calendar system, 

3976
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:13,100
the ancient Egyptians built 
their entire civilization 

3977
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:14,900
around, the sun's annual 
Journey. 

3978
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:18,900
They knew that when the sun rose
at its northernmost point, the 

3979
03:38:18,900 --> 03:38:21,200
Nile River would flood in 
exactly 60 days. 

3980
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:25,500
This wasn't magic, it was 
careful observation refined over

3981
03:38:25,500 --> 03:38:29,200
centuries, they could predict 
the flooding so accurately that 

3982
03:38:29,200 --> 03:38:32,000
they plan their entire 
agricultural year around it. 

3983
03:38:33,100 --> 03:38:35,900
But here's what's really clever,
they didn't just watch where the

3984
03:38:35,900 --> 03:38:39,400
sun rose, they watched Shadows, 
you know how your Shadow is 

3985
03:38:39,400 --> 03:38:41,000
short at noon and long in the 
morning. 

3986
03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:44,700
And evening, ancient people turn
this practice into a precise 

3987
03:38:44,700 --> 03:38:47,200
timekeeping system. 
They'd place a stick in the 

3988
03:38:47,208 --> 03:38:50,700
ground and Mark where its shadow
fell throughout the day after 

3989
03:38:50,700 --> 03:38:54,000
doing this for just a few days. 
They could tell time by glancing

3990
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:57,600
at the Shadows length and 
direction The Babylonians 

3991
03:38:57,600 --> 03:39:01,300
enthusiastically adopted this 
concept, they created the first 

3992
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:06,400
sundials around 3,500 BCE but 
these were the fancy sundials. 

3993
03:39:06,400 --> 03:39:09,800
You might see in gardens today. 
They were simple stones with 

3994
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:13,400
lines marked around them. 
Shadow of a central stick would 

3995
03:39:13,400 --> 03:39:16,600
fall across different lines as 
the day progressed, it was like 

3996
03:39:16,600 --> 03:39:19,100
having a clock that worked 
perfectly as long as the Sun was

3997
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:21,600
shining. 
What's amusing is that different

3998
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:24,400
cultures developed completely 
different ways of dividing 

3999
03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:27,200
daylight. 
The Egyptians divided the day 

4000
03:39:27,200 --> 03:39:31,300
into 12 Parts, but these weren't
equal hours summer hours, were 

4001
03:39:31,300 --> 03:39:34,200
longer than winter hours because
there was more Daylight to 

4002
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:36,600
divide. 
Imagine if your work day was 

4003
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:40,300
naturally longer in summer and 
shorter in Winter actually that 

4004
03:39:40,300 --> 03:39:42,900
sounds rather nice. 
Ancient people in Northern 

4005
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:44,900
climates, had to be even more 
creative. 

4006
03:39:44,900 --> 03:39:48,600
During their Long Winter nights,
the sun barely appeared above 

4007
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:51,200
the horizon. 
They learned to read the quality

4008
03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:52,900
of light with Incredible 
subtlety. 

4009
03:39:52,900 --> 03:39:56,300
They could tell the difference 
between first light when the sky

4010
03:39:56,300 --> 03:40:00,700
begins to lighten Sunrise when 
the sun's Edge appears and Son, 

4011
03:40:00,700 --> 03:40:05,400
clear when the full sun is 
visible, each of these moments 

4012
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:08,100
happened at predictable 
intervals, giving them a natural

4013
03:40:08,100 --> 03:40:11,100
morning schedule. 
The ancient Greeks made a 

4014
03:40:11,100 --> 03:40:13,200
fascinating discovery about 
shadows and time. 

4015
03:40:13,900 --> 03:40:16,200
They learned that your noon 
Shadow could tell you the date 

4016
03:40:16,200 --> 03:40:18,900
during the summer. 
Solstice your noon Shadow is 

4017
03:40:18,900 --> 03:40:21,200
shortest during the winter 
solstice. 

4018
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:24,600
Its longest every day in 
between, your shadows are 

4019
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:27,200
slightly different lengths. 
They essentially turned their 

4020
03:40:27,200 --> 03:40:30,000
bodies into calendar systems. 
Here's something that might 

4021
03:40:30,000 --> 03:40:33,300
surprise, you ancient people 
were obsessed with finding true.

4022
03:40:33,300 --> 03:40:37,000
North They understood that true.
North was crucial for precise 

4023
03:40:37,000 --> 03:40:40,600
timekeeping not because they 
possessed compasses, they'd 

4024
03:40:40,600 --> 03:40:43,700
spend hours observing the Stars 
noting where the sun rose and 

4025
03:40:43,700 --> 03:40:46,100
set and finding that perfect 
north-south line. 

4026
03:40:46,900 --> 03:40:49,800
Once they had it, they could 
create timekeeping systems that 

4027
03:40:49,800 --> 03:40:53,000
worked year, round the ancient 
Indians developed, something 

4028
03:40:53,000 --> 03:40:57,000
called Gatica time, where each 
day was divided into 60 parts. 

4029
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:01,700
But instead of using mechanical 
devices they used water, they'd 

4030
03:41:01,700 --> 03:41:04,600
float, a small bowl with a hole 
in the bottom in a larger 

4031
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:08,100
container of water. the small 
bowl would sink after exactly 

4032
03:41:08,100 --> 03:41:13,400
one gutier about 24 minutes, it 
was simple accurate and worked 

4033
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:16,500
regardless of whether Sunbase 
time keeping wasn't just 

4034
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:19,500
practical, it was deeply 
spiritual for many cultures. 

4035
03:41:20,700 --> 03:41:23,400
The ancient Persians believed 
that observing, the sun's daily 

4036
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:27,000
Journey was a form of prayer. 
They'd perform specific rituals 

4037
03:41:27,000 --> 03:41:30,400
at Sunrise noon and sunset 
turning time keeping into a 

4038
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:32,800
religious practice. 
Time wasn't just about 

4039
03:41:32,800 --> 03:41:35,300
scheduling, there was about 
connecting with the Divine 

4040
03:41:35,300 --> 03:41:37,900
Rhythm of the universe. 
You have to admire their 

4041
03:41:37,900 --> 03:41:39,700
patience and attention to 
detail. 

4042
03:41:40,500 --> 03:41:43,800
They'd spend years carefully. 
Observing how Shadows moved, how

4043
03:41:43,800 --> 03:41:46,900
light changed, and how the sun's
path shifted through the 

4044
03:41:46,900 --> 03:41:49,400
seasons. 
They created amazingly accurate 

4045
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:52,000
systems, using nothing but 
careful, observation and simple 

4046
03:41:52,000 --> 03:41:55,100
tools. 
No batteries required, no 

4047
03:41:55,100 --> 03:41:59,400
digital displays, no software 
updates, just the Eternal dance 

4048
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:01,900
between Earth and Sun. 
Once the sun set, your 

4049
03:42:01,900 --> 03:42:03,700
ancestors, didn't just give up 
on time. 

4050
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:06,700
Keeping, they looked up at the 
night sky and saw the most 

4051
03:42:06,700 --> 03:42:10,800
magnificent clock face, ever 
created, the Stars became their 

4052
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:14,400
nighttime, timepiece, and they 
developed ways of reading Stella

4053
03:42:14,400 --> 03:42:15,600
time. 
That would impress modern 

4054
03:42:15,600 --> 03:42:18,300
astronomers. 
You probably know the North Star

4055
03:42:18,300 --> 03:42:21,000
but did you know that ancient 
people used it as the center of 

4056
03:42:21,000 --> 03:42:24,200
a giant Cosmic clock? 
They noticed that all the other 

4057
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:26,200
stars seem to rotate around this
one. 

4058
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:29,200
Fixed point. 
By watching how far the Big 

4059
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:31,100
Dipper had rotated around the 
North Star. 

4060
03:42:31,100 --> 03:42:34,100
They could tell exactly what 
time it was during the night. 

4061
03:42:34,100 --> 03:42:37,800
It was like, having our markers 
painted across the entire sky. 

4062
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:41,500
The ancient Egyptians were 
particularly skilled at Stella 

4063
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:45,300
timekeeping they identified 36 
special stars that they called 

4064
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:48,300
deacons. 
He Stars would rise Just Before 

4065
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:50,600
Dawn in a predictable sequence 
throughout the year. 

4066
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:53,300
By knowing which Deacon star was
Rising. 

4067
03:42:53,300 --> 03:42:56,600
They could tell, not just the 
time of night but also what day 

4068
03:42:56,600 --> 03:43:00,100
of the year it was imagine being
able to look up and instantly 

4069
03:43:00,100 --> 03:43:03,400
know both the time and the date.
But here's where it gets really 

4070
03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:05,300
interesting. 
Different cultures saw 

4071
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:07,500
completely different patterns in
the same Stars. 

4072
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:11,800
The ancient Chinese didn't see a
big dipper, they saw a northern 

4073
03:43:11,800 --> 03:43:13,000
Dipper. 
That was part of a larger 

4074
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:15,000
pattern called the black totes 
of the North. 

4075
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:18,500
The ancient Arabs observed 
mourners following a coffin. 

4076
03:43:19,100 --> 03:43:22,300
The ancient Greeks divided the 
night sky into 48 constellations

4077
03:43:22,300 --> 03:43:25,400
each with its own story and 
timing significance. 

4078
03:43:26,200 --> 03:43:28,400
The ancient Greeks took 
star-watching to almost 

4079
03:43:28,400 --> 03:43:32,100
obsessive levels. 
They divided the night sky into 

4080
03:43:32,100 --> 03:43:36,400
48 constellations each with its 
story and timing significance. 

4081
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:40,000
They knew that when Orion was 
directly overhead, it was the 

4082
03:43:40,000 --> 03:43:43,100
middle of winter. 
When Scorpius dominated the sky 

4083
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:46,600
summer was at its peak, they 
essentially turned pathology 

4084
03:43:46,600 --> 03:43:49,400
into a calendar system. 
Here's something that might 

4085
03:43:49,400 --> 03:43:51,700
Amaze. 
You ancient people could predict

4086
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:55,400
a clip's with remarkable 
accuracy sometimes centuries in 

4087
03:43:55,400 --> 03:43:57,700
advance. 
They didn't understand the 

4088
03:43:57,700 --> 03:44:00,800
scientific reasons behind 
eclipse's but they recognize the

4089
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:02,900
patterns. 
They knew that if there was a 

4090
03:44:02,900 --> 03:44:06,300
lunar eclipse on a certain date,
the next one would occur exactly

4091
03:44:06,300 --> 03:44:09,900
18 years 11 days and eight hours
later. 

4092
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:13,900
The ancient Babylonians 
discovered this period known as 

4093
03:44:13,900 --> 03:44:19,400
a Sardar cycle around 2000, BC. 
Ancient Polynesians develops, 

4094
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:22,500
the most sophisticated Stella 
navigation system ever created. 

4095
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:26,200
They could sail across thousands
of miles of open ocean using 

4096
03:44:26,200 --> 03:44:29,000
nothing but the Stars ocean 
swells and wind patterns. 

4097
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:32,900
They knew hundreds of star names
and could tell their exact 

4098
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:36,600
position on the Pacific, Ocean 
by identifying, which stars were

4099
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:39,800
directly overhead. 
These weren't just Sailors, they

4100
03:44:39,800 --> 03:44:43,300
were living star charts. what's 
fascinating is how they dealt 

4101
03:44:43,300 --> 03:44:46,700
with cloudy nights, ancient 
people and cloudy climates 

4102
03:44:46,700 --> 03:44:50,100
developed backup systems for 
Stella time keeping They'd 

4103
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:52,800
listen to the sounds of 
nocturnal animals, which tend to

4104
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:54,800
be active at specific times of 
night. 

4105
03:44:55,600 --> 03:44:58,400
They'd observe the behavior of 
their domestic animals, which 

4106
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:00,500
often have predictable 
nighttime, routines. 

4107
03:45:01,300 --> 03:45:03,800
They'd even notice subtle 
changes in air temperature, in 

4108
03:45:03,800 --> 03:45:07,100
humidity, that occur at regular 
intervals throughout the night. 

4109
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:11,900
The ancient Mayans built entire 
cities aligned with Stellar 

4110
03:45:11,900 --> 03:45:14,200
events. 
They knew that Venus appears as 

4111
03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:17,000
both a Morning Star and an 
evening star in a predictable 

4112
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:21,400
584 day cycle. 
They used this cycled plan wars 

4113
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:23,400
ceremonies and agricultural 
activities. 

4114
03:45:24,200 --> 03:45:27,000
Their calendar was so accurate 
that it's only off by about two 

4115
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:29,400
minutes per year. 
More precise than the calendar 

4116
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:32,500
we use today. 
Ancient people also noticed that

4117
03:45:32,500 --> 03:45:34,600
the Stars change position 
throughout the year. 

4118
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:37,900
The constellation visible at 
midnight in January would be 

4119
03:45:37,900 --> 03:45:40,500
completely different from the 
one visible at midnight in July,

4120
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:44,000
they use this Stellar seasonal 
change as a long-term calendar 

4121
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:47,000
Farmers would know to plant 
crops when certain Stars 

4122
03:45:47,000 --> 03:45:50,300
appeared at dusk and harvest 
when those same Stars appeared 

4123
03:45:50,300 --> 03:45:53,200
at dawn, the ancient Chinese 
developed a system where they 

4124
03:45:53,208 --> 03:45:55,600
divided the sky into 28 
Mansions. 

4125
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:58,400
Each representing a different 
day of their lunar month. 

4126
03:45:59,200 --> 03:46:02,400
As the moon moved through the 
Stellar Mansions, it provided a 

4127
03:46:02,400 --> 03:46:06,000
natural calendar that combined 
timekeeping with astronomical 

4128
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:08,900
observation, they could tell you
the date and the Moon's phase 

4129
03:46:08,900 --> 03:46:11,800
next week. 
Perhaps most remarkably ancient 

4130
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:15,000
people understood that the Stars
themselves were slowly moving. 

4131
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:17,800
They realized that the North 
Star wouldn't always be the 

4132
03:46:17,800 --> 03:46:20,000
north star that the 
constellation patterns were 

4133
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:23,700
gradually shifting. 
This knowledge called precession

4134
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:27,000
shows just how careful they were
observing the night sky over 

4135
03:46:27,000 --> 03:46:30,600
Generations when clouds covered 
the sun and stars your ancestors

4136
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,800
didn't just shrug and give up on
time keeping they got creative. 

4137
03:46:33,800 --> 03:46:36,900
They discovered that time could 
be measured by watching water 

4138
03:46:36,900 --> 03:46:40,400
drip sandfall or even by 
observing how long it took 

4139
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:43,300
certain things to burn these 
inventions were the world's 

4140
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:47,600
first, truly portable clocks, 
the water clock or clip, Sidra 

4141
03:46:47,600 --> 03:46:50,900
was probably the most ingenious 
timekeeping device of the 

4142
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:54,000
ancient world. 
Picture a large container with a

4143
03:46:54,008 --> 03:46:57,600
small hole in the bottom. water,
would drip out at a steady rate 

4144
03:46:57,600 --> 03:47:00,900
and you could tell time by 
seeing how much water remained 

4145
03:47:02,100 --> 03:47:06,700
The ancient Egyptians used these
as early as 3400 BCE and they 

4146
03:47:06,700 --> 03:47:09,800
were surprisingly accurate. 
Trick was getting the hole. 

4147
03:47:09,800 --> 03:47:14,000
Exactly the right size too. 
Big and the water rushed out too

4148
03:47:14,000 --> 03:47:17,200
small and it barely dripped. 
But here's what's clever they 

4149
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:18,800
realized that water flows 
faster. 

4150
03:47:18,800 --> 03:47:21,600
When there's more pressure which
means a full container would 

4151
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:23,400
empty faster than a nearly empty
one. 

4152
03:47:23,400 --> 03:47:26,700
So they designed containers with
special shapes that compensated 

4153
03:47:26,700 --> 03:47:29,900
for this some were shaped like 
flower pots wide. 

4154
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:32,900
At the top than the bottom 
others had complex, internal 

4155
03:47:32,900 --> 03:47:36,100
mechanisms that kept the water 
pressure constant, these were 

4156
03:47:36,100 --> 03:47:38,900
not just functional, they were 
works of art decorated with 

4157
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:42,700
intricate carvings and religious
symbols The ancient Babylonians 

4158
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:44,600
Advanced water clocks 
significantly. 

4159
03:47:45,400 --> 03:47:48,600
Created elaborate systems with 
multiple containers, floating 

4160
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:51,800
indicators. 
And even alarm mechanisms some 

4161
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:55,800
contract not just hours. 
But so days and weeks they'd set

4162
03:47:55,808 --> 03:47:58,400
up a series of containers that 
would empty into each other in 

4163
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:01,300
sequence, creating a kind of 
liquid calendar system. 

4164
03:48:02,200 --> 03:48:06,300
Sand clocks or hourglasses came 
later, but were incredibly 

4165
03:48:06,300 --> 03:48:10,000
practical. 
Unlike water sand Flows at a 

4166
03:48:10,000 --> 03:48:12,900
completely consistent rate, 
regardless of temperature or 

4167
03:48:12,900 --> 03:48:15,300
humidity. 
Ancient people discovered that 

4168
03:48:15,300 --> 03:48:18,500
by using very fine sand and 
carefully calibrated openings, 

4169
03:48:18,500 --> 03:48:21,400
they could create remarkably 
accurate timing devices. 

4170
03:48:21,400 --> 03:48:24,400
The sand had to be perfectly dry
and uniform. 

4171
03:48:24,400 --> 03:48:27,200
They'd sometimes spend hours 
sifting sand through 

4172
03:48:27,200 --> 03:48:29,400
increasingly fine, meshes to get
the right consistency. 

4173
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:33,100
Different cultures developed 
unique approaches to sand, 

4174
03:48:33,100 --> 03:48:36,600
timekeeping The ancient Chinese 
use, not just sand, but also 

4175
03:48:36,600 --> 03:48:40,300
powdered marble crushed, 
eggshells, and even finely 

4176
03:48:40,300 --> 03:48:43,700
ground tea leaves. 
Each material had different flow

4177
03:48:43,700 --> 03:48:46,700
characteristics, allowing them 
to create timers for different 

4178
03:48:46,700 --> 03:48:48,600
purposes. 
A tea time. 

4179
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:51,700
A might run for exactly the time
needed to properly steep leaves 

4180
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:54,600
while a marble timer might track
longer periods. 

4181
03:48:54,600 --> 03:48:57,800
Here's something that might 
amuse, you, the ancient Romans 

4182
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:01,400
used candle clocks for 
nighttime, keeping they'd Mark, 

4183
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:05,300
regular intervals on candles and
as the wax burned down, they 

4184
03:49:05,300 --> 03:49:06,900
could tell how much time had 
passed. 

4185
03:49:07,700 --> 03:49:10,400
But they quickly discovered that
candles burn at different rates 

4186
03:49:10,400 --> 03:49:13,400
depending on air, currents, 
temperature, and the quality of 

4187
03:49:13,400 --> 03:49:16,100
the wax. 
So they created elaborate candle

4188
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:19,200
holders that protected the flame
from drafts and kept the burning

4189
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:22,400
rate consistent. 
The ancient Chinese refined 

4190
03:49:22,400 --> 03:49:24,500
candle timekeeping into a 
sophisticated art. 

4191
03:49:24,500 --> 03:49:28,100
They created special incense 
sticks that burned a precisely 

4192
03:49:28,100 --> 03:49:31,600
controlled rates, some were 
designed to burn for exactly two

4193
03:49:31,600 --> 03:49:35,500
hours, others for 12 hours. 
They'd embed small bells or 

4194
03:49:35,508 --> 03:49:38,600
chimes in the incense sticks. 
So when the incense burned down 

4195
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,600
to a certain point, the Bell 
would drop and create an alarm. 

4196
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:45,300
Imagine waking up to the gentle 
time of a bell that had been 

4197
03:49:45,308 --> 03:49:47,300
timed by the slow burning of 
fragrant. 

4198
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:51,000
Incense ancient people also used
their bodies as timing devices. 

4199
03:49:51,000 --> 03:49:54,300
They knew that a healthy 
person's pulse Beats at a fairly

4200
03:49:54,300 --> 03:49:56,700
consistent rate. 
So they could estimate short 

4201
03:49:56,700 --> 03:49:58,700
periods of time by counting 
heartbeats. 

4202
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,700
They discovered that it takes 
about the same amount of time to

4203
03:50:01,700 --> 03:50:05,400
recite certain prayers or poems.
So religious texts became timing

4204
03:50:05,400 --> 03:50:07,800
tools. 
A priest might know that a 

4205
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:10,900
particular chant lasted, exactly
long enough for a water clock to

4206
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:13,700
empty one level. 
The ancient Indians developed 

4207
03:50:13,700 --> 03:50:16,100
something called Gusty 
measurements using floating 

4208
03:50:16,100 --> 03:50:18,500
bowls. 
They'd play some metal bowl with

4209
03:50:18,500 --> 03:50:21,600
a tiny hole in the bottle into a
larger container of water. 

4210
03:50:21,600 --> 03:50:26,100
The bowl would slowly fill and 
sink, taking exactly, 24 

4211
03:50:26,100 --> 03:50:29,400
minutes. 
One Gotti by using multiple 

4212
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:32,600
bowls of different sizes, they 
could create complex Timing 

4213
03:50:32,600 --> 03:50:35,400
Systems that tracked everything 
from minutes to months. 

4214
03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:38,700
What's remarkable is? 
How accurate these ancient 

4215
03:50:38,700 --> 03:50:43,200
timing devices were Modern tests
of reconstructed, ancient water 

4216
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:46,100
clocks, show that they were 
often accurate to within a few 

4217
03:50:46,108 --> 03:50:49,900
minutes over a 12-hour period. 
That's impressive Precision for 

4218
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,400
devices made with simple tools 
and materials they achieved this

4219
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:55,600
accuracy. 
Through careful experimentation 

4220
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:59,000
precise craftsmanship and 
generations of refinement. 

4221
03:50:59,700 --> 03:51:02,400
Ancient people also understood 
that different situations 

4222
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:06,300
require different timing tools. 
Water, clocks were perfect for 

4223
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:08,100
daytime use but could freeze in 
Winter. 

4224
03:51:08,100 --> 03:51:11,400
Although they functioned in all 
where the conditions, sand 

4225
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:13,600
Clocks Were delicate and 
susceptible to humidity 

4226
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:17,200
fluctuations. 
Candle clocks while effective at

4227
03:51:17,208 --> 03:51:19,900
night, proved in effect in windy
conditions. 

4228
03:51:19,900 --> 03:51:22,900
So they developed multiple 
systems and used whichever 

4229
03:51:22,900 --> 03:51:25,900
worked best for their immediate 
needs, your ancestors, 

4230
03:51:25,900 --> 03:51:29,500
understood something that modern
people often, forget time isn't 

4231
03:51:29,500 --> 03:51:32,800
just about hours and minutes, it
encompasses the concepts of 

4232
03:51:32,800 --> 03:51:34,200
Seasons. 
Cycle's. 

4233
03:51:34,200 --> 03:51:37,600
And the Perpetual rotation of 
the year They developed 

4234
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:41,200
sophisticated ways of tracking 
long-term time that connected 

4235
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:44,700
daily life with the grand 
patterns of nature, the ancient 

4236
03:51:44,700 --> 03:51:47,600
Health did not perceive time as 
a linear progression from the 

4237
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:51,100
past to the Future. 
They saw it as a spiral where 

4238
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:54,100
similar events happened 
repeatedly, but never exactly 

4239
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:57,100
the same way twice. 
They divided their year in to 

4240
03:51:57,100 --> 03:52:00,400
eight, major festivals, each 
marking an important shift in 

4241
03:52:00,400 --> 03:52:03,400
the natural world. 
Samayan marked, the beginning of

4242
03:52:03,408 --> 03:52:06,700
winter in bulk celebrated, the 
first stirrings of spring, 

4243
03:52:06,700 --> 03:52:10,000
Beltane welcomed the fertility 
of early summer, and so on. 

4244
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:14,000
These weren't just parties. 
They were precise markers in a 

4245
03:52:14,000 --> 03:52:17,700
complex calendar system. 
Ancient people became experts at

4246
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:20,100
reading the subtle signs that 
told them where they were in the

4247
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:23,300
seasonal cycle, they knew that 
when oak leaves were the size of

4248
03:52:23,300 --> 03:52:25,400
Mouse ears. 
It was time to plant corn. 

4249
03:52:26,800 --> 03:52:29,800
When the first Cricket started 
chirping summer was exactly six 

4250
03:52:29,800 --> 03:52:33,600
weeks away when certain Birds 
began their migration winter 

4251
03:52:33,600 --> 03:52:35,700
would arrive in precisely 43 
days. 

4252
03:52:35,700 --> 03:52:39,700
Such knowledge wasn't folklore, 
it was accumulated scientific 

4253
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:43,400
observation passed down through 
generation the ancient Egyptians

4254
03:52:43,400 --> 03:52:46,100
built their entire civilization 
around the annual flooding of 

4255
03:52:46,100 --> 03:52:48,500
the Nile River. 
They knew that when the star 

4256
03:52:48,500 --> 03:52:51,800
serious appeared Just Before 
Dawn, the flood would begin in 

4257
03:52:51,800 --> 03:52:55,000
exactly 70 days. 
They could predict the floods 

4258
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:57,600
timing height duration and 
receding time. 

4259
03:52:58,300 --> 03:53:01,000
This knowledge was so valuable 
that the priests who made the 

4260
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:03,600
calendar were among the most 
powerful people in Egyptian 

4261
03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:05,500
Society. 
Here's something. 

4262
03:53:05,500 --> 03:53:09,100
Fascinating ancient people 
understood that the length of 

4263
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:12,600
daylight changes throughout the 
year but they use this change as

4264
03:53:12,600 --> 03:53:15,800
a precise timing mechanism. 
They knew that on the summer 

4265
03:53:15,800 --> 03:53:19,600
solstice the day would be 
exactly 14 hours and 52 minutes 

4266
03:53:19,600 --> 03:53:22,000
long at their latitude on the 
winter. 

4267
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:25,400
Solstice it would be nine hours 
and 8 minutes every day in 

4268
03:53:25,400 --> 03:53:28,300
between the length of daylight 
Changed by a predictable amount.

4269
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:31,600
They could tell you the exact 
date just by measuring how long 

4270
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:34,500
the sun was visible. 
The ancient Chinese developed 

4271
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:38,100
the most complex calendar system
in human history, they combined 

4272
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:42,100
solar observations lunar phases,
and star positions into a 

4273
03:53:42,108 --> 03:53:44,500
calendar that tracked not just 
days and years. 

4274
03:53:44,500 --> 03:53:48,000
But also 60 years cycles and 
even longer periods. 

4275
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:52,200
They believe that time moved in 
nested Cycles days within months

4276
03:53:52,200 --> 03:53:56,400
months within Years Years within
decades, decades within 

4277
03:53:56,400 --> 03:54:00,100
centuries and so on. 
The calendar was so 

4278
03:54:00,100 --> 03:54:02,800
sophisticated that it still used
today for determining 

4279
03:54:02,800 --> 03:54:06,300
traditional Chinese holidays. 
Ancient people also understood 

4280
03:54:06,300 --> 03:54:08,600
that different activities should
happen at different times of 

4281
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:10,800
year. 
The ancient Greeks knew that 

4282
03:54:10,800 --> 03:54:14,200
certain crop should be planted 
when specific Stars appeared. 

4283
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:17,300
That wine should be made when 
the moon was in a particular 

4284
03:54:17,300 --> 03:54:20,200
phase that important decision 
should be made During certain 

4285
03:54:20,200 --> 03:54:22,900
seasons. 
They didn't just track time, 

4286
03:54:22,900 --> 03:54:25,200
they used it to optimize their 
daily lives. 

4287
03:54:25,200 --> 03:54:27,900
The ancient Mayans created a 
calendar system. 

4288
03:54:27,900 --> 03:54:30,300
That was more accurate than 
anything Europeans had at the 

4289
03:54:30,308 --> 03:54:36,700
time, they calculated that a 
year was 365.242 days long, 

4290
03:54:36,700 --> 03:54:41,900
remarkably close to the modern 
measurement of 365.242 days. 

4291
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:46,400
They could predict eclipses of 
years, in advance the new 

4292
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:49,100
exactly when Venus would appear 
as a morning star or evening 

4293
03:54:49,100 --> 03:54:52,000
star. 
Their calendar was so precise 

4294
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,200
that it's off by only about one 
day, every 5,000 years. 

4295
03:54:56,000 --> 03:54:59,100
What's remarkable is, how they 
coordinated these complex Timing

4296
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:02,000
Systems across entire 
civilizations. 

4297
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:06,900
The ancient Romans had officials
called pontificis whose job was 

4298
03:55:06,900 --> 03:55:09,300
to maintain the calendar and 
announce important dates. 

4299
03:55:10,000 --> 03:55:12,800
They travel throughout the 
empire in the everyone was 

4300
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:15,900
celebrating festivals on the 
same days and planting crops at 

4301
03:55:15,900 --> 03:55:18,800
the optimal time. 
This required, incredible 

4302
03:55:18,800 --> 03:55:21,700
organization and communication 
across vast distances. 

4303
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:25,100
Ancient people. 
Also, used recurring natural 

4304
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:27,400
events as long-term timing 
markers. 

4305
03:55:28,200 --> 03:55:30,900
They knew that Certain comets 
appeared every 76 years. 

4306
03:55:30,900 --> 03:55:34,100
That particular meteor showers 
happened annually on specific 

4307
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:37,500
dates and the unusual weather 
patterns followed predictable 

4308
03:55:37,500 --> 03:55:40,200
Cycles. 
The ancient Babylonians kept 

4309
03:55:40,200 --> 03:55:41,600
detailed records of these 
events. 

4310
03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:45,300
Creating databases that help 
them predict future occurrences.

4311
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:50,100
The ancient Indians developed 
the concept of yugas vast cycles

4312
03:55:50,100 --> 03:55:51,900
of time, that lasted thousands 
of years. 

4313
03:55:51,900 --> 03:55:55,600
They believed that time moved in
great epoxy each with its 

4314
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:59,100
characteristics and duration. 
While such an approach might 

4315
03:55:59,100 --> 03:56:01,500
seem impractical, it actually 
helped them, understand 

4316
03:56:01,500 --> 03:56:04,700
long-term climate patterns 
population cycles and 

4317
03:56:04,700 --> 03:56:08,600
agricultural trends. they were 
thinking about time on scales 

4318
03:56:08,600 --> 03:56:11,800
that modern people rarely 
consider, but most importantly, 

4319
03:56:11,800 --> 03:56:14,500
ancient people understood that 
time wasn't just about 

4320
03:56:14,500 --> 03:56:18,200
scheduling, it was about meaning
They knew that certain times 

4321
03:56:18,200 --> 03:56:21,100
were auspicious for beginning 
new projects that other times 

4322
03:56:21,100 --> 03:56:23,800
were better for reflection and 
rest and that the timing of 

4323
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:25,500
events could influence their 
outcomes. 

4324
03:56:25,500 --> 03:56:28,500
They lived in harmony with 
temporal rhythms that connected 

4325
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:31,800
their daily lives with the 
cosmos itself long before anyone

4326
03:56:31,800 --> 03:56:34,800
understood circadian, rhythms, 
or hormone Cycles, your 

4327
03:56:34,800 --> 03:56:36,600
ancestors knew something 
profound. 

4328
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:40,600
Your body is a living clock. 
They developed sophisticated 

4329
03:56:40,600 --> 03:56:44,200
ways of reading, internal 
biological signals to track time

4330
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:47,200
and they understood that humans 
are naturally synchronized with 

4331
03:56:47,200 --> 03:56:50,400
the rhythms of the Earth. 
Ancient people noticed that they

4332
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:54,000
naturally felt hungry at certain
times of day grew sleepy at 

4333
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,400
predictable intervals and 
experience Peak energy at 

4334
03:56:57,400 --> 03:57:00,400
specific hours. 
They didn't just accept these 

4335
03:57:00,400 --> 03:57:02,400
patterns, they used them as 
timing devices. 

4336
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:06,400
The ancient Romans divided their
day around mealtimes. 

4337
03:57:06,400 --> 03:57:09,100
Prima Hora was the first hour 
after Sunrise. 

4338
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:13,300
Sex tohora was Midday when they 
ate their main meal and Vsepr 

4339
03:57:13,300 --> 03:57:15,100
was evening. 
When they had a light supper, 

4340
03:57:16,000 --> 03:57:18,300
Their entire schedule revolved 
around when their bodies 

4341
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,000
naturally wanted to eat. 
The ancient Chinese took this 

4342
03:57:22,000 --> 03:57:24,800
idea even further. 
They believed that different 

4343
03:57:24,800 --> 03:57:27,400
organs in the body had Peak 
energy at different times of 

4344
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:30,200
day. 
The liver was most active from 1

4345
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:34,700
a.m. to 3 a.m. the lungs from 3 
a.m. to 5 a.m. the large 

4346
03:57:34,700 --> 03:57:39,000
intestine from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
7 a.m. and so on. 

4347
03:57:40,100 --> 03:57:43,100
They use this organ clock, not 
just for medical treatment but 

4348
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:46,200
also for daily scheduling, 
they'd plan different activities

4349
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:49,000
for times when the relevant 
organs were at Peak function. 

4350
03:57:49,800 --> 03:57:52,700
Here's something that might 
surprise, you ancient people 

4351
03:57:52,700 --> 03:57:55,500
were incredibly skilled at 
estimating times through 

4352
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:58,400
physical activities. 
They knew that it took exactly 

4353
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:01,000
the same amount of time to walk 
from their home, to the well, 

4354
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:05,000
each morning to milk a cow or to
prepare a simple meal, they 

4355
03:58:05,000 --> 03:58:07,200
turned routine activities into 
timing devices. 

4356
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:11,200
A weaver might know that it took
exactly two hours to complete a 

4357
03:58:11,200 --> 03:58:14,400
certain pattern or a blacksmith 
might time his work by how long 

4358
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:16,100
it took to forge a particular 
tool. 

4359
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:19,700
Ancient people also understood 
that children's bodies, change 

4360
03:58:19,700 --> 03:58:23,000
at predictable rates and they 
use this information as a long 

4361
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:25,900
term Timing System. 
They knew that a child's first 

4362
03:58:25,900 --> 03:58:27,600
tooth would appear at about six 
months. 

4363
03:58:28,500 --> 03:58:31,100
That they'd start walking around
their first birthday and that 

4364
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:33,700
they'd reached certain 
developmental milestones at 

4365
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:36,600
specific ages. 
Parents could estimate a child's

4366
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:38,600
age even without formal birth 
records. 

4367
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:41,800
By observing these natural 
developmental markers the 

4368
03:58:41,800 --> 03:58:44,400
ancient Egyptians noticed that 
pregnant women experience, 

4369
03:58:44,400 --> 03:58:46,800
predictable changes at specific 
intervals. 

4370
03:58:46,800 --> 03:58:50,200
They could determine how far 
along a pregnancy was by 

4371
03:58:50,200 --> 03:58:53,800
observing certain physical signs
and they knew that label would 

4372
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:56,400
begin when the woman's body 
showed particular signals. 

4373
03:58:57,100 --> 03:58:58,900
Midwives became skilled at 
reading. 

4374
03:58:58,900 --> 03:59:01,800
These biological clocks to 
predict exactly when births 

4375
03:59:01,800 --> 03:59:03,700
would occur. 
Ancient people were also 

4376
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:07,000
fascinated by the connection 
between human rhythms and lunar 

4377
03:59:07,000 --> 03:59:09,400
cycles. 
They observed that women's 

4378
03:59:09,400 --> 03:59:12,000
menstrual cycles often 
synchronized with the moon's 

4379
03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:15,100
phases and they used this 
connection for both time-keeping

4380
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:17,700
and health monitoring. 
They noticed that many people 

4381
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:20,900
slept differently during full 
moons, that certain illnesses 

4382
03:59:20,900 --> 03:59:24,000
followed Luna patterns and that 
emotional states seem to 

4383
03:59:24,000 --> 03:59:27,600
fluctuate with the moon's 
position Here's what's really 

4384
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:30,900
interesting, ancient people 
understood that the aging 

4385
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:33,200
process itself was a kind of 
slow clock. 

4386
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:36,700
They could estimate someone's 
age by observing subtle changes 

4387
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:41,000
in skin texture, hair color, 
posture and movement patterns. 

4388
03:59:42,000 --> 03:59:44,000
Experienced Elders. 
Could look at a person and tell 

4389
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:47,400
you, not just their approximate 
age, but also what season they 

4390
03:59:47,400 --> 03:59:50,700
were born in, what kind of work 
they did and even what foods 

4391
03:59:50,700 --> 03:59:54,200
they typically ate The ancient 
Indians developed detailed 

4392
03:59:54,200 --> 03:59:56,700
knowledge about how the body's 
energy levels change throughout 

4393
03:59:56,700 --> 04:00:00,500
the day. they identified 
specific times when people were 

4394
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:03,800
naturally, more alert, more 
creative or more physically 

4395
04:00:03,800 --> 04:00:07,000
capable, they scheduled 
important activities during 

4396
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:10,300
these Peak periods and reserved 
rest times for when the body 

4397
04:00:10,300 --> 04:00:14,300
naturally wanted to slow down, 
This wasn't just practical. 

4398
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:17,300
It was a sophisticated 
understanding of human biology. 

4399
04:00:18,300 --> 04:00:21,400
Ancient people also use sleep 
patterns as timing devices. 

4400
04:00:22,300 --> 04:00:24,400
They knew that healthy people 
naturally went through 

4401
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:27,500
predictable sleep cycles and 
they could estimate how long 

4402
04:00:27,500 --> 04:00:29,600
someone had been asleep by 
observing their breathing 

4403
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:33,500
patterns body position and I 
movements they didn't 

4404
04:00:33,500 --> 04:00:36,000
understand, REM sleep 
scientifically, but they knew 

4405
04:00:36,000 --> 04:00:38,100
when someone was dreaming and 
when they were in deep sleep, 

4406
04:00:39,700 --> 04:00:42,200
the ancient Greeks noticed that 
people's body temperatures 

4407
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:46,200
change throughout the day in 
predictable patterns, They could

4408
04:00:46,208 --> 04:00:49,100
tell what time it was by feeling
someone's forehead, or 

4409
04:00:49,100 --> 04:00:51,500
observing, whether they seemed 
naturally, warm or cool. 

4410
04:00:52,500 --> 04:00:54,600
They understood that these 
temperature changes were 

4411
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:57,800
connected to energy levels, 
hunger and sleep patterns. 

4412
04:00:57,800 --> 04:01:01,900
Ancient people were also skilled
at reading the subtle signs that

4413
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:04,300
indicated, someone's overall 
health and vitality. 

4414
04:01:05,000 --> 04:01:07,200
They knew that certain physical 
changes meant. 

4415
04:01:07,200 --> 04:01:10,500
Someone was getting sick that 
other changes, indicated 

4416
04:01:10,500 --> 04:01:12,800
recovery. 
And that some patterns showed 

4417
04:01:12,800 --> 04:01:15,800
long-term Health Trends. 
They essentially use the human 

4418
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:18,900
body as a diagnostic instrument 
that could reveal information 

4419
04:01:18,900 --> 04:01:22,300
about both time and health. 
What's remarkable is? 

4420
04:01:22,300 --> 04:01:25,500
How accurately ancient people 
could estimate time using only 

4421
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:27,200
their bodies and natural 
observations? 

4422
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,700
Modern studies show that people 
who live without clocks often 

4423
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:33,900
develop. 
Incredibly precise internal 

4424
04:01:33,900 --> 04:01:38,800
timing they can wake up at 
specific times when to eat and 

4425
04:01:38,800 --> 04:01:41,500
coordinate complex activities 
using only their internal 

4426
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:45,100
biological rhythms, as you 
settle into sleep tonight, your 

4427
04:01:45,100 --> 04:01:48,100
participating in the same daily 
Rhythm that guided humans for 

4428
04:01:48,100 --> 04:01:50,800
thousands of years before 
electric lights, and digital 

4429
04:01:50,800 --> 04:01:54,800
clocks changed everything Your 
ancestors were just getting by 

4430
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:57,600
without modern timekeeping. 
They were living in harmony with

4431
04:01:57,600 --> 04:02:01,100
natural rhythms, that connected 
them to the Earth, the sky, and 

4432
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:03,900
their own bodies in ways that 
modern people can barely imagine

4433
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:07,700
The ancient timekeepers 
understood something profound 

4434
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:09,900
time isn't just about 
measurement. 

4435
04:02:09,900 --> 04:02:12,900
It's about meaning Rhythm and 
connection. 

4436
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:16,500
They didn't just track hours and
minutes, they lived within the 

4437
04:02:16,500 --> 04:02:21,100
great cycles of day and night 
seasons and years and birth and 

4438
04:02:21,100 --> 04:02:23,600
death. 
Their time keeping systems 

4439
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:26,500
weren't just practical tools, 
they were ways of understanding 

4440
04:02:26,500 --> 04:02:29,800
their place in the universe. 
Think about how different their 

4441
04:02:29,800 --> 04:02:32,400
relationship with time. 
Must have been they couldn't 

4442
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:34,800
rush through their days, 
checking phones, every few 

4443
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:37,200
minutes, they couldn't stay up 
all night working under 

4444
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:39,800
artificial lights. 
They couldn't schedule back to 

4445
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:41,700
back meetings or eat lunch at 
their desks. 

4446
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:45,100
Instead they lived according to 
Natural rhythms that their 

4447
04:02:45,100 --> 04:02:49,100
body's understood instinctively 
The ancient Egyptians had a 

4448
04:02:49,108 --> 04:02:52,500
beautiful concept called Mart, 
which meant living in harmony 

4449
04:02:52,500 --> 04:02:54,100
with the natural order of 
things. 

4450
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:58,200
This included, living in harmony
with natural time waking with 

4451
04:02:58,200 --> 04:03:01,800
the sun, eating, when hungry 
working, when energy was high 

4452
04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:05,300
and resting when the body needed
rest, They believed that 

4453
04:03:05,300 --> 04:03:08,800
fighting against Natural rhythms
was not just in practical, but 

4454
04:03:08,800 --> 04:03:11,200
actually harmful to physical and
spiritual health. 

4455
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:15,200
Ancient people also understood 
that different types of time 

4456
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:18,300
required different approaches. 
They had practical time for 

4457
04:03:18,308 --> 04:03:21,700
daily activities, seasonal time 
for agricultural planning 

4458
04:03:21,700 --> 04:03:25,900
ceremonial time, for religious 
observances and sacred time for 

4459
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:29,600
connecting with the Divine. 
They didn't expect one system to

4460
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:30,900
handle all these different 
needs. 

4461
04:03:30,900 --> 04:03:33,600
They developed multiple 
overlapping ways of 

4462
04:03:33,600 --> 04:03:35,300
understanding and measuring 
time. 

4463
04:03:36,400 --> 04:03:38,100
Here's something that might make
you smile. 

4464
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,600
Ancient people were probably 
less stressed about time than we

4465
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:43,900
are today. 
They couldn't be precisely 

4466
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:47,500
punctual in the modern sense so 
they developed social Customs 

4467
04:03:47,500 --> 04:03:50,000
that accommodated natural 
variations in timing. 

4468
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:53,600
If you arranged to meet someone 
when the sun is halfway to its 

4469
04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:56,700
highest point, everyone 
understood that this might vary 

4470
04:03:56,700 --> 04:03:59,300
by 10 or 15 minutes depending on
the season and weather. 

4471
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:02,500
Flexibility was built into their
social systems. 

4472
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:06,500
The ancient Chinese had a saying
the best time to plant a tree 

4473
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:10,700
was 20 years ago. 
The second best time is now they

4474
04:04:10,700 --> 04:04:13,800
understood that time wasn't just
about scheduling, it was about 

4475
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:17,200
understanding the right moment 
for different activities, they 

4476
04:04:17,200 --> 04:04:19,700
developed sophisticated 
knowledge about timing, that 

4477
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:22,500
went Far Beyond, Simple 
measurement to include wisdom 

4478
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:26,900
about when to act, when to wait 
and when to rest, Ancient 

4479
04:04:26,900 --> 04:04:29,400
timekeepers, also understood 
something that modern people 

4480
04:04:29,400 --> 04:04:33,700
often forget. 
Time is cyclical not linear. 

4481
04:04:34,400 --> 04:04:37,400
Days. 
Repeat Seasons return and 

4482
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:41,000
patterns recur. 
They didn't think of time as a 

4483
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:43,000
straight line moving from past 
to future. 

4484
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:46,900
But as a spiral where similar 
events happened repeatedly, but 

4485
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:48,600
never exactly the same way 
twice. 

4486
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:52,600
This gave them a sense of 
continuity and connection, that 

4487
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:56,700
help them navigate uncertainty. 
What's most remarkable is how 

4488
04:04:56,700 --> 04:04:59,400
much ancient people could 
accomplish using only natural 

4489
04:04:59,400 --> 04:05:02,100
time keeping methods. 
They built magnificent 

4490
04:05:02,100 --> 04:05:05,300
structures aligned with 
celestial events, coordinated 

4491
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:09,000
complex civilizations, across 
vast distances, and maintained, 

4492
04:05:09,000 --> 04:05:10,900
accurate calendars for 
centuries. 

4493
04:05:11,600 --> 04:05:13,700
They did all this without any 
mechanical devices. 

4494
04:05:13,700 --> 04:05:18,000
Using only careful observation 
accumulated knowledge and deep 

4495
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:19,600
understanding of natural 
patterns. 

4496
04:05:20,600 --> 04:05:23,000
The ancient timekeepers left us 
more than just historical 

4497
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:25,900
Curiosities. 
They left us a different way of 

4498
04:05:25,900 --> 04:05:28,600
thinking about time. 
One that's more natural, more 

4499
04:05:28,600 --> 04:05:31,100
connected. 
And perhaps more human, they 

4500
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:33,500
were reminded us that time isn't
just about productivity and 

4501
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:36,500
efficiency. 
It's about Rhythm meaning and 

4502
04:05:36,500 --> 04:05:38,500
living in harmony with the world
around us. 

4503
04:05:39,300 --> 04:05:42,600
As you close your eyes tonight, 
you're following a pattern that 

4504
04:05:42,600 --> 04:05:45,100
connects you to every human who 
has ever lived. 

4505
04:05:45,900 --> 04:05:49,100
Your body knows it's time to 
sleep just as it has always 

4506
04:05:49,100 --> 04:05:53,100
known your internal clock 
refined over thousands of years 

4507
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:55,700
of evolution is still keeping 
perfect time. 

4508
04:05:56,600 --> 04:05:59,000
In a world of digital displays 
and constant connectivity. 

4509
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:02,600
You still carry within you the 
ancient wisdom of natural time 

4510
04:06:02,600 --> 04:06:06,400
keeping The next time you wake 
up naturally, just as the first 

4511
04:06:06,400 --> 04:06:09,100
light appears, remember that 
your experiencing something 

4512
04:06:09,100 --> 04:06:12,600
Timeless, your participating in 
the same daily miracle that 

4513
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:14,300
guided your ancestors for 
Millennia. 

4514
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:18,100
Your proof that even in our 
modern world, the ancient Rhythm

4515
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,100
still pulse within us, 
connecting us to the Eternal 

4516
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:25,000
dance of Earth and Sky day and 
night, rest and waking. 

4517
04:06:25,800 --> 04:06:27,900
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that your body's 

4518
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:31,000
own ancient clock will wake you 
exactly when you need to wake 

4519
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:40,400
just as it always has. 
Alexander Hamilton was born 

4520
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:45,200
around, January 11th, 1755 or 
1757 given. 

4521
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:48,900
Conflicting records in Nevis a 
small island in the Caribbean's 

4522
04:06:48,900 --> 04:06:52,200
Leeward chain. 
His father James, Hamilton hail 

4523
04:06:52,200 --> 04:06:54,900
from Scotland and drifted 
financially while his mother, 

4524
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:59,000
Rachel Fossett was a strange 
from a prior marriage, social 

4525
04:06:59,000 --> 04:07:01,500
stigma, dog. 
The family as Hamilton was 

4526
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:04,500
deemed, illegitimate childhood 
brought precarious, living 

4527
04:07:04,500 --> 04:07:07,400
conditions in the sugar based 
economy rely on enslaved. 

4528
04:07:07,400 --> 04:07:10,500
Labor. 
Still the bright Caribbean, Sun,

4529
04:07:10,500 --> 04:07:13,000
and bustle of Island trade 
shaped his early impressions of 

4530
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:16,000
Commerce and hierarchy. 
By the time, Hamilton reached 

4531
04:07:16,000 --> 04:07:19,800
adolescence familial hardships, 
worsened his father left 

4532
04:07:19,800 --> 04:07:22,100
compounding the families 
instability. 

4533
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:26,300
Then a fever came to his mother 
when he was around 11 or 

4534
04:07:26,300 --> 04:07:30,200
Hamilton found Refuge with local
Merchants who recognized a keen 

4535
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:32,100
mind behind the boys formal, but
urgent letters. 

4536
04:07:32,900 --> 04:07:35,100
He took a clocking job at 
Beekman and Kruger's. 

4537
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:38,100
Trading firm absorbing the 
mechanics of shipping manifests 

4538
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:40,700
currency exchange and 
negotiation. 

4539
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:45,100
Observers noted a precocious 
skill in accountancy and a calm 

4540
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:47,700
Under Pressure. 
When Storms disrupted, cargo 

4541
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,700
arrivals, this apprenticeship 
would lay the groundwork for 

4542
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:52,900
Hamilton's later Mastery of 
financial systems. 

4543
04:07:53,600 --> 04:07:56,200
A crucial moment arrived. 
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 

4544
04:07:56,200 --> 04:08:00,500
letter describing A hurricane's,
Devastation his prose published 

4545
04:08:00,500 --> 04:08:03,200
in a local paper. 
So impressed leading citizens 

4546
04:08:03,200 --> 04:08:05,400
that they raise funds to send 
him to Mainland. 

4547
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,800
Colonies for Education. 
The budding writer sets sail. 

4548
04:08:08,800 --> 04:08:12,700
Eventually Landing in British 
North America there, precisely 

4549
04:08:12,700 --> 04:08:15,100
how he arranged for the 
schooling remains partly 

4550
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:17,600
obscure. 
By the time, he stepped onto 

4551
04:08:17,600 --> 04:08:21,000
Mainland soil, Hamilton 
possessed, an unshakable resolve

4552
04:08:21,000 --> 04:08:24,300
to escape the constraints of 
colonial class, Prejudice, and 

4553
04:08:24,300 --> 04:08:26,300
his intellect in a broader 
Arena. 

4554
04:08:27,100 --> 04:08:30,300
He enrolled at King's College 
later, Columbia University in 

4555
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:33,700
New York City. 
Political tensions soared as 

4556
04:08:33,700 --> 04:08:36,200
Britain, impose new taxes and 
cracked down on Colonial 

4557
04:08:36,200 --> 04:08:39,200
resistance. 
Hamilton originally cautious 

4558
04:08:39,200 --> 04:08:42,500
soon, found himself stirred by 
pamphlets on natural rights. 

4559
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:46,300
He contributed Anonymous essays 
defending Colonial, protests 

4560
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,300
revealing a knack for political 
writing spite. 

4561
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,300
His youthful status readers 
found his arguments crisp 

4562
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:54,100
blending logic with moral 
further. 

4563
04:08:54,100 --> 04:08:57,100
However, the outbreak of open 
Conflict at Lexington and 

4564
04:08:57,100 --> 04:08:59,200
Concord disrupted studies at 
King's College. 

4565
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:02,900
Hamilton though, short of 
stature was physically active 

4566
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:05,900
and spirited He joined a 
volunteer artillery company 

4567
04:09:05,900 --> 04:09:10,200
drilling near City Square's. 
Even a shot from British ships, 

4568
04:09:10,200 --> 04:09:13,000
threatened Manhattan. 
He balanced academics with 

4569
04:09:13,000 --> 04:09:16,000
preparing for possible war in 
1776. 

4570
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:20,700
Amid, the swirl of confusion 
over Independence, Hamilton left

4571
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,400
formal schooling to commit, 
fully to the Patriot cause some 

4572
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:28,000
peers found in bold to do so, 
but Hamilton believed in forging

4573
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:30,600
a new order that might reward 
Merit over birth. 

4574
04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:35,000
After forming an artillery unit 
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 

4575
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:37,100
and quick. 
Strategic thinking the 

4576
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:39,600
disastrous Battle of Long Island
is unit. 

4577
04:09:39,600 --> 04:09:43,400
Helps secure a retreat. 
The next month's through near 

4578
04:09:43,400 --> 04:09:45,700
collapses, he drew the notice of
key figures. 

4579
04:09:46,500 --> 04:09:51,200
During the harsh, winter of 1776
to 1777 with the Army, battered 

4580
04:09:51,200 --> 04:09:54,100
Hamilton's diligence in 
orchestrating supplies and 

4581
04:09:54,100 --> 04:09:57,100
maintaining morale stood out. 
General George Washington, 

4582
04:09:57,100 --> 04:10:00,608
recognized these talents 
inviting Hamilton to serve as an

4583
04:10:00,616 --> 04:10:04,400
aide to camp and assignment that
while staff bound gave Hamilton 

4584
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:07,900
unprecedented exposure to 
high-level decision-making in 

4585
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:11,200
Washington's Camp, Hamilton 
became indispensable drafting 

4586
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:14,400
letters, shaping policy briefs, 
and forging alliances with other

4587
04:10:14,400 --> 04:10:16,800
officers. 
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 

4588
04:10:16,800 --> 04:10:19,100
From the generals balancing of 
caution and daring. 

4589
04:10:19,100 --> 04:10:21,600
Yet. 
Hamilton always seeking direct 

4590
04:10:21,600 --> 04:10:23,800
action. 
Occasionally chafed, at staff 

4591
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:28,200
duties, yearn to lead troops on 
the battlefield tensions, with 

4592
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:32,200
senior officers, sometimes 
flared once Hamilton fell out 

4593
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:35,200
with Washington, for a perceived
slight over tardiness, but they 

4594
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:39,400
eventually reconciled despite 
these briefs stats, the Synergy 

4595
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:43,000
between them grew anchored in 
mutual respect for diligence and

4596
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:47,000
strategy. 
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 

4597
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:50,000
Hamilton's writing skill 
extended to political 

4598
04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:53,300
commentary, he published essays 
advocating for a stronger 

4599
04:10:53,300 --> 04:10:56,600
Central authority, to unify the 
war effort, the rickety 

4600
04:10:56,600 --> 04:11:00,000
Continental Congress lacking 
stable finance and overshadowed 

4601
04:11:00,000 --> 04:11:03,000
by state autonomy. 
Troubled him, he believed only 

4602
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:05,900
robust National structure. 
Could defeat Britain this 

4603
04:11:05,900 --> 04:11:08,300
conviction would later inform 
his championing of a Federal 

4604
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:12,100
Constitution. 
Meanwhile, in the immediate of 

4605
04:11:12,100 --> 04:11:14,300
War. 
He juggled mission after mission

4606
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:18,100
for Washington, coordinating 
intelligence planning for 

4607
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:20,200
Combined franco-american 
operations. 

4608
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:25,400
And refining Supply, requests by
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 

4609
04:11:25,408 --> 04:11:28,700
intersection of military and 
political Realms forging. 

4610
04:11:28,700 --> 04:11:31,800
The identity of an intellect who
saw National success hinged upon

4611
04:11:31,800 --> 04:11:33,400
structure and cohesive 
governance. 

4612
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:38,300
In early, 1780, Alexander 
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 

4613
04:11:38,300 --> 04:11:41,900
Schuyler daughter of General. 
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 

4614
04:11:41,900 --> 04:11:45,100
York, family patriarch. 
Their courtship blossomed 

4615
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:49,300
swiftly, Elizabeth often called 
Eliza shared Hamilton's 

4616
04:11:49,300 --> 04:11:52,000
patriotic further and admired 
his wrestler intellect. 

4617
04:11:52,700 --> 04:11:56,300
They married in December, 1780 
forging a partnership that would

4618
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:59,800
steady Hamilton through 
tumultuous times the Skyler 

4619
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:01,600
connection. 
Also raised his social standing,

4620
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:04,700
giving him a link to one of the 
colonies influential clams. 

4621
04:12:04,700 --> 04:12:08,200
Some whispered that Hamilton a 
once penniless immigrant had 

4622
04:12:08,200 --> 04:12:12,100
upped, but he dismissed such 
insinuation cherishing Eliza's 

4623
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:15,800
Dead Fast support. 
Meanwhile Hamilton's earning for

4624
04:12:15,808 --> 04:12:19,000
field command. 
Lingard, he finally saw the 

4625
04:12:19,000 --> 04:12:23,400
action that the siege of 
Yorktown in 1781 leading a 

4626
04:12:23,400 --> 04:12:27,500
knight of salt on British 
redoubts this bold for a brief, 

4627
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:29,500
gave him the battlefield 
credibility. 

4628
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,700
He had long craved. 
After Yorktown success. 

4629
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,800
The wars momentum shifted. 
Peace negotiations. 

4630
04:12:36,800 --> 04:12:40,000
Advanced. culminating in, 
Britain's formal acknowledgment 

4631
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:43,600
of American independence, With 
the conflict winding down 

4632
04:12:43,600 --> 04:12:46,100
Hamilton resigned from 
Washington staff. 

4633
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:49,600
Now, his energy is turned to the
new nation's post-war 

4634
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:52,900
reconstruction, he recognized 
that Independence alone, didn't 

4635
04:12:52,900 --> 04:12:56,500
guarantee Prosperity, a more 
cohesive Union was necessary. 

4636
04:12:56,500 --> 04:13:00,500
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 
studied law intensively. 

4637
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:05,200
Passing the bar in 1782 settling
in New York, he found a city 

4638
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:08,400
grappling with war debts. 
Local factionalism, intention 

4639
04:13:08,400 --> 04:13:10,500
between wealthy merchants and 
populist artists. 

4640
04:13:11,400 --> 04:13:14,100
Hamilton opened a law practice 
specializing in commercial 

4641
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:17,500
disputes, revealing a knack for 
clarifying intricate financial 

4642
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,500
matters. 
Through these cases, he saw 

4643
04:13:20,500 --> 04:13:23,000
first-hand how the Articles of 
Confederation left the national 

4644
04:13:23,000 --> 04:13:25,700
government too, weak to regulate
trade or imposed taxes. 

4645
04:13:26,600 --> 04:13:29,300
Leaving State's in disarray and 
stifling economic growth. 

4646
04:13:29,300 --> 04:13:32,600
He started writing articles 
calling for a stronger Central 

4647
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:35,800
Authority overshadowing the 
patchwork of State based 

4648
04:13:35,800 --> 04:13:39,400
Solutions in 1786. 
Shays Rebellion in Western 

4649
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:42,500
Massachusetts alarmed, many 
national figures, including 

4650
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:46,100
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted
Farmers demonstrated that 

4651
04:13:46,100 --> 04:13:48,400
unchecked local. 
Unrest, could threaten broader 

4652
04:13:48,400 --> 04:13:51,200
stability. 
Hamilton used it as fodder to 

4653
04:13:51,208 --> 04:13:53,700
argue that the current 
Confederation risked fracturing 

4654
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:56,600
under internal stress. 
He joined with others such as 

4655
04:13:56,600 --> 04:13:59,900
James Madison to push for a 
convention that would revise the

4656
04:13:59,900 --> 04:14:04,200
Articles although the Annapolis 
convention of 1786 was sparsely 

4657
04:14:04,200 --> 04:14:06,700
attended, it led to the more 
definitive Philadelphia 

4658
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:10,900
Convention of 1787. 
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia

4659
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:14,600
with well-honed convictions. 
He believed the new government 

4660
04:14:14,600 --> 04:14:16,700
needed. 
Robust Powers the capacity 

4661
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:20,300
attacks regulate commerce, 
maintain, an army and ensure 

4662
04:14:20,300 --> 04:14:23,200
domestic peace yet. 
He faced considerable skepticism

4663
04:14:23,200 --> 04:14:27,400
from delegates, who feared 
monarchy indeed Hamilton's 

4664
04:14:27,400 --> 04:14:28,900
personal proposal at the 
convention. 

4665
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:32,600
Favoring lifetime terms for 
executives, and Senators seem 

4666
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:38,200
too close to many Realizing the 
group's mood Hamilton set aside 

4667
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:41,100
those extremes. 
He worked to broke a compromise,

4668
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:44,500
although overshadowed by 
Madison's systematic plan, 

4669
04:14:44,500 --> 04:14:47,900
Hamilton's rhetorical skill and 
one-on-one lobbying helped shape

4670
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:52,100
the final Constitution. 
After four taxing months, the 

4671
04:14:52,100 --> 04:14:56,100
Constitutional was signed in 
September 1787, yet ratification

4672
04:14:56,100 --> 04:14:59,500
required, each State's approval,
sensing a fierce debate. 

4673
04:14:59,500 --> 04:15:02,700
Hamilton, collaborated with 
Madison and John Jay to pin The 

4674
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:04,700
Federalist Papers under the 
pseudonym Publius. 

4675
04:15:05,600 --> 04:15:09,000
Hamilton wrote the majority 
dissecting proposed structures, 

4676
04:15:09,000 --> 04:15:12,600
like the presidency, Senate and 
Judiciary and addressing 

4677
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:16,500
Anti-Federalists spheres. 
His essays emphasized checks and

4678
04:15:16,508 --> 04:15:19,600
balances the necessity of a 
central authority to manage 

4679
04:15:19,600 --> 04:15:23,300
Commerce and defense. and the 
improbability of tyranny under 

4680
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:27,300
the new system, these Federalist
essays profoundly influence, the

4681
04:15:27,308 --> 04:15:30,700
ratification discourse marking 
Hamilton as a top tier 

4682
04:15:30,700 --> 04:15:34,300
constitutional, interpreter with
the Constitution ratified in 

4683
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:38,400
1788 Hamilton died. 
A new challenge forging actual 

4684
04:15:38,400 --> 04:15:41,700
governments. 
When George Washington became 

4685
04:15:41,700 --> 04:15:45,000
the first president, he tapped 
Hamilton as Secretary of the 

4686
04:15:45,000 --> 04:15:47,400
Treasury. 
Hamilton, embracing the role 

4687
04:15:47,400 --> 04:15:50,400
discovered, an untapped 
opportunity to establish a 

4688
04:15:50,400 --> 04:15:53,600
National Financial system. 
He inherited a war debt that 

4689
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:55,000
threatened the new nation's 
credit. 

4690
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:58,300
In a flurry of reports to 
Congress, he proposed the 

4691
04:15:58,300 --> 04:16:00,900
federal Assumption of State 
debts, the issuance of new 

4692
04:16:00,900 --> 04:16:03,300
government bonds and the 
creation of a National Bank. 

4693
04:16:03,300 --> 04:16:06,800
These measures aim to unify 
finance's spurring economic 

4694
04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:09,600
confidence. 
However, they ignited, Fierce 

4695
04:16:09,600 --> 04:16:13,100
opposition led by Thomas 
Jefferson and James Madison who 

4696
04:16:13,100 --> 04:16:15,400
deemed them. 
Expansion of federal power to 

4697
04:16:15,400 --> 04:16:18,600
the detriment of State. 
Autonomy, despite pushback, 

4698
04:16:18,600 --> 04:16:21,900
Hamilton's financial plan 
largely Prevail in Congress. 

4699
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:26,000
Carefully negotiated with 
Southerners trading the idea of 

4700
04:16:26,000 --> 04:16:28,800
placing the national capital on 
the Potomac for their backing on

4701
04:16:28,800 --> 04:16:32,900
debt assumption, the bank of the
United States authorized in 

4702
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:36,400
1791. 
Consolidated federal financial 

4703
04:16:36,400 --> 04:16:38,700
might and fostered, stable 
currency. 

4704
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:42,100
This forging of a national 
economy was overshadowed by 

4705
04:16:42,100 --> 04:16:45,100
ideological. 
Splits what some labeled 

4706
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:48,400
Hamilton's acceptance of 
Consolidated, Authority, even 

4707
04:16:48,400 --> 04:16:51,900
quasi monarchical forms but 
Hamilton believed it was 

4708
04:16:51,908 --> 04:16:53,600
essential for a dynamic 
Republic. 

4709
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,700
By the early 1790s, he had 
become a central figure in 

4710
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:00,700
Washington's cabinet driving a 
vision of an industrial 

4711
04:17:00,700 --> 04:17:04,600
commercial robust America. 
Rivalries with Jefferson however

4712
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:07,900
would soon erupt shaping the 
political landscape for years to

4713
04:17:07,900 --> 04:17:12,700
come Secretary of the Treasury. 
Alexander Hamilton found himself

4714
04:17:12,700 --> 04:17:15,400
entwined in ideological 
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,

4715
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:19,200
then Secretary of State. 
Jeffersson envisaged and 

4716
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:22,700
agrarian Republic of independent
Farmers with limited Federal 

4717
04:17:22,700 --> 04:17:26,200
intrusion, Hamilton. 
Conversely believed Camaros 

4718
04:17:26,200 --> 04:17:29,600
industry and robust National 
structures would anchor the 

4719
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:32,800
nation's progress. 
Both men recognized George 

4720
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:35,800
Washington, as a stabilizing 
presence, yet their friction, 

4721
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:39,700
fueled early factional lines 
Federalists, rallied around 

4722
04:17:39,700 --> 04:17:42,900
Hamilton while Jefferson's 
faction later the Democratic 

4723
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:45,800
Republicans grew around his 
agrarian, limited government 

4724
04:17:45,800 --> 04:17:49,000
stance. 
Foreign policy, stoked further 

4725
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:53,900
tension the French Revolution 
launched in 1789, escalated into

4726
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:57,500
European War by the early 1790s 
France pressed for us 

4727
04:17:57,500 --> 04:18:00,200
assistance. 
Citing the 1778 Alliance 

4728
04:18:00,200 --> 04:18:03,900
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a
crucial trading partner and 

4729
04:18:03,900 --> 04:18:05,500
believing the US lacked 
resources. 

4730
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:10,200
Urged neutrality, Jefferson more
sympathetic to revolutionary 

4731
04:18:10,200 --> 04:18:14,300
ideals favored measured support 
for France, Washington adopted a

4732
04:18:14,300 --> 04:18:17,700
policy of the official 
neutrality in 1793 endorsing 

4733
04:18:17,700 --> 04:18:22,500
Hamilton's pragmatic approach. 
This decision, outraged Ardent 

4734
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:25,100
Franco files in the public but 
secured commercial ties with 

4735
04:18:25,100 --> 04:18:27,900
Britain. 
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 

4736
04:18:27,900 --> 04:18:30,600
domestic policies that 
integrated State's deeper into 

4737
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:33,800
the federal system. 
Introduced excise taxes, 

4738
04:18:33,800 --> 04:18:37,200
including one on Whiskey aiming 
to bolster federal revenue. 

4739
04:18:38,100 --> 04:18:42,100
In 1794 this whiskey, tax 
incited unrest among Frontier 

4740
04:18:42,100 --> 04:18:45,400
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.
Culminating in the so called 

4741
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:49,000
Whiskey Rebellion. 
Hamilton urged Washington to a 

4742
04:18:49,000 --> 04:18:51,500
certain National Authority. 
And the president dispatched 

4743
04:18:51,500 --> 04:18:54,800
militia to quell the Revolt, the
rebellious Farmers dispersed 

4744
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:58,200
without major Bloodshed 
Hamilton's critics though. 

4745
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:01,600
Branded him a tyrant accusing 
him of trampling local freedoms.

4746
04:19:02,300 --> 04:19:04,900
Hamilton argued that only firm 
enforcement proved the 

4747
04:19:04,908 --> 04:19:07,800
Constitution's viability over 
the old feeble Articles of 

4748
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:10,900
Confederation clashes, over the 
bank of the United States. 

4749
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:12,800
Further deepened, the Hamilton 
Jefferson. 

4750
04:19:12,800 --> 04:19:17,500
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank
as constitutionally suspect not 

4751
04:19:17,500 --> 04:19:20,900
enumerated in the founding 
document Hamilton invoked. 

4752
04:19:20,900 --> 04:19:24,600
The Constitution's necessary and
proper clause contending that 

4753
04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:27,200
the bank was an implied power 
vital for the government's 

4754
04:19:27,200 --> 04:19:30,700
Financial operations. 
Washington cited with Hamilton 

4755
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:35,300
signing, the bank bill into law.
This incident set a precedent 

4756
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:38,100
for broad constitutional 
interpretation to Jefferson's 

4757
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:41,300
alarm the dispute laid, the 
ideological foundation for the 

4758
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:45,000
two-party system with Hamilton's
Federalists championing, implied

4759
04:19:45,000 --> 04:19:48,100
federal powers and Jeff's. 
Republicans insisting on 

4760
04:19:48,100 --> 04:19:51,000
narrower, interpretations by 
1795. 

4761
04:19:51,000 --> 04:19:54,500
Hamilton having established a 
stable Financial footing 

4762
04:19:54,500 --> 04:19:58,300
resigned as treasury secretary 
returning to New York City's 

4763
04:19:58,300 --> 04:20:01,300
legal sphere. 
He continued to provide discreet

4764
04:20:01,300 --> 04:20:04,600
advice to Washington, drafting 
speeches and shaping policy 

4765
04:20:04,600 --> 04:20:08,600
directions in 1796 Washington's 
Farewell Address, partly 

4766
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,800
authored by Hamilton warned, 
against partizan, entanglements,

4767
04:20:11,800 --> 04:20:15,200
and foreign alliances. 
Ironically Hamilton himself was 

4768
04:20:15,200 --> 04:20:17,200
a primary architect of partisan 
lines. 

4769
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:20,500
The presidential election that 
year saw John Adams, a 

4770
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:23,800
federalist defeat Jefferson 
Hamilton who harbored doubts 

4771
04:20:23,808 --> 04:20:27,300
about atoms endeavored to exert 
influence on the administration 

4772
04:20:27,300 --> 04:20:30,400
from hidden position. 
But friction with Adams soon, 

4773
04:20:30,400 --> 04:20:32,800
spiraled. 
Culminating in an irreparable 

4774
04:20:32,800 --> 04:20:35,500
Rift. 
During Adams's Presidente. 

4775
04:20:35,500 --> 04:20:39,100
The US found itself in a Quasi 
War with revolutionary France. 

4776
04:20:39,800 --> 04:20:43,200
Hamilton who believed in a 
robust defense, spurred the 

4777
04:20:43,200 --> 04:20:45,900
creation of a provisional army 
with himself as an influential 

4778
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:48,600
Major General. 
He hoped to unify Federalist 

4779
04:20:48,600 --> 04:20:51,500
power but Adams seeking to 
maintain peace. 

4780
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:55,300
Eventually negotiated with 
France, this scotched Hamilton's

4781
04:20:55,300 --> 04:20:57,500
Ambitions for an expanded 
military role. 

4782
04:20:57,500 --> 04:21:01,000
The Federalist Party, the split 
between atoms, Loyalists, and 

4783
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:03,800
Hamilton's faction. 
Meanwhile, the Alien and 

4784
04:21:03,800 --> 04:21:07,900
Sedition Acts championed by some
Federalists stifled free speech 

4785
04:21:07,900 --> 04:21:10,700
and outrage. 
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 

4786
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:14,900
feelings recognizing the acts as
overreaching but not vigorously,

4787
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:18,000
condemning them The 
controversies fuel Jefferson's 

4788
04:21:18,000 --> 04:21:20,200
eventual victory in the 1800 
election. 

4789
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,800
That election turned bitter 
Hamilton disliked, both 

4790
04:21:24,800 --> 04:21:28,100
Jefferson and his Party's 
candidate, Aaron Burr. 

4791
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:31,500
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 
When the Electoral College 

4792
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:34,500
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

4793
04:21:34,500 --> 04:21:38,100
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton lobbied, for Jefferson 

4794
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:40,500
feeling. 
He was at least consistent while

4795
04:21:40,500 --> 04:21:42,300
Burr was Dangerously 
opportunistic. 

4796
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:46,200
Jefferson's win ended. 
The Federalist grip on power 

4797
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,000
despite undermining his nominal 
Ally Burr. 

4798
04:21:49,000 --> 04:21:51,700
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

4799
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:56,700
The feud with Burr was set to 
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 

4800
04:21:56,700 --> 04:21:58,300
retreated. 
Partially from National 

4801
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:00,300
politics. 
He resumed law. 

4802
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:03,600
Founded the New York evening. 
Post to promote Federalist 

4803
04:22:03,600 --> 04:22:05,800
ideals. 
And wrote fervent editorials 

4804
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:07,200
criticizing Jefferson's 
presidency. 

4805
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:12,200
He also scolded John Adams in a 
notorious pamphlet factoring 

4806
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:13,600
Federalist. 
Unity further. 

4807
04:22:13,600 --> 04:22:18,400
Meanwhile tensions with burst 
simmered in 1804 Burr by their 

4808
04:22:18,400 --> 04:22:20,700
vice president ran for governor 
of New York. 

4809
04:22:21,600 --> 04:22:25,900
Hamilton openly oppose bid, 
claiming he was unfit, burst 

4810
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:29,000
blaming Hamilton for scarless 
remarks that cost him the 

4811
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:32,100
election. 
Their acrimony peaked in 

4812
04:22:32,100 --> 04:22:35,100
personal insults culminating and
demands for an apology that 

4813
04:22:35,100 --> 04:22:38,900
Hamilton Shrugged off. 
The stage was set for a final 

4814
04:22:38,900 --> 04:22:42,700
confrontation, a duel that would
reverberate across the nation's 

4815
04:22:42,700 --> 04:22:47,500
Consciousness. 
Thus, by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton 

4816
04:22:47,500 --> 04:22:51,300
storied career, encompassed, the
forging of National Finance, the

4817
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:54,300
creation of a stable federal 
government, deep, personal 

4818
04:22:54,300 --> 04:22:57,900
rivalries, and the impetus for 
fractious Party politics. 

4819
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:02,100
While overshadowed by his Feud 
with Burr, his broader impact on

4820
04:23:02,100 --> 04:23:04,200
shaping early. 
American governance, was vast 

4821
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:07,300
the looming conflict with Burr 
in a Weehawken, duel, might 

4822
04:23:07,300 --> 04:23:10,200
overshadow many achievements. 
But it also exemplified the 

4823
04:23:10,200 --> 04:23:13,800
periods intense code of honor 
revealing how personal Pride 

4824
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:15,800
could overshadow reason in The 
Early Republic. 

4825
04:23:16,800 --> 04:23:21,300
On the morning of July 11th, 
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 

4826
04:23:21,300 --> 04:23:25,500
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 
ground in Weehawken, New Jersey 

4827
04:23:25,500 --> 04:23:29,700
perched, above the Hudson River.
Jewels were technically illegal 

4828
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:32,900
in both New York and New Jersey,
but we Hawken was a known 

4829
04:23:32,900 --> 04:23:35,900
neutral ground. 
The tradition, demanded formal 

4830
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:39,300
rituals second oversaw, loaded 
pistols In fairness. 

4831
04:23:40,200 --> 04:23:43,000
Hamilton though, an accomplished
Marksman in the Revolutionary 

4832
04:23:43,000 --> 04:23:46,800
War Harvard, moral qualms about 
dueling in letters to Confidant.

4833
04:23:46,800 --> 04:23:50,000
He expressed an intention not to
fire at burb but to throw away 

4834
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:52,600
his shot hoping to meet the code
of honor without a lethal 

4835
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:56,100
outcome Burr, vexed by 
Hamilton's public sleights 

4836
04:23:56,100 --> 04:23:59,800
approached, the confrontation 
more aggressively as accounts 

4837
04:23:59,800 --> 04:24:02,600
differ on the precise sequence. 
We rely on the second 

4838
04:24:02,600 --> 04:24:05,100
conflicting. 
Recollections, one shot rang 

4839
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:07,600
out. 
Then another Hamilton was struck

4840
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:09,900
in the lower abdomen. 
The bullet lodging near his 

4841
04:24:09,900 --> 04:24:14,500
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 
realized Hamilton was fatally. 

4842
04:24:14,500 --> 04:24:18,600
Wounded Hamilton was carried 
back across the river delirious 

4843
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:22,100
and in agony. 
By the next afternoon July 12th.

4844
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:27,000
He died at a friend's house, 
newsreader with accusations of 

4845
04:24:27,008 --> 04:24:29,700
murder. 
Even many of Burr's allies found

4846
04:24:29,700 --> 04:24:32,300
his act. 
Reprehensible shock reverberated

4847
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:37,500
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 
47, a Founding Father, the Chief

4848
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:41,700
Architect of federal finance and
a voice for a strong union that 

4849
04:24:41,700 --> 04:24:44,400
he fell in a personal duel 
seemed tragic, borderline 

4850
04:24:44,400 --> 04:24:48,400
barbaric, Burr faced immediate 
scorn and though inducted for 

4851
04:24:48,408 --> 04:24:51,400
murder. 
He Slipped Away his political 

4852
04:24:51,400 --> 04:24:54,100
career never recovered The Duel.
Also propelled. 

4853
04:24:54,100 --> 04:24:57,200
A reevaluation of such honor 
bound Traditions public 

4854
04:24:57,200 --> 04:25:00,500
condemnation swelled though 
dueling remained embedded in 

4855
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:03,600
certain subcultures for decades 
to come in the immediate 

4856
04:25:03,600 --> 04:25:06,500
aftermath Hamilton's family 
faced Financial insecurity. 

4857
04:25:06,500 --> 04:25:10,200
His estate was less robust than 
many assumed reflecting that 

4858
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:13,000
Hamilton had poured resources 
into speculative deals and 

4859
04:25:13,000 --> 04:25:16,100
lifestyle. 
Morning Federalists championed 

4860
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:19,000
him as a martyr to Prince Paul 
ignoring the messy politics that

4861
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:20,300
led him to that. 
Fateful ground. 

4862
04:25:20,300 --> 04:25:24,800
Eulogies praised his Brilliance 
managerial Acumen and unwavering

4863
04:25:24,800 --> 04:25:27,700
patriotism critics. 
While acknowledging his 

4864
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:31,100
achievements pointed out, how is
ambition and personal Feud shake

4865
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:33,600
to harsh style that fanned party
rancor. 

4866
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:37,400
Nonetheless, the sense of a 
towering figure losing too soon.

4867
04:25:37,408 --> 04:25:40,000
Overshadowed those critiques in 
the short term. 

4868
04:25:40,000 --> 04:25:44,200
His funeral in New York, Drew 
massive crowds processions in 

4869
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:46,100
black with the city's shipping 
at half mast. 

4870
04:25:46,100 --> 04:25:48,600
Showcased, Hamilton's local 
significance. 

4871
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:52,800
People recalled, his rise from 
impoverished Caribbean youth to 

4872
04:25:52,800 --> 04:25:55,200
key founding Statesman. 
Hush fell over. 

4873
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:58,000
The city's usual clamor. 
This wave of Sorrow. 

4874
04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:01,000
Ironically, softened, some of 
the political vitriol that a dog

4875
04:26:01,000 --> 04:26:04,100
him in life. 
Over time though party. 

4876
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:07,200
Lines continue to shift and the 
nation turned into new 

4877
04:26:07,200 --> 04:26:10,400
challenges from the War of 1812 
to expansion's West. 

4878
04:26:12,000 --> 04:26:14,700
Hamilton's memory lodged in 
history as the brilliant, but 

4879
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:17,000
intense figure overshadowed by 
The Final Duel. 

4880
04:26:17,000 --> 04:26:21,300
In that Gloom and essential 
question, remained how to 

4881
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:23,100
interpret Hamilton's lasting 
impact. 

4882
04:26:23,100 --> 04:26:27,700
As the immediate swirl of grief,
ease intellectuals examined, his

4883
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:31,700
extensive writings reports on 
Public Credit, the Federalist 

4884
04:26:31,700 --> 04:26:35,800
essays and personal letters. 
They recognize that the federal 

4885
04:26:35,800 --> 04:26:38,800
government stable Finance is 
owed much to Hamilton's early 

4886
04:26:38,800 --> 04:26:41,900
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 
broad interpretation that 

4887
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:44,300
spurred the bank of the United 
States shaped future 

4888
04:26:44,300 --> 04:26:45,800
developments and federal 
Authority. 

4889
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,800
The tension he introduced with 
Jefferson over implied powers, 

4890
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:52,300
would remain a fixture in legal 
debates for centuries? 

4891
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:56,200
At the personal level Hamilton's
family, endured heartbreak, 

4892
04:26:56,200 --> 04:26:59,000
Eliza Hamilton survived decades 
longer. 

4893
04:26:59,700 --> 04:27:02,400
Dedicating herself to preserving
his papers and championing 

4894
04:27:02,400 --> 04:27:05,400
philanthropic work. 
She co-founded charitable 

4895
04:27:05,400 --> 04:27:07,700
societies, including an 
orphanage. 

4896
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:11,100
In New York, the reflecting her 
empathy for fatherless children 

4897
04:27:11,100 --> 04:27:14,200
mindful of Hamilton's own 
orphaned beginnings. 

4898
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:18,200
Over time Eliza's curation of 
Hamilton's letters and 

4899
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:20,600
manuscripts. 
Showed that his role in founding

4900
04:27:20,600 --> 04:27:23,300
the nation wouldn't fade without
her stewardship. 

4901
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:27,000
Many of his insights might have 
been lost overshadowed by the 

4902
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:31,500
swirl of other founding figures.
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 

4903
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:34,200
public life. 
Although he briefly re-emerged 

4904
04:27:34,200 --> 04:27:37,800
in conspiratorial escapades in 
the west Coleman in a 

4905
04:27:37,800 --> 04:27:40,000
high-profile treason trial that 
Fiasco. 

4906
04:27:40,000 --> 04:27:44,200
Further tarnished his name over 
the 19th century, Buzz memory 

4907
04:27:44,200 --> 04:27:47,300
was entwined with villainy while
Hamilton became the heroic 

4908
04:27:47,300 --> 04:27:50,400
victim. 
This moral narrative though. 

4909
04:27:50,400 --> 04:27:54,200
Over simple, oversimplified 
found residents in society, 

4910
04:27:54,200 --> 04:27:57,700
seeking tidy lessons about the 
cost of personal feuds among 

4911
04:27:57,700 --> 04:28:00,700
Statesman. 
Hence, the jewels tragedy 

4912
04:28:00,700 --> 04:28:03,100
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 
years of potential. 

4913
04:28:03,900 --> 04:28:08,400
He left behind partial drafts of
essays a life, cut short and a 

4914
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:10,200
legacy that historians would 
piece together. 

4915
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:14,100
The subsequent swirl of politics
or the Federalist Party fade 

4916
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:18,500
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and
Jacksonian movements. yet as the

4917
04:28:18,508 --> 04:28:21,700
new Republic faced Wars and 
expansions Hamilton's 

4918
04:28:21,700 --> 04:28:25,000
institutional Frameworks, 
endured Shaping how the union 

4919
04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:28,600
Finance conflicts and integrated
new territories over time? 

4920
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:32,100
The memory of Hamilton Grew From
the dust of partisan fights in a

4921
04:28:32,100 --> 04:28:34,900
near legend of the unsilence of 
voice for a strong union. 

4922
04:28:35,800 --> 04:28:39,300
A testament to how brilliant can
shine even after tragic, demise 

4923
04:28:39,300 --> 04:28:42,800
Hamilton's reputation 
experience, both highs and lows 

4924
04:28:42,800 --> 04:28:45,400
as the 19th century unfolded 
early. 

4925
04:28:45,400 --> 04:28:48,900
In the 1800s supporters, who 
revered his Federalist Vision 

4926
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:52,000
championed him as an 
intellectual Giant. 

4927
04:28:52,900 --> 04:28:54,900
While Jeffersonian loyalists 
found him. 

4928
04:28:54,900 --> 04:28:58,800
Dangerously elitist. 
The War of 1812 under scored the

4929
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:02,400
value of robust, Federal 
finance's, an echo of Hamilton's

4930
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:05,000
arguments. 
However, the rising tide of 

4931
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:08,300
Jacksonian Democracy in the 
1820s and 30s, resurrected 

4932
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,000
negative images of Hamilton as 
the father of a financial 

4933
04:29:11,000 --> 04:29:13,800
aristocracy. 
His preference for a central 

4934
04:29:13,800 --> 04:29:16,800
bank and Industrial growth, 
clashed with The Agrarian 

4935
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:18,900
populism. 
That saw big government as 

4936
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:21,900
suspect in historical writing of
the mid-1800s. 

4937
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:25,400
Hamilton was overshadowed by 
Washington, soldierly aura. 

4938
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:28,800
Jefferson's philosophical 
romance and the dramatic 

4939
04:29:28,800 --> 04:29:31,800
expansion. 
Shaping the continent his ideas 

4940
04:29:31,800 --> 04:29:35,600
about manufacturing shaped by 
the reading adamson's tour. 

4941
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:38,900
From Smith's Works found fresh 
appreciation in some northern 

4942
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:41,100
states pushing early 
industrialization. 

4943
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:44,100
But the memory of his direct 
political battles, had receded. 

4944
04:29:44,100 --> 04:29:47,400
Meanwhile his widow allies are 
persistently, championed her 

4945
04:29:47,400 --> 04:29:50,200
husband's memory carefully, 
organizing his letters. 

4946
04:29:50,200 --> 04:29:54,300
She lived until 1854, bridging 
errors, from the founding to the

4947
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:56,100
eve of sectional crisis over 
slavery. 

4948
04:29:57,200 --> 04:30:00,500
As the Civil War approached, 
some Northern intellectuals, 

4949
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:02,900
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis
on a strong union. 

4950
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:05,800
Seeing him as a prophet of 
National Authority. 

4951
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:10,000
They noted that had Hamilton's 
brand of federal cohesion, fully

4952
04:30:10,000 --> 04:30:12,800
blossomed, perhaps states, 
rights doctrines, fueling 

4953
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:15,400
secession might have been 
curtailed earlier. 

4954
04:30:16,200 --> 04:30:18,900
Writers of vote Hamilton as the 
founder, who best grasped. 

4955
04:30:18,900 --> 04:30:22,200
The necessity of a controlling 
Center that could override local

4956
04:30:22,200 --> 04:30:25,000
fractiousness. 
Opponents of such 

4957
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:27,900
interpretations pointed out that
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 

4958
04:30:27,900 --> 04:30:30,900
explicitly addressed the moral 
contradiction of slavery. 

4959
04:30:31,800 --> 04:30:35,300
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 
opposed enslavement but parted 

4960
04:30:35,300 --> 04:30:38,700
from radical anti-slavery moves 
his stance overshadowed by 

4961
04:30:38,700 --> 04:30:43,100
political pragmatism after the 
Civil War industrial capitalism 

4962
04:30:43,100 --> 04:30:45,500
boomed. 
Prompting new appreciation for 

4963
04:30:45,500 --> 04:30:47,200
Hamilton's foresight about 
Manufacturing. 

4964
04:30:47,900 --> 04:30:49,700
Gilded Age financiers, admired 
him. 

4965
04:30:49,708 --> 04:30:52,600
As the original champion of a 
stable currency in Big Business 

4966
04:30:52,600 --> 04:30:56,300
critics, including agrarian 
populists in. 

4967
04:30:56,300 --> 04:30:59,000
Turn, damned him for setting a 
pattern, favoring Capital over 

4968
04:30:59,000 --> 04:31:02,000
farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

4969
04:31:02,000 --> 04:31:04,300
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

4970
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:06,800
Bank. 
Especially regarding gold versus

4971
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,100
silver standards in the late. 
19th century. 

4972
04:31:10,000 --> 04:31:13,400
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

4973
04:31:13,400 --> 04:31:17,500
father of corporate overreach 
this relate his legacy, fueling 

4974
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:21,200
a fresh wave of scholarly 
interest in the 20th century 

4975
04:31:21,200 --> 04:31:24,700
historian, systematically 
uncovered more of Hamilton's 

4976
04:31:24,700 --> 04:31:28,200
personal writings, they found a 
figure of overshadowed by his 

4977
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,700
own towering intensity. 
Riven by internal anxiety, is 

4978
04:31:31,700 --> 04:31:35,300
about identity and acceptance 
born in legitimate and lacking 

4979
04:31:35,300 --> 04:31:37,600
wealth. 
He sawed through brilliant 

4980
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:40,600
alone. 
That personal Dimension gave a 

4981
04:31:40,600 --> 04:31:43,600
new angle. 
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 

4982
04:31:43,600 --> 04:31:46,300
elitist, but a man. 
Forging personal progress in a 

4983
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:48,600
world dominated by landed 
aristocracy. 

4984
04:31:49,200 --> 04:31:52,300
Simultaneously, the renewed 
scholarship dissected how The 

4985
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:54,600
Federalist Papers shaped the 
Supreme Court's approach to 

4986
04:31:54,600 --> 04:31:58,900
constitutional interpretation. 
Cultural depictions varied in 

4987
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:03,100
some plays Hamilton was the 
stiff proud foiled to the warm 

4988
04:32:03,100 --> 04:32:07,000
Jefferson in textbooks. 
He appeared as the founder of 

4989
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:10,700
the American Financial system. 
overshadowing, the fact that he 

4990
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:14,500
also practiced law with further,
Championed reforms in local 

4991
04:32:14,500 --> 04:32:18,000
governance and penned scathing 
critiques of political 

4992
04:32:18,000 --> 04:32:21,000
adversaries. 
Hollywood took scammed interest.

4993
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:24,300
Overshadowed by the flamboyant 
stories of the war of 

4994
04:32:24,308 --> 04:32:27,500
independence. 
All the Civil War Hamilton's 

4995
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:29,600
presence. 
Mostly stuck to academic circles

4996
04:32:29,600 --> 04:32:32,400
until the wave of musicals or 
pop culture references in the 

4997
04:32:32,400 --> 04:32:35,300
21st century suddenly 
catapulted, him back in to 

4998
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:39,600
mainstream conversation. 
In that modern reimagining, a 

4999
04:32:39,600 --> 04:32:42,500
more complex, portrait emerges, 
the Visionary, who overcame 

5000
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:45,000
humble Origins shaped 
institutions. 

5001
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:49,400
But self-destructed in a lethal 
Feud This duel narrative, 

5002
04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:52,300
resonates with a public 
intrigued by Underdog success, 

5003
04:32:52,300 --> 04:32:54,400
stories and cautionary tales 
about ambition. 

5004
04:32:55,300 --> 04:32:58,600
Meanwhile historians continue 
unraveling his personal letters 

5005
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:01,600
for glimpses of how he wrestled 
with his private identity 

5006
04:33:01,600 --> 04:33:05,300
overshadowing, any single label 
like nationalist or elitist. 

5007
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:08,400
They see in him, the Deep 
tension between moral 

5008
04:33:08,400 --> 04:33:11,099
convictions and the messy realm 
of real-world politics. 

5009
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:14,800
Consequently Hamilton's Legacy 
stands as a testament, to a 

5010
04:33:14,800 --> 04:33:17,900
Founder whose Brilliance forged 
the Frameworks of American 

5011
04:33:17,900 --> 04:33:20,599
Finance. 
Ushering, in a strong union that

5012
04:33:20,599 --> 04:33:24,400
could handle crises from 1812 to
Beyond his life. 

5013
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:28,000
Truncated by a bullet, in a 
duel, exemplifies the era's 

5014
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:31,500
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 
the institutional Frameworks, he

5015
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:35,200
championed endured over 
shadowing, a femoral parties and

5016
04:33:35,200 --> 04:33:38,400
feuds as American Commerce and 
governance matured. 

5017
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:42,800
Many of his ideas about credits 
systems minted currency and 

5018
04:33:42,800 --> 04:33:46,400
regulated trade blossomed. 
Therefore though, overshadowed 

5019
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:50,300
in certain historical arcs 
Hamilton's imprint remains woven

5020
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:53,300
into the fabric of the modern 
American state region. 

5021
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:56,000
The intangible line from 
rebellious colony to global 

5022
04:33:56,000 --> 04:33:58,700
economic power. 
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 

5023
04:33:58,700 --> 04:34:02,800
might Echo as one of Unstoppable
curiosity and drive born into 

5024
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:05,400
adversity. 
He harnessed his intellect to 

5025
04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:07,099
climb political and financial 
Summits. 

5026
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:10,099
His story, underscores how 
Relentless learning and a 

5027
04:34:10,099 --> 04:34:13,599
willingness to challenge and 
Norms can yield transformative 

5028
04:34:13,599 --> 04:34:16,900
results. 
And yet it also warns of how 

5029
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:20,599
personal vendettas and impulsive
decisions like The Final Duel 

5030
04:34:20,599 --> 04:34:23,000
can overshadow, even the 
grandest achievements. 

5031
04:34:24,500 --> 04:34:27,200
The interplay of success and 
tragedy and Hamilton's life 

5032
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:31,000
offers a cautionary Dimension 
about letting rivalry overshadow

5033
04:34:31,000 --> 04:34:34,000
reason. 
One, dimension, often overlooked

5034
04:34:34,000 --> 04:34:35,900
is Hamilton's approach to social
Mobility. 

5035
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:41,800
He believed in meritocracy, that
Talent not lineage should Define

5036
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:44,500
one station. 
His views clashed with the 

5037
04:34:44,500 --> 04:34:47,599
prevailing aristocratic mores 
that granted advantage to 

5038
04:34:47,599 --> 04:34:50,700
established families in 
championing, a strong central 

5039
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:52,900
government Hamilton believed it 
would break. 

5040
04:34:52,900 --> 04:34:56,099
Local oligarchies allowing new 
men of skill to advance. 

5041
04:34:56,900 --> 04:35:00,500
That conviction shape his 
financial Blueprinting that the 

5042
04:35:00,500 --> 04:35:03,099
nation's credit system, extended
Beyond a handful of wealthy 

5043
04:35:03,099 --> 04:35:06,000
Planters yet. 
It also invited accusations of 

5044
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:09,500
favoritism toward banking. 
Elites ironically suggesting 

5045
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:12,800
that merits still found 
expression, primarily among 

5046
04:35:12,800 --> 04:35:14,599
well-connected City Finance 
years. 

5047
04:35:14,599 --> 04:35:18,500
Another lesson, known angle is 
how Hamilton viewed foreign 

5048
04:35:18,500 --> 04:35:23,000
policy, he favored Commerce base
alliances, but distrusted in 

5049
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:25,200
tangling, the US in ideological 
battles. 

5050
04:35:25,200 --> 04:35:28,500
While acknowledging Britain as a
trade partner, despite the 

5051
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:31,900
rancor left from the revolution.
He saw stable trade routes as 

5052
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:33,900
essential for revenue and Global
standing. 

5053
04:35:34,900 --> 04:35:38,500
Jefferson and Madison criticized
the strategy as an over cozy 

5054
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:42,200
approach with a recent foe. 
But Hamilton saw post-war 

5055
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,000
British power as a practical 
anchor for commercial expansion.

5056
04:35:45,900 --> 04:35:49,099
In this sense, his realism, 
overshadowed older, resentments,

5057
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:53,099
that stance was a Harbinger for 
how modern States weigh economic

5058
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:55,000
tires against historic 
grievances. 

5059
04:35:55,800 --> 04:35:58,800
Additionally, Hamilton's 
personal style at Social 

5060
04:35:58,800 --> 04:36:01,599
Gatherings and in Daily 
interactions reveals a man who 

5061
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:04,500
could be both charmingly 
eloquent and abrasively direct. 

5062
04:36:05,300 --> 04:36:08,500
Contemporaries described him as 
intense with a quick mind, that 

5063
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:11,300
occasionally battered 
conversation partners he thrived

5064
04:36:11,300 --> 04:36:13,700
on intellectual debate. 
Some say, he embraced 

5065
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:16,099
confrontation to refine ideas 
yet. 

5066
04:36:16,099 --> 04:36:18,400
This habit might have 
contributed to the accumulation 

5067
04:36:18,400 --> 04:36:22,000
of enemies culminating in the 
Fateful spat with Burr. 

5068
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:25,700
In an era where honor was a 
Cornerstone of social standing. 

5069
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:29,800
Hamilton's cutting wit proved a 
dangerous asset at home 

5070
04:36:29,800 --> 04:36:31,900
Hamilton. 
And Eliza raise to Growing 

5071
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:34,800
family though. 
Tragedies struck the death of 

5072
04:36:34,808 --> 04:36:37,500
their son, Philip in a duel. 
Reminiscent of his father's. 

5073
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:41,300
Fierce approached, a personal 
disputes, This sorrow weighed 

5074
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:44,200
heavily on Hamilton, 
intensifying his reflection on 

5075
04:36:44,200 --> 04:36:47,300
the code of honor. 
Paradoxical he still ended up 

5076
04:36:47,300 --> 04:36:51,500
abiding by that same code 
accepting Burr's challenge, The 

5077
04:36:51,500 --> 04:36:54,000
Duality of a brilliant mind 
trapped by the period. 

5078
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:57,700
Social norms emerges starkly in 
these personal heartbreaks for 

5079
04:36:57,700 --> 04:36:59,300
modern readers. 
The scenario. 

5080
04:36:59,300 --> 04:37:02,000
Underscores, how societal 
expectations can override 

5081
04:37:02,000 --> 04:37:06,599
individual caution, even for a 
pragmatic Statesman Examining 

5082
04:37:06,599 --> 04:37:09,800
Hamilton's religious evolution 
is another nuanced topic. 

5083
04:37:10,500 --> 04:37:13,200
Later in life, particularly 
after Philip's death. 

5084
04:37:13,800 --> 04:37:16,000
He re-engaged with spiritual 
considerations. 

5085
04:37:17,099 --> 04:37:19,900
While not as devout as John Jay 
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 

5086
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:23,200
expressed, his belief that moral
Frameworks were crucial to 

5087
04:37:23,200 --> 04:37:26,300
stable governance. 
Some Scholars, see a nearer to 

5088
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:29,599
Christian Orthodoxy in his final
years overshadowing, the early 

5089
04:37:29,599 --> 04:37:32,700
secular aura. 
This dimension of moral or 

5090
04:37:32,700 --> 04:37:34,500
religious introspection is 
overshadowed. 

5091
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:37,800
In many popular accounts that 
focus on battles of Finance or 

5092
04:37:37,800 --> 04:37:41,900
parties and ship. 
Lastly, the robust myth making 

5093
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:44,900
around Hamilton in the 21st 
century, particularly following 

5094
04:37:44,900 --> 04:37:47,800
a certain successful musical 
reflects how malleable 

5095
04:37:47,800 --> 04:37:51,400
historical figures can become 
for decades overshadowed in 

5096
04:37:51,400 --> 04:37:54,400
public memory. 
Hamilton found new admirers in 

5097
04:37:54,400 --> 04:37:56,400
thrall by his Underdog 
narrative. 

5098
04:37:56,400 --> 04:38:00,200
The musical Drew from historical
sources but adapted them for 

5099
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:04,099
modern, audience's highlighting 
themes of immigration ambition 

5100
04:38:04,099 --> 04:38:08,000
and the forging of identity. 
Meanwhile professional 

5101
04:38:08,000 --> 04:38:11,300
historians maintain a more 
measured stance acknowledging, 

5102
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:14,099
the genius behind the bank and 
The Federalist Papers, but also 

5103
04:38:14,099 --> 04:38:17,400
the moral complexities 
involvement in a scandalous 

5104
04:38:17,400 --> 04:38:20,300
Reynolds Affair. 
The backing of harsh policies 

5105
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:23,800
like the Alien and Sedition Acts
and the overshadowed complicity 

5106
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:27,500
in a system that tolerated 
slavery, hence Hamilton's life, 

5107
04:38:27,500 --> 04:38:30,800
embodies many contradictions, 
Hamilton was a brilliant 

5108
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:34,700
champion of American Finance and
immigrants, success story, and a

5109
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:37,400
defender of robust National 
institutions yet. 

5110
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:40,400
He was also entangled in 
political vendettas, personal 

5111
04:38:40,400 --> 04:38:44,099
heartbreak, and moral. 
Ambiguity is the lethal code of 

5112
04:38:44,108 --> 04:38:46,700
personal honor of the era. 
Brought him down from the 

5113
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:50,700
Pinnacle of policy influence. 
Contemporary observers can glean

5114
04:38:50,700 --> 04:38:53,700
from his Saga. 
How Vision intellect and 

5115
04:38:53,700 --> 04:38:57,400
determination can reshape a 
society while cautioning that 

5116
04:38:57,400 --> 04:39:00,000
untempered ambition and rivalry 
risk. 

5117
04:39:00,000 --> 04:39:03,700
Overshadowing, even the grandest
legacies in the modern Mosaic of

5118
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:06,800
American History. 
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 

5119
04:39:06,800 --> 04:39:10,800
unique Niche, straddling Realms 
of Finance, politics and 

5120
04:39:10,800 --> 04:39:14,400
personal drama. 
Behind the scenes, he shaped the

5121
04:39:14,400 --> 04:39:16,700
national domain by delivering 
pragmatic, solutions, to 

5122
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:19,099
fundamental questions about, 
governance and economy. 

5123
04:39:19,900 --> 04:39:23,099
Yet his flamboyant final act, 
the duel with Aaron Burr. 

5124
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:25,400
Long overshadowed, the breadth 
of his achievements? 

5125
04:39:26,500 --> 04:39:29,800
Over the past two centuries, the
perception of Hamilton has 

5126
04:39:29,800 --> 04:39:32,800
fluctuated between critical 
weariness and near heroic 

5127
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:36,200
adulation leading to a 
re-examination that highlights 

5128
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:40,500
his full complexity. 
For many decades Hamilton served

5129
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:42,600
as a reference point for strong 
central governance. 

5130
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:46,700
In debates about tariffs, 
internal improvements and the 

5131
04:39:46,708 --> 04:39:50,000
role of a National Bank, 
legislators invoke his name. 

5132
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:52,500
The hamiltonian Visions 
signified. 

5133
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:55,300
A dynamic industrializing. 
America. 

5134
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:58,200
That invests in large-scale 
infrastructure and cultivates. 

5135
04:39:58,200 --> 04:40:02,100
A robust bond market. 
Penance retorted that such 

5136
04:40:02,100 --> 04:40:03,900
policies undercut, local 
autonomy. 

5137
04:40:04,700 --> 04:40:08,600
Coing Jeffersonian concerns 
about overreach this cyclical 

5138
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:10,100
debate recurs whenever the 
nation. 

5139
04:40:10,100 --> 04:40:14,500
Confronts a crisis or looks to 
expand Federal influence, beaten

5140
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:16,800
responding to economic 
depressions, or modern Financial

5141
04:40:16,800 --> 04:40:20,600
bailouts among Scholars, 
Hamilton's contribution to the 

5142
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:22,800
Federalist remains a crowning 
literary feat. 

5143
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:26,500
Essays like Federalist number 78
shape, the judiciaries 

5144
04:40:26,500 --> 04:40:29,900
conceptual role championing 
judicial Independence, and the 

5145
04:40:29,908 --> 04:40:34,400
power of constitutional review. 
Federer's number 84 argued that 

5146
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:37,300
enumerating rights might risk. 
Constraining them though, 

5147
04:40:37,300 --> 04:40:39,800
ionically the Bill of Rights was
soon appended to the 

5148
04:40:39,800 --> 04:40:42,800
Constitution anyway. 
Such Works left a lasting 

5149
04:40:42,808 --> 04:40:46,100
intellectual deposit frequently,
cited and Supreme Court 

5150
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:48,500
decisions. 
The interplay between Hamilton's

5151
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:50,900
preference for strong federal 
courts, and modern jurisprudence

5152
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:53,700
reveals the longevity of his 
influence. 

5153
04:40:54,400 --> 04:40:57,000
Public interests. 
Sawed a new in the 21st century 

5154
04:40:57,000 --> 04:41:00,300
with a popular musical, 
recasting Hamilton as a hip 

5155
04:41:00,300 --> 04:41:03,000
Scrappy immigrant shaping the 
nation's destiny. 

5156
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:06,100
That retelling lending. 
Hip hop, and historical 

5157
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:09,300
references stoked. 
Fresh curiosity about details of

5158
04:41:09,300 --> 04:41:11,700
his Caribbean, youth. 
The Heartbreak of losing his 

5159
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:14,500
mother and the unexpected 
mentorship from Merchants. 

5160
04:41:14,500 --> 04:41:18,100
It also reintroduced figures 
like John Laurens, Hercules, 

5161
04:41:18,100 --> 04:41:21,100
Mulligan, or Elizabeth Skyler to
mainstream conversation. 

5162
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:24,700
This phenomenon demonstrates, 
how historical figures can be 

5163
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:27,600
revived and reinterpreted to 
speak to current cultural 

5164
04:41:27,600 --> 04:41:31,200
dialogues about immigration 
representation and the forging 

5165
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,900
of American identity that said 
the musicals creative Liberties 

5166
04:41:34,900 --> 04:41:38,000
overshadow, certain 
complexities, for instance the 

5167
04:41:38,000 --> 04:41:40,800
Deep potentials around slave 
free or Hamilton's relationship 

5168
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:44,800
with Haitian Independence. 
Yet it undeniably catapulted him

5169
04:41:44,800 --> 04:41:48,500
back into the public eye. 
Critically modern reflection 

5170
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:50,800
contends with Hamilton stance on
slavery. 

5171
04:41:51,800 --> 04:41:53,900
They personally not an owner of 
large plantations. 

5172
04:41:53,900 --> 04:41:57,200
He married into a family that 
benefited from enslaved. 

5173
04:41:57,200 --> 04:41:59,200
Labor. 
He posed, the international 

5174
04:41:59,200 --> 04:42:01,700
slave trade, but was less vocal 
about media. 

5175
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:04,300
Abolition. 
Some historians, see him as 

5176
04:42:04,300 --> 04:42:06,700
moderately anti-slavery and 
principal yet. 

5177
04:42:06,700 --> 04:42:10,200
Overshadowed by the era's, 
political constraints This mild 

5178
04:42:10,200 --> 04:42:13,800
stance differs from the further 
of an abolitionist highlighting 

5179
04:42:13,800 --> 04:42:16,900
that even bright Minds can 
compromise on pressing moral 

5180
04:42:16,900 --> 04:42:19,400
issues for perceived political 
necessity. 

5181
04:42:20,400 --> 04:42:23,100
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 
would respond to the subsequent 

5182
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:25,900
expansion. 
He died before industrialization

5183
04:42:25,900 --> 04:42:28,200
truly took flight on the 
question of slavery. 

5184
04:42:28,200 --> 04:42:31,400
Overtook National politics, 
would he have advocated for 

5185
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:34,400
federal solutions to keep the 
union intact in the 1850s? 

5186
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:38,100
Or would he have favored more 
localized pragmatic deals? 

5187
04:42:38,800 --> 04:42:41,500
the count of factual is 
tantalizing but unanswerable, 

5188
04:42:42,200 --> 04:42:45,200
Like many Founders, his ideas 
form the skeleton for future 

5189
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:48,500
developments, but subsequent 
Generations, molded them to new 

5190
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:52,100
contexts. 
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 

5191
04:42:52,100 --> 04:42:54,800
letters uncovered in archives 
over time. 

5192
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:58,600
Reveal the emotional complexity 
Behind The Confident public 

5193
04:42:58,600 --> 04:43:03,700
Persona he could be warm witty 
or scathing anxious about 

5194
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:07,800
respect and standing. 
Specter of Orphan Hood, never 

5195
04:43:07,800 --> 04:43:10,800
fully left him. 
A sense of precariousness 

5196
04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:14,200
pervaded his ambition. 
He engaged in verbal battles 

5197
04:43:14,200 --> 04:43:18,100
with the Press establishing, a 
partisan strategy, the Reynolds 

5198
04:43:18,100 --> 04:43:20,600
Affair in which he admitted to 
an extramarital relationship 

5199
04:43:20,600 --> 04:43:23,100
tarnished. 
His moral standing yet 

5200
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:26,700
underscored his willingness to 
publicly confess in a swirl of 

5201
04:43:26,700 --> 04:43:30,000
political blackmail. 
All these episodes illustrate, a

5202
04:43:30,000 --> 04:43:31,800
Founder who was no pristine 
statue. 

5203
04:43:31,800 --> 04:43:35,400
But a flawed participant in the 
messy birth of a republic in 

5204
04:43:35,400 --> 04:43:39,300
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 

5205
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:42,100
America's early or destiny. 
Someone forging National 

5206
04:43:42,100 --> 04:43:45,500
Frameworks with unstoppable 
further, bridging personal 

5207
04:43:45,500 --> 04:43:48,500
adversity and political 
upheaval, he hammered out 

5208
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:51,300
Financial Machinery, that 
stabilized a precarious Union 

5209
04:43:51,300 --> 04:43:54,100
wrote constitutional 
commentaries that guided 

5210
04:43:54,100 --> 04:43:58,200
centuries of legal thought, and 
valiantly served in war only to 

5211
04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:01,300
be undone by personal Vendetta 
in a misguided duel. 

5212
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:04,900
This story resonates with 
universal themes of ambition, 

5213
04:44:04,900 --> 04:44:09,000
printable rivalry, and the 
subtle interplay of personal and

5214
04:44:09,000 --> 04:44:11,600
public Realms. 
Hamilton's imprint endures in 

5215
04:44:11,600 --> 04:44:14,100
the institutions. 
He shape the arguments, he 

5216
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:17,500
Advanced the persistent puzzle 
of how brilliant mind can fall 

5217
04:44:17,500 --> 04:44:20,600
victim to a bullet summoned, by 
the code of honor with confusing

5218
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:31,300
reasoning. 
Imagine Baltimore in 1895, when 

5219
04:44:31,300 --> 04:44:35,000
the city's Waterfront hummed 
with the sounds of Industry, an 

5220
04:44:35,000 --> 04:44:38,300
immigrant voices mixed with the 
calls of Street vendors, selling

5221
04:44:38,300 --> 04:44:41,800
everything from fresh oysters to
yesterday's newspapers. 

5222
04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:46,400
The are carried the smell of 
cold, smoke horse manure, and 

5223
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:48,700
the Briny Tang of the Chesapeake
Bay. 

5224
04:44:49,900 --> 04:44:54,300
Into this world on February, 
6th, George Herman, Ruth, Junior

5225
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:58,400
was born above his father's 
Saloon on Frederick Street in a 

5226
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:01,400
neighborhood that polite Society
preferred to pretend didn't 

5227
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:03,700
exist. 
The Baltimore, Waterfront 

5228
04:45:03,700 --> 04:45:06,500
District, wasn't the kind of 
place where childhood dreams 

5229
04:45:06,500 --> 04:45:10,500
were supposed to flourish. 
It was rough loud and 

5230
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:13,600
unforgiving. 
A place where kids grew up fast 

5231
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:17,800
or didn't grow up at all. 
Young George's, parents, Kate, 

5232
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:21,200
and George senior, ran a 
combination Saloon and boarding 

5233
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:24,300
house, which meant their home 
was always filled with the 

5234
04:45:24,300 --> 04:45:28,300
sounds of adult conversation. 
The clink of glasses and the 

5235
04:45:28,300 --> 04:45:30,600
occasional argument. 
That Spilled Out onto the 

5236
04:45:30,600 --> 04:45:33,200
cobblestone streets for a small 
boy. 

5237
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:35,700
In this environment, normal 
supervision was nearly 

5238
04:45:35,700 --> 04:45:39,400
impossible. 
Kate Ruth was often ill weakened

5239
04:45:39,400 --> 04:45:41,900
by the demand of running, a 
business and bearing eight 

5240
04:45:41,900 --> 04:45:44,700
children, only two of whom would
survive infancy. 

5241
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:48,900
George senior worked from dawn 
until late into the night 

5242
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:53,700
managing a business that catered
to Dock Workers Sailors and the 

5243
04:45:53,708 --> 04:45:56,600
sort of customers who didn't ask
too many questions about the 

5244
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:59,800
quality of the whiskey young. 
George found himself, largely 

5245
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:03,400
raising himself on those 
Baltimore streets by the time he

5246
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,400
was seven, he was spending more 
time in the alleys and corners 

5247
04:46:06,400 --> 04:46:09,600
of the Waterfront than in 
school, he'd skip classes to 

5248
04:46:09,600 --> 04:46:12,300
hang around the docks. 
Watching longshoremen unload 

5249
04:46:12,300 --> 04:46:15,000
cargo from ships, that had 
traveled from places, he could 

5250
04:46:15,000 --> 04:46:19,400
barely imagine Sometimes he'd 
steal fruit from vendor carts, 

5251
04:46:19,400 --> 04:46:21,200
not always because he was 
hungry. 

5252
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:24,700
But because the thrill of not 
getting caught was more exciting

5253
04:46:24,700 --> 04:46:27,800
than anything happening in a 
classroom, the trouble started 

5254
04:46:27,800 --> 04:46:32,300
small, true and see petty theft,
the kind of Mischief that City 

5255
04:46:32,300 --> 04:46:34,700
police generally ignored. 
When it came from Waterfront 

5256
04:46:34,700 --> 04:46:40,000
kids, but it escalated, George 
had energy, that seemed to 

5257
04:46:40,000 --> 04:46:43,700
vibrate through his small frame 
and inability to sit. 

5258
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:47,500
Still that drove his teachers to
distraction on the rare 

5259
04:46:47,500 --> 04:46:49,100
occasions. 
He showed up to school. 

5260
04:46:50,100 --> 04:46:54,600
He needed to be moving doing and
challenging himself in ways that

5261
04:46:54,600 --> 04:46:57,500
the rigid structure of turn of 
the century education couldn't 

5262
04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:00,600
accommodate his parents. 
Watched their sons trajectory 

5263
04:47:00,600 --> 04:47:03,000
with the kind of helpless 
concern that comes from being 

5264
04:47:03,000 --> 04:47:04,900
too overwhelmed to intervene 
effectively. 

5265
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:08,500
Kate's illness? 
Worsened the saloon demanded 

5266
04:47:08,500 --> 04:47:11,700
constant attention. 
There are other surviving child 

5267
04:47:11,700 --> 04:47:14,200
George's, youngest Sister, Mary 
required care. 

5268
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:18,000
Something had to give and that 
something turned out to be young

5269
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:20,100
George's presence in their daily
lives. 

5270
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:23,300
In 1902, when George was just 
seven years old. 

5271
04:47:23,300 --> 04:47:26,500
His parents made a decision that
would alter the course of 

5272
04:47:26,500 --> 04:47:29,800
American Sports history, though,
they certainly didn't know it at

5273
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:32,700
the time. 
They signed papers declaring him

5274
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:36,600
incorrigible, and committed him 
to Saint Marys industrial school

5275
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:39,800
for boys. 
He Reformatory and orphanage run

5276
04:47:39,800 --> 04:47:42,400
by the Catholic of severe. 
And brothers on the outskirts of

5277
04:47:42,400 --> 04:47:44,900
Baltimore, you might pick 
picture this moment as 

5278
04:47:44,900 --> 04:47:47,700
traumatic. 
A young boy, torn from his 

5279
04:47:47,700 --> 04:47:49,700
family and sent away to an 
institution. 

5280
04:47:51,000 --> 04:47:52,500
But the truth was more 
complicated. 

5281
04:47:53,500 --> 04:47:56,100
George would later describe his 
arrival at Saint Marys. 

5282
04:47:56,100 --> 04:47:59,400
Not as a punishment. 
But as the first real stability,

5283
04:47:59,400 --> 04:48:03,000
he'd ever known. 
The Reformatory had rules, yes, 

5284
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:06,400
but it also had structure 
regular meals and adults who 

5285
04:48:06,400 --> 04:48:08,800
actually paid attention to what 
the boys were doing. 

5286
04:48:08,800 --> 04:48:13,700
Sent Mary's was enormous housing
over 800 Boys on a campus that 

5287
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:16,500
sprawled across industrial 
Baltimore's Western Edge. 

5288
04:48:17,300 --> 04:48:20,600
The buildings were imposing red 
brick structures that looked 

5289
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:22,800
like they'd been designed to 
remind young boys of their 

5290
04:48:22,800 --> 04:48:26,200
insignificance. 
But within those walls George 

5291
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:28,800
discovered something that had 
been missing from his chaotic 

5292
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:32,600
life on Frederick Street. 
Predictability every day at 

5293
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:35,300
Saint Mary's. 
Followed the same Rhythm wake at

5294
04:48:35,300 --> 04:48:39,900
6:00 morning, prayers breakfast 
classes in Reading Writing and 

5295
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:43,200
arithmetic after noon. 
Session's learning trades 

5296
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:47,600
shoemaking, tailoring and 
printing more prayers dinner 

5297
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:52,900
evening, Recreation, lights out.
For a boy whose previous life 

5298
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:55,100
had been defined by chaos and 
uncertainty. 

5299
04:48:55,100 --> 04:48:59,300
This routine, was surprisingly 
comforting, like finally, 

5300
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:03,200
hearing a Melody after years of 
nothing but noises the severe 

5301
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:05,900
and brothers, who ran the school
were Stern, but not cruel. 

5302
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:10,000
They believed in discipline hard
work and the Redemptive power of

5303
04:49:10,000 --> 04:49:13,000
the Catholic faith. 
They also believed in baseball, 

5304
04:49:14,300 --> 04:49:17,300
Behind the main buildings. 
Saint Mary's maintained several 

5305
04:49:17,300 --> 04:49:19,400
baseball diamonds. 
Where boys could play nearly 

5306
04:49:19,400 --> 04:49:23,500
every day where the permitting. 
This was where George Herman 

5307
04:49:23,500 --> 04:49:26,600
Ruth would discover the game 
that would define his existence 

5308
04:49:26,600 --> 04:49:29,100
picture. 
Those baseball fields at Saint 

5309
04:49:29,100 --> 04:49:31,500
Mary's on a late spring 
afternoon, with the sun 

5310
04:49:31,500 --> 04:49:34,600
beginning, its slow, descent 
behind Baltimore Skyline. 

5311
04:49:35,400 --> 04:49:38,400
The grass kept reasonably well 
by Boys, assigned to 

5312
04:49:38,408 --> 04:49:41,900
groundskeeping duties stretched 
out in a shade of green that 

5313
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:44,100
looked almost luminous in the 
Golden Light. 

5314
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:48,600
The base paths were hard packed 
dirt, worn, Smooth by hundreds 

5315
04:49:48,600 --> 04:49:51,200
of running feet. 
The smell of leather gloves. 

5316
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:55,300
Worn soft with use, mixed with 
the earthy scent of infield dust

5317
04:49:55,300 --> 04:49:58,700
kicked up by sliding Runners. 
This was where young George 

5318
04:49:58,700 --> 04:50:01,900
found his calling, though, he 
didn't recognize his as such at 

5319
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:06,200
first base baseball at Saint. 
Mary's wasn't a formal Sport 

5320
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:08,100
with scholarships and 
professional Scouts. 

5321
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:12,600
It was Recreation a way to burn 
off the Restless energy of 

5322
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:15,500
hundreds of boys who needed 
something to do, besides 

5323
04:50:15,500 --> 04:50:17,600
contemplating, their various 
failures. 

5324
04:50:17,600 --> 04:50:19,400
That had led them to a 
Reformatory. 

5325
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:22,500
At first, George was just 
another kid, trying to figure 

5326
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:25,600
out where he fit in the rotating
cast of games, that seem to run 

5327
04:50:25,600 --> 04:50:28,200
continuously from Spring through
fall. 

5328
04:50:29,100 --> 04:50:33,800
Saint Mary's had multiple teams 
organized by age and ability and

5329
04:50:33,800 --> 04:50:37,200
boys cycled through different 
positions based on who showed up

5330
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:40,400
and who was serving detention 
for some infraction of the 

5331
04:50:40,400 --> 04:50:44,000
school's numerous rules. 
George tried catching first 

5332
04:50:44,000 --> 04:50:47,800
squatting behind a home plate 
with a rudimentary mask and 

5333
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:51,100
chest protector that offered 
minimal protection against foul 

5334
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:54,500
tips, and wild pitches. 
He discovered, he liked being in

5335
04:50:54,500 --> 04:50:58,300
the middle of every play calling
pitches though the pictures 

5336
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:00,700
often ignored him and 
occasionally throwing out 

5337
04:51:00,700 --> 04:51:03,500
Runners who were foolish enough 
to test his arm, but it was 

5338
04:51:03,508 --> 04:51:05,800
pitching that truly captured his
imagination. 

5339
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:09,900
One after noon, when the regular
picture for his team was sick in

5340
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:11,900
the infirmary, George 
volunteered. 

5341
04:51:12,600 --> 04:51:15,700
He'd watched pictures enough to 
understand the basic mechanics, 

5342
04:51:15,700 --> 04:51:18,900
the wind up the stride and the 
follow through. 

5343
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:23,000
What he discovered when he told 
the robber for the first time 

5344
04:51:23,000 --> 04:51:25,600
was that throwing a baseball? 
Hard was one of the most 

5345
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:29,900
satisfying physical experiences,
he'd ever encountered the ball 

5346
04:51:29,908 --> 04:51:32,100
left, his left hand, he was 
naturally. 

5347
04:51:32,100 --> 04:51:34,800
Left-handed, which was still 
considered vaguely suspicious 

5348
04:51:34,800 --> 04:51:38,400
and turn of the century America 
and sailed toward home plate 

5349
04:51:38,400 --> 04:51:42,300
with surprising velocity, The 
batter swung and missed. 

5350
04:51:42,900 --> 04:51:46,200
George felt something click into
place like a puzzle piece. 

5351
04:51:46,200 --> 04:51:48,900
He hadn't known was missing. 
Suddenly completing a picture 

5352
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:52,000
over the following months and 
years George through and 

5353
04:51:52,000 --> 04:51:54,100
through. 
And through he developed, 

5354
04:51:54,100 --> 04:51:57,700
calluses on his fingers from 
gripping, the balls raised seams

5355
04:51:57,700 --> 04:52:02,100
his left shoulder ached, most 
evenings a dull throb that felt 

5356
04:52:02,100 --> 04:52:03,900
like achievement rather than 
injury. 

5357
04:52:05,100 --> 04:52:06,800
He studied the older pictures at
Saint. 

5358
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:11,000
Mary's watching how they varied 
their speeds, how they used the 

5359
04:52:11,000 --> 04:52:14,900
Bat as expectations against him 
and how they worked, both sides 

5360
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:18,100
of the plate to keep hitters off
balance, brother, Matthias, 

5361
04:52:18,100 --> 04:52:21,600
butley a, the school's prefect 
of discipline and unofficial 

5362
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:24,600
athletic director. 
Noticed the skinny kid, who 

5363
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:28,500
seemed to live on the baseball 
diamond, Matias was an imposing 

5364
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:32,700
figure over six feet, tall, and 
built like the longshoremen 

5365
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:34,400
George remembered from the 
waterfront. 

5366
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:37,200
But unlike the rough men of 
Baltimore's. 

5367
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:41,400
Docks Matthias combined physical
presence with genuine interest 

5368
04:52:41,400 --> 04:52:44,500
in the boys, under his 
supervision athias took George 

5369
04:52:44,500 --> 04:52:47,600
under his wing in a way that the
boys actual father never had he 

5370
04:52:47,600 --> 04:52:50,400
taught him. 
Not just baseball mechanics but 

5371
04:52:50,400 --> 04:52:52,200
also, the mental aspects of the 
game. 

5372
04:52:52,200 --> 04:52:56,400
How to read a batters stance how
to recognize when someone was 

5373
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,900
guessing fastball and how to use
the Umpire Strike Zone to his 

5374
04:52:59,900 --> 04:53:03,900
advantage More importantly, 
Matthias gave George something. 

5375
04:53:03,900 --> 04:53:08,100
He'd rarely experienced 
consistent attention from an 

5376
04:53:08,100 --> 04:53:11,100
adult who believed he might 
actually amount to something as 

5377
04:53:11,100 --> 04:53:14,600
George moved through his teenage
years, at Saint, Mary's cycling 

5378
04:53:14,600 --> 04:53:16,700
in and out of the institution as
his father. 

5379
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:19,500
Periodically tried to bring him 
home before, inevitably sending 

5380
04:53:19,500 --> 04:53:22,300
him back. 
Baseball became his constant. 

5381
04:53:23,100 --> 04:53:25,700
The game didn't care about his 
rough background or his trouble 

5382
04:53:25,700 --> 04:53:28,600
with authority, or his inability
to sit, still in a classroom. 

5383
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:33,200
Baseball rewarded, his natural 
athleticism, his surprising 

5384
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:36,700
coordination and his competitive
fire that burned, hot enough to 

5385
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:40,100
make him practice long after 
other boys had gone inside by 

5386
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:42,000
his mid-teens, George had 
developed. 

5387
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:44,800
A reputation that extended 
Beyond some mayor's walls. 

5388
04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:48,600
Local amateur teams would 
sometimes recruit Saint Marys 

5389
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:51,500
players for weekend games and 
George's names, started 

5390
04:53:51,500 --> 04:53:55,100
appearing in the sports pages of
Baltimore newspapers, usually 

5391
04:53:55,100 --> 04:53:58,800
just aligned or two noting that 
the Saint Marys pitcher had 

5392
04:53:58,800 --> 04:54:01,600
struck out a dozen batters in 
some industrial League matchup. 

5393
04:54:01,600 --> 04:54:05,300
He was still raw, still 
learning, still prone to the 

5394
04:54:05,300 --> 04:54:08,600
kind of wildness both on and off
the field that made him. 

5395
04:54:08,600 --> 04:54:11,000
Small taneously, exciting and 
unpredictable. 

5396
04:54:13,000 --> 04:54:16,500
Something was emerging in the 
lanky teenager with the round 

5397
04:54:16,500 --> 04:54:19,000
face and surprisingly quick 
reflexes. 

5398
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:22,300
Talent that would soon. 
Catch the attention of people 

5399
04:54:22,300 --> 04:54:26,200
who recognize potential when 
they saw it on a crisp February 

5400
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:30,700
morning in 1914, 19 year old 
George Herman Ruth signed his 

5401
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:34,000
first professional baseball 
contract with the Baltimore 

5402
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:35,900
Orioles of the international 
league. 

5403
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:40,800
The contract paid him $600 for 
the season which was more money 

5404
04:54:40,800 --> 04:54:42,800
than George had ever imagined. 
Having. 

5405
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:46,700
To put that in perspective, the 
average American worker at the 

5406
04:54:46,708 --> 04:54:49,400
time and less than 400 dollars 
annually. 

5407
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:55,300
George was suddenly in probably,
well, paid the Oriels owner and 

5408
04:54:55,300 --> 04:54:58,300
manager, Jack Dunn, had watched 
George pitch for Saint Marys and

5409
04:54:58,308 --> 04:55:00,200
saw something that went beyond 
me a skill. 

5410
04:55:01,100 --> 04:55:03,900
He saw a young man with a left 
arm that could make baseballs 

5411
04:55:03,900 --> 04:55:05,400
do. 
Things that defy, easy 

5412
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:09,100
explanation combined with an 
enthusiasm for the game that 

5413
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:13,600
bordered on childlike Joy. 
Dunn, became George's legal 

5414
04:55:13,600 --> 04:55:16,500
guardian. 
A formality required because 

5415
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:19,300
George was still technically 
under sink Mary's jurisdiction. 

5416
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:22,300
And the other player started 
calling, the newest addition to 

5417
04:55:22,300 --> 04:55:26,300
the team Donas new baby. 
The nickname stuck, though, it 

5418
04:55:26,300 --> 04:55:28,600
would be shortened and 
transformed in the years ahead. 

5419
04:55:29,400 --> 04:55:32,200
But for now, George was just 
trying to figure out how to be a

5420
04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:35,000
professional baseball player, 
which turned out to involve a 

5421
04:55:35,000 --> 04:55:36,400
lot more than just throwing 
strikes. 

5422
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,500
Professional baseball in 1914. 
Bore little resemblance to the 

5423
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:42,600
modern game. 
You might watch on a lazy summer

5424
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:46,000
evening. 
Teams, traveled by train staying

5425
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:48,800
in modest hotels where players 
doubled up in rooms that were 

5426
04:55:48,800 --> 04:55:50,800
stuffy and summer and frigid in 
winter. 

5427
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:55,200
Uniforms were heavy wool, that 
absorbed sweat and never quite 

5428
04:55:55,200 --> 04:55:57,000
dried out during long road 
trips. 

5429
04:55:57,700 --> 04:56:01,100
Gloves were thin leather Affairs
that offered minimal protection 

5430
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:05,200
and players who didn't learn to 
catch the ball properly ended up

5431
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:08,000
with broken fingers that never 
quite healed, right? 

5432
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:11,600
George threw himself into this 
life with the same enthusiasm. 

5433
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:16,000
He brought to everything else. 
He loved the trains, the hotels 

5434
04:56:16,000 --> 04:56:18,300
and the constant motion from 
City to City. 

5435
04:56:19,100 --> 04:56:22,500
After years of institutional 
confinement at Saint Marys. 

5436
04:56:22,500 --> 04:56:27,100
The freedom of professional 
baseball in toxicated, he could 

5437
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:30,000
stay up late. 
Eat what he wanted and spent his

5438
04:56:30,000 --> 04:56:34,600
money on whatever Court, his 
fancy usually food as Georgia 

5439
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:36,800
developed an appetite. 
That is teammates found 

5440
04:56:36,800 --> 04:56:39,800
simultaneously impressive and 
slightly alarming. 

5441
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:43,100
His pitching developed rapidly 
under professional coaching, 

5442
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:46,800
George learned to add a curve 
ball to his fastball giving him 

5443
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:49,100
two pictures that worked off 
each other beautifully. 

5444
04:56:49,900 --> 04:56:53,100
The curve would start at a 
battered shoulder and break down

5445
04:56:53,100 --> 04:56:56,600
across the plate while his 
fastball came in straight in 

5446
04:56:56,600 --> 04:56:58,900
hard. 
That has had to choose what they

5447
04:56:58,900 --> 04:57:01,900
were looking for and George was 
getting good enough at reading 

5448
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:05,100
swings that he usually guessed 
right about what they chose him.

5449
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:08,400
But George's time with the 
Orioles was briefed, the team 

5450
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:11,800
was struggling financially, a 
common problem for minor league 

5451
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:16,900
clubs, and by July Jack dunard 
sold, his best young pitcher to 

5452
04:57:16,900 --> 04:57:20,300
the Boston, Red Sox for a sum 
that seemed enormous at the 

5453
04:57:20,300 --> 04:57:22,700
time, but would later look like 
one of History's. 

5454
04:57:22,700 --> 04:57:27,100
Great bargains, George Herman, 
Ruth, just five months into his 

5455
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:30,400
professional career was heading 
to the major League's Boston in 

5456
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:33,000
1914. 
Was a baseball City in a way 

5457
04:57:33,008 --> 04:57:37,100
that's hard to imagine today. 
The Red Socks played their home 

5458
04:57:37,100 --> 04:57:41,000
games at Fenway Park which had 
opened just two years early and 

5459
04:57:41,000 --> 04:57:43,100
still smelled a fresh paint and 
optimism. 

5460
04:57:44,100 --> 04:57:47,300
The park was intimate with fan 
setting close enough to the 

5461
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:49,700
field that you could hear them 
commenting on your pitching 

5462
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:52,900
mechanics between deliveries 
George spent most of his first 

5463
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:56,000
season, shuttling between Boston
and their minor league affiliate

5464
04:57:56,000 --> 04:58:00,200
in Providence Rhode Island The 
Red Sox weren't sure what they 

5465
04:58:00,200 --> 04:58:02,000
had in this rough edged kid from
Baltimore. 

5466
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:06,200
He could clearly pitch his 
statistics left, no doubt about 

5467
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:09,000
that. 
But he was also undisciplined 

5468
04:58:09,000 --> 04:58:12,800
prone to Breaking curfew and 
possessed of an appetite for 

5469
04:58:12,800 --> 04:58:16,800
nightlife that worried his more 
conservative managers the 1915 

5470
04:58:16,800 --> 04:58:19,600
season marked George's 
emergence, as one of baseball's 

5471
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:24,400
Premier left-handed pictures. 
He won, 18 games posted an 

5472
04:58:24,400 --> 04:58:27,600
earned run average, that placed 
him among the League's best and 

5473
04:58:27,600 --> 04:58:29,900
helped pitch the Red Sox into 
the World Series. 

5474
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:33,900
In the fall classic against the 
Philadelphia Phillies George 

5475
04:58:33,900 --> 04:58:37,200
appeared in one game pitching. 
Well enough that his manager, 

5476
04:58:37,200 --> 04:58:40,200
trusted him with important 
Innings boss and won the 

5477
04:58:40,200 --> 04:58:44,100
championship, a 19 year old 
George Herman Ruth received his 

5478
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,900
first World Series ring, he 
celebrated with the enthusiasm, 

5479
04:58:47,900 --> 04:58:51,200
you'd expect from a teenager who
gone from a Baltimore 

5480
04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:54,800
Reformatory to the Pinnacle of 
professional sports and just 

5481
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:58,700
over a year. 
The parties lasted for days and 

5482
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:01,800
George's capacity for both 
celebration and Recovery became 

5483
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:05,700
legendary among his teammates, 
the next few seasons established

5484
04:59:05,700 --> 04:59:10,900
a pattern, George would pitch 
brilliantly, winning 23 games in

5485
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:16,400
1916 and 24 in 1917. while 
simultaneously testing every 

5486
04:59:16,400 --> 04:59:20,500
Rule and boundary is managers 
tried to impose He disappear 

5487
04:59:20,500 --> 04:59:24,400
after Games showing up the next 
day with mysterious bruises and 

5488
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:28,000
implausible explanations. 
He'd missed team trains. 

5489
04:59:28,000 --> 04:59:32,000
Forcing managers to find him 
from his paycheck, he'd argue 

5490
04:59:32,000 --> 04:59:35,700
with umpires fight, with 
opposing players, and generally 

5491
04:59:35,700 --> 04:59:38,200
behave, like someone who had 
never quite internalized 

5492
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:41,500
society's expectations for 
professional Behavior yet. 

5493
04:59:41,500 --> 04:59:45,200
He kept winning. 
In the 1916 World Series against

5494
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:47,600
the Brooklyn Robin's. 
George pitched 14. 

5495
04:59:47,600 --> 04:59:51,000
Innings of shutout. 
Baseball game, 2 setting a world

5496
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,200
series record that would stand 
for decades. 

5497
04:59:53,200 --> 04:59:57,200
The Red Sox won again, giving 
George's second Championship 

5498
04:59:57,200 --> 05:00:00,800
Ring before his 22nd birthday, 
but something else was happening

5499
05:00:00,800 --> 05:00:03,400
during these Seasons. 
Something that would ultimately 

5500
05:00:03,400 --> 05:00:06,100
prove more significant than his 
pitching achievements. 

5501
05:00:06,900 --> 05:00:09,800
When George wasn't on the mound,
he'd occasionally play, Outfield

5502
05:00:09,800 --> 05:00:12,900
or fill in at first base and 
when he played these positions, 

5503
05:00:12,900 --> 05:00:15,800
he got to bat more than the once
every four days schedule the 

5504
05:00:15,800 --> 05:00:18,100
pitchers. 
Followed, when George batted 

5505
05:00:18,100 --> 05:00:21,600
remarkable things happen, the 
ball would leave his bat with 

5506
05:00:21,600 --> 05:00:23,700
the sound that was different 
from normal contact. 

5507
05:00:23,700 --> 05:00:28,200
A sharp crack that seemed to 
carry its own Echo, the ball 

5508
05:00:28,200 --> 05:00:31,100
would rise on trajectories that 
looked almost leisurely Until 

5509
05:00:31,100 --> 05:00:32,900
you realize how far they were 
traveling. 

5510
05:00:33,800 --> 05:00:36,100
Home runs in the dead ball era 
were rare. 

5511
05:00:36,100 --> 05:00:38,500
The Gorge was hitting them with 
alarming regularity. 

5512
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:43,600
Whenever his managers let him 
swing the bat by 1918, Red Sox 

5513
05:00:43,600 --> 05:00:45,600
management faced, an unusual 
problem. 

5514
05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:48,700
Their best picture was also 
potentially their best hitter. 

5515
05:00:49,600 --> 05:00:54,000
George appeared in, 95 games 
that season pitching in only 20 

5516
05:00:54,000 --> 05:00:57,000
of them, he won 13 games on the 
mound. 

5517
05:00:57,000 --> 05:01:00,000
While simultaneously leading the
American League with 11, home 

5518
05:01:00,000 --> 05:01:03,600
runs a total that would have 
been unremarkable in later eras,

5519
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:07,100
but was extraordinary for the 
time, the baseball world was 

5520
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,900
beginning to recognize that 
George Herman Ruth might be 

5521
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:13,800
something unprecedented, not 
just a great player, but someone

5522
05:01:13,800 --> 05:01:17,300
who was redefining, what great 
could mean, picture Boston's 

5523
05:01:17,300 --> 05:01:21,900
Fenway Park in late 1990, as 
Autumn settled over, New England

5524
05:01:21,900 --> 05:01:24,500
and the baseball season wound 
towards its conclusion. 

5525
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:29,900
George Herman Ruth. 
Now, 24 years old, had just 

5526
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:34,600
completed his most remarkable 
season yet. 29, home runs 

5527
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:38,500
shattering. 
Every previous record for a 

5528
05:01:38,500 --> 05:01:41,500
single season. 
He'd effectively stopped 

5529
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:45,800
pitching playing almost 
exclusively as an outfield or he

5530
05:01:45,800 --> 05:01:48,400
could bat every day. 
Rather, than once, every four 

5531
05:01:48,400 --> 05:01:51,700
games, the Red Sox owner Harry 
phrase, he watched this 

5532
05:01:51,700 --> 05:01:56,300
transformation with mixed 
feelings, On one hand Ruth's 

5533
05:01:56,300 --> 05:01:59,200
hitting had made him arguably 
the most exciting player in 

5534
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:01,800
baseball. 
On the other hand, Frazier was 

5535
05:02:01,800 --> 05:02:05,600
primarily a theatrical producer 
who bought the Red Sox almost on

5536
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:08,900
a whim and the team was losing 
money faster than Frazee. 

5537
05:02:08,900 --> 05:02:10,800
Could generate it from his 
Broadway Investments. 

5538
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,300
Meanwhile, in New York, the 
Yankees were baseballs also ran 

5539
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:18,700
franchise. they shared the Polo 
Grounds, with the Giants playing

5540
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:22,200
second, Fiddle in their own City
and consistently finishing 

5541
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:25,000
somewhere in the middle of the 
American League, standings, 

5542
05:02:25,900 --> 05:02:29,400
Yankees ownership wanted to 
change this Dynamic and they had

5543
05:02:29,400 --> 05:02:32,600
the financial resources. 
That Frazee, desperately needed 

5544
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:36,600
the negotiations happened 
quietly over dinner meeting in 

5545
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:39,500
Manhattan Restaurant, where the 
wealthy discussed business 

5546
05:02:39,500 --> 05:02:44,300
deals, over State and bourbon. 
phrase needed cash to find out 

5547
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:47,500
his theatrical Productions, and 
pay off debts that were 

5548
05:02:47,500 --> 05:02:50,200
threatening to sink both his 
baseball and Broadway, 

5549
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:53,700
Enterprise's, Yankees owners. 
Wanted the player who was 

5550
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:57,100
transforming baseball from a 
game of singles and stolen bases

5551
05:02:57,100 --> 05:03:01,200
into something far. 
More dramatic on December 26th. 

5552
05:03:01,200 --> 05:03:05,100
1919 the day after Christmas 
when most Americans, were still 

5553
05:03:05,100 --> 05:03:07,600
digesting holiday meals and 
exchanging gifts. 

5554
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:12,000
The news broke. 
The Boston Red Sox had sold 

5555
05:03:12,000 --> 05:03:13,300
George Herman. 
Babe. 

5556
05:03:13,300 --> 05:03:17,200
Ruth to the New York Yankees for
100,000 dollars in Cash. 

5557
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:21,200
Plus a loan of 300,000 dollars, 
secured by a mortgage on Fenway 

5558
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:23,700
Park. 
The reaction in Boston range 

5559
05:03:23,700 --> 05:03:27,800
from disbelief to Fury. 
Newspaper, editorials, condemned

5560
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:30,400
phrase for sacrificing, 
baseball, success to finance 

5561
05:03:30,400 --> 05:03:34,900
theatrical ambitions, Fans 
gathered outside Fenway Park in 

5562
05:03:34,900 --> 05:03:38,700
the December cold, some crying 
others, threatening to never 

5563
05:03:38,700 --> 05:03:42,400
attend another Red Sox game. 
The term curse hadn't yet, 

5564
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:45,200
entered the vocabulary but the 
sense that something 

5565
05:03:45,200 --> 05:03:49,100
fundamentally wrong had occurred
was palpable George himself 

5566
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:51,500
learned about the trade from 
reporters who called his 

5567
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:54,500
apartment waking him from an 
afternoon nap. 

5568
05:03:55,300 --> 05:03:58,200
His initial reaction was less 
emotional than practical. 

5569
05:03:59,000 --> 05:04:01,500
He immediately called the 
Yankees owner to renegotiate, 

5570
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:05,500
his contract recognizing that 
his new team, clearly valued him

5571
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:09,300
more than his old one had. 
The Yankees agreed to double his

5572
05:04:09,300 --> 05:04:13,200
salary, making George Herman 
Ruth, baseball's highest paid 

5573
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:15,600
player at 20,000 dollars per 
year. 

5574
05:04:15,600 --> 05:04:19,800
New York in January 1920, like a
different planet from Boston. 

5575
05:04:20,800 --> 05:04:25,500
The city was louder Brasher and 
more chaotic more like the 

5576
05:04:25,500 --> 05:04:29,000
Baltimore Waterfront of George's
childhood than the relatively 

5577
05:04:29,000 --> 05:04:31,000
restrained environment of New 
England. 

5578
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:33,900
Broadway. 
Blazed with, electric lights. 

5579
05:04:33,900 --> 05:04:38,500
Jazz music poured from basement 
clubs and prohibition had just 

5580
05:04:38,500 --> 05:04:41,300
taken effect. 
Which meant speakeasies were 

5581
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:43,800
opening faster than authorities.
Could shut them down. 

5582
05:04:43,800 --> 05:04:47,000
George took to New York. 
The way a duck takes to water. 

5583
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:50,000
He discovered that the city's 
nightlife suited, his 

5584
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:54,400
temperament perfectly after 
games, he'd hit the clubs, order

5585
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:58,100
enormous meals, charm, Showgirls
and generally behave. 

5586
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:00,000
Like someone who'd been let out 
of a cage. 

5587
05:05:00,000 --> 05:05:01,500
He hadn't realized he'd been 
living in. 

5588
05:05:02,200 --> 05:05:06,300
His appetites for food, drink, 
female company, and general 

5589
05:05:06,300 --> 05:05:10,700
revelry became as legendary as 
his home runs but what really 

5590
05:05:10,700 --> 05:05:13,900
mattered happened at the Polo 
Grounds between the chalk lines.

5591
05:05:14,900 --> 05:05:17,800
George's first season in New 
York redefined what was possible

5592
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:21,400
in baseball. 
He hit 54 home runs nearly 

5593
05:05:21,400 --> 05:05:25,800
doubling his previous record To 
put this in perspective, no 

5594
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:27,200
other player in the American 
League. 

5595
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:30,800
Hit more than 19. 
George alone, hit more home runs

5596
05:05:30,800 --> 05:05:34,600
an entire teams combined, the 
style of these home runs 

5597
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:38,000
captivated audiences in ways 
that the technical Excellence of

5598
05:05:38,000 --> 05:05:40,600
pitching. 
All the Strategic complexity of 

5599
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:44,900
manufacturing runs, never could 
When George connected with a 

5600
05:05:44,908 --> 05:05:48,900
pitch, the ball didn't just 
clear the fence it soared into 

5601
05:05:48,900 --> 05:05:50,400
territories. 
That seemed to violate the 

5602
05:05:50,400 --> 05:05:54,200
normal physics of baseball. 
Balls landed in distant 

5603
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:58,200
bleachers, bounced onto the 
streets, outside stadiums, and 

5604
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:02,800
occasionally vanished entirely 
presumably captured by fans as 

5605
05:06:02,800 --> 05:06:06,400
souvenirs worth more than the 
price of admission newspapers. 

5606
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:08,400
Struggled to describe what Ruth 
was doing. 

5607
05:06:09,400 --> 05:06:12,200
Sports writers exhausted. 
Their vocabulary is trying to 

5608
05:06:12,200 --> 05:06:16,200
convey the Ark of his home runs.
The power in his swing and the 

5609
05:06:16,208 --> 05:06:18,600
childlike. 
Joy he displayed while rounding 

5610
05:06:18,600 --> 05:06:21,800
the bases. 
They started calling him, the 

5611
05:06:21,800 --> 05:06:26,600
Bambino, the Sultan of Swat and 
simply the baby names that 

5612
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:29,600
captured, both his dominance, 
and the affection that found for

5613
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:33,300
this oversized personality. 
The Yankees recognized that they

5614
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,600
had something unprecedented and 
they began planning to build 

5615
05:06:36,600 --> 05:06:39,700
their own stadium. 
The Polo Grounds belong to the 

5616
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:42,700
Giants and Yankees ownership. 
Wanted a venue. 

5617
05:06:42,700 --> 05:06:46,100
They controlled one designed to 
Showcase their most valuable 

5618
05:06:46,100 --> 05:06:48,700
asset. 
The planning and construction 

5619
05:06:48,700 --> 05:06:50,900
would take time, but the vision 
was clear. 

5620
05:06:52,000 --> 05:06:55,000
The federal to baseboard and 
specifically to the particular 

5621
05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:57,600
brand of baseboard that Babe 
Ruth represented. 

5622
05:06:57,600 --> 05:07:00,900
Imagine standing outside Yankee 
Stadium on opening day. 

5623
05:07:00,900 --> 05:07:05,800
April 18th 1923. 
The structure Rising before you 

5624
05:07:05,800 --> 05:07:08,500
represents the largest baseball 
stadium ever built. 

5625
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:13,300
Over 58,000 seats. 
Arrayed in three Decks that seem

5626
05:07:13,300 --> 05:07:16,600
to reach toward the clouds. 
The facade along the roof 

5627
05:07:16,600 --> 05:07:19,400
features ornamental copper work 
that catches the spring 

5628
05:07:19,400 --> 05:07:22,900
sunlight. 
The grass looks impossibly green

5629
05:07:22,900 --> 05:07:26,400
maintained by groundskeepers, 
who treat the field like a golf 

5630
05:07:26,400 --> 05:07:28,600
course. 
This is the house that Ruth 

5631
05:07:28,600 --> 05:07:31,200
built. 
Though technically it was built 

5632
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:34,100
for Ruth. 
The stadiums design reflected, 

5633
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:38,200
its primary purpose. 
Showcasing Babe Ruth's home runs

5634
05:07:39,300 --> 05:07:43,200
the right field fence to just 
295 feet from home plate. 

5635
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:47,300
A distance that seemed designed 
specifically for Ruth's 

5636
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:50,000
left-handed swing. 
The dimensions were 

5637
05:07:50,000 --> 05:07:53,200
asymmetrical, reflecting The 
Irregular plot of land in the 

5638
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:55,200
Bronx where the Yankees had 
chosen to build. 

5639
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:59,100
But those are symmetries worked 
in Ruth's favor Ruth 

5640
05:07:59,100 --> 05:08:00,800
Christenson. 
The new stadium in the most 

5641
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:04,100
appropriate way possible, with a
home run in the first game. 

5642
05:08:04,100 --> 05:08:07,000
A three-run shot that gave the 
Yankees a lead. 

5643
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:10,400
They never relinquished. 
The newspapers the next day 

5644
05:08:10,400 --> 05:08:13,500
declared that Ruth had 
consecrated, the new venue and 

5645
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:16,500
the nickname, the house, that 
Ruth built appeared in print for

5646
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:21,200
the first time the 1923 season 
marked the Yankees first World 

5647
05:08:21,200 --> 05:08:25,700
Series Championship with Ruth 
batting 0.368 in the fall. 

5648
05:08:25,700 --> 05:08:27,400
Classic against the New York 
Giants. 

5649
05:08:28,300 --> 05:08:31,400
After nearly a decade of 
championships with the Red Sox 

5650
05:08:31,400 --> 05:08:34,500
Ruth had finally delivered a 
title to his new team, 

5651
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:37,100
validating the enormous 
investment. 

5652
05:08:37,100 --> 05:08:38,900
The Yankees had made in 
acquiring him. 

5653
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:41,900
The next several years 
established a pattern that would

5654
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:43,700
define the Yankees for 
Generations. 

5655
05:08:44,400 --> 05:08:47,700
Ruth would put up statistics 
that seemed to belong in fantasy

5656
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:54,000
rather than reality in 1927. 
He hit 60, home runs a total so 

5657
05:08:54,000 --> 05:08:57,500
absurd that it would stand as 
the single-season record for 34 

5658
05:08:57,500 --> 05:09:00,600
years. 
His teammates particularly Lou, 

5659
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:03,600
Gehrig batting behind him in the
lineup benefitted from the 

5660
05:09:03,600 --> 05:09:05,100
attention pictures. 
Paid to Ruth. 

5661
05:09:05,900 --> 05:09:09,700
Forming what sports writers 
called Murderers Row but Ruth's 

5662
05:09:09,700 --> 05:09:11,600
impact, extended Beyond 
statistics. 

5663
05:09:11,600 --> 05:09:15,300
He transformed baseball from a 
regional interests in to a 

5664
05:09:15,300 --> 05:09:18,700
national Obsession radio, 
broadcasts carried, Yankees 

5665
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:22,100
games across the country. 
With Ruth's at bats, creating a 

5666
05:09:22,100 --> 05:09:25,000
sense of anticipation that built
with each pitch. 

5667
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:30,300
Movie newsreels featured, Ruth's
home, runs showing audiences in 

5668
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:33,200
Small Town Theaters what this 
Larger than Life figure was 

5669
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:36,100
doing in New York children 
Across America started, 

5670
05:09:36,100 --> 05:09:39,700
imitating, Ruth's distinctive, 
swing the big leg kick the 

5671
05:09:39,700 --> 05:09:42,700
powerful hip rotation, and the 
follow through that lifted his 

5672
05:09:42,700 --> 05:09:46,400
back foot off the ground. 
Youth baseball, team shifted, 

5673
05:09:46,400 --> 05:09:49,400
their emphasis from Bunting and 
bass running to swinging for the

5674
05:09:49,400 --> 05:09:52,800
fences fundamentally changing 
how the game was taught. 

5675
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:56,600
Ruth was creating a new 
generation of Baseball fans who 

5676
05:09:56,600 --> 05:09:58,500
viewed. 
Home runs not as occasional 

5677
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:02,000
flukes, but as the ultimate 
expression of the sport, the 

5678
05:10:02,000 --> 05:10:06,200
money, followed the success, 
Ruth's salary increased to 

5679
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:10,600
80,000 dollars by 1930, making 
him better paid than president 

5680
05:10:10,600 --> 05:10:13,200
Herbert Hoover. 
When someone pointed out this 

5681
05:10:13,200 --> 05:10:15,900
disparity Ruth, reportedly 
replied. 

5682
05:10:15,900 --> 05:10:19,500
That he'd had a better year than
Hoover equipped that captured 

5683
05:10:19,500 --> 05:10:23,100
both his ego and the genuine 
affection American's for him. 

5684
05:10:23,100 --> 05:10:27,600
Even during the Depression early
years off, the field, Ruth's 

5685
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,900
lifestyle became as legendary as
his hitting, he'd order room 

5686
05:10:30,900 --> 05:10:33,500
service meals, designed for four
people and eat them alone. 

5687
05:10:33,500 --> 05:10:37,400
He'd stay out until dawn, 
Charming, reporters and fellow 

5688
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:40,800
revelers with stories told in 
his distinctive, gravelly voice.

5689
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:43,800
He'd show up to the stadium 
looking like, he'd slept in his 

5690
05:10:43,808 --> 05:10:47,900
clothes, which he sometimes had 
and then proceeded to hit home 

5691
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:50,300
runs that left fans. 
Wandering of dissipation somehow

5692
05:10:50,300 --> 05:10:54,100
improved, his performance, his 
managers despised of controling 

5693
05:10:54,100 --> 05:10:56,900
him. 
Ruth would violate curfews, skip

5694
05:10:56,900 --> 05:10:59,900
team meetings, and generally 
behave like someone for whom 

5695
05:10:59,900 --> 05:11:05,000
normal rules, didn't apply. 
In 1925, his lifestyle caught up

5696
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:07,100
with him. 
He collapsed during spring 

5697
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:10,200
training with what newspapers 
politely called the belly. 

5698
05:11:10,200 --> 05:11:12,300
Ache heard around the world 
though. 

5699
05:11:12,300 --> 05:11:15,500
The reality involved combination
of overeating drinking and 

5700
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:19,600
general excess that landed him 
in the hospital for weeks that 

5701
05:11:19,600 --> 05:11:23,100
season Ruth's worst in the 
majors served as a warning. 

5702
05:11:23,800 --> 05:11:27,800
He hit just 25 home runs and the
Yankees finished in 7th place. 

5703
05:11:28,700 --> 05:11:32,700
Ruth recognized that even his 
prodigious Talent had limits and

5704
05:11:32,700 --> 05:11:37,200
he moderated his behavior enough
to bounce back in 1926 with 47 

5705
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:39,100
home runs and a return to the 
World Series. 

5706
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:42,000
The late 1920s, and early, 
1930s. 

5707
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,000
Mark, the peak of Ruth's 
dominance, he won home. 

5708
05:11:45,000 --> 05:11:48,800
Run titles, led the league in 
runs battered in and posted 

5709
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:50,800
batting averages that would have
been impressive. 

5710
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:54,500
Even without the power numbers, 
the Yankees won championships, 

5711
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:59,000
in 1927, 1928 and 1932 with 
Ruth. 

5712
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:03,400
As their Undisputed centerpiece,
the 1932 World Series against 

5713
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:06,200
the Chicago Cubs produced. 
What would become Ruth's most 

5714
05:12:06,208 --> 05:12:10,400
famous moment The called shot in
game 3. 

5715
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:14,800
With the score tied and cubs 
players and fans heckling him 

5716
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:17,100
mercilessly Ruth stepped to the 
plate. 

5717
05:12:17,900 --> 05:12:21,600
He pointed toward the center 
field bleachers, or at the Cubs 

5718
05:12:21,600 --> 05:12:24,900
pitcher, or maybe he was just 
gesturing, generally, depending 

5719
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:28,000
on which account you believe and
then hit the next pitch. 

5720
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:31,000
Exactly. 
Where he'd indicated a majestic 

5721
05:12:31,000 --> 05:12:33,200
home, run that silenced Wrigley 
Field. 

5722
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:36,300
Whether Ruth actually called his
shot to remains debated by 

5723
05:12:36,300 --> 05:12:39,200
historians. 
What's undeniable is that the 

5724
05:12:39,200 --> 05:12:43,200
moment perfectly captured who 
Ruth was confident to the point 

5725
05:12:43,200 --> 05:12:47,000
of arrogance theatrical and 
capable of backing up, even his 

5726
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:49,900
most outrageous gestures with 
actual performance. 

5727
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,900
The legend mattered more than 
the literal truth and the legend

5728
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:57,000
was that Ruth had promised to 
home run and then delivered it 

5729
05:12:57,000 --> 05:13:00,000
exactly. 
As advertised as evening settles

5730
05:13:00,000 --> 05:13:01,700
around you and your tea grows 
cooler. 

5731
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:05,200
Let's pause to consider what. 
Babe Ruth was actually like as a

5732
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:08,300
person separate from the legend 
that grew up around his 

5733
05:13:08,300 --> 05:13:11,600
accomplishments. 
Ruth, stood, six foot two, which

5734
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:16,000
was tall for his ERA with a 
barrel chest, spindly legs and a

5735
05:13:16,000 --> 05:13:19,600
face that photographers 
described as lived in He wasn't 

5736
05:13:19,608 --> 05:13:23,100
conventionally handsome, but his
features conveyed warmth and 

5737
05:13:23,100 --> 05:13:25,600
openness that made people 
instinctively like him. 

5738
05:13:25,600 --> 05:13:29,400
His nose have been broken, 
multiple times testimony to his 

5739
05:13:29,400 --> 05:13:32,200
rough upbringing. 
An occasional propensity for bar

5740
05:13:32,200 --> 05:13:35,300
fights in his younger days. 
His voice was surprisingly high 

5741
05:13:35,300 --> 05:13:38,200
in Gravely the result of years 
of cigars and whiskey. 

5742
05:13:39,400 --> 05:13:43,200
When he laughed which was often,
it was a full body experience 

5743
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:47,000
that started in his belly and 
emerged as a sound that friends 

5744
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:50,900
described as infectious. 
People who met Ruth invariably 

5745
05:13:50,900 --> 05:13:54,800
commented on his energy? 
He couldn't sit still constantly

5746
05:13:54,800 --> 05:13:58,300
fidgeting moving and looking for
the next thing to engage his 

5747
05:13:58,300 --> 05:14:01,400
attention, Ruth's relationship 
with children revealed a side of

5748
05:14:01,408 --> 05:14:05,900
his personality that the public 
is loved He'd spend hours 

5749
05:14:05,900 --> 05:14:09,700
signing autographs for kids who 
waited outside stadiums, never 

5750
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:11,200
seeming to Tire of the 
attention. 

5751
05:14:12,500 --> 05:14:15,200
When he visited Children's 
Hospitals, which he did 

5752
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:18,000
regularly. 
Usually, without inviting press 

5753
05:14:18,000 --> 05:14:21,700
coverage, he'd sit with sick 
kids telling them stories and 

5754
05:14:21,700 --> 05:14:25,100
making them laugh. 
These visits weren't publicity 

5755
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:29,300
stunts, Ruth genuinely enjoyed 
making children happy and ways 

5756
05:14:29,300 --> 05:14:31,700
that suggested he was trying to 
give them experiences. 

5757
05:14:31,700 --> 05:14:34,600
He'd never had in his own 
difficult childhood, his 

5758
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:37,500
generosity was legendary, and 
what in discriminate. 

5759
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:41,200
Ruth would tip waiters 50 
dollars for bringing him, a 

5760
05:14:41,200 --> 05:14:45,200
sandwich hand, 100 dollar bills 
to doorman and Loan, money to 

5761
05:14:45,200 --> 05:14:47,300
teammate, who he would never pay
him back. 

5762
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:52,900
This largest wasn't entirely 
altruistic Ruth enjoyed the 

5763
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:56,200
feeling of power that came from 
being able to help others but it

5764
05:14:56,208 --> 05:14:59,400
also reflected a genuine 
disinterest and accumulating 

5765
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:02,800
wealth for its own sake. 
His first marriage to a woman 

5766
05:15:02,808 --> 05:15:05,500
named Helen Woodford whom he had
met while playing in Boston, 

5767
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:10,000
that ended tragically when Helen
died in a house fire in 1929, 

5768
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:14,300
Ruth remarried, almost 
immediately to a former actress 

5769
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,600
and model named Claire Hodgson, 
who brought a stabilizing 

5770
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:20,000
influence that Ruth's life had 
previously lacked. 

5771
05:15:21,000 --> 05:15:23,800
Claire managed Ruth fine, 
announces organized, his 

5772
05:15:23,800 --> 05:15:27,400
schedule, and generally tried to
impose all the chaos that 

5773
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:30,400
naturally surrounded him. 
Claire also brought her daughter

5774
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:34,000
Julia in to Ruth's life. 
And Ruth embraced fatherhood 

5775
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:36,800
with the same enthusiasm, he 
brought to everything else. 

5776
05:15:37,900 --> 05:15:40,600
He played catch with Julia in 
the backyard of their apartment 

5777
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:44,000
building teacher to hit off a 
batting tee, and tell her 

5778
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:46,700
stories about his games. 
That always made him seem just 

5779
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:50,100
slightly more heroic than he 
actually had been Ruth 

5780
05:15:50,100 --> 05:15:53,600
relationship with Lou Gehrig. 
His longtime teammate was 

5781
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:56,700
complicated. 
The two men were opposites in 

5782
05:15:56,700 --> 05:16:01,900
almost every way, Ruth loud and 
undisciplined gearing quiet and 

5783
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:04,700
methodical. 
They produced One of baseball's 

5784
05:16:04,700 --> 05:16:07,800
most productive lineup 
combinations, but personally 

5785
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:10,700
they maintained a distance that 
occasionally erupted into 

5786
05:16:10,700 --> 05:16:14,800
outright hostility. 
A falling out in the early 1930s

5787
05:16:14,800 --> 05:16:18,600
reportedly over a comment, 
Claire Ruth made about Gehrig's 

5788
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:22,400
mother resulted in years where 
the two barely spoke despite 

5789
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:24,400
playing on the same team as 
Ruth. 

5790
05:16:24,400 --> 05:16:28,600
Aged his body began showing the 
accumulated effects of Decades 

5791
05:16:28,600 --> 05:16:32,000
of excess. 
His once powerful legs thinned, 

5792
05:16:32,000 --> 05:16:35,600
making him slower in the 
Outfield and on the base paths. 

5793
05:16:36,400 --> 05:16:40,100
His reflexes while still 
exceptional no longer allowed 

5794
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:42,000
him to catch up to the fastest 
pitches. 

5795
05:16:43,000 --> 05:16:46,500
By the mid-1930s, it was 
becoming clear that even Babe 

5796
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:50,600
Ruth couldnt hit forever, the 
Yankees with typical corporate 

5797
05:16:50,600 --> 05:16:54,000
efficiency began planning for a 
future without their greatest 

5798
05:16:54,000 --> 05:16:58,000
star. 
Their outfielders gave Ruth 

5799
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:01,100
fewer plate appearances and 
generally treated him like a 

5800
05:17:01,108 --> 05:17:04,500
depreciating asset rather than 
the man who built their Dynasty.

5801
05:17:05,300 --> 05:17:08,000
Ruth wanted to manage believing 
his baseball, knowledge and 

5802
05:17:08,000 --> 05:17:10,000
personality would make him an 
effective leader. 

5803
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:14,900
Yankees management disagreed, 
seeing Ruth's lack of discipline

5804
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:17,300
as disqualifying him from a 
position that required 

5805
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:22,200
organization and restraint in 
1935 the Yankees sold Ruth to 

5806
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:25,700
the Boston Braves where he was 
promised to play a manager role 

5807
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:30,100
that never quite materialized. 
Instead Ruth found himself 

5808
05:17:30,100 --> 05:17:33,300
playing for a terrible team 
struggling to connect with 

5809
05:17:33,300 --> 05:17:35,800
pictures that would have been 
routine out just a few years 

5810
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:38,900
earlier. 
His body after years of abuse 

5811
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:42,700
was finally giving out Ruth's 
final games as a player were 

5812
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:44,800
simultaneously, sad and somehow 
fitting. 

5813
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:51,000
In Pittsburgh on May 25th 1935 
he hit three home runs in a 

5814
05:17:51,000 --> 05:17:54,400
single game, The Last of which 
cleared the right field, stands,

5815
05:17:54,400 --> 05:17:57,100
Forbes field, and landed outside
the stadium. 

5816
05:17:57,900 --> 05:18:00,900
The first Fair ball ever hit 
completely out of that Park. 

5817
05:18:01,700 --> 05:18:05,100
It was a reminder of what Ruth 
had been a final flash of the 

5818
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:06,900
power that had defined his 
career. 

5819
05:18:06,900 --> 05:18:09,800
Six days later Ruth played his 
last game. 

5820
05:18:10,500 --> 05:18:14,300
He went Hit List, looked slow 
and old and left the field 

5821
05:18:14,300 --> 05:18:15,900
knowing his playing career was 
over. 

5822
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:21,500
He officially retired on June 
2nd on 1935 ending a 22 year 

5823
05:18:21,500 --> 05:18:23,700
career that had transformed 
American Sports. 

5824
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:27,000
The years after retirement were 
difficult for Ruth in ways that 

5825
05:18:27,000 --> 05:18:30,400
his playing career never had 
been He defined himself through 

5826
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:33,700
baseball for so long that 
existence without the daily 

5827
05:18:33,700 --> 05:18:35,800
rhythm of games, left him 
feeling unmoored. 

5828
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:39,100
The Yankees never offered him, 
the managerial position, he 

5829
05:18:39,100 --> 05:18:41,500
covered it. 
And other teams were similarly 

5830
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,400
uninterested in hiring someone. 
They viewed as two, 

5831
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:48,000
undisciplined to lead Ruth tried
various Ventures, he coached 

5832
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:51,000
briefly for the Brooklyn. 
Dodgers appeared, in exhibition 

5833
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:54,100
games and took roles in 
Hollywood films, that required 

5834
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:57,600
him to essentially play himself.
But none of these activities 

5835
05:18:57,600 --> 05:19:00,500
filled, the void that baseball's
absence had created. 

5836
05:19:01,300 --> 05:19:04,200
He was like a shark that needed 
to keep moving to breathe. 

5837
05:19:04,200 --> 05:19:06,900
Except now, the water had been 
drained from his tank. 

5838
05:19:06,900 --> 05:19:09,000
He remained popular with a 
public. 

5839
05:19:09,000 --> 05:19:12,200
His name still capable of 
drawing crowds wherever he 

5840
05:19:12,200 --> 05:19:16,600
appeared, he attend charity of 
events sign, autographs and tell

5841
05:19:16,600 --> 05:19:19,500
stories about his playing days 
that grew more embellished with 

5842
05:19:19,500 --> 05:19:23,300
each retailing. 
The real Babe Ruth was gradually

5843
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:27,200
being replaced by the legend a 
protest that Ruth himself seemed

5844
05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:31,400
to encourage World War. 2 gave 
Ruth A Renewed sense of purpose.

5845
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:35,500
He participated in war Bond, 
drives visited, military 

5846
05:19:35,500 --> 05:19:38,500
hospitals and played in 
exhibition, games designed to 

5847
05:19:38,508 --> 05:19:40,700
boost morale. 
Soldiers. 

5848
05:19:40,700 --> 05:19:44,000
Who'd grown up, idolizing Ruth 
got to meet their hero and Ruth 

5849
05:19:44,000 --> 05:19:46,600
seemed genuinely moved by their 
appreciation. 

5850
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:50,100
These interactions suggested 
that Ruth's importance 

5851
05:19:50,100 --> 05:19:53,700
transcended, baseball. 
He'd become a symbol of American

5852
05:19:53,700 --> 05:19:58,100
vitality and confidence that 
resonated during wartime on 

5853
05:19:58,100 --> 05:20:01,300
April, 27th 1947, the Yankees 
retired. 

5854
05:20:01,300 --> 05:20:04,900
Ruth's number three, making it 
the first number ever retired. 

5855
05:20:04,900 --> 05:20:09,800
In baseball over, 50,000 fans, 
packed Yankee stadium, for Babe 

5856
05:20:09,800 --> 05:20:12,500
Ruth day. 
Celebrating the man who had made

5857
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:15,700
the venue famous Ruth, already 
ill. 

5858
05:20:15,700 --> 05:20:18,900
With throat cancer, though the 
public didn't know it yet spoke 

5859
05:20:18,900 --> 05:20:21,700
briefly to the crowd in a voice 
ravaged by disease. 

5860
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:26,500
Famous photograph from that day.
Shows Ruth leaning on a bat for 

5861
05:20:26,508 --> 05:20:30,400
support. 
His body Wasted by Illness but 

5862
05:20:30,400 --> 05:20:33,000
his presence. 
Still commanding the cancer 

5863
05:20:33,000 --> 05:20:37,300
progressed rapidly Ruth spent 
much of 1948 in and out of 

5864
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:40,800
hospitals undergoing treatments 
that were primitive by modern 

5865
05:20:40,800 --> 05:20:42,700
standards and largely 
ineffective. 

5866
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:47,400
He lost weight dramatically. 
His once powerful frame reduced 

5867
05:20:47,400 --> 05:20:50,200
to something that friends 
described as heartbreaking to 

5868
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:54,600
witness, But even in Decline, 
Ruth maintained, the essential 

5869
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:59,500
qualities that had defined him 
optimism humor, and a refusal to

5870
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:01,200
complain about his 
circumstances. 

5871
05:21:01,200 --> 05:21:06,300
On August, 16th, 1948, Babe Ruth
died at age 53. 

5872
05:21:07,200 --> 05:21:11,000
His body lay in state at Yankee 
Stadium, where over 100,000 

5873
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:13,100
people filed past to pay their 
respects. 

5874
05:21:14,400 --> 05:21:17,800
The line stretched for blocks. 
Filled with people of all ages, 

5875
05:21:17,800 --> 05:21:20,200
who wanted one final moment with
the man. 

5876
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:21,800
Who'd give them so many 
memories. 

5877
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:25,500
The funeral itself was held at 
Saint Patrick's Cathedral in 

5878
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:30,100
Manhattan with over 6,000 people
insight and thousands more on 

5879
05:21:30,100 --> 05:21:32,900
the streets outside. 
Both was buried at Gate of 

5880
05:21:32,900 --> 05:21:34,500
Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne New
York. 

5881
05:21:35,500 --> 05:21:39,100
Is grave became and remains one 
of the most visited sights in 

5882
05:21:39,100 --> 05:21:42,400
American Sports. 
A pilgrimage destination for 

5883
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:46,300
fans who want to connect with 
baseball's past now as you 

5884
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,000
settle deeper into your blankets
and perhaps, close your eyes, 

5885
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:56,100
consider what Ruth left behind. 
His lifetime statistics 714 home

5886
05:21:56,100 --> 05:22:03,100
runs a 0.342 batting average and
2013 runs batted in were records

5887
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:07,100
that would stand for decades. 
But numbers alone don't capture 

5888
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:10,800
his impact Ruth, transformed 
baseball, from a sport played 

5889
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:14,700
primarily in small markets to a 
truly national phenomenon. 

5890
05:22:15,600 --> 05:22:19,500
Before Ruth, baseball struggled 
to compete with boxing and horse

5891
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:23,100
racing for public attention. 
After Ruth baseball was 

5892
05:22:23,100 --> 05:22:27,400
unquestionably, America's game a
status, it would maintain for 

5893
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:30,400
the better part of a century. 
He changed how the game was. 

5894
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:33,900
Played shifting emphasis from 
small ball tactics to 

5895
05:22:33,900 --> 05:22:37,900
power-hitting, Managers, who had
spent careers teaching bunts and

5896
05:22:37,908 --> 05:22:40,300
hit him, run plays suddenly 
found themselves. 

5897
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:43,300
Encouraging batters to swing for
the fence's. 

5898
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:47,100
The entire architecture of 
offense was rebuilt around the 

5899
05:22:47,100 --> 05:22:49,800
home, run a change. 
That Ruth is essentially 

5900
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:52,000
accomplished single-handedly 
Ruth. 

5901
05:22:52,000 --> 05:22:54,700
Proved that athletes could be 
celebrities in ways previously 

5902
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:56,400
reserved for actors and 
politicians. 

5903
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:00,500
His salary, negotiations set 
precedents for athlete 

5904
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:03,900
compensation. 
His endorsement deals, created a

5905
05:23:03,900 --> 05:23:07,100
template for how sports stars 
could leverage Fame into wealth.

5906
05:23:07,700 --> 05:23:11,100
His life style while excessive 
demonstrated that public 

5907
05:23:11,100 --> 05:23:14,200
figures, could survive Scandal 
through sheer Charisma and 

5908
05:23:14,200 --> 05:23:17,000
performance. 
The cultural impact extended 

5909
05:23:17,000 --> 05:23:21,500
Beyond Sports Ruth became a 
symbol of American possibility. 

5910
05:23:21,500 --> 05:23:25,300
The idea that someone from the 
worst circumstances could rise 

5911
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:27,300
to the absolute Pinnacle of 
success. 

5912
05:23:28,300 --> 05:23:31,400
His story resonated, especially 
during the Depression years, 

5913
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:34,900
when Americans needed Heroes, 
who proved that the system could

5914
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:38,300
still work that talent and 
determination could still 

5915
05:23:38,300 --> 05:23:41,100
overcome poverty and limited 
opportunity. 

5916
05:23:41,100 --> 05:23:44,200
Ruth's relationship with 
children created a template for 

5917
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:46,800
how sports stars interact with 
young fans. 

5918
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:51,000
The image of Ruth visiting sick,
children signing endless, 

5919
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:54,200
autographs and treating kids 
with genuine affection 

5920
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:58,300
established expectations for 
athlete behavior that persisted 

5921
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,200
today. 
Every modern athlete, who visits

5922
05:24:01,200 --> 05:24:05,500
her children hospital is in some
way following the path through 

5923
05:24:05,500 --> 05:24:09,300
created his flaws were as 
legendary as his achievements 

5924
05:24:09,300 --> 05:24:13,000
and paradoxical those flaws made
him more, beloved rather than 

5925
05:24:13,000 --> 05:24:16,600
less. 
American appreciated that Ruth 

5926
05:24:16,600 --> 05:24:19,200
and joy. 
His success that he indulged 

5927
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:21,000
appetites rather than 
pretending. 

5928
05:24:21,000 --> 05:24:24,300
They didn't exist. 
There was something honest about

5929
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:27,900
Ruth's successes that stood in 
stark contrast to the carefully,

5930
05:24:27,900 --> 05:24:31,500
managed public images that other
celebrities cultivated the 

5931
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,000
Yankees Dynasty. 
That Ruth created continued for 

5932
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:37,800
decades after his retirement. 
the team won championships 

5933
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:41,900
through the 1950s and Beyond, 
but all of those successes built

5934
05:24:41,900 --> 05:24:45,100
on the foundation, Ruth had 
established The financial 

5935
05:24:45,100 --> 05:24:48,600
resources that allowed the 
Yankees to the best players came

5936
05:24:48,600 --> 05:24:50,800
from the revenue streams 
Rutherford created. 

5937
05:24:51,600 --> 05:24:55,300
The winning tradition that 
attracted top talent originated.

5938
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:59,200
In Ruth's championship teams, 
baseball itself evolved in 

5939
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:02,600
Ruth's image, Stadiums built 
after Yankee Stadium 

5940
05:25:02,600 --> 05:25:05,200
Incorporated features designed 
to Showcase home. 

5941
05:25:05,200 --> 05:25:08,200
Run hitters. 
Rule changes that increase 

5942
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:11,500
offense and Home. 
Run production reflected Ruth's 

5943
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:13,100
influence on what fans wanted to
see. 

5944
05:25:14,000 --> 05:25:15,700
The entire aesthetic of 
baseball. 

5945
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,200
The emphasis on power, the 
celebration of individual 

5946
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:22,600
achievement within a team 
context and the tolerance for 

5947
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:26,500
colorful personality is all 
traced back to Ruth's example. 

5948
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:30,400
Modern athlete, earning enormous
salary is negotiating 

5949
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:32,800
endorsement deals, and living 
public lives. 

5950
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:36,100
That blur the line between 
sports and entertainment are 

5951
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:38,300
following paths that Ruth 
pioneered. 

5952
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:42,000
He proved that athletic 
Excellence could generate wealth

5953
05:25:42,000 --> 05:25:46,000
and fame that transcended, the 
sport itself, every athlete who 

5954
05:25:46,000 --> 05:25:49,900
becomes a brand who leverages 
sporting success into broader 

5955
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:53,600
cultural influence, owes 
something to the template Ruth 

5956
05:25:53,600 --> 05:25:56,600
created as your eyelids, grow 
heavy here and the days 

5957
05:25:56,600 --> 05:25:59,600
concerned Fade Into the 
comfortable darkness of evening.

5958
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:04,000
Let's Trace how Ruth's influence
continues to Ripple through 

5959
05:26:04,000 --> 05:26:07,900
American culture. 
Even now decades after his 

5960
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:11,100
death, walk into an youth 
baseball game on a Saturday 

5961
05:26:11,100 --> 05:26:15,000
morning, and you'll see Ruth's 
Legacy in action, Kids stepped 

5962
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:18,500
the plate, and take Mighty 
swings trying to hit home runs 

5963
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:20,300
rather than simply making 
contact. 

5964
05:26:21,200 --> 05:26:24,200
Parents in the stands, cheer 
loudest for the ball that clears

5965
05:26:24,200 --> 05:26:26,800
the fence even though a 
well-placed single might be 

5966
05:26:26,808 --> 05:26:30,700
tactically superior. 
This emphasis on power over 

5967
05:26:30,700 --> 05:26:34,700
Precision on the dramatic over 
the Practical flows directly 

5968
05:26:34,700 --> 05:26:37,600
from Ruth's transformation of 
bass balls, Aesthetics. 

5969
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:41,300
The number 3, retired by the 
Yankees and sacred in baseball 

5970
05:26:41,300 --> 05:26:43,800
history appears on replica 
jerseys. 

5971
05:26:43,800 --> 05:26:47,400
Won by fans, who were born until
decades after Ruth died. 

5972
05:26:48,300 --> 05:26:51,800
These fans may not know Ruth's 
actual statistics might not be 

5973
05:26:51,800 --> 05:26:54,700
able to name a single team, he 
played against that, they know 

5974
05:26:54,700 --> 05:26:57,300
the name and understand that 
wearing, it connects them to 

5975
05:26:57,308 --> 05:27:01,100
something important in baseball 
story, baseball cards, featuring

5976
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:04,100
Ruth's image remain among the 
most valuable collectibles in 

5977
05:27:04,100 --> 05:27:08,000
sports with pristine examples, 
selling for millions of dollars.

5978
05:27:08,900 --> 05:27:13,700
The t206 Honus Wagner card is 
famous for its Rarity but Ruth 

5979
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:16,200
cards are valuable because of 
who he was and what he 

5980
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:19,500
represented. 
Collectors aren't just buying 

5981
05:27:19,500 --> 05:27:22,300
cardboard link. 
There are acquiring pieces of 

5982
05:27:22,300 --> 05:27:24,400
the moment. 
When Sports became Central to 

5983
05:27:24,400 --> 05:27:28,600
American culture, the story is 
about Ruth, some truth. 

5984
05:27:28,600 --> 05:27:32,500
Some embellished some entirely 
fabricated former mythology that

5985
05:27:32,500 --> 05:27:34,900
serves baseball. 
The way ancient myths, served 

5986
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:40,000
earlier civilizations, Were 
called shot the 60 home runs in 

5987
05:27:40,000 --> 05:27:44,100
1927, the promised to hit a home
run for a sick child and then 

5988
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:47,300
delivering on that promise. 
These stories teach lessons 

5989
05:27:47,300 --> 05:27:51,200
about confidence, performance 
under pressure and the rewards 

5990
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:56,000
that come from daring greatly 
Yankee Stadium rebuilt in 2009. 

5991
05:27:56,000 --> 05:27:58,800
But incorporating design 
elements that deliberately Echo,

5992
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:02,200
the original remains a shrine to
Ruth even though he never played

5993
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:05,400
in the new version. 
Fans, visiting the stadium for 

5994
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,000
the first time make pilgrimages 
to Monument Park. 

5995
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:11,600
Where a plaque commemorates, 
Ruth's achievements in language 

5996
05:28:11,600 --> 05:28:14,900
that borders on religious 
reverence The stadiums 

5997
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:18,900
Dimensions, still favored left 
handed power hitters, a design 

5998
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:22,600
choice that acknowledges, Ruth's
continuing influence, on how the

5999
05:28:22,600 --> 05:28:24,600
Yankees think about constructing
their roster. 

6000
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:29,000
The phrase roothaan has entered,
the English language, as an 

6001
05:28:29,000 --> 05:28:30,900
adjective, meaning, 
exceptionally, large, or 

6002
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:35,200
powerful, when a slugger hits, a
particularly long home run and 

6003
05:28:35,200 --> 05:28:38,800
announces describe it as Ruthie,
and When a player achieves 

6004
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:41,200
something that seems to 
transcend, normal, boundaries 

6005
05:28:41,200 --> 05:28:43,300
Sports, writers invoke, Ruth's 
name. 

6006
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:48,300
This linguistic, immortality the
transformation of a person into 

6007
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:51,000
an adjective is reserved for the
very few. 

6008
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,300
Whose impact genuinely changes 
how we understand their field. 

6009
05:28:54,300 --> 05:28:58,500
Modern players who hit 40 or 50 
home runs in a season appraised 

6010
05:28:58,500 --> 05:29:01,600
by comparison to Ruth. 
Even though the game they're 

6011
05:29:01,600 --> 05:29:03,600
playing is dramatically 
different from the one Ruth 

6012
05:29:03,600 --> 05:29:06,200
dominated. 
Pitchers throw harder now. 

6013
05:29:06,200 --> 05:29:09,700
Feels as a more athletic 
stadiums, a larger and the 

6014
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:13,000
scientific understanding of 
hitting mechanics as advanced 

6015
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:17,500
enormously yet Ruth Shadow 
stretches across all these 

6016
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:21,100
changes, his achievements, 
serving as the standard against 

6017
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:25,000
which power is measured. 
The curse of the Bambino, the 

6018
05:29:25,000 --> 05:29:28,800
superstitious belief that Boston
sale of Ruth to New York, cursed

6019
05:29:28,800 --> 05:29:33,100
the Red Sox franchise, 86 years,
demonstrates, Ruth's cultural 

6020
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:37,600
penetration Beyond pure sport. 
The fact that rational adults 

6021
05:29:37,600 --> 05:29:40,700
could believe that a player 
transaction in 1920, affected 

6022
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:45,100
game, outcomes and 2004 shows 
How Deeply Ruth embedded himself

6023
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:47,100
in baseball's narrative 
structure. 

6024
05:29:48,400 --> 05:29:51,900
When the Red Sox, finally, won 
the World Series in 2004 

6025
05:29:51,900 --> 05:29:55,100
breaking, the alleged curse 
became as important to the 

6026
05:29:55,100 --> 05:29:56,700
story. 
As the actual athletic 

6027
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,900
achievement Hollywood. 
Has repeatedly tried to capture 

6028
05:29:59,900 --> 05:30:02,300
Ruth on film with varying 
degrees of success. 

6029
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:06,700
The challenge has always been 
that Ruth's life was almost too 

6030
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:10,800
eventful to packed with incident
and achievement to fit into 

6031
05:30:10,800 --> 05:30:12,500
conventional narrative 
structures. 

6032
05:30:13,600 --> 05:30:16,000
How do you dream a tie? 
Someone who actually lived 

6033
05:30:16,000 --> 05:30:17,500
larger than most fictional 
characters? 

6034
05:30:18,400 --> 05:30:21,700
The attempts continue each 
generation trying to explain 

6035
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:25,500
Ruth to audience's, who live, 
increasingly different worlds 

6036
05:30:25,500 --> 05:30:27,900
from the one. 
He inhabited children, who will 

6037
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:31,400
play baseball in 2015, will 
still learn Ruth's name and 

6038
05:30:31,400 --> 05:30:34,200
still hear stories about the 
Bambino who hit balls over 

6039
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:36,700
buildings and ate hot dogs by 
the Dozen. 

6040
05:30:37,600 --> 05:30:41,000
The details May blur in the 
context May fade, but the 

6041
05:30:41,008 --> 05:30:43,900
essential story. 
Paul boy makes good through 

6042
05:30:43,900 --> 05:30:47,700
natural talent in a repressible 
personality remains as 

6043
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:51,200
compelling as ever baseball 
historians, continue to debate, 

6044
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:54,400
Ruth's place in the sports. 
Pantheon was he the greatest 

6045
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:57,900
player ever or does that honor 
belong to Willie Mays or Barry 

6046
05:30:57,900 --> 05:31:01,700
Bonds or Mike Trout? 
These debates miss the point. 

6047
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:04,400
Ruth's important isn't about 
being the best. 

6048
05:31:04,400 --> 05:31:07,500
In some objective sense, it's 
about being the most 

6049
05:31:07,500 --> 05:31:11,100
transformative, the player who 
changed, not just, how baseball 

6050
05:31:11,100 --> 05:31:15,000
was played, but what baseball 
meant to American culture, now 

6051
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:18,700
as you drift towards sleep, 
let's consider perhaps Ruth's 

6052
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:23,100
most important Legacy one that 
statistics can't capture and 

6053
05:31:23,100 --> 05:31:25,700
that has nothing to do with 
championships or records. 

6054
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:30,600
Ruth gave people joy and he did 
it with an enthusiasm that was 

6055
05:31:30,600 --> 05:31:33,600
itself. 
Joyful to witness watch footage 

6056
05:31:33,600 --> 05:31:37,600
of Ruth hitting home runs grainy
silent film that nevertheless 

6057
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:39,500
conveys his obvious pleasure in 
the act. 

6058
05:31:40,600 --> 05:31:44,600
After connecting with a pitch he
doesn't admire his work or pose 

6059
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:48,200
for cameras. 
He simply runs a surprisingly 

6060
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:51,200
graceful Trot to give in his 
bulk with a smile at suggests. 

6061
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:53,600
He sees his delighted as the 
fans and the stands. 

6062
05:31:54,400 --> 05:31:56,500
Baseball was for Ruth, genuinely
fun. 

6063
05:31:56,500 --> 05:31:58,500
And his enjoyment was 
contagious. 

6064
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:02,500
This might seem trivial but 
think about what Ruth offered to

6065
05:32:02,500 --> 05:32:07,200
America's during his Peak years.
The 1920s brought prosperity for

6066
05:32:07,200 --> 05:32:11,000
some But anxiety for many as 
traditional social structures, 

6067
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:13,500
gave way to modernities on 
certain teas. 

6068
05:32:14,400 --> 05:32:18,700
The 1930s brought economic 
catastrophe with unemployment 

6069
05:32:18,700 --> 05:32:22,800
foreclosures and the genuine 
fear that American democracy, 

6070
05:32:22,800 --> 05:32:27,500
might not survive. 
Through all of this Ruth played 

6071
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,300
baseball with the 
unselfconscious joy of a child 

6072
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:33,500
reminding people that pleasure 
and Delight to remained 

6073
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:36,200
possible. 
Even indifferent times his home 

6074
05:32:36,200 --> 05:32:38,300
runs weren't just athletic 
achievements. 

6075
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:40,600
They were permission slips for 
celebration. 

6076
05:32:42,100 --> 05:32:44,900
When Ruth connected with a pitch
and the ball sword into 

6077
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:48,500
impossibly distant seats fans 
could forget their troubles for 

6078
05:32:48,500 --> 05:32:50,100
the second. 
It took the ball to travel. 

6079
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:55,100
They could rise from their seats
cheer without inhibition and 

6080
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:58,500
share a moment of uncomplicated 
happiness with thousands of 

6081
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:01,400
strangers. 
Ruth never pretended to be a 

6082
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:05,800
role model in the modern sense. 
He drank he ate to excess he 

6083
05:33:05,800 --> 05:33:09,700
carousels and he made no 
particular effort to hide any of

6084
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:12,600
it. 
Yet somehow this honesty about 

6085
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:15,700
his appetites, made him more 
rather than less appealing. 

6086
05:33:16,800 --> 05:33:20,600
Americans understood that Ruth 
was flawed, but they also 

6087
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:23,100
recognized that his flaws were 
human scale. 

6088
05:33:23,100 --> 05:33:27,000
The kind that anyone might have,
if they settled found themselves

6089
05:33:27,000 --> 05:33:30,100
wealthy and famous the 
relationship between Ruth and 

6090
05:33:30,100 --> 05:33:32,700
Baseball fans was genuinely 
reciprocal. 

6091
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,500
He loved their attention fed off
their energy and performed 

6092
05:33:36,500 --> 05:33:38,800
better when stadiums were packed
and roaring. 

6093
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:43,500
Fans in turn loved him, not just
for what he did, but for how 

6094
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:48,100
obviously he loved doing it. 
This Mutual affection created a 

6095
05:33:48,100 --> 05:33:51,500
bond that transcended, the usual
relationship between athlete and

6096
05:33:51,500 --> 05:33:55,400
spectator Ruth generosity with 
his time particularly toward 

6097
05:33:55,400 --> 05:33:58,700
children, reflected his 
understanding that his Fame 

6098
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:01,100
created opportunities to bring, 
happiness to others. 

6099
05:34:02,100 --> 05:34:05,700
When he visited a sick child in 
a hospital, signing a base ball 

6100
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:08,400
and telling stories he was 
giving that child, something 

6101
05:34:08,400 --> 05:34:11,800
more valuable than memorabilia. 
He was giving them a story. 

6102
05:34:11,800 --> 05:34:14,900
They could tell for the rest of 
their lives, a moment when they 

6103
05:34:14,900 --> 05:34:18,500
mattered to someone important, 
his teammates even those who 

6104
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:21,800
found his behavior. 
Exasperating generally loved 

6105
05:34:21,800 --> 05:34:23,400
him. 
Because Ruth treated baseball is

6106
05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:27,600
play rather than work. 
In an era when most professional

6107
05:34:27,600 --> 05:34:31,200
athletes approach their Sport 
with grim, seriousness Ruth, 

6108
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:35,300
maintain the perspective that 
baseball was fundamentally a 

6109
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:37,600
game. 
This attitude didn't make him 

6110
05:34:37,600 --> 05:34:40,600
less competitive Ruth hated 
losing. 

6111
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,800
But it kept him from the 
bitterness, that consume players

6112
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:45,900
who couldn't separate this 
self-worth from their 

6113
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:49,500
performance, The Joy Ruth in 
bodied extended to his 

6114
05:34:49,500 --> 05:34:51,200
appreciation for his own 
success. 

6115
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,900
He didn't pretend to be humble 
or act like his achievements 

6116
05:34:54,900 --> 05:34:56,700
were. 
Merely the product of hard work.

6117
05:34:57,700 --> 05:35:01,700
Ruth understood that he had 
extraordinary Talent, he 

6118
05:35:01,700 --> 05:35:06,100
celebrated, that Talent openly 
This self-awareness and lack of 

6119
05:35:06,100 --> 05:35:08,700
false, modesty was in its own 
way refreshing. 

6120
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:12,500
Ruth knew he was special and he 
saw no reason to pretend 

6121
05:35:12,500 --> 05:35:16,200
otherwise a sleep approaches and
the story wines toward its 

6122
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:18,800
clothes. 
Consider what Ruth teaches us 

6123
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:23,700
about living fully, His life 
wasn't long, 53 years is less 

6124
05:35:23,700 --> 05:35:26,900
than many of us will have. 
But it was completely lived. 

6125
05:35:27,600 --> 05:35:32,000
He experienced more, pleasure, 
more success, more Acclaim, and 

6126
05:35:32,000 --> 05:35:35,600
yes, more excess than most 
people could fit into twice that

6127
05:35:35,600 --> 05:35:38,100
time. 
He never seemed to wonder if he 

6128
05:35:38,100 --> 05:35:40,900
deserved his success. 
He simply enjoyed it. 

6129
05:35:40,900 --> 05:35:44,400
While it lasted in your last 
moments of wakefulness picture 

6130
05:35:44,400 --> 05:35:46,400
Yankee Stadium on a late Summer 
Afternoon. 

6131
05:35:46,400 --> 05:35:50,800
The sun casting Long Shadows 
across the infield as another 

6132
05:35:50,800 --> 05:35:53,200
generation of players takes 
batting practice. 

6133
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:57,500
The crack of the bat, Echoes off
the stands that distinctive 

6134
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:00,000
sound that has remained 
unchanged for over a century 

6135
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:03,300
somewhere in those stands. 
It's a grandfather taking his 

6136
05:36:03,300 --> 05:36:05,100
grandson to his first baseball 
game. 

6137
05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:09,700
The boys attention wanders. 
It's the seventh inning and the 

6138
05:36:09,700 --> 05:36:14,100
game has been slow. then the 
home team, Slugger steps to the 

6139
05:36:14,100 --> 05:36:17,500
plate, and the grandfather 
leans, close to his grandson's 

6140
05:36:17,500 --> 05:36:21,900
ear, he tells him about another 
Slugger, First and maybe the 

6141
05:36:21,900 --> 05:36:25,000
greatest a man who hit balls so 
far. 

6142
05:36:25,000 --> 05:36:26,400
They seem to leave the 
atmosphere. 

6143
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:30,400
The boy listens. 
Not entirely sure if grandpa is 

6144
05:36:30,408 --> 05:36:32,200
telling a story or accounting 
history. 

6145
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:36,300
The Slugger connects with a 
pitch and the ball Rises on a 

6146
05:36:36,300 --> 05:36:40,000
trajectory that every fan in the
stadium recognizes instantly. 

6147
05:36:40,900 --> 05:36:44,500
It clears the fence by 50 feet 
Landing, somewhere in the 

6148
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:47,700
distant bleachers, the 
grandfather leaps to his feet, 

6149
05:36:47,700 --> 05:36:52,900
his hurt but he doesn't care and
the grandson jumped up beside 

6150
05:36:52,900 --> 05:36:55,600
him caught up in the moment even
though he doesn't fully 

6151
05:36:55,600 --> 05:36:59,200
understand what he's witnessing,
this is Ruth's final gift. 

6152
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:02,200
The one that keeps giving 
decades after his death. 

6153
05:37:03,000 --> 05:37:05,100
The shared experience of 
baseballs. 

6154
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:09,300
Most dramatic moment, the home 
run, that makes strangers into a

6155
05:37:09,308 --> 05:37:12,000
community. 
That transforms an afternoon 

6156
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:16,000
into a memory that connects 
Generations through the simple 

6157
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:18,400
Act of watching, someone hit a 
ball with a stick. 

6158
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:20,800
Every home run, hit in every 
stadium. 

6159
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:24,300
In America carries an echo of 
the ones Ruth hit in stadiums, 

6160
05:37:24,300 --> 05:37:27,400
that no longer exist. 
Watched by fans who have long 

6161
05:37:27,400 --> 05:37:31,700
since passed away. 
The game evolves rules change 

6162
05:37:31,700 --> 05:37:33,400
and players get stronger and 
faster. 

6163
05:37:33,400 --> 05:37:37,800
But the fundamental Thrill The 
Bull Rising against the sky 

6164
05:37:37,800 --> 05:37:41,400
arcing toward the fence and 
landing in a distant section. 

6165
05:37:41,400 --> 05:37:44,600
While fans, Roar remains exactly
what it was. 

6166
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:47,900
When Ruth Did It For the First 
Time, Ruth's story reminds us 

6167
05:37:47,900 --> 05:37:50,600
that Sports matter, not because 
they're important in some of 

6168
05:37:50,608 --> 05:37:53,700
objective sense. 
But because they give us ways to

6169
05:37:53,700 --> 05:37:57,200
connect with each other with our
past and with the parts of 

6170
05:37:57,208 --> 05:38:00,400
ourselves. 
That remember how to play The 

6171
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,400
boy from Baltimore who learned 
to pitch on Reformatory Fields, 

6172
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:07,800
never forgot that baseball was 
supposed to be fun and he spent 

6173
05:38:07,800 --> 05:38:10,300
his entire career trying to 
share that fun. 

6174
05:38:10,300 --> 05:38:14,200
With anyone who would watch, he 
succeeded beyond anything, his 

6175
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:15,500
younger self could have 
imagined. 

6176
05:38:16,500 --> 05:38:19,600
The orphan who felt unwanted 
became the most beloved figure 

6177
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:22,700
in American Sports. 
The undisciplined kid, who 

6178
05:38:22,700 --> 05:38:25,900
couldn't follow rules, became 
the man, who rewrote them, the 

6179
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:28,800
player who was sold by one team 
for money became the Catalyst 

6180
05:38:28,800 --> 05:38:31,700
for a Danish, that redefined 
sports excellents. 

6181
05:38:31,700 --> 05:38:35,400
But perhaps most importantly, 
the child who grew up with 

6182
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:38,300
without much joy, became the man
who created it for Millions. 

6183
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:41,800
Every time someone's face, 
lights up watching a home run. 

6184
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:45,000
Every time, a kid imitates, a 
power swing in a backyard. 

6185
05:38:45,000 --> 05:38:47,400
Every time. 
Baseball brings people together 

6186
05:38:47,400 --> 05:38:49,700
and shared celebration. 
Babe Ruth. 

6187
05:38:49,700 --> 05:38:51,500
Is there still playing the game 
he loved? 

6188
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:55,000
Still inviting everyone to join 
him in the simple pleasure of 

6189
05:38:55,000 --> 05:38:58,000
hitting a ball as far as 
possible and then running around

6190
05:38:58,000 --> 05:39:01,800
some bases while people cheer as
you drift into sleep, you might 

6191
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:05,000
dream of Summer afternoons and 
the crack of a wooden bat. 

6192
05:39:05,600 --> 05:39:10,000
Of balls Rising against Blue 
Skies of a round-faced man with 

6193
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:13,300
a huge smile, circling the bases
while a stadium full of 

6194
05:39:13,308 --> 05:39:18,200
strangers, becomes for a moment,
a community United in joy. 

6195
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:22,400
These dreams can connect you to 
millions of others who have 

6196
05:39:22,408 --> 05:39:25,300
found comfort and excitement in 
the same images. 

6197
05:39:25,300 --> 05:39:29,900
The same stories and the same 
fundamental human desire to 

6198
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:32,600
witness excellence and sharing 
celebration. 

6199
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:35,100
Babe Ruth, lived more than 90 
years ago. 

6200
05:39:35,100 --> 05:39:39,200
But his gift Remains the 
reminder that life is meant to 

6201
05:39:39,200 --> 05:39:42,600
be fully lived. 
That Talent should be celebrated

6202
05:39:42,600 --> 05:39:46,800
rather than hidden and that Joy 
shared multiplies while Joy 

6203
05:39:46,800 --> 05:39:49,300
hoarded disappears. 
Sleep. 

6204
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:52,600
Well, knowing that somewhere 
right now someone is hitting a 

6205
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:55,300
home run and for that moment 
they are Babe Ruth. 

6206
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:59,800
And Babe Ruth lives again, the 
boy from Baltimore found his way

6207
05:39:59,800 --> 05:40:03,300
home and in doing. 
So he helped millions of us find

6208
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:07,000
hours on baseball diamonds in 
Stadium seats. 

6209
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:10,800
In the stories, we tell about 
the ones who came before and in 

6210
05:40:10,800 --> 05:40:12,900
the simple shared pleasure of 
watching. 

6211
05:40:12,900 --> 05:40:14,700
Someone do something 
extraordinary. 

6212
05:40:20,400 --> 05:40:22,500
Sleep wasn't quite the 
uninterrupted, eight-hour 

6213
05:40:22,500 --> 05:40:24,100
luxury. 
He once knew in another life, 

6214
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:28,200
instead you dozed fitfully 
between the sounds of night. 

6215
05:40:28,900 --> 05:40:30,900
The distant howl that made your 
spine. 

6216
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:34,500
Tingle the rustle of something 
large, moving through the brush 

6217
05:40:34,500 --> 05:40:38,400
outside and the gentle snoring 
of your Cave's curled around the

6218
05:40:38,400 --> 05:40:42,600
Embers of last night's fire. 
Your bed is a carefully arranged

6219
05:40:42,600 --> 05:40:46,300
pile of Furs and dried grasses. 
Positioned just far enough from 

6220
05:40:46,300 --> 05:40:49,100
the cave mouth to have the 
morning chill, but close enough 

6221
05:40:49,100 --> 05:40:50,600
to make a quick Escape if 
needed. 

6222
05:40:50,600 --> 05:40:54,300
Yes, the escape plans were part 
of interior decorating back. 

6223
05:40:54,300 --> 05:40:57,900
Then, the stone beneath you has 
been worn Smooth by countless 

6224
05:40:57,900 --> 05:41:01,600
nights of human body seeking 
Comfort, an honestly it's not 

6225
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:03,700
terrible. 
Once you pile on enough Mammoth 

6226
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:08,000
hide Stretching your arms 
carefully because that shoulder 

6227
05:41:08,000 --> 05:41:10,400
you rented wrestling, a 
particularly stubborn, root 

6228
05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:13,500
vegetable last week. 
Still protests You notice the 

6229
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:15,200
familiar ache in your lower 
back. 

6230
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:18,900
Living in the Paleolithic era 
was essentially a continuous 

6231
05:41:18,900 --> 05:41:22,400
low-intensity exercise regimen 
that would leave modern Fitness 

6232
05:41:22,400 --> 05:41:25,100
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

6233
05:41:26,000 --> 05:41:29,000
The fire pit still glows faintly
in the center of your cave home.

6234
05:41:29,000 --> 05:41:31,700
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

6235
05:41:31,700 --> 05:41:35,600
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

6236
05:41:35,600 --> 05:41:39,100
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

6237
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:42,100
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

6238
05:41:42,100 --> 05:41:44,200
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

6239
05:41:44,208 --> 05:41:46,900
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

6240
05:41:46,900 --> 05:41:50,500
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

6241
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:53,200
checking your body from new 
aches, Cuts or mysterious 

6242
05:41:53,200 --> 05:41:56,900
bruises that appeared overnight.
Living near nature, often 

6243
05:41:56,900 --> 05:41:59,500
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

6244
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:02,600
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

6245
05:42:02,600 --> 05:42:05,600
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and attend a spot on 

6246
05:42:05,600 --> 05:42:08,000
your hip where you missed judge 
the height of a boulder. 

6247
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:12,300
This is a common occurrence, 
your stomach announces itself 

6248
05:42:12,300 --> 05:42:14,900
with a rumble that Echoes 
slightly off the cave walls. 

6249
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,600
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

6250
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:21,800
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so, 

6251
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:26,100
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

6252
05:42:26,100 --> 05:42:29,500
success, a gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

6253
05:42:29,500 --> 05:42:30,900
someone else to share their 
food. 

6254
05:42:30,900 --> 05:42:34,300
You peer outside, the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

6255
05:42:34,300 --> 05:42:37,400
growing daylight, the world 
stretches out before you in 

6256
05:42:37,400 --> 05:42:41,400
Endless, green broken by Rocky 
outcroppings, and the distant 

6257
05:42:41,400 --> 05:42:43,700
glimmer of the river that serves
as your neighborhood's. 

6258
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:46,400
Main Street, grocery store and 
Community Center. 

6259
05:42:46,400 --> 05:42:50,600
All rolled into one, the air 
carries the center of pine resin

6260
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:54,200
damper and something that might 
be Smoke From Another group's 

6261
05:42:54,200 --> 05:42:57,100
fire miles away. 
Where the prediction was a 

6262
05:42:57,108 --> 05:43:00,300
survival skill back then, not 
casual conversation. 

6263
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:03,900
You scan the sky with the 
intensity of a meteorologist. 

6264
05:43:03,900 --> 05:43:07,000
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning newspaper. 

6265
05:43:07,700 --> 05:43:11,200
Those whispy streets to the 
West's suggest wind later which 

6266
05:43:11,200 --> 05:43:14,500
could mean Rain by evening. 
Thought makes you mentally 

6267
05:43:14,500 --> 05:43:16,500
catalog. 
The Cave's water containers, 

6268
05:43:16,500 --> 05:43:20,100
mostly animal bladders and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

6269
05:43:20,100 --> 05:43:23,800
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

6270
05:43:23,800 --> 05:43:25,600
indicates your companions are 
stirring. 

6271
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:29,600
There's grack who's snoring, 
could wake the dead and 

6272
05:43:29,600 --> 05:43:31,700
occasionally did wake the living
at inconvenient moments? 

6273
05:43:31,700 --> 05:43:35,300
He's already sitting up running 
thick fingers through hair. 

6274
05:43:35,300 --> 05:43:38,300
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

6275
05:43:38,300 --> 05:43:42,000
products were readily available.
Beside him mirror stretches like

6276
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:44,700
a cat. 
Her movements graceful, despite 

6277
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:48,500
sleeping on Stone and fur. 
The day ahead, holds the usual 

6278
05:43:48,500 --> 05:43:52,800
uncertainty food needs to be 
found tools require maintenance 

6279
05:43:52,800 --> 05:43:56,400
and Somewhere Out There 
opportunities and dangers weight

6280
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:59,900
in equal measure. 
But first, there is the simple 

6281
05:43:59,900 --> 05:44:03,200
joy of living in a world where 
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 

6282
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:06,600
triumphs against the challenges,
your feet, find their way to the

6283
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:09,800
cave entrance, and you stand 
there for a moment breathing in 

6284
05:44:09,800 --> 05:44:12,200
the morning are that tastes 
cleaner than anything you could 

6285
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:14,700
imagine. 
The sun climbs, higher 

6286
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:18,600
promising, warmth later and 
somewhere in the distance, a 

6287
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:21,400
bird calls with the kind of pure
joy, that makes you remember. 

6288
05:44:21,400 --> 05:44:25,100
Why being alive even in the 
Stone Age, has its moments of 

6289
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:29,000
absolute perfection finding 
breakfast in the Paleolithic era

6290
05:44:29,000 --> 05:44:31,700
was like playing the world's 
most consequential Treasure Hunt

6291
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:34,900
game where the treasure was 
edible and losing meant going 

6292
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:38,800
hungry. 
You step outside the cave bare 

6293
05:44:38,800 --> 05:44:41,100
feet, immediately registering 
the temperature and texture of 

6294
05:44:41,100 --> 05:44:43,800
the ground information. 
Your modern brain would dismiss 

6295
05:44:43,800 --> 05:44:48,000
but your ancient instincts 
catalog automatically, The 

6296
05:44:48,000 --> 05:44:49,500
morning. 
Due as settled on everything 

6297
05:44:49,500 --> 05:44:53,800
turning spider, webs in Toledo, 
masterpieces and making certain 

6298
05:44:53,800 --> 05:44:56,800
rocks, slippery enough to turn a
casual stroll into an impromptu 

6299
05:44:56,800 --> 05:44:59,800
tumbling session. 
Having experienced this lesson 

6300
05:44:59,800 --> 05:45:02,800
first hand, several times. 
You now walk with a measured 

6301
05:45:02,800 --> 05:45:06,200
gate, understanding that gravity
Remains the Same in the Stone 

6302
05:45:06,200 --> 05:45:09,400
Age as it does everywhere else. 
Your stomach grumbles again, 

6303
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:12,500
more insistently. 
This time, you've noticed that 

6304
05:45:12,500 --> 05:45:15,500
the human digestive system 
doesn't care about the 

6305
05:45:15,500 --> 05:45:17,500
historical significance of your 
situation. 

6306
05:45:17,500 --> 05:45:21,500
It's simply craves food. 
Ideally as soon as possible. 

6307
05:45:21,500 --> 05:45:24,700
This morning's breakfast menu 
depends entirely on your 

6308
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:26,900
knowledge of what's edible 
versus what's decorative. 

6309
05:45:26,900 --> 05:45:30,000
Versus what's deadly? 
It's like being a contestant on 

6310
05:45:30,000 --> 05:45:33,300
the world's most dangerous 
cooking show. 20 yards from the 

6311
05:45:33,300 --> 05:45:35,200
cave, you spot a cluster of 
berry bushes. 

6312
05:45:35,200 --> 05:45:38,100
That wasn't there yesterday. 
Actually they were there 

6313
05:45:38,100 --> 05:45:40,300
yesterday. 
Your brain is still learning to 

6314
05:45:40,300 --> 05:45:43,200
see food sources and stead of 
just green stuff. 

6315
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,800
The berries are small and dark 
purple and past the preliminary 

6316
05:45:46,800 --> 05:45:50,500
tests birds have been eating 
them without falling over and 

6317
05:45:50,500 --> 05:45:53,500
they smell, right? 
You taste one carefully letting 

6318
05:45:53,500 --> 05:45:56,300
the flavor register fully before
committing to a handful. 

6319
05:45:56,300 --> 05:45:59,500
They are sweet. 
Slightly tart and have a texture

6320
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:01,300
that suggests. 
They won't cause immediate 

6321
05:46:01,300 --> 05:46:05,900
digestive Rebellion success. 
Gathering enough to satisfy your

6322
05:46:05,900 --> 05:46:08,900
hunger, you remain vigilant for 
potential opportunities. 

6323
05:46:10,000 --> 05:46:13,300
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 
often a progressive meal eaten 

6324
05:46:13,300 --> 05:46:15,700
as you found it, rather than 
sitting down to a prepared 

6325
05:46:15,700 --> 05:46:18,800
plate. 
Near the berry bushes, a cluster

6326
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:21,400
of what you've learned are. 
Edible roots, poke through the 

6327
05:46:21,400 --> 05:46:23,100
soil. 
Digging them up. 

6328
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:26,200
Requires the sharp stick you 
carved last week, an Excavating 

6329
05:46:26,200 --> 05:46:29,100
Roots turns out to be excellent 
exercise for muscle groups. 

6330
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:32,800
You didn't know existed. 
The roots are starchy filling 

6331
05:46:32,800 --> 05:46:34,900
and tastes vaguely, like 
potatoes. 

6332
05:46:34,900 --> 05:46:37,400
If potatoes had been designed by
someone, who'd only heard a 

6333
05:46:37,400 --> 05:46:39,000
rough description of what food 
should taste. 

6334
05:46:39,000 --> 05:46:43,400
Like a flash of movement catches
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 

6335
05:46:43,400 --> 05:46:45,300
the peculiar way. 
That rabbits pretend to be 

6336
05:46:45,308 --> 05:46:47,500
invisible by remaining. 
Absolutely, still. 

6337
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:51,200
Your hand moves slowly towards 
the throwing stick tucked into 

6338
05:46:51,208 --> 05:46:54,400
your woven grass belt. 
Wrap, it would be a protein 

6339
05:46:54,400 --> 05:46:57,300
upgraded to this morning's 
vegetarian fare but hunting 

6340
05:46:57,300 --> 05:47:01,500
requires a combination of skill 
luck and the kind of patients 

6341
05:47:01,500 --> 05:47:03,400
that doesn't come naturally, 
when you're stomach is 

6342
05:47:03,400 --> 05:47:07,200
demanding, immediate attention. 
The throwing stick is a Marvel 

6343
05:47:07,200 --> 05:47:10,200
of Stone Age, engineering 
basically a carefully balanced 

6344
05:47:10,200 --> 05:47:12,700
wooden projectile that you've 
practiced with until your 

6345
05:47:12,700 --> 05:47:15,200
shoulder aches. 
The rapid remains motionless 

6346
05:47:15,200 --> 05:47:19,300
probably calculating its odds of
Escape versus the energy cost of

6347
05:47:19,300 --> 05:47:22,000
sudden movement. 
You shift your weight slowly 

6348
05:47:22,000 --> 05:47:24,500
raise. 
The stick with movements, smooth

6349
05:47:24,500 --> 05:47:26,500
enough, not to trigger the 
rabbits flight response. 

6350
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:28,700
Then a branch cracks somewhere 
behind you. 

6351
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:32,500
Probably Greg stumbling around 
looking for his breakfast and 

6352
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:36,900
the rabbit vanishes in a blur of
brown fur and indignation You're

6353
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,100
throwing sticks sails through 
empty air and lands with a 

6354
05:47:40,100 --> 05:47:41,800
disappointed thud against a tree
trunk. 

6355
05:47:42,500 --> 05:47:47,400
So much for upgraded protein. 
You retrieve the stick mentally 

6356
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:50,300
adding practice hunting, in 
areas with fewer clumsy 

6357
05:47:50,300 --> 05:47:53,400
companions to your growing list 
of survival improvements. 

6358
05:47:54,300 --> 05:47:56,600
The berries and Roots will have 
to suffice for now. 

6359
05:47:56,600 --> 05:47:59,400
Supplemented by the memory of. 
Yes, yesterday, successful. 

6360
05:47:59,400 --> 05:48:03,000
Fishing Expedition. 
Walking back toward the cave. 

6361
05:48:03,000 --> 05:48:05,500
You notice Mira has discovered a
bird's nest with eggs. 

6362
05:48:05,500 --> 05:48:08,200
The kind of fine that makes 
everyone's morning, 

6363
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:11,200
significantly. 
Brighter eggs are perfect food 

6364
05:48:11,200 --> 05:48:13,400
packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

6365
05:48:13,400 --> 05:48:15,900
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

6366
05:48:15,900 --> 05:48:19,700
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and faster 

6367
05:48:19,700 --> 05:48:22,800
feet especially when the parents
are larger birds with strong 

6368
05:48:22,800 --> 05:48:26,200
opinions about egg ownership, 
the morning meal shapes up to be

6369
05:48:26,200 --> 05:48:29,700
a combination of your berries 
and Roots, shared eggs and some 

6370
05:48:29,700 --> 05:48:32,600
leftover fish that crack managed
not to eat entirely yesterday. 

6371
05:48:32,600 --> 05:48:36,200
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

6372
05:48:36,200 --> 05:48:39,400
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

6373
05:48:39,400 --> 05:48:42,200
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

6374
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:43,700
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

6375
05:48:44,500 --> 05:48:47,500
Sitting on a sun warmed. 
Rock outside the cave, you eat 

6376
05:48:47,500 --> 05:48:52,100
slowly savoring flavors that are
simple direct and somehow more 

6377
05:48:52,100 --> 05:48:55,700
satisfying than you expected. 
The food tastes like work. 

6378
05:48:55,700 --> 05:48:59,100
Like success. 
Like the peculiar Pride that 

6379
05:48:59,100 --> 05:49:01,500
comes from feeding yourself 
through knowledge and effort, 

6380
05:49:01,500 --> 05:49:04,600
rather than convenience. 
Your stomach settles into 

6381
05:49:04,600 --> 05:49:07,600
contentment and the day ahead 
seems more manageable with 

6382
05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:11,500
breakfast accomplished. 
The sun rises higher warming, 

6383
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:14,500
the rocks in your shoulders. 
Somewhere in the distance. 

6384
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:17,500
You can hear the river calling 
with Promises of fish and the 

6385
05:49:17,500 --> 05:49:20,500
kind of morning bath that wakes 
up every nerve ending at once. 

6386
05:49:20,500 --> 05:49:24,000
After breakfast, your attention,
turns to the Daily maintenance 

6387
05:49:24,000 --> 05:49:26,300
tasks that keeps Stone Age. 
Life functional. 

6388
05:49:27,000 --> 05:49:30,300
Your toolkit needs inspection 
and in a world where the nearest

6389
05:49:30,300 --> 05:49:32,600
hardware store won't exist for 
several Millennia. 

6390
05:49:32,600 --> 05:49:35,900
Tool maintenance isn't optional,
its survival. 

6391
05:49:36,800 --> 05:49:39,500
You settle onto a Flat Rock that
serves as your workbench 

6392
05:49:39,500 --> 05:49:43,000
spreading out your collection of
implements with the care of a 

6393
05:49:43,000 --> 05:49:46,200
surgeon, a ranging instruments, 
there's the knife you chip from 

6394
05:49:46,200 --> 05:49:49,500
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 
still sharp enough to slice 

6395
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,400
through high but showing tiny 
Nicks from yesterday's routing 

6396
05:49:52,400 --> 05:49:55,800
Expedition You've bound the 
spear tip which required three 

6397
05:49:55,800 --> 05:49:58,800
attempts to perfect, to its 
wooden shaft with such 

6398
05:49:58,800 --> 05:50:01,100
meticulous, senior wrapping 
that, it almost appears 

6399
05:50:01,100 --> 05:50:03,800
decorative. 
Flint, knapping the art of 

6400
05:50:03,800 --> 05:50:07,300
striking stone with stone to 
create sharp edges requires the 

6401
05:50:07,308 --> 05:50:10,600
kind of focused attention. 
That makes meditation look like,

6402
05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:14,500
multitasking, you choose a piece
of flint testing its weight and 

6403
05:50:14,500 --> 05:50:16,900
density with fingers that have 
learned to read Stone like 

6404
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:20,200
others, read books. 
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 

6405
05:50:20,200 --> 05:50:23,800
in your palm its surface one 
Smooth by countless impacts. 

6406
05:50:24,500 --> 05:50:28,400
The first strike sends a small 
chip flying landing near your 

6407
05:50:28,400 --> 05:50:33,100
feet with a tiny click success. 
You turn the Flint slightly, 

6408
05:50:33,100 --> 05:50:36,700
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 

6409
05:50:36,700 --> 05:50:39,000
to be revealed through patient. 
Precise work. 

6410
05:50:39,800 --> 05:50:46,600
Strike turn, examine strike, 
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 

6411
05:50:46,600 --> 05:50:48,500
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

6412
05:50:48,500 --> 05:50:51,400
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material. 

6413
05:50:52,300 --> 05:50:55,400
Somewhere around the 15th, 
strike your concentration, wave 

6414
05:50:55,400 --> 05:50:58,600
is for just a moment, and the 
Hammerstone catches, the Flint 

6415
05:50:58,600 --> 05:51:01,900
at the wrong angle, instead of a
clean chip, a large chunk breaks

6416
05:51:01,900 --> 05:51:04,400
away, taking half your emerging 
Blade with it. 

6417
05:51:05,500 --> 05:51:08,000
The Flint now looks less like a 
future tool and more like 

6418
05:51:08,000 --> 05:51:10,600
evidence of why patients isn't 
just a virtue. 

6419
05:51:10,600 --> 05:51:14,200
It's a requirement. 
You set the ruined Flint aside 

6420
05:51:14,200 --> 05:51:17,200
and reach for another piece. 
Reminding yourself, that failure

6421
05:51:17,200 --> 05:51:18,800
is just another word for 
practice. 

6422
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:23,300
The second attempt goes better 
partly because you've already 

6423
05:51:23,300 --> 05:51:25,700
made today's mistake and partly 
because your hands. 

6424
05:51:25,700 --> 05:51:29,600
Remember the proper rhythm. 
Gradually a serviceable blade 

6425
05:51:29,600 --> 05:51:33,200
emerges from the Royal Stone its
Edge sharp enough to make you 

6426
05:51:33,200 --> 05:51:36,400
respected immediately. 
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 

6427
05:51:36,400 --> 05:51:40,100
just making new implements. 
Your spare shaft is developed a 

6428
05:51:40,100 --> 05:51:43,100
small crack near The Binding. 
The kind of floor that could 

6429
05:51:43,108 --> 05:51:44,800
turn a hunting trip into a 
disaster. 

6430
05:51:44,800 --> 05:51:47,900
If left unattended. 
You unwrap the sin, you 

6431
05:51:47,900 --> 05:51:50,000
carefully. 
It's too valuable to waste and 

6432
05:51:50,000 --> 05:51:53,200
examine the crack more closely. 
The split runs with the wood 

6433
05:51:53,200 --> 05:51:56,900
grain, which is positive news 
across grain crack would mean 

6434
05:51:56,900 --> 05:52:00,800
starting over with a new shaft. 
You select a thin strip of wet, 

6435
05:52:00,800 --> 05:52:03,500
hide and wrap it tightly around 
the damaged area. 

6436
05:52:03,500 --> 05:52:05,500
Pulling the wood fibers back 
together. 

6437
05:52:06,400 --> 05:52:09,900
Once it dries, the hide will 
shrink creating a repair 

6438
05:52:09,908 --> 05:52:12,900
stronger than the original wood.
It's the Stone Age. 

6439
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:17,100
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 
the adhesive and the tape fire 

6440
05:52:17,100 --> 05:52:18,600
maintenance to demands his 
attention. 

6441
05:52:19,900 --> 05:52:22,600
The coals from last night of 
settled into a bed of Embers, 

6442
05:52:22,600 --> 05:52:25,800
perfect for cooking but needing 
encouragement to Flame up again.

6443
05:52:26,600 --> 05:52:31,100
You add small kindling, dry 
grass thin Twigs strips of birch

6444
05:52:31,100 --> 05:52:33,400
bark, that catch fire. 
Like they were designed for the 

6445
05:52:33,400 --> 05:52:36,200
purpose. 
The Flames respond eagerly 

6446
05:52:36,200 --> 05:52:38,500
crackling to life with the kind 
of enthusiasm. 

6447
05:52:38,500 --> 05:52:41,400
That makes you appreciate 
Humanities ancient partnership 

6448
05:52:41,400 --> 05:52:45,400
with controlled combustion. 
Keeping the fire alive was a 

6449
05:52:45,400 --> 05:52:48,300
community responsibility that 
rotated among the caves 

6450
05:52:48,300 --> 05:52:50,900
inhabitants. 
Today is your turn to be the 

6451
05:52:50,900 --> 05:52:54,500
firekeeper, which means feeding 
it, regularly banking the coals 

6452
05:52:54,500 --> 05:52:57,100
for cooking and most 
importantly, never letting it 

6453
05:52:57,100 --> 05:53:00,500
die completely. 
Starting a fire from scratch. 

6454
05:53:00,500 --> 05:53:04,000
Using flint and steel, or rather
flint and iron pyrite. 

6455
05:53:04,000 --> 05:53:07,700
Since steel won't be invented 
for quite a while is possible, 

6456
05:53:07,700 --> 05:53:11,500
but exhausting you practice the 
Fire Starting technique anyway 

6457
05:53:11,500 --> 05:53:14,700
because redundancy keeps you 
alive strike. 

6458
05:53:14,700 --> 05:53:18,100
Flint against pyrite, directing 
the Sparks into a nest of the 

6459
05:53:18,100 --> 05:53:21,700
finest driest in. 
You can prepare Cedar bark 

6460
05:53:21,700 --> 05:53:25,400
worked into soft fibers Birch, 
fungus, and dried grass. 

6461
05:53:25,400 --> 05:53:30,000
So fine, it's almost powder, the
Sparks catch glowing like tiny 

6462
05:53:30,000 --> 05:53:33,600
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, coaxes them into 

6463
05:53:33,608 --> 05:53:37,300
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing but skilled

6464
05:53:37,300 --> 05:53:40,100
and persistent. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

6465
05:53:40,100 --> 05:53:41,900
satisfaction that's hard to 
describe. 

6466
05:53:42,800 --> 05:53:46,000
In a world where most things are
uncertain being able to create 

6467
05:53:46,000 --> 05:53:48,400
Fire On Demand. 
Feels like having superpowers, 

6468
05:53:48,400 --> 05:53:51,500
which from the perspective of 
any other animal. 

6469
05:53:51,500 --> 05:53:54,900
You supposed it is Your 
morning's work spreads out 

6470
05:53:54,900 --> 05:53:59,000
around you newly sharpened 
tools, repaired weapons a 

6471
05:53:59,000 --> 05:54:01,400
healthy fire and the kind of 
competence that builds 

6472
05:54:01,400 --> 05:54:04,000
confidence. 
These aren't glamorous tasks, 

6473
05:54:04,000 --> 05:54:06,400
but they form the foundation 
that makes everything else 

6474
05:54:06,400 --> 05:54:09,400
possible. 
Every sharp edge, every strong 

6475
05:54:09,400 --> 05:54:12,700
binding, and every glowing coal 
represents the difference 

6476
05:54:12,700 --> 05:54:14,600
between thriving and merely 
surviving. 

6477
05:54:15,400 --> 05:54:18,600
The sun has climbed higher while
you worked and the warmth feels 

6478
05:54:18,600 --> 05:54:22,100
good on your shoulders. 
In the distance, you can hear 

6479
05:54:22,100 --> 05:54:25,100
water running over rocks. 
The river calling with Promises 

6480
05:54:25,100 --> 05:54:27,800
of fish and the kind of cooling 
bath that makes hot work worth. 

6481
05:54:27,800 --> 05:54:31,100
While the river beckons with the
sound of water moving over 

6482
05:54:31,100 --> 05:54:34,600
Stone's a constant murmur that 
serves as the soundtrack to your

6483
05:54:34,600 --> 05:54:37,100
daily life you gather your 
fishing equipment. 

6484
05:54:38,100 --> 05:54:41,900
Spear with a particularly point 
a, net woven from plant fibers 

6485
05:54:41,900 --> 05:54:45,300
that took weeks to complete and 
the kind of optimism that comes 

6486
05:54:45,300 --> 05:54:48,000
from successful. 
Fishing experience is mixed with

6487
05:54:48,000 --> 05:54:50,500
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

6488
05:54:51,300 --> 05:54:53,700
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

6489
05:54:53,700 --> 05:54:57,000
terrain, that changes subtly 
with each day's weather today. 

6490
05:54:57,000 --> 05:55:00,000
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's brief 

6491
05:55:00,000 --> 05:55:03,400
Reign causing footing to become 
uncertain in areas where the 

6492
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:05,600
clay soil has turned into a 
slippery surface. 

6493
05:55:05,600 --> 05:55:08,200
You've learned to read these 
conditions automatically 

6494
05:55:08,200 --> 05:55:11,900
adjusting your gate to have the 
kind of spectacular fall that 

6495
05:55:11,908 --> 05:55:15,100
looks amusing in hindsight, but 
feels considerably less funny 

6496
05:55:15,100 --> 05:55:19,200
when you're picking Mudd Out of 
uncomfortable places. your 

6497
05:55:19,200 --> 05:55:21,400
fishing spot is a bend in the 
river where the current slows 

6498
05:55:21,400 --> 05:55:24,700
and deepens creating a natural 
pool where fish tend to gather 

6499
05:55:25,400 --> 05:55:27,800
The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

6500
05:55:27,800 --> 05:55:31,200
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

6501
05:55:31,200 --> 05:55:33,400
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

6502
05:55:33,400 --> 05:55:36,100
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

6503
05:55:37,600 --> 05:55:40,000
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

6504
05:55:40,000 --> 05:55:41,600
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

6505
05:55:41,600 --> 05:55:44,300
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

6506
05:55:44,300 --> 05:55:47,100
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

6507
05:55:47,100 --> 05:55:50,200
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

6508
05:55:50,200 --> 05:55:53,700
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

6509
05:55:53,700 --> 05:55:56,600
are unaware that your studying 
their patterns with the 

6510
05:55:56,600 --> 05:56:00,000
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

6511
05:56:00,000 --> 05:56:02,500
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

6512
05:56:02,500 --> 05:56:05,700
patterns and preferred depths 
holds position near the far 

6513
05:56:05,700 --> 05:56:08,100
Bank. 
Its fins making tiny adjustments

6514
05:56:08,100 --> 05:56:10,900
to maintain its place in the 
current it's perfectly 

6515
05:56:10,900 --> 05:56:13,700
positioned for a spear throw. 
Assuming you can manage the 

6516
05:56:13,700 --> 05:56:17,700
complex physics of refraction 
water resistance and the fish's 

6517
05:56:17,700 --> 05:56:20,100
likely Escape Route all while 
maintaining the balance 

6518
05:56:20,100 --> 05:56:22,500
necessary. 
Not to fall off your rock in to 

6519
05:56:22,500 --> 05:56:24,800
the river. 
You raise the spear slowly 

6520
05:56:24,800 --> 05:56:26,900
muscles. 
Remembering the thousands of 

6521
05:56:26,900 --> 05:56:29,800
practice throws that have taught
your arms, the proper Ark and 

6522
05:56:29,808 --> 05:56:33,500
release point. 
The fish remains steady. 

6523
05:56:34,000 --> 05:56:37,000
Focused on something Upstream 
that might be food drifting down

6524
05:56:37,000 --> 05:56:40,100
with the current. 
This is the moment when patience

6525
05:56:40,100 --> 05:56:43,200
and preparation meet 
opportunity, assuming your aim 

6526
05:56:43,200 --> 05:56:45,400
has improved since yesterday 
somewhat embarrassing 

6527
05:56:45,400 --> 05:56:48,200
performance. 
The spear leaves your hand, with

6528
05:56:48,200 --> 05:56:51,700
the smooth motion of long, 
practice, cutting through air, 

6529
05:56:51,700 --> 05:56:55,600
and then water with barely a 
splash. success appears certain 

6530
05:56:55,600 --> 05:56:58,900
for a moment, then physics 
asserts itself in the form of 

6531
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:02,200
water refraction and your spare 
passes harmlessly beneath the 

6532
05:57:02,208 --> 05:57:06,500
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 
of indignant motion that somehow

6533
05:57:06,500 --> 05:57:10,000
manages to look, reproachful, 
Retrieving the spear requires 

6534
05:57:10,000 --> 05:57:12,600
wading into water that 
shockingly cold, despite the 

6535
05:57:12,600 --> 05:57:15,700
warm air, the river is a 
collection of smooth Stones, 

6536
05:57:15,700 --> 05:57:19,500
Some steady and reliable others.
Perfectly designed to shift, 

6537
05:57:19,500 --> 05:57:23,000
unexpectedly and send Wade. 
As sprawling into deeper water, 

6538
05:57:23,000 --> 05:57:26,500
you move carefully, your feet. 
Testing each step before 

6539
05:57:26,500 --> 05:57:29,700
committing your full weight, the
spear has lodged between two 

6540
05:57:29,700 --> 05:57:32,800
rocks and deeper water. 
Requiring, a Wade that brings 

6541
05:57:32,800 --> 05:57:36,600
the river level to mid-thigh. 
Cold is invigorating in the way 

6542
05:57:36,600 --> 05:57:38,400
that makes you immediately 
understand why? 

6543
05:57:38,400 --> 05:57:41,100
Some people voluntarily take 
cold showers while 

6544
05:57:41,100 --> 05:57:43,300
simultaneously making you 
question their sanity. 

6545
05:57:44,100 --> 05:57:46,900
Your muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

6546
05:57:46,900 --> 05:57:49,500
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick efficiency, rather than 

6547
05:57:49,500 --> 05:57:53,800
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

6548
05:57:53,800 --> 05:57:56,800
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

6549
05:57:56,800 --> 05:57:59,200
warm Stone. 
The net offers different, 

6550
05:57:59,200 --> 05:58:03,100
possibilities less, Precision 
required, but demanding perfect 

6551
05:58:03,100 --> 05:58:05,400
timing, and the ability to read 
fish Behavior. 

6552
05:58:05,400 --> 05:58:08,400
Well, enough to predict their 
movements You study the water 

6553
05:58:08,400 --> 05:58:11,600
again, looking for the subtle 
signs that indicate where fish 

6554
05:58:11,600 --> 05:58:14,900
are likely to swim. 
A school of smaller fish moves 

6555
05:58:14,900 --> 05:58:17,700
through the shallows their 
bodies flashing silver as they 

6556
05:58:17,700 --> 05:58:20,500
turn in unison. 
Their following, some underwater

6557
05:58:20,500 --> 05:58:23,200
logic, that makes perfect sense 
to them and appears completely 

6558
05:58:23,200 --> 05:58:25,800
random to you. 
The net requires positioning 

6559
05:58:25,800 --> 05:58:29,300
Downstream from their path then 
patients, while they swim into 

6560
05:58:29,300 --> 05:58:31,700
range. 
You slip into the water again, 

6561
05:58:31,700 --> 05:58:35,500
moving with exaggerated care to 
avoid sending vibration through 

6562
05:58:35,500 --> 05:58:37,400
the riverbed that would scatter 
your targets. 

6563
05:58:38,700 --> 05:58:42,100
The fish continue, their 
mysterious choreo occasionally 

6564
05:58:42,100 --> 05:58:45,000
coming tantalizingly. 
Close to your nets range before 

6565
05:58:45,000 --> 05:58:46,600
veering away. 
As if they've suddenly 

6566
05:58:46,600 --> 05:58:48,400
remembered important 
appointments elsewhere. 

6567
05:58:49,200 --> 05:58:50,800
Finally, the schools wandering 
path. 

6568
05:58:50,800 --> 05:58:52,500
Brings them directly towards 
your position. 

6569
05:58:52,500 --> 05:58:55,900
You raise the Nets slowly 
waiting for the moment. 

6570
05:58:55,900 --> 05:58:59,000
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

6571
05:58:59,000 --> 05:59:03,000
space The technique, 
necessitates precise timing, if 

6572
05:59:03,000 --> 05:59:06,000
you act too early, the fish will
scatter and if you act too late,

6573
05:59:06,000 --> 05:59:07,200
they will have already passed 
through. 

6574
05:59:08,100 --> 05:59:11,200
Now the net sweeps through water
and fish with satisfying 

6575
05:59:11,200 --> 05:59:14,800
efficiency, and suddenly you're 
holding breakfast, lunch and 

6576
05:59:14,800 --> 05:59:16,900
possibly dinner in woven plant 
fibers. 

6577
05:59:17,700 --> 05:59:20,800
The fish flip and struggle with 
understandable urgency, and you 

6578
05:59:20,800 --> 05:59:23,300
weighed quickly, to short, to 
transfer them, to the woven 

6579
05:59:23,300 --> 05:59:25,300
basket that serves as your 
portable container. 

6580
05:59:25,900 --> 05:59:28,600
Success. 
Tastes like cold river water and

6581
05:59:28,600 --> 05:59:31,000
feels like the quiet 
satisfaction of having fed 

6582
05:59:31,000 --> 05:59:32,300
yourself through skill and 
patience. 

6583
05:59:33,200 --> 05:59:35,600
The mornings fishing has 
provided enough protein for the 

6584
05:59:35,600 --> 05:59:38,800
day plus extra to share with 
your cavemen who may have had 

6585
05:59:38,800 --> 05:59:41,300
less luck with their own food 
Gathering expeditions. 

6586
05:59:42,000 --> 05:59:45,100
Walking back toward the cave, 
basket efficient one hand and 

6587
05:59:45,100 --> 05:59:48,200
wet fishing gear in the other, 
you reflect on the peculiar 

6588
05:59:48,200 --> 05:59:50,300
satisfaction of having succeeded
at something. 

6589
05:59:50,300 --> 05:59:53,800
Your ancestors would recognize 
and approve of there's something

6590
05:59:53,800 --> 05:59:56,600
deeply right about providing 
food through your own efforts, 

6591
05:59:56,600 --> 05:59:59,200
even when those efforts 
occasionally involved falling 

6592
05:59:59,200 --> 06:00:01,800
into cold water. 
While chasing fish, that seemed 

6593
06:00:01,800 --> 06:00:05,200
to mock your hunting skills, the
afternoon sun has reached that 

6594
06:00:05,200 --> 06:00:07,300
perfect angle, where it warms 
without burning. 

6595
06:00:08,300 --> 06:00:10,400
Your successful fishing 
Expedition has left. 

6596
06:00:10,400 --> 06:00:13,100
You feeling confident enough to 
venture further from the cave 

6597
06:00:13,100 --> 06:00:16,200
than usual. 
Today's seems like an ideal time

6598
06:00:16,200 --> 06:00:20,000
to explore the valley on the 
ridge where rumor delivered by a

6599
06:00:20,000 --> 06:00:22,300
traveling group. 
Last week suggests, there might 

6600
06:00:22,308 --> 06:00:25,200
be fruit trees and possibly 
deposits of the particularly 

6601
06:00:25,200 --> 06:00:27,300
good Flint, that makes Superior 
tools. 

6602
06:00:27,300 --> 06:00:30,700
You gather exploration supplies 
with the methodical care of 

6603
06:00:30,700 --> 06:00:32,900
someone who's learned that 
preparation, prevents most 

6604
06:00:32,900 --> 06:00:37,000
disasters and improvisation 
handles the rest, Your pack 

6605
06:00:37,000 --> 06:00:40,100
consists of a large hide bag. 
Containing water in a bladder 

6606
06:00:40,100 --> 06:00:43,200
dried meat from last week's 
successful hunt, the 

6607
06:00:43,200 --> 06:00:45,200
multi-purpose knife. 
That's sharp enough to be 

6608
06:00:45,200 --> 06:00:48,500
useful, but not so precious, 
you'd weep if you lost it and 

6609
06:00:48,500 --> 06:00:52,300
cordage woven from plant fibers,
that serves approximately 600 

6610
06:00:52,300 --> 06:00:54,100
different functions in Stone Age
life. 

6611
06:00:55,000 --> 06:00:57,700
The ridge requires a climb that 
would be considered moderate 

6612
06:00:57,700 --> 06:01:00,700
exercise in modern terms, but 
feels more like a full body 

6613
06:01:00,700 --> 06:01:02,600
workout. 
When you're carrying supplies 

6614
06:01:02,600 --> 06:01:05,400
and watching for loose rocks 
that could turn off after noon. 

6615
06:01:05,400 --> 06:01:08,400
Hike into a medical, emergency 
your route follows. 

6616
06:01:08,400 --> 06:01:11,100
What might charitably be called 
a path, really? 

6617
06:01:11,100 --> 06:01:13,800
Just a series of animal tracks 
connected by your own 

6618
06:01:13,800 --> 06:01:16,300
optimistic. 
Assumptions about the best way 

6619
06:01:16,300 --> 06:01:20,500
up steep Terrain. 
Halfway up the ridge, you paused

6620
06:01:20,500 --> 06:01:23,000
to catch your breath and 
immediately understand why your 

6621
06:01:23,000 --> 06:01:25,800
ancestors developed such 
impressive cardiovascular 

6622
06:01:25,800 --> 06:01:28,800
systems. 
Every activity and Paleolithic 

6623
06:01:28,800 --> 06:01:32,400
life was essentially a fitness 
program designed by someone with

6624
06:01:32,400 --> 06:01:35,600
a sadistic sense of humor, and a
deep commitment to building 

6625
06:01:35,600 --> 06:01:37,400
character through physical 
challenge. 

6626
06:01:38,200 --> 06:01:40,400
The view from The Ridge Top 
makes the climb worth. 

6627
06:01:41,500 --> 06:01:44,400
The valley spreads below, you 
like a green carpet dotted, with

6628
06:01:44,400 --> 06:01:47,100
Silver Streams, and dark patches
that might be Groves of the 

6629
06:01:47,108 --> 06:01:49,900
fruit trees. 
You'll seeking in the distance 

6630
06:01:49,900 --> 06:01:52,700
smoke rises from what's probably
another group's fire. 

6631
06:01:52,700 --> 06:01:55,500
Reminding you that you're not 
alone in this vast landscape 

6632
06:01:55,500 --> 06:01:58,900
just temporarily out of the 
shouting range of your neighbors

6633
06:01:58,900 --> 06:02:02,100
descending, into the valley 
proves trickier than the ascent 

6634
06:02:02,100 --> 06:02:05,400
gravity, assists your progress 
with the kind of helpful. 

6635
06:02:05,400 --> 06:02:08,800
Enthusiasm that occasionally 
threatened to turn a control 

6636
06:02:08,800 --> 06:02:11,900
descent into an uncontrolled 
tumble, You pick your way, 

6637
06:02:11,900 --> 06:02:15,200
carefully down the slope using 
trees and rock outcroppings as 

6638
06:02:15,200 --> 06:02:17,700
handholds and trying. 
Not to think about how much 

6639
06:02:17,700 --> 06:02:21,400
easier going down, is the 
climbing back up, will be the 

6640
06:02:21,400 --> 06:02:24,100
valley floor of reveals itself 
to be a mixture of opportunity 

6641
06:02:24,100 --> 06:02:27,600
and complexity. 
Yes, there are fruit trees. 

6642
06:02:27,600 --> 06:02:31,000
Several varieties you recognize,
and a few that require the kind 

6643
06:02:31,000 --> 06:02:33,900
of careful testing that 
determines whether their food or

6644
06:02:33,900 --> 06:02:36,600
decoration. 
The good news is many trees are 

6645
06:02:36,600 --> 06:02:39,600
heavy with ripe fruit. 
The challenge news, is that your

6646
06:02:39,600 --> 06:02:42,600
apparently not the first to 
discover this resource Fresh 

6647
06:02:42,600 --> 06:02:45,000
Tracks in the software near the 
largest fruit Grove. 

6648
06:02:45,000 --> 06:02:47,500
Tell a story that makes your 
survival instincts, pay close 

6649
06:02:47,500 --> 06:02:51,900
attention The large paw prints, 
indicating a predator rather 

6650
06:02:51,900 --> 06:02:55,400
than prey are so recent that 
their edges remain Sharp. 

6651
06:02:56,000 --> 06:02:59,600
Bare most likely and probably 
still in the area since Bears 

6652
06:02:59,600 --> 06:03:01,500
tend to stay near. 
Excellent food sources until 

6653
06:03:01,500 --> 06:03:03,000
they've exhausted them 
completely. 

6654
06:03:03,900 --> 06:03:06,500
This scenario creates what you 
might call a tactical situation,

6655
06:03:06,500 --> 06:03:10,000
the fruit represents valuable 
calories and nutrients. 

6656
06:03:10,000 --> 06:03:12,100
That would improve everyone's 
diet significant. 

6657
06:03:13,800 --> 06:03:16,300
The bear represents the kind of 
conversation partner, who 

6658
06:03:16,308 --> 06:03:19,600
settles disagreements through 
methods that don't typically end

6659
06:03:19,600 --> 06:03:24,200
well for the smaller participant
wisdom, suggests Retreat, hunger

6660
06:03:24,200 --> 06:03:27,600
suggests negotiation Pride 
suggest your probably 

6661
06:03:27,600 --> 06:03:28,900
overthinking the whole 
situation. 

6662
06:03:29,800 --> 06:03:32,200
You compromise by gathering 
fruit from trees on the 

6663
06:03:32,200 --> 06:03:36,300
periphery of the Grove working 
quickly, but quietly ears tuned 

6664
06:03:36,300 --> 06:03:38,700
for any sound that might 
indicate you're about to have an

6665
06:03:38,700 --> 06:03:41,200
unexpected encounter with the 
local bear population. 

6666
06:03:42,300 --> 06:03:45,200
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

6667
06:03:45,200 --> 06:03:49,100
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves brings a 

6668
06:03:49,100 --> 06:03:51,900
momentary pause to listen for 
approaching footsteps, that 

6669
06:03:51,900 --> 06:03:53,500
weigh considerably more than 
yours. 

6670
06:03:54,800 --> 06:03:57,200
The fruit Gathering goes well 
until you reach for a 

6671
06:03:57,200 --> 06:03:59,700
particularly promising, cluster 
growing just out of easy, reach 

6672
06:03:59,700 --> 06:04:02,700
stretching toward it requires 
shifting, your weight onto a 

6673
06:04:02,700 --> 06:04:04,400
branch. 
That seemed sturdy enough when 

6674
06:04:04,400 --> 06:04:06,700
you tested it. 
But apparently has strong 

6675
06:04:06,700 --> 06:04:08,900
opinions about supporting human 
body weight. 

6676
06:04:10,000 --> 06:04:13,300
The branch surrenders with a 
sharp crack that Echoes through 

6677
06:04:13,300 --> 06:04:16,300
the Grove like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

6678
06:04:16,300 --> 06:04:19,500
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

6679
06:04:19,500 --> 06:04:23,000
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

6680
06:04:23,000 --> 06:04:26,600
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

6681
06:04:26,600 --> 06:04:29,400
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

6682
06:04:29,400 --> 06:04:33,100
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

6683
06:04:33,100 --> 06:04:35,700
its presence. 
So dramatically After several 

6684
06:04:35,700 --> 06:04:38,100
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears. 

6685
06:04:38,100 --> 06:04:41,900
You can conclude that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

6686
06:04:41,900 --> 06:04:44,500
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

6687
06:04:44,500 --> 06:04:47,600
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion. 

6688
06:04:47,600 --> 06:04:50,300
That discretion is a crucial 
aspect of fruit Gathering. 

6689
06:04:51,100 --> 06:04:53,100
Your pack. 
Now contains enough fruit to 

6690
06:04:53,100 --> 06:04:56,000
supplement several meals plus 
the kind of story that will 

6691
06:04:56,000 --> 06:04:58,300
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire. 

6692
06:04:58,300 --> 06:05:01,700
The discovery of the Flint 
deposits proves anti-climactic 

6693
06:05:01,700 --> 06:05:05,500
after the fruit tree Adventure, 
yes, the stone is excellent 

6694
06:05:05,500 --> 06:05:07,400
quality. 
Better than what you've been 

6695
06:05:07,408 --> 06:05:10,100
working with. 
Yes there's enough to supply 

6696
06:05:10,100 --> 06:05:14,100
your tool making needs for 
months and yes it's located in 

6697
06:05:14,100 --> 06:05:16,900
an easy to access outcropping 
that doesn't require 

6698
06:05:16,900 --> 06:05:20,900
negotiations. 
You gather several Prime piece 

6699
06:05:20,900 --> 06:05:24,700
of flint testing each for 
quality and selecting those most

6700
06:05:24,700 --> 06:05:26,500
likely to produce Superior 
tools. 

6701
06:05:27,400 --> 06:05:30,100
The additional weight in your 
pack reminds you that the return

6702
06:05:30,100 --> 06:05:33,100
Journey will be more challenging
than the trip down, but a good 

6703
06:05:33,108 --> 06:05:36,900
Flint is worth the extra effort.
The afternoon light has begun 

6704
06:05:36,900 --> 06:05:39,600
its slow slide toward evening. 
By the time you start the 

6705
06:05:39,600 --> 06:05:43,000
return, climb your pack. 
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 

6706
06:05:43,000 --> 06:05:45,300
makes the ascent feel like a 
full body strength, training 

6707
06:05:45,300 --> 06:05:48,300
session, designed by someone who
believes suffering, builds 

6708
06:05:48,300 --> 06:05:52,500
character each step up the ridge
requires deliberate effort and 

6709
06:05:52,500 --> 06:05:55,200
you find yourself developing a 
new appreciation for the concept

6710
06:05:55,200 --> 06:05:58,600
of pack weight distribution, the
return to your cave, feels like 

6711
06:05:58,600 --> 06:06:00,400
coming home. 
After a successful Adventure, 

6712
06:06:00,400 --> 06:06:03,900
your pack heavy with the day's 
discoveries and your body 

6713
06:06:03,900 --> 06:06:07,900
pleasantly worn out from useful 
exertion The late afternoon, 

6714
06:06:07,900 --> 06:06:11,600
light filter through the trees 
with that gold and quality, that

6715
06:06:11,600 --> 06:06:14,100
makes everything look like. 
It's been painted by someone who

6716
06:06:14,100 --> 06:06:16,300
understands the beauty of 
natural illumination. 

6717
06:06:17,400 --> 06:06:19,500
Your cavemen have been busy 
during your absence. 

6718
06:06:19,500 --> 06:06:23,000
Mira has constructed what 
appears to be a fish drying rack

6719
06:06:23,000 --> 06:06:26,900
from carefully arranged branches
and several of yesterday's catch

6720
06:06:26,900 --> 06:06:30,000
in neat rows. 
Slowly transforming into 

6721
06:06:30,000 --> 06:06:32,700
preserved protein that will last
much longer than fresh fish. 

6722
06:06:33,900 --> 06:06:36,500
Crack has been working on 
something involving a great deal

6723
06:06:36,500 --> 06:06:39,400
of scraped hide. 
And what looks like sinew though

6724
06:06:39,400 --> 06:06:41,800
his projects often remain 
mysterious until they reach 

6725
06:06:41,800 --> 06:06:44,700
completion. 
The fruit, you've gathered 

6726
06:06:44,700 --> 06:06:48,300
creates immediate excitement. 
Fresh fruit has been scarce 

6727
06:06:48,300 --> 06:06:51,200
lately and the variety you've 
brought back include several 

6728
06:06:51,200 --> 06:06:52,900
types that none of you have 
tasted before. 

6729
06:06:52,900 --> 06:06:57,000
This leads to the careful ritual
of testing new foods, small 

6730
06:06:57,000 --> 06:06:59,300
amounts. 
First attention paid to flavor 

6731
06:06:59,300 --> 06:07:02,700
and any immediate reactions, 
then waiting to see if your 

6732
06:07:02,700 --> 06:07:04,700
digestive system approves of the
innovation. 

6733
06:07:05,300 --> 06:07:08,100
The unknown fruits, turn out to 
be pleasantly sweet with a 

6734
06:07:08,100 --> 06:07:10,800
slightly tart finish and your 
stomach accepts the without 

6735
06:07:10,800 --> 06:07:13,800
protest. 
Success dinner will be 

6736
06:07:13,808 --> 06:07:15,800
considerably more intriguing 
than usual. 

6737
06:07:15,800 --> 06:07:19,500
The remaining fruit can be dried
using techniques that transform 

6738
06:07:19,500 --> 06:07:24,000
perishable food into long-term 
storage solutions, your Flint, 

6739
06:07:24,000 --> 06:07:26,000
Discovery. 
Generates a different kind of 

6740
06:07:26,000 --> 06:07:30,200
enthusiasm Graphic examined. 
Each piece with the focused 

6741
06:07:30,200 --> 06:07:34,000
attention of an expert testing 
density and grain structure with

6742
06:07:34,000 --> 06:07:37,100
techniques, you're still 
learning Good, Flint means 

6743
06:07:37,100 --> 06:07:40,400
better tools which means more 
successful hunting and Gathering

6744
06:07:40,400 --> 06:07:43,500
which means improved odds of 
thriving rather than merely 

6745
06:07:43,500 --> 06:07:46,100
surviving. 
His evening approaches, the 

6746
06:07:46,100 --> 06:07:49,000
ritual of fire. 
Building begins today's fire 

6747
06:07:49,000 --> 06:07:51,100
will be larger than usual partly
for cooking. 

6748
06:07:51,100 --> 06:07:53,900
The varied Foods, you've all 
gathered partly for the social 

6749
06:07:53,900 --> 06:07:56,700
warmth that comes from sitting 
around Flames while sharing the 

6750
06:07:56,700 --> 06:08:00,500
day's experiences, you add a 
portion of fuel and soon the 

6751
06:08:00,500 --> 06:08:03,500
cave, entrance glows with 
cheerful light pushing back, the

6752
06:08:03,500 --> 06:08:07,000
growing Darkness outside cooking
in the Stone, Age requires 

6753
06:08:07,000 --> 06:08:10,900
timing attention and acceptance,
the Precision isn't always 

6754
06:08:10,900 --> 06:08:13,300
possible. 
The fish cooked quickly on hot 

6755
06:08:13,300 --> 06:08:15,600
Stones, placed near the fire, 
their flesh. 

6756
06:08:15,600 --> 06:08:18,500
Turning from translucent to 
opaque with the kind of 

6757
06:08:18,500 --> 06:08:21,200
straightforward honesty, that 
makes you trust the process 

6758
06:08:21,200 --> 06:08:25,000
routes require longer cooking. 
They are buried in coal and 

6759
06:08:25,000 --> 06:08:28,100
covered with more coal until the
hard starch becomes something 

6760
06:08:28,100 --> 06:08:32,000
approaching tender. 
The fruit needs no cooking that 

6761
06:08:32,000 --> 06:08:34,600
some of it gets wrapped in 
leaves and placed near the fires

6762
06:08:34,600 --> 06:08:37,500
Edge, where gentle heat, 
concentrates the flavors and 

6763
06:08:37,500 --> 06:08:39,800
creates something resembling A 
Primitive desert. 

6764
06:08:41,000 --> 06:08:44,300
The result tastes like 
concentrated summer, sweet and 

6765
06:08:44,300 --> 06:08:47,000
warm, and satisfying. 
In ways that make you understand

6766
06:08:47,000 --> 06:08:49,700
why humans developed such 
elaborate relationships with 

6767
06:08:49,700 --> 06:08:53,100
food preparation. 
Mealtime in your small community

6768
06:08:53,100 --> 06:08:55,300
follows informal. 
Protocols, that balanced 

6769
06:08:55,300 --> 06:08:57,100
individual needs with group 
Harmony. 

6770
06:08:58,200 --> 06:09:01,300
Everyone shares the food based 
on their contributions and 

6771
06:09:01,300 --> 06:09:03,000
needs. 
Today's successful. 

6772
06:09:03,000 --> 06:09:05,600
Fishing Expedition earns you a 
larger portion of the evening 

6773
06:09:05,600 --> 06:09:07,000
meal. 
While your fruit. 

6774
06:09:07,000 --> 06:09:09,700
Discovery means everyone enjoys 
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise

6775
06:09:09,700 --> 06:09:12,500
have been available the 
conversation, that accompanies 

6776
06:09:12,500 --> 06:09:15,100
dinner evolves around the day's 
experiences challenges, and 

6777
06:09:15,100 --> 06:09:19,100
discoveries crack describes his 
hide working project which is 

6778
06:09:19,100 --> 06:09:21,500
apparently intended to become a 
more comfortable sleeping 

6779
06:09:21,500 --> 06:09:24,000
Arrangement. 
An innovation that everyone 

6780
06:09:24,000 --> 06:09:28,500
endorses enthusiastically mere 
explains her fish drying 

6781
06:09:28,500 --> 06:09:31,800
technique, learned from a group 
they encountered several weeks 

6782
06:09:31,800 --> 06:09:35,200
ago who came from a region where
preservation methods had evolved

6783
06:09:35,200 --> 06:09:39,300
to handle seasonal variations 
and food availability Your 

6784
06:09:39,300 --> 06:09:41,600
adventure in the fruit Grove 
gets recounted with the kind of 

6785
06:09:41,600 --> 06:09:44,800
embellishment that turns a minor
mishap into an entertaining 

6786
06:09:44,800 --> 06:09:47,600
story. 
The branch breaking incident 

6787
06:09:47,600 --> 06:09:50,800
becomes slightly more dramatic 
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 

6788
06:09:50,800 --> 06:09:55,300
slightly fresher and your Escape
slightly more narrow This is how

6789
06:09:55,300 --> 06:09:59,500
oral tradition begins not with 
deliberate exaggeration, but 

6790
06:09:59,500 --> 06:10:02,600
with the natural tendency to 
make experience is more engaging

6791
06:10:02,600 --> 06:10:06,500
when sharing them with others. 
As full Darkness, settles out 

6792
06:10:06,500 --> 06:10:09,900
the cave entrance. 
Fire becomes the center of your 

6793
06:10:09,900 --> 06:10:13,400
small world. 
It's light creates a circle of 

6794
06:10:13,400 --> 06:10:16,600
warmth and safety. 
That makes the vast night seemed

6795
06:10:16,600 --> 06:10:19,900
manageable rather than 
threatening The Flames danced 

6796
06:10:19,900 --> 06:10:23,200
with hypnotic patterns that 
capture attention in ways that 

6797
06:10:23,200 --> 06:10:26,200
television won't manage to 
duplicate for several thousand 

6798
06:10:26,200 --> 06:10:28,700
years. 
The evenings work continues 

6799
06:10:28,700 --> 06:10:31,100
around the fire. 
You begin shaping, one of the 

6800
06:10:31,100 --> 06:10:33,900
new Flint pieces into what will 
eventually become a superior 

6801
06:10:33,900 --> 06:10:36,400
knife. 
The careful chip by chip 

6802
06:10:36,400 --> 06:10:39,600
process, made easier by good 
light, and comfortable seating 

6803
06:10:39,600 --> 06:10:43,800
on, fur covered rocks. 
Mera works on cordage twisting, 

6804
06:10:43,800 --> 06:10:46,700
plant fibers into strong rope, 
using techniques that require 

6805
06:10:46,700 --> 06:10:49,800
consistent tension and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

6806
06:10:49,800 --> 06:10:52,700
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

6807
06:10:52,700 --> 06:10:54,400
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

6808
06:10:54,400 --> 06:10:57,500
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

6809
06:10:57,500 --> 06:11:01,000
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

6810
06:11:01,000 --> 06:11:03,600
material that insulates better 
than woven grass. 

6811
06:11:03,600 --> 06:11:06,700
And last longer than most 
Alternatives available to Stone 

6812
06:11:06,700 --> 06:11:10,000
Age, Crafts People. 
The fire settles in to steady 

6813
06:11:10,000 --> 06:11:13,700
coals as the night deepens and 
conversation gradually gives way

6814
06:11:13,700 --> 06:11:17,000
to the quiet satisfaction of 
useful work accomplished in Good

6815
06:11:17,000 --> 06:11:19,300
Company. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

6816
06:11:19,300 --> 06:11:22,500
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight offers the simple 

6817
06:11:22,500 --> 06:11:26,200
pleasure of warmth food and the 
security that comes from being 

6818
06:11:26,200 --> 06:11:30,300
part of a group that works 
together successfully Outside 

6819
06:11:30,300 --> 06:11:34,000
the cave night, sounds begin, 
their ancient chorus owls, 

6820
06:11:34,000 --> 06:11:37,200
calling across the valley, the 
distance of something large, 

6821
06:11:37,200 --> 06:11:40,200
moving through the river and the
rustle of small creatures going 

6822
06:11:40,200 --> 06:11:43,900
about their nocturnal business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

6823
06:11:43,900 --> 06:11:46,200
when heard from the safety of 
your file, it cave. 

6824
06:11:46,200 --> 06:11:49,700
They're simply the soundtrack of
a world that continues its 

6825
06:11:49,700 --> 06:11:53,300
complex business, regardless of 
human concerns, the transition 

6826
06:11:53,300 --> 06:11:56,300
from active evening to restful 
night, happens gradually in your

6827
06:11:56,308 --> 06:12:00,100
Stone Age World marked, not by 
clocks or schedules but by the 

6828
06:12:00,100 --> 06:12:03,900
natural rhythm of fire settling 
into coals and bodies growing 

6829
06:12:03,900 --> 06:12:07,600
heavy with the days accumulated.
Fatigue, The work around the 

6830
06:12:07,608 --> 06:12:10,600
fire continues but at the 
relaxed pace of people who 

6831
06:12:10,600 --> 06:12:13,600
understand that sometimes are 
improved by patients rather than

6832
06:12:13,600 --> 06:12:16,900
hurried completion. 
Your Flint knapping project has 

6833
06:12:16,900 --> 06:12:19,500
progressed to the delicate stage
where each strike must be 

6834
06:12:19,500 --> 06:12:23,000
precisely calculated. 
The emerging blade shows, 

6835
06:12:23,000 --> 06:12:25,700
promise straight edge, good 
thickness. 

6836
06:12:25,700 --> 06:12:29,000
The kind of balance that will 
make it useful for details work.

6837
06:12:29,900 --> 06:12:32,800
The rhythm of stone striking, 
Stone creates a gentle 

6838
06:12:32,800 --> 06:12:36,200
percussion that blends with the 
soft sounds of your companions 

6839
06:12:36,200 --> 06:12:39,400
activities and the crackling 
Whisper of the dying fire. 

6840
06:12:40,600 --> 06:12:42,300
Mirrors. 
Cordage work has produced 

6841
06:12:42,300 --> 06:12:45,900
several arm lengths, of strong 
rope Twisted with the consistent

6842
06:12:45,900 --> 06:12:48,400
tension that comes from 
practice, hands, and focused, 

6843
06:12:48,400 --> 06:12:51,900
attention, she tests each 
section by pulling against it 

6844
06:12:51,900 --> 06:12:54,800
with a full strength, nodding 
with satisfaction when the 

6845
06:12:54,808 --> 06:12:57,300
fibers hold without stretching 
or breaking. 

6846
06:12:58,300 --> 06:13:01,800
Good, rope means better, Nets, 
stronger bindings and countless 

6847
06:13:01,800 --> 06:13:04,200
other applications that make 
daily life more manageable. 

6848
06:13:05,400 --> 06:13:07,900
Grass hide preparation has 
reached the stage where the 

6849
06:13:07,900 --> 06:13:10,900
material needs to rest overnight
before the final softening 

6850
06:13:10,900 --> 06:13:13,700
process. 
He rolls at carefully in places 

6851
06:13:13,700 --> 06:13:16,700
it where morning you won't reach
but are can continue to 

6852
06:13:16,700 --> 06:13:19,400
circulate around it. 
His movements have the 

6853
06:13:19,400 --> 06:13:22,000
unhurried, Precision of someone 
who's learned that rushing this 

6854
06:13:22,000 --> 06:13:25,400
particular process leads to 
disappointing results and wasted

6855
06:13:25,400 --> 06:13:28,200
effort. 
Fire has settled into the 

6856
06:13:28,200 --> 06:13:30,700
perfect state for banking hot 
coals. 

6857
06:13:30,700 --> 06:13:33,300
That will retain heat through 
the night while being easily, 

6858
06:13:33,300 --> 06:13:37,200
coaxed back to Flame when 
morning comes the coals care for

6859
06:13:37,200 --> 06:13:38,600
Lee. 
Covering them with a layer of 

6860
06:13:38,600 --> 06:13:40,300
Ash, that will insulate without 
smothering. 

6861
06:13:40,300 --> 06:13:43,300
Then surrounding the whole 
arrangement, with stones, that 

6862
06:13:43,300 --> 06:13:46,200
will radiate absorbed heat long 
after the Flame's disappear. 

6863
06:13:47,300 --> 06:13:49,800
Your sleeping area beckons with 
the promise of rest. 

6864
06:13:49,800 --> 06:13:53,600
After a day filled with 
successful Activities, The Furs 

6865
06:13:53,600 --> 06:13:56,900
of being arranged for maximum 
comfort with extra padding 

6866
06:13:56,900 --> 06:13:59,800
beneath your hip and shoulder. 
The pressure points that 

6867
06:13:59,800 --> 06:14:02,200
determine whether you wake 
refreshed or spend the night 

6868
06:14:02,200 --> 06:14:04,500
shifting position in search of 
elusive comfort. 

6869
06:14:06,100 --> 06:14:09,500
As you settle into your sleeping
Arrangement, the days experience

6870
06:14:09,500 --> 06:14:12,500
is Replay in your mind with the 
satisfaction that comes from 

6871
06:14:12,500 --> 06:14:14,900
time. 
Well, spent The morning 

6872
06:14:14,900 --> 06:14:17,700
successful fishing the 
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 

6873
06:14:17,700 --> 06:14:20,900
discoveries and the evenings 
productive work around the fire.

6874
06:14:20,900 --> 06:14:24,300
Each activity connected to the 
others, in the Seamless Web of 

6875
06:14:24,300 --> 06:14:28,700
interdependence that 
characterizes Stone Age life The

6876
06:14:28,700 --> 06:14:31,100
sounds of your companions 
settling into their sleeping 

6877
06:14:31,100 --> 06:14:33,200
Arrangements. 
Create a comfortable background 

6878
06:14:33,200 --> 06:14:37,200
of familiar noises soft 
movements as Furs or adjusted. 

6879
06:14:37,200 --> 06:14:41,100
The quiet breathing that 
indicates relaxation and the 

6880
06:14:41,100 --> 06:14:44,600
occasional contented sigh that 
suggest everyone is pleased with

6881
06:14:44,600 --> 06:14:47,800
the days accomplishments. 
These are the sounds of security

6882
06:14:47,800 --> 06:14:50,900
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

6883
06:14:52,000 --> 06:14:55,000
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

6884
06:14:55,000 --> 06:14:58,100
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

6885
06:14:58,100 --> 06:15:01,100
His voice carrying clearly 
through are, that's grown cool 

6886
06:15:01,100 --> 06:15:05,500
and still, The River Murders. 
Its constant song a liquid 

6887
06:15:05,500 --> 06:15:08,700
soundtrack that says reliable as
sunrise and equally soothing 

6888
06:15:09,600 --> 06:15:12,600
Somewhere in the distance, a 
wolf howls, not the threatening 

6889
06:15:12,600 --> 06:15:15,500
sound of nearby danger, but the 
distant communication of 

6890
06:15:15,500 --> 06:15:18,800
creatures going about their own 
business in their territory, the

6891
06:15:18,800 --> 06:15:22,000
darkness beyond your cave, 
entrance isn't empty. if full of

6892
06:15:22,000 --> 06:15:25,900
life, following rhythms older 
than human memory, not nocturnal

6893
06:15:25,900 --> 06:15:29,600
Hunters, pursue nocturnal prey, 
night-blooming Plants release 

6894
06:15:29,600 --> 06:15:33,300
fragrances that attract night 
flying insects, and the complex 

6895
06:15:33,300 --> 06:15:35,900
web of relationships that 
sustains this ecosystem 

6896
06:15:35,900 --> 06:15:38,500
continues without pause or 
fanfare. 

6897
06:15:39,300 --> 06:15:43,400
From your perspective enveloped 
in warm furs with a banked fire 

6898
06:15:43,400 --> 06:15:46,600
nearby and trusted companions 
within reach the night. 

6899
06:15:46,600 --> 06:15:50,100
Feels protective rather than 
threatening Your cave has become

6900
06:15:50,100 --> 06:15:51,700
home in the most fundamental 
sense. 

6901
06:15:51,700 --> 06:15:55,600
A place where you belong, where 
you're safe, where you can rest 

6902
06:15:55,600 --> 06:15:58,000
without constant vigilance 
sleep. 

6903
06:15:58,000 --> 06:16:00,800
Approaches with the gentle 
inevitability of Tides or 

6904
06:16:00,800 --> 06:16:04,300
Seasons natural processes that 
don't require your participation

6905
06:16:04,300 --> 06:16:07,800
or permission. 
Your breathing deepens matching 

6906
06:16:07,800 --> 06:16:09,700
the slow rhythm of complete 
relaxation. 

6907
06:16:11,200 --> 06:16:15,100
The days are intentions dissolve
into the kind of profound rest 

6908
06:16:15,100 --> 06:16:19,000
that comes from physical work. 
Fresh air and the satisfaction 

6909
06:16:19,000 --> 06:16:21,500
of having lived fully within 
your circumstances. 

6910
06:16:22,500 --> 06:16:25,800
Dreams, when they come filled 
with the textures and colors of 

6911
06:16:25,800 --> 06:16:29,000
your waking world. 
The sound of running water over 

6912
06:16:29,000 --> 06:16:31,900
smooth Stones, sunlight 
filtering through leaves, and 

6913
06:16:31,900 --> 06:16:34,700
the satisfying weight of 
well-made tools in your hands 

6914
06:16:34,700 --> 06:16:38,400
all contribute to these dreams. 
These aren't the anxious 

6915
06:16:38,400 --> 06:16:41,200
disconnected fragments that 
trouble more complex Minds 

6916
06:16:41,200 --> 06:16:43,200
there. 
The peaceful processing of a 

6917
06:16:43,200 --> 06:16:45,700
life lived in harmony with 
immediate tangible realities. 

6918
06:16:45,700 --> 06:16:50,400
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

6919
06:16:50,400 --> 06:16:52,600
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

6920
06:16:52,600 --> 06:16:55,300
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

6921
06:16:55,300 --> 06:16:58,500
morning, ready to kill into 
flame, when the new day begins 

6922
06:16:58,500 --> 06:17:00,500
its cycle of challenges and 
opportunities. 

6923
06:17:00,500 --> 06:17:03,800
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

6924
06:17:03,800 --> 06:17:07,500
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

6925
06:17:07,500 --> 06:17:10,400
frustration. 
But tonight offers the perfect 

6926
06:17:10,400 --> 06:17:13,700
rest that prepares mind and body
for whatever comes next. 

6927
06:17:14,600 --> 06:17:17,700
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

6928
06:17:17,700 --> 06:17:20,700
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

6929
06:17:20,700 --> 06:17:23,400
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

6930
06:17:23,400 --> 06:17:26,900
essential mode. 
The night in braces, you with 

6931
06:17:26,900 --> 06:17:30,200
the vast Stillness of a world 
where artificial light hasn't 

6932
06:17:30,200 --> 06:17:32,200
yet. 
Pushed back the darkness, where 

6933
06:17:32,200 --> 06:17:35,500
silence isn't broken by 
mechanical, sounds where rest 

6934
06:17:35,500 --> 06:17:38,800
comes naturally, when the sunset
and work resumes when it rises, 

6935
06:17:39,900 --> 06:17:44,900
This is sleep as it was designed
to be profound restorative and 

6936
06:17:44,900 --> 06:17:46,900
perfectly aligned with the 
natural world. 

6937
06:17:46,900 --> 06:17:50,000
That remains your home your 
challenge and your endless 

6938
06:17:50,000 --> 06:17:54,000
source of both struggle and 
wonder In the depths of night, 

6939
06:17:54,000 --> 06:17:57,500
your cave becomes a pocket of 
human warmth in the vast, 

6940
06:17:57,500 --> 06:18:00,900
coolness of the world. 
The banked fire glows like a 

6941
06:18:00,908 --> 06:18:04,200
gentle heartbeat steady and 
reassuring. 

6942
06:18:05,400 --> 06:18:08,300
Your breathing synchronizes with
the ancient rhythms that have 

6943
06:18:08,300 --> 06:18:10,400
guided human rest for countless 
Generations. 

6944
06:18:10,400 --> 06:18:15,700
Slow deep peaceful. 
Breaths that carry away the days

6945
06:18:15,700 --> 06:18:18,400
tension and prepare your body 
for tomorrow's Adventures. 

6946
06:18:19,400 --> 06:18:21,900
The first beneath you hold the 
days, accumulated warmth, 

6947
06:18:21,900 --> 06:18:25,300
creating a cocoon of comfort 
that makes the stone floor. 

6948
06:18:25,300 --> 06:18:28,700
Feel almost luxurious your 
muscles, relax, completely 

6949
06:18:28,700 --> 06:18:32,000
releasing the subtle tensions 
that come from constant 

6950
06:18:32,000 --> 06:18:35,800
awareness, constant Readiness 
and constant engagement with the

6951
06:18:35,808 --> 06:18:38,500
world that demands your full 
attention during waking hours. 

6952
06:18:39,400 --> 06:18:42,700
Sleep when it finally claims, 
you completely is the kind of 

6953
06:18:42,700 --> 06:18:46,800
rest that modern humans rarely 
experienced uninterrupted by 

6954
06:18:46,800 --> 06:18:50,900
artificial lights, electronic 
sounds or the mental chatter of 

6955
06:18:50,900 --> 06:18:54,300
complex schedules and Abstract 
worries, its sleep. 

6956
06:18:54,300 --> 06:18:58,100
That serves its fundamental 
purpose, complete restoration of

6957
06:18:58,100 --> 06:19:01,200
body and mind preparing you for 
another day of the most 

6958
06:19:01,200 --> 06:19:05,400
essential human activities, 
finding food, creating shelter, 

6959
06:19:05,400 --> 06:19:07,900
making tools. 
And maintaining the 

6960
06:19:07,900 --> 06:19:11,400
relationships that make 
survival, not just possible, but

6961
06:19:11,400 --> 06:19:15,300
meaningful. 
The night passes peaceful around

6962
06:19:15,300 --> 06:19:18,300
your small community. 
Each of you settled into the 

6963
06:19:18,300 --> 06:19:21,100
kind of deep rest that comes 
from Days, filled with 

6964
06:19:21,100 --> 06:19:24,200
purposeful activity, an evening 
spent in productive 

6965
06:19:24,200 --> 06:19:27,500
companionship. 
Outside the natural world 

6966
06:19:27,500 --> 06:19:30,800
persists in its nocturnal 
activities while within your 

6967
06:19:30,800 --> 06:19:33,300
cave. 
Three humans Slumber peacefully 

6968
06:19:33,300 --> 06:19:37,700
rooted in the ancient rhythms of
Earth and Sky seasons, and 

6969
06:19:37,700 --> 06:19:41,800
weather, work, and rest. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

6970
06:19:41,800 --> 06:19:45,200
challenges, new discoveries, and
new opportunities to exercise. 

6971
06:19:45,200 --> 06:19:48,800
The skills and knowledge that 
keep you thriving in Humanity's 

6972
06:19:48,800 --> 06:19:52,800
most fundamental environment. 
but tonight offers the perfect 

6973
06:19:52,800 --> 06:19:57,300
gift of complete rest, deep 
sleep and the profound peace 

6974
06:19:57,300 --> 06:20:00,100
that comes from a life lived in 
harmony with the natural world 

6975
06:20:00,100 --> 06:20:03,600
that remains now and always your
truest home