Boring History | The Weirdest Medical Beliefs From History | Black Screen with Rain

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Hey guys, tonight we're slipping
into the strange and curious 

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world of medieval medical 
beliefs. 

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Time. 
When sneezing too hard, could 

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mean a demon was escaping, when 
leeches were your best friends? 

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And when balancing, your four 
humors was the height of 

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science. 
Kutters War beaked, masks 

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Barbers did surgery and garlic, 
oddly enough sold, just about 

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everything. 
So, before you get comfortable, 

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as always, take a moment to like
the video and subscribe to the 

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what time it is for you, we 
intend to share weekly Community

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recommendations for stories 
based on your interests. 

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So please keep an eye out for 
that tomorrow. 

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Now dim your lights, turn on a 
fan for some noise and let's 

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begin. 
Pick your self settling into a 

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warn leather chair by crackling 
fire holding a steaming mug of 

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something warm. 
Now, let me tell you about a 

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time, when your biggest medical 
worry, wasn't whether your 

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insurance would cover a 
procedure. 

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But whether the local barber 
surgeon had remembered to 

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sharpen, his saw that morning, 
you're about to step into the 

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wonderfully bizarre, world of 
medieval medicine, where logic 

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took a permanent vacation and 
Common Sense. 

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Apparently got lost somewhere 
around the 5th Century. 

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This book isn't just any old 
history lesson. 

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It's a gentle stroll through 
Humanity's, most creative 

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attempts at staying alive. 
Back when people thought your 

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personality was determined by, 
how much yellow bile. 

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You had sloshing around inside 
you imagine waking up in the 

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year, 1347 with a headache. 
Today, you might reach for some 

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ibuprofen and call it good. 
But in medieval times, well, 

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first someone would need to 
examine the color of your urine,

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preferably while holding it up 
to the Morning Light. 

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Like a sommelier evaluating a 
fine wine. 

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Next, they would determine the 
direction of the wind consult, 

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the position of Mars and 
potentially drill a small hole 

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in your skull to release any 
evil spirits. 

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The headache remedy might 
involve wearing a necklace made 

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of peony roots or better yet. 
Having someone read Latin poetry

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to your forehead. 
Medieval folks lived in a world 

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where everything interconnected 
in the most intricate ways 

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possible, your health depended 
not just on what you ate or how 

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much you exercise but on whether
you'd angered any Saints late 

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lately. 
If you'd been looking at too 

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many beautiful women apparently 
hazardous to male health or 

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whether you'd committed the 
grave sin of bathing to 

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frequently. the medieval medical
toolkit, resembled a combination

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of a spice rack a garden shed, 
and a church all combined with a

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generous dose of wishful 
thinking Physicians of the time 

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and I use that term loosely 
carried around bags for dried 

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herbs that smelled like your 
grandmother's attic mysterious 

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powders that might have been 
anything from ground pearls to 

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pulverize unicorn horn. 
Spoiler alert. 

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It was usually just regular old 
horn and an impressive 

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collection of sharp objects that
would make a modern surgeon 

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week. 
But here's what makes this all 

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so endearing. 
These aren't stupid people, they

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were working with the best 
information they had which 

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admittedly wasn't much. 
They looked at the human body. 

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Like it was a mysterious black 
box that occasionally made 

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alarming noises and they did 
their level best to figure out 

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what all the buttons did 
occasionally. 

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They encountered luck. 
More often. 

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Well, let's just say that 
surviving medieval medicine was 

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almost as challenging as 
surviving medieval diseases. 

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The beautiful thing about 
medieval medical beliefs is how 

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thoroughly they committed to 
their theories. 

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When they concluded that all 
illness stem from an imbalance 

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of four bodily, fluids known as 
humors. 

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They delve deeply into this 
particular area of logic 

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everything. 
And I mean, everything got 

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explained through this lens 
feeling sad. 

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If you're feeling sad, it's like
likely due to an abundance of 

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black bile angry. 
And doubtedly there is an 

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abundance of yellow bile in 
love. 

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Oh, that's just your blood 
getting a bit too enthusiastic 

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as you sink into your chair in 
the fire pops. 

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You may wonder how people 
survive back there. 

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The answer lies in a blend of 
exceptional, human fortitude, 

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Serenity to circumstances and 
the remarkable ability of the 

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human body to self-heal. 
Even when we attempt to disrupt 

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this process, so pour yourself, 
another cup of whatever's 

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warning, your hands and let's 
continue this journey together. 

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We're going to delve into a 
world where medical treatment 

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was a blend of theater, 
chemistry, experiments and 

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religious ceremonies and yet 
somehow miraculously people, 

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continue to improve. 
Let's talk about the Cornerstone

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of medieval medicine, the theory
of the four humors. 

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Think of it as the medieval 
equivalent of personality tests 

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except in asking, whether you're
more of a dog person or a cat 

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person, they were checking how 
much flame you were producing 

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and whether your blood was 
feeling particularly sanguine 

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that day. 
You had four main characters, in

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this bodily, drama blood, phlegm
yellow, bile and black bile, 

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he's weren't just random fluids 
sloshing around inside you. 

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Oh no they were sophisticated 
complex substances that 

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determined everything from your 
mood to your favorite color to 

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whether you are likely to become
a successful Merchant or a 

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Melancholy poet. 
Blood stood Out Among the group.

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If you had too much blood, you 
were sanguine cheerful 

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optimistic and probably the life
of every medieval party. 

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Sanguine folks were supposedly 
hot and moist and evil medicine 

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was surprisingly concerned with 
everyone's internal temperature 

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and humidity levels with roads. 
He cheats and an unfortunate 

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tendency to be overly trusting. 
Cure for excess. 

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Blood was refreshingly 
straightforward, just remove 

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some of it. 
Medieval Physicians approach, 

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bloodletting with the enthusiasm
of a wine enthusiast, discussing

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a particularly excellent 
vintage. 

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Phlegm, meanwhile was the calm 
steady type too much phlegm 

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made. 
You phlegmatic slow thoughtful 

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and about as exciting as 
watching paint dry in a 

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monastery. 
Phlegmatic people were cold and 

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moist, which sounds deeply 
unpleasant when you put it that 

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way. 
They were the reliable ones, the

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people you'd want doing your 
taxes. 

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If medieval people had taxes, 
the way we understand them 

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today. 
Yellow bile served as the 

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Catalyst, literally, it was hot 
and dry. 

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And if you had too much of it, 
you became tolerate quick, 

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tempered Ambitions, and probably
the type, who would challenge 

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someone to a duel, over a 
perceived, slight about your 

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horse collar. 
People were natural leaders, 

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which was convenient because 
they were all so natural. 

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Arguers, black bile was the 
emotional side of medieval 

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humors too much black bile made.
You melancholic sad artistic and

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prone to staring whistle out of 
Windows. 

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While composing tragic. 
Poetry about unrequited love. 

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Melancholic people were cold and
dry and they were often 

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incredibly intelligent though. 
They used that intelligence 

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primarily to contemplate. 
The fundamental sadness of 

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existence. 
Now here's where it gets really 

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interesting. 
Your humoral balance could 

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change based on your age diet. 
The season and Mercury's 

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position. 
Yes. 

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Medieval medicine was also 
surprisingly astrological. 

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Perfectly balanced person would 
have, just the right amount of 

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each humor creating a kind of 
internal Harmony that would make

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them healthy wise and probably 
insufferably well-adjusted. 

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The Practical implications of 
the system were enormous 

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medieval Physicians, didn't just
treat diseases, they treated 

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entire personality types. 
They wouldn't just give you 

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herbs and send you off. 
If you were sad, first, they 

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determine that. 
You obviously had too much black

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bile, then they'd prescribe a 
complete lifestyle, overhaul 

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designed to heat you up, and 
drive you out of it. 

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Such an intervention might 
involve eating different foods. 

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More hot moist things to 
counteract all that cold dry 

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black bile. 
Changing your exercise routine, 

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moving to a different climate or
even taking up a more cheerful 

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professional. 
Medieval medicine was nothing. 

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If not holistic though, there 
are idea of it included factors 

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that modern medicine, might 
consider slightly irrelevant 

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like the moral character of your
ancestors and whether you'd been

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exposed to Too Much Moonlight 
recently. 

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Beauty of the humoral. 
System was its elegant 

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Simplicity every medical problem
had a clear cause and a logical 

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solution. 
Are you experiencing symptoms of

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illness? 
Clearly, your humans were 

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imbalanced, pushing your humors 
back into balance. 

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Was the simple treatment, akin 
to adjusting the settings on a 

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complex biological thermostat. 
Of course, the challenge was 

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figuring out exactly which jokes
were misbehaving and by how much

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This process required 
considerable skill or at least a

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great deal of confidence which 
explains why medieval Physicians

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devoted so much time to 
examining bodily fluids with the

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same intensity as wine critics 
at a tasting competition. 

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Imagine you're not feeling well 
in medieval times so you decide 

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to visit the local physician. 
As you enter their chamber you 

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anticipate a setting akin to a 
modern doctor's office but in 

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Stead you encounter a scene akin
to a hybrid of an alchemist 

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laboratory and a fortune teller 
replete with jars filled with 

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unidentifiable floating objects,
your medieval doctor would want 

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to see your urine first. 
Not your insurance card or 

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medical history. 
Not just a small sample mind you

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but a nice. 
Big flask of the stuff. 

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Preferably your first morning 
production. 

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When it was at its most 
diagnostically informative, 

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medieval Physicians were 
absolutely obsessed with urine 

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and they had elevated its 
examination to an art form that 

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would make modern lab 
technicians jealous. 

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They possess special flasks 
known as matures specifically 

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designed for urine examination 
and they would scrutinize these 

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flasks as if they were 
evaluating precious gems. 

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Color Clarity smell and even the
way it settled in the flask 

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could tell them everything they 
needed to know about your 

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condition. 
If your urine had an unusual 

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color, it could reveal a 
multitude of diagnostic 

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possibilities. 
Red urine might indicate too 

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much blood clearly while dark 
urine suggested an excess of 

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black bile. 
If your urine was particularly 

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aromatic that, could mean your 
kidneys were working overtime or

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possibly that you'd be meeting 
too much garlic which was 

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apparently a medical concern 
worth noting. 

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Some Physicians claimed, they 
could tell not just what was 

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wrong with you. 
But also predict your future 

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health, your romantic prospects 
and whether your crops would do 

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well that year old from a single
flask of morning urine, But 

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urine was just the beginning. 
Medieval doctors were also 

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intrigued by your pulse but 
their interpretation was more 

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imaginative than today's. 
They didn't just count beats per

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minute, they analyzed the 
quality of the pulse, its Rhythm

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its strength and its character. 
A pulse could be described as 

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jumping like a grasshopper 
creeping like a snake or flowing

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like honey. 
And each of these poetic 

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descriptions supposedly revealed
different aspects of your 

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internal condition. 
Your complexion was another 

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crucial diagnostic tool medieval
Physicians. 

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Could read your face, like a 
map. 

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Finding clues in the color of 
your cheeks, the brightness of 

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your eyes and the texture of 
your skin. a ruddy complexion 

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might indicate too much blood 
while a pale one appearance 

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suggested insufficient vital 
Heat They paid particular 

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attention to your nose, which 
they believed was directly 

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connected to your brain and 
therefore, a reliable indicator 

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of your mental state. 
The examination process also 

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involved a considerable amount 
of what we might call lifestyle 

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counseling. 
Your physician would want to 

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know about your diet, your 
sleeping habits, your emotional 

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state, and your recent 
activities. 

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Have you been exposed to any 
strong emotions lately? 

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Had you eaten anything 
particularly heating or cooling?

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Have you been in the presence of
anyone with suspicious humeral 

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imbalances? 
They were also deeply interested

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in your dreams which they 
considered Windows into your 

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internal state. 
Dreaming about water might 

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indicate excess phlegm while 
dreams of fire could suggest too

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much yellow bile. 
If you dreamed about flying, 

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that was clearly a sign that 
your natural heat was trying to 

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escape your body, which required
immediate cooling therapy. 

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Medieval Physicians or paid 
attention to your astrological 

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sign and the current position of
the planets. 

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00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:04,500
Your health was intimately 
connected to Celestial movements

235
00:12:04,500 --> 00:12:07,300
and a good physician would 
consult Star Charts before 

236
00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:09,000
making any major treatment 
decisions. 

237
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:12,500
If Mars was in an aggressive 
position, it might not be the 

238
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:15,500
best time for bloodletting. 
While a favorable Venus might 

239
00:12:15,500 --> 00:12:17,500
enhance the effectiveness of 
love potions. 

240
00:12:17,500 --> 00:12:21,600
Prescribed for melancholy The 
diagnostic process could take 

241
00:12:21,608 --> 00:12:24,900
hours involving detailed 
questioning, careful, 

242
00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:28,200
observation and quite a bit of 
thoughtful stroking of beards. 

243
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,200
Medieval Physicians were 
apparently required to have 

244
00:12:31,200 --> 00:12:33,600
impressive facial hair by the 
end of it. 

245
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:35,900
Your physician would have a 
complete picture. 

246
00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:38,700
Not just of your physical 
condition, but of your moral 

247
00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:42,300
character, your spiritual State 
and your place in the cosmic 

248
00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:44,200
order. 
Now we come to perhaps the most 

249
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,400
famous and from our modern 
perspective, most alarming 

250
00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:51,200
aspect of medieval medicine 
flooding If you lived in 

251
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:53,800
medieval times, you would have 
seen this practice as often as 

252
00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:57,700
we see a spare in now headache. 
It's time to administer some 

253
00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:01,500
bloodletting fever. 
Undoubtedly there is an 

254
00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:04,500
abundance of blood present. 
Are you experiencing a mood 

255
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:06,600
swing? 
Clearly, your blood needs some 

256
00:13:06,600 --> 00:13:09,900
attention, the logic behind 
bloodletting was actually quite 

257
00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:12,400
elegant in. 
A midi evil sort of way. 

258
00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,400
Remember those four jokes? 
We talked about will blood was 

259
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,400
the most active and abundant of 
these a medieval Physicians 

260
00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:21,200
believe that most illnesses were
caused by having too much of it.

261
00:13:21,208 --> 00:13:24,600
So the obvious solution was to 
remove the excess like letting 

262
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:26,200
air out of an over-inflated 
balloon. 

263
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,900
Except the balloon was you, and 
the air was your life force. 

264
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:33,900
Medieval bloodletting wasn't 
just a matter of making a small 

265
00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:36,400
cut and collecting a couple too.
Oh no. 

266
00:13:36,408 --> 00:13:39,600
They had elevated it to a 
sophisticated art with multiple 

267
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,600
techniques specialized tools and
elaborate theories about timing 

268
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:46,600
and technique, you could choose 
from various bloodletting 

269
00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:49,900
methods, like, selecting items 
from a deeply disturbing medical

270
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:52,400
menu. 
There was Venice section, which 

271
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:56,500
involved making strategic cuts 
into major veins, Medieval 

272
00:13:56,500 --> 00:13:59,100
Physicians had mapped out the 
human body like a roadmap. 

273
00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:01,700
Identifying the best veins for 
different conditions. 

274
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:05,100
Are veins, were good, for head, 
problems leg veins helped with 

275
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:08,100
abdominal issues. 
And there were specific veins 

276
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:10,200
that were thought to be 
connected to different organs 

277
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:12,400
through. 
Invisible Pathways, that made 

278
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:14,300
perfect sense. 
If you didn't think about them, 

279
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:16,900
too hard. 
Then there was cupping, which 

280
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:19,900
involved placing heated cups on 
your skin to draw blood to the 

281
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:22,500
surface. 
The cups would create suction as

282
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,500
they called, pulling your skin 
up into little dome's and 

283
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:28,000
supposedly drawing out the 
problematic blood along with 

284
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,100
whatever evil humors were 
causing your trouble. 

285
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,100
occasionally, they'd make small 
Cuts, first turning the cupping 

286
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:37,700
session into a more efficient, 
blood extraction process, Each 

287
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:40,500
was the Gentile option, 
considered more refined and 

288
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:44,300
controlled and crude cutting. 
Medieval Physicians maintained 

289
00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:47,400
collections of medical leeches. 
Like, modern doctors keep 

290
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:51,000
stethoscopes and they had strong
opinions about leech, quality 

291
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:53,900
and technique a good lead. 
Should be hungry, but not 

292
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:57,800
desperate active, but not overly
aggressive and preferably 

293
00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,100
sourced from clean running water
rather than stagnant ponds. 

294
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:05,400
The timing of bloodletting was 
crucial and required Consulting 

295
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,400
multiple sources of information.
The phase of the moon mattered, 

296
00:15:09,400 --> 00:15:12,500
certain phases, were better for 
bloodletting than others. 

297
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:14,900
Your astrological sign was 
important. 

298
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:18,500
As the current position of 
various planets the season 

299
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:21,800
affected the quality of your 
blood, and even the time of day 

300
00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:23,500
could influence the success of 
the procedure. 

301
00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:27,100
Medieval Physicians had 
elaborate charts showing the 

302
00:15:27,100 --> 00:15:29,400
best time to bleed from 
different parts of the body. 

303
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:32,900
Spring was generally beneficial 
for bloodletting because that's 

304
00:15:32,900 --> 00:15:36,100
when blood was thought to be 
most active like sap rising in 

305
00:15:36,100 --> 00:15:38,400
trees. 
But she had to be careful, not 

306
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:41,000
to overdo it during hot summer 
months when your natural heat 

307
00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,100
was already elevated. 
The amount of blood removed was 

308
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:46,900
determined by a complex 
calculation involving your age 

309
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:50,300
Constitution. 
The nature of your illness and 

310
00:15:50,300 --> 00:15:54,200
various environmental factors. 
Young strong, people could 

311
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:56,700
handle more bloodletting than 
elderly or weak individuals. 

312
00:15:56,700 --> 00:15:58,900
Someone with a sanguine 
temperament. 

313
00:15:58,900 --> 00:16:01,200
Might need more aggressive 
treatment than someone who was 

314
00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:04,200
naturally phlegmatic. 
What's remarkable is, how 

315
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:06,100
enthusiastic people were about 
this treatment? 

316
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:09,900
Bloodletting wasn't something. 
You endured it was something you

317
00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:12,100
looked forward to like a 
medieval spa day. 

318
00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,000
People would schedule regular 
bloodletting sessions as 

319
00:16:15,008 --> 00:16:17,700
preventive medicine and 
Physicians, would recommend it 

320
00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:19,800
for everything from preventing 
illness to improving your 

321
00:16:19,808 --> 00:16:22,000
complexion, to enhancing your 
mental clarity. 

322
00:16:22,900 --> 00:16:25,800
Barber surgeons who combined 
haircutting with minor medical 

323
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,900
procedures advertised their 
bloodletting Services alongside 

324
00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:32,300
their grooming options, you 
could get a shave a haircut and 

325
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:36,400
have some excess blood removed 
all in one convenient visit The 

326
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:38,900
traditional barber pole with his
red and white stripes. 

327
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:42,200
Actually represents bloodied 
bandages wrapped around a pole, 

328
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:45,000
a cheerful remind of the 
professionals medical heritage 

329
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:48,400
The social aspect of 
bloodletting was also important.

330
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:52,100
It was often performed in groups
turning medical treatment into a

331
00:16:52,108 --> 00:16:55,300
social event where people could 
catch up on local gossip while 

332
00:16:55,300 --> 00:16:58,800
having their humors rebalanced. 
Wealthy families would sometimes

333
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:01,300
hire Physicians to perform 
bloodletting sessions for the 

334
00:17:01,308 --> 00:17:03,500
entire household. 
Like, hosting a, very 

335
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:06,599
specialized dinner party, 
medieval medicine cabinets were 

336
00:17:06,599 --> 00:17:10,099
incredibly chaotic, causing a 
modern pharmacist to shutter and

337
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:12,599
confusion. 
Imagine opening a medieval 

338
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:15,400
Physicians bag and finding 
everything from dried Beatles to

339
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:18,700
powdered unicorn horn, which was
actually narwhal Tusk. 

340
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,200
But don't tell anyone alongside 
herbs, that might actually work 

341
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:23,900
and substances that definitely 
wouldn't. 

342
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:28,200
But smelled intriguing enough to
seem medicinal the medieval 

343
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:30,700
approach to herbal medicine, was
refreshingly inclusive. 

344
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:34,800
If something existed in nature, 
someone had probably tried using

345
00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:37,900
it as medicine. 
This approach led to an 

346
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:40,200
enormous. 
Pharmacopeia that included, not 

347
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:44,400
just plants but also animal 
parts minerals and substances 

348
00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:49,200
that defied easy categorization.
Medieval Physicians, were like 

349
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,300
enthusiastic collectors, who 
never met a potential remedy. 

350
00:17:52,300 --> 00:17:54,000
They didn't want to try it at 
least once. 

351
00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:58,600
For instance the theory act 
regarded as the ultimate remedy 

352
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:02,100
could contain anywhere from 60 
to 100 different ingredients 

353
00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,400
depending on the maker. 
The recipe included vipers 

354
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,400
flesh, which had to be prepared 
in a very specific way. 

355
00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:13,500
Opium various spices herbs and 
enough other ingredients to 

356
00:18:13,500 --> 00:18:16,700
stock a small Apothecary. 
In some cities, the complex 

357
00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:20,000
process of making Theory act 
became a public event, drawing 

358
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:22,800
crowds to witness the master of 
apothecaries perform their 

359
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,100
mysterious Magic. 
But most medieval remedies were 

360
00:18:26,100 --> 00:18:29,100
more accessible built around 
herbs and plants that grew 

361
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:32,400
locally and could be prepared in
any reasonably well equipped 

362
00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:34,800
kitchen. 
People expected, medieval 

363
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:38,300
Housewives to understand, basic 
herbal medicine, just as modern 

364
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:40,100
parents, understand basic first 
aid. 

365
00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:43,900
They maintained herb gardens 
with plants, specifically chosen

366
00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:47,000
for their medicinal properties 
and they passed down recipes and

367
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,000
techniques through generations 
of women who took their healing 

368
00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,300
responsibilities. 
Seriously, Willow bark was used 

369
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:56,100
for pain relief and it actually 
worked because it contains 

370
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:58,900
salicyl a compound related to 
aspirin. 

371
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,000
Medieval people didn't know why 
it worked, but they knew it did,

372
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:05,300
which was good enough for 
practical purposes. 

373
00:19:05,300 --> 00:19:08,700
Similarly, digitalis from 
foxglove was used for heart 

374
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:11,700
problems and while it was 
dangerously easy to overdose on,

375
00:19:11,700 --> 00:19:14,200
it was actually an effective 
cardiac medication. 

376
00:19:15,100 --> 00:19:18,600
But for every real remedy, there
were many that were Pure Fantasy

377
00:19:18,600 --> 00:19:22,700
dressed up in medical terms. 
people prescribed pearls for 

378
00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:25,900
melancholy, presumably due to 
the belief that their lustrous 

379
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:29,500
Beauty could uplift spirits, 
Ground up precious stones were 

380
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:32,200
mixed into medicine's not 
because they had any therapeutic

381
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:35,400
value, but because expensive 
ingredients were obviously more 

382
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,300
powerful than cheap ones. 
Animal based remedies were 

383
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:41,400
particularly creative. 
Unicorn horn was the most 

384
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:44,400
prestigious thought to 
neutralize Poison's and cure 

385
00:19:44,400 --> 00:19:47,700
virtually any ailment. 
But since actual unicorns were, 

386
00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:51,900
in short supply, most unicorn 
horn was actually powdered 

387
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,100
rhinoceros horn. 
Now, while Tusk or just regular 

388
00:19:55,100 --> 00:19:57,300
old animal horn that had been 
blessed by someone with 

389
00:19:57,300 --> 00:20:00,400
impressive religious 
credentials, Medieval Physicians

390
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,700
also, prescribed remedies made 
from human body parts, which 

391
00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:05,800
sounds ghoulish, but made 
perfect sense. 

392
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:09,300
According to their logic, if 
someone had died in perfect 

393
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:12,100
health, usually a young person 
who had suffered an accident. 

394
00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:15,500
Parts of their body could be 
used to transfer that Health to 

395
00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:18,100
sick. 
Patients This process led to a 

396
00:20:18,108 --> 00:20:21,400
thriving trade in various 
human-derived medicines that we 

397
00:20:21,408 --> 00:20:25,000
probably don't need to discuss 
in detail during our cozy bed 

398
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,600
time story. 
The preparation of these 

399
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,200
remedies was often as elaborate 
as their ingredients were 

400
00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:32,900
exotic. 
Medieval medicine involved, a 

401
00:20:32,908 --> 00:20:36,900
lot of precise, timing specific 
astronomical conditions and 

402
00:20:36,900 --> 00:20:40,100
ritual elements that transformed
simple cooking and to something 

403
00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:44,000
resembling a religious ceremony.
Herbs had to be picked at the 

404
00:20:44,008 --> 00:20:47,400
right phase of the moon. 
Dried in particular ways and 

405
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:49,100
combined. 
According to formulas, that have

406
00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:51,500
been passed down through 
generations of practitioners, 

407
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:54,900
medieval people also believed 
strongly in the power of 

408
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,100
sympathetic magic, which meant 
that remedies should somehow 

409
00:20:58,100 --> 00:20:59,500
resemble. 
Either the problem they were 

410
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:03,100
treating or the solution, they 
were trying to achieve yellow 

411
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:05,300
herbs, were good for liver 
problems, because the liver 

412
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,500
produced yellow bile red 
substances were good for blood 

413
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:11,700
disorders, heart-shaped leaves, 
were obviously beneficial for 

414
00:21:11,700 --> 00:21:14,400
heart conditions. 
These discoveries led to some 

415
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,400
remarkably Creative Connections 
between appearance and function 

416
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:20,600
Oddly leaves of lung Ward. 
Were thought to resemble 

417
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:23,000
diseased lungs. 
So they were used to treat 

418
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,000
respiratory problems. 
Walnuts, which looks somewhat 

419
00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:29,600
like tiny brains were considered
brain food long before anyone 

420
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:34,000
knew about a mega 3 fatty acids,
The dosing of medieval medicine 

421
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:36,800
was more art than science, 
relying heavily on the 

422
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:40,200
physician's experience and 
intuition too little might not 

423
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,200
work but too much, could kill 
you. 

424
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,300
And the line between effective 
dose and fatal overdose was 

425
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:48,700
often uncomfortably thin. 
This is why medieval Physicians 

426
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:51,800
spent so much time, studying 
their patients, constitutions 

427
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:53,700
and carefully adjusting 
treatments. 

428
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:57,200
Based on individual factors, 
medieval surgery was not for the

429
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:59,500
faint of heart. 
And if you lived during this 

430
00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:02,000
time, you would have approached 
it with roughly the same 

431
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,400
enthusiasm. 
Most people today, reserved for 

432
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:08,000
root canal surgery, except 
medieval surgery was performed 

433
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:12,400
without anesthesia antibiotics 
or any real understanding of how

434
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,800
infections worked. 
The surgical toolkit of a 

435
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,100
medieval practitioner looked 
like something assembled by 

436
00:22:18,100 --> 00:22:21,300
someone who had heard about 
surgery, second hand, but had 

437
00:22:21,300 --> 00:22:24,500
never actually seen it before. 
Their bags, were filled with 

438
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,800
saws, knives. 
Hot Irons for cauterizing, 

439
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:30,800
wounds, and various sharp. 
Implements that appeared to be 

440
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:32,900
designed more for carpentry than
for medicine. 

441
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:36,100
Medieval surgeons approached, 
the human body, with the 

442
00:22:36,100 --> 00:22:38,400
confidence of people who had 
never heard of medical 

443
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,000
malpractice lawsuits. 
Trepanation drilling holes and 

444
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,600
skulls was surprisingly, common 
and was used to treat everything

445
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:49,100
from headaches to mental illness
to what they called, Melancholy 

446
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:52,200
Madness. 
The theory was the evil, spirits

447
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,800
excess humor or bad are had 
gotten trapped inside the head 

448
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:59,400
and needed a way to escape. 
Medieval surgeons would 

449
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,000
carefully. 
Drill a small hole in the 

450
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,200
patient's skull sometimes while 
the patient was fully conscious 

451
00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:06,900
and then wait to see if the 
problem Spirits would take the 

452
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:08,900
hint and leave. 
What's remarkable? 

453
00:23:08,900 --> 00:23:11,100
Is that some patients actually 
survive? 

454
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:14,500
This procedure and even seem to 
get better afterward though, 

455
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:17,200
such Improvement was probably 
more due to the placebo effect 

456
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,200
and sheer luck than to any 
therapeutic value of having 

457
00:23:20,200 --> 00:23:23,900
holes drilled in their heads. 
Medieval people interpreted the 

458
00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:27,000
successes as proof that the 
treatment worked rather than 

459
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,500
evidence that the human body is 
surprisingly resilient. 

460
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:33,300
Cataract surgery was another 
common procedure performed by 

461
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:36,800
traveling Specialists, who had 
in town perform a dozen or so 

462
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,100
cataract operations in a day and
then leave before anyone had 

463
00:23:40,100 --> 00:23:42,000
time to evaluate the long-term 
results. 

464
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,700
The technique involved pushing 
the clouded lens back into the 

465
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:48,700
eye, with a sharp needle, which 
sometimes worked, and sometimes 

466
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,500
resulted in complete blindness. 
But at least it was quick. 

467
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:54,800
But medieval medicine wasn't 
purely physical. 

468
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,300
It was deeply intertwined, with 
spiritual healing and religious 

469
00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:00,700
belief. 
Medieval people understood 

470
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:04,000
illness as having spiritual as 
well as physical causes which 

471
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,400
meant that treatment needed to 
address both the body and the 

472
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:10,000
Soul, this understanding led to 
a fascinating integration of 

473
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,400
medical and religious practices.
That would seem strange to model

474
00:24:13,400 --> 00:24:15,300
eyes. 
But made perfect sense in a 

475
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:17,900
world where the boundary between
physical and spiritual was much 

476
00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:20,700
more fluid. 
Saints were specialized medical 

477
00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:23,800
Consultants each with their 
areas of expertise. 

478
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,400
Assembly was good for throat 
problems. 

479
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,300
Saint Lucie handled, eye 
diseases, and Saint. 

480
00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:31,300
Apollonia was the go-to Saint 
for dental issues. 

481
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,500
If you had a specific medical 
problem, there was probably a 

482
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:38,200
saint who had suffered a similar
Affliction during their 

483
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:40,900
martyrdom and could therefore 
provide targeted assistance. 

484
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:44,300
Pilgrimage was considered both a
medical treatment and a 

485
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:47,100
spiritual exercise. 
Medieval people would travel 

486
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:49,000
hundreds of miles to visit holy 
sites. 

487
00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,100
Where miraculous healing was 
said to occur. 

488
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:55,600
These Journeys served multiple 
purposes, the physical exercise 

489
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,600
was probably beneficial. 
The change of scenery might help

490
00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,300
with mental health and the Hope 
and Faith involved in the 

491
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:03,700
pilgrimage could have real 
therapeutic effects. 

492
00:25:04,500 --> 00:25:07,000
Holy relics were another 
important category of medieval 

493
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,400
medicine a bone from a saint, a 
piece of cloth that had touched 

494
00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:13,800
a holy person or water that had 
been blessed by someone with the

495
00:25:13,808 --> 00:25:15,700
right. 
Religious credentials, could all

496
00:25:15,700 --> 00:25:19,000
serve as powerful, medicine's 
the more exotic and well, 

497
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,700
documented, The Relic, the more 
effective it was believed to be 

498
00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,400
Medieval hospitals were usually 
run by religious communities and

499
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,300
focused as much on spiritual 
care as on physical treatment. 

500
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:34,200
Patients, received regular 
prayers confession and spiritual

501
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:36,600
counseling alongside whatever 
Medical Treatments were 

502
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:38,900
available. 
The idea was that healing 

503
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:41,200
involved. 
The whole person not just their 

504
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,900
physical symptoms, this 
spiritual dimension of medieval 

505
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:47,800
medicine also included, 
elaborate rituals and ceremonies

506
00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:50,300
designed to drive out evil 
influences. 

507
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:54,100
Exorcism was a recognized 
medical treatment for certain 

508
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:56,900
types of mental illness 
performed by clergy who 

509
00:25:56,900 --> 00:25:58,400
specialized in spiritual 
healing. 

510
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:02,200
These ceremonies could last for 
hours or even days involving 

511
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:06,000
prayers, holy water, religious 
artifacts and considerable 

512
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,800
drama. 
What's fascinating is how this 

513
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:11,500
spiritual approach. 
Sometimes produced, real result.

514
00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:15,600
The combination of Hope 
Community Support ritual, 

515
00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:19,000
healing and focused attention 
could have genuine therapeutic 

516
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:21,600
effects. 
Specially for conditions that 

517
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,700
had strong cycle components. 
Medieval people might not have 

518
00:26:25,700 --> 00:26:28,700
understood the placebo effect, 
but they certainly knew how to 

519
00:26:28,708 --> 00:26:30,100
harness. 
The power of belief in 

520
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,300
community, in their healing 
practice, is the integration of 

521
00:26:33,300 --> 00:26:36,100
physical and spiritual healing. 
Also meant that medieval 

522
00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:38,800
medicine was deeply, personal 
and holistic. 

523
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:42,400
Your physician wasn't just 
treating your symptoms, they 

524
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,900
were treating your entire life 
situation, your spiritual State,

525
00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:49,100
your relationships and your 
place in the community. 

526
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:53,900
It was an approach that modern 
medicine is in some ways, still 

527
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,200
trying to figure out how to 
replicate as we conclude our 

528
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:58,900
intimate. 
Exploration of medieval 

529
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:02,100
medicine, you may be curious 
about the fate of these vibrant 

530
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:03,700
theories and inventive 
treatments. 

531
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,000
Did they just vanish overnight 
when someone invented the 

532
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:09,300
microscope or did they gradually
fade away? 

533
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:11,500
Like old tapestries left too 
long in the Sun? 

534
00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:15,000
The truth is that medieval 
medicine didn't disappear all 

535
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:17,500
at. 
Once it evolved sometimes 

536
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:20,000
gracefully, and sometimes with 
the awkward, stumbling of a 

537
00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:24,600
teenager trying to learn new 
dance steps, many medieval ideas

538
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,500
hung around well into the 
Renaissance and Beyond like 

539
00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:30,100
house guests who don't quite 
know when it's time to leave the

540
00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:33,000
party. 
The four humors theory, for 

541
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,000
instance, continued to 
influence, medical thinking, 

542
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:39,700
well into the 19th century even 
as new discoveries challenge. 

543
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:43,500
The basic premises Physicians, 
found ways to adapt and modify 

544
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:46,400
the system rather than a bandit 
entirely. 

545
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:50,500
The language of the human became
so embedded in how people 

546
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:53,500
thought about personality and 
health that we still use terms 

547
00:27:53,500 --> 00:27:58,700
like sanguine, Matic choleric 
and melancholic today though. 

548
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:00,900
Now they're more likely to 
appear in literature classes 

549
00:28:00,900 --> 00:28:04,300
than medical textbooks. 
Bloodletting proved particularly

550
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:07,800
stubborn persisting as a 
standard medical treatment for 

551
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:09,800
centuries. 
After Medieval Times ended, 

552
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:13,200
George Washington himself was 
treated with extensive 

553
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:17,700
bloodletting during his final 
illness in 1799, receiving what 

554
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:21,400
modern doctors would consider a 
fatal amount of blood loss in a 

555
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,100
well-intentioned but misguided 
attempt to cure his throat 

556
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:27,400
infection. 
It took until the mid-19th 

557
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,900
century for the medical 
establishment to finally admit 

558
00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:34,300
that maybe just maybe removing 
large quantities of blood from 

559
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:35,900
sick. 
People wasn't actually helping 

560
00:28:35,900 --> 00:28:39,400
them get better. 
But medieval medicine gave us 

561
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,100
some genuinely valuable 
contributions that we still use 

562
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:45,300
today. many of the herbal 
remedies that medieval 

563
00:28:45,300 --> 00:28:48,300
Physicians prescribed contained 
active compounds, that modern 

564
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:51,800
science has validated and 
refined Aspirin comes from 

565
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:55,300
willow bark, digitalis from 
foxglove, and morphine from 

566
00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:58,200
poppies all plants that medieval
healers used. 

567
00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:00,500
Even though they didn't 
understand the chemistry behind,

568
00:29:00,500 --> 00:29:03,700
why they worked the medieval 
emphasis on careful observation 

569
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:06,200
of patients, also, laid 
important groundwork for modern 

570
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:09,600
diagnostic techniques. 
Medieval Physicians might have 

571
00:29:09,608 --> 00:29:12,700
been wrong about what they were 
observing, but they established 

572
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:15,100
the principle that healing 
required paying close attention 

573
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:17,700
to individual patients, and 
their specific symptoms. 

574
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:22,100
The practices of taking detailed
medical histories examining 

575
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:25,400
bodily fluids and monitoring 
changes in patient conditions. 

576
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,300
All Trace their Roots back to 
Medieval Medical Practice 

577
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:31,800
Perhaps most importantly, 
medieval medicine established, 

578
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,500
the idea that healing was a 
professional skill that required

579
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:37,200
training study and ongoing 
learning. 

580
00:29:37,900 --> 00:29:40,600
Medieval universities began 
offering medical degrees, 

581
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,400
creating the foundation for 
modern medical education. 

582
00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:47,500
The requirement that Physicians 
study anatomy, even if they're 

583
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:50,300
understanding, was limited 
established precedence, that 

584
00:29:50,300 --> 00:29:53,200
eventually led to much more 
accurate knowledge of how body's

585
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,200
actually work. 
Medieval medicine also gave us 

586
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,600
the concept of hospitals, as 
institutions dedicated to 

587
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:02,900
Healing, rather than just places
where sick people went to die. 

588
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:06,300
Medieval hospitals, usually run 
by religious orders. 

589
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,100
Mr. Principal that Society had a
responsibility to care for the 

590
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:13,400
sick and the healing should be 
available to everyone, not just 

591
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:15,700
the wealthy. 
This approach was a 

592
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:17,800
revolutionary idea that 
continues to influence 

593
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:19,500
Healthcare policy discussions 
today. 

594
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:23,200
The medieval integration of 
physical and spiritual healing. 

595
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,600
Also contributed valuable 
insights that modern medicine is

596
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:29,500
still exploring. 
The recognition that illness 

597
00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:33,100
affects the whole person, not 
just specific body parts, and 

598
00:30:33,100 --> 00:30:35,200
that healing involves 
psychological and social 

599
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,100
factors, as well as purely 
physical ones, reflects and 

600
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:41,500
understanding that contemporary 
medicine is working to 

601
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:44,100
recapture. 
Even some of the more seemingly 

602
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:46,900
bizarre, medieval practices 
contained, kernels of wisdom. 

603
00:30:46,900 --> 00:30:50,800
But we're only now beginning to 
appreciate the emphasis on diet,

604
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,100
exercise and lifestyle factors 
in maintaining Health, was 

605
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:57,700
remarkably sophisticated even if
the specific theories were 

606
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:00,100
wrong. 
The comprehension that mental 

607
00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:03,000
and emotional states. 
Could impact physical health was

608
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:06,300
centuries ahead of its era. 
As you settled back into your 

609
00:31:06,300 --> 00:31:08,900
comfortable, chair, and 
finished, the last drops of your

610
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:12,300
warm drink, you might reflect on
how many evil medicine for all 

611
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:15,200
its apparent strangeness 
represented Humanity's 

612
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,500
persistent creative and often 
touching attempts to understand 

613
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:21,700
and heal the mysterious vessel 
that carries us through life. 

614
00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:25,500
These medieval Physicians and 
healers were working with 

615
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:28,400
limited information and 
primitive tools but they 

616
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:32,000
approached their tasks with 
dedication, creativity and 

617
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:36,300
genuine care for their patients.
They remind us that medicine is 

618
00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:40,300
not just a science but also an 
art requiring not only technical

619
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:44,000
knowledge but also compassion 
creativity and the willingness 

620
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:46,800
to keep trying new approaches 
when old ones don't work. 

621
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:50,900
And perhaps most importantly, 
they show us that the desire to 

622
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:53,500
heal and help. 
Others is one of Humanity's most

623
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:57,400
enduring and Noble impulses. 
Assisting across centuries and 

624
00:31:57,408 --> 00:32:00,800
cultures adapting to new 
knowledge while maintaining its 

625
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:03,800
essential character. 
Sleep well and be grateful for 

626
00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,700
modern medicine, but don't 
forget to appreciate the long 

627
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:09,000
winding often amusing path that 
led us here. 

628
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:15,300
That. 
The Apothecary closest and the 

629
00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:18,800
last remedy Fades into the dark.
If your mind, still spinning 

630
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:22,400
with humors, herbs and holy 
relics, that's no surprise. 

631
00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:26,400
There are more stories where 
this came from old and new, if 

632
00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:29,500
your thoughts need more 
wandering, but tonight we let 

633
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:32,000
the leeches sleep and the 
strange cures settle into 

634
00:32:32,000 --> 00:32:35,600
history, rest. 
Well Seekers of the bizarre and 

635
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:58,500
as always good night. 
Long before Neil Armstrong 

636
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:01,000
became the celestial figure of 
American mythology. 

637
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:03,800
He was a boy obsessed with the 
mechanics of flight. 

638
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:07,400
Armstrong's Fascination ran 
deeper than the conventional 

639
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:11,000
Narrative of an innocent child 
staring at the sky, dreaming of 

640
00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:14,800
one day touching the Stars. 
His was a mind enamored with the

641
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:16,500
intricacies of how things 
worked. 

642
00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:20,500
Armstrong was born in 1931, 
during the peak of Aviation 

643
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:23,800
advancement when the design of 
aircraft was rapidly changing 

644
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,400
after the first world war at age
6, he experienced his first 

645
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:29,100
airplane. 
Ride in a Ford tri-motor 

646
00:33:29,100 --> 00:33:33,200
nicknamed the tin. 
Goose, Unlike the romanticized 

647
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:36,500
accounts that pervaded most 
retellings, Armstrong's reaction

648
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,000
wasn't one of wide-eyed Wonder 
instead. 

649
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:42,000
His first flight triggered and 
analytical curiosity. 

650
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:46,000
According to his biographer 
James Hansen Young, Neil spent 

651
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:49,400
the flight studying the pilots 
movements watching the control, 

652
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,700
surfaces respond and trying to 
decipher, the relationship 

653
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:57,700
between action and reaction. 
His bedroom in wapka Nita, Ohio 

654
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:00,400
wasn't decorated with the 
typical space, posters that 

655
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:04,200
would become in the 1950s. 
Instead Armstrong built 

656
00:34:04,200 --> 00:34:07,700
intricate model airplane's with 
functional control, surfaces not

657
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:11,100
for display, but for testing and
constructed a makeshift wind 

658
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:13,699
tunnel in his basement using his
mother's vacuum cleaner running 

659
00:34:13,699 --> 00:34:16,199
in reverse. 
Well, other children played 

660
00:34:16,199 --> 00:34:18,900
baseball. 
Armstrong conducted aerodynamic 

661
00:34:18,900 --> 00:34:21,699
experiments. 
Meticulously recording results 

662
00:34:21,699 --> 00:34:24,500
in notebooks filled with 
calculations Beyond his years. 

663
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:28,500
By 16 Armstrong had earned his 
pilot's license before he could 

664
00:34:28,500 --> 00:34:31,600
legally drive a car. 
He didn't pursue flying for the 

665
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:34,300
Thriller romance. 
So commonly attributed to early 

666
00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:38,300
aviators for him, piloting was 
the practical application of 

667
00:34:38,308 --> 00:34:42,199
engineering principles a way to 
test theories against reality. 

668
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:47,000
This pragmatic approach followed
him to Purdue University where 

669
00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:48,300
he studied Aeronautical, 
Engineering. 

670
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:52,199
His professors noted that while 
other students were satisfied 

671
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:55,100
with, theoretical understanding 
Armstrong constantly, questioned

672
00:34:55,100 --> 00:34:58,700
how principals might manifest in
unusual flight conditions. 

673
00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:02,700
The result wasn't the mindset of
a future Daredevil, but of a 

674
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:05,100
methodical Problem Solver with 
an engineer's attention to 

675
00:35:05,100 --> 00:35:08,600
detail. when the Korean War 
interrupted his studies 

676
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:13,200
Armstrong flew 78, combat 
missions, military, records 

677
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,400
reveal something telling about 
his approach While other Pilots 

678
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:19,300
discussed their experience is in
terms of Adventure or patriotic 

679
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:22,900
Duty, Armstrong's flight reports
focused on aircraft performance 

680
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:26,800
under stress Armstrong viewed 
combat flying as an extension of

681
00:35:26,800 --> 00:35:29,500
his engineering studies, 
observing the behavior of 

682
00:35:29,508 --> 00:35:33,300
aircraft under extreme pressure.
After returning to complete his 

683
00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:35,900
degree Armstrong, joined the 
National advisory committee for 

684
00:35:35,900 --> 00:35:40,400
Aeronautics NACA NASA's 
predecessor as a research test 

685
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:44,200
pilot. at Edwards Air Force 
Base, he established himself not

686
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,900
as the stereotypical Hotshot 
test pilot portrayed in films 

687
00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:51,200
but as a meticulous data 
gatherer, He flew the 

688
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:54,500
experimental X-15 rocket plane 
to the edge of space reaching 

689
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:56,500
speeds over, 4,000 miles per 
hour. 

690
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:59,800
But colleagues, remember him 
primarily for his detailed 

691
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:03,400
technical debriefings rather 
than braggadocio about setting 

692
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:05,500
records. 
His approach to test flying 

693
00:36:05,500 --> 00:36:09,300
reveals much about the man where
others saw Glory Armstrong saw 

694
00:36:09,300 --> 00:36:13,300
variables to control where the 
sort speed records Armstrong 

695
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:15,800
sought understanding. 
Chuck. 

696
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:17,900
Yeager the first man to break 
the sound barrier. 

697
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,000
Once remarked that Armstrong 
flew an airplane, like he was 

698
00:36:21,008 --> 00:36:24,600
wearing it Armstrong's rare 
combination of engineering 

699
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:26,300
intellect and physical flying 
skill. 

700
00:36:26,300 --> 00:36:30,100
Placed him in a unique position 
when NASA began selecting 

701
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:31,900
astronauts for the Gemini 
program. 

702
00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:35,700
The space agency was moving 
beyond the Mercury programs 

703
00:36:35,700 --> 00:36:37,900
emphasis on selecting combat 
pilots and military. 

704
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:41,100
Test pilots they needed 
astronauts who understood 

705
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:44,400
spacecraft as complex systems 
and who could diagnose problems 

706
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:46,200
and Implement Solutions far from
Earth. 

707
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:51,500
When Armstrong joined NASA in 
1962, he brought this engineer's

708
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:54,200
mindset into a program, still 
defining, what an astronaut 

709
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,500
should be. while the Mercury 7 
had been promoted as the 

710
00:36:57,500 --> 00:37:00,500
embodiment of American 
masculinity and daring Armstrong

711
00:37:00,500 --> 00:37:03,700
represented, something different
The cool rationality of the 

712
00:37:03,700 --> 00:37:06,600
scientist Explorer. 
The problem solver, who would 

713
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:11,700
navigate not by Instinct but by 
calculation, This Foundation, an

714
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,000
engineer who happened to fly 
rather than a pilot who learned 

715
00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:17,000
engineering would prove crucial?
When Armstrong later face the 

716
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,600
ultimate test of the lunar 
surface? 

717
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:21,200
The man who had become his 
history's. 

718
00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,000
Most famous astronaut approached
spaceflight, not as an 

719
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,400
adventure, but as the most 
complex, engineering challenge 

720
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:30,000
humans had ever attempted. 
This perspective, offered an 

721
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,100
overlooked in the heroic 
narrative, that followed to find

722
00:37:33,108 --> 00:37:34,900
Armstrong's approached to his 
historic. 

723
00:37:34,900 --> 00:37:37,600
Mission and shaped, how he would
handle its unexpected, 

724
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:40,700
challenges long before, he 
became synonymous with space 

725
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:43,500
exploration. 
Neil Armstrong faced mortality 

726
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:47,300
in the skies of North Korea, his
experience is a Naval aviator 

727
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:49,800
during the Korean War. 
A chapter from compressed to a 

728
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:51,400
single line. 
In most biographical accounts, 

729
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:55,400
profoundly shaped the astronaut,
who would become Armstrong 

730
00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:58,900
arrived in Korea aboard, the USS
Essex in August 1951. 

731
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:02,000
The 51 year old in with minimal 
combat training. 

732
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:05,700
His assignment to Fighter. 
Squadron 51 came during a 

733
00:38:05,708 --> 00:38:07,700
particularly intense period of 
the conflict. 

734
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:11,300
Unlike the sanitized heroic 
narratives often constructed 

735
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,400
around military service. 
Armstrong's War experience was 

736
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:17,700
marked by confusion, technical 
failures, and brushes with 

737
00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:20,400
death, that would inform his 
approach to risk for decades to 

738
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:23,400
come. 
Anti-aircraft fire struck 

739
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:27,000
Armstrong's f9f, Panther on his 
very first combat mission. 

740
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:30,300
While he was conducting a low 
altitude bombing run near one 

741
00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:33,000
Sam. 
According to Squadron records, 

742
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:34,900
rarely cited in Armstrong 
biographies. 

743
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:38,400
He managed to nurse his damaged 
aircraft back to Friendly 

744
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:41,200
territory. 
Before a rejecting, his first 

745
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:44,400
experience with the emergency 
procedures under genuine, life 

746
00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:47,200
or death pressure. 
The incident of established a 

747
00:38:47,208 --> 00:38:51,100
pattern throughout his combat. 
Tours Armstrong developed a 

748
00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:53,800
reputation, not for aerial 
aggression, but for mechanical, 

749
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:57,000
sympathy and almost intuitive 
understanding of aircraft 

750
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:01,000
limitations and capabilities. 
In combat, most Pilots treated 

751
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,100
aircraft as disposable tools 
were called Squadron make 

752
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:07,200
Charles Railey in an old history
seldom reference by Armstrong, 

753
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,700
biographers Armstrong treated 
his Panther like a partner. 

754
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:13,500
He seemed to sense when 
something wasn't right with the 

755
00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:17,200
machine before the gauges showed
trouble. this mechanical empathy

756
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:20,500
came with a price Armstrong's 
flight logs reveal, he often 

757
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:23,900
volunteered to fly aircraft 
Other Pilots had reported as 

758
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:26,700
problematic using his 
engineering intuition to 

759
00:39:26,708 --> 00:39:30,500
diagnose issues during flight. 
This practice exposed him to 

760
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:34,300
greater risk but accelerated his
development as a test pilot in 

761
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:37,000
all but name. 
Armstrong experience the 

762
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:40,600
incident that would haunt him 
longest on, September 3rd 1951. 

763
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,700
During a close air. 
Support Mission near the 38th 

764
00:39:44,700 --> 00:39:48,400
parallel while making a low 
strafing, run his Panthers right

765
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,100
wing struck a cable strung 
across a valley by North Korean 

766
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:53,700
forces. 
An anti-aircraft rarely 

767
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:57,300
mentioned in his history of the 
conflict. the impacted several 

768
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:00,400
feet of his wing, rendering the 
aircraft nearly uncontrollable, 

769
00:40:01,700 --> 00:40:04,100
What happened next revealed? 
Armstrong's distinctive, 

770
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,900
approach to crisis. 
Voice recordings from the 

771
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:09,700
Squadron radio, frequency 
capture Armstrong, Carly 

772
00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:12,200
requesting, geometric 
calculations from the radar in 

773
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:14,600
to intercept officer. 
Rather than declaring an 

774
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:17,000
emergency, he systematically 
tested. 

775
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:19,400
The aircraft's response at 
different airspeeds and 

776
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,300
configuration before attempting 
to return to Friendly territory.

777
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:25,200
I've got a symmetric lift, but 
stable control. 

778
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:28,900
If I maintain 170 knots or he 
reported displaying the 

779
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:31,800
analytical approach that would 
later characterize his response 

780
00:40:31,800 --> 00:40:33,000
to the Gemini 8 to merge 
emergency. 

781
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,200
Armstrong nurse the critically 
damaged aircraft back to a US 

782
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,500
controlled Airfield executing a 
one attempt Landing that 

783
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:44,500
Squadron mates described as 
mechanical poetry. the incident 

784
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:47,600
earned Armstrong, the respect of
Veteran Pilots, but also 

785
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:51,100
revealed a psychological quality
seldom discussed in heroic 

786
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:55,600
narratives, his unusual 
relationship with fear Post 

787
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,100
Mission, debriefings, reveal 
Armstrong, never denied, 

788
00:40:58,100 --> 00:41:01,200
experiencing fear, but processed
it, differently than many combat

789
00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:03,600
Pilots. 
While others, converted fear to 

790
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:06,400
aggression or suppress it. 
Entirely Armstrong appeared to 

791
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:10,400
transform fear into heightened, 
analytical capacity, a trait 

792
00:41:10,400 --> 00:41:12,400
that would serve him. 
Well, in future spacecraft 

793
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:15,600
emergencies, by the time 
Armstrong completed, his combat 

794
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:20,100
tour in 1952 he had flown 78, 
combat missions, and earned 

795
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:22,400
three are medals more 
significantly. 

796
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:25,100
He had developed a distinctive 
philosophy about human machine 

797
00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:27,500
interaction in high-stress 
environments. 

798
00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:31,000
As he later explained to test 
pilots students in a rare 

799
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:33,000
Patuxent River Naval Air 
Station. 

800
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:36,900
The aircraft doesn't care about 
your feelings, it responds to 

801
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:39,300
your actions understanding. 
This separation is the 

802
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:41,500
difference between panic and 
problem solving. 

803
00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:45,800
Armstrong's combat experience 
informed his later career in 

804
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:49,300
ways, rarely connected in 
historical accounts, his habit 

805
00:41:49,300 --> 00:41:51,900
of exhaustively studying 
aircraft systems before flying 

806
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:55,100
them, a practice that made him 
exceptionally prepared for 

807
00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:58,700
Apollo 11's complex systems 
originated in Korean War. 

808
00:41:58,700 --> 00:42:02,000
Survival lessons, his preference
for methodical checklist 

809
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,600
procedures. 
Over improvisation, stemmed from

810
00:42:04,608 --> 00:42:06,900
witnessing. 
The Fatal consequences of corner

811
00:42:06,900 --> 00:42:08,000
cutting during combat 
operations. 

812
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:12,500
Most significantly career taught
Armstrong about the Machinery of

813
00:42:12,508 --> 00:42:15,600
public mythmaking. 
He witnessed first-hand, how 

814
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:18,000
combat deaths were transformed 
into sanitized heroic 

815
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:19,500
narratives, for public 
consumption. 

816
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:22,800
How messy realities were 
reshaped into clean a stories. 

817
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,900
This experience fostered. 
His lifelong skepticism towards 

818
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:28,600
simplified narrative including 
those, that would later be 

819
00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:30,100
constructed around his 
achievements. 

820
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:32,800
Creator taught me that Complex 
events. 

821
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:36,100
Resist, simple explanations. 
He told a naval aviators Union 

822
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:40,200
in 1997 in comments, rarely 
quoted in standard biographies. 

823
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:43,600
When people wanted to make 
Heroes out of Pilots, the 

824
00:42:43,600 --> 00:42:46,900
overlooked that success often 
came from luck and failure was 

825
00:42:46,900 --> 00:42:50,100
not always tied to skill. 
I tried to keep this in mind 

826
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:53,100
when people attempted to turn my
Luna Landing into something more

827
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:56,900
Mythic than it actually was. 
Armstrong emerge from the Korean

828
00:42:56,900 --> 00:42:59,600
war with technical skills that 
would prove invaluable in his 

829
00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:02,800
later career. 
More importantly, he developed a

830
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:06,400
philosophical Approach To 
Danger, a clear-eyed acceptance 

831
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,600
that risk was inevitable in 
pushing boundaries but could be 

832
00:43:09,600 --> 00:43:12,700
managed through preparation 
system understanding and 

833
00:43:12,700 --> 00:43:16,300
emotional discipline. 
This perspective forged in 

834
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:18,500
combat Skies, long before 
spacecraft were practical. 

835
00:43:18,500 --> 00:43:21,800
Would ultimately make him the 
ideal Commander for Humanity's, 

836
00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:25,500
most dangerous exploratory 
Mission between arms, Naval 

837
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:28,200
service and his selection as an 
astronaut lies, a critical 

838
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:30,500
seven-year, period, that 
fundamentally shaped his 

839
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:34,300
capabilities and approach to 
flight, His time as a civilian 

840
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:36,600
test pilot at the national 
advisory committee for 

841
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:42,300
Aeronautics in ACA NASA's 
predecessor from 1955 to 1962 

842
00:43:42,300 --> 00:43:44,500
represents. 
Perhaps the most technically 

843
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:46,900
formative chapter of his 
professional life. 

844
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:49,600
Yet one that receives 
disproportionately little 

845
00:43:49,600 --> 00:43:52,000
attention. 
During the Heyday of 

846
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:55,300
experimental, Aviation Edwards 
Air Force Base, in the 

847
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,100
California, desert served as 
America's Premier flight test 

848
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:00,800
center. 
Armstrong arrived at Edwards Air

849
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,400
Force Base, during the 
transition, from the jet age, to

850
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,600
the Space Age, a time. 
When aircraft were consistently 

851
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:10,000
pushing the limits of speed 
altitude and control ability, 

852
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:13,400
what distinguished Armstrong 
from his contemporaries wasn't 

853
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:17,600
raw piloting talent but a 
distinctive cognitive approach 

854
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:21,200
to experimental flying. 
Most test pilots approached 

855
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:23,300
flights as demonstrations of 
skill. 

856
00:44:23,300 --> 00:44:26,900
Noted chief engineer Walt 
Williams in previously, 

857
00:44:26,900 --> 00:44:30,200
unpublished interviews. 
Armstrong approached them as 

858
00:44:30,208 --> 00:44:33,000
experiments with precisely 
defined variables. 

859
00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:36,300
He was conducting research that 
happened to involve flying 

860
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:39,500
rather than flying that happened
to involve research. 

861
00:44:40,700 --> 00:44:43,900
This perspective made Armstrong 
uniquely valuable in the X-15 

862
00:44:43,900 --> 00:44:46,100
program. 
The rocket powered aircraft that

863
00:44:46,100 --> 00:44:48,900
represented Humanity's first 
real venture to the edge of 

864
00:44:48,908 --> 00:44:51,700
space. 
Unlike other test pilots who 

865
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:54,900
viewed the X-15 as a vehicle for
setting records Armstrong 

866
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:57,300
approached each flight as a data
Gathering opportunity. 

867
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:01,900
His flight debriefings preserved
in neckie a archives but rarely 

868
00:45:01,900 --> 00:45:04,500
cited. 
Reveal an Engineers obsession 

869
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:07,800
with cause effect relationships 
and system behaviors, rather 

870
00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:11,100
than performance metrics 
Armstrong's, most significant 

871
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:15,900
X-15 flight, on April 20th. 1962
is typically noted for reaching 

872
00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:20,100
an altitude of 207,500 feet, the
edge of space. 

873
00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:23,900
Let's discussed is how the 
flight nearly ended in disaster.

874
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:26,700
When the aircraft skipped off 
the atmosphere during re-entry. 

875
00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:30,800
Bouncing on Armstrong's far. 
Off course, the incident 

876
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,200
required him to make Split 
Second decisions about energy 

877
00:45:33,200 --> 00:45:36,000
management and reentry angle 
with minimal guidance. 

878
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:40,200
As the planned flight profile 
had been invalidated The X-15 

879
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:43,200
incident directly informed how I
approached the lunar Landing 

880
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:45,800
venue. 
Armstrong later explained to 

881
00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:47,900
flight controllers during Apollo
simulations. 

882
00:45:47,900 --> 00:45:51,200
Both involved Energy, Management
problems with type margins and 

883
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:54,300
degraded information. 
This connection between his 

884
00:45:54,300 --> 00:45:57,000
experimental aircraft to 
experience in lunar. 

885
00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:00,100
Landing challenges reveals how 
Armstrongs Edwards years 

886
00:46:00,100 --> 00:46:02,600
directly prepared him for 
Apollo's unique, challenges 

887
00:46:02,600 --> 00:46:07,000
beyond the X-15, Armstrong flew 
nearly 900 flights in over 50 

888
00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:09,900
different aircraft types. 
During his Edwards 10 year, what

889
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:12,100
these flights collectively 
developed was an unusual. 

890
00:46:12,100 --> 00:46:15,400
Perceptual ability Armstrong 
could detect subtle, aircraft 

891
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,300
behavioral changes that often 
indicated imminent, problems, 

892
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:21,500
test engineer Bruce, Peterson 
described this Talent. 

893
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:25,500
Armstrong could feel an aircraft
intention before the instruments

894
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:28,000
showed trouble. 
He sensed patterns in machine 

895
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:30,600
behavior that others missed 
until the emergency was upon 

896
00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:33,300
them. 
This perceptual skill became 

897
00:46:33,300 --> 00:46:35,800
legendary in a nearly fatal 
incident involving. 

898
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:40,100
The lunar, Landing research 
vehicle llv, an ungainly 

899
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:43,500
Contraption nicknamed, The 
Flying bedstead used to simulate

900
00:46:43,500 --> 00:46:45,000
lunar. 
Landing conditions on Earth. 

901
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:50,800
On May the 6th 1968 while 
hovering 200 feet above the 

902
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:54,100
ground, the vehicle experience 
to Total propellant, system, 

903
00:46:54,100 --> 00:46:57,400
failure, Armstrong detected, the
failure and ejected. 

904
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,000
Barely a half second before the 
vehicle crashed, and the 

905
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,000
explosion was so narrow. 
That analysis suggested, any 

906
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:05,300
other pilot would have delayed 
recognition long enough to 

907
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:07,700
perish. 
What's rarely connected is how 

908
00:47:07,700 --> 00:47:10,000
this incident directly informed 
Armstrong's later, 

909
00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:12,200
decision-making, during Apollo 
11, Landing. 

910
00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:16,200
The program alarm crisis during 
lunar descent presented a 

911
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:17,900
similar pattern of degraded 
information. 

912
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:21,800
Requiring rapid assessment 
Armstrong's Edwards experience, 

913
00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:24,300
a trained him to distinguish 
between a manageable and 

914
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:27,900
normally and a genuine 
emergencies which was precisely 

915
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:31,200
the decision he needed to make 
when the 1201 and 1202 alarms 

916
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,300
arose. 
Armstrong's Edwards Years, also 

917
00:47:34,300 --> 00:47:38,200
shaped his communication style 
recording from X-15 flights 

918
00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:40,900
reveal his development of what 
flight controllers later called 

919
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:44,200
minimalist Precision, the 
ability to convey complex. 

920
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:47,100
Technical information in 
extremely concise language. 

921
00:47:47,100 --> 00:47:51,300
This communication economy would
prove crucial during Apollo 11's

922
00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:54,200
descent when radio communication
was intermittent and every 

923
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,700
second of transmission time was 
needed to convey maximum 

924
00:47:56,700 --> 00:48:00,200
information. 
Additionally, during the Edwards

925
00:48:00,200 --> 00:48:03,000
period Armstrong gained 
extensive experience with 

926
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:06,200
fly-by-wire Control Systems, 
aircraft controlled 

927
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:09,000
electronically rather than 
through direct mechanical 

928
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:11,900
linkages. 
The lunar module represented, 

929
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:15,600
the ultimate fly-by-wire vehicle
with control, responses entirely

930
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:19,000
mediated through computer 
systems, Armstrong's unusual, 

931
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:21,900
comfort with these systems 
originated in his experimental 

932
00:48:21,900 --> 00:48:24,900
aircraft work, where he had 
developed what colleagues called

933
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:29,400
digital hands, the ability to 
adapt control inputs to computer

934
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:32,300
interpreted commands, rather 
than direct physical feedback. 

935
00:48:33,300 --> 00:48:36,100
Perhaps most significantly 
Armstrong's Edwards, tenure 

936
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:40,000
shaped, his relationship with 
risk. unlike The Stereotype of 

937
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:43,000
the Dead devil, test pilot 
Armstrong developed what 

938
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:46,500
colleagues called calibrated 
Courage, the ability to 

939
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:49,200
objectively assess danger, 
without either minimizing or 

940
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:52,500
exaggerating, it this 
perspective was captured in his 

941
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:56,900
response, when asked about fear 
during X-15 flights, Fear is an 

942
00:48:56,900 --> 00:48:59,100
emotional risk, is a 
calculation. 

943
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:02,200
I try to ensure that calculation
governs emotion. 

944
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:06,200
This philosophy would prove 
crucial during Apollo 11's final

945
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:08,200
descent. 
When Armstrong face to multiple 

946
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:11,700
potential aborts of scenarios 
his Edwards experience had 

947
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:14,500
developed his ability to 
distinguish between acceptable 

948
00:49:14,500 --> 00:49:17,800
and unacceptable risk to 
recognize when continuing 

949
00:49:17,800 --> 00:49:19,800
forward, despite problems was 
justified. 

950
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:23,800
And when retreat was the only 
rational option, This judgment 

951
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:27,500
honed over 100s of experimental 
flights pushing the boundaries 

952
00:49:27,500 --> 00:49:29,800
of speed and altitude ultimately
enabled. 

953
00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:32,500
The Split Second decisions that 
made the lunar Landing possible.

954
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:35,700
The Gemini program NASA's 
critical bridge between the 

955
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:38,700
Mercury and Apollo missions, 
represented Armstrong's 

956
00:49:38,700 --> 00:49:41,600
transformation from experimental
test pilot to operational 

957
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:44,200
astronaut. 
His experiences during this 

958
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:48,000
period, particularly commanding 
Gemini, 8 developed specific 

959
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:51,400
capabilities that would prove 
decisive during Apollo 11 lunar 

960
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:54,100
Landing attempt. 
Yet this crucial developmental 

961
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:58,100
phases often treated as Mia by 
graphical stepping stone rather 

962
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:02,100
than the essential preparation 
at truly was Armstrong joined 

963
00:50:02,100 --> 00:50:05,800
NASA's astronaut Corps in 1962 
as part of the new 9. 

964
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:09,100
The second astronaut class 
selected when the space agency, 

965
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:11,400
recognized that mercury is 
original. 

966
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:14,200
Seven astronauts wouldn't be 
sufficient for the ambitious 

967
00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:17,500
lunar Landing program. 
His selection itself represented

968
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:19,600
a shifted in NASA's astronaut 
requirements. 

969
00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:23,800
Unlike the Mercury 7 who were 
exclusively military test pilots

970
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:26,500
Armstrong had transferred to 
civilian status. 

971
00:50:26,500 --> 00:50:29,900
After his Naval service, this 
civilian background would give 

972
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,800
him a distinctive perspective on
the militarized culture of early

973
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:36,400
space flight, Gemini's 
objectives focused on developing

974
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:39,700
the capabilities required for 
lunar missions, Rendezvous and 

975
00:50:39,708 --> 00:50:43,400
docking spacewalking an extended
duration missions. 

976
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:46,700
Armstrong was assigned as 
commander of Gemini, 8, 

977
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:49,500
scheduled to perform the 
program's first docking with 

978
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:52,800
another spacecraft critical 
capability for the lunar Mission

979
00:50:52,808 --> 00:50:55,500
architecture. 
Is preparation for this Mission 

980
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:58,600
revealed cognitive qualities. 
That would later serve him 

981
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:02,200
during Apollo 11. 
Armstrong's approached to 

982
00:51:02,208 --> 00:51:04,500
Mission, preparation was 
distinctive, recalled. 

983
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:07,500
Flight director, Gene Kranz in 
technical debriefing, rarely 

984
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:11,200
quoted in popular accounts. 
Where most astronauts focused on

985
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:14,900
mastering planned procedures, 
Armstrong devoted equal time to 

986
00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:17,800
matching failure, scenarios 
beyond what we had formerly 

987
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:20,900
simulated. 
This approach preparing for the 

988
00:51:20,908 --> 00:51:24,900
unexpected, rather than just the
expected would prove prophetic 

989
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:29,200
during his Gemini flight. 
Gemini 8 launch on March, 16th 

990
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:33,500
1966, with Armstrong commanding 
and David Scott serving as pilot

991
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:36,900
the crew successfully Rendezvous
and docked with an uncrewed 

992
00:51:36,900 --> 00:51:39,700
Edina Target vehicle. 
The first docking in space 

993
00:51:39,700 --> 00:51:43,600
flight history, what happened? 
Next transformed, a milestone to

994
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:45,800
success into a survival 
situation that revealed 

995
00:51:45,800 --> 00:51:48,800
Armstrong's unique capabilities 
under extreme pressure. 

996
00:51:49,900 --> 00:51:52,900
Approximately 30 minutes after 
docking the joined Vehicles 

997
00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:56,800
began to roll unexpectedly. 
The rotation accelerated rapidly

998
00:51:56,800 --> 00:51:59,300
until the spacecraft was 
spinning at nearly one 

999
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,400
revolution per second, a rate 
that threatened to cause 

1000
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:05,200
structural damage and was 
approaching the threshold where 

1001
00:52:05,200 --> 00:52:06,900
the astronauts would lose 
consciousness. 

1002
00:52:07,900 --> 00:52:10,500
Armstrong faced a critical 
decision with incomplete. 

1003
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:14,100
Information was the Aegina 
causing the role or was it their

1004
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:17,400
Gemini spacecraft? 
The reality revealed in Mission 

1005
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:20,400
transcripts and Technical 
debriefings shows something more

1006
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,700
significant a systematic 
troubleshooting process, 

1007
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:27,300
executed under extreme pressure 
and physiological, stress. 

1008
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:30,600
Armstrong methodically 
eliminated variables by 

1009
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:33,700
undocking from the Aegina, a 
complex procedure never 

1010
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:36,900
practiced under emergency 
conditions when the rotation 

1011
00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:38,900
worse and after separation, he 
correctly. 

1012
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:41,800
Deduced the problem must be in 
the Gemini's orbital attitude 

1013
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:44,700
and maneuvering system. 
The critical decision came when 

1014
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:47,300
Armstrong bypass standard 
procedure by shutting down the 

1015
00:52:47,300 --> 00:52:50,500
primary control system entirely 
and activating the re-entry 

1016
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:53,500
control system thrusters meant 
only for the return to Earth 

1017
00:52:53,500 --> 00:52:56,900
this decision, consumed, 
precious fuel reserves and would

1018
00:52:56,900 --> 00:52:58,600
force an early mission 
termination. 

1019
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,300
But it stabilized, the 
spacecraft and saved both 

1020
00:53:01,300 --> 00:53:04,400
astronauts lives. 
Three aspects of Armstrong's 

1021
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:06,900
Gemini 8, performance would 
later prove crucial during 

1022
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:10,800
Apollo 11, First his information
processing during the crisis 

1023
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:14,400
revealed, an unusual capacity to
filter signal from noise to 

1024
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,400
identify critical variables. 
While disregarding distractions,

1025
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:20,900
Second his choices, showed a 
Readiness to depart from 

1026
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:23,600
accepted practices. 
When research showed they were 

1027
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:26,900
insufficient third, his crew 
Resource Management showed 

1028
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:30,400
exceptional clarity about when 
to act unilaterally versus when 

1029
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:33,500
to consult Mission Control. 
The Gemini 8. 

1030
00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:36,900
Emergency revealed Armstrong's 
defining quality as a commander 

1031
00:53:36,900 --> 00:53:39,100
flight director. 
Chris Craft later. 

1032
00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:42,400
Observed in the NASA oral 
history interview, he could move

1033
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,200
seamlessly between procedural 
discipline and creative problem.

1034
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:48,100
Solving, knowing exactly when 
each approach was appropriate, 

1035
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:51,600
that balance is much rarer than 
either quality alone. 

1036
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:55,200
The aftermath of Gemini 8, 
proved equally revolutionary 

1037
00:53:55,200 --> 00:53:58,500
about Armstrong's character, 
despite saving the mission from 

1038
00:53:58,500 --> 00:54:01,800
potential catastrophe. 
He focused his debriefing, his 

1039
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:05,400
entirely on how procedures and 
training could be improved The 

1040
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:07,500
Armstrong deep brief was, like, 
nothing, we'd seen before. 

1041
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:09,500
Recalled, simulation, supervisor
dick. 

1042
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:12,100
Coos. 
He systematically dismantled his

1043
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:14,700
performance. 
Identifying every suboptimal 

1044
00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:17,800
decision sequence, without 
defense of us, it was a master 

1045
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:19,400
class and professional 
self-analysis. 

1046
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:23,300
This capacity for dispassionate,
self-critique, became the 

1047
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:25,600
standard for astronaut 
debriefings moving forward. 

1048
00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:29,300
More importantly, it fed 
directly into simulation 

1049
00:54:29,300 --> 00:54:32,400
development for Apollo missions 
with emergency scenarios 

1050
00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:36,200
specifically designed to require
the kind of flexible response on

1051
00:54:36,200 --> 00:54:38,300
Armstrong and demonstrated 
during Gemini 8. 

1052
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:42,400
Beyond the emergency itself 
Gemini, 8 developed another 

1053
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:45,000
capability, that would prove 
essential during Apollo 11 

1054
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:48,100
manual control of Rendezvous and
docking. 

1055
00:54:49,300 --> 00:54:52,000
While these operations were 
designed to be computer, guided 

1056
00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:55,200
Armstrong's hands on experience 
with orbital mechanics. 

1057
00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:58,400
During Gemini gave him the 
confidence to take manual 

1058
00:54:58,400 --> 00:55:01,100
control during Apollo 11's 
Landing. 

1059
00:55:01,100 --> 00:55:04,400
When the automatic system, 
targeted a dangerous Boulder, 

1060
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:06,800
Field Armstrong's Gemini 
experience. 

1061
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:08,900
Also, informed, his crew 
relationship with Buzz. 

1062
00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:12,400
Aldrin, during Apollo 11, unlike
some Commander, pilot pairing 

1063
00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:15,100
Armstrong developed a 
collaborative approach that 

1064
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:18,200
leveraged each astronauts 
strengths this partnership 

1065
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:20,100
approach with clear command 
Authority. 

1066
00:55:20,100 --> 00:55:22,900
But genuine collaboration 
originated from our arms 

1067
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:25,400
Strong's assessment of crude 
Dynamics, during Gemini 

1068
00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:28,900
mission's, The Gemini program 
developed Armstrong's 

1069
00:55:28,900 --> 00:55:32,500
distinctive communication style 
during operations Mission, 

1070
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:35,900
transcripts, show him adopting 
what linguists would call High 

1071
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:39,700
context communication. 
Conveying complex information 

1072
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:42,700
through minimal expressions with
precise, technical meaning. 

1073
00:55:43,300 --> 00:55:46,200
This communication economy would
prove crucial during Apollo 

1074
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:49,400
11's, Landing, when transmission
delays and radio interference 

1075
00:55:49,400 --> 00:55:53,100
made every word critical. 
Armstrong emerged from the 

1076
00:55:53,108 --> 00:55:55,300
Gemini program, with a 
hard-earned understanding of 

1077
00:55:55,308 --> 00:55:58,300
spaceflights. 
Operational realities, the gap 

1078
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:00,600
between the theoretical Mission 
plans and inflight, 

1079
00:56:00,600 --> 00:56:03,800
contingencies this perspective 
would prove invaluable when 

1080
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:07,500
Apollo 11 encountered its own 
unexpected challenges during 

1081
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:10,000
Humanity's first attempt to land
on another world. 

1082
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:14,100
The 20 months between Armstrong 
selection as Apollo 11's 

1083
00:56:14,100 --> 00:56:17,600
commander and the actual lunar 
Mission represent, perhaps the 

1084
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,800
most intensive, specialized 
training program, any human has 

1085
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:24,800
ever undertaken. 
This period of preparation often

1086
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,800
reduced to generic Mansions of 
rigorous training and popular 

1087
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:31,400
accounts reveals much about both
Armstrong's approached to 

1088
00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:34,700
unprecedented challenges and 
NASA's evolving, understanding 

1089
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:36,700
of what lunar exploration would 
require. 

1090
00:56:37,700 --> 00:56:40,800
Training for Apollo 11, occurred
against a backdrop of genuine 

1091
00:56:40,800 --> 00:56:44,200
uncertainty about Luna 
conditions, despite successful 

1092
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:47,200
surveyor robotic, Landers and 
extensive orbital photography 

1093
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,300
fundamental questions remained 
about the moon's surface. 

1094
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:53,400
Properties, with the lunar 
regolith support the lunar 

1095
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:55,300
modules. 
Weight could humans function 

1096
00:56:55,300 --> 00:56:56,800
effectively in one sixth 
gravity. 

1097
00:56:56,800 --> 00:56:59,800
How would equipment designed on 
Earth behave in vacuum 

1098
00:56:59,800 --> 00:57:02,800
conditions? 
These unknowns meant Armstrong 

1099
00:57:02,800 --> 00:57:04,500
wasn't merely training for a 
difficult Mission. 

1100
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:09,400
But for one with fundamental 
uncertainties, the central 

1101
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:12,300
challenge of Apollo training Was
preparing for contingencies, we 

1102
00:57:12,300 --> 00:57:16,400
couldn't fully anticipate. 
Explain Donald K, Deke Slayton, 

1103
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,800
director of flight crew 
operations in a previously, 

1104
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:22,800
unpublished interview. 
Armstrong approached, this 

1105
00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:26,200
challenge differently than other
astronauts While most astronauts

1106
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:29,100
sought more detail, to 
procedures Armstrong, sort of 

1107
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:31,400
deeper, understanding of 
systems, which enabled him to 

1108
00:57:31,408 --> 00:57:34,800
innovate when needed. this 
philosophy manifested in our 

1109
00:57:34,800 --> 00:57:38,500
Strong's, distinctive approach 
to simulate a training, While 

1110
00:57:38,500 --> 00:57:41,900
nasus scheduled approximately 
400 hours of formal simulated 

1111
00:57:41,900 --> 00:57:43,900
time. 
For each Apollo crew Armstrong 

1112
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:48,100
log nearly 950 hours with much 
of this additional time focused 

1113
00:57:48,100 --> 00:57:51,300
on deliberately inducing system 
failures Beyond plan training 

1114
00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:54,500
scenarios. 
Simulated technicians noted, his

1115
00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:58,000
unusual requests to create 
compound failures, multiple 

1116
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:02,300
systems degrading simultaneously
to test, not only procedures but

1117
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:06,200
also improvisation capabilities.
The lunar Landing research 

1118
00:58:06,200 --> 00:58:08,800
vehicle lrv and its training 
variant. 

1119
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:12,400
The lunar Landing training 
vehicle, LTV represented, 

1120
00:58:12,400 --> 00:58:15,200
perhaps the most challenging and
dangerous aspect of Apollo 

1121
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:18,300
preparation. 
These ungainly Contraptions 

1122
00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:22,000
essentially flying beds powered 
by a jet engine Armstrong 

1123
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:25,000
attempted to simulate lunar 
Landing conditions in Earth's 

1124
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:26,700
atmosphere using hydrogen 
peroxide. 

1125
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:30,900
Thrusters Armstrong spent 87 
hours, flying these vehicles 

1126
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:33,400
significantly more than 
required, despite their 

1127
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:37,100
notorious Danger. three of the 
five vehicles crashed during the

1128
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:39,800
program, including one 
Armstrong, barely escaped from 

1129
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:42,600
What? 
Distinguished Armstrong's LTV 

1130
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,600
approach was his systematic. 
Exploration of control 

1131
00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:48,900
boundaries While most astronauts
use the vehicles to practice, 

1132
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:52,200
nominal, normal Landings, 
Armstrong deliberately induced 

1133
00:58:52,200 --> 00:58:55,200
oscillations and Recovery 
scenarios testing how the 

1134
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:58,300
simulated lunar module behaved 
at the edge of control ability. 

1135
00:58:59,200 --> 00:59:02,400
This boundary, exploration would
prove crucial during Apollo 11's

1136
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:04,900
actual Landing. 
When Armstrong needed to assess 

1137
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:07,900
whether increasing Maneuvers for
redesignated the landing site 

1138
00:59:07,900 --> 00:59:11,500
remained within the vehicle's 
capabilities, the geological 

1139
00:59:11,500 --> 00:59:14,500
training aspect of Apollo 
preparation reveals another 

1140
00:59:14,500 --> 00:59:17,300
dimension of Armstrong's 
approached to learning, while 

1141
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:20,400
some astronauts treated geology 
field training a secondary to 

1142
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:23,500
flight preparation Armstrong, 
immersed himself in 

1143
00:59:23,500 --> 00:59:27,200
understanding lunar formation 
theories, Field notes from 

1144
00:59:27,200 --> 00:59:30,400
training session in Hawaii, 
Iceland and New Mexico show. 

1145
00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:33,200
He was particularly interested 
in how geological features 

1146
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:36,300
revealed their formation history
knowledge that would help him 

1147
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:39,300
make real-time sample collection
decision on the lunar surface. 

1148
00:59:40,500 --> 00:59:43,300
Armstrong approached geology 
training like an investigator, 

1149
00:59:43,300 --> 00:59:47,500
not a tourist, noted geologist, 
Farouk elbaz, who helped develop

1150
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:49,600
the training program for the 
Apollo Science Program. 

1151
00:59:50,500 --> 00:59:53,100
You wanted to understand the 
processes behind what he was 

1152
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:56,400
seeing not just identify 
features this process-oriented 

1153
00:59:56,400 --> 00:59:59,100
thinking would prove valuable 
when making real-time decisions 

1154
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,100
about which samples to collect 
during The Limited lunar surface

1155
01:00:02,100 --> 01:00:04,200
time. 
Mission planning documentation 

1156
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:07,200
reveals Armstrong's distinctive 
influence on Apollo 11's 

1157
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:09,800
operational approach. 
While early Landing plans 

1158
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:13,100
emphasized automated systems 
with minimal pilot intervention 

1159
01:00:13,100 --> 01:00:17,000
Armstrong successfully advocated
for what he called monitored 

1160
01:00:17,000 --> 01:00:19,800
autonomy. 
Allowing the computer to perform

1161
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:22,500
routine operations, while 
maintaining human override 

1162
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:25,100
capability. 
For critical decisions, this 

1163
01:00:25,100 --> 01:00:28,000
philosophy to correctly, 
reflected his test pilot 

1164
01:00:28,000 --> 01:00:30,400
background where he had 
developed a nuanced, 

1165
01:00:30,400 --> 01:00:34,000
understanding of human machine 
collaboration rather than seeing

1166
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:37,000
Automation and manual control as
binary opposites. 

1167
01:00:37,800 --> 01:00:40,300
Armstrong's preparation, 
extended Beyond technical 

1168
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:44,100
aspects to cycle Readiness for 
Uncharted Territory, unlike 

1169
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:46,900
training for previous missions 
where astronauts could speak 

1170
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:49,500
with humans who had expressed 
experienced similar conditions, 

1171
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:53,200
Apollo 11 that represented a 
journey Beyond Human Experience 

1172
01:00:53,200 --> 01:00:56,200
Armstrong developed. 
What colleagues called 

1173
01:00:56,200 --> 01:01:00,300
comfortable uncertainty, the 
ability to prepare thoroughly 

1174
01:01:00,300 --> 01:01:02,800
while acknowledging that 
complete preparation was 

1175
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:05,200
impossible. 
The distinctive quality 

1176
01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:08,300
Armstrong brought to Apollo 
training was epistemological 

1177
01:01:08,300 --> 01:01:10,900
humility observed, Apollo, 
flight director. 

1178
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:13,100
Glenn Lenny in an all history 
interview. 

1179
01:01:14,000 --> 01:01:16,700
He recognized that our models of
lunar conditions were 

1180
01:01:16,700 --> 01:01:19,300
approximations at best and 
maintained intellectual 

1181
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:22,100
flexibility about what they 
might actually encounter. 

1182
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:26,600
This open-minded approach 
combined with rigorous, 

1183
01:01:26,600 --> 01:01:30,800
preparation created a unique 
Readiness, for genuine unknowns.

1184
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:34,600
Communication, training, 
revealed another dimension, of 

1185
01:01:34,608 --> 01:01:37,600
Armstrong's preparation, 
philosophy, recognizing that 

1186
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:40,500
transmission quality between 
Earth and the Moon would be 

1187
01:01:40,500 --> 01:01:42,200
limited by technology and 
distance. 

1188
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:45,300
He developed a distinctive 
communication economy. 

1189
01:01:46,000 --> 01:01:49,100
Training transcripts, show him 
systematically reducing message 

1190
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:51,200
length while preserving critical
information. 

1191
01:01:52,200 --> 01:01:54,500
A skill that would prove 
essential during the landing. 

1192
01:01:54,500 --> 01:01:57,300
When every second of 
communication time was precious,

1193
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:00,300
perhaps most revealing was 
Armstrong's, approached, to 

1194
01:02:00,308 --> 01:02:03,200
failure. 
Simulation While most astronauts

1195
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:06,300
preferred to focus on successful
outcomes with the occasional 

1196
01:02:06,300 --> 01:02:08,700
emergency Armstrong regularly 
requested. 

1197
01:02:08,700 --> 01:02:13,100
What trainers called cascading 
failure, scenarios situation, 

1198
01:02:13,100 --> 01:02:14,900
where initial problems 
triggered? 

1199
01:02:14,900 --> 01:02:18,000
Subsequent complications this 
approach, reflected his 

1200
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:20,500
understanding that real 
emergencies rarely follow 

1201
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:24,700
textbook patterns, but Stead 
evolve unpredictably a systems 

1202
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:27,500
interact. 
Armstrong's training, philosophy

1203
01:02:27,500 --> 01:02:30,400
was captured in a notary wrote 
to flight controllers before a 

1204
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:31,500
particularly difficult 
simulation. 

1205
01:02:32,800 --> 01:02:36,900
Today, let's make the task as 
hard as possible on the actual 

1206
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:38,500
Mission. 
We can only hope it will be 

1207
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:39,900
easier than what we've 
practiced. 

1208
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:44,300
This mindset preparing Beyond 
worst-case scenarios created 

1209
01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:47,700
psychological margin that would 
prove crucial during Apollo 11's

1210
01:02:47,700 --> 01:02:50,700
actual challenges. 
By the time Armstrong boarded a 

1211
01:02:50,700 --> 01:02:54,600
policy 11 in July of 1969. 
He developed not just technical 

1212
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:57,700
proficiency, but a cognitive 
approach uniquely suited to 

1213
01:02:57,700 --> 01:02:59,400
exploration Beyond Human 
Experience. 

1214
01:03:00,200 --> 01:03:03,600
His preparation had built, not 
just skills, but a philosophical

1215
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:07,000
framework for navigating the 
unknown, a framework that would 

1216
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:09,200
guide Humanity's first steps 
onto another world. 

1217
01:03:09,200 --> 01:03:13,100
The 13 minutes between the 
separation of Apollo 11's lunar,

1218
01:03:13,100 --> 01:03:16,900
module from The Command Module 
and its landing on the moon may 

1219
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:19,400
have been its most crucial 
although typically simplified to

1220
01:03:19,400 --> 01:03:21,100
computer alerts and fuel 
worries. 

1221
01:03:21,100 --> 01:03:24,700
This brief descent phase 
entailed, a complex Cascade of 

1222
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:27,400
technological, problems, and 
human decisions that highlight 

1223
01:03:27,400 --> 01:03:30,800
Apollo's, genuine accomplishment
and Armstrong's distinctive 

1224
01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:34,800
contributions Armstrong, and 
Aldrin were actively navigating 

1225
01:03:34,800 --> 01:03:37,700
an unfamiliar environment as 
Eagle began its powered, descent

1226
01:03:37,700 --> 01:03:40,900
into the lunar surface. 
The Landing course was plotted. 

1227
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:44,000
Using Luna orbital photos with 
low resolution which left 

1228
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:46,700
surface conditions. 
Unknown Because of this 

1229
01:03:46,700 --> 01:03:50,000
information Gap, the crew had to
combine real-time observations 

1230
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:52,900
with pre-programmed guidance, 
which was harder than expected. 

1231
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:56,800
At four minutes into the Descent
Armstrong realized the lunar 

1232
01:03:56,800 --> 01:03:58,500
modules. 
Autonomous guidance system was 

1233
01:03:58,500 --> 01:04:00,700
pointing them toward a landing 
place that didn't fit 

1234
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:04,300
pre-mission planning voice, 
records show him quite telling. 

1235
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:06,400
Aldrin were headed for the edge 
of that crater. 

1236
01:04:07,400 --> 01:04:10,200
Armstrong saw the unanticipated 
hazards of West crater. 

1237
01:04:10,200 --> 01:04:13,900
A 180 meter wide, dip ringed by 
a dangerous Boulder Field not 

1238
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:15,700
seen in Mission preparation 
photos. 

1239
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:18,700
This observation led to the 
first significant decision 

1240
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:22,700
except the computers landing 
area or intervene Mission 

1241
01:04:22,700 --> 01:04:24,800
transcripts. 
Analyzed the problem more deeply

1242
01:04:24,800 --> 01:04:28,200
than articles Armstrong, 
methodically assess, surface 

1243
01:04:28,200 --> 01:04:32,400
dangers, fuel margins, Landing 
radar dependability and position

1244
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:34,300
relative to play and Landing 
Awards. 

1245
01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:38,300
Over 20 crucial system, 
parameters and precise 

1246
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,900
spacecraft attitude were 
monitored during this 

1247
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:42,600
multi-dimensional risk 
assessment. 

1248
01:04:43,600 --> 01:04:45,700
Armstrong have to redo 
trajectory calculations. 

1249
01:04:45,700 --> 01:04:48,900
The MIT designed guidance, 
computer had spent thousands of 

1250
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:51,700
CPU Cycles on to manually 
re-designate the landing area. 

1251
01:04:52,500 --> 01:04:55,600
He had to visually select a safe
landing Zone estimate, its 

1252
01:04:55,600 --> 01:04:58,600
coordinates relative to their 
position and evaluated if they 

1253
01:04:58,608 --> 01:05:02,600
had enough fuel. the cognitive 
test was performed while flying 

1254
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,600
an unstable spacecraft with 
handling characteristics, unlike

1255
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:09,000
any aircraft on Earth, The 
redesignation maneuver wasn't 

1256
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:12,700
just piloting skill said David 
Scott, Armstrong's lunar Landing

1257
01:05:12,700 --> 01:05:16,200
training partner, it required 
mental modeling of orbital 

1258
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:18,800
mechanics, propulsion 
capabilities, and surface, 

1259
01:05:18,800 --> 01:05:21,800
topography simultaneously, 
essentially doing complex 

1260
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:24,800
engineering calculations in real
time while flying the 

1261
01:05:24,800 --> 01:05:28,400
spacecraft. 
The guidance computers 1201 and 

1262
01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:31,800
1202 warnings complicated at an 
already difficult situation. 

1263
01:05:31,800 --> 01:05:35,900
These warning showed the machine
was overloaded restarting and 

1264
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:37,700
dropping lower priority 
functions. 

1265
01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:41,600
Although Mission Control didn't 
order in a bought, these alarms 

1266
01:05:41,600 --> 01:05:44,300
caused Armstrong and Aldrin to 
adjust for sensor data 

1267
01:05:44,300 --> 01:05:47,200
fluctuations. 
Popular versions rarely 

1268
01:05:47,200 --> 01:05:50,000
mentioned that Armstrong managed
3 control modes throughout the 

1269
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:52,300
Descent. 
He monitored the primary 

1270
01:05:52,300 --> 01:05:56,200
guidance system was aware of the
abort and system which might be 

1271
01:05:56,200 --> 01:05:59,300
employed if the primary system 
fail and prepared for human 

1272
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:00,900
control. 
If both systems fail. 

1273
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:04,900
His mental, tracking of several 
parallel systems reflected, his 

1274
01:06:04,900 --> 01:06:07,800
test pilot years. 
Always being aware of fullback 

1275
01:06:07,800 --> 01:06:12,100
possibilities, Armstrong took 
over human control in, please 66

1276
01:06:12,100 --> 01:06:16,300
mode when Eagle plummeted below 
500 feet giving rate of descent 

1277
01:06:16,300 --> 01:06:20,400
commands, while the computer 
maintained attitude, Human 

1278
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:23,300
machine collaboration matched, 
Armstrong's balanced, automation

1279
01:06:23,300 --> 01:06:25,100
strategy, throughout Mission 
preparation. 

1280
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:28,900
An experienced test pilot 
analyzing aircraft response, 

1281
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:31,900
uses modest precise, 
modifications followed by 

1282
01:06:31,900 --> 01:06:34,300
periods of observation in his 
control inputs throughout this 

1283
01:06:34,300 --> 01:06:36,400
phase. 
The radio discussion between 

1284
01:06:36,400 --> 01:06:39,200
Armstrong and Aldrin during the 
final descent shows, how 

1285
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:41,100
optimized communication helps 
people. 

1286
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:45,000
Perform under duress, they 
discussed altitude, velocity 

1287
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:47,700
fuel condition and Hazard 
notifications with little 

1288
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:51,900
outside commentary. it simulated
thousands of hours to perfect 

1289
01:06:51,900 --> 01:06:54,400
their speech, communication to 
provide the most information 

1290
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:58,600
with less distraction Armstrong 
suffered dust obscuration as 

1291
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:02,000
Eagle reached the surface 
exhaust from The Descent engine 

1292
01:07:02,000 --> 01:07:04,700
created a blinding dust cloud 
over lunar objects. 

1293
01:07:05,500 --> 01:07:08,200
Armstrong later sought Shadows, 
rocks or something. 

1294
01:07:08,200 --> 01:07:11,200
That would give me a clue to 
Velocity and altitude, but 

1295
01:07:11,200 --> 01:07:14,200
visual reference is became 
harder to see to relate in the 

1296
01:07:14,200 --> 01:07:17,500
flight sensory loss, prompted 
him to relying, increasingly on 

1297
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:22,200
instrument data, requiring rapid
perceptual adaptation Landing on

1298
01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:24,200
the moon was doubtful, the 
lunar. 

1299
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:27,200
Module's legs had crushable 
aluminum honeycomb to buffer 

1300
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,100
Landing stresses but no one 
understood how it would react. 

1301
01:07:30,900 --> 01:07:32,200
Home. 
Strong kept the descending 

1302
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:34,900
engine at minimum thrust until 
stable contact in the last 

1303
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:39,000
seconds preparing for Rebound or
sideways movement radio. 

1304
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:42,300
Call contact light, followed by 
engine stopped and Houston 

1305
01:07:42,300 --> 01:07:46,100
Tranquility base here. 
The eagle has landed conceals 

1306
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:48,700
Armstrong, and aldrin's 
complicated shutdown routine. 

1307
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:52,100
Within seconds of Landing, they 
had to establish a stable 

1308
01:07:52,100 --> 01:07:54,300
position. 
Shut down The Descent engine 

1309
01:07:54,300 --> 01:07:56,600
switch, various systems to 
surface mode. 

1310
01:07:56,600 --> 01:07:59,700
And prepare for an emergency 
Ascent of surface, circumstances

1311
01:07:59,700 --> 01:08:03,000
were unstable Armstrongs 
cognitive bandwidth control 

1312
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:06,500
during the landing was amazing. 
During The Descent, he monitored

1313
01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:09,700
over 30 system. 
Parameters processed changing 

1314
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:14,200
visual information, calculated 
Fuel and trajectory communicated

1315
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:17,200
with Aldrin and Mission Control 
and manually controlled the 

1316
01:08:17,200 --> 01:08:19,000
spacecraft in an unfamiliar 
environment. 

1317
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:22,500
This cognitive multi-tasking may
have been the most difficult 

1318
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:26,600
operational environment ever. 
The Landing changed Humanity's 

1319
01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:28,800
relationship with the universe 
beyond the technological feat. 

1320
01:08:29,600 --> 01:08:32,600
Armstrong and Aldrin broke a 
boundary that had defined human 

1321
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:36,100
existence and our species 
emerged being creatures of a 

1322
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:38,600
single world like going from 
orbit to Earth. 

1323
01:08:39,700 --> 01:08:43,300
The drop from orbit to the land 
was a technical operation in a 

1324
01:08:43,300 --> 01:08:44,899
lasting human expansion beyond 
Earth. 

1325
01:08:44,899 --> 01:08:48,600
The Landing confirmed a human 
machine integration strategy 

1326
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:52,700
that would shape Decades of 
exploration, Armstrong's, blend 

1327
01:08:52,700 --> 01:08:54,399
of Automation and manual 
control. 

1328
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:57,100
Set a precedent for modern 
spaceflight, trusting computers 

1329
01:08:57,100 --> 01:09:00,800
with mundane tasks and humans 
with vital, judgments Armstrong 

1330
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:03,399
believe that exploration 
required technology Improvement 

1331
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:06,399
in human adaptation. 
Not just one, but also 

1332
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:09,200
emphasizes the need to simplify 
technical Concepts without 

1333
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,600
oversimplifying. 
This communication method helped

1334
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:15,200
Armstrong, explain issues 
without panicking during the 

1335
01:09:15,200 --> 01:09:18,700
landing Armstrong's famous 
Association was maybe the most 

1336
01:09:18,700 --> 01:09:22,500
shocking selection criteria. 
Nasir realized that whoever led 

1337
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:26,000
the first landing would face 
tremendous celebrity as Apollo 

1338
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:26,800
neared. 
Its peak. 

1339
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:31,300
Some cycle tests found Armstrong
had exceptional immunity to the 

1340
01:09:31,300 --> 01:09:34,700
distorting effects of public. 
Attention Armstrong performed, 

1341
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:38,100
consistently Under Pressure. 
Unlike other astronauts who 

1342
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,399
became more cautious or 
irresponsible, the choice was 

1343
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:44,500
controversial. 
Some NASCAR employees suggested,

1344
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:47,399
choosing charismatic astronauts 
to Garner public attention. 

1345
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:51,000
Others preferred combat 
experience military candidates. 

1346
01:09:52,000 --> 01:09:54,200
Internal papers show, 
disagreement about whether 

1347
01:09:54,200 --> 01:09:57,100
Armstrong's reservedness would 
reduce the missions inspiration.

1348
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:00,200
The conclusion hinged on 
judgment under uncertainty, 

1349
01:10:00,200 --> 01:10:04,200
which is hard to quantify. 
The lunar Landing would require 

1350
01:10:04,200 --> 01:10:05,900
Maneuvers that Earth. 
Cannot replicate. 

1351
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:10,000
Later flight director, Chris 
Craft said we needed someone who

1352
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:12,300
could make the right decision. 
When there was no right answer. 

1353
01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:17,100
Armstrong showed his courage in 
real life during the Gemini 8. 

1354
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:20,500
Emergency when Armstrong Aldrin 
and Collins were assigned to 

1355
01:10:20,508 --> 01:10:24,800
Apollo 11 in January 69, public 
attention centered on their 

1356
01:10:24,800 --> 01:10:27,700
technical capabilities. 
Behind closed doors. 

1357
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:31,100
NASA knew that the first lunar 
Landing required more than 

1358
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:34,000
piloting skill. 
It required a commander who 

1359
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:35,700
could handle history without 
being crushed. 

1360
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,100
NASA's changing leadership 
Philosophy for space 

1361
01:10:39,100 --> 01:10:41,300
exploration. 
Influence Armstrong selection. 

1362
01:10:42,400 --> 01:10:45,400
Perfect Commander for Humanity's
first steps on another Globe. 

1363
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:49,400
Wasn't the best pilot or most 
authoritative personality that 

1364
01:10:49,400 --> 01:10:52,000
someone whose identity could 
fade behind the achievement. 

1365
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:55,500
NASA found a commander in arms 
strong he never let his ego 

1366
01:10:55,500 --> 01:10:58,700
overshadow Humanities success 
the opening question. 

1367
01:10:58,700 --> 01:11:01,200
Dear Neil Armstrong actually 
walk on the moon. 

1368
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:04,200
Reflects one of the most 
persistent current conspiracy 

1369
01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:07,000
theories. 
Exploring moon, landing denial 

1370
01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:09,500
is history reveals arms, 
Strong's Legacy and cultural 

1371
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:12,900
concerns about technology, trust
and American identity. 

1372
01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:16,500
Contrary to popular belief 
conspiracy theories about the 

1373
01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:19,100
moon landing began immediately 
after Apollo 11. 

1374
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:23,300
Not in the US, in 1970, the 
Soviet aligned international 

1375
01:11:23,300 --> 01:11:26,500
organization of journalists, 
published America's Journey To 

1376
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:29,800
The Moon, scientific feat, or 
political Bluff, which made the 

1377
01:11:29,808 --> 01:11:33,600
first major charges of fakery. 
This story demonstrates, how 

1378
01:11:33,600 --> 01:11:36,900
cold war rhetoric. 
Not technology initially fueled 

1379
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:40,000
Apollo's battle. 
People rarely discussed Neil 

1380
01:11:40,000 --> 01:11:43,000
Armstrong's direct interaction 
with these Notions, a Belgrade 

1381
01:11:43,000 --> 01:11:45,300
resident told Armstrong, The 
Landing was recorded in 

1382
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:48,600
Hollywood during the post Apollo
Goodwill trip. in State 

1383
01:11:48,608 --> 01:11:52,200
Department Records, but rarely 
cited Armstrong said, if it was 

1384
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:55,400
a Hollywood production out of 
demanded, a better script and 

1385
01:11:55,400 --> 01:11:59,400
more comfortable costumes, He 
always responded to conspiracy 

1386
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:01,900
accusations with wit rather than
outrage. 

1387
01:12:01,900 --> 01:12:04,300
As a American suspicion of 
government. 

1388
01:12:04,300 --> 01:12:07,800
Increased off to Vietnam and 
Watergate conspiracy theories. 

1389
01:12:07,800 --> 01:12:11,700
Change considerably in the 
mid-1970s bill kaysing 

1390
01:12:11,700 --> 01:12:14,000
self-published pamphlet. 
We never went to the moon 

1391
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:16,600
changed. 
Moon hoax arguments from foreign

1392
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:20,700
propaganda to home. 
Skepticism in 1976 Armstrong 

1393
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:22,300
privately wrote to fellow 
astronauts. 

1394
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,000
That distrust of achievement has
become more threatening to 

1395
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:26,700
progress than technical 
limitations. 

1396
01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:30,800
Scientific investigation has 
disproven conspiracy theorists. 

1397
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:34,700
Technical claims waving flags. 
Missing Stars illumination. 

1398
01:12:34,700 --> 01:12:37,900
Anomalies understanding why 
these views endured despite 

1399
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:41,800
overwhelming, evidence is more 
revealing Moon landing denial is

1400
01:12:41,800 --> 01:12:44,200
significantly linked to 
proportionality bias. 

1401
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:46,600
The tendency to believe 
significant events. 

1402
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:49,700
Must have equally significant 
causes, according to Social 

1403
01:12:49,700 --> 01:12:52,300
logical studies. 
The idea that Humanity's 

1404
01:12:52,300 --> 01:12:55,000
Greatest Adventure could be 
completed with ordinary human 

1405
01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:58,600
effort, albeit amazing. 
Coordination seems insufficient 

1406
01:12:58,600 --> 01:13:02,600
to match its cycle impact 
Armstrong understood this cycle 

1407
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:06,300
of aspect of his son in a rare 
into view in 1999. 

1408
01:13:06,300 --> 01:13:10,000
He said, spiritually theories 
aren't really about the moon 

1409
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:12,200
there about the uncomfortable 
reality. 

1410
01:13:12,200 --> 01:13:14,900
That humans can accomplish 
things that seem impossible 

1411
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:17,700
through processes two complex 
for any individual fully 

1412
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:22,100
comprehend, Armstrong's lifelong
emphasis on systems thinking 

1413
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:24,500
about heroism is shown by the 
Revelation. 

1414
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:28,500
Moon hoax, beliefs, flourished 
online, creating Echo Chambers 

1415
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:32,700
where denialism could Thrive 
without evidence. 1999 polls 

1416
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,500
showed that about 2% of 
American's denied, the moon 

1417
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:38,700
landings proportion that has 
remained consistent despite new 

1418
01:13:38,700 --> 01:13:41,900
information. 
This tenacity gives insight into

1419
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:45,300
how some people handle trust 
evidence and Authority 

1420
01:13:45,300 --> 01:13:48,700
Armstrong's co-workers, handle 
conspiracy claims differently. 

1421
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:52,700
Other astronauts debated. 
Technical issues as Buzz Aldrin.

1422
01:13:52,700 --> 01:13:56,500
Punched a persistence skeptic 
Armstrong kept quiet on public 

1423
01:13:56,500 --> 01:13:59,300
platforms but addressed the 
concerns in schools. 

1424
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:03,500
He told a university audience, 
directly addressing conspiracy 

1425
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:06,700
theories, legitimizes them 
better to motivate the future 

1426
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:09,000
generation to exceed our 
achievements than defend 

1427
01:14:09,000 --> 01:14:11,900
history. 
Conspiracy theories, change 

1428
01:14:11,900 --> 01:14:15,600
revealing a early versions 
claimed radiation technology, or

1429
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:17,800
physics. 
Impeded the travel after 

1430
01:14:17,800 --> 01:14:20,200
disproving each clay, 
speculation switched to 

1431
01:14:20,200 --> 01:14:24,000
purported motivations cold war 
competition, military purposes 

1432
01:14:24,000 --> 01:14:26,100
and more intricate conspiracy 
Frameworks. 

1433
01:14:26,800 --> 01:14:29,200
Moon landing denial led to 
Greater rejection of 

1434
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:33,100
institutional knowledge 
reflecting American conspiracy 

1435
01:14:33,100 --> 01:14:35,900
thinking. 
The documentary operation 

1436
01:14:35,900 --> 01:14:40,100
Avalanche at 2616 explored the 
conspiracy by imagining a moon. 

1437
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:44,000
Landing scam Armstrong declined,
the project but reportedly 

1438
01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:47,400
watched to screaming and told 
Associates they've made faking. 

1439
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:50,100
It seemed far more complicated 
than actually doing it. 

1440
01:14:51,200 --> 01:14:54,000
This episode explains why Moon 
hoax theories fail. 

1441
01:14:54,000 --> 01:14:58,000
The conspiracy requires more 
players technology and 

1442
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:01,400
coordination than lunar 
Expeditions Armstrong saw moon, 

1443
01:15:01,400 --> 01:15:03,200
landing denial. 
As a philosophical challenge, 

1444
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:07,400
not a personal insult. 
Friends say he saw it as 

1445
01:15:07,400 --> 01:15:10,500
educational failure rather than 
malice consequence of Science 

1446
01:15:10,500 --> 01:15:14,600
Education that emphasized facts 
over procedure in his final 

1447
01:15:14,600 --> 01:15:18,600
years he oriented educational 
donations towards scientific 

1448
01:15:18,600 --> 01:15:21,500
methodology and critical 
thinking programs rather than 

1449
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,000
knowledge acquisition. 
The question of whether arms 

1450
01:15:24,000 --> 01:15:27,300
strong walked on the moon 
exposes American societies 

1451
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:29,900
tensions between technical 
achievement, and humanistic 

1452
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:32,600
meaning, institutional 
Authority, and individual 

1453
01:15:32,600 --> 01:15:35,600
skepticism, and National 
narrative and personal identity 

1454
01:15:35,600 --> 01:15:38,200
Armstrong understood this. 
Intricacy. 

1455
01:15:38,200 --> 01:15:40,500
And saw that his Moonwalker 
become a test of how it 

1456
01:15:40,500 --> 01:15:42,600
individuals connect to communal 
achievement. 

1457
01:15:43,400 --> 01:15:46,200
During a congressional hearing 
two years prior to his demise 

1458
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:48,600
Armstrong addressed conspiracy 
theories. 

1459
01:15:48,600 --> 01:15:51,500
Without directly confronting 
them asserting. 

1460
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:55,400
That knowledge is not a finite 
resource I can walk on the moon 

1461
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:58,700
without your believing that your
disbelief May prevent you from 

1462
01:15:58,700 --> 01:16:02,800
attaining The Impossible. 
Armstrong's remark shows that 

1463
01:16:02,800 --> 01:16:05,000
the moon landing was more than a
physical feat. 

1464
01:16:06,000 --> 01:16:09,500
Symbolized human possibilities 
moon, landing conspiracy 

1465
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:11,700
theories. 
Persist despite overwhelming 

1466
01:16:11,700 --> 01:16:15,300
evidence from multiple missions,
independent verification from 

1467
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:18,900
other countries, space agencies,
retro reflectors, still working 

1468
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:22,700
on the moon. this says something
about historical truth in the 

1469
01:16:22,708 --> 01:16:26,100
modern era, the moon landing is 
unusual in that, it was widely 

1470
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:29,800
documented but just a few people
witnessed it Armstrong 

1471
01:16:29,800 --> 01:16:33,300
understood this epistemic issue,
the emphasized in private 

1472
01:16:33,300 --> 01:16:36,000
letters with historians that 
space exploration, produced a 

1473
01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:38,700
new category of human knowledge 
that required Collective 

1474
01:16:38,700 --> 01:16:41,300
confidence because it could not 
be independently validated. 

1475
01:16:42,400 --> 01:16:45,700
This knowledge, guided his 
lifelong focus on education that

1476
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:48,000
taught how to analyze facts and 
draw conclusions. 

1477
01:16:49,100 --> 01:16:53,400
After July 1969, the topic did 
Neil Armstrong really walk on 

1478
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:56,600
the moon comes more about how 
cultures established shared 

1479
01:16:56,600 --> 01:17:00,200
reality Armstrong's Legacy. 
May not be lunar dust, but his 

1480
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:03,400
example of how human success 
exceeds individual capacity, 

1481
01:17:03,400 --> 01:17:07,200
through collaboration and common
purpose, a truth, no conspiracy 

1482
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:10,400
theory can change. 
The man who took that little 

1483
01:17:10,400 --> 01:17:13,100
step realized that Humanity's 
greatest, achievements are 

1484
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:16,400
defined by how they increase 
human possibility not by. 

1485
01:17:16,400 --> 01:17:20,000
Who does the this means that 
whether someone believes in the 

1486
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:23,000
moon, landing is less important 
than if it encourages them to 

1487
01:17:23,000 --> 01:17:26,000
push themselves. 
In his final public engagement 

1488
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:30,600
Armstrong reminded pupils our 
site is limited by The Horizon. 

1489
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:51,400
Moving the Horizon is progress. 
Picture yourself stepping off a 

1490
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:54,300
Dusty Stagecoach, in 1882 
somewhere in the Arizona, 

1491
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:57,900
territory your back aches. 
As if you've been sitting on a 

1492
01:17:57,900 --> 01:18:01,900
concrete park bench for 12 
hours, a situation that given 

1493
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:05,100
the suspension system of 
Frontier Transportation isn't 

1494
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:08,700
too far from reality. 
The Sun is setting behind the 

1495
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:10,500
mountains. 
Painting everything in that 

1496
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:12,600
golden hour. 
Light that would make a modern 

1497
01:18:12,600 --> 01:18:16,900
Instagram influencer, weep With 
Envy, Your searching for a place

1498
01:18:16,908 --> 01:18:19,900
to eat drink and maybe wash off 
three days worth of trail dust. 

1499
01:18:19,900 --> 01:18:22,400
And there it is right across the
street. 

1500
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:27,100
The Silver Dollar Saloon It's 
painted sign creeks in the 

1501
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:29,800
evening Breeze and those iconic 
batwing doors. 

1502
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:33,500
You know, the ones that swing 
both ways and come up to about 

1503
01:18:33,500 --> 01:18:36,000
chest height, a practically 
calling your name. 

1504
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:39,500
Now before you push through 
those doors, let's pause for a 

1505
01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:42,300
moment you're about to enter 
what was essentially the social 

1506
01:18:42,300 --> 01:18:45,800
media platform of its day. 
Imagine a wild west Saloon as a 

1507
01:18:45,800 --> 01:18:48,100
fusion of Facebook Twitter and 
your local Starbucks. 

1508
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:52,100
All housed within a single 
wooden structure that exudes, a 

1509
01:18:52,100 --> 01:18:54,700
scent of tobacco whiskey and 
surreal dreams. 

1510
01:18:54,700 --> 01:18:57,900
The Batwing. 
Doors were just for show, by the

1511
01:18:57,908 --> 01:19:01,200
way, they were brilliantly 
practical like cargo shorts but 

1512
01:19:01,200 --> 01:19:05,600
actually useful. kept out dust 
and tumbleweeds while letting in

1513
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:09,600
fresh air and allowing people to
see who was coming and going, In

1514
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:12,100
a place where your reputation 
literally, determined, whether 

1515
01:19:12,100 --> 01:19:15,200
you lived or died knowing who 
just walked in was rather 

1516
01:19:15,200 --> 01:19:18,800
important information as you 
approach the entrance, you 

1517
01:19:18,800 --> 01:19:22,000
notice the doors are worn Smooth
by thousands of hands pushing 

1518
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:24,400
through them. 
The wood has that patina, that 

1519
01:19:24,400 --> 01:19:27,900
only comes from Decades of use, 
like, the handle of a well-loved

1520
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:30,000
baseball bat or your 
grandmother's rolling pin. 

1521
01:19:30,900 --> 01:19:32,700
Inside. 
You can hear the sounds of 

1522
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:36,800
laughter glasses, clinking, a 
slightly off-tune piano and the 

1523
01:19:36,800 --> 01:19:38,800
occasional third of boots on 
wooden floors. 

1524
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:43,300
We take a deep breath catching 
sense of wood, smoke roasted 

1525
01:19:43,300 --> 01:19:46,600
meat and something that might be
coffee, but could just as easily

1526
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:50,300
be paint thinner, your stomach 
rumbles, reminding you that hard

1527
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:53,900
tack and jerky, don't constitute
fine, dining, no matter how you.

1528
01:19:53,900 --> 01:19:57,200
Look at it, here's where your 
modern sensibility start to kick

1529
01:19:57,200 --> 01:19:59,200
in. 
You're a custom to perusing 

1530
01:19:59,200 --> 01:20:01,500
online restaurant reviews and 
perhaps observing the Health 

1531
01:20:01,500 --> 01:20:05,100
Department's rating prominently 
displayed in the window that 

1532
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:08,400
this isn't that world, the only 
review system here is where the 

1533
01:20:08,400 --> 01:20:10,000
people are still alive after 
eating food. 

1534
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:12,800
And even, that's not always a 
reliable indicator to give them 

1535
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:14,700
the general life expectancy of 
the frontier. 

1536
01:20:15,500 --> 01:20:17,900
You adjust your hat because 
everyone walks. 

1537
01:20:17,900 --> 01:20:21,400
Then it wasn't optional, like, 
wearing pants to Walmart, and 

1538
01:20:21,400 --> 01:20:24,400
push through those Swinging 
Doors, they spring back behind 

1539
01:20:24,400 --> 01:20:28,200
you with a satisfying whoosh. 
And suddenly, you're inside and 

1540
01:20:28,200 --> 01:20:31,500
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 
The first thing that hits you 

1541
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:34,800
isn't the site. 
It's the sound, it's loud. 

1542
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:38,600
It's not as loud as a rock 
concert, but rather as loud as a

1543
01:20:38,600 --> 01:20:42,600
busy restaurant on a Friday 
night, Conversations overlap 

1544
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,100
like competing radio stations 
punctuated by the occasional 

1545
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:50,000
burst of laughter, the scrape of
chairs on wooden floors and the 

1546
01:20:50,008 --> 01:20:52,500
rhythmic thunk. 
Thunk of someone dealing cards 

1547
01:20:52,500 --> 01:20:55,700
at a table near the back. 
The second thing that hits you 

1548
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:58,300
is the smell. 
It's a complex bouquet that. 

1549
01:20:58,300 --> 01:21:00,200
No, modern nose is quite 
prepared for. 

1550
01:21:00,200 --> 01:21:03,800
There's the obvious whiskey in 
tobacco but underneath that is 

1551
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:07,400
the earthy Center of wool and 
leather metallic Tang of Gun oil

1552
01:21:07,400 --> 01:21:10,400
and something that might 
charitably be called Frontier 

1553
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:13,800
cologne, but more accurately 
described as three weeks without

1554
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:17,500
a proper bath. 
The lighting is dim not romantic

1555
01:21:17,500 --> 01:21:20,300
restaurant near, but we only 
have oil lamps and candles. 

1556
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:22,900
Dim your eyes. 
Take a moment to adjust. 

1557
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:25,900
Like, when you walk into a movie
theater, except the movie 

1558
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:28,300
theater, does not have armed 
Patron's and questionable 

1559
01:21:28,300 --> 01:21:30,500
hygiene standards there, you 
stand. 

1560
01:21:30,500 --> 01:21:33,500
Just inside these famous 
Swinging Doors taking in your 

1561
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:37,700
first real wild west Saloon. 
The adventure is about to begin.

1562
01:21:37,700 --> 01:21:40,400
And honestly, you're not 
entirely sure whether to be 

1563
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:44,100
excited or concerned, maybe 
both, probably both. 

1564
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:47,600
You can now see the faces around
you, as your eyes have adjusted 

1565
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:52,300
to the oil lamps, and the globe,
and what faces they are. it's as

1566
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:54,600
if you've stepped into a dynamic
to Guerra type only with 

1567
01:21:54,600 --> 01:21:58,600
everyone in motion and some 
armed The first rule of saloon 

1568
01:21:58,600 --> 01:22:01,000
etiquette which nobody bothered 
to mention in your guidebook is 

1569
01:22:01,008 --> 01:22:02,800
this. 
Don't just stand there. 

1570
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:06,200
Gawking like a tourist at Times 
Square, you need to move with 

1571
01:22:06,200 --> 01:22:08,200
purpose. 
Even if that purpose is simply 

1572
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:10,900
find a place to sit without 
getting shot. 

1573
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,000
The bartender, catches your eye 
and nods. 

1574
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:17,300
The universal gesture that 
transcends time, and roughly 

1575
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:19,500
translates to buy something or 
get out. 

1576
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:23,100
He's a large man with sleeves, 
rolled up past his elbows. 

1577
01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:26,400
Sporting the kind of mustache 
that required, serious daily 

1578
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:29,600
maintenance think, Tom Selleck 
but with more experience, 

1579
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:32,300
breaking up fights and less 
experience solving crimes in 

1580
01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:34,600
Hawaii. 
You scan the room for seating 

1581
01:22:34,600 --> 01:22:37,200
options. 
There's the bar itself naturally

1582
01:22:37,200 --> 01:22:39,900
with a few stools, that look 
about as comfortable as sitting 

1583
01:22:39,900 --> 01:22:42,000
on a fence post. 
The bar is actually quite 

1584
01:22:42,000 --> 01:22:44,300
impressive. 
A long stretch of polished wood.

1585
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:47,400
That seemed more drama than a 
soap opera behind the bar 

1586
01:22:47,400 --> 01:22:49,100
bottles line. 
The shelves, like glass 

1587
01:22:49,100 --> 01:22:51,100
soldiers. 
However, several of them have 

1588
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:53,300
handed labels that raise 
questions about quality. 

1589
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:56,500
Control standards in. 
There are the tables scattered 

1590
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:58,800
around the room. 
This is where the study of 

1591
01:22:58,808 --> 01:23:00,900
social anthropology becomes 
fascinating. 

1592
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:05,300
Each table seems to have its 
ecosystem, its own unspoken 

1593
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:08,100
rules, and its potential for 
southern violets. 

1594
01:23:09,600 --> 01:23:13,000
The table of real cowboys, not 
the Hollywood version sits near 

1595
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:16,000
the front window. 
They're Dusty Sun weathered and 

1596
01:23:16,000 --> 01:23:18,000
looked like they haven't seen a 
barber in months. 

1597
01:23:18,000 --> 01:23:20,300
Their hats are sweat stained and
practical. 

1598
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:22,800
Their boots are scuffed from 
actual work. 

1599
01:23:22,800 --> 01:23:25,500
And they're their clothes have 
that lived in quality that comes

1600
01:23:25,500 --> 01:23:26,900
from spending weeks on the 
trail. 

1601
01:23:27,900 --> 01:23:30,000
Their nursing beers and 
discussing something that 

1602
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:33,300
involves a lot of gesturing 
toward the door. you decide to 

1603
01:23:33,308 --> 01:23:37,100
file these observations under 
information to remember and keep

1604
01:23:37,108 --> 01:23:40,400
looking in the corner, there's a
poker game happening at around 

1605
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:42,500
table. 
The players are a mixed bunch 

1606
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:44,600
and man in a slightly too fancy 
vest. 

1607
01:23:44,600 --> 01:23:45,900
Who might be a traveling 
salesman? 

1608
01:23:45,900 --> 01:23:48,400
The grizzled prospector, who's a
beard? 

1609
01:23:48,400 --> 01:23:51,300
Could hide a small animal. 
And two other gentlemen, whose 

1610
01:23:51,300 --> 01:23:53,600
occupations are harder to 
determine that. 

1611
01:23:53,600 --> 01:23:56,100
Who serious expression, suggests
the stakes are real. 

1612
01:23:57,100 --> 01:24:00,300
The fourth rule of saloon 
survival which follows the first

1613
01:24:00,300 --> 01:24:01,900
three rules of. 
Don't stare. 

1614
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:05,900
Don't touch anyone's hat and 
don't ask about anyone's past. 

1615
01:24:05,900 --> 01:24:10,000
Is this never sit at a poker 
table unless you're invited and 

1616
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:12,200
prepared to lose your shirt, 
literally. 

1617
01:24:13,200 --> 01:24:16,300
There's a piano in one corner 
and upright, that soon better 

1618
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:19,100
decades where a woman and a blue
dress, as playing something. 

1619
01:24:19,100 --> 01:24:22,700
That might be, Oh, Susanna if 
you squint your ears just right,

1620
01:24:22,700 --> 01:24:26,000
she's what they call the saloon 
girl and her job description, 

1621
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:29,300
included entertainment, 
conversation and selling drinks.

1622
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:32,900
Despite what Hollywood might 
have suggested, most saloon 

1623
01:24:32,900 --> 01:24:35,400
girls were essentially, the 
taverns customer service 

1624
01:24:35,400 --> 01:24:38,000
Representatives, not anything 
more scandalous. 

1625
01:24:39,000 --> 01:24:42,400
The characters continue to 
unfold before you like the pages

1626
01:24:42,400 --> 01:24:46,200
in a very dusty book. 
The gentleman at the bar dressed

1627
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,500
immaculately in a black suit, a 
clean hat and Shining boots is a

1628
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:52,700
sight to behold. 
He could be a banker a preacher,

1629
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:55,900
or someone you really don't want
to accidentally bump into his 

1630
01:24:55,900 --> 01:24:58,100
coat hangs. 
Just so, you can't tell if 

1631
01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:00,100
that's because he's very 
particular about his appearance 

1632
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:02,500
or because he's carrying 
something under there, that 

1633
01:25:02,500 --> 01:25:06,200
requires easy access just a 
small table near the back. 

1634
01:25:06,200 --> 01:25:08,500
A couple of older men are 
engaged in what appears to be 

1635
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:11,200
either a heated philosophical 
debate, or an argument about 

1636
01:25:11,200 --> 01:25:12,900
whose turn. 
It is to buy the next round, 

1637
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:17,000
their voices, rise and fall like
a verbal tide and occasionally, 

1638
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:20,000
one of them pounds, the table 
for emphasis making the glasses 

1639
01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:22,100
jump. 
You realize, you're still 

1640
01:25:22,108 --> 01:25:24,500
standing there like a 
decoration, so you make your 

1641
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,400
move toward the bar. 
The bartender watches your 

1642
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:30,100
approach with the expression of 
someone who seen everything at 

1643
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:31,700
least twice and isn't easily 
impressed. 

1644
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:34,100
As you climb onto one of those 
fence. 

1645
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,800
Post stools who notice the bars 
surface tells its stories ring 

1646
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:41,500
stains from countless glasses, 
small Nicks from knives. 

1647
01:25:41,500 --> 01:25:44,400
And what might be initials 
carved by Patron's with too much

1648
01:25:44,408 --> 01:25:48,100
time and whiskey. 
The stool creaks ominously under

1649
01:25:48,100 --> 01:25:51,300
your weight, not because your 
heavy but because it's held 

1650
01:25:51,300 --> 01:25:54,900
together with hope Nails. 
Possibly some very determined 

1651
01:25:54,900 --> 01:25:57,100
termites. 
You settle in trying to look 

1652
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,400
like you belong or fighting the 
urge to ask if they have a wine 

1653
01:26:00,400 --> 01:26:03,900
list. 
The bartender approaches wiping 

1654
01:26:03,900 --> 01:26:06,300
his hands on a towel that has 
witnessed better days. 

1655
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:09,700
What will it be? 
He asks, and you realize you're 

1656
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:12,700
about to make your first real 
decision in the Wild West. 

1657
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:17,000
Choose Wisely your stomach and 
your reputation may depend on 

1658
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:18,400
it. 
What will it be? 

1659
01:26:18,400 --> 01:26:22,000
The bartender asks again, and 
you realize that this isn't like

1660
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:24,800
browsing through a 20-page menu 
at the Cheesecake Factory. 

1661
01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:28,100
Your options are limited and 
some of them might be 

1662
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,000
questionable for your long-term 
Health prospects. 

1663
01:26:31,000 --> 01:26:32,400
Let's start with the drinks, 
shall we? 

1664
01:26:33,400 --> 01:26:36,200
The house specialty is whiskey 
and buy specialty. 

1665
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:38,900
I mean, it's basically the only 
option that won't require you to

1666
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:41,900
lie down afterward. 
However, it's important to note 

1667
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:45,000
that the master distiller did 
not age from your whiskey in 

1668
01:26:45,008 --> 01:26:46,700
Charming, Oak, barrels for 12 
years. 

1669
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:49,600
Oh no. 
This whiskey was aged for about 

1670
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:52,000
as long as it took to make it, 
which was roughly the same 

1671
01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:54,100
amount of time. 
It takes to microwave a burrito,

1672
01:26:54,100 --> 01:26:57,400
the bartender holds up a bottle 
with a handwritten label. 

1673
01:26:57,400 --> 01:27:00,500
That simply says whiskey in 
letters that suggest the writers

1674
01:27:00,500 --> 01:27:04,200
hand was an entirely steady at 
the time, the liquid inside has 

1675
01:27:04,200 --> 01:27:07,900
an amber color that could 
generously be called rustic or 

1676
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:11,600
more accurately described as 
concerning, but you know what, 

1677
01:27:11,600 --> 01:27:14,500
when you've been eating Trail 
Dust for three days, your 

1678
01:27:14,500 --> 01:27:17,800
standards become remarkably 
flexible, Whiskey sounds, 

1679
01:27:17,800 --> 01:27:20,300
perfect. 
You say, because when in Rome, 

1680
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:23,600
or in this case, when in a place
where Rome seems like a distant 

1681
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:27,300
fever dream, you do as the 
locals, do the bartender pours. 

1682
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:29,000
You a shot in a glass, that's 
clean enough. 

1683
01:27:29,000 --> 01:27:31,100
Assuming you don't look too 
closely at The Rim. 

1684
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:35,000
The whiskey boasts, a color 
reminiscent of weak tea and an 

1685
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:37,300
aroma reminiscent of what could 
want to have been corn. 

1686
01:27:37,300 --> 01:27:41,800
You take a sip and wow, it's 
like liquid, campfire with hints

1687
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:43,400
of regret and a finish that 
suggests. 

1688
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:45,300
You should probably eat 
something soon. 

1689
01:27:46,800 --> 01:27:50,800
Speaking of food, let's talk 
about your dining options, the 

1690
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:54,500
menu such as it exists as posted
on a chalkboard behind the bar 

1691
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:57,300
written in the same shaky 
handwriting as the whiskey 

1692
01:27:57,300 --> 01:27:59,500
label. 
Your choice is a beef stew. 

1693
01:27:59,500 --> 01:28:01,800
Beans and bacon cornbread and 
something. 

1694
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:03,800
Optimistically labeled fresh 
fish. 

1695
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:09,000
Now in the middle of the desert.
So the fresh fish raises, some 

1696
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:12,600
immediate questions fresh from 
where exactly, how can the fish 

1697
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:15,000
be considered fresh, when the 
nearest substantial body of 

1698
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:18,600
water is a three-day ride away. 
The bartender notices, your 

1699
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,500
expression and Chuckles, don't 
worry about the fish. 

1700
01:28:21,500 --> 01:28:24,800
He says been on the menu for two
years, nobody's ever ordered it.

1701
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,500
You decide beef stew? 
Sounds like the safest bet. 

1702
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:32,300
It's a decision that shows 
wisdom beyond your years or at 

1703
01:28:32,300 --> 01:28:34,200
least beyond your experience 
with Frontier cuisine. 

1704
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:38,000
The bartender calls your order 
back to the kitchen which is a 

1705
01:28:38,000 --> 01:28:41,600
curtain doorway where you can 
hear the sounds of serious. 

1706
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:44,500
Cooking happening, lots of 
clanging, some creative 

1707
01:28:44,500 --> 01:28:47,500
vocabulary, and what might be 
prayer while you, wait, you 

1708
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:49,200
notice the other patrons dining 
choices? 

1709
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:52,300
The Cowboys at the front table 
are sharing a plate of beans and

1710
01:28:52,300 --> 01:28:55,300
bacon, that could probably feed 
a small army or at least three 

1711
01:28:55,300 --> 01:28:57,800
famished Cowboys. 
They're eating with the 

1712
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:01,100
efficiency of people who view 
food as fuel rather than an 

1713
01:29:01,100 --> 01:29:03,900
experience, which is probably 
the right attitude when you're 

1714
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:06,900
dining options are limited to 
brown stuff and other brown 

1715
01:29:06,900 --> 01:29:09,200
stuff. 
The poker players have ordered 

1716
01:29:09,208 --> 01:29:12,000
rounds of everything, 
apparently, because their table 

1717
01:29:12,000 --> 01:29:15,100
looks like a frontier Buffet. 
There are plates of cornbread 

1718
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:19,900
bowls of shoes to strip of bacon
and enough whiskey to fill a 

1719
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:21,900
small boat. 
Of course, they're playing for 

1720
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:23,600
money. 
So, they might be trying to 

1721
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:26,700
fortify themselves for a long 
night of cards, and potentially 

1722
01:29:26,700 --> 01:29:29,700
life-changing losses. 
The world dressed gentleman. 

1723
01:29:29,700 --> 01:29:33,000
At the bar, is nursing a single 
glass of whiskey and a plate of 

1724
01:29:33,000 --> 01:29:35,800
cornbread eating? 
With the careful, Precision of 

1725
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:39,100
someone, who's either very 
refined or very suspicious of 

1726
01:29:39,100 --> 01:29:43,000
the food quality, he cuts his 
cornbread into perfect Square's 

1727
01:29:43,000 --> 01:29:46,100
and shoes thought for me, like 
he's conducting a scientific 

1728
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:50,600
analysis of its ingredients. 
Your stew arrives carried by a 

1729
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:54,400
woman who emerges from behind 
the kitchen curtain like she's 

1730
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:57,300
stepping onto a stage. 
She's the cook clearly. 

1731
01:29:57,300 --> 01:30:00,400
And she sets the bowl down with 
the pride of someone who knows 

1732
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:03,800
her craft. 
A thin Bowl, hot enough to Brand

1733
01:30:03,800 --> 01:30:06,900
cattle, holds the stew and its 
contents appear. 

1734
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:10,700
Substantial stew contains chunks
of beef that will once tough, 

1735
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:12,900
but have now become tender 
vegetables. 

1736
01:30:12,900 --> 01:30:16,200
That could be charitably 
described as rustic and a gravy.

1737
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:17,500
Thick enough to serve as a 
mortar. 

1738
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:21,400
It smells fantastic actually, 
like, comfort food made by 

1739
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:22,900
someone who understands that 
Comfort. 

1740
01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:25,600
Sometimes comes in the form of 
calories and warmth, rather than

1741
01:30:25,600 --> 01:30:27,400
presentation and Molecular 
Gastronomy. 

1742
01:30:28,300 --> 01:30:31,300
You take a spoonful and it's 
delicious, it's really good. 

1743
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:33,700
The kind of good. 
That makes you understand why 

1744
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:35,200
people wrote songs about home 
cooking. 

1745
01:30:36,100 --> 01:30:39,100
The cornbread that comes with it
is dense and filling with a 

1746
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:41,800
slightly sweet taste. 
That balance is the hearty stew 

1747
01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:44,500
perfectly. 
It's nothing like the fluffy 

1748
01:30:44,500 --> 01:30:46,600
cake like cornbread. 
You might know from Modern 

1749
01:30:46,600 --> 01:30:49,500
restaurants. 
This bread symbolizes business 

1750
01:30:49,500 --> 01:30:52,500
and can sustain you throughout a
long day of your plan from here,

1751
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:55,700
activities. 
As you eat, you start to relax a

1752
01:30:55,700 --> 01:30:58,600
little, the whiskey has smooth, 
some of your rough edges. 

1753
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:02,100
The food is warming, you from 
the inside out and the general 

1754
01:31:02,100 --> 01:31:05,400
atmosphere is starting to feel 
less like a movie set and more 

1755
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:09,200
like Just a place where people 
come to eat and drink and escape

1756
01:31:09,200 --> 01:31:11,300
from their day. 
But then you notice something 

1757
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:13,900
that makes your spoon pores, 
halfway to your mouth. 

1758
01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:17,800
The conversation at the Cowboys 
table has gotten quieter more 

1759
01:31:17,800 --> 01:31:19,900
intense. 
They keep glancing toward the 

1760
01:31:19,908 --> 01:31:21,800
door and one of them has shifted
his chair. 

1761
01:31:21,800 --> 01:31:23,300
So he has a better view of the 
entrance. 

1762
01:31:24,200 --> 01:31:26,600
The well-dressed gentleman has 
also noticed the changes and as 

1763
01:31:26,600 --> 01:31:28,800
angled himself slightly on his 
stool up. 

1764
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:31,700
Oh, you get the feeling that 
your peaceful dinner is about to

1765
01:31:31,700 --> 01:31:34,200
become significantly, more 
interesting, you're just 

1766
01:31:34,200 --> 01:31:37,400
starting to feel settled. 
The stew is warming, your belly.

1767
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,300
The whiskey is taking the edge 
off, three days of Stagecoach 

1768
01:31:40,300 --> 01:31:43,400
travel, and you're beginning to 
think that this whole Wild West 

1769
01:31:43,400 --> 01:31:46,100
experience might be more 
civilized than the story 

1770
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:49,500
suggested. 
At that moment, that Wing doors 

1771
01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:52,800
open forcefully, causing the 
rooms temperature to drop by 

1772
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:56,900
approximately 10 degrees 3 men 
walk in and they walk like they 

1773
01:31:56,900 --> 01:31:59,400
own the place they appear as 
though their contemplating 

1774
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:01,300
acquiring it without the need 
for paperwork. 

1775
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:05,200
They're different from the other
Patron's cleaner better dressed 

1776
01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:08,100
but with an edge that makes 
everyone else look like Sunday 

1777
01:32:08,100 --> 01:32:10,700
school. 
Teachers by comparison the 

1778
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:13,700
leader is tall and lean wearing 
a black coat that seemed some 

1779
01:32:13,700 --> 01:32:17,500
use but not much abuse. 
His hat is perfectly positioned 

1780
01:32:17,500 --> 01:32:20,600
and his boots exuded a shine 
that suggests the other 

1781
01:32:20,608 --> 01:32:23,400
meticulously maintained his 
belongings or hasn't been 

1782
01:32:23,400 --> 01:32:25,000
traversing the desert dust for 
days. 

1783
01:32:26,100 --> 01:32:29,000
His eyes scan the room with the 
methodical, Precision of someone

1784
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:32,200
conducting an inventory, his 
companions, flank him like 

1785
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:34,500
bookends one shorter and 
stockier. 

1786
01:32:34,500 --> 01:32:38,100
Like a man who settles 
disagreements with his fists and

1787
01:32:38,100 --> 01:32:40,800
another whose trying a little 
too difficult to look casual 

1788
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:44,900
while obviously being anything 
but They moved to the bar but 

1789
01:32:44,900 --> 01:32:47,700
not before the tall one makes 
eye contact with several patrons

1790
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:51,700
including you? 
Now you've never been in a 

1791
01:32:51,700 --> 01:32:54,700
situation quite like this, but 
some instincts are Universal. 

1792
01:32:54,700 --> 01:32:58,100
It's akin to being in a 
restaurant when a group enters 

1793
01:32:58,100 --> 01:33:02,300
that exudes an unsettling 
presence excessively loud overly

1794
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:04,500
aggressive and behaving, as 
though they are some 

1795
01:33:04,500 --> 01:33:08,300
confrontation, except in this 
case, the people who might find 

1796
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:12,300
trouble are armed and there's no
manager to complain to the 

1797
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:13,900
bartenders demeanor changes, 
subtly. 

1798
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:16,900
He still approaches them and 
asked what they want but now 

1799
01:33:16,900 --> 01:33:19,900
this tension in his shoulder's 
the Cowboys at the front table 

1800
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:23,000
of gone, completely quiet, which
is probably the frontier 

1801
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:24,400
equivalent of turning off your 
phone. 

1802
01:33:24,400 --> 01:33:27,000
When you sense drama Brewing. 
Whiskey. 

1803
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:29,000
So as the tall, stranger the 
good stuff. 

1804
01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:30,800
Not what you've been serving in,
everyone else? 

1805
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:35,000
This story is interesting. 
Apparently, there's a two-tier 

1806
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:37,400
beverage system in operation 
here and you've been drinking 

1807
01:33:37,400 --> 01:33:41,300
from the economy section The 
bartender reaches under the bar 

1808
01:33:41,300 --> 01:33:44,700
and produces a different bottle.
This one with an actual printed 

1809
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:47,200
label and liquid, that doesn't 
look like it could strip paint. 

1810
01:33:48,100 --> 01:33:50,700
As the strangers get their 
drinks, you notice the poker 

1811
01:33:50,700 --> 01:33:53,700
game has paused, the players are
still holding their cards, but 

1812
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:55,000
nobody's looking at them 
anymore. 

1813
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:59,100
The saloon girl has stopped 
playing piano mid-song, which 

1814
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:02,400
creates an awkward sounds that 
everyone pretends not to notice 

1815
01:34:02,400 --> 01:34:06,100
you continue eating your stew. 
Trying to channel the energy of 

1816
01:34:06,108 --> 01:34:09,300
someone who's totally absorbed 
in their meal and definitely not

1817
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:11,600
eavesdropping on potentially 
dangerous conversations. 

1818
01:34:11,600 --> 01:34:14,900
Your task is harder than it. 
Sounds when every instinct is 

1819
01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:17,100
telling you to pay attention to 
the new arrivals. 

1820
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:19,400
The tool. 
Stranger terms from the bar, 

1821
01:34:19,400 --> 01:34:22,700
whiskey and hand and addresses 
the room in general evening, 

1822
01:34:22,700 --> 01:34:24,700
folks. 
Beautiful night, isn't it? 

1823
01:34:24,708 --> 01:34:28,100
His voice is Pleasant enough, 
but there's something underneath

1824
01:34:28,100 --> 01:34:31,600
it like a velvet glove with 
brass knuckles inside. 

1825
01:34:32,700 --> 01:34:36,100
A few people Mumble responses. 
Someone asks a question that 

1826
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:38,300
you're uncertain if the right 
answer could lead to your death.

1827
01:34:39,100 --> 01:34:42,700
We're looking for someone, The 
Stranger continues, taking a 

1828
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:45,800
casual sip of his whiskey 
researching For A Friend by the 

1829
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:49,800
name of Thompson, Bill Thompson,
he might be in these parts. 

1830
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:53,500
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson but you can feel 

1831
01:34:53,500 --> 01:34:56,600
the collective tension in the 
room ratchet up another notch. 

1832
01:34:56,600 --> 01:35:00,400
It's like when someone asks who 
broke this and even though 

1833
01:35:00,400 --> 01:35:02,000
you're in essence, you still 
feel guilty. 

1834
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:05,000
One of the Cowboys clears his 
throat. 

1835
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:08,400
For the Thompsons in these 
parts, he says carefully. 

1836
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:10,800
Might help if you could be more 
specific. 

1837
01:35:12,500 --> 01:35:15,000
The Stranger smiles and it's not
entirely a pleasant expression. 

1838
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:20,400
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 
If you saw him about 40 brown 

1839
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:23,600
hair scar on his left cheek from
a disagreement about Catalonia 

1840
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:28,200
ship tends to be memorable. 
The description hangs in the air

1841
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:31,800
like smoke from a bad cigar. 
You notice, the well-dressed 

1842
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:34,500
gentleman at the bar has become 
very interested in the bottom of

1843
01:35:34,508 --> 01:35:37,800
his whiskey glass and the poker 
players have the Frozen Look of 

1844
01:35:37,800 --> 01:35:40,500
people trying to become 
invisible through sheer force of

1845
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:42,800
will. 
Can't say the name rings, a 

1846
01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:44,300
bell. 
The cowboy says, which is 

1847
01:35:44,308 --> 01:35:46,500
probably true, but also probably
not the whole truth. 

1848
01:35:46,500 --> 01:35:49,400
The Stranger nods like he 
expected this answer. 

1849
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:52,900
Well, that's disappointing. 
But understandable. 

1850
01:35:52,900 --> 01:35:56,400
Sometimes people's memories need
a little encouragement. 

1851
01:35:57,600 --> 01:36:00,300
And that's when you realize your
peaceful evening, has officially

1852
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:02,000
taken a turn toward the kind of 
excitement. 

1853
01:36:02,000 --> 01:36:04,800
You read about in dime novels, 
but, never actually wanted to 

1854
01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:08,500
experience first hand The stew 
suddenly tastes like cardboard 

1855
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:11,700
and the whiskey isn't warming. 
Your stomach so much as 

1856
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:14,800
churning. 
It Keep eating trying to look 

1857
01:36:14,800 --> 01:36:17,400
like someone who's completely 
oblivious to the growing 

1858
01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:20,400
tension, while your mind races 
through your options. 

1859
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:24,100
You could finish quickly and 
leave, but that might draw 

1860
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:26,500
attention. 
You could stay and hope things 

1861
01:36:26,500 --> 01:36:29,300
settle down, but that could mean
getting caught in whatever is 

1862
01:36:29,300 --> 01:36:31,500
about to happen, or you could 
just keep eating stew and 

1863
01:36:31,500 --> 01:36:33,800
pretend you're anywhere else, 
which is your current strategy, 

1864
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:35,300
but probably not a long-term 
solution. 

1865
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:38,600
Stranger takes another sip of 
his whiskey. 

1866
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:41,300
And smiles. 
That unsettling smile again. 

1867
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:43,200
Well no hurry, we've got all 
night. 

1868
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:46,300
Good. 
They're staying, this should be 

1869
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,300
interesting in a situation like 
this, it can be quite 

1870
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:52,200
challenging to focus on your own
Affairs. 

1871
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:54,300
When everyone else is 
activities, are taking place 

1872
01:36:54,300 --> 01:36:57,100
right next to you. 
It's like trying to ignore a 

1873
01:36:57,100 --> 01:37:00,900
fire alarm technically possible,
but probably not advisable for 

1874
01:37:00,900 --> 01:37:04,400
your continued well-being. 
You've developed a sudden, 

1875
01:37:04,400 --> 01:37:07,600
intense fascination with your 
stew examining each piece of 

1876
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:10,300
beef, like your conducting a 
scientific study on Frontier 

1877
01:37:10,300 --> 01:37:13,200
cooking techniques. 
Meanwhile, the three strangers 

1878
01:37:13,200 --> 01:37:15,600
have settled in at a table near 
the center of the room. 

1879
01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:18,900
Close enough to watch every one 
far enough from the door to make

1880
01:37:18,900 --> 01:37:20,800
leaving quickly a challenge for 
anyone else. 

1881
01:37:21,800 --> 01:37:24,500
The tall one seemingly 
representing a group as 

1882
01:37:24,500 --> 01:37:27,900
initiated a conversation with a 
variety of patrons, is the kind 

1883
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:30,200
of conversation where one person
asked questions and everyone 

1884
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:32,700
else provides answers that are 
technically truthful. 

1885
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:35,700
But carefully and complete. 
Nice Town you've got here. 

1886
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:38,900
He says to the room in general 
quiet peaceful. 

1887
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:41,900
The kind of place where a man 
could disappear if you want to. 

1888
01:37:43,100 --> 01:37:46,600
The Cowboys nod politely similar
to how one might nod when 

1889
01:37:46,600 --> 01:37:48,900
someone makes a comment about 
the weather, that could be 

1890
01:37:48,900 --> 01:37:52,400
interpreted as a threat, the 
poker players have resumed their

1891
01:37:52,400 --> 01:37:55,600
game, but you notice their 
betting much more conservatively

1892
01:37:55,600 --> 01:37:58,300
than before. 
Nothing dampens, the spirit of 

1893
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:00,900
gambling, more than the threat 
of unexpected violence. 

1894
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:05,600
The bartender continues wiping 
glasses with that towel, which 

1895
01:38:05,600 --> 01:38:08,300
by now must be either perfectly 
clean or completely 

1896
01:38:08,300 --> 01:38:11,200
contaminated. 
He's developed the expression of

1897
01:38:11,200 --> 01:38:14,100
someone who's seen this movie 
before and knows, it doesn't end

1898
01:38:14,100 --> 01:38:16,300
with everyone shaking hands and 
sharing recipes. 

1899
01:38:17,200 --> 01:38:19,300
You're making excellent progress
on your stew. 

1900
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:22,700
When the shorter of the three 
strangers who won belt like a 

1901
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:24,400
human Cannonball, stands up and 
stretches. 

1902
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:28,700
It's an innocent enough gesture.
Except for the way, his coat for

1903
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:30,100
Falls open, just enough to 
reveal. 

1904
01:38:30,100 --> 01:38:33,500
What's definitely not a pocket 
watch on his hip think, I'll 

1905
01:38:33,500 --> 01:38:36,500
take a look around in ounces. 
Get familiar with the local 

1906
01:38:36,500 --> 01:38:39,000
geography. 
He starts wandering between the 

1907
01:38:39,000 --> 01:38:40,700
tables, not bothering anyone. 
Exactly. 

1908
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:44,600
But making his presence felt 
Like having a tiger casually 

1909
01:38:44,600 --> 01:38:45,800
stroll. 
Through your living room. 

1910
01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:48,600
It might not eat you. 
If you're definitely going to 

1911
01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:52,500
keep track of where it is. 
When he gets to the poker table,

1912
01:38:52,500 --> 01:38:54,800
he pulls his to watch the game. 
Interesting. 

1913
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:57,700
He says, looking at the cards, 
that's almost a winning hand. 

1914
01:38:57,700 --> 01:39:01,200
You've got their friend Specter 
with the impressive beard looks 

1915
01:39:01,200 --> 01:39:04,300
up nervously just having a 
friendly game, mister nothing 

1916
01:39:04,300 --> 01:39:07,100
serious. 
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 

1917
01:39:07,100 --> 01:39:09,600
replies though. 
I noticed you've got quite a 

1918
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:11,900
pile of coins there. 
Like night. 

1919
01:39:12,900 --> 01:39:14,100
Some nights are better than 
others. 

1920
01:39:14,100 --> 01:39:17,600
The prospector says carefully. 
The Stranger nods thoughtfully. 

1921
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:19,800
That's true. 
Some nights. 

1922
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:23,000
A man's luck can change. 
Very suddenly, it's not exactly 

1923
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:25,700
a threat but it's not exactly 
not a threat either. 

1924
01:39:25,700 --> 01:39:28,600
It's that special, kind of 
Frontier Communication. 

1925
01:39:28,600 --> 01:39:31,900
That says everything while 
saying nothing like a passive 

1926
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:33,700
aggressive email written with 
six shooters. 

1927
01:39:33,700 --> 01:39:36,500
The wandering stranger continues
his tour. 

1928
01:39:36,500 --> 01:39:41,400
Eventually making his way toward
the bar toward you You become 

1929
01:39:41,400 --> 01:39:44,300
intensely interested in the last
few spoonfuls of your stew, 

1930
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:47,200
hoping to project the aura of 
someone completely absorbed in 

1931
01:39:47,208 --> 01:39:50,700
their dinner and definitely not 
worth talking to evening. 

1932
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:54,600
He says, settling onto the stool
next to you evening who reply 

1933
01:39:54,600 --> 01:39:57,400
because ignoring him would be 
rude and rudeness in this 

1934
01:39:57,400 --> 01:39:59,100
situation. 
Could have consequences that 

1935
01:39:59,100 --> 01:40:02,300
extend beyond hurt feelings. 
Good stew. 

1936
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:05,200
He asks, looking at your bowl. 
Yes, quite good. 

1937
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:07,800
Lance her, honestly. 
No point in line about something

1938
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:09,100
so easily. 
Verified. 

1939
01:40:10,100 --> 01:40:12,300
You're not from around here. 
He observes. 

1940
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:15,700
It's not a question. 
Just passing through you say 

1941
01:40:15,700 --> 01:40:18,100
which is true and hopefully 
boring enough to end the 

1942
01:40:18,100 --> 01:40:21,200
conversation, he nods and orders
a whiskey from the bartender. 

1943
01:40:22,100 --> 01:40:24,900
Not the good stuff, you notice 
which suggests either budget 

1944
01:40:24,900 --> 01:40:27,700
constraints, or that he's not as
important as his tool friend. 

1945
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:31,400
While he waits for his drink, he
studies you with the Casual 

1946
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:34,100
interest of someone examining a 
potentially interesting bug. 

1947
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:38,800
Passing through to where he asks
now, you're in slightly trickier

1948
01:40:38,800 --> 01:40:41,600
territory too much detail. 
Might make you memorable in 

1949
01:40:41,600 --> 01:40:43,600
ways. 
You don't want to be too little 

1950
01:40:43,600 --> 01:40:46,800
might make you seem suspicious. 
You go with vague but plausible.

1951
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:50,100
West, you say, looking for 
opportunities. 

1952
01:40:50,100 --> 01:40:52,400
The chuckles aren't we all 
friends? 

1953
01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:56,700
Aren't we all? 
Is whiskey arrives and he takes 

1954
01:40:56,700 --> 01:41:00,100
a sip then he leans slightly 
closer and you catch a whiff of 

1955
01:41:00,100 --> 01:41:02,500
tobacco leather. 
And something that might be made

1956
01:41:02,500 --> 01:41:05,900
or might be bear Grease. 
But of advice, he says quietly 

1957
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:09,000
sometimes the best opportunity 
is knowing when to keep moving. 

1958
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:13,100
No I mean you nod because you do
know what he means and because 

1959
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:14,700
agreeing seems like the safest 
option. 

1960
01:41:14,700 --> 01:41:18,200
He's telling you in the polite 
as possible terms that this 

1961
01:41:18,200 --> 01:41:20,600
might be a good night to finish 
your dinner and find somewhere 

1962
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:22,800
else to be. 
Appreciate the advice. 

1963
01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:26,900
You say he nods and returns to 
his whiskey apparently, 

1964
01:41:26,900 --> 01:41:28,500
satisfied. 
That his message has been 

1965
01:41:28,508 --> 01:41:31,300
delivered and understood. 
He finished the last of your 

1966
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:34,500
student cornbread trying to eat 
at a pace that suggests, you're 

1967
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:36,100
not hurrying, but not lingering 
either. 

1968
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:39,000
That's when the Batwing doors 
swing, open again. 

1969
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:42,800
And this time, you know, before 
you even look that whoever's 

1970
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:45,100
coming in is going to make the 
evening significantly, more 

1971
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:48,400
complicated, because that's how 
these things work in the wild 

1972
01:41:48,400 --> 01:41:50,700
west. 
Just when you think you've got a

1973
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:54,000
handle on the situation, the 
situation decides to handle you 

1974
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:56,900
instead the man who walks 
through those batwing doors is 

1975
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:01,000
about 40 years old has brown 
hair and sports a scar on his 

1976
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:02,900
left cheek. 
That looks like it came from a 

1977
01:42:02,900 --> 01:42:04,400
disagreement about cattle 
ownership. 

1978
01:42:04,400 --> 01:42:08,100
In other words, he matches the 
description of Bill Thompson 

1979
01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:10,600
perfectly, which means your 
peaceful evening. 

1980
01:42:10,600 --> 01:42:14,000
Has just transformed into front 
row seats for whatever's about 

1981
01:42:14,000 --> 01:42:17,700
to unfold. and here's the thing 
that makes this intriguing from 

1982
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,100
a social dynamics perspective, 
Built tops and doesn't look 

1983
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:22,700
surprised to see the three 
strangers. 

1984
01:42:22,700 --> 01:42:25,500
He doesn't pause. 
He doesn't scan the room, 

1985
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:27,800
nervously and doesn't show any 
of the signs. 

1986
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:31,600
You'd expect from someone who is
being hunted, instead he walks 

1987
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:34,100
to the bar with the Casual 
confidence of a man whose 

1988
01:42:34,100 --> 01:42:37,200
precisely where he wants to be 
evening Jake. 

1989
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:40,100
He says, to the bartender who 
suddenly looks like, he'd rather

1990
01:42:40,100 --> 01:42:43,200
be anywhere else, perhaps 
somewhere peaceful like the 

1991
01:42:43,200 --> 01:42:46,900
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 
The tall stranger at the center 

1992
01:42:46,900 --> 01:42:48,700
table doesn't say anything 
immediately. 

1993
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:52,700
He just watches Thompson order, 
a whiskey and settle against the

1994
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:57,800
bar like he owns it. 
Silent stretches out like taffy 

1995
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:00,700
and you can practically hear 
everyone in the room. 

1996
01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:02,900
Not breathing. 
Finally, the tall. 

1997
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,000
Stranger speaks, Bill Thompson. 
That's right. 

1998
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:09,600
Thompson replies without turning
around and you'd be Carson 

1999
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:14,900
unless I miss my guess Carson. 
Now, the tall stranger has a 

2000
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:17,400
name, which somehow makes the 
whole situation feel more real 

2001
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:18,800
and more dangerous at the same 
time. 

2002
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:22,600
Carson stands up slowly. 
I kind of deliberate movement 

2003
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:24,900
that suggests, he's very 
comfortable with everyone's 

2004
01:43:24,900 --> 01:43:28,100
attention, focused on him. 
Being looking for you, Bill. 

2005
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:31,600
I figured that was the case 
Thomson says, taking sick of his

2006
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:35,100
whiskey heard, you boys were 
asking around thought I'd say 

2007
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:36,700
you the trouble of hunting all 
over creation. 

2008
01:43:37,600 --> 01:43:40,200
Now, this is intriguing. 
Instead of a Manhunt your 

2009
01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:41,700
witnessing. 
What appears to be a plan 

2010
01:43:41,708 --> 01:43:43,800
meeting? 
The question is whether it's 

2011
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:46,400
going to be a civilized 
conversation or something that 

2012
01:43:46,400 --> 01:43:47,900
requires you to duck under 
tables. 

2013
01:43:49,600 --> 01:43:52,500
The cowboy at the front table, 
shifts slightly in his chair and

2014
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:55,000
you notice his hand resting 
casually near his side. 

2015
01:43:56,100 --> 01:43:58,700
The poker players have given up 
all pretense of playing cards 

2016
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:01,800
and openly watching the 
proceedings, even the saloon 

2017
01:44:01,800 --> 01:44:04,500
girl is positioned herself near.
What you hope is a back exit. 

2018
01:44:04,500 --> 01:44:07,900
Carson moves away from his table
but not quickly not 

2019
01:44:07,900 --> 01:44:10,300
aggressively. 
It's more like a dance where 

2020
01:44:10,300 --> 01:44:13,500
both Partners know the steps. 
You've got something that 

2021
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:16,900
belongs to my employer bill. 
That's so Thompson says what 

2022
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:18,800
might that be? 
Don't play games. 

2023
01:44:18,800 --> 01:44:22,200
The money from the Tucson job 
Thompson Chuckles, but it's not 

2024
01:44:22,200 --> 01:44:25,700
particularly amused sound money.
What makes you think? 

2025
01:44:25,700 --> 01:44:27,200
I've got any money? 
Look at me. 

2026
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:30,000
Carson, do I look like a man 
who's recently come into wealth 

2027
01:44:30,000 --> 01:44:33,700
and he's got a point, Thompson's
clothes are worn, but clean, his

2028
01:44:33,700 --> 01:44:37,500
boots are scuffed and his hat. 
To seem Betty years, if he sit 

2029
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:40,700
on a pile of stolen money, he's 
either excellent at hiding it or

2030
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:43,900
terrible at spending it. 
My employer seems to think 

2031
01:44:43,900 --> 01:44:47,100
otherwise Carson says your 
employer thinks many things 

2032
01:44:47,100 --> 01:44:50,500
doesn't make them true. 
The conversation is polite, 

2033
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:52,600
almost casual. 
But you can feel the 

2034
01:44:52,600 --> 01:44:55,200
undercurrent of violence. 
Running beneath it like a stream

2035
01:44:55,200 --> 01:44:57,500
under eye. 
Both men are armed. 

2036
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:00,800
You can tell, by the way, they 
carry themselves, the way their 

2037
01:45:00,800 --> 01:45:03,100
coats, hang and the way they 
position their hands. 

2038
01:45:03,100 --> 01:45:06,300
The question is whether they're 
going to keep talking or start 

2039
01:45:06,300 --> 01:45:08,300
shooting. 
You're beginning to understand 

2040
01:45:08,300 --> 01:45:12,000
why the bartender was nervous 
about the fish on the menu in a 

2041
01:45:12,000 --> 01:45:13,500
place where business disputes 
are settled. 

2042
01:45:13,508 --> 01:45:16,700
With gunpowder freshness 
standards are probably flexible.

2043
01:45:17,500 --> 01:45:19,200
The shorter. 
Stranger the one who gave you 

2044
01:45:19,200 --> 01:45:22,300
the friendly advice about 
knowing when to keep moving his 

2045
01:45:22,300 --> 01:45:25,000
positioned himself near the 
door, not blocking it. 

2046
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:26,900
Exactly. 
But making it clear that anyone 

2047
01:45:26,900 --> 01:45:28,700
wanting to leave with me to get 
past him. 

2048
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:32,700
The third member of their group 
has moved to cover the back of 

2049
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:34,900
the room. 
Thompson seems to notice these 

2050
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:36,700
movements without looking 
directly at them. 

2051
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:40,600
What the whole crew did you? 
That's flattering though. 

2052
01:45:40,600 --> 01:45:42,900
I have to say for a friendly 
conversation about money. 

2053
01:45:42,900 --> 01:45:46,200
I don't have you boys seem a 
little prepared. 

2054
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:50,100
Just being careful, Carson says 
nothing personal. 

2055
01:45:51,000 --> 01:45:54,500
Oh, I'm sure replies. 
Just like what happened in 

2056
01:45:54,500 --> 01:45:57,500
Prescott was nothing personal 
Carson's expression. 

2057
01:45:57,500 --> 01:46:00,300
Changes slightly At The Mention 
Of press God and you get the 

2058
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:01,900
feeling that there's a whole 
other story. 

2059
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:06,100
There probably involving more 
cattle, more disagreements, and 

2060
01:46:06,100 --> 01:46:09,200
definitely more scars. 
That was business. 

2061
01:46:09,200 --> 01:46:12,200
Carson says so is this Thompson 
replies. 

2062
01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:15,400
And that's when you realize that
you're not just witnessing a 

2063
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:17,700
confrontation between men with a
disagreement about money. 

2064
01:46:18,700 --> 01:46:21,100
You're watching the continuation
of something that started 

2065
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:24,300
somewhere else, probably 
involving cattle because 

2066
01:46:24,300 --> 01:46:27,200
everything in the west, seems to
involve cattle and definitely 

2067
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:29,700
involving the kind of business 
that leaves scars on people's 

2068
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:32,000
faces. 
The room has gone completely 

2069
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,200
quiet except for the sound of 
your own heartbeat which seems 

2070
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:37,500
unreasonably loud given the 
circumstances. 

2071
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:40,900
You're trying to decide whether 
finishing your whiskey would be 

2072
01:46:40,908 --> 01:46:43,500
a good idea. 
Liquid courage, or a terrible 

2073
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:47,200
idea, compared judgment, when 
Thompson turns slightly and 

2074
01:46:47,200 --> 01:46:49,800
catches your eye. 
You might want to step outside 

2075
01:46:49,800 --> 01:46:51,300
for some are friend, he says 
quietly. 

2076
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:54,500
Sometimes these business 
discussions get a little heated,

2077
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:57,700
which is probably the lightest 
way anyone has ever suggested 

2078
01:46:57,700 --> 01:46:59,800
that you evacuate before the 
shooting stars. 

2079
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,600
Here's the thing about the wild 
west, that all those Hollywood 

2080
01:47:02,600 --> 01:47:05,500
movies, got wrong, most 
confrontations didn't end in 

2081
01:47:05,508 --> 01:47:09,100
gunfights the ended in 
negotiations, compromises, and 

2082
01:47:09,100 --> 01:47:11,500
people finding ways to settle 
their differences without 

2083
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,200
ventilating each other. 
Because, despite what the dime 

2084
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:16,800
novel suggested most folks 
preferred being alive to being 

2085
01:47:16,800 --> 01:47:20,200
legendary your contemplating 
Thompson suggestion about 

2086
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:23,300
stepping outside when something 
unexpected happens. 

2087
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:27,700
Carson, laughs. 
Carson, laughs not with a 

2088
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:30,600
menacing or bitter laugh, but 
with an actual genuine laugh 

2089
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:33,100
that changes his entire face. 
You know what? 

2090
01:47:33,100 --> 01:47:36,900
Bill You're absolutely right. 
This idea is ridiculous. 

2091
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:40,700
He sits back down at his table 
and the tension in the room 

2092
01:47:40,700 --> 01:47:43,900
doesn't exactly disappear, but 
it shifts into something more 

2093
01:47:43,900 --> 01:47:47,700
manageable, removing the timer. 
Instead of cutting wires is akin

2094
01:47:47,700 --> 01:47:50,400
to diffusing a bomb. 
Were both getting too old for 

2095
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:53,500
this Carson continues. 
And honestly, my employer is an 

2096
01:47:53,508 --> 01:47:56,100
idiot. 
Thompson turns around still 

2097
01:47:56,100 --> 01:47:57,900
holding his whiskey eyebrows 
raised. 

2098
01:47:57,900 --> 01:48:00,100
That's quite an admission coming
from you. 

2099
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:03,200
Well, it's true. 
Sending me and the boys all the 

2100
01:48:03,208 --> 01:48:06,100
way out here to collect money. 
That probably doesn't exist from

2101
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:07,800
a job. 
That went sideways six months 

2102
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:10,600
ago from a man whose been trying
to go straight ever since. 

2103
01:48:11,500 --> 01:48:13,500
Cast and shakes. 
His head some days. 

2104
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:15,900
I wonder why I don't just buy a 
farm and raise chickens. 

2105
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:19,800
The shortest Ranger looks 
confused by this turn of events 

2106
01:48:19,800 --> 01:48:22,500
boss. 
He came all this way. 

2107
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:26,200
I know what we came here for. 
Mike, Carson says, but 

2108
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:28,200
occasionally, you get somewhere 
in realized the trip wasn't 

2109
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:30,800
worth taking. 
Thompson moves away from the bar

2110
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:32,900
but towards Carson's table, not 
towards the door. 

2111
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:36,600
He pulls out a chair and sits 
down still cautious, but no 

2112
01:48:36,600 --> 01:48:38,800
longer looking like he's 
expecting to dodge bullets. 

2113
01:48:39,600 --> 01:48:42,300
So what happens? 
Now Thompson asks, Now. 

2114
01:48:43,300 --> 01:48:45,600
Now we finish our drinks, you 
tell me what really happened in 

2115
01:48:45,600 --> 01:48:48,400
Tucson and maybe we figure out 
how to explain to my employer, 

2116
01:48:48,400 --> 01:48:50,800
that his money disappeared Into 
Thin Air without anyone getting 

2117
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:53,000
shot over it. 
Just like that. 

2118
01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:54,500
The standoff becomes a 
conversation. 

2119
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:59,300
The Cowboys at the front table, 
start breathing again, the poker

2120
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:00,900
players, remember they have 
cards to play. 

2121
01:49:01,800 --> 01:49:05,000
The saloon girl begins playing 
the piano again this time, she 

2122
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:07,100
selects a more cheerful tune 
than the one she played 

2123
01:49:07,100 --> 01:49:10,300
previously, you decide to stay 
put and order another whiskey 

2124
01:49:10,300 --> 01:49:11,900
because the scene is turning 
into. 

2125
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:14,600
Exactly the kind of Frontier 
drama, you came West to 

2126
01:49:14,600 --> 01:49:18,400
experience except without the 
Mortal Peril you hadn't really 

2127
01:49:18,400 --> 01:49:21,900
plan on. 
Thompson signals, Jake from 

2128
01:49:21,900 --> 01:49:23,500
another drink and settles in his
chair. 

2129
01:49:24,500 --> 01:49:26,100
Choose was a disaster from the 
start. 

2130
01:49:26,100 --> 01:49:29,000
He begins. 
Your employer had a bank that 

2131
01:49:29,000 --> 01:49:34,900
turned out to be expecting us. 
Had to be, we walked into that 

2132
01:49:34,900 --> 01:49:37,400
bank and found half the 
territorial militia waiting for 

2133
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:40,200
us. 
Lost two, good men, barely got 

2134
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:43,900
out alive and came away with 
exactly nothing except a 

2135
01:49:43,900 --> 01:49:45,400
newfound. 
Appreciation for honest. 

2136
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:49,100
Work, Carson nods thoughtfully. 
That explains some things. 

2137
01:49:49,100 --> 01:49:52,500
My employer has been mighty 
closed, mouth about the details,

2138
01:49:52,500 --> 01:49:56,200
probably because he set us up 
tops and says my guests. 

2139
01:49:57,100 --> 01:50:00,500
He made a deal with the law 
decided We Were Expendable and 

2140
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:02,600
figured he'd collect the reward 
money instead of paying us. 

2141
01:50:03,700 --> 01:50:07,300
The shortest Ranger Mike looks 
between his boss and Thompson 

2142
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:10,300
like he's watching a tennis 
match played with words and of 

2143
01:50:10,300 --> 01:50:12,900
balls. 
So there never was any money to 

2144
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:15,100
recover. 
Oh there was money. 

2145
01:50:15,100 --> 01:50:18,100
Thompson says just not where my 
employer thinks it ended up. 

2146
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:21,500
He reaches into his coat. 
And for a moment, everyone tends

2147
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:23,300
his again. 
But what he pulls out is a 

2148
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:25,100
folded piece of paper, not a 
weapon. 

2149
01:50:25,800 --> 01:50:28,000
Bank draft, he explained showing
it to Carson. 

2150
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:30,400
It was intended for the Tucson 
orphanage. 

2151
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:33,300
Figured if I was going to steal 
money, I might as well steal it 

2152
01:50:33,300 --> 01:50:36,300
for someone who needed it. 
More than your employer did cast

2153
01:50:36,300 --> 01:50:39,000
an examines the paper and his 
expression shifts to one that 

2154
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:43,300
could be interpreted as respect.
You donated stolen money to an 

2155
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:46,400
orphanage. seemed like the right
thing to do at the time pops and

2156
01:50:46,400 --> 01:50:50,200
says with a shrug still does 
actually Mike looks completely 

2157
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:52,600
baffled by this turn of events 
boss. 

2158
01:50:52,600 --> 01:50:54,100
What do we tell him back in 
Phoenix? 

2159
01:50:54,100 --> 01:50:57,300
Carson folds, the bank draft, 
and hands, it back to Thompson, 

2160
01:50:57,300 --> 01:50:59,600
tell him that Bill Thompson is 
dead. 

2161
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:05,100
What my voice goes up, an octave
died in a gunfight tragic, 

2162
01:51:05,100 --> 01:51:07,400
really? 
He buried him outside of town 

2163
01:51:07,400 --> 01:51:10,900
and said some words a very 
touching ceremony Carson's 

2164
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:13,100
deadpan delivery would make a 
professional poker player. 

2165
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:17,600
Proud Money was never recovered.
He probably spent all the money 

2166
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:21,000
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died Thompson grins. 

2167
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:24,300
I like it, though. 
I prefer to think I spent it on 

2168
01:51:24,300 --> 01:51:27,800
Whiskey and tight women. 
Details, Carson waves. 

2169
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:30,800
Dismissively point is, as far as
Phoenix is concerned. 

2170
01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:33,700
This case is closed and that's 
when you realize you've just 

2171
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:36,700
witnessed something remarkable. 
Problem solved, not with 

2172
01:51:36,700 --> 01:51:40,700
violence but with creativity 
pragmatism and a healthy dose of

2173
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:43,800
Frontier Justice. 
This solution ensures that 

2174
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:46,500
everyone leaves with their lives
and dignity intact. 

2175
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,300
The saloon has returned to 
something approaching normal. 

2176
01:51:49,300 --> 01:51:51,900
The poker game has resumed with 
renewed, enthusiasm. 

2177
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:55,300
Apparently nothing makes cards 
more captivating than the 

2178
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:57,700
possibility that you might not 
live to play another hand. 

2179
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:01,200
Cowboys have ordered another 
round and a back to discussing 

2180
01:52:01,200 --> 01:52:03,500
whatever, important Cowboy 
business they were discussing 

2181
01:52:03,500 --> 01:52:07,400
before the excitement started. 
Carson stands up and extends his

2182
01:52:07,400 --> 01:52:09,900
hand to Thompson. 
It's been a pleasure doing 

2183
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:12,900
business with you Bill, or 
should I say, it's been a 

2184
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:15,400
pleasure not doing business with
you Thompson shakes. 

2185
01:52:15,400 --> 01:52:20,300
His hand likewise give my 
regards to Phoenix tell them I 

2186
01:52:20,300 --> 01:52:23,700
died bravely. 
Oh, I will, I will probably 

2187
01:52:23,700 --> 01:52:26,300
include some details about how 
you took three of us with you 

2188
01:52:26,300 --> 01:52:27,900
just to make the story more 
interesting. 

2189
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:32,900
Mike still looks confused, but 
the third member of Carson's 

2190
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:36,400
group who's been silent through 
most of this, finally speaks up.

2191
01:52:37,400 --> 01:52:39,300
Does your statement mean we can 
go home now? 

2192
01:52:39,300 --> 01:52:41,200
I'm tired of sleeping on the 
ground. 

2193
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:45,200
Yes, Eddie we can go home. 
Catherine says patiently and we 

2194
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:47,200
can stop at that hotel in 
Flagstaff on the way back. 

2195
01:52:48,200 --> 01:52:51,300
The one with the actual beds, 
the one with the actual beds. 

2196
01:52:52,000 --> 01:52:54,000
Eddie brightens considerably at 
this news. 

2197
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:57,000
Apparently even in the wild 
west, a good night's sleep was 

2198
01:52:57,000 --> 01:53:01,200
worth more than a questionable, 
gunfight As Carson's group 

2199
01:53:01,208 --> 01:53:04,200
prepares to leave The Tall Man, 
pauses at your table. 

2200
01:53:04,208 --> 01:53:07,600
Thanks for the entertainment. 
He says not often do we get to 

2201
01:53:07,608 --> 01:53:09,900
watch a business meeting that 
ends with everyone still 

2202
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:12,700
breathing? 
My pleasure, you reply Raise 

2203
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:16,200
Your Glass of a small salute he 
is to create a problem solving. 

2204
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:20,300
I'll drink to that Carson says 
in surprise, me he does 

2205
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:23,900
finishing his whiskey in one, 
smooth motion before tipping his

2206
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:28,100
hat and heading for the door. 
The saloon settles in to a 

2207
01:53:28,100 --> 01:53:30,500
comfortable evening Rhythm, as 
three strangers disappear 

2208
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:33,700
through the back Wing doors, 
Thompson moves to the bar 

2209
01:53:33,700 --> 01:53:36,600
orders, another whiskey and 
Strikes up a conversation with 

2210
01:53:36,600 --> 01:53:38,500
Jacob about the weather and the 
price of cattle. 

2211
01:53:38,500 --> 01:53:42,100
You sit back in your chair. 
Nursing your second whiskey and 

2212
01:53:42,100 --> 01:53:44,100
marveling at what you've just 
experienced. 

2213
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:48,200
The span of two hours, you've 
witnessed a Manhunt a standoff 

2214
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,300
and negotiation and a resolution
that would have made Solomon 

2215
01:53:51,300 --> 01:53:53,700
proud. 
You've seen grown men solve 

2216
01:53:53,700 --> 01:53:55,700
their problems with words 
instead of weapons and 

2217
01:53:55,700 --> 01:53:59,500
creativity, instead of violence,
The saloon girl starts playing 

2218
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:02,600
Red River Valley and this time 
she gets all the notes, right? 

2219
01:54:03,400 --> 01:54:04,900
The poker players are laughing 
at something. 

2220
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:08,200
The prospector said, the Cowboys
are planning their next cattle 

2221
01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:11,700
drive and you're sitting in a 
wild West Haven, drinking 

2222
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:13,200
whiskey. 
That tastes like liquid. 

2223
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:16,600
Campfire, eating stew, that 
could keep you going for a week 

2224
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:20,700
and thinking that maybe just 
maybe the real wild west was 

2225
01:54:20,700 --> 01:54:23,300
more intriguing than any 
Hollywood movie ever suggested 

2226
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:27,300
because the truth is most 
people, then just like, most 

2227
01:54:27,300 --> 01:54:30,000
people now were just trying to 
get through their day without 

2228
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:32,300
too much trouble. 
They wanted to eat a decent 

2229
01:54:32,300 --> 01:54:36,200
meal, have a drink with friends,
maybe some cars and go home to 

2230
01:54:36,200 --> 01:54:38,700
their families. 
The fact that they sometimes 

2231
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:41,900
carried guns and settled 
disputes with duals, doesn't 

2232
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:45,000
mean they preferred violence. 
It just means they lived in a 

2233
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:47,600
time and place where being 
prepared for trouble was a 

2234
01:54:47,600 --> 01:54:50,900
practical necessity. 
As the evening wines down and 

2235
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:53,800
you can consider heading to 
whatever passes for lodging in 

2236
01:54:53,800 --> 01:54:56,900
this Frontier Town, you reflect 
on the lesson you've learned 

2237
01:54:56,900 --> 01:54:59,400
tonight. 
Sometimes the most dangerous 

2238
01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:02,900
situations are resolved, not by 
the fastest gun or the strongest

2239
01:55:02,900 --> 01:55:05,600
fighter. 
But by the person clever enough 

2240
01:55:05,600 --> 01:55:08,100
to find a solution that lets 
everyone walk away with their 

2241
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:11,800
pride intact. 
Thompson glances at you from the

2242
01:55:11,800 --> 01:55:15,500
bar, raising his glass in a 
small salute to orphanages, he 

2243
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:18,200
says, quietly to often, it is 
your reply. 

2244
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:20,400
And you both drink to the kind 
of justice that doesn't make 

2245
01:55:20,400 --> 01:55:22,200
headlines, but makes the world a
little bit better. 

2246
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:25,900
One small Act of decency. 
At a time, outside the desert 

2247
01:55:25,900 --> 01:55:29,300
night is clear and cold full of 
stars that seem close enough to 

2248
01:55:29,300 --> 01:55:33,600
touch inside the Silver Dollar. 
Saloon the oil lamps burn warm 

2249
01:55:33,600 --> 01:55:37,400
and steady the piano plays soft 
Melodies and people who've never

2250
01:55:37,408 --> 01:55:40,800
met before tomorrow will be 
strangers again, sharing stories

2251
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:43,300
and whiskey and the kind of 
companionship that Travelers 

2252
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:44,800
have always found in places like
this. 

2253
01:55:45,700 --> 01:55:49,000
And that more than any gunfight,
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 

2254
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:52,900
Rush drama, is what the wild 
west was really about people 

2255
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:56,600
finding ways to connect to solve
problems and to help each other 

2256
01:55:56,600 --> 01:55:59,400
through the challenges of living
in a hard place during a hard 

2257
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:02,000
time. 
Your stew is long, finish. 

2258
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:05,500
Your whiskey glasses, empty, and
your adventure in Frontier. 

2259
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,700
Dining is complete. 
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 

2260
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:12,400
that Stagecoach and continue 
West carrying with you, the 

2261
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:15,000
memory of an evening, when the 
wild west revealed itself to be 

2262
01:56:15,008 --> 01:56:18,800
not quite as wild as advertised,
but infinitely more fascinating 

2263
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:21,900
than you'd expected. 
Sometimes the best stories 

2264
01:56:21,900 --> 01:56:25,500
aren't about the fastest, guns, 
or the biggest fights, sometimes

2265
01:56:25,500 --> 01:56:27,900
they're about the moments. 
When Ordinary People find 

2266
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:30,000
extraordinary ways to be decent 
to each other. 

2267
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:33,900
Even when especially when It 
would be easier not to be. 

2268
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:37,800
And with that thought you finish
your whiskey tip your hat to 

2269
01:56:37,800 --> 01:56:40,800
Jake the bartender nod, farewell
to Thompson and the other 

2270
01:56:40,808 --> 01:56:44,400
patrons, and push through those 
famous batwing, doors into the 

2271
01:56:44,408 --> 01:56:47,600
star-filled desert night, 
carrying with you, a story worth

2272
01:56:47,600 --> 01:56:49,300
telling. 
And the kind of satisfied 

2273
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:52,200
tiredness that comes from a day.
Well, lived and an evening. 

2274
01:56:52,200 --> 01:56:55,800
Well, spent the Silver Dollar 
Saloon settles in to its 

2275
01:56:55,800 --> 01:56:58,800
nighttime Rhythm behind. 
You ready to welcome the next 

2276
01:56:58,800 --> 01:57:00,500
traveler? 
The next Story. 

2277
01:57:00,500 --> 01:57:02,900
The next small drama of frontier
life. 

2278
01:57:03,800 --> 01:57:05,200
Because that's what places like 
this. 

2279
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:08,500
Do they provide a stage where 
ordinary people can have 

2280
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:11,500
extraordinary moments, where 
strangers can become friends 

2281
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:14,600
over shared meal and a glass of 
something that might charitably 

2282
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:17,600
be called whiskey. 
And in the morning, the 

2283
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:20,800
stagecoach will come and you'll 
climb aboard for the next leg of

2284
01:57:20,808 --> 01:57:22,700
your journey. 
You'll always remember the 

2285
01:57:22,700 --> 01:57:25,300
night, you learned that the real
wild west wasn't one with guns. 

2286
01:57:25,300 --> 01:57:29,700
It was one with conversation 
creativity and the kind of human

2287
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:34,100
decency that transcends time and
place sweet dreams Travelers the

2288
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:36,500
frontier awaits. 
And now you know, it's not quite

2289
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:39,500
as dangerous as the story 
suggest, just infinitely more 

2290
01:57:39,500 --> 01:57:40,900
interesting than you ever 
imagined. 

2291
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:04,900
Sleep wasn't quite the 
uninterrupted, eight our luxury.

2292
01:58:04,900 --> 01:58:09,000
You once knew in another life, 
instead, you dozed fitfully 

2293
01:58:09,000 --> 01:58:12,600
between the sounds of night. 
The distant howl that made your 

2294
01:58:12,608 --> 01:58:16,100
spine, tingle the rustle of 
something large, moving through 

2295
01:58:16,100 --> 01:58:20,200
the brush outside and the gentle
snoring of your cavemen curled 

2296
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:22,400
around the dying, Embers of last
night's fire. 

2297
01:58:23,200 --> 01:58:26,400
Your bed is a carefully arranged
pile of Furs and dried grasses 

2298
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:28,900
position. 
Just far enough from the cave 

2299
01:58:28,900 --> 01:58:30,400
mouth to avoid the morning. 
Chill. 

2300
01:58:30,400 --> 01:58:32,800
But close enough to make a quick
Escape if needed. 

2301
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:35,200
Yes. 
Escape plans were part of 

2302
01:58:35,208 --> 01:58:39,000
interior decorating back there. 
Stone beneath you have been worn

2303
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:42,600
Smooth by countless nights of 
human body seeking Comfort, an 

2304
01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:45,200
honestly it's not terrible. 
Once you pile on enough. 

2305
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:50,100
Hide Stretching your arms 
carefully because that shoulder 

2306
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:52,500
you wrenched wrestling, a 
particularly stubborn root 

2307
01:58:52,500 --> 01:58:54,300
vegetable last week, still 
protests. 

2308
01:58:54,300 --> 01:58:58,600
You notice the familiar ache in 
your lower back living in the 

2309
01:58:58,600 --> 01:59:02,000
Paleolithic era was essentially 
a continuous low intensity 

2310
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:04,500
exercise regiment. 
That would leave modern Fitness 

2311
01:59:04,500 --> 01:59:07,200
Enthusiast feeling both envious 
and exhausted. 

2312
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:11,200
Fire pit still glows faintly in 
the center of your cave home. 

2313
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:13,900
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

2314
01:59:13,900 --> 01:59:17,700
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

2315
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:21,300
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

2316
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,200
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

2317
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:26,400
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

2318
01:59:26,408 --> 01:59:29,100
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

2319
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:32,600
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

2320
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:34,700
checking your body from new 
aches cuts. 

2321
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:36,800
Serious. 
Bruises that appeared overnight?

2322
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:40,700
Living near nature often results
in it leaving its mark on your 

2323
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:43,900
ship or forearm. 
Today's inventory reveals a 

2324
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:45,900
scratch on your thumb from 
yesterday's Flint, knapping 

2325
01:59:45,900 --> 01:59:49,100
session and a tender spot on 
your hip where you missed judge 

2326
01:59:49,100 --> 01:59:52,300
the height of a boulder. 
This is a common occurrence, 

2327
01:59:52,300 --> 01:59:56,100
your stomach announces itself 
with a rumble that Echoes 

2328
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:57,200
slightly off the cave. 
Walls. 

2329
01:59:57,200 --> 02:00:00,800
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

2330
02:00:00,800 --> 02:00:03,900
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so 

2331
02:00:03,900 --> 02:00:08,200
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

2332
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:11,700
success at Gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

2333
02:00:11,700 --> 02:00:13,000
someone else to share their 
food. 

2334
02:00:13,000 --> 02:00:16,400
You peer outside, the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

2335
02:00:16,400 --> 02:00:19,800
growing daylight, the world 
stretches out before you in 

2336
02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:23,600
Endless, green broken by Rocky 
outcroppings, and the distant 

2337
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:25,800
glimmer of the river that serves
as your neighborhood's. 

2338
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:29,700
Main Street, grocery store and 
Community Center all rolled into

2339
02:00:29,700 --> 02:00:32,300
one. 
Yeah, carries the center of pine

2340
02:00:32,300 --> 02:00:36,000
resin damper and something that 
might be Smoke From Another 

2341
02:00:36,000 --> 02:00:39,800
group's fire miles away where 
the prediction was a survival 

2342
02:00:39,800 --> 02:00:43,500
skill back there. 
Not casual conversation, you 

2343
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:46,100
scan the sky with the intensity 
of a meteorologist. 

2344
02:00:46,100 --> 02:00:49,100
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning newspaper. 

2345
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:53,500
Those whispy streets to the West
suggest wind later which could 

2346
02:00:53,500 --> 02:00:56,700
mean Rain by evening. 
Thought makes you mentally 

2347
02:00:56,700 --> 02:00:58,600
catalog. 
The caves water containers, 

2348
02:00:58,600 --> 02:01:02,300
mostly animal, bladders, and 
carefully shaped gourds that 

2349
02:01:02,300 --> 02:01:06,100
took weeks to perfect. 
Sound from deeper in the cave, 

2350
02:01:06,100 --> 02:01:07,800
indicates your companions are 
stirring. 

2351
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:11,900
There's grack you snoring, could
wake the dead and occasionally 

2352
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:13,800
did wake the living at 
inconvenient moments. 

2353
02:01:13,800 --> 02:01:17,400
He's already sitting up running 
thick fingers through hair. 

2354
02:01:17,400 --> 02:01:20,300
That defies any attempt at 
styling, not that styling 

2355
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:24,100
products were readily available.
Beside him mirror stretches like

2356
02:01:24,100 --> 02:01:26,800
a cat. 
Her movement's graceful despite 

2357
02:01:26,800 --> 02:01:30,600
sleeping on Stone, and fur. 
The day ahead holds the usual 

2358
02:01:30,600 --> 02:01:34,800
uncertainty food needs to be 
found tools require maintenance 

2359
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:38,000
and Somewhere Out There 
opportunities and dangers 

2360
02:01:38,000 --> 02:01:42,100
waiting equal measure. 
But first, there is the simple 

2361
02:01:42,100 --> 02:01:45,300
joy of living in a world where 
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 

2362
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:48,700
triumphs against the challenges,
your feet, find their way to the

2363
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:52,000
cave entrance, and you stand 
there for a moment breathing in 

2364
02:01:52,000 --> 02:01:54,400
the morning are that tastes 
cleaner than anything you could 

2365
02:01:54,400 --> 02:01:57,700
imagine. 
Sun climbs, higher promising, 

2366
02:01:57,700 --> 02:02:01,400
warmth later, and somewhere in 
the distance, a bird calls with 

2367
02:02:01,400 --> 02:02:03,500
the kind of pure joy, that makes
you remember. 

2368
02:02:03,500 --> 02:02:07,200
Why being alive even in the 
Stone Age, has its moments of 

2369
02:02:07,200 --> 02:02:11,100
absolute perfection finding 
breakfast in the Paleolithic era

2370
02:02:11,100 --> 02:02:13,800
was like playing the world's 
most consequential Treasure Hunt

2371
02:02:13,800 --> 02:02:17,100
game where the treasure was 
edible and losing meant going 

2372
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:21,000
hungry. 
You step outside the cave bare 

2373
02:02:21,000 --> 02:02:23,200
feet, immediately registering 
the temperature and texture of 

2374
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:26,100
the ground information. 
Your modern brain would dismiss 

2375
02:02:26,100 --> 02:02:30,200
but your ancient instincts 
catalog automatically, The 

2376
02:02:30,200 --> 02:02:33,400
morning dew is settled on 
everything, turning spider, webs

2377
02:02:33,400 --> 02:02:36,300
into dual masterpieces and 
making certain rocks. 

2378
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:38,900
Slippery enough to turn a casual
stroll into an impromptu 

2379
02:02:38,900 --> 02:02:42,300
tumbling session, having 
experienced this lesson first 

2380
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:44,900
hand, several times. 
You now walk with a measured 

2381
02:02:44,900 --> 02:02:48,300
gate, understanding that gravity
Remains the Same in the stone 

2382
02:02:48,300 --> 02:02:49,400
ages. 
It does everywhere else. 

2383
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:52,700
Your stomach rumbles again, more
insistently. 

2384
02:02:52,700 --> 02:02:56,100
This time, you've noticed that 
the human digestive system 

2385
02:02:56,100 --> 02:02:58,900
doesn't care about the 
historical significance of your 

2386
02:02:58,900 --> 02:03:01,600
situation. 
Its simply craves food. 

2387
02:03:01,600 --> 02:03:05,700
Ideally as soon as possible. 
This morning's breakfast menu 

2388
02:03:05,700 --> 02:03:07,900
depends entirely on your 
knowledge of what is edible 

2389
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:11,500
versus what's decorative versus 
what's deadly, it's like being a

2390
02:03:11,500 --> 02:03:15,200
contestant on the world's most 
dangerous cooking show 20 yards 

2391
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:17,000
from the cave. 
You spot a cluster of berry 

2392
02:03:17,000 --> 02:03:18,200
bushes. 
That wasn't there yesterday 

2393
02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:20,500
actually they were there 
yesterday. 

2394
02:03:20,500 --> 02:03:24,200
Your brain is still learning to 
see food sources instead of just

2395
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:27,500
green stuff. 
The berries are small and dark 

2396
02:03:27,500 --> 02:03:29,500
purple and past the preliminary 
tests. 

2397
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:32,700
Birds have been eating them 
without falling over and they 

2398
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:35,700
smell, right? 
You taste one carefully letting 

2399
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:38,500
the flavor register fully before
committing to a handful. 

2400
02:03:38,500 --> 02:03:41,800
They are sweet, slightly tart 
and have a texture that 

2401
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:43,400
suggests. 
They won't cause immediate 

2402
02:03:43,400 --> 02:03:47,300
digestive Rebellion. 
Success gathering enough to 

2403
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:49,900
satisfy your hunger. 
You remain vigilant for 

2404
02:03:49,900 --> 02:03:53,500
potential opportunities. 
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 

2405
02:03:53,500 --> 02:03:56,400
often a progressive meal eaten 
as you found it, rather than 

2406
02:03:56,400 --> 02:03:58,000
sitting down to a prepared 
plate. 

2407
02:03:58,900 --> 02:04:01,500
Near the berry bushes. 
A cluster of what you've learned

2408
02:04:01,500 --> 02:04:03,500
at. 
Edible roots, pokes through the 

2409
02:04:03,500 --> 02:04:05,800
soil. 
Digging them up requires the 

2410
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:07,200
sharp stick you carved last 
week. 

2411
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,600
Next curating, routes turns out 
to be excellent exercise for 

2412
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:12,100
muscle groups. 
You didn't know existed. 

2413
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,400
The roots are starchy filling 
and tastes vaguely, like 

2414
02:04:16,400 --> 02:04:18,400
potatoes. 
If potatoes had been designed by

2415
02:04:18,400 --> 02:04:20,600
someone, who'd only heard a 
rough description of what food 

2416
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:23,200
should taste. 
Like a flash of movement catches

2417
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:26,400
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 
the peculiar way. 

2418
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:28,600
That rabbits pretend to be 
invisible by remaining. 

2419
02:04:28,600 --> 02:04:32,000
Absolutely, still. 
Your hand moves slowly towards 

2420
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:34,500
the throwing stick touched into 
your woven grass belt. 

2421
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:37,600
Wrap, it would be a protein 
upgraded, this morning's 

2422
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:41,100
vegetarian fare but hunting 
requires a combination of skill 

2423
02:04:41,100 --> 02:04:44,800
luck and the kind of patients 
that doesn't come naturally when

2424
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:46,800
your stomach is demanding 
immediate attention. 

2425
02:04:47,800 --> 02:04:50,500
The throwing stick is a Marvel 
of Stone Age, engineering 

2426
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:53,800
basically a carefully balanced 
wooden projectile that you've 

2427
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:55,600
practiced with until your 
shoulder aches. 

2428
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:59,900
The rabbit remains motionless 
probably calculating its odds of

2429
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:02,100
Escape versus the energy cost of
sudden movement. 

2430
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,000
You shift your weight slowly 
raise. 

2431
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:06,800
The stick with movement smoother
enough. 

2432
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:09,800
Not to trigger the rabbits 
flight response then a branch 

2433
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:12,900
cracks somewhere behind you. 
Probably Greg stumbling around 

2434
02:05:12,900 --> 02:05:16,300
looking for his breakfast and 
the rabbit vanishes in a blur of

2435
02:05:16,300 --> 02:05:20,000
brown fur and indignation your 
throwing sticks sails through 

2436
02:05:20,000 --> 02:05:23,600
empty air and lands with a 
disappointed thudd against a 

2437
02:05:23,600 --> 02:05:26,100
tree trunk. 
So much for upgraded protein. 

2438
02:05:27,400 --> 02:05:31,000
You retrieve the stick mentally 
adding practice hunting, in 

2439
02:05:31,000 --> 02:05:34,300
areas with fewer clumsy 
companions to your growing list 

2440
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,700
of survival improvements. 
The berries and Roots will have 

2441
02:05:37,700 --> 02:05:40,400
to suffice for now. 
Supplemented by the memory of 

2442
02:05:40,400 --> 02:05:42,800
yesterday. 
Successful fishing Expedition. 

2443
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:46,900
Walking back toward the cave. 
You notice Mira has discovered a

2444
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:49,400
bird's nest with eggs. 
The kind of find that makes 

2445
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:53,000
everyone's morning. 
Significantly brighter eggs are 

2446
02:05:53,000 --> 02:05:55,800
perfect food packages. 
Assuming you can convince their 

2447
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:58,100
parents that you need them more 
than the unhatched occupants. 

2448
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:02,000
Do the negotiation typically 
involves quick hands and faster.

2449
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:04,900
Feet is when the parents are 
larger birds with strong 

2450
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:08,300
opinions about egg ownership, 
the morning meal shapes up to be

2451
02:06:08,300 --> 02:06:11,800
a combination of your berries 
and Roots, shared eggs and some 

2452
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:14,800
leftover fish that crack managed
not to eat entirely yesterday. 

2453
02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:18,400
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

2454
02:06:18,400 --> 02:06:21,500
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

2455
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:24,300
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

2456
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:25,800
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

2457
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,700
Sitting on a sun warmed. 
Rock outside the cave, you eat 

2458
02:06:29,708 --> 02:06:33,800
slowly save savoring flavors. 
That are simple direct and 

2459
02:06:33,800 --> 02:06:35,800
somehow more satisfying, the new
expected. 

2460
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,100
Food tastes like work, like 
success. 

2461
02:06:39,100 --> 02:06:42,300
Like the peculiar Pride that 
comes from feeding yourself 

2462
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:45,800
through knowledge and effort 
rather than convenients your 

2463
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:48,600
stomach settles in to 
contentment and the day ahead 

2464
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:50,900
seems more manageable with 
breakfast accomplished. 

2465
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:54,900
The sun rises higher warming, 
the rocks in your shoulders. 

2466
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,200
Somewhere in the distance. 
You can hear the river calling 

2467
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:01,100
with Promises of fish and the 
kind of morning bath that wakes 

2468
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:03,800
up every nerve ending at once. 
After breakfast. 

2469
02:07:03,800 --> 02:07:07,000
Your attention, turns to the 
Daily maintenance tasks that 

2470
02:07:07,000 --> 02:07:10,100
keep Stone Age life. 
Functional your toolkit needs 

2471
02:07:10,100 --> 02:07:13,500
inspection and in a world where 
the nearest hardware store won't

2472
02:07:13,500 --> 02:07:16,900
exist for several Millennia. 
Tool maintenance isn't optional.

2473
02:07:16,900 --> 02:07:20,500
Its survival. 
You settle onto a Flat Rock that

2474
02:07:20,500 --> 02:07:23,500
serves as your workbench 
spreading out your collection of

2475
02:07:23,500 --> 02:07:26,400
implements with the care of a 
surgeon arranging instruments. 

2476
02:07:26,400 --> 02:07:29,300
There's the knife you chipped 
from Flint to weeks ago. 

2477
02:07:29,300 --> 02:07:32,600
Its Edge still sharp enough to 
slice through high but showing 

2478
02:07:32,600 --> 02:07:36,500
tiny Nicks from yesterday's 
routing Expedition You've bound 

2479
02:07:36,500 --> 02:07:39,600
the spear tip which required 
three attempts to perfect, to 

2480
02:07:39,600 --> 02:07:42,500
its wooden shaft with such 
meticulous, sinu wrapping that 

2481
02:07:42,500 --> 02:07:45,900
it almost appears decorative. 
Flint, knapping the art of 

2482
02:07:45,908 --> 02:07:49,500
striking stone with stone to 
create sharp edges requires the 

2483
02:07:49,500 --> 02:07:52,700
kind of focused attention. 
That makes meditation look like,

2484
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:56,600
multitasking, you choose a piece
of flint testing its weight and 

2485
02:07:56,600 --> 02:07:59,100
dense City with fingers that 
have learned to read Stone, like

2486
02:07:59,100 --> 02:08:02,200
others, read books. 
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 

2487
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:05,900
in your palm its surface, warm 
Smooth, by countless impacts. 

2488
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:10,300
The first strike sends a small 
chip flying landing near your 

2489
02:08:10,308 --> 02:08:15,300
feet with a tiny click success. 
You turn the Flint slightly, 

2490
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:18,900
visualizing the blade hidden 
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 

2491
02:08:18,900 --> 02:08:21,200
to be revealed through patient. 
Precise work. 

2492
02:08:22,000 --> 02:08:28,700
Strike turn, examine strike, 
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 

2493
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:30,600
almost hypnotic. 
Each impact. 

2494
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:33,600
Calculated to remove exactly the
right amount of material. 

2495
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:37,200
Somewhere around the 15th, 
strike your concentration, 

2496
02:08:37,200 --> 02:08:40,400
waivers for just a moment, and 
the Hammerstone catches, the 

2497
02:08:40,400 --> 02:08:43,400
Flint at the wrong angle, 
instead of a clean chip, a large

2498
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:46,600
chunk breaks away, taking half 
your emerging Blade with it. 

2499
02:08:47,600 --> 02:08:50,100
The Flint now looks less like a 
future tool and more like 

2500
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:52,800
evidence of why patients isn't 
just a virtue. 

2501
02:08:52,800 --> 02:08:56,400
It's a requirement. 
You set the ruined Flint aside 

2502
02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:59,400
and reach for another piece. 
Reminding yourself, that failure

2503
02:08:59,400 --> 02:09:00,900
is just another word for 
practice. 

2504
02:09:02,400 --> 02:09:05,500
The second attempt goes better 
partly because you've already 

2505
02:09:05,500 --> 02:09:07,800
made today's mistake and partly 
because your hands. 

2506
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:11,600
Remember the proper rhythm. 
Gradually a serviceable blade 

2507
02:09:11,600 --> 02:09:15,200
emerges from the Royal Stone its
Edge sharp enough to make you 

2508
02:09:15,200 --> 02:09:18,500
respected immediately. 
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 

2509
02:09:18,500 --> 02:09:22,200
just making new implements. 
Your spare shaft is developed a 

2510
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:25,500
small crack near The Binding. 
The kind of floor that could 

2511
02:09:25,500 --> 02:09:27,000
turn a hunting trip into a 
disaster. 

2512
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:30,300
If left unattended. 
You unwrap the sinu carefully. 

2513
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:33,500
It's too valuable to waste and 
examine the crack more closely. 

2514
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:37,200
The split runs with the wood 
grain, which is positive news 

2515
02:09:37,200 --> 02:09:40,700
across grain crack would mean 
starting over with a new shaft. 

2516
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:44,800
You select a thin strip of wet, 
hide and wrap it tightly around 

2517
02:09:44,800 --> 02:09:47,300
the damaged area. 
Pulling the wood fibers back 

2518
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:50,300
together. 
Once it dries, the hide will 

2519
02:09:50,300 --> 02:09:53,500
shrink creating a repair 
stronger than the original wood.

2520
02:09:53,500 --> 02:09:57,100
It's the Stone Age. 
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 

2521
02:09:57,100 --> 02:10:00,200
the adhesive and the tape fire 
maintenance demands is 

2522
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:03,500
attention. 
The coals from last night of 

2523
02:10:03,500 --> 02:10:06,600
settled into a bed of Embers, 
perfect for cooking but needing 

2524
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:10,600
encouragement to Flame up again.
You add small kindling, dry 

2525
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:14,400
grass thin Twigs strips of birch
bark, that catch fire. 

2526
02:10:14,400 --> 02:10:15,800
Like they were designed for the 
purpose. 

2527
02:10:16,800 --> 02:10:20,000
The Flames respond eagerly 
crackling to life with the kind 

2528
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:22,800
of enthusiasm that makes you 
appreciate Humanity's ancient 

2529
02:10:22,800 --> 02:10:24,900
partnership with controlled 
combustion. 

2530
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:29,200
Keeping the fire alive was a 
community responsibility that 

2531
02:10:29,200 --> 02:10:31,000
rotated among the caves 
inhabitants. 

2532
02:10:31,900 --> 02:10:34,700
Today is your turn to be the 
fire keeper, which means feeding

2533
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,900
it regularly banking the coals 
for cooking and most 

2534
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:39,900
importantly, never letting it 
die completely. 

2535
02:10:41,200 --> 02:10:44,800
Starting a fire from scratch. 
Using flint and steel, or rather

2536
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:48,000
flint and iron pyrite. 
Since steel won't be invented 

2537
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:52,400
for quite a while is possible, 
but exhausting you practice the 

2538
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:55,600
Fire Starting technique anyway 
because redundancy keeps you 

2539
02:10:55,600 --> 02:10:58,100
alive. 
Strike Flint against pyrite, 

2540
02:10:58,100 --> 02:11:02,000
directing the Sparks into a nest
of the finest driest hinder. 

2541
02:11:02,000 --> 02:11:05,900
You can prepare Cedar bark 
worked into soft fibers Birch, 

2542
02:11:05,900 --> 02:11:08,200
fungus and dried grass. 
So fine. 

2543
02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:12,100
It's almost powder. 
Sparks, catch glowing like tiny 

2544
02:11:12,100 --> 02:11:15,800
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, coaxes them into 

2545
02:11:15,800 --> 02:11:19,400
flame and suddenly you have fire
created from nothing but skill 

2546
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:22,200
and persistence. 
Success, gives you a quiet 

2547
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:25,200
satisfaction. 
That's hard to describe in a 

2548
02:11:25,208 --> 02:11:28,100
world where most things are 
uncertain being able to create 

2549
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:30,500
Fire On Demand. 
Feels like having superpowers, 

2550
02:11:30,500 --> 02:11:33,600
which from the perspective of 
any other animal. 

2551
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:37,100
You supposed it is Your 
morning's work spreads out 

2552
02:11:37,100 --> 02:11:41,200
around, you newly sharpened 
tools, repair weapons, a healthy

2553
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:44,000
fire and the kind of competence 
that builds confidence. 

2554
02:11:44,000 --> 02:11:47,100
These aren't glamorous tasks, 
but they form the foundation 

2555
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:48,900
that makes everything else 
possible. 

2556
02:11:48,900 --> 02:11:53,700
Every sharp edge, every strong 
binding, and every glowing coal 

2557
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:56,100
represents the difference 
between thriving and merely 

2558
02:11:56,100 --> 02:11:59,200
surviving. 
Son has climbed higher while you

2559
02:11:59,200 --> 02:12:01,800
worked and the warmth feels good
on your shoulders. 

2560
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:05,500
In the distance, you can hear 
water running over rocks. 

2561
02:12:05,500 --> 02:12:08,600
The river calling with Promises 
of fish and the kind of cooling 

2562
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:11,900
bath that makes hot work. 
While the river beckons with the

2563
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:13,800
sound of water, moving over 
Stones. 

2564
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:17,000
A constant murmur that serves as
the soundtrack to your daily 

2565
02:12:17,000 --> 02:12:19,200
life you gather your fishing 
equipment. 

2566
02:12:20,300 --> 02:12:24,000
Spear with a particularly point 
a, net woven from plant fibers 

2567
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:27,500
that took weeks to complete and 
the kind of optimism that comes 

2568
02:12:27,500 --> 02:12:30,100
from successful. 
Fishing experience is mixed with

2569
02:12:30,100 --> 02:12:32,700
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

2570
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:35,900
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

2571
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:39,200
terrain, that changes subtly 
with each day's weather today. 

2572
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:42,100
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's brief 

2573
02:12:42,100 --> 02:12:45,500
Reign causing footing to become 
uncertain in areas where the 

2574
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:47,700
clay soil has turned into a 
slippery surface. 

2575
02:12:47,700 --> 02:12:50,400
You've learned to read these 
conditions automatically 

2576
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:54,000
adjusting your gate to have the 
kind of spectacular fall that 

2577
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:57,300
looks amusing in hindsight, but 
feels considerably less funny 

2578
02:12:57,300 --> 02:13:01,100
when you're picking mahd out of 
uncomfortable places. your 

2579
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:03,500
fishing spot is a bend in the 
river where the current slows 

2580
02:13:03,500 --> 02:13:06,700
and deepens creating a natural 
pool were fish tend to gather 

2581
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:09,900
The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

2582
02:13:09,900 --> 02:13:13,300
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

2583
02:13:13,300 --> 02:13:15,500
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

2584
02:13:15,500 --> 02:13:18,300
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

2585
02:13:19,800 --> 02:13:22,100
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

2586
02:13:22,108 --> 02:13:23,700
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

2587
02:13:23,700 --> 02:13:26,500
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

2588
02:13:26,500 --> 02:13:29,300
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

2589
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:32,300
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

2590
02:13:32,308 --> 02:13:35,800
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

2591
02:13:35,800 --> 02:13:38,800
are unaware that you're studying
their patterns with the 

2592
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:42,200
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

2593
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:44,700
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

2594
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:48,100
patterns and prefer depths holds
position near the far Bank. 

2595
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:51,500
Its fins making tiny adjustments
to maintain its place in the 

2596
02:13:51,500 --> 02:13:54,400
current its perfectly positioned
for a spear throw. 

2597
02:13:54,400 --> 02:13:57,400
Assuming you can manage the 
complex physics of refraction 

2598
02:13:57,400 --> 02:14:01,300
water resistance and the fish is
likely Escape Route, all while 

2599
02:14:01,300 --> 02:14:04,100
maintaining the balance 
necessary not to fall off your 

2600
02:14:04,100 --> 02:14:06,900
rock in to the river. 
You raise the spear slowly 

2601
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:09,000
muscles. 
Remembering the thousands of 

2602
02:14:09,000 --> 02:14:12,000
practice throws that have taught
your arms, the proper Ark and 

2603
02:14:12,000 --> 02:14:15,500
release point. 
The fish remains steady. 

2604
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:19,100
Focused on something Upstream 
that might be food drifting down

2605
02:14:19,100 --> 02:14:22,200
with the current. 
This is the moment when patience

2606
02:14:22,200 --> 02:14:25,800
and preparation meet opportunity
assuming your aim is improved 

2607
02:14:25,800 --> 02:14:27,800
since yesterday somewhat 
embarrassing performance. 

2608
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:31,600
The spear leaves your hand, with
the smooth motion of long, 

2609
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:35,500
practice, cutting through air, 
and then water with barely a 

2610
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:39,600
splash. success appears certain 
for a moment, then physics 

2611
02:14:39,600 --> 02:14:43,200
asserts itself in the form of 
water refraction and your spare 

2612
02:14:43,200 --> 02:14:46,700
passes harmlessly beneath the 
fish, which vanishes in a swirl 

2613
02:14:46,700 --> 02:14:50,100
of indignant motion that somehow
manages to look, reproachful, 

2614
02:14:50,800 --> 02:14:53,300
Retrieving the spear requires 
wading into water that 

2615
02:14:53,300 --> 02:14:56,100
shockingly cold. 
Despite the warm air, the river 

2616
02:14:56,100 --> 02:14:59,400
bottom is a collection of smooth
Stones, Some steady and reliable

2617
02:14:59,400 --> 02:15:01,700
others. 
Perfectly designed to shift, 

2618
02:15:01,700 --> 02:15:05,200
unexpectedly and send Wade. 
As sprawling into deeper water, 

2619
02:15:05,200 --> 02:15:08,800
you move carefully, your feet. 
Testing each step before 

2620
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:11,900
committing your full weight, the
spear has lodged between two 

2621
02:15:11,900 --> 02:15:14,900
rocks and deeper water. 
Requiring, a Wade that brings 

2622
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:18,600
the river level to mid-thigh. 
The cold is invigorating in the 

2623
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:20,500
way that makes you immediately 
understand why? 

2624
02:15:20,500 --> 02:15:23,200
Some people voluntarily take 
cold showers while 

2625
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:25,400
simultaneously making you 
question their sanity. 

2626
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:29,000
Your muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

2627
02:15:29,000 --> 02:15:31,600
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick efficiency, rather than 

2628
02:15:31,600 --> 02:15:35,600
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

2629
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:38,900
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

2630
02:15:38,900 --> 02:15:41,300
warmed Stone. 
The net offers different 

2631
02:15:41,300 --> 02:15:44,400
possibilities. 
Let's Precision required but 

2632
02:15:44,400 --> 02:15:47,100
demanding perfect timing, and 
the ability to read fish 

2633
02:15:47,100 --> 02:15:48,500
Behavior. 
Well, enough to predict their 

2634
02:15:48,500 --> 02:15:52,200
movements You study the water 
again, looking for the subtle 

2635
02:15:52,200 --> 02:15:54,600
signs that indicate where fish 
are likely to swim. 

2636
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:57,900
School of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

2637
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:00,800
Their bodies flashing silver as 
they turn in unison. 

2638
02:16:01,500 --> 02:16:03,400
They're following some 
underwater logic, that makes 

2639
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:06,000
perfect sense to them and 
appears completely random to 

2640
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:07,900
you. 
The net requires positioning 

2641
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:11,400
Downstream from their path, then
patience, while they swim into 

2642
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:15,600
range, You slip into the water 
again, moving with exaggerated 

2643
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:18,700
care of sending vibrations 
through the riverbed that would 

2644
02:16:18,700 --> 02:16:21,900
scatter your targets. 
The fish continue their 

2645
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:24,600
mysterious choreography, 
occasionally coming 

2646
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:27,900
tantalizingly close to your nets
range before veering away. 

2647
02:16:27,900 --> 02:16:29,500
As if they've suddenly 
remembered important 

2648
02:16:29,500 --> 02:16:32,700
appointments elsewhere. 
Finally, the schools wandering 

2649
02:16:32,700 --> 02:16:34,200
path. 
Brings them directly toward your

2650
02:16:34,208 --> 02:16:36,700
position. 
You raise the Nets slowly 

2651
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:39,700
waiting for the moment. 
When the maximum number of fish 

2652
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:41,600
occupy, the minimum amount of 
space. 

2653
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:44,500
The technique nessus takes 
precise timing. 

2654
02:16:44,500 --> 02:16:47,799
If you act to early, the fish 
will scatter and if you act too 

2655
02:16:47,808 --> 02:16:49,299
late, they will have already 
passed through. 

2656
02:16:50,200 --> 02:16:53,299
Now the net sweeps through water
and fish with satisfying 

2657
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:56,900
efficiency and suddenly your 
holding breakfast lunch and 

2658
02:16:56,900 --> 02:16:58,900
possibly dinner in woven plant 
fibers. 

2659
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:02,900
The fish flip and struggle with 
understandable urgency and you 

2660
02:17:02,900 --> 02:17:05,400
wait quickly to short to 
transfer them, to the woven 

2661
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:07,400
basket that serves as your 
portable container. 

2662
02:17:08,100 --> 02:17:10,700
Success. 
Tastes like cold river water and

2663
02:17:10,700 --> 02:17:13,200
feels like the quiet 
satisfaction of having fed 

2664
02:17:13,200 --> 02:17:14,700
yourself through skill and 
patience. 

2665
02:17:15,299 --> 02:17:17,700
The morning's fishing has 
provided enough protein for the 

2666
02:17:17,700 --> 02:17:21,200
day plus extra to share with 
your cave who may have had less 

2667
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:23,400
luck with their own food 
Gathering expeditions. 

2668
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:27,200
Walking back toward the cave 
basket of fish and one hand and 

2669
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,299
wet fishing gear in the other. 
You reflect on the peculiar 

2670
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:32,400
satisfaction of having succeeded
at something. 

2671
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:35,799
Your ancestors would recognize 
and approval of There's 

2672
02:17:35,799 --> 02:17:38,400
something deeply right about 
providing food through your own 

2673
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:41,400
efforts even when those efforts 
occasionally involve falling 

2674
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:44,500
into cold water, while chasing 
fish that seem to mock your 

2675
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:47,700
hunting skills, the afternoon 
sun has reached that perfect 

2676
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:49,500
angle, where it warms without 
burning. 

2677
02:17:50,400 --> 02:17:52,600
Your successful fishing 
Expedition has left. 

2678
02:17:52,600 --> 02:17:55,200
You feeling confident enough to 
venture further from the cave 

2679
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:58,200
than usual. 
Today seems like an ideal time 

2680
02:17:58,200 --> 02:18:01,900
to explore the valley Beyond The
Ridge where rumor delivered by a

2681
02:18:01,900 --> 02:18:04,299
traveling group. 
Last week suggests, there might 

2682
02:18:04,308 --> 02:18:07,400
be fruit trees and possibly 
deposits of the particularly 

2683
02:18:07,400 --> 02:18:08,900
good. 
Flint, that makes Superior 

2684
02:18:08,900 --> 02:18:11,700
tools. 
You gather exploration supplies 

2685
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:13,799
with the methodical care of 
someone who has learned that 

2686
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:16,900
preparation prevents most 
disasters, an improvisation 

2687
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:20,200
handles the rest. 
Your pack consists of a large 

2688
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:22,299
hide bag. 
Containing water in a bladder 

2689
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:25,299
dried meat from last week's 
successful hunt, the 

2690
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:27,299
multi-purpose knife. 
That's sharp enough to be 

2691
02:18:27,308 --> 02:18:30,700
useful, but not so precious, 
you'd weep if you lost it and 

2692
02:18:30,700 --> 02:18:34,600
cordage woven from plant fibers,
that serves approximately 600 

2693
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:36,299
different functions in Stone Age
life. 

2694
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:40,000
The ridge requires a climb that 
would be considered moderate 

2695
02:18:40,000 --> 02:18:42,900
exercise in modern terms, but 
feels more like a full body 

2696
02:18:42,900 --> 02:18:44,799
workout. 
When you're carrying supplies 

2697
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:47,500
and watching for loose rocks, 
that could turn an afternoon 

2698
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:50,799
hike into a medical emergency, 
your route follows, what might 

2699
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:53,299
charitably be called a path, 
really? 

2700
02:18:53,299 --> 02:18:55,900
Just a series of animal tracks 
connected by your own 

2701
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:58,500
optimistic. 
Assumptions about the best way 

2702
02:18:58,500 --> 02:19:02,500
up steep Terrain. 
Halfway up the ridge, you pores 

2703
02:19:02,500 --> 02:19:05,200
to catch your breath and 
immediately understand why your 

2704
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:07,900
ancestors developed such 
impressive cardiovascular 

2705
02:19:07,900 --> 02:19:10,900
systems. 
Every activity in Paleolithic 

2706
02:19:10,900 --> 02:19:14,500
life was essentially a fitness 
program designed by someone with

2707
02:19:14,500 --> 02:19:17,799
a sadistic sense of humor and a 
deep commitment to build in 

2708
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:19,500
character through physical 
challenge. 

2709
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:23,700
The view from The Ridge Top 
makes the climb worthwhile, The 

2710
02:19:23,700 --> 02:19:26,400
Valleys below. 
You like a green carpet dotted 

2711
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:29,100
with Silver Streams, and dark 
patches that might be Groves of 

2712
02:19:29,108 --> 02:19:32,500
the fruit trees. 
You'll see In the distance smoke

2713
02:19:32,500 --> 02:19:35,799
rises from what's probably 
another group's fire, reminding 

2714
02:19:35,799 --> 02:19:38,600
you that you're not alone in 
this vast landscape just 

2715
02:19:38,600 --> 02:19:41,200
temporarily out of the shouting 
range of your neighbors 

2716
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:44,400
descending, into the valley 
proves trickier than the ascent 

2717
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:47,600
gravity, assists your progress 
with the kind of helpful. 

2718
02:19:47,600 --> 02:19:51,100
Enthusiasm that occasionally 
threatens to turn a controlled 

2719
02:19:51,100 --> 02:19:52,800
descent into an uncontrolled 
tumble. 

2720
02:19:53,500 --> 02:19:56,500
You pick your way, carefully 
down the slope using trees and 

2721
02:19:56,500 --> 02:19:58,900
rock outcroppings as handholds 
and trying. 

2722
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:01,500
Not to think about how much 
easier going down is than 

2723
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:04,000
climbing. 
Back up will be The valley floor

2724
02:20:04,000 --> 02:20:07,000
reveals itself to be a mixture 
of opportunity in complexity. 

2725
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:11,900
Yes, there are fruit trees. 
Several varieties you recognize,

2726
02:20:11,900 --> 02:20:14,700
and a few that require the kind 
of careful testing that 

2727
02:20:14,700 --> 02:20:16,700
determines whether their food or
decoration. 

2728
02:20:17,500 --> 02:20:19,700
The good news is many trees are 
heavy with ripe fruit. 

2729
02:20:19,700 --> 02:20:23,000
The challenge news, is that your
apparently not the first to 

2730
02:20:23,000 --> 02:20:26,200
discover this resource Fresh 
Tracks in the software near, the

2731
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:28,200
largest fruit growth. 
Tell a story that makes your 

2732
02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:32,500
survival instincts, pay close 
attention The large paw prints, 

2733
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:36,200
indicating a predator rather 
than prey are so recent that 

2734
02:20:36,200 --> 02:20:40,100
their ages remain Sharp. 
Bear most likely and probably 

2735
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:42,900
still in the area since Bears 
tend to stay near excellent food

2736
02:20:42,900 --> 02:20:45,100
sources until they've exhausted 
them completely. 

2737
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:48,700
This scenario creates what you 
might call a tactical situation,

2738
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:52,100
the fruit represents valuable 
calories and nutrients. 

2739
02:20:52,100 --> 02:20:54,100
That would improve everyone's 
diet significantly. 

2740
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:58,500
The bear represents the kind of 
conversation partner, who 

2741
02:20:58,508 --> 02:21:01,800
settles disagreements through 
methods that don't typically end

2742
02:21:01,800 --> 02:21:06,400
well for the smaller participant
wisdom, suggests Retreat, hunger

2743
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:09,700
suggests to negotiation Pride, 
suggest you're probably 

2744
02:21:09,708 --> 02:21:12,800
overthinking the whole 
situation, you compromised by 

2745
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:15,400
gathering fruit from trees on 
the periphery of the Grove 

2746
02:21:15,400 --> 02:21:18,900
working quickly. 
But quietly ears tuned for any 

2747
02:21:18,900 --> 02:21:21,500
sound that might indicate your 
about to have an unexpected 

2748
02:21:21,500 --> 02:21:23,400
encounter with the local bear 
population. 

2749
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:27,300
Every Fallen branch that cracks 
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot

2750
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:30,700
in the afternoon Stillness and 
every rustle of leaves. 

2751
02:21:30,700 --> 02:21:32,900
Bring a momentary pause, to 
listen for approaching 

2752
02:21:32,900 --> 02:21:35,600
footsteps, that weigh 
considerably more than yours. 

2753
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:39,300
The fruit Gathering goes well 
until you reach for a 

2754
02:21:39,300 --> 02:21:41,900
particularly promising, cluster 
growing just out of easy, reach 

2755
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:44,900
stretching toward it requires 
shifting, your weight onto a 

2756
02:21:44,900 --> 02:21:46,500
branch. 
That seemed sturdy enough when 

2757
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:48,800
you tested it. 
But apparently has strong 

2758
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:51,000
opinions about supporting human 
body weight. 

2759
02:21:52,100 --> 02:21:55,500
The branch surrenders with a 
sharp crack that Echoes through 

2760
02:21:55,500 --> 02:21:58,400
the Grove like a dinner. 
Bell ringing for every Predator 

2761
02:21:58,400 --> 02:22:01,700
within miles. 
You land in a heap of bruised 

2762
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:05,100
dignity and Scattered fruit 
momentarily, more concerned 

2763
02:22:05,100 --> 02:22:08,700
about the noise than the impact.
The growth falls into the kind 

2764
02:22:08,700 --> 02:22:11,500
of absolute silence that 
suggests every creature with 

2765
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:15,300
ears is now listening intently 
to determine what just announced

2766
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:17,900
its presence. 
So dramatically after several 

2767
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:20,300
heartbeats of holding your 
breath and straining your ears, 

2768
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:24,000
you can include that immediate 
danger seems unlikely Gathering 

2769
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:26,700
the scattered fruit with hands. 
Trembling slightly from 

2770
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:29,900
adrenaline rather than injury. 
You come to the conclusion that 

2771
02:22:29,900 --> 02:22:32,400
discretion is a crucial aspect 
of fruit Gathering. 

2772
02:22:33,300 --> 02:22:35,200
Your pack. 
Now contains enough fruit to 

2773
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,200
supplement several meals plus 
the kind of story that will 

2774
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,200
improve with each retelling 
around the evening fire, the 

2775
02:22:41,200 --> 02:22:44,400
discovery of the Flint deposits 
proves anti-climatic after the 

2776
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:47,700
fruit tree Adventure. 
Yes, the stone is excellent 

2777
02:22:47,700 --> 02:22:49,600
quality. 
Better than what you've been 

2778
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:52,300
working with. 
Yes, there's enough to supply 

2779
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:56,200
your tool making needs for 
months and yes it's located in 

2780
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:59,700
an easy to access outcropping 
that doesn't require negotiating

2781
02:22:59,700 --> 02:23:03,100
with large carnivals. 
You gather several Prime pieces 

2782
02:23:03,100 --> 02:23:06,900
of Flint testing each for 
quality and selecting those most

2783
02:23:06,900 --> 02:23:08,700
likely to produce Superior 
tools. 

2784
02:23:09,600 --> 02:23:12,200
The additional weight in your 
pack reminds you that the return

2785
02:23:12,200 --> 02:23:15,300
Journey will be more challenging
than the trip down, but a good 

2786
02:23:15,308 --> 02:23:19,000
Flint is worth the extra effort.
The afternoon light has begun 

2787
02:23:19,000 --> 02:23:21,800
its slow slide toward evening. 
By the time you start the 

2788
02:23:21,800 --> 02:23:25,200
return, climb your pack. 
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 

2789
02:23:25,200 --> 02:23:27,400
makes the ascent feel like a 
full body strength, training 

2790
02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:30,500
session, designed by someone who
believes suffering, builds 

2791
02:23:30,500 --> 02:23:34,700
character each step up the ridge
requires deliberate effort and 

2792
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:37,300
you find yourself developing a 
new appreciation for the concept

2793
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:40,800
of pack weight distribution, the
return to your cave feels like 

2794
02:23:40,800 --> 02:23:42,600
coming home. 
After a successful Adventure, 

2795
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:46,000
your pack heavy with the days 
discoveries and your body 

2796
02:23:46,000 --> 02:23:48,400
pleasantly worn out from useful 
exertion. 

2797
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:52,100
Late after noon, light filter 
through the trees with that, 

2798
02:23:52,100 --> 02:23:54,900
gold and quality, that makes 
everything look like. 

2799
02:23:54,900 --> 02:23:57,500
It's been painted by someone who
understands the beauty of 

2800
02:23:57,500 --> 02:24:00,900
natural illumination. 
Your cavemen have been busy 

2801
02:24:00,900 --> 02:24:04,200
during your absence Mira has 
constructed what appears to be a

2802
02:24:04,200 --> 02:24:08,000
fish drying rack from carefully 
arranged branches, and several 

2803
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:10,100
of yesterday's catch in neat 
rows. 

2804
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:13,600
Slowly transforming into 
preserve protein that will last 

2805
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:17,300
much longer than fresh fish. 
Crack has been working on 

2806
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:19,600
something involving a great deal
of scraped hide. 

2807
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:22,700
And what looks like sinu though,
his projects often remain 

2808
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:24,500
mysterious until they reach 
completion. 

2809
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:27,100
Fruit. 
You've gathered creates 

2810
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:30,400
immediate excitement. 
Fresh fruit has been scarce 

2811
02:24:30,400 --> 02:24:33,300
lately and the variety you've 
brought back include several 

2812
02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:35,100
types that none of you have 
tasted before. 

2813
02:24:35,100 --> 02:24:39,100
This leads to the careful ritual
of testing new foods, small 

2814
02:24:39,100 --> 02:24:41,400
amounts. 
First attention paid to flavor 

2815
02:24:41,400 --> 02:24:45,100
and any immediate reactions, 
then waiting to see if your 

2816
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:46,800
digestive system approves of the
innovation. 

2817
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:50,200
The unknown fruits, turn out to 
be pleasantly sweet with a 

2818
02:24:50,200 --> 02:24:53,000
slightly tart finish and your 
stomach accepts them without 

2819
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:56,000
protest. 
Excess dinner will be 

2820
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:58,000
considerably more intriguing 
than usual. 

2821
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,600
The remaining fruit can be dried
using techniques that transform 

2822
02:25:01,600 --> 02:25:06,100
perishable food into long-term 
storage solutions, your Flint, 

2823
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:08,200
Discovery. 
Generates a different kind of 

2824
02:25:08,200 --> 02:25:12,700
enthusiasm Graphic examined. 
Each piece with the focused 

2825
02:25:12,700 --> 02:25:16,100
attention of an expert testing 
density and grain structure with

2826
02:25:16,100 --> 02:25:19,200
techniques, you're still 
learning Good, Flint means 

2827
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:22,500
better tools which means more 
successful hunting and Gathering

2828
02:25:22,500 --> 02:25:25,700
which means improved odds of 
thriving rather than merely 

2829
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:28,300
surviving. 
His evening approaches, the 

2830
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:31,100
ritual of fire. 
Building begins today's fire 

2831
02:25:31,100 --> 02:25:33,300
will be larger than usual partly
for cooking. 

2832
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:36,000
The varied Foods, you've all 
gathered partly for the social 

2833
02:25:36,000 --> 02:25:38,900
warmth that comes from sitting 
around Flames while sharing the 

2834
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:42,600
day's experiences, you add a 
portion of fuel and soon the 

2835
02:25:42,600 --> 02:25:45,700
cave, entrance glows with 
cheerful light pushing back, the

2836
02:25:45,700 --> 02:25:49,100
growing Darkness outside cooking
in the Stone, Age requires 

2837
02:25:49,100 --> 02:25:53,000
timing attention and acceptance,
the Precision isn't always 

2838
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:55,400
possible. 
The fish cooked quickly on hot 

2839
02:25:55,400 --> 02:25:57,800
Stones, placed near the fire, 
their flesh. 

2840
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:00,600
Turning from translucent to 
opaque with the kind of 

2841
02:26:00,600 --> 02:26:03,300
straightforward honesty, that 
makes you trust the process 

2842
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:07,100
routes require longer cooking. 
They are buried in coal and 

2843
02:26:07,108 --> 02:26:10,200
covered with more coal until the
hard starch becomes something 

2844
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:14,300
approaching tender. 
Fruit needs no cooking but some 

2845
02:26:14,300 --> 02:26:16,900
of it gets wrapped in leaves and
placed near the fires Edge, 

2846
02:26:16,900 --> 02:26:19,900
where gentle heat, concentrates 
the flavors and creates 

2847
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:22,000
something resembling A Primitive
desert. 

2848
02:26:23,200 --> 02:26:26,400
The result taste like 
concentrated summer, sweet and 

2849
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:29,200
warm, and satisfying. 
In ways that make you understand

2850
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:31,800
why humans developed such 
elaborate relationships with 

2851
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:34,800
food preparation. 
Meal time in your small 

2852
02:26:34,800 --> 02:26:37,400
community follows informal. 
Protocols, that balanced 

2853
02:26:37,400 --> 02:26:41,600
individual needs with group 
Harmony Everyone shares the food

2854
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:43,500
based on their contributions and
needs. 

2855
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:46,900
Today's successful. 
Fishing Expedition earns you a 

2856
02:26:46,900 --> 02:26:48,100
larger portion of the evening 
meal. 

2857
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:50,800
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

2858
02:26:50,800 --> 02:26:53,400
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

2859
02:26:53,400 --> 02:26:56,200
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner evolves around the day's 

2860
02:26:56,200 --> 02:26:59,500
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

2861
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:02,700
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

2862
02:27:02,700 --> 02:27:04,100
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

2863
02:27:04,100 --> 02:27:09,300
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically mere 

2864
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:12,600
explains her fish drying 
technique, learned from a group 

2865
02:27:12,600 --> 02:27:15,800
they encountered several weeks 
ago who came from a region where

2866
02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:18,800
preservation methods had evolved
to handle seasonal variations 

2867
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:22,400
and food availability Your 
adventure in the fruit Grove 

2868
02:27:22,400 --> 02:27:25,600
gets recounted with the kind of 
embellishment that turns a minor

2869
02:27:25,600 --> 02:27:27,400
mishap into an entertaining 
story. 

2870
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:31,000
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

2871
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:34,700
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

2872
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:39,800
slightly more narrow this is how
oral tradition begins not with 

2873
02:27:39,800 --> 02:27:43,000
deliberate exaggeration, but 
with the natural tendency to 

2874
02:27:43,000 --> 02:27:45,700
make experience his more 
engaging when sharing them with 

2875
02:27:45,700 --> 02:27:49,600
others, As full Darkness, 
settles out the cave entrance. 

2876
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:53,000
The fire become the center of 
your small world. 

2877
02:27:53,000 --> 02:27:56,700
It's light creates a circle of 
warmth and safety. 

2878
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,600
That makes the vast night seemed
manageable rather than 

2879
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:03,400
threatening The Flames danced 
with hypnotic patterns that 

2880
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:06,800
capture attention in ways that 
television won't manage to 

2881
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:08,700
duplicate for several thousand 
years. 

2882
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:11,500
The evenings work continues 
around the fire. 

2883
02:28:11,500 --> 02:28:14,800
You begin shaping, one of the 
new Flint pieces into what will 

2884
02:28:14,800 --> 02:28:16,500
eventually become a superior 
knife. 

2885
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:20,000
The careful chip by chip 
process, made easier by good 

2886
02:28:20,000 --> 02:28:23,000
light, and comfortable seating 
on, fur covered rocks. 

2887
02:28:23,900 --> 02:28:26,900
Mirror Works on cordage 
twisting, plant fibers into 

2888
02:28:26,900 --> 02:28:29,900
strong rope, using techniques 
that require consistent tension 

2889
02:28:29,900 --> 02:28:31,900
and rhythm. 
Crack continues. 

2890
02:28:31,900 --> 02:28:34,800
His hide project scraping and 
softening the material with 

2891
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:36,600
tools. 
Designed specifically for the 

2892
02:28:36,600 --> 02:28:39,600
purpose. 
The work requires patience but 

2893
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:43,200
produces results that make the 
effort worth while soft durable 

2894
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:45,700
material that insulates better 
than woven grass. 

2895
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:48,900
And last longer than most 
Alternatives available to Stone 

2896
02:28:48,900 --> 02:28:52,200
Age, Crafts People. 
The fire settles into steady 

2897
02:28:52,200 --> 02:28:55,800
colds as the night deepens and 
conversation gradually gives way

2898
02:28:55,800 --> 02:28:59,100
to the quiet satisfaction of 
useful work accomplished in Good

2899
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:01,400
Company. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

2900
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,600
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight offers the simple 

2901
02:29:04,600 --> 02:29:08,400
pleasure of warmth food and the 
security that comes from being 

2902
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:12,400
part of a group that works 
together successfully Outside 

2903
02:29:12,400 --> 02:29:16,100
the cave night, sounds begin, 
their ancient chorus owls, 

2904
02:29:16,100 --> 02:29:19,400
calling across the valley, the 
distance of something large, 

2905
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:22,400
moving through the river and the
rustle of small creatures going 

2906
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:26,000
about their nocturnal business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

2907
02:29:26,000 --> 02:29:28,300
when heard from the safety of 
your file, it cave. 

2908
02:29:28,300 --> 02:29:31,900
They're simply the soundtrack of
a world that continues its 

2909
02:29:31,900 --> 02:29:35,500
complex business, regardless of 
human concerns, the transition 

2910
02:29:35,500 --> 02:29:38,400
from active evening to restful 
night, happens gradually in your

2911
02:29:38,408 --> 02:29:42,200
Stone Age World marked, not by 
clocks or schedules but by the 

2912
02:29:42,200 --> 02:29:46,000
natural rhythm of fire settling 
into coals and bodies growing 

2913
02:29:46,000 --> 02:29:49,800
heavy with the days accumulated.
Fatigue, The work around the 

2914
02:29:49,800 --> 02:29:52,700
fire continues but at the 
relaxed pace of people who 

2915
02:29:52,700 --> 02:29:55,700
understand that some tasks are 
improved by patients rather than

2916
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:59,000
hurried completion. 
Your Flint knapping project has 

2917
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:01,600
progressed to the delicate stage
where each strike must be 

2918
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:05,100
precisely calculated. 
The emerging blade shows, 

2919
02:30:05,100 --> 02:30:07,800
promise straight edge, good 
thickness. 

2920
02:30:07,800 --> 02:30:11,200
The kind of balance that will 
make it useful for details work.

2921
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:14,900
The rhythm of stone striking, 
Stone creates a gentle 

2922
02:30:14,900 --> 02:30:18,300
percussion that blends with the 
soft sounds of your companions 

2923
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:21,600
activities and the crackling 
Whisper of the dying fire. 

2924
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:24,400
Mirrors. 
Cordage work has produced 

2925
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:28,100
several arm lengths, of strong 
rope Twisted with the consistent

2926
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:30,500
tension that comes from 
practice, hands, and focused, 

2927
02:30:30,500 --> 02:30:34,000
attention, she tests each 
section by pulling against it 

2928
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:37,000
with a full strength, nodding 
with satisfaction when the 

2929
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:39,500
fibers hold without stretching 
or breaking. 

2930
02:30:40,400 --> 02:30:44,000
Good, rope means better, Nets, 
stronger bindings and countless 

2931
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:46,300
other applications that make 
daily life more manageable. 

2932
02:30:47,600 --> 02:30:50,000
Graphs hide preparation. 
Has reached the stage where the 

2933
02:30:50,000 --> 02:30:53,000
material needs to rest overnight
before the final softening 

2934
02:30:53,000 --> 02:30:55,900
process. 
He rolls at carefully in places 

2935
02:30:55,900 --> 02:30:58,800
it where morning you won't reach
but are can continue to 

2936
02:30:58,800 --> 02:31:01,600
circulate around it. 
His movements have the 

2937
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:04,200
unhurried, Precision of someone 
who's learned that rushing this 

2938
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:07,600
particular process leads to 
disappointing results and wasted

2939
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:10,300
effort. 
The fire has settled into the 

2940
02:31:10,300 --> 02:31:12,800
perfect state for banking hot 
coals. 

2941
02:31:12,800 --> 02:31:15,500
That will retain heat through 
the night while being easily, 

2942
02:31:15,500 --> 02:31:19,300
coaxed back to Flame when 
morning comes the coals care for

2943
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:20,700
Lee. 
Covering them with a layer of 

2944
02:31:20,700 --> 02:31:22,400
Ash, that will insulate without 
smothering. 

2945
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:25,400
Then surrounding the whole 
arrangement, with stones, that 

2946
02:31:25,400 --> 02:31:28,400
will radiate absorbed heat long 
after the Flame's disappear. 

2947
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:31,900
Your sleeping area beckons with 
the promise of rest. 

2948
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:35,500
After a day filled with 
successful activities, the first

2949
02:31:35,500 --> 02:31:39,000
of being arranged for maximum 
comfort with extra padding 

2950
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:42,000
beneath your hip and shoulder. 
The pressure points that 

2951
02:31:42,000 --> 02:31:44,400
determine whether you wake 
refreshed or spend the night 

2952
02:31:44,400 --> 02:31:46,700
shifting position in search of 
elusive comfort. 

2953
02:31:48,300 --> 02:31:51,700
As you settle into your sleeping
Arrangement, the days experience

2954
02:31:51,700 --> 02:31:54,600
is Replay in your mind with the 
satisfaction that comes from 

2955
02:31:54,600 --> 02:31:57,100
time. 
Well, spent The morning 

2956
02:31:57,100 --> 02:31:59,800
successful fishing the 
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 

2957
02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:03,000
discoveries and the evenings 
productive work around the fire.

2958
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:06,400
Each activity connected to the 
others, in the Seamless Web of 

2959
02:32:06,408 --> 02:32:10,700
interdependence that 
characterizes Stone Age life The

2960
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:13,200
sounds of your companions 
settling into their sleeping 

2961
02:32:13,200 --> 02:32:15,500
Arrangements, create a 
comfortable background of 

2962
02:32:15,500 --> 02:32:18,100
familiar noises. 
Soft movements. 

2963
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:21,600
As furs are adjusted, the quiet 
breathing that indicates 

2964
02:32:21,600 --> 02:32:24,900
relaxation and the occasional 
contented sigh. 

2965
02:32:24,900 --> 02:32:27,100
That suggested everyone is 
pleased with the days 

2966
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:30,000
accomplishments. 
These are the sound of security 

2967
02:32:30,000 --> 02:32:33,000
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

2968
02:32:34,100 --> 02:32:37,100
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

2969
02:32:37,100 --> 02:32:40,300
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

2970
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:42,400
It's voice carrying clearly 
through air. 

2971
02:32:42,400 --> 02:32:45,500
That's grown cool and still. 
The river murmurs. 

2972
02:32:45,500 --> 02:32:49,200
It's constant song a liquid 
soundtrack that says, reliable 

2973
02:32:49,200 --> 02:32:53,100
as sunrise and equally soothing 
Somewhere in the distance, a 

2974
02:32:53,100 --> 02:32:56,500
wolf howls, not the threatening 
sound of nearby danger, but the 

2975
02:32:56,500 --> 02:32:59,000
distant communication of 
creatures going about their own 

2976
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:02,200
business in their territory, the
darkness beyond your cave, 

2977
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:04,900
entrance isn't empty. 
It's full of life, following 

2978
02:33:04,900 --> 02:33:09,000
rhythms older than human memory.
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue 

2979
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:12,600
nocturnal prey, night-blooming 
Plants release fragrances that 

2980
02:33:12,600 --> 02:33:16,000
attract night flying insects, 
and the complex web of 

2981
02:33:16,000 --> 02:33:19,400
relationships that sustains this
ecosystem continues without 

2982
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:23,200
pause or fanfare. 
From your perspective enveloped 

2983
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:27,200
in warm furs with a banked fire 
nearby and trusted companions 

2984
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:30,100
within reach the night. 
Feels protective rather than 

2985
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:33,400
threatening Your cave has become
home in the most fundamental 

2986
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:36,000
sense. 
A place where you belong, where 

2987
02:33:36,000 --> 02:33:39,100
you're safe, where you can rest 
without constant vigilance. 

2988
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,000
Sleep approaches with the gentle
inevitability of Tides or 

2989
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:46,400
Seasons natural processes that 
don't require your participation

2990
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:49,900
or permission. 
Your breathing deepens matching 

2991
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:51,900
the slow rhythm of complete 
relaxation. 

2992
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:57,300
The days are intentions dissolve
into the kind of profound rest 

2993
02:33:57,300 --> 02:34:01,200
that comes from physical work. 
Fresh air and the satisfaction 

2994
02:34:01,200 --> 02:34:03,600
of having lived fully within 
your circumstances. 

2995
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:07,900
Dreams, when they come filled 
with the textures and colors of 

2996
02:34:07,900 --> 02:34:11,100
your waking world. 
The sound of running water over 

2997
02:34:11,100 --> 02:34:14,000
smooth Stones, sunlight 
filtering through leaves, and 

2998
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:16,900
the satisfying weight of 
well-made tools in your hands 

2999
02:34:16,900 --> 02:34:20,500
all contribute to these dreams. 
These aren't the anxious 

3000
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:23,400
disconnected fragments that 
trouble more complex Minds 

3001
02:34:23,400 --> 02:34:25,300
there. 
The peaceful processing of a 

3002
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:27,900
life lived in harmony with 
immediate tangible realities. 

3003
02:34:27,900 --> 02:34:32,500
The fire settles deeper into 
coals radiating steady warmth 

3004
02:34:32,500 --> 02:34:34,800
that makes the caves are 
comfortable throughout the 

3005
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:37,400
night. 
The bank heat will last until 

3006
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:40,700
more morning, ready to kill into
flame, when the new day begins 

3007
02:34:40,700 --> 02:34:42,600
its cycle of challenges and 
opportunities. 

3008
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:46,000
Tomorrow will bring its own, 
whether its own possibilities 

3009
02:34:46,000 --> 02:34:49,600
for success and failure, and its
own moments of satisfaction and 

3010
02:34:49,600 --> 02:34:53,100
frustration. 
Tonight offers the perfect rest 

3011
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:55,900
that prepares mind and body for 
whatever comes next. 

3012
02:34:56,800 --> 02:34:59,800
Your breathing slows to match 
the rhythm of deep sleep and the

3013
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:02,900
last conscious thought is 
gratitude for the simple 

3014
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:05,500
completeness of a day. 
Well, lived in Humanity's most 

3015
02:35:05,500 --> 02:35:09,100
essential mode. 
The night Embraces you with the 

3016
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,600
vast Stillness of a world where 
artificial light hasn't yet. 

3017
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:15,600
Pushed back the darkness, where 
silence isn't broken by 

3018
02:35:15,600 --> 02:35:19,000
mechanical, sounds where rest 
comes naturally, when the sunset

3019
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:23,400
and work resumes when it rises, 
This is sleep as it was designed

3020
02:35:23,400 --> 02:35:28,300
to be profound restorative and 
perfectly aligned with the 

3021
02:35:28,300 --> 02:35:30,600
natural world. 
That remains your home your 

3022
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:33,500
challenge and your endless 
source of both struggle and 

3023
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:37,900
wonder In the depths of night, 
your cave becomes a pocket of 

3024
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:40,700
human warmth in the vast, 
coolness of the world. 

3025
02:35:40,700 --> 02:35:45,500
The banked fire glows like a 
gentle heartbeat steady and 

3026
02:35:45,500 --> 02:35:49,200
reassuring. 
Your breathing synchronizes with

3027
02:35:49,200 --> 02:35:52,200
the ancient rhythms that have 
guided human rest for countless 

3028
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:56,100
Generations. 
Slow deep peaceful. 

3029
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:59,300
Breaths that carry away the days
tensions and prepare your body 

3030
02:35:59,300 --> 02:36:02,700
for tomorrow's Adventures. 
The first beneath, you hold the 

3031
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:06,200
days accumulated, warmth, 
creating a cocoon of comfort 

3032
02:36:06,200 --> 02:36:09,800
that makes the stone floor. 
Feel almost luxurious your 

3033
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:13,000
muscles, relax, completely 
releasing the subtle tensions 

3034
02:36:13,000 --> 02:36:16,000
that come from constant 
awareness, constant Readiness 

3035
02:36:16,000 --> 02:36:19,100
and constant engagement with the
world that demands your full 

3036
02:36:19,100 --> 02:36:23,100
attention during waking hours. 
Sleep when it finally claims, 

3037
02:36:23,100 --> 02:36:26,700
you completely is the kind of 
rest that modern humans rarely 

3038
02:36:26,700 --> 02:36:31,100
experienced uninterrupted by 
artificial lights, electronic 

3039
02:36:31,100 --> 02:36:34,600
sounds or the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

3040
02:36:34,600 --> 02:36:37,800
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

3041
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:42,400
purpose, complete restoration of
body and mind preparing you for 

3042
02:36:42,400 --> 02:36:44,900
another day of the most 
essential human activities, 

3043
02:36:44,900 --> 02:36:48,900
finding food, creating shelter, 
making tools. 

3044
02:36:48,900 --> 02:36:51,100
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

3045
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:54,100
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

3046
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:58,600
The night passes peacefully 
around your small community. 

3047
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:02,100
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

3048
02:37:02,100 --> 02:37:05,300
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity and evening 

3049
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:07,200
spent in productive 
companionship. 

3050
02:37:08,000 --> 02:37:11,000
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

3051
02:37:11,000 --> 02:37:13,500
activities while within your 
cave. 

3052
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:17,500
Three humans Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

3053
02:37:17,500 --> 02:37:22,000
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather, work, and rest. 

3054
02:37:23,000 --> 02:37:25,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

3055
02:37:25,900 --> 02:37:28,800
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

3056
02:37:28,800 --> 02:37:32,300
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

3057
02:37:33,400 --> 02:37:37,200
but tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

3058
02:37:37,200 --> 02:37:40,900
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

3059
02:37:40,900 --> 02:37:45,200
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

3060
02:37:45,200 --> 02:38:04,400
truest home 
Thomas whitmore's lungs. 

3061
02:38:04,400 --> 02:38:07,300
Had forgotten what clean air 
tasted like each morning. 

3062
02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:10,100
Brought the same ritual of 
violent coughing, fit that 

3063
02:38:10,100 --> 02:38:13,300
painted Crimson droplets across,
his wash basin followed by The 

3064
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:16,000
Bitter knowledge that another 
day of breathing fire. 

3065
02:38:16,000 --> 02:38:21,300
Awaited him year was 1852 and 
Manchester Sky wore, a permanent

3066
02:38:21,300 --> 02:38:25,500
shroud of industrial smoke that 
transformed Dawn into a sickly 

3067
02:38:25,500 --> 02:38:26,400
Amber. 
Twilight. 

3068
02:38:26,400 --> 02:38:30,000
He dressed by candlelight in the
cramped quarters of Morrison's 

3069
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:33,200
fire, brigades station, pulling 
on wool stockings that never 

3070
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:36,300
quite dried and Boots whose 
leather had been scorched. 

3071
02:38:36,300 --> 02:38:40,200
So many times it resembled 
charcoal more than High The 

3072
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:43,700
Primitive fire station housed, 
12 men in conditions, that would

3073
02:38:43,700 --> 02:38:46,300
shame a prison Warden. 
But Thomas had learned not to 

3074
02:38:46,308 --> 02:38:48,700
complain. 
Complaints were about luxury 

3075
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:51,700
items and luxury, belonged to 
the mill owners, whose factories

3076
02:38:51,700 --> 02:38:54,900
they risk their lives to protect
the bell's harsh. 

3077
02:38:54,900 --> 02:38:57,700
Clang shattered. 
The pre-dawn silence sending ice

3078
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:00,100
through Thomas's veins, despite 
the cold warmed. 

3079
02:39:00,100 --> 02:39:03,800
Are another millfire erupted. 
There was always another mill 

3080
02:39:03,800 --> 02:39:05,700
fire. 
The textile factories of 

3081
02:39:05,700 --> 02:39:09,500
industrial England burned with 
the regularity of Sunrise, their

3082
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:12,000
wooden frames, and cotton, 
stuffed Interiors, creating 

3083
02:39:12,000 --> 02:39:14,700
funeral pyres that could be seen
from neighboring counties. 

3084
02:39:15,600 --> 02:39:18,100
Thomas grabbed, his leather 
helmet cracked, along the crown 

3085
02:39:18,100 --> 02:39:21,200
from falling Timber and joined 
the thunderous Stampede down, 

3086
02:39:21,200 --> 02:39:25,300
the station's narrow stairs, 
Outside the grimy Glory of 

3087
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:28,900
Manchester was revealed the 
streets cleaned with a Perpetual

3088
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:33,600
slick of Industrial, Waste horse
manure and human filth that made

3089
02:39:33,600 --> 02:39:37,300
every step treacherous. 
Gas lamps, flickered, weakly 

3090
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:40,500
through the Perpetual Hayes 
casting, ghostly Circles, of 

3091
02:39:40,500 --> 02:39:42,100
yellow light, that barely 
penetrated. 

3092
02:39:42,100 --> 02:39:46,600
The smoke thick are The city had
grown too fast, is Medieval 

3093
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:49,300
Street plan, completely 
inadequate for the massive horse

3094
02:39:49,300 --> 02:39:52,100
drawn fire engines that now 
kiinde through its narrow 

3095
02:39:52,100 --> 02:39:54,700
arteries. 
Thomas, hold himself onto the 

3096
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:57,200
side of the engine. 
As it lurched into motion, the 

3097
02:39:57,200 --> 02:40:00,400
horses who've striking Sparks 
from cobblestone's, one Smooth 

3098
02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:03,700
by endless industrial traffic, 
The leather fire hose. 

3099
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:05,800
Coiled beside him like a 
sleeping serpent. 

3100
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:09,200
His canvas skin stiff with 
accumulated soot and chemical 

3101
02:40:09,200 --> 02:40:12,000
residue. 
These hoses leaked profusely 

3102
02:40:12,000 --> 02:40:15,300
often burst under pressure, and 
delivered water with all the 

3103
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:18,400
force of a garden sprinkler. 
But they represented The Cutting

3104
02:40:18,400 --> 02:40:21,000
Edge of firefighting technology 
in an age. 

3105
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,600
When most blazes were fought 
with bucket, brigades and 

3106
02:40:23,600 --> 02:40:26,200
prayer. 
The mill District loomed ahead, 

3107
02:40:26,200 --> 02:40:30,100
a landscape from Dante's 
imagination where towering brick

3108
02:40:30,100 --> 02:40:32,700
chimneys pierced the sky like 
accusatory fingers. 

3109
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:36,000
Steam engines, coughed and 
wheezed by the rhythmic, 

3110
02:40:36,000 --> 02:40:39,100
pounding by braided through the 
grimy Windows, creating a 

3111
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:40,600
constant in industrial 
heartbeat. 

3112
02:40:41,500 --> 02:40:44,100
Between the factories 
ramshackled, tenements house, 

3113
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:46,800
the workers and conditions that 
would make medieval peasants 

3114
02:40:46,800 --> 02:40:49,500
wheat. 
Entire family is crowded into 

3115
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:53,700
single rooms sharing their space
with rats disease and the 

3116
02:40:53,708 --> 02:40:57,100
ever-present threat of fire as 
they rounded the corner onto 

3117
02:40:57,100 --> 02:40:58,500
Bridgewater. 
Street Thomas saw their 

3118
02:40:58,500 --> 02:41:01,000
destination pemberton's cotton 
mill. 

3119
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:04,300
Its upper floors already crowned
with flames that dance against 

3120
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:06,900
the smoke, dark sky, like a 
demonic ballet. 

3121
02:41:07,500 --> 02:41:10,300
The fire had started in the 
picking room, they always 

3122
02:41:10,300 --> 02:41:13,300
started in the picking room 
where cotton fibers floated 

3123
02:41:13,300 --> 02:41:16,800
through the air like combustible
snow waiting for a single Spark 

3124
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:19,800
from the gas lighting or an 
overheated steam pipe to 

3125
02:41:19,800 --> 02:41:23,700
transform the workspace into an 
inferno workers streamed from 

3126
02:41:23,700 --> 02:41:27,700
the building and panic their 
faces blackened with soot many 

3127
02:41:27,700 --> 02:41:31,500
clutching burned hands or 
nursing singed hair among them. 

3128
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:34,300
Stumbled children. 
Some barely ten years old, who 

3129
02:41:34,300 --> 02:41:37,000
had been operating the spinning 
Machinery when the fire erupted.

3130
02:41:38,000 --> 02:41:41,000
The sight of these young faces 
aged beyond their years by 

3131
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:44,800
industrial labor and now marked 
by Terror reminded Thomas. 

3132
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:46,200
Why he had chosen this 
profession? 

3133
02:41:46,200 --> 02:41:51,200
Despite its countless Horrors. 
The Milano Mr. Pemberton 

3134
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:55,200
Pemberton himself stood across 
the street in his fine will coat

3135
02:41:55,200 --> 02:41:58,100
and Polished boots calculating, 
his losses with the same 

3136
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:00,800
dispassionate Precision, he used
to calculate his profits. 

3137
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:04,100
Insurance would cover the 
building but not the disruption 

3138
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:07,300
to production tomorrow. 
He would simply relocate his 

3139
02:42:07,300 --> 02:42:10,800
operations to another Mill. 
And resume, grinding human lives

3140
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:13,800
into cotton thread and 
shareholder dividends Thomas 

3141
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:17,600
checked his equipment one final 
time a crude leather speaking 

3142
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:19,300
trumpet for coordinating with 
his fellow. 

3143
02:42:19,300 --> 02:42:22,500
Firefighters a handbags for 
breaking down doors and clearing

3144
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:25,900
debris and a length of rope that
served as both lifeline and Last

3145
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:30,200
Resort No breathing, apparatus 
existed, firefighters simply 

3146
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:32,900
held their breath or breathe 
through wet cloth When the Smoke

3147
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:35,700
became unbearable. 
The firefighters wore. 

3148
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:38,200
No protective clothing apart 
from their thick, wool coats and

3149
02:42:38,200 --> 02:42:41,000
leather helmets. 
They lacked radio communication 

3150
02:42:41,000 --> 02:42:43,500
hydraulic, ladders and foam 
suppressants. 

3151
02:42:43,500 --> 02:42:46,100
There were only 12 men equipped 
with hand. 

3152
02:42:46,100 --> 02:42:48,900
Pumped engines who were 
determined to stop the fire from

3153
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:52,400
engulfing, the entire District. 
The Heat hit Thomas like a 

3154
02:42:52,400 --> 02:42:55,600
physical blow, as they 
approached the burning Mill, the

3155
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:58,400
Flames, creating their own 
weather system of updrafts and 

3156
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:01,300
downdrafts that sent burning 
debris, spiraling through the 

3157
02:43:01,300 --> 02:43:04,400
air like deadly confetti. 
The temperature difference 

3158
02:43:04,400 --> 02:43:07,300
between the fire and The Frigid 
Manchester are created Southern 

3159
02:43:07,300 --> 02:43:09,100
windshields. 
That could knock a man off his 

3160
02:43:09,100 --> 02:43:12,000
feet or redirect flames in 
unexpected directions. 

3161
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:15,500
The Pemberton mill, fire 
revealed its true character as 

3162
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:17,300
Thomas and his crew established 
their position. 

3163
02:43:18,500 --> 02:43:20,400
What appeared from a distance to
be a manageable. 

3164
02:43:20,400 --> 02:43:23,500
Blazed transformed into a 
multi-headed monster that defied

3165
02:43:23,500 --> 02:43:27,600
every principal of 19th century 
firefighting The Flames had 

3166
02:43:27,600 --> 02:43:31,000
found the Mills ventilation 
system, utilizing the carefully 

3167
02:43:31,000 --> 02:43:32,900
designed airflow. 
That prevented workers from 

3168
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:36,100
suffocating on Cotton dust and 
allowed the fire to spread 

3169
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:38,200
throughout the building with 
terrifying efficiency. 

3170
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:42,100
Thomas's crew, chief Captain 
Morrison shouted orders through 

3171
02:43:42,100 --> 02:43:45,800
the chaos, his voice barely 
audible above the Roar of flames

3172
02:43:45,800 --> 02:43:48,900
and the screaming of steam 
engines with 20 years of 

3173
02:43:48,900 --> 02:43:50,700
firefighting experience under 
his belt. 

3174
02:43:50,700 --> 02:43:54,300
The captain's face was marked 
with scars from flying Sparks, 

3175
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,600
and his left hand was missing 
two fingers due to a rope burn 

3176
02:43:57,600 --> 02:44:00,700
that had gone septic. 
In an era before workers 

3177
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:02,400
compensation or medical 
benefits. 

3178
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:06,100
Morrison's wound served as both 
a badge of honor and a painful 

3179
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:07,800
reminder of the profession's 
costs. 

3180
02:44:07,800 --> 02:44:10,400
The hand pumped engines 
positioned themselves along the 

3181
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:13,400
street, their crew settling into
a brutal Rhythm that would 

3182
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:16,000
persist until the fire was 
extinguished, all the men 

3183
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:19,200
succumb to exhaustion. 
Two men operated each pump 

3184
02:44:19,200 --> 02:44:22,400
handle working in shifts of 30 
seconds before switching off. 

3185
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:24,800
While a third man named the 
leather hose and prayed, it 

3186
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:26,800
wouldn't burst from the modest 
pressure that they could 

3187
02:44:26,800 --> 02:44:30,600
generate the pumps delivered, 
perhaps 50 gallons per minute at

3188
02:44:30,600 --> 02:44:32,900
their Peak. 
At pathetic trickle compared to 

3189
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:35,700
Modern standards but 
revolutionary technology in 

3190
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:39,300
1852. 
Thomas found himself assigned to

3191
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:42,300
search and rescue the deadliest 
job in a professional where 

3192
02:44:42,300 --> 02:44:45,700
death was a frequent visitor. 
Mills were particularly 

3193
02:44:45,700 --> 02:44:48,000
treacherous because the 
buildings wooden floors and 

3194
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:49,500
supports could collapse without 
warning. 

3195
02:44:49,500 --> 02:44:53,900
Transformed by heat into 
elaborate death traps The 

3196
02:44:53,900 --> 02:44:55,600
textile. 
Machinery itself became another 

3197
02:44:55,600 --> 02:44:59,400
Hazard, massive spinning wheels 
and looms turned into Twisted 

3198
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:01,700
Metal sculptures that could 
impale or Crush. 

3199
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:03,900
Anyone unfortunate enough to 
encounter them in the 

3200
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:07,200
smoke-filled Darkness, He 
wrapped a wet cloth around his 

3201
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:10,700
face and plunged into the Mills 
ground floor where the air hunk 

3202
02:45:10,700 --> 02:45:13,500
thick enough to cut with a 
knife, the temperature climbs 

3203
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:16,200
steadily, as the ascended, the 
buildings, rickety stairs, each 

3204
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:19,200
step, taking him deeper into an 
environment hostile to human 

3205
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:21,300
life. 
Gas lamps had exploded 

3206
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:23,900
throughout the building, their 
broken fixtures, creating 

3207
02:45:23,900 --> 02:45:26,300
additional fire sources. 
While leaving the interior in 

3208
02:45:26,300 --> 02:45:29,700
near total darkness, the Mills 
lay out, followed the industrial

3209
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:32,600
efficiency principles that 
maximize production while 

3210
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:34,400
minimizing worker Comfort or 
safety. 

3211
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:38,000
Narrow aisles between massive 
machines, left, little room for 

3212
02:45:38,000 --> 02:45:41,400
evacuation while the building's 
few exits, concentrated workers 

3213
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:44,000
into bottle. 
Next during emergencies, windows

3214
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:46,700
were small and high designed to 
prevent workers from being 

3215
02:45:46,700 --> 02:45:50,100
distracted by the outside world 
rather than to facilitate a 

3216
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:53,100
skate. 
Tomas navigated by field and 

3217
02:45:53,100 --> 02:45:55,000
Instinct calling out for 
survivors while trying to 

3218
02:45:55,008 --> 02:45:57,800
maintain his sense of direction 
in the Maze like interior. 

3219
02:45:58,600 --> 02:46:02,400
On the second floor, he found 
her Mary O'Brien, a spinner 

3220
02:46:02,400 --> 02:46:05,200
whose skirted caught fire from a
fallen gas fixture. 

3221
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:08,700
She lay unconscious beneath an 
overturn blue, a breathing 

3222
02:46:08,700 --> 02:46:12,100
shallow and labored the Flames 
had to her hair before she 

3223
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:15,200
managed to smuggle them leaving 
patches of scalp visible through

3224
02:46:15,200 --> 02:46:18,300
the burn strands. 
Thomas lifted her carefully, 

3225
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:21,400
knowing that burns covered much 
of her body Beneath The Shard 

3226
02:46:21,400 --> 02:46:24,600
fabric of her work dress. 
The Journey Back to the stairs, 

3227
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:26,700
became a nightmare of 
disorientation and mounting 

3228
02:46:26,700 --> 02:46:28,900
heat. 
The fire had spread across the 

3229
02:46:28,900 --> 02:46:31,800
ceiling of them creating a 
canopy of flame that dropped 

3230
02:46:31,800 --> 02:46:35,200
burning debris, like rain 
Thomas's wool coat, began to 

3231
02:46:35,208 --> 02:46:37,900
solder the heavy fabric 
protecting his skin. 

3232
02:46:37,900 --> 02:46:41,400
While slowly cooking him from 
the outside in His leather 

3233
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:44,400
helmet grew hot enough to Brand 
flesh, but removing it would 

3234
02:46:44,400 --> 02:46:46,100
expose his head to the falling 
Embers. 

3235
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:49,300
That filled the air, halfway 
down the stairs, the building 

3236
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:53,100
shuttered, Thomas the floor 
beneath his feet sag ominously 

3237
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:55,400
as the fire consumed. 
The structural supports 

3238
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:58,800
somewhere above the steam 
engine's boiler exploded, 

3239
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:03,200
Creating a Tremor throughout the
building, the cracked walls and 

3240
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:05,600
shattered. 
The few remaining windows, The 

3241
02:47:05,600 --> 02:47:08,100
Mill was dying. 
Its industrial skeleton. 

3242
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:10,900
Collapsing, under the assault of
flames and superheated Air. 

3243
02:47:11,700 --> 02:47:14,400
Tomas emerge from the building 
just as the roof began its final

3244
02:47:14,400 --> 02:47:18,100
collapse, Mario Bros and 
conscious form draped across his

3245
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:21,900
shoulders, his fellow 
firefighters rushed to help but 

3246
02:47:21,900 --> 02:47:24,300
their faces told him what he 
already knew, she would like to 

3247
02:47:24,300 --> 02:47:27,600
die from her injuries Burns 
covering more than 30% of the 

3248
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:29,900
body. 
Were almost invariably fatal in 

3249
02:47:29,900 --> 02:47:33,600
an era before antibiotics IV 
fluids or skin grafts. 

3250
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:37,200
The best they could offer was 
Lord for the pain and perhaps a 

3251
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:40,500
priest for the end Behind them, 
the Pemberton Mill continued, 

3252
02:47:40,500 --> 02:47:43,600
its spectacular destruction. 
The fire had found the 

3253
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:47,000
building's main steam engine a 
massive Beast that powered the 

3254
02:47:47,000 --> 02:47:50,800
entire facilities, machinery. 
As the Flames heated, its boiler

3255
02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:54,200
beyond safe limits, the engine 
began to scream, literally 

3256
02:47:54,200 --> 02:47:56,900
scream as Steam, escaped through
safety, valves that had never 

3257
02:47:56,908 --> 02:47:58,900
been designed for such extreme 
conditions. 

3258
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:03,300
The sound pierce, the air like 
the death Cry of some industrial

3259
02:48:03,300 --> 02:48:07,300
Dragon Audible for miles across 
Manchester smoke, shrouded 

3260
02:48:07,300 --> 02:48:10,400
landscape. 
Thomas set, Mario, Brian gently 

3261
02:48:10,400 --> 02:48:13,600
on a stretcher improvised, from 
Millwork as coats, then turned 

3262
02:48:13,600 --> 02:48:16,400
back toward the building, 
Captain Morris, and grabbed his 

3263
02:48:16,400 --> 02:48:20,300
arm shaking his head grimly. 
She's gone lad, the whole upper 

3264
02:48:20,300 --> 02:48:23,700
floors coming down, The Thomas 
had heard something else. 

3265
02:48:24,600 --> 02:48:28,200
Child's cry from the building's 
far end with a Mills, newest 

3266
02:48:28,200 --> 02:48:30,400
workers operated. 
The smallest spinning machine. 

3267
02:48:31,600 --> 02:48:33,800
10 year, old fingers were 
perfect for threading, the 

3268
02:48:33,800 --> 02:48:37,200
delicate machine and Miller's 
had learned to exploit this 

3269
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:39,400
anatomical Advantage with 
ruthless efficiency. 

3270
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:42,900
Now, those same small hands were
trapped somewhere in the 

3271
02:48:42,908 --> 02:48:46,000
collapsing structure. 
And every second of delay meant,

3272
02:48:46,000 --> 02:48:49,000
another young life would be 
consumed by industrial progress,

3273
02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:52,100
the mills East Wing held what 
the workers grimly called the 

3274
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:55,700
children's floor. 
Cramped poorly ventilated space 

3275
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:59,500
where boys and girls as young as
8 operated the piecing machines 

3276
02:48:59,500 --> 02:49:01,400
that connected broken cotton 
threads. 

3277
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:04,600
Their small stature allowed them
to crawl beneath the spinning 

3278
02:49:04,600 --> 02:49:06,200
Machinery to collect waste 
cotton. 

3279
02:49:06,200 --> 02:49:09,400
While their Nimble fingers could
perform repairs that were to 

3280
02:49:09,400 --> 02:49:13,100
take adult workers twice, as 
long milonas Justified, this 

3281
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:16,200
exploitation as industrial 
training, preparing the Next 

3282
02:49:16,200 --> 02:49:18,200
Generation for lives of 
productive labor. 

3283
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:22,000
While conveniently ignoring the 
stunted growth, respiratory 

3284
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:23,800
diseases, and frequent 
accidents. 

3285
02:49:23,800 --> 02:49:27,400
That Mark, these young workers 
like Browns, Thomas could hear 

3286
02:49:27,400 --> 02:49:31,100
them before he saw them, high 
pitched cries of Terror, echoing

3287
02:49:31,100 --> 02:49:33,400
from the building Southeast 
corner with the children. 

3288
02:49:33,400 --> 02:49:36,400
Workstation occupied, a space, 
barely larger than a residential

3289
02:49:36,400 --> 02:49:38,900
parlor. 
The fire had not yet reached 

3290
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:41,100
this section. 
That smoke was pouring through 

3291
02:49:41,100 --> 02:49:43,600
the floorboards from the 
conflagration below creating a 

3292
02:49:43,600 --> 02:49:46,000
toxic fog that would kill his 
official as flames. 

3293
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:49,200
These children had no way to run
the Mills design. 

3294
02:49:49,200 --> 02:49:51,000
Trapped them behind Rose of 
Machinery. 

3295
02:49:51,000 --> 02:49:53,300
Accessible. 
Only through narrow passages. 

3296
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:57,200
That adult Rescuers could barely
navigate he dropped to his hands

3297
02:49:57,200 --> 02:50:00,400
and knees crawling beneath the 
spinning frames toward the sound

3298
02:50:00,400 --> 02:50:02,100
of crying. 
The air near. 

3299
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:05,000
The floor was slightly cleaner 
but it was still thick enough to

3300
02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:06,400
burn his throat with every 
breath. 

3301
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:09,600
His leather helmet scraped 
against the Machinery above him,

3302
02:50:09,600 --> 02:50:12,900
dislodging years of accumulated,
cotton dust that fell like 

3303
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:16,700
industrial snow this dust. 
He knew would ignite at the 

3304
02:50:16,708 --> 02:50:20,100
slightest, spark transforming 
the confined space into a powder

3305
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:22,400
keg. 
The first child, he found was 

3306
02:50:22,400 --> 02:50:26,300
Billy, Henderson, 11 years old, 
and barely four feet tall his 

3307
02:50:26,300 --> 02:50:29,300
growth stunted by years of 
malnutrition and Industrial 

3308
02:50:29,300 --> 02:50:32,000
labor. 
Billy operated a Scavenging 

3309
02:50:32,000 --> 02:50:34,500
machine that collected waste 
cotton from beneath the spinning

3310
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:38,300
frames a job that required him 
to spend 10 hours daily in a 

3311
02:50:38,300 --> 02:50:40,000
space designed for someone half 
his size. 

3312
02:50:40,900 --> 02:50:44,300
Now, he crouched Frozen with 
Terror his work clothes soaked 

3313
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:46,700
with the machine oil that could 
ignite at any moment. 

3314
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:51,000
Come on lad, Thomas whispered. 
Extending his hand through the 

3315
02:50:51,000 --> 02:50:54,900
Maze of mechanical components. 
We're going out together you and

3316
02:50:54,900 --> 02:50:57,000
me. 
Billy's eyes were wide with 

3317
02:50:57,000 --> 02:50:59,700
shock, but he managed to grasp 
Thomas's outstretched fingers. 

3318
02:51:00,500 --> 02:51:03,600
The boy wait perhaps 60 pounds, 
his body Wasted by the 

3319
02:51:03,600 --> 02:51:05,400
combination of factory work and 
poverty. 

3320
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,300
That characterized stood working
class childhood in industrial 

3321
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:11,200
England. 
Behind Billy, Thomas could see 

3322
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:13,000
of the small forms huddled in 
the Smoke. 

3323
02:51:13,000 --> 02:51:17,200
Perhaps half a dozen children 
trapped by the collapsing Mills,

3324
02:51:17,200 --> 02:51:20,300
deadly geometry. 
The Machinery that had employed 

3325
02:51:20,300 --> 02:51:23,600
them now imprisoned them, its 
iron arms, and wooden frames, 

3326
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:26,700
creating a lattice of obstacles 
between the children and any 

3327
02:51:26,700 --> 02:51:30,000
possible Escape Route moving 
them one by one would take too 

3328
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:33,400
long, the floor beneath them was
already beginning to Sag as the 

3329
02:51:33,400 --> 02:51:35,400
fire consumed. 
The buildings about structural 

3330
02:51:35,400 --> 02:51:39,100
supports Thomas made a decision 
that violated every principle of

3331
02:51:39,100 --> 02:51:41,700
safe rescue work instead of 
retreating with Billy. 

3332
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:43,500
He pushed deeper into the 
Machinery. 

3333
02:51:43,500 --> 02:51:46,500
Maze Gathering children Like a 
Shepherd collecting his flock. 

3334
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:50,000
Sarah Mitchell. 
Nine years old, her hands 

3335
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:51,800
permanently stained with machine
dies. 

3336
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:54,400
Peter Shor 10. 
Who had lost the tip of his 

3337
02:51:54,400 --> 02:51:56,400
index finger to a spinning wheel
the previous month. 

3338
02:51:57,200 --> 02:51:59,800
Jenny Coleman barely ate who 
earned six months a day 

3339
02:51:59,808 --> 02:52:01,700
threading bobbins for her family
survival. 

3340
02:52:01,700 --> 02:52:04,800
The heat was becoming 
unbearable, the smoke so thick 

3341
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:07,900
that Thomas could barely see his
hands, his wool coat and begun 

3342
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,500
to smolder in Earnest filling 
the air with the acrid smell of 

3343
02:52:10,500 --> 02:52:12,800
burning wall. 
The children, clung to him with 

3344
02:52:12,808 --> 02:52:16,500
desperate strength, their small 
faces blackened with, and strict

3345
02:52:16,500 --> 02:52:19,500
with tears, he could feel their 
Terror through their trembling 

3346
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:22,800
bodies, these young victims of 
industrial progress who had 

3347
02:52:22,800 --> 02:52:25,300
never known childhood as 
anything but labor. 

3348
02:52:26,700 --> 02:52:30,100
Hold on to each other, commanded
his voice, hoarse from smoke, 

3349
02:52:30,100 --> 02:52:33,200
inhalation, we're going out 
together, all of us. 

3350
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:37,500
He formed them into a human 
chain, the oldest children 

3351
02:52:37,500 --> 02:52:40,500
supporting the youngest while he
led them through the Maze of 

3352
02:52:40,508 --> 02:52:44,100
Machinery, toward what he hoped 
was still a navigable exit, the 

3353
02:52:44,100 --> 02:52:47,100
building groaned around them. 
Its death throws accompanied by 

3354
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:49,500
the sound of splintering wood 
and collapsing Masonry. 

3355
02:52:50,100 --> 02:52:53,600
The stairs had become a furnace 
Thomas could see Flames. 

3356
02:52:53,600 --> 02:52:55,800
Licking up through the gaps 
between steps. 

3357
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:58,800
While the bannister glowed red 
hot from the heat below the 

3358
02:52:58,800 --> 02:53:01,500
children behind him began to 
whimper as the temperature 

3359
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:05,000
climbed Beyond endurance, but 
retreat was no longer possible. 

3360
02:53:05,000 --> 02:53:08,300
The Mills upper floors were 
collapsing, section by section. 

3361
02:53:08,300 --> 02:53:11,300
Creating a domino effect that 
would soon reach their position.

3362
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,000
Thomas wrapped his coat around 
as many children as possible 

3363
02:53:15,000 --> 02:53:17,900
using his body as a shield 
against the radiant heat that 

3364
02:53:17,900 --> 02:53:20,700
filled the stairwell. 
His Exposed Skin began to 

3365
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:22,600
blister the leather of his 
helmet. 

3366
02:53:22,600 --> 02:53:26,800
So hot, it burned his Scout 
through his hair, Step by step. 

3367
02:53:26,800 --> 02:53:29,200
They descended through an 
environment that seen more, like

3368
02:53:29,200 --> 02:53:32,600
biblical hell than an English, 
textile mill Jennie. 

3369
02:53:32,600 --> 02:53:35,900
Stumbled her small legs, 
finally, giving away to 

3370
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:39,000
exhaustion and Terror. 
Thomas swept her up without 

3371
02:53:39,000 --> 02:53:41,900
breaking stride. 
Her tiny body, weighing almost 

3372
02:53:41,900 --> 02:53:43,900
nothing against his smoke-filled
chest. 

3373
02:53:43,900 --> 02:53:48,000
The children work room erupted 
in Flames as the fire. 

3374
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:50,800
Finally found the accumulated 
cotton dust and machine oil. 

3375
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:54,100
The explosion center pillar of 
flame shooting up through the 

3376
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,100
building's core. 
Illuminating their Escape Route 

3377
02:53:57,100 --> 02:54:00,800
with hellish brilliant's The 
emerge from the building just as

3378
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:02,600
the Mills. 
Maine chimney began to crack. 

3379
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:06,700
The massive brick structure 
weakened by the intense heat and

3380
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:10,100
thermal expansion developed. 
A visible Fisher that ran from 

3381
02:54:10,100 --> 02:54:13,700
its base to its crown. 
Thomas hurried the children away

3382
02:54:13,700 --> 02:54:16,300
from the building as chunks of 
masonry began to rain down 

3383
02:54:16,300 --> 02:54:20,300
around them each impact sending 
Tremors through the already 

3384
02:54:20,300 --> 02:54:23,800
unstable Street. 
Captain Morrison. 

3385
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:27,100
Met them with a mixture of 
relief and amazement six of them

3386
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:29,700
he said Counting the suit 
covered children who clustered 

3387
02:54:29,700 --> 02:54:31,500
around Thomas like chicks around
her hen. 

3388
02:54:31,500 --> 02:54:34,500
How in God's name did you get 
six of them out? 

3389
02:54:35,700 --> 02:54:38,100
Thomas didn't answer 
immediately, he was too busy, 

3390
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:39,700
checking each child for 
injuries. 

3391
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:43,800
His trained eye cataloging burns
cuts, and the signs of smoke 

3392
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:48,000
inhalation that could prove 
fatal in the hours to come as 

3393
02:54:48,000 --> 02:54:50,200
they watched from a cross the 
street, the mill began to 

3394
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:53,700
collapse in earnest. 5 stories 
of industrial architecture 

3395
02:54:53,700 --> 02:54:57,700
pancake to Rubble sending up a 
cloud of dust and debris, that 

3396
02:54:57,700 --> 02:54:59,100
obscured the surrounding 
buildings. 

3397
02:55:00,200 --> 02:55:03,700
The sound was Indescribable, not
just the crash of falling 

3398
02:55:03,700 --> 02:55:06,600
masonry, but the death scream of
an entire industrial. 

3399
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:10,400
Ecosystem, steam engines, 
textile, Machinery, raw cotton 

3400
02:55:10,400 --> 02:55:13,600
and human dreams were all 
compressed into a smoking pile 

3401
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:15,900
of debris. 
That would continue to burn for 

3402
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:18,700
three more days. 
Manchester's atmosphere had been

3403
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:21,700
transformed by industrial 
progress into something barely 

3404
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:24,900
recognizable. 
As are The cities hundreds of 

3405
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:27,500
mil chimneys, released a 
constant stream of cold. 

3406
02:55:27,500 --> 02:55:30,300
Smoke chemical Vapors, and 
cotton dust that created a 

3407
02:55:30,300 --> 02:55:32,400
permanent atmospheric soup, 
thick enough to taste. 

3408
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:35,900
For firefighters this toxic 
environment posed. 

3409
02:55:35,900 --> 02:55:38,000
A daily challenge to their 
respiratory systems. 

3410
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:41,200
Threatening their lives decades 
before the onset of old age. 

3411
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:44,800
Thomas stood outside the 
collapse Pemberton Mill drawing,

3412
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:47,200
what perhaps for fresh air into 
lungs. 

3413
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:50,700
That felt lined with sandpaper. 
Each breath brought a cocktail 

3414
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:54,200
of sulfur dioxide from coal 
combustion, chlorine gas from 

3415
02:55:54,200 --> 02:55:57,600
textile, bleaching operations 
and microscopic particles of 

3416
02:55:57,600 --> 02:56:00,400
cotton wool and cold dust that 
would embed themselves 

3417
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:03,900
permanently in his lung tissue. 
The children he had rescued 

3418
02:56:03,900 --> 02:56:06,700
coughed beside him. 
Their small lungs struggling to 

3419
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:09,200
process are that can contain 
more Industrial Waste than 

3420
02:56:09,200 --> 02:56:11,600
oxygen. 
The fire brigades primitive 

3421
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:13,900
medical knowledge offered. 
No protection against these 

3422
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:17,500
Airborne toxins firefighters 
occasionally held wet cloths 

3423
02:56:17,500 --> 02:56:20,400
over their faces during 
particularly Smoky Fires for 

3424
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:23,300
their methods provided minimal 
filtration against the complex 

3425
02:56:23,300 --> 02:56:26,000
chemical mixture. 
That constituted Manchester's 

3426
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:28,600
atmosphere. 
No one understood the long-term 

3427
02:56:28,600 --> 02:56:31,200
Health consequences of chronic 
exposure to Industrial 

3428
02:56:31,200 --> 02:56:33,800
pollutants though. 
The city's mortality, statistics

3429
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:38,200
told a grim story that civically
does preferred to ignore Todd 

3430
02:56:38,200 --> 02:56:40,400
Henry, Ashworth. 
One of Manchester's, few 

3431
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:43,300
Physicians willing to treat 
working-class patients, arrived 

3432
02:56:43,300 --> 02:56:45,500
at the fire scene. 
To examine the rescued Mill 

3433
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:47,700
workers. 
His presence was unusual. 

3434
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:51,300
Most doctors refused to venture 
into the industrial districts 

3435
02:56:51,300 --> 02:56:54,000
claiming their practices, 
required them to focus on 

3436
02:56:54,000 --> 02:56:55,700
patients, who could afford their
fees. 

3437
02:56:56,500 --> 02:56:59,600
Ashworth was different, a Quaker
whose religious beliefs 

3438
02:56:59,600 --> 02:57:02,400
compelled him to treat all 
patients regardless of their 

3439
02:57:02,400 --> 02:57:05,100
ability to pay. 
Bring the children here, 

3440
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:07,500
Ashworth called to Thomas 
setting up a makeshift 

3441
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:11,300
examination area using crates 
from a nearby Warehouse, his 

3442
02:57:11,300 --> 02:57:14,400
medical bag contained The era's 
Limited Arsenal against Burns 

3443
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:18,800
and smoke inhalation Lord and 
for pain Sal volatile for 

3444
02:57:18,800 --> 02:57:21,700
fainting and clean bandages. 
That would be as precious as 

3445
02:57:21,700 --> 02:57:25,400
gold in the days to come. he 
began with Jenny Coleman, the 

3446
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:28,100
youngest victim, whose small 
body showed the telltale signs 

3447
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:31,800
of severe smoke, inhalation, A 
breathing is compromised, the 

3448
02:57:31,800 --> 02:57:35,400
doctor told Thomas quietly using
medical terminology to spare the

3449
02:57:35,400 --> 02:57:39,100
child additional fear. 
The superheated air has damaged 

3450
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:41,400
to throat and lungs without 
proper treatment. 

3451
02:57:42,400 --> 02:57:44,900
He left the sentence on 
finished, the Thomas understood,

3452
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:47,200
Jenny would like to die within 
days. 

3453
02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:49,700
A small body unable to recover 
from injuries. 

3454
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:53,000
That would challenge a healthy 
adult The other children fed 

3455
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:55,900
slightly better, but all 
exhibited signs of respiratory 

3456
02:57:55,900 --> 02:57:58,500
damage, that would affect them 
for the rest of their lives. 

3457
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,100
Peter Shores hands were severely
burned from grabbing hot 

3458
02:58:02,100 --> 02:58:05,200
Machinery during his Escape. 
While Sarah Mitchell, had 

3459
02:58:05,200 --> 02:58:08,000
inhaled enough, toxic smoke to 
leave her with a chronic cough. 

3460
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:11,700
That would never fully heal. 
These children if they survived 

3461
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:14,700
would join Manchester's growing 
population of industrial 

3462
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:18,000
invalids, workers whose bodies 
had been broken by the Machinery

3463
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:21,400
of progress, Dr. Ashworth moved 
among the adult millworkers with

3464
02:58:21,400 --> 02:58:23,600
growing alarm. 
The fire had released chemicals 

3465
02:58:23,600 --> 02:58:25,500
from the textile manufacturing 
process. 

3466
02:58:25,500 --> 02:58:28,800
That created a toxic atmosphere 
even more dangerous than usual. 

3467
02:58:29,600 --> 02:58:32,200
Bleaching agents had mixed with 
cotton dust and cold smoke to 

3468
02:58:32,200 --> 02:58:34,800
produce compounds that attack 
the respiratory system with 

3469
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:38,100
particular viciousness. 
Several workers showed signs of 

3470
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,500
chemical pneumonia their lungs 
filling with fluid as their 

3471
02:58:41,500 --> 02:58:42,900
body's tried to protect 
themselves. 

3472
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:45,800
From the poisonous are this is 
worse than anything. 

3473
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:49,200
I've seen ashwath confided to 
Thomas as they watch The Mills 

3474
02:58:49,200 --> 02:58:52,900
ruins continue to smaller The 
fire has created chemical 

3475
02:58:52,900 --> 02:58:56,200
compounds that don't exist in 
nature where watching the birth 

3476
02:58:56,200 --> 02:58:59,700
of the industrial disease and we
have no idea how to treat it. 

3477
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:04,400
His words proved prophetic 
within a generation Manchester 

3478
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:06,700
would become synonymous with 
respiratory illness. 

3479
02:59:06,700 --> 02:59:09,700
Its residents suffering from 
conditions that doctors 

3480
02:59:09,700 --> 02:59:11,700
struggled to understand much 
less cure. 

3481
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:15,200
Thomas felt the toxins working 
on his body as he helped 

3482
02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:17,500
organize. 
The rescue efforts his throat 

3483
02:59:17,500 --> 02:59:20,100
burned with each breath while 
his eyes streamed continuously 

3484
02:59:20,100 --> 02:59:23,600
from the chemical irritation. 
His chest felt tight as though 

3485
02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:26,900
invisible bands were 
constricting his lungs, making 

3486
02:59:26,900 --> 02:59:31,200
each inhalation, a conscious 
effort around him, his fellow 

3487
02:59:31,200 --> 02:59:34,100
firefighters showed similar 
symptoms their faces flushed and

3488
02:59:34,100 --> 02:59:36,700
their breathing, labored despite
their years of experience with 

3489
02:59:36,700 --> 02:59:40,500
smoke-filled environments. 
The city's response to the topic

3490
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:42,800
are crisis revealed. 
The industrial ages priorities 

3491
02:59:42,800 --> 02:59:46,400
with brutal Clarity, milonas 
demanded that their workers 

3492
02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:49,300
returned to the neighboring 
factories immediately, claiming 

3493
02:59:49,300 --> 02:59:51,700
that production, delays would 
harm Manchester's, economic, 

3494
02:59:51,700 --> 02:59:54,400
competitiveness, local 
authorities focused. 

3495
02:59:54,400 --> 02:59:56,000
On clearing the rubble to 
restore traffic. 

3496
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:59,200
Flow showing little concern for 
the health consequences of 

3497
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:00,800
disturbing the contaminated 
debris. 

3498
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:04,900
Only Dr. Ashworth and a handful 
of religious leaders seem to 

3499
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,100
recognize the human catastrophe 
unfolding in the smoke-filled 

3500
03:00:08,100 --> 03:00:10,800
streets. 
Captain Morrison gathered his 

3501
03:00:10,800 --> 03:00:12,400
men for the journey back to the 
fire station. 

3502
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:15,900
His face Grim with the knowledge
that their work was far from 

3503
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:19,300
Over the industrial district of 
Manchester house, dozens of 

3504
03:00:19,308 --> 03:00:21,800
Mills, similar to pemberton's 
each posing of her potential 

3505
03:00:21,800 --> 03:00:24,300
Hazard due to their combustible 
materials. 

3506
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:27,100
And insufficient safety 
precautions, the fire. 

3507
03:00:27,100 --> 03:00:29,900
They just fought would be 
followed by others and endless 

3508
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:32,000
cycle of Destruction and rescue 
that consumed. 

3509
03:00:32,000 --> 03:00:34,300
Firefighters lives as 
efficiently as a consumed 

3510
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,900
building's, As they loaded their
equipment onto the horse drawn 

3511
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:40,200
engines. 
Thomas noticed that several of 

3512
03:00:40,200 --> 03:00:41,500
his colleagues were coughing up 
blood. 

3513
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:45,100
A sure sign that the toxic 
smoker damage their lungs beyond

3514
03:00:45,100 --> 03:00:48,300
the body's ability to repair 
these men would continue working

3515
03:00:48,300 --> 03:00:50,900
because they had no choice 
firefighters who couldn't 

3516
03:00:50,900 --> 03:00:54,000
perform their duties simply 
starved as no disability 

3517
03:00:54,000 --> 03:00:56,800
benefits or medical pensions 
existed for public servants 

3518
03:00:56,800 --> 03:01:00,000
injured in the line of duty. 
The journey back through 

3519
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:02,900
Manchester streets revealed the 
industrial Apocalypse in its 

3520
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:05,900
full horror. 
The permanent Haze that hung 

3521
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:09,000
over the city had thickened from
the mill fire, reducing 

3522
03:01:09,000 --> 03:01:11,800
visibility to a few yards and 
turning the afternoon into 

3523
03:01:11,800 --> 03:01:16,400
Perpetual Twilight gas lamps 
burned continuously their flame 

3524
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:19,200
struggling to penetrate the 
toxic fog that enveloped the 

3525
03:01:19,200 --> 03:01:22,800
city like a burial shroud, the 
Morrison fire brigade, stationed

3526
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:25,800
stood as a monument to society 
is half-hearted commitment to 

3527
03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:28,500
Public Safety. 
It's cramped quarters and 

3528
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:31,500
primitive equipment, reflecting,
the industrial era as priorities

3529
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:35,600
with depressing accuracy. 
Built in 1845 as Manchester's. 

3530
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:39,200
Textile wealth reached, its peak
the Station House, State of the 

3531
03:01:39,200 --> 03:01:41,900
art firefighting technology that
would have been considered 

3532
03:01:41,900 --> 03:01:46,100
inadequate, 50 years earlier the
building's designer had clearly 

3533
03:01:46,100 --> 03:01:49,300
never witnessed an actual fire. 
Creating a facility that 

3534
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:51,600
prioritized architectural 
appearance over practical 

3535
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:54,500
function. 
Thomas climbed wearily from the 

3536
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:57,700
fire engine, his body aching 
from the physical demands of 

3537
03:01:57,700 --> 03:02:00,800
rescue work in the toxic assault
of Manchester's, poisoned air. 

3538
03:02:01,400 --> 03:02:04,300
The stations equipment, Bay 
revealed the pathetic Arsenal 

3539
03:02:04,300 --> 03:02:07,900
available to firefighters in the
Industrial Age leather hoses. 

3540
03:02:07,900 --> 03:02:10,500
That leaked more water than they
delivered hand. 

3541
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:12,400
Pumped engines. 
That required eight men to 

3542
03:02:12,408 --> 03:02:15,600
operate, effectively, and wooden
ladders, whose rungs had been 

3543
03:02:15,608 --> 03:02:19,100
charred and weakened by repeated
exposure to flames. 

3544
03:02:19,700 --> 03:02:23,900
Fire engine itself represented, 
the Pinnacle of 1852 technology.

3545
03:02:24,700 --> 03:02:26,900
Steam, powered pump mounted on a
horse drawn. 

3546
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:30,700
Chassis that could under ideal 
conditions deliver water, at 

3547
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:32,900
pressures approaching those of a
modern garden hose. 

3548
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:36,600
The boiler required, 20 minutes 
to build Steam from a cold. 

3549
03:02:36,600 --> 03:02:39,400
Start assuming someone had 
remembered to keep its supplied 

3550
03:02:39,400 --> 03:02:42,900
with coal and water. 
During fires this delay, offered

3551
03:02:42,900 --> 03:02:45,100
meant the difference between 
saving a building and watching 

3552
03:02:45,100 --> 03:02:48,500
it collapse into Rubble. 
Captain Morris and initiated the

3553
03:02:48,500 --> 03:02:51,700
post-fire equipment, inspection 
with a weary resignation. 

3554
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:54,200
Reminiscent of a man who had 
carried out this ritual 

3555
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:57,500
countless times. the leather 
hoses showed new splits and 

3556
03:02:57,508 --> 03:03:00,300
tears from the superheated 
environment, their canvas 

3557
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,900
reinforcement, charred Beyond 
reliable use The brass nozzles 

3558
03:03:03,900 --> 03:03:06,300
had walked from exposure to 
extreme temperatures. 

3559
03:03:06,300 --> 03:03:09,000
Creating a regular spray 
patterns that reduce their 

3560
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:13,200
effectiveness even further. 
Most of the hand tools, axes pry

3561
03:03:13,200 --> 03:03:15,300
bars and rope showed signs of 
heat damage. 

3562
03:03:15,300 --> 03:03:19,300
That would make them unreliable 
in future emergencies Henderson 

3563
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:22,500
Morrison called to the station, 
senior firefighter, a grizzled 

3564
03:03:22,500 --> 03:03:25,400
veteran who's left arm hung 
useless from an injury sustained

3565
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:27,800
during the Great warehouse fire 
of 1849. 

3566
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:31,800
Take inventory of the hose 
sections, please identify the 

3567
03:03:31,800 --> 03:03:34,300
sections that require patching 
and those that need complete 

3568
03:03:34,300 --> 03:03:38,400
replacement Henderson, nodded 
grimly knowing that replacing 

3569
03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:40,900
entirely means of meeting 
request to the city council. 

3570
03:03:40,900 --> 03:03:42,300
That would be debated for 
months. 

3571
03:03:42,300 --> 03:03:45,600
While fires can continue to 
consume Manchester's, industrial

3572
03:03:45,600 --> 03:03:48,700
districts, the station's 
primitive Communication System, 

3573
03:03:48,700 --> 03:03:51,200
consisted of a single Bell, that
could be heard. 

3574
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:54,800
Perhaps six blocks away on a 
quiet day, it was often lost in 

3575
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,600
the industrial company that 
filled Manchester streets. 

3576
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:01,000
Fire reporting relied on runners
or mounted Messengers. 

3577
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:02,500
Who often arrived at the 
station. 

3578
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:05,500
Long after Flames are 
established himself Beyond any 

3579
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:08,900
hope of control. 
Thomas had responded to fires 

3580
03:04:08,900 --> 03:04:11,500
that had been burning for hours 
before anyone thought to summon 

3581
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:13,800
professional. 
Firefighters arriving to find 

3582
03:04:13,800 --> 03:04:17,600
only smoldering ruins and 
charred Corpses. the corner of 

3583
03:04:17,600 --> 03:04:20,900
the equipment Bay, held medical 
supplies, a testament to 

3584
03:04:20,900 --> 03:04:25,100
society's high expectations for 
firefighter survival A few roles

3585
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:28,600
of bandages, a bottle of Lorden,
and some Sal volatile 

3586
03:04:28,600 --> 03:04:31,300
represented, the brigades entire
medical Arsenal. 

3587
03:04:31,300 --> 03:04:34,800
No, Provisions existed for 
treating Burns, smoke. 

3588
03:04:34,800 --> 03:04:37,600
Inhalation or the countless 
injuries that firefighters 

3589
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:39,100
sustained during rescue 
operations. 

3590
03:04:40,200 --> 03:04:43,100
Fires, simply claimed, the lives
of men, seriously, injured, 

3591
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:46,300
adding their bodies to the 
growing casualty list of the 

3592
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:50,100
Industrial Revolution. 
The sleeping quarters of the 

3593
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:53,600
equipment Bay House, 12 men in 
conditions that would shame a 

3594
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:56,600
medieval Monastery. 
Now O'Connor range in military 

3595
03:04:56,600 --> 03:04:58,500
formation and left. 
Barely enough room to walk 

3596
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:01,200
between them while a single 
window provided, the only 

3597
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:04,500
ventilation for the entire space
during summer months, the 

3598
03:05:04,500 --> 03:05:06,300
combination of body heat and 
smoke. 

3599
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:09,800
Saturated clothing, created an 
atmosphere that rivaled the 

3600
03:05:09,800 --> 03:05:12,200
fires they fought for sheer 
unpleasantness. 

3601
03:05:13,600 --> 03:05:16,700
Thomas, meticulously inspected, 
his personal equipment, as if 

3602
03:05:16,708 --> 03:05:19,600
his life, relied on his 
dependability, his leather 

3603
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:21,300
helmet. 
Born, new Scorch marks from the 

3604
03:05:21,300 --> 03:05:24,100
mill, fire, the protective 
coating blisters and peeling 

3605
03:05:24,100 --> 03:05:27,900
from exposure, to extreme heat. 
The speaking trumpet, he used to

3606
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:30,800
coordinate rescue efforts at a 
crack along its length. 

3607
03:05:30,800 --> 03:05:33,100
That would reduce its 
Effectiveness in noisy 

3608
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:36,000
environments. 
His rope showed signs of heat 

3609
03:05:36,000 --> 03:05:39,300
damage that could cause it to 
fail under stress, leaving him 

3610
03:05:39,300 --> 03:05:43,000
stranded in a burning building. 
The Brigade horses occupied 

3611
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:44,600
stalls, adjacent to the main 
building. 

3612
03:05:44,600 --> 03:05:47,300
Their care consuming a 
significant portion of the 

3613
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:50,600
Department's modest budget. 
these animals were essential to 

3614
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,400
firefighting operations, but 
they required constant 

3615
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:55,900
maintenance and were vulnerable 
to the same toxic atmosphere, 

3616
03:05:55,900 --> 03:05:59,500
that plagued human residents, 
Several horses had died from 

3617
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:02,500
respiratory ailments caused by, 
chronic exposure to Industrial 

3618
03:06:02,500 --> 03:06:04,700
smoke. 
Their replacement representing, 

3619
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:06,800
a financial burden that 
stretched, the brigades 

3620
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:11,000
resources, beyond their limits 
Water supply presented, another 

3621
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:13,400
insurmountable challenge in 
Manchester's, industrial 

3622
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:16,800
environment. 
The city's water mains designed 

3623
03:06:16,800 --> 03:06:19,800
for domestic use rather than 
firefighting could not provide 

3624
03:06:19,800 --> 03:06:23,700
adequate pressure or volume for 
serious Blazers. firefighters 

3625
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:26,900
often found themselves competing
with industrial users for access

3626
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:30,500
to water while Milo owners, who 
controlled private water sources

3627
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:33,200
frequently refused to make them 
available during emergencies, 

3628
03:06:33,200 --> 03:06:36,300
the economic realities of 
firefighting in industrial 

3629
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:39,800
England, created a system where 
Property Owners ability to pay 

3630
03:06:39,800 --> 03:06:43,100
determine the level of 
protection they received Wealthy

3631
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:46,100
Miller owners, could purchase 
private fire insurance, that 

3632
03:06:46,100 --> 03:06:49,600
included dedicated firefighting 
Services while working class 

3633
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:52,000
neighborhoods, relied on 
Municipal brigades that were 

3634
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:54,100
chronically, underfunded and 
understaffed. 

3635
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:57,300
Thomas had witnessed the 
destruction of buildings as 

3636
03:06:57,308 --> 03:07:00,000
firefighters. 
Lacking the necessary equipment 

3637
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:02,800
or authority to intervene in 
fires affecting uninsured, 

3638
03:07:02,800 --> 03:07:05,100
properties stood helplessly 
nearby. 

3639
03:07:06,000 --> 03:07:08,600
Captain Morrison called the 
Brigade together for their daily

3640
03:07:08,600 --> 03:07:10,800
briefing. 
His weathered face showing the 

3641
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:14,300
cumulative effects of decades 
spent breathing smoke and toxic 

3642
03:07:14,300 --> 03:07:16,600
fumes. 
The Pemberton mill. 

3643
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:20,400
Fire consumed, six lives. 
He announced his voice heavy 

3644
03:07:20,400 --> 03:07:22,000
with the weight of repeated 
tragedy. 

3645
03:07:22,800 --> 03:07:25,500
Three children and three adults.
Die from smoke, inhalation. 

3646
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:29,100
While 49 others remain in the 
hospital with injuries. 

3647
03:07:29,100 --> 03:07:32,400
That may prove fatal, the Millet
self is a total loss 

3648
03:07:32,400 --> 03:07:36,000
representing 40,000 pounds in 
damage to the building and 

3649
03:07:36,000 --> 03:07:39,000
machinery. 
The human cost of the fire would

3650
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:41,200
extend far beyond the immediate 
casualties. 

3651
03:07:42,000 --> 03:07:44,500
Families who had lost their 
primary Wagner's would face 

3652
03:07:44,500 --> 03:07:47,900
destitution in an era before. 
So social safety nets or workers

3653
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:51,400
compensation children. 
Orphaned by industrial accidents

3654
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:53,900
became burdens on an overwhelmed
charity system. 

3655
03:07:53,900 --> 03:07:56,800
That could provide only the most
basic subsistence. 

3656
03:07:57,900 --> 03:08:00,600
The Millwork is who survived 
would face unemployment, until 

3657
03:08:00,600 --> 03:08:02,200
New facilities could be 
constructed. 

3658
03:08:02,200 --> 03:08:04,900
Assuming they could find 
employers willing to hire 

3659
03:08:04,900 --> 03:08:07,600
workers with visible. 
Burn scars or respiratory damage

3660
03:08:07,600 --> 03:08:10,900
Manchester's, industrial 
districts, never truly, slept 

3661
03:08:10,900 --> 03:08:13,200
their Machinery. 
Clattering through the night 

3662
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:15,000
hours. 
While skeleton Crews, maintained

3663
03:08:15,000 --> 03:08:17,600
production schedules, that 
recognize no distinction between

3664
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:21,100
day and darkness. 
For firefighters this meant that

3665
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:25,100
emergency could strike at any 
hour, pulling exhausted men from

3666
03:08:25,100 --> 03:08:28,100
their meager, rest to face 
blazes that seemed even more 

3667
03:08:28,100 --> 03:08:31,700
terrifying when illuminated only
by their flames and the feeble 

3668
03:08:31,700 --> 03:08:35,400
of gastric lamps. 
Thomas had been asleep for 

3669
03:08:35,400 --> 03:08:38,500
perhaps two hours when the alarm
Bell shattered, the station's 

3670
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:40,200
relative quiet. 
It's urgent. 

3671
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:42,400
Clanging echoing off. 
The brick walls of the sleeping 

3672
03:08:42,400 --> 03:08:45,400
quarters. 
Around him 11 other men rolled 

3673
03:08:45,400 --> 03:08:48,300
from their cots with the 
practice deficiency of soldiers,

3674
03:08:48,300 --> 03:08:51,500
responding to Battle Stations 
pulling on boots and coats that 

3675
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:54,500
never had time to fully dry 
between calls the station. 

3676
03:08:54,500 --> 03:08:57,500
Single oil lamp, cast Dancing 
Shadows, that transformed 

3677
03:08:57,500 --> 03:09:00,400
familiar equipment, into 
menacing shapes while outside 

3678
03:09:00,400 --> 03:09:03,300
the building Manchester's, 
Perpetual industrial fog, 

3679
03:09:03,300 --> 03:09:06,100
muffled all sound, except the 
insistent demand of the alarm. 

3680
03:09:06,100 --> 03:09:08,600
Captain Morris and appeared in 
the doorway. 

3681
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:10,600
His face, Grim, in the 
Lamplight. 

3682
03:09:11,300 --> 03:09:13,900
Whitworth mill, on Dean's, gate.
He announced tersely. 

3683
03:09:13,900 --> 03:09:17,200
Multiple floors are involved. 
And there are reports of workers

3684
03:09:17,200 --> 03:09:20,700
trapped inside. 
The men needed no further 

3685
03:09:20,708 --> 03:09:24,000
explanation, Whitworth Mill 
represented one of Manchester's,

3686
03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:27,700
largest textile operations, a 
six-story monument to Industrial

3687
03:09:27,700 --> 03:09:31,100
efficiency that employed nearly 
300 workers across its various 

3688
03:09:31,100 --> 03:09:33,600
departments a fire in such a 
facility. 

3689
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,400
Could easily become a 
catastrophe that would dwarf the

3690
03:09:36,400 --> 03:09:38,200
previous day's Pemberton Mill 
disaster. 

3691
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:41,100
The night journey through 
Manchester's streets revealed 

3692
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:45,000
the industrial cities, nocturnal
character a landscape of glowing

3693
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:47,200
furnaces and smoking chimneys 
that painted. 

3694
03:09:47,200 --> 03:09:51,100
The fog with hellish colors, gas
lamps, flickered, weakly through

3695
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:53,800
the permanent Haze. 
They're like barely penetrating 

3696
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:56,100
the toxic atmosphere. 
That filled the narrow streets. 

3697
03:09:56,900 --> 03:09:59,900
The horse drawn fire engine 
clattered over Cobblestone slick

3698
03:09:59,900 --> 03:10:02,400
with Industrial Waste and 
condensed chemical Vapors. 

3699
03:10:03,100 --> 03:10:05,500
Its iron Wheels striking Sparks 
that briefly. 

3700
03:10:05,500 --> 03:10:08,800
Illuminated, the Grim faces of 
night shift workers heading home

3701
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:11,800
from 12 hour, shifts in the 
Mills Whitworth Mill. 

3702
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:14,800
Announced itself from several 
blocks away, its upper floors. 

3703
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:17,300
Crowned, with flames that Rose 
higher than the surrounding 

3704
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:21,400
buildings in orange glow that 
penetrated even Manchester's, 

3705
03:10:21,400 --> 03:10:24,900
industrial fog. 
Before anyone thought to summon 

3706
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:28,000
the Brigade, the fire had been 
burning for some time spreading 

3707
03:10:28,000 --> 03:10:30,600
throughout the buildings upper 
levels, while workers on the 

3708
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:32,300
lower floors. 
Continued, their tasks, 

3709
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:35,100
blissfully unaware of the 
disaster unfolding above them. 

3710
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:38,200
Thomas immediately realized that
this fire would challenge the 

3711
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:41,400
limits of their outdated 
equipment and methods, these 

3712
03:10:41,400 --> 03:10:43,300
buildings height. 
Made it impossible to reach the 

3713
03:10:43,300 --> 03:10:46,300
upper floors with their ladders 
while the intensity of the flame

3714
03:10:46,300 --> 03:10:47,800
suggested that the fire had 
found. 

3715
03:10:47,800 --> 03:10:50,900
The Mills stored cotton was 
feeding on thousands of pounds 

3716
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:54,600
of combustible material Workers 
streamed from the buildings 

3717
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:57,000
ground floor, exits many 
carrying their few possessions 

3718
03:10:57,000 --> 03:10:59,800
While others supported injured. 
Colleague, whose Burns would 

3719
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:02,300
likely. 
Prove fatal, The Mills night, 

3720
03:11:02,300 --> 03:11:05,000
supervisor, a thin man whose 
permanently stained clothing 

3721
03:11:05,000 --> 03:11:08,700
testified to years, spent among 
the textile Machinery approached

3722
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:10,800
Captain Morrison with visible 
panic. 

3723
03:11:11,500 --> 03:11:13,200
There are a dozen workers on the
5th floor. 

3724
03:11:13,200 --> 03:11:17,000
He reported his voice cracking 
with stress the main staircase 

3725
03:11:17,000 --> 03:11:19,700
collapsed, 20 minutes ago, and 
we can't reach them through the 

3726
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:23,200
smoke. 
Morrison nodded grimly knowing 

3727
03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:25,900
that a dozen workers trapped on 
the 5th floor of a burning 

3728
03:11:25,900 --> 03:11:29,300
building represented a death 
sentence that 1852 technology 

3729
03:11:29,300 --> 03:11:32,300
could not commute. 
Thomas, found himself assigned 

3730
03:11:32,300 --> 03:11:35,400
to Interior reconnaissance a 
polite term for entering a 

3731
03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:37,900
burning building to determine 
how many people would die before

3732
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:41,000
the night ended. 
He wrapped a wet cloth around 

3733
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:44,400
his face and plunged into the 
Mills ground floor where the air

3734
03:11:44,400 --> 03:11:47,100
hung thick with smoke in the 
temperature climbed steadily, as

3735
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:48,300
he moved deeper into the 
building. 

3736
03:11:49,200 --> 03:11:51,800
The textile Machinery, created a
maze of obstacles. 

3737
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:54,600
That seemed designed to trap 
anyone attempting to navigate to

3738
03:11:54,600 --> 03:11:57,800
near-zero visibility. 
The layout of the building 

3739
03:11:57,800 --> 03:12:00,500
designed to maximize productive 
space while minimizing, 

3740
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:04,300
everything else resulted in 
narrow aisles, low ceilings and 

3741
03:12:04,300 --> 03:12:07,300
bottleneck exits, that became 
deadly traps during emergencies 

3742
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:10,100
gaslighting fixtures had 
exploded throughout the 

3743
03:12:10,100 --> 03:12:13,300
facility, their shattered 
remains creating additional fire

3744
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:16,200
sources, while leaving the 
interior in dangerous Darkness. 

3745
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:19,700
Thomas navigated the 
smoke-filled maze by feeling in 

3746
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:21,500
Instinct calling out for 
survivors. 

3747
03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:24,600
On the second floor, he 
encountered, the Mills steam 

3748
03:12:24,600 --> 03:12:28,000
engine a massive mechanical 
heart that continued to pound 

3749
03:12:28,000 --> 03:12:31,200
rhythmically, even as flames 
consumed the building around it.

3750
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:35,500
The engines automatic stoking 
system fed coal into its Firebox

3751
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:37,500
without regard for the 
surrounding emergencies. 

3752
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:40,600
Maintaining steam pressure that 
powered Machinery on Floors, 

3753
03:12:40,600 --> 03:12:42,300
were no workers remained to 
operate it. 

3754
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:45,800
The combination of superheated 
steam and surrounding Flames, 

3755
03:12:45,800 --> 03:12:48,400
created an environment. 
So hostile to human life, that 

3756
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:51,600
Thomas could barely approach 
within 20 feet of the engine 

3757
03:12:51,600 --> 03:12:53,900
room. 
Staircase to the upper floors 

3758
03:12:53,900 --> 03:12:56,500
had indeed collapsed its wooden 
construction. 

3759
03:12:56,500 --> 03:12:59,500
No match for the intense heat 
generated by tons of burning 

3760
03:12:59,500 --> 03:13:03,000
cotton through the Gap where the
stairs once stood Thomas could 

3761
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:05,400
hear the voices of the trapped 
workers on the 5th floor. 

3762
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:08,500
Their cries becoming weaker due 
to the effects of smoke, 

3763
03:13:08,500 --> 03:13:11,500
inhalation, He attempted to 
throw them a rope but the 

3764
03:13:11,500 --> 03:13:14,000
distance was too great in the 
angle too steep for any 

3765
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:17,500
practical rescue attempt. 
Outside the building, the fire 

3766
03:13:17,500 --> 03:13:20,000
spectacular. 
Growth had attracted a crowd of 

3767
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:22,700
Spectators who gathered at what 
they considered a safe distance 

3768
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:25,400
to watch the industrial 
catastrophe unfold. 

3769
03:13:25,400 --> 03:13:28,800
MILFs provided free 
entertainment for Manchester's, 

3770
03:13:28,800 --> 03:13:32,100
working class, a dramatic break 
from the monotonous routine of 

3771
03:13:32,100 --> 03:13:34,800
factory labor. 
These observers showed little 

3772
03:13:34,800 --> 03:13:37,800
concern for the human tragedy 
playing out inside the burning, 

3773
03:13:37,800 --> 03:13:39,900
building their attention, 
focused in Stead on the 

3774
03:13:39,900 --> 03:13:42,900
impressive display of flames and
the building's eventual 

3775
03:13:42,900 --> 03:13:45,900
collapse. 
Here Dr. Ashworth arrived at the

3776
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:49,200
scene, despite the late hour, 
his medical bag and portable 

3777
03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:52,000
surgical kit, marking him as one
of the few professionals willing

3778
03:13:52,000 --> 03:13:53,700
to treat industrial accident 
victims. 

3779
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:57,200
He began triaging the workers 
who had escaped the building 

3780
03:13:57,200 --> 03:13:59,700
quickly, identifying, those 
whose injuries required 

3781
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:02,700
immediate attention, and those 
who are Beyond medical help. 

3782
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:06,500
The night are filled with the 
moons of burn victims and the 

3783
03:14:06,508 --> 03:14:08,900
sobbing of workers who had 
watched colleagues disappear 

3784
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:12,000
into the flames. 
Thomas emerged from the building

3785
03:14:12,000 --> 03:14:13,800
as its internal structure, began
to fail. 

3786
03:14:13,800 --> 03:14:16,700
The massive Timbers that 
supported its six floors. 

3787
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,200
Finally succumbing to the 
intense Heat and the weight of 

3788
03:14:19,208 --> 03:14:21,800
collapsing. 
Masonry, the trapped workers on 

3789
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:23,800
the 5th. 
Floor, fell silent their voices 

3790
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:26,400
lost in the thunderous crash of 
falling machinery. 

3791
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:29,700
And structural beams. 
He'd fail to save them. 

3792
03:14:29,700 --> 03:14:32,900
Another dozen names to the 
growing list of industrial 

3793
03:14:32,900 --> 03:14:35,700
casualties that haunted. 
His dreams Dawn broke over 

3794
03:14:35,700 --> 03:14:39,000
Manchester like a revelation of 
Hell, the Rising Sun, filtered 

3795
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:42,400
through layers of industrial 
smoke and chemical fog and till 

3796
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:45,200
it, resembled a sickly orange 
eye, surveying the destruction 

3797
03:14:45,200 --> 03:14:47,700
below. 
The Whitworth Mill had burned 

3798
03:14:47,700 --> 03:14:50,400
through the night. 
Its six stories collapsing 

3799
03:14:50,400 --> 03:14:54,200
section by section until nothing
remained but a smoking pile of 

3800
03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:56,700
rubble that would continue to 
smolder for days. 

3801
03:14:57,600 --> 03:15:00,800
Thomas, stood among the debris. 
His face blackened with soot and

3802
03:15:00,808 --> 03:15:04,000
his lungs raw from breathing. 
The topic are that passed for 

3803
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,700
atmosphere in England's 
industrial Heartland. 12 workers

3804
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:10,600
are died in the Whitworth. 
Fire, their bodies crushed, 

3805
03:15:10,600 --> 03:15:13,800
beneath falling Machinery. 
Will consumed by Flames that 

3806
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:15,900
reach temperatures exceeding, 
anything natural. 

3807
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:19,700
Their names would be recorded in
the city's, death registers as 

3808
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:22,000
industrial accidents 
statistical. 

3809
03:15:22,000 --> 03:15:24,500
Abstractions, that fail to 
capture the human cost of 

3810
03:15:24,508 --> 03:15:26,200
Manchester's. 
Textile prosperity. 

3811
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:30,600
Behind each name, stood a family
thrust into destitution children

3812
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:32,800
left. 
Orphaned in a society that 

3813
03:15:32,800 --> 03:15:35,700
viewed their survival As A 
Private Matter rather than a 

3814
03:15:35,700 --> 03:15:39,200
public responsibility. 
The mill owner Mr. Whitworth 

3815
03:15:39,200 --> 03:15:42,900
himself surveyed the ruins. 
From his Carriage calculating 

3816
03:15:42,900 --> 03:15:45,500
insurance settlements and 
replacement costs with the same 

3817
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:48,500
methodical Precision. 
He applied to production quotas,

3818
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:51,100
the building had been insured 
for its full value. 

3819
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:53,900
While the Machinery could be 
replaced within months, if 

3820
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:56,400
orders were placed immediately 
with the founders of Sheffield 

3821
03:15:56,400 --> 03:15:59,700
and Birmingham The human losses.
Barely registered in his 

3822
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:03,700
accounting workers were abundant
and easily replaced their 

3823
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:06,600
families suffering invisible to 
Men Who measured success in 

3824
03:16:06,600 --> 03:16:10,100
Pounds, Sterling and production,
efficiency Thomas walked among 

3825
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:13,100
the survivors offering what 
Comfort he could to people whose

3826
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:15,200
worlds had been destroyed in a 
single night. 

3827
03:16:16,100 --> 03:16:18,900
Mrs. Hartwell clutched, the 
burned remains of her husband's.

3828
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:21,100
Work clothes. 
The fabric, still warm from the 

3829
03:16:21,100 --> 03:16:24,000
Flames that acclaimed his life. 
Her three children huddled 

3830
03:16:24,000 --> 03:16:27,000
around her skirts, their face is
already showing the Halo 

3831
03:16:27,000 --> 03:16:29,500
expression of poverty that would
mark them for the remainder of 

3832
03:16:29,500 --> 03:16:32,900
their shortened lives. 
Industrial England provided no 

3833
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:34,500
compensation for workplace 
deaths. 

3834
03:16:34,500 --> 03:16:38,300
No pensions for widows and no 
support for orphaned children. 

3835
03:16:38,300 --> 03:16:40,900
Whose crimes being born into the
working class? 

3836
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:45,600
Dr. Ashworth, moved among the 
injured with growing despair. 

3837
03:16:45,600 --> 03:16:48,500
His medical knowledge 
inadequate, against the scale of

3838
03:16:48,500 --> 03:16:52,600
suffering that surrounded him. 
Burns covering more than 20% of 

3839
03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:56,400
the body, were invariably fatal 
in an era before fluid 

3840
03:16:56,400 --> 03:16:58,500
replacement therapy, or 
antibiotic treatment. 

3841
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:02,600
He could offer Lord for pain and
perhaps preserve life for a few 

3842
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,000
additional days. 
But the fundamental reality 

3843
03:17:05,000 --> 03:17:08,300
remained unchanged industrial 
progress consumed. 

3844
03:17:08,300 --> 03:17:11,300
Human lives as fuel for its 
advancement and Society, 

3845
03:17:11,300 --> 03:17:14,000
accepted this sacrifice as the 
natural order of things. 

3846
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,800
The city's response to the fire 
revealed, the true priorities of

3847
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:20,100
industrial civilization with 
brutal clarity. 

3848
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:23,800
Within hours of the building's 
collapse municipal authorities 

3849
03:17:23,800 --> 03:17:26,300
had dispatched Crews to clear 
the rubble and restore traffic 

3850
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:29,400
flow through the district. 
The dead would be buried quickly

3851
03:17:29,400 --> 03:17:31,300
in quietly. 
Their family's grief 

3852
03:17:31,300 --> 03:17:34,400
subordinated to the economic 
imperative of maintaining in 

3853
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:37,900
industrial production, New 
workers would be recruited from 

3854
03:17:37,900 --> 03:17:41,200
the Countryside by Promises of 
steady wages that fail to 

3855
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:43,900
mention the probability of 
industrial accident or early 

3856
03:17:43,900 --> 03:17:47,500
death from respiratory disease. 
Captain Morrison gathered, his 

3857
03:17:47,500 --> 03:17:50,300
exhausted firefighters for the 
journey back to their station. 

3858
03:17:50,300 --> 03:17:52,800
His weathered face showing the 
cumulative. 

3859
03:17:52,800 --> 03:17:56,100
Toll of decades spent fighting 
fires within adequate equipment 

3860
03:17:56,100 --> 03:17:59,600
and insufficient support. 
Three of his men showed signs of

3861
03:17:59,608 --> 03:18:01,400
serious injury from the night's 
work. 

3862
03:18:01,400 --> 03:18:04,800
Henderson had suffered severe 
burns on his hands and arms 

3863
03:18:04,800 --> 03:18:08,400
while Collins coughed blood that
indicated potentially fatal lung

3864
03:18:08,400 --> 03:18:10,900
damage. 
These men would continue working

3865
03:18:10,900 --> 03:18:13,700
because they had no alternative.
Firefighters. 

3866
03:18:13,700 --> 03:18:16,300
Who could not perform their 
duties, simply disappeared into 

3867
03:18:16,300 --> 03:18:19,200
Manchester's growing population 
of industrial invalids. 

3868
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:22,300
The economic mathematics of 
firefighting in 1852. 

3869
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:24,300
Manchester demonstrated 
societies. 

3870
03:18:24,300 --> 03:18:26,800
Perverted priorities with 
mathematical precision. 

3871
03:18:28,000 --> 03:18:30,800
The city allocated more money to
street cleaning, the fire 

3872
03:18:30,800 --> 03:18:34,300
prevention and more resources to
maintaining Public Gardens than 

3873
03:18:34,300 --> 03:18:36,700
to protecting working class 
neighborhoods from industrial 

3874
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:39,200
Blazers. 
Fire insurance companies. 

3875
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:42,000
Employed private brigades to 
protect wealthy districts while 

3876
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:44,600
public firefighters struggled 
with primitive equipment and 

3877
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:48,500
skeleton Crews. 
The message was clear property 

3878
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:52,300
mattered More Than People profit
more than human life, Thomas, 

3879
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:55,300
reflected on his chosen 
profession as the fire engine 

3880
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:57,700
clattered through Manchester's, 
smoke-filled streets. 

3881
03:18:58,400 --> 03:19:01,400
He had become a firefighter 
believing he could save lives 

3882
03:19:01,400 --> 03:19:04,000
and protect his community from 
the ravages of industrial 

3883
03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:06,600
progress. 
Instead he found himself serving

3884
03:19:06,600 --> 03:19:09,400
as witness to a systematic 
destruction of human life that 

3885
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:11,800
masqueraded as economic 
advancement. 

3886
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:16,200
Every fire revealed the same 
pattern, preventable accidents 

3887
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:19,200
caused by cost-cutting, measures
inadequate, safety equipment, 

3888
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,400
and building designs that 
prioritize production efficiency

3889
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:25,900
over worker survival. 
The industrial revolution had 

3890
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:29,900
transformed firefighting from a 
community responsibility into a 

3891
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:32,700
professional necessity. 
But Society had failed to 

3892
03:19:32,700 --> 03:19:34,800
provide the resources necessary 
for success. 

3893
03:19:35,700 --> 03:19:38,200
Firefighters operated with the 
equipment that belonged in the 

3894
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:41,800
previous Century, received 
training that consisted mainly 

3895
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:45,100
of learning from the mistakes of
dead Collies, and worked for 

3896
03:19:45,100 --> 03:19:47,000
wages. 
That barely sustained life in 

3897
03:19:47,000 --> 03:19:48,600
the expense of industrial 
cities. 

3898
03:19:49,400 --> 03:19:52,300
Men, who viewed workers safety, 
as an unnecessary, expense that 

3899
03:19:52,300 --> 03:19:56,100
reduce shareholder profits 
expected, firefighters to risk 

3900
03:19:56,100 --> 03:19:57,800
their lives to protect their 
Investments. 

3901
03:19:58,800 --> 03:20:01,500
As they approached the fire 
station Thomas could see the 

3902
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:05,200
next generation of Manchester's.
Industrial Workforce streaming 

3903
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:06,900
toward the mills for the morning
shift. 

3904
03:20:07,800 --> 03:20:10,200
Children as young as eight 
walked alongside their parents 

3905
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:12,900
heading for jobs, that would 
consume their childhoods and 

3906
03:20:12,900 --> 03:20:15,200
probably end their lives before 
they reached 40. 

3907
03:20:16,100 --> 03:20:19,100
These young faces reminded him. 
Why he continued fighting fires,

3908
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:21,900
despite the profession's 
countless Horrors, someone had 

3909
03:20:21,900 --> 03:20:24,300
to stand between Manchester's, 
working population and the 

3910
03:20:24,300 --> 03:20:27,300
industrial forces that treated 
human beings as disposable 

3911
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:29,500
components in a vast economic 
machine. 

3912
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:33,300
Before they had finished, 
unloading their equipment, the 

3913
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:36,700
station bell rang again its 
urgent clanging announcing. 

3914
03:20:36,700 --> 03:20:40,800
Another fire in another Mill. 
Another group of workers whose 

3915
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:43,900
lives were in the balance, 
Thomas checked, his scorched 

3916
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:45,700
equipment. 
One more time, pulled on his 

3917
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:47,900
battered leather helmet and 
prepared to Enter. 

3918
03:20:47,900 --> 03:20:51,100
Hell once again, this was the 
reality of being an industrial 

3919
03:20:51,100 --> 03:20:54,900
revolution, firefighter and 
endless cycle of tragedy and 

3920
03:20:54,900 --> 03:20:58,700
loss fork with primitive weapons
against an enemy, that grew 

3921
03:20:58,700 --> 03:21:02,500
stronger with each passing day. 
Manchester smoke stained Sky. 

3922
03:21:02,500 --> 03:21:04,400
Offered, no. 
Promise of better days ahead, 

3923
03:21:04,400 --> 03:21:07,100
only the certainly that more 
fires would follow. 

3924
03:21:07,100 --> 03:21:10,700
More lives would be lost and 
more families would be thrust 

3925
03:21:10,700 --> 03:21:13,800
into poverty by the next Rebel. 
Demands of industrial progress. 

3926
03:21:14,900 --> 03:21:17,400
Thomas climbed aboard, the fire 
engine as it lurched into 

3927
03:21:17,400 --> 03:21:20,200
motion, carrying him toward 
another confrontation with the 

3928
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:22,800
forces that were reshaping 
England into something barely 

3929
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:24,800
recognizable as human 
civilization. 

3930
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:27,400
The Towering chimneys of the 
mill. 

3931
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:30,300
Districts stretching, endlessly 
in all directions, released 

3932
03:21:30,300 --> 03:21:33,300
clouds of toxic smoke turning, 
the very air into poison. 

3933
03:21:33,300 --> 03:21:35,800
This was the world that 
Industrial Revolution. 

3934
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:39,400
Firefighters inhabited a 
landscape where human life was 

3935
03:21:39,400 --> 03:21:42,400
measured in production units 
where workers safety was 

3936
03:21:42,400 --> 03:21:45,300
subordinated to profit margins 
and where the brave men, who 

3937
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:47,900
risked everything to save others
were themselves considered 

3938
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:50,600
Expendable components in the 
great industrial machine. 

3939
03:21:51,300 --> 03:21:53,900
As the fire engine vanished, 
into the ever-present haze of 

3940
03:21:53,908 --> 03:21:57,400
Manchester Thomas, grassed, the 
profound frustration of being an

3941
03:21:57,400 --> 03:22:00,100
industrial revolution. 
Firefighter, they were fighting 

3942
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:02,500
a war they could never win using
weapons. 

3943
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:05,000
That guaranteed their 
destruction in service of a 

3944
03:22:05,000 --> 03:22:08,300
society that viewed their 
sacrifice as both necessary and 

3945
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:11,200
invisible. 
The Flames they battled were 

3946
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:13,400
merely symptoms of a larger 
conflagration that was 

3947
03:22:13,400 --> 03:22:15,400
consuming. 
The soul of industrial England 

3948
03:22:15,400 --> 03:22:18,800
leaving behind a wasteland where
human dignity had been traded 

3949
03:22:18,800 --> 03:22:21,900
for economic efficiency and 
where the price of progress was 

3950
03:22:21,900 --> 03:22:39,100
measured in unmarked Graves. 
The story of the Oregon Trail. 

3951
03:22:39,100 --> 03:22:43,300
Typically begins with wagons 
rolling West in the 1840s but 

3952
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:46,000
it's true Origins. 
Reach back much further to 

3953
03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:48,900
Pathways trodden by indigenous 
peoples for Millennia. 

3954
03:22:48,900 --> 03:22:53,000
The Shoshone Nez Perce and 
dozens of other nations had 

3955
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:55,200
established, intricate, trade 
networks across. 

3956
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:58,100
What would become the American 
West long before European 

3957
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:01,900
settlement These indigenous 
highways form the skeleton upon,

3958
03:23:01,900 --> 03:23:03,700
which the Oregon Trail would 
eventually be built. 

3959
03:23:04,700 --> 03:23:07,000
The conventional narrative 
credits Lewis and Clark with 

3960
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:10,900
discovering the root West. 
But their 1804 to 1806 

3961
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:14,700
Expedition relied heavily on 
indigenous guides like Sacagawea

3962
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:17,800
whose knowledge of mountain 
passages proved invaluable. 

3963
03:23:18,700 --> 03:23:21,200
What's less discussed is how 
their Journey was followed by 

3964
03:23:21,200 --> 03:23:24,000
fur traders, who quietly 
expanded these routes throughout

3965
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:28,800
the early 19th century. 
In 1811, John, Jacob Astor's 

3966
03:23:28,800 --> 03:23:31,800
Pacific fur company established 
a story at the mouth of the 

3967
03:23:31,800 --> 03:23:34,500
Columbia River. 
Just five years after Lewis and 

3968
03:23:34,500 --> 03:23:37,200
Clark's return to connect this 
remote Outpost with Saint Louis,

3969
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:39,500
fur Trader. 
Robert Stewart pioneered and 

3970
03:23:39,508 --> 03:23:47,600
east to west Crossing in 1812 to
130 through the Continental 

3971
03:23:47,600 --> 03:23:53,000
Divide at a relatively moderate 
7412 FT elevation would later. 

3972
03:23:53,000 --> 03:23:56,300
Become the trails, most crucial 
geographic feature allowing 

3973
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:59,200
wagons to cross the Rockies 
without navigating treacherous 

3974
03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:02,700
high altitude passes while 
history textbooks, often present

3975
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:05,900
Manifest Destiny as the driving 
force behind Westwood expansion,

3976
03:24:05,900 --> 03:24:09,200
economic desperation. 
Propelled many early migrants 

3977
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,700
The panic of 1837 a financial 
crisis that triggered, a 

3978
03:24:13,700 --> 03:24:16,100
six-year depression left. 
Countless American's, jobless 

3979
03:24:16,100 --> 03:24:19,300
and landless. 
Oregon represented, not Conquest

3980
03:24:19,300 --> 03:24:22,600
but survival as one migrant 
wrote in 1843. 

3981
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:26,900
We do not go to make war on 
anyone or build an Empire only 

3982
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:29,700
to feed our children and perhaps
find peace away from the banks 

3983
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:32,800
that have ruined us. 
The trails formal establishment 

3984
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:37,900
came through an unlikely Source 
missionary Endeavors in 1836 

3985
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:41,600
Methodist missionary. 
Jason Lee travel to Oregon's 

3986
03:24:41,600 --> 03:24:44,300
Willamette Valley to establish a
mission among the caliper 

3987
03:24:44,300 --> 03:24:46,900
people. 
So his Evangelistic efforts, 

3988
03:24:46,900 --> 03:24:48,900
yielded, few converts his 
letters. 

3989
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:52,100
Eastward painted Oregon as an 
agricultural Paradise. 

3990
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:56,500
Presbyterian missionaries, 
Marcus and Narcissa, Whitman 

3991
03:24:56,500 --> 03:25:00,300
made the journey the same year 
with Narcissa becoming one of 

3992
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:03,700
the first white women to cross 
the continent Overland The 

3993
03:25:03,700 --> 03:25:05,600
Whitman's established their 
mission among the key. 

3994
03:25:05,600 --> 03:25:07,400
Used people near present-day 
Walla Walla. 

3995
03:25:07,400 --> 03:25:11,500
Washington their letters home 
describing fertile, valleys and 

3996
03:25:11,508 --> 03:25:14,800
a moderate climate Court. 
Despite downplaying the complex 

3997
03:25:14,800 --> 03:25:17,600
diplomatic negotiations, 
necessary to maintain peace with

3998
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:20,900
indigenous Nations, whose land 
they occupied their Letter's 

3999
03:25:20,900 --> 03:25:22,900
captivated the nation's 
imagination. 

4000
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:26,600
The Whitman's Mission would 
later become a landmark, stop on

4001
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:29,800
the Oregon Trail, and the site 
of tragedy, when deteriorating 

4002
03:25:29,800 --> 03:25:33,200
relations with the Caillou's 
resulted in violence, perhaps 

4003
03:25:33,200 --> 03:25:35,500
the most overlooked aspect of 
the trails formation. 

4004
03:25:35,500 --> 03:25:38,700
Was the role of free black 
settlers in establishing Oregon 

4005
03:25:38,700 --> 03:25:41,100
Country. 
Though, later Oregon, 

4006
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:43,500
legislation would shamefully 
prohibit black settlement. 

4007
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:47,300
Early Pioneers included black 
American freedom from the 

4008
03:25:47,300 --> 03:25:51,500
restrictions of eastern states. 
Moses black Harris, a former 

4009
03:25:51,500 --> 03:25:54,300
slave, turn Mountain Man. 
Became one of the trails most 

4010
03:25:54,300 --> 03:25:57,700
respected guides in the 1830s. 
Leading multiple groups to 

4011
03:25:57,700 --> 03:25:59,800
Oregon and returning East to 
guide more. 

4012
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:03,300
George Washington, Bush, 
successful, Pennsylvania 

4013
03:26:03,300 --> 03:26:06,600
businessmen, LED one of the 
first large wagon parties, in 

4014
03:26:06,600 --> 03:26:10,400
1844, eventually establishing a 
prosperous Farm in, what would 

4015
03:26:10,400 --> 03:26:14,300
become Washington State? 
The trails preliminary Roots 

4016
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:17,300
were mapped by government 
surveyor John C Fremont between 

4017
03:26:17,300 --> 03:26:21,700
1842 and 1844. 
His meticulous reports widely 

4018
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,900
published in eastern newspapers.
Transformed vague knowledge 

4019
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:27,200
about Oregon. 
Country into practical guidance,

4020
03:26:27,200 --> 03:26:30,400
while Fremont is remembered as 
the Pathfinder. 

4021
03:26:31,200 --> 03:26:34,300
His Expeditions relied heavily 
on the expertise of Kit, Carson,

4022
03:26:34,300 --> 03:26:36,700
and other seasoned guide, who 
had already traveled these 

4023
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:41,100
routes extensively. 
By 1843, when the first major 

4024
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:44,300
Wagon Train of approximately 
1,000 people, departed into 

4025
03:26:44,300 --> 03:26:47,400
pendants Missouri. 
The Oregon Trail wasn't a sudden

4026
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:50,600
inspiration, but the culmination
of Decades of exploration 

4027
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:55,700
indigenous knowledge economic 
necessity missionary Zeal and 

4028
03:26:55,700 --> 03:26:58,900
careful mapping. 
These Pioneers were venturing 

4029
03:26:58,900 --> 03:27:01,500
into an unmapped Wilderness, but
following an increasingly well 

4030
03:27:01,500 --> 03:27:04,000
documented route toward what 
they hoped would be better 

4031
03:27:04,000 --> 03:27:06,600
alive. 
The story of the Oregon Trails 

4032
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:09,600
Origins reveals how great 
migrations rarely spring fully 

4033
03:27:09,600 --> 03:27:12,300
formed from a single Catalyst, 
but developed through complex, 

4034
03:27:12,300 --> 03:27:16,800
interplays of geography, 
economics politics and human 

4035
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:19,700
determination. 
A theme that would continue as 

4036
03:27:19,700 --> 03:27:23,000
the trail of old from a 
hazardous journey into America's

4037
03:27:23,000 --> 03:27:26,700
most consequential, migration 
route, popular cultures, reduce 

4038
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:31,200
the Oregon Trail to covered 
wagons and oxen, but the 2,170 

4039
03:27:31,200 --> 03:27:34,500
mile Journey spurred, remarkable
technological adaptations. 

4040
03:27:34,500 --> 03:27:36,600
That changed American 
Transportation forever. 

4041
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:39,900
The challenges of traversing a 
continent, necessitated 

4042
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:43,400
practical Innovation at every 
stage establishing a mobile 

4043
03:27:43,408 --> 03:27:45,700
laboratory for 19th century 
ingenuity. 

4044
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:50,200
The Prairie Schooner, the iconic
covered wagon was itself. 

4045
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:53,300
A specialized adaptation of the 
larger Conestoga wagon used in 

4046
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:57,100
eastern Freight Hall in These 
wagons specifically designed for

4047
03:27:57,100 --> 03:28:00,400
the Western Journey. 
It weighed approximately 1300 

4048
03:28:00,400 --> 03:28:02,300
pounds. 
When empty compared to the 

4049
03:28:02,308 --> 03:28:06,500
conestoga's 3000 pounds, their 
beds were sealed with tartar to 

4050
03:28:06,508 --> 03:28:09,200
cross rivers. 
While their white canvas covers 

4051
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:11,300
were treated with linseed oil 
for waterproofing. 

4052
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:14,700
The hooped canvas cover wasn't 
merely for protection from the 

4053
03:28:14,700 --> 03:28:16,800
elements. 
Its shape was deliberately 

4054
03:28:16,800 --> 03:28:18,500
designed to create air 
circulation. 

4055
03:28:19,300 --> 03:28:21,500
Reducing interior. 
Temperatures on scorching 

4056
03:28:21,500 --> 03:28:25,400
Prairie days, inventors built, 
fortunes supplying specialized 

4057
03:28:25,400 --> 03:28:28,300
equipment to emigrants in Saint 
Joseph Missouri. 

4058
03:28:28,300 --> 03:28:31,800
Blacksmith Joseph Murphy 
developed a reputation for 

4059
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:35,200
crafting West and wagons with 
Innovative features. 

4060
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:38,200
Like hey, they send axles that 
could be greased without 

4061
03:28:38,200 --> 03:28:40,900
removing the wheels. 
And reinforced wheel hubs that 

4062
03:28:40,900 --> 03:28:45,000
with stood, the trails 
punishment, By 1850 Murphy's 

4063
03:28:45,000 --> 03:28:47,300
wagon Factory. 
Employed over 200 workers 

4064
03:28:47,300 --> 03:28:51,200
producing Trail specific 
designs, Similarly gunsmith, 

4065
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:55,200
Horace, dimmick, created The 
Plains rifle, a hybrid firearm, 

4066
03:28:55,200 --> 03:28:58,600
combining the accuracy, of a 
rifle with the easy loading of a

4067
03:28:58,600 --> 03:29:01,000
Smooth, Bore musket. 
Perfect, for travelers who 

4068
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:02,800
needed reliable hunting 
capabilities. 

4069
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:06,500
Without specialized expertise. 
Contrary to romantic, Notions 

4070
03:29:06,500 --> 03:29:08,000
Pioneers, weren't 
self-sufficient. 

4071
03:29:08,000 --> 03:29:10,300
Isolationists. 
But participants in a 

4072
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:14,200
sophisticated supply chain, 
entrepreneurs established outfit

4073
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:17,600
Registries in departure towns, 
essentially early information 

4074
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:20,100
bureaus, where Travelers could 
register the skills 

4075
03:29:20,100 --> 03:29:22,700
blacksmithing medical, 
knowledge, carpentry and 

4076
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:27,300
Equipment, extra wagons tools, 
draft animals, These Registries 

4077
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:30,200
matched complimentary parties to
mutually beneficial traveling 

4078
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:33,400
companies. 
One registry operator noted in 

4079
03:29:33,400 --> 03:29:37,900
his 1849 or records that he had 
matched 17 parties with needed 

4080
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:41,100
Physicians and 11 with 
wheelwrights greatly improving 

4081
03:29:41,100 --> 03:29:42,700
their prospects for safe 
arrival. 

4082
03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:46,000
The Oregon Trail drove 
innovation in food preservation 

4083
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:48,300
Beyond The Familiar, pecan and 
hardtack. 

4084
03:29:49,000 --> 03:29:52,500
Sylvester Graham, creator of the
graham cracker developed. 

4085
03:29:52,500 --> 03:29:55,600
Specialized Journey cakes 
fortified with additional 

4086
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:57,800
nutrients specifically for 
Western Travelers. 

4087
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:01,700
More significantly, witnessing 
Trail deaths from contaminated. 

4088
03:30:01,700 --> 03:30:04,400
Milk inspired. 
Gail Borden to develop condensed

4089
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:08,800
milk, which he patented in 1856.
After years of experimentation. 

4090
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:12,300
His Innovation motivated by 
trade forward. 

4091
03:30:12,300 --> 03:30:15,800
The Egypt Trail hardships would 
later save countless lives 

4092
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:18,600
during the Civil War and 
transformed food preservation. 

4093
03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:21,700
Globally River, Crossings 
presented some of the trails 

4094
03:30:21,700 --> 03:30:24,100
greatest. 
Technological challenges at 

4095
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:27,800
Major Crossings entrepreneurs 
established Ferry services using

4096
03:30:27,800 --> 03:30:31,900
Innovative flat bottomed craft 
with guide ropes by 1850 

4097
03:30:31,900 --> 03:30:34,400
Cornelius. 
Oregon Smith had built a 

4098
03:30:34,400 --> 03:30:37,700
remarkable pontoon Bridge across
the Kansas River constructed of 

4099
03:30:37,708 --> 03:30:40,200
empty sealed barrels. 
As flotation devices 

4100
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:43,700
demonstrating how the trail 
spurred practical engineering 

4101
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:47,000
after multiple drownings. 
At the dangerous crossing of the

4102
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:49,400
Green. 
River in Wyoming mounting Man, 

4103
03:30:49,400 --> 03:30:52,100
William sublet developed a 
unique fairy design using 

4104
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:54,900
indigenous inspired bulldozes 
bison. 

4105
03:30:54,900 --> 03:30:58,100
Hide stretched over Willow 
frames scaled up to accommodate 

4106
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:00,600
wagons the risk of becoming lost
prompted. 

4107
03:31:00,600 --> 03:31:03,300
The development of sophisticated
navigational tools Beyond 

4108
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:06,000
compasses. 
Thomas Jefferson Farnam, 

4109
03:31:06,000 --> 03:31:09,500
published travels in the Great 
Western prairies in 1843. 

4110
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:12,800
Which included the first 
topographical Guide to the trail

4111
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:15,700
with landmarks sketches 
Travelers could identify from 

4112
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:18,600
any approach angle. 
Entrepreneur JH. 

4113
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:21,800
Colton, produced specialized 
immigrant Maps printed on linen.

4114
03:31:22,700 --> 03:31:25,700
These Maps designed to withstand
rain and rough handling replace 

4115
03:31:25,700 --> 03:31:27,800
paper. 
Some maps Incorporated, 

4116
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:30,400
Innovative panoramic views of 
mountain passes and River 

4117
03:31:30,400 --> 03:31:33,500
crossings from multiple angles 
to help Travelers confirm. 

4118
03:31:33,500 --> 03:31:36,500
They were on the correct path. 
Perhaps, the most remarkable 

4119
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:39,200
technological adaptation was in 
the area of communication. 

4120
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:43,500
Using tree caches Travelers 
developed an immigrant Mail 

4121
03:31:43,500 --> 03:31:48,200
system to leave messages for 
later Travelers. by 1850 this 

4122
03:31:48,200 --> 03:31:51,400
had evolved into a sophisticated
relay system where eastbound 

4123
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,800
Travelers would carry letters 
from those further west, And 

4124
03:31:54,800 --> 03:31:58,400
established post trees, became 
known relay points at 

4125
03:31:58,400 --> 03:32:00,800
Independence Rock in 
present-day, Wyoming Travelers. 

4126
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:03,400
Didn't merely carve their names.
They recorded details 

4127
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:07,200
information about water sources 
grass conditions, an Indian 

4128
03:32:07,208 --> 03:32:10,800
relationships ahead, creating a 
constantly updated intelligence 

4129
03:32:10,800 --> 03:32:13,100
Network. 
Some in a facials fail, 

4130
03:32:13,100 --> 03:32:17,600
spectacularly, the prayer of 
motor of 1845 a sale powered 

4131
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:20,100
wagon, that worked brilliantly 
on flat terrain and until the 

4132
03:32:20,100 --> 03:32:23,400
first serious wintered over 
remains a cautionary, Tale. 

4133
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:26,700
Wind powered water pumps 
designed for trail. 

4134
03:32:26,700 --> 03:32:29,900
Use proved two delicate for 
travel, but later became Staples

4135
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:32,900
of Western settlement. 
The trail functioned as both 

4136
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:36,100
laboratory and testing ground 
where practical Solutions either

4137
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:38,400
proved their Worth or rapidly 
abandoned. 

4138
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:41,700
By understanding the Oregon 
Trail as a corridor of 

4139
03:32:41,700 --> 03:32:45,700
technological adaptation, rather
than merely a path Westward, we 

4140
03:32:45,700 --> 03:32:47,600
gain insight into how the 
journey itself. 

4141
03:32:47,600 --> 03:32:51,100
Transformed America, the 
pragmatic Innovations it 

4142
03:32:51,100 --> 03:32:53,400
demanded from specialized 
transportation to food 

4143
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:55,900
preservation, laid, the 
groundwork for industrial 

4144
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:58,300
developments that would reshape 
the nation in subsequent 

4145
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,100
decades. 
The Oregon Trail wasn't just a 

4146
03:33:01,100 --> 03:33:03,000
geographic link, connecting 
Eastern West. 

4147
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:06,400
It was an incubator for 
practical problem-solving that 

4148
03:33:06,400 --> 03:33:08,600
accelerated American 
technological development. 

4149
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:12,400
Far beyond the journey itself 
while school lessons, typically 

4150
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:14,500
frame, the Oregon Trail as a 
pioneering Adventure. 

4151
03:33:14,500 --> 03:33:18,000
It was fundamentally an economic
Endeavor of Staggering 

4152
03:33:18,000 --> 03:33:20,800
proportions. 
The financial reality of the 

4153
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:23,200
migration represent, one of 
history is most overlooked 

4154
03:33:23,200 --> 03:33:25,400
aspects of this pivotal American
journey. 

4155
03:33:26,200 --> 03:33:29,000
Preparing for the Oregon Trail. 
Required substantial capital 

4156
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:33,400
investment by the mid-1840s 
outfitting, a family of four for

4157
03:33:33,400 --> 03:33:36,100
the Journey cost of 
approximately 600 to 800 dollars

4158
03:33:36,100 --> 03:33:39,800
equivalent to about 20,000 to 
30,000 dollars. 

4159
03:33:39,800 --> 03:33:45,200
In today's currently the costing
included, a wagon 85.000 teams, 

4160
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:49,600
$50 per yolk. 
Food supply is 150 dollars tools

4161
03:33:49,600 --> 03:33:52,300
weapons. 
Numerous specialized items 

4162
03:33:52,300 --> 03:33:54,400
consequently. 
The Oregon Trail was not 

4163
03:33:54,400 --> 03:33:57,000
primarily traveled by the 
destitute by middle-class 

4164
03:33:57,000 --> 03:34:00,300
farmers and her trade people 
with significant resources to 

4165
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:04,200
invest in relocation Economic 
preparations, often began years 

4166
03:34:04,200 --> 03:34:08,100
before departure families, sold 
farms and businesses called in 

4167
03:34:08,100 --> 03:34:10,000
debts. 
And liquidated non-essential, 

4168
03:34:10,000 --> 03:34:13,000
possessions, many worked 
additional jobs for several 

4169
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:14,400
years. 
To accumulate the necessary 

4170
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:18,300
funds, meticulous financial 
planning became a Hallmark of 

4171
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:21,900
successful immigrants. 
Samuel Parker of Illinois, kept 

4172
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:25,700
a remarkable preparation Ledger.
Beginning in 1841, documenting 

4173
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:28,900
every purchase and sale made in 
preparation for his family's 

4174
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,600
1845 departure. 
His financial strategy included.

4175
03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:34,600
Specifically planting flags and 
tobacco. 

4176
03:34:34,600 --> 03:34:37,500
In his final two Eastern 
harvests crops that commanded 

4177
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:39,300
premium prices with minimal 
land. 

4178
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:43,000
Use the journey itself generated
a sophisticated economic 

4179
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:47,900
ecosystem, along the trail. 
By the late 1840s over 150. 

4180
03:34:47,900 --> 03:34:50,600
Businesses had been established 
at key points along the Route 

4181
03:34:50,600 --> 03:34:54,000
trading posts evolved from 
simple Supply caches and to 

4182
03:34:54,000 --> 03:34:56,700
complex commercial operations, a
Fort Laramie. 

4183
03:34:56,700 --> 03:35:01,500
Wyoming ledgers from 1849 to 
1852 show transactions, not 

4184
03:35:01,500 --> 03:35:04,400
merely for supplies, but for 
services, including wagon repair

4185
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:08,200
five to eight dollars and 
showing one dollar and 50 cents 

4186
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:12,200
per hoof letter forwarding one 
dollar per letter and even wagon

4187
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:14,800
storage for those who decided to
continue on Horseback, three 

4188
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:17,900
dollars per month. 
The development of specialized 

4189
03:35:17,900 --> 03:35:20,600
Trail, occupations remains 
largely unexplored and 

4190
03:35:20,600 --> 03:35:23,900
conventional histories. 
Ferryman at River Crossings 

4191
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:27,400
could earn 500 to 1500 dollars 
during a single migration season

4192
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:30,600
wheel, writes traveled. 
The trail offering repairs at 

4193
03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:34,700
premium prices. 
Trail guides charged 75 to 150 

4194
03:35:34,700 --> 03:35:36,700
dollars per million for partial 
route. 

4195
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:41,200
Guidance one entrepreneurial 
individual James Pritchard 2 

4196
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,700
meters Fortune, not by going to 
Oregon but by operating a mobile

4197
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,400
blacksmith shop that traveled 
back and forth, along the first 

4198
03:35:47,400 --> 03:35:51,600
500 miles of the trail during 
migration Seasons between 1848 

4199
03:35:51,600 --> 03:35:54,400
and 1855. 
The economics of the trail 

4200
03:35:54,400 --> 03:35:56,200
involved. 
Sophisticated risk management, 

4201
03:35:56,200 --> 03:35:59,700
strategies wagon companies, 
frequently pulled resources, 

4202
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:03,100
creating informal Insurance 
Arrangements, where members 

4203
03:36:03,100 --> 03:36:06,200
would help replace lost cattle 
or repair damaged wagons for 

4204
03:36:06,200 --> 03:36:10,800
others in their party. 
Formal Insurance also emerged, 

4205
03:36:10,800 --> 03:36:15,700
the Missouri protection company 
established in 1846 offered 

4206
03:36:15,700 --> 03:36:18,800
Trail insurance for 5% of the 
insured value of goods and 

4207
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:21,300
equipment. 
With additional premiums for 

4208
03:36:21,300 --> 03:36:24,200
livestock coverage. 
Their surviving records. 

4209
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:26,600
Show, they paid claims for 
equipment losses, medical 

4210
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:28,700
expenses, and even death 
benefits. 

4211
03:36:29,100 --> 03:36:31,600
Indigenous, economic 
relationships with Travelers, 

4212
03:36:31,600 --> 03:36:33,500
were far more complex than the 
raiding. 

4213
03:36:33,500 --> 03:36:35,200
Narratives, that dominate 
popular accounts. 

4214
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:39,100
Many native nations established 
sophisticated trading 

4215
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:42,600
relationships with immigrants. 
Sue and Cheyenne operated 

4216
03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:46,200
trading camps at critical 
junctures exchanging, fresh meat

4217
03:36:46,200 --> 03:36:49,800
and moccasins for cloth, metal 
tools and shoes coffee. 

4218
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:53,100
The Shoshone, particularly known
for their horse trading 

4219
03:36:53,100 --> 03:36:55,900
expertise along the Idaho 
section of the trail with 

4220
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:58,900
documented exchanges showing 
they commanded premium prices 

4221
03:36:58,900 --> 03:37:02,100
for Quality mounts. 
Far from being mere barriers to 

4222
03:37:02,100 --> 03:37:04,900
Westwood travel. 
Many indigenous groups, became 

4223
03:37:04,900 --> 03:37:08,200
essential economic partners with
profits from trade, helping 

4224
03:37:08,200 --> 03:37:09,900
offset. 
The negative impacts of 

4225
03:37:09,900 --> 03:37:11,900
increased traffic through their 
territories. 

4226
03:37:13,000 --> 03:37:15,600
One of the trails most 
significant economic impacts was

4227
03:37:15,600 --> 03:37:19,100
well redistribution. 
Immigrants frequently discovered

4228
03:37:19,100 --> 03:37:21,100
their carefully. 
Plans supplies were too heavy 

4229
03:37:21,100 --> 03:37:23,700
for their wagons. 
Particularly when a sending the 

4230
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:27,400
Rocky Mountains, this phenomenon
led to massive discarding of 

4231
03:37:27,400 --> 03:37:30,800
property along the trail. 
So much that Scavenging became a

4232
03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:33,800
profitable Enterprise. 
Trail gleaning operations 

4233
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:36,900
emerged with entrepreneurs, 
collecting abandoned items and 

4234
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:39,400
re-shaping them, Eastwood, or 
selling them to less prepared 

4235
03:37:39,400 --> 03:37:42,500
Travelers. 
One Wyoming, businessman Thomas,

4236
03:37:42,500 --> 03:37:45,800
Farlow built a substantial 
Mercantile business, almost 

4237
03:37:45,800 --> 03:37:49,200
entirely from refurbished items 
recovered from Emigrant dumping 

4238
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:52,900
grounds, near South pass. 
The financial outcomes of Oregon

4239
03:37:52,900 --> 03:37:54,400
Trail, migration varied 
dramatically. 

4240
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,600
Studies of land claim records 
show, approximately 20% of 

4241
03:37:58,600 --> 03:38:01,300
arrivals achieved significant 
Prosperity within five years. 

4242
03:38:02,300 --> 03:38:06,400
60% established stable but 
modest Holdings while 20% either

4243
03:38:06,400 --> 03:38:09,300
returned Eastward or remained In
Perpetual financial difficulty. 

4244
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:13,200
The variable outcomes reflected 
both the luck of weather and 

4245
03:38:13,200 --> 03:38:17,000
timing but also the preparation 
and adaptability of individual 

4246
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:19,500
immigrants. 
Those who arrived with 

4247
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:21,900
specialized skills Beyond 
farming blacksmithing. 

4248
03:38:21,900 --> 03:38:25,300
Milling merchandising generally 
achieved greater economic 

4249
03:38:25,300 --> 03:38:27,800
success than those relying 
solely on agriculture. 

4250
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:31,400
Perhaps the most misunderstood 
economic aspect of the Oregon 

4251
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:33,400
Trail. 
Was its role in America's first 

4252
03:38:33,400 --> 03:38:37,000
significant land speculation, 
boom, The donation land claim 

4253
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:40,300
Act of 1850 offered married 
couples of full square mile of 

4254
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:43,700
land 648. 
Acres four times what most 

4255
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:46,900
Farmers had owned in the East. 
This unprecedented opportunity, 

4256
03:38:46,900 --> 03:38:49,500
attracted. 
Not just settle as but investors

4257
03:38:50,300 --> 03:38:53,700
Records from Portland. 
Oregon show that by 1853 

4258
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:57,900
approximately. 15% of lands were
being held by speculators rather

4259
03:38:57,900 --> 03:39:01,400
than working settlers with some 
individuals controling dozens of

4260
03:39:01,400 --> 03:39:03,400
claims through various 
rangements. 

4261
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:06,100
The economic windfall of 
essentially free land 

4262
03:39:06,100 --> 03:39:09,200
represented, wealth transfer on 
a scale, rarely seen in American

4263
03:39:09,200 --> 03:39:12,200
history. 
By recognizing the Oregon Trail 

4264
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:15,100
as an economic phenomenon rather
than merely a pioneering 

4265
03:39:15,100 --> 03:39:17,300
Adventure. 
We gain insight into how it 

4266
03:39:17,300 --> 03:39:19,700
fundamentally reshaped. 
American Wealth distribution, 

4267
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:23,600
created new commercial patterns 
and established economic 

4268
03:39:23,600 --> 03:39:26,200
relationships that would define 
the American West for 

4269
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:28,100
generations. 
To come the traditional 

4270
03:39:28,100 --> 03:39:31,300
Narrative of the Oregon Trail 
relegates women to background 

4271
03:39:31,300 --> 03:39:33,700
figures. 
Stalwart wives following their 

4272
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:37,200
husbands dreams West. 
Reality reveals a far more 

4273
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:41,300
complex picture where women were
active decision, makers, skilled

4274
03:39:41,300 --> 03:39:44,200
contributors, and occasionally, 
the primary advocates for 

4275
03:39:44,200 --> 03:39:47,500
western migration. 
Family records show women, often

4276
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:49,500
initiated the decision to 
emigrate. 

4277
03:39:50,400 --> 03:39:53,100
Analysis of immigrant journals 
in decades that in approximately

4278
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:56,300
20% of families? 
Wives were the primary 

4279
03:39:56,300 --> 03:39:59,700
proponents of relocation. 
Economic opportunities. 

4280
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:02,600
Specifically for women, 
including land ownership rights 

4281
03:40:02,600 --> 03:40:06,100
unavailable in eastern states 
motivated, many, female driven, 

4282
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,900
migration decisions. 
The 1850 donation epidemic 

4283
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:14,700
disease, along the trail. 
Eagan territory, direct 

4284
03:40:14,700 --> 03:40:18,200
ownership of half the family's 
land claim, a revolutionary 

4285
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,500
concept when most eastern states
still adhere to cover laws. 

4286
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:25,500
Placing all family property 
under male control, Elizabeth 

4287
03:40:25,500 --> 03:40:29,800
Smith gear whose detailed 1847 
Trail Journal, Chronicles, her 

4288
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:32,500
family's Journey from Illinois 
to Oregon's. 

4289
03:40:32,500 --> 03:40:34,500
Willamette Valley wrote 
candidly. 

4290
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:38,100
It was I who wore down my 
husband's objections not from 

4291
03:40:38,100 --> 03:40:41,600
restlessness but from clear-eyed
calculation of what Oregon 

4292
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:45,200
offered our daughters Her 
journal meticulously tracked, 

4293
03:40:45,200 --> 03:40:48,600
the economic variables of their 
Journey, including detailed 

4294
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:51,300
accounting of supplies and 
realistic projections of land 

4295
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:54,500
productivity in their 
destination demonstrating that 

4296
03:40:54,500 --> 03:40:57,500
women were often the financial 
strategists of family migration.

4297
03:40:58,700 --> 03:41:01,100
The journey itself. 
Demanded role flexibility that 

4298
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:03,700
challenged. 
Victorian gender Norms women 

4299
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:06,600
routinely, handled Firearms, 
drove, whack and managed 

4300
03:41:06,600 --> 03:41:09,800
livestock skills, many had 
developed on Eastern Farms, but 

4301
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:12,400
which the trail elevated from 
occasional assistance to 

4302
03:41:12,400 --> 03:41:16,700
necessary expertise. 
Rebecca ketchum's 1853 Journal 

4303
03:41:16,700 --> 03:41:19,200
includes detailed technical 
discussions of wagon. 

4304
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,500
Repair techniques she developed 
including in Innovative method 

4305
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:25,300
for resetting, damaged wheel, 
hubs using water immersion and 

4306
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:27,600
controlled drying that was 
adopted by other Travellers in 

4307
03:41:27,608 --> 03:41:30,800
her company. 
Medical Care on the trail fell 

4308
03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:33,600
predominantly to women. 
While Trail narrative, often 

4309
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:35,200
emphasize the dangers of 
childbirth. 

4310
03:41:35,200 --> 03:41:38,400
During the journey, Women's 
Medical work extended far 

4311
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:41,900
beyond, Midwifery, female 
practitioners treated injuries, 

4312
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:46,400
managed infectious diseases and 
performed emergency procedures, 

4313
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:49,200
including bullet, extractions 
and Bones settings. 

4314
03:41:50,300 --> 03:41:54,200
Tabitha Brown, who traveled to 
Oregon in 1846 at age. 66 

4315
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:58,600
documented treating over 130 
medical cases during her journey

4316
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:02,000
After establishing herself in 
Oregon's Willamette Valley. 

4317
03:42:02,000 --> 03:42:05,100
She founded a boarding school 
that eventually grew into 

4318
03:42:05,100 --> 03:42:07,700
Pacific University, 
demonstrating how skills 

4319
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,800
developed on the trail 
translated into institutional 

4320
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:14,200
building in the West. 
Indigenous women played crucial 

4321
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:16,800
roles in trail Dynamics. 
Rarely acknowledged in 

4322
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:19,700
traditional histories, many 
served as cultural. 

4323
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:23,000
Intermediaries facilitating 
trade and diplomatic relations 

4324
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:24,500
between Travelers and native 
nations. 

4325
03:42:24,500 --> 03:42:29,300
The Sue woman known in records 
only as Mary operated at Trading

4326
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:34,000
Post of the Platte River 
Crossing from 1847 to 1851 where

4327
03:42:34,000 --> 03:42:37,100
she not only exchanged Goods but
also provided emigrants with 

4328
03:42:37,100 --> 03:42:39,400
critical information about trail
conditions ahead. 

4329
03:42:40,200 --> 03:42:43,300
Sacagawea's, famous role with 
Lewis and Clark established a 

4330
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:46,200
pattern of indigenous, female 
guides that continued throughout

4331
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:48,800
the trailer on premature among 
Trail. 

4332
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:52,300
Women manifested, in various 
forms some operated mobile 

4333
03:42:52,300 --> 03:42:55,600
businesses, during the journey 
with journals referencing women,

4334
03:42:55,600 --> 03:42:59,000
who offered laundering Services,
baked goods or tailoring. 

4335
03:42:59,000 --> 03:43:02,800
It evening in campement Sarah 
Bowman known as the Great 

4336
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:06,200
Western due to her six-foot, 
height established, eating 

4337
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:09,200
establishments at Major Trail 
stopping points in the 1840s 

4338
03:43:09,200 --> 03:43:12,400
eventually building a network of
restaurants from Missouri to 

4339
03:43:12,400 --> 03:43:14,800
California. 
Her business records, show 

4340
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:18,900
annual profits, exceeding, 5,000
and exceptional sum for the era.

4341
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,900
The trail Journey reshaped 
family Dynamics in ways that 

4342
03:43:21,900 --> 03:43:24,200
persisted in Western 
settlements. 

4343
03:43:25,200 --> 03:43:28,000
Trail companies typically 
functioned as direct democracies

4344
03:43:28,000 --> 03:43:31,400
with each family, having a vote 
in decisions, although men 

4345
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:34,600
officially represented families.
In these votes evidence from 

4346
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:37,700
multiple journals indicates 
women, actively participated in 

4347
03:43:37,700 --> 03:43:41,300
provoked discussions and 
strategizing This Democratic 

4348
03:43:41,300 --> 03:43:44,200
experience influenced later 
advocacy for women's suffrage, 

4349
03:43:44,200 --> 03:43:46,700
in western territories. 
This no coincidence. 

4350
03:43:46,700 --> 03:43:50,100
That Wyoming territory was the 
first to grant women voting 

4351
03:43:50,100 --> 03:43:53,100
rights in 1869 with Western 
States. 

4352
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:56,500
Consistently leading suffrage 
efforts, many women who had 

4353
03:43:56,500 --> 03:43:58,400
demonstrated their capability in
judgment. 

4354
03:43:58,400 --> 03:44:00,400
On the Oregon. 
Trail were unwilling to accept 

4355
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:03,800
political disenfranchisement in 
their new home's, intellectual 

4356
03:44:03,800 --> 03:44:06,600
and artistic contributions by 
women documented. 

4357
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:09,900
The trail experience with 
distinctive perspectives while 

4358
03:44:09,900 --> 03:44:13,300
men's journals, typically 
focused on mileage, geographic 

4359
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:16,800
features and livestock 
conditions, women's accounts 

4360
03:44:16,800 --> 03:44:19,400
more frequently included, 
details social observations, 

4361
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:23,200
emotional impacts of the journey
and cultural interactions. 

4362
03:44:24,400 --> 03:44:28,200
British traveler Isabella bird. 
Journeying in 1854, produced 

4363
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:31,200
Botanical sketches of over 200 
plants species along the trail. 

4364
03:44:31,200 --> 03:44:35,600
Many previously undocumented. 
Her scientific contributions 

4365
03:44:35,600 --> 03:44:39,000
were initially published under a
male pseudonym but were later 

4366
03:44:39,000 --> 03:44:41,400
recognized for their remarkable 
accuracy and detail. 

4367
03:44:42,200 --> 03:44:44,900
The hardships of Trail life, 
disproportionately affected 

4368
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:48,400
women's physical health, recent 
analysis of medical records and 

4369
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:50,700
journals indicates women 
experience higher rates of 

4370
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:54,500
certain Trail specific health 
issue issues, including severe 

4371
03:44:54,500 --> 03:44:58,000
sunburn due to the Bonnet 
designs that protected faces but

4372
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:02,200
exposed next kidney infections, 
from dehydration and limited 

4373
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,500
privacy for urination. 
And hand injuries from constant 

4374
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:07,100
camp set up and food 
preparation. 

4375
03:45:08,100 --> 03:45:11,700
Despite these challenges 
statistical analysis of Trail 

4376
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:14,800
fatalities shows women actually 
survived at higher rates than 

4377
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:16,900
men. 
Challenging the Assumption of 

4378
03:45:16,908 --> 03:45:20,400
female fragility that paves many
historical accounts upon 

4379
03:45:20,400 --> 03:45:23,600
reaching origin women's work, 
proved crucial in establishing 

4380
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:27,000
viable, communities Beyond 
domestic responsibilities, 

4381
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:30,600
women, established schools, 
founded Mutual, Aid, societies 

4382
03:45:30,600 --> 03:45:34,200
and created economic 
cooperatives, the Aurora colony 

4383
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:37,400
and Oregon's Willamette Valley. 
Founded in 1856. 

4384
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:40,800
Operated largely through women's
Collective management of 

4385
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:42,400
Agriculture and textile 
production. 

4386
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:45,900
The communal approach to child 
care and food preparation, 

4387
03:45:45,900 --> 03:45:48,800
allowed for specialized labor 
development that significantly 

4388
03:45:48,800 --> 03:45:51,000
enhance the colonies 
productivity compared to 

4389
03:45:51,000 --> 03:45:54,200
individual family settlements. 
By centering, women's 

4390
03:45:54,200 --> 03:45:57,300
experiences and contributions. 
We gain a more accurate 

4391
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,200
understanding of the Oregon 
Trail has not merely a male 

4392
03:46:00,200 --> 03:46:04,900
driven conquest of territory, 
but a complex social The success

4393
03:46:04,900 --> 03:46:08,100
of migration hinged on the full 
participation and Leadership of 

4394
03:46:08,100 --> 03:46:11,900
women at every stage from the 
initial decision, to depart to 

4395
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:14,400
the establishment of sustainable
Western communities. 

4396
03:46:14,400 --> 03:46:18,000
The environmental history of the
Oregon Trail extends, far beyond

4397
03:46:18,000 --> 03:46:20,700
picturesque wagon trains 
crossing pristine landscapes. 

4398
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:24,400
the migration Corridor became 
one of the 19th centuries, most 

4399
03:46:24,400 --> 03:46:27,700
significant zones of ecological 
transformation, creating 

4400
03:46:27,700 --> 03:46:31,300
environmental changes that 
remain visible today The 

4401
03:46:31,308 --> 03:46:34,800
physical imprint of the trailer 
itself, constituted an 

4402
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:39,500
unprecedented alteration of the 
Great Plains landscape by 1850. 

4403
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:43,000
The main route had been traveled
by proximately 55,000, people 

4404
03:46:43,000 --> 03:46:47,400
driving 30,000, wagons and 35000
livestock animals. 

4405
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:50,900
This concentrated traffic 
created a road averaging, 10 

4406
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:54,200
feet wide, but expanding to 
nearly 100 feet wide, in places 

4407
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,800
as Travelers sought on trampled 
grass, Wagon Wheels, cutting 

4408
03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:00,200
through Prairie. 
Sod created permanent troughs, 

4409
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:03,200
that channeled. 
Rainfall eventually carving 

4410
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:05,000
gullies that altered local 
hydrology. 

4411
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:08,100
Modern remote sensing 
technologies have identified 

4412
03:47:08,100 --> 03:47:11,900
over 3,000 miles of permanent 
Trail caused erosion features 

4413
03:47:11,900 --> 03:47:14,800
that continue to affect water 
flow patterns across the Great 

4414
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:18,300
Plains and Intermountain West. 
Animal ecology along the 

4415
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:22,900
corridor experienced dramatic 
disruption bison herds which had

4416
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:25,200
traditionally migrated across 
the plains in predictable 

4417
03:47:25,200 --> 03:47:27,600
patterns. 
Altered their movements to avoid

4418
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:30,300
the trail corridor. 
Naturalist, John Townsend. 

4419
03:47:30,300 --> 03:47:34,500
And observed in 1847 that bison 
were rarely seen within five 

4420
03:47:34,500 --> 03:47:38,600
miles of the main trail, 
creating what he called a road 

4421
03:47:38,600 --> 03:47:40,600
shaped vacancy in their 
distribution. 

4422
03:47:41,900 --> 03:47:45,800
This redistribution of Keystone 
herbivores, triggered cascading 

4423
03:47:45,800 --> 03:47:49,300
ecosystem effects, altering 
vegetation, patterns, and 

4424
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:53,000
Predator distribution throughout
the region. the trails most 

4425
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:55,600
significant and Rapid 
environmental impact came 

4426
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:59,500
through plant Community changes 
Wagon Wheels function, it as 

4427
03:47:59,508 --> 03:48:03,300
remarkably efficient seed, 
dispersal mechanisms Studies of 

4428
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:08,400
Trail, Corridor vegetation show 
approximately, 145 to 175 

4429
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:10,200
European and Eastern plant 
species. 

4430
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:13,800
Were introduced along the route 
between 1840 and 1860. 

4431
03:48:14,500 --> 03:48:17,200
Some introductions were 
deliberate as immigrants. 

4432
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:18,800
Carried, familiar herbs and 
vegetables. 

4433
03:48:18,800 --> 03:48:23,700
Others were accidental seeds 
caught in Wagon, Wheels animals 

4434
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:28,000
or clothing. 
By 1855 distinct, corridors of 

4435
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:29,900
non-native. 
Vegetation clearly marked the 

4436
03:48:29,908 --> 03:48:33,600
trails path across the plains. 
Not all ecological exchanges. 

4437
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:36,900
Moved Westward Eastern Nursery 
operators, actively sought 

4438
03:48:36,900 --> 03:48:39,200
Western plants specimens from 
returning Travelers. 

4439
03:48:39,200 --> 03:48:42,400
The Llewellyn Nursery of 
Philadelphia offered Financial 

4440
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:45,200
bounties for viable seeds of 
Western flowers and trees 

4441
03:48:45,200 --> 03:48:48,000
receiving over 200 species from 
Oregon. 

4442
03:48:48,000 --> 03:48:53,400
Trail returnees between 1847 and
1853 many ornamental plants, 

4443
03:48:53,400 --> 03:48:56,800
common in eastern Garden today, 
including several varieties of 

4444
03:48:56,800 --> 03:49:00,500
penstemon and Oregon great poly.
In commercial Horticulture 

4445
03:49:00,500 --> 03:49:04,300
through these Trail and enabled 
exchanges, the trails most 

4446
03:49:04,300 --> 03:49:07,100
devastating ecological impact 
involved water resources, 

4447
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,700
immigrant parties, typically 
traveled in spring and summer 

4448
03:49:10,700 --> 03:49:14,200
precisely when Western sources 
were most vulnerable to 

4449
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:17,400
contamination. 
Each evening. 100s of animals 

4450
03:49:17,400 --> 03:49:20,100
and humans would concentrate 
around limited water sources, 

4451
03:49:20,100 --> 03:49:23,300
Diaries, describe streams and 
springs, becoming muddy 

4452
03:49:23,300 --> 03:49:27,700
trampled, and contam. 
With animal waste epidemic 

4453
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:29,400
diseases. 
Also spread along the trail 

4454
03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:33,600
cholera outbreaks in 1849 and 
1850 led to infected. 

4455
03:49:33,600 --> 03:49:36,400
Waste contaminating water 
sources used by subsequent 

4456
03:49:36,400 --> 03:49:39,200
Travelers and Indigenous 
communities, creating disease, 

4457
03:49:39,200 --> 03:49:42,200
vectors that reached far beyond 
the trail Corridor Timber 

4458
03:49:42,200 --> 03:49:44,000
resources. 
Faced particular pressure from 

4459
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:47,000
Trail travel. 
Each wagon party required wood 

4460
03:49:47,000 --> 03:49:50,000
for cooking and warmth, creating
zones of deforestation around, 

4461
03:49:50,000 --> 03:49:52,600
major camping areas at Fort 
Laramie. 

4462
03:49:52,600 --> 03:49:56,300
Historical photographs from 1845
shows substantial Cottonwood 

4463
03:49:56,300 --> 03:49:57,800
Grove along the North Platte 
River. 

4464
03:49:58,900 --> 03:50:03,200
By 1857, these riparian forests 
had been reduced to scattered 

4465
03:50:03,200 --> 03:50:06,100
individual trees. 
Fundamentally altering, the 

4466
03:50:06,100 --> 03:50:08,900
river in ecosystem and causing 
accelerated bank, erosion. 

4467
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:11,400
Similarly, forestation occurred 
at all. 

4468
03:50:11,400 --> 03:50:13,800
Major stopping points with the 
ecological effects. 

4469
03:50:13,800 --> 03:50:16,900
That persisted for Generations 
indigenous, ecological 

4470
03:50:16,900 --> 03:50:19,000
Management Systems developed 
over. 

4471
03:50:19,000 --> 03:50:21,900
Centuries to maintain 
productive, Landscapes were 

4472
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:25,300
disrupted by Trail traffic, the 
Pawnee practice of controlled 

4473
03:50:25,300 --> 03:50:28,600
Prairie burning which maintained
optimal grass composition for 

4474
03:50:28,600 --> 03:50:30,300
both bison and human food 
plants. 

4475
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:33,700
The king impossible to implement
safely with constant wagon 

4476
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:37,500
traffic, The annual hunting 
migration of mounted Lakota and 

4477
03:50:37,500 --> 03:50:40,800
Cheyenne bands, were interrupted
by the need to avoid, or engage 

4478
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:44,100
with immigrant trains. as these 
Traditional landscape 

4479
03:50:44,100 --> 03:50:47,900
management, practices diminished
Ecosystem, composition began 

4480
03:50:47,900 --> 03:50:49,900
shifting toward less, productive
Arrangements. 

4481
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:53,400
Wildlife population changes 
occurred with surprising 

4482
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:56,900
rapidity, wolves and bears. 
Initially common along the 

4483
03:50:56,900 --> 03:51:00,100
Eastern portions of the trail 
retreated from the corridor 

4484
03:51:00,100 --> 03:51:02,700
within a decade of heavy traffic
Beaver. 

4485
03:51:02,700 --> 03:51:06,300
Populations already depleted by 
the fur trade, faced additional 

4486
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:09,400
pressure, as immigrants, trapped
them for food and pelts are 

4487
03:51:09,400 --> 03:51:11,600
critical water. 
Crossings meanwhile, 

4488
03:51:11,600 --> 03:51:16,300
opportunistic species, including
Ravens, coyotes and certain 

4489
03:51:16,300 --> 03:51:18,500
rodents thrived in the modified 
environment. 

4490
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:21,600
Expanding their population's 
along the trail Corridor. 

4491
03:51:21,600 --> 03:51:24,800
The trails impact extended to 
climate perception, and 

4492
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:27,500
expectations. 
Immigrant journals reveal 

4493
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:29,700
evolving understanding of 
Western environments. 

4494
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:32,800
Early Travelers frequently 
described the planes as a 

4495
03:51:32,808 --> 03:51:36,500
desert, not meaning Dunes, but 
using the 19th century, 

4496
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:39,100
definition of lands and suitable
for conventional Eastern 

4497
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:42,900
agriculture. 
By the 1850s promotional 

4498
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:44,600
literature and guidebooks 
challenge. 

4499
03:51:44,600 --> 03:51:48,500
This perception, advancing 
theories that rain follows the 

4500
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:51,600
plow and claiming settlement 
would transform the climate. 

4501
03:51:52,400 --> 03:51:55,100
These optimistic misconceptions 
would later contribute to the 

4502
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:58,600
Dust Bowl when farming expanded 
into regions with inadequate, 

4503
03:51:58,600 --> 03:52:02,100
rainfall The environmental 
Legacy of the organ Trail 

4504
03:52:02,100 --> 03:52:04,400
persists in subtle but 
measurable ways. 

4505
03:52:04,400 --> 03:52:08,500
Modern Botanical, surveys reveal
distinct patterns of non-native.

4506
03:52:08,500 --> 03:52:12,200
Vegetation still following the 
historic Route genetic studies 

4507
03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:14,100
of trout. 
Populations and streams crossing

4508
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:16,100
the trail show. 
Evidence of historic 

4509
03:52:16,100 --> 03:52:19,700
transplantation as immigrants, 
occasionally transported, live 

4510
03:52:19,700 --> 03:52:22,300
fish and water barrels. 
Remote sensing reveals. 

4511
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:25,400
Persistent changes in soil 
composition and hydrology along 

4512
03:52:25,400 --> 03:52:28,100
the corridor. 
Creating what scientists now 

4513
03:52:28,100 --> 03:52:32,100
Turner landscape Legacy remains 
visible nearly two centuries 

4514
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:34,900
later. 
By understanding the Oregon 

4515
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:37,600
Trail as an environmental event,
rather than merely a human. 

4516
03:52:37,608 --> 03:52:41,300
Migration we gain insight into 
how 19th century population, 

4517
03:52:41,300 --> 03:52:44,100
movements created lasting 
ecological Transformations. 

4518
03:52:44,100 --> 03:52:48,100
The journey wasn't simply 
through nature but represented a

4519
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:50,800
fundamental reworking of 
environmental relationships. 

4520
03:52:50,800 --> 03:52:53,800
That would define the American 
West for centuries to come 

4521
03:52:53,808 --> 03:52:57,400
traditional narratives of the 
Oregon Trail often portray 

4522
03:52:57,400 --> 03:52:59,700
indigenous immigrant relations 
through a simplistic. 

4523
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:02,900
Binary either romanticized, 
peaceful encounters or 

4524
03:53:02,900 --> 03:53:06,600
sensationalized conflicts The 
reality reveals a complex 

4525
03:53:06,600 --> 03:53:10,800
spectrum of cultural exchanges, 
diplomatic negotiations and 

4526
03:53:10,800 --> 03:53:13,500
evolving relationships that 
transformed both native and 

4527
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:16,800
European societies language 
development along. 

4528
03:53:16,800 --> 03:53:19,500
The trail Corridor, illustrates 
the depth of these cultural 

4529
03:53:19,500 --> 03:53:23,100
interactions by the 1850s, a 
distinct Trail. 

4530
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:27,000
Pigeon, had emerged a simplified
trade language, combining 

4531
03:53:27,000 --> 03:53:30,800
English with Lakota and other 
indigenous languages. 

4532
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:35,100
This practical communication 
system for facilitated trade and

4533
03:53:35,108 --> 03:53:39,000
diplomacy between Travelers and 
various native nations phrases 

4534
03:53:39,000 --> 03:53:40,700
documented in Emigrant journals 
show. 

4535
03:53:40,700 --> 03:53:43,800
Linguistic borrowing in both 
directions Lakota word for 

4536
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:46,800
geographic features. 
Enter demands vocabulary, while 

4537
03:53:46,800 --> 03:53:49,600
indigenous Traders Incorporated 
English terms for trade goods. 

4538
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:54,800
William Elsie documenting, his 
1849 Journey recorded learning, 

4539
03:53:54,800 --> 03:53:59,000
37, Shoshone, Expressions, 
specifically for negotiating 

4540
03:53:59,000 --> 03:54:01,200
River Crossings and livestock 
exchanges. 

4541
03:54:02,000 --> 03:54:05,100
Records from Fort Laramie and 
Fort Hall revealed. 

4542
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:08,600
The evolution of complex 
diplomatic protocols, rather 

4543
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:11,900
than Random Encounters 
interactions between immigrant 

4544
03:54:11,900 --> 03:54:14,900
parties and Indigenous Nations. 
Followed increasingly 

4545
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:19,600
formalized, patterns by the late
1840s Lakota and Cheyenne 

4546
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:22,600
Representatives routinely met 
Emigrant parties at specific 

4547
03:54:22,600 --> 03:54:26,600
locations expecting ceremonial 
exchanges, including tobacco 

4548
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:29,000
offerings and formal speeches 
before. 

4549
03:54:29,000 --> 03:54:32,100
Negotiations could begin. 
These diplomatic rituals 

4550
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:34,900
reflected indigenous political 
concepts of building Alliance 

4551
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:38,000
relationships rather than simple
commercial transactions. 

4552
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:41,400
The trails stimulated 
significant material, culture, 

4553
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:44,900
exchanges, trade Legends and 
immigrant journals document, the

4554
03:54:44,900 --> 03:54:48,200
high value placed on indigenous 
produced Goods including 

4555
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:52,000
moccasins are flesh containers 
and specialized winter clothing 

4556
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:55,900
archaeological excavation of 
Trail campsites revealed 

4557
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:57,700
widespread adoption of 
indigenous material. 

4558
03:54:57,700 --> 03:55:00,800
Technology is at Immigrant 
campsites near South pass 

4559
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:04,500
fragments of path flesh. 
Containers made from Rawhide 

4560
03:55:04,500 --> 03:55:07,300
show evidence of Euro American 
manufacturer. 

4561
03:55:07,300 --> 03:55:10,000
Using indigenous technique's 
suggesting technological 

4562
03:55:10,000 --> 03:55:12,400
adaptation rather than simple 
trade acquisition. 

4563
03:55:13,200 --> 03:55:16,200
Medical knowledge flowed by 
directionally along the trail, 

4564
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:19,700
immigrant journals document 
adopting indigenous remedies for

4565
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:22,500
trail specific, ailments 
particularly treatments for 

4566
03:55:22,508 --> 03:55:24,600
dysentery. 
Using Oregon, grape root and 

4567
03:55:24,608 --> 03:55:26,800
willow bark preparations for 
pain relief. 

4568
03:55:27,500 --> 03:55:30,100
Simultaneously native 
practitioners Incorporated, 

4569
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:33,300
elements of euro-american 
medicine, particularly in wound 

4570
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:36,100
treatment techniques. 
The Journal of Margaret Scott 

4571
03:55:36,100 --> 03:55:40,700
traveling in 1847 describes. 
Extensive medical consultations 

4572
03:55:40,700 --> 03:55:43,500
with a Shoshone healer who 
combined traditional plant 

4573
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:46,200
remedies with suturing 
techniques learned from army 

4574
03:55:46,200 --> 03:55:50,400
surgeons at Fort Hall. 
Religious interactions along the

4575
03:55:50,400 --> 03:55:53,200
trail Corridor will more complex
than the missionary convert 

4576
03:55:53,200 --> 03:55:56,300
Narrows of suggests. 
Well some immigrants undertook 

4577
03:55:56,300 --> 03:56:00,300
explicit proselytizing journals 
reveal widespread curiosity 

4578
03:56:00,300 --> 03:56:03,600
about indigenous spiritual 
practices Thomas, Fletcher's 

4579
03:56:03,600 --> 03:56:07,100
1846 Journal describes his 
family participating in the 

4580
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,300
Pawnee healing ceremony. 
When his wife fell ill, noting 

4581
03:56:10,300 --> 03:56:13,600
they found more comfort in their
sincere prayers than in our own 

4582
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:16,500
preachers distant formalities 
conversely. 

4583
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,200
Some indigenous individuals 
selectively Incorporated, 

4584
03:56:19,200 --> 03:56:22,300
Christian elements into 
traditional practices creating 

4585
03:56:22,300 --> 03:56:25,100
syncretic spiritual approaches 
that served as Bridges between 

4586
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:28,800
worldviews Food Systems. 
Underwent significant exchange 

4587
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:32,200
and adaptation immigrants 
adopted indigenous techniques 

4588
03:56:32,200 --> 03:56:35,800
for preparing biceps and 
processing wild plants and 

4589
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:39,200
finding water sources. 
The pecan that became a trail 

4590
03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,400
staple was directly adapted from
indigenous food preservation 

4591
03:56:42,400 --> 03:56:45,300
methods. 
Meanwhile native communities 

4592
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:48,700
near established Trail Crossings
Incorporated new cultivars from 

4593
03:56:48,700 --> 03:56:51,600
immigrants, seed stocks in their
agricultural systems. 

4594
03:56:51,600 --> 03:56:55,200
Archaeological evidence from 
Shoshone Winter Camp, Of the 

4595
03:56:55,208 --> 03:56:59,500
1850s shows incorporation of 
European cabbage turnips. 

4596
03:57:00,100 --> 03:57:03,300
Ease into traditional plant 
food, inventories, sexual 

4597
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:05,000
relationships, and marriage 
formed. 

4598
03:57:05,000 --> 03:57:07,900
Another dimension of cultural 
exchange though often under 

4599
03:57:07,900 --> 03:57:10,500
problematic power dynamics 
records. 

4600
03:57:10,500 --> 03:57:14,100
Indicate approximately 400 to 
500 for more marriages between 

4601
03:57:14,100 --> 03:57:18,800
male immigrants and Indigenous 
women between 1840 and 1860 with

4602
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:20,500
many more short-term 
relationships. 

4603
03:57:20,500 --> 03:57:24,100
These unions sometimes created 
by cultural mediators who 

4604
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:26,500
facilitated broader Community 
relationships. 

4605
03:57:27,200 --> 03:57:30,100
Children of these relationships 
often served as cultural Bridges

4606
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:33,300
individuals like Edward 
chambreau, son of a French 

4607
03:57:33,300 --> 03:57:36,100
Canadian Trader and Chinook 
mother, who worked As an 

4608
03:57:36,100 --> 03:57:38,800
interpreter at Fort Vancouver, 
and later wrote valuable 

4609
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:41,200
accounts of Shifting cultural 
Dynamics along the trail. 

4610
03:57:42,400 --> 03:57:44,800
Gift exchanges represented a key
point of cultural 

4611
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:48,600
misunderstanding indigenous. 
Diplomatic Traditions emphasized

4612
03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:51,400
gift, giving as establishing 
ongoing relationships rather 

4613
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:55,300
than simple generosity many 
emergents interpreting gifts 

4614
03:57:55,300 --> 03:57:59,300
through their own cultural lens 
fail to recognize the reciprocal

4615
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,700
obligations being established. 
This cultural disconnect 

4616
03:58:02,700 --> 03:58:05,900
contributed to tensions when 
NATO Representatives later, 

4617
03:58:05,900 --> 03:58:09,300
expected reciprocal Assistance 
or access to resources, that 

4618
03:58:09,300 --> 03:58:11,700
emigrants considered their 
exclusive property. 

4619
03:58:12,700 --> 03:58:16,800
By the 1850s adaptive, cultural 
patterns had emerged in 

4620
03:58:16,800 --> 03:58:18,400
communities along the trail 
corridor. 

4621
03:58:19,000 --> 03:58:22,100
Indian agents reports, document 
indigenous groups who seasonally

4622
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:25,400
relocated to position themselves
advantageously for trail trade, 

4623
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:28,700
developing, specialized trade, 
goods and services for 

4624
03:58:28,700 --> 03:58:32,200
emigrants. 
The Lenape Delaware Guide, black

4625
03:58:32,200 --> 03:58:35,900
Beaver developed a successful 
Enterprise leading immigrant 

4626
03:58:35,900 --> 03:58:38,500
parties through the most 
challenging sections of the 

4627
03:58:38,500 --> 03:58:42,000
trail charging premium prices, 
while incorporating, both 

4628
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:44,600
indigenous knowledge and 
euro-american business 

4629
03:58:44,600 --> 03:58:48,100
practices. 
His service represented, not 

4630
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:52,000
capitulation to White expansion,
but strategic adaptation to 

4631
03:58:52,000 --> 03:58:55,400
changing economic realities. 
The environmental knowledge 

4632
03:58:55,400 --> 03:58:59,100
exchange was particularly 
significant indigenous guides 

4633
03:58:59,100 --> 03:59:01,500
shared sophisticated 
understanding of Weston 

4634
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:06,200
ecosystems teaching emigrants to
identify edible plants, predict 

4635
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:08,500
weather, patterns, and locate 
water sources. 

4636
03:59:08,500 --> 03:59:12,100
This knowledge transfer played a
crucial role in immigrants 

4637
03:59:12,100 --> 03:59:15,000
survival but has been largely 
erased from popular narrative 

4638
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:17,500
that emphasized pioneer 
self-sufficiently. 

4639
03:59:18,200 --> 03:59:20,800
Emigrant. 
William Clayton's details 1847 

4640
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,400
Journal attributes over 40 
specific survival strategies to 

4641
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:27,900
information gained from Shoshone
guide, including techniques for 

4642
03:59:27,900 --> 03:59:30,600
finding potable water in a dry 
landscapes. 

4643
03:59:31,400 --> 03:59:34,200
The cultural Legacy of these 
Trail encounters shape, the 

4644
03:59:34,200 --> 03:59:38,000
developing American West in ways
that persist today, legal 

4645
03:59:38,000 --> 03:59:41,400
Concepts, including use of rock 
rights, using land without 

4646
03:59:41,400 --> 03:59:44,600
owning it entered Western 
Waterloo through exposure to 

4647
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:46,400
indigenous Resource Management 
Systems. 

4648
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:50,700
Agricultural techniques adapted 
from native practices influence.

4649
03:59:50,700 --> 03:59:53,600
The development of dryland 
farming, even Western 

4650
03:59:53,600 --> 03:59:57,200
architectural, elements 
including specific adaptations, 

4651
03:59:57,200 --> 04:00:00,400
for extreme temperature 
variations show evidence of 

4652
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:04,500
indigenous influence. 
By recognizing the Oregon Trail 

4653
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:07,600
as a corridor of cultural 
exchange rather than simply a 

4654
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:09,000
pathway for one directional 
settlement. 

4655
04:00:09,800 --> 04:00:12,400
We gain insight into how the 
American West developed through 

4656
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:14,700
complex negotiations between 
World Views. 

4657
04:00:15,500 --> 04:00:17,000
The resulting cultural 
adaptations. 

4658
04:00:17,000 --> 04:00:20,200
Created hybrid practices that 
were neither purely European nor

4659
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:23,900
indigenous but distinctly Weston
a legacy that continues to 

4660
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:25,700
shape. 
Regional identity nearly two 

4661
04:00:25,700 --> 04:00:28,300
centuries later. 
The Oregon Trail ended for most 

4662
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:30,800
emigrants in the Willamette 
Valley, but its impact on 

4663
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:33,100
American identity. 
In geography, continues. 

4664
04:00:34,000 --> 04:00:37,400
How we remember a misremember, 
this Exodus reflects our current

4665
04:00:37,400 --> 04:00:39,600
ideals as much as it does 
historical events. 

4666
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:43,300
Land modification continued 
after the last wagons arrived, 

4667
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:46,100
early environmental historian. 
William least, heat-moon 

4668
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:50,100
described how path features 
shaped settlement patterns about

4669
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,900
85% of major Trail campgrounds. 
Became towns with their 

4670
04:00:53,900 --> 04:00:55,800
positions established by a 19th 
century. 

4671
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:59,500
Wagon Transit rather than 
Geographic Advantage route 

4672
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:01,700
Logistics, determined the 
locations of Scott's Bluff, 

4673
04:01:01,700 --> 04:01:05,500
Nebraska and Baker City. 
Oregon showing how transient 

4674
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:07,700
migrant Corridor. 
Permanently changed Western 

4675
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:10,400
human geography. 
After the Transcontinental 

4676
04:01:10,400 --> 04:01:15,100
Railroad opened in 1869, the 
trail was abandoned but its 

4677
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:16,800
cultural significance. 
Changed immediately. 

4678
04:01:16,800 --> 04:01:20,500
Local historical organizations, 
began erecting, monuments and 

4679
04:01:20,500 --> 04:01:24,100
markers in the 1870s starting 
America's most remembered 

4680
04:01:24,100 --> 04:01:27,300
migration path. 
Early commemorations focused on 

4681
04:01:27,300 --> 04:01:31,500
conquest and civilization 
ignoring indigenous presence and

4682
04:01:31,500 --> 04:01:33,600
the environmental costs of 
Westwood development. 

4683
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:38,100
The 1897 Salt Lake City Pioneer 
Monument with its triumphant 

4684
04:01:38,100 --> 04:01:40,100
masculine figure. 
Atop a classical column 

4685
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:44,500
reflected this heroic framing. 
One of the first instructional, 

4686
04:01:44,500 --> 04:01:47,300
computer games introduced the 
path to American Education. 

4687
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:51,300
Minnesota instructors. 
Don ravitch, Bill heinemann, and

4688
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:53,500
Paul dillenberger created the 
1971. 

4689
04:01:53,500 --> 04:01:56,100
Oregon Trail computer 
simulation, which has taught 

4690
04:01:56,100 --> 04:01:58,400
generations of pupils as a 
simplified version of the 

4691
04:01:58,400 --> 04:02:01,700
migration. 
Although popular for its you've 

4692
04:02:01,700 --> 04:02:05,300
died of dysentery moments, the 
game, oversimplified myths of 

4693
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:07,900
rugged, individualism and 
eliminated complicated. 

4694
04:02:07,900 --> 04:02:10,700
Social institutions that 
permitted successful migration 

4695
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:14,500
The Oregon National Historic 
Trail was one of the original 

4696
04:02:14,500 --> 04:02:17,000
National Historic routes 
constructed by the National Park

4697
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:19,700
Service during the 1970s 
American Bicentennial 

4698
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:23,700
celebrations over 300 miles of 
Trail ruts and landmarks were 

4699
04:02:23,700 --> 04:02:26,900
preserved in this operation. 
The first interpretive 

4700
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:29,900
Frameworks, emphasized, Pioneer 
experiences, while downplaying 

4701
04:02:29,900 --> 04:02:32,400
indigenous, perspectives and 
environmental repercussions. 

4702
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:35,900
Modern archeology has changed 
Trail. 

4703
04:02:35,900 --> 04:02:39,900
Dynamics material remains from 
important camping places, show 

4704
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:43,400
intricate cultural interchange 
patterns at Oregon Trail 

4705
04:02:43,400 --> 04:02:46,600
Crossing sites along the Snake 
River archaeological. 

4706
04:02:46,600 --> 04:02:49,900
Assemblages included, both 
modified indigenous implements 

4707
04:02:49,900 --> 04:02:53,600
and European artifacts reused 
utilizing indigenous methods 

4708
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:57,000
demonstrating by directional, 
cultural influence lacking from 

4709
04:02:57,000 --> 04:03:00,600
traditional narratives. 
These material culture Studies, 

4710
04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:03,300
have emphasized women's 
perspectives, whose household 

4711
04:03:03,300 --> 04:03:06,100
artifacts offer, insights, not 
found in male, authored. 

4712
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,800
Writings genetic Legacy is one 
of the trails biggest yet least 

4713
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:13,900
discussed effects based on 
population, studies 11, to 14% 

4714
04:03:13,900 --> 04:03:17,300
of Oregon Washington and Idaho 
inhabitants are Oregon Trail. 

4715
04:03:17,300 --> 04:03:20,500
Descendants more. 
Interestingly genetic markers 

4716
04:03:20,500 --> 04:03:23,300
associated with Oregon Trail, 
Pioneer families. 

4717
04:03:23,300 --> 04:03:26,300
A statistically significant in 
Western indigenous, communities,

4718
04:03:26,300 --> 04:03:29,800
indicating extensive marriages 
and interactions despite 

4719
04:03:29,800 --> 04:03:32,800
societal taboos. 
This biological Legacy, 

4720
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:35,900
undermines conventional theories
of separate development and 

4721
04:03:35,900 --> 04:03:39,200
shows how intertwined these 
groups became Trail 

4722
04:03:39,200 --> 04:03:42,000
environmental impacts are 
receiving more scientific study 

4723
04:03:42,000 --> 04:03:45,800
Botanical surveys in the 1990s 
found non-native vegetation 

4724
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:49,600
corridors following the historic
Route with specific invasive. 

4725
04:03:49,600 --> 04:03:52,400
Species, distribution, still 
tracing the trails passage 

4726
04:03:52,400 --> 04:03:54,300
across areas without physical 
remains. 

4727
04:03:55,200 --> 04:03:58,300
Nutrient profiles from thousands
of livestock and Mal's 

4728
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:01,800
concentrated feces continued to 
affect Florida patterns 

4729
04:04:01,800 --> 04:04:03,800
according to soil, chemistry 
research. 

4730
04:04:04,600 --> 04:04:07,500
The studies show that even brief
human migration can leave 

4731
04:04:07,500 --> 04:04:09,900
lasting ecological impacts 
Trail. 

4732
04:04:09,900 --> 04:04:13,800
History is increasingly sent to 
indigenous tribes confederated 

4733
04:04:13,800 --> 04:04:16,400
tribes of Umatilla. 
Indian Reservation, created the 

4734
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:19,900
pioneering tamas Trail history 
is increasingly Center 

4735
04:04:19,900 --> 04:04:23,900
indigenous tribes, Indigenous 
viewpoints dominate, the Oregon 

4736
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,500
Trail narrative at the 
trailblazing tamas licked 

4737
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:31,300
cultural Institute near 
Pendleton Oregon created by the 

4738
04:04:31,300 --> 04:04:34,000
confederated tribes of the 
immaterial Indian Reservation. 

4739
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:37,600
Indigenous nations are 
considered sovereign peoples, 

4740
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:40,900
whose territory was transacted 
by Foreign migration not as 

4741
04:04:40,900 --> 04:04:44,700
barriers to Westwood progress. 
This interpretative method has 

4742
04:04:44,700 --> 04:04:48,000
impacted other path sites 
changing the focus from Conquest

4743
04:04:48,000 --> 04:04:51,800
to intricate cultural relations.
The trail evolves in American 

4744
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:55,100
public memory, Victor. 
Listen, narratives like France's

4745
04:04:55,100 --> 04:04:59,200
Parklands 8149, the Oregon Trail
the way to more nuanced. 

4746
04:04:59,200 --> 04:05:03,500
Studies of cultural complexity 
initial cost and various 

4747
04:05:03,500 --> 04:05:07,700
experience is Filmed a picture 
of all so changed from John 

4748
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:10,300
Wayne's. 
The big trail 1930 to Kelly 

4749
04:05:10,300 --> 04:05:14,200
ricard's Meeks, cut off 2010, 
which emphasizes women's 

4750
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:16,100
viewpoints and Paiute guide 
helped. 

4751
04:05:16,900 --> 04:05:18,400
These cultural Productions 
shape. 

4752
04:05:18,400 --> 04:05:22,000
American Western Historical 
perceptions digital Humanities 

4753
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:24,900
projects of changed 20 first 
century, Trail scholarship 

4754
04:05:24,900 --> 04:05:28,400
University of Oregon's mapping 
history project has generated 

4755
04:05:28,400 --> 04:05:32,200
interactive GIS overlays 
depicting indigenous territorial

4756
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:34,800
claims and immigrant Pathways 
contradicting. 

4757
04:05:34,800 --> 04:05:38,700
The idea of empty land ready for
settlement In digitized 

4758
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:41,900
immigrant journals linguistic 
patterns like the gradual 

4759
04:05:41,900 --> 04:05:44,500
adoption of indigenous 
terminology for Landscapes and 

4760
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:47,600
natural features as Travelers. 
Moved Westward have been found 

4761
04:05:47,600 --> 04:05:50,700
revealing subtle cultural 
influences that traditional 

4762
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:53,900
historical methods Miss. 
Climate change has led to 

4763
04:05:53,900 --> 04:05:57,200
unexpected Trail Junctions. 
Western Landscapes are 

4764
04:05:57,200 --> 04:06:01,100
experiencing severe drought 
revealing Trails formerly hidden

4765
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:03,800
by Greenery. 
Stream, weather frequently 

4766
04:06:03,800 --> 04:06:07,300
threatens archaeological sites, 
the Oregon, California, Trails 

4767
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:10,100
Association is working with 
climate scientists to identify 

4768
04:06:10,100 --> 04:06:13,800
vulnerable, historic places, and
prioritize restoration before 

4769
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:15,700
Priceless. 
Physical evidence is lost. 

4770
04:06:15,700 --> 04:06:19,800
History has compared 19th 
century cholera epidemics along 

4771
04:06:19,800 --> 04:06:23,700
the trail to present pandemic's 
exploring, how early Americans 

4772
04:06:23,700 --> 04:06:27,300
balanced risk, assessment 
changed social practices and 

4773
04:06:27,300 --> 04:06:29,700
established Public Health 
Solutions under crisis 

4774
04:06:29,700 --> 04:06:32,300
situations. 
Medical historians have 

4775
04:06:32,300 --> 04:06:34,200
examined. 
Emergent journals for disease, 

4776
04:06:34,200 --> 04:06:38,500
signs and cures, providing 
historical, epidemiology case 

4777
04:06:38,500 --> 04:06:41,800
studies that explain how 
contagious diseases spread along

4778
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:45,200
migration corridors. 
Economic evaluation is 

4779
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:47,500
increasingly acknowledged. 
The trails role in American 

4780
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:51,000
capitalism's growth. 
One of History's largest natural

4781
04:06:51,000 --> 04:06:53,500
resource redistribution 
occurred, when the Trail of 

4782
04:06:53,508 --> 04:06:56,400
Tears migration transferred 
indigenous land wealth, to 

4783
04:06:56,408 --> 04:07:00,100
euro-american possession. 
This wealth transfer created 

4784
04:07:00,100 --> 04:07:02,500
Financial patterns, that 
continue to shape Western 

4785
04:07:02,500 --> 04:07:05,300
economic growth. 
Including inequities between 

4786
04:07:05,300 --> 04:07:07,900
indigenous, populations and 
descendants of settlers who 

4787
04:07:07,900 --> 04:07:11,800
received free land. modern 
economic Justice movements have 

4788
04:07:11,800 --> 04:07:15,500
highlighted these historical 
inequalities the Oregon Trails 

4789
04:07:15,500 --> 04:07:17,600
Legacy is confusing for modern 
Americans. 

4790
04:07:17,600 --> 04:07:21,500
It symbolizes inspiring 
determination and unsettling 

4791
04:07:21,500 --> 04:07:24,600
displacement, incredible 
cooperation and cultural 

4792
04:07:24,600 --> 04:07:27,700
misunderstanding. 
An environmental adaptability 

4793
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:31,900
and ecological destruction, in 
an era of global migration and 

4794
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:35,300
environmental change. 
Its most important lesson may be

4795
04:07:35,308 --> 04:07:38,000
how it shows, how human 
movements are intertwined with 

4796
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:41,900
natural and cultural systems. 
The trails physical revenants 

4797
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:45,300
are progressively Vanishing due 
to development and natural 

4798
04:07:45,300 --> 04:07:47,900
processes. 
But its influence on American 

4799
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:52,000
West settlement patterns 
theology, genetics and culture, 

4800
04:07:52,000 --> 04:07:54,900
persists. 
These numerous aspects, help us 

4801
04:07:54,900 --> 04:07:56,900
comprehend. 
How a transient migratory 

4802
04:07:56,900 --> 04:07:58,700
Corridor. 
Permanently changed a continent 

4803
04:07:58,700 --> 04:08:00,900
and continues to shape American 
identity. 

4804
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:03,700
Nearly two centuries after the 
first wagons went Westwood. 

4805
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:20,000
Picture this. you're settling in
for the night, maybe with a warm

4806
04:08:20,000 --> 04:08:22,800
cup of something comforting and 
someone asks you to imagine 

4807
04:08:22,800 --> 04:08:26,900
ancient Italy not the Italy of 
pasta and espresso though, 

4808
04:08:26,900 --> 04:08:31,100
wouldn't that be nice but a wild
Untamed place where every Hill 

4809
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:32,700
might hide. 
A god, having a particularly 

4810
04:08:32,700 --> 04:08:36,600
dramatic day. 
Our Story begins with Mars, the 

4811
04:08:36,600 --> 04:08:40,000
God of War who apparently had 
nothing better to do than full 

4812
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:43,600
head over sandals for a young 
woman named Rhea Silvia, Now 

4813
04:08:43,600 --> 04:08:47,200
Rhea wasn't just anyone. 
She was a Vestal Virgin which 

4814
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:50,200
meant she'd taken a sacred vow 
to stay single and tend the 

4815
04:08:50,200 --> 04:08:53,700
eternal flame in the temple. 
Imagine it as the most stringent

4816
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:57,000
employment agreement in the 
ancient world where violating it

4817
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:00,900
could result in death rather 
than mere termination. but Gods,

4818
04:09:00,900 --> 04:09:03,600
as you've probably noticed if 
you've ever read mythology, 

4819
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:07,800
aren't particularly good at 
respecting human rules, Mars 

4820
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:10,500
swept down from his Celestial 
perch like a Divine hurricane 

4821
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:13,800
and before you could say 
workplace harassment complaint 

4822
04:09:13,800 --> 04:09:16,200
rear found herself pregnant with
twins. 

4823
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:20,000
The event created what ancient 
Romans might have called a 

4824
04:09:20,000 --> 04:09:23,000
situation though. 
They probably used more colorful

4825
04:09:23,000 --> 04:09:26,700
language, King amulius, Rhea's 
uncle and the current ruler was 

4826
04:09:26,708 --> 04:09:29,900
understandably pleased. 
He'd already stolen the throne 

4827
04:09:29,900 --> 04:09:32,700
from his brother and wasn't keen
on potential heirs popping up to

4828
04:09:32,700 --> 04:09:37,000
complicate his retirement plans.
When the Twins were born to 

4829
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:39,400
healthy boys, who would someday 
be called Romulus and Remus? 

4830
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,100
Emulous made the kind of 
executive decision that makes 

4831
04:09:43,100 --> 04:09:46,400
modern corporate restructuring. 
Look gentle, he ordered the 

4832
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:48,200
babies to be thrown into the 
Tiber River. 

4833
04:09:48,208 --> 04:09:51,300
Now, if this were a modern story
we'd call child protective 

4834
04:09:51,300 --> 04:09:55,700
services that the setting was 
ancient Rome where Rivers were 

4835
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:58,900
apparently considered acceptable
babysitters and wolves had 

4836
04:09:58,900 --> 04:10:00,800
better parenting skills than 
most humans. 

4837
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:04,200
The servant tasked with this 
Grim Duty. 

4838
04:10:04,200 --> 04:10:06,700
Let's call him reluctant middle 
management. 

4839
04:10:07,600 --> 04:10:10,800
Placed the babies in a basket 
and set them, afloat, probably 

4840
04:10:10,800 --> 04:10:13,500
hoping someone up River would 
fish them out and wondering if 

4841
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:16,100
his job description had always 
included in fantasize. 

4842
04:10:17,000 --> 04:10:20,000
The Tiber swollen with spring 
rains, carried the basket, 

4843
04:10:20,000 --> 04:10:21,900
Downstream like Nature's Own 
lazy river. 

4844
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:26,400
Accept considerably less fun. 
And with much higher Stakes, you

4845
04:10:26,400 --> 04:10:27,900
can imagine the baby's bobbing 
along. 

4846
04:10:27,900 --> 04:10:30,300
Probably thinking, this wasn't 
quite the welcome to the world. 

4847
04:10:30,300 --> 04:10:33,500
They'd been expecting though, at
their age, their concerns were 

4848
04:10:33,500 --> 04:10:36,500
likely limited to warmth for 
food and Dry Diapers. 

4849
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:41,300
None of which a river provides 
particularly well, The basket. 

4850
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:44,300
Eventually washed ashore near 
the base of the Palatine Hill in

4851
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:47,400
a spot where a fig tree cast 
dappled Shadows on the muddy 

4852
04:10:47,400 --> 04:10:50,500
Bank. 
This is the pivotal moment in 

4853
04:10:50,500 --> 04:10:53,200
our story as it seems. 
The gods were not yet done 

4854
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:56,200
intervening. 
A she-wolf probably out for her 

4855
04:10:56,208 --> 04:10:59,000
morning, constitutional 
discovered the crying infants 

4856
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:01,000
and made a decision that would 
echo through history. 

4857
04:11:01,000 --> 04:11:05,700
Instead of seeing breakfast. 
She saw babies in need this wolf

4858
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:08,300
and You have to admire her 
maternal instincts began, 

4859
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:11,400
nursing the twins as if they 
were her Cubs picture. 

4860
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:14,900
This scene two human babies 
being raised by a wolf under a 

4861
04:11:14,900 --> 04:11:16,600
fig tree. 
Like some sort of ancient 

4862
04:11:16,600 --> 04:11:20,200
daycare center run by wildlife. 
It's the kind of image that 

4863
04:11:20,200 --> 04:11:21,600
makes. 
You wonder if maybe we've been 

4864
04:11:21,600 --> 04:11:23,700
overthinking child care all 
these centuries. 

4865
04:11:23,700 --> 04:11:26,500
The twins thrived under their 
unconventional, upbringing 

4866
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:29,500
growing strong on Wolf's milk 
and whatever else, their 

4867
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:32,600
adoptive mother could provide 
they learned to crawl among the 

4868
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:35,300
roots of the Fig Tree to 
understand the language of the 

4869
04:11:35,300 --> 04:11:37,500
wild and to see the world 
through eyes. 

4870
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:41,400
That knew no fear of Beast or 
storm. in many ways they were 

4871
04:11:41,400 --> 04:11:44,900
getting an education know Romans
school could provide Though, it 

4872
04:11:44,908 --> 04:11:47,200
was probably lacking in 
mathematics and rhetoric. 

4873
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:50,200
This Arrangement could have 
persisted in definitely 

4874
04:11:50,200 --> 04:11:53,500
establishing the world's first, 
truly alternative family 

4875
04:11:53,500 --> 04:11:56,400
structure. 
But Destiny had other intentions

4876
04:11:56,400 --> 04:11:58,700
as often happens in the best 
stories. 

4877
04:11:58,700 --> 04:12:01,700
Just when you think, you know 
where things are heading a 

4878
04:12:01,700 --> 04:12:04,300
Shepherd, appears over the hill 
and everything changes. 

4879
04:12:04,300 --> 04:12:07,700
Once again, Foust was the kind 
of Shepherd who paid attention 

4880
04:12:07,700 --> 04:12:10,600
to things, that weren't strictly
his concern, which is either 

4881
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:13,700
admirable curiosity, or 
professional nosiness, depending

4882
04:12:13,700 --> 04:12:17,300
on your perspective, on this 
particular morning as he guided 

4883
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:20,300
his flock toward better grazing.
He spotted something that made 

4884
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:23,300
him stop dead in his tracks. 
And in the shepherd business 

4885
04:12:23,300 --> 04:12:24,900
stopping when you should be 
moving. 

4886
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:27,800
Usually, means you've seen 
something worth investigating or

4887
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:29,600
you're about to become something
else is breakfast. 

4888
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:32,100
What he saw was a she-wolf, 
nursing two. 

4889
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:35,400
Human babies under a fig tree 
which even by ancient Roman 

4890
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:37,900
standards was unusual enough to 
Warrant a second look. 

4891
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:41,600
Most people finding themselves 
witness to such a scene. 

4892
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:44,200
Might have backed away slowly 
and reconsidered their breakfast

4893
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:46,900
choices. 
But Faust, Julius possessed that

4894
04:12:46,900 --> 04:12:50,500
particular of courage and poor 
judgment that drives people to 

4895
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:53,500
adopt stray animals and 
investigate strange noises in 

4896
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,500
the basement. 
He approached carefully not 

4897
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:58,400
because he was afraid of the 
wall from mind you. 

4898
04:12:58,400 --> 04:13:01,300
But because interrupting a 
nursing mother of any species 

4899
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:03,200
tends to end badly for all 
involved. 

4900
04:13:04,300 --> 04:13:07,800
The wolf perhaps sensing that 
her unconventional, childcare 

4901
04:13:07,800 --> 04:13:11,000
Arrangement was about to be 
discovered looked up at Foust 

4902
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:13,400
with the kind of steady gaze 
that suggested. 

4903
04:13:13,400 --> 04:13:16,500
She was evaluating whether he 
represented help or hindrance 

4904
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:19,700
what happened? 
Next depends on which version of

4905
04:13:19,700 --> 04:13:23,000
the story you prefer. 
Some say, the wolf simply walked

4906
04:13:23,000 --> 04:13:25,500
away. 
Her Duty done, like a Divine 

4907
04:13:25,500 --> 04:13:29,100
babysitter who shifted ended. 
Others claimed she adopted 

4908
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:31,900
Foster too, which would have 
made for interesting dinner 

4909
04:13:31,900 --> 04:13:34,300
conversations. 
The most practical version 

4910
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:36,700
suggests that wolf and Shepherd,
reached some sort of 

4911
04:13:36,700 --> 04:13:39,700
understanding the kind of 
wordless negotiation. 

4912
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:42,200
That happens between adults, who
suddenly find themselves 

4913
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:45,000
responsible for children, 
neither of them at 4. 

4914
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:49,300
Fast Julius gather up the twins.
Probably wondering how he was 

4915
04:13:49,308 --> 04:13:52,200
going to explain this to his 
wife Aquila larentia. 

4916
04:13:53,100 --> 04:13:55,900
You can imagine him practicing 
the conversation during the walk

4917
04:13:55,900 --> 04:13:58,700
home. 
Honey, you know how we always 

4918
04:13:58,700 --> 04:14:01,400
talked about having children. 
Well, funny story. 

4919
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:05,100
Most wives might have questions 
about babies appearing out of 

4920
04:14:05,108 --> 04:14:07,200
nowhere, but AKA bless her 
practical. 

4921
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:10,100
Heart took one. 
Look at the healthy wolf raised,

4922
04:14:10,100 --> 04:14:13,200
infants, and apparently decided 
that origin stories were less 

4923
04:14:13,200 --> 04:14:17,000
important than diaper duty. 
The couple raised Romulus and 

4924
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:19,700
Remus as their sons though they 
couldn't quite hide. 

4925
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:21,700
The fact that these boys were 
different from the average 

4926
04:14:21,700 --> 04:14:24,600
Shepherds children. 
For one thing, they grew like 

4927
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:28,900
weeds in a rainy season. 
Tall, strong, and seemingly 

4928
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:31,800
immune to the normal childhood 
ailments that kept other parents

4929
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:34,700
up at night. 
For another, they displayed a 

4930
04:14:34,700 --> 04:14:37,000
natural confidence that 
suggested they'd never learned 

4931
04:14:37,000 --> 04:14:39,700
to be afraid of anything, which 
was either inspiring or 

4932
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:42,400
concerning, depending on your 
parenting philosophy. 

4933
04:14:43,300 --> 04:14:46,200
The twins learned the shepherd's
trade, but they approached it 

4934
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:48,500
with the kind of innovation that
comes from Thinking Outside 

4935
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:51,600
traditional boundaries. 
While other young men were 

4936
04:14:51,600 --> 04:14:54,400
content to follow established 
grazing routes and time-honored 

4937
04:14:54,400 --> 04:14:58,000
methods of flock management 
Romulus and Remus seemed to view

4938
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:00,200
the entire landscape as their 
personal domain. 

4939
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,400
They knew every cave and stream 
within miles could track any 

4940
04:15:04,400 --> 04:15:07,700
animal through the hills and had
an uncanny ability to sense 

4941
04:15:07,700 --> 04:15:11,000
trouble before it arrived. 
This last skill, proved 

4942
04:15:11,000 --> 04:15:14,200
particularly useful because the 
hills around their home, were 

4943
04:15:14,200 --> 04:15:17,000
not exactly what you'd call a 
peaceful suburb. 

4944
04:15:17,700 --> 04:15:21,200
Bandits roamed the area like 
ancient Highway robbers except 

4945
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:24,300
the highways were mostly goat 
paths and the robbery often 

4946
04:15:24,300 --> 04:15:27,900
involves stealing entire flocks 
rather than just wallets these 

4947
04:15:27,900 --> 04:15:30,000
Bandits had grown comfortable in
their profession. 

4948
04:15:30,000 --> 04:15:33,400
Operating with the confidence of
people who'd never met serious 

4949
04:15:33,400 --> 04:15:35,600
opposition. 
They were about to learn that 

4950
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:37,300
confidence. 
Can be a fragile thing 

4951
04:15:37,300 --> 04:15:40,200
especially when it encounters 
two young men who'd been raised 

4952
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:42,900
by wolves and taught by 
Shepherds who understood that 

4953
04:15:42,900 --> 04:15:46,200
protecting your flock sometimes 
required, more than just a Stern

4954
04:15:46,200 --> 04:15:50,100
talking to The twins began 
organizing, the local Shepherds 

4955
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:52,400
and to something resembling a 
neighborhood watch program. 

4956
04:15:52,400 --> 04:15:56,100
If neighborhood watch programs 
involved, strategic ambushes and

4957
04:15:56,100 --> 04:15:58,500
the kind of justice that doesn't
require paperwork. 

4958
04:15:59,400 --> 04:16:02,000
They turned Bandit hunting into 
something approaching an art 

4959
04:16:02,008 --> 04:16:05,100
form using their knowledge of 
the train and their wolf taught 

4960
04:16:05,100 --> 04:16:07,100
instincts. 
To outmaneuver criminals who'd 

4961
04:16:07,100 --> 04:16:10,800
grown lazy from Easy Victory is 
word of their success. 

4962
04:16:10,800 --> 04:16:13,900
Bred through the hills like 
smoke from a well-tended fire 

4963
04:16:13,900 --> 04:16:17,700
and soon people were traveling 
considerable distance is just to

4964
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:20,100
see these young men who made the
roads safe again. 

4965
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:22,800
Some visitors came seeking 
protection. 

4966
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:26,400
Others hoping to join their 
group and a few simply wanted to

4967
04:16:26,400 --> 04:16:28,500
hear the stories that were 
already growing in the telling 

4968
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:33,100
Success as anyone who's ever had
a particularly excellent year at

4969
04:16:33,100 --> 04:16:35,600
work knows as a way of 
attracting the wrong, kind of 

4970
04:16:35,608 --> 04:16:38,600
attention, you know how it is 
when you're doing something well

4971
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:41,600
and word gets around. 
Suddenly, everyone wants a piece

4972
04:16:41,600 --> 04:16:44,300
of Your Action, including 
people, you'd rather not meet in

4973
04:16:44,308 --> 04:16:46,900
a well-lit place. 
Let alone a dark alley. 

4974
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:51,500
King amulius himself had heard 
about the twins reputation for 

4975
04:16:51,500 --> 04:16:55,100
dealing with Bandits. 
Now emelius was the sort of 

4976
04:16:55,108 --> 04:16:57,800
ruler who preferred his subjects
to be grateful for whatever 

4977
04:16:57,800 --> 04:17:00,500
protection. 
He provided which in Practical 

4978
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:03,300
terms meant very little 
protection but considerable 

4979
04:17:03,300 --> 04:17:06,400
taxation for the privilege. 
The idea that two young 

4980
04:17:06,400 --> 04:17:09,600
shepherds were handling security
better than his forces was not 

4981
04:17:09,600 --> 04:17:12,200
the kind of news that improved 
his mood during breakfast. 

4982
04:17:13,000 --> 04:17:16,000
But emelius had bigger problems 
than freelance law enforcement. 

4983
04:17:16,000 --> 04:17:20,100
His brother named or he'd 
overthrow years early was still 

4984
04:17:20,100 --> 04:17:23,200
alive and still had supporters 
who remembered when the kingdom 

4985
04:17:23,200 --> 04:17:25,200
had been run. 
By someone who actually cared 

4986
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:28,800
about effective governance. 
These supporters had an annoying

4987
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:31,400
habit of pointing out, the 
numerous rule had been marked by

4988
04:17:31,400 --> 04:17:34,700
prosperity in Justice. 
While emulous is 10 year was 

4989
04:17:34,708 --> 04:17:37,600
more notable for Creative 
Taxation and the kind of 

4990
04:17:37,600 --> 04:17:40,300
paranoia that comes from knowing
you're not actually supposed to 

4991
04:17:40,300 --> 04:17:43,400
be in charge. 
The king's paranoia was about to

4992
04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:46,300
prove Justified because the 
Twins were approaching the age. 

4993
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:48,700
When young men start asking 
uncomfortable questions about 

4994
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:51,900
their Origins. 
Faust NACA had done their best 

4995
04:17:51,900 --> 04:17:54,800
to provide satisfying answers 
about where Romulus and Remus 

4996
04:17:54,800 --> 04:17:57,800
had come from but their story 
about finding babies by the 

4997
04:17:57,800 --> 04:17:59,900
river. 
Was the kind of explanation that

4998
04:17:59,900 --> 04:18:03,100
works for children and becomes 
increasingly inadequate as those

4999
04:18:03,100 --> 04:18:05,600
children grow into adults with 
functioning critical thinking, 

5000
04:18:05,600 --> 04:18:08,800
skills Romulus. 
The more directive of the two 

5001
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:12,000
had started pressing for details
with the Persistence of someone 

5002
04:18:12,000 --> 04:18:15,100
who'd inherited, both Divine 
stubbornness and wolfish 

5003
04:18:15,100 --> 04:18:18,400
determination Remus more 
diplomatic. 

5004
04:18:18,400 --> 04:18:21,700
But equally curious had been 
asking around among the local 

5005
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:23,900
Elders. 
Piecing together, fragments of 

5006
04:18:23,900 --> 04:18:27,400
old stories and half remembered 
gossip like an ancient 

5007
04:18:27,400 --> 04:18:30,200
detective. 
Working a Cold Case, Their 

5008
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:33,100
investigation might have 
continued in definitely, a 

5009
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:35,300
leisurely pursuit of family 
history that bothered no one, 

5010
04:18:35,300 --> 04:18:38,800
except the king amias, chose. 
This moment to make one of those

5011
04:18:38,800 --> 04:18:41,600
decisions that seemed reasonable
in the short term, but 

5012
04:18:41,600 --> 04:18:45,100
catastrophic in hindsight. 
He decided to have Remus 

5013
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:47,300
arrested. 
The charge was cattle rustling, 

5014
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,500
which in ancient times was 
serious business but also the 

5015
04:18:50,500 --> 04:18:53,400
kind of accusation that could be
leveled against any Shepherd 

5016
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:57,600
he'd ever moved livestock across
disputed boundaries in reality. 

5017
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:01,000
Emulous had probably heard about
the twins growing influence and 

5018
04:19:01,000 --> 04:19:03,800
decided to remove them before, 
they became a genuine threat to 

5019
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:06,600
his rule. 
Arresting one, twin he reasoned 

5020
04:19:06,600 --> 04:19:09,600
would either eliminate half the 
problem or Draw the other into a

5021
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:11,600
trap. 
His reasoning was the kind of 

5022
04:19:11,600 --> 04:19:15,000
strategic thinking that explains
why some people succeed in 

5023
04:19:15,000 --> 04:19:18,100
politics and others end up as 
cautionary tales in bedtime 

5024
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:20,700
stories. 
Remus was brought before King 

5025
04:19:20,700 --> 04:19:23,700
mulus and chains which must have
been quite a sight. 

5026
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:26,700
The young man who'd been raised 
by wolves and trained by 

5027
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:30,200
Shepherds standing in a palace 
throne room like a wild creature

5028
04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:34,100
suddenly caged. but if emelius 
expected intimidation or 

5029
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,300
pleading, he'd seriously 
underestimated his prisoner, 

5030
04:19:38,200 --> 04:19:41,800
Raymond stood straight met the 
king's without flinching and 

5031
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:45,000
answered questions with the kind
of calm confidence that comes 

5032
04:19:45,000 --> 04:19:46,500
from knowing you've never done 
anything. 

5033
04:19:46,500 --> 04:19:49,400
Truly wrong. 
His bearing was so naturally 

5034
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:51,300
Regal that several courtiers 
later. 

5035
04:19:51,300 --> 04:19:53,900
Remarked, they'd never seen 
anyone wear chains with such 

5036
04:19:53,900 --> 04:19:57,100
dignity. 
This was unfortunate for a new 

5037
04:19:57,100 --> 04:20:00,100
list because numerator happened 
to be present at court that day 

5038
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:03,800
kept around as a sort of living 
reminders of Concord opposition,

5039
04:20:03,800 --> 04:20:06,900
but still sharp enough to 
recognize something significant 

5040
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,900
when he saw it. 
As numerator. 

5041
04:20:09,900 --> 04:20:12,900
Watched this young prisoner 
certain details began clicking 

5042
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:14,600
into place like pieces of a 
puzzle. 

5043
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:16,200
He'd been trying to solve for 20
years. 

5044
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:19,500
The timing was right. 
The age was right? 

5045
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:22,900
And there was something about 
the young man's features, his 

5046
04:20:22,900 --> 04:20:26,100
bearing, and the way he held 
himself, even in captivity that 

5047
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:28,300
stirred memories of his daughter
Rhea, Silvia. 

5048
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,500
And whispered possibilities that
had been buried under years of 

5049
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:35,900
grief and resignation, Meanwhile
Romulus was discovering that his

5050
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:38,400
brothers arrested triggered 
something in him that felt less 

5051
04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:40,900
like worried and more like 
controlled Fury. 

5052
04:20:41,700 --> 04:20:44,800
He began Gathering allies with 
the focused intensity of someone

5053
04:20:44,800 --> 04:20:48,300
who'd found his true calling and
it turned out that his true 

5054
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:49,900
calling involved. 
The kind of leadership that 

5055
04:20:49,900 --> 04:20:52,100
makes people willing to follow 
you into battle against 

5056
04:20:52,100 --> 04:20:55,100
overwhelming odds. 
Though, none of the participants

5057
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:58,400
quite realized it yet. 
They set the stage for a family 

5058
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:00,200
reunion that would change the 
course of history. 

5059
04:21:00,200 --> 04:21:03,800
Dramatic timing. 
Holds significance, the numerous

5060
04:21:03,800 --> 04:21:06,000
extensive experience in 
politics, enabled him to 

5061
04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:09,400
identify a crucial moment as it 
loomed across a throne room. 

5062
04:21:09,400 --> 04:21:12,600
While king of Elias was busy 
congratulating himself on 

5063
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:15,600
capturing one of the trouble. 
Some Shepherds numitor was 

5064
04:21:15,608 --> 04:21:18,400
conducting his own quiet 
investigation into question's 

5065
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:19,900
that haunted him for two 
decades. 

5066
04:21:19,900 --> 04:21:24,200
He began with discreet enquiries
the kind of careful questioning 

5067
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:26,300
that comes naturally to depose 
rulers. 

5068
04:21:26,300 --> 04:21:29,300
We've learned that Curiosity 
must be balanced with survival. 

5069
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:32,300
He spoke with servants, who 
remembered the night? 

5070
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:35,300
His grandsons had been taken 
guards, who recalled the orders.

5071
04:21:35,300 --> 04:21:37,700
They'd been given and even 
Tracked Down The Man. 

5072
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:40,300
Who'd been commanded to drown 
the babies in the Tiber. 

5073
04:21:40,900 --> 04:21:44,200
What he discovered was the kind 
of story that explains why some 

5074
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:47,000
people believe in divine 
intervention and others start 

5075
04:21:47,000 --> 04:21:49,300
questioning the competence of 
their subordinates. 

5076
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:52,700
Servant it turned out had 
possessed just enough conscience

5077
04:21:52,700 --> 04:21:56,200
to make him terrible at 
infanticide instead of drowning 

5078
04:21:56,200 --> 04:21:59,800
the babies, he'd set them afloat
in a basket probably telling 

5079
04:21:59,800 --> 04:22:02,300
himself that such actions 
counted as following orders 

5080
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:05,100
while leaving room for the gods 
to intervene if they were so 

5081
04:22:05,100 --> 04:22:07,600
inclined. 
It was the kind of creative 

5082
04:22:07,600 --> 04:22:10,900
interpretation of instructions 
that either makes you a hero or 

5083
04:22:10,900 --> 04:22:13,500
gets you executed, depending on 
how things turn out. 

5084
04:22:14,700 --> 04:22:18,000
Timeline matched perfectly the 
location where the twins had 

5085
04:22:18,000 --> 04:22:21,100
been found was exactly where a 
basket launched into the type of

5086
04:22:21,100 --> 04:22:24,300
washed ashore. 
And there were physical 

5087
04:22:24,300 --> 04:22:26,100
resemblances that became more 
obvious. 

5088
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:29,500
Once you know what to look for, 
the set of the jaw, the way they

5089
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:32,500
carry themselves certain 
gestures that echoed his 

5090
04:22:32,500 --> 04:22:35,400
murdered daughter. 
Numerator. 

5091
04:22:35,400 --> 04:22:37,200
Ranged. 
A private meeting with Rivas 

5092
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:40,200
using the kind of political 
maneuvering that keeps deposed. 

5093
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:42,900
King's alive long enough to see 
Their Kingdoms restored. 

5094
04:22:44,000 --> 04:22:46,700
What passed between them in that
conversation was probably one of

5095
04:22:46,708 --> 04:22:48,600
those moments that feels like 
Destiny. 

5096
04:22:48,600 --> 04:22:51,300
Clicking into place, the young 
man learning. 

5097
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:54,200
He was descended from gods and 
Kings and an old man discovering

5098
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:56,700
that his family line hadn't 
ended in the Tiber after all. 

5099
04:22:57,500 --> 04:23:00,600
However understanding one's 
identity and taking action to 

5100
04:23:00,600 --> 04:23:02,800
change. 
It present entirely different 

5101
04:23:02,800 --> 04:23:05,400
challenges Remus was still in 
Chains. 

5102
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:09,000
Emulous still held the throne 
and Romulus was somewhere in the

5103
04:23:09,000 --> 04:23:11,300
Hills Gathering what amounted to
a shepherd's Army. 

5104
04:23:12,400 --> 04:23:15,500
The situation called for the 
kind of careful planning that 

5105
04:23:15,500 --> 04:23:19,000
balances Justice with practical 
politics except that, none of 

5106
04:23:19,008 --> 04:23:21,000
the people involved were 
particularly known for their 

5107
04:23:21,000 --> 04:23:23,600
patients. 
Romulus, meanwhile was 

5108
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,300
discovering that leadership came
to him as naturally as 

5109
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:30,100
breathing. the local Shepherds 
and farmers who benefited from 

5110
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:32,700
the twins Bandit clearing 
activities were eager to help 

5111
04:23:32,700 --> 04:23:36,300
rescue Remus But Romulus was 
thinking bigger than a simple 

5112
04:23:36,300 --> 04:23:39,600
jailbreak, he was beginning to 
Envision the kind of solution 

5113
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:41,400
that would ensure. 
This problem, never arose. 

5114
04:23:41,400 --> 04:23:44,600
Again, he sent messages to 
everyone who had reason to 

5115
04:23:44,600 --> 04:23:47,700
dislike emulous as rule, which 
turned out to be a surprise in 

5116
04:23:47,700 --> 04:23:49,400
large portion of the local 
population. 

5117
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:54,100
Farmers, tired of excessive 
taxation, Merchants frustrated 

5118
04:23:54,100 --> 04:23:56,800
by arbitrary. 
Trade restrictions and Nobles 

5119
04:23:56,800 --> 04:23:59,000
who remembered when the kingdom 
had been governed with something

5120
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:02,900
approaching competence, all 
found themselves quietly invited

5121
04:24:02,900 --> 04:24:05,900
to consider whether the current 
Arrangement was really working 

5122
04:24:05,900 --> 04:24:07,700
for anyone, except the king 
himself. 

5123
04:24:08,800 --> 04:24:11,500
The response was more 
enthusiastic than Romulus are 

5124
04:24:11,500 --> 04:24:13,900
dead hope. 
Apparently emulous had been even

5125
04:24:13,900 --> 04:24:17,400
less popular than anyone 
realized ruling through fear and

5126
04:24:17,400 --> 04:24:19,700
inertia, rather than genuine 
support. 

5127
04:24:20,800 --> 04:24:23,900
When given an alternative people
were remarkably willing to 

5128
04:24:23,900 --> 04:24:26,900
consider change. 
Especially when that change was 

5129
04:24:26,900 --> 04:24:29,400
being organized by young men, 
who'd already proven their 

5130
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:30,600
effectiveness at solving 
problems. 

5131
04:24:32,100 --> 04:24:35,200
The revolution when it came was 
almost anti-climactic. 

5132
04:24:36,100 --> 04:24:38,800
Emulous had spent so much energy
watching for threats from 

5133
04:24:38,800 --> 04:24:41,800
established Nobles that he'd 
completely missed the danger 

5134
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:43,400
approaching from Shepherds and 
farmers. 

5135
04:24:44,700 --> 04:24:47,600
By the time he realized what was
happening Romulus, was already 

5136
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:50,400
at the palace gates, with enough
supporters to make resistance 

5137
04:24:50,400 --> 04:24:53,200
pointless. 
What followed was the kind of 

5138
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:56,700
regime change that historians 
later described as surprisingly 

5139
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:59,900
bloodless, which is another way 
of saying that, sometimes people

5140
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:02,500
are ready for Change and just 
need someone competent to 

5141
04:25:02,500 --> 04:25:06,000
organize it. 
Emulous was removed from Power 

5142
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:08,500
with the same efficiency of the 
Twins and want to apply to 

5143
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:10,900
Bandit problems. 
Numerator, found himself 

5144
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:14,300
restored to a throne he'd never 
expected to see again, the 

5145
04:25:14,300 --> 04:25:17,500
family reunion that followed was
probably worth the wait, two 

5146
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:19,800
young men learning. 
They were Prince's a 

5147
04:25:19,800 --> 04:25:21,700
grandfather. 
Discovering, his grandsons, had 

5148
04:25:21,700 --> 04:25:24,600
not only survived but thrived 
and a kingdom. 

5149
04:25:24,600 --> 04:25:27,000
Finally getting the kind of 
leadership, it had been missing 

5150
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:30,000
for 20 years. 
It was the sort of ending that 

5151
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:31,700
would have been perfectly 
satisfying. 

5152
04:25:31,700 --> 04:25:35,100
If this had been the end of the 
story, But this was really just 

5153
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:36,900
the beginning. 
You might think that 

5154
04:25:36,900 --> 04:25:40,100
overthrowing a tyrant and 
restoring a beloved king would 

5155
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:42,800
be the kind of achievement that 
leads to comfortable, retirement

5156
04:25:42,800 --> 04:25:46,000
and grateful citizens, building 
statues in your honor. 

5157
04:25:46,000 --> 04:25:49,400
And for most people that would 
probably be enough excitement 

5158
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:53,400
for one lifetime. 
But Romulus and Remus had been 

5159
04:25:53,408 --> 04:25:56,900
raised by wolves and trained by 
Shepherds who understood that 

5160
04:25:56,900 --> 04:25:59,800
standing still in dangerous 
territory is usually a mistake. 

5161
04:26:00,600 --> 04:26:04,300
The problem was that success in 
the taste for leadership and 

5162
04:26:04,300 --> 04:26:06,600
Leadership. 
Once you've experienced, it 

5163
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:09,400
tends to be addictive in the way
that solving puzzles becomes 

5164
04:26:09,400 --> 04:26:11,100
compulsive for people who are 
good at it. 

5165
04:26:12,000 --> 04:26:14,700
They discovered, they had a 
talent for organizing people, 

5166
04:26:14,700 --> 04:26:18,400
settling disputes and turning 
chaotic situations into 

5167
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:21,900
functional communities. 
It was deeply, satisfying work. 

5168
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:24,900
The kind that makes you wonder 
what else you might accomplish 

5169
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:27,700
with the right resources and 
enough time, but no limit. 

5170
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:30,600
As Kingdom while grateful for 
their help was already 

5171
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:33,600
well-established with its 
Traditions hierarchies and ways 

5172
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,800
of doing things. 
The twins found themselves in 

5173
04:26:36,800 --> 04:26:39,800
the position of successful 
Consultants, who'd completed 

5174
04:26:39,800 --> 04:26:42,300
their project and work quite 
sure what to do with themselves 

5175
04:26:42,300 --> 04:26:44,600
next. 
There were two young to settle 

5176
04:26:44,600 --> 04:26:47,500
into comfortable advisory roles 
and two ambitious to be 

5177
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:50,600
satisfied with the relatively 
quiet life of reformed princes. 

5178
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,000
The solution when it came to 
them was both obvious and 

5179
04:26:54,000 --> 04:26:56,500
audacious, they would found 
their City. 

5180
04:26:57,100 --> 04:26:59,400
They aimed to establish a 
genuine City that had the 

5181
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:02,600
potential to grow into something
significant, not just a small 

5182
04:27:02,608 --> 04:27:04,300
settlement or an expanded 
Village. 

5183
04:27:05,000 --> 04:27:07,500
It was the kind of project that 
appeals to people who've never 

5184
04:27:07,500 --> 04:27:10,500
been taught that certain things 
are impossible, which is either 

5185
04:27:10,500 --> 04:27:13,800
the advantage of a wolf raised 
education or evidence that some 

5186
04:27:13,800 --> 04:27:15,400
kinds of ignorance are actually 
useful. 

5187
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:19,000
They gather their most loyal 
followers, the Shepherds and 

5188
04:27:19,000 --> 04:27:20,800
farmers who supported their 
Revolution. 

5189
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:24,400
Young men, eager for adventure 
and anyone else, who found the 

5190
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:27,600
idea of building something new 
more appealing than maintaining 

5191
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,100
something old? 
It was the sort of group that 

5192
04:27:30,100 --> 04:27:34,400
forms naturally around ambitious
projects part, idealists part 

5193
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:37,700
opportunists and part people who
simply couldn't imagine doing 

5194
04:27:37,700 --> 04:27:40,600
anything else. 
The first decision was where to 

5195
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:43,200
build their city which should 
have been a straightforward 

5196
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:45,600
question of geography water 
access and defensive 

5197
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:48,600
positioning. 
Instead, it became the kind of 

5198
04:27:48,600 --> 04:27:51,200
disagreement that reveals 
fundamental differences in 

5199
04:27:51,200 --> 04:27:54,500
personality and approach. 
To problem, solving Romulus had 

5200
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:57,900
a preference for the Palatine 
Hill, the location where their 

5201
04:27:57,900 --> 04:28:00,000
Wolfmother had found them as 
babies and raised them. 

5202
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:04,000
It had symbolic significance. 
Excellent defensive potential 

5203
04:28:04,000 --> 04:28:07,000
and the kind of commanding view 
that makes visitors take you 

5204
04:28:07,000 --> 04:28:10,100
seriously. 
From a practical standpoint, it 

5205
04:28:10,100 --> 04:28:13,400
was an excellent choice. 
High Ground access to the river 

5206
04:28:13,400 --> 04:28:17,200
and room for expansion. 
Remus preferred the Aventine 

5207
04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:19,200
Hill, which offered different 
advantages. 

5208
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:23,500
Better trade routes more 
accessibility to Merchants and a

5209
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:25,600
position to take advantage of 
the river traffic that could 

5210
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:28,200
bring Prosperity along with 
strategic importance. 

5211
04:28:29,000 --> 04:28:31,400
His choice, reflected a more 
commercial vision of their 

5212
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:33,500
future city. 
One that would grow through 

5213
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:37,700
trade and diplomacy, rather than
conquest and intimidation both 

5214
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:40,800
locations had Merit which made 
the choice more difficult rather

5215
04:28:40,800 --> 04:28:43,600
than easier. 
In a perfect world, they might 

5216
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:46,500
have flipped a coin, built two 
cities or found some other 

5217
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:49,500
compromised that honored, both 
vision's, that the twins had 

5218
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,800
inherited their Divine fathers 
competitive nature along with 

5219
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:55,900
their human grandfathers, 
political instincts, and neither

5220
04:28:55,900 --> 04:28:58,500
was particularly inclined, to 
defer, to the others judgment on

5221
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:01,900
such a crucial decision. 
They decided to settle the 

5222
04:29:01,900 --> 04:29:02,900
matter. 
Through divination. 

5223
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:06,700
Reading Omens in the flight 
patterns of birds which was the 

5224
04:29:06,700 --> 04:29:09,400
ancient Roman equivalent of 
Consulting, focus groups and 

5225
04:29:09,400 --> 04:29:12,500
market research, it seemed like 
a reasonable way to let the 

5226
04:29:12,500 --> 04:29:15,600
gods, make the final decision, 
removing personal preference 

5227
04:29:15,600 --> 04:29:18,400
from the equation of while 
maintaining the appearance of 

5228
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:21,600
divine guidance. 
The contest was simple. 

5229
04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:25,400
Each brother would stand on his 
chosen Hill and count the birds.

5230
04:29:25,400 --> 04:29:27,700
That flew overhead within a 
specified time. 

5231
04:29:27,700 --> 04:29:31,000
The brother who saw more birds 
would receive Divine approval 

5232
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:33,400
for his site selection. 
While the other brother would 

5233
04:29:33,400 --> 04:29:37,300
gracefully accept the decision, 
the solution was Flawless until 

5234
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:41,100
it came to reality. 
Remus saw six vultures circling 

5235
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:44,400
over the Aventine Hill, which he
took, as a strong sign of divine

5236
04:29:44,400 --> 04:29:46,900
favor. 
Vultures, after all were 

5237
04:29:46,900 --> 04:29:49,800
associated with Mars, who was 
considered their Divine father 

5238
04:29:49,800 --> 04:29:53,400
and the number six was 
respectable suggesting serious, 

5239
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:56,800
Celestial attention. he was 
probably already planning the 

5240
04:29:56,800 --> 04:29:59,800
layout of streets and public 
buildings when Messengers 

5241
04:29:59,800 --> 04:30:03,400
arrived with news from the 
Palatine Hill, Romulus had seen 

5242
04:30:03,400 --> 04:30:06,800
12 volts which was either twice 
as good as his brother's result.

5243
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:10,300
While the kind of divine joke 
that God's find amusing and 

5244
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:14,200
Mortals considered troubling. 
The number 12 had significance 

5245
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:18,100
in Roman religious thinking, it 
suggested completion Perfection 

5246
04:30:18,100 --> 04:30:21,100
and the kind of cosmic approval,
that's hard to argue with 

5247
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:23,900
mathematically. 
What should have settled the 

5248
04:30:23,900 --> 04:30:27,500
dispute instead intensified it 
because now they were arguing, 

5249
04:30:27,500 --> 04:30:31,000
not just about location but 
about interpretation timing with

5250
04:30:31,000 --> 04:30:33,700
the gods were speaking clearly 
or just enjoying themselves at 

5251
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:36,700
Mortal expense. 
The problem with Divine signs is

5252
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:40,200
that there are remarkably open 
to interpretation when the 

5253
04:30:40,200 --> 04:30:42,700
people reading them have strong,
opinions about what the gods 

5254
04:30:42,700 --> 04:30:45,900
ought to be saying. 
Until you started examining the 

5255
04:30:45,900 --> 04:30:50,100
details Romulus is 12 vultures 
seem decisive and Remus was 

5256
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:53,000
precisely the type of person who
believed details mattered 

5257
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:57,400
Romulus actually seen 12 birds 
or had he counted some of them 

5258
04:30:57,400 --> 04:31:01,000
twice as they circled where they
all vultures or had. 

5259
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,100
He included other species to 
reach his impressive total and 

5260
04:31:04,100 --> 04:31:06,500
most importantly, who would seem
their Birds first? 

5261
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:09,600
Because surely priority should 
count for something in Divine 

5262
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:11,900
mathematics. 
These were the kinds of 

5263
04:31:11,900 --> 04:31:13,600
questions that might have been 
resolved through. 

5264
04:31:13,608 --> 04:31:16,900
Calm discussion Between Brothers
who trusted each other's honesty

5265
04:31:16,900 --> 04:31:20,700
and shared a common goal. 
And fortunately, the Twins were 

5266
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:23,500
discovering that wolfed 
confidence and divine Heritage 

5267
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:27,100
could combine in ways that made 
compromise feel less like wisdom

5268
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:31,100
and more like weakness, the 
argument escalated in the way 

5269
04:31:31,100 --> 04:31:33,700
that disagreements do. 
When both parties are absolutely

5270
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:36,200
certain, their right? 
And neither is particularly 

5271
04:31:36,200 --> 04:31:40,400
skilled at backing down 
gracefully what had started as a

5272
04:31:40,408 --> 04:31:43,500
practical discussion about City 
Planning was becoming a 

5273
04:31:43,500 --> 04:31:47,100
fundamental Clash over 
leadership Authority and who had

5274
04:31:47,100 --> 04:31:50,100
the right to make decisions that
would affect thousands of future

5275
04:31:50,100 --> 04:31:53,200
citizens. 
Romulus initiated construction 

5276
04:31:53,200 --> 04:31:56,900
on the Palatine Hill arguing 
that the superiority of 12 volts

5277
04:31:56,900 --> 04:31:59,800
was over, six was reasonable and
that taking action was 

5278
04:31:59,800 --> 04:32:03,300
preferable to an endless debate.
He marked out the boundaries of 

5279
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:06,900
his future city with a plow, 
creating the sacred thorough 

5280
04:32:06,900 --> 04:32:09,200
that would define the limits of 
what he was already calling 

5281
04:32:09,200 --> 04:32:12,400
Rome. 
It was the kind of bold move 

5282
04:32:12,400 --> 04:32:15,300
that either demonstrates 
decisive, leadership, or forces 

5283
04:32:15,300 --> 04:32:19,500
everyone else to choose sides. 
Remus feeling is perfectly valid

5284
04:32:19,500 --> 04:32:22,500
concerns ignored watched, his 
brothers preparations with 

5285
04:32:22,500 --> 04:32:25,500
growing frustration. 
He Aventine Hill remained 

5286
04:32:25,500 --> 04:32:28,600
unbroken ground. 
But more importantly the 

5287
04:32:28,600 --> 04:32:30,400
principle of shared 
decision-making was being 

5288
04:32:30,400 --> 04:32:33,500
abandoned in favor of what looks
suspiciously like dictatorship. 

5289
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:37,100
The pivotal moment occurred when
Remus chose to challenge, the 

5290
04:32:37,100 --> 04:32:40,500
arbitrary nature of boundaries 
and the dubious legitimacy of 

5291
04:32:40,500 --> 04:32:43,400
his brothers Authority. 
He jumped over the freshly 

5292
04:32:43,400 --> 04:32:47,000
plowed Furrow that marked Rome's
border probably intending it as 

5293
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:49,900
a gesture of contempt. 
A way of demonstrating that 

5294
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:52,700
imaginary lines in the dirt 
don't automatically deserve 

5295
04:32:52,700 --> 04:32:55,600
respect just because someone 
claims Divine approval for 

5296
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:58,900
drawing them if the ancient 
world hadn't taken symbol. 

5297
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:02,000
So seriously this symbolic 
protest could have been 

5298
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:04,400
effective. 
Romulus had just spent 

5299
04:33:04,400 --> 04:33:07,400
considerable effort establishing
that this particular line in the

5300
04:33:07,400 --> 04:33:10,700
dirt represented, something 
sacred, and enviable the 

5301
04:33:10,700 --> 04:33:13,400
boundary of a city blessed by 
the gods and protected, by 

5302
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:15,700
Divine will. 
What happened? 

5303
04:33:15,700 --> 04:33:18,800
Next was the kind of moment that
demonstrates why family disputes

5304
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:20,400
are often the most dangerous 
kind. 

5305
04:33:21,300 --> 04:33:24,700
Romulus killed his brother 
either in a fit of rage, or as a

5306
04:33:24,700 --> 04:33:27,200
calculated decision to not, 
allow a challenge to his 

5307
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:29,700
authority. 
The exact details were probably 

5308
04:33:29,700 --> 04:33:32,800
lost in the shock and grief that
followed, but the result was 

5309
04:33:32,800 --> 04:33:35,500
unmistakable. 
Twin who had shared everything 

5310
04:33:35,500 --> 04:33:39,300
from Wolf's milk to Revolution 
was dead by his brother's hand. 

5311
04:33:40,700 --> 04:33:43,500
The Killing might have been 
impulsive driven by anger and 

5312
04:33:43,508 --> 04:33:47,400
competitive Pride rather than 
calculated malice but intention 

5313
04:33:47,400 --> 04:33:50,500
mattered less than consequence. 
And the consequence was that 

5314
04:33:50,500 --> 04:33:53,900
Rome's, Foundation story would 
forever be marked by fratricide.

5315
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:57,599
Brother, killing brother over 
questions of power and Prestons.

5316
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:01,500
Romulus was left to found his 
city alone, carrying the weight 

5317
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:03,900
of what he'd done along with the
responsibility of leadership. 

5318
04:34:04,800 --> 04:34:07,900
he'd gotten his way about the 
location and the authority, but 

5319
04:34:07,900 --> 04:34:10,800
at a cost that would haunt him 
and Define his City's character 

5320
04:34:10,800 --> 04:34:14,900
for centuries to come Rome would
grow to become the greatest city

5321
04:34:14,900 --> 04:34:17,800
of the ancient world. 
The center of an Empire that 

5322
04:34:17,800 --> 04:34:21,300
stretched across continents and 
influence civilization for 

5323
04:34:21,300 --> 04:34:23,900
millennia. 
But it would always bear the 

5324
04:34:23,900 --> 04:34:27,500
mark of its violent beginning. 
The knowledge that its first law

5325
04:34:27,500 --> 04:34:30,800
had been written in a Brother's 
blood and its first lesson had 

5326
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:33,400
been that power often comes 
through the elimination of those

5327
04:34:33,400 --> 04:34:37,800
who challenges The tragic. 
Irony was that both brothers had

5328
04:34:37,800 --> 04:34:39,599
been right about their Visions 
for the city. 

5329
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:43,599
Rome's success would ultimately 
depend on both military strength

5330
04:34:43,599 --> 04:34:48,099
Romulus is specialty and 
Commercial Prosperity, remus's 

5331
04:34:48,099 --> 04:34:50,500
preference. 
The city would need the defense 

5332
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:53,099
of advantages of the Palatine 
Hill and the trade 

5333
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:55,500
opportunities, that connected it
to the wider world. 

5334
04:34:56,300 --> 04:34:59,099
But that understanding would 
come later built on the 

5335
04:34:59,099 --> 04:35:02,200
foundation of one Brothers, 
ambition and another's death. 

5336
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:05,500
There's something particularly 
sobering about getting 

5337
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:07,900
everything you thought you 
wanted and discovering, it 

5338
04:35:07,900 --> 04:35:12,000
tastes like ashes in your mouth.
Romulus stood on his chosen 

5339
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:14,400
Hill. 
Surrounded by loyal followers 

5340
04:35:14,400 --> 04:35:18,300
and blessed by Divine signs with
the authority to build whatever 

5341
04:35:18,300 --> 04:35:21,400
kind of City he could envision. 
He should have been triumphant 

5342
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:23,800
instead. 
He was learning that some 

5343
04:35:23,800 --> 04:35:27,500
victories cost more than defeat 
ever could the city that rose on

5344
04:35:27,500 --> 04:35:31,000
the Palatine Hill, grew with 
remarkable speed, as if Romulus 

5345
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:33,200
was trying to build something 
large enough to contain his 

5346
04:35:33,200 --> 04:35:36,300
grief or impressive enough to 
justify what he'd done to 

5347
04:35:36,300 --> 04:35:39,099
achieve it. 
His followers worked with the 

5348
04:35:39,108 --> 04:35:41,599
Zeal of those who knew they were
part of something historic. 

5349
04:35:41,599 --> 04:35:44,599
But also with the Quiet 
efficiency of those who'd seen 

5350
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:47,300
their leaders decisiveness and 
didn't want to test his 

5351
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:50,000
patience. 
Rome attracted people the way 

5352
04:35:50,008 --> 04:35:53,599
successful projects always do 
refugees, seeking safety, 

5353
04:35:53,599 --> 04:35:57,800
Traders drawn by opportunity, 
young men, looking for adventure

5354
04:35:57,800 --> 04:36:00,900
and families hoping for a fresh 
start in a place that wasn't 

5355
04:36:00,900 --> 04:36:04,099
burdened by old grudges and 
established hierarchies. 

5356
04:36:05,500 --> 04:36:08,500
Romulus welcomed them all with 
the kind of inclusive policies. 

5357
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:10,700
That suggested he'd learned 
something from his brother's 

5358
04:36:10,700 --> 04:36:12,599
vision of a commercially 
successful City. 

5359
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:16,800
But the rapid growth created, 
new problems, that require the 

5360
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:20,599
kind of pragmatic solutions that
don't appear in heroic songs or 

5361
04:36:20,599 --> 04:36:23,700
romantic histories. 
Most of the early settlers were 

5362
04:36:23,700 --> 04:36:27,200
men, which meant Rome had a 
promising economic future that a

5363
04:36:27,200 --> 04:36:30,200
questionable demographic. 
One, you can't build a lasting 

5364
04:36:30,207 --> 04:36:33,500
civilization without families. 
You can't have families without 

5365
04:36:33,500 --> 04:36:35,400
women willing to participate in 
the project. 

5366
04:36:36,599 --> 04:36:38,700
Romulus, approached this 
challenge with the same 

5367
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:41,300
systematic. 
Thinking he'd applied to Bandit 

5368
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:43,000
elimination and political 
revolution. 

5369
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:45,400
The organized festivals and 
trade. 

5370
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:47,900
Gatherings invited. 
Neighboring, communities to 

5371
04:36:47,900 --> 04:36:50,599
participate in religious 
ceremonies and generally did 

5372
04:36:50,599 --> 04:36:53,200
everything possible to create 
opportunities for social 

5373
04:36:53,200 --> 04:36:56,900
interaction, between Rome's 
male, heavy population, and the 

5374
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:58,400
daughter's of nearby 
settlements. 

5375
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:01,900
The results were mixed. 
Some marriages occurred 

5376
04:37:01,900 --> 04:37:05,099
naturally through these events, 
creating the kind of alliances 

5377
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:08,000
that, strengthened Rome's 
position while addressing its 

5378
04:37:08,000 --> 04:37:11,599
population concerns. 
However, many neighboring 

5379
04:37:11,599 --> 04:37:14,900
communities continue to harvest 
suspicions towards this rapidly 

5380
04:37:14,900 --> 04:37:18,000
expanding City, due to its 
reputation for drawing 

5381
04:37:18,000 --> 04:37:20,599
individuals who could be 
described as adventurous and 

5382
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:24,300
less charitably as fugitive 
Seeking Justice elsewhere. 

5383
04:37:25,200 --> 04:37:28,000
The solution Romulus eventually 
implemented was the kind of 

5384
04:37:28,008 --> 04:37:31,400
strategy that works in the short
term while creating long-term 

5385
04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:33,800
complications. 
That future Generations, have to

5386
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:38,000
manage During a particularly 
well-attended Festival, Roman 

5387
04:37:38,000 --> 04:37:41,300
men, systematically abducted, 
women from the visiting Sabine 

5388
04:37:41,300 --> 04:37:44,500
tribe, not random violence, but 
organized recruitment that 

5389
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:47,700
Rome's leaders presented as a 
emergency matrimony rather than 

5390
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:51,400
kidnapping. 
This event known to history as 

5391
04:37:51,400 --> 04:37:54,500
the rape of the Sabine, Women 
was probably less brutal than 

5392
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:57,099
the name suggests but more 
coercive than modern 

5393
04:37:57,099 --> 04:38:00,800
sensibilities would tolerate. 
The Roman version emphasized 

5394
04:38:00,800 --> 04:38:03,800
that the women were treated with
respect offered genuine, 

5395
04:38:03,800 --> 04:38:06,599
marriages rather than temporary 
arrangements and give them the 

5396
04:38:06,608 --> 04:38:09,900
opportunity to become founding 
mothers of a great city rather 

5397
04:38:09,900 --> 04:38:14,200
than just wives in traditional 
communities. whether the Sabine 

5398
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:16,200
Women saw it that way, as a 
question, that ancient 

5399
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:19,400
historians didn't spend much 
time, exploring but the 

5400
04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:22,300
Practical result was that roam, 
acquired both the population 

5401
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:25,599
base, it needed for long-term 
stability, and a war with the 

5402
04:38:25,599 --> 04:38:28,000
Sabine tribe. 
That tested every military and 

5403
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:31,000
diplomatic skill Romulus had 
developed the conflict that 

5404
04:38:31,008 --> 04:38:33,500
followed demonstrated, the 
Romulus had learned more from 

5405
04:38:33,500 --> 04:38:36,700
his grandfather numitor than 
just how to overthrow tyrants. 

5406
04:38:36,700 --> 04:38:40,700
He fought when fighting was 
necessary but also negotiated 

5407
04:38:40,700 --> 04:38:44,300
when negotiation offered better 
outcomes, eventually the war 

5408
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:48,200
ended not with Conquest but with
integration the Sabinas joining 

5409
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:50,800
Rome as equal Partners rather 
than defeated enemies. 

5410
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:55,000
Their King Titus tatius ruling 
jointly with Romulus in an 

5411
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:57,800
arrangement that doubled the 
City's population and political 

5412
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:01,900
complexity. this integration was
probably the kind of outcomes 

5413
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:05,099
that Remus would have approved 
of growth through inclusion 

5414
04:39:05,099 --> 04:39:08,500
rather than just Conquest 
Prosperity through cooperation, 

5415
04:39:08,500 --> 04:39:13,099
rather than simple domination. 
It suggested that Romulus had in

5416
04:39:13,099 --> 04:39:15,300
his own way. 
Found room for his brother's 

5417
04:39:15,300 --> 04:39:17,200
Vision within the city he'd 
build alone. 

5418
04:39:18,300 --> 04:39:20,700
The years that followed were 
marked by the kind of steady 

5419
04:39:20,700 --> 04:39:23,800
development that historians find
less dramatic than Wars and 

5420
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:27,099
revolutions but which actually 
determines whether civilizations

5421
04:39:27,099 --> 04:39:30,800
Thrive or merely survive, Rome 
grew into a genuine City with 

5422
04:39:30,800 --> 04:39:34,800
laws institutions and the kind 
of Civic culture that attracts 

5423
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:38,800
visitors and inspires imitators.
It became the kind of place 

5424
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:41,300
where people chose to live 
rather than just the place where

5425
04:39:41,300 --> 04:39:45,100
they happen to end up. 
Romulus ruled for nearly four 

5426
04:39:45,100 --> 04:39:48,800
decades long enough to see his 
experimental City become an 

5427
04:39:48,800 --> 04:39:52,500
established Regional power. 
When he finally disappeared the 

5428
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:55,300
gods reclaiming him in a world 
wind according to those who 

5429
04:39:55,300 --> 04:39:57,600
preferred dramatic endings. 
He left behind. 

5430
04:39:57,600 --> 04:40:00,300
Something that had grown far, 
beyond one man's Vision or 

5431
04:40:00,300 --> 04:40:03,200
ambition. 
Rome would continue for more 

5432
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:06,600
than 1,000 years growing from a 
single City to an Empire. 

5433
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:09,900
That encompassed most of the 
known world, its influence on 

5434
04:40:09,908 --> 04:40:13,400
law, language, architecture. 
And political thought would 

5435
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:17,300
Outlast the Empire itself. 
Shaping civilizations that arose

5436
04:40:17,300 --> 04:40:19,900
centuries after the last Roman 
emperor had been forgotten. 

5437
04:40:21,300 --> 04:40:24,600
And through all of that history,
Rome carried the memory of its 

5438
04:40:24,600 --> 04:40:27,400
Beginnings. 
Twin brothers, raised by wolves 

5439
04:40:27,400 --> 04:40:32,000
saved by Shepherds and separated
by a disagreement that ended in 

5440
04:40:32,000 --> 04:40:34,500
tragedy. 
It was a story that reminded 

5441
04:40:34,500 --> 04:40:38,600
every generation that greatness 
often comes at a price that the 

5442
04:40:38,600 --> 04:40:41,900
most important battles are 
sometimes fought between people 

5443
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:45,300
who love each other. 
And that cities like, people are

5444
04:40:45,300 --> 04:40:47,400
shaped as much by their sorrows,
as their triumphs. 

5445
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:49,800
The wolf twins, had grown up to 
fail. 

5446
04:40:49,800 --> 04:40:52,800
The greatest City in the ancient
world, but they'd also 

5447
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:55,800
demonstrated that even the most 
extraordinary Beginnings. 

5448
04:40:55,800 --> 04:40:58,400
Can't protect us from the 
ordinary tragedies that Define 

5449
04:40:58,400 --> 04:41:01,600
Human Experience. 
In the end, that might be the 

5450
04:41:01,600 --> 04:41:04,500
most important lesson. 
Their story teachers, not that 

5451
04:41:04,500 --> 04:41:07,600
we're destined for greatness, 
but that greatness itself is 

5452
04:41:07,600 --> 04:41:10,800
never quite what we expect it to
be when we finally achieve it. 

5453
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:15,000
Rome began with a Brother's 
dream and a brother's death and 

5454
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:18,000
perhaps that's exactly the right
foundation for a city that would

5455
04:41:18,000 --> 04:41:21,000
teach the world. 
Both the possibilities and the 

5456
04:41:21,000 --> 04:41:24,700
costs of human ambition, some 
stories end with everyone living

5457
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:27,900
happily ever after. 
But the best stories, the ones 

5458
04:41:27,908 --> 04:41:30,600
that stay with you long after 
the telling end with the 

5459
04:41:30,600 --> 04:41:34,600
understanding that happiness and
sorrow Triumph and tragedy are 

5460
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:37,200
often just different ways of 
describing the same complex 

5461
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:41,600
experience of being human. 
And that really is why we still 

5462
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:43,400
tell the story of Romulus and 
Remus. 

5463
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,700
After all these centuries, not 
because it has a perfect ending,

5464
04:41:46,700 --> 04:42:02,200
but because it has a true one 
William Tecumseh, Sherman was 

5465
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:07,600
born on February 8th 1820 in 
Lancaster Ohio, Frontier Town, 

5466
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:09,400
on the verge of tremendous 
development. 

5467
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:13,200
His mother dubbed him come. 
And he displayed a Restless 

5468
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:16,300
Spirit from a young age for 
shadowing, the vast influence, 

5469
04:42:16,300 --> 04:42:18,600
he would one day wheeled on the 
nation's battlefields. 

5470
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:22,300
Although his father Charles 
Robert, Sherman was a respected,

5471
04:42:22,300 --> 04:42:25,700
Ohio Supreme Court Judge the 
family struggled, financially, 

5472
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:28,400
then tragedy came. 
When Sherman was nine years old,

5473
04:42:28,400 --> 04:42:32,300
his father died abruptly leaving
behind a poor household, the 

5474
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:35,900
boy's future while uncertain 
found a guiding influence in the

5475
04:42:35,908 --> 04:42:39,100
form of his father's close 
friend, Thomas Ewing who 

5476
04:42:39,100 --> 04:42:42,500
welcomed him into his own Lively
home, growing up in the Ewing 

5477
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:44,900
household exposure and to a more
privileged Society. 

5478
04:42:44,900 --> 04:42:48,300
But it was not Carefree Ewing 
was politically connected. 

5479
04:42:48,300 --> 04:42:51,500
Having worked in government 
positions, that exposed Sherman 

5480
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:54,900
to the complexity of national 
policy and political squabbling.

5481
04:42:54,900 --> 04:42:58,200
Something about those encounters
prepared him to see the country 

5482
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:02,600
as a web of dynamic forces, law 
Commerce, an ambition 

5483
04:43:02,600 --> 04:43:06,600
interacting in ways that altered
entire neighborhoods despite his

5484
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:09,800
academic abilities. 
He was never a standout student 

5485
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:12,700
in the traditional sense. 
His true app to dude was in 

5486
04:43:12,700 --> 04:43:16,200
observation and the ability to 
translate what he saw into gear 

5487
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:19,700
strategic insights Sherman. 
Absorbed the action With an 

5488
04:43:19,700 --> 04:43:21,700
intensity that occasionally 
surprised others. 

5489
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:25,400
Whether it was a local election 
or heated dinner table dispute, 

5490
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:29,000
Sherman was 16 when he received 
a coveted invitation to the 

5491
04:43:29,008 --> 04:43:33,000
United States Military Academy 
at West Point, Thanks in part to

5492
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:36,500
Ewing's political clout. 
When he arrived at West Point in

5493
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:40,100
1836, he discovered that the 
regiment was both difficult and 

5494
04:43:40,100 --> 04:43:43,500
stimulating mathematics 
engineering and tactics. 

5495
04:43:43,500 --> 04:43:46,700
Dominated the curriculum 
combining practical skills with 

5496
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:50,300
theoretical knowledge, although 
he did not Excel academically 

5497
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:54,600
graduated sixth in his class. 
He was known for being clever, 

5498
04:43:54,600 --> 04:43:56,900
pragmatic. 
And unromantic about his 

5499
04:43:56,900 --> 04:44:00,200
military service. 
Classmates noticed his Frank 

5500
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:02,800
demeanor, which would become a 
defining feature of his 

5501
04:44:02,800 --> 04:44:04,300
personality throughout his 
career. 

5502
04:44:06,000 --> 04:44:08,600
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 
a second lift tenant in the 

5503
04:44:08,600 --> 04:44:09,500
third US. 
Artillery. 

5504
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:14,100
After graduating in 1840. 
He served in many outposts from 

5505
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:17,700
Florida to the distant Frontiers
dealing with the problems of 

5506
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:21,200
arising Nation, the Florida job.
Embroiled him in the Seminole 

5507
04:44:21,200 --> 04:44:24,600
Wars, a brutal milieu of swamp 
Warfare and uncertain goals. 

5508
04:44:25,200 --> 04:44:27,700
Sherman quietly. 
Recorded the lessons combat was 

5509
04:44:27,700 --> 04:44:30,900
chaotic objective shifted 
quickly, and success, required a

5510
04:44:30,908 --> 04:44:32,800
combination of planning and 
sheer tenacity. 

5511
04:44:33,800 --> 04:44:36,600
He also developed a dislike for 
half-hearted confrontations 

5512
04:44:36,600 --> 04:44:40,100
believing that, if a battle was 
unavoidable, it must be pursued 

5513
04:44:40,100 --> 04:44:43,100
with utmost. 
Determination despite periodic 

5514
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:45,000
promotions in the Allure of new 
assignments. 

5515
04:44:45,000 --> 04:44:48,600
Sherman, never felt completely 
at ease in the peace time Army. 

5516
04:44:49,400 --> 04:44:53,400
Bureaucratic red tape restricted
chances for growth and a desire 

5517
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:56,700
for new experiences. 
Nord at him his restlessness, 

5518
04:44:56,700 --> 04:45:00,500
prompted him to quit from the 
Army in 1853 in the decade that 

5519
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:04,500
followed, he dabbled in various 
Endeavors, including banking in 

5520
04:45:04,500 --> 04:45:07,600
San Francisco law, practice and 
Company Management in New York. 

5521
04:45:07,600 --> 04:45:10,800
Each position deepened, his 
understanding of the fundamental

5522
04:45:10,800 --> 04:45:13,800
principles of American Business,
the importance of risk-taking 

5523
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:17,300
and the vulnerability of trust 
in a period marked by frequent 

5524
04:45:17,300 --> 04:45:21,200
booms and busts. 
The banking crisis of 1857 

5525
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:24,600
devastated, him financially 
demonstrating how rapidly 

5526
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:26,700
richest might vanish when 
markets crashed. 

5527
04:45:27,500 --> 04:45:30,500
During his civilian years, 
Sherman made friends from both 

5528
04:45:30,500 --> 04:45:33,700
the North and the South 
including plantation owners and 

5529
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:36,600
entrepreneurs. 
He noticed the growing conflict 

5530
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,900
over slavery, state rights, and 
economic disparities. 

5531
04:45:39,900 --> 04:45:43,500
While living in Louisiana. 
He was the superintendent of the

5532
04:45:43,500 --> 04:45:46,400
Louisiana state, Seminary of 
learning and Military Academy 

5533
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:49,200
which would eventually become 
Louisiana State University. 

5534
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:52,900
He was recognized for his 
organizational talents, but he 

5535
04:45:52,908 --> 04:45:55,200
treaded carefully when 
discussions became political 

5536
04:45:56,100 --> 04:45:59,300
Despite not being a passionate 
abolitionist, he did not take to

5537
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:02,200
the concept of secession. 
For Sherman. 

5538
04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:05,500
Unity was America's best Hope 
For Success. 

5539
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:09,800
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 
signals of Discord and concluded

5540
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:11,400
that the country was on the 
verge of War. 

5541
04:46:12,300 --> 04:46:15,000
Sherman on the verge of the 
Civil War stood at a pivotal 

5542
04:46:15,000 --> 04:46:17,900
juncture. 
He had a family a diverse set of

5543
04:46:17,908 --> 04:46:20,100
experiences in both service and 
civilian sectors. 

5544
04:46:20,100 --> 04:46:23,000
And a perspective that grasped 
how badly the country was 

5545
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:25,800
fracturing. 
He was concerned if war 

5546
04:46:25,800 --> 04:46:28,800
occurred, it would be unlike the
small-scale battles of previous 

5547
04:46:28,800 --> 04:46:31,900
decades, the tremendous 
industrial potential of both 

5548
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:34,600
parts. 
Combined with the moral fervor 

5549
04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:38,600
around slavery, predicted a 
devastating Clash despite his 

5550
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,800
reluctance to enter the battle. 
Sherman returned to service in 

5551
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:46,000
early, 1861 motivated by a sense
of responsibility to maintain 

5552
04:46:46,000 --> 04:46:48,900
the Union. 
In the early months of the Civil

5553
04:46:48,900 --> 04:46:51,600
War, William to come to Sherman.
Served in several positions 

5554
04:46:51,600 --> 04:46:55,200
looking for a secure footing, in
a war that appeared chaotic from

5555
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:58,200
the start, initially assigned to
a training facility. 

5556
04:46:58,200 --> 04:47:01,600
He disagreed with authorities 
when he anticipated that the 

5557
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:04,900
fight would require at least 
200,000 men in his area alone. 

5558
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:07,700
His fourth, right? 
Remarked, that the union was 

5559
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,200
underestimating, the scale of 
the insurrectionist listed 

5560
04:47:10,200 --> 04:47:14,600
suspicion if not derision. 
However, time would vindicate 

5561
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:19,400
his misgiving By late 1861. 
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,

5562
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:23,100
an important border state with 
conflicting loyalties, he was 

5563
04:47:23,100 --> 04:47:25,700
responsible for the Cumberland 
Department there, but he quickly

5564
04:47:25,700 --> 04:47:29,300
became overwhelmed reports of 
Confederate, military movements 

5565
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:32,700
armed shortages and conflicting 
orders from Washington, left, 

5566
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:35,300
him tired. 
Some sources suggest he was on 

5567
04:47:35,300 --> 04:47:36,400
the verge of a nervous 
breakdown. 

5568
04:47:36,400 --> 04:47:40,800
He requested relief from command
and when he left rumors 

5569
04:47:40,800 --> 04:47:44,100
circulated about his 
instability, such suspicions 

5570
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:45,900
threatened to wreck his career 
in an era. 

5571
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:48,200
When mental stress was less, 
tolerated. 

5572
04:47:48,200 --> 04:47:52,200
Nevertheless Sherman. 
Recovered gained new Purpose. 

5573
04:47:52,200 --> 04:47:56,300
With General Ulysses, S Grant's 
direct help their bond will form

5574
04:47:56,300 --> 04:48:01,400
the foundation of Union success.
Grant was calm silent and 

5575
04:48:01,400 --> 04:48:05,000
unyielding under duress, where a
Sherman was more combustible 

5576
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,900
publicly expressing concerns or 
complaints. 

5577
04:48:08,900 --> 04:48:12,000
Their Mutual regard however was 
established through shared 

5578
04:48:12,000 --> 04:48:17,400
Battlefield experiences in early
1862 grants daring Maneuvers 

5579
04:48:17,400 --> 04:48:20,300
Fort, Henry and Fort, Donaldson 
secured, critical Confederate, 

5580
04:48:20,300 --> 04:48:24,100
outposts and Sherman's role. 
Those subordinate displayed 

5581
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:28,300
dependability in the face of 
Fire. the Battle of Shiloh in 

5582
04:48:28,300 --> 04:48:31,500
April, 1862 would be Sherman's, 
true baptism into large-scale 

5583
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:35,500
fighting Confederate surprise 
strike near Pittsburgh upon 

5584
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:38,100
Landing in Tennessee waves of 
enemy soldiers. 

5585
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:41,500
Smashed the union defenses, 
Sherman's division took the 

5586
04:48:41,500 --> 04:48:44,800
brunt of the early fighting 
despite being taken by surprise.

5587
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:47,200
He rallied his troops riding 
along. 

5588
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:50,700
The front lines, ignoring 
personal danger and encouraging 

5589
04:48:50,700 --> 04:48:53,200
them to hold. 
Despite massive fatalities 

5590
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:56,900
Union, with stood, the attack 
and grants counter-attack, the 

5591
04:48:56,900 --> 04:48:59,200
following day Force, the 
Confederates to retire. 

5592
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:02,600
Sherman's leadership under 
duress gained him to her 

5593
04:49:02,600 --> 04:49:05,900
promotion to Major General. 
And more crucially, strengthened

5594
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:09,200
his alliance with Grant. 
The two men came from Shiloh 

5595
04:49:09,200 --> 04:49:11,600
with the stronger determination 
to achieve total Victory 

5596
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,200
acknowledging, the confederacies
to NASA tea. 

5597
04:49:14,800 --> 04:49:17,400
Sherman followed Shiloh with 
operations along the Mississippi

5598
04:49:17,400 --> 04:49:21,200
River ending in the Vicksburg 
campaign Vicksburg. 

5599
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:24,600
A fortress strong-hold was 
essential to Confederate control

5600
04:49:24,600 --> 04:49:28,100
of the Mississippi River, Union,
soldiers and anticipated that 

5601
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:31,600
seizing it with the Confederacy,
in two isolating, the state's 

5602
04:49:31,600 --> 04:49:35,100
west of the river Grant, Siege 
was long with supply lines, 

5603
04:49:35,100 --> 04:49:38,400
strained and morale, shaky 
Sherman's, involvement included,

5604
04:49:38,400 --> 04:49:41,700
skirmishes, faints and ensuring 
that Confederate reinforcements,

5605
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:43,000
could not break through the 
seed. 

5606
04:49:44,000 --> 04:49:49,400
Vicksburg finally fell on July 
4th 1863 marking a watershed 

5607
04:49:49,400 --> 04:49:54,100
moment in the western theater. 
Sherman's famed sword, although 

5608
04:49:54,100 --> 04:49:57,500
he frequently downplayed 
personal responsibility publicly

5609
04:49:57,500 --> 04:49:59,200
praising grants strategic 
vision. 

5610
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:02,900
Sherman did not take command of 
Union forces in the west until 

5611
04:50:02,900 --> 04:50:05,500
1864. 
When Grant was ordered to the 

5612
04:50:05,500 --> 04:50:07,500
Eastern theater to confront 
Robert E Lee. 

5613
04:50:08,300 --> 04:50:12,500
His primary aim is a Lanta. 
The city was a confederate hub 

5614
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:14,900
for railroads manufacturing and 
supply. 

5615
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:18,100
Taking, it could jeopardize the 
southern battle effort. 

5616
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:20,900
Sherman launched. 
The Atlantic campaign in May 

5617
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:24,100
1864 moving across North Eastern
Georgia. 

5618
04:50:24,100 --> 04:50:28,400
Confederate general Josephine, 
Johnson utilized an effective 

5619
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:32,200
defensive plan, but Sherman's 
numerical superiority, and 

5620
04:50:32,200 --> 04:50:35,000
willingness to engage in 
flanking actions, gradually 

5621
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:38,300
pushed Johnston back. 
Johnston's replacement, by the 

5622
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:41,800
more aggressive, John Bell, Hood
increased Confederate. 

5623
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:45,800
Casualties by September 
Sherman's Army had conquered at 

5624
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:48,200
Atlanta, dealing a strategic and
cycle. 

5625
04:50:48,200 --> 04:50:51,900
Blow to the South, the cities 
fall echoed throughout the north

5626
04:50:51,900 --> 04:50:56,000
helping President, Lincoln's 
re-election, chances, Sherman 

5627
04:50:56,000 --> 04:50:58,900
believed that simply occupying 
Atlanta would be insufficient. 

5628
04:50:58,900 --> 04:51:02,500
He wanted to crippled the 
Confederate capacity for future 

5629
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:05,300
resistance. 
After ordering civilian 

5630
04:51:05,300 --> 04:51:07,800
evacuations, he permitted 
elements of the city's 

5631
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:11,400
infrastructure to be destroyed. 
fueling suspicions that he was 

5632
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:14,800
carrying out a destruction 
campaign, Sherman then focused 

5633
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,500
on a bold and controversial 
strategy, the march to the sea. 

5634
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:22,400
The plan was to cut lines of 
communication damage resources, 

5635
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:25,200
critical to the southern War 
Machine and show that 

5636
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:28,000
Confederate authorities could no
longer Safeguard their heart. 

5637
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:33,500
In mid-november 1864, he led 
60,000 men from Atlanta to 

5638
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:36,300
Savannah, cutting up a path 
across Georgia, unlike 

5639
04:51:36,300 --> 04:51:39,500
traditional movements tethered 
by supply lines Sherman's 

5640
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:43,400
columns would live off the land.
Foraging freely demolishing 

5641
04:51:43,400 --> 04:51:47,100
railroads Madden targeting 
Factory is this bold tactic at 

5642
04:51:47,100 --> 04:51:50,200
the time, attempted to break the
South's resolve to continue 

5643
04:51:50,200 --> 04:51:53,400
fighting. 
During these campaigns Sherman's

5644
04:51:53,400 --> 04:51:56,700
views on Wars solidified, he 
believes that the faster and 

5645
04:51:56,700 --> 04:51:58,500
harder. 
The conflict was pursued the 

5646
04:51:58,500 --> 04:52:01,900
sooner, it would be resolved. 
In his letter to subordinates. 

5647
04:52:02,700 --> 04:52:04,900
The emphasized, a harsh door 
logic. 

5648
04:52:04,900 --> 04:52:07,500
If southern people felt the 
effects of the war 

5649
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:11,700
confederacy's, morale would 
plummet While many union leaders

5650
04:52:11,700 --> 04:52:13,600
sought Victory, through pitched 
battles alone. 

5651
04:52:13,600 --> 04:52:17,000
Sherman embraced, Total War 
leaving a reputation. 

5652
04:52:17,000 --> 04:52:19,500
That would Eclipse his other 
accomplishments and to find his 

5653
04:52:19,500 --> 04:52:21,000
place in American military 
history. 

5654
04:52:21,800 --> 04:52:29,000
The march to the Seas started on
November 15th, remains of 

5655
04:52:29,008 --> 04:52:32,600
Atlanta, the trip to Savannah 
covered about 300 miles 

5656
04:52:32,600 --> 04:52:37,200
calculating about 483 kilometers
and lasted almost a month. 

5657
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:40,400
Contrary to popular belief, 
Sherman didn't order his 

5658
04:52:40,400 --> 04:52:43,800
soldiers to burn every home or 
Farm they encountered, however, 

5659
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:47,300
the foraging so wide-spread 
occasionally turning into 

5660
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:50,200
looting, the local population's 
remembered the campaign with 

5661
04:52:50,200 --> 04:52:52,900
lasting bitterness Union 
Soldiers. 

5662
04:52:52,900 --> 04:52:56,300
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 
them into what was mockingly 

5663
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,800
called, Sherman's neckties 
warehouses and factories. 

5664
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:03,900
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and
livestock taken. 

5665
04:53:04,900 --> 04:53:07,700
Many Southern civilians fled 
before the advance in columns 

5666
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:11,100
While others remained, 
witnessing Garden's Barnes and 

5667
04:53:11,100 --> 04:53:14,800
personal property consumed by 
Union torches or opportunistic 

5668
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:17,800
soldiers. 
Sherman's official position, was

5669
04:53:17,800 --> 04:53:21,200
that his troops should only 
target items with military or 

5670
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:24,500
logistical significance? 
In practice those boundaries 

5671
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:26,900
quickly became unclear years 
later. 

5672
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:30,900
The question lingered were these
acts Justified militarily or 

5673
04:53:30,900 --> 04:53:34,400
simply a vengeful Rampage. 
Sherman supporters claimed that 

5674
04:53:34,408 --> 04:53:37,700
the confederacy's capacity to 
fight relied on its Agricultural

5675
04:53:37,700 --> 04:53:41,600
and Industrial resources. 
Rendering such destruction are 

5676
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:44,900
regrettable necessity. 
Critics argued that the campaign

5677
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:47,900
violated moral boundaries by 
punishing innocent civilians. 

5678
04:53:47,900 --> 04:53:51,200
Sherman believed that only by 
breaking the South's ability and

5679
04:53:51,200 --> 04:53:53,700
determination to fight. 
Could the wars violence, be 

5680
04:53:53,700 --> 04:53:57,000
decisively ended. 
Sherman's forces entered 

5681
04:53:57,000 --> 04:54:01,300
Savannah on December the 20th, 
1864 facing minimal resistance. 

5682
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:05,400
He sent a telegram to President 
Lincoln proposing the city of 

5683
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:09,300
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 
The capture of the nearly intact

5684
04:54:09,300 --> 04:54:11,800
Port offered a strategic base on
the Atlantic coast. 

5685
04:54:12,800 --> 04:54:16,600
Enabling Union forces to advance
into the Carolinas Northern 

5686
04:54:16,600 --> 04:54:20,300
newspapers, celebrated the 
success lauding Sherman as a 

5687
04:54:20,300 --> 04:54:23,600
master strategist, Southern 
newspapers erupted in Anger, 

5688
04:54:23,600 --> 04:54:25,800
portraying him as a ruthless 
Destroyer. 

5689
04:54:25,800 --> 04:54:29,300
Confederates civilians, 
criticized the perceived barber 

5690
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:33,500
in Diaries and letters while 
some Northern voices discomfort 

5691
04:54:33,500 --> 04:54:37,300
at the campaigns brutality. 
The union War Machine continued 

5692
04:54:37,300 --> 04:54:41,100
and Sherman's prominence grew in
early 1865. 

5693
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:43,600
Sherman, turn north to unite 
with Grant. 

5694
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:47,000
The Carolinas campaign sought to
pressure Confederate resources 

5695
04:54:47,000 --> 04:54:50,000
from a new angle. 
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 

5696
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:53,900
Lee's army between two. 
Formidable Union forces as his 

5697
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:57,400
men move through South Carolina,
the birthplace of secession 

5698
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,000
Sherman's tactics became even 
harsher. 

5699
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:05,400
In February 1865, Columbia 
burned with ongoing debate over 

5700
04:55:05,400 --> 04:55:07,900
where the union or Confederate, 
forces started the fire. 

5701
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:13,300
Sherman denied starting the fire
but suspicion remains woven into

5702
04:55:13,300 --> 04:55:15,800
local, tales that the union 
intentionally set, a blaze, the 

5703
04:55:15,808 --> 04:55:19,100
birthplace of rebellion. 
Sherman advanced in North 

5704
04:55:19,100 --> 04:55:22,500
Carolina with a slightly softer 
approach, recognizing that the 

5705
04:55:22,508 --> 04:55:26,100
state had not been as eager to 
see the South Carolina, the 

5706
04:55:26,100 --> 04:55:29,400
operational logic. 
Persisted weakened Confederate 

5707
04:55:29,400 --> 04:55:32,900
capabilities, disrupt, railroads
and harassed. 

5708
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:35,700
The demoralized southern forces 
in April. 

5709
04:55:35,700 --> 04:55:39,000
It was reported that Lee's army 
of Northern Virginia surrendered

5710
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:42,400
to granted at Appomattox 
Sherman's men sent the war was 

5711
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:45,700
nearing its conclusion, hopes 
rose that they could finish the 

5712
04:55:45,700 --> 04:55:49,100
campaign without more major. 
Clashes an unforeseen twist 

5713
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:52,100
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 
assassinated President Lincoln 

5714
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:57,300
on April 14th 1865, shockingly 
entire Union, High command, 

5715
04:55:57,300 --> 04:56:01,200
grief and anger surged through 
Sherman's ranks. 

5716
04:56:02,000 --> 04:56:05,400
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 
with confederate general, Joseph

5717
04:56:05,400 --> 04:56:08,400
E Johnston in North Carolina 
became increasingly strained. 

5718
04:56:09,100 --> 04:56:12,900
Sherman aiming for a quick 
reconciliation proposed terms 

5719
04:56:12,900 --> 04:56:15,500
that many in Washington viewed 
as excessively generous 

5720
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:18,800
including political concessions 
that exceeded his authority. 

5721
04:56:18,800 --> 04:56:22,600
The war department shaken by 
Lincoln's assassination and 

5722
04:56:22,600 --> 04:56:25,700
favoring tougher actions 
rejected Shermans agreement. 

5723
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:29,000
Reports suggested that Sherman 
was either naive or 

5724
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:31,900
overreaching. 
The Fiasco, briefly damaged, his

5725
04:56:31,900 --> 04:56:34,800
reputation. 
A revised negotiation resulted 

5726
04:56:34,800 --> 04:56:37,000
in Johnston. 
Surrender on April 26th, 

5727
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:41,300
effectively ending the war in 
the Carolinas, Sherman's desire 

5728
04:56:41,300 --> 04:56:43,500
to heal wounds quickly 
conflicted with the mood in 

5729
04:56:43,500 --> 04:56:46,300
Washington creating 
misunderstanding that would 

5730
04:56:46,300 --> 04:56:49,500
persist for years. 
Despite the friction points, the

5731
04:56:49,500 --> 04:56:52,900
north celebrated Sherman as a 
hero, his soldiers, admired him 

5732
04:56:52,908 --> 04:56:56,500
referring to him as Uncle Billy 
impressed by his Relentless 

5733
04:56:56,500 --> 04:56:58,500
energy and talent for boosting 
morale. 

5734
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:01,800
Southerners condemned him as the
cause of Devastation. 

5735
04:57:01,800 --> 04:57:05,900
You really attempted to soften 
that image stating that war was 

5736
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:08,600
cruelty and efforts to refine. 
It were pointless. 

5737
04:57:09,800 --> 04:57:12,400
That straightforward view shaped
his strategic approach. 

5738
04:57:12,400 --> 04:57:15,600
Sherman believed that war should
be pursued with full commitment 

5739
04:57:15,600 --> 04:57:19,700
or not at all after the fall 
Sherman oversaw, military 

5740
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:22,200
districts in the South 
attempting to maintain order 

5741
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:25,200
during reconstructions tumult. 
you found the political 

5742
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:29,100
squabbling exhausting, favoring 
direct military leadership over 

5743
04:57:29,100 --> 04:57:32,600
the complexities of civil 
policy, Sherman's Legacy was 

5744
04:57:32,600 --> 04:57:34,500
solidified by his wartime 
campaigns. 

5745
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:37,200
Despite the post-war 
complexities that overshadowed 

5746
04:57:37,200 --> 04:57:39,200
it. 
The challenge for him. 

5747
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:42,500
And for the nation was how to 
address the resentment caused by

5748
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:46,100
Total War, while also focusing 
on rebuilding a unified country.

5749
04:57:47,000 --> 04:57:50,300
After hostilities concluded, 
William to come to Sherman 

5750
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:52,800
expected. 
The clear structure of wartime 

5751
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:55,400
command to translate into a 
simple post-war position. 

5752
04:57:55,400 --> 04:57:59,400
However, the aftermath of 
conflict, rarely produces smooth

5753
04:57:59,400 --> 04:58:03,300
transitions in 1865. 
He was appointed commander of 

5754
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,200
the military division of the 
Mississippi covering most of the

5755
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:10,100
devastated South During 
Reconstruction conflicts arose, 

5756
04:58:10,100 --> 04:58:12,700
between President and Andrew 
Johnson's, conciliatory, 

5757
04:58:12,700 --> 04:58:15,600
approach, and the severe demands
of Radical Republicans and 

5758
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:18,600
Congress. 
Sherman proceeded gingerly in 

5759
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:21,300
this climate avoiding political 
disputes. 

5760
04:58:22,000 --> 04:58:24,900
Constantly differed with civil 
officials and politicians about 

5761
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:27,400
how to best manage the amounts 
of painted African American 

5762
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:30,300
population. 
Former Confederates and the 

5763
04:58:30,308 --> 04:58:33,400
regions destroyed 
infrastructure, Sherman believes

5764
04:58:33,400 --> 04:58:36,600
the Army's job was to maintain 
order, not to influence, the 

5765
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:40,500
inevitable social upheaval. 
He questioned whether Union 

5766
04:58:40,500 --> 04:58:42,600
troops should remain in the 
South indefinitely. 

5767
04:58:42,600 --> 04:58:44,800
Citing the lack of a quick way 
to heal. 

5768
04:58:44,808 --> 04:58:48,100
Grave wounds his reluctance to 
fully Embrace reconstruction 

5769
04:58:48,100 --> 04:58:50,500
ideas. 
Frustrated, radical reformers, 

5770
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:53,200
who wanted strong Federal 
enforcement of civil rights, 

5771
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:56,800
white Southerners, apprehensive 
of the northern presents 

5772
04:58:56,800 --> 04:59:01,300
frequently, opposed even basic 
Army commands understanding that

5773
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:02,500
he was in a precarious 
situation. 

5774
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:06,900
Sherman, sought solace in his 
family life in 1866. 

5775
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:10,800
He relocated Saint Louis. 
Missouri, to oversee the 

5776
04:59:10,808 --> 04:59:14,100
military division of Missouri. 
The territory stretched from the

5777
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:16,100
Mississippi River to the 
Rockies. 

5778
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:20,400
Conflict Fred Westwood as 
American expansion collided with

5779
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:23,900
numerous indigenous groups. 
Sherman's orders, required him 

5780
04:59:23,900 --> 04:59:26,800
to protect settlers and 
railroads, which frequently 

5781
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:29,400
resulted in battles with tribes 
that opposed the invasion of 

5782
04:59:29,408 --> 04:59:31,900
their areas. 
This period of Sherman's career 

5783
04:59:31,900 --> 04:59:33,600
is not as well. 
Known as his Civil War 

5784
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:36,400
achievements. 
Native people beset with 

5785
04:59:36,408 --> 04:59:39,700
violated treaties and forced 
relocations met Sherman. 

5786
04:59:39,700 --> 04:59:43,100
A military figure, who advocated
employing, Superior, Force to 

5787
04:59:43,100 --> 04:59:45,900
achieve Federal objectives 
Sherman's perspective. 

5788
04:59:45,900 --> 04:59:48,500
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his
entire War philosophy. 

5789
04:59:48,500 --> 04:59:52,800
Decisively smash resistance to 
minimize prolonged Carnage. 

5790
04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:55,400
He ordered campaigns that 
destroyed communities, 

5791
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:59,200
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 
pushed people onto reserve's 

5792
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:02,600
historians decried. 
His measures likening them to 

5793
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:05,900
his previous scorched. 
Earth policies, Sherman strategy

5794
05:00:05,900 --> 05:00:09,700
was straightforward. 
Smash any opposition as quickly 

5795
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:13,200
and decisively as possible. 
He perceived, no, ethical 

5796
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:15,900
dilemma in forcefully. 
Displaying indigenous people's 

5797
05:00:15,900 --> 05:00:17,800
in pursuit of the nation's 
ultimate goal. 

5798
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:21,800
This unwavering stance cemented,
his reputation as a sort of 

5799
05:00:21,808 --> 05:00:25,200
strong answers. 
Changes in Washington impacted 

5800
05:00:25,200 --> 05:00:29,700
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 
S Grant became president in 1869

5801
05:00:29,700 --> 05:00:32,700
and Sherman was appointed 
Commanding General of the United

5802
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:36,300
States Army, His new position 
allowed wide oversight of 

5803
05:00:36,300 --> 05:00:39,100
military operations but 
disagreements with the water 

5804
05:00:39,100 --> 05:00:42,200
department arose fast. 
Sherman believed that the line 

5805
05:00:42,200 --> 05:00:45,000
of command was harmed by 
civilian authorities, desire for

5806
05:00:45,000 --> 05:00:46,600
greater control, over Army 
matters. 

5807
05:00:47,400 --> 05:00:49,900
The tension Rose under Secretary
of War, William W. 

5808
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:53,300
Belknap who resigned under 
scandal? 

5809
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,300
Sherman's private letters into 
this displeasure with the 

5810
05:00:57,308 --> 05:01:00,000
political maliar and a desire 
for the discipline. 

5811
05:01:00,000 --> 05:01:03,800
Cooperation of wartime Sherman 
suffered family issues. 

5812
05:01:03,800 --> 05:01:07,500
Ellen, hailed from a devout 
Catholic household where a 

5813
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:10,300
Sherman had no interest in 
organized religion, there are 

5814
05:01:10,300 --> 05:01:12,400
opposing viewpoints 
occasionally, produced tension, 

5815
05:01:12,400 --> 05:01:17,000
one son, Willie died, tragically
during the war leaving an 

5816
05:01:17,000 --> 05:01:19,800
emotional scar on the family and
other son Thomas. 

5817
05:01:19,800 --> 05:01:23,300
Ewing, Sherman became a Jesuit 
priest, which Sherman? 

5818
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:26,200
Reluctantly accepted Sherman 
composed. 

5819
05:01:26,200 --> 05:01:29,000
His Memoirs during these changes
and they were first published in

5820
05:01:29,000 --> 05:01:33,200
1875. 
This two volume book, Memoirs of

5821
05:01:33,200 --> 05:01:36,000
General William t-shirt and 
gives a plain account of his 

5822
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:39,700
life from birth until the Civil 
War critics praised, its 

5823
05:01:39,700 --> 05:01:42,500
readability, and honesty. 
While several expressed concern 

5824
05:01:42,500 --> 05:01:45,900
about a mission and biases. 
He openly said at the outset 

5825
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:49,100
that he would report of events 
as he saw them, regardless of 

5826
05:01:49,100 --> 05:01:53,200
whether they Disturbed anyone, 
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 

5827
05:01:53,200 --> 05:01:55,700
perception of him as a general 
who believed in direct action 

5828
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:59,100
and open communication. 
Sherman, headed, an army that 

5829
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:01,500
was struggling to find its place
in a changing country in the 

5830
05:02:01,508 --> 05:02:04,800
1870s. 
Industrialization accelerated 

5831
05:02:04,800 --> 05:02:08,100
questions about global 
development arose and the 

5832
05:02:08,100 --> 05:02:11,900
frontier vanished. 
The Army shrank overshadowed by 

5833
05:02:11,900 --> 05:02:14,800
new Millionaires and the 
volatile politics of the Gilded 

5834
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:17,300
Age. 
Sherman frequently, bemoan that 

5835
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:19,400
the populace had grown 
complacent about National 

5836
05:02:19,400 --> 05:02:22,300
Defense. 
Ignoring the painful lessons of 

5837
05:02:22,300 --> 05:02:26,000
the Civil War in quieter 
moments, he realized that a 

5838
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:28,700
diminished Army presence was 
precisely what a reunited 

5839
05:02:28,700 --> 05:02:31,600
country needed. 
Even if it left him feeling a 

5840
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:36,100
little lost, the great Railroad 
Strike of 1877, which saw 

5841
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:38,500
federal troops dispatched to 
quell labor unrest. 

5842
05:02:39,300 --> 05:02:41,300
Was the final major dispute of 
his tenure. 

5843
05:02:42,300 --> 05:02:45,000
Sherman struck a compromise 
between compassion for workers 

5844
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:47,000
concerns and then City for 
order. 

5845
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:50,200
Directing a reaction that sought
to minimize Bloodshed. 

5846
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:53,600
The incident pointed as a new 
sort of internal conflict 

5847
05:02:53,600 --> 05:02:58,400
industrial turmoil, supplying 
sectional conflicts Sherman 

5848
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:02,000
noted for his directness and 
rigidity was reminded that war 

5849
05:03:02,000 --> 05:03:04,600
is never static. 
It changes with the intricacies 

5850
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:09,100
of civilization As the 1880s 
began William to come to Sherman

5851
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:13,300
entered retirement but stayed a 
notable public figure in 1882 he

5852
05:03:13,300 --> 05:03:16,800
stepped down as Commanding 
General concluding nearly 20 

5853
05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:19,400
years of consistent leadership 
in a transforming Army. 

5854
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:23,600
Civic groups, lecture circuits 
and political activists often 

5855
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:26,000
pursued him. 
Some urged him to run for 

5856
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:28,500
president thinking. 
His combat experience and 

5857
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:31,400
integrity would resonate with 
Americans Sherman famously 

5858
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:35,100
declined stating. 
I will not accept if nominated 

5859
05:03:35,100 --> 05:03:38,300
and will not serve if elected 
the statement reflected his 

5860
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:40,900
post-war identity as a someone 
who had witnessed the harsh 

5861
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:43,900
reality of politics, leading him
to avoid more profound 

5862
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:46,500
involvement. 
His reluctance to run for 

5863
05:03:46,500 --> 05:03:48,300
government came from several 
factors. 

5864
05:03:48,300 --> 05:03:51,600
He was wary of the constant 
maneuvering that characterized 

5865
05:03:51,600 --> 05:03:54,600
national elections. 
His straightforward attitude 

5866
05:03:54,600 --> 05:03:57,300
conflicted with the need to 
appease groups and trade favors.

5867
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,800
He understood that his 
reputation forged through tough 

5868
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:03,500
tactics in Georgia and the 
Carolinas could provoke 

5869
05:04:03,500 --> 05:04:05,900
significant backlash in the 
South and among moderate 

5870
05:04:05,900 --> 05:04:08,900
Northern voters. 
He felt his skills were better 

5871
05:04:08,908 --> 05:04:11,600
suited for organizing and 
leading and challenging 

5872
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:14,500
situations rather than in 
standard governance. 

5873
05:04:14,500 --> 05:04:18,600
Negotiations Sherman traveled 
extensively, giving speeches on 

5874
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,600
Civil War events, and promoting 
a strong practical military 

5875
05:04:21,600 --> 05:04:25,500
policy, even after leaving 
formal duties, he seldom 

5876
05:04:25,500 --> 05:04:29,300
softened his remarks a veterans 
reunions, he portrayed the 

5877
05:04:29,308 --> 05:04:32,800
stern, Uncle reminding formats, 
that war was not a glorious 

5878
05:04:32,800 --> 05:04:35,300
Adventure. 
He emphasized to Young audiences

5879
05:04:35,300 --> 05:04:38,500
that the Civil War was much more
complex than just heroes and 

5880
05:04:38,500 --> 05:04:41,000
villains. 
He stood firm in his decisions 

5881
05:04:41,000 --> 05:04:43,700
asserting that his aggressive 
campaigns had reduced the 

5882
05:04:43,700 --> 05:04:46,500
conflicts length. 
He was honest about his views on

5883
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:49,700
reconstructions outcomes, he 
observed the South's economic 

5884
05:04:49,700 --> 05:04:53,300
recovery, the emergence of Jim 
Crow laws and ongoing social 

5885
05:04:53,300 --> 05:04:57,300
inequalities he did not advocate
for radical solutions to racial 

5886
05:04:57,300 --> 05:05:01,000
disparity viewing, it mainly. 
As a civilian issue, some 

5887
05:05:01,000 --> 05:05:04,000
critics viewed Sherman's 
attitude as a veces claiming he 

5888
05:05:04,000 --> 05:05:05,700
was dodging moral 
responsibility. 

5889
05:05:05,700 --> 05:05:08,900
He said, his name was to 
preserve the union, not to 

5890
05:05:08,900 --> 05:05:11,900
create an equal Society. 
Well though Sherman was 

5891
05:05:11,900 --> 05:05:14,400
strategically skilled his 
limited view on. 

5892
05:05:14,408 --> 05:05:17,700
Social fairness reflects the 
shortcomings of his era which is

5893
05:05:17,700 --> 05:05:21,600
clear in hindsight. 
Now the same time narrative is 

5894
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:23,400
about his private life became 
gentler. 

5895
05:05:23,400 --> 05:05:27,700
He enjoyed engaging with former 
allies Especially Ulysses, S 

5896
05:05:27,700 --> 05:05:31,100
Grant whose presidency concluded
amid controversy and failure. 

5897
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:34,800
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 
honoring their bond from the war

5898
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:37,900
despite any controversies, they 
occasionally gathered to voice 

5899
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:40,500
their discontent regarding how 
their legacies turned into 

5900
05:05:40,500 --> 05:05:45,100
political issues. when grant 
deed in 1885 Sherman mourned 

5901
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:48,500
publicly, delivering eulogies 
that highlighted Loyalty, The 

5902
05:05:48,500 --> 05:05:52,200
Virtue that had United them, 
through numerous conflicts, In 

5903
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:55,300
the 1880s, new Industries and 
Technologies, captured public 

5904
05:05:55,300 --> 05:05:59,100
attention railroaded. 
The continent telephones, 

5905
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:01,500
connected people, and 
corporations grew. 

5906
05:06:02,800 --> 05:06:05,800
Sherman felt torn after 
observing these changes, he 

5907
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:08,500
appreciated America's ambition 
for growth, but worried about 

5908
05:06:08,500 --> 05:06:12,200
possible, societal instability. 
The great Railroad Strike 

5909
05:06:12,200 --> 05:06:14,600
indicated, Rising unrest among 
industrial workers. 

5910
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:18,100
He warned that class tensions 
were handled correctly. 

5911
05:06:18,100 --> 05:06:20,800
They could erupt violently 
though. 

5912
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:23,800
He wasn't an economist 
identified conflict patterns, 

5913
05:06:23,800 --> 05:06:26,500
and warned political leaders 
that neglecting labor demands 

5914
05:06:26,500 --> 05:06:29,400
could lead to chaos, similar to 
the devastation of War. 

5915
05:06:30,300 --> 05:06:33,200
Sherman, who relocated to New 
York City later in the decade 

5916
05:06:33,200 --> 05:06:36,700
joined various clubs and wrote 
letters condemning the rise of 

5917
05:06:36,708 --> 05:06:39,900
Sensational journalism. 
He was accustomed to Media 

5918
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:42,500
scrutiny during the war. 
He was portrayed as either a 

5919
05:06:42,500 --> 05:06:46,800
hero or a criminal tabloids 
thrived on sensationalism making

5920
05:06:46,800 --> 05:06:50,200
him cautious about interviews. 
Young journalists sought his 

5921
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:53,500
views on military issues. 
He emphasized that future Wars 

5922
05:06:53,500 --> 05:06:55,500
could lead to unimaginable 
destruction. 

5923
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:59,500
If not quickly contained 
particularly with Advanced 

5924
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:03,500
Weaponry, he insisted that the 
only real strategy was to either

5925
05:07:03,500 --> 05:07:05,700
fully engage in war or not at 
all. 

5926
05:07:07,300 --> 05:07:09,000
Sherman's Health declined as he 
got older. 

5927
05:07:09,900 --> 05:07:13,600
Stiff joints, persistent pain 
years of fatigue, in uniform 

5928
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:16,600
consumed him. 
He refused to disguise himself 

5929
05:07:16,600 --> 05:07:20,600
as a weak elderly General. 
He walked through the streets of

5930
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:23,200
Manhattan in casual clothes 
tipping his hat. 

5931
05:07:23,200 --> 05:07:26,100
To those who noticed his 
distinctive gray hair, he 

5932
05:07:26,100 --> 05:07:27,900
visited West Point and other 
Army locations. 

5933
05:07:27,900 --> 05:07:32,100
Rarely providing straightforward
advice train with discipline. 

5934
05:07:32,100 --> 05:07:34,700
That hope you never have to use 
it in a civil war. 

5935
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:37,000
Listeners felt that beneath his 
tough. 

5936
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:41,200
Exterior would deep wounds Shake
by the harsh realities of war in

5937
05:07:41,200 --> 05:07:43,300
his late years. 
The people embraced him as a 

5938
05:07:43,300 --> 05:07:46,700
grandfather figure his once. 
Fierce demeanor mellowed over 

5939
05:07:46,700 --> 05:07:50,100
time fundamentally, he was the 
man who bravely marched through 

5940
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,700
Georgia firmly, believing that 
such harshness was essential. 

5941
05:07:54,400 --> 05:07:57,900
In the evolving landscape of 
modern America, William to come 

5942
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:01,000
to Sherman remained prominent 
his influence softened rather 

5943
05:08:01,000 --> 05:08:03,600
than faded. 
A reminder of when cities 

5944
05:08:03,600 --> 05:08:06,800
trembled at the sight of 
blue-clad troops, William to 

5945
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:09,800
comes as Sherman spent his final
months in New York, surrounded 

5946
05:08:09,800 --> 05:08:13,100
by family and friends. 
He was stoic, Yeti occasionally,

5947
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:16,000
made sad remarks about how the 
Civil War ruined his reputation.

5948
05:08:16,000 --> 05:08:19,600
He recognized that for many 
Southerners, his name, 

5949
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:22,900
symbolized Terror, a reminder of
burned houses, ruined, 

5950
05:08:22,900 --> 05:08:26,700
railroads, and the unrelenting. 
March of Union forces to many 

5951
05:08:26,700 --> 05:08:29,500
particularly in the north, he 
was the driving Factor behind 

5952
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:32,200
the confederacies demise 
ultimately sparing. 

5953
05:08:32,200 --> 05:08:35,700
Many lives by ending the war. 
The dichotomy left him. 

5954
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:40,300
Resigned historical assessments 
are rarely balanced, especially 

5955
05:08:40,300 --> 05:08:42,800
for those who shape conflict in 
new disputed ways. 

5956
05:08:42,800 --> 05:08:46,400
Sherman became ill with 
pneumonia, in January 1891, 

5957
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:49,700
doctors tried to restore his 
health, but difficulties 

5958
05:08:49,700 --> 05:08:52,200
occurred by early February. 
It was clear. 

5959
05:08:52,200 --> 05:08:55,700
He was unlikely to recover, he 
faced his decline, discreetly 

5960
05:08:55,700 --> 05:08:58,700
the stewing, some treatments, 
and facing his mortality. 

5961
05:08:58,700 --> 05:09:02,100
With the same candle. 
He used in strategy Family 

5962
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:04,800
members watched him closely 
recalling how the once 

5963
05:09:04,800 --> 05:09:07,700
Unstoppable man appeared weak 
under the light of the bedside 

5964
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:11,100
lamp. 
He died on February 14th, 1891 

5965
05:09:11,100 --> 05:09:15,900
at the age of 71 new spread 
across the country Southerners 

5966
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:18,700
reacted, calmly to the 
announcement, some newspapers, 

5967
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,700
ran brief obituaries, While 
others recalled, the misery 

5968
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:25,800
caused in the north. 
Praises poured in hailing him as

5969
05:09:25,800 --> 05:09:28,400
a hero who broke the wars 
Illusions and drove the South to

5970
05:09:28,400 --> 05:09:31,100
its knees. 
Foreign commentators reflected 

5971
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:34,200
on how the American Civil War 
influenced worldwide military 

5972
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:36,900
thinking. 
Observing that Sherman's death 

5973
05:09:36,900 --> 05:09:39,700
marked, the end of an era of 
bold large-scale. 

5974
05:09:39,700 --> 05:09:42,900
Maneuver a Warfare. 
Sherman's funeral in New York, 

5975
05:09:42,900 --> 05:09:46,100
Drew massive crowds to the 
streets veterans, wearing 

5976
05:09:46,100 --> 05:09:49,700
uniforms saluted, the car skit. 
Young observers were captivated 

5977
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:52,300
by The Legend and listened to 
Serious comments from generals. 

5978
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,500
Who had served under him. 
The Army provided full honors as

5979
05:09:55,500 --> 05:09:57,000
a final. 
Homage to the man, whose 

5980
05:09:57,000 --> 05:09:59,500
worldview was defined by his 
dedication to duty. 

5981
05:09:59,500 --> 05:10:02,700
Pall, bearers included, notable 
Civic and Military figures, 

5982
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,800
emphasizing his life's impact on
American growth. 

5983
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:09,200
They brought his remains to 
Saint Louis with quiet solemnity

5984
05:10:09,200 --> 05:10:13,400
where he was buried alongside 
his wife, Ellen who had died a 

5985
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,400
few years before afterward 
newspapers and magazines began 

5986
05:10:16,400 --> 05:10:20,300
to look back writers debated 
morality and necessity did 

5987
05:10:20,300 --> 05:10:23,300
Germans campaigns enhance combat
or spark new conflicts. 

5988
05:10:24,100 --> 05:10:27,000
Some editorial lists credited 
him with inventing the concept 

5989
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:31,600
of modern Total War emphasizing 
how entire communities not just 

5990
05:10:31,600 --> 05:10:34,400
soldiers become involved in 
massive Warfare. 

5991
05:10:35,300 --> 05:10:37,800
Some voiced worried about the 
impact on civilian life and 

5992
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:40,800
property claiming that his 
approach called into question, 

5993
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:43,800
the ethics of War military 
academies around the world 

5994
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:46,600
evaluated. 
His Maneuvers adopting or 

5995
05:10:46,600 --> 05:10:50,600
criticizing his ideas before 
World War 1 German officers 

5996
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:53,900
thoroughly researched the march 
to the sea to establish their 

5997
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:56,700
philosophy. 
Sherman's notion that war should

5998
05:10:56,708 --> 05:10:59,700
be conducted. 
Decisively eliminating Illusions

5999
05:10:59,700 --> 05:11:03,300
and safe Haven's as far-reaching
consequences Beyond American 

6000
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:06,000
borders. 
Many nations romanticized, 

6001
05:11:06,000 --> 05:11:08,200
Notions of combat, would 
conflict with the brutal 

6002
05:11:08,200 --> 05:11:10,800
reality. 
He highlighted Decades. 

6003
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:13,700
Later, European nations would 
participate in even more 

6004
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:16,800
devastating Wars prompting. 
The question was Sherman. 

6005
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:19,400
A Visionary, a prophet of 
mechanized destruction. 

6006
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:22,800
Personal stories about Uncle, 
Billy will well known among 

6007
05:11:22,800 --> 05:11:26,100
aging, Union, veterans, 
anecdotes show him pausing to 

6008
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:28,600
speak with a terrified child or 
having a humble lunch with a 

6009
05:11:28,608 --> 05:11:31,400
rural household. 
These pieces attempted to 

6010
05:11:31,400 --> 05:11:33,900
portray the man who was 
frequently despised by many 

6011
05:11:33,900 --> 05:11:36,700
Southerners. 
Historians who read his letters 

6012
05:11:36,700 --> 05:11:40,300
discovered that he had a comic 
side frequently calming tense 

6013
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:44,500
situations with dry humor 
contradictions are bound a kind 

6014
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:47,400
Father Figure to his men and 
unrelenting Terror to his 

6015
05:11:47,400 --> 05:11:50,200
adversaries and a scathing 
critic of half measures in 

6016
05:11:50,200 --> 05:11:53,100
combat. 
Sherman along with Grant Lee and

6017
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:56,300
Jackson was recognized as 
pivotal figures in the Civil War

6018
05:11:56,300 --> 05:12:00,800
over time, statues appeared some
in the north depicting him on 

6019
05:12:00,800 --> 05:12:03,600
Horseback with a determined 
expression and fewer in the 

6020
05:12:03,608 --> 05:12:06,500
South where he was frequently 
overshadowed by Local Heroes. 

6021
05:12:07,500 --> 05:12:10,000
The older generation that lived 
through the conflict as died 

6022
05:12:10,000 --> 05:12:12,300
away. 
Leaving a legacy characterized 

6023
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:15,200
by textbooks speeches and 
Battlefield tours. 

6024
05:12:16,000 --> 05:12:18,400
Sherman's historical 
significance, was substantial, 

6025
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:20,000
but challenging for a nascent 
Nation. 

6026
05:12:20,900 --> 05:12:23,300
Historians developed fresh 
perspectives over time. 

6027
05:12:23,300 --> 05:12:26,800
Some of them investigated the 
cycle impact of the Florida 

6028
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:30,500
Wetlands on the youngest, son of
suggested that his family's 

6029
05:12:30,500 --> 05:12:32,800
links to Thomas, Ewing had an 
important impact on his early 

6030
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:35,600
success. 
Many questioned his performance 

6031
05:12:35,600 --> 05:12:38,400
during the Indian Wars 
questioning, how a commander 

6032
05:12:38,400 --> 05:12:41,100
known for defending the union 
could Advocate harsh measures 

6033
05:12:41,100 --> 05:12:44,200
against indigenous tribes, these
layers under School. 

6034
05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:47,900
The complexities of his life, he
was neither a simple hero or a 

6035
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:51,700
villain, but rather, a figure of
a changing America managing 

6036
05:12:51,700 --> 05:12:55,300
crises technological 
developments and expanding from 

6037
05:12:55,300 --> 05:12:58,000
tears. 
Sherman's name conjures up, 

6038
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:01,600
pictures of Relentless columns 
flaming Depots and a war that 

6039
05:13:01,600 --> 05:13:04,500
changed the face of conflict. 
William to comes. 

6040
05:13:04,500 --> 05:13:07,400
A Sherman is still regarded as a
key character in The Civil War, 

6041
05:13:07,400 --> 05:13:11,400
Pantheon, yet views of his 
actions continue to shift over 

6042
05:13:11,400 --> 05:13:16,500
130 years after his death, 
historians military Scholars and

6043
05:13:16,500 --> 05:13:18,700
interested. 
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 

6044
05:13:18,708 --> 05:13:22,100
search of nuanced insights. 
Many people are talking about 

6045
05:13:22,100 --> 05:13:26,100
his hard War Theory, which holds
that determinator struggle and 

6046
05:13:26,100 --> 05:13:28,300
Nation must attack. 
The opponent's ability to 

6047
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:31,800
sustain itself rather than 
simply defeating forces in open 

6048
05:13:31,800 --> 05:13:35,900
battle His Effectiveness in this
area is widely attributed to 

6049
05:13:35,900 --> 05:13:37,600
hastening the confederacies 
demise. 

6050
05:13:38,500 --> 05:13:41,500
Sherman's technique's sometimes 
compared to those used in 20th 

6051
05:13:41,500 --> 05:13:45,200
century total conflicts in which
entire economies and civilian 

6052
05:13:45,200 --> 05:13:47,900
populations are targeted 
critics, questioned. 

6053
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:50,800
If the practice establishes a 
troubling precedent that moral 

6054
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:53,200
barriers can be crossed for the 
sake of expediency. 

6055
05:13:54,000 --> 05:13:56,600
Others argue that Sherman's, 
tough attitude, undoubtedly 

6056
05:13:56,600 --> 05:14:00,100
shortened, the walls duration 
preventing thousands of further 

6057
05:14:00,100 --> 05:14:03,500
Battlefield casualties. 
When military doctrines develop 

6058
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:07,000
the on Frontline, engagements 
the tension between practicality

6059
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:09,000
and morality become increasingly
essential. 

6060
05:14:10,000 --> 05:14:12,900
In the South memories of Sherman
are still shaped by 

6061
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:15,900
generational. 
Stories families, carry down 

6062
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:19,200
stories about ancestors. 
Who lost my houses animals. 

6063
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:22,900
Were Enterprises along his path 
museums in Georgia, South 

6064
05:14:22,900 --> 05:14:25,500
Carolina and other states. 
Periodically display, 

6065
05:14:25,500 --> 05:14:29,100
exhibitions about the march to 
the Seas local influence, some 

6066
05:14:29,100 --> 05:14:31,500
historians work to differentiate
myth from reality. 

6067
05:14:31,500 --> 05:14:35,800
And was not every fire was 
started by a Union soldier nor 

6068
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:40,000
was every structured torched. 
However, the cycle of an 

6069
05:14:40,000 --> 05:14:43,000
Unstoppable Army marching across
the countryside was evident 

6070
05:14:43,800 --> 05:14:47,200
Meanwhile, Northern cities that 
formerly supported him attempt 

6071
05:14:47,200 --> 05:14:50,800
to analyze his full Legacy. 
War memorials in areas like New 

6072
05:14:50,800 --> 05:14:53,600
York and Ohio depict him as a 
pivotal figure in the Union's 

6073
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:56,300
Deliverance. 
School textbooks, stress his 

6074
05:14:56,300 --> 05:14:59,000
Devotion, to Grant his 
operational genius. 

6075
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:02,600
And the conclusion, he helped 
bring to a war that threatened 

6076
05:15:02,600 --> 05:15:04,200
to fracture the country of 
Africa, Lee. 

6077
05:15:05,200 --> 05:15:08,000
A few paragraphs might describe 
how he disliked political power 

6078
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:11,100
and preferred clear command 
younger Generations. 

6079
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:15,500
Perceive nearly cinematic figure
prison Unstoppable, a 

6080
05:15:15,500 --> 05:15:18,600
contradiction of savagery and 
compassion who altered Americans

6081
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:22,000
perceptions of battle. 
Sherman's personal document. 

6082
05:15:22,900 --> 05:15:24,300
Which are preserved in 
libraries. 

6083
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,800
Illustrate the intricacies of 
his relationships letters to his

6084
05:15:28,800 --> 05:15:30,700
wife, Ellen express love, and 
parental care. 

6085
05:15:30,700 --> 05:15:33,400
Particularly when they lost 
their son, Willian Memphis, 

6086
05:15:34,500 --> 05:15:37,500
Correspondence with fellow 
officers illustrates the stress 

6087
05:15:37,500 --> 05:15:39,800
that weighed on him. 
Particularly in the Dark 

6088
05:15:39,800 --> 05:15:42,300
Knights, preceding important 
operations. 

6089
05:15:42,300 --> 05:15:45,200
There's a fleeting impression 
that beneath the stern 

6090
05:15:45,200 --> 05:15:48,100
General's. 
Public face a man struggled with

6091
05:15:48,100 --> 05:15:51,200
the internal reservations about 
the Unstoppable machine. 

6092
05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:55,900
He'd set in Motion in scholarly 
areas studies of reconstruction 

6093
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:59,400
address his post-war Deeds. 
Some argue that despite his 

6094
05:15:59,400 --> 05:16:02,600
ability to affect Southern 
reintegration, he mostly 

6095
05:16:02,600 --> 05:16:05,400
deferred to Civil Authorities 
and focused on limited Army 

6096
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:07,600
duties. 
Did he demonstrate smart 

6097
05:16:07,600 --> 05:16:09,600
statesmanship? 
Or did he allow systemic 

6098
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:13,100
Injustice to continue? 
The discussion continues, 

6099
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:17,100
according to the record Sherman 
considered himself, first and 

6100
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:20,000
foremost to Soldier. 
He rarely saw the Army as an 

6101
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:21,800
instrument for sweeping social 
engineering. 

6102
05:16:22,600 --> 05:16:25,500
This perspective aligning with 
his pragmatic approach 

6103
05:16:25,500 --> 05:16:29,000
significantly shaped the course 
of reconstruction, both 

6104
05:16:29,000 --> 05:16:32,000
positively and negatively, 
Sherman's image appears in 

6105
05:16:32,000 --> 05:16:35,200
novels documentaries and 
historical dramas, that aim to 

6106
05:16:35,208 --> 05:16:36,800
capture the passion of the Civil
War. 

6107
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:41,000
Filmmakers show, him poised on 
Horseback watching a horizon. 

6108
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,800
Tinged orange by fires or in 
frenetic staff meetings with 

6109
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:48,100
maps strewn out over. 
Rickety tables these portrayals 

6110
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:50,200
frequently exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

6111
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:54,400
But they reflect a long-standing
fascination with the man who 

6112
05:16:54,400 --> 05:16:58,500
accepted the brutal facts of war
and forced the South to taste. 

6113
05:16:58,500 --> 05:17:02,100
The bitter fruit of defeat the 
conflict between actuality and 

6114
05:17:02,100 --> 05:17:05,700
myth is rarely fully resolved. 
It's expressing the essence of a

6115
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:07,400
character who thrived on 
contradiction. 

6116
05:17:08,200 --> 05:17:11,800
Finally, Sherman story is a 
microcosm of American history in

6117
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:15,400
the mid-19th century, a country.
Stumbling from compromised, to 

6118
05:17:15,400 --> 05:17:18,100
come from Plantation debating, 
whether to remain a single 

6119
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:20,500
political unit or split 
irreparably. 

6120
05:17:21,300 --> 05:17:23,600
Sherman's life. 
Followed that trajectory from 

6121
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:26,000
Frontier, Boyhood to the 
Pinnacle of military leadership 

6122
05:17:26,000 --> 05:17:29,800
from the sorrow of personal loss
to the molding of an unwavering 

6123
05:17:29,800 --> 05:17:33,000
approach in The Crucible of 
battle. his traces are still 

6124
05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:36,200
visible, not only on Georgian 
territory but also in how 

6125
05:17:36,200 --> 05:17:38,900
American deals with the duties 
and costs of military conflict, 

6126
05:17:39,700 --> 05:17:43,100
For those looking for simple 
labels hero or villain Visionary

6127
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:46,100
or brute Sherman. 
Defies the mall reminding us 

6128
05:17:46,100 --> 05:17:49,100
that history is woven from the 
threads of both success and the 

6129
05:17:49,100 --> 05:17:51,800
tragedy. 
Sculpted by the Steely will of 

6130
05:17:51,808 --> 05:17:55,000
individuals who wants marched 
across the stage of an evolving 

6131
05:17:55,000 --> 05:18:10,300
National drama. 
Island 536, brother Kieran wakes

6132
05:18:10,300 --> 05:18:12,300
to a half light seeping through 
the shutters. 

6133
05:18:12,300 --> 05:18:15,900
Although it is Dawn, the sky 
still wears the same Grim shade 

6134
05:18:15,900 --> 05:18:18,400
as it did at dusk. 
In the monastery. 

6135
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:20,800
Kitchen, the last of the winter 
barley has been ground. 

6136
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:25,200
The coarse flour barely Rises 
when baked yielding a handful of

6137
05:18:25,200 --> 05:18:28,100
firm flatbread. 
He offers a loaf to a gaunt 

6138
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:31,200
Village at the gate, the man's 
Trembling Hands cradle it as 

6139
05:18:31,208 --> 05:18:34,700
though it were a feast, it is 
the only food Kieran can spare 

6140
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:39,300
all around coin more, the fields
like Baron by Beltane, they 

6141
05:18:39,300 --> 05:18:42,800
should be green with New Bali 
but instead patches of stunted 

6142
05:18:42,800 --> 05:18:45,100
Sprouts, struggle from Cold 
blighted Soil. 

6143
05:18:45,800 --> 05:18:48,700
A ragged woman clutching a 
silent Holloway child, begs 

6144
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:49,600
Kira. 
And for help. 

6145
05:18:50,300 --> 05:18:52,000
He closes his eyes and pained 
prayer. 

6146
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:54,100
Knowing the monasteries Granary 
is almost empty. 

6147
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:56,400
All winter. 
There were Whispers that the 

6148
05:18:56,400 --> 05:19:00,400
sun's lighted changed even now 
in Spring it glows weekly more 

6149
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:04,400
gray than gold giving no warmth.
At midday The Villages found no 

6150
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:07,700
Shadows following their feet on 
the ground. frosts came hard 

6151
05:19:07,700 --> 05:19:11,300
even after in bulk blackening, 
the early shoots Kieran crosses 

6152
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:14,500
himself recalling tales of the 
biblical plague of Darkness, but

6153
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:17,800
that lasted only three days 
whereas this malaise drags on 

6154
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:21,300
week after the week, Some of the
old monks murmur that it's as 

6155
05:19:21,300 --> 05:19:24,700
though the sky itself is a hide 
stretched over the Sun a 

6156
05:19:24,700 --> 05:19:28,300
Perpetual eclipse at times a 
fine grey Haze drift through the

6157
05:19:28,300 --> 05:19:31,500
air carrying a bitter smell. 
It has brought hunger and 

6158
05:19:31,500 --> 05:19:34,700
despair to their land, 
regardless of its cause To 

6159
05:19:34,700 --> 05:19:36,600
Kieran. 
It feels like the very air has 

6160
05:19:36,600 --> 05:19:39,500
turned against them. 
In the village cattle. 

6161
05:19:39,500 --> 05:19:42,700
Low with Hunger, many were 
slaughtered months ago because 

6162
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:46,500
there was no hay usual cheerful 
bird song of spring is muted. 

6163
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:51,000
Some mornings thick due lies, 
Frozen on the thatch unheard of 

6164
05:19:51,000 --> 05:19:54,800
this late in the year. 
That afternoon Kieran Ventures 

6165
05:19:54,800 --> 05:19:58,300
to the Village Chapel inside. 
It is crowded with peasants 

6166
05:19:58,300 --> 05:20:00,900
seeking Solace. 
The air is heavy with sweat and 

6167
05:20:00,900 --> 05:20:03,300
fear. 
He raises his hands and speaks 

6168
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:05,900
of job's, Trials of keeping 
faith through hardship. 

6169
05:20:05,900 --> 05:20:10,500
As he prays his voice wave as he
notices an old man in the back, 

6170
05:20:10,500 --> 05:20:13,700
not genuflecting. 
One of the few who still cling 

6171
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:16,300
to the old. 
Druidic ways the old man's eyes 

6172
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:20,000
is a clouded with accusation. 
Where is your god of light? 

6173
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:21,800
Now, the Elder croaks. 
When the prayers end. 

6174
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:24,700
No, others. 
Silver hand would sooner bring 

6175
05:20:24,700 --> 05:20:26,700
back the Sun than these Latin 
words. 

6176
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:31,100
A few villagers nod. 
Desperate for any remedy rumors 

6177
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:34,200
swirl of ancient rites on the 
hill offering to appease 

6178
05:20:34,200 --> 05:20:37,800
whatever Spirit has devoured. 
The sun Kieran, feels a spark of

6179
05:20:37,800 --> 05:20:41,000
anger, but mostly pity in this 
dark time. 

6180
05:20:41,000 --> 05:20:45,400
People grasp at any hope. 
That evening, a thin, rain falls

6181
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:49,400
barely moistening the harder. 
In the scripture of candle glow,

6182
05:20:49,400 --> 05:20:51,800
brother Kieran opens the 
Magnificent Chronicle. 

6183
05:20:51,800 --> 05:20:54,400
His quill hovers above the page 
for the year. 

6184
05:20:55,100 --> 05:20:58,400
How to summarize this living 
nightmare he dips in ink and 

6185
05:20:58,400 --> 05:21:03,600
rights and careful Latin script.
An odomy 5306 Fame panis in 

6186
05:21:03,600 --> 05:21:07,600
Hibernia. 
The year 536 was marked by a 

6187
05:21:07,600 --> 05:21:11,100
shortage of bread. 
The words feeling adequate me a 

6188
05:21:11,108 --> 05:21:14,200
scratching to Mark children die 
in their mother's arms, an 

6189
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:16,600
entire family is wandering in 
search of food that does not 

6190
05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:21,100
exist. and yet, he must record 
it for posterity as truthfully 

6191
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:25,900
and simply as the animals of old
His hand shakes with exhaustion 

6192
05:21:25,900 --> 05:21:28,500
before, blowing out the candle 
Kieran. 

6193
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:33,600
Adds a final thought in the 
margin Soul pallidus Supras EST.

6194
05:21:35,000 --> 05:21:38,200
The sun is pale of us outside. 
The rain stops. 

6195
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:42,300
The night is deathly quiet. 
Brother Kieran steps out and 

6196
05:21:42,300 --> 05:21:45,600
looks upward where he should see
a tapestry of stars. 

6197
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:49,700
There is only a dull Haze and 
the Ruddy disc of a moon drained

6198
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:52,200
of its Splendor. 
He thinks of the hungry faces, 

6199
05:21:52,200 --> 05:21:56,000
he saw today in the morning, he 
will venture father, maybe to 

6200
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:58,600
the next Valley to see if they 
fed him better. 

6201
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:02,000
Perhaps there will be news from 
Beyond the Seas, that could 

6202
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:04,700
explain this poll, or is it the 
Roth of God? 

6203
05:22:04,700 --> 05:22:08,800
He does not know. 
Pulling his thin, cloak tighter,

6204
05:22:08,800 --> 05:22:12,500
the monk Whispers as a human 
into the Gloom, it's Latin 

6205
05:22:12,500 --> 05:22:14,100
words. 
Tremble, with both doubt and 

6206
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:17,400
hope drifting upward in a world 
that is seemingly lost the sun. 

6207
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:23,700
In Constantinople Eastern, Roman
Empire, 536 Stephanos steps out 

6208
05:22:23,700 --> 05:22:26,000
of The Granary in to an eerie 
midday glue. 

6209
05:22:26,000 --> 05:22:29,700
The Forum of Constantine should 
be bright at this hour, but the 

6210
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:33,000
sun, hangs weak, in the sky, 
it's like pale, and without 

6211
05:22:33,000 --> 05:22:36,400
brightness Under The Colonnade, 
a brassiere has ignited. 

6212
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:40,100
Providing flickering light, 
where the sun cannot Normally at

6213
05:22:40,100 --> 05:22:42,900
noon, the great column Shadow 
would slice across the marble 

6214
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:44,900
pavement today. 
There is none. 

6215
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:49,800
It's Stefanos pauses red Ledger 
in hand and suppresses a shiver 

6216
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:52,900
in his 30 years in 
Constantinople, he has never 

6217
05:22:52,900 --> 05:22:55,500
seen the sun like this. 
It's as if the day has been 

6218
05:22:55,508 --> 05:22:59,200
swallowed by an endless eclipse,
He hurries through the Forum 

6219
05:22:59,200 --> 05:23:02,400
passing knots of anxious 
citizens at the steps of the 

6220
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:05,800
Hagia, Sophia construction site 
and not of laborers kneel in 

6221
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:09,900
prayer, tools Idol, even the 
patriarch has ordered continual 

6222
05:23:09,900 --> 05:23:13,200
prayers for fear that. 
God's anger is upon the empire 

6223
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:18,100
Stefanos does not stop as a 
junior, official of the grain 

6224
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:21,300
Dole Is duty is to assess the 
city's bread Supply. 

6225
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:24,600
And the news is grim reach 
shipments from Egypt of 

6226
05:23:24,600 --> 05:23:26,800
dwindled. 
The Harvest stopped, the Nile 

6227
05:23:26,800 --> 05:23:29,500
were poor. 
This year feels yielded Scout 

6228
05:23:29,500 --> 05:23:32,500
grain though. 
The Imperial granaries remain 

6229
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:36,600
full the customary, surpluses of
vanished, In the bread Market, 

6230
05:23:36,600 --> 05:23:40,700
he sees long cues of gaunt faces
and elderly woman, clutches her 

6231
05:23:40,700 --> 05:23:43,800
stomach muttering that famine. 
Now rides alongside War like the

6232
05:23:43,800 --> 05:23:47,200
black Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Stefanos silently crosses 

6233
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:48,700
himself at that quickening. 
His pace. 

6234
05:23:49,700 --> 05:23:52,200
Inside the Augustine, a cluster 
of senators. 

6235
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:56,100
Argues in low voices, Stefanos 
catches fragments, as he passes 

6236
05:23:56,100 --> 05:23:59,600
one laments, that the blighted 
son, which began during console,

6237
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:03,500
bellisario's year is a direman, 
another Frets. 

6238
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:06,800
That if the produce is destroyed
by this bad time, the legions 

6239
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:11,300
will starve Men, a free neither 
from war or pestilence nor any 

6240
05:24:11,300 --> 05:24:14,300
other thing leading to death an 
elderly, Senator concludes. 

6241
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:18,600
No one disagrees at the docks on
the Golden Horn grain barges 

6242
05:24:18,600 --> 05:24:22,600
from Alexandria, being unloaded 
under the dim sum usual. 

6243
05:24:22,600 --> 05:24:26,300
Cacophony of Stevens is hushed, 
everyone moves with the worried.

6244
05:24:26,300 --> 05:24:30,300
Calm of men who know they carry 
precious food, Stefanos inspects

6245
05:24:30,300 --> 05:24:33,000
the offloaded sacks. 
The wheat kernels are small 

6246
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:36,200
shrunken by poor. 
Yield is this all he asked the 

6247
05:24:36,200 --> 05:24:38,700
Harbor Master. 
A shrug afraid. 

6248
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:42,500
So even the Bread Basket of the 
world struggles, now on Stefanos

6249
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:47,200
makes a mark on his wax tablet. 
In the past, Egypt's Bounty 

6250
05:24:47,200 --> 05:24:49,000
could feed Constantinople twice 
over. 

6251
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:51,500
Now. 
Any shortage since prices 

6252
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:55,100
climbing already, he has heard 
of riots in the poorer Quarters 

6253
05:24:55,100 --> 05:24:57,100
at dawn. 
When the mega bread, a lots ran 

6254
05:24:57,100 --> 05:24:59,300
out. 
He Muses criminally about the 

6255
05:24:59,308 --> 05:25:02,700
concept of bread and circuses, 
Crossing back toward the Paris, 

6256
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:06,300
Stefanos peers at the sky. 
The sun's Hue is a strange 

6257
05:25:06,300 --> 05:25:09,900
bluish White and the Very air 
seems thick a dry foggy. 

6258
05:25:09,900 --> 05:25:13,700
Haze hangs higher above darling,
the daylight, some call it to 

6259
05:25:13,700 --> 05:25:15,600
Noman others. 
Say its a natural Myers. 

6260
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:18,500
One pamphlet circulating in the 
Forum. 

6261
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:21,800
Even claimed that a volcano in 
some far-off land must have 

6262
05:25:21,800 --> 05:25:26,000
vomited Ash into the Heavenly 
confiscated by the urban prefect

6263
05:25:26,000 --> 05:25:29,500
for spreading alarm. 
Stefanos does not know what to 

6264
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:32,000
believe. 
He only knows that the Empire 

6265
05:25:32,000 --> 05:25:35,000
lacks experience with 
simultaneous Harvest failures 

6266
05:25:35,000 --> 05:25:38,600
across all regions in the past. 
If serious suffered drought 

6267
05:25:38,600 --> 05:25:42,100
Egypt, might compensate. 
But now Syria also reports 

6268
05:25:42,100 --> 05:25:45,000
withered crops and empty 
granaries an Empire that 

6269
05:25:45,000 --> 05:25:48,500
commands the Mediterranean 
cannot command the skies that 

6270
05:25:48,500 --> 05:25:52,300
night, the city is 
preternaturally, quiet by decree

6271
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:55,900
a candlelit vigil is held in 
every Church Stefanos stands 

6272
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:59,000
among a crowd in the great 
churches, half-built Nave the 

6273
05:25:59,000 --> 05:26:02,700
air smells of wax and incense by
day, hundreds of tiny Flames 

6274
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:06,400
flicker where sunlight should 
stream in the patriarch leads a 

6275
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:08,300
solemn chant. 
Beseeching God, to restore the 

6276
05:26:08,300 --> 05:26:11,400
light and spare his people. 
Stefanos bows, his head and 

6277
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:14,700
joins the Cora's, his mind 
wanders to his young daughter at

6278
05:26:14,700 --> 05:26:16,500
home. 
Who has known, constant cough, 

6279
05:26:16,500 --> 05:26:19,100
and hunger. 
These past months, the sun gave 

6280
05:26:19,100 --> 05:26:21,100
forth light without brightness, 
like the moon. 

6281
05:26:21,100 --> 05:26:24,700
He remembers those words from a 
Scholars Chronicle and they ring

6282
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:27,400
true in his bones. 
He prays for the day, he can 

6283
05:26:27,408 --> 05:26:31,100
show his child, a bright warm 
sun, again until then, they 

6284
05:26:31,100 --> 05:26:34,000
endure in the half-light of an 
empire under siege by the very 

6285
05:26:34,000 --> 05:26:39,800
heavens in the Kingdom of Aksum 
Ethiopia, 536, Maryam sandals, a

6286
05:26:39,800 --> 05:26:42,200
warm thin, by the time. 
She and her little brother Crest

6287
05:26:42,200 --> 05:26:46,100
the last hill before Axon Below 
them, the cities familiar 

6288
05:26:46,100 --> 05:26:50,400
landmarks rise from the plane, 
the tool Stone Stella of bygone,

6289
05:26:50,400 --> 05:26:53,900
Kings casting faint shadows in 
the Ashen daylight and Beyond 

6290
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:56,800
the spiers of the great Stone 
Church where her people have 

6291
05:26:56,800 --> 05:27:00,400
worshiped for Generations. 
She urges her brother onward 

6292
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:03,200
with a gentle hand. 
They have walked for two days 

6293
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:07,400
from their Village, driven by 
desperation at home, the fields 

6294
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:09,700
of teff and sorghum utterly 
failed. 

6295
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:14,000
This year's Reigns never arrived
and the soil cracked beneath the

6296
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:17,700
Brazen, but feeble son along the
road, they joined a trickle of 

6297
05:27:17,708 --> 05:27:21,200
other Villages and Farmers all 
converging toward Aksum like 

6298
05:27:21,200 --> 05:27:24,700
streams to a dry riverbed. 
They strolled past the abandoned

6299
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:28,300
Ox Carson's by the roadside and 
the deserted Farms with nothing 

6300
05:27:28,300 --> 05:27:30,500
left to harvest at The City 
Gate. 

6301
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:34,900
Maryam feels assured of relief. 
They have arrived at the site 

6302
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:36,700
before her quickly tempers that 
hope. 

6303
05:27:37,500 --> 05:27:40,500
Some's Marketplace, usually 
vibrant with Traders, from Far 

6304
05:27:40,500 --> 05:27:43,700
lands has been transformed into 
an open-air super kitchen. 

6305
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:48,400
Cook fires gutter under large 
cauldron of porridge hundreds of

6306
05:27:48,408 --> 05:27:52,600
people Gathering lines clutching
bowls or baskets their faces 

6307
05:27:52,600 --> 05:27:55,300
gone. 
The smell of thin Millet, cruel 

6308
05:27:55,300 --> 05:27:57,200
mingles with the accurate of 
despair. 

6309
05:27:58,200 --> 05:28:01,200
Merriam clutches her brother's 
hand and finds a spot at the end

6310
05:28:01,200 --> 05:28:03,900
of a line. 
Overhead, the skies are flat 

6311
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:06,300
dull white, the sun's disk 
barely visible. 

6312
05:28:07,000 --> 05:28:10,600
A local Deacon moves down the 
line in toning prayers and 

6313
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:11,600
gears. 
He sprinkles. 

6314
05:28:11,600 --> 05:28:13,600
Holy water on the crowd from a 
palm frond. 

6315
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:17,500
Normally people, save such 
blessings for festivals but now 

6316
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:19,300
they perform them to combat 
hopelessness. 

6317
05:28:20,700 --> 05:28:23,900
A small Caravan arrives with a 
few camels Laden with grain from

6318
05:28:23,900 --> 05:28:27,200
the coast, but after a brief 
exchange with officials, most of

6319
05:28:27,200 --> 05:28:30,700
it turns away even the major 
trade routes bring no food now. 

6320
05:28:30,700 --> 05:28:35,500
In some markets one, could once 
by Pepper from India or wine 

6321
05:28:35,500 --> 05:28:38,100
from new beer. 
Now, even The humblest Barley 

6322
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:43,300
loaf is a treasure as the line 
inches forward, Maryam passes by

6323
05:28:43,300 --> 05:28:46,600
a group of Nobles and Priests 
gathered under an incense tree, 

6324
05:28:46,600 --> 05:28:51,700
she recognizes *** Caleb King 
Caleb among them by the gold 

6325
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:53,700
Fringe cloth. 
Draped over his shoulders and 

6326
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:55,700
the ornate. 
Processional cross healing upon 

6327
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:59,400
Her ears catch an advisor 
reporting that the Niles flood 

6328
05:28:59,400 --> 05:29:02,300
was weak. 
And even cross the Red Sea, no 

6329
05:29:02,300 --> 05:29:06,100
stalls remain. 
The king shoulders sag under his

6330
05:29:06,100 --> 05:29:09,400
embroidered cloak at last. 
He raises his hands and calls 

6331
05:29:09,400 --> 05:29:11,100
out. 
People have axum. 

6332
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:14,300
God is testing us. 
We will open the last of the 

6333
05:29:14,300 --> 05:29:15,700
royal granaries to feed the 
hungry. 

6334
05:29:15,700 --> 05:29:18,900
Share what you receive and trust
that the Lord will provide. 

6335
05:29:19,700 --> 05:29:22,100
A member of gratitude ripples 
through the throng. 

6336
05:29:22,100 --> 05:29:26,300
Merriam finally reaches the 
front, the Deacon, ladles a 

6337
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:28,200
scoop of watery porridge into 
her clay Bowl. 

6338
05:29:28,200 --> 05:29:31,400
It is not much barely a few 
mouthfuls for each of them, but 

6339
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:35,500
she murmurs a mess of Guinea who
thank you for the Deep bow. 

6340
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:38,400
Her brother swallows, his 
portion, greedily licking the 

6341
05:29:38,400 --> 05:29:40,700
bowl. 
She forces herself to eat slowly

6342
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:44,300
savoring each drop around her 
others huddle on the ground in 

6343
05:29:44,300 --> 05:29:46,600
silence. 
Some weeping with relief for 

6344
05:29:46,600 --> 05:29:49,900
this small Mercy. 
At Sunset King, Caleb leads A 

6345
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:53,000
candle-lit procession through 
the streets Miriam and her 

6346
05:29:53,008 --> 05:29:55,000
brother stand. 
Among the faithful lining. 

6347
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:58,100
The route, the king walks 
barefoot carrying the Gilded 

6348
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:01,900
cross followed, by priests 
bearing icons their chance of 

6349
05:30:01,900 --> 05:30:04,900
kiwi, ela's and Lord have mercy 
Echo off the Towering. 

6350
05:30:04,900 --> 05:30:09,900
Stella As the procession passes,
Maryam closes her eyes and joins

6351
05:30:09,900 --> 05:30:12,300
the singing never has. 
She felt the community. 

6352
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:17,100
So United Nobles and peasants, 
priests and pause all employing,

6353
05:30:17,100 --> 05:30:20,400
heaven for deliverance. 
In the failing light, the king 

6354
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:22,400
lifts the cross to bless the 
entire land. 

6355
05:30:23,200 --> 05:30:25,000
Merriam Titans her arm around 
her brother. 

6356
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:26,800
Though. 
Hunger, Nords. 

6357
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:28,900
And the Darkness endures in that
moment. 

6358
05:30:28,900 --> 05:30:30,800
She takes solace in their 
Collective hope. 

6359
05:30:31,800 --> 05:30:36,100
Under the mournful Sky of 536, 
the people of Aksum faced the 

6360
05:30:36,100 --> 05:30:39,500
long night together. 
Their faith unbroken even as the

6361
05:30:39,500 --> 05:30:42,800
world around them with us. 
Though, hardship was far from 

6362
05:30:42,800 --> 05:30:45,800
over. 
Spark of hope persisted like 

6363
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:48,800
Dawn following the longest 
night, they trusted. 

6364
05:30:48,800 --> 05:30:50,200
That better days would come 
again. 

6365
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:54,400
In northern China, 536 the sky 
should have been a brilliant 

6366
05:30:54,400 --> 05:30:57,700
blue of the rice paddies, but 
today, it is the color of lead. 

6367
05:30:58,500 --> 05:31:01,100
Farmer Liang Squints at the 
field, where his family's 

6368
05:31:01,100 --> 05:31:04,400
livelihood lies, it is the 
seventh month of the year high 

6369
05:31:04,400 --> 05:31:06,700
summer. 
Yet a bitter wind rattles the 

6370
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:09,500
stalks. 
Suddenly one of his son's cries 

6371
05:31:09,500 --> 05:31:12,800
out, the angle looks down in 
disbelief, as snowflakes, swirl 

6372
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:15,100
onto the green rice shoots 
within minutes. 

6373
05:31:15,100 --> 05:31:17,600
A rare summer snowfall dust the 
paddies. 

6374
05:31:17,600 --> 05:31:21,500
Bending the young rice. 
The Villages and helplessly by 

6375
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:24,100
such a thing has never happened 
in living memory. 

6376
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:27,700
Autumn brings no relief. 
The Harvest is paltry and 

6377
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:31,000
stunted weeks late in ripening 
by the 8th month. 

6378
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:34,900
The famine is undeniable, the 
granaries are nearly empty, the 

6379
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,000
Yanks family begins mixing chaff
and acorns into their rice to 

6380
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,600
make it stretch. 
His youngest daughter stops 

6381
05:31:40,600 --> 05:31:43,000
growing. 
Her cheeks are sunken and gray. 

6382
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:46,500
One afternoon, Yellow powder 
drifts down from the sky 

6383
05:31:46,500 --> 05:31:48,800
coating. 
The Village roofs in a film like

6384
05:31:48,800 --> 05:31:51,800
ash Villagers fear. 
It is a curse from Heaven 

6385
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:55,700
whatever the cause the crops are
ruined and hunger stalks the 

6386
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:59,300
land in the village Temple. 
The headman Burns incense before

6387
05:31:59,300 --> 05:32:02,700
the altar of the earth, God the 
air is thick with smoke and the 

6388
05:32:02,708 --> 05:32:04,600
murmured prayers of desperate 
farmers. 

6389
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:08,700
We must appease Heaven and the 
head man declares. 

6390
05:32:08,700 --> 05:32:12,900
Sweat beading on his brow. 
Despite the cold, as night 

6391
05:32:12,900 --> 05:32:16,300
falls, the villagers carry an 
offering of their last Millet 

6392
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,000
and a slaughtered goat to the 
hill. 

6393
05:32:18,000 --> 05:32:20,900
Shrine Liang, watches as the 
small procession. 

6394
05:32:20,900 --> 05:32:24,700
Wines up the slope with lanterns
bobbing He holds his shivering 

6395
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:27,700
daughter close. 
They set the offerings and bow, 

6396
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:30,300
until their foreheads touch. 
The ground begging for mercy, 

6397
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:32,200
good. 
Whether a decent Harvest 

6398
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,100
anything. 
But the night sky offers no 

6399
05:32:35,100 --> 05:32:38,200
reply, only a faint glow. 
Where the moon hides behind a 

6400
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:41,300
strange Haze. 
Offering remains Untouched by 

6401
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:46,100
any deity weeks pass and 
starvation sets in the yangs 

6402
05:32:46,100 --> 05:32:50,000
children thin Congee made from 
Wild herbs and tree bark, his 

6403
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:53,100
elderly mother quietly, refuses 
her portion pretending she has 

6404
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:54,700
eaten. 
So that the little ones might 

6405
05:32:54,700 --> 05:32:57,500
have more Soon. 
She grows too frail to leave her

6406
05:32:57,500 --> 05:33:01,100
bed. 
One cold morning, Liang finds 

6407
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:03,800
that her breathing has stopped 
with shaking hands. 

6408
05:33:03,800 --> 05:33:05,600
He covers her body with a woven 
mat. 

6409
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:08,700
There is no energy or grain to 
spare for proper funeral rites 

6410
05:33:08,700 --> 05:33:11,300
before her death. 
His mother had whispered that 

6411
05:33:11,300 --> 05:33:14,700
perhaps the emperor had lost 
Heaven's mandate how else to 

6412
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:18,800
explain the sons betrayal. 
In grief Liang wonders if the 

6413
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:21,200
distant caught sins of brought 
on Heaven's Wraith. 

6414
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:24,600
They hear of hungry folk nearby,
provinces attacking granaries 

6415
05:33:24,600 --> 05:33:28,700
but in liang's Village though, 
desperation grows order holds 

6416
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:32,300
for now. 
By early winter Bandits roam, 

6417
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:34,200
the countryside stealing what 
little remains. 

6418
05:33:35,400 --> 05:33:37,300
One night, a gang of starving 
young men. 

6419
05:33:37,300 --> 05:33:40,700
Once Farmers from a nearby 
Hamlet break into Liang 

6420
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:43,300
Storehouse seizing, the mega 
sack of millet, he had hidden 

6421
05:33:44,200 --> 05:33:47,400
There are scuffles in the dark. 
His eldest son is struck with a 

6422
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:49,000
staff while trying to defend 
their food. 

6423
05:33:50,200 --> 05:33:53,600
The thieves flee into the night 
leaving the family bruised and 

6424
05:33:53,600 --> 05:33:57,600
without a single grain of food. 
When Dawn breaks Liang makes a 

6425
05:33:57,600 --> 05:34:00,100
decision. 
Gathers, his family and tells 

6426
05:34:00,100 --> 05:34:02,900
them, they can stay no longer. 
If they remain in the village, 

6427
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:07,500
they will surely die. 
Rumors suggest that the harvests

6428
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,500
were better for the South 
perhaps they could find food and

6429
05:34:10,500 --> 05:34:12,700
employment. 
There that day, the family 

6430
05:34:12,700 --> 05:34:14,000
packs, what little they have 
left. 

6431
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:17,000
Young hoists is weakened 
daughter onto his back. 

6432
05:34:18,100 --> 05:34:21,100
He takes one last look at the 
fields of their ancestors now, 

6433
05:34:21,100 --> 05:34:23,800
Barren, dusted with frost 
together. 

6434
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:26,900
The family joins a small band of
Neighbors on the road heading 

6435
05:34:26,900 --> 05:34:30,000
south leaving behind their 
Village to whatever fate the 

6436
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:33,100
heavens had decreed As they 
vanished into the white 

6437
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:36,100
distance, their Footprints were 
swiftly blanketed by the new 

6438
05:34:36,100 --> 05:34:39,000
snow one family. 
Among countless others on the 

6439
05:34:39,000 --> 05:34:42,700
road that winter all seeking a 
land where the sun still Shone 

6440
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:45,500
and grain could be found. 
It was the second year without a

6441
05:34:45,500 --> 05:34:49,900
summer in Scandinavia 536 in a 
seaside village of what would 

6442
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:53,600
one day be called Sweden? 
Yale stood on the Frozen Shore 

6443
05:34:53,600 --> 05:34:57,400
at noon and saw no sun above 
only a dim Globe behind the gray

6444
05:34:57,400 --> 05:34:59,800
sky. 
The world felt stuck in 

6445
05:34:59,800 --> 05:35:02,200
Twilight. 
Fishermen had to chip through 

6446
05:35:02,200 --> 05:35:05,800
ice where the bay had frozen 
solid hoping to catch a few 

6447
05:35:05,800 --> 05:35:09,900
starved Cod. 
Inland the fields under dirty 

6448
05:35:09,900 --> 05:35:12,000
snow even in what should have 
been the growing season? 

6449
05:35:12,000 --> 05:35:15,400
Heinous people had slaughtered 
most of their livestock last 

6450
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:17,600
Autumn. 
There was no fodder to keep them

6451
05:35:17,600 --> 05:35:19,100
alive through another Baron 
year. 

6452
05:35:19,800 --> 05:35:22,600
Half the benches in the hall 
were now empty, the strong 

6453
05:35:22,600 --> 05:35:26,000
Adventure, South to gentler 
climates, the frail had perished

6454
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:30,000
in the first famine winter. 
Inside the Earl's Longhouse, a 

6455
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:33,100
small fire flickered weekly. 
I now passed a hand over the 

6456
05:35:33,100 --> 05:35:36,700
Embers and thought of the sun, 
once the Great Fire in the Sky 

6457
05:35:36,700 --> 05:35:40,800
now, vanished, His gut clenched 
with a mix of sorrow and Dread. 

6458
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:44,700
The Villages Priestess vulva had
warned that they could be living

6459
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:47,400
through Cymbalta. 
The legendary great winter of 

6460
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,400
Norse prophecy. 
Three Winters with no summer 

6461
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:54,500
between a Prelude to Ragnarok, 
the end of the Gods Ina had 

6462
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:58,100
scoffed at the time, but now he 
was not so sure to placate the 

6463
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:00,400
gods. 
They tried everything The 

6464
05:36:00,400 --> 05:36:03,600
previous fall, they sacrificed 
their finest RAM, and a pair of 

6465
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:07,100
oxen to Frayer at Harvest yet. 
The Snows came early and stayed 

6466
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:10,700
In the spring, I know himself 
cast a gold armoring into the 

6467
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:14,200
peak of as an offering. 
Many nobles were said to be 

6468
05:36:14,200 --> 05:36:16,900
abandoning their Treasures to 
the Earth in hopes of buying 

6469
05:36:16,900 --> 05:36:18,600
back the Sun. 
Still. 

6470
05:36:19,300 --> 05:36:22,500
The gods remained silent. 
And the sun's Chariot did not 

6471
05:36:22,500 --> 05:36:28,100
return. by midwinter of that 
second sunless year Desperation 

6472
05:36:28,100 --> 05:36:30,600
hung like a fog, The Village 
Elders. 

6473
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,700
Grimly agreed, that only a human
sacrifice might break the curse.

6474
05:36:34,500 --> 05:36:37,400
that night, they offered up a 
captured thrall under the frost 

6475
05:36:37,400 --> 05:36:41,900
covered ash tree spilling, his 
blood in Odin's name, But when 

6476
05:36:41,908 --> 05:36:45,200
Dawn broke in yet another Legend
Sky, they knew even that was not

6477
05:36:45,200 --> 05:36:48,100
enough a spring of the third 
year approached with little 

6478
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:50,100
change Whispers began in the 
village. 

6479
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:53,900
Some said that the yarl's 
bloodline was cursed that Odin 

6480
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:56,200
and Freya would accept nothing 
less than the life of the 

6481
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:57,800
chieftain himself to set things,
right? 

6482
05:36:58,600 --> 05:37:02,000
Just as in ancient Tales, a king
had once been sacrificed to end 

6483
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:04,900
a blight. 
Einar heard these murmurs and 

6484
05:37:04,900 --> 05:37:06,300
knew in his heart. 
What had to be done? 

6485
05:37:07,500 --> 05:37:10,000
The next day he called an 
assembly at the sacred grove. 

6486
05:37:10,700 --> 05:37:12,600
Mustering his remaining 
strength, he addressed the 

6487
05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:14,900
tribe. 
I will go to Odin's Hall if it 

6488
05:37:14,900 --> 05:37:18,300
brings back the sun and the 
Harvest, he declared gasps 

6489
05:37:18,300 --> 05:37:21,600
rippled through the crowd, his 
wife, Walid, but he raised a 

6490
05:37:21,600 --> 05:37:23,400
hand. 
Gently we have all lost loved 

6491
05:37:23,400 --> 05:37:27,200
ones if my life buys the dawn. 
For those who remain I give it 

6492
05:37:27,200 --> 05:37:30,400
freely. 
That evening under the steel 

6493
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:34,300
gray sky on melt before the old 
oak tree on the Grove. 

6494
05:37:35,200 --> 05:37:38,400
The Volvo and two Elders, stood 
Solomon by with ceremonial 

6495
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:42,500
knives. 
Breath Rose in white Puffs, he 

6496
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:45,400
felt no fear. 
Now, only a strange piece as 

6497
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:48,900
though, he were already halfway 
to Valhalla, a clear voice, he 

6498
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:52,100
chanted a final prayer. 
Plea for thought to smash the 

6499
05:37:52,108 --> 05:37:55,300
dark clouds and for Freya to 
make the fields green once more.

6500
05:37:56,100 --> 05:37:59,100
As the blade touched his skin, 
he closed his eyes and picked 

6501
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:02,700
golden summer sunlight. 
The knives did their work and 

6502
05:38:02,700 --> 05:38:07,000
einar slumped forward life 
leeching into The Frozen Ground,

6503
05:38:07,000 --> 05:38:12,000
a low moan of grief and hope 
Rose from The Villages after 

6504
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:14,300
laying his body on a pile with 
his cloak and shield. 

6505
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:17,200
They ignited it causing the 
Flames to Roar upwards 

6506
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:20,800
throughout the long night. 
They kept vigil and then in the 

6507
05:38:20,800 --> 05:38:23,500
early hours, a pale glow 
appeared in the Eastern Sky 

6508
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:27,700
stronger than any in months as 
the sky liked from black toky 

6509
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:29,700
blue. 
The villagers saw the outline of

6510
05:38:29,708 --> 05:38:32,800
the sun Juan but emerging at 
last through a break in the 

6511
05:38:32,800 --> 05:38:37,000
haze, a murmur of horse, swept 
over the crowd, they wept with 

6512
05:38:37,000 --> 05:38:39,900
joy lifting their faces to feel 
its faint warmth. 

6513
05:38:40,400 --> 05:38:43,300
Whether it was yarl, ainars, 
Noble, sacrifice, or simply the 

6514
05:38:43,300 --> 05:38:44,700
Turning of Fate. 
None could say. 

6515
05:38:44,700 --> 05:38:47,400
But the endless winter was 
finally loosening. 

6516
05:38:47,400 --> 05:38:50,400
Its grip. 
In the coming days as the Snows 

6517
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:53,100
began to recede the people raise
a mound for their Chieftain, 

6518
05:38:53,100 --> 05:38:55,700
honoring him as the Savior, who 
gave himself. 

6519
05:38:55,700 --> 05:38:59,500
So that could return in the 
massive city of chakra Rouge in 

6520
05:38:59,500 --> 05:39:04,900
modern El Salvador, or what, we 
call mesoamerica in 536, the 

6521
05:39:04,900 --> 05:39:07,700
high priest at some large knelt.
Before the temples altar, at 

6522
05:39:07,700 --> 05:39:11,300
midday all around him, hundreds 
of people crowded, the plaza 

6523
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:15,800
intense silence, For months, the
sun had hidden its face strange.

6524
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:18,300
Chill hung over the usually hot 
lands of the Maya. 

6525
05:39:18,900 --> 05:39:21,900
Crops of Maize and cacao wilted 
in the unseasonal. 

6526
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:23,000
Cool. 
And dim light. 

6527
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,300
The priesthood, consulted, their
calendars and made offerings of 

6528
05:39:26,300 --> 05:39:28,400
incense and Jade but nothing 
available. 

6529
05:39:29,400 --> 05:39:30,900
Today, they would entreat 
kinich. 

6530
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,600
Ahore the sun god with the most 
precious offering of all human 

6531
05:39:34,600 --> 05:39:37,900
blood. 
Its large Rose to his feet and 

6532
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:40,700
stretched his arms to the sky on
the altar Stone. 

6533
05:39:40,708 --> 05:39:44,300
Before him layer bound captive, 
painted blue for sacrifice. 

6534
05:39:45,300 --> 05:39:48,900
Oh, lord of the sun rise in. 
Eat that you may shine upon us. 

6535
05:39:48,900 --> 05:39:52,800
Again, the priest cried out. 
A murmur of desperation Ripple 

6536
05:39:52,800 --> 05:39:56,100
through the crowd, using an 
obsidian blade at some large 

6537
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:58,600
swiftly. 
Opened the victim's chest, the 

6538
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:00,500
crowd gasped. 
As he raised the still beating 

6539
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:03,200
heart while the heavens may this
Blood nourish. 

6540
05:40:03,200 --> 05:40:05,800
You, oh, Gods. 
He shouted his voice cracking 

6541
05:40:05,800 --> 05:40:09,400
that incident the ground 
shuddered violently, the ritual 

6542
05:40:09,400 --> 05:40:12,300
chant died on every tongue. 
It's some large staggered 

6543
05:40:12,300 --> 05:40:16,000
dropping, the heart, a low 
Rumble rolled through the Earth,

6544
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:21,300
Suddenly the Western Horizon 
ignited with a pillar of fire, a

6545
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:24,300
volcano in the distance had 
exploded with unimaginable 

6546
05:40:24,300 --> 05:40:27,400
Force. 
A massive plume of black ash 

6547
05:40:27,400 --> 05:40:30,900
rose turning day into night in 
an instant people. 

6548
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:34,900
Screamed and Scattered it. 
Some narge, stood, Frozen Atop 

6549
05:40:34,900 --> 05:40:37,600
The Temple, as he watched a wall
of Ash and rock hurtle toward 

6550
05:40:37,600 --> 05:40:40,600
the city, illuminated by Eerie 
orange flames. 

6551
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,800
The gods had answered, not with 
salvation, but with catastrophe,

6552
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:49,000
within minutes, searing, hot ash
rained down upon Chuck Rouge 

6553
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:51,500
that roofs. 
And wooden beams burst into 

6554
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:54,000
flame. 
Men, women and children ran 

6555
05:40:54,000 --> 05:40:56,600
desperately for shelter, but 
there was none. 

6556
05:40:56,600 --> 05:41:00,100
It's a large barely managed to 
scramble down the temple steps. 

6557
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:02,900
When a blaster furnace hot wind 
knocked him flat. 

6558
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:07,100
The air itself burned, he could 
not draw a breath without 

6559
05:41:07,100 --> 05:41:10,400
scorching his lungs. 
A torrent of pumice and Ash 

6560
05:41:10,400 --> 05:41:14,300
buried temples and Huts within 
hours those who did not die on 

6561
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:17,100
the falling debris. 
Succumbed to the suffocating 

6562
05:41:17,100 --> 05:41:21,200
Sutton toxic gases. 
The proud city is palaces, its 

6563
05:41:21,200 --> 05:41:24,600
bulk courts, its altars as being
in tombed in Gray powder. 

6564
05:41:25,700 --> 05:41:28,900
It seminars crawled coughing 
into the shelter of the temple. 

6565
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:31,700
Courtyard wall through eyes. 
Stinging with Ash. 

6566
05:41:31,700 --> 05:41:33,400
Either held a scene from the 
darkest. 

6567
05:41:33,400 --> 05:41:38,000
Underworld the sacred Seabreeze 
around the plaza were Ablaze and

6568
05:41:38,000 --> 05:41:40,200
charred bodies. 
Lay strewn, where moments ago, 

6569
05:41:40,200 --> 05:41:43,700
the faithful at gathered. 
Clutched is Obsidian dagger to 

6570
05:41:43,700 --> 05:41:45,500
his chest numb with shock and 
guilt. 

6571
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:49,700
Was this cataclysm the sun God's
Wrath for their offerings or the

6572
05:41:49,700 --> 05:41:52,400
death of the sacrificial, victim
somehow Unleashed a greater 

6573
05:41:52,400 --> 05:41:55,000
curse. 
His mind swam as the very ground

6574
05:41:55,000 --> 05:41:57,900
continued to heave over the Roar
of the volcano. 

6575
05:41:57,900 --> 05:42:00,600
He thought he heard the distant 
cruel laughter of the death 

6576
05:42:00,600 --> 05:42:04,500
gods. 
Hours later a thick unnatural 

6577
05:42:04,500 --> 05:42:08,200
Darkness cloaked the land, the 
eruptions Fury had finally 

6578
05:42:08,200 --> 05:42:10,300
ceased leaving, an eerie 
silence. 

6579
05:42:11,500 --> 05:42:13,200
Where the thriving city of 
Chuck. 

6580
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:17,400
Rogers stood was now a molding 
gray Wasteland, buried under 

6581
05:42:17,400 --> 05:42:22,200
layers of Ash, its' miraculously
still alive pulled himself from 

6582
05:42:22,200 --> 05:42:26,000
the Ashen debris, The Once clear
River and black with volcanic 

6583
05:42:26,000 --> 05:42:30,300
dust he limped through the ruins
calling out the name of his wife

6584
05:42:30,300 --> 05:42:33,700
and son but heard no answer, 
only the faint crackle of 

6585
05:42:33,708 --> 05:42:37,500
cooling Cinders, his sandals 
sank into the hot ash covering 

6586
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:41,500
the plaza, the once Grand Temple
Lane shattered, ruins half 

6587
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:45,100
buried, corpses, strewn 
everywhere overhead, the sky 

6588
05:42:45,100 --> 05:42:49,600
remained as dark as midnight, it
was long past noon, It's a large

6589
05:42:49,600 --> 05:42:52,500
stumbled to the edge of the city
where the fields, began, nothing

6590
05:42:52,500 --> 05:42:56,000
remained of the maze Rose. 
Only a ghostly landscape of Ash 

6591
05:42:56,000 --> 05:42:59,000
Dunes. 
The sun was completely veiled 

6592
05:42:59,000 --> 05:43:01,700
and fine. 
Gray particles drifted through 

6593
05:43:01,700 --> 05:43:06,600
the air like deadly snow. 
Priest sank to his knees and 

6594
05:43:06,600 --> 05:43:09,000
raised trembling hands to the 
Unseen sky. 

6595
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:15,200
Why he croaked voice broken? 
There was no one left to hear 

6596
05:43:15,200 --> 05:43:18,500
his questions in that moment, it
seemed to it. 

6597
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:22,100
Some large that the gods had 
abandoned the world entirely He 

6598
05:43:22,100 --> 05:43:24,600
looked up at the churning 
Darkness above knowing that 

6599
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:29,000
Beyond this poison Sky, the sun 
still existed, but it's light, 

6600
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:31,500
might not return for a long long
time. 

6601
05:43:33,100 --> 05:43:35,800
As the Lone Survivor began to 
weigh amid the Desolation. 

6602
05:43:35,800 --> 05:43:40,900
The suffocating ash cloud spread
far beyond, ensuring that 536 

6603
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:43,700
would be remembered as a year of
unparalleled darkness and 

6604
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:46,000
sorrow. 
Even Inland far from this Doom 

6605
05:43:46,000 --> 05:43:49,600
city across the world. 
As I have covered the year, 536 

6606
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:53,600
left to scar on the human story.
In its weight Kingdom's. 

6607
05:43:53,600 --> 05:43:56,800
Faltered and population were 
decimated chroniclers from 

6608
05:43:56,800 --> 05:44:00,800
Ireland to China, recorded 
unusual, cold summer snowdrops 

6609
05:44:00,800 --> 05:44:03,200
and famine they wrote of a dry 
fog. 

6610
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:07,000
Dimming the Sun's light of Skies
colored with Ash and of hunger. 

6611
05:44:07,000 --> 05:44:11,800
Stalking the land for 18, long 
months, much of the Earth lay 

6612
05:44:11,800 --> 05:44:16,400
under a Pall of Gloom, In Europe
and the near East people looked 

6613
05:44:16,400 --> 05:44:19,600
for divine, meaning in the 
Calamity Christian writers, 

6614
05:44:19,600 --> 05:44:22,000
wondered if Revelations 
apocalyptic, Horsemen were 

6615
05:44:22,000 --> 05:44:26,500
Unleashed War famine, pestilence
and death. 

6616
05:44:26,500 --> 05:44:30,300
All seemed present at once. 
Indeed, the historian procopius 

6617
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:34,500
wrote that men were free. 
Neither from warn or pestilence 

6618
05:44:34,500 --> 05:44:37,300
nor any other thing, leading to 
death during those dark days, 

6619
05:44:37,300 --> 05:44:41,100
the plague of Justinian, which 
followed the famine soon. 

6620
05:44:41,100 --> 05:44:44,000
Checked Emperor, Justinian's 
Ambitions in the Eastern, Roman 

6621
05:44:44,000 --> 05:44:46,700
Empire. 
In the British Isles Celtic 

6622
05:44:46,700 --> 05:44:48,900
monks. 
Noted a failure of bread. 

6623
05:44:48,900 --> 05:44:53,400
Farter the East Chinese record 
of great cold and summer, Frost 

6624
05:44:53,400 --> 05:44:56,000
that ruined. 
The Harvest Northern Europeans 

6625
05:44:56,000 --> 05:44:57,900
were so desperately. 
They offered their riches and 

6626
05:44:57,900 --> 05:45:01,400
Kings to appease their gods. 
And in Central America, the 

6627
05:45:01,400 --> 05:45:04,900
volcanoes cataclysmic, eruption 
blanketed the skies with Ash, 

6628
05:45:04,900 --> 05:45:09,500
plunging, entire regions Into 
Darkness, Societies across the 

6629
05:45:09,500 --> 05:45:13,200
globe separated by vast Ocean's 
and unaware of each other. 

6630
05:45:13,200 --> 05:45:17,500
Shared the same despair. 
The Sun that year was a feeble. 

6631
05:45:17,500 --> 05:45:20,900
Ghost of the Horizon. 
A shared anguish in Ireland's, 

6632
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:25,100
Green Hills constantinople's 
marble streets and Highlands 

6633
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:28,700
China's. 
Villages Scandinavia forests and

6634
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:31,500
meso. 
America's jungles Millions 

6635
05:45:31,500 --> 05:45:34,200
perished as famine and disease, 
swept through communities 

6636
05:45:34,200 --> 05:45:35,900
already weakened by crop 
failure. 

6637
05:45:35,900 --> 05:45:39,900
It was by all accounts, one of 
the darkest times in recorded 

6638
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:42,200
history. 
Some later Scholars would even 

6639
05:45:42,200 --> 05:45:45,400
call 536 the worst year to be 
alive. 

6640
05:45:46,600 --> 05:45:50,000
And yet, not all hope died in 
every story of suffering. 

6641
05:45:50,000 --> 05:45:53,300
There were those who endured 
parents, who shared their last 

6642
05:45:53,300 --> 05:45:57,000
crust, with their kids, leaders 
who die for their people and 

6643
05:45:57,000 --> 05:45:58,600
communities. 
That prayed and performed 

6644
05:45:58,600 --> 05:46:02,200
rituals to find meaning in the 
chaos, they adapted in the face 

6645
05:46:02,200 --> 05:46:05,600
of collapse, migrating to 
Newlands changing, their 

6646
05:46:05,600 --> 05:46:07,700
traditions, and rebuilding, From
the Ashes. 

6647
05:46:08,800 --> 05:46:14,200
The darkness would slowly lift 
from 537 to 538 the sunlight 

6648
05:46:14,200 --> 05:46:17,500
grew stronger, as the Dust In 
The Sky settled Fields. 

6649
05:46:17,500 --> 05:46:21,100
Were sown and new children, born
after the year, without Sun 

6650
05:46:21,100 --> 05:46:24,500
would grow up under blue Skys 
hearing the hushed stories of 

6651
05:46:24,508 --> 05:46:26,600
the terrible Darkness, their 
eldest survived. 

6652
05:46:27,300 --> 05:46:31,100
Looking back the catastrophe of 
536 stands as a testament to 

6653
05:46:31,100 --> 05:46:34,400
human endurance. 
It was a year of tragedy on a 

6654
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:37,300
scale, almost Beyond 
Comprehension a convergence of 

6655
05:46:37,300 --> 05:46:40,500
natural disasters that humbled 
Empires and small villages 

6656
05:46:40,500 --> 05:46:43,700
alike. 
But it was also a year that 

6657
05:46:43,700 --> 05:46:47,900
showed the resilience of the 
human spirit in Ireland, monks, 

6658
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:51,000
kept the flame of learning alive
Through The Long Winter, in 

6659
05:46:51,000 --> 05:46:53,500
Byzantium officials and 
neighbors shared what food they 

6660
05:46:53,500 --> 05:46:56,900
could to keep the starving alive
in Axiom, faith and charity 

6661
05:46:56,900 --> 05:47:00,800
helped Kingdom, pull through its
worst famine in Scandinavia are 

6662
05:47:00,800 --> 05:47:04,000
people's Devotion to their gods.
However, Grim kept their 

6663
05:47:04,000 --> 05:47:06,300
Community United until the sun's
return. 

6664
05:47:07,100 --> 05:47:10,400
Despite the loss of the Maya 
City in our story, other cities 

6665
05:47:10,400 --> 05:47:14,000
in mesoamerica can continue to 
exist, safeguarding knowledge 

6666
05:47:14,000 --> 05:47:15,800
and culture for future 
Generations. 

6667
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:19,800
Eventually the sun did return 
brighter and warmer as it always

6668
05:47:19,800 --> 05:47:24,000
had before. 
The year 536 passed into 

6669
05:47:24,000 --> 05:47:27,500
history, its Horrors, softened 
by time, but those who lived 

6670
05:47:27,500 --> 05:47:30,700
through it would never forget 
how fragile their world could be

6671
05:47:30,700 --> 05:47:33,500
for a year. 
It felt like knighted fallen and

6672
05:47:33,500 --> 05:47:36,800
the gods had abandoned Humanity.
I wouldn't you last a day in 

6673
05:47:36,800 --> 05:47:40,000
536? 
The people of that era faced 

6674
05:47:40,000 --> 05:47:44,600
unimaginable challenges a son 
that never shown unfulfilled 

6675
05:47:44,600 --> 05:47:47,900
harvests and a darkness that 
push the boundaries of hope, 

6676
05:47:47,900 --> 05:47:51,900
they persevered through faith, 
courage, and the fragile bonds 

6677
05:47:51,900 --> 05:47:55,300
of community demonstrating the, 
despite the most challenging 

6678
05:47:55,300 --> 05:47:57,900
year Humanity's determination to
survive.