Boring History | The REAL Story of Ancient Mesopotamia's GOLDEN Age

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Hello, my friends. 
We're traveling back in time 

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tonight. 
Not to a Dusty Museum exhibit 

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but to the vibrant, muddy 
gloriously chaotic world of 

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ancient Mesopotamia, in its 
prime. 

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Yes, I did say muddy, you'll see
why soon. 

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So, before you pull up that 
blanket and adjust your pillow, 

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take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe. 

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Also, please let me know where 
you're tuning in from, and what 

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time it is for you now, turn off
those lights and let's ease in 

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together as we always do here. 
Now shut your eyes and visualize

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yourself floating slowly through
centuries of History until you 

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gently land in. 
What is now Iraq Soca 2100 BC e?

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The smell is what hits you 
first, not the site, baking 

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bread river water and yes a lot 
of livestock Welcome to the 

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first real neighborhood in 
Civilization where people made 

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the decision to settle down and 
stop aimlessly wandering around 

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like lost tourists. 
Tigris and Euphrates are two 

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rivers, that would make any real
estate agent cry with delight. 

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These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

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They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

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groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

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This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

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between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

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than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

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to a dinner party guests, you 
may be asking yourself. 

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Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

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What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

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Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

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encouragement. 
You could probably grow tomatoes

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every year when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

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layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

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It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

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locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

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life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

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You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

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you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

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This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

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visualize or ganna growth, akin 
to a coral reef composed of 

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human ambition and mud bricks. 
Narrow streets, wind between 

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houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

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if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

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Conversation, another thing that
strikes you as being very 

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Antiquated, is the lack of 
electrical hums, the quiet of 

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engines and the absence of any 
traffic that resembles Russia. 

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Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

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steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

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of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

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something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

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money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

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retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

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First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history is what 

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you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

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As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

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encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

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people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

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eats When your neighbor's goat 
keeps eating your Bali? 

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How do you keep things from 
going? 

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Completely out of control? 
As you will see, the answer 

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combines a remarkable amount of 
Ingenuity practicality and what 

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can only be called the first 
bureaucracy in history? 

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Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

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accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

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You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

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contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

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back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

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These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

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chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

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comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

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Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

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amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

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not require electricity. 
Imagine of vast system of 

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canals, connecting every Field 
Garden and drinking well 

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Nature's equivalent of the 
internet. 

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You know what? 
Instead of just accepting this 

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water, when you feel like giving
it to us, we're going to 

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convince you to share it on our 
schedule. 

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The Mesopotamian said glancing 
at their rushing Rivers. 

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The end of is a network of 
watery highways that would make 

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the roads of ancient Rome appear
straightforward. 

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Individual fields are directly 
irrigated by water flowing. 

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From the main rivers into 
primary canals secondary 

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channels and smaller ditches. 
It's similar to having running 

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water but it goes to your barley
patch rather than your kitchen 

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sink in addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing. 

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If this system fails, the city 
is a hole loses lunch. 

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In addition to water pressure, 
massive collaboration is needed 

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to manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which is never been done before 

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in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

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more water for his Fields while 
his neighbors crops and it is 

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impossible for someone Upstream 
to construct a damn without 

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taking Downstream residents into
account. 

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People must look beyond their 
immediate needs, their tribe, 

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and their family. 
For the first time in human 

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history. 
Things start to get interesting 

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at this point. 
The water schedule, must be 

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overseen by someone who gets 
what, and when must be decided 

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by someone When farmer B insists
is irrigation ditch was there 

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first and farmer, a accuses 
farmer. 

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B of stealing water. 
Someone has to resolve. 

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The inevitable conflicts 
presenting, the first middle 

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management in history since 
clipboards, won't be invented 

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for several thousand years. 
These water managers are more 

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than just bureaucrats with 
clipboards they combine elements

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of weather, forecasting, 
engineering diplomacy and 

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refereeing they must comprehend.
Not only the flow of water but 

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also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

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igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

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work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully, 

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arranging their daily schedules 
around common resources, every 

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year, the Harvest arrives, the 
fields, turn green at the 

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appropriate time and the 
irrigation ditches run. 

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According to plan, when the 
irrigation schedule becomes 

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complicated, everyone is 
contributing labor water rights 

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and a willingness to not 
strangled their neighbors. 

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This like watching a huge 
Antiquated version of a 

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neighborhood potluck. 
Accepting of bringing 

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casserole's. 
This system's success has a 

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significant impact on human 
society. 

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Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

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consistently produce more food 
than they were required for 

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survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

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start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

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cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

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actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

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priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

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qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

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don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

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grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

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astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

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You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

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specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

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one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

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As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

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In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

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These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you can 

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continue your leisurely 
exploration of this ancient 

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world. 
They have established. 

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What may be the first startup 
culture in history, complete 

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with competition creativity and 
the occasional spectacular 

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failure from which everyone 
gains knowledge, for example, 

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metalworking you see people who 
have discovered that they can 

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create bronze more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

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they have ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

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temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

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This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

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development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

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bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

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transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

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they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

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specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

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fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

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sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

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and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

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value quality metal work before 
you know it Supply chains are in

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place. 
You have quality control yes the

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best metal workers build 
reputations and people begin to 

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request tools made by particular
Artisans. 

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So you have brand recognition, 
it's the Antiquated version of 

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Yelp reviews except instead of 
posting them online. 

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People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

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harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

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However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

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rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

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is being created by these 
individuals. 

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They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

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between people who have 
different needs. 

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How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

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resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

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Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

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grow barley, The toolmaker needs
copper for his next project, not

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barley, but he wants payment. 
In order to trade up, north, the

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copper trading needs wool, not 
barley. 

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The shepherd needs barley, but 
he has wool. 

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How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

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in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

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through their irrigation 
channels. 

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They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

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value to move throughout the 
community. 

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In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

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Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

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next project with the copper 
Trader. 

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The toolmaker agrees to make 
your plow right away. 

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It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

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And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

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straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

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this system, not just any 
writing. 

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But every day, useful, writing, 
that can document who is 

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responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

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when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, Your

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witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

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contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

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The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

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earliest business documents ever
created purchase orders. 

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Tax records, loan agreements, 
employment contracts, and 

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inventory lists All of it is 
here compressed into clay, with 

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marks in the shape of wedges 
that symbolize the beginning of 

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bureaucracy, indeed. 
You're also witnessing the 

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development of accounting. 
All of these promises 

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transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

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community must be monitored by 
someone. 

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Even though the early accountant
worked by Lamplight with clay, 

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tablets and Reed styluses rather
than in contemporary offices 

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with computers, they were 
addressing the same issues that 

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accountants do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

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Solutions is astounding They're 
creating economic systems from 

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the ground up and learning by 
trial and error. 

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How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

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replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

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something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

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more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

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exploration of this ancient 
world, these Mesopotamians 

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aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

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issues like trade and irrigation
their, aiming for something 

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greater something that appeals 
to the basic human need to build

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monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

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construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

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that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

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level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

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buildings is an understatement. 
These are assertion 

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proclamations and Architectural 
justifications for human 

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potential. 
People say, we can move 

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mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

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When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

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are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

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Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

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site for a large ziggurat. 
No trucks. 

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Cranes or mechanized equipment 
are present. 

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Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

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power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

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willpower the planning however, 
is what really sets it apart to 

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prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

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debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

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bricks they will need to obtain 
the raw materials, how many 

234
00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:54,200
workers are needed, how to feed 
all of those workers where they 

235
00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:57,700
will sleep and how to coordinate
their efforts, your witnessing a

236
00:11:57,700 --> 00:11:59,400
level of project management that
won't be seen. 

237
00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:02,400
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

238
00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:06,200
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

239
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:10,200
Chains Banning the entire Known 
World, the ziggurat Builders are

240
00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:12,900
effectively managing the biggest
construction company in the 

241
00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:15,900
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you. 

242
00:12:15,900 --> 00:12:18,100
The workers themselves are not 
slaves. 

243
00:12:18,100 --> 00:12:21,600
Consider at the most complex 
community service project in the

244
00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,900
world. 
They are citizens carrying out. 

245
00:12:23,900 --> 00:12:27,700
Their civic duties seasonal 
workers and skilled artists. 

246
00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:30,800
People don't donate their time 
to building projects that 

247
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,800
benefit everyone during the 
agricultural offseason and the 

248
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:35,200
fields. 
Don't need to be tended. 

249
00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:38,700
This desire to create something 
greater than anyone person could

250
00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:40,600
on their own, has a very human 
quality. 

251
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:44,300
In addition to their utilitarian
functions as temples. 

252
00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:47,700
Administrative hubs and grain 
storage facilities, the 

253
00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:51,500
ziggurats are also symbolic Look
what we can do when we work 

254
00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,700
together. 
Look how high we can reach. 

255
00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:57,400
They say, surprisingly, complex 
engineering is needed, the 

256
00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:00,300
builders must comprehend. 
The structural Integrity weight 

257
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:04,000
distribution, and composition of
the soil, they create methods 

258
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:07,500
for building sturdy foundations.
In muddy, ground avoiding water 

259
00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:10,600
damage and guaranteeing that the
structure will endure for many 

260
00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:13,100
generations. 
These are not archaic 

261
00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:16,600
individuals, fumbling through 
building projects rather they 

262
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:19,300
are demonstrating. 
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 

263
00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:21,400
resolving intricate engineering 
problems. 

264
00:13:21,400 --> 00:13:24,300
Consider the challenge of 
producing millions of identical 

265
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:26,700
bricks. 
To guarantee uniformity 

266
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:30,200
throughout large production runs
they create standardized molds, 

267
00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:33,500
quality assurance, protocols, 
and drying methods. 

268
00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:36,000
They determine the ideal brick 
size. 

269
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,900
Is that strike a balance between
handling ease and structural 

270
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:40,900
strength? 
They develop production 

271
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:43,400
techniques for assembly lines. 
That will not be used again 

272
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,500
until the Industrial Revolution.
Even more impressive than the 

273
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:48,500
engineering is the coordination.
That is needed. 

274
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,900
Consider overseeing a project in
which some employees are 

275
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:54,200
producing bricks. 
Others are moving them and 

276
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:55,700
still. 
Others are arranging them in 

277
00:13:55,708 --> 00:13:57,600
progressively. 
Intricate designs as the 

278
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:01,100
building Rises, everyone needs 
to be motivated, supervised 

279
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:04,300
supplied and in sync, it's 
similar to conducting an 

280
00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:07,400
orchestra except that hundreds 
of construction workers are used

281
00:14:07,408 --> 00:14:10,500
in place of musicians and 
architecture that will Outlast 

282
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:12,200
Empires is used in place of 
music. 

283
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:15,200
You come across something that 
may appear less dramatic than 

284
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,400
enormous construction projects, 
but is actually far more 

285
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,100
revolutionary as you can 
continue your peaceful journey 

286
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:23,000
through this amazing 
civilization. 

287
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:27,500
You're seeing the beginning of 
formal education mathematics and

288
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:31,100
what we might call science the 
point at which humans started to

289
00:14:31,100 --> 00:14:32,900
think methodically about 
thinking itself. 

290
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:36,200
Something extraordinary is 
taking place in tiny buildings, 

291
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,500
dotted across the cities, young,
adults, and children are 

292
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:41,300
congregating. 
To learn rather than to labor 

293
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:44,500
and workshops or fields. 
The lessons they are learning at

294
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:46,900
the first schools in history 
will have a lasting impact on 

295
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:49,800
human civilization. 
These are not informal teachings

296
00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:51,300
that parents in part to their 
children. 

297
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:54,700
This is formal education, 
complete with learning 

298
00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:57,300
objectives standardized, 
curricula and qualified 

299
00:14:57,300 --> 00:14:59,700
teachers. 
In addition to learning 

300
00:14:59,700 --> 00:15:02,000
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and law. 

301
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,500
Students, also practice writing 
by copying out traditional 

302
00:15:05,500 --> 00:15:08,000
texts. 
They are becoming literate in 

303
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,800
the art of knowledge acquisition
as well as in their native 

304
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,200
tongue. 
Your high school algebra teacher

305
00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:15,800
would be ecstatic about the 
mathematics being developed 

306
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:18,000
here. 
These individuals are dealing 

307
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,300
with ideas that appear to be 
nearly contemporary, geometric 

308
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:24,800
principles, place value, 
notation and mathematical 

309
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,500
relationships that are still 
utilized by architects today, 

310
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,800
their finding abstract 
mathematical truths that exist 

311
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:34,100
apart from any real world 
applications, not just counting 

312
00:15:34,100 --> 00:15:36,700
things. 
What's amazing though is that 

313
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:40,400
they're using a number system 
based on 60 rather than 10 

314
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,600
They're thinking in base 60 
while you're counting on your 

315
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:45,500
fingers and working with powers 
of 10. 

316
00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:49,500
This sounds really strange Until
you realize that 60 is more 

317
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:52,700
divisible by numbers than 10 
years for many mathematical 

318
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:54,700
operations. 
Their system is actually more 

319
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:57,000
adaptable. 
It's similar to learning that a 

320
00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:59,600
better wheel was created. 
But thousands of years later 

321
00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:02,900
were still using the subpar one.
There is more to this, 

322
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:05,100
mathematical sophistication than
meets the eye. 

323
00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:09,400
The same individuals who divided
circles into 360 Degrees. 

324
00:16:09,400 --> 00:16:12,400
Yes, that's where that 
originates are. 

325
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:15,300
Also conducting astronomical 
observations which call for 

326
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,400
exact measurement and 
documentation They're making 

327
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,400
calendars that line agricultural
activities with astronomical 

328
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,800
events, tracking the Motions of 
planets and forecasting. 

329
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,500
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

330
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:31,400
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

331
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:33,900
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

332
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:36,300
planets. 
They can predict, when Venus 

333
00:16:36,300 --> 00:16:40,000
will show up as An Evening Star,
as a Morning Star, they have 

334
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,300
developed mathematical models to
forecast, astronomical events, 

335
00:16:43,300 --> 00:16:45,700
an identified as a diet called 
constellations. 

336
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:49,400
Most impressive though is the 
way their tackling these issues.

337
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,700
They are searching for 
underlying patterns, formulating

338
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:55,500
hypotheses and testing 
predictions in addition to 

339
00:16:55,500 --> 00:16:59,100
merely Gathering observations. 
For another few thousand years, 

340
00:16:59,100 --> 00:17:01,700
they would not refer to what 
they are doing as science. 

341
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:05,000
But they are this methodical 
approach to knowledge is not 

342
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:06,500
limited to astronomy and 
Mathematics. 

343
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,599
Students are learning how to 
evaluate court cases write 

344
00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:14,200
poetry in accordance with formal
guide, lines and comprehend 

345
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,099
historical precedence. 
In the classroom, they are 

346
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:19,200
discovering that knowledge 
itself can be methodically 

347
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:22,400
arranged classified and passed 
down from one generation to the 

348
00:17:22,407 --> 00:17:24,700
next. 
Your witnessing, the creation of

349
00:17:24,708 --> 00:17:26,599
intellectual Life as we know it 
today. 

350
00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:30,800
For the first time in history, 
some people are able to devote 

351
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,600
their lives to comprehending the
fundamentals of the world's 

352
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:37,000
functioning rather than just 
finding solutions to pressing 

353
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:39,900
practical issues. 
What are numbers really? 

354
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:42,200
Why do the planets move the way 
they do? 

355
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,300
And what makes a good law 
different from a bad one? 

356
00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:49,200
Or some of the questions they 
can pose, the ramifications are 

357
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:51,900
astounding. 
People whose job it is to think 

358
00:17:51,900 --> 00:17:54,800
about abstract problems, begin 
to draw connections between 

359
00:17:54,800 --> 00:17:58,300
various fields of knowledge. 
The mathematician understands 

360
00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:01,700
that architecture is governed by
geometric principles, the 

361
00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:04,300
astronomer learns that natural 
events can be predicted by 

362
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:07,600
mathematical models. 
The legal scholar is aware that 

363
00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:09,200
using reason to settle 
disagreements. 

364
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:13,000
Is a more Equitable approach 
than merely adhering to custom. 

365
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:16,000
Let's take a break from our 
travels and become accustomed to

366
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,200
the mild routine of this amazing
Society. 

367
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:20,600
You're about to learn that 
Revolution. 

368
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,700
Can sometimes be whispered 
through the everyday moments 

369
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:26,800
that comprise human existence, 
rather than always being 

370
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:30,300
announced with great Fanfare, a 
typical Mesopotamian, family 

371
00:18:30,300 --> 00:18:33,600
wakes up as the small Highway 
Windows of their house, let in 

372
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:36,900
the first of the day. 
First thing that strikes you is 

373
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:39,800
how different their everyday 
worries are from yours yet. 

374
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:43,500
They feel surprisingly. 
The mother is organizing meals 

375
00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:45,600
that will stretch resources 
throughout the week and keeping 

376
00:18:45,600 --> 00:18:47,400
an eye on the household's grain 
supplies. 

377
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:51,300
Father is going over his to do 
list in his head, including, 

378
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,100
which irrigation channels 
require upkeep, which tools 

379
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:57,000
require repair and which 
neighbors he needs to work with,

380
00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:00,100
in preparation for the Harvest, 
their kids are getting ready for

381
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,300
school and yes, they probably 
whine about it as much as kids 

382
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:05,300
do. 
Young and little claims. 

383
00:19:05,300 --> 00:19:07,400
He already knows enough 
mathematics to assist with the 

384
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:11,000
family business and little 
shamate refuses to practice her 

385
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,700
knee form writing exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

386
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:16,600
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

387
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:20,000
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

388
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:22,000
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

389
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,800
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

390
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,100
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

391
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:31,600
grain for breakfast. 
The father uses a filing system 

392
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:34,700
that arranges in ways that any 
contemporary office worker would

393
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:36,400
recognize when he looks through 
his business. 

394
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,400
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

395
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:43,900
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

396
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:46,200
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

397
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:48,400
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

398
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,400
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

399
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,800
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

400
00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:56,900
Yes, they have for breakfast, 
which makes sense, given the 

401
00:19:56,900 --> 00:19:58,900
dubious quality of ancient Water
Supplies. 

402
00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:02,200
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

403
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,600
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

404
00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:07,400
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

405
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,000
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

406
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,800
are served by the distribution 
system that provides them with 

407
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:17,300
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

408
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:19,300
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

409
00:20:19,300 --> 00:20:23,000
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

410
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,800
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

411
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:27,800
fields are the source of the 
food. 

412
00:20:27,800 --> 00:20:31,000
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship when the 

413
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:34,100
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

414
00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:38,000
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

415
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:40,000
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

416
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:43,400
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

417
00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:46,300
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

418
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,100
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

419
00:20:48,100 --> 00:20:50,300
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

420
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:53,500
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both the place of

421
00:20:53,508 --> 00:20:57,000
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

422
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,300
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

423
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:02,800
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

424
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,300
She is teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

425
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:09,600
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

426
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:11,500
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

427
00:21:11,500 --> 00:21:14,300
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

428
00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:17,200
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

429
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,600
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

430
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:23,800
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

431
00:21:23,800 --> 00:21:27,700
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

432
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:30,500
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

433
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,500
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

434
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:36,200
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

435
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:39,200
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

436
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,700
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

437
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:44,800
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

438
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,600
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

439
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:51,000
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

440
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,600
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

441
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:55,900
agriculture, Commerce, and 
social organization, there may 

442
00:21:55,908 --> 00:21:59,100
be games storytelling or music 
after supper. 

443
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:02,800
Another revolutionary idea is 
that people have Leisure Time. 

444
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:06,400
Human culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

445
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,300
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

446
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,100
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

447
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:14,500
In addition, to sleeping off the
day's labor. 

448
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:17,000
The family is refueling for 
tomorrow's involvement, in 

449
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:19,600
Humanity's first complex Urban 
living experiment. 

450
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:23,500
They will awaken to Morrow. 
And once more play a part in 

451
00:22:23,508 --> 00:22:26,600
preserving, the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

452
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:30,600
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

453
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,400
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

454
00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:37,800
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

455
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:40,700
managed to manage sizeable 
diverse populations without 

456
00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:42,600
everything. 
Collapsing in Anarchy and 

457
00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:45,200
conflict. 
And they accomplished this by 

458
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,500
combining religious Authority, 
common sense and what can only 

459
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:51,100
be called the first 
all-encompassing legal system in

460
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:53,000
history. 
Imagine the difficulties. 

461
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,500
These people encountered, there 
are thousands of people each 

462
00:22:56,500 --> 00:22:59,400
with their own goals, passions, 
and unavoidable conflicts with 

463
00:22:59,400 --> 00:23:01,900
their neighbors. 
You have competing religious, 

464
00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:06,100
Traditions diverse ethnic 
groups, economic classes and the

465
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:08,700
inherent human propensity for 
short-sightedness and 

466
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:11,800
selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

467
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,400
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

468
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:16,900
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

469
00:23:16,908 --> 00:23:20,400
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the, top is a king 

470
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:22,700
who represents both religion and
politics. 

471
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:26,500
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

472
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:30,400
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

473
00:23:30,400 --> 00:23:32,500
his channeling, the will of the 
Gods. 

474
00:23:32,500 --> 00:23:36,000
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a lawn, not 

475
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:39,300
just his own preference is 
however, this is not a tyrants 

476
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:42,000
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

477
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:46,100
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

478
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:48,800
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

479
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:53,200
Priests Merchants Artisans and 
farmers, who, truly govern, the 

480
00:23:53,208 --> 00:23:56,600
society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

481
00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,000
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

482
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:00,800
for long. 
You have an advanced 

483
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:03,800
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

484
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:07,300
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

485
00:24:07,300 --> 00:24:11,700
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

486
00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:13,600
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

487
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:16,700
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

488
00:24:16,708 --> 00:24:19,500
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

489
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,900
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

490
00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:25,600
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

491
00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,700
draft thorough legal codes that 
aimed to cover every potential 

492
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:31,900
conflict or offense nearly 300 
laws. 

493
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:34,900
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

494
00:24:34,908 --> 00:24:38,300
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

495
00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:40,900
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

496
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:42,800
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

497
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,800
comprehensive nurse. 
They distinguish between various

498
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:47,500
property types and social 
classes. 

499
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:51,200
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

500
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,600
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, they offer 

501
00:24:54,600 --> 00:24:57,000
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

502
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,300
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

503
00:24:59,308 --> 00:25:02,600
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

504
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,700
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

505
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:09,500
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

506
00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:12,900
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

507
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:16,100
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and court 

508
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:17,700
procedures that guarantee Fair 
Hearings. 

509
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:21,600
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

510
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,200
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

511
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:28,300
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

512
00:25:28,300 --> 00:25:30,400
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

513
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:33,500
legal system is open to the 
public the laws of visible to 

514
00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:35,600
everyone, because they are 
engraved in stone. 

515
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:38,100
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights 

516
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:41,400
expectations, and the 
repercussions of different 

517
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,500
behaviors law, ceases to be 
arbitrary and becomes 

518
00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:46,100
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

519
00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:49,200
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

520
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:51,900
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

521
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,600
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

522
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,000
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king. 

523
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:00,100
Wants. 
People are aware of their 

524
00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:02,900
obligations when they are due 
and what they get in return 

525
00:26:02,900 --> 00:26:06,100
including Public Works, projects
military protection, 

526
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:08,900
infrastructure, upkeep and 
judicial Services. 

527
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:12,000
The result is something that can
be identified as the rule of 

528
00:26:12,008 --> 00:26:14,200
law. 
A system that treats people 

529
00:26:14,200 --> 00:26:17,300
fairly in accordance with 
established standards offers 

530
00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,900
procedures for settling 
conflicts amicably and fosters 

531
00:26:20,900 --> 00:26:24,200
incentives for collaboration, 
rather than conflict is probably

532
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:27,200
more desirable than perfect 
Justice, which is probably 

533
00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:31,100
unachievable stability, is the 
outcome due to their reasonable 

534
00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:33,800
confidence in the stability of 
the legal and social framework. 

535
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,200
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

536
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,500
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

537
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:42,500
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

538
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:44,800
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

539
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,700
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

540
00:26:48,700 --> 00:26:52,600
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects that take

541
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,100
generations to complete are all 
made possible by this stability,

542
00:26:56,100 --> 00:26:59,200
which in turns lays the 
groundwork for everything else, 

543
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,600
we've been investigating. 
Without governmental structures 

544
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:06,000
that can uphold continuity and 
Order over decades or even 

545
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:08,400
centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

546
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:10,700
As you continue, your 
exploration of ancient 

547
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:13,100
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

548
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:16,500
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

549
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:20,300
profoundly spiritual but not in 
a way that separates the sacred 

550
00:27:20,300 --> 00:27:22,400
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

551
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,100
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

552
00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:29,100
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

553
00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:31,200
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

554
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:35,800
However, this is a faith that 
sanctifies, practical activity 

555
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:39,500
and finds the Divine in human 
achievement, not the kind of 

556
00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:42,200
spirituality that demands 
people, reject the material, 

557
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:46,300
world Mesopotamian gods are 
strikingly human-like but in the

558
00:27:46,300 --> 00:27:49,600
most positive sense, they are 
individuals with preferences 

559
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:53,000
knowledge and continuous 
engagement in worldly matters 

560
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,900
rather than impersonal abstract 
ideals. 

561
00:27:56,800 --> 00:27:59,700
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

562
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:01,400
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

563
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,500
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

564
00:28:05,500 --> 00:28:09,800
irrigation rule over freshwater 
and wisdom makes perfect sense. 

565
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:13,200
Since passion and conflict are 
essential components of The 

566
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,900
Human Experience in honest, 
stands for both Love and War. 

567
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:20,100
The most fascinating thing. 
About these Gods though is how 

568
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:22,700
they serve as examples of the 
kind of collaboration that 

569
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:26,400
enables civilized life. 
The myths, describe God's 

570
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:29,800
cooperating, on Cosmic building 
projects, exchanging resources 

571
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:33,300
and expertise, and reaching 
mutually beneficial agreements. 

572
00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:36,600
People who take part in 
religious rituals are not only 

573
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:39,000
worshiping. 
They are also honing the social 

574
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,000
skills necessary to maintain the
smooth operation of their own 

575
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,600
communities. 
Each city is dominated by 

576
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:46,300
temples. 
That are much more than just 

577
00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:49,000
places of worship. 
There are combination of social 

578
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:53,200
service agencies educational 
institutions and economic hubs. 

579
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:57,000
In addition to carrying out 
rituals the priests who work in 

580
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:00,800
these temples all so oversee 
agricultural, Estates run, 

581
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:04,500
educational institutions, care 
for libraries and offer welfare 

582
00:29:04,500 --> 00:29:07,800
assistance to members of the 
community who are struggling a 

583
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,800
society where religious life 
supports rather than contradicts

584
00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,600
the value's required. 
For successful, Urban living is 

585
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:16,200
the result of this remarkable 
Fusion of spiritual and 

586
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,100
practical functions. 
A good worshiper. 

587
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:21,300
Possesses the same qualities as 
a good neighbor. 

588
00:29:21,300 --> 00:29:25,400
Such as honesty, dependability 
and a willingness to help out 

589
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,500
with Community projects. 
There is no conflict between 

590
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:31,800
serving the community and the 
gods, or between being Pious and

591
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:35,100
succeeding in business, the 
religious calendar organizes 

592
00:29:35,100 --> 00:29:38,800
daily life in ways that promote 
economic activity, rather than 

593
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:42,400
interfere with it. religious 
celebrations, take place during 

594
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,700
agricultural Seasons, offering 
opportunities for communal, 

595
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:48,800
Gatherings, when people have the
means and Leisure to take part, 

596
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:52,100
In addition to providing funds 
for Public Works projects. 

597
00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:54,000
The religious mandate to 
support. 

598
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,000
Temple operations, establishes a
social safety. 

599
00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:00,100
Net that supports people during 
trying times, most 

600
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:03,300
significantly, this religious 
system offers purpose and 

601
00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:06,500
meaning that transcends Personal
Achievement or failure, 

602
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,300
Contributors to the construction
of a ziggurat are not merely 

603
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:12,000
taking part in a building 
project. 

604
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:15,300
There are also helping to 
construct a monument that will 

605
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:18,300
benefit their Community for many
generations and a place of 

606
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:21,500
worship for the Gods. 
Maintaining the irrigation 

607
00:30:21,500 --> 00:30:23,500
channels is more than just 
routine maintenance. 

608
00:30:23,500 --> 00:30:27,200
It's a way to contribute to the 
divine order that sustains life 

609
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,200
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 
When it has this sense of 

610
00:30:30,208 --> 00:30:33,200
purpose, the merchant 
facilitating trade between 

611
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:36,400
distant cities, the farmer 
producing food, that feeds the 

612
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:39,600
community, and the Craftsman. 
Crafting, beautiful objects are 

613
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:42,600
all part of the divine plan that
create civilization out of 

614
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:46,100
wilderness, abundance out of 
scarcity and order out of chaos.

615
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:50,000
However, this spirituality is 
also incredibly useful. 

616
00:30:50,900 --> 00:30:54,000
Though, the methods of 
consultation reading Omens 

617
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,200
interpreting dreams and 
examining the patterns of oil on

618
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,000
water require careful 
observation and logical 

619
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,400
analysis. 
The gods are consulted on 

620
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:05,300
everything from military 
campaigns to business, Endeavors

621
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:08,900
to marriage decisions. 
Practical intelligence and 

622
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:11,700
religious wisdom complement 
rather than contradict one. 

623
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:14,700
Another, the end result is a 
society in which individuals 

624
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:17,600
accept personal responsibility 
for their contributions to the 

625
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,800
welfare of the community while 
feeling supported by forces 

626
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,500
greater than themselves. 
Despite staying rooted in the 

627
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:26,300
pragmatic demands of everyday 
life. 

628
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:28,600
They feel that their work has 
Cosmic significance. 

629
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,100
Spirituality is not an escape 
from Human achievement, but 

630
00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:35,900
rather an enhancement of it, you
start to understand how all of 

631
00:31:35,900 --> 00:31:39,300
these inventions work together 
to form something far greater 

632
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:41,100
than the sum of their individual
Parts. 

633
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:43,800
As you carry on your cozy, 
exploration of this amazing 

634
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,800
civilization. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

635
00:31:46,800 --> 00:31:50,400
networking effects, which are 
the processes by, which various 

636
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:53,300
developments reinforce one 
another to cause a sharp 

637
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:56,700
acceleration of human progress. 
Think about how Mesopotamian 

638
00:31:56,700 --> 00:32:00,300
Society is changed by writing in
every other way because 

639
00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:03,300
Engineers can document effective
techniques and learn from past 

640
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:06,900
mistakes, the irrigation system 
becomes much more sophisticated,

641
00:32:06,900 --> 00:32:09,300
once information can be 
permanently recorded. 

642
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:13,300
Because precedence can be 
documented and consulted legal 

643
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:15,700
systems become more Equitable 
and consistent. 

644
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,400
Because contracts can specify 
precise terms and conditions 

645
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:23,000
trade becomes more complicated. 
Because knowledge can be 

646
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,600
systematically transmitted and 
preserved education becomes more

647
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:30,800
effective however writing all so
opens up new possibilities that 

648
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,900
no one had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

649
00:32:33,900 --> 00:32:37,200
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

650
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:40,400
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

651
00:32:40,408 --> 00:32:43,200
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

652
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:46,700
every advancement, creates 
opportunities for even more 

653
00:32:46,700 --> 00:32:48,500
advancements in, unpredictable 
ways. 

654
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:52,100
In the realm of Economics, the 
networking effect is the same 

655
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:56,000
once who production is stable, 
some people can focus on crafts,

656
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:58,400
you can create better tools and 
methods. 

657
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:01,400
Once you have talented artists 
with improved tools, 

658
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:05,000
agricultural productivity can be
increased freeing up, even more 

659
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,800
workers for specialized labor. 
Every Improvement increases the 

660
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:11,700
likelihood and ease of the 
subsequent Improvement the 

661
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:14,100
social Innovations, have an 
equally strong Network. 

662
00:33:14,100 --> 00:33:17,300
You can start projects that need
long-term planning and 

663
00:33:17,300 --> 00:33:19,500
coordination. 
Once you have an efficient 

664
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:22,800
governance system, People gain 
confidence in group action, 

665
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:26,700
after large-scale, projects are 
completed successfully, people 

666
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:29,300
are willing to invest in, even 
more ambitious projects, once 

667
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:33,700
they have faith in group efforts
in ways that exponentially speed

668
00:33:33,700 --> 00:33:36,300
up progress, success, breeds 
success. 

669
00:33:36,300 --> 00:33:39,300
The Mesopotamians are 
experiencing the fascinating 

670
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:41,000
discovery that human 
communities. 

671
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:43,800
Can generate value that far, 
surpasses, what individuals 

672
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:46,700
could produce working alone. 
Your witnessing, what? 

673
00:33:46,700 --> 00:33:49,700
Contemporary economists, refer 
to as increasing returns to 

674
00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:52,300
scale. 
Every new member of society 

675
00:33:52,300 --> 00:33:54,900
increases the productivity 
security, and ability of 

676
00:33:54,900 --> 00:33:58,100
everyone else to accomplish 
their objectives, the networking

677
00:33:58,100 --> 00:33:59,600
of technology is equally 
impressive. 

678
00:33:59,600 --> 00:34:03,400
Mining transportation and trade 
networks, are all necessary for 

679
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,800
the production of bronze. 
In addition, to metallurgy The 

680
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:09,100
effectiveness of the entire 
system increases with each 

681
00:34:09,100 --> 00:34:12,500
advancement in any of these 
areas mining is more productive 

682
00:34:12,500 --> 00:34:15,000
with better tools. 
Raw materials are less 

683
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:16,800
expensive. 
When transportation is more 

684
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,199
efficient access to better 
quality inputs, is made possible

685
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:24,199
by expanded trade networks. 
However, the cultural networking

686
00:34:24,199 --> 00:34:27,199
effect may be the most 
significant, People start to 

687
00:34:27,199 --> 00:34:29,800
have bigger dreams after 
realizing that prosperity and 

688
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:32,400
security can be achieved through
human effort. 

689
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:36,500
They're more inclined, to trust 
strangers, and engage in larger 

690
00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:38,000
communities. 
Once they realize that 

691
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,699
collaboration can produce 
outcomes that are impossible for

692
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:44,000
individuals to accomplish alone.
They are more inclined to rely 

693
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:46,100
on others for products and 
services that they could 

694
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:48,699
potentially produce themselves. 
Once they have seen the 

695
00:34:48,699 --> 00:34:52,300
advantages of specialization, 
this is a revolutionary change 

696
00:34:52,300 --> 00:34:54,699
in culture. 
People are choosing to become 

697
00:34:54,699 --> 00:34:57,400
interdependent instead of 
self-sufficient for the first 

698
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,600
time in human history, they're 
coming to the conclusion that 

699
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:03,300
working together is more 
advantageous than relying on 

700
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,600
other people, their ringing. 
Everything that humans societies

701
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:08,900
can be more than short-term 
convenience alliances. 

702
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:12,200
You're seeing networking effects
that extend beyond the borders 

703
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:14,400
of specific cities or 
geographical areas. 

704
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,200
Mesopotamian Innovations in 
Florence events throughout the 

705
00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:22,200
ancient world, by way of trade 
routes, diplomatic contacts and 

706
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:25,500
migration patterns Greek 
philosophy is shaped by the 

707
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:27,600
mathematical ideas created in 
Babylon. 

708
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:31,500
Roman law is influenced by the 
legal precepts developed in her.

709
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:35,000
From Egypt to India, population 
growth is made possible by 

710
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:38,400
Mesopotamian agricultural, 
Innovations, your witnessing. 

711
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:40,900
The emergence of what 
contemporary academics refer to 

712
00:35:40,900 --> 00:35:44,700
as World Systems networks of 
influence and interactions. 

713
00:35:44,700 --> 00:35:48,300
That link far-flung Society is 
an enable Innovations to 

714
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:50,800
proliferate well, beyond their 
original locations. 

715
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:55,400
For the first time, human 
advancement turns into a 

716
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,100
Cooperative Endeavor in which 
several civilizations, cooperate

717
00:35:58,100 --> 00:36:02,200
often, unknowingly to address 
shared problems, you are left 

718
00:36:02,208 --> 00:36:04,500
with a deep respect for the 
accomplishments of these 

719
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:07,700
extraordinary people, as our 
leisurely tour of Ancient 

720
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:10,400
Mesopotamia. 
Comes to an end You return to 

721
00:36:10,408 --> 00:36:13,700
the Comforts of the present with
a fresh perspective on how much 

722
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:17,000
we owe these pioneers of the 
past, the Golden Age of 

723
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:20,200
witnessed was golden. 
Not because it was Flawless, but

724
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:22,900
because it was the first time 
that Humanity had successfully 

725
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,800
attempted to build sophisticated
societies that boosted rather 

726
00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:31,500
than depleted human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

727
00:36:31,500 --> 00:36:33,300
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

728
00:36:33,300 --> 00:36:35,800
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

729
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,300
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions were 

730
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:41,200
coincidental or short-term 
fixes. 

731
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,700
Thousands of years later, we are
still using modified versions of

732
00:36:44,708 --> 00:36:47,700
the institutions systems and 
ways of thinking they 

733
00:36:47,700 --> 00:36:49,300
established because they were so
successful. 

734
00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,800
Your building on the foundations
established by these ancient 

735
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:56,600
Pioneers each time you use 
mathematics, read a written 

736
00:36:56,600 --> 00:37:00,300
contract engage in Democratic 
governance or profit from 

737
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:03,400
specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

738
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:06,200
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

739
00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:09,800
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

740
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,300
look beyond their immediate 
survival, when they have 

741
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:14,800
incentives to work together, 
rather than engage in 

742
00:37:14,808 --> 00:37:17,400
destructive competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

743
00:37:17,408 --> 00:37:19,900
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

744
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:23,600
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

745
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,700
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

746
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:29,500
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

747
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:32,700
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

748
00:37:32,700 --> 00:37:35,900
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

749
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,300
It involves creating systems 
that are both robust enough to 

750
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:42,600
offer security and adaptable 
enough to Foster creativity. 

751
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,500
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

752
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:49,600
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

753
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:53,300
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

754
00:37:53,300 --> 00:37:57,100
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

755
00:37:57,100 --> 00:37:59,700
writing. 
The spirit of ancient 

756
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:02,700
Mesopotamia endures every time 
individuals decide to work 

757
00:38:02,708 --> 00:38:06,300
together, rather than fight 
every time someone lends their 

758
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:08,300
expertise to projects bigger 
than themselves. 

759
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:11,600
And every time communities make 
investments in infrastructure 

760
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,600
that will benefit coming 
Generations, even though the 

761
00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,500
cities are now covered in desert
sand and the irrigation channels

762
00:38:17,500 --> 00:38:20,500
are dry, the human ability to 
bring order out of chaos, 

763
00:38:20,500 --> 00:38:24,200
abundance out of scarcity and 
meaning out of life's. 

764
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,000
Basic materials, still flows 
like those ancient Rivers 

765
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,900
between the Tigris and 
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 

766
00:38:29,900 --> 00:38:32,300
that you're a part of a story 
that started with the first 

767
00:38:32,300 --> 00:38:36,400
cities and goes on with every 
technological advancement, Every

768
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:40,100
Act of human cooperation and 
every instance in which people 

769
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:44,100
decide to build rather than 
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age

770
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:45,600
serves. 
As a reminder that our best 

771
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:47,800
times are never truly over. 
Rather. 

772
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,000
They are always just getting 
started and are waiting to be 

773
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:54,200
shaped by the next generation of
people who prepared to cooperate

774
00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:57,500
in order to achieve common 
goals, the same mathematical 

775
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:00,400
patterns that the ancient 
astronomers found still govern 

776
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:02,000
the way the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

777
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:06,500
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

778
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,900
something bigger than personal 
survival is still as strong as 

779
00:39:09,908 --> 00:39:14,100
the fires in those old bronze 
workshops and tomorrow, we carry

780
00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:15,200
on the work. 
They started. 

781
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,200
The never-ending optimistic 
Endeavor of creating 

782
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:22,200
civilizations deserving of human
potential in both minor and 

783
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:24,800
major ways. 
Sweet dreams fellow time 

784
00:39:24,808 --> 00:39:27,500
traveler take comfort. 
In the fact that you are a part 

785
00:39:27,508 --> 00:39:30,700
of the greatest success story in
human history, one that is still

786
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:34,600
being written one day at a time 
by people who recognize that the

787
00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:38,100
greatest monuments we can erect.
Are those that enable others to 

788
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:40,200
rise just a little bit of their 
own potential. 

789
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:43,800
Imagine those old voices carry 
on the Wind during The Quiet 

790
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:45,900
Moments before sleep really sets
in. 

791
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:49,200
Farmers in Mesopotamia 
discovered that a floodplain 

792
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:51,200
could become a paradise if they 
banded together. 

793
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:55,000
The Artisans who realized that. 
Specialized work, could Elevate,

794
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:57,000
simple, survival to creative 
success. 

795
00:39:57,000 --> 00:40:01,800
The administrators demonstrated 
that at its best bureaucracy is 

796
00:40:01,800 --> 00:40:04,900
just structured to serve the 
interests of the community even 

797
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:06,700
though their cigarettes falling 
apart. 

798
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:09,400
Their wisdom can still be heard 
in every Public Library, 

799
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:13,000
contemporary hospital and 
infrastructure project that 

800
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,000
enhances the lives of people. 
The Builders of never met. 

801
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:20,300
Even though their cuneiform 
tablets are now Museum artifacts

802
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:23,300
their belief that knowledge 
should be shared and preserved 

803
00:40:23,300 --> 00:40:26,200
in jurors in every book website 
and classroom. 

804
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:27,700
Where new information is 
learned. 

805
00:40:27,700 --> 00:40:30,200
There are understanding that 
abundance comes from 

806
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,700
cooperation, rather than 
competition is evident in every 

807
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:36,800
successful Business, 
Partnership, community garden 

808
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,000
and instant where neighbors 
choose to support one another 

809
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:44,200
rather than compete. 
The irrigation channels they dug

810
00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:47,600
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

811
00:40:47,608 --> 00:40:50,400
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

812
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:52,200
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

813
00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:56,000
That chaos conflict and scarce 
are not necessary for human 

814
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:59,700
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

815
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:03,600
enough food, and enough, 
security enough, purpose, enough

816
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:07,900
Beauty to make life worth while 
if we are patient creative and 

817
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:10,900
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

818
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:12,100
sleep. 
Remember, not only the 

819
00:41:12,100 --> 00:41:15,200
accomplishments of these ancient
people, but also the quiet 

820
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:19,100
assurance, Same inventive 
collaborative spirit, that 

821
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,300
created the first cities is 
still creating a better world 

822
00:41:22,300 --> 00:41:26,300
today, every tiny deed of 
compassion, every instance of 

823
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:29,100
putting empathy ahead of 
judgment and every contribution 

824
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:32,100
to a cause greater than yourself
keeps the good work going. 

825
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:35,500
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

826
00:41:35,500 --> 00:41:38,300
destination. 
Stories, most lovely aspect is 

827
00:41:38,300 --> 00:41:41,600
that it isn't yet over it, 
persists, in every heart, that 

828
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:45,300
selects cooperation over 
rivalry, hope over fear and 

829
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:47,700
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

830
00:41:47,700 --> 00:41:50,700
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

831
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:52,200
part of its continuous 
development. 

832
00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:55,800
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

833
00:41:55,800 --> 00:41:59,000
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

834
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,500
Gardens. 
That will reopen to tomorrow. 

835
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:03,600
Good night, civilisation 
Builder, good night. 

836
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:07,100
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

837
00:42:07,100 --> 00:42:10,700
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

838
00:42:10,700 --> 00:42:13,800
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

839
00:42:13,808 --> 00:42:17,500
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

840
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:21,500
capacity for Wonder really are 
returnal the stars that led 

841
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:25,200
those early astronomers continue
to shine down on you in the same

842
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:27,800
Timeless patterns. 
They found get enough. 

843
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:32,000
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 

844
00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:34,800
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful
task of bringing the world 

845
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:38,300
closer to the paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

846
00:42:38,300 --> 00:42:45,700
long ago. 
Picture yourself stepping off a 

847
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:49,000
time machine into ancient Rome 
Circa 100 AD. 

848
00:42:50,300 --> 00:42:53,500
First thing that hits, you isn't
the Grandeur of the Colosseum or

849
00:42:53,500 --> 00:42:56,400
the marble Majesty of the Forum.
It's the smell. 

850
00:42:57,300 --> 00:42:59,400
That peculiar cocktail of 
unwashed bodies. 

851
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,900
Fermented fish sauce and 
something. 

852
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:04,600
You can't quite identify, but 
suspect involves bodily 

853
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:08,200
functions mingles with incense 
and olive oil in ways that would

854
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:11,600
make a modern nose surrender. 
Immediately You'd think a 

855
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:14,300
civilization that built 
aqueducts spanning hundreds of 

856
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:17,700
miles and invented concrete that
still puzzles Engineers today 

857
00:43:17,700 --> 00:43:19,600
would have figured out basic 
hygiene. 

858
00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:24,100
Well, they did sort of the 
Romans had their own ideas about

859
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:26,800
cleanliness and some of them 
would make you grateful for 

860
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:28,600
antibacterial soap and indoor 
plumbing. 

861
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:32,500
Take their approach to bathing 
for instance the Romans not only

862
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:36,000
bathed but also transformed it 
into a social Gathering that 

863
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:38,500
could rival. 
Any local book club a public 

864
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,500
baths Authority weren't just 
places to get clean. 

865
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:45,100
They were community centers 
gossip herbs business meeting 

866
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:47,800
spots and occasionally places 
where you might actually 

867
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:51,000
encounter water and soap. 
Think of them as ancient 

868
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:55,200
shopping malls except in Orange 
Julius, you had pools of varying

869
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:58,600
temperatures and instead of 
Spencer's you had rooms where 

870
00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:01,500
people scraped oil and dirt off 
each other with metal tools. 

871
00:44:02,500 --> 00:44:05,200
But here's where it becomes 
interesting, Romans believed 

872
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:08,500
that hot water opened your pause
to let the bad spirits out while

873
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:10,500
cold water. 
Snapped them shut to keep the 

874
00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:14,800
good spirits in This wasn't just
folklore, it was medical Theory 

875
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:16,900
endorsed by their most respected
Physicians. 

876
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:20,500
So your typical Roman bath 
experience involved a carefully.

877
00:44:20,500 --> 00:44:24,800
Choreographed dance between the 
caldarium hot room, tepidarium 

878
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:29,300
warm room and Frigidaire area, 
cold room, like some ancient 

879
00:44:29,300 --> 00:44:32,300
version of a Swedish sonar 
routine designed by committee 

880
00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:36,200
The wealthy Romans had their 
private baths at home, complete 

881
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,800
with hypocrisy heating systems, 
that channeled hot air through 

882
00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:42,200
the walls and Floors. 
Imagine having heated floors in 

883
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,400
180 While most of the world was 
still figuring out how to make 

884
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:48,400
fire reliably. 
Yet these same Innovative people

885
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:51,100
thought that sharing bath water 
with dozens of strangers was 

886
00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:54,600
perfectly hygienic. 
The water in public baths was 

887
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:57,500
changed in frequently. 
Sometimes only once a day 

888
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:01,000
sometimes less. 
By afternoon, you weren't so 

889
00:45:01,008 --> 00:45:04,000
much bathing as marinating and 
human soup that would horrify 

890
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:07,200
any modern health inspector. 
And then there were the slaves, 

891
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:09,100
whose job it was to help with 
the bathing process. 

892
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:12,200
These weren't just attendance 
handing out, towels. 

893
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:17,100
They were skilled craftspeople 
of cleanliness, wielding strigol

894
00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:20,300
curved metal scrapers that 
remove the oil, dirt and dead 

895
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:22,500
skin that accumulated on Roman 
bodies. 

896
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:25,700
The wealthy would cope 
themselves in olive oil then 

897
00:45:25,700 --> 00:45:29,700
have slaves, scrape, it all off.
Taking the grime with it. it was

898
00:45:29,700 --> 00:45:32,600
effective sure but imagine 
explaining to your modern 

899
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:35,700
dermatologist that your skincare
routine involves having someone 

900
00:45:35,700 --> 00:45:37,800
scraped you down with what 
amounts to a medieval 

901
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:41,700
backscratcher, the Romans also 
had some fascinating ideas about

902
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:44,900
dental hygiene, they brushed 
their teeth with tweaks. 

903
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:47,800
Civically. 
They chewed on aromatic twigs 

904
00:45:47,800 --> 00:45:50,100
and frayed into a brush like 
texture. 

905
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:51,900
Then use that to clean their 
teeth. 

906
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:55,100
The good news is that the 
technique actually worked 

907
00:45:55,100 --> 00:45:58,200
reasonably well, the troubling 
news is that their favorite 

908
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:01,300
toothpaste was made from 
powdered Mouse brains crushed 

909
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:05,700
bones and sometimes human urine.
Portuguese urine was considered 

910
00:46:05,700 --> 00:46:08,700
particularly effective, which 
raises all sorts of questions 

911
00:46:08,700 --> 00:46:11,400
about ancient trade routes and 
quality control standards. 

912
00:46:12,100 --> 00:46:15,200
Perhaps most puzzling of all was
their relationship with perfume.

913
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,300
Romans douse themselves incented
oils and perfumes with the 

914
00:46:19,300 --> 00:46:22,100
enthusiasm of teenagers 
discovering body spray for the 

915
00:46:22,108 --> 00:46:24,800
first time. 
They had different sense for 

916
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,500
their hair arms and feet. 
Walking through ancient Rome 

917
00:46:28,500 --> 00:46:31,300
must have been like navigating a
cosmetic section in a department

918
00:46:31,300 --> 00:46:35,000
store except with more togas and
considerably more creative 

919
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,600
interpretations of what 
constituted Pleasant fragrance. 

920
00:46:37,600 --> 00:46:40,600
Now let's talk about something 
that every Roman had to deal 

921
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:43,100
with, but no one, particularly 
wanted to discuss at dinner 

922
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:47,000
parties using the bathroom. 
If you found Roman bathing 

923
00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:50,100
habits to be communal, you might
be interested in learning about 

924
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:53,600
their approach to toilets Roman 
public latrines, combined 

925
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:57,000
engineering Marvels, with social
awkwardness picture, along, 

926
00:46:57,000 --> 00:47:00,000
marble, bench with round holes, 
cut into it positioned. 

927
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:04,200
Overflowing water that carried 
waste away, so far so good. 

928
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:06,800
It's basically ancient sewage 
system. 

929
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:11,900
But here's the catch, there were
no dividers no doors and no 

930
00:47:11,900 --> 00:47:14,900
privacy screens. 
There was just a row of holes 

931
00:47:14,900 --> 00:47:18,000
where Romans would sit side by 
side, conducting business. 

932
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,400
And presumably discussing the 
weather or the latest Gladiator 

933
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:23,400
match. 
The arrangement wasn't 

934
00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:25,100
considered strange or 
embarrassing. 

935
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:28,000
In fact, it was another social 
activity. 

936
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:31,800
Romans would chat conduct 
business deals, and catch up on 

937
00:47:31,808 --> 00:47:34,100
Gossip while attending to their 
bodily needs. 

938
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:37,700
Imagine trying to negotiate a 
grain shipment contract, while 

939
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:39,700
sitting on a communal toilet 
with your neighbor. 

940
00:47:40,500 --> 00:47:43,200
It puts a whole new spin on the 
phrase, getting down to 

941
00:47:43,208 --> 00:47:46,300
business. 
The most interesting part is 

942
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:48,900
that they use something other 
than toilet paper which was 

943
00:47:48,900 --> 00:47:52,700
invented a millennium later. 
Romans used a communal sponge on

944
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:56,400
a stick called Asylum. 
Yes, you read that correctly. 

945
00:47:56,400 --> 00:48:00,600
A shared spunge. 
After use it was rinsed in the 

946
00:48:00,608 --> 00:48:03,500
flowing water channel that ran 
in front of the toilets then 

947
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:06,900
left for the next person. 
This system worked well enough 

948
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:09,900
from a hygiene standpoint, since
the flowing water, kept things 

949
00:48:09,900 --> 00:48:12,700
relatively clean. 
But the social implications are 

950
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:15,900
staggering yet to time your 
bathroom visits, not just based 

951
00:48:15,900 --> 00:48:18,900
on your needs, but on when you 
could cycle logically handle 

952
00:48:18,900 --> 00:48:22,400
using the community spunge, 
wealthy Romans had their own 

953
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:25,700
private toilets often 
beautifully decorated a fairs 

954
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:30,100
with mosaics and frescoes Some 
featured images of Fortuner, the

955
00:48:30,100 --> 00:48:32,500
goddess of luck, because 
apparently even bathroom humor 

956
00:48:32,500 --> 00:48:35,900
was a thing in ancient Rome. 
These private facilities usually

957
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:38,600
emptied into the same sewer 
systems as the public ones, 

958
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:40,900
floating eventually into the 
cloaca. 

959
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:44,300
Maxima the great sewer, which 
was one of Rome's, genuine 

960
00:48:44,300 --> 00:48:46,400
engineering Marvels, and still 
functions today. 

961
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:50,500
But Romans had some peculiar 
superstitions about bathroom 

962
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:53,200
activities. 
They believed that evil spirits 

963
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:56,100
lurked in sewers and might 
emerge through toilet holes to 

964
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,500
cause mischief. 
Toward them off, many Romans 

965
00:48:59,500 --> 00:49:02,300
wore amulets or muttered 
protective charms before sitting

966
00:49:02,300 --> 00:49:04,500
down. 
There's something endearing 

967
00:49:04,500 --> 00:49:06,700
about a civilization that 
conquered most of the known 

968
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:10,100
world but still worried about 
sewer demons sneaking up on them

969
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:13,300
during vulnerable moments. 
There really well, he took 

970
00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:16,300
bathroom security. 
Seriously some installed 

971
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:18,500
elaborate wind chimes and Bells 
near their toilets. 

972
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:20,500
Believing the noise would 
frighten away. 

973
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:24,700
Any Supernatural toilet, lurkers
others hired slaves whose job 

974
00:49:24,700 --> 00:49:26,600
was essentially to be 
professional bathroom 

975
00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:28,600
attendance. 
Not just for cleanliness. 

976
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,900
But for Spiritual protection, 
imagine having toilet. 

977
00:49:31,900 --> 00:49:33,900
Bodyguard on your ancient, Roman
resume. 

978
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,800
Personal hygiene after using the
facilities was handled with 

979
00:49:37,800 --> 00:49:41,700
scented oils and perfumes Romans
would clean themselves and then 

980
00:49:41,700 --> 00:49:44,200
apply various aromatic 
substances to mask, any 

981
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:46,800
lingering. 
Odors These practices led to 

982
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:49,800
some interesting combinations. 
You might encounter someone who 

983
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:53,200
smelled like a mixture of rose 
oil, Murr and whatever had 

984
00:49:53,200 --> 00:49:54,900
happened in the latrine 20 
minutes earlier. 

985
00:49:55,900 --> 00:49:59,600
Ancient Rome captivated the 
census often in unexpected ways.

986
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:04,300
The Romans also had public 
urinals called forky, positioned

987
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:07,100
throughout the city. 
These were simple stone or 

988
00:50:07,100 --> 00:50:09,100
ceramic vessels where men could 
relieve themselves. 

989
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:13,400
The urine wasn't wasted, it was 
collected and sold to Fullers. 

990
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:17,000
Dry ancient cleaners, who used 
it to clean clothing and whiten 

991
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:19,700
togas. 
Urine contains ammonia, which is

992
00:50:19,708 --> 00:50:21,200
actually quite effective for 
cleaning. 

993
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:23,700
So, the collection wasn't just 
gross recycling. 

994
00:50:23,700 --> 00:50:28,200
It was practical chemistry. 
Still, imagine the job interview

995
00:50:28,200 --> 00:50:30,700
process for becoming a 
professional urine collector. 

996
00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:34,100
Women had their own challenges 
with Roman bathroom culture. 

997
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:38,100
They were generally excluded 
from public toilets and had to 

998
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:40,700
rely on private facilities or 
chamber pots at home. 

999
00:50:40,700 --> 00:50:44,100
This meant that Roman women 
rarely ventured far from home 

1000
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:45,700
without carefully. 
Planning. 

1001
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:47,800
Their Roots around available 
bathroom facilities. 

1002
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:51,100
It was an early form of urban 
planning that took biological 

1003
00:50:51,100 --> 00:50:54,100
needs into account, though, not 
equally, for all citizens. 

1004
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:57,000
Romans aside. 
He was on Rigid class 

1005
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:00,000
distinctions and nowhere was 
this more apparent than, in 

1006
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:03,300
their hygiene practices. 
Your cleanliness level wasn't 

1007
00:51:03,300 --> 00:51:06,300
just about personal preference. 
It was an advertisement of your 

1008
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:10,800
Social Status broadcast through 
scent, skin condition and the 

1009
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:13,300
quality of oil glistening on 
your freshly scraped body. 

1010
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:16,800
At the top of the hygiene 
pyramid, sat the wealthy 

1011
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:19,800
patricians who treated 
cleanliness like a competitive 

1012
00:51:19,800 --> 00:51:22,300
sport. 
These folks didn't just bathe 

1013
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:24,300
they orchestrated elaborate 
cleansing. 

1014
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:26,200
Rituals that would make modern 
spa treatments. 

1015
00:51:26,200 --> 00:51:27,700
Look like a quick rinse in the 
garden. 

1016
00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:31,000
Sprinkler. 
A wealthy Romans day might begin

1017
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:35,000
with slaves, applying various 
oils and unwanted by a leisurely

1018
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:38,600
trip to their private baths. 
Then more oils a visit to the 

1019
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:42,200
public baths for socializing, 
then even more oils and perfumes

1020
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:45,700
for the evening's entertainment.
the oils themselves were a 

1021
00:51:45,700 --> 00:51:48,700
hierarchy of their own the 
cheapest bath oil was made from 

1022
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:53,200
olives functional, but hardly 
luxurious Moving up the social 

1023
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:57,100
ladder, you'd find oils infused 
with roses violets or other 

1024
00:51:57,100 --> 00:51:59,700
flowers at the very top were 
exotic. 

1025
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:03,300
Imported oils from India and the
Far East centered with spices 

1026
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:05,500
that cost more than most Romans 
earned in a year. 

1027
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:10,100
These premium oils were just 
applied randomly wealthy, Romans

1028
00:52:10,100 --> 00:52:13,300
had personal cause meat slaves, 
who specialized in the 

1029
00:52:13,300 --> 00:52:16,100
application of cosmetics and 
centered oils with the Precision

1030
00:52:16,100 --> 00:52:19,500
of ancient perfumers. 
But here's where Roman hygiene 

1031
00:52:19,500 --> 00:52:22,100
becomes really interesting. 
They believed that different 

1032
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:25,200
sense could affect your 
personality and health lavender 

1033
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:28,800
oil was thought to promote 
wisdom while rose oil in Hearts 

1034
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:32,100
Beauty and charm. 
Mer was considered a specially, 

1035
00:52:32,100 --> 00:52:34,800
powerful for warding off 
diseases, which led to some 

1036
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:37,600
Roman smelling. 
Like they'd been in bombed the 

1037
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:40,700
really paranoid wealthy would 
lay a multiple protective sense,

1038
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:43,800
creating personal aromatic 
signatures that you could smell 

1039
00:52:43,800 --> 00:52:46,900
coming from three blocks away, 
middle class. 

1040
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,900
Romans the plebeians with decent
jobs had their hygiene 

1041
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:53,300
strategies. 
They couldn't afford the Exotic 

1042
00:52:53,300 --> 00:52:55,300
oils. 
But they may do with olive oil 

1043
00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:58,100
and local herbs. 
Many grew, their own aromatic 

1044
00:52:58,100 --> 00:53:01,900
plants, specifically for bathing
mint, Rosemary, and Thyme were 

1045
00:53:01,900 --> 00:53:06,100
popular choices. these Romans 
typically visited public baths 

1046
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:09,200
several times a week timing, 
their visits for the hours when 

1047
00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:12,400
the water was freshest and the 
crowds with thinnest, They 

1048
00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:15,900
developed their own social codes
around bath etiquette, including

1049
00:53:15,900 --> 00:53:18,900
elaborate systems for sharing 
the limited supply of struggles 

1050
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:21,500
and determining who got to use 
the best spots in each room. 

1051
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:25,500
The Working Poor have the most 
creative approaches to hygiene. 

1052
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:29,500
many couldn't afford regular 
trips to the public bars so they

1053
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:32,200
developed Alternatives that 
range from clever to desperate, 

1054
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:36,000
some would collect rainwater for
washing heating it over, small 

1055
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:39,200
fires in their cramped 
Apartments, others would visit 

1056
00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:40,800
the bars during the cheapest 
hours. 

1057
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:44,200
Usually late in the day when the
water was questionable, but the 

1058
00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:47,600
prices were reduced. 
Many simply made do with quick 

1059
00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:51,000
washes at public fountains, 
using whatever, soap, they could

1060
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:53,600
afford or make themselves from 
animal fat and Ash. 

1061
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:57,500
Slaves occupied, the most 
complex position in the Roman 

1062
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,400
hygiene hierarchy. 
The house slaves of wealthy 

1063
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:02,000
families. 
Often had better access to 

1064
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:05,700
bathing facilities than free 
Romans of lower classes, but 

1065
00:54:05,700 --> 00:54:08,400
only because cleanliness was 
part of their job requirements. 

1066
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:11,900
Nobody wanted a smelly slave 
serving dinner or handling 

1067
00:54:11,900 --> 00:54:14,900
expensive clothing. 
These slaves, often do more 

1068
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:17,600
about cosmetics and hygiene 
techniques than their masters. 

1069
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:21,200
Having learned through daily 
practice, some of their freedom 

1070
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:23,300
by becoming professional, Barth 
attendance or 

1071
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:46,900
Soldiers developed efficient 
group, bathing techniques, and 

1072
00:54:46,900 --> 00:54:48,500
shared resources, for soap and 
oil. 

1073
00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:52,200
But they also had to adapt 
campaign conditions where Proper

1074
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:54,300
bathing might be impossible for 
weeks at a time. 

1075
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:57,800
Military hygiene was about 
functionality over luxury 

1076
00:54:57,800 --> 00:54:59,700
though. 
Successful generals often 

1077
00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:02,100
celebrated victories. 
With elaborate communal baths 

1078
00:55:02,100 --> 00:55:05,400
for their troops. 
Even Gladiators had their place 

1079
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:08,500
in the hygiene hierarchy. 
These professional fighters were

1080
00:55:08,500 --> 00:55:11,200
valuable property. 
So their owners invested in 

1081
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:13,600
keeping them clean and healthy 
Gladiator. 

1082
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:16,600
Schools included, sophisticated,
bathing facilities, and 

1083
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:19,500
Gladiators often had access to 
Medical Care, and specialized 

1084
00:55:19,500 --> 00:55:21,200
oils for treating training 
injuries. 

1085
00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:25,500
But the irony wasn't lost on. 
Romans, here were slaves and 

1086
00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:27,900
criminals, who had better 
hygiene facilities than many 

1087
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:29,800
free citizens. 
Simply because they were 

1088
00:55:29,808 --> 00:55:32,900
profitable entertainment. 
Roman medical Theory regarding 

1089
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:36,000
hygiene was a fascinating blend 
of practical, observation 

1090
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:39,800
philosophical speculation and 
what can only be described as 

1091
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:43,900
enthusiastic guesswork, Roman 
Physicians trained in Greek 

1092
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:46,400
Traditions but adding their own 
cultural interpretations 

1093
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:48,800
developed hygiene practices, 
that were simultaneously 

1094
00:55:48,800 --> 00:55:53,600
Advanced and utterly baffling 
The foundation of Roman medical 

1095
00:55:53,600 --> 00:55:55,700
hygiene rested on the theory of 
humors. 

1096
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:59,000
The belief that human health 
depended on balancing four 

1097
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:03,400
bodily, fluids blood, phlegm 
yellow, bile and black bile. 

1098
00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:06,400
According to this system, 
different types of dirt and 

1099
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:08,700
contamination. 
Could upset your home, balance, 

1100
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:11,600
leading to illness, Madness or 
worse. 

1101
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:14,700
This meant that how you cleaned 
yourself wasn't just about 

1102
00:56:14,700 --> 00:56:17,600
removing Grime. 
It was about maintaining Cosmic 

1103
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,900
Harmony within your body. 
Roman doctors, prescribed 

1104
00:56:20,900 --> 00:56:23,500
specific bathing temperatures 
for different ailments and 

1105
00:56:23,500 --> 00:56:26,400
personality types. 
If you were naturally tolerate 

1106
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:29,500
hot tempered you needed. 
Cool bars to balance your 

1107
00:56:29,500 --> 00:56:31,900
excess. 
Yellow bile melancholic, people 

1108
00:56:31,900 --> 00:56:36,300
required hot bars to counteract,
their cold dry nature, But 

1109
00:56:36,300 --> 00:56:37,300
here's where it gets 
complicated. 

1110
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:40,900
The same doctor might prescribe 
hot baths in the morning and 

1111
00:56:40,900 --> 00:56:43,500
cold baths in the evening, 
depending on the phase of the 

1112
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:46,200
moon, the season, and what you'd
eaten for lunch. 

1113
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,100
Roman bath prescriptions could 
be more complex than modern 

1114
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:51,400
chemotherapy. 
Protocols. 

1115
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:54,500
The medical establishment also 
had strong opinions about 

1116
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:56,700
sweating. 
Roman Physicians. 

1117
00:56:56,700 --> 00:56:58,100
Believed that sweat carried 
away. 

1118
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,500
Harmful Vapors, and corrupted. 
Humors. 

1119
00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:04,400
Making it essential for health. 
This perspective led to some 

1120
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:07,500
interesting treatments. 
Patients with certain conditions

1121
00:57:07,500 --> 00:57:10,500
were prescribed sessions in the 
hottest rooms of the baths. 

1122
00:57:10,500 --> 00:57:13,800
Sometimes for hours, at a time 
sweating out their illness. 

1123
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:17,300
Others were given exercises 
designed to produce specific 

1124
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:20,800
types of sweat gentle 
perspiration for delicate 

1125
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,700
Constitution's. 
Vigorous sweating for robust. 

1126
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:26,600
Patients. 
There were even Specialists, who

1127
00:57:26,608 --> 00:57:28,300
claimed? 
They could diagnose diseases by 

1128
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:30,600
examining and smelling a patient
sweat patterns. 

1129
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:34,600
Oil played a central role in 
Roman medical, hygiene theory, 

1130
00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:37,700
different oils were thought to 
have specific therapeutic 

1131
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:40,000
properties that went beyond mere
cleanliness. 

1132
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:43,900
Olive oil was considered warming
and moistening beneficial for 

1133
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:45,900
dry skin conditions and cold 
humors. 

1134
00:57:45,900 --> 00:57:49,400
Rose oil was Cooling and 
beautifying prescribed for hot 

1135
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:51,400
natured individuals and skin 
inflammation. 

1136
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:55,300
But the real medical stars were 
the Exotic imported oils. 

1137
00:57:56,100 --> 00:57:58,900
Balsam from Judea was believed 
to cure headaches and promote 

1138
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:01,600
wisdom. 
Nard from India was prescribed 

1139
00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:04,400
for depression and anxiety, 
these weren't just Pleasant 

1140
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:06,700
sense. 
They were considered legitimate 

1141
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:09,900
medicines, Roman doctors also 
had elaborate theories about 

1142
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:11,700
when and how to bathe for 
Optimal Health. 

1143
00:58:11,700 --> 00:58:14,600
Most believed that bathing 
immediately after eating was 

1144
00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:18,400
dangerous as it could disrupt 
digestion and caused the food to

1145
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:21,500
corrupt in your stomach. 
The recommended waiting period 

1146
00:58:21,500 --> 00:58:24,800
varied from two to four hours 
depending on what you'd eaten 

1147
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:28,100
and your constitutional type. 
Some Physicians prescribe 

1148
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:31,700
pre-exist to open the pause 
properly While others 

1149
00:58:31,700 --> 00:58:34,600
recommended specific breathing 
techniques, during bathing to 

1150
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:36,700
ensure proper circulation of 
vital spirits. 

1151
00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:40,000
The relationship between diet 
and hygiene was considered, 

1152
00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:43,700
crucial Roman medical texts. 
A full of warnings about foods 

1153
00:58:43,700 --> 00:58:46,900
that could make your sweat smell
foul or cause your skin to break

1154
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:49,500
out. 
Garlic and onions were thought 

1155
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:52,800
to produce corrupt humor, that 
emerged through the skin fish 

1156
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:56,400
sauce, beloved by Romans, but 
notorious for its pungent, smell

1157
00:58:56,400 --> 00:58:58,800
was believed to cause Marine 
humors. 

1158
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:02,000
That required special cleansing 
techniques involving sea salt 

1159
00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:06,000
and specific aromatic herbs. 
Women's hygiene was subject to a

1160
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:09,300
specialty complex, medical 
theories, Roman Physicians 

1161
00:59:09,300 --> 00:59:12,200
believed that women's monthly 
Cycles created special cleansing

1162
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,300
needs and opportunities. 
Certain herbs and oils. 

1163
00:59:15,300 --> 00:59:18,900
Were prescribed specifically for
female patients often with the 

1164
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:21,900
goal of regulating their 
supposedly unstable humeral 

1165
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:26,300
balance, Pregnancy brought its 
own set of hygiene rules with 

1166
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:29,100
detailed prescriptions for 
bathing temperatures, oil 

1167
00:59:29,100 --> 00:59:31,800
applications, and cleansing, 
schedules designed to ensure 

1168
00:59:31,800 --> 00:59:33,700
healthy babies and safe 
deliveries. 

1169
00:59:34,700 --> 00:59:37,500
Perhaps Most Fascinating with 
the Roman medical beliefs about 

1170
00:59:37,500 --> 00:59:41,100
mental illness and hygiene. 
Doctors genuinely believe that 

1171
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:43,900
certain types of Madness were 
caused by corrupted Vapors, 

1172
00:59:43,900 --> 00:59:46,800
rising from unclean, bodies to 
affect the brain. 

1173
00:59:46,800 --> 00:59:49,800
This led to hygiene base 
treatments for depression, 

1174
00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:53,600
anxiety, and what we might now 
recognized as psychological 

1175
00:59:53,600 --> 00:59:56,000
conditions. 
Patients were prescribed 

1176
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,700
elaborate bathing regiments 
specific oil treatments and 

1177
00:59:59,700 --> 01:00:02,300
sometimes even therapeutic 
massages with aromatic 

1178
01:00:02,300 --> 01:00:04,500
substances designed to restore 
mental balance. 

1179
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:07,700
The wealthy could afford 
personal Physicians who would 

1180
01:00:07,700 --> 01:00:10,900
create customized hygiene 
protocols, based on detailed 

1181
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:14,800
examination of their patients, 
Constitution's, Lifestyles and 

1182
01:00:14,800 --> 01:00:18,000
health history. 
These medical hygiene plans were

1183
01:00:18,000 --> 01:00:22,000
very detailed specifying when 
and how to bathe what to think 

1184
01:00:22,000 --> 01:00:25,500
about what prayers to recite and
how to breathe during cleansing.

1185
01:00:25,500 --> 01:00:29,800
Rituals money talks in any 
civilization and in ancient Rome

1186
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:32,500
it spoke with a distinctly soapy
accent. 

1187
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:36,700
The hygiene industry, employing,
thousands of people in jobs 

1188
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:40,300
ranging from respectable, to 
eyebrow raising created economic

1189
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:42,400
opportunities. 
That would not resurface until 

1190
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:44,500
the emergence of the modern 
beauty industry. 

1191
01:00:45,700 --> 01:00:48,500
Let's start with the public 
baths themselves, which were 

1192
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:52,000
massive commercial Enterprises. 
Typical Roman Bath House, 

1193
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,500
employed, dozens of workers, 
furnace operators, who kept the 

1194
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:56,900
hypocrisy heating systems 
running. 

1195
01:00:57,700 --> 01:00:59,900
Water managers who maintain the 
complex Plumbing. 

1196
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:04,400
Tendons, who helped customers 
navigate the facilities, masses 

1197
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:07,300
who worked out the Kinks in 
Roman muscles and security 

1198
01:01:07,300 --> 01:01:09,800
Personnel who kept order among 
naked relaxed. 

1199
01:01:09,800 --> 01:01:13,700
And sometimes in toxicated 
Patron's The larger me were like

1200
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:16,800
ancient shopping malls with 
vendors, selling everything from

1201
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:19,600
snacks to jewelry to good luck 
charms. 

1202
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:21,700
Designed to protect you from 
Seward demons. 

1203
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:24,300
The oil trade was particularly 
lucrative. 

1204
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:28,500
Olive oil was the foundation of 
the Roman hygiene industry and 

1205
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:30,600
controlling all of groves could 
make you wealthy Beyond 

1206
01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:34,100
imagination. 
But the real money was in 

1207
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:37,800
specialty oils and perfumes. 
A single and forrer of 

1208
01:01:37,800 --> 01:01:41,100
high-quality rose oil from Egypt
could cost more than a skilled 

1209
01:01:41,100 --> 01:01:45,000
Craftsman earned in six months. 
The perfume Merchants, who dealt

1210
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:47,700
in these luxury goods often 
became powerful political 

1211
01:01:47,700 --> 01:01:50,800
figures using their wealth to 
buy influence and status. 

1212
01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:54,300
Import businesses thrived on 
Roman hygiene. 

1213
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,800
Obsessions exotic ingredients 
came from across the Empire, and

1214
01:01:57,800 --> 01:02:02,500
Beyond frankincense from Arabia,
cinnamon, from India, Amber from

1215
01:02:02,508 --> 01:02:06,100
the Baltic regions, and silke 
for the finest bathing, towels 

1216
01:02:06,100 --> 01:02:08,900
from China. 
The logistics of getting these 

1217
01:02:08,900 --> 01:02:12,500
materials to Roman consumers 
created entire industries of 

1218
01:02:12,508 --> 01:02:16,600
Traders shippers and middlemen. 
Some Merchants specialized in 

1219
01:02:16,600 --> 01:02:20,000
nothing but hygiene related 
Imports building fortunes on 

1220
01:02:20,000 --> 01:02:22,200
Roman desires to smell better 
than their neighbors. 

1221
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:24,800
This soap making industry was 
sophisticated. 

1222
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:28,300
While Romans didn't use soap, 
the way we do, they did 

1223
01:02:28,300 --> 01:02:31,300
manufacture various cleansing 
compounds from animal fats, 

1224
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:35,600
plant, ashes, and mineral salts.
The best soap makers were 

1225
01:02:35,600 --> 01:02:39,300
closely guarded Trade, Secrets 
passed down through generations 

1226
01:02:39,300 --> 01:02:42,000
of Craftsmen. 
Some soap, making families 

1227
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:45,000
became wealthy enough to own 
their own bathhouses, creating 

1228
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:47,600
vertically, integrated hygiene 
Empires, that controlled 

1229
01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:51,000
everything, from soap production
to the final bathing experience.

1230
01:02:51,900 --> 01:02:54,800
Slavery was unfortunately 
Central to the Roman hygiene 

1231
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:57,200
economy? 
Thousands of slaves, worked in 

1232
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,600
bathhouses, oil production, and 
personal hygiene Services. 

1233
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:04,800
Some specialized in specific 
skills, there were slaves, who 

1234
01:03:04,808 --> 01:03:07,200
could identify the best oils by 
smell alone. 

1235
01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:10,800
Others who were experts at using
struggles without causing injury

1236
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:13,700
and still others who memorized 
complex recipes for custom, 

1237
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:17,000
perfume blends. 
The most skilled hygiene slaves 

1238
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:19,500
could earn enough money through 
tips and side businesses to 

1239
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:22,600
eventually buy their freedom 
though this path to manual 

1240
01:03:22,600 --> 01:03:24,400
Mission. 
Required years of scraping other

1241
01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:26,900
people's backs and memorizing 
their scent preferences. 

1242
01:03:26,900 --> 01:03:30,300
The construction industry also 
benefited from Roman hygiene 

1243
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:34,000
culture Building a proper Roman 
bath required Specialists and 

1244
01:03:34,000 --> 01:03:37,600
Hyper course heating systems 
waterproof concrete decorative, 

1245
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:41,600
mosaic's and complex Plumbing. 
the techniques developed for 

1246
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:43,800
Bath House, construction were 
later, applied to other 

1247
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:46,900
buildings, making Roman hygiene 
culture, a driver of 

1248
01:03:46,908 --> 01:03:50,900
architectural, innovation, Some 
construction families became 

1249
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:54,600
wealthy by specializing in bath 
related projects traveling 

1250
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:57,400
throughout the Empire to build 
facilities for wealthy Romans in

1251
01:03:57,400 --> 01:03:59,900
distant province's. 
Then there were the support 

1252
01:03:59,900 --> 01:04:02,800
industries that emerged around 
hygiene culture, laundry 

1253
01:04:02,800 --> 01:04:06,500
services, clean the towels and 
clothing used in bars Pottery 

1254
01:04:06,500 --> 01:04:08,100
makers. 
Produced the countless vessels 

1255
01:04:08,100 --> 01:04:10,500
needed for oils, perfumes and 
bathing accessories. 

1256
01:04:10,500 --> 01:04:14,900
Metal workers, crafted struggles
mirrors and bathing jewelry. 

1257
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:17,600
Even the food industry got 
involved. 

1258
01:04:17,600 --> 01:04:21,000
As many, Romans liked to eat and
drink while bathing creating 

1259
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:24,000
demand for waterproof serving 
vessels and special bath 

1260
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:27,500
appropriate snacks. 
The medical side of hygiene 

1261
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:30,800
created its own economic 
opportunities, Physicians who 

1262
01:04:30,800 --> 01:04:34,100
specialized in hygiene related, 
treatments, could charge premium

1263
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:37,600
fees, especially if they claimed
expertise and exotic foreign 

1264
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:41,500
bathing techniques. 
Massage therapists aromatherapy 

1265
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:44,300
Specialists and even 
professional bath Consultants 

1266
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:46,000
emerged as profitable 
professions. 

1267
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:50,200
Some Enterprise in Romans Mae, 
careers out of advising clients 

1268
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:54,000
on optimal bathing schedules and
customized oil, blends Regional 

1269
01:04:54,000 --> 01:04:56,700
variations in high Jean 
preferences created Niche 

1270
01:04:56,700 --> 01:05:00,100
markets, throughout the Empire 
Roman's in Britain of cold 

1271
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:02,500
weather Bethany techniques that 
required different oils and 

1272
01:05:02,500 --> 01:05:06,100
heating systems Romans in North 
Africa adapted their hygiene 

1273
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:10,000
practices to Desert conditions, 
creating demand for specialized 

1274
01:05:10,000 --> 01:05:12,300
sun, protection, oils, and sand,
resistant clothing. 

1275
01:05:13,100 --> 01:05:16,200
These Regional specializations 
often became exported Industries

1276
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:19,200
with local hygiene innovation in
throughout the empire. 

1277
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:22,700
The government will also 
profited from Roman Obsession 

1278
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:25,600
through taxes and regulations 
bathhouses. 

1279
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:29,300
Paid license fees, imported, 
hygiene products, face, tariffs 

1280
01:05:29,300 --> 01:05:32,400
and Luxury, Perfumes were 
subject to special taxes. 

1281
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:34,700
That helped fund Public Works 
projects. 

1282
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:39,200
Some historians argue that Roman
expansion was partly motivated 

1283
01:05:39,200 --> 01:05:43,000
by the desire to secure reliable
sources of hygiene related, raw 

1284
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:46,300
materials, making cleanliness. 
A factor in Imperial policy. 

1285
01:05:46,300 --> 01:05:48,900
Roman hygiene wasn't just about 
getting clean. 

1286
01:05:48,900 --> 01:05:52,000
It was about navigating a 
complex spiritual landscape 

1287
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:55,600
where Supernatural forces. 
Lurked in every bathing facility

1288
01:05:55,600 --> 01:05:58,100
and evil spirits. 
Had strong opinions about your 

1289
01:05:58,100 --> 01:06:02,500
personal grooming choices. the 
Romans had managed to turn basic

1290
01:06:02,500 --> 01:06:05,300
human cleanliness into a 
mystical Adventure, that 

1291
01:06:05,300 --> 01:06:08,400
required, careful planning, 
protective charms, and 

1292
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:12,800
occasionally, professional 
Supernatural consultation Timing

1293
01:06:12,800 --> 01:06:15,300
of your bath, was not just a 
matter of personal convenience. 

1294
01:06:15,300 --> 01:06:19,000
It was a cosmic decision that 
could affect your luck health 

1295
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:23,100
and spiritual well-being. 
Romans consulted calendars that 

1296
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,900
indicated favorable and 
unfavorable bathing days based 

1297
01:06:26,900 --> 01:06:29,200
on lunar phases, religious 
festivals. 

1298
01:06:29,200 --> 01:06:32,000
And the movements of various 
Gods through the celestial 

1299
01:06:32,000 --> 01:06:35,800
sphere Some wealthy Romans 
employed personal astrologers 

1300
01:06:35,800 --> 01:06:39,200
whose job included calculating, 
optimal bathing schedules. 

1301
01:06:39,200 --> 01:06:42,700
Imagine having to verify your 
horoscope before deciding 

1302
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:46,200
whether to take a shower. 
Water itself was considered to 

1303
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:49,600
have spiritual properties, that 
vary depending on its source and

1304
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,200
treatment. 
Spring water was thought to 

1305
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,500
carry the blessings of water 
nymphs while rainwater collected

1306
01:06:55,500 --> 01:06:57,800
during thunderstorms was 
believed to have purifying 

1307
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:00,500
powers that could wash away 
curses and negative luck. 

1308
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:04,300
The Romans went to extraordinary
lengths to obtain water with the

1309
01:07:04,300 --> 01:07:07,400
right spiritual qualities for 
important bathing, rituals. 

1310
01:07:08,200 --> 01:07:10,300
Some wealthy families, 
maintained private Springs 

1311
01:07:10,300 --> 01:07:13,600
specifically for ceremonial 
bathing, hiring priests to bless

1312
01:07:13,600 --> 01:07:16,700
the water sources regularly. 
The direction you faced while 

1313
01:07:16,708 --> 01:07:20,100
bathing was considered crucial. 
Most Romans believed you should 

1314
01:07:20,100 --> 01:07:22,600
face East while entering the 
bath to welcome the blessings of

1315
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:25,600
the Rising Sun, then turned to 
face West while leaving to 

1316
01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:28,400
ensure that any evil influences 
washed away with the Setting 

1317
01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:31,800
Sun? 
More superstitious than rotate 

1318
01:07:31,800 --> 01:07:34,300
through all four cardinal 
directions, during their bathing

1319
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:37,800
session creating a kind of 
mystical water dance, that must 

1320
01:07:37,800 --> 01:07:41,500
have been entertaining to watch.
Protective amulets for bathing 

1321
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:43,100
were big business in ancient 
Rome. 

1322
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:44,900
These were just decorative 
jewelry. 

1323
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:47,900
They were considered essential 
safety equipment, for anyone 

1324
01:07:47,900 --> 01:07:50,600
venturing into the spiritually, 
dangerous environment of a 

1325
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:54,100
public bath. 
Popular designs included images 

1326
01:07:54,100 --> 01:07:57,100
of Hercules, for strength, 
Mercury, for protection during 

1327
01:07:57,100 --> 01:08:00,000
travel, including spiritual 
Journeys, undertaken, while 

1328
01:08:00,000 --> 01:08:03,100
bathing, and various household 
Gods, who specialized in 

1329
01:08:03,100 --> 01:08:07,000
bathroom related protection. 
Some amulets were designed to be

1330
01:08:07,008 --> 01:08:10,500
worn while wet using special 
materials and construction 

1331
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:13,000
techniques that modern Jewelers 
would find fascinating. 

1332
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:17,100
The Romans had elaborate rituals
for entering and leaving bars. 

1333
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:18,899
That would make modern Spa 
protocols. 

1334
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:22,399
Look casual many would pause at 
the threshold to recite 

1335
01:08:22,399 --> 01:08:25,500
protective prayers, asking the 
gods, to guard, them from evil 

1336
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:29,000
spirits, prevent accidents and 
ensure that their bathing 

1337
01:08:29,000 --> 01:08:32,600
experience would be beneficial 
rather than harmful Some would 

1338
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:35,899
leave small offerings coins 
flowers or drops of expensive 

1339
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:39,100
oil, a shrine niches built into 
Bath House walls. 

1340
01:08:39,100 --> 01:08:42,300
Specifically for this purpose, 
shared bathing created its own 

1341
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:45,899
set of spiritual concerns. 
Romans worried about picking up,

1342
01:08:45,899 --> 01:08:47,899
not just physical dirt from 
other bathers. 

1343
01:08:47,899 --> 01:08:51,600
But spiritual contamination from
people with bad luck evil, 

1344
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:54,000
intentions or Supernatural 
enemies. 

1345
01:08:54,700 --> 01:08:57,800
This led to complex etiquette 
systems designed to minimize 

1346
01:08:57,800 --> 01:09:01,399
spiritual risk while maintaining
social polite nurse You couldn't

1347
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:04,899
just ignore someone in the bars 
that might offend them and 

1348
01:09:04,899 --> 01:09:07,000
invite retaliation from their 
personal gods. 

1349
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:10,200
But you also couldn't become too
friendly with strangers who 

1350
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:14,000
spiritual status, was unknown. 
The oil and perfume application 

1351
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:16,700
process was ritualized to an 
almost ceremonial degree. 

1352
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:21,000
Wealthy Romans would recite 
specific prayers while different

1353
01:09:21,000 --> 01:09:23,200
oils were applied to different 
parts of their bodies. 

1354
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:26,899
Rose oil might be blessed to 
Venus while being applied to the

1355
01:09:26,899 --> 01:09:30,899
face while olive oil could be 
dedicated to Minerva while being

1356
01:09:30,899 --> 01:09:34,300
used on arms and legs. 
The goal was to invoke Divine 

1357
01:09:34,300 --> 01:09:36,800
protection for each body part. 
While also ensuring that the 

1358
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:40,300
gods approved of your grooming 
choices dreams about bathing 

1359
01:09:40,300 --> 01:09:42,399
were considered prophetic and 
required, professional 

1360
01:09:42,399 --> 01:09:45,500
interpretation Romans who 
dreamed about dirty bathwater 

1361
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:48,300
might consult priests about 
impending spiritual danger, 

1362
01:09:48,300 --> 01:09:51,000
while dreams of Crystal. 
Clear, Pools were considered 

1363
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:54,800
signs of divine favor. 
Some Romans kept dream journals 

1364
01:09:54,800 --> 01:09:57,200
specifically to track bathing 
related dreams and their 

1365
01:09:57,200 --> 01:10:00,900
outcomes creating a kind of 
ancient database of Supernatural

1366
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:03,500
bath predictions. 
The Romans even had 

1367
01:10:03,500 --> 01:10:05,500
superstitions about soap and 
cleansing materials. 

1368
01:10:05,500 --> 01:10:09,000
Some believe that using soap 
made from animals that had died 

1369
01:10:09,000 --> 01:10:11,900
violently could transfer 
aggressive spirits to the user. 

1370
01:10:12,700 --> 01:10:15,400
Others thought that cleaning 
tools used by people who later 

1371
01:10:15,400 --> 01:10:18,300
suffered Misfortune accursed and
should be avoided. 

1372
01:10:19,300 --> 01:10:22,300
Such beliefs led to complex 
systems for tracking the history

1373
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:25,400
and spiritual pedigree of 
bathing accessories, with some 

1374
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:27,800
wealthy Romans. 
Employing servant whose job was 

1375
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:30,900
to maintain detail records of 
where, their schedule's sponges 

1376
01:10:30,900 --> 01:10:34,500
and oils had come from. 
Seasonal bathing rituals aligned

1377
01:10:34,500 --> 01:10:36,900
with the Roman religious 
calendar created additional 

1378
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,400
layers of complexity. 
During certain festivals bathing

1379
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:42,800
was considered, either a 
specially beneficial or 

1380
01:10:42,800 --> 01:10:45,900
particularly dangerous depending
on which gods were being 

1381
01:10:45,900 --> 01:10:48,500
honored. 
The Spring Festival of Anna, 

1382
01:10:48,500 --> 01:10:51,000
perenna included ritual bathing 
That was supposed to ensure 

1383
01:10:51,000 --> 01:10:53,900
health for the coming year while
bathing during the lemuria. 

1384
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:57,000
When Restless Spirits roamed, 
the Earth, required special 

1385
01:10:57,000 --> 01:10:59,700
protective measures, as you 
settle back into your modern 

1386
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:02,500
bathroom surrounded by 
antibacterial soap, dispensers, 

1387
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,500
and privacy walls. 
It's worth reflecting on what 

1388
01:11:05,500 --> 01:11:07,900
the Romans actually got right. 
About hygiene. 

1389
01:11:08,600 --> 01:11:10,600
And what we might have learned 
from their more colorful 

1390
01:11:10,600 --> 01:11:12,800
mistakes. 
There are approach to 

1391
01:11:12,808 --> 01:11:16,500
cleanliness reveal something 
profound about human nature, our

1392
01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:19,500
eternal struggle to balance 
individual needs with social 

1393
01:11:19,500 --> 01:11:23,300
expectations, practical, health 
concerns, with cultural beliefs,

1394
01:11:23,300 --> 01:11:26,200
and the desire to be clean with 
the reality of what that 

1395
01:11:26,200 --> 01:11:28,900
actually means. 
The Romans understood something 

1396
01:11:28,900 --> 01:11:32,600
that we sometimes forget in our 
modern individualistic, bathing 

1397
01:11:32,600 --> 01:11:35,000
culture. 
Cleanliness was inherently 

1398
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:37,800
social. 
Their communal Bars were just 

1399
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:40,400
about getting clean. 
They were about maintaining the 

1400
01:11:40,400 --> 01:11:42,900
social fabric that held their 
civilization together. 

1401
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:47,700
In an age before television, the
internet, or even widespread 

1402
01:11:47,700 --> 01:11:51,200
literacy, the bath served as 
information networks business 

1403
01:11:51,200 --> 01:11:53,600
centers and Community gathering 
places. 

1404
01:11:53,600 --> 01:11:56,100
Romans didn't just wash their 
bodies. 

1405
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:58,900
They washed themselves back into
society each day. 

1406
01:11:59,800 --> 01:12:03,100
Modern hygiene science has 
validated many Roman practices 

1407
01:12:03,100 --> 01:12:06,400
While debunking others their 
emphasis on regular bathing. 

1408
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:09,800
The use of oils to protect skin 
and even their practice of 

1409
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:12,700
scraping away dead skin. 
Cells were, remarkably sound 

1410
01:12:12,700 --> 01:12:14,200
from a Dermatological 
standpoint. 

1411
01:12:15,200 --> 01:12:17,600
The Romans understood that 
healthy skin required, both 

1412
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:19,800
cleansing and moisturizing 
though. 

1413
01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:22,400
They achieved it through all of 
oil and metal scrapers rather 

1414
01:12:22,400 --> 01:12:24,600
than lotion and exfoliating 
scrubs. 

1415
01:12:25,400 --> 01:12:28,100
Their recognition, that mental 
health and physical cleanliness 

1416
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:31,500
were connected wasn't wrong. 
It was just expressed through 

1417
01:12:31,500 --> 01:12:34,300
theories about humors and evil 
spirits rather than modern 

1418
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:37,600
psychology. 
The Roman approached to dental 

1419
01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:41,100
hygiene while involving some 
questionable ingredients was 

1420
01:12:41,100 --> 01:12:44,000
actually more advanced than what
most European would practice for

1421
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,400
the next 1000 Years. 
Chewing, on aromatic Twigs did 

1422
01:12:47,400 --> 01:12:50,300
clean teeth effectively and some
of their herbal mouth. 

1423
01:12:50,300 --> 01:12:53,500
Rinses contained ingredients 
that Modern Dentistry recognizes

1424
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,200
as beneficial. 
Fact that they cared about 

1425
01:12:56,200 --> 01:12:59,000
dental hygiene at all, put them 
ahead of many later 

1426
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:02,300
civilizations that considered 
tooth care vanity rather than 

1427
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:05,500
health maintenance. 
Most importantly, the Romans 

1428
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,100
demonstrated that public health 
infrastructure could transform 

1429
01:13:08,100 --> 01:13:11,700
civilization, their aqueducts 
sewers and public baths. 

1430
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:14,000
Created living conditions. 
That wouldn't be matched in 

1431
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:16,000
European cities until the 19th 
century. 

1432
01:13:16,000 --> 01:13:19,300
The decline of Roman bathing 
culture after the fall of the 

1433
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:23,300
Empire coincided with centuries 
of reduced, lifespans, increased

1434
01:13:23,300 --> 01:13:26,100
disease, and general scruffs 
that historians. 

1435
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,900
Now recognized as preventable 
consequences of abandoning 

1436
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,300
public, hygiene infrastructure, 
the economic lessons of Roman 

1437
01:13:32,300 --> 01:13:34,300
hygiene culture are equally 
relevant today. 

1438
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:37,800
The understood that cleanliness 
could be an industry, creating 

1439
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:40,200
jobs and driving innovation. 
In ways that benefited. 

1440
01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:43,500
Entire Society is their 
willingness to invest public 

1441
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:45,900
money, in bathing, facilities, 
and sanitation systems. 

1442
01:13:45,900 --> 01:13:50,100
Paid dividends in Public Health,
and Social stability that lasted

1443
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,800
for centuries. 
Modern cities still struggle 

1444
01:13:53,800 --> 01:13:57,200
with the same basic challenge. 
How to balance individual 

1445
01:13:57,200 --> 01:14:01,300
desires for cleanliness and 
privacy with the collective 

1446
01:14:01,300 --> 01:14:03,600
benefits of shared 
infrastructure and social 

1447
01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:07,000
bathing spaces. 
The Roman mistake of mixing 

1448
01:14:07,000 --> 01:14:10,300
hygiene with Superstition 
offers, its lessons when 

1449
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:13,300
cleanliness becomes too 
ritualized or culturally loaded.

1450
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:15,600
It can become a source of 
anxiety, rather than health. 

1451
01:14:16,500 --> 01:14:18,700
Modern Western culture, 
occasionally succumbs to 

1452
01:14:18,708 --> 01:14:21,000
similar. 
Pitfalls transforming personal 

1453
01:14:21,000 --> 01:14:23,900
hygiene into competitive 
displays of status or moral 

1454
01:14:23,900 --> 01:14:27,500
superiority rather than a means 
of maintaining practical health 

1455
01:14:28,400 --> 01:14:31,300
The Romans remind us that it's 
possible to take cleanliness to 

1456
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,900
seriously investing it with 
meanings and expectations that 

1457
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:37,000
have nothing to do with actually
being clean. 

1458
01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:41,200
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, clean and comfortable, 

1459
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:43,200
in ways that would Amaze any 
ancient Roman. 

1460
01:14:43,200 --> 01:14:46,400
Remember that hygiene is always 
a work in progress. 

1461
01:14:47,200 --> 01:14:50,200
The Romans thought they had 
figured it out just as we think 

1462
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:53,300
we have figured it out just as 
people a thousand years from now

1463
01:14:53,300 --> 01:14:55,800
will probably shake their heads 
at our primitive understanding 

1464
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:59,400
of cleanliness and health. 
The pursuit of perfect hygiene 

1465
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:03,400
is like the pursuit of perfect 
happiness, and admirable, goal 

1466
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:06,500
that reveals more about human 
nature than it does about soap 

1467
01:15:06,500 --> 01:15:08,600
and water. 
The Romans gave us the 

1468
01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:11,700
foundation for contemplating 
cleanliness as both a personal 

1469
01:15:11,700 --> 01:15:14,100
responsibility and a social 
virtue. 

1470
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:18,000
They showed us that being clean,
could be pleasant social, and 

1471
01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:21,500
even luxurious rather than just 
criminal necessity, Most 

1472
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,400
importantly, they demonstrated 
that a civilizations approach to

1473
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:28,900
hygiene reflects its values 
priorities and understanding of 

1474
01:15:28,900 --> 01:15:30,300
what it means to live well 
together. 

1475
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:33,600
So the next time you step into 
your private shower with your 

1476
01:15:33,600 --> 01:15:36,300
individually, chosen soap and 
you're perfectly heated water, 

1477
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,400
spare a thought for those long 
dead, Roman sitting naked on 

1478
01:15:39,400 --> 01:15:41,700
their communal. 
Toilets, sharing their communal 

1479
01:15:41,700 --> 01:15:45,200
sponges and somehow managing to 
build an Empire that lasted a 

1480
01:15:45,200 --> 01:15:47,900
1000 years. 
They may not have understood 

1481
01:15:47,900 --> 01:15:51,100
germs or bacteria but they 
understood something equally 

1482
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:54,200
important that taking care of 
your body and sharing that 

1483
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:56,700
experience with your community, 
was one of the things that made 

1484
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:59,300
life worth living. 
Despite the fact that it 

1485
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:02,700
necessitated more public nudity 
and dubious medical theories 

1486
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:04,500
than the majority of us would 
favor. 

1487
01:16:09,900 --> 01:16:12,900
Picture this, you're walking 
down a busy street when it 

1488
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:15,700
starts to drizzle without even 
thinking you reach into your 

1489
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:18,100
bag, pull out that trusty 
umbrella and pop it open. 

1490
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:20,400
It's just another Tuesday, 
right? 

1491
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:24,000
But here's the thing that might 
blow your mind a little that 

1492
01:16:24,000 --> 01:16:25,800
simple. 
Gesture connects you to one of 

1493
01:16:25,808 --> 01:16:29,400
Humanity's most quietly 
revolutionary inventions you see

1494
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:31,900
umbrellas. 
Didn't just keep people dry. 

1495
01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:36,000
They accidentally rewrote the 
rules of civilization itself and

1496
01:16:36,000 --> 01:16:37,500
nobody really noticed it 
happening. 

1497
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:40,700
It's the kind of story that 
makes you wonder what other 

1498
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:43,100
everyday objects have been 
secretly running the world. 

1499
01:16:43,100 --> 01:16:44,400
While we weren't paying 
attention. 

1500
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:47,600
Let's start with your ancestors,
funny and sad. 

1501
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:51,500
Whether experiences catching the
rain was a full contact sport 

1502
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:54,200
before the invention of 
umbrellas people would Sprint 

1503
01:16:54,200 --> 01:16:57,200
from building to building dive 
under whatever shelter they 

1504
01:16:57,208 --> 01:17:00,900
could locate or just accept 
their soggy fate and trudged 

1505
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:02,100
along looking thoroughly 
miserable. 

1506
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:05,000
But the real problem wasn't just
getting wet. 

1507
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:07,400
It was what getting wet meant 
for society. 

1508
01:17:08,300 --> 01:17:11,300
Rain acted, as a significant 
impediment to civilization 

1509
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:14,200
markets would shut down 
construction. 

1510
01:17:14,200 --> 01:17:17,500
Would stop people would huddle 
indoors waiting for the sky to 

1511
01:17:17,500 --> 01:17:19,900
clear before they could get back
to the important business of 

1512
01:17:19,900 --> 01:17:23,200
building the world. 
The ancient Egyptians were the 

1513
01:17:23,200 --> 01:17:26,200
first to crack this code though,
they were actually trying to 

1514
01:17:26,200 --> 01:17:27,800
solve a different problem 
entirely. 

1515
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:31,400
They invented the first 
umbrellas around 3,000 years ago

1516
01:17:31,400 --> 01:17:35,500
but get this, they were for 
blocking son, not rain. 

1517
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:39,400
Egypt isn't exactly known for 
its downpours, so they needed 

1518
01:17:39,400 --> 01:17:42,500
shade more than waterproofing. 
These early umbrellas were 

1519
01:17:42,500 --> 01:17:45,600
basically portable shadows, and 
they worked beautifully for that

1520
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:48,400
purpose. 
The funny thing is these 

1521
01:17:48,400 --> 01:17:51,700
Egyptian umbrellas were all. 
So status symbols only the 

1522
01:17:51,700 --> 01:17:54,500
wealthy and Powerful got to walk
around with their personal shade

1523
01:17:54,500 --> 01:17:57,500
makers. 
Common folks just had to squint 

1524
01:17:57,500 --> 01:18:01,100
and sweat their way through the 
desert heat, while the Pharaohs 

1525
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:04,000
and Nobles glided along in their
little Circles of cool comfort. 

1526
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:06,200
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

1527
01:18:06,200 --> 01:18:10,400
The umbrella didn't stay in 
Egypt like all good ideas, it 

1528
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:13,200
started traveling and every 
culture that adopted, it changed

1529
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:15,600
it a little bit. 
The ancient Chinese took the 

1530
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:18,900
basic concept and made it 
waterproof because unlike Egypt,

1531
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:21,000
China actually had rain to deal 
with. 

1532
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:25,000
They used wax paper and bamboo 
to create the first real rain 

1533
01:18:25,000 --> 01:18:28,700
umbrellas and suddenly staying 
dry became a possibility for 

1534
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:31,800
ordinary people. 
The Greeks and Romans adopted 

1535
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:33,900
the umbrella Trend but were 
unsure how to use it. 

1536
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:37,700
The Greeks mostly used them for 
sun protection, particularly for

1537
01:18:37,700 --> 01:18:40,300
women. 
Roman women wore them a stylish 

1538
01:18:40,300 --> 01:18:43,000
accessories while Roman men of 
carrying them. 

1539
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:46,300
It's amusing to consider that 
carrying an umbrella was deemed 

1540
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:49,300
unmanly and Roman culture. 
These individuals who were 

1541
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:52,300
conquered half of the known 
world, had a strict dance on 

1542
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:54,900
staying dry. 
This gender divide around 

1543
01:18:54,900 --> 01:18:58,000
umbrellas would pop up again and
again throughout history and 

1544
01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:00,300
it's one of those cultural 
quirks that makes you realize 

1545
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:04,700
how arbitrary are social rules. 
Can be something as practical as

1546
01:19:04,700 --> 01:19:08,100
not getting soaked somehow, it 
came tangled up with ideas about

1547
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:11,600
masculinity and feminine tea and
it would take centuries for that

1548
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:14,900
to sort itself out. 
What's really fascinating is how

1549
01:19:14,900 --> 01:19:16,600
the umbrella quietly began 
changing. 

1550
01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:19,900
The rhythm of daily life in 
places where people started 

1551
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:22,700
using them regularly, you'd see 
something remarkable happen. 

1552
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:26,700
Rain stopped being a reason to 
cancel everything markets, could

1553
01:19:26,700 --> 01:19:29,800
stay open. 
People could keep working, the 

1554
01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:32,600
weather became less of a 
dictator and more of a minor 

1555
01:19:32,600 --> 01:19:35,000
inconvenience. 
This may sound like a small 

1556
01:19:35,000 --> 01:19:38,600
change but small changes have a 
way of snowballing into big ones

1557
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:42,100
when people can move around 
regardless of whether Commerce 

1558
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:46,100
improves when Commerce, improves
cities grow and cities. 

1559
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:49,100
Grow civilization becomes more 
complex and interesting. 

1560
01:19:50,100 --> 01:19:53,300
The umbrella served as Tiny key 
enabling a more whether 

1561
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:56,200
independent way of living. 
And this was just the beginning.

1562
01:19:56,900 --> 01:19:59,600
The Umbrellas real impact on 
human civilization was still 

1563
01:19:59,600 --> 01:20:02,900
centuries away waiting to unfold
in ways that would surprise 

1564
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:05,000
everyone. 
Now, you might be wondering how 

1565
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:07,800
a simple device for staying dry 
could possibly migrate around 

1566
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:09,500
the world and change everything 
it touched. 

1567
01:20:10,300 --> 01:20:11,700
But that's exactly what 
happened. 

1568
01:20:11,700 --> 01:20:13,700
And the story gets more 
interesting. 

1569
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:17,500
When you realize that umbrellas 
didn't just travel, they adapted

1570
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:20,400
volt and caused little 
revolution's wherever they 

1571
01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:23,300
landed. 
After the Chinese perfected, the

1572
01:20:23,300 --> 01:20:26,300
waterproof umbrella. 
The concept began its slow 

1573
01:20:26,300 --> 01:20:29,200
Journey Westwood along the 
ancient trade routes picture. 

1574
01:20:29,200 --> 01:20:32,100
Merchants carrying these 
ingenious devices alongside silk

1575
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:34,700
and spices probably not 
realizing they were 

1576
01:20:34,700 --> 01:20:36,200
transporting. 
One of history's, most 

1577
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,600
underrated game changers. 
The umbrella was like a 

1578
01:20:39,600 --> 01:20:42,600
technological, sleeper, hit 
quietly impressive, but not 

1579
01:20:42,600 --> 01:20:46,900
flashy enough to grab headlines.
When umbrellas reached medieval 

1580
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:50,000
Europe, they encountered a 
culture that was frankly pretty 

1581
01:20:50,000 --> 01:20:53,100
resistant to change. 
Europeans had been dealing with 

1582
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:56,800
rain the same way for centuries 
running hiding and generally 

1583
01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:58,400
accepting that. 
Whether was something that 

1584
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:01,200
happened to you, not something 
you could do anything about. 

1585
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:04,400
The idea that you could just 
carry where the protection with 

1586
01:21:04,400 --> 01:21:07,600
you as genuinely revolutionary 
but here's where the story gets.

1587
01:21:07,600 --> 01:21:11,100
Delightful weird, the umbrella 
face, some serious, cultural 

1588
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:14,000
resistance in Europe, and the 
reasons were absolutely 

1589
01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:16,700
ridiculous. 
In many places people thought 

1590
01:21:16,700 --> 01:21:20,800
umbrellas Were Somehow ungodly 
The logic went something like 

1591
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:22,700
this. 
God sends rain. 

1592
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:25,300
So trying to avoid rainfall was 
like rejecting. 

1593
01:21:25,300 --> 01:21:28,200
God's will It's the kind of 
reasoning that makes you 

1594
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:30,100
grateful to live in more 
practical times. 

1595
01:21:31,700 --> 01:21:34,200
The Catholic Church initially 
had mixed feelings about 

1596
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:37,500
umbrellas, some clergy embrace 
them as sensible tools. 

1597
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:40,300
While others worry, they 
represented human arrogance in 

1598
01:21:40,300 --> 01:21:43,200
the face of divine weather, 
Imagine having to get 

1599
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:45,100
theological approval for your 
rain gear. 

1600
01:21:45,108 --> 01:21:47,900
It's almost endearing. 
How seriously people took these 

1601
01:21:47,900 --> 01:21:50,100
things. 
Meanwhile, the umbrella was 

1602
01:21:50,108 --> 01:21:53,400
having a completely different 
reception in Asia in Japan 

1603
01:21:53,400 --> 01:21:56,400
umbrellas became integrated into
daily life. 

1604
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:59,600
So seamlessly that they 
influenced art literature and 

1605
01:21:59,600 --> 01:22:02,500
social Customs. 
Japanese umbrella, makers 

1606
01:22:02,500 --> 01:22:05,300
developed techniques that turned
umbrella crafting into a true 

1607
01:22:05,300 --> 01:22:07,500
art form. 
They created umbrellas that were

1608
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:10,300
beautiful enough to the 
accessories but practical enough

1609
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:13,500
to actually keep you dry. 
The Japanese also figured out, 

1610
01:22:13,500 --> 01:22:16,600
something that Europeans were 
still struggling with umbrellas 

1611
01:22:16,600 --> 01:22:19,500
could be both functional and 
fashionable in Japan. 

1612
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:21,900
Your umbrella Choice had 
something about your personality

1613
01:22:21,900 --> 01:22:25,200
and social status, but it wasn't
considered strange or ungodly. 

1614
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:29,000
It was just practical style 
which is a concept that Europe 

1615
01:22:29,000 --> 01:22:30,600
would take much longer to 
embrace. 

1616
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:34,700
Back in Europe, the umbrella was
slowly winning converts but it 

1617
01:22:34,700 --> 01:22:38,000
was an uphill battle. 
The Turning Point came, when 

1618
01:22:38,000 --> 01:22:41,000
some Brave individuals decided 
to just start using umbrellas 

1619
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:42,800
and ignore the cultural 
weirdness. 

1620
01:22:43,800 --> 01:22:47,000
These umbrella Pioneers faced 
ridicule religious criticism, 

1621
01:22:47,000 --> 01:22:50,900
and social ostracism all for the
crime of wanting to stay dry. 

1622
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:54,300
When you think about it, they 
were basically the Civil Rights 

1623
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:57,600
activists of weather protection.
The Breakthrough moment came in 

1624
01:22:57,600 --> 01:23:01,300
the 1700s when umbrellas finally
gained acceptance among European

1625
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:04,800
women, This wasn't because 
attitudes had suddenly changed, 

1626
01:23:04,800 --> 01:23:08,000
but because women's fashion had 
reached a point where protecting

1627
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:11,200
elaborate hairstyles and 
expensive clothing from Reign 

1628
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:15,200
had become a real necessity. 
Usually practicality prevailed 

1629
01:23:15,200 --> 01:23:17,900
over prejudice. 
But European men were still 

1630
01:23:17,900 --> 01:23:21,100
holdouts, the gender divide 
which had been prevalent in 

1631
01:23:21,100 --> 01:23:24,000
ancient Rome, persisted in 18th 
century, Europe. 

1632
01:23:24,000 --> 01:23:27,200
Men would rather get soaked than
carry, something that might make

1633
01:23:27,200 --> 01:23:29,600
them look feminine. 
It's one of those historical 

1634
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:31,300
details. 
That makes you realize how much 

1635
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:34,700
energy people used to spend on 
completely arbitrary, social 

1636
01:23:34,700 --> 01:23:37,800
rules, The Umbrellas journey 
through different cultures 

1637
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:42,400
created fascinating, variations 
in India, umbrellas became 

1638
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,800
symbols of authority and Power. 
In Indian rulers would have 

1639
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:49,000
elaborate ceremonial umbrellas 
held over them as signs of their

1640
01:23:49,000 --> 01:23:52,400
status, the umbrella went from 
being a practical tool to being 

1641
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:56,000
a piece of Royal regalia. 
In Thailand, the umbrella became

1642
01:23:56,000 --> 01:23:58,900
so culturally significant that 
it appeared in religious 

1643
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:00,400
ceremonies and Royal 
processions. 

1644
01:24:00,400 --> 01:24:03,800
Thai Craftsman developed, 
incredibly ornate, umbrella 

1645
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:06,000
designs. 
There were as much are as they 

1646
01:24:06,000 --> 01:24:09,500
were weather protection. 
These were just umbrellas, they 

1647
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:12,500
were cultural statements. 
It's amazing how each culture 

1648
01:24:12,500 --> 01:24:15,900
made the umbrella, their own, 
the Chinese focused on practical

1649
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:18,700
efficiency, the Japanese 
emphasized Beauty and 

1650
01:24:18,700 --> 01:24:22,100
craftsmanship, the Indians 
turned umbrellas into symbols of

1651
01:24:22,100 --> 01:24:24,500
power. 
The ties made them into works of

1652
01:24:24,500 --> 01:24:27,500
art. 
European spent centuries arguing

1653
01:24:27,500 --> 01:24:29,200
about whether they were morally 
acceptable. 

1654
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:32,900
This pattern of cultural 
adaptation would become crucial 

1655
01:24:32,900 --> 01:24:36,100
to understanding how umbrellas 
eventually changed civilization.

1656
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:39,200
They weren't just tools that 
people used. 

1657
01:24:39,200 --> 01:24:42,700
They were tools that adapted to 
each culture's needs and values 

1658
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,800
becoming more useful and 
socially acceptable with each 

1659
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,200
adaptation. 
By the time umbrellas were ready

1660
01:24:49,200 --> 01:24:51,600
to make their real impact on 
human civilization. 

1661
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:55,200
They had been tested and refined
by dozens of different cultures.

1662
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:58,400
No longer were, they merely 
Egyptian, son, shaved, or 

1663
01:24:58,408 --> 01:25:01,800
Chinese rain protection. 
They had become a truly global 

1664
01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:04,900
technology, ready to solve a 
problem that nobody quite 

1665
01:25:04,900 --> 01:25:07,800
realized was holding back, human
progress, if you want to 

1666
01:25:07,800 --> 01:25:11,200
understand how umbrellas really 
changed human civilization, you 

1667
01:25:11,200 --> 01:25:13,500
need to understand London in the
1700s. 

1668
01:25:14,200 --> 01:25:17,200
Picture the rainiest city in 
Europe, filled with people who 

1669
01:25:17,200 --> 01:25:19,900
had convinced themselves that 
carrying an umbrella was somehow

1670
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:23,200
embarrassing or unmanly. 
It was like watching an entire 

1671
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:26,300
population chose to suffer for 
completely arbitrary reasons. 

1672
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:30,300
London's weather was legendary 
for its ability to ruin plans, 

1673
01:25:30,300 --> 01:25:34,700
drizzle downpours and a 
persistently enveloped. 

1674
01:25:34,700 --> 01:25:36,800
The city soaking you without 
your awareness. 

1675
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:40,900
London is a developed an entire 
culture around being perpetually

1676
01:25:40,900 --> 01:25:44,400
damp and they wore their weather
beaten stoicism, like a badge of

1677
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:47,300
honor But London's weather 
wasn't just inconvenient. 

1678
01:25:47,300 --> 01:25:50,600
It was economically. 
Devastating every time. 

1679
01:25:50,600 --> 01:25:53,900
The rain became excessively, 
heavy businesses would come to a

1680
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:57,500
complete halt, Street Markets, 
would close construction. 

1681
01:25:57,500 --> 01:26:00,400
Projects would stop. 
People would huddle in taverns 

1682
01:26:00,400 --> 01:26:03,000
and shops waiting for the 
weather to clear enough to get 

1683
01:26:03,008 --> 01:26:06,100
back to their lives. 
Precipitation essentially held 

1684
01:26:06,100 --> 01:26:09,100
the cities economy hostage 
entered, Jonas Hanway. 

1685
01:26:09,100 --> 01:26:12,200
A man who would unintentionally 
become one of history's, most 

1686
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,600
unlikely, revolutionaries 
Hanway, a philanthropist and 

1687
01:26:15,600 --> 01:26:19,100
social reformer had traveled 
extensively to observe how other

1688
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:22,600
cultures dealt with rain. 
Specifically he had witnessed 

1689
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:26,100
the practicality and 
effectiveness of umbrellas so in

1690
01:26:26,100 --> 01:26:28,800
1750 he decided to do something 
radical. 

1691
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:32,100
He started carrying an umbrella 
through the Streets of London. 

1692
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:35,000
The reaction was immediate and 
brutal. 

1693
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:38,900
Londoners were horrified. 
Here was this gentleman walking 

1694
01:26:38,900 --> 01:26:42,300
around with what they saw as a 
feminine accessory, completely 

1695
01:26:42,300 --> 01:26:44,700
unbothered by the social rules 
that everyone else was 

1696
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:48,200
following. 
Hanway was mocked ridiculed, and

1697
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:51,200
subjected to a level of public 
shaming, that seems absolutely 

1698
01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:54,200
absurd. 
Now, people threw things at him,

1699
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:58,000
children followed him around 
laughing and pointing adults 

1700
01:26:58,000 --> 01:27:01,700
whispered about him in shops. 
And here's the thing about 

1701
01:27:01,700 --> 01:27:06,800
Hanway, he just kept walking Day
after day rain or shine, he 

1702
01:27:06,800 --> 01:27:09,400
carried his umbrella. 
Through London streets, he was 

1703
01:27:09,408 --> 01:27:13,100
dry comfortable and completely 
unbothered by the social, 

1704
01:27:13,100 --> 01:27:17,200
hysteria swirling around him. 
He discovered a valuable Insight

1705
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:21,200
prioritizing practicality over 
arbitrary, social norms was 

1706
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:24,900
crucial, The campaign against 
Henry's umbrella was led by an 

1707
01:27:24,900 --> 01:27:28,000
unexpected group London, Hackney
Carriage drivers. 

1708
01:27:28,000 --> 01:27:31,500
These were the taxi drivers of 
their day and they correctly 

1709
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:34,600
realized that if people could 
stay dry while walking, they 

1710
01:27:34,600 --> 01:27:36,300
might not need as many carriage 
rides. 

1711
01:27:37,000 --> 01:27:40,300
Hanes umbrella represented, a 
genuine economic threat to their

1712
01:27:40,300 --> 01:27:42,800
livelihood. 
So they organized to campaign of

1713
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:45,900
harassment, that would make 
modern internet trolls proud. 

1714
01:27:46,900 --> 01:27:50,200
Carriage drivers would try to 
Runway down they'd splash him 

1715
01:27:50,200 --> 01:27:52,700
with Muddy Water. 
They'd shout insults and make 

1716
01:27:52,700 --> 01:27:55,900
obscene gestures. 
The umbrella had become a symbol

1717
01:27:55,900 --> 01:27:59,100
of economic disruption and the 
old economy was fighting back 

1718
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:02,500
with everything it had. 
Hanway had allies. 

1719
01:28:02,500 --> 01:28:05,600
He didn't even know about there 
were other londoners who had 

1720
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:08,500
been watching this drama unfold 
and they were starting to think 

1721
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:10,600
that maybe the crazy umbrella 
man had a point. 

1722
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:12,900
Why should people have to get 
soaked? 

1723
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:14,500
Just to follow social 
conventions. 

1724
01:28:14,500 --> 01:28:17,700
Why should the weather control? 
Everyone's daily lives. 

1725
01:28:17,700 --> 01:28:21,100
Slowly quietly. 
Other people started carrying 

1726
01:28:21,100 --> 01:28:25,200
umbrellas. at first, it was just
a few brave souls who were 

1727
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:28,800
willing to endure the social 
consequences of staying dry But 

1728
01:28:28,800 --> 01:28:31,600
as more people joined the 
umbrella movement, the social 

1729
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:35,000
pressure began to shift, it 
became harder to mock people for

1730
01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:36,300
doing something that was 
sensible. 

1731
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:39,100
The Turning Point came, when 
prominent members of London 

1732
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,300
Society began carrying 
umbrellas, Once respected 

1733
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:45,000
businessmen, government 
officials and social leaders 

1734
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:48,400
started using them. 
The cultural tide turned it 

1735
01:28:48,400 --> 01:28:52,100
became acceptable fashionable 
then absolutely normal to carry 

1736
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:54,500
an umbrella in London. 
What happened? 

1737
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:59,000
Next was remarkable London's 
economy began to change in ways 

1738
01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:02,200
that nobody had predicted. 
With people able to move around,

1739
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:06,300
regardless of whether Commerce 
became more reliable markets. 

1740
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:09,600
Could stay open in light rain 
construction projects could 

1741
01:29:09,600 --> 01:29:12,900
continue through drizzle. 
The city's, economic, activity, 

1742
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:15,100
became less dependent on perfect
weather conditions. 

1743
01:29:16,200 --> 01:29:19,100
This had a snowball effect that 
transformed London into a more 

1744
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:23,600
Dynamic, productive City. when 
people can work and shop and 

1745
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,100
travel regardless of, whether 
the entire pace of urban life 

1746
01:29:27,100 --> 01:29:31,200
accelerates, London was becoming
a modern city, partly because 

1747
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:33,700
its residents, had finally 
figured out how to stay dry. 

1748
01:29:34,500 --> 01:29:36,900
The Umbrella Revolution also 
changed London's social 

1749
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:39,600
dynamics. 
Street life became more vibrant 

1750
01:29:39,600 --> 01:29:41,500
because people weren't 
constantly ducking into 

1751
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:45,100
buildings to avoid rain. 
Public spaces became more usable

1752
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:47,800
even during London's frequent 
light rain. 

1753
01:29:47,800 --> 01:29:51,200
People could enjoy the city's 
famous parks and squares, but 

1754
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,200
perhaps, most importantly, the 
umbrella breakthrough in London,

1755
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:57,100
proved that cultural resistance 
to practical Innovations, could 

1756
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:00,900
be, overcome Hanway had shown 
that one person consistently 

1757
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:03,900
doing something sensible, 
despite social pressure could 

1758
01:30:03,900 --> 01:30:07,500
eventually change an entire 
cities Behavior London's 

1759
01:30:07,500 --> 01:30:09,900
umbrella adoption was being 
watched by other cities across 

1760
01:30:09,900 --> 01:30:13,100
Europe and Beyond. 
If London, conservative 

1761
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:16,700
traditional weather obsessed, 
London could Embrace umbrellas 

1762
01:30:16,700 --> 01:30:19,600
then, maybe the resistance to 
this simple, but revolutionary 

1763
01:30:19,600 --> 01:30:21,800
technology was finally breaking 
down. 

1764
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:25,500
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to spread across the developed 

1765
01:30:25,500 --> 01:30:28,800
world and when they did, they 
would change far more than just 

1766
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:32,300
people's relationship with rain.
They would fundamentally alter 

1767
01:30:32,300 --> 01:30:35,200
how human civilization dealt 
with the unpredictable forces of

1768
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:37,300
nature. 
You probably never thought of 

1769
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:40,100
umbrellas as Industrial 
Equipment, but that's exactly 

1770
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:42,200
what they became during the 
1800s. 

1771
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:46,000
While everyone was focused on 
steam engines and factories. 

1772
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:49,100
Umbrellas were quietly, solving 
one of the industrial 

1773
01:30:49,100 --> 01:30:52,500
revolution's biggest problems, 
keeping workers productive 

1774
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:56,200
regardless of whether Before 
widespread umbrella adoption 

1775
01:30:56,200 --> 01:30:58,100
industrial. 
Productivity was still 

1776
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:01,700
surprisingly dependent on where 
the patterns construction 

1777
01:31:01,700 --> 01:31:04,100
workers would lose entire days 
to rain. 

1778
01:31:04,900 --> 01:31:07,200
Dock Workers couldn't 
effectively load and unload 

1779
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:10,700
ships in heavy, downpours even 
Factory workers were affected. 

1780
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:13,400
Since many had to travel 
significant distances to work 

1781
01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:17,200
and would arrive soaked and 
miserable on rainy days, but 

1782
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:19,900
here's where it gets 
interesting, as umbrellas became

1783
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:21,500
more common and socially 
acceptable. 

1784
01:31:21,500 --> 01:31:24,700
Something remarkable happened to
Industrial productivity. 

1785
01:31:25,600 --> 01:31:28,700
Workers could travel to their 
jobs regardless of whether they 

1786
01:31:28,700 --> 01:31:31,900
arrived at work dry and ready to
be productive construction. 

1787
01:31:31,900 --> 01:31:34,200
Projects could continue through 
light rain. 

1788
01:31:35,000 --> 01:31:38,400
The weather became less of a 
factory in industrial output the

1789
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:42,600
data clearly demonstrates this 
City's that adopted umbrellas 

1790
01:31:42,600 --> 01:31:45,500
earlier showed measurably higher
productivity during rainy 

1791
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:49,000
Seasons compared to cities that 
resisted them, it wasn't a huge 

1792
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:53,400
difference but it was consistent
to significant. umbrellas were 

1793
01:31:53,400 --> 01:31:56,100
literally helping power, the 
Industrial Revolution by making 

1794
01:31:56,100 --> 01:31:59,600
human labor more, whether 
independent this industrial 

1795
01:31:59,600 --> 01:32:02,300
connection led to the first mass
production of umbrellas 

1796
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:05,200
factories, began producing 
affordable, umbrellas for 

1797
01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:08,900
Working Class People, not just 
the wealthy The Industrial 

1798
01:32:08,900 --> 01:32:12,600
Revolution created, a need for 
whether independent workers an 

1799
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:14,100
umbrellas filled that need 
perfectly. 

1800
01:32:14,100 --> 01:32:17,700
It's one of those beautiful 
examples of technology creating 

1801
01:32:17,700 --> 01:32:20,800
its own demand. 
The umbrella industry itself 

1802
01:32:20,800 --> 01:32:23,200
became a significant part of the
industrial economy. 

1803
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:26,700
Umbrella factories, employed, 
thousands of workers and 

1804
01:32:26,700 --> 01:32:29,900
developed sophisticated, 
manufacturing techniques, they 

1805
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:33,300
pioneered new materials, 
improved, designs and created 

1806
01:32:33,300 --> 01:32:35,800
distribution networks. 
That reached every corner of the

1807
01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:38,600
developed world. 
The umbrella had gone from being

1808
01:32:38,600 --> 01:32:41,200
a curiosity to being a 
Cornerstone of industrial 

1809
01:32:41,200 --> 01:32:44,300
society. 
But the real breakthrough came 

1810
01:32:44,300 --> 01:32:46,400
when umbrella started changing 
urban planning. 

1811
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:49,900
City planners began to realize 
that if people could move around

1812
01:32:49,900 --> 01:32:52,900
comfortably in light rain, they 
could design cities differently.

1813
01:32:53,700 --> 01:32:57,300
Pedestrian areas could be more, 
extensive public spaces could be

1814
01:32:57,300 --> 01:32:59,700
designed with the assumption 
that people would use them in 

1815
01:32:59,700 --> 01:33:02,800
various weather conditions. 
This shift in urban planning. 

1816
01:33:02,800 --> 01:33:06,500
Philosophy was subtle. 
But profound Cities began to 

1817
01:33:06,500 --> 01:33:09,400
feel more livable because they 
were designed for people who had

1818
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:12,000
weather protection. 
Street, layouts became more 

1819
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:14,500
pedestrian. 
Friendly public transportation 

1820
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:17,200
systems could be designed with 
the assumption that people could

1821
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:21,100
walk to stations regardless of, 
whether the umbrella played a 

1822
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:23,100
crucial role in the development 
of modern retail. 

1823
01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:27,000
Department stores and shopping 
districts became viable because 

1824
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:30,600
customers could browse and Shop.
Even during light rain before 

1825
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:34,800
umbrellas retail was much more 
weather dependent storekeepers 

1826
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:36,700
would lose entire business days 
to reign. 

1827
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:40,000
But with umbrellas shopping 
became a year-round activity. 

1828
01:33:40,000 --> 01:33:43,700
This retail revolution, had 
enormous economic implications 

1829
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:46,600
cities with good umbrella. 
Adoption developed more 

1830
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:49,900
sophisticated commercial 
districts, consumer culture 

1831
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:52,900
could flourish because 
consumption wasn't limited by 

1832
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:55,600
weather patterns. 
The modern shopping experience 

1833
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:58,300
where people casually browse 
stores, regardless of whether 

1834
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:00,600
was made possible partly by 
umbrellas. 

1835
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:04,200
The Umbrellas impact on women's 
participation in public life 

1836
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:06,700
was, particularly significant 
before. 

1837
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:09,800
Umbrellas women's, elaborate 
clothing and hairstyles made the

1838
01:34:09,800 --> 01:34:13,500
specially vulnerable to weather.
The southern downpour could ruin

1839
01:34:13,500 --> 01:34:16,900
an expensive dress or destroy 
hours of careful grooming. 

1840
01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:20,700
This made women more likely to 
stay indoors during uncertain 

1841
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:23,400
whether limiting their 
participation in public life. 

1842
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:26,400
But umbrellas changed this 
Dynamic completely. 

1843
01:34:26,400 --> 01:34:30,000
Women could venture out with 
confidence, knowing they had 

1844
01:34:30,000 --> 01:34:32,900
protection from Southern. 
Where the changes, this might 

1845
01:34:32,900 --> 01:34:36,200
sound like a small thing, but it
contributed to broader changes 

1846
01:34:36,200 --> 01:34:39,500
in women's social participation.
When women could move around 

1847
01:34:39,500 --> 01:34:42,300
cities more freely, they became 
more active and commerce 

1848
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:45,400
culture, and eventually 
Politics, the umbrella 

1849
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:48,100
influenced, the development of 
modern, professional culture, 

1850
01:34:48,100 --> 01:34:50,900
business meetings, could be 
scheduled with without as much 

1851
01:34:50,900 --> 01:34:53,900
concern about whether 
Professional appointments became

1852
01:34:53,900 --> 01:34:56,400
more reliable. 
The business world could operate

1853
01:34:56,400 --> 01:34:59,500
with greater predictability 
because whether became less of a

1854
01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:02,100
disruptive Factor. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

1855
01:35:02,100 --> 01:35:05,400
umbrellas helped create the 
modern expectation that daily 

1856
01:35:05,400 --> 01:35:08,800
life should be comfortable and 
predictable. before umbrellas 

1857
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:11,000
people accepted that, whether 
would occasionally make them 

1858
01:35:11,000 --> 01:35:14,500
miserable There was a fatalistic
attitude toward getting soaked 

1859
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:17,500
or overheated. 
But umbrellas introduced the 

1860
01:35:17,508 --> 01:35:19,800
idea that discomfort from 
weather was optional. 

1861
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:22,600
Not inevitable. 
This psychological shift was 

1862
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:25,900
enormous once people realized 
they could control their comfort

1863
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:28,500
level in relation to. 
Whether they started expecting 

1864
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:32,200
that control in other areas of 
life, the umbrella contributed 

1865
01:35:32,200 --> 01:35:35,300
to the modern mindset that sees 
environmental discomfort as a 

1866
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:38,200
problem to be solved, not a fate
to be accepted. 

1867
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:41,800
The Industrial Revolution is 
usually remembered for its big 

1868
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:46,900
dramatic Innovations, steam 
engines Railways factories. but 

1869
01:35:46,900 --> 01:35:49,800
umbrellas were quietly enabling 
all of these larger changes by 

1870
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:53,200
making human activity more, 
whether independent They were 

1871
01:35:53,200 --> 01:35:56,800
the unsung heroes of industrial 
productivity, Urban Development,

1872
01:35:56,800 --> 01:36:01,400
and social progress. 
By The mid-1800s Umbrellas had 

1873
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:04,800
become so integrated into 
industrial society that it was 

1874
01:36:04,808 --> 01:36:07,500
hard to imagine how civilization
had functioned without them. 

1875
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:11,600
They had transformed from exotic
Curiosities to essential tools 

1876
01:36:11,600 --> 01:36:15,800
of Modern Life and their biggest
impact was still to come by the 

1877
01:36:15,800 --> 01:36:17,900
late 1800s. 
Something remarkable was 

1878
01:36:17,900 --> 01:36:20,100
happening with umbrellas, that 
would change the course of human

1879
01:36:20,100 --> 01:36:22,300
civilization. 
They were becoming truly 

1880
01:36:22,300 --> 01:36:26,300
democratic For the first time in
history protection from weather 

1881
01:36:26,300 --> 01:36:29,600
wasn't just for the wealthy. 
Anyone could afford an umbrella.

1882
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:32,900
And this simple fact had 
consequences that nobody quite 

1883
01:36:32,900 --> 01:36:36,500
saw coming. 
The democratization of umbrellas

1884
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:39,300
happened because of mass 
production, but its effects 

1885
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:41,400
went. 
Far beyond just making rain gear

1886
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:44,100
affordable. when Ordinary, 
People could move around 

1887
01:36:44,100 --> 01:36:47,000
comfortably regardless of 
whether the entire social 

1888
01:36:47,000 --> 01:36:50,700
structure of cities began to 
shift, Class distinctions that 

1889
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:53,600
had partly depended on whether 
vulnerability started to blur. 

1890
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:57,500
Think about it this way before, 
cheap umbrellas, getting caught 

1891
01:36:57,500 --> 01:37:00,600
in, the rain was a class marker.
Wealthy people had carriages 

1892
01:37:00,600 --> 01:37:03,700
covered walkways and servants to
handle, weather-related and 

1893
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:06,300
convenience's. 
Working Class, People just got 

1894
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:09,900
wet. but when everyone could 
carry an umbrella, this 

1895
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:14,000
particular form of whether base 
inequality disappeared, This 

1896
01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:16,400
leveling effect was more 
significant than it might seem 

1897
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:20,200
in societies where your social 
status was partly determined by 

1898
01:37:20,200 --> 01:37:23,700
how well you could avoid life's 
discomforts accessible weather 

1899
01:37:23,700 --> 01:37:25,500
protection was genuinely 
revolutionary. 

1900
01:37:26,600 --> 01:37:29,300
An umbrella couldn't make you 
wealthy but it could make you 

1901
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,000
look and feel more dignified in 
public regardless of your 

1902
01:37:32,000 --> 01:37:35,600
economic circumstances. 
The psychological impact was 

1903
01:37:35,600 --> 01:37:39,400
enormous people who had spent 
their entire lives accepting 

1904
01:37:39,400 --> 01:37:42,700
that whether would occasionally 
make them miserable suddenly, 

1905
01:37:42,700 --> 01:37:45,300
had control over at least one 
aspect of their comfort. 

1906
01:37:46,000 --> 01:37:48,600
This sentence of agency, the 
feeling that you could do 

1907
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,400
something about your 
circumstances had implications 

1908
01:37:51,400 --> 01:37:55,200
far beyond just staying dry. 
Women's rights activists of the 

1909
01:37:55,208 --> 01:37:57,300
era understood this connection 
intuitively. 

1910
01:37:57,300 --> 01:38:00,300
They saw that umbrellas, gave 
women more freedom to move 

1911
01:38:00,300 --> 01:38:03,500
around cities, independently. 
When you could protect yourself 

1912
01:38:03,500 --> 01:38:06,400
from Southern weather changes, 
you could participate more fully

1913
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:09,700
in public life. 
Umbrellas became symbols of 

1914
01:38:09,700 --> 01:38:11,800
women's increasing autonomy, and
social participation. 

1915
01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:15,800
The umbrella played a surprise 
in role in the development of 

1916
01:38:15,800 --> 01:38:18,600
modern democracy. 
When people could gather 

1917
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:21,900
Outdoors, regardless of whether 
political rallies and public 

1918
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:25,300
meetings became more viable. 
Democratic participation 

1919
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:28,200
increased because whether became
less of a barrier to political 

1920
01:38:28,200 --> 01:38:30,600
engagement. 
You could attend a political 

1921
01:38:30,600 --> 01:38:33,400
rally, even if it looked like 
rain because you had your 

1922
01:38:33,400 --> 01:38:36,200
umbrella. 
This might sound like a stretch 

1923
01:38:36,200 --> 01:38:39,200
but consider how many historical
political movements depended on 

1924
01:38:39,200 --> 01:38:41,900
outdoor gatherings? 
The ability to assemble 

1925
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:44,700
regardless of weather conditions
was crucial to the development 

1926
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:47,700
of Master democracy. 
Umbrellas didn't create 

1927
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:51,000
Democratic movements but they 
made Democratic participation 

1928
01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:52,600
more accessible to Ordinary 
People. 

1929
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:56,700
The economic implications were 
equally profound small. 

1930
01:38:56,700 --> 01:38:59,800
Businesses could operate more 
reliably because customers could

1931
01:38:59,800 --> 01:39:02,000
shop. 
In light rain Street, vendors 

1932
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:05,000
could serve customers. 
Regardless of whether the entire

1933
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:08,300
informal economy, became more 
whether independent which was 

1934
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:10,800
particularly important for 
working class on entrepreneurs, 

1935
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:12,800
who couldn't afford covered 
storefronts. 

1936
01:39:12,800 --> 01:39:14,900
Urban culture was transformed as
well. 

1937
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:18,800
The weather no longer constantly
force people indoors resulting 

1938
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:21,600
in cities, becoming more vibrant
Street Life. 

1939
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:24,600
Flourished, public spaces, were 
used more intensively. 

1940
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:27,800
The rhythm of urban life became 
less dependent on weather 

1941
01:39:27,800 --> 01:39:30,300
patterns, which made cities feel
more alive and dynamic. 

1942
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:33,900
The umbrella also changed 
fashion, and social norms in 

1943
01:39:33,900 --> 01:39:36,500
unexpected ways, for the first 
time. 

1944
01:39:36,500 --> 01:39:39,200
People could dress nicely 
without worrying constantly 

1945
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:42,100
about whether damage. 
This encouraged more elaborate 

1946
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:44,500
and delicate clothing styles 
which in turn influence the 

1947
01:39:44,500 --> 01:39:47,800
development of modern fashion. 
When you can protect your outfit

1948
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:50,400
from rain, you can take more 
risks with style. 

1949
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:53,000
Perhaps, the most important 
change was in people's 

1950
01:39:53,000 --> 01:39:57,500
relationship with nature itself.
A thousands of years humans had 

1951
01:39:57,500 --> 01:40:00,400
seen, whether as something that 
happened to them a force, they 

1952
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:04,900
could only endure or hide from. 
Umbrellas represented, the first

1953
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:07,700
truly portable weather 
protection that anyone could 

1954
01:40:07,700 --> 01:40:10,200
use. 
They were a step toward humans, 

1955
01:40:10,200 --> 01:40:11,800
having more control over their 
environment. 

1956
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:15,800
This shift in mindset was 
crucial to the development of 

1957
01:40:15,800 --> 01:40:19,300
modern civilization. 
Once people realized they could 

1958
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:21,700
modify their relationship with 
natural forces. 

1959
01:40:21,700 --> 01:40:25,200
They started looking for ways to
control other aspects of their 

1960
01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:27,600
environment. 
The umbrella was an early 

1961
01:40:27,600 --> 01:40:30,700
example of Technology making 
humans more independent from 

1962
01:40:30,700 --> 01:40:33,800
natural conditions. 
The success of umbrellas. 

1963
01:40:33,800 --> 01:40:36,700
All proved that simple. 
Practical Innovations. 

1964
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:38,400
Could have enormous social 
impact. 

1965
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:41,800
They weren't complex machines or
dramatic scientific 

1966
01:40:41,800 --> 01:40:44,200
breakthroughs. 
They were just well-designed 

1967
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:46,200
tools that sold a universal 
problem. 

1968
01:40:46,200 --> 01:40:49,900
Their success, demonstrated that
Civilization could be Advanced 

1969
01:40:49,900 --> 01:40:52,500
through accessible Democratic 
Technologies. 

1970
01:40:52,500 --> 01:40:57,100
Not just through Elite 
Innovations by 1900 umbrellas 

1971
01:40:57,100 --> 01:40:59,400
had become so integrated into 
daily life. 

1972
01:40:59,400 --> 01:41:01,800
That most people couldn't 
imagine functioning without 

1973
01:41:01,800 --> 01:41:04,200
them. 
They transformed from luxury 

1974
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:07,200
items to basic necessities and 
in doing so. 

1975
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:10,500
They had helped create a more 
egalitarian, whether independent

1976
01:41:10,500 --> 01:41:14,400
form of human civilization. 
The stage was set for umbrellas 

1977
01:41:14,400 --> 01:41:16,800
to play an even larger role in 
shaping the modern world. 

1978
01:41:16,800 --> 01:41:21,100
Their greatest impact on human 
civilization was about to unfold

1979
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:24,100
in ways that would touch every 
aspect of 20th century life. 

1980
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:28,100
As the 20th century dawned 
umbrellas had already changed 

1981
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:32,200
human civilization in ways that 
nobody fully appreciated, but 

1982
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:36,100
their most profound impact was 
still ahead waiting to unfold in

1983
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:38,800
the rapidly modernizing world of
the 1900s. 

1984
01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:42,300
What happened next would show 
just how much a simple piece of 

1985
01:41:42,300 --> 01:41:44,600
technology. 
Could influence the development 

1986
01:41:44,600 --> 01:41:48,000
of modern society? 
The automobile Revolution might 

1987
01:41:48,000 --> 01:41:50,700
have killed the umbrella 
industry but it actually did the

1988
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:53,600
opposite. 
As cars became common people 

1989
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:56,100
realized they still needed 
umbrellas for the walk from 

1990
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,800
their car to their destination. 
Urban parking wasn't designed to

1991
01:41:59,800 --> 01:42:02,600
protect people from weather. 
So umbrellas became essential 

1992
01:42:02,600 --> 01:42:04,800
accessories. 
For the automotive age, they 

1993
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:07,400
bridge, the gap between private 
transportation and public 

1994
01:42:07,400 --> 01:42:10,000
spaces. 
This relationship between 

1995
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:12,600
umbrellas and cars helped shape,
Modern urban design. 

1996
01:42:13,600 --> 01:42:16,300
City planners began to assume 
that people would have portable 

1997
01:42:16,300 --> 01:42:18,500
weather protection. 
So they could design parking 

1998
01:42:18,500 --> 01:42:21,400
areas and public spaces with 
less concern about providing 

1999
01:42:21,400 --> 01:42:24,600
comprehensive weather shelter. 
The umbrella had become an 

2000
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:27,300
integral part of the urban 
infrastructure, even though it 

2001
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:29,000
wasn't technically 
infrastructure at all. 

2002
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,700
The adoption of umbrellas also 
closely correlated with the rise

2003
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:34,700
of office culture in the early 
1900s. 

2004
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:38,700
Umbrellas partly enabled the 
modern expectation that workers 

2005
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:41,000
would arrive at the office 
presentable and ready to work 

2006
01:42:41,000 --> 01:42:43,500
regardless of the weather. 
People could maintain 

2007
01:42:43,500 --> 01:42:45,900
professional appearance 
standards during their commute. 

2008
01:42:45,900 --> 01:42:47,500
Thanks to Reliable weather 
protection. 

2009
01:42:48,500 --> 01:42:51,100
The economic implications of 
this revolution in professional 

2010
01:42:51,100 --> 01:42:53,200
culture. 
Were immense businesses, could 

2011
01:42:53,200 --> 01:42:54,700
operate more. 
Predictably because their 

2012
01:42:54,700 --> 01:42:58,500
Workforce wasn't constantly 
disrupted by weather The 

2013
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:02,300
reliability of meeting scheduled
increased umbrellas, played a 

2014
01:43:02,300 --> 01:43:05,400
significant role in enabling the
modern business World, which 

2015
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:08,700
prioritizes punctuality and a 
consistent professional 

2016
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:12,200
appearance, World War 1, 
demonstrated The Umbrellas 

2017
01:43:12,200 --> 01:43:14,000
important to Modern military 
logistics. 

2018
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:17,100
Soldiers needed to stay 
functional in all weather 

2019
01:43:17,100 --> 01:43:20,400
conditions and umbrellas became 
important piece of equipment for

2020
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:23,800
officers and support personnel. 
The war showed that even 

2021
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:26,100
military operations could 
benefit from better weather 

2022
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,500
protection for personnel. 
Adoption of umbrellas also 

2023
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:33,400
influence the post-war economic,
boom of the 1920s. consumer 

2024
01:43:33,400 --> 01:43:35,600
culture flourished, partly, 
because people could shop 

2025
01:43:35,600 --> 01:43:38,900
comfortably in various weather 
conditions, The development of 

2026
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:41,600
modern retail districts with 
their emphasis on pedestrian 

2027
01:43:41,600 --> 01:43:44,500
shopping and outdoor displays 
was made possible by the 

2028
01:43:44,500 --> 01:43:46,700
assumption that customers would 
have weather protection. 

2029
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:50,700
Another aspect of the umbrellas 
social importance emerged during

2030
01:43:50,700 --> 01:43:53,700
the Great Depression. 
Even during economic hardship, 

2031
01:43:53,700 --> 01:43:56,900
people prioritized having 
weather protection, umbrellas 

2032
01:43:56,900 --> 01:43:59,900
became symbols of dignity, and 
self-sufficiency during tough 

2033
01:43:59,900 --> 01:44:02,400
times. 
They represented the idea that 

2034
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:05,400
you could maintain your comfort 
and appearance even when facing 

2035
01:44:05,400 --> 01:44:08,800
economic difficulties Hollywood 
and popular culture of the era 

2036
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:12,500
Embrace umbrellas as symbols of 
sophistication and urban life. 

2037
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:16,100
Movies, showed elegant people, 
navigating city streets with 

2038
01:44:16,100 --> 01:44:19,700
stylish umbrellas reinforcing, 
the idea that weather protection

2039
01:44:19,700 --> 01:44:23,100
was part of a modern living. 
The umbrella had become a 

2040
01:44:23,100 --> 01:44:26,400
cultural icon representing 
Humanities triumph over natural 

2041
01:44:26,400 --> 01:44:29,600
discomfort. 
The post World War 2, Suburban 

2042
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:31,600
boom, created new roles for 
umbrellas. 

2043
01:44:31,600 --> 01:44:34,700
Suburban living meant more 
outdoor activities, and more 

2044
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:37,800
walking between cars and 
buildings, umbrellas became 

2045
01:44:37,800 --> 01:44:40,700
essential equipment for the 
Suburban lifestyle, helping 

2046
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:43,400
people maintain the Casual 
outdoor culture that defined 

2047
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:46,900
post-war America. 
The development of modern air 

2048
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:48,400
travel. 
Also, relied on umbrellas. 

2049
01:44:48,400 --> 01:44:51,500
Airports were designed with the 
assumption that passengers would

2050
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:54,700
have portable weather protection
for moving between terminals and

2051
01:44:54,700 --> 01:44:57,300
aircraft. 
Transportation Planning had 

2052
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:00,300
integrated the umbrella. 
So deeply that people took it 

2053
01:45:00,300 --> 01:45:02,500
for granted as an integral part 
of their toolkit. 

2054
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:05,900
Adoption of umbrellas. 
Also contributed to the rise of 

2055
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:08,600
the service economy in the 
latter, half of the 20th 

2056
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:12,600
century. service workers needed 
to move between locations and 

2057
01:45:12,600 --> 01:45:16,000
meet clients in various weather 
conditions, umbrellas made 

2058
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:19,400
service-based businesses, more 
viable by allowing workers to 

2059
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:22,800
maintain Professional Standards,
regardless of whether the 

2060
01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:26,300
women's Liberation movement of 
the 1960s and 70s on the 

2061
01:45:26,308 --> 01:45:29,200
foundation of Independence, that
umbrellas had helped create 

2062
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,400
Women who could move around 
cities confidently protected 

2063
01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:36,100
from weather were better 
positioned to participate fully 

2064
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:37,700
in professional and political 
life. 

2065
01:45:38,500 --> 01:45:41,400
The umbrella had been quietly, 
supporting women's autonomy for 

2066
01:45:41,400 --> 01:45:44,300
decades. 
Umbrellas also played a crucial 

2067
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:46,900
role in the development of 
modern sports and recreation, 

2068
01:45:46,900 --> 01:45:50,400
culture outdoor events could 
proceed in light rain because 

2069
01:45:50,400 --> 01:45:51,800
Spectators had weather 
protection. 

2070
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:55,000
The availability of personal 
weather protection. 

2071
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:58,600
Supported the modern expectation
that recreational activities 

2072
01:45:58,600 --> 01:45:59,900
should be comfortable, and 
accessible. 

2073
01:46:01,100 --> 01:46:03,700
By the end of the 20th century 
umbrellas had become so 

2074
01:46:03,700 --> 01:46:06,100
thoroughly integrated into 
Modern Life that they were 

2075
01:46:06,100 --> 01:46:08,200
invisible. 
They had helped create a 

2076
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:11,200
civilization where weather was a
minor inconvenience rather than 

2077
01:46:11,200 --> 01:46:13,200
a major constraint on human 
activity. 

2078
01:46:13,900 --> 01:46:16,600
Accessible portable weather 
protection, laid, the foundation

2079
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:19,100
for the modern worlds, 
assumption that people could 

2080
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:20,900
function. 
Normally in various weather 

2081
01:46:20,900 --> 01:46:24,400
conditions, the umbrella had 
accomplished a remarkable feat. 

2082
01:46:24,400 --> 01:46:27,900
It increased human independence 
from natural forces without 

2083
01:46:27,900 --> 01:46:30,900
necessitating complex, 
technology, or extensive 

2084
01:46:30,900 --> 01:46:34,100
infrastructure. 
It was a democratic solution to 

2085
01:46:34,100 --> 01:46:37,600
an ancient problem and it had 
quietly enabled much of what we 

2086
01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:39,900
consider modern civilization 
here. 

2087
01:46:39,900 --> 01:46:42,600
You are at the end of this story
probably looking at umbrellas 

2088
01:46:42,600 --> 01:46:44,800
completely differently than you 
did an hour ago. 

2089
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:49,200
What started as a simple tale 
about staying dry has revealed 

2090
01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:53,300
something much more profound. 
How a basic tool can quietly 

2091
01:46:53,300 --> 01:46:56,200
reshape the entire trajectory of
human civilization. 

2092
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:00,800
The most remarkable thing about 
the Umbrella Revolution is how 

2093
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:05,000
invisible it became by the 
mid-20th century umbrellas was 

2094
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:07,200
so thoroughly integrated into 
human life. 

2095
01:47:07,200 --> 01:47:09,900
The people stopped thinking 
about them as revolutionary 

2096
01:47:09,900 --> 01:47:12,300
technology. 
They had become part of the 

2097
01:47:12,300 --> 01:47:15,600
background infrastructure of 
modern, living, like, sidewalks,

2098
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:20,000
or street lights essential, but 
unnoticed, this invisibility is 

2099
01:47:20,000 --> 01:47:22,500
actually the mark of the 
umbrellas complete success. 

2100
01:47:23,200 --> 01:47:25,700
The most transformative 
Technologies are often the ones 

2101
01:47:25,700 --> 01:47:28,900
that become so natural that we 
forget their Technologies at 

2102
01:47:28,900 --> 01:47:30,600
all. 
You don't think about your 

2103
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:33,100
umbrella as a sophisticated 
piece of engineering, that 

2104
01:47:33,100 --> 01:47:35,300
represents thousands of years of
human Innovation. 

2105
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:38,900
You just think of it as the 
thing that keeps you dry, but 

2106
01:47:38,900 --> 01:47:42,000
now, you know, better, you know,
that your umbrella connects you 

2107
01:47:42,000 --> 01:47:45,700
to ancient Egyptian pharaoh 
seeking shade Chinese inventors,

2108
01:47:45,700 --> 01:47:49,300
creating the first waterproof, 
designs and brave souls, like 

2109
01:47:49,300 --> 01:47:52,500
Jonas Hanway who endured 
ridiculed to prove that staying 

2110
01:47:52,500 --> 01:47:56,000
dry was worth fighting for Every
time you open your umbrella, 

2111
01:47:56,000 --> 01:47:59,100
your participating in one of 
Humanity's, longest running 

2112
01:47:59,100 --> 01:48:02,800
technological traditions. 
The Umbrellas story also reveals

2113
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:05,000
something important to about how
civilization actually 

2114
01:48:05,000 --> 01:48:07,500
progresses. 
It's not just about dramatic 

2115
01:48:07,500 --> 01:48:09,200
breakthroughs and famous 
inventors. 

2116
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,800
Sometimes the most important 
advances come from simple tools 

2117
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:16,200
that solve everyday problems. 
So, effectively that they change

2118
01:48:16,200 --> 01:48:19,500
how entire societies function, 
the umbrella proves that 

2119
01:48:19,500 --> 01:48:22,800
Democratic Innovations 
technologies that everyone can 

2120
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:26,600
use can be just as revolutionary
as Elite scientific discoveries.

2121
01:48:27,300 --> 01:48:30,100
Think about what umbrellas 
actually accomplished, they made

2122
01:48:30,100 --> 01:48:32,800
human activity more. 
Whether independent, which 

2123
01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:35,600
sounds modest, but turned out to
be civilization changing. 

2124
01:48:35,600 --> 01:48:39,500
They enabled the development of 
modern urban life, professional 

2125
01:48:39,500 --> 01:48:43,000
culture consumer society and 
Democratic participation. 

2126
01:48:43,900 --> 01:48:46,600
They helped create the modern 
expectation that daily life 

2127
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:48,800
should be comfortable and 
predictable, regardless of 

2128
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:52,100
natural conditions, perhaps most
importantly, umbrellas 

2129
01:48:52,100 --> 01:48:54,400
demonstrated that humans could 
take control of their 

2130
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:57,400
relationship with nature through
accessible technology. 

2131
01:48:58,100 --> 01:49:00,800
They were an early example of 
how simple tools could make 

2132
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:03,300
people more independent from 
environmental forces. 

2133
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:07,500
This mindset the idea that 
natural discomfort is a problem 

2134
01:49:07,500 --> 01:49:11,200
to be sold rather than a fate to
be accepted became fundamental 

2135
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:15,100
to Modern civilization. 
The Umbrella Revolution shows. 

2136
01:49:15,100 --> 01:49:17,900
How cultural resistance to 
practical Innovations can be 

2137
01:49:17,900 --> 01:49:20,300
overcome? 
Remember, all those people who 

2138
01:49:20,300 --> 01:49:24,000
thought umbrellas were on Godly 
unmanly or just plain weird. 

2139
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:27,700
They were swept aside by the 
simple logic of staying dry. 

2140
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:31,500
Good ideas of eventually win, 
even when they faced intense 

2141
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:35,600
social resistance today, as you 
navigate a world shaped by 

2142
01:49:35,600 --> 01:49:39,000
Umbrella, adoption your living 
in a civilization, that's more 

2143
01:49:39,000 --> 01:49:41,600
whether independent more 
democratic and more comfortable 

2144
01:49:41,600 --> 01:49:45,500
than any previous Human Society.
the modern worlds assumption 

2145
01:49:45,500 --> 01:49:47,500
that people can function, 
normally in various weather 

2146
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,700
conditions is built on the 
foundation that umbrellas helped

2147
01:49:50,700 --> 01:49:54,100
create the next time you see 
someone struggling with an 

2148
01:49:54,100 --> 01:49:56,500
umbrella on a windy day, 
remember that their 

2149
01:49:56,500 --> 01:49:58,600
participating in one of 
Humanity's most successful 

2150
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:02,800
ongoing experiments in 
environmental control That 

2151
01:50:02,800 --> 01:50:05,800
flimsy piece of fabric and metal
represents, thousands of years 

2152
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:08,900
of human Ingenuity and 
determination to make life a 

2153
01:50:08,900 --> 01:50:11,400
little bit better. 
The umbrella story is still 

2154
01:50:11,400 --> 01:50:14,800
being written new materials, 
better designs and changing 

2155
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:18,400
social needs continue to evolve 
this ancient technology but it's

2156
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:20,100
fundamental promise Remains the 
Same. 

2157
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:23,800
That humans don't have to accept
discomfort from natural forces 

2158
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:26,800
when simple practical Solutions 
are available. 

2159
01:50:27,700 --> 01:50:30,500
So, the next time you reach for 
your umbrella, take a moment to 

2160
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:33,100
appreciate what your holding. 
It's not just whether 

2161
01:50:33,100 --> 01:50:35,100
protection. 
It's a symbol of human 

2162
01:50:35,100 --> 01:50:39,800
adaptability Ingenuity, and the 
quiet persistence that is shaped

2163
01:50:39,800 --> 01:50:42,300
civilization. 
You're carrying a piece of 

2164
01:50:42,300 --> 01:50:45,400
history that changed the world 
by helping people stay dry. 

2165
01:50:46,100 --> 01:50:49,000
And that's how umbrella has 
changed human civilization. 

2166
01:50:49,000 --> 01:50:52,600
Not through dramatic Revolution,
but through the simple 

2167
01:50:52,600 --> 01:50:57,500
persistent logic of making life 
a little bit better one rainy 

2168
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:01,100
day at a time, sometimes the 
most profound changes come from 

2169
01:51:01,100 --> 01:51:03,800
the most humble tools and 
sometimes the greatest 

2170
01:51:03,800 --> 01:51:05,400
revolution of the ones that 
happen. 

2171
01:51:05,400 --> 01:51:10,000
So, gradually that nobody 
notices until their complete Now

2172
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:12,300
you know the secret history of 
one of Humanity's most 

2173
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:15,800
underestimated inventions, the 
umbrella didn't just keep people

2174
01:51:15,800 --> 01:51:19,700
dry, it helped create the modern
world and every time you use 

2175
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:22,600
one, you're participating in 
that ongoing story of human 

2176
01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:31,900
progress, one comfortable step. 
Picture yourself standing 

2177
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:36,300
outside a towering Manhattan 
mansion in 1885 clutching A Worn

2178
01:51:36,300 --> 01:51:38,300
carpet bag and wearing your own 
decent dress. 

2179
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:42,100
The marble step stretch up like 
a mountain, but you're not 

2180
01:51:42,108 --> 01:51:45,000
headed that way. 
Your entrance is around back 

2181
01:51:45,000 --> 01:51:47,500
through a narrow door. 
Marked only by the constant 

2182
01:51:47,500 --> 01:51:51,100
stream of delivery boys and 
other working, folks, Welcome to

2183
01:51:51,100 --> 01:51:54,500
your new life as a housemaid in 
America's Gilded Age where the 

2184
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:57,500
rich got richer and you got to 
scrub their chamber pots. 

2185
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:01,600
The servants entrance opens into
a different Universe entirely. 

2186
01:52:02,500 --> 01:52:05,500
While the family upstairs lived 
surrounded by velvet drapes, and

2187
01:52:05,508 --> 01:52:08,900
crystal chandeliers, your 
entering, a maze of narrow Hall 

2188
01:52:08,900 --> 01:52:12,700
ways steep staircases and rooms 
that never see proper sunlight. 

2189
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:17,600
The basement kitchen feels like 
a ship's Galley, cramped hot and

2190
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:21,100
buzzing with activity. 
The downstairs is your world now

2191
01:52:21,100 --> 01:52:24,300
and it operates by rules as 
rigid as any Royal Court. 

2192
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:27,800
Your first shot comes, when the 
housekeeper Mrs. Patterson 

2193
01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:30,000
hands. 
You a list of Duties longer than

2194
01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:32,200
your arm. 
Did you assume that housework 

2195
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:33,800
only involved sweeping and 
dusting? 

2196
01:52:33,800 --> 01:52:37,500
Think, again, your responsible 
for everything from blackening, 

2197
01:52:37,500 --> 01:52:40,700
the coal stoves Before Dawn to 
polishing door handles with such

2198
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:43,800
Precision that the Master of the
House, shouldn't see a single 

2199
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:45,900
fingerprint and that's just 
Monday. 

2200
01:52:45,900 --> 01:52:49,100
The uniform. 
Comes next, a gray wool dress. 

2201
01:52:49,100 --> 01:52:51,900
That itches something fierce 
covered by a white apron that 

2202
01:52:51,900 --> 01:52:54,800
must remain spotless. 
Despite the fact that you'll be 

2203
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:58,100
cleaning fireplaces scrubbing, 
floors and Hauling buckets of 

2204
01:52:58,100 --> 01:52:59,700
water up, three flights of 
stairs. 

2205
01:53:00,600 --> 01:53:03,300
The little white cap perched on 
your head serves as both 

2206
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:07,100
identification and humiliation. 
Your invisible, until your 

2207
01:53:07,100 --> 01:53:09,200
needed and needed until the job 
is perfect. 

2208
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:13,300
Your bedroom as a closet size 
space under the eaves shared 

2209
01:53:13,300 --> 01:53:16,600
with another maid named Sarah 
who snores like a freight train.

2210
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:20,600
The single window faces an air 
shaft offering a view of 

2211
01:53:20,600 --> 01:53:23,900
absolutely nothing except the 
brick wall of the house next 

2212
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:26,300
door. 
But hey, at least you get your 

2213
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:29,400
own chamber pot though, you'll 
be emptying everyone else's too.

2214
01:53:30,400 --> 01:53:33,600
The pace sounds decent at first 
maybe eight dollars a month plus

2215
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:36,500
room and board. 
But then you discover the board 

2216
01:53:36,500 --> 01:53:40,100
consists of whatever leftovers. 
The family doesn't want served 

2217
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:41,300
at a wooden table in the 
kitchen. 

2218
01:53:41,300 --> 01:53:43,700
After the family is finished. 
Their elaborate meals upstairs, 

2219
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:47,600
you'll eat a lot of bread and 
gravy and you'll be grateful for

2220
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:50,900
it because jobs are scared. 
And this beats the factory work 

2221
01:53:50,900 --> 01:53:52,800
that slowly killing your cousin 
back home. 

2222
01:53:53,700 --> 01:53:56,200
What nobody tells you is, how 
the hierarchy Works below 

2223
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:58,500
stairs. 
The butler rules like a king. 

2224
01:53:58,500 --> 01:54:01,500
The housekeeper like a queen, 
and you're somewhere near the 

2225
01:54:01,500 --> 01:54:03,600
bottom of the pecking order with
the scullery maid. 

2226
01:54:03,600 --> 01:54:06,700
And the boot boy, everyone has a
boss and someone else bosses 

2227
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:09,000
them around. 
It's like a pyramid scheme 

2228
01:54:09,000 --> 01:54:11,000
except of selling overpriced 
vitamins. 

2229
01:54:11,000 --> 01:54:13,900
You're all selling your dignity,
one scrubbed floor at a time. 

2230
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:16,300
The strangest part isn't the 
work. 

2231
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:18,100
It's becoming a ghost in your 
life. 

2232
01:54:18,100 --> 01:54:20,800
You dust around the family as 
they eat breakfast. 

2233
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:24,400
Invisible as Furniture. 
You change sheets while they're 

2234
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:26,900
at the Opera racing, any sign 
that you exist. 

2235
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:30,500
You know, intimate details about
their lives, whose having 

2236
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:33,200
Affairs, whose losing money at 
cards, who can't sleep without 

2237
01:54:33,200 --> 01:54:36,100
Lord and him, but they couldn't 
pick you out of a police lineup.

2238
01:54:36,900 --> 01:54:40,200
Yet somehow, in this strange 
Netherworld between upstairs and

2239
01:54:40,200 --> 01:54:42,500
down stairs, you'll find a 
community. 

2240
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:44,700
The other servants become your 
family. 

2241
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:48,000
Sharing gossip over Stolen 
Moments, and leftover cake, 

2242
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:51,300
you'll discover that Mrs. 
Patterson isn't as Stern as she 

2243
01:54:51,300 --> 01:54:53,500
seems and that even the stuffy 
Butler. 

2244
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:55,900
Once sneaked you an extra 
blanket, during a cold, snap, 

2245
01:54:55,900 --> 01:54:59,400
your hands will become rough and
read your back will ache from 

2246
01:54:59,408 --> 01:55:02,400
bending over scrub brushes and 
you'll fall into bed each night 

2247
01:55:02,400 --> 01:55:05,100
exhausted. 
But you'll also develop muscles,

2248
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:07,600
you never need. 
You had learn skills that would 

2249
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:11,100
impress any modern efficiency, 
expert and gain a perspective on

2250
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:13,900
wealth and privilege that few 
people ever get to see from the 

2251
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:16,100
inside. 
Five in the morning marks the 

2252
01:55:16,100 --> 01:55:19,200
start of your day with the 
world, still in darkness and the

2253
01:55:19,200 --> 01:55:21,300
house. 
Enveloped in a quiet that Echoes

2254
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:24,800
with every footstep you've 
learned to dress by feel 

2255
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:26,900
fumbling for your uniform, in 
the pitch black. 

2256
01:55:26,900 --> 01:55:29,200
Because lighting, a candle would
wake, Sarah. 

2257
01:55:29,200 --> 01:55:32,400
And a cranky roommate makes an 
already difficult day. 

2258
01:55:32,400 --> 01:55:36,100
Downright miserable. 
First task is creeping down 

2259
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:38,200
stairs, like a burglar in your 
workplace. 

2260
01:55:39,000 --> 01:55:41,600
Those beautiful hardwood floors,
that the family walks on. 

2261
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:45,500
So elegantly, become your enemy 
in the pre-dawn hours every 

2262
01:55:45,500 --> 01:55:48,300
board seems designed to Creak at
the worst possible moment. 

2263
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:51,700
You've mapped out the quiet 
spots like a criminal planning, 

2264
01:55:51,700 --> 01:55:54,800
a heist stepping only where the 
floorboards meet the joists. 

2265
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:57,600
Once you reach the kitchen, it's
time for the morning miracle 

2266
01:55:57,600 --> 01:56:00,500
bringing the house to life, 
without anyone upstairs, knowing

2267
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:03,000
how it happens. 
The cold stove needs to be 

2268
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:06,600
cleaned out fresh coal added and
the fire coaxed back to life, 

2269
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:10,200
your hands turn black within 
minutes and you'll spend the 

2270
01:56:10,208 --> 01:56:12,600
rest of the day trying to scrub 
the evidence from under your 

2271
01:56:12,600 --> 01:56:15,300
fingernails. 
But this temperamental iron 

2272
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:19,500
Beast is your life line. 
No, fire means no hot water, no 

2273
01:56:19,500 --> 01:56:21,700
cooking and no heat for the 
families. 

2274
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:24,500
Mourning comfort. 
While the stove heats up your 

2275
01:56:24,500 --> 01:56:27,200
racing against time to complete 
what servants called The 

2276
01:56:27,200 --> 01:56:30,200
Invisible ballet. 
Every surface that the family 

2277
01:56:30,200 --> 01:56:32,100
might touch needs to be perfect 
before. 

2278
01:56:32,100 --> 01:56:35,400
They wake up door, knobs become 
polished, until they gleam 

2279
01:56:35,400 --> 01:56:39,100
carpets become beaten free of 
yesterday's dust, and windows 

2280
01:56:39,100 --> 01:56:41,300
are cleaned with a mixture of 
vinegar and newspaper. 

2281
01:56:41,300 --> 01:56:44,100
That leaves your hands, smelling
like a Pickle Factory. 

2282
01:56:45,800 --> 01:56:48,200
The state of the bathroom 
warrants a separate narrative 

2283
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:51,600
indoor, plumbing is still a 
luxury even in wealthy homes. 

2284
01:56:51,600 --> 01:56:54,900
So you're dealing with chamber 
pots, wash basins, and the 

2285
01:56:54,908 --> 01:56:58,000
occasional newfangled water 
closet that breaks down more 

2286
01:56:58,000 --> 01:57:01,200
often than it works. 
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 

2287
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:04,300
Pots becomes as routine as 
brushing your teeth though, 

2288
01:57:04,300 --> 01:57:07,000
considerably less Pleasant. 
You develop a technique that 

2289
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:09,900
involves holding your breath and
contemplating, literally 

2290
01:57:09,900 --> 01:57:12,700
anything else breakfast. 
Preparation happens in 

2291
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:15,500
Controlled Chaos. 
The cook maintains strict 

2292
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:17,400
Authority in the kitchen 
wielding. 

2293
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:19,600
A wooden spoon with 
determination to ensure that 

2294
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:24,400
anyone who obstructs her efforts
is swiftly dealt with. your 

2295
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:27,100
responsible for setting the 
dining room table with military 

2296
01:57:27,100 --> 01:57:30,900
precision, Every Fork exactly 
one inch from the edge of the 

2297
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:34,300
plate, every napkin folded into 
perfect triangles. 

2298
01:57:35,200 --> 01:57:37,700
The family's breakfast must be 
delivered up stairs as if by 

2299
01:57:37,700 --> 01:57:40,200
Magic hot and impeccably 
arranged. 

2300
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:43,900
While you hastily grab cold 
leftover, biscuits and hope your

2301
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:46,000
stomach remains silent enough to
go unnoticed. 

2302
01:57:47,300 --> 01:57:49,500
The washing routine would make a
modern person, weak. 

2303
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:53,300
Everything is scrubbed by hand 
with a lye soap that could strip

2304
01:57:53,300 --> 01:57:56,800
paint from a barn door. 
Bed, sheets are boiled in large 

2305
01:57:56,800 --> 01:57:59,900
copper, tubs and stirred. 
With wooden paddles, reminiscent

2306
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:02,400
of preparing and exceedingly, 
tedious stew. 

2307
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:04,900
Your hands develop calluses in 
places. 

2308
01:58:04,900 --> 01:58:07,500
You didn't know could grow 
blisters and the constant 

2309
01:58:07,500 --> 01:58:10,000
moisture makes your skin crack 
like dried leather. 

2310
01:58:10,700 --> 01:58:14,000
Laundry day transforms the 
basement into a steamy jungle. 

2311
01:58:14,600 --> 01:58:18,500
Clothesline stretch everywhere. 
Creating a maze of damp, Linens 

2312
01:58:18,500 --> 01:58:20,900
and undergarments. 
You learn to navigate this. 

2313
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:24,500
Textile obstacle course while 
carrying baskets of wet laundry,

2314
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:26,000
that weigh more than small 
children. 

2315
01:58:27,000 --> 01:58:29,900
The air becomes so thick with 
moisture that breathing feels 

2316
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:33,400
like drowning in slow motion in 
your hair escape from your cap. 

2317
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:35,600
In rebellious whisks that make 
you look like, you've been 

2318
01:58:35,600 --> 01:58:38,500
struck by lightning. 
The ironing comes next. 

2319
01:58:38,500 --> 01:58:42,600
Using heavy metal Iron's heated 
on the stove, these weapons of 

2320
01:58:42,600 --> 01:58:45,400
domestic destruction weigh about
five pounds, each and retain 

2321
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:48,700
heat like tiny furnaces. 
You'll burn yourself at least 

2322
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:51,900
once a week, developing a 
collection of small scars. 

2323
01:58:51,900 --> 01:58:53,700
That was permanently. 
As any Sailors. 

2324
01:58:53,700 --> 01:58:57,200
Tattoos, the family's clothes 
must emerge, crisp and perfect 

2325
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:00,900
while your own uniform looks 
like slept in it, which somedays

2326
01:59:00,900 --> 01:59:03,800
you practically did. 
Between all these tasks, your 

2327
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:05,600
constantly running up and down 
stairs. 

2328
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:09,300
That seemed designed by some of 
someone who hated servants Your 

2329
01:59:09,300 --> 01:59:12,500
legs develop the strength of a 
mountain climber, but your knees

2330
01:59:12,500 --> 01:59:16,100
start protesting before you turn
25, each trip upstairs. 

2331
01:59:16,100 --> 01:59:19,200
Feels like scaling Mount 
Everest, especially when you're 

2332
01:59:19,200 --> 01:59:21,900
carrying heavy buckets, or 
baskets of clean laundry. 

2333
01:59:23,400 --> 01:59:26,900
The morning routine ends around 
9 when the family finally makes 

2334
01:59:26,900 --> 01:59:28,400
their grand appearance 
downstairs. 

2335
01:59:29,300 --> 01:59:32,900
By then you've been working for 
four hours accomplished enough, 

2336
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:36,300
tasks to exhaust a small army 
and somehow managed to make it 

2337
01:59:36,300 --> 01:59:39,800
all look effortless. 
A family effortlessly navigates 

2338
01:59:39,800 --> 01:59:43,000
their morning, routine unaware 
that a team of servants has been

2339
01:59:43,000 --> 01:59:45,800
working tirelessly behind the 
scenes to ensure their comfort. 

2340
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:48,800
The invisible line between 
upstairs and down stairs isn't 

2341
01:59:48,800 --> 01:59:52,400
marked on any blueprint, but it 
might as well be painted in neon

2342
01:59:52,400 --> 01:59:54,900
cross at the wrong time, or in 
the wrong way. 

2343
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:58,200
And you'll face consequences 
ranging from sharp words to 

2344
01:59:58,200 --> 02:00:01,600
outright dismissal. 
Learning to navigate this social

2345
02:00:01,600 --> 02:00:04,500
Minefield becomes as crucial as 
mastering the art of silver 

2346
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:07,000
polish. 
Your training in invisibility 

2347
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:11,100
starts immediately, when family 
members enter a room, you become

2348
02:00:11,100 --> 02:00:15,700
a piece of furniture useful when
needed ignored otherwise You 

2349
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:17,800
learned to dust around 
conversations about family. 

2350
02:00:17,800 --> 02:00:21,800
Finances, clean fireplace places
while dramatic arguments on fold

2351
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:24,200
and change bed. 
Linens while pretending not to 

2352
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:26,100
notice the Love Letters hidden 
under pillows. 

2353
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:29,000
It's akin to operating as a 
secret agent. 

2354
02:00:29,000 --> 02:00:32,100
Within your own organization 
yet, the information you collect

2355
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:35,100
is utterly insignificant and 
could pose a threat if 

2356
02:00:35,100 --> 02:00:38,600
discovered The bail system 
becomes your master. 

2357
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:42,400
Every room has a chord that 
connects to a series of bells in

2358
02:00:42,400 --> 02:00:44,800
the servants Hall each with a 
different tone that you must 

2359
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:48,400
memorize, like a musical scale. 
The library bell sounds 

2360
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:51,000
different from the morning room 
Bell, which sounds different 

2361
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:54,000
from the master bedroom bell. 
Every room is equipped with a 

2362
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:57,100
cord that connects to a series 
of bells located in the servants

2363
02:00:57,100 --> 02:00:59,300
Hall. 
Each producing a distinct tone, 

2364
02:00:59,300 --> 02:01:01,600
that one must memorize akin to a
musical scale. 

2365
02:01:02,700 --> 02:01:05,000
The bell in the library, has a 
different sound than that of the

2366
02:01:05,008 --> 02:01:07,500
morning room, which in turn 
differs from the bell in the 

2367
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:09,700
master bedroom, should you make 
an era? 

2368
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:12,300
You may find yourself in the 
position of having to explain 

2369
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:15,600
why you delivered tea service to
someone who actually desired 

2370
02:01:15,600 --> 02:01:18,600
their boots to be polished. 
Engaging in conversation with 

2371
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:22,500
family members and necessitate 
its own set of protocols, one 

2372
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:25,300
should never initiate dialogue 
unless there is an urgent 

2373
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:28,200
situation such as someone's hair
being on fire. 

2374
02:01:29,000 --> 02:01:32,200
Speaking to family members 
requires its own protocol, you 

2375
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:34,200
should never start a 
conversation unless someone's 

2376
02:01:34,200 --> 02:01:37,700
hair is in danger. 
When spoken to you respond with?

2377
02:01:37,700 --> 02:01:41,600
Yes sir or yes ma'am. 
Followed by a media action. 

2378
02:01:42,700 --> 02:01:45,900
Extended conversations are 
forbidden, even if the family 

2379
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:49,000
member seems friendly. 
They might ask about your family

2380
02:01:49,000 --> 02:01:51,700
back home or comment on the 
weather, but these aren't 

2381
02:01:51,700 --> 02:01:53,600
invitations for genuine human 
connection. 

2382
02:01:53,600 --> 02:01:56,400
They're just rich people being 
polite in the same way they 

2383
02:01:56,400 --> 02:01:59,400
might Pat a well-behaved dog. 
The children of the house 

2384
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:01,900
presents, special challenges 
little Master. 

2385
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:05,300
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit but he's also a tiny

2386
02:02:05,300 --> 02:02:08,600
dictator who's never heard the 
word know applied to himself. 

2387
02:02:09,300 --> 02:02:11,800
He'll demand that you drop 
everything to build him a fort 

2388
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:14,200
out of dining room, chairs, then
cry to his mother. 

2389
02:02:14,200 --> 02:02:16,700
When you explain that, you need 
to finish your actual work. 

2390
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:20,500
First, the result. 
You'll build the fort and work 

2391
02:02:20,500 --> 02:02:23,700
twice as fast to catch up 
because Rich, children tears 

2392
02:02:23,700 --> 02:02:26,000
carry more weight than servants 
explanations. 

2393
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:30,300
Privacy becomes a foreign 
concept, your employers expect 

2394
02:02:30,300 --> 02:02:32,500
you to see in here. 
Everything while somehow 

2395
02:02:32,500 --> 02:02:35,800
remaining mentally absent. 
You'll witness family fights 

2396
02:02:35,800 --> 02:02:39,200
that would scan the neighbors, 
observe personal habits that 

2397
02:02:39,200 --> 02:02:42,600
range from quirky to discussing 
and over here Financial 

2398
02:02:42,600 --> 02:02:44,600
discussions that could tax stock
prices. 

2399
02:02:45,600 --> 02:02:48,800
But you're not supposed to 
remember discuss or use any of 

2400
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:51,000
it. 
The family's guests provide 

2401
02:02:51,000 --> 02:02:54,200
their own entertainment, wealthy
guests, treat their servants. 

2402
02:02:54,200 --> 02:02:57,300
Like interactive wallpaper 
discussing intimate details of 

2403
02:02:57,308 --> 02:03:00,900
their lives as if they've left 
you deaf and mute you'll learn 

2404
02:03:00,900 --> 02:03:03,800
about Affairs, business deals 
and family, scandals, that would

2405
02:03:03,800 --> 02:03:07,200
fill a dozen gossip columns. 
All while polishing silver or 

2406
02:03:07,200 --> 02:03:10,200
arranging flowers with the 
focused concentration of a monk 

2407
02:03:10,200 --> 02:03:13,000
meal, service becomes a 
choreographed dance where one 

2408
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:15,100
wrong step can ruin the entire 
performance. 

2409
02:03:15,100 --> 02:03:18,300
You must appear at exactly the 
right moment with the right 

2410
02:03:18,300 --> 02:03:21,800
item, serve from the correct 
side and vanish before anyone 

2411
02:03:21,800 --> 02:03:25,300
notices, you are there, drop a 
fork and the entire table Falls,

2412
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:28,700
silent spill wine on a guest. 
And you'll be lucky to find work

2413
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:31,800
cleaning Stables, the Family 
schedule, dictates your entire 

2414
02:03:31,800 --> 02:03:34,400
existence. 
When they decide to host a 

2415
02:03:34,400 --> 02:03:38,100
dinner party for 20 people, your
schedule explodes into 16-hour 

2416
02:03:38,100 --> 02:03:40,500
days of preparation. 
Either pack, you along like 

2417
02:03:40,500 --> 02:03:43,400
luggage or leave you behind to 
maintain an empty house when 

2418
02:03:43,400 --> 02:03:44,600
they travel to their summer 
house. 

2419
02:03:45,700 --> 02:03:48,300
You need for rest. 
So, social contact, or personal 

2420
02:03:48,300 --> 02:03:51,800
time, simply don't factor into 
their calculations yet within 

2421
02:03:51,800 --> 02:03:54,400
this rigid system, small 
rebellions blue. 

2422
02:03:55,300 --> 02:03:57,600
Servants develop their own 
communication networks. 

2423
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,700
Passing information through a 
complex system of glances 

2424
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:03,800
gestures and carefully coded 
conversations. 

2425
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,200
You learn to read the subtle 
signs that indicate when cook is

2426
02:04:07,208 --> 02:04:09,200
in a poor mood. 
When the butler has been 

2427
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:12,300
sampling the wine or when Mrs, 
Patterson is actually pleased 

2428
02:04:12,300 --> 02:04:14,300
with your work despite her Stern
expression. 

2429
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,700
The hypocrisy becomes almost 
comical once you adjust to it. 

2430
02:04:17,700 --> 02:04:21,100
The same family that lectures, 
their children about honesty 

2431
02:04:21,100 --> 02:04:24,100
will lie, smoothly to social 
callers about their whereabouts.

2432
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:26,900
They'll preach Christian. 
Charity at Sunday dinner. 

2433
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:29,100
Then dock your wages for 
breaking a plate. 

2434
02:04:29,100 --> 02:04:32,000
They'll discuss the moral 
degradation of the working 

2435
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:34,800
classes, while running their 
household through a system that 

2436
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:38,500
would make a medieval Lord 
blush. your fellow servants, 

2437
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:43,200
become your real family, united 
by shared exhaustion, and mutual

2438
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:45,700
understanding of the 
absurdities, you witness daily 

2439
02:04:46,800 --> 02:04:48,900
Late night conversations in the 
servants Hall. 

2440
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:52,800
Create bonds, stronger than 
blood forged by the knowledge 

2441
02:04:52,800 --> 02:04:55,500
that you're all surviving the 
same bizarre, social experiment 

2442
02:04:55,500 --> 02:04:58,500
together below stairs operates, 
like its own small Kingdom 

2443
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:02,200
complete with rigid, social 
rankings, unspoken rules and 

2444
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:03,900
enough political Intrigue to 
rival. 

2445
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:07,200
Any Royal Court? 
Understanding your place in this

2446
02:05:07,208 --> 02:05:10,400
hierarchy becomes crucial for 
survival because stepping out of

2447
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:13,200
a line can make your already 
difficult life absolutely 

2448
02:05:13,200 --> 02:05:16,200
miserable. 
At the top of this domestic 

2449
02:05:16,200 --> 02:05:19,400
pyramid sits the butler. 
A man who carries himself with 

2450
02:05:19,400 --> 02:05:23,000
more dignity than most senators 
and considerably more Authority 

2451
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:26,000
than the average Army General. 
He controls The Wine, Cellar. 

2452
02:05:26,000 --> 02:05:29,500
Manages the male servants and 
serves as the family's public 

2453
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:31,100
face when they are receiving 
guests. 

2454
02:05:31,800 --> 02:05:34,900
In his perfectly pressed, 
uniform and white gloves, he 

2455
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:38,400
Glides through the house. 
Like he owns it which in many 

2456
02:05:38,400 --> 02:05:43,500
practical ways he does cross him
and you'll find yourself a sign 

2457
02:05:43,500 --> 02:05:46,300
to the worst job jobs until you 
either quit or learn proper 

2458
02:05:46,300 --> 02:05:49,100
respect. 
Housekeeper holds a dominant 

2459
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:50,800
position among the female 
servants. 

2460
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:53,800
Dictating everything from 
uniform standards to room 

2461
02:05:53,800 --> 02:05:56,800
assignments. 
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 

2462
02:05:56,808 --> 02:05:58,900
gentle. 
Grandmother to Sam yet. 

2463
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:01,400
She manages her domain with the 
efficiency of a military 

2464
02:06:01,400 --> 02:06:04,700
commander and the meticulousness
of a Swiss watch maker. 

2465
02:06:05,600 --> 02:06:08,800
He keeps track of every towel, 
every bar of soap and every 

2466
02:06:08,800 --> 02:06:11,700
minute of your day. 
Her approval means protection 

2467
02:06:11,700 --> 02:06:15,700
and slightly better assignments.
Her disapproval means scrubbing,

2468
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:19,200
floors and your knees. 
Bleed cook occupies her own 

2469
02:06:19,200 --> 02:06:22,200
special category, technically 
below the housekeeper in rank 

2470
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:25,700
but wielding enormous practical 
power because she controls the 

2471
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:30,000
food Skilled cook has the power 
to shape the social status of a 

2472
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:33,900
wealthy family inspiring, both 
respect and fear in everyone, 

2473
02:06:33,900 --> 02:06:36,500
including the family members 
themselves. 

2474
02:06:36,500 --> 02:06:39,500
She rules her kitchen. 
Like a benevolent dictator 

2475
02:06:39,500 --> 02:06:43,100
capable of creating masterpieces
with one hand, while boxing 

2476
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:45,000
ears. 
With the other, if you manage to

2477
02:06:45,000 --> 02:06:47,300
gain her favor, you'll never 
face hunger. 

2478
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,800
If you provoke her anger, you'll
have to rely on bread, crusts 

2479
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:54,400
and regret. 
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,

2480
02:06:54,400 --> 02:06:58,100
the aristocracy of servant land 
these personal attendants dress,

2481
02:06:58,100 --> 02:06:59,900
their employers style, their 
hair. 

2482
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:02,500
No, intimate details about their
daily lives. 

2483
02:07:02,500 --> 02:07:06,100
They earn higher wages. 
Where better uniforms and often 

2484
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:08,900
receive cast off clothing worth 
more than your annual salary. 

2485
02:07:09,600 --> 02:07:12,800
They also tend to adopt an air 
of superiority behaving as 

2486
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:14,500
though, they are somehow 
elevated above others. 

2487
02:07:14,500 --> 02:07:18,000
Simply because they assist a 
fluent individuals in dressing 

2488
02:07:18,000 --> 02:07:20,200
rather than performing more 
menial tasks. 

2489
02:07:21,400 --> 02:07:23,000
Footman. 
Represent the peacocks of the 

2490
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:25,900
servant World chose chosen more 
for their appearance than their 

2491
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:28,600
skills. 
They need to be tall handsome 

2492
02:07:28,600 --> 02:07:31,400
and capable of standing 
motionless for hours while 

2493
02:07:31,400 --> 02:07:34,300
looking decorative. 
Their primary duties include 

2494
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:38,000
opening, doors serving meals and
providing visual stimulation for

2495
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:41,700
the families, female guests. 
The Beneficial news is they're 

2496
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:43,200
often too, pretty to be truly 
bright. 

2497
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:46,700
The adverse news is they know 
they're pretty an act 

2498
02:07:46,700 --> 02:07:49,400
accordingly. 
You occupy the vast Middle 

2499
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:52,600
Ground of General housemates, 
along with your fellow soldiers,

2500
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:54,900
in the war against dust dirt and
disorder. 

2501
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:58,600
You're above the scullery maid 
who spends her entire existence,

2502
02:07:58,600 --> 02:08:00,400
washing dishes and scrubbing 
pots. 

2503
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:02,800
And the boot boy whose life 
revolves around. 

2504
02:08:02,800 --> 02:08:06,000
Making leather shine, but below 
practically everyone else. 

2505
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:08,900
It's like being middle 
management in a company that 

2506
02:08:08,900 --> 02:08:12,100
specializes in thankless labor 
kitchen politics, make 

2507
02:08:12,100 --> 02:08:13,900
international diplomacy looks 
simple. 

2508
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:16,000
Cook in the housekeeper 
maintained. 

2509
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:19,000
An uneasy Alliance based on 
mutual respect, and territorial 

2510
02:08:19,000 --> 02:08:22,700
boundaries that shifted like 
Desert, Sands a butler, 

2511
02:08:22,700 --> 02:08:25,900
considers himself above such 
Petty concerns, which makes 

2512
02:08:25,900 --> 02:08:28,000
everyone else. 
Consider him an arrogant 

2513
02:08:28,000 --> 02:08:30,800
peacock. 
Personal Maids gossip about 

2514
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:33,900
their employers or somehow 
maintaining superiority over 

2515
02:08:33,900 --> 02:08:36,600
everyone who doesn't have access
to such intimate information. 

2516
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:40,300
meals in the servants, Hall 
follow protocol stricter than 

2517
02:08:40,308 --> 02:08:43,200
State, dinners at the head of 
the table, the Butler and 

2518
02:08:43,200 --> 02:08:46,300
housekeeper received the first 
service and consume the tastiest

2519
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:50,100
portions Personal servants are 
seated next then upper 

2520
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:53,900
housemaids then lower house 
maids and lastly the truly 

2521
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:56,800
unfortunate individuals who 
clean pots and polish boots. 

2522
02:08:56,800 --> 02:09:01,100
Conversation follows equally 
rigid rules no discussion of 

2523
02:09:01,100 --> 02:09:03,500
family business. 
No complaints about working 

2524
02:09:03,500 --> 02:09:07,400
conditions and absolutely no 
questioning of decisions made by

2525
02:09:07,400 --> 02:09:10,200
your superiors. 
Romance below stairs. 

2526
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:13,500
Provide endless, entertainment 
and occasional heartbreak. 

2527
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:18,000
Relationships between servants 
face constant scrutiny from both

2528
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:22,100
the staff hierarchy and the 
family upstairs, a housemaid 

2529
02:09:22,100 --> 02:09:23,600
dating. 
A footman might find herself 

2530
02:09:23,600 --> 02:09:26,400
reassigned to less desirable 
duties if the housekeeper 

2531
02:09:26,400 --> 02:09:29,700
disapproves Marriage, usually, 
means one partner must locate 

2532
02:09:29,700 --> 02:09:32,700
employment elsewhere, since most
families won't employ married 

2533
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:35,500
couples who might prioritize 
each other over their duties. 

2534
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:38,700
The contrast between your 
circumstances and those of the 

2535
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:42,300
family creates its own 
psychological challenges, you 

2536
02:09:42,300 --> 02:09:44,900
handle their money while earning
a fraction of what they spend on

2537
02:09:44,900 --> 02:09:47,600
a single dinner party. 
You maintain their beautiful 

2538
02:09:47,600 --> 02:09:49,900
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day. 

2539
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:53,200
After day, you prepare their 
luxurious meals while eating 

2540
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:57,700
leftovers that wouldn't satisfy 
a prison inmate The irony 

2541
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:00,100
thickens to such an extent that 
it could be sliced. 

2542
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:02,800
With the silver knives, you 
meticulously polish every day, 

2543
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:08,500
Yet, within this strange system.
Genuine friendships develop Sara

2544
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:12,000
your snoring roommate, become 
your closest confidant. 

2545
02:10:12,900 --> 02:10:16,400
Scholarly made, despite her 
lowly status, possesses a wicked

2546
02:10:16,400 --> 02:10:18,300
sense of humor. 
That makes even the worst days. 

2547
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:22,400
Bearable, even Mrs. Paterson for
all her Stern efficiency. 

2548
02:10:22,400 --> 02:10:25,800
Occasionally shows flashes of 
motherly concerned that remind 

2549
02:10:25,800 --> 02:10:27,100
you. 
She was once young and 

2550
02:10:27,100 --> 02:10:30,500
overwhelmed too. 
Information becomes currency in 

2551
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:33,500
this closed World knowing which 
family members are traveling. 

2552
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:37,200
Which guests are expected, or 
Which social events require 

2553
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:38,800
extra. 
Preparation provides you 

2554
02:10:38,800 --> 02:10:42,300
leverage and protection. 
The servant to overhears plans 

2555
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:44,000
for a dinner party can prepare 
accordingly. 

2556
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:47,800
The one caught off guard ends up
working until midnight with no 

2557
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:49,800
warning. 
Nothing tests, a servants 

2558
02:10:49,800 --> 02:10:51,600
endurance, quite like the social
season. 

2559
02:10:51,600 --> 02:10:54,200
When wealthy families 
transformed from merely 

2560
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:58,200
demanding employers into social 
climbing tornadoes that sweep 

2561
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:01,700
through your life, leaving 
chaos, exhaustion, and 

2562
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:03,500
occasionally broken china, in 
their wake. 

2563
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:07,300
From November, through February,
your employers shed, any 

2564
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:10,300
pretense of normal living and 
dive head first into a whirlwind

2565
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,200
of dinner parties, balls, and 
social events. 

2566
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:15,000
That would exhaust a 
professional athlete. 

2567
02:11:15,900 --> 02:11:18,300
Preparing for a dinner party, 
feels like planning, a military 

2568
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:21,900
Invasion, two days before the 
event, the house erupts into 

2569
02:11:21,900 --> 02:11:25,100
controlled pandemonium. 
Every piece of silver must be 

2570
02:11:25,100 --> 02:11:28,100
polished until it blinds anyone.
Foolish enough to look directly 

2571
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:30,600
at it. 
Crystal glasses, get washed in 

2572
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:33,700
special solutions that cost more
per bottled in a week. 

2573
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:38,100
Mrs. Patterson meticulously 
scrubs polishes and inspect 

2574
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:39,800
every surface in the dining 
room. 

2575
02:11:39,800 --> 02:11:43,900
A process typically reserved for
operating, Theatres the floral 

2576
02:11:43,900 --> 02:11:47,000
arrangements alone could drive 
you to drink, if you had access 

2577
02:11:47,000 --> 02:11:49,200
to anything stronger than Cooks 
cooking Sherry. 

2578
02:11:50,000 --> 02:11:53,300
Flowers arrive from the florist 
and carefully packed boxes each 

2579
02:11:53,300 --> 02:11:55,300
Bloom worth more than your 
monthly wages. 

2580
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:59,400
You'll spend hours, arranging 
roses lilies and exotic blooms 

2581
02:11:59,400 --> 02:12:03,100
whose names you can't pronounce 
creating centerpieces that will 

2582
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:06,800
be admired for precisely three 
hours before being relegated to 

2583
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:09,600
the servants Hall, where they'll
brighten your Drury meals for 

2584
02:12:09,600 --> 02:12:12,600
the rest of the week. 
Planning the menu turns into a 

2585
02:12:12,600 --> 02:12:16,000
challenging exercise and 
culinary mathematics comparable 

2586
02:12:16,000 --> 02:12:17,500
to that of a university 
Professor. 

2587
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:20,600
The family wants to impress 
their guests without appearing 

2588
02:12:20,600 --> 02:12:23,700
to try too hard serve 
sophisticated food without being

2589
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:26,700
pretentious and accommodate 
dietary, restrictions, that 

2590
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:29,200
change daily based on the latest
medical fans. 

2591
02:12:30,100 --> 02:12:33,200
Cook transforms into a 
temperamental artists creating 

2592
02:12:33,200 --> 02:12:35,800
elaborate dishes. 
While simultaneously managing a 

2593
02:12:35,800 --> 02:12:38,700
kitchen staff that multiplies 
mysteriously during party 

2594
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:42,600
preparations, Your uniform gets 
upgraded for special events. 

2595
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:47,100
Slightly better dress a 
Christmas and shoes that have 

2596
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:50,000
not been resolved. 
Three times your expected to 

2597
02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:52,800
serve guests with the grace of a
ballet dancer, and the 

2598
02:12:52,800 --> 02:12:55,800
efficiency of a factory worker 
while remaining, as invisible as

2599
02:12:55,800 --> 02:12:59,000
furniture. 
Spill wine on a guest gown and 

2600
02:12:59,000 --> 02:13:01,700
you'll find yourself explaining 
to potential future employers 

2601
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:04,200
why your last position ended so 
abruptly. 

2602
02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:07,700
The guest bedrooms become 
monuments to excessive 

2603
02:13:07,700 --> 02:13:10,600
hospitality. 
Fresh Linens appear on beds that

2604
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:13,400
may not even be used but the 
possibility that the 

2605
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:16,200
Vanderbilt's cousin might need a
place to rest between courses 

2606
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:20,400
requires preparation, worthy of 
visiting royalty, you'll arrange

2607
02:13:20,400 --> 02:13:24,300
flowers, stock wash basins with 
the finest soaps and ensure that

2608
02:13:24,300 --> 02:13:27,600
chamber pots are spotless and 
discreetly positioned, because 

2609
02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:29,100
nothing, ruins a socially 
evening. 

2610
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:32,200
Like an adequate bathroom 
facilities, Christmas season 

2611
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:35,200
multiplies, the Insanity by 
roughly 10,000%. 

2612
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:38,100
Families. 
Gift giving requires military 

2613
02:13:38,100 --> 02:13:41,800
level Logistics coordination. 
You'll spend assemble wrapping 

2614
02:13:41,800 --> 02:13:44,400
presents with paper that costs. 
More than most people's winter 

2615
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:47,500
coats arranging, elaborate 
displays that transformed the 

2616
02:13:47,500 --> 02:13:50,000
house into something. 
Resembling a particularly 

2617
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:53,300
expensive Museum and somehow 
maintaining normal daily 

2618
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:56,000
operations while accommodating, 
the constant stream of 

2619
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:59,300
deliveries social calls and 
holiday preparation. 

2620
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:03,300
Holiday, entertaining reaches 
levels of absurdity, that would 

2621
02:14:03,300 --> 02:14:06,500
impress Roman emperors. 
New Year's Eve parties, stretch 

2622
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:09,400
until dawn, requiring, you to 
work shifts. 

2623
02:14:09,400 --> 02:14:12,200
That would violate modern labor 
laws by several decades. 

2624
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:16,100
You'll serve champagne that cost
more per bottle, the new, in 

2625
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:19,300
three months, clean up after 
revelers, whose idea of fun 

2626
02:14:19,300 --> 02:14:22,500
involves considerable property 
damage and somehow maintain a 

2627
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:25,000
pleasant demeanor while running 
on three hours of sleep. 

2628
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:28,400
And pure caffeine the laundry 
situation during the social 

2629
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:30,900
season, deserves its own 
chapter, in the annals of human 

2630
02:14:30,900 --> 02:14:33,700
suffering. 
Evening gowns, require special 

2631
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:37,500
handling with Beading lace and 
fabric so delicate that 

2632
02:14:37,508 --> 02:14:39,800
breathing on them, wrong could 
cause irreparable damage. 

2633
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:43,100
Men's Formal Wear involves 
starching shirt, fronts to 

2634
02:14:43,108 --> 02:14:45,900
cardboard stiffness, pressing 
tail coats that must hang 

2635
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:48,100
perfectly and managing white 
tie. 

2636
02:14:48,100 --> 02:14:50,900
Ensembles that require the 
Precision of a Swiss clockmaker.

2637
02:14:51,600 --> 02:14:54,300
Guest management becomes a 
diplomatic challenge, that would

2638
02:14:54,300 --> 02:14:57,900
stump professional ambassadors. 
Well, the visitors arrive with 

2639
02:14:57,900 --> 02:15:00,800
their servants, creating 
temporary hierarchies and 

2640
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:03,500
territorial disputes that make 
international border 

2641
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:06,000
negotiations. 
Look, simple. sharing already 

2642
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:08,400
cramped quarters with 
lady's-maids who consider 

2643
02:15:08,400 --> 02:15:11,600
themselves, your social 
superiors competing for kitchen 

2644
02:15:11,600 --> 02:15:14,300
space with visiting Cooks who 
have strong opinions about 

2645
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,500
proper techniques and navigating
personality conflicts, that 

2646
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:19,800
could destabilize small 
governments are all common 

2647
02:15:19,800 --> 02:15:23,300
experiences, the aftermath of 
large parties resembles 

2648
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:27,700
Battlefield, cleanup Weinsteins 
on carpets require immediate 

2649
02:15:27,700 --> 02:15:31,200
attention with special cleaning 
solutions and techniques passed 

2650
02:15:31,200 --> 02:15:33,100
down through generation of 
servants. 

2651
02:15:33,100 --> 02:15:36,900
Broken crystal is collected with
the reverence usually reserved 

2652
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:38,800
for Gathering fragments of 
religious relics. 

2653
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:42,500
Leftover food will be 
redistributed through a complex 

2654
02:15:42,500 --> 02:15:45,700
system that ensures nothing 
edible goes to waste though. 

2655
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:48,300
The definition of edible is 
stretched considerably after 

2656
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:50,900
midnight. 
Your social life disappears 

2657
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:55,000
entirely during party season, 
any hope of personal time of 

2658
02:15:55,000 --> 02:15:58,000
evaporates under the constant 
demands of preparation, service 

2659
02:15:58,000 --> 02:16:01,000
and cleanup. 
Letters from home pile up unread

2660
02:16:01,000 --> 02:16:04,300
friendships with other servants.
Get reduced to exhausted, nods 

2661
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:06,300
in hallways and your health 
become. 

2662
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:09,200
Secondary to maintaining the 
family's social standing yet 

2663
02:16:09,200 --> 02:16:11,600
somehow you develop skills that 
would impress. 

2664
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:14,900
Modern event planners. 
You learn to coordinate complex,

2665
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:18,800
Logistics manage multiple tasks 
simultaneously and solve 

2666
02:16:18,800 --> 02:16:21,100
problems with creativity born 
from desperation. 

2667
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:23,500
You can estimate quantities for 
50. 

2668
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:26,200
People arrange flowers that 
would make professional 

2669
02:16:26,200 --> 02:16:29,400
florists, weep with envy and 
serve formal meals with 

2670
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:32,000
Precision, that would satisfy 
military inspection. 

2671
02:16:33,100 --> 02:16:34,900
Strangers. 
Part is how normal It all 

2672
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:38,000
becomes after. 
Your first social season, you 

2673
02:16:38,000 --> 02:16:39,799
develop the stamina of a 
marathon runner. 

2674
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:43,700
And the organizational skills of
a general staff officer What 

2675
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:46,500
once seemed impossible becomes 
merely exhausting? 

2676
02:16:46,500 --> 02:16:49,700
And what once seemed exhausting 
becomes, just another Tuesday in

2677
02:16:49,700 --> 02:16:52,900
the life of a Gilded Age. 
Housemaid finding space for your

2678
02:16:52,900 --> 02:16:55,400
Humanity within the rigid 
structure of domestic service 

2679
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:59,000
requires the Ingenuity of a 
master criminal and the stealth 

2680
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:02,700
of a professional spy. 
Your personal life exists. 

2681
02:17:02,700 --> 02:17:06,500
In fragments Stolen Moments 
between duties, whispered 

2682
02:17:06,500 --> 02:17:09,900
conversations in hallways and 
relationships that bloom in the 

2683
02:17:09,900 --> 02:17:11,600
shadows of other people's Grand 
lives. 

2684
02:17:11,600 --> 02:17:15,299
Your correspondence becomes a 
Lifeline to the world Beyond the

2685
02:17:15,299 --> 02:17:18,200
servant's Door. 
Letters from home arrives 

2686
02:17:18,200 --> 02:17:20,799
sporadically, their contents, 
both comforting and 

2687
02:17:20,799 --> 02:17:23,500
heartbreaking. 
Your mother writes about crops 

2688
02:17:23,500 --> 02:17:25,700
and weather, and neighbors, 
who've married or died. 

2689
02:17:25,700 --> 02:17:28,400
Painting, pictures of a life. 
That feels simultaneously 

2690
02:17:28,400 --> 02:17:32,600
familiar and impossibly distant,
you save your pennies to send 

2691
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:35,500
money home knowing that your 
wages, might mean the difference

2692
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:37,799
between your younger siblings, 
eating, well, or going hungry, 

2693
02:17:37,799 --> 02:17:41,100
even as you survive on kitchen 
scraps, and leftover bread. 

2694
02:17:42,100 --> 02:17:45,100
Romance and service requires 
navigating obstacles that would 

2695
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:48,400
challenge a diplomat. 
Meeting someone from outside the

2696
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:50,100
household means coordinating 
schedules. 

2697
02:17:50,100 --> 02:17:53,600
That change daily finding time 
when you're not exhausted from 

2698
02:17:53,600 --> 02:17:57,000
49 hour work days and somehow 
maintaining a relationship when 

2699
02:17:57,000 --> 02:17:59,400
you can't predict whether you'll
have an evening free until about

2700
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:03,500
five minutes before it happened.
Dating fellow servants creates 

2701
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:07,000
its own complications, workplace
relationships under the constant

2702
02:18:07,000 --> 02:18:09,900
scrutiny of superiors who view 
any personal attachment as a 

2703
02:18:09,907 --> 02:18:13,799
potential distraction from Duty.
Your half day off, becomes more 

2704
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:17,100
precious than gold and twice as 
rare every other Sunday 

2705
02:18:17,100 --> 02:18:21,100
afternoon from 2 until 10 in the
evening your theoretically free 

2706
02:18:21,100 --> 02:18:24,000
to live your life. 
In reality, you are often too 

2707
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:26,500
exhausted to do anything. 
More ambitious than sleeping in 

2708
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:29,400
a real bed, or taking a bath 
without worrying about someone 

2709
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:33,100
needing immediate service. 
When you do venture outside, the

2710
02:18:33,100 --> 02:18:35,700
world feels foreign after 
spending weeks in the artificial

2711
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:37,100
environment of wealth and 
privilege. 

2712
02:18:37,799 --> 02:18:40,299
Friendships among servants 
develop their own peculiar 

2713
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:43,100
intensity. 
Shared hardship, forges bonds, 

2714
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:46,600
that might not otherwise exist. 
The scullery maid transforms 

2715
02:18:46,600 --> 02:18:49,200
into your Confidant. 
The boot boy provides you with 

2716
02:18:49,200 --> 02:18:52,600
comedic relief and Sarah becomes
your sister Beyond blood. 

2717
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:56,500
These relationships sustain you 
through the worst moments and 

2718
02:18:56,500 --> 02:19:00,200
make the best moments worth 
celebrating, even if celebration

2719
02:19:00,200 --> 02:19:03,299
means sharing a stolen apple 
tart in the servant Hall after 

2720
02:19:03,299 --> 02:19:07,100
midnight, reading becomes a form
of rebellion and Escape You 

2721
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:09,200
Squirrel away. 
Penny novels and yesterday's 

2722
02:19:09,200 --> 02:19:12,200
newspapers reading by 
candlelight until your eyes 

2723
02:19:12,200 --> 02:19:14,299
strain and your candle budget 
disappears. 

2724
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:18,600
Books transport you to Worlds, 
where women have choices, where 

2725
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:21,799
love overcome social barriers 
and where hardworking people 

2726
02:19:21,799 --> 02:19:24,900
sometimes find happiness. 
The family's discarded 

2727
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:28,299
magazines, provide glimpses into
Fashions and Lifestyles that 

2728
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:30,900
seem as exotic as Tales From 
distant countries. 

2729
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:35,200
Your health suffers in ways, 
both obvious and subtle the 

2730
02:19:35,200 --> 02:19:37,600
constant physical labor, 
strengthens your muscles but 

2731
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,600
wears down your joints. 
Poor nutrition leaves you 

2732
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:42,400
vulnerable to every passing 
illness. 

2733
02:19:43,100 --> 02:19:45,900
The lack of sunlight and fresh 
air creates a palate that marks 

2734
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:49,100
you as any uniform back. 
Pain, becomes your constant 

2735
02:19:49,100 --> 02:19:53,100
companion, along with hands that
crack and bleed from exposure to

2736
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:57,100
harsh, cleaning, chemicals and 
cold water, personal hygiene 

2737
02:19:57,100 --> 02:20:00,000
presents its challenges in an 
era when hot water is a luxury 

2738
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:04,900
and privacy is non-existent Your
weekly bath become a cherished 

2739
02:20:04,900 --> 02:20:08,000
ritual, even if it takes place 
in a tin tub, in the kitchen, 

2740
02:20:08,000 --> 02:20:10,200
after everyone else is finished 
their evening duties. 

2741
02:20:11,200 --> 02:20:13,600
Washing your hair requires 
planning and coordination, 

2742
02:20:13,600 --> 02:20:16,400
worthy of a military operation, 
since you need access to hot 

2743
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:18,800
water. 
Sufficient time for drying and 

2744
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:20,600
privacy, that's rare than 
diamonds. 

2745
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:24,600
Your few personal possessions, 
take on enormous significance. 

2746
02:20:24,600 --> 02:20:28,500
A locket from your mother, a 
pressed flower from your last 

2747
02:20:28,500 --> 02:20:31,700
walk in the countryside or a 
photograph of family members 

2748
02:20:31,700 --> 02:20:34,100
becomes a treasure guarded more 
carefully than the family 

2749
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:36,300
silver. 
The small tokens. 

2750
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:39,300
Represent your identity beyond 
the gray, uniform and White Cap 

2751
02:20:39,300 --> 02:20:42,500
reminders that you exist. 
As More Than Just A Pair of 

2752
02:20:42,500 --> 02:20:46,200
Hands that scrub and clean. 
Dreams and aspirations are 

2753
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:49,700
modified rather than abandoned 
instead of opening your shop, 

2754
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:52,500
you dream of becoming a 
housekeeper with authority over 

2755
02:20:52,500 --> 02:20:55,400
your staff. 
Instead of marrying a prosperous

2756
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:59,100
farmer, you hope to locate a 
butler or valet whose combined 

2757
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,100
income might allow for a small 
apartment and maybe even 

2758
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:05,600
children someday. 
Your goals shrink to fit reality

2759
02:21:05,600 --> 02:21:09,600
but they don't disappear 
entirely the seasonal rhythms of

2760
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:12,400
the household create their own 
calendar of anticipation and 

2761
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:15,400
Dread. 
Summer might bring opportunities

2762
02:21:15,400 --> 02:21:18,600
to accompany the family to their
country house, offering glimpses

2763
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:21,300
of different scenery and 
slightly modified routines. 

2764
02:21:22,300 --> 02:21:25,000
Winter social season means 
exhausting work at all. 

2765
02:21:25,008 --> 02:21:28,200
So excitement and the 
possibility of glimpsing famous 

2766
02:21:28,200 --> 02:21:31,700
guests. 
Spring cleaning represents weeks

2767
02:21:31,700 --> 02:21:34,600
of backbreaking labor but also 
the satisfaction of 

2768
02:21:34,600 --> 02:21:38,200
transformation and renewal small
Pleasures, take on enormous 

2769
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:41,100
importance. 
A compliment from Mrs. Patterson

2770
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:43,100
carries more weight than praise 
from royalty. 

2771
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:46,800
An evening when cooked shares 
left over desert feels like 

2772
02:21:46,800 --> 02:21:49,400
Christmas morning. 
Sunday, when you're healthy 

2773
02:21:49,408 --> 02:21:53,000
enough to walk to the park and 
sit under actual trees becomes a

2774
02:21:53,000 --> 02:21:55,500
memory to sustain you through 
difficult weeks ahead. 

2775
02:21:56,500 --> 02:21:58,700
Your relationship with money 
becomes complex, and 

2776
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:01,900
contradictory you handle more 
wealth daily than most people 

2777
02:22:01,900 --> 02:22:04,800
see in their entire lives. 
Yet your own financial situation

2778
02:22:04,800 --> 02:22:08,600
remains precarious. 
Every penny saved represents 

2779
02:22:08,600 --> 02:22:13,600
enormous sacrifice less food, 
fewer letters home and no small 

2780
02:22:13,600 --> 02:22:15,200
luxuries. 
That might make your hard life 

2781
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:17,600
slightly more. 
Bearable, your bank account 

2782
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:20,500
grows slowly while your hands 
grow rough and your back grows, 

2783
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:24,400
crooked The strange intimacy of 
service creates its own 

2784
02:22:24,400 --> 02:22:27,400
emotional complications. 
You know, details about your 

2785
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:29,000
employers lives that their 
relatives. 

2786
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:31,500
Don't share. 
Yet, they remain strangers, who 

2787
02:22:31,500 --> 02:22:33,300
could dismiss you without 
reference. 

2788
02:22:33,300 --> 02:22:37,500
And barely remember your name 
This one side intimacy, breeds 

2789
02:22:37,500 --> 02:22:40,900
both affection and resentment 
creating relationships that are 

2790
02:22:40,900 --> 02:22:44,900
simultaneously personal, and 
completely impersonal as the 

2791
02:22:44,900 --> 02:22:48,500
1890s draw to a close. 
You've survived nearly a decade 

2792
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:52,000
of service, in the grand houses,
of America's wealthy Elite, and 

2793
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:55,000
the world around you is changing
in ways, both subtle and 

2794
02:22:55,000 --> 02:22:57,500
dramatic. 
From your perspective in the 

2795
02:22:57,508 --> 02:23:01,400
servants quarters, these changes
feel both impossibly distant and

2796
02:23:01,400 --> 02:23:05,500
intimately personal. technology 
creeps into the household like a

2797
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:09,400
slow-moving Revolution, electric
lights, begin replacing gas 

2798
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:12,600
fixtures transforming your 
morning routine of lamp cleaning

2799
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:15,500
but introducing new mysteries of
switches and bulbs that 

2800
02:23:15,500 --> 02:23:18,900
sometimes work and sometimes 
don't The telephone appears in 

2801
02:23:18,900 --> 02:23:22,000
the front hall, like a magical 
device, bringing the outside 

2802
02:23:22,000 --> 02:23:24,400
world directly into the house 
while creating new 

2803
02:23:24,400 --> 02:23:27,400
responsibilities. 
Someone must answer it and that 

2804
02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:31,200
person often turns out to be you
Your body tells the story of 

2805
02:23:31,200 --> 02:23:34,100
your service in ways that no 
employment record could capture 

2806
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:37,600
your hands bare, the permanent 
stains and scars of countless 

2807
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:41,000
cleaning, chemicals and burns 
from Hot Iron your shoulders, 

2808
02:23:41,000 --> 02:23:44,100
curve slightly forward from 
years of bending over scrub 

2809
02:23:44,100 --> 02:23:47,100
brushes and laundry. 
Tubs, your knees protest. 

2810
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:49,500
When climbing the endless, 
flights of stairs, that connect 

2811
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:52,200
your basement world to the 
families, elevated existence, 

2812
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:54,700
these marks of service will stay
with you long. 

2813
02:23:54,700 --> 02:23:57,700
After you've left domestic work 
behind the skills you've 

2814
02:23:57,700 --> 02:24:00,100
developed would impress, any 
modern efficiency expert? 

2815
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:03,900
You can manage complex household
Logistics coordinate, multiple 

2816
02:24:03,900 --> 02:24:07,000
tasks simultaneously and 
maintain impossibly high 

2817
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:08,500
standards under constant 
pressure. 

2818
02:24:08,500 --> 02:24:12,000
You've learned to read people's 
moods and needs from subtle cues

2819
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,500
mastered. 
The art of diplomatic problem 

2820
02:24:14,500 --> 02:24:17,200
solving and developed the 
physical stamina of a 

2821
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:19,900
professional athlete. 
These abilities will serve you. 

2822
02:24:19,900 --> 02:24:23,000
Well, whether you can continue 
in service or Venture into other

2823
02:24:23,000 --> 02:24:27,500
forms of work, Daily proximity 
to extreme luxury and the labor 

2824
02:24:27,500 --> 02:24:29,700
required, to maintain it, to 
shape, your perspective on 

2825
02:24:29,700 --> 02:24:32,700
wealth and privilege. 
You've witnessed the ease with 

2826
02:24:32,700 --> 02:24:35,500
which one can spend money and 
the challenge of earning it, 

2827
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:39,400
you've witnessed the isolation 
that wealth can create even as 

2828
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:42,200
you've experienced the 
exhaustion that poverty demands.

2829
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:45,900
this understanding of both sides
of America's growing economic 

2830
02:24:45,900 --> 02:24:50,000
divide provides you insights 
that few people possess The 

2831
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:53,300
friendships forged in service 
carry a specially intensity born

2832
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:55,300
from shared hardship and mutual 
dependence. 

2833
02:24:56,100 --> 02:24:58,800
Sarah, your long-suffering 
roommate has become closer than 

2834
02:24:58,800 --> 02:25:02,700
any sister cook. 
Despite her graphic stereo has 

2835
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:06,700
served as a mentor and mother 
figure even Mrs. Patterson with 

2836
02:25:06,700 --> 02:25:10,200
all her Stern efficiency as 
shown moments of genuine care 

2837
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:12,400
that transcended the employer 
employee relationship. 

2838
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:16,700
These bonds will Outlast your 
employment and provide emotional

2839
02:25:16,700 --> 02:25:20,200
support for decades to come. 
Years of separation and 

2840
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:23,500
financial responsibilities have 
complicated, your relationship 

2841
02:25:23,500 --> 02:25:26,500
with your own family. 
The money you've sent home has 

2842
02:25:26,500 --> 02:25:29,400
made real difference. 
Is your youngest brother finish 

2843
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:31,200
school in state of working in 
factories. 

2844
02:25:31,200 --> 02:25:34,500
Your sister avoided, an 
unfortunate marriage and your 

2845
02:25:34,500 --> 02:25:38,900
parents kept their small farm. 
Despite several bad harvests Yet

2846
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:41,400
the physical and emotional 
distance has created gaps that 

2847
02:25:41,400 --> 02:25:45,200
letters can't entirely Bridge. 
You've become somewhat foreign 

2848
02:25:45,200 --> 02:25:47,600
to your Origins shaped by 
experiences, your family can't 

2849
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:51,600
fully understand marriage and 
family planning in service post 

2850
02:25:51,600 --> 02:25:54,100
special difficulties that will 
influence your future choices. 

2851
02:25:54,100 --> 02:25:56,200
If you marry. 
Another servant, you'll 

2852
02:25:56,200 --> 02:25:57,800
understand each other's 
experiences. 

2853
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:00,100
But face continued economic 
uncertainty. 

2854
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,200
If you marry outside, domestic 
service, you'll need to explain 

2855
02:26:03,200 --> 02:26:05,400
a world. 
That sounds almost fictional to 

2856
02:26:05,400 --> 02:26:08,500
people who haven't lived it 
children complicate everything 

2857
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:11,500
servants with families obtain 
fewer employment opportunities, 

2858
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,500
and face the constant struggle 
of balancing parental 

2859
02:26:14,500 --> 02:26:16,600
responsibilities with 
professional demands. 

2860
02:26:16,600 --> 02:26:19,900
The broader social changes 
Rippling through American 

2861
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:21,500
society. 
Will eventually transform 

2862
02:26:21,500 --> 02:26:24,900
domestic Services itself. 
Women are beginning to discover 

2863
02:26:24,900 --> 02:26:28,600
other employment opportunities, 
and offices, shops and factories

2864
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:31,100
labor. 
Movements are questioning the 

2865
02:26:31,100 --> 02:26:33,700
working conditions that you've 
simply accepted as natural. 

2866
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:37,300
New technologies will gradually 
reduce the need for armies of 

2867
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:39,200
servants. 
To maintain wealthy households. 

2868
02:26:39,200 --> 02:26:42,500
Your generation represents the 
peak of an era that won't last 

2869
02:26:42,500 --> 02:26:45,200
forever. 
Your dreams have evolved through

2870
02:26:45,200 --> 02:26:48,500
your years of service, the naive
girl, who first walked through 

2871
02:26:48,500 --> 02:26:51,000
the servants. 
Entrance has been replaced by a 

2872
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:53,500
woman who understands both her 
capabilities and the realistic 

2873
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:56,800
limits of her opportunities. 
Even when your hard work remains

2874
02:26:56,800 --> 02:26:59,800
largely unnoticed, you've 
learned to find satisfaction in 

2875
02:26:59,800 --> 02:27:02,000
it. 
You've discovered that dignity 

2876
02:27:02,000 --> 02:27:04,900
can be maintained even in 
situations designed to minimize 

2877
02:27:04,900 --> 02:27:07,000
it. 
The education you've received 

2878
02:27:07,000 --> 02:27:09,900
through observation and 
experience Rivals anything 

2879
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:12,900
offered in formal schools. 
You've learned about art by 

2880
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,300
dusting Priceless paintings 
about music by overhearing. 

2881
02:27:16,300 --> 02:27:19,400
Private concerts about 
literature by reading discarded 

2882
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:22,600
books and about human nature by 
witnessing how people behave 

2883
02:27:22,600 --> 02:27:24,300
when they think no one important
is watching. 

2884
02:27:25,100 --> 02:27:27,800
This informal education has 
expanded your mind in ways that 

2885
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:30,400
will continue paying dividends 
throughout your life. 

2886
02:27:31,100 --> 02:27:32,700
Looking back on your years and 
service. 

2887
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:36,600
The Experience defies, simple 
categorization, it has been 

2888
02:27:36,608 --> 02:27:39,500
simultaneously degrading and 
nobling exhausting and 

2889
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:42,000
educational and isolating in 
community building. 

2890
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:45,300
You've sacrificed your Youth and
health to maintain other 

2891
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:48,300
people's Comfort yet. 
You've also developed strengths 

2892
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:50,500
and skills that you might never 
have discovered otherwise, 

2893
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:53,800
You've lived through one of the 
most economically unequal 

2894
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:57,200
periods in American history. 
Not as a victim or a hero. 

2895
02:27:57,200 --> 02:28:01,000
But as a working woman doing 
what was necessary to survive 

2896
02:28:01,000 --> 02:28:04,900
and help your family survive? 
As you can see, your future 

2897
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:07,800
where the continuing in service 
marrying and starting your 

2898
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:10,700
family while venturing into the 
changing world of women's work, 

2899
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:13,200
you carry with you, the 
knowledge that you've already 

2900
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:16,500
overcome challenges that would 
break weaker sprits, you've 

2901
02:28:16,500 --> 02:28:19,200
maintained your humanity and a 
system designed to reduce you to

2902
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:23,500
a function, you found friendship
in unlikely, places, dignity and

2903
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:26,800
humble work, and strengthen 
circumstances that seem designed

2904
02:28:26,800 --> 02:28:30,500
to crush it, the Gilded ages 
ending taking with it. 

2905
02:28:30,500 --> 02:28:33,600
Some of the extreme social rigid
structures that Define your 

2906
02:28:33,600 --> 02:28:37,100
working life but the lessons 
you've learned about resilience 

2907
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:41,300
community and the true nature of
both wealth and poverty will 

2908
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:42,900
serve you. 
Well, in whatever comes next, 

2909
02:28:43,700 --> 02:28:46,000
you've been invisible to the 
wealthy families, you've served,

2910
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:49,800
but your story and the stories 
of millions of women, like you 

2911
02:28:49,800 --> 02:28:54,300
represents the real Foundation 
upon which America's grandest 

2912
02:28:54,300 --> 02:29:02,900
era was built, Picture. 
This you're living in ancient 

2913
02:29:02,900 --> 02:29:06,800
Rome around. 58 D you've got 
your Toga press your sandals 

2914
02:29:06,800 --> 02:29:08,500
polished and you think life is 
pretty good. 

2915
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:11,400
Then you discover your spouse 
has been spending their 

2916
02:29:11,400 --> 02:29:14,300
afternoon's with someone else 
and suddenly your carefully 

2917
02:29:14,300 --> 02:29:17,300
ordered World feels about a 
stable as a house of cards in a 

2918
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:20,300
windstorm. 
Now, if you adjust any regular 

2919
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:23,200
Roman citizen, you might have 
done what most people did back 

2920
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:25,300
then. 
Maybe thrown some pottery 

2921
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:28,800
started, a public shouting match
or plotted, some elaborate 

2922
02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:31,700
Revenge involving questionable 
Seafood left in strategic 

2923
02:29:31,700 --> 02:29:35,400
locations, but you're different.
You've been studying this new 

2924
02:29:35,400 --> 02:29:38,700
philosophy called stoicism and 
you're about to find out whether

2925
02:29:38,700 --> 02:29:41,000
all those hours spent reading 
Epictetus were worth it. 

2926
02:29:42,600 --> 02:29:45,400
The stoics proposed the radical 
notion that you could master 

2927
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:48,500
your reaction, to betrayal, the 
Betrayal itself had already 

2928
02:29:48,500 --> 02:29:51,500
occurred likely, while you were 
occupied with rearranging your 

2929
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:55,200
collection of Scrolls, but your 
reaction that was entirely up to

2930
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:56,700
you. 
And the issue wasn't just 

2931
02:29:56,700 --> 02:30:00,000
theoretical philosophy class not
since these were practical 

2932
02:30:00,000 --> 02:30:01,600
people. 
Dealing, with real problems, 

2933
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:05,900
just like you are right now, 
thousands of years later Marcus 

2934
02:30:05,900 --> 02:30:08,000
Aurelius, who spent his days, 
running an Empire. 

2935
02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:10,800
And his Knights writing, what 
essentially amounted to diary 

2936
02:30:10,800 --> 02:30:14,000
entries about not losing his 
mind, understood the 

2937
02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:17,400
circumstances better than most 
He knew that people would do 

2938
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:19,500
what they wanted. 
No matter what you wanted or 

2939
02:30:19,500 --> 02:30:21,900
expected your spouse choosing to
be. 

2940
02:30:21,900 --> 02:30:24,300
Unfaithful wasn't really about 
you controlling them. 

2941
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:29,100
It was about you controlling you
Taking a deep breath and asking 

2942
02:30:29,100 --> 02:30:32,700
yourself a simple question. 
What exactly can you control in 

2943
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:34,600
this situation? 
Is the first thing? 

2944
02:30:34,600 --> 02:30:37,500
A stoic would advise. 
You can't control what your 

2945
02:30:37,500 --> 02:30:40,200
partner did yesterday. 
You can't control whether 

2946
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:43,100
they'll do it again. 
You cannot influence the actions

2947
02:30:43,100 --> 02:30:46,100
of your partner from yesterday. 
Nor can you determine if they 

2948
02:30:46,100 --> 02:30:49,100
will repeat those actions? 
Additionally, you have no 

2949
02:30:49,100 --> 02:30:51,400
control over whether the 
individual with whom they were 

2950
02:30:51,400 --> 02:30:53,900
Unfaithful. 
Possesses more appealing hair 

2951
02:30:53,900 --> 02:30:57,000
than you. 
However, you do have the power 

2952
02:30:57,000 --> 02:31:00,100
to decide how you will think 
about the situation, how you 

2953
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:03,200
will respond and what actions 
you will take moving forward. 

2954
02:31:04,100 --> 02:31:07,800
This may seem almost overly 
simplistic but the stoics held a

2955
02:31:07,800 --> 02:31:09,400
strong belief. 
In the value of straightforward 

2956
02:31:09,400 --> 02:31:12,700
truths, you can control your 
thoughts reactions. 

2957
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:17,300
And next steps, these principles
might sound almost ridiculously 

2958
02:31:17,300 --> 02:31:20,600
simple, but the stoics were big 
Believers in simple truths. 

2959
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,500
They figured that most of human 
suffering came from trying to 

2960
02:31:23,500 --> 02:31:25,600
control things that were 
completely outside our 

2961
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:27,800
influence. 
While ignoring the things that 

2962
02:31:27,800 --> 02:31:30,400
were actually within our power, 
it's like spending all your 

2963
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:32,700
energy, trying to change the 
weather while forgetting to grab

2964
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:34,500
an umbrella. 
Seneca. 

2965
02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:37,300
Another famous stoic who had 
plenty of experience with life's

2966
02:31:37,300 --> 02:31:39,900
unexpected. 
Curveballs would probably remind

2967
02:31:39,900 --> 02:31:42,700
you that betrayal hurts, 
precisely because we had 

2968
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:44,900
expectations about how other 
people should behave. 

2969
02:31:45,600 --> 02:31:48,400
We create these elaborate mental
contracts with the people in our

2970
02:31:48,400 --> 02:31:52,400
lives unspoken agreements about 
loyalty honesty, and not 

2971
02:31:52,400 --> 02:31:54,000
sneaking around behind our 
backs. 

2972
02:31:54,700 --> 02:31:57,800
When someone breaks that 
contract, we feel violated not 

2973
02:31:57,800 --> 02:32:00,700
just by their actions but also 
by the shattering of our 

2974
02:32:00,700 --> 02:32:02,800
assumptions about how the world 
should work. 

2975
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:04,800
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

2976
02:32:04,800 --> 02:32:09,300
The stoics would suggest that 
those expectations were the real

2977
02:32:09,300 --> 02:32:12,000
problem all along. 
It's not that your desire for 

2978
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:13,800
faithfulness and honesty was 
incorrect. 

2979
02:32:13,800 --> 02:32:18,200
Those are entirely valid 
desires, rather, it's because 

2980
02:32:18,200 --> 02:32:21,200
you mistakenly believe that your
strong desire for faithfulness 

2981
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:23,000
and honesty could ensure their 
fulfillment. 

2982
02:32:24,000 --> 02:32:27,000
So there you are standing in 
your Roman villa or your modern 

2983
02:32:27,000 --> 02:32:30,300
apartment holding the pieces of 
what you thought was your life. 

2984
02:32:30,300 --> 02:32:33,300
And some ancient philosopher is 
essentially telling you that 

2985
02:32:33,300 --> 02:32:36,800
this moment, this exact moment 
of discovering betrayal is 

2986
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:40,300
actually an opportunity. 
An opportunity to practice the 

2987
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:43,800
most important skill, any human 
can develop the ability to 

2988
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:45,800
respond rather than simply 
react. 

2989
02:32:45,800 --> 02:32:48,700
You know what's amusing about 
finding out you've been cheated 

2990
02:32:48,700 --> 02:32:51,300
on your brain. 
Immediately starts working 

2991
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:55,300
overtime, like a detective who's
had way too much coffee and has 

2992
02:32:55,300 --> 02:32:56,600
convinced. 
They're about to crack the case 

2993
02:32:56,600 --> 02:32:59,200
of the century. 
You start remembering every 

2994
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:02,200
little detail how they seem 
distracted last Tuesday. 

2995
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:06,100
Why they suddenly needed to work
late on Fridays and what that 

2996
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:09,400
weird smile meant when they 
looked at their phone, your mind

2997
02:33:09,400 --> 02:33:11,900
becomes this Relentless 
investigation machine. 

2998
02:33:11,900 --> 02:33:15,500
And honestly, it's exhausting 
the ancient stoics would have 

2999
02:33:15,508 --> 02:33:17,700
recognized this mental spiral 
immediately. 

3000
02:33:18,500 --> 02:33:21,200
The ancient stoics referred to 
this mental spiral as getting 

3001
02:33:21,200 --> 02:33:24,300
carried away by your initial 
Impressions and they offered 

3002
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:26,900
some surprisingly practical, 
advice for addressing it. 

3003
02:33:27,600 --> 02:33:30,100
Epictetus, who understood a 
thing or two about life. 

3004
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:32,400
Not going. 
According to plan, would suggest

3005
02:33:32,400 --> 02:33:35,500
starting by separating facts. 
From the stories, you tell 

3006
02:33:35,500 --> 02:33:38,400
yourself about those facts. 
Here's what he meant. 

3007
02:33:39,300 --> 02:33:41,200
Fact, is that your partner was 
unfaithful? 

3008
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:44,300
That's it. 
That's the actual event that 

3009
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:47,400
happened in the world. 
But then your mind starts adding

3010
02:33:47,400 --> 02:33:50,500
layers to this fact. 
Stories about what it means 

3011
02:33:50,500 --> 02:33:53,400
about. 
You about your worth about your 

3012
02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:56,400
future about whether you're 
attractive enough or interesting

3013
02:33:56,400 --> 02:33:58,800
enough or whether you should 
have seen it coming. 

3014
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:01,000
What do all those additions 
mean? 

3015
02:34:01,800 --> 02:34:05,100
Those aren't facts. 
These are interpretations and 

3016
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:07,800
interpretations are something 
you can effectively work with 

3017
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:09,500
this. 
Does not imply. 

3018
02:34:09,500 --> 02:34:12,300
That one should disregard the 
pain or minimize the 

3019
02:34:12,300 --> 02:34:15,800
significance of betrayal. 
The stoics weren't advocating 

3020
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:18,900
for becoming emotionally numb. 
They were way too smart for 

3021
02:34:18,900 --> 02:34:21,200
that. 
They understood that pain is a 

3022
02:34:21,200 --> 02:34:23,400
natural human response to loss 
and disappointment. 

3023
02:34:23,400 --> 02:34:26,500
That they also understood the 
difference between pain and 

3024
02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:29,900
suffering pain is what happens 
when something undesirable 

3025
02:34:29,900 --> 02:34:32,500
occurs. 
Suffering occurs, when you take 

3026
02:34:32,500 --> 02:34:35,900
that pain and amplify it with 
narrative about how terrible 

3027
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:39,000
everything is, how things will 
never improve and how this 

3028
02:34:39,000 --> 02:34:41,600
validates all your deepest fears
about yourself. 

3029
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:45,100
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
himself little reminders about 

3030
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:47,800
the distinction. 
He'd note that when something 

3031
02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:51,200
unpleasant happened, he had 
Choice, he could experience it 

3032
02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:53,100
as just, that one unpleasant 
thing. 

3033
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:55,800
Well, he could let it 
contaminate everything else in 

3034
02:34:55,800 --> 02:34:58,200
his life. 
Getting cheated on could be one 

3035
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:00,600
of the worst things that 
happened or it could prove that 

3036
02:35:00,600 --> 02:35:03,900
love is impossible that you're 
unlovable that you can't trust 

3037
02:35:03,900 --> 02:35:07,500
anyone and that you should just 
get 17 cats and give up on human

3038
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:09,800
relationships. 
The stoics were all. 

3039
02:35:09,800 --> 02:35:12,800
So, surprisingly practical about
the whole others are going to 

3040
02:35:12,800 --> 02:35:14,200
do. 
What other people do thing. 

3041
02:35:14,200 --> 02:35:18,100
They weren't naive about human 
nature, Seneca, who lived 

3042
02:35:18,100 --> 02:35:20,200
through some pretty dramatic 
political times. 

3043
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:23,600
And so plenty of betrayal up, 
close wrote extensively about 

3044
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:27,500
how people often act out of 
their pain, confusion or 

3045
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:29,800
weakness rather than out of some
calculated. 

3046
02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:33,400
Desire to hurt you specifically.
This view doesn't lessen the 

3047
02:35:33,408 --> 02:35:36,700
pain or Justify the Betrayal, 
but it does take you out of the 

3048
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:38,600
center of someone else's bad 
choices. 

3049
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:41,400
Maybe your partner cheated, 
because they're going through 

3050
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:44,600
something, you don't understand,
maybe they cheated, because they

3051
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:46,500
never learned healthy ways to 
resolve problems in 

3052
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:49,000
relationships. 
Maybe they cheated because they 

3053
02:35:49,000 --> 02:35:52,200
are fundamentally selfish or 
scared or they just make really 

3054
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:53,700
poor choices when they're 
feeling overwhelmed. 

3055
02:35:54,800 --> 02:35:58,300
These reasons don't justify the 
Betrayal, but they do lessen its

3056
02:35:58,300 --> 02:36:02,200
impact on your humanity and 
that's vital, as infidelity can 

3057
02:36:02,200 --> 02:36:04,100
make you doubt everything about 
yourself. 

3058
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:07,400
The stoics would remind you that
someone else's. 

3059
02:36:07,400 --> 02:36:10,500
Poor choices are information 
about them, not about you. 

3060
02:36:11,400 --> 02:36:14,700
The really revolutionary part of
stoic thinking is how they 

3061
02:36:14,700 --> 02:36:18,300
approach the whole question of 
what you deserve from other 

3062
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:20,600
people. 
Most of us operate with the 

3063
02:36:20,608 --> 02:36:24,500
underlying assumption that if 
we're good partners loyal loving

3064
02:36:24,500 --> 02:36:27,600
and supportive, then we've 
somehow earned the right to be 

3065
02:36:27,608 --> 02:36:30,700
treated the same way in return. 
The universe owes us 

3066
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:34,300
faithfulness because we've been 
faithful But the stoics would 

3067
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:37,300
gently suggest that this entire 
framework is based on a 

3068
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:39,400
misunderstanding of how the 
world actually works. 

3069
02:36:39,400 --> 02:36:43,500
Even the best partner can be 
betrayed, this isn't due to your

3070
02:36:43,500 --> 02:36:46,800
deservingness or inadequacy, but
rather because individuals 

3071
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:50,300
possess their own free will 
intricate in our lives and the 

3072
02:36:50,300 --> 02:36:52,000
ability to make Dreadful 
choices. 

3073
02:36:52,000 --> 02:36:54,900
Let's clarify. 
That acceptance does not equate 

3074
02:36:54,900 --> 02:36:57,900
to being a doormat. 
This principle is probably one 

3075
02:36:57,900 --> 02:37:00,900
of the most misunderstood 
aspects of stoic philosophy and 

3076
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:03,200
it's particularly important when
you're dealing with betrayal. 

3077
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:06,700
When epic Titus talked about 
accepting, what you cannot 

3078
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:08,800
control. 
It wasn't suggesting that you 

3079
02:37:08,800 --> 02:37:11,100
should just smile and Nod when 
someone treats you badly. 

3080
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:13,700
He was emphasizing a more 
practical Point. 

3081
02:37:13,700 --> 02:37:17,300
Resisting reality is a futile 
struggle that depletes your 

3082
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:19,300
energy and leaves you feeling 
helpless. 

3083
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:23,800
But how do you accept reality? 
That's actually the first step 

3084
02:37:23,800 --> 02:37:26,200
toward figuring out what you can
do about your situation. 

3085
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:29,500
Think about it this way? 
As long as you're spending all 

3086
02:37:29,500 --> 02:37:31,600
your mental energy being 
outraged that this thing 

3087
02:37:31,600 --> 02:37:33,800
happened. 
Trying to figure out how to make

3088
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:37,000
it not happen or spinning. 
Elaborate fantasies about what 

3089
02:37:37,000 --> 02:37:38,800
you should have done differently
to prevent it. 

3090
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:41,900
You're not available to deal 
with what's actually in front of

3091
02:37:41,900 --> 02:37:44,600
you right now. 
You resemble an individual 

3092
02:37:44,600 --> 02:37:48,000
standing in the rain, shaking 
your fist at the clouds and 

3093
02:37:48,000 --> 02:37:51,800
insisting that they cease being 
wet rather than seeking shelter,

3094
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:55,200
or obtaining an umbrella. 
The stoics understood that 

3095
02:37:55,200 --> 02:37:57,000
acceptance is actually a form of
power. 

3096
02:37:57,800 --> 02:38:00,300
When you accept that your 
partner cheated, not that it was

3097
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:03,100
okay, not that. 
You have to like it, but simply 

3098
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:04,600
that it happened and you can't 
change. 

3099
02:38:04,600 --> 02:38:08,400
The fact that it happened. 
Suddenly you free up, all, that 

3100
02:38:08,400 --> 02:38:10,000
energy, you were using to fight 
reality. 

3101
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:13,600
And now you can use that energy 
for something useful, like, 

3102
02:38:13,600 --> 02:38:15,000
figuring out what you want to do
next. 

3103
02:38:16,300 --> 02:38:19,200
This is where the stoic approach
gets intriguing because they 

3104
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:21,900
were big Believers and focusing 
on the future rather than the 

3105
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:23,500
past. 
Marcus. 

3106
02:38:23,500 --> 02:38:26,100
Aurelius used to remind himself 
that he couldn't change what 

3107
02:38:26,100 --> 02:38:29,400
happened yesterday, but he had 
complete control over what he 

3108
02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:32,000
chose to do today. 
And when you're dealing with 

3109
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:34,400
infidelity, this perspective can
be liberating. 

3110
02:38:34,400 --> 02:38:38,500
You can't make your partner, not
have cheated, but you can decide

3111
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:40,300
whether you want to try to work 
things out. 

3112
02:38:40,300 --> 02:38:43,400
Or in the relationship, you 
can't control whether they'll be

3113
02:38:43,400 --> 02:38:46,800
faithful in the future. 
But you can decide what your 

3114
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:49,100
boundaries are and what you're 
willing to accept going forward.

3115
02:38:49,100 --> 02:38:52,400
You can't erase the hurt and 
betrayal your feeling. 

3116
02:38:53,100 --> 02:38:55,400
But you can choose how to 
process your feelings and what 

3117
02:38:55,400 --> 02:38:57,700
to learn about yourself and your
relationships. 

3118
02:38:58,600 --> 02:39:01,400
Stoics were also remarkably 
practical about the whole 

3119
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:04,200
forgiveness question. 
They didn't think you owed. 

3120
02:39:04,200 --> 02:39:07,200
Anyone forgiveness, especially 
not on someone else's timeline, 

3121
02:39:07,200 --> 02:39:10,300
but they did understand that 
carrying around anger and 

3122
02:39:10,300 --> 02:39:13,600
resentment is exhausting and 
ultimately self-destructive. 

3123
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:17,800
Seneca wrote about how anger is 
like, picking up a hot cold to 

3124
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:20,200
throw at someone else. 
You're the one who receives 

3125
02:39:20,200 --> 02:39:22,400
burned. 
This doesn't mean you have to 

3126
02:39:22,400 --> 02:39:24,600
forgive and forget and pretend 
nothing happened. 

3127
02:39:24,600 --> 02:39:28,200
It means that at some point, for
your own well-being, you might 

3128
02:39:28,200 --> 02:39:31,400
choose to let go of the anger, 
not because the person who hurt,

3129
02:39:31,400 --> 02:39:34,500
you deserves it but because you 
deserve to not carry around that

3130
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:37,400
burden anymore. 
It's less about them and more 

3131
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:39,100
about you reclaiming, your peace
of mind. 

3132
02:39:39,100 --> 02:39:42,500
The ancient stoics also had some
Modern insights about 

3133
02:39:42,500 --> 02:39:45,100
self-worth. 
They understood that basing, 

3134
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:47,900
your sense of value on how other
people treat you is essentially 

3135
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:50,300
giving other people control over
your emotional well-being. 

3136
02:39:51,400 --> 02:39:54,200
If you're worth depends on your 
partner being faithful, then 

3137
02:39:54,200 --> 02:39:56,600
their infidelity doesn't just 
betray the relationship. 

3138
02:39:56,600 --> 02:39:59,400
It attacks, your fundamental 
sense of self. 

3139
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:02,700
But what if you're worth was 
based on something more stable? 

3140
02:40:02,700 --> 02:40:06,600
What if it was based on your 
character, your values, your 

3141
02:40:06,600 --> 02:40:08,900
choices, and your growth as a 
person. 

3142
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:12,400
What if it was based on how you 
treat others, how you handle 

3143
02:40:12,400 --> 02:40:14,700
difficulties, and how you show 
up in the world? 

3144
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,000
These are all things that belong
to you, regardless of what 

3145
02:40:19,000 --> 02:40:23,300
anyone else does or doesn't do. 
Ketus, who would lived as a 

3146
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,000
slave before, becoming a 
philosopher understood better 

3147
02:40:26,000 --> 02:40:27,800
than most that other people 
might control your 

3148
02:40:27,800 --> 02:40:30,500
circumstances, but they could 
not control your character 

3149
02:40:30,500 --> 02:40:33,600
unless you let them your 
partner's betrayal, might change

3150
02:40:33,600 --> 02:40:36,600
your relationship status but it 
doesn't have to change who you 

3151
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:39,300
are, or what your capable of or 
what you deserve in life. 

3152
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:41,800
Here's something the stoics 
understood that we're still 

3153
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:44,500
figuring out today. 
Emotions are a lot more like 

3154
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:47,900
weather than we usually admit 
emotions, fluctuate and 

3155
02:40:47,900 --> 02:40:50,500
frequency, and intensity, and 
attempting. 

3156
02:40:50,500 --> 02:40:53,200
Direct Control is akin to 
attempting to Halt, the rain. 

3157
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:56,500
Just as you can learn to read 
weather patterns and prepare for

3158
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:58,800
storms. 
You can also learn to work with 

3159
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:01,000
your emotions. 
Instead of being completely at 

3160
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:05,200
their Mercy, When you first 
discover infidelity, the 

3161
02:41:05,200 --> 02:41:07,400
emotional storm is usually 
pretty intense. 

3162
02:41:07,400 --> 02:41:09,800
You might feel angry one minute 
devastated. 

3163
02:41:09,800 --> 02:41:11,900
The next, there may be numb and 
Furious again. 

3164
02:41:12,600 --> 02:41:15,200
If you're anything like most 
people, you probably also feel 

3165
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,200
guilty about feeling so many 
different things, shouldn't you 

3166
02:41:18,200 --> 02:41:22,000
just be angry or just be sad? 
Why are you cycling through 

3167
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:24,200
emotions like you're trying on 
different outfits? 

3168
02:41:25,100 --> 02:41:27,700
The stoics would tell you that 
this emotional chaos is 

3169
02:41:27,700 --> 02:41:30,500
completely normal and actually 
kind of useful information. 

3170
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:33,800
Epic Titus taught that emotions 
are signals. 

3171
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:36,500
They tell you something about 
how you're interpreting. 

3172
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:39,400
What's happening to you? 
Your anger might be telling you 

3173
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:42,500
that an important boundary was 
crossed your sadness. 

3174
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:44,900
Might be telling you that you've
lost something that matters to 

3175
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:46,900
you. 
Your fear might be telling you 

3176
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:48,500
that you're worrying about. 
What comes next? 

3177
02:41:49,400 --> 02:41:51,600
None of these emotions are wrong
or bad. 

3178
02:41:51,600 --> 02:41:54,800
They're just information, the 
issue arises. 

3179
02:41:54,800 --> 02:41:57,400
When you either, let them make 
all your decisions or try to 

3180
02:41:57,408 --> 02:42:00,300
shut them down. 
Stoic approach is more like 

3181
02:42:00,300 --> 02:42:02,600
being a weather forecaster for 
your own in a climate. 

3182
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:06,200
You observe, what's happening? 
You acknowledge it and then you 

3183
02:42:06,200 --> 02:42:09,600
make conscious choices about how
you want to respond Marcus. 

3184
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,400
Aurelius used to practice, this 
kind of emotional observation, 

3185
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:15,600
he'd notice when he was feeling 
frustrated or disappointed or 

3186
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:19,400
hurt an instead of immediately 
reacting he'd pause and ask 

3187
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:21,700
himself what story he was 
telling about the situation. 

3188
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:24,800
Was he making it worse by adding
layers of interpretation? 

3189
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:27,600
Was he catastrophizing about the
future? 

3190
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:30,900
Was he taking someone else's 
Behavior more personally than he

3191
02:42:30,900 --> 02:42:33,800
needed to such Behavior. 
Doesn't mean you should talk 

3192
02:42:33,800 --> 02:42:35,600
yourself out of legitimate 
feelings. 

3193
02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:39,200
When someone betrays you, it's 
understandable to feel hurt and 

3194
02:42:39,200 --> 02:42:41,000
angry. 
But there's a difference between

3195
02:42:41,000 --> 02:42:44,200
feeling hurt and angry and 
deciding that being hurt and 

3196
02:42:44,200 --> 02:42:47,200
angry means your life is ruined,
and you'll never be happy again.

3197
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:51,000
And you should probably start 
collecting ceramic cats and 

3198
02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:53,800
becomes suspicious of everyone 
you meet for the rest of your 

3199
02:42:53,800 --> 02:42:56,600
life. 
The stoics were particularly 

3200
02:42:56,600 --> 02:42:59,500
adapted distinguishing between 
what they called First 

3201
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:03,400
Impressions and judgments. 
Your first impression when you 

3202
02:43:03,408 --> 02:43:06,700
discover infidelity might be 
something like this is terrible 

3203
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:09,200
and painful. 
That's a pretty accurate first 

3204
02:43:09,200 --> 02:43:11,500
impression. 
But then your mind might add 

3205
02:43:11,500 --> 02:43:14,100
judgments. 
Like this means, I'm not lovable

3206
02:43:14,100 --> 02:43:18,300
or this proves that all the 
relationships are doomed, or I 

3207
02:43:18,300 --> 02:43:21,400
should have known better, those 
judgments are you have some 

3208
02:43:21,400 --> 02:43:24,400
choice. 
You can examine Them, Questions 

3209
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:27,600
them and decide whether they're 
actually beneficial or true. 

3210
02:43:28,400 --> 02:43:30,800
Maybe the Betrayal does indicate
some problems with this 

3211
02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:33,800
particular relationship. 
But does it really proved that 

3212
02:43:33,800 --> 02:43:37,100
all relationships are doomed? 
You may wish you had seen some 

3213
02:43:37,100 --> 02:43:40,600
red flags, but does that mean 
you should have known better or 

3214
02:43:40,600 --> 02:43:42,700
just that your partner got good 
at hiding things. 

3215
02:43:44,200 --> 02:43:47,000
Seneca wrote about this process 
as being like a judge in your 

3216
02:43:47,008 --> 02:43:49,500
own mental Court. 
You can listen to all the 

3217
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:52,500
different arguments your mind, 
presents the prosecutor who 

3218
02:43:52,500 --> 02:43:55,900
insists that this proves your 
fundamentally flawed, the 

3219
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:58,900
defense attorney who argues that
none of this is your fault and 

3220
02:43:58,900 --> 02:44:01,600
the witness who just wants to go
over every detail again. 

3221
02:44:01,600 --> 02:44:05,400
And again, But ultimately, you 
get to decide which arguments 

3222
02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:08,100
are convincing and which ones 
are just your pain and fear 

3223
02:44:08,100 --> 02:44:10,200
talks. 
This stoic approach. 

3224
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,900
Truly liberates, You by 
restoring your control, over 

3225
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:15,800
your emotional life. 
You're not just a victim of 

3226
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:17,500
whatever feelings happen to wash
over. 

3227
02:44:17,500 --> 02:44:20,600
You, you're an active 
participant in deciding what 

3228
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:24,100
these feelings mean and how much
power you want to exercise them,

3229
02:44:24,100 --> 02:44:26,200
over your choices. 
You know, what's weird? 

3230
02:44:26,200 --> 02:44:29,500
About major life crisis, they 
have this uncomfortable way of 

3231
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:32,000
showing you who you actually are
underneath all the roles you 

3232
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:33,700
play. 
And the image, you try to 

3233
02:44:33,700 --> 02:44:37,200
maintain when your world becomes
turned upside down by betrayal, 

3234
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:40,700
all your usual coping, 
mechanisms and social masks tend

3235
02:44:40,700 --> 02:44:43,800
to fall away and your left face 
to face with your raw unfiltered

3236
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:46,900
self. 
The stoics actually thought that

3237
02:44:46,900 --> 02:44:49,600
such vulnerability was one of 
the most valuable things about 

3238
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:52,900
difficult. 
Experience is Epic Titus used to

3239
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:55,600
tell his students that every 
challenge was an opportunity to 

3240
02:44:55,600 --> 02:44:58,400
practice virtue. 
He did this not in a preach, 

3241
02:44:58,400 --> 02:45:02,800
your sanctimonious manner, but 
rather in a practical sense when

3242
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,700
everything is going well, it's 
easy to think your patient for 

3243
02:45:05,700 --> 02:45:09,500
giving resilient and wise but 
when someone you love betrays 

3244
02:45:09,500 --> 02:45:13,100
you, that's when you find out 
what you're actually made of and

3245
02:45:13,100 --> 02:45:16,100
more importantly, that's when 
you begin to decide who you want

3246
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:21,000
to become The stoics identified 
four main virtues wisdom 

3247
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:26,300
Justice, courage and temperance.
These were not abstract ideals 

3248
02:45:26,300 --> 02:45:28,300
floating around in some 
philosophical Cloud. 

3249
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,500
They were practical skills, you 
could develop through practice, 

3250
02:45:31,500 --> 02:45:34,500
especially during difficult 
times and dealing with 

3251
02:45:34,500 --> 02:45:36,300
infidelity. 
It turns out provides you 

3252
02:45:36,300 --> 02:45:37,800
opportunities to practice all 
four. 

3253
02:45:38,900 --> 02:45:42,000
Wisdom involves seeing 
situations clearly without the 

3254
02:45:42,000 --> 02:45:44,800
Distortion of wishful thinking 
or catastrophic fear. 

3255
02:45:45,600 --> 02:45:48,700
When you've experienced 
infidelity wisdom requires you 

3256
02:45:48,700 --> 02:45:51,600
to be truthful about the events 
without exaggerating or 

3257
02:45:51,600 --> 02:45:54,700
downplaying them, it means 
recognizing the difference 

3258
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:56,200
between what, you know, for 
sure. 

3259
02:45:56,200 --> 02:45:59,400
And what you're assuming, it 
means acknowledging your 

3260
02:45:59,400 --> 02:46:02,000
feelings without letting them 
completely Cloud your judgment. 

3261
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:06,600
Justice in the stoic sense. 
Wasn't about revenge or 

3262
02:46:06,600 --> 02:46:08,900
punishment. 
It was about treating people 

3263
02:46:08,900 --> 02:46:12,600
fairly, including yourself. 
Justice Means holding your 

3264
02:46:12,600 --> 02:46:15,000
partner accountable for their 
choices without turning them 

3265
02:46:15,000 --> 02:46:18,000
into a cartoon villain. 
It means protecting yourself 

3266
02:46:18,000 --> 02:46:21,300
from further harm, without 
unnecessarily inflicting it on 

3267
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:23,600
others. 
It means being fair to yourself 

3268
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:26,000
about what you deserve and what 
you're willing to accept. 

3269
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:29,700
Courage, doesn't just mean being
brave in the face of physical 

3270
02:46:29,700 --> 02:46:32,000
danger. 
It means being willing to face 

3271
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:35,400
difficult truths to have hard 
conversations and to make 

3272
02:46:35,400 --> 02:46:39,600
changes that scare you When you 
discover infidelity courage, 

3273
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:42,700
might mean confronting your 
partner, even though you're 

3274
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:45,600
afraid of what you might learn. 
It might mean ending a 

3275
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:49,300
relationship, even though you're
terrified of being alone, it may

3276
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:51,500
involve remaining in the 
relationship and striving to 

3277
02:46:51,500 --> 02:46:54,500
resolve issues, despite 
uncertainties regarding your 

3278
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:57,400
ability to trust. 
Once more Temperance is about 

3279
02:46:57,400 --> 02:47:01,500
moderation and self-control. 
It's probably the most relevant 

3280
02:47:01,500 --> 02:47:04,300
virtue when you're dealing with 
the intense emotions that come 

3281
02:47:04,300 --> 02:47:07,400
with betrayal Temperance, means 
feeling your anger without 

3282
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:09,400
letting it. 
Consume you, it means 

3283
02:47:09,400 --> 02:47:13,100
acknowledging your hurt without 
drowning in self-pity, it 

3284
02:47:13,100 --> 02:47:15,600
involves taking care of yourself
without completely shutting 

3285
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:17,500
down, or going completely out of
control. 

3286
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:21,000
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
about how every difficult 

3287
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:24,700
situation was like a training 
ground for these virtues, he'd 

3288
02:47:24,700 --> 02:47:26,600
reminded himself that he 
couldn't control what other 

3289
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:29,300
people did, but he could control
whether he responded with 

3290
02:47:29,300 --> 02:47:32,300
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 
Temperance. 

3291
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,500
And the more he practiced these 
responses the stronger. 

3292
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:39,600
His qualities became Perspective
can be incredibly empowering 

3293
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:42,400
when you're dealing with 
infidelity rather than viewing 

3294
02:47:42,400 --> 02:47:44,400
yourself. 
As merely a victim of someone 

3295
02:47:44,400 --> 02:47:47,500
else's poor decisions, you can 
perceive yourself as an 

3296
02:47:47,500 --> 02:47:50,200
individual undergoing, a 
comprehensive education in 

3297
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:53,500
essential life skills. 
You're learning how to maintain 

3298
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:56,100
your integrity under pressure. 
You're learning how to make 

3299
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:58,200
difficult decisions with 
incomplete information. 

3300
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:01,700
You're learning how to take care
of yourself while still treating

3301
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:06,300
others with basic human decency.
The stoics also recognized that 

3302
02:48:06,300 --> 02:48:09,100
character development involves 
more than just persevering 

3303
02:48:09,100 --> 02:48:12,100
through challenging times. 
It's about consciously choosing 

3304
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:15,400
to use those challenging times 
as opportunities to become the 

3305
02:48:15,400 --> 02:48:18,700
kind of person you want to be. 
Every time you choose to respond

3306
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:21,700
thoughtfully and of just 
reacting emotionally, you're 

3307
02:48:21,700 --> 02:48:23,900
strengthening your capacity for 
thoughtful responses. 

3308
02:48:24,900 --> 02:48:28,200
Every time you choose self-care 
over self-destruction, your 

3309
02:48:28,200 --> 02:48:30,300
building your ability to take 
care of yourself. 

3310
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:33,600
This doesn't mean you have to be
perfect or that you won't make 

3311
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:35,800
mistakes. 
The stowitts were compassionate 

3312
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:39,000
about human imperfection. 
They understood that developing 

3313
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:40,800
wisdom. 
And virtue is a lifelong process

3314
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:44,000
and that set backs and failures 
are part of that process. 

3315
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:46,600
What matters isn't being 
Flawless. 

3316
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:49,800
It's been committed to learning 
and growing from whatever life 

3317
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:52,600
throws at you. 
There's something almost magical

3318
02:48:52,600 --> 02:48:56,300
about perspective how the same 
situation can look completely 

3319
02:48:56,300 --> 02:48:59,800
different, depending on how far 
back you step and how much of 

3320
02:48:59,800 --> 02:49:03,800
the bigger picture you can see. 
the ancient stoics were masters 

3321
02:49:03,800 --> 02:49:06,900
of this kind of mental zooming 
out and they applied it to 

3322
02:49:06,908 --> 02:49:11,000
everything, including heartbreak
and betrayal Marcus Aurelius who

3323
02:49:11,000 --> 02:49:13,700
had plenty of experience with 
both personal loss and the 

3324
02:49:13,700 --> 02:49:17,000
broader challenges of human 
existence used to practice, what

3325
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:20,400
we might call, the view from 
above He'd imagined looking at 

3326
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:21,800
his problems from a great 
height. 

3327
02:49:22,600 --> 02:49:25,800
First from a cross, the city, 
then from high above the Earth 

3328
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:30,000
and finally, from the 
perspective of years decades or 

3329
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:33,500
even centuries. 
He aimed to contextualize his 

3330
02:49:33,500 --> 02:49:36,500
problems, not to downplay his 
pain, or deny their 

3331
02:49:36,500 --> 02:49:39,100
significance. 
When you're in the immediate 

3332
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:42,300
aftermath of discovering and 
Fidelity, Everything feels 

3333
02:49:42,300 --> 02:49:46,800
enormous and permanent the hurt 
feels like it will never end the

3334
02:49:46,800 --> 02:49:48,600
anger feels Justified and 
necessary. 

3335
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:51,900
The whole situation. 
Feels like it defines everything

3336
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:55,800
about your life and your future.
But the stoics would gently 

3337
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:58,400
encourage you to experiment with
different time perspectives. 

3338
02:49:58,400 --> 02:50:02,400
What if you imagine looking back
at this situation from five 

3339
02:50:02,400 --> 02:50:05,100
years in the future? 
What would matter most do you 

3340
02:50:05,108 --> 02:50:08,600
then the fact that this painful 
thing happened or how you chose 

3341
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:11,000
to handle it? 
What would you want to tell your

3342
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:13,000
current self about getting 
through this period? 

3343
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:16,300
What would you be proud of 
yourself for doing or not doing?

3344
02:50:17,100 --> 02:50:20,100
But what if you zoomed out even 
further in the view from the end

3345
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:22,300
of your life? 
When you're old and looking 

3346
02:50:22,300 --> 02:50:24,900
back, how much of your life 
story will this betrayal, take 

3347
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:27,200
up what other chapters will 
there be? 

3348
02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:30,000
What will you have learned? 
How will this difficult 

3349
02:50:30,000 --> 02:50:32,500
experience of contributed to 
your growth as a person? 

3350
02:50:33,200 --> 02:50:35,800
This isn't about minimizing the 
Real Pain you're experiencing 

3351
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:38,500
right now. 
It's about remembering that this

3352
02:50:38,500 --> 02:50:40,500
moment. 
However, intense and 

3353
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:43,400
overwhelming. 
It feels is just one in a much 

3354
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:46,900
larger life. 
The stoics understood that we 

3355
02:50:46,900 --> 02:50:49,400
suffer more. 
When we lose perspective, when 

3356
02:50:49,400 --> 02:50:52,400
we let one painful experience to
Clips, everything else about our

3357
02:50:52,400 --> 02:50:55,900
existence, Seneca, wrote 
extensively about the temporary 

3358
02:50:55,900 --> 02:50:58,900
nature of all human experiences,
both good and bad. 

3359
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:02,200
He'd remind himself that periods
of Happiness, don't last forever

3360
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:06,400
but neither do periods of pain, 
everything passes, Everything 

3361
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:09,200
Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

3362
02:51:09,200 --> 02:51:12,000
You feel right after discovering
betrayal, will not feel the same

3363
02:51:12,008 --> 02:51:15,200
six months from now, even if the
situation hasn't resolved 

3364
02:51:15,200 --> 02:51:18,900
completely The stoics also had a
sophisticated understanding of 

3365
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:20,500
how relationships work over 
time. 

3366
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:23,800
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

3367
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:25,900
changes. 
And that expecting any 

3368
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:29,400
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

3369
02:51:30,400 --> 02:51:33,400
This understanding doesn't 
excuse, betrayal or suggest that

3370
02:51:33,400 --> 02:51:36,300
you should accept poor 
treatment, but it does suggest 

3371
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:37,900
that maybe some of our suffering
around. 

3372
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:41,800
Relationship problems comes from
unrealistic expectations about 

3373
02:51:41,800 --> 02:51:46,000
permanence and control consider 
this, you are likely not the 

3374
02:51:46,000 --> 02:51:47,800
same individual. 
You were at the onset of your 

3375
02:51:47,800 --> 02:51:51,800
relationship, you've grown 
changed learned new things 

3376
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:55,400
developed, new interests, and 
maybe even discovered parts of 

3377
02:51:55,400 --> 02:51:57,800
yourself. 
You didn't know existed, your 

3378
02:51:57,800 --> 02:51:59,400
partner has probably changed 
too. 

3379
02:51:59,400 --> 02:52:03,100
Sometimes people change 
incompatible ways and sometimes 

3380
02:52:03,100 --> 02:52:06,200
they don't sometimes people 
change in ways that make them 

3381
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:09,300
better partners and sometimes 
they change in ways that make 

3382
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:13,100
them worse partners, The stoic 
approach would be to acknowledge

3383
02:52:13,100 --> 02:52:15,200
these changes without 
necessarily taking them 

3384
02:52:15,200 --> 02:52:17,500
personally. 
It is possible that your 

3385
02:52:17,500 --> 02:52:20,500
partners in Fidelity reflects 
changes, they have undergone or 

3386
02:52:20,500 --> 02:52:23,800
challenges, they are facing 
Maybe it says something about 

3387
02:52:23,800 --> 02:52:26,500
problems in your relationship 
that neither of you knew how to 

3388
02:52:26,508 --> 02:52:29,400
address directly. 
Maybe it doesn't say anything 

3389
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:31,000
particularly meaningful about 
you. 

3390
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:33,500
At all. 
This perspective can be oddly 

3391
02:52:33,500 --> 02:52:35,900
freeing. 
You can view the Betrayal as 

3392
02:52:35,900 --> 02:52:37,800
information about where things 
stand right now. 

3393
02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:41,200
Rather than as proof of some 
fundamental flaw in your self 

3394
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:43,400
your relationship or love in 
general. 

3395
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:48,200
And right now is just one point,
not a permanent verdict on your 

3396
02:52:48,208 --> 02:52:51,900
worth, or your future. 
The stoics were also realistic 

3397
02:52:51,900 --> 02:52:54,500
about the fact that some 
relationships simply run their 

3398
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:56,500
course. 
It's not because someone 

3399
02:52:56,500 --> 02:53:00,000
committed a heinous act or love 
faltered, but rather, because 

3400
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:02,900
individuals and situations 
undergo Transformations that 

3401
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:05,700
render the continuation of a 
relationship more detrimental 

3402
02:53:05,700 --> 02:53:09,200
than beneficial sometimes 
betrayal, is a symptom of a 

3403
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:11,900
relationship that has already 
ended emotionally, even if 

3404
02:53:11,900 --> 02:53:14,700
nobody has been willing to admit
it yet, you may think the 

3405
02:53:14,700 --> 02:53:17,000
ancient stoics had useful 
insights on betrayal. 

3406
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:19,700
But you may also wonder how to 
apply this to your own 

3407
02:53:19,700 --> 02:53:23,800
situation. the beautiful thing 
about stoic philosophy is that 

3408
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:26,900
it was always meant to be 
practical, not just intellectual

3409
02:53:26,900 --> 02:53:30,400
ideas to contemplate but actual 
technique you could use in daily

3410
02:53:30,400 --> 02:53:33,700
life the stoics developed what 
they called, spiritual 

3411
02:53:33,700 --> 02:53:37,500
exercises, regular practices 
designed to train your mind the 

3412
02:53:37,500 --> 02:53:40,600
same way, you might train your 
body, These work religious, or 

3413
02:53:40,600 --> 02:53:44,100
mystical practices but practical
mental habits that could help 

3414
02:53:44,100 --> 02:53:46,400
you respond to difficult 
situations with more wisdom, 

3415
02:53:46,400 --> 02:53:50,700
courage, and peace of mind. 
One of the most fundamental 

3416
02:53:50,700 --> 02:53:54,100
practices is what epic Titus 
call the dichotomy of control 

3417
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:56,400
every morning. 
Or whenever you're feeling 

3418
02:53:56,408 --> 02:53:59,600
overwhelmed, you can take a few 
minutes to sort your concerns 

3419
02:53:59,600 --> 02:54:02,800
into two categories. 
Things you can control and 

3420
02:54:02,800 --> 02:54:05,700
things, you can't control. 
When you're dealing with 

3421
02:54:05,700 --> 02:54:09,000
infidelity, your approach might 
look like acknowledging that you

3422
02:54:09,008 --> 02:54:12,100
can't control what your partner 
did, what they're feeling now, 

3423
02:54:12,100 --> 02:54:15,600
or what, they'll choose to do in
the future, but you can choose 

3424
02:54:15,600 --> 02:54:18,200
how to care for yourself set, 
boundaries Converse and 

3425
02:54:18,208 --> 02:54:21,500
interpret events. 
Another useful practice is what 

3426
02:54:21,500 --> 02:54:25,100
Marcus Aurelius called, 
objective representation, trying

3427
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:27,100
to see situations as clearly as 
possible. 

3428
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:30,100
Without the emotional coloring 
that can make everything seem 

3429
02:54:30,100 --> 02:54:33,300
worse than it actually is. 
Instead of thinking my life is 

3430
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:35,900
ruined, you might practice 
thinking my partner was 

3431
02:54:35,900 --> 02:54:38,600
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 
and angry about it. 

3432
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:42,200
Instead of saying I'll never be 
able to trust anyone. 

3433
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:45,500
Again, you might think right 
now, I'm having trouble trusting

3434
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:48,700
and that makes sense. 
Given what I've just learned the

3435
02:54:48,700 --> 02:54:51,400
stoics also practice something. 
We might call negative 

3436
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:53,600
visualization. 
Not to make themselves 

3437
02:54:53,600 --> 02:54:56,400
miserable, but to build 
resilience and gratitude, 

3438
02:54:57,200 --> 02:54:59,600
Imagine what it would be like if
the relationship ended 

3439
02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:03,000
completely instead of persuading
yourself that the relationship 

3440
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:06,300
should end, you should reassure 
yourself that you could endure 

3441
02:55:06,300 --> 02:55:09,700
it, if it did. 
Offer when we're terrified of a 

3442
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:12,600
particular outcome, half of our 
suffering comes from the fear 

3443
02:55:12,600 --> 02:55:14,400
itself rather than the actual 
situation. 

3444
02:55:15,600 --> 02:55:18,700
Seneca recommended keeping what 
he called a philosophical 

3445
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:22,000
Journal, a regular practice of 
writing about your experiences 

3446
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:23,800
and examining your thoughts and 
reactions. 

3447
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:27,300
When you're dealing with 
betrayal writing, can help you 

3448
02:55:27,300 --> 02:55:30,500
sort through the complicated mix
of feelings and thoughts that 

3449
02:55:30,500 --> 02:55:32,100
tend to swirl around in your 
head. 

3450
02:55:32,900 --> 02:55:35,400
You might write about what 
happened, how you're feeling, 

3451
02:55:35,408 --> 02:55:38,800
what you're afraid of what 
you're learning, and what you 

3452
02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:41,500
want to do next? 
The key to all of these 

3453
02:55:41,500 --> 02:55:45,300
practices is consistency, rather
than Perfection you don't have 

3454
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:49,200
to become a perfectly wise, calm
rational person overnight, you 

3455
02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:51,400
just have to be willing to 
practice responding thoughtfully

3456
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:53,700
rather than just reacting 
emotionally. 

3457
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,300
And every time you choose to 
pause and think before you act, 

3458
02:55:57,300 --> 02:56:00,400
every time you focus on what you
can control rather than what you

3459
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:02,400
can't. 
And every time you treat 

3460
02:56:02,400 --> 02:56:05,100
yourself and others with basic 
decent sea, despite being hurt 

3461
02:56:05,100 --> 02:56:09,400
your strengthening, those mental
muscles, the ancient stoics, 

3462
02:56:09,400 --> 02:56:11,900
understood something that we 
sometimes forget in our modern 

3463
02:56:11,900 --> 02:56:15,000
world, wisdom, isn't something 
you either have or don't have. 

3464
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:18,100
It's something you develop 
through practice, especially 

3465
02:56:18,100 --> 02:56:21,200
through practicing during 
difficult times, your current 

3466
02:56:21,200 --> 02:56:24,500
situation painful as it is, is 
actually an opportunity to 

3467
02:56:24,500 --> 02:56:26,500
develop some of the most 
valuable life skills. 

3468
02:56:26,500 --> 02:56:30,300
There are The ability to stay 
grounded during a crisis, to 

3469
02:56:30,300 --> 02:56:32,700
make good decisions Under 
Pressure to maintain your 

3470
02:56:32,700 --> 02:56:35,100
integrity. 
When you've been wronged and to 

3471
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:37,100
take care of yourself while 
still treating others with 

3472
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:39,800
compassion. 
These skills will serve you well

3473
02:56:39,800 --> 02:56:43,000
beyond your current relationship
drama, they'll help you navigate

3474
02:56:43,000 --> 02:56:45,600
future challenges with more 
confidence and less suffering. 

3475
02:56:45,600 --> 02:56:48,600
They'll help you build better 
relationships because you'll 

3476
02:56:48,600 --> 02:56:51,100
know better what you need and 
what you're willing to give. 

3477
02:56:51,100 --> 02:56:54,700
They will assist you in 
cultivating self-trust as you 

3478
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:57,400
will recognize your ability to 
manage whatever challenges life 

3479
02:56:57,400 --> 02:57:00,100
presents. 
The stoics believed that the 

3480
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:02,800
goal of philosophy wasn't to 
eliminate all problems from 

3481
02:57:02,800 --> 02:57:05,000
life. 
That would be impossible and 

3482
02:57:05,000 --> 02:57:08,300
probably boring anyway. 
The goal was to develop the 

3483
02:57:08,300 --> 02:57:11,000
inner resources to meet whatever
problems arise with wisdom, 

3484
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,100
courage, and Grace. 
In that sense, dealing with 

3485
02:57:14,100 --> 02:57:16,300
betrayal isn't just about 
getting through a difficult 

3486
02:57:16,300 --> 02:57:18,400
time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

3487
02:57:18,400 --> 02:57:21,500
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

3488
02:57:21,500 --> 02:57:29,900
grow stronger in the process. 
The man history would call. 

3489
02:57:29,900 --> 02:57:35,300
Augustus was born Gaius Octavius
on September the 23rd 63 BCE in 

3490
02:57:35,300 --> 02:57:37,800
a modest neighborhood. 
On the Palatine Hill, though. 

3491
02:57:37,800 --> 02:57:40,700
His lineage, traced, to Once, 
influential equestrian, family, 

3492
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:44,500
Few guests, he'd one day. 
Transformed Rome from a republic

3493
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:46,900
steeped in centuries of 
tradition into something new. 

3494
02:57:47,500 --> 02:57:51,100
By Heritage, he was Julius 
Caesar's grand-nephew, but the 

3495
02:57:51,100 --> 02:57:54,300
link hardly guaranteed, a grand 
Destiny as a child. 

3496
02:57:54,300 --> 02:57:58,700
Gaius Octavius was overshadowed 
by civil Strife that had already

3497
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:01,700
scarred. 
The Republic politicians viewed 

3498
02:58:01,700 --> 02:58:05,500
in the Senate while distant. 
Generals Sula Pompey, and 

3499
02:58:05,500 --> 02:58:07,700
eventually Caesar vied for 
Supremacy. 

3500
02:58:08,700 --> 02:58:11,800
Young Octavius, lost his father,
early, leaving him under the 

3501
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:15,100
care of a determined mother 
attia and a circle of 

3502
02:58:15,100 --> 02:58:18,800
influential relatives. she 
recognized her son's potential 

3503
02:58:18,800 --> 02:58:22,100
but also grasped the swirl of 
political tension that might 

3504
02:58:22,100 --> 02:58:26,500
devour him if he didn't maneuver
cleverly, Like adolescents, 

3505
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:30,100
Octavius had gleaned, that 
survival, in Rome demanded. 

3506
02:58:30,100 --> 02:58:35,000
Alliance's Strategic marriages 
and unwavering loyalty at least 

3507
02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:38,200
publicly. 
In private one, had to maintain 

3508
02:58:38,200 --> 02:58:41,800
a flexible mindset. 
He read oratory studied Roman 

3509
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:44,600
law, and learned to interpret 
the subtle power plays, Among 

3510
02:58:44,600 --> 02:58:47,500
Senators. 
Observers described him as quiet

3511
02:58:47,500 --> 02:58:50,800
watchful and possessed of a 
composure Beyond his years. 

3512
02:58:51,700 --> 02:58:55,900
The biggest shift in his 
fortunes came in 46 BCE when 

3513
02:58:55,900 --> 02:59:00,100
Julius Caesar fresh from 
triumphs and Gaul and a decisive

3514
02:59:00,100 --> 02:59:04,400
Civil War, Victory adopted 
Octavius as his posthumous son 

3515
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:07,900
and designated heir. 
Caesar brought the teenager to 

3516
02:59:07,900 --> 02:59:11,300
Spain for a minor campaign, 
giving him a taste of military 

3517
02:59:11,300 --> 02:59:13,500
life. 
The young man seriousness 

3518
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:15,600
impressed Caesar's aides, 
though. 

3519
02:59:15,600 --> 02:59:18,600
Few predicted that this untested
youth could ever fill Caesar's 

3520
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:21,800
sandals indeed? 
Caesar himself was at the Apex 

3521
02:59:21,800 --> 02:59:25,700
of power, proclaiming reforms 
and holding lavish triumphs He 

3522
02:59:25,700 --> 02:59:29,400
restructured the Senate and 
extended citizenship to many to 

3523
02:59:29,400 --> 02:59:33,100
some heated close to monarchy 
rumors whispered, he might 

3524
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:37,400
declare himself King. 
Then came The Ides of March 44, 

3525
02:59:37,400 --> 02:59:42,400
BCE sees a fell under 23 knife 
thrusts in the Senate betrayal 

3526
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:46,200
orchestrated by supposed friends
like Brutus and Cassius while 

3527
02:59:46,200 --> 02:59:49,100
studying in a Greek city 
Octavius, received news of 

3528
02:59:49,100 --> 02:59:53,400
Caesar's assassination. 
At first he reeled the 

3529
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:56,200
consequence was not only the 
Lost of a powerful figure in his

3530
02:59:56,200 --> 02:59:58,800
life but also a Potential Threat
to his security. 

3531
02:59:58,800 --> 03:00:03,700
He learned, however that Caesars
will name, him are it was an 

3532
03:00:03,700 --> 03:00:06,100
astonishing leap for someone 
barely out of adolescents. 

3533
03:00:06,900 --> 03:00:09,200
Many Roman Elites dismissed him 
as a mere Pawn. 

3534
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:13,200
Mark, Antony Caesars longtime 
Ally seemed the natural 

3535
03:00:13,200 --> 03:00:15,900
inheritor of Caesar's Legacy 
overshadowing. 

3536
03:00:15,900 --> 03:00:18,700
The youth But Octavius was no 
Pawn. 

3537
03:00:18,700 --> 03:00:22,000
He returned to Italy with 
measured caution adopting. 

3538
03:00:22,000 --> 03:00:25,800
The name Gaius Julius Caesar 
octavianus, commonly shortened 

3539
03:00:25,800 --> 03:00:29,500
to Octavian flaunting that he 
was Caesar's son in every sense,

3540
03:00:29,500 --> 03:00:34,000
but blood his presence ignited, 
Roman politics, Antony 

3541
03:00:34,000 --> 03:00:37,700
charismatic, and bold tried 
dismissing him as the boy, while

3542
03:00:37,700 --> 03:00:41,500
the Senate still reeling from 
Caesar's dictatorship sought to 

3543
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:44,200
exploit friction between Antony 
and Octavian. 

3544
03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:49,200
The entire city for another 
civil war Octavian played a 

3545
03:00:49,208 --> 03:00:52,500
subtle game forming alliances 
with Caesar's Veteran's, 

3546
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:56,200
Distributing funds from Seasons,
estate and projecting an image 

3547
03:00:56,200 --> 03:00:59,000
of filial piety. 
In the meantime, Octavian 

3548
03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:02,200
experimented with the Senate 
suggesting that he might back 

3549
03:01:02,200 --> 03:01:06,100
them in their opposition to 
Anthony aspirations. pivotal 

3550
03:01:06,100 --> 03:01:09,100
moment occurred when Cicero the 
renowned orator, who harbored 

3551
03:01:09,100 --> 03:01:12,700
animosity towards Antony 
realized that Octavian could 

3552
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:16,200
potentially serve as a useful 
instrument, Cicero, scathing 

3553
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:20,200
speeches known as the philippics
lambasted, Antony as a new 

3554
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:24,300
Tyrant, portrayed Octavian as a 
necessary Bullock to restore the

3555
03:01:24,308 --> 03:01:27,100
Republic. 
Perhaps Cicero believed he could

3556
03:01:27,100 --> 03:01:31,000
guide this youth like a puppet. 
yet octavian's mild demeanor, 

3557
03:01:31,000 --> 03:01:35,200
masked a decisive streak using 
the Senate's endorsement, he 

3558
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:38,500
raised Legions to confront 
Anthony Culminating and 

3559
03:01:38,500 --> 03:01:41,000
skirmishes near mutina ashke in 
Northern Italy. 

3560
03:01:41,700 --> 03:01:45,300
Though, Anthony survived the 
scuffles burnished octavian's 

3561
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:48,000
reputation. 
He was no figurehead but the 

3562
03:01:48,000 --> 03:01:51,300
alliance of convenience between 
Octavian and the Senate didn't 

3563
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:55,600
last. 
The cunning youth recognized the

3564
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:59,100
Senate's hypocrisy, they wanted 
to destroy Anthony but had 

3565
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:00,900
little interest in truly 
elevating him. 

3566
03:02:01,700 --> 03:02:05,100
So Octavian, pivoted, forging, 
the second triumvirate with 

3567
03:02:05,100 --> 03:02:11,200
Antony and lepidus in 43 BC. 
This formal packed was sealed 

3568
03:02:11,200 --> 03:02:13,300
with the legal authority to 
reshape the state. 

3569
03:02:14,200 --> 03:02:17,600
Through proscription lists. 
They purged enemies, including 

3570
03:02:17,600 --> 03:02:20,300
Cicero. 
The triumphant was divided, the 

3571
03:02:20,300 --> 03:02:24,100
Roman World among themselves. 
Leopardus got Africa, Antony, 

3572
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:28,600
the East and Octavian, the West.
The teenage up star to descended

3573
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:31,800
to the Pinnacle of power in Just
over a year since Caesar's 

3574
03:02:31,800 --> 03:02:35,000
murder. 
Rome reeled uncertain, if this 

3575
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,300
triumphant would restore order 
or simply replicate the horrors 

3576
03:02:38,300 --> 03:02:41,800
of Paths of conflicts. 
Because Octavian settled into 

3577
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:45,500
his portion of the Empire, he 
realized the West Italy Gaul. 

3578
03:02:45,500 --> 03:02:47,800
And Spain would test his 
capacity for governance. 

3579
03:02:47,800 --> 03:02:52,200
He faced rebellious Legions 
distrust from veterans and a 

3580
03:02:52,200 --> 03:02:55,900
public exhausted by War. 
Meanwhile, Anthony pursued 

3581
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:59,200
campaigns in the East forging 
ties with Cleopatra of Egypt. 

3582
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:04,200
Lepidus drifted into irrelevance
the seeds for fresh rivalry was 

3583
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:06,600
sown. 
Thus began a pivotal chapter in 

3584
03:03:06,600 --> 03:03:10,100
which Octavian would refine his 
political Acumen balancing 

3585
03:03:10,100 --> 03:03:12,100
brutality with Promises of 
stability. 

3586
03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:16,600
From there, the path to becoming
Augustus the revered first 

3587
03:03:16,600 --> 03:03:21,500
citizen of Rome would be paved 
by cunning alliances and a 

3588
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:23,800
strategic mine that never 
blinked a compromise or 

3589
03:03:23,800 --> 03:03:26,500
confrontation. 
Having seized power in the 

3590
03:03:26,500 --> 03:03:29,700
second triumvirate. 
Octavian found himself juggling 

3591
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:32,500
alliances with two older. 
More seasoned strongman. 

3592
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:37,100
And lepidus lepidus though 
nominally part of their ruling 

3593
03:03:37,100 --> 03:03:40,300
Coalition soon, revealed himself
incompetent in handling. 

3594
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:43,700
The African province's Antony 
posed a far more formidable 

3595
03:03:43,700 --> 03:03:48,200
presence commanded Legions loyal
to seize his memory yearned for 

3596
03:03:48,208 --> 03:03:51,300
Glory in the East and more 
crucial was forging a personal 

3597
03:03:51,300 --> 03:03:53,900
and political bond with 
Cleopatra the seventh, the 

3598
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:57,800
charismatic Queen of Egypt. 
This Union combined, Anthony's, 

3599
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:00,400
martial reputation with 
Cleopatra's wealth and strategic

3600
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:03,300
position an alliance that might 
overshadow, anything. 

3601
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:07,900
Octavian could muster in Italy 
in Rome Octavian projected, a 

3602
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:10,500
measured calm claiming to 
restore order to the Western 

3603
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:14,400
provinces, the oversaw land 
distributions to Veterans and 

3604
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:16,800
often messy process, that 
displaced countless small 

3605
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:19,100
farmers and generated local 
resentment. 

3606
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:23,000
He skillfully transformed, these
forced resettlement into acts of

3607
03:04:23,000 --> 03:04:26,600
generosity expecting each set of
Veteran to Express gratitude. 

3608
03:04:27,600 --> 03:04:32,900
With each step, Octavian built a
personal loyalty Network parting

3609
03:04:32,900 --> 03:04:35,100
ways with older Elites who stood
in his way. 

3610
03:04:35,900 --> 03:04:38,600
This era remained soaked in the 
blood of prescription. 

3611
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:42,700
Though, some historians note, 
that the violence receded once? 

3612
03:04:42,700 --> 03:04:45,200
The triumvirate had purged, the 
most threatening opposition? 

3613
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:50,600
By 41, to 40, BC tensions 
exploded between Octavian and 

3614
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:55,400
Anthony supporters in Perugia 
near modern-day Peru, Lucia, 

3615
03:04:55,400 --> 03:04:58,000
Santona and his brother, and 
Fuller. 

3616
03:04:58,000 --> 03:05:01,700
And his wife, led a Revolt 
hoping to reassert antonyms in 

3617
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:04,600
Italy. 
Octavian's Legions besieged 

3618
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:08,100
Perugia starving the rebels in 
to surrender, the city's 

3619
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:11,100
inhabitants suffered, a cruel 
Fate, The Siege left them 

3620
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:14,000
starving. 
And after Victory Octavian 

3621
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:18,000
ordered harsh reprisals While 
Anthony himself was absent in 

3622
03:05:18,008 --> 03:05:21,500
the East this event, underscored
the deepening Rift within the 

3623
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:25,100
triumvirate. 
Despite these skirmishes Anthony

3624
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:28,500
and Octavian, patched things up 
temporarily at the Treaty of 

3625
03:05:28,508 --> 03:05:32,700
Brenda in 40 BCE. 
Dividing spheres of influence 

3626
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:35,400
and new to cement the deal 
Anthony married. 

3627
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:39,800
Octavian's sister Octavia, a 
gesture meant to Signal familial

3628
03:05:39,800 --> 03:05:43,500
Harmony. 
But the truce felt shaky those 

3629
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:46,500
close to the corridors of power 
since the deeper competition for

3630
03:05:46,500 --> 03:05:51,500
the Ultimate Prize Undisputed 
control of Rome in deed as 

3631
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:55,100
Anthony returned East resuming, 
his romance with Cleopatra and 

3632
03:05:55,100 --> 03:05:59,700
planning campaigns against 
pathya Octavia lingered behind a

3633
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:04,300
lonely Testament, the alliance's
fragility back in Rome octavians

3634
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:06,100
attention turned to Naval 
struggles. 

3635
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:09,600
Sex does Pompey, son of the 
famous Pompey. 

3636
03:06:09,600 --> 03:06:13,400
The great controlled Sicily, and
menaced Italy's grain Supply, 

3637
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:17,300
with a pirate Fleet with famine 
threatening Rome Octavian 

3638
03:06:17,300 --> 03:06:21,000
recognized, he needed a strong 
Admiral Enterprises a gripper, 

3639
03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:25,100
his most trusted left tenant and
a brilliant Naval mine together.

3640
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:28,700
They reconfigured, Roman Naval 
strategy, training, fresh, Crews

3641
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:31,200
and building Advanced ship's by 
36. 

3642
03:06:31,200 --> 03:06:35,200
BC e, a gripper defeated sex. 
Just Pompey in a series of 

3643
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:39,000
engagements notably at no 
lockers this Victory brought 

3644
03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:43,000
Sicily under Octavian sway. 
Securing vital grain roots to 

3645
03:06:43,000 --> 03:06:46,600
feed Italy's population. 
Meanwhile, lepidus foolishly, 

3646
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,700
tried to flex power in Sicily, 
but his Legions defected to 

3647
03:06:49,708 --> 03:06:52,700
Octavian. 
Lepidus was stripped of triumvir

3648
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:55,900
power and exiled to a minor 
religious post leaving. 

3649
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:59,200
Just two men left from the 
original triumvirate Octavian 

3650
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:04,000
and Antony each commanding vast 
tarot Tories each suspicious of 

3651
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:07,600
the others ambitions. 
Antony's Eastern campaigns fed 

3652
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:10,100
poorly. 
His attempt to conquer path here

3653
03:07:10,100 --> 03:07:14,400
in 36 BCE ended in a costly 
Retreat Cleopatra. 

3654
03:07:14,400 --> 03:07:17,600
Determined to preserve her 
influence Finance his next 

3655
03:07:17,600 --> 03:07:21,000
moves, forging a mutual interest
in controlling the Eastern 

3656
03:07:21,000 --> 03:07:24,500
Mediterranean Antony openly 
acknowledged Cleopatra's 

3657
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:27,000
children. 
One father by Julius, Caesar 

3658
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:31,800
others by himself and showered 
them with territorial grants in 

3659
03:07:31,800 --> 03:07:35,300
Roman eyes, his donations of 
Alexandria looks scandalous. 

3660
03:07:35,300 --> 03:07:38,600
Bestowing Roman conquered lands 
to Cleopatra's brood was 

3661
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:42,200
borderline trees and rumors. 
Proliferated in Rome that 

3662
03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:45,700
Cleopatra had Bewitched Antony 
or that he aimed to set up a 

3663
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:48,300
parallel Empire in the East with
her as co-ruler. 

3664
03:07:49,100 --> 03:07:51,500
Octavian sees the propaganda 
Advantage. 

3665
03:07:51,500 --> 03:07:55,600
He depicted Antony as a man in 
all by an Egyptian, seductress 

3666
03:07:56,400 --> 03:08:00,900
Portraying Roman Traditions, the
Roman populace weary of foreign 

3667
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,100
entanglements and suspicious of 
Queens from the East. 

3668
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:08,300
Responded to such rhetoric. 
Octavian skillfully, spun. 

3669
03:08:08,300 --> 03:08:11,500
Clear Patra as a threat to roam 
sovereignty and Anthony as a 

3670
03:08:11,500 --> 03:08:13,100
traitor. 
Lost Oriental decadence. 

3671
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:16,500
To formalize. 
The brake Octavian had the 

3672
03:08:16,508 --> 03:08:20,700
Senate revoke Anthony's powers 
in 32 BCE spurred. 

3673
03:08:20,700 --> 03:08:23,600
By the revelations that Anthony 
will recognize clear patra's 

3674
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:27,100
children as heirs. 
Final Countdown to Civil War was

3675
03:08:27,100 --> 03:08:30,500
underway Octavian. 
The lacking Anthonys battle. 

3676
03:08:30,500 --> 03:08:35,800
Hardened image had a gripper. 
In 31 BCE the decisive 

3677
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:38,900
confrontation loomed off the 
coast of Greece, the site would 

3678
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:42,400
be acting where Anthony and 
Cleopatra mustard their combined

3679
03:08:42,400 --> 03:08:45,900
Fleet against octavian's. 
Forces led by gripper, the stage

3680
03:08:45,900 --> 03:08:49,600
was Monumental two massive 
fleets just for strategic 

3681
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:52,900
advantage in the ionian sea. 
And the outcome was set to 

3682
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:54,600
determine the fate of the Roman 
world. 

3683
03:08:55,500 --> 03:08:58,900
With Cleopatra by Anthony side. 
Everything was on the line 

3684
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:01,200
Victory. 
Might reshape the Mediterranean 

3685
03:09:01,200 --> 03:09:05,700
power map, but if Anthony fell, 
so, Mike Cleopatra's dream of an

3686
03:09:05,700 --> 03:09:08,000
Eastern Empire in the lead up to
actium. 

3687
03:09:08,000 --> 03:09:11,100
Desertions plagued Anthony's 
ranks, morale. 

3688
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:13,000
Sank, as men realized 
Cleopatra's presence 

3689
03:09:13,000 --> 03:09:16,300
overshadowed purely Roman 
concerns in contrast. 

3690
03:09:16,300 --> 03:09:21,000
Octavian's message was crisp. 
Preserve Rome from a foreign 

3691
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:24,200
Queen's grasp, the families of 
legionaries pinned, their hopes 

3692
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,600
on his victory for stability. 
Clouds of tension gathered 

3693
03:09:27,600 --> 03:09:29,600
poised to break in the greatest 
naval. 

3694
03:09:29,600 --> 03:09:32,600
Showdown Rome had seen in 
Generations by now. 

3695
03:09:32,600 --> 03:09:36,200
Octavian's transformation from 
an underestimated youth to a 

3696
03:09:36,200 --> 03:09:39,100
political Colossus was 
unmistakable yet, he still had 

3697
03:09:39,100 --> 03:09:42,400
to seize final legitimacy from 
the swirling chaos of War. 

3698
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:48,300
Actium September 2nd, 31 BCE 
Rome's future hinged on the 

3699
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:52,200
ionian, Seas choppy Waters and 
Denise Fleet bolstered by 

3700
03:09:52,200 --> 03:09:55,700
Cleopatra's Egyptian. 
Squadron's faced off against, 

3701
03:09:55,700 --> 03:09:59,400
octavian's ships under a 
grippers command Many expected 

3702
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:03,600
an even fight, both sides 
fielded for Middle War galleys, 

3703
03:10:03,600 --> 03:10:08,400
but intangible factors loomed. 
Large morale, discipline, and 

3704
03:10:08,400 --> 03:10:12,600
the Stark difference in 
leadership Unity by midday, the 

3705
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:16,000
swirling melee erupted? 
The grippers Nimble vessels 

3706
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:19,300
employed better attacks staying 
mobile and exploiting the 

3707
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:22,500
heavier less maneuverable 
designs of Antony's ships. 

3708
03:10:23,200 --> 03:10:25,900
Cleopatra lingered in the 
distance, her presence more 

3709
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:29,800
symbolic than militarily. 
Decisive in a dramatic twist 

3710
03:10:29,800 --> 03:10:32,700
Cleopatra abruptly. 
Withdrew her Squadron 

3711
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,100
mid-battle. 
Perhaps panicked by the 

3712
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:38,900
unfolding chaos or following a 
secret plan seeing her Sail 

3713
03:10:38,900 --> 03:10:41,600
Away. 
Anthony torn between loyalty to 

3714
03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:45,100
his Roman forces and Devotion to
clear Patra abandoned the fight 

3715
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:47,700
to chase after her. 
With their Commander gone. 

3716
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:50,100
The remaining ships collapsed 
and confusion. 

3717
03:10:51,100 --> 03:10:53,300
Agrippa snatched a decisive 
Victory. 

3718
03:10:53,300 --> 03:10:56,300
The Battered remnants of 
Anthony's Fleet either 

3719
03:10:56,300 --> 03:11:01,300
surrendered or burned the news 
rapidly disseminated, Antony and

3720
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:04,800
Cleopatra, had absconded 
condemning thousands of soldiers

3721
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:08,200
to an unwinnable battle. 
This Victory altered, Rome's, 

3722
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:10,700
destiny. 
Actium wasn't just a naval 

3723
03:11:10,708 --> 03:11:13,400
Triumph it shattered. 
The last credible threat to 

3724
03:11:13,400 --> 03:11:16,500
octavians are sentencing. 
Over the following months, 

3725
03:11:16,500 --> 03:11:19,500
Octavian, pursued Anthony and 
Cleopatra to Egypt. 

3726
03:11:20,200 --> 03:11:23,900
By August 4th rounding 
Alexandria. 

3727
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:27,500
Their fate was sealed. 
Upon discovering the rumor death

3728
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:30,500
of Cleopatra. 
Antony collapsed onto his sword 

3729
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:34,200
overcome, with despair 
Cleopatra, witnessing, the city 

3730
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:36,100
overrun and refusing to be 
paraded. 

3731
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:40,100
As a captive in Rome reportedly 
took her life, her method of 

3732
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:43,100
venomous as pressed to her 
breast became legendary. 

3733
03:11:43,800 --> 03:11:47,100
With that ptolemaic Egypt. 
The last Hellenistic Kingdom 

3734
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:50,400
ended falling under Roman 
control, having neutralized 

3735
03:11:50,400 --> 03:11:53,500
every rival. 
Octavian returned to Rome in 29,

3736
03:11:53,500 --> 03:11:57,500
BCE triumphant, the gates of 
journalists symbolizing Wars 

3737
03:11:57,500 --> 03:12:00,100
presence. 
We shut indicating piece across 

3738
03:12:00,100 --> 03:12:04,100
the empire for the first time in
ages, the Senate exhausted, by 

3739
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:07,600
Decades of civil Strife, pin 
their hopes on this young 

3740
03:12:07,600 --> 03:12:11,600
Victor, they held him as 
imperative commander and 

3741
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:14,700
showered him with honors. 
But Octavian realized the 

3742
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:18,000
critical lesson from Caesar's 
demise openly brandishing 

3743
03:12:18,000 --> 03:12:21,400
monarchical power, risked 
stirring, Republican resentment,

3744
03:12:21,400 --> 03:12:24,100
he needed a new blueprint for 
dominance. 

3745
03:12:24,100 --> 03:12:26,800
Something that would calm old 
fears while granting him 

3746
03:12:26,800 --> 03:12:29,900
absolute Authority. 
This Balancing Act would Define 

3747
03:12:29,900 --> 03:12:34,500
his next steps in 27, BCE 
Octavian performed a grand 

3748
03:12:34,500 --> 03:12:37,500
gesture. 
He ceremoniously returned power 

3749
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:41,200
to the Senate and people of Rome
an act broadcast as humility 

3750
03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:44,400
even though the real levers of 
control remained in his hands. 

3751
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:48,800
The Senate Keen to maintain 
stability, bestowed upon him the

3752
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:51,600
name or gustus meaning revered 
or venerable. 

3753
03:12:52,400 --> 03:12:55,100
This moment signaled the 
official birth of the principle 

3754
03:12:55,100 --> 03:12:56,800
of a near of Republican 
tradition. 

3755
03:12:56,800 --> 03:13:00,600
Cloaking a de facto monarchy, 
Augustus accepted titles 

3756
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:04,100
carefully print caps First 
Citizen imperator, 

3757
03:13:04,100 --> 03:13:08,000
commander-in-chief pontifex 
Maximus, Chief priests and 

3758
03:13:08,000 --> 03:13:11,400
others combined. 
These roles gave him an 

3759
03:13:11,400 --> 03:13:15,200
assailable control over the 
Army, religion and state, a wave

3760
03:13:15,208 --> 03:13:18,500
of reforms, followed Augustus. 
Reorganized, the legions 

3761
03:13:18,500 --> 03:13:20,700
stationed, them in provinces 
under long term. 

3762
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:24,700
Commanding, their loyalty was to
him, personally, he restructured

3763
03:13:24,700 --> 03:13:28,400
provincial governance, reducing 
corruption by rotating officials

3764
03:13:28,400 --> 03:13:30,900
more often. 
The Senate oversaw, peaceful 

3765
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:34,100
province's, while the emperor 
kept direct rule over troubled 

3766
03:13:34,100 --> 03:13:36,400
spots. 
Professional Civil Service 

3767
03:13:36,400 --> 03:13:40,400
emerged staffed by freedmen and 
austrians loyal to the empress 

3768
03:13:40,400 --> 03:13:43,000
system. 
This team quietly undercut, the 

3769
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:46,100
old aristocratic networks that 
once jockeyed for Mad, stresses 

3770
03:13:46,100 --> 03:13:49,700
diminishing potential Rebellion 
from senatorial upstarts, 

3771
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:53,700
Culturally Augustus, recognized 
the power of propaganda. 

3772
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:56,500
He sponsored Monumental building
projects. 

3773
03:13:56,500 --> 03:14:00,600
Proclaiming He found Rome a city
of brick and left it a city of 

3774
03:14:00,600 --> 03:14:03,800
marble. 
Temples were restored, public 

3775
03:14:03,800 --> 03:14:05,900
baths, constructed and 
aqueducts. 

3776
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:08,900
Extended visible tokens of a new
golden age. 

3777
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:14,100
Poets like Virgil Horus and Ovid
flourished under Imperial 

3778
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:17,800
patronage weaving narratives of 
Rome's, glorious Heritage, and 

3779
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:19,500
the necessity of a singular 
leader. 

3780
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:23,400
The Aeneid recast Trojan myth to
bolster the idea of a Divine 

3781
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:25,400
Destiny culminating in Augusta 
rule. 

3782
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:28,900
Yet not all were content. 
Some whispered that this 

3783
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:31,600
restored Republic was, merely 
subjugation under a cunning 

3784
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:34,400
autocrat. 
Traditionalists bermond the end 

3785
03:14:34,400 --> 03:14:37,300
of the truly free consoles and 
tribunes others. 

3786
03:14:37,300 --> 03:14:40,408
Recalling the terror of endless 
Civil Wars found solace in the 

3787
03:14:40,416 --> 03:14:43,400
Pax Romana that. 
Augustus offered occasional 

3788
03:14:43,400 --> 03:14:47,200
conspiracies, flared, typically,
from disillusion Noble's, or 

3789
03:14:47,208 --> 03:14:50,600
neglected, generals or gustus. 
Handled them discreetly. 

3790
03:14:50,600 --> 03:14:53,700
Exiling troublemakers or 
co-opting them with honors 

3791
03:14:53,700 --> 03:14:58,000
rarely did open Rebellion forum.
Testament to how thoroughly 

3792
03:14:58,000 --> 03:15:00,600
heated integrated power in Every
Day Life. 

3793
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:05,200
A sense of renewal pervaded 
Farmers returned to Fields trade

3794
03:15:05,200 --> 03:15:08,500
routes, revived and legionaries 
redeployed to secure, Frontiers 

3795
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:11,900
from Germany to Syria. 
The Border walls, never ceased 

3796
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:15,500
entirely, but within the heart 
of the Empire Travelers found 

3797
03:15:15,500 --> 03:15:18,800
roads safer and commerce. 
Steadier, the younger generation

3798
03:15:18,800 --> 03:15:22,200
lacking first-hand memories of 
the Republic simply accepted 

3799
03:15:22,200 --> 03:15:26,300
that Rome's Fortune, lay in a 
stable principal indeed, many 

3800
03:15:26,300 --> 03:15:30,600
became Ardent supporters naming 
children, gears, or Lucius. 

3801
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:35,000
After Augustus is chosen heirs 
by the close of the 20s BCE. 

3802
03:15:35,000 --> 03:15:39,300
Augustus was effectively King in
all but name the Senate, still 

3803
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:43,300
convened magistrates still took 
office but real decisions were 

3804
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:45,900
funneled to him. 
Some historians label the 

3805
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:47,400
period. 
The dawn of the Roman Empire, 

3806
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:49,700
though. 
Augustus himself stuck to 

3807
03:15:49,700 --> 03:15:52,400
Republican. 
Slogans, he had forged a new 

3808
03:15:52,408 --> 03:15:54,600
political order that would 
endure for centuries. 

3809
03:15:55,500 --> 03:15:57,200
Bridging. 
The fierce independence of old 

3810
03:15:57,200 --> 03:16:00,600
Rome with the pragmatic 
necessity of a single guiding 

3811
03:16:00,600 --> 03:16:02,200
hand. 
The cost. 

3812
03:16:03,200 --> 03:16:06,400
The cost in the fleeting 
illusion of Republican, Liberty.

3813
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:10,600
but after generations of civil 
conflict, many Romans gladly 

3814
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:14,400
paid that price, As Augustus 
Consolidated Authority. 

3815
03:16:15,100 --> 03:16:18,400
He turned to ensure the 
stability of his succession, no,

3816
03:16:18,400 --> 03:16:20,900
small feat in a state wants 
steeped in the tradition of 

3817
03:16:20,900 --> 03:16:24,600
elected magistracy. 
With no biological son from his 

3818
03:16:24,600 --> 03:16:27,300
marriages. 
Augustus tried weaving a family 

3819
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:29,700
Dynasty through strategic 
adoptions and marriages. 

3820
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:33,500
His only child, Julia became a 
political Pawn. 

3821
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:37,900
Married off to potential heirs 
to cement alliances first came. 

3822
03:16:37,900 --> 03:16:42,200
Martellus augustus's nephew then
a gripper his trusted General 

3823
03:16:42,200 --> 03:16:46,400
and companion and later Tiberius
his Stern capable stepson. 

3824
03:16:47,400 --> 03:16:51,400
The Empire watched these unions 
with Fascination hoping that a 

3825
03:16:51,400 --> 03:16:54,100
suitable successor, might emerge
to prolong the Pax, Romana. 

3826
03:16:55,000 --> 03:16:58,500
Meanwhile, Augustus took a hands
on approach to moral and social 

3827
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:00,700
reforms. 
He championed legislation 

3828
03:17:00,700 --> 03:17:03,600
encouraging marriage and 
childbirth, among Rome's, Elite 

3829
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:06,000
penalizing, adultery and 
childlessness. 

3830
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:09,400
Publicly these laws aimed to 
revive traditional Roman 

3831
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:11,800
virtues. 
Populating the Empire with 

3832
03:17:11,800 --> 03:17:15,800
Upright Citizens privately they 
served as a moral anchor for the

3833
03:17:15,808 --> 03:17:18,300
new regime. 
Contrasting with the preceding 

3834
03:17:18,300 --> 03:17:20,700
Decades of bloody infighting and
public decadence. 

3835
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:24,800
Critics grumbled that Augustus 
medaled too far into personal 

3836
03:17:24,800 --> 03:17:27,500
lives, yet. 
Many recognized the sense of 

3837
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:29,600
direction and unity, he sought 
to impose. 

3838
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:33,400
On the Frontiers, the Empire's 
expansion, sea sword between 

3839
03:17:33,400 --> 03:17:37,300
Triumph and tragedy along the 
Rhine, Augustus installed 

3840
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:40,600
Garrison's to keep the Germanic 
tribes at Bay in the East, 

3841
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:42,700
stable alliances with client 
Kings. 

3842
03:17:42,700 --> 03:17:46,600
Prevented major upheavals yet, 
not all expansions succeeded. 

3843
03:17:46,600 --> 03:17:51,200
The infamous variant disaster in
9 CE so three Roman Legions 

3844
03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:54,100
annihilated in the Tutto Berg 
Forest by Germanic Warriors 

3845
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:58,700
under arminius Rome ruled at the
blow using about 15,000 men. 

3846
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:02,900
Augustus Shattered by the news 
was said to roam, his Palace, 

3847
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:06,300
crying quintilius, varus, give 
me back my Legions. 

3848
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:10,400
The defeat force him to abandon 
major conquests in Germania 

3849
03:18:10,400 --> 03:18:12,600
Shifting The Boundary to the 
Rhine. 

3850
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:16,900
This trauma, proved the Empire 
had limits or gustus recognized 

3851
03:18:16,900 --> 03:18:20,400
that consolidating existing, 
provinces might matter more than

3852
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:24,300
indefinite Conquest. 
Politically the principate 

3853
03:18:24,300 --> 03:18:28,600
outward face promoted consensus,
the Senate passed glowing 

3854
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:32,200
decrees awarding, Augustus power
for Life. 

3855
03:18:32,200 --> 03:18:34,900
Letting him veto or propose 
legislation. 

3856
03:18:34,900 --> 03:18:39,200
He used these Powers sparingly 
at least in the public eye freed

3857
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:42,000
of immediate threats or Gus's 
Reign embraced. 

3858
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:46,000
Pageantry Grand trial archers, 
Labyrinth religious festivals 

3859
03:18:46,000 --> 03:18:49,200
and coinage bearing. 
His image with the title, father

3860
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,700
of the Fatherland, Roman 
arrested to outdo each other. 

3861
03:18:52,700 --> 03:18:55,300
In Praise in the Imperial 
household, sometimes 

3862
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:57,700
exaggerating their Devotion to 
secure favor. 

3863
03:18:58,400 --> 03:19:01,200
Meanwhile, the populace reveled 
in the improved City 

3864
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:04,200
infrastructure. 
Circuses and public, Banquets 

3865
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:07,800
bread and circuses indeed, 
though, Augustus prided himself 

3866
03:19:07,800 --> 03:19:10,800
or not indulging in personal 
extravagance, he lived 

3867
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:13,000
relatively simply in a house on 
the Palatine. 

3868
03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:17,000
Not in a gilded Palace yet 
within his family Strife. 

3869
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:20,600
Simmered his daughter, Julia 
stuck in strategic, marriages 

3870
03:19:20,600 --> 03:19:24,300
rebelled through scandalous 
conduct she parted with younger 

3871
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:26,400
patricians. 
Rumor said she engaged in 

3872
03:19:26,400 --> 03:19:28,400
Affairs. 
That ridiculed augustus' moral 

3873
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:31,100
edicts. 
Ultimately, he exiled his own 

3874
03:19:31,100 --> 03:19:34,900
daughter a move, he found deeply
painful, butt sores necessary to

3875
03:19:34,900 --> 03:19:38,300
preserve the regime's moral 
Authority, the public gossiped 

3876
03:19:38,300 --> 03:19:42,500
concluding that even Augustus, 
the Paragon of virtue couldn't 

3877
03:19:42,500 --> 03:19:44,500
tame personal scandal in his 
household. 

3878
03:19:45,300 --> 03:19:48,100
Another blow came when favored 
grandsons died young. 

3879
03:19:48,900 --> 03:19:50,800
Fracturing. 
The carefully plotted succession

3880
03:19:50,800 --> 03:19:53,400
line, Tiberius or steering 
aloof. 

3881
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:57,000
Gradually merged as the likely 
are though, father and stepson 

3882
03:19:57,000 --> 03:20:01,400
had an uneasy dynamic. in the 
realm of culture, a golden age, 

3883
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:04,400
flourished, or so the 
retrospective label claimed 

3884
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:08,300
Patronage from Augustus and his 
confidence, like Messina 

3885
03:20:08,300 --> 03:20:11,400
supported literary talents, who 
produced enduring works. 

3886
03:20:12,000 --> 03:20:15,200
Virgil's are needed wove. 
Trojan Legends into Rome's 

3887
03:20:15,200 --> 03:20:19,900
Destiny, subtly legitimizing, 
Augustine rule, as fate Livi 

3888
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:22,500
wrote Monumental histories, 
praising Roman virtues 

3889
03:20:22,500 --> 03:20:24,900
carefully. 
Tiptoeing around the Civil Wars 

3890
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:28,600
that had cemented the principal 
Of its verses Charmed readers 

3891
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:32,300
with witty takes on love and 
mythology until his exile for 

3892
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:35,200
unspecified indiscretions or 
perhaps for offending the 

3893
03:20:35,200 --> 03:20:38,800
Imperial moral code, the tension
between creative freedom and 

3894
03:20:38,808 --> 03:20:42,700
political lines became a 
Hallmark of the era's art Master

3895
03:20:42,700 --> 03:20:45,900
sculptors and Architects, 
harnessed Greek, influences, 

3896
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:48,900
producing distinctive, Roman 
designs that still Grace 

3897
03:20:48,900 --> 03:20:52,800
surviving ruins, the ARA patches
celebrating August and peace 

3898
03:20:52,800 --> 03:20:56,000
stands. 
As a prime example, by the dawn 

3899
03:20:56,000 --> 03:20:59,400
of the first century CE 
augustus's principate had 

3900
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:02,600
reigned over two decades of 
relative stability, children 

3901
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:05,900
grew up knowing no Civil War, a 
remarkable shift from older 

3902
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:08,400
Generations. 
The memory of the Republic's 

3903
03:21:08,400 --> 03:21:11,900
Freedom drifted into Nostalgia 
for some While, others believe 

3904
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:14,900
that a single guiding figure was
the best bulwark against future 

3905
03:21:14,900 --> 03:21:19,200
chaos, indeed, many aquariums 
and Senators quite quietly 

3906
03:21:19,208 --> 03:21:20,800
recognized. 
They were better off under 

3907
03:21:20,800 --> 03:21:24,100
predictable Central rule than 
risking the unpredictability of 

3908
03:21:24,100 --> 03:21:27,300
competitive elections that often
spiraled into assassinations or 

3909
03:21:27,308 --> 03:21:30,400
civil conflict. 
Yet the question of the Empire's

3910
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:35,500
longevity remained. if Augustus 
died unexpectedly would Tiberius

3911
03:21:35,500 --> 03:21:38,200
or another figure hold the 
empire together, could the 

3912
03:21:38,200 --> 03:21:40,200
principally Outlast one man's 
lifetime? 

3913
03:21:41,100 --> 03:21:44,800
In the Twilight of his Reign. 
Augustus orchestrated subtle 

3914
03:21:44,800 --> 03:21:46,900
transitions of authority to 
Tiberius. 

3915
03:21:46,900 --> 03:21:50,800
Conferring Powers gradually. 
He hoped to avoid the abrupt 

3916
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:52,500
vacuum that had been snared, 
Caesar. 

3917
03:21:53,100 --> 03:21:55,700
Whether the Roman world was 
truly ready for a dynastic, 

3918
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:58,700
monarchy a concept. 
So alien to its older, 

3919
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:02,200
Republican ethos was an open 
question, but there was no 

3920
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:06,000
turning back the age of Augustus
had irreversibly shaped a Roman 

3921
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:08,600
identity now into twined with a 
single rulers. 

3922
03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,200
Guiding hand. 
By 14 CE. 

3923
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:15,400
Augustus was an aging figure. 
His hair had grade, his health 

3924
03:22:15,400 --> 03:22:18,500
group trailer yet his grip on 
power remained firm. 

3925
03:22:19,100 --> 03:22:22,700
He'd spent decades refining, the
principal's mechanics in his 

3926
03:22:22,700 --> 03:22:26,500
direct or indirect control over 
the military legal, and 

3927
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:30,000
religious fears. 
Mentally, he pondered the last 

3928
03:22:30,000 --> 03:22:33,600
Act of his storyline. 
If the principate was to endure,

3929
03:22:33,600 --> 03:22:37,600
he needed Tiberius his 
designated successor to 

3930
03:22:37,600 --> 03:22:41,300
seamlessly assumed control. 
Some suspected Tiberius 

3931
03:22:41,300 --> 03:22:45,100
possessed, neither Augustus 
Charisma, nor compassion but 

3932
03:22:45,100 --> 03:22:47,500
there was no other candidate 
left with enough legitimacy. 

3933
03:22:48,300 --> 03:22:51,600
That summer, Augustus embarked 
on a journey with Tiberius to 

3934
03:22:51,608 --> 03:22:54,100
Southern Italy. 
Perhaps it was a symbolic 

3935
03:22:54,100 --> 03:22:57,400
Handover or perhaps it was 
simply a final inspection tour 

3936
03:22:57,400 --> 03:23:00,600
along the way his health 
deteriorated quickly. 

3937
03:23:00,600 --> 03:23:04,000
Near Nola the place of his 
father's death decades. 

3938
03:23:04,000 --> 03:23:07,600
Prior he lingered in bed, 
occasionally conversing with 

3939
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:09,600
Tiberius and others from his 
retinue. 

3940
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:13,200
According to tradition. 
His last words, carried a hint 

3941
03:23:13,200 --> 03:23:16,400
of the theatrical flourish 
comparing life to a play, in 

3942
03:23:16,400 --> 03:23:19,600
imploring them to applied, if he
had performed well on August 

3943
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:23,300
19th, 14 CE or gustus passed 
away. 

3944
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:27,700
He was 75 having ruled the 
Empire effectively for over four

3945
03:23:27,700 --> 03:23:31,600
decades longer than anyone had 
predicted news of his death 

3946
03:23:31,600 --> 03:23:35,700
spread swiftly in Rome. 
A tide of mourning ensued, the 

3947
03:23:35,700 --> 03:23:39,600
Senate declared him, a god Divas
Augustus continuing, a trend 

3948
03:23:39,600 --> 03:23:41,700
that had begun with Caesar's 
defecation. 

3949
03:23:42,600 --> 03:23:45,900
The city's populace, which had 
never experienced an adult life 

3950
03:23:45,900 --> 03:23:49,500
without him as a guide in 
presence face, uncertain times, 

3951
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:53,700
rituals, eulogies and 
processions offered the veneer 

3952
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:56,800
of continuity. 
Tiberius stepped into the role 

3953
03:23:56,800 --> 03:23:59,500
of Princess, observing the 
formalities. 

3954
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:03,900
That'll Guster to established. 
Among the masses grief, mingled 

3955
03:24:03,900 --> 03:24:07,100
with apprehension. 
No single figure had done more 

3956
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:10,900
to shape the new era of Pax. 
Romana In the subsequent months,

3957
03:24:10,900 --> 03:24:14,200
the city of Rome processed 
augustus's memory in different 

3958
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,700
ways. 
Loyal Senators, commissioned 

3959
03:24:16,700 --> 03:24:20,000
arches and statues. 
Families were counted how their 

3960
03:24:20,000 --> 03:24:22,300
grandparents had lived through 
Civil Wars until August, 

3961
03:24:22,300 --> 03:24:25,500
restored order, freedmen who had
worked in his administration 

3962
03:24:25,500 --> 03:24:29,200
wept or exploited the transition
to jockey for new positions 

3963
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:33,100
across the provinces local 
Elites who had thrived under 

3964
03:24:33,100 --> 03:24:36,300
Augustine patronage worried 
whether Tiberius would maintain 

3965
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:39,700
the same approach, despite the 
news on settling the legions, 

3966
03:24:39,700 --> 03:24:42,000
they remained loyal to the new 
emperor. 

3967
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:46,500
Some of the legion's expected 
bonuses or reforms leading to 

3968
03:24:46,500 --> 03:24:48,700
brief mutinies in the Rhine and 
pannonia. 

3969
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:53,300
A Tiberius in his capable nephew
germanicus resolve them. 

3970
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:57,300
Time passed historians began 
weaving. 

3971
03:24:57,300 --> 03:24:59,600
Augustus's Reign into Grand 
narrative. 

3972
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:03,400
Some like Levy had already 
praised him in near Mythic 

3973
03:25:03,400 --> 03:25:05,700
terms. 
Others were more subdued 

3974
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:09,700
ignoring that while Augustus 
ended civil Strife, he had also 

3975
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:13,200
strangled the old Republican 
Liberties, a new generation born

3976
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:17,100
under Pax Romana, however, only 
understood the Republic through 

3977
03:25:17,100 --> 03:25:20,400
ancestral stories. 
They took for granted that a 

3978
03:25:20,400 --> 03:25:23,500
single figure guided State 
policy minted coins with their 

3979
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:25,500
face and overshadowed the 
Senate. 

3980
03:25:26,200 --> 03:25:28,900
The heritage of Civil Wars 
receded into second-hand 

3981
03:25:28,900 --> 03:25:32,100
accounts leaving Augustus as an 
almost fatherly figure in the 

3982
03:25:32,108 --> 03:25:34,400
Roman psyche, the man who 
brought peace? 

3983
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:38,500
The deeper subtleties of his 
rule, his cunning manipulations 

3984
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:40,300
the purges that built the 
principate. 

3985
03:25:40,300 --> 03:25:43,800
The clandestine power plays were
overshadowed by the public 

3986
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:46,900
facade of piety tradition and 
moderation. 

3987
03:25:47,800 --> 03:25:51,400
Indeed, the final version of his
life story shaped by his 

3988
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:55,400
supporters, cultivated an image 
of a reluctant rule who accepted

3989
03:25:55,400 --> 03:25:59,500
power only for the public good. 
Detractors existed. 

3990
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:02,900
But they rarely had a platform 
to challenge the official line 

3991
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:06,000
over. 
Centuries subsequent Emperors 

3992
03:26:06,000 --> 03:26:09,600
embraced or distanced themselves
from August Night ideals. some 

3993
03:26:09,600 --> 03:26:12,400
attempted to emulate his 
delicate balance, While others 

3994
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:15,600
fail, allowing cruelty or 
extravagance to overshadow 

3995
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:19,500
statesmanship An essential 
Augustine Legacy was the ongoing

3996
03:26:19,500 --> 03:26:23,300
Pax, Romana a relative peace 
that spanned from Britain to the

3997
03:26:23,300 --> 03:26:26,400
Euphrates though Wars on the 
Frontiers never vanished 

3998
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:30,600
Germanic raids revolts in Judea 
tensions with Parthia. 

3999
03:26:30,600 --> 03:26:33,100
The Empire's core heartlands 
prospered. 

4000
03:26:33,100 --> 03:26:37,100
Trade routes thrived, carrying 
goods from across the 

4001
03:26:37,100 --> 03:26:40,500
Mediterranean and Beyond while 
Roman law codes extended deeper 

4002
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:43,600
into newly integrated 
communities, this stability, 

4003
03:26:43,600 --> 03:26:46,900
boosted, population growth, 
Urban Development and cultural 

4004
03:26:46,900 --> 03:26:49,700
exchange fostering an 
environment where future 

4005
03:26:49,700 --> 03:26:53,100
historians philosophers and 
Architects, found the resources 

4006
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:55,400
to flourish in subsequent 
centuries. 

4007
03:26:55,400 --> 03:26:59,100
Christians, when they emerged in
the Empire pointed to the 

4008
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:02,400
stable, Roman roads built under 
Augusta expansion as an 

4009
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:04,700
inadvertent Gateway for their 
missionaries to travel. 

4010
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:08,700
Even mundane aspects 
standardized coinage. 

4011
03:27:08,700 --> 03:27:12,500
Consistent to administrative 
provinces owed much to the 

4012
03:27:12,500 --> 03:27:15,900
August and blue print. 
Empress like trajan and Hadrian 

4013
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:20,600
centuries later, recognized that
forging a stable rule required. 

4014
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:24,300
A delicate dance, not entirely 
different from augustus's 

4015
03:27:24,300 --> 03:27:28,100
approach, securing, the Loyalty 
of armies appeasing, the Senate 

4016
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:31,600
and wooing, the populace, the 
memory of Augustus therefore 

4017
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:34,300
served as an archetype for the 
good Emperor. 

4018
03:27:34,300 --> 03:27:37,800
Never mind that the path to his 
power was littered with cunning 

4019
03:27:37,800 --> 03:27:40,900
and bloodshed. 
Ultimately Augustus success lay 

4020
03:27:40,900 --> 03:27:44,700
in a melding contradictory in 
pulses He revived old festivals,

4021
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:46,300
yet rewrote the political 
structure. 

4022
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:49,400
He promised the Senate respect 
yet, controlled them with 

4023
03:27:49,400 --> 03:27:52,600
cunning The championed moral 
reforms, yet exiled, his 

4024
03:27:52,600 --> 03:27:56,200
daughter due to a scandal, the 
story of his life remains a 

4025
03:27:56,200 --> 03:27:59,100
mosaic of ambition, altruism 
caution. 

4026
03:27:59,100 --> 03:28:03,000
And ruthlessness, without him 
roam might have shattered under 

4027
03:28:03,000 --> 03:28:07,000
repeated Civil Wars with him, 
the Republic mutated into an 

4028
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:10,500
Empire anchored by one man's 
Authority that delicate 

4029
03:28:10,500 --> 03:28:12,500
compromise. 
Monarchy dressed in Republican 

4030
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:15,200
costume carried. 
Rome forward for Generations, 

4031
03:28:15,200 --> 03:28:19,700
shaping Western history in ways.
No one in the Smoky Senate Halls

4032
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:23,900
of yesteryear could have fully 
foreseen. long after augustus's 

4033
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:27,500
death, the Roman World, recited 
Legends of his early days from 

4034
03:28:27,500 --> 03:28:30,400
the moment, he claimed Caesars 
inheritance to the final, 

4035
03:28:30,400 --> 03:28:35,100
quieting of civil strife, Poets 
retold how he found in chaos, 

4036
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:38,100
and forged a new dawn of order 
even ordinary citizens. 

4037
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:42,400
Traveling along roads lined with
his Milestone, The Echoes of an 

4038
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:46,100
emperor who merged subtlety with
power Yet historians then. 

4039
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:49,300
And now debate whether Augustus 
truly believed in the facade of 

4040
03:28:49,308 --> 03:28:52,400
Republican restoration or simply
harnessed it to quell potential 

4041
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:56,800
opposition The notion of 
restoring, the Republic was more

4042
03:28:56,800 --> 03:28:59,200
than political spin. 
It was a psychological 

4043
03:28:59,200 --> 03:29:02,200
necessity. 
Romans had long prided 

4044
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:05,100
themselves on hating Kings, 
since the Etruscan monarchy was 

4045
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:09,400
expelled centuries earlier by 
adopting titles like Prime caps 

4046
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:13,100
first among equals and parading 
virtues such as modesty. 

4047
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:17,600
Augustus defected the Specter of
tyranny, He decorated official 

4048
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:19,700
ceremonies with illusions of 
senatorial. 

4049
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:23,600
Collaboration in practice 
though, every key office and 

4050
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:27,300
Province was under his watchful 
eye by centralizing the means to

4051
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:32,700
wage War II controling legion's.
He rendered any Senator LED 

4052
03:29:32,700 --> 03:29:36,500
Rebellion almost impossible This
system had its share of 

4053
03:29:36,500 --> 03:29:39,600
paradoxes freed from the cycle 
of Civil Wars. 

4054
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:42,400
The Senate could resume its 
dignified debates on laws 

4055
03:29:42,400 --> 03:29:46,300
awarding, triumphs or passing 
judgments, but only so far as it

4056
03:29:46,300 --> 03:29:48,300
aligned with the emperor's 
overarching interests. 

4057
03:29:49,000 --> 03:29:51,500
Youngest Senators, who never 
experienced the chaotic, 

4058
03:29:51,500 --> 03:29:55,100
Republic found comfort in the 
principate security, they 

4059
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:58,500
advance in a structured career 
path, Cuesta Prater console 

4060
03:29:58,500 --> 03:30:01,700
under Augustus, and oversight 
freed from the anxiety of 

4061
03:30:01,700 --> 03:30:04,400
violent contests. 
They pivoted to administrative 

4062
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:07,800
tasks like refining legal codes 
or sponsoring public games. 

4063
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:11,300
These changes drain some 
Vitality from senatorial life 

4064
03:30:11,300 --> 03:30:14,800
but also eliminated, the lethal 
rivalries that once stained 

4065
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:18,700
Roman politics in blood. 
Religious Transformations. 

4066
03:30:18,700 --> 03:30:22,600
Also underscored his Reign, the 
Imperial cult venerating. 

4067
03:30:22,600 --> 03:30:24,400
The emperor's family took root 
in. 

4068
03:30:24,408 --> 03:30:28,400
The provinces temples to divers 
Julius the day of Phi Julius 

4069
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:32,100
Caesar dotted Asia Minor and 
Gaul bridging local Traditions 

4070
03:30:32,100 --> 03:30:36,200
with Roman identity. 
As carefully navigated the line 

4071
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:39,900
between piety and blasphemy, he 
never outright demanded worship 

4072
03:30:39,900 --> 03:30:44,200
of himself in Italy. but in 
distant provinces cult centers, 

4073
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:48,100
proclaiming his Divine status 
arose This practice fostered 

4074
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:51,800
unity as local Elites built 
shrines to Augustus to carry 

4075
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:54,400
favor. 
Blending indigenous Gods with 

4076
03:30:54,400 --> 03:30:55,700
Roman Imperial? 
Reverence. 

4077
03:30:56,600 --> 03:31:00,300
On a personal level or Gusto's 
household, dramas, had shaped 

4078
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:03,100
his paternalistic posture, 
toward the Empire, The 

4079
03:31:03,100 --> 03:31:06,700
Heartbreak with Julia, the 
succession Fiasco's, and the 

4080
03:31:06,700 --> 03:31:08,500
manipulative marriages taught 
him. 

4081
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:11,300
That absolute power came at the 
cost of familial strain. 

4082
03:31:11,300 --> 03:31:14,800
Ancient gossip blinds. 
He was cold or unfeeling to 

4083
03:31:14,800 --> 03:31:18,300
those who fell out of favor. 
But cleaning from the letters 

4084
03:31:18,300 --> 03:31:21,700
that survived we see glimpses of
a man torn between fatherly 

4085
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:23,600
instincts and political 
necessity. 

4086
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:27,000
He exiled those he loved to 
maintain the moral facade. 

4087
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:31,100
He'd cultivated for the public 
real or staged that posture 

4088
03:31:31,100 --> 03:31:34,600
anchored, the moral Authority 
behind his social reforms nor 

4089
03:31:34,600 --> 03:31:37,800
were the provincial expansions 
always peaceful in the Spanish 

4090
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:41,900
interior Augustine generals 
waged campaigns to quell tribes 

4091
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:45,100
that refused Roman oversight. 
The Alpine passes were brought 

4092
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,700
under direct Roman control to 
secure transalpine trade routes.

4093
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:53,000
Fortress lines, sprung up along 
the Danube to repel or monitor 

4094
03:31:53,000 --> 03:31:55,900
to the Restless stations. 
These expansions were not 

4095
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:57,900
offered by Grand triumphal 
procession. 

4096
03:31:57,900 --> 03:32:00,900
Augustus himself, rarely took 
personal credit. 

4097
03:32:00,900 --> 03:32:04,000
Preferring to let generals hold 
subdued ceremonies. 

4098
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:07,300
He recognized that the Empire 
needed no flamboyant displays 

4099
03:32:07,300 --> 03:32:11,800
reminiscent of early Warlords. 
Instead stable Frontiers a 

4100
03:32:11,800 --> 03:32:15,200
robust Commerce Network and the 
Pax Romana sense of normalcy, 

4101
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:16,900
proved enough to maintain public
favor. 

4102
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:21,200
When Tiberius finally, stepped 
into the Imperial role, most 

4103
03:32:21,200 --> 03:32:24,800
people expected continuity. 
The new emperor inherited not 

4104
03:32:24,800 --> 03:32:27,900
just the institution's, but also
the attitudes, Augustus had. 

4105
03:32:27,900 --> 03:32:31,700
So, Tiberius adhere to many 
August and precedence, though, 

4106
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:34,000
his personal style, was more 
reclusive and severe. 

4107
03:32:34,000 --> 03:32:38,000
The senatorial class realized 
that Augustus blueprint and 

4108
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:41,000
Emperor of shadowing the facade 
of a free republic would 

4109
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:44,500
continue. 
No, major push to resurrect a 

4110
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:47,400
purely, Republican system 
emerged, some die-hard 

4111
03:32:47,400 --> 03:32:49,300
Republicans, still existed in 
the shadows. 

4112
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:52,400
But after Decades of peace and 
the empires continued growth, 

4113
03:32:52,400 --> 03:32:55,200
the majority accepted the 
principate as The New Normal. 

4114
03:32:56,000 --> 03:33:00,200
Across centuries augustus's 
memory soared to near Mythic 

4115
03:33:00,200 --> 03:33:02,800
Emperors from Nero to 
Constantine. 

4116
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:06,400
Either invoke or reshaped. 
Augustine tropes on coinage. 

4117
03:33:06,400 --> 03:33:09,600
They displayed genealogical ties
or spelled out slogans 

4118
03:33:09,600 --> 03:33:13,300
reminiscent of August and 
virtues, Augustus itself became 

4119
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:15,600
more than a name. 
It was an honorific for all 

4120
03:33:15,600 --> 03:33:20,200
subsequent Emperors signifying. 
The same revered status writers,

4121
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:23,600
compiled accounts of his Reign, 
both praising his modesty and 

4122
03:33:23,600 --> 03:33:27,500
hinting at cunning The next 
generation's face, their crises 

4123
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:31,600
Caligula's Mania the Jewish 
revolts or the year of the four 

4124
03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:34,000
Emperors. 
Yet, Augustus, caesarea stood 

4125
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:38,000
out as time of relative Harmony,
even if precariously balanced 

4126
03:33:38,800 --> 03:33:42,100
Looking back from a vantage 
point centuries later historians

4127
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:45,700
seal Guster is the pivot from a 
fractious Republic to a stable. 

4128
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:51,000
If autocratic Empire freed from 
crippling Civil Wars, the 

4129
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:53,300
Mediterranean World blossomed in
trade and culture. 

4130
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:55,800
The seeds of an architectural 
Revolution. 

4131
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:58,800
Took root in Rome's, new 
monuments, bridging Greek 

4132
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:02,100
Artistry with Roman engineering.
And though the principate 

4133
03:34:02,100 --> 03:34:05,200
eventually shifted toward more 
Evert Emperors like Caligula or 

4134
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:07,800
domitian the Augustine model, 
never vanished. 

4135
03:34:08,600 --> 03:34:12,200
The notion of a first citizen. 
Quietly sustaining. 

4136
03:34:12,200 --> 03:34:15,300
The illusion of senatorial. 
Dignity underpinned. 

4137
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,200
The Empire's structure until the
West crumbled. 

4138
03:34:18,200 --> 03:34:21,900
Centuries later. 
Augustus's example, subtle 

4139
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:25,800
multifaceted and deeply embedded
in Roman tradition, remains a 

4140
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:28,300
testament to how a single 
individual can reshape the 

4141
03:34:28,300 --> 03:34:30,000
trajectory of an entire 
Civilization. 

4142
03:34:30,000 --> 03:34:34,700
Now, with Millennia gone, since 
all Gusto's death, we possess a 

4143
03:34:34,708 --> 03:34:38,000
panoramic view of his life and 
Legacy avantage Point that 

4144
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:40,600
reveals both the glimmering 
Heights and the murky Corners. 

4145
03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:44,700
His youthful cunning harnessed 
off to seize his assassination. 

4146
03:34:45,600 --> 03:34:47,900
Established a pattern of 
strategic alliances and 

4147
03:34:47,900 --> 03:34:51,500
Relentless ambition. 
That fears Drive, paved, his 

4148
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:55,100
assent from an underestimated 
are to the architect of Rome's 

4149
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:58,700
first imperial system, but 
behind the luminescent facade of

4150
03:34:58,708 --> 03:35:01,700
the Pax. 
Romana one notices, the ashes of

4151
03:35:01,700 --> 03:35:05,700
Republican Liberties countless 
casualties of prescriptions and 

4152
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:07,500
a well-managed propaganda 
machines. 

4153
03:35:07,500 --> 03:35:11,600
Smoothing over the sharp edges 
of absolute power modern 

4154
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:15,400
Scholars, often debate, whether 
he was a benevolent autocrat or 

4155
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:18,200
a slime manipulator, who 
exploited War Weir in us to 

4156
03:35:18,208 --> 03:35:19,900
install a monarchy in all, but 
name. 

4157
03:35:20,700 --> 03:35:24,500
The truth, likely straddles a 
delicate boundary, augustus's 

4158
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:28,900
reforms streamlining, taxation 
professionalizing, the Army and 

4159
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:32,200
encouraging moral and cultural 
Revival point to a genuine 

4160
03:35:32,200 --> 03:35:34,300
desire for a robust enduring 
order. 

4161
03:35:35,200 --> 03:35:38,000
However, he did not hesitate to 
use lethal measures when they 

4162
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,100
strengthened his position. 
For every Temple. 

4163
03:35:41,100 --> 03:35:43,400
He built there was a political 
rival. 

4164
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:46,200
He sidelined or a province 
subjugated under Roman 

4165
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:49,600
Authority. 
In rhetorical terms, Augustus 

4166
03:35:49,600 --> 03:35:53,500
was no flamboyant orator but his
Mastery Lane setting the 

4167
03:35:53,500 --> 03:35:57,100
narrative, he let others speak. 
Extravagantly on his bahal 

4168
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:01,600
poets, loyal Senators, 
provincial allies and rarely 

4169
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:03,600
contradicted. 
The glowing accounts that cast 

4170
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:08,100
him as roam savior over time. 
This cultivated Persona sank, 

4171
03:36:08,100 --> 03:36:12,100
deep into Rome's Collective 
psyche, Even the Senate once 

4172
03:36:12,100 --> 03:36:15,300
proud and fractious resigned to 
his overarching, presents 

4173
03:36:15,300 --> 03:36:17,600
content to pass decrees 
endorsing him. 

4174
03:36:17,600 --> 03:36:22,000
As father of the Fatherland, the
city's planes exhausted by 

4175
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:25,600
previous terminal embrace, the 
peace and spectacle Grand 

4176
03:36:25,600 --> 03:36:29,100
gladiatorial games, public 
feasts, the distribution of 

4177
03:36:29,100 --> 03:36:31,800
grain. 
With daily life, less precarious

4178
03:36:31,800 --> 03:36:35,100
who dared demand the intangible 
freedoms of an older era. 

4179
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:39,400
Augustus's family, tragedies 
specially around succession. 

4180
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:42,700
Highlight, the precarious nature
of hereditary rule. 

4181
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:45,900
The difference between the 
principes carefully, curated 

4182
03:36:45,900 --> 03:36:48,500
facade and personal heartbreak 
around Starke. 

4183
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:52,500
The Exiles of Julia and Ovid 
along with the disgraced heirs, 

4184
03:36:52,500 --> 03:36:54,700
who died. 
Prematurely pointed to a regime 

4185
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:57,700
that valued moral discipline and
uniformity over personal 

4186
03:36:57,700 --> 03:37:00,400
Indulgence. 
This was the official narrative 

4187
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:04,500
in private, some cunning 
courtiers thrived Whispering 

4188
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:08,400
half truths to maintain favor, 
This Dynamic would play Future 

4189
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:11,300
Emperors from tiberias 
suspicious watchfulness to 

4190
03:37:11,300 --> 03:37:12,800
Nero's flamboyant. 
Paranoia. 

4191
03:37:13,600 --> 03:37:16,900
Architect logically, we see 
August and Footprints across the

4192
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:19,600
empire. 
The city of Rome was adorned 

4193
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:23,000
with the Forum of Augustus, the 
Temple of Mars, Altar and the 

4194
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:26,400
ARA patches each a testament not
just to religious devotion. 

4195
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:30,000
But to the Synergy between art 
and political messaging in 

4196
03:37:30,000 --> 03:37:34,100
provincial cities from Spain to 
Asia Minor local Elites mirrored

4197
03:37:34,100 --> 03:37:37,700
Augustine Stylez erecting 
temples to the Imperial cult and

4198
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:40,800
adopting Roman architectural 
motifs this cultural 

4199
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:44,100
assimilation contributed to the 
forging of a Roman identity that

4200
03:37:44,100 --> 03:37:47,100
transcended narrow tribal or 
local loyalties. 

4201
03:37:47,100 --> 03:37:50,900
Even in the Greek East were 
Hellenic culture had once 

4202
03:37:50,900 --> 03:37:54,300
overshadowed Rome's. 
Your gustan age, catalyzed a new

4203
03:37:54,308 --> 03:37:57,800
synthesis, merging Greek 
Traditions with Roman rule under

4204
03:37:57,800 --> 03:37:59,600
the notion of a shared packs, 
Romana. 

4205
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:04,000
When analyzing augustus's Reign 
One can't ignore the question of

4206
03:38:04,008 --> 03:38:05,800
how it impacted future 
governance. 

4207
03:38:05,800 --> 03:38:08,200
The next four centuries of Roman
history. 

4208
03:38:08,200 --> 03:38:10,600
Revolve around the tension 
between the illusions of 

4209
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:13,500
Augustine modesty and the 
realities of Emperors who 

4210
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:15,700
demanded worship or indulged 
capricious. 

4211
03:38:15,700 --> 03:38:19,300
Whims the five good Emperors 
from nerva to Marcus. 

4212
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:23,800
Aurelius, try to Echo, Augustine
virtues focusing on stoic 

4213
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,300
Administration and Public Works 
others, like Caligula or 

4214
03:38:27,300 --> 03:38:29,300
Commodus. 
Abandoned the pretenses, 

4215
03:38:29,300 --> 03:38:32,500
exposing the Empire to the 
rawness of untempered or 

4216
03:38:32,500 --> 03:38:36,000
toxicity. through all these 
fluctuations, the concept of the

4217
03:38:36,000 --> 03:38:40,900
princess never truly vanished, 
only mutated eventually morphing

4218
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:44,200
into the openly acknowledged 
Dominus by the time of dire 

4219
03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:49,100
cliche In popular imagination or
gustus remains a figure of a 

4220
03:38:49,100 --> 03:38:52,200
sculptor who took the shards of 
a fractured Republic and molded 

4221
03:38:52,200 --> 03:38:55,700
them into something new. 
He didn't just pacify Rome, he 

4222
03:38:55,700 --> 03:38:59,500
re-envisioned its institution. 
So thoroughly that later, Roman 

4223
03:38:59,500 --> 03:39:01,800
struggled to imagine returning 
to the old ways. 

4224
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:06,000
Even centuries after the Western
Empire fell Echoes of his 

4225
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:08,400
centralized governance 
influenced medieval and modern 

4226
03:39:08,400 --> 03:39:13,400
States, his name or gustus 
became short-handed for a firm 

4227
03:39:13,400 --> 03:39:15,200
Overlord. 
The weight of that 

4228
03:39:15,200 --> 03:39:17,300
transformation cannot be 
overstated. 

4229
03:39:17,300 --> 03:39:21,100
Rome Grew From city-state to 
World empire under the shadows 

4230
03:39:21,100 --> 03:39:24,700
of the triumvirate and the many 
Civil Wars culminating in a 

4231
03:39:24,708 --> 03:39:28,400
regime that For Better or Worse.
Outlasted a thousand nuances of 

4232
03:39:28,400 --> 03:39:32,800
politics, ultimately, augustus's
greatest Triumph was forging. 

4233
03:39:32,800 --> 03:39:34,800
A stable system. 
Where once only Warlords 

4234
03:39:34,800 --> 03:39:38,100
contended, his greatest cost was
the Republican spirit that 

4235
03:39:38,100 --> 03:39:41,600
withered in the process replaced
by an Empire reliant on one 

4236
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:45,200
man's judgment, whether that 
trade was worthwhile, depends on

4237
03:39:45,208 --> 03:39:48,900
the lens of perspective, those 
craving order and prosperity 

4238
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:51,400
will those lamenting lost Civic 
freedoms. 

4239
03:39:51,400 --> 03:39:55,700
Even now his story stands as a 
masterclass in political 

4240
03:39:55,700 --> 03:39:59,500
reinvention of how flexible 
ambition, tempered by paternal 

4241
03:39:59,500 --> 03:40:03,100
imagery, can reconstruct a 
government from ashes and so 

4242
03:40:03,100 --> 03:40:06,200
ends the tale of Augustus, the 
understated youth turned 

4243
03:40:06,200 --> 03:40:10,000
imperator, Quietly slipped, a 
monarchy in to Rome's heart 

4244
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:11,800
while draping it in the garments
of tradition. 

4245
03:40:12,900 --> 03:40:15,700
With that, cunning he forever. 
We shaped the course of Western 

4246
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:23,000
Civilization. 
Have you ever been looking 

4247
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:25,600
through old photo albums and 
come across a picture that makes

4248
03:40:25,600 --> 03:40:28,300
you stop and think? 
There are hints of stories. 

4249
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,600
You have never heard but somehow
recognized in the faces, the 

4250
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:34,500
clothing. 
And the way the light falls when

4251
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:37,400
you venture into the realm of 
ancient myths, that is precisely

4252
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:40,000
what occurs. 
These are not merely Dusty 

4253
03:40:40,000 --> 03:40:41,700
stories from long gone 
societies. 

4254
03:40:41,700 --> 03:40:46,000
Rather they are family portraits
of the human Spirit glimpses of 

4255
03:40:46,000 --> 03:40:48,700
the things we have. 
Always feared hoped for and 

4256
03:40:48,700 --> 03:40:51,600
wandered about. 
Well before there were textbooks

4257
03:40:51,600 --> 03:40:54,700
documentaries or that one friend
who always has the Wikipedia 

4258
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:56,700
page open, there were 
storytellers. 

4259
03:40:56,700 --> 03:41:00,800
Imagine this your sitting around
the first campfire in history. 

4260
03:41:00,800 --> 03:41:04,500
When someone asked the question 
that started it all, So, how 

4261
03:41:04,500 --> 03:41:07,600
exactly did we get here? 
They had a lot of imagination, 

4262
03:41:07,600 --> 03:41:10,000
too. 
The enuma Elish is a wonderfully

4263
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:12,300
chaotic creation story. 
That was told by the ancient 

4264
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:15,300
Babylonians. 
Imagine the universe beginning 

4265
03:41:15,300 --> 03:41:18,500
with a family dispute that went 
totally wrong rather than with a

4266
03:41:18,508 --> 03:41:21,800
big bang. 
Consider Tiamat a promotional 

4267
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:25,000
water goddess to be the epitome 
of the helicopter parent who 

4268
03:41:25,000 --> 03:41:27,400
genuinely detested. 
Her children growing up and 

4269
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:29,500
moving out. 
The younger Gods. 

4270
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:33,200
Her children are acting like 
teenagers with the ability to 

4271
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:36,900
create universes making too much
noise and hosting Cosmic 

4272
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:39,500
parties. 
Tiamat literally becomes a 

4273
03:41:39,500 --> 03:41:41,900
nuclear parent after deciding 
that enough is enough. 

4274
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:46,400
She makes monsters and not just 
any monsters, but the kind that 

4275
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:49,100
would make a director of a 
horror film cry with jealousy. 

4276
03:41:49,900 --> 03:41:53,700
They have serpent heads, 
scorpion tails and dispositions,

4277
03:41:53,700 --> 03:41:57,500
that would drive a honey badger 
to retreat her scheme, get rid 

4278
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:00,300
of the young gods and bring some
Tranquility back to the universe

4279
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:02,700
as is always the case with 
family drama. 

4280
03:42:02,700 --> 03:42:06,000
This is where things start to 
get interesting and a little 

4281
03:42:06,008 --> 03:42:08,900
ridiculous. 
Marduk her great-great-grandson 

4282
03:42:08,900 --> 03:42:12,400
takes over young, ambitious, and
equipped, with Divine weapons 

4283
03:42:12,400 --> 03:42:14,300
that would make any superhero 
envious. 

4284
03:42:14,300 --> 03:42:16,800
He is essentially the family's 
Golden Child. 

4285
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:20,100
He has a net that can catch 
anything and winds that can 

4286
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:22,300
topple mountains. 
If Nature Documentaries 

4287
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:25,700
featured, magic weapons and 
failed, family therapy, the 

4288
03:42:25,700 --> 03:42:28,400
conflict between Tiamat and 
Marduk would be like, watching a

4289
03:42:28,400 --> 03:42:32,900
documentary about Cosmic forces.
Marduk defeats Tiamat, not only 

4290
03:42:32,900 --> 03:42:36,200
by using physical Force. 
But also, by outwitting his 

4291
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:39,800
elderly grandmother He turns her
body into the Earth and the 

4292
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:42,200
heavens by using her own chaotic
Waters against her. 

4293
03:42:42,900 --> 03:42:45,900
In Divine real estate 
development, nothing is wasted 

4294
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:49,800
its recycling on a global scale.
The conflict between traditional

4295
03:42:49,800 --> 03:42:53,100
and novel Concepts between the 
familiar chaos and the 

4296
03:42:53,108 --> 03:42:56,300
unpredictability of the order we
could establish is what makes 

4297
03:42:56,300 --> 03:42:59,900
this story so Charming. 
Every family has a Tiamat 

4298
03:42:59,900 --> 03:43:03,700
someone who recalls a time when 
everything was easier, even if 

4299
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:06,800
that meant total chaos, the 
beginning of the Norse, people 

4300
03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:09,800
are delightfully strange in that
specific Scandinavian way. 

4301
03:43:10,700 --> 03:43:14,100
Which sounds like a dental 
procedure, but is actually a 

4302
03:43:14,100 --> 03:43:16,600
cosmic void existed before 
anything else. 

4303
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:19,400
Imagine it as the universe's 
awkward. 

4304
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:23,300
Adolescence, when it was unsure 
of its own identity muspelheim, 

4305
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,000
a world of fire that would make 
a July Arizona day. 

4306
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:29,600
Seemed like a Pleasant Fall day 
on one side of this emptiness. 

4307
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:33,000
Niflheim, a world of ice and 
missed, that would make a 

4308
03:43:33,000 --> 03:43:36,100
Canadian winter appear Tropical 
Lei on the opposite side. 

4309
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,500
You get what you would expect 
when Fire and Ice Collide in the

4310
03:43:39,500 --> 03:43:43,100
middle of these two extremes, 
there was a lot of steam and a 

4311
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:44,600
mere. 
The first giant came out of this

4312
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:47,200
Cosmic sauna. 
Now Emilia wasn't exactly a 

4313
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:49,600
model citizen. 
He was more akin to that 

4314
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:52,500
neighbor who lets his yard run a
muck and somehow manages to turn

4315
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:56,600
it into an ecosystem. he sweated
a lot while he slept and more 

4316
03:43:56,600 --> 03:43:59,900
Giants emerged from his 
perspiration, it's disgusting 

4317
03:43:59,900 --> 03:44:04,000
but Strangely effective. 
Old-fashioned sweating suffices 

4318
03:44:04,000 --> 03:44:07,200
in the primordial World. 
Dating apps are not necessary. 

4319
03:44:07,200 --> 03:44:10,300
Since Emir was taking up too 
much room and let's face it. 

4320
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:13,600
The hygiene situation was 
getting out of control the gods.

4321
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:17,800
Finally decided he had to leave.
His flesh became the Earth, his 

4322
03:44:17,800 --> 03:44:20,800
blood, the Seas his bones, the 
mountains and his skull, the 

4323
03:44:20,800 --> 03:44:24,000
sky, and they killed him and 
used his body to create the 

4324
03:44:24,000 --> 03:44:25,900
world. 
Is the quintessential 

4325
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:29,400
do-it-yourself project and 
explains why the Norse was so 

4326
03:44:29,408 --> 03:44:31,500
Adept at maximizing scarce 
resources. 

4327
03:44:31,500 --> 03:44:35,000
The Dreamtime a concept that is 
a combination of geography 

4328
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:38,500
history and an endless. 
Family reunion is perhaps the 

4329
03:44:38,500 --> 03:44:41,100
most endearingly realistic 
creation story told by 

4330
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:44,000
Aboriginal Australians. 
The Dreamtime is about the 

4331
03:44:44,000 --> 03:44:46,300
moment. 
The world was created but it's 

4332
03:44:46,300 --> 03:44:48,500
also about the moment, it's 
constantly being created. 

4333
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:52,100
Imagine the landscape is a 
living library with each Hill. 

4334
03:44:52,100 --> 03:44:55,100
Rock and water feature. 
Representing a chapter in a 

4335
03:44:55,108 --> 03:44:58,400
continuous narrative. 
One of the most significant. 

4336
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:01,100
Dreamtime creatures, the rainbow
serpent. 

4337
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,900
Not only made valleys and 
rivers, but she also Drew up the

4338
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:07,000
rules for coexisting peacefully 
with the land. 

4339
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:10,700
Like a cosmic interior 
decorator, she traversed, the 

4340
03:45:10,700 --> 03:45:15,100
continent located, water sources
establishing, holy locations, 

4341
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:18,000
and laying out guidelines for 
how people should interact with 

4342
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:20,800
their surroundings. 
This Viewpoint is lovely because

4343
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:23,300
it allows you to actively 
participate in the creative 

4344
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:26,000
process. 
Every time you step out side, 

4345
03:45:26,000 --> 03:45:29,100
your walking through the story 
itself, not just witnessing the 

4346
03:45:29,100 --> 03:45:32,700
outcomes of some Cosmic event 
that happened ages ago, every 

4347
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:36,400
Sunrise is the first Sunrise of 
the day as well as the Sunrise 

4348
03:45:36,400 --> 03:45:39,200
of today. 
Each tree has a connection to 

4349
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:42,200
both the original tree and all 
subsequent trees that will 

4350
03:45:42,200 --> 03:45:45,400
Sprout from its seeds. 
There is a profound commonality 

4351
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,200
among these creation stories. 
They acknowledge that 

4352
03:45:48,200 --> 03:45:52,200
beginning's are messy, complex, 
and frequently involve far more 

4353
03:45:52,200 --> 03:45:55,500
chaos and we would like 
Acknowledge that making anything

4354
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:59,500
valuable be at a universe or a 
good lasagna involves getting 

4355
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:02,900
your hands dirty making mistakes
and occasionally beginning from 

4356
03:46:02,900 --> 03:46:05,000
scratch. 
Let's talk about heroes. 

4357
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:07,700
Now that we figured out how it 
all began and what to 

4358
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:10,900
delightfully, messy Affair that 
was, but not the kind that you 

4359
03:46:10,908 --> 03:46:13,800
see in superhero movies, where 
everything is expertly, 

4360
03:46:13,800 --> 03:46:15,700
sculpted. 
And they have the amazing 

4361
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:19,100
ability to save the world 
without breaking a nail, ancient

4362
03:46:19,100 --> 03:46:21,800
Heroes were more akin to that 
well-meaning friend, who 

4363
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:24,700
constantly breaks things and 
puts people in awkward 

4364
03:46:24,700 --> 03:46:28,600
situations, but somehow by a 
combination of good, fortune, 

4365
03:46:28,600 --> 03:46:32,500
obstinacy and occasional genius 
manages to save the day. 

4366
03:46:32,500 --> 03:46:35,500
Consider the Gilgamesh. 
If you haven't heard of him, 

4367
03:46:35,500 --> 03:46:37,700
consider him. 
The first Action Hero in 

4368
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,600
history, complete with the 
emotional baggage and bad 

4369
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:42,500
judgment. 
That would define the genre. 

4370
03:46:42,500 --> 03:46:45,900
For centuries to come, he ruled 
over a rook, which was 

4371
03:46:45,900 --> 03:46:48,500
essentially the ancient world's 
equivalent of a large city 

4372
03:46:48,500 --> 03:46:52,700
impressive, but not without its 
share of urban issues, Gilgamesh

4373
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:55,700
possessed all the quality. 
Is a king could desire, wealth, 

4374
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:58,700
power, magnificent architectural
Feats. 

4375
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:01,600
And the assurance that comes 
from being too thirds divine 

4376
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:05,600
However, he also possessed the 
social skills of a teenager who 

4377
03:47:05,600 --> 03:47:08,500
drinks a lot of coffee. 
He was that boss, who shows up 

4378
03:47:08,500 --> 03:47:12,200
at parties without invitation, 
micro-manages everything and 

4379
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,000
generally adds unnecessary 
complexity to everyone's lives 

4380
03:47:15,000 --> 03:47:18,100
after growing tired of his 
Antics, the people of Uruk 

4381
03:47:18,100 --> 03:47:21,300
complaint, to the gods as anyone
would in this circumstances. 

4382
03:47:22,500 --> 03:47:25,100
The gods, displaying the sort of
divine wisdom, that leaves. 

4383
03:47:25,100 --> 03:47:27,400
You wondering how they were able
to get their positions in the 

4384
03:47:27,408 --> 03:47:30,700
first place decided that 
speaking with Gilgamesh about 

4385
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,500
his actions and perhaps offering
some Management training was not

4386
03:47:33,500 --> 03:47:37,000
the answer instead. 
They made someone who was a 

4387
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:39,500
strong and unyielding as 
Gilgamesh in the hopes that they

4388
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:41,700
would battle each other and 
leave everyone else alone. 

4389
03:47:41,700 --> 03:47:43,800
Thank you. 
Do came into the picture in this

4390
03:47:43,800 --> 03:47:46,200
way. 
Enkidu was the antithesis of 

4391
03:47:46,200 --> 03:47:50,500
Gilgamesh whereas Gilgamesh was 
refined but Annoying enkidu was 

4392
03:47:50,508 --> 03:47:53,900
wild but sincere. 
He knew the language of nature 

4393
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:57,400
lived among animals and had 
never known the unique stress 

4394
03:47:57,400 --> 03:47:59,500
that comes with handling 
building permits, or a city 

4395
03:47:59,500 --> 03:48:01,300
budget. 
When these two eventually 

4396
03:48:01,300 --> 03:48:04,400
crossed paths, they engaged in 
an epic wrestling match that 

4397
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:06,800
likely damaged property across 
multiple city blocks. 

4398
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:10,600
As you might expect from two 
alpha personalities. then 

4399
03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:14,000
however, an intriguing event 
occurred, they became best 

4400
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:17,000
friends rather than destroying 
one another Seeing two 

4401
03:48:17,000 --> 03:48:18,900
hurricanes Collide and somehow 
created. 

4402
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:21,900
A nice breeze was like that. 
Both of them were changed by 

4403
03:48:21,900 --> 03:48:24,900
their friendship. 
Gilgamesh gained empathy and 

4404
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:28,600
realized that perhaps just 
possibly being the strongest 

4405
03:48:28,600 --> 03:48:31,200
person in the room does not 
necessarily make you the best 

4406
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:35,300
candidate for every position. 
Enkidu gained knowledge of 

4407
03:48:35,300 --> 03:48:38,100
civilization, but he remained 
skeptical of some of its more 

4408
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,200
absurd features such as the 
requirement to dress formally 

4409
03:48:41,200 --> 03:48:44,400
for formal meetings or the 
social pressure to act as those 

4410
03:48:44,400 --> 03:48:47,100
small talk matters. 
They embarked on adventures 

4411
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:50,900
together that were equal parts. 
Ridiculous and heroic indeed, 

4412
03:48:50,900 --> 03:48:54,200
they battled monsters but they 
also face the issues that arise 

4413
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:57,300
in any friendship between two 
individuals who are accustomed 

4414
03:48:57,300 --> 03:48:58,600
to being the center of 
attention. 

4415
03:48:58,600 --> 03:49:02,600
They argued over priorities 
strategy and most likely more 

4416
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,900
than a few times, whether they 
would be better off returning to

4417
03:49:05,900 --> 03:49:09,200
their simpler early lives. 
When they encountered Humber 

4418
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:12,500
bear, the protector of the cedar
Forest, their friendship was 

4419
03:49:12,500 --> 03:49:15,800
truly put to the test. 
The ancient equivalent of a 

4420
03:49:15,808 --> 03:49:18,200
security system created by 
someone with severe. 

4421
03:49:18,200 --> 03:49:21,000
Trust issues Humber wasn't just 
any monster. 

4422
03:49:21,900 --> 03:49:25,400
He had many faces a roar. 
That could be heard from miles 

4423
03:49:25,400 --> 03:49:28,900
and breathe that could kill at 
Great distance is In addition to

4424
03:49:28,900 --> 03:49:31,900
being risky, fighting him was 
the kind of foolishness that 

4425
03:49:31,900 --> 03:49:34,800
leaves, you wondering what they 
were thinking the problem with 

4426
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:37,900
heroes in ancient Tales. 
However, is that they don't act 

4427
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:41,000
in ways that are simple or 
logical, they perform them 

4428
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:42,700
because no one else is willing 
to do so. 

4429
03:49:42,700 --> 03:49:47,300
And someone has to Instead of 
using Superior Weaponry or 

4430
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:51,100
cunning tactics Gilgamesh and 
kedu defeated Humber by working 

4431
03:49:51,100 --> 03:49:53,600
together and displaying the kind
of resolve that comes from 

4432
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:55,600
having a loved one lookout for 
you though. 

4433
03:49:55,600 --> 03:49:58,100
Life has a way of defying 
narrative conventions. 

4434
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:00,700
The victory should have been the
stories conclusion. 

4435
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:04,500
The two friends were becoming 
too strong and self-assured. 

4436
03:50:04,500 --> 03:50:07,700
According to the gods who 
apparently had not learned from 

4437
03:50:07,700 --> 03:50:11,800
their earlier interventions. 
In the most unjust and unheroic 

4438
03:50:11,800 --> 03:50:14,700
Manner and imaginable. 
They killed enkidu not in 

4439
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:18,900
combat, not valiantly, but 
through illness one of the most 

4440
03:50:18,900 --> 03:50:21,300
relatable scenes in all of 
ancient literature as 

4441
03:50:21,300 --> 03:50:23,400
gilgamesh's response to his 
friends passing. 

4442
03:50:24,200 --> 03:50:27,400
He didn't take it with stoic 
nobility, or use his sorrow to 

4443
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:29,800
act morally, he completely 
collapsed. 

4444
03:50:29,800 --> 03:50:34,000
He was unable to eat sleep or 
comprehend how someone so 

4445
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:37,600
vibrant could just vanish. 
He developed an obsession with 

4446
03:50:37,600 --> 03:50:40,800
figuring out how to bring in 
ki-doo back or at the very least

4447
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:45,800
why death had to be involved. 
His quest to location The Keeper

4448
03:50:45,800 --> 03:50:48,500
of the secret of immortality in 
a survivor of the great flood 

4449
03:50:48,500 --> 03:50:53,800
was motivated by this obsession.
The trip was lengthy risky and 

4450
03:50:53,800 --> 03:50:56,400
full of the kinds of challenges 
that make you wonder if the 

4451
03:50:56,400 --> 03:50:58,400
final destination is worth the 
journey. 

4452
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:03,600
Driven by the simple desperate, 
hope that perhaps just possibly,

4453
03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:05,700
there was a way to undo the 
unfixable. 

4454
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:09,500
He traversed, underworlds 
climbed mountains, and crossed 

4455
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:11,500
deserts. 
He eventually located 

4456
03:51:11,500 --> 03:51:14,600
utnapishtim who listened to his 
story before telling him 

4457
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:16,400
something? 
That was precisely what he 

4458
03:51:16,400 --> 03:51:18,600
needed to know, but wasn't what 
he wanted to hear. 

4459
03:51:20,000 --> 03:51:23,500
According to Aetna, phished him.
Death is what gives life purpose

4460
03:51:23,500 --> 03:51:25,800
and is neither a punishment nor 
an error. 

4461
03:51:26,300 --> 03:51:28,900
There wouldn't be any pressure 
to love create, or make the most

4462
03:51:28,900 --> 03:51:32,400
of our time if there were no 
endings, however, would not be 

4463
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:33,900
steamed. 
Also told Gilgamesh about a 

4464
03:51:33,908 --> 03:51:36,100
plant that could bring back 
youth because ancient Tales 

4465
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:37,900
recognize that wisdom without 
hope. 

4466
03:51:38,500 --> 03:51:42,300
Is simply depression. 
Not exactly a mortality but the 

4467
03:51:42,300 --> 03:51:45,200
opportunity to begin a new to 
apply the lessons. 

4468
03:51:45,200 --> 03:51:46,800
He had learned to a new phase of
his life. 

4469
03:51:46,800 --> 03:51:49,100
The plant was discovered by 
Gilgamesh. 

4470
03:51:50,100 --> 03:51:53,700
He had the ability to turn back 
time, regain his Youth, and have

4471
03:51:53,700 --> 03:51:57,500
another chance at everything. 
Then in a moment of utterly 

4472
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:01,500
human negligence, he put it down
during a bath and a serpent. 

4473
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:03,800
Took it from him. 
You might anticipate that this 

4474
03:52:03,800 --> 03:52:07,000
will be the last crushing blow, 
the point at, which are hero 

4475
03:52:07,000 --> 03:52:09,300
surrenders Gilgamesh, however, 
laughed. 

4476
03:52:09,300 --> 03:52:12,700
Instead, the roof of chuckle of 
someone who has finally figured 

4477
03:52:12,700 --> 03:52:15,900
out the punchline to a cosmic 
joke, rather than the bitter 

4478
03:52:15,900 --> 03:52:19,200
laugh of defeat, He came to the 
realization that he had. 

4479
03:52:19,208 --> 03:52:22,500
Been searching in the wrong 
places for immortality, he was 

4480
03:52:22,500 --> 03:52:26,100
Immortal because of his tale. 
His friendship with enkidu and 

4481
03:52:26,100 --> 03:52:27,900
his quest, comprehend life, and 
death. 

4482
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:30,200
Long. 
After his physical body was 

4483
03:52:30,200 --> 03:52:33,000
gone, they would be remembered 
and cherished told and retold. 

4484
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:35,700
You should see what our 
ancestors had to deal with if 

4485
03:52:35,700 --> 03:52:38,900
you think dating is difficult 
now with its apps and algorithms

4486
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:41,500
and the never-ending debate over
who should pay for coffee. 

4487
03:52:42,200 --> 03:52:44,500
Classic love Tales make the 
drama of contemporary 

4488
03:52:44,500 --> 03:52:46,300
relationships. 
Seemed like a friendly argument 

4489
03:52:46,300 --> 03:52:49,700
about who gets to do the dishes 
first, These were not merely 

4490
03:52:49,700 --> 03:52:52,700
stories about a boy meeting a 
girl falling in love and leading

4491
03:52:52,700 --> 03:52:55,400
a happy life. 
These were epic Tales of 

4492
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:58,200
passion. 
Had the power to literally alter

4493
03:52:58,200 --> 03:53:01,800
the terrain jealousy. 
That could spot conflicts and 

4494
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:05,300
romantic actions that needed 
either divine intervention or 

4495
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:08,600
extremely high, ensuring the 
world's first tragic. 

4496
03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:12,200
Love song Orpheus and eurydice 
was brought to us by the Greeks,

4497
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:14,800
Orpheus was no ordinary 
musician. 

4498
03:53:14,800 --> 03:53:17,800
He was the type of artist who 
could persuade rivers to alter 

4499
03:53:17,800 --> 03:53:20,900
their course, calls trees to 
uproot themselves in order to 

4500
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:24,500
follow his music and most likely
persuade animals to harmonize 

4501
03:53:24,500 --> 03:53:27,300
with his Melodies. 
He was essentially the result of

4502
03:53:27,300 --> 03:53:30,500
combining all of the greatest 
musicians in history and 

4503
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:32,500
endowing them with superhuman 
Powers. 

4504
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:36,500
Because she understood the music
Behind the Music, the silence 

4505
03:53:36,500 --> 03:53:38,000
between the notes that gave his 
art. 

4506
03:53:38,000 --> 03:53:41,800
Meaning eurydice, was his ideal 
match, not because she was a 

4507
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:46,200
passive recipient of his talent.
They seem to communicate in 

4508
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:48,700
their own private language of 
glances and half-formed 

4509
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:50,800
sentences. 
The kind of love that makes 

4510
03:53:50,800 --> 03:53:54,400
other people feel both jealous 
and a little queasy they're 

4511
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:56,000
happily ever after. 
Should have started on their 

4512
03:53:56,000 --> 03:53:59,100
wedding day. 
Rather it served as the Prelude 

4513
03:53:59,100 --> 03:54:01,400
to the sort of tragedy that 
makes you want to shout at the 

4514
03:54:01,408 --> 03:54:04,100
characters to just stay home and
get takeout. 

4515
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:08,300
Eurydice stepped on a snake 
while strolling across a meadow 

4516
03:54:08,300 --> 03:54:10,700
doing. 
Just the kind of naive romantic 

4517
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:13,500
thing that ancient story 
heroines ought to know better by

4518
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:16,500
now. 
Not just any snake, but the kind

4519
03:54:16,500 --> 03:54:20,700
that only shows up in stories to
sabotage moments, she was 

4520
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:24,000
instantly killed by the bite and
Orpheus realized that all of his

4521
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:26,800
musical ability was useless. 
If he couldn't use it to save 

4522
03:54:26,800 --> 03:54:30,400
the one person who met the most 
to him, his grief wasn't the 

4523
03:54:30,400 --> 03:54:34,300
kind of subdued quiet sadness. 
You see in films, it was the 

4524
03:54:34,300 --> 03:54:36,900
unadulterated desperate. 
Kind that pushes you to do 

4525
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:38,400
things. 
You never would have imagined 

4526
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:41,900
you could He made the decision 
to go to the underworld in order

4527
03:54:41,900 --> 03:54:45,600
to retrieve her something that 
no living person had ever tried.

4528
03:54:45,600 --> 03:54:48,800
According to Greek, mythology, 
the underworld was more than 

4529
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:52,100
just a place of punishment. 
It was the cosmic counterpart of

4530
03:54:52,108 --> 03:54:53,900
the most exclusive Club on 
Earth. 

4531
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,100
With a strict admissions policy 
that required death before, one 

4532
03:54:58,100 --> 03:55:00,900
could enter. 
With only his liar and the 

4533
03:55:00,900 --> 03:55:03,600
resolve that comes from having 
nothing left to lose, Orpheus 

4534
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:06,500
appeared at the entrance. 
Either the most romantic gesture

4535
03:55:06,500 --> 03:55:08,900
in history or the most 
spectacular example of failing 

4536
03:55:08,900 --> 03:55:12,200
to know when to give up occurred
next. the entire underworld 

4537
03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:15,800
wept, when Orpheus performed for
Hades and Persephone the king 

4538
03:55:15,800 --> 03:55:20,800
and queen of the Dead, His music
was so Exquisite, so full of 

4539
03:55:20,800 --> 03:55:23,700
real love and loss. 
Eternal punishments. 

4540
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:27,900
Paused the rivers of the Dead 
ceased to flow and death itself.

4541
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:29,700
Appeared to listen for a brief 
moment. 

4542
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:33,500
Hades, who was presumably 
unmoved by anything in his life?

4543
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:36,100
Struck a bargain. 
There was a requirement that 

4544
03:55:36,100 --> 03:55:38,900
Orpheus lead, eurydice out 
without turning around before, 

4545
03:55:38,900 --> 03:55:40,600
she could return to the world of
the living. 

4546
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:45,000
He was unable to look over a 
shoulder for confirmation to see

4547
03:55:45,008 --> 03:55:47,500
if she was following or even to 
catch a glimpse of her 

4548
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:50,400
reflection. 
When someone you love is guide, 

4549
03:55:50,400 --> 03:55:53,500
you, while you're walking in the
dark, you have to have complete 

4550
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:55,700
faith in them. 
Orpheus made it through the 

4551
03:55:55,700 --> 03:55:58,600
majority of the journey. 
He listened for the sound of her

4552
03:55:58,600 --> 03:56:01,900
footsteps behind him as he 
walked steadily upward, while 

4553
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:05,400
guiding her with his liar. 
doubt, however, began to creep 

4554
03:56:05,400 --> 03:56:09,400
in as they got closer to the 
entrance to the world above What

4555
03:56:09,400 --> 03:56:12,600
if all of this was a cruel ruse?
What if she wasn't actually 

4556
03:56:12,600 --> 03:56:14,800
present? 
What if the gods hadn't been 

4557
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:18,100
moved by his love after all 
Orpheus turned around at the 

4558
03:56:18,108 --> 03:56:21,400
last second when Freedom 
appeared Within Reach and 

4559
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:25,500
sunlight was visible ahead. 
He saw eurydice real and 

4560
03:56:25,500 --> 03:56:29,300
beautiful reaching for him and 
then he saw her go away forever.

4561
03:56:30,500 --> 03:56:31,900
There would be no Second 
Chances. 

4562
03:56:31,900 --> 03:56:35,400
No, please for divine pity and 
no cunning deals. 

4563
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:38,400
This time, they had lost 
everything because of his lack 

4564
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:41,000
of faith at the last. 
Crucial Moment, The Narrative 

4565
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:43,900
might conclude there with 
Orpheus receiving a severe 

4566
03:56:43,900 --> 03:56:46,400
lesson in trust and living out 
the remainder of his days 

4567
03:56:46,400 --> 03:56:49,000
writing. 
Gloomy ballads, simple morals. 

4568
03:56:49,000 --> 03:56:52,000
However are insufficient to 
satisfy the love stories of the 

4569
03:56:52,000 --> 03:56:55,600
ancient world. 
Broken by his mistake and loss, 

4570
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:58,700
Orpheus travel the world 
performing Melancholy music that

4571
03:56:58,700 --> 03:57:00,900
moved people to tears for no 
apparent reason. 

4572
03:57:01,900 --> 03:57:05,600
The main ads, Diane's followers,
eventually killed him because 

4573
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:08,400
they were offended by his 
loyalty to his deceased wife and

4574
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:11,700
his unwillingness to move on. 
But the Love Story went on even 

4575
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:15,000
after death. 
Still singing, orpheus's head 

4576
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:17,600
drifted across the sea and Down 
the River to the Island of 

4577
03:57:17,600 --> 03:57:20,000
Lesbos where it turned into an 
oracle. 

4578
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:23,600
Even when death. 
Triumphs some bonds are stronger

4579
03:57:23,600 --> 03:57:26,100
than death. 
As demonstrated by the fact that

4580
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:28,700
his love for eurydice. 
Literally outlasted his physical

4581
03:57:28,700 --> 03:57:31,000
life. 
Norse love stories were similar 

4582
03:57:31,000 --> 03:57:33,500
to relationship counseling 
conducted by people who use 

4583
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:36,400
access to solve problems. 
If Greek love stories were 

4584
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:40,900
complex Consider the tale of 
sigurd and brynhill, which 

4585
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:44,000
somehow incorporates 
misidentification memory loss, 

4586
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,400
family conflicts. 
And the sort of magical meddling

4587
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:49,500
that leaves, you wondering why 
the gods didn't have more 

4588
03:57:49,500 --> 03:57:53,200
enjoyable, pastimes. 
As a typical Norse hero sigurd 

4589
03:57:53,200 --> 03:57:56,500
was strong courageous skilled 
with a sword and exuded the 

4590
03:57:56,500 --> 03:57:59,300
confidence that comes from 
having Divine ancestry and great

4591
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,000
publicity. 
He killed the dragon fafnir 

4592
03:58:02,000 --> 03:58:05,400
claimed a treasure that was 
cursed in its own way and 

4593
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:08,100
essentially made himself into 
the type of man that mothers 

4594
03:58:08,100 --> 03:58:11,000
warned their daughter's about 
that secretly hope will last 

4595
03:58:11,000 --> 03:58:13,500
them to dance. 
One of Odin's, choosers of the 

4596
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:17,900
slain Grinnell was a valkyrie, a
sort of worry cycle, pump and 

4597
03:58:17,900 --> 03:58:19,600
career advisor for fallen 
heroes. 

4598
03:58:20,600 --> 03:58:23,500
Odin had cursed her to sleep 
until a hero courageous enough. 

4599
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:25,000
To Brave. 
A ring of fire, woke her up 

4600
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:27,600
because she had heard by 
assisting the wrong person in a 

4601
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:29,500
battle. 
It was similar to Sleeping 

4602
03:58:29,500 --> 03:58:32,800
Beauty, but it placed less focus
on Hallmarks and more on 

4603
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:35,900
fighting skills. 
It was love at first sight or at

4604
03:58:35,900 --> 03:58:40,200
least, at first Awakening, when 
sigurd discovered her encircled 

4605
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:43,600
by flames and looking strikingly
beautiful in her Enchanted, 

4606
03:58:43,600 --> 03:58:47,200
sleep, With all the further and 
conviction of those who have 

4607
03:58:47,200 --> 03:58:49,700
never had to deal with the 
difficulties of truly 

4608
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:53,200
cohabitating on a daily basis. 
They committed themselves to one

4609
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:56,900
another however, complications 
arose because this is a North 

4610
03:58:56,900 --> 03:58:59,400
tale and the gods get anxious 
when people are happy. 

4611
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:03,000
A potion that completely erased,
brynhill was administered to 

4612
03:59:03,008 --> 03:59:07,100
seagood, who married King Yuki's
daughter goudron while under its

4613
03:59:07,100 --> 03:59:10,000
influence. 
Try explaining magical memory 

4614
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:13,100
loss to someone whose heart you 
just broke even though it wasn't

4615
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:16,300
exactly his fault. 
In the meantime, Brynn, who 

4616
03:59:16,300 --> 03:59:19,400
still thought so good loved her 
was duped into marrying. 

4617
03:59:19,400 --> 03:59:22,300
Goodrum's brother gonna by means
of a complex ruse in which 

4618
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:25,400
sigurd pretended to be someone 
else and obtained her hand in 

4619
03:59:25,400 --> 03:59:28,700
marriage on Gunners behalf. 
It's the sort of plot that makes

4620
03:59:28,700 --> 03:59:31,200
you appreciate the relative 
Simplicity of contemporary 

4621
03:59:31,200 --> 03:59:33,700
dating apps and assess Tates of 
flowchart. 

4622
03:59:33,700 --> 03:59:36,900
The situation went from 
complicated to disastrous when 

4623
03:59:36,900 --> 03:59:40,000
the magic wore off and everyone 
realized what to truly happened.

4624
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,400
Could run that her husband's 
heart belonged to someone else. 

4625
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:46,700
She good recalled. 
His true love Grinnell realized 

4626
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,800
she'd been duped and Gunna found
himself married to a woman who 

4627
03:59:49,800 --> 03:59:52,400
was planning to murder. 
His brother in law, everyone 

4628
03:59:52,400 --> 03:59:56,200
died but they did it with 
dignity and style which is a 

4629
03:59:56,200 --> 03:59:59,600
quintessential Norse resolution 
in order for them to die 

4630
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:03,500
together, brined, sigurd murder 
and then took her own life. 

4631
04:00:04,200 --> 04:00:06,200
Gonna lost both his 
brother-in-law and his wife 

4632
04:00:06,200 --> 04:00:10,500
Goodrum was left a widow and the
entire tragic mess became the 

4633
04:00:10,500 --> 04:00:14,200
focus of Epic poems that are 
still told today, let's face it.

4634
04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:17,500
The majority of these old love 
stories don't have happy ending 

4635
04:00:17,500 --> 04:00:19,900
which isn't what makes them so 
captivating. 

4636
04:00:19,900 --> 04:00:23,400
It's their understanding that 
love is both the most potent and

4637
04:00:23,400 --> 04:00:25,600
the most perilous force in Human
Experience. 

4638
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:29,100
Love has the power to motivate 
people to do, Unthinkable, 

4639
04:00:29,100 --> 04:00:32,100
bravery and devotional Deeds, 
but it can also lead them to 

4640
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,600
make incredibly bad choices that
have an impact on entire 

4641
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:37,200
Kingdoms. 
In addition to themselves, 

4642
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:40,200
ancient storytellers, recognize 
something that contemporary 

4643
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:43,600
romance, occasionally overlooks,
that the intensity of Love is 

4644
04:00:43,600 --> 04:00:46,700
directly correlated with its 
capacity for both creation and 

4645
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:49,700
destruction. 
These weren't sterile fairy, 

4646
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:52,600
tales about meeting your true 
love and leading a conflict-free

4647
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:55,000
life. 
They were candid admissions. 

4648
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:57,800
That love is a complex messy, 
often a logical and 

4649
04:00:57,800 --> 04:01:01,300
fundamentally Human Experience. 
Every family has that one 

4650
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:05,300
relative who unexpectedly attend
events makes a fence of jokes 

4651
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:08,600
break, something Priceless 
somehow adds interest to the 

4652
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,500
event and leaves, you wondering,
if you should give them a hug or

4653
04:01:11,500 --> 04:01:13,900
keep the nice China for yourself
the next time. 

4654
04:01:14,700 --> 04:01:16,900
These characters are known as 
tricksters in mythology. 

4655
04:01:16,900 --> 04:01:20,300
There are also more than just 
stories about bad behavior or 

4656
04:01:20,300 --> 04:01:23,300
comedic relief the other 
changemakers and Cosmic 

4657
04:01:23,300 --> 04:01:26,400
comedians who serve as a 
reminder that sometimes the most

4658
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:28,400
surprising answers lead to the 
best answers. 

4659
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,100
Thanks to recent Motion, 
Pictures Loki. 

4660
04:01:31,100 --> 04:01:34,100
Has arguably the most well, 
known trickster of all time, but

4661
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:38,000
the Hollywood adaptation hardly 
captures his complexity, a 

4662
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:40,500
villain with good cheekbones and
daddy issues wasn't all that. 

4663
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:44,500
The Norse Loki was he was the 
god of necessary complications 

4664
04:01:44,500 --> 04:01:47,500
the Divine representation of the
idea that sometimes things must 

4665
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:51,100
be broken in order to be 
properly fixed, Loki's 

4666
04:01:51,100 --> 04:01:53,600
relationship with the other gods
was similar to that of a friend 

4667
04:01:53,608 --> 04:01:56,600
who always comes up with the 
most absurd solution to any 

4668
04:01:56,600 --> 04:02:00,100
issue and somehow succeed. 
So frequently that people can 

4669
04:02:00,100 --> 04:02:04,700
continue to listen to him, he 
wasn't inherently bad, rather he

4670
04:02:04,700 --> 04:02:07,400
was the type of person who 
brings up awkward topics during 

4671
04:02:07,400 --> 04:02:09,700
family, gatherings and calls out
hypocrisy. 

4672
04:02:09,700 --> 04:02:12,700
When the gods decided that 
Asgard needed more security, 

4673
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:15,100
they hired a builder who said 
they could, Create an 

4674
04:02:15,100 --> 04:02:16,800
impregnable wall in a single 
season. 

4675
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:21,300
Cost, the goddess, freyja the 
Moon, and the Sun. 

4676
04:02:22,200 --> 04:02:24,600
The gods agreed because they 
were certain the Builder 

4677
04:02:24,600 --> 04:02:26,900
couldn't possibly meet the 
deadline even though it was 

4678
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:29,300
clearly a bad deal. 
The kind of contract that makes 

4679
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:32,600
you wonder if anyone actually 
reads the fine print naturally. 

4680
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:36,600
The Builder had a secret weapon.
Svadilfari a magnificent 

4681
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:38,600
stallion capable of moving 
stones. 

4682
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:40,600
That should have taken an entire
crew of workers. 

4683
04:02:40,600 --> 04:02:43,700
The gods realized they were 
going to lose some of their most

4684
04:02:43,700 --> 04:02:46,900
precious possessions to what was
effectively an extremely costly 

4685
04:02:46,900 --> 04:02:50,200
construction project as the 
deadline Drew closer and the 

4686
04:02:50,208 --> 04:02:51,800
wall. 
Got closer to completion. 

4687
04:02:51,800 --> 04:02:54,800
Loki's unique approach to 
problem-solving was helpful in 

4688
04:02:54,800 --> 04:02:58,100
this situation. 
In a typically unorthodox move, 

4689
04:02:58,100 --> 04:03:01,500
he changed into a mayor and 
enticed saddle Faria away just 

4690
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:04,300
in time, to prevent the Builder 
from completing the wall. 

4691
04:03:05,300 --> 04:03:08,500
The plan was successful but it 
had an unintended consequence. 

4692
04:03:08,500 --> 04:03:12,200
Loki gave birth to slight near 
an eight-legged horse. 

4693
04:03:12,200 --> 04:03:15,200
That became Odin's Mount and 
possibly the most peculiar 

4694
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:18,700
addition to any family tree in 
mythological history, tricksters

4695
04:03:18,700 --> 04:03:20,900
are willing to pay personal 
costs to solve problems. 

4696
04:03:20,900 --> 04:03:24,600
That everyone else is too proud 
to dignified or two traditional 

4697
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:26,600
to handle as the story 
demonstrates. 

4698
04:03:27,700 --> 04:03:31,100
Not only did Loki save the gods 
from a bad deal but he also 

4699
04:03:31,100 --> 04:03:32,800
effectively and strangely 
embodied. 

4700
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:35,600
The solution tricksters, 
however, are not exclusively 

4701
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:39,000
Norse of all the chaos agents 
and Nancy the spider. 

4702
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:42,400
The West African custom is 
arguably the most endearing. 

4703
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:45,100
A Nancy was more of a Purpose 
Driven. 

4704
04:03:45,100 --> 04:03:46,900
Strategic Troublemaker than 
Loki. 

4705
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:50,000
Whose tricks frequently had 
unexpected repercussions that 

4706
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:54,400
descended into Cosmic drama. 
He redistributed resources power

4707
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,100
and knowledge from those who 
hoarded them to those who needed

4708
04:03:57,100 --> 04:03:59,700
them rather than causing chaos 
for its own sake. 

4709
04:03:59,700 --> 04:04:03,700
Not merely a family tragedy, the
story of Osiris is death and 

4710
04:04:03,700 --> 04:04:06,500
Resurrection, became a model for
comprehending, how life can 

4711
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:10,600
emerge from Death, how chaos can
be brought back to order and how

4712
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:14,400
love can overcome destruction 
with perseverance wisdom, and 

4713
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:18,000
truly amazing, magical 
abilities, In addition to 

4714
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:21,400
Reviving, her husband, Isis 
changed the Egyptians perception

4715
04:04:21,400 --> 04:04:23,700
of death and what possibilities 
be on it. 

4716
04:04:23,700 --> 04:04:26,900
Compared to the gods of the 
Greeks and Egyptians the gods of

4717
04:04:26,908 --> 04:04:29,600
the Hindu tradition were both 
more Cosmic and more intimate. 

4718
04:04:29,600 --> 04:04:32,800
These were not merely strong 
creatures with human-like 

4719
04:04:32,800 --> 04:04:35,400
personalities. 
They were facets of a Divine 

4720
04:04:35,400 --> 04:04:38,900
reality so vast and intricate 
that it needed to take on 

4721
04:04:38,900 --> 04:04:41,700
several forms in order for human
Minds to understand it, 

4722
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:43,700
depending on which story you 
were hearing. 

4723
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:46,100
And what lesson needed to be 
taught Krishna. 

4724
04:04:46,100 --> 04:04:49,000
One of the most adored Hindu 
gods, was able to be a cosmic 

4725
04:04:49,000 --> 04:04:53,300
principle, a mischievous child, 
a romantic hero, a wise teacher,

4726
04:04:53,300 --> 04:04:55,400
and a Divine Warrior all at 
once. 

4727
04:04:56,300 --> 04:04:59,300
During his childhood he gained 
notoriety for stealing butter, 

4728
04:04:59,300 --> 04:05:02,900
concealing clothing, from women 
who are bathing and generally 

4729
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:05,500
acting like the most endearing 
young criminal in the world. 

4730
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:08,200
As an adult. 
He served as the warrior 

4731
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:11,100
arjuna's charioteer, and 
spiritual Mentor in the bug of 

4732
04:05:11,108 --> 04:05:14,000
Adida imparting. 
Some of the most profound 

4733
04:05:14,000 --> 04:05:16,000
philosophical lessons in human 
history. 

4734
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:18,800
As arrows flew past them on a 
battlefield. 

4735
04:05:18,800 --> 04:05:21,700
Krishna stories are lovely 
because they cover the whole 

4736
04:05:21,700 --> 04:05:25,100
range of Human Experience. 
He is more than just a distant 

4737
04:05:25,100 --> 04:05:28,400
Divine being giving advice from 
above as a grown teacher. 

4738
04:05:28,400 --> 04:05:31,100
He is aware of the weight of 
Duty and moral responsibility. 

4739
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:35,200
A complexity of love and 
relationships as young man and 

4740
04:05:35,200 --> 04:05:37,100
the joy of stealing candy, as a 
child. 

4741
04:05:37,100 --> 04:05:41,600
He literally possesses 
multitudes and his tales servers

4742
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:45,500
are reminded that if we know how
to seek it out to his woven 

4743
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:48,200
throughout every moment of life 
and is not distinct from the 

4744
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:51,500
everyday Human Experience. 
The tilting Bridget however is 

4745
04:05:51,500 --> 04:05:54,100
allegedly the most intriguing to
from any tradition. 

4746
04:05:54,100 --> 04:05:58,100
She was able to be both a pagan 
goddess and a Christian Saints. 

4747
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:00,300
Without anyone seem to find this
particularly odd. 

4748
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:04,400
She was the goddess of healing 
Smith craft, and poetry three 

4749
04:06:04,400 --> 04:06:06,100
disciplines. 
That may not seem connected 

4750
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:09,300
until you can consider that they
are all about transforming raw 

4751
04:06:09,300 --> 04:06:13,000
materials into something more 
complete beautiful or useful 

4752
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:15,900
than they were before. 
Bridget's Forge was more than 

4753
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:19,400
just a place to shape metal. 
It was a place to pound words 

4754
04:06:19,400 --> 04:06:23,300
out of inspiration to strengthen
broken objects and to turn the 

4755
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:25,400
common. 
Materials of life into something

4756
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:28,300
that could be used for both 
utilitarian and religious 

4757
04:06:28,300 --> 04:06:30,900
purposes. 
She realized that when spiritual

4758
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:33,700
work and daily work are done 
with love skill and attention. 

4759
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:36,000
There is no real difference 
between the two. 

4760
04:06:36,000 --> 04:06:38,200
The stories of Brigid did not 
vanish. 

4761
04:06:38,200 --> 04:06:41,600
When Christianity arrived in 
Ireland, rather they changed 

4762
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,700
somewhat. 
The goddess was transformed into

4763
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:48,600
Saint Brigid and for centuries. 
Nuns cared for her sacred fires 

4764
04:06:48,600 --> 04:06:50,800
in convents. 
Though, they were no longer 

4765
04:06:50,800 --> 04:06:53,800
regarded as the abilities of 
ancient Celtic deity. 

4766
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:56,600
The talent. 
She bestowed, poetry 

4767
04:06:56,600 --> 04:07:00,400
craftsmanship and healing were 
now recognized as gifts from the

4768
04:07:00,400 --> 04:07:04,200
Christian God It was the 
Pinnacle of cultural adaptation 

4769
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:07,200
respecting, both traditional 
knowledge and contemporary 

4770
04:07:07,200 --> 04:07:10,200
insights without asking anyone 
to give up what had always 

4771
04:07:10,208 --> 04:07:12,700
worked for them. 
Let's now discuss Monster's 

4772
04:07:12,700 --> 04:07:15,700
which are essential to any good 
story and were present in some 

4773
04:07:15,700 --> 04:07:18,000
genuinely amazing ancient 
mythologies. 

4774
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:21,300
However, these were merely 
arbitrary frightening objects 

4775
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:25,000
meant to give people nightmares.
They were fears given shape and 

4776
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:29,500
anxieties, disgust scales clause
and multiple heads and issues 

4777
04:07:29,500 --> 04:07:33,200
that needed Heroes magic. 
Or at the very least excellent 

4778
04:07:33,200 --> 04:07:35,900
running shoes because they 
couldn't be resolved with common

4779
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:38,500
sense. 
This thing's original with wings

4780
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:41,200
and a very short fuse was a gift
from the Greeks. 

4781
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:44,300
Imagine what would happen if 
someone asked to commit of 

4782
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:47,200
nightmare designers to create 
the most challenging client? 

4783
04:07:48,000 --> 04:07:51,600
Imagine a creature that has the 
head of a woman, the wings of an

4784
04:07:51,600 --> 04:07:55,800
eagle and the body of a lion. 
In addition to eating people, 

4785
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:58,100
the Sphinx required them to pass
a test. 

4786
04:07:58,800 --> 04:08:00,200
And failing it meant that they 
would perish. 

4787
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:02,300
Not only was her. 
Well, known riddle. 

4788
04:08:02,300 --> 04:08:04,400
What walks on? 
Four legs in the morning? 

4789
04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:06,900
Two legs at noon and three legs 
in the evening. 

4790
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:11,200
Clever wordplay exercise. 
It was a question about the 

4791
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:15,100
state of humanity, how we 
evolved over time and the phases

4792
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:16,900
of life that everyone must 
experience. 

4793
04:08:16,900 --> 04:08:20,300
If they are fortunate enough to 
live that long, the monster was 

4794
04:08:20,300 --> 04:08:23,600
defending a basic reality about 
life, not just a city. 

4795
04:08:24,400 --> 04:08:27,500
As Finks became so irate at 
having her riddle solve that she

4796
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:29,800
threw herself off a cliff when 
he needed his gave the right 

4797
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:34,000
response that humans crawl as 
infants, walk up writers adults 

4798
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:38,100
and use Kane's in old age. 
All though, it's a dramatic 

4799
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:40,100
response. 
You have to respect her 

4800
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:43,300
dedication to her work. 
She was more than a Monster who 

4801
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:46,000
enjoyed riddles. 
She was the embodiment of the 

4802
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:49,300
question's that haunt people at 
night and her mission was 

4803
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:51,000
accomplished. 
Once those questions were 

4804
04:08:51,000 --> 04:08:54,400
resolved but Medusa whose tail 
has been repeated and 

4805
04:08:54,400 --> 04:08:57,000
reinterpreted so many times that
it's easy to forget. 

4806
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:00,600
The original tragedy was perhaps
the most psychologically complex

4807
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:04,100
monster in Greek mythology. 
She was not born a monster 

4808
04:09:04,100 --> 04:09:07,900
rather, she was made into one as
retribution for being attacked 

4809
04:09:07,900 --> 04:09:10,800
in the temple of Athena. 
Rather than punishing her 

4810
04:09:10,800 --> 04:09:14,000
assailant Athena punished, the 
victim by transforming her, 

4811
04:09:14,000 --> 04:09:17,300
lovely hair into snakes and 
cursing her with a look that 

4812
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:19,500
would make anyone who saw her 
Turn to Stone. 

4813
04:09:19,500 --> 04:09:22,700
Take a moment to consider the 
horror of Medusa's existence. 

4814
04:09:23,400 --> 04:09:27,200
She was isolated in a way that 
most people can't comprehended 

4815
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,400
literally Untouchable and unable
to look at another person. 

4816
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:33,100
Without killing them. 
She became the embodiment of 

4817
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:37,300
both female anger and female 
helplessness She was dangerous 

4818
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:39,900
to everyone who came into 
contact with her, but she was 

4819
04:09:39,900 --> 04:09:41,700
unable to turn that danger into 
anything. 

4820
04:09:41,700 --> 04:09:45,100
Positive, it took cunning and 
divine help for Perseus to kill 

4821
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:47,000
her in the end, not bravery or 
strength. 

4822
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:50,200
He effectively turned her own 
power against her, by using a 

4823
04:09:50,200 --> 04:09:52,600
mirror Shield to get close to 
her without looking into her 

4824
04:09:52,600 --> 04:09:55,700
eyes. 
However, Medusa was not 

4825
04:09:55,700 --> 04:09:58,200
helpless. 
Even in death, her blood turned 

4826
04:09:58,200 --> 04:10:01,700
into a poison that killed and a 
medicine that healed and Her 

4827
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:04,900
Image became a symbol of 
protection reminding evil that 

4828
04:10:04,900 --> 04:10:08,000
some types of suffering, give 
one strength, that is unbeatable

4829
04:10:08,000 --> 04:10:10,000
like everything else in North 
mythology. 

4830
04:10:10,000 --> 04:10:13,300
The Norse have their own unique 
perspective on Monster's and it 

4831
04:10:13,308 --> 04:10:15,900
was more nuanced and ethically 
dubious than you might think. 

4832
04:10:17,000 --> 04:10:20,800
One of Loki's children was the 
world, serpent German Ganda. 

4833
04:10:21,400 --> 04:10:24,100
Which was so big that it 
encircled the entire world and 

4834
04:10:24,100 --> 04:10:27,100
held onto its own tail. 
It wasn't intentionally 

4835
04:10:27,100 --> 04:10:30,700
malevolent, it was simply so 
massive that it's very existence

4836
04:10:30,700 --> 04:10:33,500
posed in an inherent threat, to 
the stability of the universe. 

4837
04:10:33,500 --> 04:10:37,000
The God of Thunder Thor was 
destined to battle Yeoman 

4838
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:37,900
Gander. 
At the end of the world 

4839
04:10:37,900 --> 04:10:40,700
Ragnarok, both would perish in 
the conflict. 

4840
04:10:40,700 --> 04:10:44,400
The serpent from Thor's, hammer 
and Thor, from the Serpent's 

4841
04:10:44,400 --> 04:10:47,600
poison It was a perfect 
illustration of the Norse 

4842
04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:49,800
understanding that sometimes 
there are no winners in 

4843
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,700
conflicts and that the best 
course of action is to make sure

4844
04:10:52,700 --> 04:10:54,700
that destruction serves a 
greater good. 

4845
04:10:54,700 --> 04:10:59,900
However, fenrir the wolf and one
of Loki's Offspring was arguably

4846
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:01,700
the most fascinating Norse 
monster. 

4847
04:11:02,600 --> 04:11:05,200
Knowing from prophecy, that 
fenrir would ultimately kill 

4848
04:11:05,200 --> 04:11:07,700
Odin. 
The gods chose to bind the wolf 

4849
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:11,200
with an unbreakable chain rather
than attempting to stop this 

4850
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:14,900
fate with wisdom or kindness. 
It took cunning to bind him, 

4851
04:11:14,900 --> 04:11:18,500
they persuaded fenrir that it 
was a test of his strength and 

4852
04:11:18,500 --> 04:11:21,000
then wouldn't let him go when he
demonstrated that he couldn't 

4853
04:11:21,000 --> 04:11:25,200
escape the tale of fenrir is the
ideal example of how attempting 

4854
04:11:25,200 --> 04:11:28,200
to avert a future, that is 
feared can actually bring it 

4855
04:11:28,200 --> 04:11:31,900
about, even though the wolf had 
done nothing wrong, the gods 

4856
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:35,600
treatment of him, chaining him 
was precisely the kind of 

4857
04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:38,400
Injustice, that would incite the
Roth required to carry out the 

4858
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:40,700
prophecy because they were 
afraid of him. 

4859
04:11:40,700 --> 04:11:43,300
They made their own enemy 
demonstrating. 

4860
04:11:43,300 --> 04:11:46,300
That sometimes the most 
dangerous monsters are the ones 

4861
04:11:46,300 --> 04:11:49,400
we create for ourselves the 
Banshee, arguably the most 

4862
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:52,300
psychologically complex monstro 
of all has Celtic Roots. 

4863
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,500
She was grief personified, the 
embodiment of lost that some 

4864
04:11:56,500 --> 04:12:00,200
families experience over many 
generations, but she wasn't evil

4865
04:12:00,200 --> 04:12:03,300
in the traditional sense. 
Death was announced by her way 

4866
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:07,100
but she did not call it. 
She only recognized it gave it a

4867
04:12:07,100 --> 04:12:10,700
voice and made it impossible to 
downplay or ignore the Banshee. 

4868
04:12:10,700 --> 04:12:12,800
Recognized a crucial aspect of 
human nature. 

4869
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:17,100
We require our sorrows losses 
and pain to be seen as genuine 

4870
04:12:17,100 --> 04:12:20,100
and noteworthy. 
She was Dreadful not because she

4871
04:12:20,100 --> 04:12:22,900
brought death, but rather 
because she made people face 

4872
04:12:22,900 --> 04:12:25,600
their mortality and the 
knowledge that everyone they 

4873
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:27,400
cared about would eventually 
pass away. 

4874
04:12:27,400 --> 04:12:31,800
However, she was also consoling 
in her own way, her presence 

4875
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:35,100
demonstrated that death had 
purpose that the Universe did 

4876
04:12:35,100 --> 04:12:37,900
not disregard loss, and that 
there was someone whose 

4877
04:12:37,900 --> 04:12:40,600
responsibility, it was to grieve
for the deceased in a dignified 

4878
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:44,200
manner She was the cosmic 
counterpart of the friend. 

4879
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:47,200
Who attends funerals brings 
casseroles to bereaved families 

4880
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:50,000
and ensures that no one must go 
through life's darkest times 

4881
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:53,300
alone as our journey through the
world of ancient stories draws 

4882
04:12:53,300 --> 04:12:56,000
to a close. 
It is worthwhile to pause and 

4883
04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:58,900
reflect on the kind of magic 
that didn't require heroic 

4884
04:12:58,900 --> 04:13:02,800
quests or divine intervention. 
Commonplace enchantments that 

4885
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:05,300
made everyday life, a little 
more bearable, a little more 

4886
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:07,900
meaningful and a little more 
connected to the greater 

4887
04:13:07,900 --> 04:13:10,800
mysteries of existence, the most
significant magic occurs. 

4888
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:13,900
In the pauses between the 
dramatic moments in the everyday

4889
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:16,800
rituals that bind us to one 
another and the cycles of 

4890
04:13:16,808 --> 04:13:19,500
nature. 
This is something that ancient 

4891
04:13:19,500 --> 04:13:22,300
people's understood but we 
occasionally forget in our 

4892
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:24,600
haste, to separate the logical 
from the miraculous. 

4893
04:13:24,600 --> 04:13:28,600
This is beautifully illustrated 
by the Japanese concept of Kami 

4894
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:32,900
often translated as gods or 
Spirits coming are actually more

4895
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,300
like the Divine Essence, that 
permeates everything, including 

4896
04:13:36,300 --> 04:13:40,600
every tree Rock. 
River, Mountain well-made tool 

4897
04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:44,900
act of kindness and incidents of
flawless, attention to a 

4898
04:13:44,900 --> 04:13:47,700
straightforward task. 
The word itself, implies 

4899
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:51,900
something above or superior, but
not in the sense of being, far, 

4900
04:13:51,900 --> 04:13:56,000
away or unreachable. 
Instead it's the characteristic 

4901
04:13:56,000 --> 04:13:59,000
that when experienced with the 
appropriate level of awareness, 

4902
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:03,200
elevates ordinary things to 
extraordinary a master Potter 

4903
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:06,300
does more than simply mold. 
Clay, they work with the fire, 

4904
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,300
the army of the earth and their 
own hands to create something, 

4905
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:12,800
useful and beautiful. 
By learning to work with whether

4906
04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:16,300
soil and seasons in ways that 
respect both ecological balance 

4907
04:14:16,300 --> 04:14:18,600
and human needs. 
A gardener engages. 

4908
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,500
In the continuous dialogue 
between human intention and 

4909
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:24,800
natural processes. 
This Insight transforms every 

4910
04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:27,900
activity into a possible 
spiritual practice every 

4911
04:14:27,900 --> 04:14:31,400
beautifully, crafted item into a
form of prayer and every 

4912
04:14:31,400 --> 04:14:34,100
encounter with nature into a 
chance to connect with something

4913
04:14:34,100 --> 04:14:37,900
greater than personal worries, 
Its transformation. 

4914
04:14:37,900 --> 04:14:42,300
Without the drama magic without 
the fireworks and Transcendence.

4915
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:45,100
Found in giving, whatever task 
at hand, your whole attention 

4916
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:48,600
through its understanding of 
thin places, places. 

4917
04:14:48,600 --> 04:14:51,300
Where the line separating, the 
everyday World from the other 

4918
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:54,800
world becomes permeable, where 
magic is not only possible but 

4919
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:57,700
nearly inevitable. 
The Celtic tradition provides a 

4920
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:00,700
similar viewpoint. 
These could be ancient Groves or

4921
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:04,400
stone circles, but they could 
also be Well's Crossroads or 

4922
04:15:04,400 --> 04:15:07,100
even specific times of day, when
the light falls in a particular 

4923
04:15:07,100 --> 04:15:10,500
way and everything seems more 
significant alive, an 

4924
04:15:10,500 --> 04:15:13,800
interconnected, the realization 
that thin places aren't merely 

4925
04:15:13,800 --> 04:15:16,000
specific places. 
But rather States Of 

4926
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:19,700
Consciousness that can be 
developed anywhere, however was 

4927
04:15:19,700 --> 04:15:22,300
the most significant realization
in Celtic spirituality. 

4928
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,200
When you learn to approach 
everyday situations with the 

4929
04:15:26,200 --> 04:15:29,700
same level of reverence and 
attention, typically, reserved 

4930
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:33,100
for formal religious practices, 
the real magic happens. 

4931
04:15:33,800 --> 04:15:36,400
Taking care of a fire becomes. 
A means of taking part in the 

4932
04:15:36,408 --> 04:15:38,500
cosmic dance between order and 
entropy. 

4933
04:15:39,000 --> 04:15:41,800
Cooking becomes an offering to 
the spirits of the home and 

4934
04:15:41,800 --> 04:15:43,700
washing dishes. 
Becomes a meditation on the 

4935
04:15:43,708 --> 04:15:47,300
element of water, the knowledge 
that everything location and 

4936
04:15:47,300 --> 04:15:51,200
creature has a spirit and a 
story of its own and that wisdom

4937
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:54,200
arises from learning to listen 
to these stories with humility 

4938
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:57,000
and respect. 
His derived from native American

4939
04:15:57,000 --> 04:16:00,600
traditions, a rock is more than 
just a mineral formation. 

4940
04:16:00,600 --> 04:16:04,200
It is an elder who is seen in 
numerable seasons and has its 

4941
04:16:04,200 --> 04:16:06,300
own wisdom about patience 
endurance. 

4942
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:09,900
And the gradual change of 
Landscapes over time this 

4943
04:16:09,900 --> 04:16:11,700
Viewpoint completely changes 
help. 

4944
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:15,300
People interact with nature, you
start to see your self as a part

4945
04:16:15,300 --> 04:16:18,400
of a continuous dialogue that 
has been going on for thousands 

4946
04:16:18,400 --> 04:16:22,100
of years before you arrived and 
will continue long after you 

4947
04:16:22,100 --> 04:16:24,200
leave. 
Rather than as a collection of 

4948
04:16:24,200 --> 04:16:27,800
resources to be used or 
challenges to overcome finding 

4949
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:30,400
your place in this conversation 
and adding your voice. 

4950
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:33,100
While paying attention to 
everyone else's is more 

4951
04:16:33,100 --> 04:16:36,200
important than trying to control
or dominate it something 

4952
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:37,800
similar. 
But even more thorough is 

4953
04:16:37,808 --> 04:16:40,700
encapsulated in the Aboriginal 
Australian concept of country. 

4954
04:16:41,500 --> 04:16:43,900
The living system of 
relationships between land 

4955
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:46,100
water, plants animals, 
ancestors. 

4956
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:49,300
And descendants defines your 
identity and responsibilities. 

4957
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:52,900
It is not just the place. 
You happen to live in the sense 

4958
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:55,300
that your identity is 
inextricably linked to the 

4959
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:58,200
network of relationships that 
supports all life, you are 

4960
04:16:58,208 --> 04:17:01,800
country not just from it because
everything you do has an impact 

4961
04:17:01,800 --> 04:17:04,900
on the overall systems Balance 
and Health, this knowledge makes

4962
04:17:04,900 --> 04:17:08,800
every action meaningful. 
Taking water from a spring is 

4963
04:17:08,800 --> 04:17:10,300
more than just a practical 
issue. 

4964
04:17:10,300 --> 04:17:13,600
It's a way to communicate with 
the water spirits and calls for 

4965
04:17:13,600 --> 04:17:17,500
appreciation, acknowledgment and
close attention to reciprocity. 

4966
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:21,000
Foraging is only one aspect of 
gathering food plants. 

4967
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:24,300
Another is engaging in a 
relationship that necessitates 

4968
04:17:24,300 --> 04:17:28,000
understanding the seasons. 
Migration patterns, soil 

4969
04:17:28,000 --> 04:17:31,300
conditions, and the requirements
of all other organisms that 

4970
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:34,900
share resources, developing the 
sensitivity and wisdom to live 

4971
04:17:34,900 --> 04:17:37,700
in harmony with all the forces, 
both visible and invisible 

4972
04:17:37,700 --> 04:17:40,700
human. 
And more than humans that enable

4973
04:17:40,700 --> 04:17:43,800
life is what all these 
Traditions have in common rather

4974
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:45,400
than gaining control over the 
world. 

4975
04:17:46,200 --> 04:17:49,200
They acknowledge that rather 
than existing independently of 

4976
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:51,300
nature. 
Humans are merely one species 

4977
04:17:51,300 --> 04:17:54,000
within a complex, web of 
interdependence that 

4978
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:58,000
necessitates ongoing care 
support and Care supernatural, 

4979
04:17:58,000 --> 04:18:00,800
abilities, or drastic changes 
are not promised by this type of

4980
04:18:00,800 --> 04:18:04,200
commonplace Magic. 
Rather it provides something, 

4981
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:08,200
perhaps more valuable a way of 
life that acknowledges the 

4982
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:11,200
sacred aspect of everyday life 
that finds connection and 

4983
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:13,000
meaning in the most basic 
activities. 

4984
04:18:13,000 --> 04:18:16,200
And that turns everyday life 
into a continuous spiritual 

4985
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:19,000
practice without, requiring 
anyone to give up their 

4986
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:22,500
obligations or withdraw from 
society, you may be wondering 

4987
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:25,500
what exactly were supposed to do
with all these stories of gods 

4988
04:18:25,500 --> 04:18:29,000
and heroes monsters. 
And tricksters tragic love 

4989
04:18:29,000 --> 04:18:33,000
stories and creation myths. 
That start with chaos as our 

4990
04:18:33,000 --> 04:18:35,100
journey through these old, Tales
comes to an end. 

4991
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:38,500
These aren't merely amusing 
artifacts from the early days of

4992
04:18:38,500 --> 04:18:41,000
humanity. 
They are inheritance records 

4993
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:45,000
cycle, maps, and guides to 
navigate, the intricacies of 

4994
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:48,200
life that haven't evolved as 
much as we may believe the 

4995
04:18:48,200 --> 04:18:50,700
ancient storytellers recognized 
something that are modern 

4996
04:18:50,700 --> 04:18:52,400
culture. 
Occasionally finds difficult to 

4997
04:18:52,400 --> 04:18:55,100
grasp. 
Wisdom isn't just about learning

4998
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:57,500
new things or using cunning to 
solve problems. 

4999
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:01,000
It involves cultivating, the 
ability to live with uncertainty

5000
04:19:01,000 --> 04:19:05,400
to find purpose in flaws to hold
on to hope when loss is 

5001
04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:08,900
unavoidable and to acknowledge 
the sacred aspect of Every Day. 

5002
04:19:08,900 --> 04:19:11,500
Life, think about the 
beginning's described in the 

5003
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:15,200
creation stories, They make no 
guarantees about the neatness 

5004
04:19:15,200 --> 04:19:17,500
orderliness or predictability of
beginning. 

5005
04:19:17,500 --> 04:19:22,000
Anything worthwhile be at a new 
way of life, a relationship, a 

5006
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:26,600
universe or a creative endeavor.
Rather they recognize that all 

5007
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:29,200
significant Creations. 
Come from some kind of chaos, 

5008
04:19:29,200 --> 04:19:33,600
necessitate, the dismantling of 
earlier plans, and entails some 

5009
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,400
trial and error that cannot be 
prevented by better planning 

5010
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:40,800
according to the Babylonian tale
of Marduk and Tiamat, sometimes 

5011
04:19:40,800 --> 04:19:43,900
progress, necessitates a direct 
confrontation, with the past, 

5012
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:46,900
not to destroy it, out of 
resentment or impatience. 

5013
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:50,300
But to respect what it is given 
us while making room for New 

5014
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,700
Opportunities, we are reminded 
that every beginning, entails 

5015
04:19:53,700 --> 04:19:56,800
letting go of something else 
that this letting go is a 

5016
04:19:56,800 --> 04:19:59,400
necessary part of the process, 
rather than a result of poor 

5017
04:19:59,400 --> 04:20:02,100
planning by the Norse, 
understanding that creation 

5018
04:20:02,100 --> 04:20:05,500
necessitate, sacrifice that 
Emmys, death was required for 

5019
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:07,900
the world's birth. 
Perhaps the most advanced 

5020
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:10,200
interpretation of all is 
provided by the Aboriginal 

5021
04:20:10,200 --> 04:20:13,900
concept of the dream time which 
holds the creation is ongoing 

5022
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:17,300
present and occurring in every 
moment of focus and intention, 

5023
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:21,400
rather than a curing. 
Once in the distant, past your 

5024
04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:24,000
decisions, focus and 
relationships are all a part of 

5025
04:20:24,000 --> 04:20:26,200
the cosmic. 
The process and you're not 

5026
04:20:26,208 --> 04:20:27,800
merely living in a created 
world. 

5027
04:20:27,800 --> 04:20:30,900
You're actively contributing to 
its continuous creation. 

5028
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:34,100
The hero Tales offer equally 
useful advice for dealing with 

5029
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:37,100
the difficulties of adulthood. 
They are not guides to 

5030
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:38,700
immortality or enduring 
happiness. 

5031
04:20:38,700 --> 04:20:43,000
Quite the contrary in fact they 
are sincere admissions that in 

5032
04:20:43,000 --> 04:20:46,000
order to grow you must confront 
things you would rather avoid. 

5033
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:49,800
That courage is the choice to 
act in spite of fear rather than

5034
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:53,100
the lack of fear and that the 
most significant successes are 

5035
04:20:53,100 --> 04:20:56,000
frequently hidden from everyone.
At the person who achieves them,

5036
04:20:56,000 --> 04:20:59,000
we learned from gilgamesh's 
Journey that while the desire to

5037
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:01,700
resist change and loss is normal
and understandable. 

5038
04:21:01,700 --> 04:21:05,700
It is ultimately pointless. 
His desire for immortality isn't

5039
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:08,000
realized in the way he 
envisioned Visions but his 

5040
04:21:08,000 --> 04:21:12,000
Readiness to love profoundly 
grieve openly and live on. 

5041
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:14,500
In spite of deaths. 
Inevitable conclusion, produces 

5042
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:18,900
a different kind of immortality.
The kind that endures entails in

5043
04:21:18,900 --> 04:21:22,300
our impact in the transformation
we bring about in other people's

5044
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:24,300
lives. 
The love stories provide 

5045
04:21:24,300 --> 04:21:26,000
guidance. 
That is both Transcendent and 

5046
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:29,800
useful, they recognize that love
is the most potent and perilous 

5047
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:32,900
and human history. 
Able to inspire both the most 

5048
04:21:32,900 --> 04:21:36,500
amazing creations and the most 
spectacular catastrophes. 

5049
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:40,300
They contend that cultivating, 
the wisdom to love. 

5050
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:43,400
Well in spite of difficulties, 
is more important than finding a

5051
04:21:43,400 --> 04:21:45,800
love without problems. 
We learn from Orpheus and 

5052
04:21:45,808 --> 04:21:47,600
eurydice the value of faith in 
things. 

5053
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:50,700
We cannot see or control the 
necessity of trust in 

5054
04:21:50,700 --> 04:21:54,100
relationships and how doubt can 
sabotage even the strongest 

5055
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:56,900
bonds? 
They also teach us how love 

5056
04:21:56,900 --> 04:22:00,100
transcends physical proximity 
and how caring for someone 

5057
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:03,100
profoundly Alters you in ways 
that lasts long after they are 

5058
04:22:03,100 --> 04:22:05,800
gone, perhaps the most useful 
advice for surviving in the 

5059
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:08,200
modern world can be found in the
tricks to stories. 

5060
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,400
They remind us that the best 
solution sometimes come from 

5061
04:22:11,400 --> 04:22:14,600
those who aren't invested in 
keeping the status quo that 

5062
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:17,900
change typically comes from 
unexpected directions and that 

5063
04:22:17,900 --> 04:22:20,000
those in charge, don't always 
know what they're doing. 

5064
04:22:20,008 --> 04:22:24,200
Coyote Loki and announce Nancy 
will show how important it is to

5065
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:27,200
challenge authority, to be 
prepared to break rules that 

5066
04:22:27,200 --> 04:22:30,000
don't really benefit anyone and 
to acknowledge that every 

5067
04:22:30,000 --> 04:22:32,900
solution leads to new issues, 
Technology. 

5068
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:34,500
That changes messy and 
unpredictable. 

5069
04:22:34,500 --> 04:22:37,800
But they also highlight how 
resilient creative and humorous 

5070
04:22:37,800 --> 04:22:41,600
people can be in the face of 
adversity power responsibility 

5071
04:22:41,600 --> 04:22:44,700
and the human propensity to 
establish authorities and then 

5072
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,400
berate them for their. 
Flaws are all explored in the 

5073
04:22:47,400 --> 04:22:51,000
tales of gods living among 
humans with all of their trivial

5074
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:53,500
jealousies and bad judgment. 
The Greek gods. 

5075
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:56,100
Servers are a reminder that 
those in charge of significant 

5076
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:59,500
matters are frequently just as 
perplexed and conflicted as the 

5077
04:22:59,500 --> 04:23:03,200
general populace and that power 
does not always translate into 

5078
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:05,400
wisdom. 
However, the stories also 

5079
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:07,700
implied that the Divine is not 
something distant and 

5080
04:23:07,700 --> 04:23:11,300
unfathomable, but rather is 
interwoven with every day life, 

5081
04:23:11,300 --> 04:23:15,100
in ways that become apparent, 
when we look closely, the Hindu 

5082
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:18,800
conception of Christiana as both
a button stealing child and a 

5083
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:21,700
cosmic principle suggests, a 
spirituality, that accepts the 

5084
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:24,800
whole range of Human Experience 
rather than attempting to 

5085
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:27,300
transcend it. 
Perhaps the most advanced 

5086
04:23:27,300 --> 04:23:29,900
psychological advice of all is 
found in the monster stories. 

5087
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:33,200
Although they admit that fear is
a natural part of The Human 

5088
04:23:33,200 --> 04:23:35,500
Experience. 
They also contend that our 

5089
04:23:35,500 --> 04:23:39,100
monsters frequently reveal 
crucial details about the things

5090
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:42,100
we need to confront. 
The things were avoiding and the

5091
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:44,200
things we haven't yet figured 
out how to integrate. 

5092
04:23:44,200 --> 04:23:47,100
Even when that power seems more 
like, a curse than a gift, 

5093
04:23:47,100 --> 04:23:50,500
producer serves as a reminder, 
that some types of suffering can

5094
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:53,900
give rise to power. 
The Sphinx implies that rather 

5095
04:23:53,900 --> 04:23:57,000
than being adversaries that must
be vanquished the monsters. 

5096
04:23:57,000 --> 04:24:00,100
We Face are frequently questions
disguised as puzzles that must 

5097
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,200
be solved. 
Fenrir shows us how fear can 

5098
04:24:03,200 --> 04:24:06,100
produce the very Futures. 
We are trying to avoid and how 

5099
04:24:06,100 --> 04:24:08,800
treating someone as dangerous 
can actually make them 

5100
04:24:08,800 --> 04:24:11,200
dangerous. 
Most significantly these old 

5101
04:24:11,200 --> 04:24:13,800
Tales have a deeper 
understanding of time than our 

5102
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:16,100
culture does. 
They don't have an obsession 

5103
04:24:16,100 --> 04:24:19,000
with linear progress, which is 
the belief that things are 

5104
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:23,200
always improving that issues can
be resolved once and for all or 

5105
04:24:23,200 --> 04:24:25,600
that better methods or 
Technologies can radically alter

5106
04:24:25,600 --> 04:24:28,700
human nature, rather, they 
acknowledge that human existence

5107
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:32,500
is Sickle that the same basic 
problems arise in every 

5108
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:34,900
generation. 
And that wisdom is not in 

5109
04:24:34,900 --> 04:24:37,000
finding a permanent solution to 
these problems. 

5110
04:24:37,000 --> 04:24:40,900
But rather in creating the 
abilities viewpoints and 

5111
04:24:40,900 --> 04:24:43,900
behaviors that enable, each 
generation to face them with 

5112
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:46,600
dignity Ingenuity and support 
from one another. 

5113
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:49,900
We are reminded that destruction
and creation are Partners in an 

5114
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:53,100
eternal dance that loss and 
renewal are part of the same 

5115
04:24:53,100 --> 04:24:56,600
process and that every ending 
contains the seeds of New 

5116
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:59,800
Beginnings by the seasonal 
cycles that occur in so many 

5117
04:24:59,800 --> 04:25:03,900
mythologies from Japanese yearly
Journey Between Worlds to the 

5118
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:06,600
Norse, understanding of 
Ragnarok, as both ending and 

5119
04:25:06,600 --> 04:25:09,600
beginning compared to our 
achievement oriented culture. 

5120
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:12,700
This cyclical view of time 
offers a different relationship 

5121
04:25:12,700 --> 04:25:16,600
to both success and failure. 
It implies that difficulties 

5122
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:20,300
frequently proceed periods of 
growth that setbacks are not a 

5123
04:25:20,300 --> 04:25:23,400
reversible defeats, but rather 
organic components of larger 

5124
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:25,700
patterns. 
And that the objective is not to

5125
04:25:25,700 --> 04:25:29,200
reach a perfect state but rather
to acquire the fortitude and 

5126
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:31,600
insight necessary to face, 
whatever lies ahead. 

5127
04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:34,400
When you close this collection 
of stories and go back to your 

5128
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:38,500
own life with its unique, blend 
of routine tasks, and sacred 

5129
04:25:38,500 --> 04:25:40,800
moments, ordinary 
responsibilities and 

5130
04:25:40,800 --> 04:25:44,500
extraordinary possibilities. 
You take with you the wisdom of 

5131
04:25:44,500 --> 04:25:47,600
thousands of generations who 
have grappled with the same 

5132
04:25:47,600 --> 04:25:51,600
basic questions you do. 
How do you find meaning in an 

5133
04:25:51,600 --> 04:25:55,100
uncertain world? 
How can you accept loss and 

5134
04:25:55,100 --> 04:25:58,000
still love deeply? 
How do you remain hopeful when 

5135
04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:01,800
you recognize the challenges? 
In the vast network of 

5136
04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:03,800
relationships, that binds all 
life together. 

5137
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:07,400
How do you find your place? 
The solutions, these Tails 

5138
04:26:07,400 --> 04:26:09,600
provide are neither 
straightforward nor definitive 

5139
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:12,200
rather. 
They are molded by the wisdom of

5140
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:15,500
innumerable individuals who have
persevered in the unavoidable 

5141
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:18,800
difficulties of human life and 
have been tested by time. 

5142
04:26:18,800 --> 04:26:21,800
They serve as a reminder. 
That we are not alone in our 

5143
04:26:21,800 --> 04:26:24,900
difficulties that the same 
questions that keep us up at 

5144
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:28,800
night are the same ones that 
have always kept people up and 

5145
04:26:28,800 --> 04:26:32,100
that participating in such an 
age-old discussion can be both 

5146
04:26:32,100 --> 04:26:35,400
humbling and consoling. 
The knowledge that the journey 

5147
04:26:35,400 --> 04:26:38,700
itself is significant that the 
questions are just as 

5148
04:26:38,700 --> 04:26:42,000
significant as the answers and 
that each generation has the 

5149
04:26:42,000 --> 04:26:45,600
chance to contribute its own 
voice, to the Grand ongoing 

5150
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:49,400
Narrative of what it means to be
human in a mysterious and great 

5151
04:26:49,400 --> 04:26:51,700
Universe. 
Perhaps the things that the 

5152
04:26:51,700 --> 04:26:55,100
myths offer more than simple 
answers or happy ending you can 

5153
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:57,300
therefore rest in the knowledge 
that you're surrounded by 

5154
04:26:57,300 --> 04:27:00,300
stories as well as blankets as 
you turn off the light and go to

5155
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:02,800
sleep. 
These stories are held in place,

5156
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:05,700
not only by your immediate 
surroundings but also by the 

5157
04:27:05,700 --> 04:27:08,700
collective wisdom of all those 
who have ever gazed at the same 

5158
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:12,100
Stars, pondered the same 
Mysteries and managed to turn 

5159
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:15,400
their confusion and longing into
stories that continue to comfort

5160
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,700
and guide those who follow them 
your life with all its every 

5161
04:27:18,700 --> 04:27:20,800
day. 
Magic and everyday heroism is 

5162
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:22,900
one of the newest chapters in 
this Timeless book. 

5163
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:26,800
The ancient stories are still 
being written, rest, easy. 

5164
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:30,100
Knowing that you are a part of 
something far more expansive and

5165
04:27:30,100 --> 04:27:32,200
exquisite than you could have 
ever dreamed. 

5166
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:35,400
When you first opened these 
Pages, sweet dreams, fellow 

5167
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:36,800
human being on the Eternal 
Journey. 

5168
04:27:36,800 --> 04:27:42,600
Word count about 7,000 words and
Nancy strategy of stealing fire 

5169
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:44,700
from the sky. 
God is a prime illustration of 

5170
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:48,300
it. 
Nyame, the sky God owned fire 

5171
04:27:48,300 --> 04:27:50,600
and kept it locked away for his 
exclusive use. 

5172
04:27:51,400 --> 04:27:54,700
Humans had to Fumble around in 
the dark after the sunset were 

5173
04:27:54,700 --> 04:27:57,200
cold and were unable to 
properly, prepare their food. 

5174
04:27:58,100 --> 04:28:01,200
Nyam simply didn't understand 
why anyone else needed access to

5175
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:03,500
something so potent and 
potentially hazardous. 

5176
04:28:04,100 --> 04:28:06,200
It wasn't that he was 
intentionally cruel. 

5177
04:28:06,200 --> 04:28:09,400
The obvious solution to this 
problem, in announces opinion 

5178
04:28:09,400 --> 04:28:11,500
was to steal the fire and give 
it to humanity. 

5179
04:28:12,400 --> 04:28:15,000
He thought hoarding useful items
was essentially foolish. 

5180
04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:17,900
Not because he harbored any 
particular animosity toward 

5181
04:28:17,900 --> 04:28:20,400
Miami. 
Instead of being left unused in 

5182
04:28:20,400 --> 04:28:24,000
some Cosmic storage unit file 
was intended to be shared and 

5183
04:28:24,000 --> 04:28:25,500
improve everyone's quality of 
life. 

5184
04:28:25,500 --> 04:28:28,600
The actual theft was a master 
work of preparation and 

5185
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:31,900
creativity. 
Among other things and Nancy was

5186
04:28:31,908 --> 04:28:35,200
one of the greatest storytellers
in history and he persuaded 

5187
04:28:35,200 --> 04:28:38,200
niyama to allow him to visit by 
promising to share some of his 

5188
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:41,700
well-known Tales. 
A Nancy was able to smuggle some

5189
04:28:41,700 --> 04:28:44,200
fire into a tiny pot. 
He had concealed in his web 

5190
04:28:44,200 --> 04:28:47,200
while niamey was preoccupied 
with an especially captivating 

5191
04:28:47,200 --> 04:28:51,800
story about why mosquitoes buzz 
in people's ears for a spider. 

5192
04:28:51,800 --> 04:28:55,300
Even a magical, one crossing the
sky to get the fire to Earth was

5193
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:59,400
no easy task, and Nancy had to 
use Ingenuity for navigation 

5194
04:28:59,400 --> 04:29:03,000
transportation and maintaining 
the fire throughout the trip. 

5195
04:29:03,000 --> 04:29:07,200
Additionally, he had to stay out
of nyame site when the sky, God 

5196
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:09,700
eventually found out about the 
theft and came to look for his 

5197
04:29:09,700 --> 04:29:12,300
belongings. 
However, Anansi was successful 

5198
04:29:12,300 --> 04:29:17,900
and fired like, well, fire among
people Cooking, staying warm 

5199
04:29:17,900 --> 04:29:20,400
working after dark and 
generally, improving one's 

5200
04:29:20,400 --> 04:29:22,100
quality of life will all made 
possible. 

5201
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:26,300
Initially incent Yami was forced
to acknowledge that fire was 

5202
04:29:26,300 --> 04:29:29,000
far, more beneficial when it was
being used to supposed to being 

5203
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,000
stored. 
In fact, the theft increased 

5204
04:29:32,000 --> 04:29:34,900
rather than decreased the value 
of the gift, the way that 

5205
04:29:34,900 --> 04:29:38,100
announcing stories re-interpret 
stealing and breaking the lore 

5206
04:29:38,100 --> 04:29:40,100
as of social justice is 
fantastic. 

5207
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:44,300
A Nancy redistributes resources 
because he sees a world where 

5208
04:29:44,300 --> 04:29:46,400
good things are kept from those 
who need them. 

5209
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:49,000
Not because he has avaricious or
malevolent. 

5210
04:29:49,000 --> 04:29:52,500
He resembles a cosmic Robinhood,
but he has better jokes. 

5211
04:29:52,500 --> 04:29:55,000
And more legs. 
Another example of the art of 

5212
04:29:55,008 --> 04:29:57,200
necessary. 
Mischief is coyote, the 

5213
04:29:57,200 --> 04:29:59,400
trickster of many Native 
American traditions. 

5214
04:29:59,400 --> 04:30:03,100
Whereas a Nancy was endearing 
and determined and Loki was 

5215
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:04,900
complex and occasionally 
destructive. 

5216
04:30:04,900 --> 04:30:09,400
Coyote was coyote, however was 
like that friend who has good 

5217
04:30:09,400 --> 04:30:11,400
intentions but no sense of 
proportion. 

5218
04:30:12,000 --> 04:30:14,900
He would flood a valley while 
Watering your garden then move 

5219
04:30:14,900 --> 04:30:17,000
mountains to help you find a 
misplaced earring. 

5220
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:19,600
There is a common pattern to 
Coyote stories. 

5221
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:23,500
Coyote sees a problem devises, 
what appears to be a clever 

5222
04:30:23,500 --> 04:30:25,900
solution. 
Enthusiastically puts the 

5223
04:30:25,900 --> 04:30:29,200
solution into practice and then 
faces consequences that are 

5224
04:30:29,200 --> 04:30:32,800
typically far more significant 
and bizarre than anyone could 

5225
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:35,700
have predicted. 
He is the Divine representation 

5226
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:38,900
of both the necessity of trying 
new things, even when you are 

5227
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:41,900
unsure of how they will turn 
out, and the law of unintended 

5228
04:30:41,900 --> 04:30:45,000
consequences, his attempt to 
introduce salmon, to the 

5229
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:47,700
Columbia Rivers inhabitants is 
among the most Charming of 

5230
04:30:47,700 --> 04:30:51,700
kyotes tales according to this 
version, a family of creatures 

5231
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:54,900
had constructed a dam across the
river and was hoarding, all the 

5232
04:30:54,900 --> 04:30:57,300
salmon refusing to share them 
with anybody else. 

5233
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:00,600
Coyote determined that people's 
hunger was intolerable. 

5234
04:31:00,600 --> 04:31:03,100
As usual he offered a 
straightforward solution. 

5235
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:06,700
He would break the dam and 
release the salmon, easy 

5236
04:31:06,700 --> 04:31:10,300
efficient and sure to lead to 
complications he hadn't yet. 

5237
04:31:10,300 --> 04:31:13,800
Considered coyote was skilled at
the destructive aspect of 

5238
04:31:13,808 --> 04:31:16,600
problem-solving. 
So the dam breaking itself went 

5239
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,100
without a hitch. 
The salmon, however, had to be 

5240
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:21,800
equitably shared with all the 
various communities along the 

5241
04:31:21,800 --> 04:31:23,700
river. 
Once they were free, this was 

5242
04:31:23,700 --> 04:31:26,700
the point at which coyote is 
lack of administrative abilities

5243
04:31:26,700 --> 04:31:29,700
clashed with his good 
intentions, Immediately 

5244
04:31:29,700 --> 04:31:33,100
overwhelmed by the logistics. 
He appointed himself coordinator

5245
04:31:33,100 --> 04:31:36,700
of salmon distribution. 
They couldn't agree on seasonals

5246
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:39,500
had different fishing 
traditions, and wanted different

5247
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:42,800
numbers of fish. 
The world's first fisheries 

5248
04:31:42,800 --> 04:31:45,600
management crisis resulted from 
what should have been a 

5249
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:48,600
straightforward resource sharing
issue, Kyoto, ultimately 

5250
04:31:48,600 --> 04:31:51,000
resolved, the issue by 
essentially stating that salmon 

5251
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:54,600
would migrate in Cycles. 
Arriving in large quantities for

5252
04:31:54,600 --> 04:31:56,700
a portion of the year before 
departing to spawn. 

5253
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,900
Well though, it wasn't the 
sophisticated long-term fixed he

5254
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:04,800
had hoped for it, did the trick.
Everyone received salmon, the 

5255
04:32:04,800 --> 04:32:08,400
salmon was able to procreate and
carry on the cycle and coyote 

5256
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:10,800
gained insight into the 
distinction between destroying 

5257
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:13,800
and repairing things. 
The understanding that changes 

5258
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:17,400
messy progress frequently comes 
from unexpected directions. 

5259
04:32:17,400 --> 04:32:20,500
And sometimes the best Solutions
come from people who aren't 

5260
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:23,600
invested in maintaining the 
status quo is what makes tricks 

5261
04:32:23,600 --> 04:32:26,400
to stories. 
So Timeless tricksters don't use

5262
04:32:26,400 --> 04:32:29,300
meticulous planning and risk 
assessment to solve problems the

5263
04:32:29,300 --> 04:32:32,800
way experts and authorities, do,
when they're tired of the status

5264
04:32:32,800 --> 04:32:35,900
quo and open to trying something
new, they solve problems the 

5265
04:32:35,900 --> 04:32:38,300
same way. 
Regular people, do they also 

5266
04:32:38,300 --> 04:32:41,100
acknowledge that good intentions
do not always translate into 

5267
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:45,200
successful outcomes that every 
solution leads to new issues and

5268
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:47,800
that sometimes it is more 
important to Simply start the 

5269
04:32:47,800 --> 04:32:50,700
process of change. 
Even if you have no control over

5270
04:32:50,700 --> 04:32:55,000
its direction, trickster energy,
the willingness to ask 

5271
04:32:55,000 --> 04:32:57,700
questions, try new things and 
break rules that need to be 

5272
04:32:57,700 --> 04:33:00,400
broken. 
Feels more relevant than ever in

5273
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:03,000
a world that frequently feels 
trapped in patterns that don't 

5274
04:33:03,000 --> 04:33:06,599
benefit anyone ancient people's 
conception of their gods have a 

5275
04:33:06,599 --> 04:33:09,800
wonderful human quality. 
These were not the far off 

5276
04:33:09,800 --> 04:33:13,599
unfathomable beings of later 
theology emanating. 

5277
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:16,599
Perfection from some 
inaccessible Celestial throne 

5278
04:33:17,400 --> 04:33:20,500
With the ability to transform 
their negative emotions into 

5279
04:33:20,500 --> 04:33:23,900
natural calamities. 
These Divine being shared all of

5280
04:33:23,908 --> 04:33:26,099
our problems. 
Small Grievances and dubious 

5281
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:29,500
decision-making abilities. 
Specifically, the Greek gods 

5282
04:33:29,500 --> 04:33:32,300
were like a dysfunctional family
that just so happened to govern 

5283
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:35,800
the Natural Forces. 
Mount Olympus was not so much, a

5284
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:39,099
place of God as it was the most 
exclusive gated community in the

5285
04:33:39,108 --> 04:33:42,200
world inhabited by being with 
Limitless power and the 

5286
04:33:42,200 --> 04:33:44,599
emotional maturity of reality TV
contestants. 

5287
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:48,099
They had sibling rivalries, that
could literally change the 

5288
04:33:48,099 --> 04:33:52,300
landscape Harvard resentments 
for centuries and fell in love, 

5289
04:33:52,300 --> 04:33:55,500
in inappropriate ways as the 
alleged ruler of the Gods and 

5290
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:58,400
universe Zeus devoted. 
Most of his time to resolving 

5291
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:01,900
issues that he had caused his 
solution to his attraction to 

5292
04:34:01,900 --> 04:34:03,400
Mortal. 
Women was to change into 

5293
04:34:03,400 --> 04:34:06,300
different animals and entice 
them which resulted in a 

5294
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:09,300
constant flow of demigod 
Offspring with complex parental 

5295
04:34:09,300 --> 04:34:11,800
problems. 
When the king of the Gods chose 

5296
04:34:11,800 --> 04:34:14,000
to court the women in the form 
of a bull or a swan. 

5297
04:34:14,000 --> 04:34:17,700
His wife hero spent just as much
time being in raged about these 

5298
04:34:17,700 --> 04:34:21,000
Affairs and exacting revenge on 
the women, as if they had any 

5299
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:23,700
say in the matter, it was like 
watching a soap opera with 

5300
04:34:23,700 --> 04:34:25,800
characters who could throw 
lightning bolts when they were 

5301
04:34:25,808 --> 04:34:28,500
angry. 
When the next Crisis arose from 

5302
04:34:28,500 --> 04:34:32,099
precisely the same pattern of 
behavior everyone would act 

5303
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:35,300
shocked Zeus would have an 
affair Hera would discover it. 

5304
04:34:35,300 --> 04:34:38,400
And innocent people would be 
cursed with terrible Fates or 

5305
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:40,900
turned into trees of all the 
Greek gods. 

5306
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,099
Hades was arguably the most 
relatable, since he was forced 

5307
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:47,700
to hold the position that no one
wanted that of ruler of the 

5308
04:34:47,700 --> 04:34:50,300
underworld. 
Hades received the basement 

5309
04:34:50,300 --> 04:34:53,200
Office of the cosmos. 
While his brothers Zeus and 

5310
04:34:53,200 --> 04:34:56,099
Poseidon were given the exciting
Realms of the sky and the Sea 

5311
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:59,400
complete with dramatic weather 
patterns and amazing power 

5312
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:02,400
displays. 
Although his work managing the 

5313
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:05,800
dead was significant, it wasn't 
exactly the kind of thing that 

5314
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:07,500
attracted a lot of favorable 
press. 

5315
04:35:07,500 --> 04:35:10,200
It's possible that Hades 
received the least glamorous 

5316
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:12,700
assignment because he was the 
most responsible of the three 

5317
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,500
brothers. 
He managed his realm effectively

5318
04:35:15,500 --> 04:35:19,200
kept himself, most of the time 
and showed up for work every 

5319
04:35:19,200 --> 04:35:21,700
day. 
Even that story becomes more 

5320
04:35:21,700 --> 04:35:23,700
likeable when you consider that 
he was likely. 

5321
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:26,700
Just lonely and didn't know how 
to ask someone out when your job

5322
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:29,099
required you to spend all of 
your time with dead people. 

5323
04:35:30,099 --> 04:35:32,900
His biggest PR disaster was 
kidnapping, Persephone to be his

5324
04:35:32,900 --> 04:35:35,800
wife given that it was 
negotiated by those who had the 

5325
04:35:35,808 --> 04:35:37,700
authority to wipe out all life 
on Earth. 

5326
04:35:37,700 --> 04:35:40,900
If they didn't get their way, 
the solution to Persephone's 

5327
04:35:40,900 --> 04:35:43,300
predicament where she spends 
part of the Year underground 

5328
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:45,700
with Hades and part of the Year 
above ground. 

5329
04:35:45,700 --> 04:35:48,000
With her mother Demeter was 
actually a fairly reasonable 

5330
04:35:48,000 --> 04:35:50,500
compromise Hades received 
company. 

5331
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,900
During the dark months Humanity,
received an explanation for the 

5332
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:57,000
seasonal changes and a meter 
received her daughter back for 

5333
04:35:57,000 --> 04:35:59,400
the spring and summer. 
If you don't consider the 

5334
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,700
kidnapping aspect too much, 
everyone kind of won the gods of

5335
04:36:02,700 --> 04:36:04,599
Egypt, approached Divine 
Behavior differently. 

5336
04:36:04,599 --> 04:36:07,800
The Egyptian gods were more like
Cosmic principles with 

5337
04:36:07,800 --> 04:36:10,900
personalities than the Greek 
gods who were basically Immortal

5338
04:36:10,900 --> 04:36:14,200
humans with superpowers. 
They were more than just strong 

5339
04:36:14,200 --> 04:36:16,700
creatures. 
They represented the basic 

5340
04:36:16,700 --> 04:36:21,200
elements of life such as death, 
rebirth order chaos, the 

5341
04:36:21,200 --> 04:36:24,400
flooding of the Nile and the 
sun's journey across the sky. 

5342
04:36:24,400 --> 04:36:27,300
Making sure the sun rose. 
Each day was perhaps the most 

5343
04:36:27,300 --> 04:36:29,500
significant Duty performed by 
the sun god. 

5344
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:33,500
In the Egyptian Pantheon To do 
this, he had to travel across 

5345
04:36:33,500 --> 04:36:36,700
the sky every day in a solar 
barque and then go through the 

5346
04:36:36,700 --> 04:36:38,200
underworld every night to 
defeat. 

5347
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:41,500
The serpent apet who stood for 
chaos and truly didn't want the 

5348
04:36:41,500 --> 04:36:44,500
sun to rise again. 
It wasn't as simple as flipping 

5349
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:47,300
a cosmic switch. 
Take a moment to consider the 

5350
04:36:47,300 --> 04:36:50,400
weight of that responsibility. 
Rahl was required to 

5351
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:53,400
successfully. 
Navigate Celestial Waters, lead 

5352
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:56,400
a crew of divine beings. 
And then engage in a cosmic 

5353
04:36:56,400 --> 04:36:59,900
battle against the forces of 
entropy on a daily basis, the 

5354
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:02,200
sun wouldn't rise and 
civilization would come to an 

5355
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:04,400
end. 
If he had a bad day, it came ill

5356
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:07,700
or distracted, or simply didn't 
feel like putting up with Apex 

5357
04:37:07,700 --> 04:37:09,400
nonsense. 
What's amazing? 

5358
04:37:09,400 --> 04:37:12,800
Is that Ralph was able to stick 
to this routine for thousands of

5359
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:14,599
years without ever taking a day 
off. 

5360
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:18,200
He either needs to learn about 
work life, balance or is the 

5361
04:37:18,200 --> 04:37:20,900
most Dependable employee in the 
universe because of his 

5362
04:37:20,900 --> 04:37:23,700
commitment to routine. 
However, the interconnectedness 

5363
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,400
of existence was also something 
that the Egyptian gods 

5364
04:37:26,400 --> 04:37:29,500
understood, every element of 
Egyptian, cosmology was 

5365
04:37:29,500 --> 04:37:32,200
affected, when set killed, his 
brother of Cyrus out of 

5366
04:37:32,207 --> 04:37:35,000
jealousy. 
A family drama, that makes Greek

5367
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:38,000
Divine. 
Dysfunction seem mild set ruled 

5368
04:37:38,000 --> 04:37:40,900
over Chaos on the desert. 
A Cyrus became the god of the 

5369
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:43,300
dead and the afterlife, and 
their sister wife. 

5370
04:37:43,300 --> 04:37:46,400
Isis became the goddess of 
healing and Magic as she sought 

5371
04:37:46,400 --> 04:37:49,800
to protect their son Horus and 
bring her husband back to life. 

5372
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:58,300
The Narrative of Harry S. 
Truman's Roots traced to the 

5373
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:01,099
quiet, farmlands of Western, 
Missouri, world's removed from 

5374
04:38:01,108 --> 04:38:02,500
the polished. 
Corridors of Washington. 

5375
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:06,900
He'd one day in habit. 
Born on May 8th 1884 in the 

5376
04:38:06,900 --> 04:38:09,400
small town of Lamar. 
He was the first child of John 

5377
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:12,500
Anderson, Truman and Martha, 
Ellen young modest beginning 

5378
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:14,200
shaped his earlier 
sensibilities. 

5379
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:17,300
The family moved frequently 
chasing opportunities across 

5380
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:19,700
Hardscrabble, farmland, and 
short-lived Ventures. 

5381
04:38:20,500 --> 04:38:23,500
Even so the young Truman 
absorbed or Relentless work 

5382
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:26,200
ethic from dawn to dusk chores 
and gleaned and unvarnished 

5383
04:38:26,200 --> 04:38:30,099
sense of people's struggles, 
little about his childhood for 

5384
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:33,300
casted the presidency that would
thrust him into Global crises. 

5385
04:38:33,300 --> 04:38:37,200
His Boyhood was peppered with a 
pawnshop, for reading a 

5386
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:40,000
borrowed, copy of plutarch's 
lives, or perhaps a Mark Twain 

5387
04:38:40,000 --> 04:38:41,800
novel, capturing the spirit of 
Middle America. 

5388
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:45,500
Unlike many peers, Harry 
devoured, thick tomes about 

5389
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,800
history, and political 
philosophy, the Spectacles 

5390
04:38:48,800 --> 04:38:51,300
perched on his nose and him 
occasional teasing from 

5391
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:52,700
schoolmates, but he Shrugged It 
Off. 

5392
04:38:53,400 --> 04:38:56,400
His father's farmed demands 
forced him to develop stamina in

5393
04:38:56,400 --> 04:39:00,300
a literal sense, wrangling 
mules, or stacking hay even as 

5394
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:02,900
he contemplated the larger World
Beyond county lines. 

5395
04:39:03,500 --> 04:39:05,500
With no prestigious family name 
or wealth. 

5396
04:39:05,500 --> 04:39:07,400
Further, educational was never 
assured. 

5397
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:10,400
After finishing High School. 
In the independence, College 

5398
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:14,700
seemed an unreachable dream. 
Family finances and obligations,

5399
04:39:14,700 --> 04:39:18,099
rerouted him to an array of our 
jobs timekeeper for the Santa, 

5400
04:39:18,099 --> 04:39:19,900
Fe railroad Bank, Clark, and 
farmhand. 

5401
04:39:20,800 --> 04:39:24,000
His early 20s Truman's curiosity
about public affairs. 

5402
04:39:24,000 --> 04:39:27,500
Solidified, the world was Qin 
upping horse drawn. 

5403
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:30,800
Wagons met shiny, nanu 
automobiles, the economy swelled

5404
04:39:30,800 --> 04:39:33,099
and new technologies. 
Whispered of Unstoppable 

5405
04:39:33,099 --> 04:39:35,800
progress, yet Southern 
Missouri's, conservative, 

5406
04:39:35,800 --> 04:39:38,200
climate, rarely promised, fast, 
social, or political 

5407
04:39:38,200 --> 04:39:41,400
transformation. 
Politically a swirl of party 

5408
04:39:41,400 --> 04:39:43,800
machines, especially the 
Pendergast faction in the Kansas

5409
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:47,200
City, state of Missouri, 
dominated local Health 

5410
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:50,000
elections. 
Established dynasties 

5411
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:52,600
overshadowed the notion that 
ordinary citizens could break 

5412
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:55,900
into politics. 
Truman while not outspoken about

5413
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:58,600
these realities, observed them 
closely. 

5414
04:39:59,600 --> 04:40:02,100
In the year 1905. 
The young man ventured to 

5415
04:40:02,100 --> 04:40:04,100
counter City, the state of 
Missouri. 

5416
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:07,500
But his father's declining 
Health compelled him to return 

5417
04:40:07,500 --> 04:40:09,500
to the Grandview Farm due to 
family obligations. 

5418
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:14,000
The life of a farmer was tough 
on body and spiritually in an 

5419
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:17,500
era lacking Modern Machinery. 
But these years on the farms are

5420
04:40:17,500 --> 04:40:20,900
might argue lay the foundation 
for Truman's later authenticity.

5421
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:24,900
He saw the cyclical nature of 
crops, the unpredictability of 

5422
04:40:24,900 --> 04:40:27,800
weather and the straightforward 
handshake culture of small town 

5423
04:40:27,800 --> 04:40:30,500
trades. 
The stoicism gleaned from 

5424
04:40:30,500 --> 04:40:32,400
failed, harvests or broken 
equipment. 

5425
04:40:32,400 --> 04:40:36,300
Taught him resilience a trait, 
heed lean on heavily decades 

5426
04:40:36,300 --> 04:40:40,800
later under unimaginably, higher
Stakes, then came 1917 and 

5427
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:44,900
America's entry into World War 
1, Like many patriots Truman 

5428
04:40:44,900 --> 04:40:47,900
enlisted at 33. 
He wasn't a typical fresh-faced 

5429
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:50,700
recruit but his earnestness and 
unwavering sense of Duty 

5430
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:53,400
propelled him forward. 
Commissioned as an artillery 

5431
04:40:53,400 --> 04:40:56,800
officer, he found a surprising 
gift for leadership men, who 

5432
04:40:56,800 --> 04:40:59,900
initially dismissed him as a 
four-eyed Farm Boy, discovered a

5433
04:40:59,908 --> 04:41:03,000
commanding presence. 
He enforced disciplines. 

5434
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:06,100
But listen to grievances forging
an efficient battery that 

5435
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:08,500
ultimately saw action in The 
Muddy Shell, Scott Fields of 

5436
04:41:08,508 --> 04:41:11,600
France. 
Under withering artillery Truman

5437
04:41:11,600 --> 04:41:15,100
kept his battery steady and 
morale intact that successful 

5438
04:41:15,100 --> 04:41:18,100
new self-confidence. 
If he could manage the emotional

5439
04:41:18,100 --> 04:41:22,300
storm of War, maybe leading men 
and later constituents was not. 

5440
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:26,500
So implausible Returning 
Stateside in 19919 Truman 

5441
04:41:26,500 --> 04:41:28,400
married. 
Best Wallace his longtime sweet 

5442
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:31,100
heart from Independence. 
She was known for a steady 

5443
04:41:31,108 --> 04:41:33,600
temperament and a gentle 
reluctant for public life. 

5444
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:37,700
Their Union would provide her 
emotional grounding through the 

5445
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:41,600
political turbulence ahead. 
First, they tested civilian 

5446
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:44,000
Ventures. 
Tried opening a men's clothing 

5447
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,500
store in Kansas City, but the 
post-war economy sank into 

5448
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:50,200
recession, the store failed, 
leaving him in debt, that took 

5449
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,300
years to repay despite the 
financial strain. 

5450
04:41:53,300 --> 04:41:56,200
He refused to declare bankruptcy
demonstrating his adherence to 

5451
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:58,000
the moral code of meeting 
obligations. 

5452
04:41:59,200 --> 04:42:02,200
Around this time, the Pendergast
political machine offered a 

5453
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,400
Lifeline, Tom Pendergast, a 
powerful Democratic boss, 

5454
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:07,600
recognized Truman's, war hero 
reputation. 

5455
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:10,800
And unwavering loyalty he 
suggested a run for County, 

5456
04:42:10,800 --> 04:42:14,600
judge a role more administrative
than judicial in Jackson County.

5457
04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:17,200
Truman. 
Initially, hesitant realized 

5458
04:42:17,200 --> 04:42:20,400
politics could merge. 
His sense of civic duty with a 

5459
04:42:20,400 --> 04:42:24,100
means to provide for his family.
In 1922, he stepped onto the 

5460
04:42:24,100 --> 04:42:27,400
ballot, the campaign demanded he
mingle with rural neighbors 

5461
04:42:27,400 --> 04:42:30,700
chatting, Dusty General stores 
and knock on thousands of doors,

5462
04:42:30,700 --> 04:42:35,200
over time, he honed and every 
man approached direct warm 

5463
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:38,500
unpretentious though, 
overshadowed by bigger city 

5464
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:42,000
names Truman 1, he soon 
discovered that politics 

5465
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:45,400
demanded compromise the Press 
sniffed at him as a Pendergrass 

5466
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:48,000
puppet, but he set about in 
proving County Roads and public 

5467
04:42:48,000 --> 04:42:49,800
buildings focusing on practical 
governance. 

5468
04:42:49,800 --> 04:42:51,500
It didn't make headlines in 
Washington. 

5469
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:54,900
But local, folks started 
trusting that judge Truman might

5470
04:42:54,900 --> 04:42:57,700
be the rare politician, who 
balance machine loyalty with 

5471
04:42:57,700 --> 04:43:01,300
genuine public benefit. 
This Vantage from county level 

5472
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:03,900
duties juggling budgets awarding
contracts. 

5473
04:43:03,900 --> 04:43:06,800
Meeting local taxpayers would 
form the Bedrock of his 

5474
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:09,400
pragmatic style. 
Later defining, how he navigated

5475
04:43:09,400 --> 04:43:11,500
the halls of Congress and 
eventually the White House. 

5476
04:43:12,300 --> 04:43:15,500
Harry Truman's position as a 
Jackson County Judge provided 

5477
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:18,400
him with an intimate view of the
political dynamics that shaped 

5478
04:43:18,400 --> 04:43:20,700
Kansas City and its surrounding 
areas. 

5479
04:43:20,700 --> 04:43:24,600
Contrary to Modern assumptions 
judge in, that era didn't always

5480
04:43:24,600 --> 04:43:26,600
require a law degree. 
The role. 

5481
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:29,300
Resembled a county. 
Commissioner managing budgets, 

5482
04:43:29,300 --> 04:43:32,600
overseeing infrastructure and 
mediating local disputes. 

5483
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:34,700
Truman's approach was 
straightforward. 

5484
04:43:34,700 --> 04:43:39,000
Keep roads, maintained ensure 
budgets, balanced and minimize 

5485
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:42,200
corruption where possible. 
Yet the Pendergast machine that 

5486
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:45,900
backed him thrived on patronage 
awarding contracts to Friendly 

5487
04:43:45,900 --> 04:43:48,800
bidders for Truman. 
The challenge was upholding 

5488
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:52,100
Integrity while not alienating 
the very Network that had placed

5489
04:43:52,100 --> 04:43:56,200
him in office throughout the 
1920s Truman and a reputation 

5490
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,600
for honesty that set him apart 
your Australian dodged in the 

5491
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:01,700
nepotism. 
The others accepted as routine. 

5492
04:44:01,700 --> 04:44:05,000
Journalists covering local 
government perceived judge 

5493
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:08,300
Truman as a unique individual a 
devoted member of the Pendergast

5494
04:44:08,300 --> 04:44:10,700
team who genuinely aimed to 
promote the public welfare. 

5495
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:15,100
He developed a method maintained
civil relationships with boss, 

5496
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:18,500
Tom Pendergast, but quietly push
for a fishing to Administration.

5497
04:44:19,500 --> 04:44:22,200
This precarious, balance Drew 
occasional, disapproval from 

5498
04:44:22,200 --> 04:44:25,300
reform-minded critics, who felt 
he should break with the machine

5499
04:44:25,300 --> 04:44:28,900
entirely Truman reason that from
within he could do more for 

5500
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:31,700
constituents in private. 
He admitted the tension. 

5501
04:44:31,700 --> 04:44:33,100
Nored at him yet. 
No. 

5502
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:34,800
Obvious alternative route 
existed. 

5503
04:44:34,800 --> 04:44:38,400
The machine was the only ladder 
for local Democratic politicians

5504
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:41,700
by the early, 1930s. 
The Great Depression rattled, 

5505
04:44:41,700 --> 04:44:45,800
every corner of America, Kansas 
City state of Missouri, faced 

5506
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:48,400
Bank closures, mass 
unemployment, and bread lines, 

5507
04:44:48,400 --> 04:44:52,600
Truman re-elected as a presiding
judge in 1930, used New Deal 

5508
04:44:52,600 --> 04:44:55,800
funds to jumpstart local 
projects, Bridges, public 

5509
04:44:55,800 --> 04:44:59,400
buildings and new highways 
attempting to pump lifeblood in 

5510
04:44:59,408 --> 04:45:02,700
to the local economy. 
His sincere empathy for ordinary

5511
04:45:02,700 --> 04:45:05,500
families grounded. 
In his experience of economic 

5512
04:45:05,500 --> 04:45:07,600
hardship, colored every 
decision. 

5513
04:45:07,600 --> 04:45:10,900
He oversaw County relief 
program, that while not free of 

5514
04:45:10,908 --> 04:45:14,200
cronyism often delivered, real 
help to needy citizens. 

5515
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:17,900
This bolstered Truman standing 
as a conscientious official 

5516
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:20,400
though overshadowed by the 
iconic New Deal initiatives 

5517
04:45:20,400 --> 04:45:23,500
Champions by President Franklin 
D Roosevelt at the national 

5518
04:45:23,500 --> 04:45:26,900
level. 
Year, 1934, brought a new 

5519
04:45:26,908 --> 04:45:30,600
opportunity, Pendergrass decided
to push Truman as the Democratic

5520
04:45:30,600 --> 04:45:34,100
candidate for the US Senate. 
The overshadowed by more 

5521
04:45:34,100 --> 04:45:36,700
prominent figures in state 
politics Truman's, quiet, 

5522
04:45:36,708 --> 04:45:40,400
perseverance appealed to rural 
voters, on the campaign Trail. 

5523
04:45:40,400 --> 04:45:43,300
Wearing his trademark wide 
brimmed hat and thick glasses. 

5524
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:47,100
He visited farmhouses and small 
town, Gatherings, he promised to

5525
04:45:47,100 --> 04:45:49,500
back Roosevelt's program, 
praising the impetus behind 

5526
04:45:49,500 --> 04:45:52,400
them. 
Meanwhile suspicious voices 

5527
04:45:52,400 --> 04:45:54,600
hammered him as a Pendergast 
stooge. 

5528
04:45:56,000 --> 04:45:59,300
The bosses, endorsements sealed,
the nomination, but winning the 

5529
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:01,000
general election was no 
guarantee. 

5530
04:46:01,000 --> 04:46:03,700
Nonetheless. 
National frustration with the 

5531
04:46:03,708 --> 04:46:07,000
Republicans handling of the 
depression gave the Democrats, a

5532
04:46:07,000 --> 04:46:10,900
strong Tailwind, Truman eked out
of Victory heading to Washington

5533
04:46:10,900 --> 04:46:15,400
at age. 50 in the Senate he was 
a small fish in a pond teeming 

5534
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:19,500
with the established whales like
a Huey Long Carter glass and 

5535
04:46:19,500 --> 04:46:23,500
Robert La Follette, Junior. 
Eager to prove his worth Truman 

5536
04:46:23,500 --> 04:46:25,700
initially found himself 
overshadowed by Southern 

5537
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:27,700
Democrats who dominated key 
committees. 

5538
04:46:28,400 --> 04:46:31,200
He stuck to the Commerce and 
Interstate regulation committees

5539
04:46:31,200 --> 04:46:34,600
quietly, gleaning, how 
legislative deals were forged 

5540
04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:38,000
mindful that he needed to rid 
himself of the Pentagon stigma. 

5541
04:46:38,000 --> 04:46:42,400
He tackled issues with the 
methodical zeal. one such moment

5542
04:46:42,400 --> 04:46:45,700
arrived, in 1939, when he 
chaired a subcommittee 

5543
04:46:45,700 --> 04:46:49,300
investigating Railroad 
reorganization, Applying his 

5544
04:46:49,300 --> 04:46:53,000
county level budgeting lessons 
to a national stage colleagues. 

5545
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:57,200
Noticed his meticulous approach,
he seldom boasted rarely sought 

5546
04:46:57,200 --> 04:46:59,300
headlines, but delivered 
results. 

5547
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:03,800
The mid-1930s to late 1930s. 
Also saw the unraveling of 

5548
04:47:03,808 --> 04:47:08,200
pentagon's Empire accusations of
tax evasion and Corruption sword

5549
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:12,000
in 1939. 
Tom Pendergast was convicted of 

5550
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:15,308
tax fraud and imprisoned 
headlines implicated him in his 

5551
04:47:15,316 --> 04:47:19,600
associates in a massive graphed 
Truman facing re-election in 

5552
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:23,700
1940, braced for the blowback, 
his opponents, painted him as 

5553
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:27,200
the senator from Pendergast, but
Truman countered that he too 

5554
04:47:27,200 --> 04:47:29,800
disapproved of corruption and 
that is recorded. 

5555
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:34,700
Independent voters, evaluating 
his actual performance decided 

5556
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,200
to give him another term. 
The tight race confirmed that 

5557
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:41,000
his margin of Victory Lane trust
built by actual service 

5558
04:47:41,000 --> 04:47:43,400
overshadowing the old Machine 
Label. 

5559
04:47:44,200 --> 04:47:46,700
In his second term, Truman's 
name surfaced more often, 

5560
04:47:46,700 --> 04:47:49,200
especially as storm clouds 
gathered in Europe. 

5561
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:55,200
World War 2 erupted in 1939 by 
1941 America was edging closer 

5562
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:58,700
to involvement Rosevelt, 
lendlease policies, and the ramp

5563
04:47:58,700 --> 04:48:01,000
up of Defense Industries, 
demanded close oversight. 

5564
04:48:01,900 --> 04:48:05,500
Truman sensing billions of tax 
dollars, swirling into new 

5565
04:48:05,500 --> 04:48:09,000
factories spearheaded a senate 
committee to monitor War 

5566
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:12,100
profiteering the Senate special 
committee to investigate the 

5567
04:48:12,100 --> 04:48:15,300
National Defense program more 
famously known as The Truman 

5568
04:48:15,300 --> 04:48:18,400
committee set out to ensure that
war contracts were legitimate 

5569
04:48:18,400 --> 04:48:20,900
factories. 
Produced quality goods and 

5570
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:23,100
unscrupulous profiteers were 
exposed. 

5571
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:25,300
This gave Truman a national 
Spotlight. 

5572
04:48:25,300 --> 04:48:29,000
He visited defense plants in 
cognito scrutinizing. 

5573
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:32,600
Paperwork the committee earned 
praise for saving taxpayers. 

5574
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:35,800
Giant sums press coverage, 
portrayed him as a bulldog for 

5575
04:48:35,800 --> 04:48:38,100
accountability, not a 
grandstander. 

5576
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:40,800
But someone truly outraged by 
waste or exploitation. 

5577
04:48:41,800 --> 04:48:45,700
By 1943, The Truman committee 
had propelled the senator from 

5578
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:47,400
Missouri in to the National 
consciousness. 

5579
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:50,600
Pundits, who wants to dismissed 
him as a background functionary.

5580
04:48:50,600 --> 04:48:53,900
Now, viewed him as a champion of
good governance, amid a massive 

5581
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:58,800
global war, the White House. 
Notice two Roosevelt seeking to 

5582
04:48:58,800 --> 04:49:02,700
unify, the Democratic party for 
the 1944 election face. 

5583
04:49:02,700 --> 04:49:06,100
The question of who should serve
as vice president, his current 

5584
04:49:06,100 --> 04:49:09,600
VP Henry Wallace was viewed as 
two, Radical by Party. 

5585
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:13,500
Conservatives could Harry Truman
a moderate Pro defense. 

5586
04:49:13,500 --> 04:49:16,300
Corruption fighting senator. 
Be the compromise pick. 

5587
04:49:17,000 --> 04:49:20,400
The party bigwigs thought. 
So the stage was set for a Twist

5588
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:24,200
in Truman's life from being a 
steady second term Senator to 

5589
04:49:24,200 --> 04:49:27,000
possibly occupying the second 
highest office in the land 

5590
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:29,400
perched. 
Precariously near the center of 

5591
04:49:29,400 --> 04:49:32,800
a global conflict. 
Harry Truman never aggressively,

5592
04:49:32,800 --> 04:49:36,900
pursued the vice presidency, but
in the swirl of 1944 politics, 

5593
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:39,800
He emerged as a near consensus 
Choice. 

5594
04:49:39,800 --> 04:49:43,900
Franklin D Roosevelt seeking an 
unprecedented fourth term 

5595
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:46,400
recognized that in a fractious 
Democratic party. 

5596
04:49:46,400 --> 04:49:50,900
Henry Wallace polarized, too 
many Conservative Democrats, 

5597
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:54,100
demanded a replacement and 
Truman's unassuming loyalty and 

5598
04:49:54,100 --> 04:49:56,600
his credibility in the war 
proved to be a suitable fit. 

5599
04:49:57,400 --> 04:50:00,000
when the Democratic National 
Convention convened that July in

5600
04:50:00,000 --> 04:50:04,200
Chicago backroom dealings sealed
the arrangement Truman famously 

5601
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:07,300
claimed, he woke up one morning 
as a senator and went to bed 

5602
04:50:07,300 --> 04:50:09,600
that night as the parties, Vice 
Presidential nominee. 

5603
04:50:09,600 --> 04:50:13,300
Even then he expressed 
reluctance famously quipping, 

5604
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,400
that the role was largely 
ornamental, a spare tire on the 

5605
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:19,800
Autumn of government. the 
Roosevelt Truman ticket 

5606
04:50:19,800 --> 04:50:24,300
triumphed in November 1944 
riding on FDR's record as a 

5607
04:50:24,300 --> 04:50:27,700
wartime leader The margin was 
narrower than earlier Roosevelt 

5608
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:31,700
victories reflecting War fatigue
among Americans but a victory 

5609
04:50:31,700 --> 04:50:35,700
was still a victory and in 
January 1945 Truman took the 

5610
04:50:35,700 --> 04:50:39,600
oath as vice president within 
weeks the Allies Advanced on 

5611
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:42,000
Nazi Germany. 
The battle of the Bulger had 

5612
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:44,700
ended and the liberation of 
concentration camps approached. 

5613
04:50:44,700 --> 04:50:49,100
Meanwhile the Pacific Theater 
raged on with US forces, inching

5614
04:50:49,100 --> 04:50:51,800
closer to Japan. 
Truman found himself at the 

5615
04:50:51,800 --> 04:50:53,600
periphery of top-level 
discussions. 

5616
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:56,900
Roosevelt, his health failing 
still dominated the 

5617
04:50:56,900 --> 04:50:59,000
administration strategic 
deliberations. 

5618
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:02,700
Truman's main tasks involved, 
presiding over the Senate and 

5619
04:51:02,700 --> 04:51:05,900
fulfilling ceremonial roles. 
He was rarely looped into the 

5620
04:51:05,908 --> 04:51:09,300
secrets of the Manhattan Project
or the exact shape of post-war 

5621
04:51:09,300 --> 04:51:12,000
negotiations. 
Everything changed abruptly on 

5622
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:16,400
April 12th, 1945 Rosevelt, died 
in Warm Springs. 

5623
04:51:16,400 --> 04:51:21,200
Georgia after months of visibly,
declining vitality, Stunned 

5624
04:51:21,200 --> 04:51:23,700
Truman was summoned to the White
House and took the oath of 

5625
04:51:23,700 --> 04:51:26,000
office as president in a small 
tent ceremony. 

5626
04:51:26,000 --> 04:51:30,600
He later recalled, I felt like 
the moon, the stars and all the 

5627
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:34,200
planets had fallen on me. 
The man who had been in the dark

5628
04:51:34,200 --> 04:51:37,500
about critical aspects of the 
war, particularly the atomic 

5629
04:51:37,500 --> 04:51:39,900
program. 
Now became Commander in Chief of

5630
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:44,000
a global superpower in Waiting, 
advisors scrambled to brief him 

5631
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:47,200
on ongoing strategies. 
Secret weapons, research and the

5632
04:51:47,200 --> 04:51:50,000
complexity of Allied 
negotiations with star in and 

5633
04:51:50,000 --> 04:51:52,600
Churchill. 
Truman's earliest, decisions 

5634
04:51:52,600 --> 04:51:56,900
revolved around ending World War
Two in Europe Victory, seemed 

5635
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:01,900
imminent with Hitler's regime. 
Collapsing VE Day victory in 

5636
04:52:01,900 --> 04:52:07,100
Europe, arrived on May 8th 1945,
overshadowing, the raw sense of 

5637
04:52:07,108 --> 04:52:09,700
Roosevelt's absence. 
Meanwhile, the Potsdam 

5638
04:52:09,700 --> 04:52:11,900
Conference in July saw a Truman 
meet Winston. 

5639
04:52:11,900 --> 04:52:15,400
Churchill later replaced by 
Clement Atlee mid conference and

5640
04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:18,500
Joseph Stalin. 
With the war in Europe settled. 

5641
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:21,700
The conversation, pivoted, 
dividing Germany into zones, 

5642
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:24,700
shaping Eastern, Europe's 
future, and extracting 

5643
04:52:24,700 --> 04:52:27,200
concessions from the Soviet 
Union about joining the war 

5644
04:52:27,200 --> 04:52:31,200
against Japan Truman a novice in
the high stakes diplomacy that 

5645
04:52:31,200 --> 04:52:36,000
Rose had navigated approached 
star in with cautioned that the 

5646
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:38,100
Soviet leader had Ambitions in 
Eastern Europe. 

5647
04:52:38,100 --> 04:52:40,500
A harp Enduro of postwar 
friction. 

5648
04:52:41,300 --> 04:52:44,300
Simultaneously Truman faced to 
moral and strategic quandary in 

5649
04:52:44,308 --> 04:52:47,000
the Pacific, the Manhattan 
Project had succeeded. 

5650
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:50,700
The atomic bomb was ready, 
military planners estimated and 

5651
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:54,000
invasion of Japan's home Islands
could cost a catastrophic number

5652
04:52:54,000 --> 04:52:57,200
of Allied and Japanese lives. 
The question was, where the 

5653
04:52:57,208 --> 04:52:59,300
dropping the ball might force a 
swift surrender. 

5654
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:02,900
Truman wrestled with the ethics 
But ultimately authorized using 

5655
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:05,200
Atomic weapons. 
Believing it would end the 

5656
04:53:05,208 --> 04:53:10,000
conflict more quickly on August 
6th. 1945, a B-29 dropped. 

5657
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:12,500
The first bomb on Hiroshima. 
Three days later. 

5658
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:16,100
Nagasaki was hit, Japan 
announced surrender on August 

5659
04:53:16,100 --> 04:53:18,700
15th. 
The effect was, as unprecedented

5660
04:53:18,700 --> 04:53:22,800
as it was terrifying, the world 
recognized a new era of nuclear 

5661
04:53:22,800 --> 04:53:26,400
capability Truman Justified his 
choice to the American public, 

5662
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,800
as a necessary. 
Evil one that in his view saved 

5663
04:53:29,800 --> 04:53:33,400
more lives than it cost. 
Others debated, the morality for

5664
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:36,500
generations to come but the 
immediate aftermath was a wave 

5665
04:53:36,500 --> 04:53:39,400
of relief that the war was over 
emerging from the walls. 

5666
04:53:39,400 --> 04:53:43,200
Conclusion Truman found an 
altered Planet, the Soviet Union

5667
04:53:43,200 --> 04:53:47,100
and the US stood as rival 
superpowers, Europe in Ruins 

5668
04:53:47,100 --> 04:53:50,400
Asia, wrestled with new 
Independence movements and the 

5669
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:54,200
nuclear age, overshadowed all 
many Americans wanted a return 

5670
04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:57,500
to domestic normalcy hoping to 
spend energy on economic 

5671
04:53:57,500 --> 04:54:00,300
Revival. 
But the unraveling alliance with

5672
04:54:00,300 --> 04:54:05,100
Stalin's USSR hinted at a new 
conflict in the making a cold 

5673
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:08,200
war of ideologies spies and 
proxy battles. 

5674
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,400
Truman The Accidental, president
would have to craft policies 

5675
04:54:12,400 --> 04:54:16,700
that shape this precarious World
in 1946, as the rest of the 

5676
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:20,500
Allied powers demobilized. 
Soviets entrenched in Eastern 

5677
04:54:20,500 --> 04:54:22,900
Europe, Winston Churchill no 
longer. 

5678
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:26,400
Britain's prime minister 
visited, the US and declared an 

5679
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,100
iron curtain had descended 
across the continent. 

5680
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:33,000
Truman recognized the need for a
Doctrine to counter Soviet 

5681
04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:35,800
expansion, albeit, short of 
direct Warfare. 

5682
04:54:36,600 --> 04:54:39,000
The seeds of the containment 
strategy took shape. 

5683
04:54:39,700 --> 04:54:42,200
Culminating in what would be 
known as the Truman Doctrine 

5684
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:45,100
pledging support to countries 
threatened by the communist 

5685
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:47,900
subversion. 
With minimal foreign policy 

5686
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:51,200
background, he relied on 
seasoned figures like George 

5687
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:54,900
Marshall, denature, son, and 
others to devise new Frameworks 

5688
04:54:54,900 --> 04:54:58,300
for the global stability. 
Meanwhile, on the domestic 

5689
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:00,300
front. 
The challenge of Recon, the 

5690
04:55:00,300 --> 04:55:03,800
economy from wartime production 
to peace, time, soared labor, 

5691
04:55:03,800 --> 04:55:07,700
strikes, inflating and demands 
for civil rights tested Truman's

5692
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:11,700
leadership. 
As 1947 approached, Truman's 

5693
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:14,900
tenure had only begun the 
decisions about nuclear arms, 

5694
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:18,300
the Aidan programs for war, 
ravaged allies and the looming. 

5695
04:55:18,300 --> 04:55:20,700
Confrontational with Soviet 
policies in Europe and Asia. 

5696
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:24,100
These would Define not just his 
presidency, but the entire 

5697
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:27,600
Global Order, once a quiet, 
Senator overshadowed by 

5698
04:55:27,600 --> 04:55:30,900
roseville's, magnetism Truman 
had stepped into the spotlight. 

5699
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:34,400
He was about to introduce a new 
vocabulary to American 

5700
04:55:34,400 --> 04:55:38,000
statecraft, the Marshall Plan, 
the Berlin airlift, and the 

5701
04:55:38,008 --> 04:55:40,800
seeds of NATO forging, an era 
where the United States 

5702
04:55:40,800 --> 04:55:43,900
embraced, superpower 
responsibilities, Unthinkable a 

5703
04:55:43,900 --> 04:55:46,900
mere decade earlier. 
In the tumultuous post-war 

5704
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:49,200
climate Harry Truman found his 
presidency. 

5705
04:55:49,200 --> 04:55:53,100
Pivoting on two broad fronts 
foreign policy crises and 

5706
04:55:53,100 --> 04:55:56,600
domestic upheaval. 
Fresh from the Euphoria victory 

5707
04:55:56,600 --> 04:56:00,200
over fascism American soon. 
Recognized that a new tension 

5708
04:56:00,200 --> 04:56:02,200
with the Soviet Union. 
Dominated world, affairs, 

5709
04:56:02,200 --> 04:56:05,600
Eastern Europe, lay under 
communist influence and 

5710
04:56:05,600 --> 04:56:08,900
starling's gripped. 
Titan cross Poland, Hungary and 

5711
04:56:08,900 --> 04:56:11,300
others. 
These developments spurred 

5712
04:56:11,300 --> 04:56:13,400
Truman's Administration to 
articulate a more defined 

5713
04:56:13,400 --> 04:56:17,400
stance. 
In March 1947, he presented to 

5714
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:19,400
Congress what became known as 
the Truman Doctrine. 

5715
04:56:19,400 --> 04:56:23,000
The United States would Aid 
Nations resisting subjugation by

5716
04:56:23,000 --> 04:56:26,300
armed minorities or outside 
pressures though, triggered by 

5717
04:56:26,300 --> 04:56:29,200
crises and turkey the doctrines 
signaled. 

5718
04:56:29,200 --> 04:56:31,000
A broader commitment to 
containing communism. 

5719
04:56:32,000 --> 04:56:34,500
Skeptics worried about 
entangling America, in Endless, 

5720
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:37,300
foreign struggles, but Truman 
insisted that. 

5721
04:56:37,300 --> 04:56:39,000
Inaction would yield greater 
perils. 

5722
04:56:39,900 --> 04:56:42,800
Soon after Secretary of State, 
George Marshall proposed the 

5723
04:56:42,800 --> 04:56:44,900
European recovery program 
colloquially. 

5724
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:48,500
The Marshall Plan War, ravaged, 
Europe, faced famine and 

5725
04:56:48,500 --> 04:56:51,400
economic collapse conditions. 
Ripe for communist infiltration.

5726
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,900
Marshal's Plan offered massive 
financial aid to rebuild 

5727
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:58,400
infrastructure revitalized 
Industries and stabilize 

5728
04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:01,700
currencies, Truman championed. 
This approach has simultaneously

5729
04:57:01,700 --> 04:57:05,500
humanitarian and strategic. 
Western Europe, Swift 

5730
04:57:05,500 --> 04:57:08,400
reconstruction, under the plan, 
created an economic boom. 

5731
04:57:09,300 --> 04:57:12,300
Forging stable, democracies less
vulnerable to Soviet influence 

5732
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:17,000
this bold initiative, reshaped 
America's Global role no longer 

5733
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:19,300
isolationist. 
It was now the engine of a 

5734
04:57:19,308 --> 04:57:22,800
nascent Western Alliance 
domestically Truman encountered 

5735
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:25,800
an equally, formidable 
challenge, millions of veterans 

5736
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:28,300
returned, seeking jobs and 
affordable housing. 

5737
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:31,900
Labor unions, having postponed 
strike during the war. 

5738
04:57:31,900 --> 04:57:34,900
Now pressed for raises in an 
inflationary climate. 

5739
04:57:35,600 --> 04:57:37,900
The Republican Resurgence in the
1946. 

5740
04:57:37,900 --> 04:57:42,300
Midterms gave the GOP control of
Congress complicating Truman's 

5741
04:57:42,300 --> 04:57:44,600
legislative Ambitions. 
He Advanced what? 

5742
04:57:44,600 --> 04:57:45,800
He dubbed. 
The Fair Deal. 

5743
04:57:45,800 --> 04:57:49,300
Sweeter, proposals aiming to 
expand upon rows of Health's New

5744
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:53,200
Deal, National Health Care, 
civil rights, measures 8 to 

5745
04:57:53,208 --> 04:57:57,100
education and a higher minimum 
wage Yeah, these ran headlong 

5746
04:57:57,100 --> 04:58:00,400
into Congressional opposition 
with the Republicans and 

5747
04:58:00,400 --> 04:58:02,600
conservative Southern Democrats 
blocking large. 

5748
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:06,500
Segments, the result incremental
progress overshadowed by 

5749
04:58:06,500 --> 04:58:10,400
persistent gridlock. 
Matters of race also percolated.

5750
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:13,800
Despite Roosevelt's colorblind 
rhetoric during the war 

5751
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:16,400
African-Americans faced 
persistent discrimination. 

5752
04:58:17,500 --> 04:58:21,500
In 1948, Truman issued an 
executive order to desegregate 

5753
04:58:21,500 --> 04:58:25,200
the Armed Forces, a bold move 
that outraged, many Southern 

5754
04:58:25,200 --> 04:58:28,800
politicians, but signaled, a new
federal stance on civil rights. 

5755
04:58:28,800 --> 04:58:32,700
He also called for an end to 
poll taxes and for legislation 

5756
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:35,700
Banning lynching though, those 
proposals stalled in Congress, 

5757
04:58:36,800 --> 04:58:39,000
Civil rights leaders. 
Applauded him as the first 

5758
04:58:39,000 --> 04:58:41,400
modern president to make such a 
stand, though. 

5759
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:43,600
It carried political risks in 
the upcoming election. 

5760
04:58:45,000 --> 04:58:48,600
The 1948 presidential race 
shaped up as a daunting one for 

5761
04:58:48,600 --> 04:58:52,500
Truman many believed he was 
doomed to defeat even within his

5762
04:58:52,500 --> 04:58:56,300
party southern Dixiecrats. 
Broke off championing Strom 

5763
04:58:56,300 --> 04:58:58,000
Thurmond in the protest of civil
rights. 

5764
04:58:58,000 --> 04:59:01,100
While Henry Wallace over the 
former vice president led. 

5765
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:04,500
The Progressive Party from the 
left, the Republican nominee 

5766
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:08,900
Thomas Dewey exuded confidence 
pollsters and newspapers 

5767
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:12,300
predicted a Shore, Republican 
Victory, but Truman embarked on 

5768
04:59:12,308 --> 04:59:14,600
a legendary Whistle. 
Stop campaign across the country

5769
04:59:14,600 --> 04:59:18,100
by train hitting small towns and
big cities with fiery speeches, 

5770
04:59:18,100 --> 04:59:21,100
he hammered the do nothing 
congress for blocking his Fair 

5771
04:59:21,100 --> 04:59:25,600
Deal measures championed the 
average Dean citizens needs and 

5772
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:29,800
exuded and Underdog energy that 
resonated with voters on 

5773
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:32,600
Election night, the Chicago 
Tribune famously printed its 

5774
04:59:32,600 --> 04:59:35,700
Dewey defeats Truman, headline 
prematurely. 

5775
04:59:36,800 --> 04:59:40,900
The actual result a surprise 
Truman Victory securing his 

5776
04:59:40,900 --> 04:59:42,700
place in the white house for a 
full term. 

5777
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:46,800
Historians still Marvel at this 
upset, tributing it to Truman's 

5778
04:59:46,800 --> 04:59:49,800
Relentless, Grassroots, appeal, 
and Americans preference for 

5779
04:59:49,808 --> 04:59:53,500
continuity and uncertain times. 
Even after this Triumph, the 

5780
04:59:53,500 --> 04:59:56,900
cold Wars drum beat intensified 
in 1949. 

5781
04:59:56,900 --> 05:00:00,500
The Soviets tested their first 
atomic bomb sooner than Western 

5782
05:00:00,500 --> 05:00:03,200
intelligence had anticipated 
China's. 

5783
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:05,500
Civil War ended with MAO 
zedong's, communist Victory, 

5784
05:00:05,500 --> 05:00:09,400
another Blow To Us hopes of 
containing communism within the 

5785
05:00:09,400 --> 05:00:11,400
US. 
Paranoia about Soviet 

5786
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,100
infiltration sword. 
Prompting investigations of 

5787
05:00:14,100 --> 05:00:16,900
alleged spies and government. 
Accusations. 

5788
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:20,100
By Senator Joseph McCarthy, of 
communist sympathizers in the 

5789
05:00:20,100 --> 05:00:23,800
state department, gain traction,
fueling an era of blacklists and

5790
05:00:23,808 --> 05:00:26,700
loyalty. 
Oaths Truman initially 

5791
05:00:26,700 --> 05:00:30,300
dismissive of McCarthy's claims 
found the climate overshadowing 

5792
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:32,100
more moderate approaches to 
subversion. 

5793
05:00:32,900 --> 05:00:36,300
The so-called Red Scare impacted
the national mood making 

5794
05:00:36,300 --> 05:00:39,600
American suspicious of any 
perceived left-leaning activity.

5795
05:00:40,300 --> 05:00:44,600
Simultaneously, the Berlin 
crisis escalated in 1948, to 

5796
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:48,700
1949 star in blockaded West 
Berlin, hoping to force the 

5797
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:51,800
Allies out. 
Truman answered with the Berlin.

5798
05:00:51,800 --> 05:00:55,700
Airlift logistical Marvel 
fairing supplies by air to 2 

5799
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:59,000
million berliners Round the 
Clock cargo plane soared, over 

5800
05:00:59,000 --> 05:01:01,800
Soviet occupied zones, bringing 
food and coal. 

5801
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:04,900
The operation success. 
Showcased Truman's willingness 

5802
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:09,000
to stand firm without triggering
direct War by mid 1949. 

5803
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:13,300
The blockade ended proving 
Western Unity triumphant yet 

5804
05:01:13,300 --> 05:01:16,400
Germany's formal partition into 
Eastern West underscored that 

5805
05:01:16,408 --> 05:01:19,100
the global divide was no 
fleeting spat. 

5806
05:01:20,000 --> 05:01:22,600
It crystallized an iron curtain 
across Europe. 

5807
05:01:23,800 --> 05:01:26,100
Truman's president, he thus 
served as The Crucible. 

5808
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:32,000
Forging NATO established in 1949
to unify Weston defense. by 

5809
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:35,900
1950, the stage was set for the 
next major conflict in Korea 

5810
05:01:35,900 --> 05:01:39,800
communist, North invade the 
South prompting un-led 

5811
05:01:39,800 --> 05:01:43,400
intervention Truman further to 
stop aggression. 

5812
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:47,500
But where of Another World War 
authorized forces under General 

5813
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,800
MacArthur, the Korean War would 
Define his final years in 

5814
05:01:50,800 --> 05:01:54,200
office, intensifying domestic 
debates over how to contain 

5815
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:56,600
Communism without triggering 
nuclear catastrophe. 

5816
05:01:57,700 --> 05:02:02,500
So from the Vantage of the early
1950s Harry Truman, once a 

5817
05:02:02,500 --> 05:02:05,200
relatively obscure Senator had 
become the architect of 

5818
05:02:05,208 --> 05:02:08,400
containment, The Man Behind the 
Fair Deal and the figure 

5819
05:02:08,400 --> 05:02:11,700
bridging FDR's Global Legacy 
with a precarious New Order. 

5820
05:02:12,400 --> 05:02:15,100
His next steps would further 
tests both his presidency and 

5821
05:02:15,100 --> 05:02:17,600
the tolerance of a public 
increasingly fatigued by 

5822
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:21,300
unending. 
Conflicts abroad June 1950, 

5823
05:02:21,300 --> 05:02:23,200
jolted, The Truman 
Administration where North 

5824
05:02:23,200 --> 05:02:26,600
Korean forces under Kim, the 
Second Son, surge to cross the 

5825
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:30,400
38th parallel overwhelming, the 
ill-prepared South Korean army 

5826
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:34,400
within days. 
Soul fell un Security Council. 

5827
05:02:34,400 --> 05:02:37,500
Swiftly, condemned the 
aggression A rare instance, 

5828
05:02:37,500 --> 05:02:39,800
where the Soviet Union's absence
from the council. 

5829
05:02:39,800 --> 05:02:42,600
Due to boycotting over China's 
seat allowed. 

5830
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:47,000
A unanimous resolution to pass. 
Truman responded promptly, he 

5831
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:50,100
committed US Air and Naval 
support soon dispatching. 

5832
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:52,700
Ground troops. 
Technically, the conflict was a 

5833
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:54,800
police action rather than a 
declared war. 

5834
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:58,100
But thousands of American 
servicemen found themselves. 

5835
05:02:58,100 --> 05:03:00,200
In brutal combat across the 
Korean Peninsula. 

5836
05:03:00,200 --> 05:03:04,000
General, Douglas MacArthur a 
decorated World War, Two figure 

5837
05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:08,800
assumed command of UN forces. 
At first, the situation was Dire

5838
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:12,700
Allied lines, shrank to a small 
defensive pocket around pusan. 

5839
05:03:12,700 --> 05:03:17,700
Then came the Bold in Sean 
Landing in September 1950, a 

5840
05:03:17,700 --> 05:03:20,200
brilliant amphibious operation 
that outflanked North, Korean 

5841
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:23,800
supply lines, MacArthur's 
troops, recaptured Soul 

5842
05:03:23,800 --> 05:03:27,400
reversing, North Korea's gains, 
Boyd by success. 

5843
05:03:27,400 --> 05:03:31,600
MacArthur pushed north crossing 
the 38th parallel with Truman's 

5844
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:34,700
tentative endorsement. 
The objective evolved from 

5845
05:03:34,700 --> 05:03:37,300
merely repelling The Invasion to
toppling, the Kim regime 

5846
05:03:37,300 --> 05:03:40,200
entirely. 
Also, the general believed Yet, 

5847
05:03:40,200 --> 05:03:43,600
a new threat loomed communist, 
China warned, it would not 

5848
05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:45,700
tolerate foreign armies on its 
border. 

5849
05:03:46,500 --> 05:03:49,500
Truman's advisors debated 
whether unifying Korea by force 

5850
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:52,900
was feasible or wise Crossing 
into the far, north could lead 

5851
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:55,400
to Chinese intervention many 
warned. 

5852
05:03:56,100 --> 05:04:01,700
MacArthur Brash and confident 
discounted such warnings by late

5853
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:04,800
1950. 
Chinese volunteers, poor cross 

5854
05:04:04,800 --> 05:04:07,900
the Yellow River, launching a 
massive counter-offensive 

5855
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:11,800
American and Allied Forces 
reeled Southwood in a grim, 

5856
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:13,800
winter retreat. 
Public shocked. 

5857
05:04:13,800 --> 05:04:15,700
At this sudden reversal battered
Truman's. 

5858
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:19,700
Popularity as casualties 
mounted, a rift yawned between 

5859
05:04:19,700 --> 05:04:24,000
Macarthur who demanded expanded 
War, potentially bombing Chinese

5860
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:26,800
bases. 
And Truman, who insisted on 

5861
05:04:26,800 --> 05:04:30,000
avoiding a broader conflict 
MacArthur disregarding 

5862
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:32,900
presidential directives publicly
criticized, Washington's 

5863
05:04:32,900 --> 05:04:36,100
caution, effectively, 
undermining, Truman's Authority.

5864
05:04:36,900 --> 05:04:40,700
In April, 1951 Truman made a 
fateful decision, he revved 

5865
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:45,000
MacArthur of command. 
The Uproar was immediate. 

5866
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:50,300
MacArthur was a national hero. 
Welcome home by throngs, 

5867
05:04:50,300 --> 05:04:55,000
chanting his name. 
Meanwhile critics accused Truman

5868
05:04:55,000 --> 05:04:58,100
of weakening the war effort but 
Truman committed to civilian 

5869
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:00,200
control of the military stood 
firm. 

5870
05:05:00,200 --> 05:05:02,900
He believed that letting a 
general Define foreign policy 

5871
05:05:02,900 --> 05:05:04,500
threatened, the very core of 
democracy. 

5872
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:09,000
Despite the controversy, the 
Korean War ground on Armistice 

5873
05:05:09,000 --> 05:05:13,400
talks started in mid 1951 but 
dragged on for months, even as 

5874
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:17,200
battles flared along entrenched 
lines near the 38th parallel. 

5875
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:20,800
While US public support for the 
war waned. 

5876
05:05:21,400 --> 05:05:24,500
Truman's White House wrestled 
with spiraling defense costs, 

5877
05:05:24,500 --> 05:05:28,300
anxious to avoid over extension.
Some saw parallels to the 

5878
05:05:28,308 --> 05:05:31,400
frustration in World War 1, 
trenches minimal, territorial 

5879
05:05:31,400 --> 05:05:34,700
gains High casualties and 
endless negotiations. 

5880
05:05:36,000 --> 05:05:40,400
By 1952 many American had grown 
disillusioned, the war 

5881
05:05:40,400 --> 05:05:42,800
overshadowed domestic progress 
on the Fair Deal. 

5882
05:05:42,800 --> 05:05:45,900
Political opponents, hammered 
Truman, for what they saw, as a 

5883
05:05:45,908 --> 05:05:49,400
stalemate in Asia, tying it to 
claims of infiltration by 

5884
05:05:49,400 --> 05:05:54,200
communist sympathizers at home. 
Fed by these tensions, the 1952 

5885
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:57,800
presidential election shaped up 
Truman, batted by criticism, 

5886
05:05:57,800 --> 05:05:59,600
decided not to run for another 
term. 

5887
05:05:59,600 --> 05:06:03,300
He had served nearly 8 years 
after Rosevelt, death plus the 

5888
05:06:03,300 --> 05:06:06,200
partial term. 
Instead, the Democratic party 

5889
05:06:06,200 --> 05:06:09,700
nominated at lace Stevenson, the
second who faced Dwight D 

5890
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:12,100
Eisenhower the popular General 
from World War 2. 

5891
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:16,100
Eisenhower's promised to go to 
Korea and end the war resonated 

5892
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:19,900
deeply with a weary public 
Truman overshadowed, simply 

5893
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:24,600
hoped, the conflict might find 
resolution In January 1953, he 

5894
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:27,200
left office with approval 
ratings, near historic lows, 

5895
05:06:27,200 --> 05:06:30,100
overshadowed, by the drawn-out, 
Korean struggle. 

5896
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:32,600
And the McCarthy era's 
Relentless accusations of 

5897
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:36,000
communist infiltration in the 
government yet even as he 

5898
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:39,000
vacated the White House Truman. 
Insisted that the containment 

5899
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:42,000
strategy was correct. 
He recognized that waiting 

5900
05:06:42,000 --> 05:06:45,700
passively would yield expansions
of Soviet or Chinese communism, 

5901
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:49,400
which he believed threatened 
global stability, the Berlin. 

5902
05:06:49,400 --> 05:06:53,200
Airlift, the Marshall Plan, the 
formation of NATO and a degree 

5903
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:55,300
from Turkey stood as 
cornerstones of what he 

5904
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:59,500
considered necessary steps, the 
Korean War while painful in his 

5905
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:02,500
View at halted a potential chain
reaction of communist conquests 

5906
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:06,000
in Asia the public and policy 
circles fiercely debated. 

5907
05:07:06,000 --> 05:07:08,900
Whether the high cost Justified 
the war returning to 

5908
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:11,200
Independence. 
Missouri, Truman embraced 

5909
05:07:11,200 --> 05:07:13,000
private life. 
Without many of the trappings 

5910
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:16,500
modern presidents would later 
enjoy, he had minimal pension, 

5911
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:19,400
no secret service detail 
initially and took up every day,

5912
05:07:19,400 --> 05:07:23,000
routines morning, walks visits 
to his library and Lively 

5913
05:07:23,000 --> 05:07:26,800
discussions with passes by over 
time Americans, softened toward 

5914
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:30,300
him the same man once reviled 
from MacArthur's firing. 

5915
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:33,800
And for the loss of China found,
belated appreciation as a symbol

5916
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,700
of plain-spoken decency. 
Journalists occasionally visited

5917
05:07:37,700 --> 05:07:40,200
his mum, modest home to chat 
about world events. 

5918
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:42,700
He deflected speculation about 
regrets. 

5919
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:46,500
Typically remarking that under 
the same conditions, he do much 

5920
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:48,900
the same. 
The Aging man in his signature 

5921
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,500
Fedora projected an air of calm 
that belied the turmoil. 

5922
05:07:52,500 --> 05:07:57,100
He once navigated in the broader
sense the years following 1953 

5923
05:07:57,100 --> 05:08:00,300
revealed that the cold war 
strategies Truman helped Pioneer

5924
05:08:00,300 --> 05:08:03,900
would Endure Cross presidents 
shaping US foreign policy for 

5925
05:08:03,900 --> 05:08:06,300
decades the notion that America 
must lead. 

5926
05:08:06,308 --> 05:08:09,900
Alliance's prop up, threatened, 
governments, and maintain a 

5927
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:12,700
robust military footprint. 
Ode much to the architecture in 

5928
05:08:12,700 --> 05:08:15,800
his advisors sketched 
controversies over, nuclear 

5929
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:19,000
arms, covid interventions and 
moral, trade-offs would continue

5930
05:08:19,000 --> 05:08:22,400
to swirl meanwhile, the so 
called Truman Doctrine in 

5931
05:08:22,400 --> 05:08:26,400
simpler times evolved into 
Myriad forms from Vietnam to the

5932
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:30,100
Middle East, where the favorable
or unfavorable The boundaries 

5933
05:08:30,100 --> 05:08:33,000
Truman established during the 
initial years of the Cold War 

5934
05:08:33,000 --> 05:08:35,700
established a superpower's 
worldwide Stars. 

5935
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:40,000
After leaving the presidency, 
Harry Truman quietly returned to

5936
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:42,700
the same unpretentious 
Independence neighborhood, he'd 

5937
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:46,200
Left Behind reporters, Marvel 
that unlike many political 

5938
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:49,100
figures who were treated in to 
comfortable consultant, gigs or 

5939
05:08:49,100 --> 05:08:51,900
lavish perks. 
Truman strolled us about as 

5940
05:08:51,900 --> 05:08:54,300
though unchanged. 
He personally answered the phone

5941
05:08:54,300 --> 05:08:57,000
at his home. 
Penders at a small writing desk 

5942
05:08:57,000 --> 05:08:59,800
and took daily constitutional 
through the neighborhood. 

5943
05:08:59,800 --> 05:09:03,200
When neighbors encountered him, 
he was as likely to talk about 

5944
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,400
local weather AS Global Affairs.
However, his historical 

5945
05:09:06,400 --> 05:09:07,900
decisions, carried significant 
weight. 

5946
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:12,700
Despite the sense of normalcy in
1953, the Korean Wars. 

5947
05:09:12,700 --> 05:09:16,000
Armistice took effect largely 
shaped by his successor 

5948
05:09:16,000 --> 05:09:18,700
Eisenhower, who carried forward 
negotiation. 

5949
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,800
As the Truman's administration. 
Had begun though the conflict 

5950
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,100
remained. 
Technically unresolved, the 

5951
05:09:24,100 --> 05:09:27,400
ceasefire established, the 
demilitarized zone freezing, the

5952
05:09:27,400 --> 05:09:31,500
peninsula's division, Critics. 
Contended that a final piece was

5953
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:35,000
never achieved under Truman's. 
What Defenders, argued that 

5954
05:09:35,000 --> 05:09:38,000
halting North Korean advances 
preserved, South Korea's future,

5955
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:42,100
As years passed. 
Young going partition cemented a

5956
05:09:42,100 --> 05:09:45,300
legacy of tension in East Asia. 
Intimately linked to Truman 

5957
05:09:45,300 --> 05:09:46,800
stand against communist 
aggression. 

5958
05:09:47,800 --> 05:09:51,400
In the realm of civil liberties,
the McCarthy era is further 

5959
05:09:51,400 --> 05:09:54,700
gradually subsided. 
Senator McCarthy overreached and

5960
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:57,800
was eventually censured by his 
colleagues retrospective 

5961
05:09:57,800 --> 05:10:01,400
analysis revealed, the climate 
of fear had led to blacklists 

5962
05:10:01,400 --> 05:10:04,500
and ruined careers with cold 
scant evidence of actual 

5963
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:08,100
subversion. 
From his Vantage Point Truman, 

5964
05:10:08,100 --> 05:10:10,700
felt Vindicated about firing 
MacArthur and resisting 

5965
05:10:10,700 --> 05:10:13,000
extremes. 
He had insisted that 

5966
05:10:13,000 --> 05:10:16,000
constitutional processes matter 
more than a general's, personal 

5967
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:18,200
conviction or a demagogue 
accusations. 

5968
05:10:19,000 --> 05:10:21,400
Yet the climate had left scars 
on the Democratic party, 

5969
05:10:21,400 --> 05:10:26,100
Truman's own brand of moderate, 
liberalism, heavy on foreign 

5970
05:10:26,100 --> 05:10:29,700
policy hawkishness and domestic 
incremental, reforms had 

5971
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:32,300
receded, under the weight of 
political realignments. 

5972
05:10:33,300 --> 05:10:37,100
Truman's financial situation, 
post president was precarious at

5973
05:10:37,100 --> 05:10:41,100
that time ex-presidents received
no, pension except for a small 

5974
05:10:41,108 --> 05:10:43,300
army pension from his service in
World War one. 

5975
05:10:43,300 --> 05:10:45,400
He faced burdened some living 
costs. 

5976
05:10:45,400 --> 05:10:49,100
A modest book deal for his 
Memoirs helped but it was not 

5977
05:10:49,100 --> 05:10:51,700
extravagant. 
He refused to cash in on 

5978
05:10:51,708 --> 05:10:53,400
corporate lobbying or serve on 
boards. 

5979
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:57,300
He considered morally dubious 
eventually Congress passed. 

5980
05:10:57,300 --> 05:11:00,800
The former presidents act in 
1958 partly spurred by Truman 

5981
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:03,800
circumstance, providing a 
pension and resources for office

5982
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:06,600
staff. 
He disliked to take in charity 

5983
05:11:06,600 --> 05:11:10,300
but recognize the policy. 
Served future ex-presidents more

5984
05:11:10,300 --> 05:11:13,100
than himself. 
Meanwhile, he poured energy into

5985
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:16,100
his Presidential Library. 
Determined that the story of his

5986
05:11:16,100 --> 05:11:18,800
administration warts and all be 
accessible to Scholars? 

5987
05:11:19,500 --> 05:11:25,100
His Memoirs published in two 
volumes 1955 and 1956 revealed a

5988
05:11:25,100 --> 05:11:27,100
candid, plain-spoken Narrative 
of events. 

5989
05:11:27,100 --> 05:11:30,200
He offered no apologies for the 
atomic bomb decisions. 

5990
05:11:30,200 --> 05:11:33,500
Emphasizing that the abrupt end 
of the Pacific War saved. 

5991
05:11:33,500 --> 05:11:35,700
Countless Allied and Japanese 
lives. 

5992
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:40,500
On the controversies surrounding
recognition of Israel Truman 

5993
05:11:40,500 --> 05:11:43,800
Swift acknowledgment of the new 
state in 198 moment. 

5994
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:47,000
In Middle East politics, he 
insisted it was the moral path 

5995
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:49,900
despite opposition from Key. 
Advisors indeed. 

5996
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:53,700
This quiet steadfast approach 
characterized his Recollections,

5997
05:11:53,700 --> 05:11:57,900
he may have been overshadowed by
FDR or disliked by flamboyant 

5998
05:11:57,900 --> 05:12:00,700
generals. 
But in times of Crisis, he did 

5999
05:12:00,700 --> 05:12:03,500
what he believed was necessary. 
Over time. 

6000
05:12:03,500 --> 05:12:06,600
Public perception of Truman. 
Shifted from unremarkable. 

6001
05:12:06,600 --> 05:12:08,800
Care taker to gutsy decision 
maker. 

6002
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,500
Revisionist historians started 
praising, The Truman doctrines 

6003
05:12:12,500 --> 05:12:15,600
Clarity, the Marshall Plan 
success in rebuilding Europe, 

6004
05:12:15,600 --> 05:12:18,900
and the pragmatic approach to 
containing Soviet influence. 

6005
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,000
He noted how he integrated civil
rights stances into mainstream 

6006
05:12:23,000 --> 05:12:26,600
Democratic ideology setting the 
stage for the more comprehensive

6007
05:12:26,600 --> 05:12:30,800
reforms of the 1960s. 
Younger politicians from John F,

6008
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:34,600
Kennedy onward acknowledged. 
A debt to Truman's Legacy that 

6009
05:12:34,600 --> 05:12:38,200
the presidency was about forging
alliances championing domestic 

6010
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:40,500
fairness and preserving a stable
Global Order. 

6011
05:12:41,400 --> 05:12:44,500
Not all revered him. 
Some leftist critics hammered 

6012
05:12:44,500 --> 05:12:47,600
the extremes of anti-communist 
actions While others on the 

6013
05:12:47,600 --> 05:12:51,200
right called the stalemate in 
Korea evidence of half-hearted 

6014
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:53,500
War. 
Yet an nostalgic sentiment 

6015
05:12:53,500 --> 05:12:57,100
gradually emerged painting 
Truman as a leader of a simpler 

6016
05:12:57,100 --> 05:13:00,100
more honest era. 
Truman's personal life. 

6017
05:13:00,100 --> 05:13:03,300
In his later years, revolved 
around Devotion to best remained

6018
05:13:03,300 --> 05:13:05,400
reclusive, referring not to 
appear in public. 

6019
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:09,200
The couple's, daily routine 
included, quite breakfasts 

6020
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:12,000
visits to the library and an 
occasional Drive. 

6021
05:13:12,000 --> 05:13:16,500
Grandchildren brought New Joy, 
sometimes foreign to dignitaries

6022
05:13:16,500 --> 05:13:18,800
or Scholars would drop by 
seeking the old amounts 

6023
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:21,300
perspective. 
He offered on varnished answers 

6024
05:13:21,300 --> 05:13:24,200
peppered with plain spoken. 
Missouri in humor. 

6025
05:13:24,200 --> 05:13:26,800
There were no Illusions or 
Frills in his answers, 

6026
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:30,000
journalist noticed that he 
rarely exploited the spotlight, 

6027
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:32,800
preferring to let official 
archives and Librarians, handle 

6028
05:13:32,800 --> 05:13:37,500
big historical queries. 
By the 1960s, the Cold War had 

6029
05:13:37,500 --> 05:13:41,100
escalated to new crises the 
Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile 

6030
05:13:41,100 --> 05:13:43,200
Crisis, and Vietnam's deepening 
conflict. 

6031
05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:47,900
Truman watched with concern, he 
occasionally wrote letters to 

6032
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:50,100
current officials carefully. 
Disclaiming that he was not 

6033
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,400
meddling, merely offering the 
wisdom gleaned from the post 

6034
05:13:53,400 --> 05:13:56,300
World War 2 Crucible. 
Presidents of both parties 

6035
05:13:56,300 --> 05:13:59,500
recognized the significance of a
living repository of post-war 

6036
05:13:59,500 --> 05:14:02,300
policy decisions. 
Sometimes hosting him at White 

6037
05:14:02,300 --> 05:14:06,300
House, Gatherings though, not an
official advisor Truman's moral 

6038
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:09,500
Authority, soared people 
perceived him as the final 

6039
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:11,600
figure, from a crucial period of
transition. 

6040
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:14,700
The establishment of the atomic 
age, the emergence of 

6041
05:14:14,708 --> 05:14:18,900
containment and the delicate 
balance between social justice 

6042
05:14:18,900 --> 05:14:23,600
and political realism in 
December 1972 at the age 888, 

6043
05:14:23,600 --> 05:14:27,500
Harry Truman passed away. 
The state funeral and 

6044
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:30,400
Independence was modest 
reflecting, his personal style 

6045
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:34,300
presidents, foreign dignitaries 
and ordinary Americans, pause to

6046
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:36,100
salute. 
A man, whose improbable Journey 

6047
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:39,300
took him from Missouri farm to 
the White House's epicenter 

6048
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:42,600
eulogies, recalled him as the 
champion of the Marshall Plan, 

6049
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:48,200
the father of containment the 
unlikely, Victor of 1948 And the

6050
05:14:48,200 --> 05:14:51,300
president who integrated the 
military over time, his name 

6051
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:53,300
became shorthand for fortitude 
Under Pressure. 

6052
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:57,800
The buck stops here in his own 
famous phrase, it stands as an 

6053
05:14:57,800 --> 05:15:00,000
emblem of personal 
accountability that for a better

6054
05:15:00,000 --> 05:15:02,700
or worse, shaped the modern 
presidency, and the Free World 

6055
05:15:02,700 --> 05:15:05,800
post-war order. 
Fast forward to the present and 

6056
05:15:05,800 --> 05:15:08,600
Harry Truman's memory stands. 
As a fascinating study in 

6057
05:15:08,600 --> 05:15:11,500
leadership. 
He was a product of small town, 

6058
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:13,900
America. 
Shaped by the unvarnished 

6059
05:15:13,900 --> 05:15:16,300
realities of farm labor and 
local politics. 

6060
05:15:16,300 --> 05:15:19,500
He lacked formal college degrees
or aristocratic lineage 

6061
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:22,700
initially seeming, an improbable
figure to guide, the world's 

6062
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:26,200
most powerful Nation. 
Yet Guided by personal ethics, 

6063
05:15:26,200 --> 05:15:29,700
and a knack for directness. 
He navigated Global crises 

6064
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:33,300
unmatched in scale. 
Historians often Place him among

6065
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:37,700
the near Great presidents and 
honor marking how significantly 

6066
05:15:37,700 --> 05:15:40,100
steered the US in the aftermath 
of World War 2. 

6067
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:44,200
One of the most potent lessons 
gleaned from his presidency lies

6068
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:45,800
in how he approached big 
decisions. 

6069
05:15:46,500 --> 05:15:49,700
Truman rarely wallowed in 
indecision faced with the atomic

6070
05:15:49,700 --> 05:15:52,600
bombs. 
Moral Quagmire, he concluded 

6071
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:56,700
swiftly to use it, faced with 
Soviet expansion, he launched 

6072
05:15:56,700 --> 05:16:01,000
the Truman Doctrine, even the 
firing of General MacArthur a 

6073
05:16:01,000 --> 05:16:03,300
national hero Illustrated a 
principle. 

6074
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:07,800
No individual stands above 
civilian Authority, many leaders

6075
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:11,000
might waffle or Fear public 
backlash, but Truman style was 

6076
05:16:11,008 --> 05:16:14,400
to weigh advice pick a course. 
And then bear the consequences 

6077
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:17,900
that unwavering approach still 
informs discussions about how 

6078
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:21,000
leaders handle, emergency Powers
his hero. 

6079
05:16:21,000 --> 05:16:24,000
Also, cements the notion that 
personal authenticity can matter

6080
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:27,100
more than rhetorical polish. 
Unlike FDR's Patrician 

6081
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:30,300
confidence or JFK's glamour. 
Truman's Persona was 

6082
05:16:30,300 --> 05:16:33,900
straightforward, sprinkled with 
folksy phrases, critics at 

6083
05:16:33,900 --> 05:16:37,400
times, derided his style as 
hishe or unrefined, but millions

6084
05:16:37,400 --> 05:16:40,900
of Americans identified with it.
Seeing in him, a mirror of their

6085
05:16:40,900 --> 05:16:44,800
anxiety and aspirations, 
political culture in the 21st 

6086
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:47,300
century. 
Saturated with scripted sound 

6087
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:51,800
bites, often yearns for that raw
sincerity even if the complexity

6088
05:16:51,800 --> 05:16:54,700
is a far more complicated than a
single personality trait can 

6089
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,600
address. 
Another dimension of Truman's 

6090
05:16:57,600 --> 05:17:00,100
story, pertains to the permanent
changes in US governance. 

6091
05:17:00,800 --> 05:17:04,700
He presided over the creation of
the National Security State, CIA

6092
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:07,700
NSA, and the mushrooming defense
department. 

6093
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,200
He also oversaw the near 
permanent mobilization of the 

6094
05:17:11,208 --> 05:17:13,300
economy to feed the cold Wars 
demands. 

6095
05:17:14,000 --> 05:17:16,700
This shift from a more isolated 
Republic to a globally. 

6096
05:17:16,700 --> 05:17:20,400
Engaged superpower was not 
wholly his alone, but he carried

6097
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:24,100
for the impetus The ongoing 
debate about how much government

6098
05:17:24,100 --> 05:17:27,600
surveillance or Global policing 
is Justified owes a debt to the 

6099
05:17:27,608 --> 05:17:31,300
structures built under Truman. 
His own personal discomfort with

6100
05:17:31,300 --> 05:17:33,200
certain expansions such as 
loyalty. 

6101
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:36,600
Oaths, testifies to the moral, 
dilemmas in twined with these 

6102
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:40,700
transformations, Civil rights 
also saw impetus under his watch

6103
05:17:40,700 --> 05:17:44,600
though, this took decades, for 
the full effect to unfold, his 

6104
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:46,400
desegregation of the Armed 
Forces. 

6105
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:49,700
In 1948, was one of the earliest
executive acts dismantling 

6106
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:52,800
institutional racism. 
Though, overshadowed by the 

6107
05:17:52,800 --> 05:17:55,200
morde, dramatic battles of the 
1950s and 60s. 

6108
05:17:55,200 --> 05:17:56,900
It later. 
Crucial precedent. 

6109
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:01,100
Black veterans who served in 
integrated units, carried new 

6110
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:02,600
expectations for equal 
treatment. 

6111
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:04,900
Fueling the Civil Rights 
Movement. 

6112
05:18:04,900 --> 05:18:09,800
This example, underscores that 
incremental changes championed 

6113
05:18:09,800 --> 05:18:11,900
even buy a leaders not known 
primarily as civil rights 

6114
05:18:11,900 --> 05:18:15,200
Crusaders can pivot historical 
momentum in ways. 

6115
05:18:15,200 --> 05:18:19,200
Invisible at the time, modern 
presidents from both parties. 

6116
05:18:19,200 --> 05:18:22,300
Occasionally invoked Truman's 
name when justifying bold 

6117
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:25,700
stances, they highlight his 
willingness to Buck popularity 

6118
05:18:25,700 --> 05:18:29,500
for principal or highlight. 
How under crisis he harnessed 

6119
05:18:29,500 --> 05:18:31,200
executive power to contain 
threats. 

6120
05:18:31,200 --> 05:18:34,300
Some hail him as the father of 
American internationalism. 

6121
05:18:34,300 --> 05:18:36,600
Forging alliances and Frameworks
like NATO. 

6122
05:18:37,400 --> 05:18:40,000
Others cringe at the memory of 
the bombings and the Loyalty 

6123
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:44,100
purges that Duality heroic to 
some morally. 

6124
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:47,300
Fraught to others mirrors, the 
complexity of the 20th century 

6125
05:18:47,300 --> 05:18:51,400
itself, For the typical American
family though, the memory of 

6126
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:55,200
Truman might conjure images of 
that iconic. 1948 photo with the

6127
05:18:55,200 --> 05:18:59,200
newspaper headline, Dewey 
defeats Truman all the black and

6128
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:01,200
white footage of him announcing 
Japan surrender. 

6129
05:19:02,000 --> 05:19:04,100
Library across the country. 
Preserve Diaries from 

6130
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:07,500
grandparents who fell on certain
about sending their sons to 

6131
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:11,100
Korea reading Day by Day news of
the Truman War. 

6132
05:19:12,200 --> 05:19:15,100
The Narrative resonates, a low 
profile man. 

6133
05:19:15,100 --> 05:19:18,900
Confronted with outsized 
responsibilities forging a path 

6134
05:19:18,900 --> 05:19:20,400
that was neither perfect, nor 
doomed. 

6135
05:19:20,400 --> 05:19:24,000
But shaped by moral convictions 
and a refusal to shirk tough 

6136
05:19:24,000 --> 05:19:26,800
calls. 
In the end, Harry Truman's life 

6137
05:19:26,800 --> 05:19:30,100
serves as a testament to the 
unexpected emergence of 

6138
05:19:30,108 --> 05:19:33,100
leadership and the resilience 
and determination of common men 

6139
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:34,900
in the face of extraordinary 
events. 

6140
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:38,100
For a generation battered by 
depression and War. 

6141
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:41,300
He was a reassuring presence for
modern society. 

6142
05:19:41,300 --> 05:19:44,400
Grappling with new Global 
threats from climate crises to 

6143
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,300
cyber conflicts, his blueprint 
of strategic alliances 

6144
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:51,800
unwavering moral lines and 
willingness to face unpopularity

6145
05:19:51,800 --> 05:19:55,700
might hold valuable lessons. 
Indeed, his story stands as a 

6146
05:19:55,700 --> 05:19:58,800
testament to how the unassuming 
can transform into pivotal 

6147
05:19:58,800 --> 05:20:02,200
figures, once fate thrusts them 
into the spotlight. 

6148
05:20:02,200 --> 05:20:06,200
As the decades roll on the 
modest Museum who saw himself 

6149
05:20:06,200 --> 05:20:09,100
simply as a public servant 
remains emblematic of how 

6150
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:12,100
steadfast character can guide a 
nation through perilous. 

6151
05:20:12,100 --> 05:20:15,600
Time's and reshape the very 
meaning of American leadership. 

6152
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:23,100
Picture. 
This, you're standing on a 

6153
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:26,300
wooden dock somewhere along the 
Norwegian Coast around 950 ad 

6154
05:20:26,300 --> 05:20:29,300
watching 30 AUD. 
Bearded men load supplies onto. 

6155
05:20:29,300 --> 05:20:31,700
What looks like an oversized 
canoe with delusions of 

6156
05:20:31,708 --> 05:20:34,300
grandeur. 
This ship is your ride for the 

6157
05:20:34,308 --> 05:20:37,000
next several months. 
A viking longship. 

6158
05:20:37,000 --> 05:20:39,600
That's about as comfortable as 
sleeping on a park bench during 

6159
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,100
a thunderstorm. 
You'd probably expect something 

6160
05:20:42,100 --> 05:20:45,000
impressive, right? 
Perhaps you were expecting a 

6161
05:20:45,000 --> 05:20:47,700
Majestic vessel with towering 
masks and spacious quarters. 

6162
05:20:47,700 --> 05:20:51,800
Well, surprise your new home 
measures roughly 75 feet long 

6163
05:20:51,800 --> 05:20:56,200
and maybe 15 feet wide at its 
broadest point that smaller than

6164
05:20:56,200 --> 05:20:58,900
most modern two bedroom 
apartments and your sharing it 

6165
05:20:58,900 --> 05:21:01,300
with 30 other people who have 
not discovered deodorant yet. 

6166
05:21:02,300 --> 05:21:04,700
The whole thing sit, so low in 
the water that you could 

6167
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,800
practically drag your fingers in
the sea, while City on the side.

6168
05:21:07,800 --> 05:21:11,700
The ship itself is actually a 
Marvel of engineering, though, 

6169
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:13,200
your back won't appreciate that.
Fact. 

6170
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:16,700
After the first week built from 
overlapping Oak planks held 

6171
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:20,100
together with Iron rivets, it's 
designed to flex with the ways 

6172
05:21:20,100 --> 05:21:23,000
rather than fight them. 
Think of it as the medieval 

6173
05:21:23,000 --> 05:21:26,000
equivalent of a yoga instructor 
incredibly flexible. 

6174
05:21:26,000 --> 05:21:29,100
But that doesn't mean you want 
to spend months pressed up 

6175
05:21:29,108 --> 05:21:31,700
against one. 
Your sleeping Arrangements would

6176
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:34,700
make a college dorm room. 
Look luxurious, there are no 

6177
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:38,200
beds, no hammocks. 
Just a thin layer of animal hide

6178
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:41,500
between you and the wooden deck.
Everyone sleeps, wherever they 

6179
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:45,400
can obtain space, which usually 
means curled up next to the guy 

6180
05:21:45,400 --> 05:21:47,700
who's been eating nothing. 
But salted, fish and onions for 

6181
05:21:47,700 --> 05:21:51,300
three weeks. 
The ship rocks constantly even 

6182
05:21:51,300 --> 05:21:53,900
in calm weather. 
Creating a gentle swaying 

6183
05:21:53,900 --> 05:21:55,800
motion. 
That sounds romantic Until you 

6184
05:21:55,800 --> 05:22:00,100
realize it never ever stops. 
These long ships are both very 

6185
05:22:00,100 --> 05:22:03,100
strong and very fragile, which 
is their most interesting 

6186
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:05,500
feature. 
They are capable of maneuvering 

6187
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:07,300
through enormous waves and 
rough. 

6188
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:10,100
Seas effortlessly gliding across
the water. 

6189
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:13,900
However, a misstep on a loose 
plank can quickly lead to an 

6190
05:22:13,900 --> 05:22:15,900
unexpected immersion in the 
North Atlantic. 

6191
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,200
The Viking's these ships to be 
fast and maneuverable not 

6192
05:22:20,200 --> 05:22:22,500
comfortable which comes 
painfully obvious. 

6193
05:22:22,500 --> 05:22:25,200
The moment you try to find a 
spot to sit that doesn't involve

6194
05:22:25,200 --> 05:22:28,600
someone's elbow in your ribs. 
storage space is at such a 

6195
05:22:28,600 --> 05:22:32,100
premium that every inch matters,
your personal belongings, 

6196
05:22:32,100 --> 05:22:35,400
assuming you have any be on the 
clothes, on your back, get 

6197
05:22:35,400 --> 05:22:39,200
stuffed into whatever, tiny Gap,
you can discover, Most of your 

6198
05:22:39,200 --> 05:22:42,200
fellow passengers have brought 
along weapons tools, and trading

6199
05:22:42,200 --> 05:22:45,600
Goods all of which take pressed 
over luxury items like extra 

6200
05:22:45,600 --> 05:22:48,200
clothing or anything resembling 
Comfort. 

6201
05:22:48,200 --> 05:22:52,100
The ship's side with shields, 
when you're not rowing, which 

6202
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:54,300
serves the dual purpose of 
protection and decoration. 

6203
05:22:54,300 --> 05:22:57,700
It looks impressive from a 
distance like a floating rainbow

6204
05:22:57,700 --> 05:22:59,600
of War gear. 
Up close. 

6205
05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:02,600
However, you realize these 
shields also double as dinner 

6206
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:06,400
tables, cutting boards and 
makeshift pillows medieval 

6207
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:10,500
multitasking at its finest. 
What strikes you most about life

6208
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:12,900
aboard is how exposed Everything
feels. 

6209
05:23:12,900 --> 05:23:17,300
There's no privacy No Escape 
From the elements and absolutely

6210
05:23:17,300 --> 05:23:20,400
nowhere to hide when that person
who brought the fermented shark,

6211
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:24,500
starts opening his lunch. 
The ocean stretches endlessly in

6212
05:23:24,500 --> 05:23:27,000
every direction and your tiny 
wooden World. 

6213
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:31,000
Feels both insignificant and 
miraculous floating on all that 

6214
05:23:31,000 --> 05:23:34,700
vastness The crew moves around 
the ship with practiced ease 

6215
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:37,900
stepping over sleeping bodies 
and ducking under ropes with the

6216
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:40,500
grace of Dance AS who've 
perfected their routine through 

6217
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:44,200
sheer necessity. 
You meanwhile, spend most of 

6218
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:47,000
your time, trying not to trip 
over the various bits of rope 

6219
05:23:47,000 --> 05:23:51,300
sale and Humanity scattered 
across every available surface 

6220
05:23:51,300 --> 05:23:55,000
as you settle in for your first 
night aboard, listening to The 

6221
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:58,000
Creeks of wood and the slap of 
waves against the hull. 

6222
05:23:58,000 --> 05:24:01,400
You begin to understand that 
this journey will test every 

6223
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:05,300
assumption you've ever had about
Comfort privacy and personal 

6224
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:08,600
space. 
Welcome to Viking travel where 

6225
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:11,800
the journey truly is the 
destination mainly because 

6226
05:24:11,800 --> 05:24:14,800
you'll spend so much time 
getting their morning aboard of 

6227
05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:16,900
Viking longship arrives where 
the already or not. 

6228
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:19,800
Usually announced by someone 
stepping on your leg while 

6229
05:24:19,800 --> 05:24:21,700
heading to the side of the boat 
for their morning 

6230
05:24:21,700 --> 05:24:26,800
constitutional. privacy, as you 
quickly, discover is a concept 

6231
05:24:26,800 --> 05:24:30,000
as foreign to Vikings as indoor 
plumbing, which is to say, 

6232
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:34,400
completely non-existent Your 
daily routine begins with the 

6233
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:37,700
delightful realization, that 
everything you own is damp. 

6234
05:24:38,500 --> 05:24:40,800
The North Sea has a way of 
making itself known through 

6235
05:24:40,800 --> 05:24:43,700
every Gap in the ship's 
construction and moisture 

6236
05:24:43,700 --> 05:24:47,500
becomes your constant companion.
Your clothes feel perpetually 

6237
05:24:47,500 --> 05:24:50,200
clammy. 
Your bedding squelch is when you

6238
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:53,200
move and even your thoughts seem
to develop a thin layer of 

6239
05:24:53,200 --> 05:24:55,400
condensation. 
Breakfast. 

6240
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:58,800
If you can call it, that 
consists of whatever dried 

6241
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:01,600
salted or pickled, Provisions. 
Haven't gone stale overnight. 

6242
05:25:02,600 --> 05:25:05,700
the Vikings were mastered as a 
food preservation mainly because

6243
05:25:05,700 --> 05:25:08,900
they had to be Fresh food, 
deteriorates rapidly, in an 

6244
05:25:08,900 --> 05:25:11,800
environment dominated by 
saltwater and there are no 

6245
05:25:11,800 --> 05:25:14,900
convenient options for dining 
such as a medieval fast food 

6246
05:25:14,900 --> 05:25:17,500
establishment. 
You'll become intimately 

6247
05:25:17,500 --> 05:25:20,400
acquainted with hardtack a 
biscuit, so tough. 

6248
05:25:20,400 --> 05:25:24,000
It could probably stop an arrow 
in battle and frequently serves 

6249
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:26,600
double duty as both food and 
construction material, for 

6250
05:25:26,600 --> 05:25:30,100
emergencies ship repairs. 
The ship's fresh water supply 

6251
05:25:30,100 --> 05:25:33,400
lives in wooden barrels that 
take up precious space but 

6252
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:36,200
represent the difference between
life and a very uncomfortable 

6253
05:25:36,200 --> 05:25:39,200
death. 
Water is rationed carefully and 

6254
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:43,100
you learn to appreciate every 
slightly stale wooden flavored 

6255
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:45,300
sip. 
Beer also, makes an appearance 

6256
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:48,300
in these barrels, not because 
the Vikings were party animals, 

6257
05:25:48,300 --> 05:25:51,400
but because fermented beverages 
stayed safe to drink longer than

6258
05:25:51,400 --> 05:25:54,700
plain water. 
Alcohols miraculous ability to 

6259
05:25:54,700 --> 05:25:57,800
ensure food safety. 
During the Medieval era is truly

6260
05:25:57,800 --> 05:26:01,500
remarkable. 
Hygiene becomes an exercise in 

6261
05:26:01,500 --> 05:26:04,700
creativity and compromise. 
You might get to wash your face 

6262
05:26:04,700 --> 05:26:07,400
and hands with seawater, which 
leaves your skin feeling? 

6263
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:10,400
Like you've been rubbing it with
sandpaper but at least remove 

6264
05:26:10,400 --> 05:26:13,500
some of the accumulating Grime. 
Hair washing happens when it 

6265
05:26:13,508 --> 05:26:15,000
rains. 
Assuming you can position 

6266
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:18,300
yourself to catch the runoff, 
The remainder of the time, one 

6267
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:20,700
can only hope that others share 
a similar level of odor as one 

6268
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:23,600
cell phone. 
The toilet situation. 

6269
05:26:23,600 --> 05:26:27,300
Deserves special mention if only
because it's so memorably awful.

6270
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:31,100
The head consists of a bucket or
a hole cut in a plank that hangs

6271
05:26:31,100 --> 05:26:34,300
over the side of the ship. 
Using it requires timing, the 

6272
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:37,800
waves correctly, maintaining 
your balance and praying that 

6273
05:26:37,800 --> 05:26:40,900
the wind doesn't shift Direction
at an opportune moment. 

6274
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:44,500
Privacy means hoping everyone 
else is politely looking the 

6275
05:26:44,500 --> 05:26:47,500
other way, which they usually 
are having been through this 

6276
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,800
awkward dance themselves. 
Clothing serves multiple 

6277
05:26:50,800 --> 05:26:54,700
purposes Beyond, basic modesty, 
your cloak doubles as a blanket.

6278
05:26:54,700 --> 05:26:58,200
Your boots work as pillows and 
your belt holds everything from 

6279
05:26:58,200 --> 05:27:00,200
eating utensils to emergency 
rope. 

6280
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:04,100
Vikings dressed in layers, wool 
and linen primarily. 

6281
05:27:04,100 --> 05:27:07,200
Which sounds practical Until you
realize that wet wool. 

6282
05:27:07,200 --> 05:27:08,600
Smells like a combination of 
wet, dog. 

6283
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:12,000
And regret and takes forever to 
dry in the perpetually, humid 

6284
05:27:12,000 --> 05:27:14,700
ship environment. 
Medical Care. 

6285
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:17,300
Consists mainly of hoping 
nothing goes seriously wrong 

6286
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:20,100
because your options are limited
to whatever Herbal Remedies 

6287
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:23,200
someone thought to bring along 
plus the time on a tradition of 

6288
05:27:23,200 --> 05:27:26,400
walking it off. 
Minor cuts are treated with 

6289
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:28,100
whatever clean-ish cloth is 
available. 

6290
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:31,500
While more serious injuries, 
require creative problem solving

6291
05:27:31,500 --> 05:27:35,200
and a lot of optimism the ship's
Rhythm dictate everything. 

6292
05:27:36,000 --> 05:27:39,500
When the wind picks up, everyone
not actively sailing tries to 

6293
05:27:39,500 --> 05:27:42,700
stay out of the way of the crew 
managing the sale and steering 

6294
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:45,300
when it dies down. 
You might discover yourself 

6295
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:48,000
grabbing an ore and contributing
to the collective effort of 

6296
05:27:48,008 --> 05:27:50,500
making the boat move forward 
through sheer muscle power. 

6297
05:27:51,300 --> 05:27:53,500
There's no such thing as a 
passenger on a viking. 

6298
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:55,800
Longship. 
Everyone contributes something. 

6299
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:59,800
Even if it's just staying quiet,
while other people work, whether

6300
05:27:59,800 --> 05:28:03,300
becomes your constant Obsession,
you learn to read clouds. 

6301
05:28:03,300 --> 05:28:06,100
Like ancient scriptures watching
for signs of storms. 

6302
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:08,400
That could turn your already 
uncomfortable journey into a 

6303
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:10,000
genuinely life threatening 
situation. 

6304
05:28:11,400 --> 05:28:15,300
The ship handles rough Seas 
remarkably well but remarkably. 

6305
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:18,700
Well still means getting thrown 
around like laundry in a washing

6306
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:20,800
machine, while trying to keep 
your meager possessions from 

6307
05:28:20,800 --> 05:28:24,300
disappearing overboard, living, 
in close quarters with 30, other

6308
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:27,400
people, for months, at a time 
requires a delicate, social 

6309
05:28:27,400 --> 05:28:30,200
balance, that would challenge 
even the most experienced 

6310
05:28:30,200 --> 05:28:32,700
diplomat. 
Imagine your least favorite 

6311
05:28:32,700 --> 05:28:37,000
family reunion except it never 
ends everyone's armed and 

6312
05:28:37,000 --> 05:28:38,700
there's nowhere to escape for a 
breather. 

6313
05:28:38,700 --> 05:28:42,700
The ship operates under a strict
but unspoken hierarchy that 

6314
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:45,100
keeps things from descending 
into complete chaos. 

6315
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,600
The captain, usually, the ship's
owner and the one who organized 

6316
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:52,600
this particular Adventure sits 
at the top of the food chain. 

6317
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:55,900
His word is law, mainly because 
he is the one who knows, how to 

6318
05:28:55,900 --> 05:28:58,400
navigate and everyone else would
prefer not to die. 

6319
05:28:58,400 --> 05:29:01,800
Horribly at sea below him, 
experienced Sailors and 

6320
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:04,400
warriors, command respect 
through competence. 

6321
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:06,900
And the occasional display of 
superior armrest wrestling 

6322
05:29:06,900 --> 05:29:10,200
ability. 
Your social standing aboard ship

6323
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:13,800
depends on a complex, mix of 
factors, your fighting ability, 

6324
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:17,100
your usefulness and sailing the 
ship how much you can 

6325
05:29:17,100 --> 05:29:18,700
contributed to funding the 
Expedition. 

6326
05:29:18,700 --> 05:29:21,400
And whether you've managed to 
annoy everyone within the first 

6327
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:24,900
week, Respect gets earned 
through actions. 

6328
05:29:24,900 --> 05:29:27,300
Not birth, though. 
Being related to someone 

6329
05:29:27,300 --> 05:29:29,000
important. 
Certainly doesn't hurt your 

6330
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:32,800
cause Conflict resolution 
happens through a combination of

6331
05:29:32,800 --> 05:29:36,100
peer pressure, practical 
necessity and the ever-present 

6332
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:37,500
threat of being thrown 
overboard. 

6333
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:40,700
Minor disputes. 
Get settled through negotiation,

6334
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:43,800
major ones through combat and 
really serious problems through 

6335
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:45,600
the captain's. 
Absolute Authority. 

6336
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:50,000
Democracy has its place but not 
when you're trying to outrun a 

6337
05:29:50,000 --> 05:29:53,000
storm or navigate through 
unfamiliar Waters the ship 

6338
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:55,400
develops its own culture within 
days of departure. 

6339
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:58,400
Inside jokes emerge from shared 
misery. 

6340
05:29:58,400 --> 05:30:01,800
Nicknamed get assigned based on 
embarrassing incidents or 

6341
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:04,200
distinctive habits and informal 
rules. 

6342
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:07,800
Develop about everything from 
who gets to sleep where to how 

6343
05:30:07,800 --> 05:30:10,200
long someone can spend at the 
ship's limited washing 

6344
05:30:10,200 --> 05:30:13,100
facilities. 
These Unwritten laws become as 

6345
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:15,000
important as any formal code of 
conduct. 

6346
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:18,900
Storytelling serves as both 
entertainment and social glue 

6347
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:22,400
during the long boring stretches
between exciting moments of 

6348
05:30:22,400 --> 05:30:24,600
Terror. 
The Vikings were Master 

6349
05:30:24,600 --> 05:30:28,000
storytellers and evening's often
featured elaborate Tales of 

6350
05:30:28,000 --> 05:30:30,800
heroic Deeds. 
Mythical creatures and 

6351
05:30:30,800 --> 05:30:33,000
Adventures both real and 
imagined. 

6352
05:30:33,600 --> 05:30:36,900
These stories serve multiple 
purposes, they pass time, 

6353
05:30:36,900 --> 05:30:40,200
preserve cultural knowledge and 
provide a socially acceptable 

6354
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:43,100
way for people to brag about 
their accomplishments without 

6355
05:30:43,100 --> 05:30:47,600
seeming to obnoxious about it. 
Gambling provides another outlet

6356
05:30:47,600 --> 05:30:50,200
for social interaction and 
tension, release. 

6357
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:53,800
Dice games, contests of 
strength, and betting on 

6358
05:30:53,808 --> 05:30:56,900
everything from weather patterns
to Wildlife, sightings help. 

6359
05:30:56,900 --> 05:31:00,300
Break up the monotony. 
Vikings would bet on practically

6360
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:03,600
anything, partly for 
entertainment and partly because

6361
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:06,700
small Stakes competition helps, 
establish social dynamics 

6362
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:08,800
without resorting to actual 
violence. 

6363
05:31:09,700 --> 05:31:12,200
Personal space becomes an 
negotiated commodity. 

6364
05:31:13,000 --> 05:31:16,300
Your designated sleeping spot is
sacred territory but everything 

6365
05:31:16,300 --> 05:31:19,800
else is open for communal. 
Use learning to respect others. 

6366
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:22,900
Few possessions while protecting
your own requires diplomatic 

6367
05:31:22,900 --> 05:31:25,900
skills, that would impress 
modern United Nations, 

6368
05:31:25,900 --> 05:31:29,100
peacekeepers. 
The golden rule of aboard ship 

6369
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:32,700
is simple, don't mess with other
people's stuff and they probably

6370
05:31:32,700 --> 05:31:35,900
won't mess with yours food. 
Sharing follows, strict 

6371
05:31:35,900 --> 05:31:40,200
protocols based on contribution,
status and practical necessity 

6372
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:43,000
Everyone eats from common stores
butt. 

6373
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:44,600
Portion, sizes, and food 
quality. 

6374
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:46,700
Reflect your position in the 
ship's hierarchy. 

6375
05:31:47,500 --> 05:31:50,300
The captain eats better than the
newest crew member, but everyone

6376
05:31:50,300 --> 05:31:53,100
gets fed, because a hungry crew.
Member is a dangerous crew 

6377
05:31:53,100 --> 05:31:55,900
member. 
Despite the cramped conditions, 

6378
05:31:55,900 --> 05:31:59,700
romance, occasionally blossoms 
will be it with considerable 

6379
05:31:59,700 --> 05:32:01,500
creativity and absolute 
discretion. 

6380
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:06,200
Most ships are all male Affairs.
But mixed Expeditions do happen.

6381
05:32:06,200 --> 05:32:10,600
Especially for trading voyages, 
or family, migrations, any 

6382
05:32:10,600 --> 05:32:13,600
romantic entanglements. 
Need to stay extremely low key 

6383
05:32:13,600 --> 05:32:16,900
to avoid disrupting ship 
Dynamics because jealousy in 

6384
05:32:16,900 --> 05:32:18,600
close quarters. 
Can turn deadly fast. 

6385
05:32:19,500 --> 05:32:22,300
Constant proximity means that 
everyone learned, everyone else 

6386
05:32:22,300 --> 05:32:24,800
is habits both good and deeply 
annoying. 

6387
05:32:24,800 --> 05:32:28,600
You discover who snores, who 
talks in their sleep, who has 

6388
05:32:28,600 --> 05:32:32,200
digestive issues and who insists
on sharpening their weapons at 

6389
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,700
dawn every single day. 
Tolerance, becomes a crucial 

6390
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:38,400
survival skill. 
Just as important as mastering 

6391
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:42,700
not tying or reading the wind 
arguments, when they happen to 

6392
05:32:42,700 --> 05:32:46,200
escalate quickly in the confined
space, but they also resolved 

6393
05:32:46,200 --> 05:32:49,000
faster because there's literally
no where to go to nurse grudges.

6394
05:32:49,000 --> 05:32:52,900
You learn to apologize, quickly,
forgive readily and pick your 

6395
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:55,800
battles cautiously because the 
person you are fighting with 

6396
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,500
today might be the one. 
Hauling you back aboard 

6397
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:00,600
tomorrow. 
When you fall overboard, finding

6398
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:03,900
your way across thousands of 
miles of open ocean without GPS.

6399
05:33:03,900 --> 05:33:07,700
Compass or even accurate Maps 
requires skills that border on 

6400
05:33:07,700 --> 05:33:11,700
the supernatural. 
Viking Navigators called c-wise 

6401
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:14,800
for good reason, relied on a 
combination of experience 

6402
05:33:14,800 --> 05:33:18,100
observation and what modern 
people might generously call 

6403
05:33:18,100 --> 05:33:21,700
educated, guessing your 
Navigator watches, everything 

6404
05:33:21,700 --> 05:33:26,000
the color and behavior of waves,
the direction of wind patterns, 

6405
05:33:26,000 --> 05:33:30,000
the flight Paths of seabirds, 
and the position of stars when 

6406
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,200
they're visible through the 
Perpetual cloud cover. 

6407
05:33:32,900 --> 05:33:35,500
His memorized the location of 
every Landmark along. 

6408
05:33:35,500 --> 05:33:39,400
Familia coasts and can estimate 
distance traveled by the feel of

6409
05:33:39,400 --> 05:33:40,700
the ship's motion through the 
water. 

6410
05:33:41,600 --> 05:33:43,600
It's like being Guided by 
someone who's turned 

6411
05:33:43,600 --> 05:33:45,500
environmental awareness into a 
superpower. 

6412
05:33:46,400 --> 05:33:49,800
The sun Compass, when you can 
see, the sun provides basic 

6413
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:53,600
directional Guidance. 
The Cloudy Skies, which describe

6414
05:33:53,600 --> 05:33:56,700
about 80% of your sailing time 
require more creative, 

6415
05:33:56,700 --> 05:33:59,900
navigation techniques. 
Your Navigator might use a 

6416
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:03,100
Sunstone a piece of Iceland spa 
that can locate the sun's 

6417
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:06,500
position even through heavy 
clouds by analyzing polarized 

6418
05:34:06,500 --> 05:34:09,000
light. 
It sounds like magic and 

6419
05:34:09,000 --> 05:34:13,000
honestly it is Predicting, the 
weather becomes crucial not just

6420
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:15,500
for comfort. 
Storm clouds. 

6421
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:18,300
Building on the horizon might 
give you a few hours warning to 

6422
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:19,800
find shelter or prepare for 
rough. 

6423
05:34:19,800 --> 05:34:22,700
Seas your Navigator Reed's cloud
formation. 

6424
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:26,000
Like other people read 
newspapers, interpreting subtle 

6425
05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:29,700
changes in color shape and 
movement, predict what's coming 

6426
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:31,400
next. 
He's right. 

6427
05:34:31,400 --> 05:34:33,300
More often than modern 
meteorologists. 

6428
05:34:33,300 --> 05:34:35,900
Mainly because his life depends 
on accuracy. 

6429
05:34:36,800 --> 05:34:40,400
Coastal navigation, relies 
heavily on pilotage the art of 

6430
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:44,400
recognizing specific landmarks 
watercolors and geographical 

6431
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:47,300
features. 
You'll Navigator has spent years

6432
05:34:47,300 --> 05:34:49,200
memorizing. 
The appearance of coastlines, 

6433
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:52,500
from specific distances and 
angles that distinctive 

6434
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:54,600
Headland. 
The particular shade of green 

6435
05:34:54,600 --> 05:34:57,900
water near a river, mouth all 
the way mountains line up in the

6436
05:34:57,900 --> 05:35:00,700
distance, all serve as 
navigational signposts on the 

6437
05:35:00,700 --> 05:35:04,400
medieval Maritime Highway. 
Open ocean navigation, 

6438
05:35:04,400 --> 05:35:06,800
challenges these skills to the 
utmost extent. 

6439
05:35:07,600 --> 05:35:10,300
Without land references, your 
Navigator Estates position 

6440
05:35:10,300 --> 05:35:13,100
through dead. 
Reckoning calculating distance 

6441
05:35:13,100 --> 05:35:15,100
and Direction. 
Traveled from a known starting 

6442
05:35:15,100 --> 05:35:17,700
point. 
It requires constant attention 

6443
05:35:17,700 --> 05:35:21,100
to speed, wind direction, and 
the subtle clues that indicate 

6444
05:35:21,100 --> 05:35:24,800
current and drift. 
One smaller in calculation 

6445
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:28,300
compounded over days or weeks 
can leave you hundreds of miles 

6446
05:35:28,300 --> 05:35:31,900
from where you think you are the
ship's shallow draft while 

6447
05:35:31,900 --> 05:35:35,000
uncomfortable for passengers 
provides crucial navigational 

6448
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:37,900
advantages. 
You can sale in water's to 

6449
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:41,300
shallow for most other vessels 
follow coastlines closely and 

6450
05:35:41,300 --> 05:35:43,200
pull up on beaches for overnight
stops. 

6451
05:35:43,800 --> 05:35:46,000
This ability to hug the shore 
whenever possible. 

6452
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:50,300
Reduces the need for Pure open 
ocean navigation, and provides 

6453
05:35:50,300 --> 05:35:53,600
regular opportunities to correct
course using familiar landmarks.

6454
05:35:54,300 --> 05:35:57,400
Sea conditions, tell experienced
Sailors, volumes about location,

6455
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:01,300
and weather patterns the size 
spacing and direction of waves 

6456
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:05,200
indicate proximity to land depth
of water and approaching weather

6457
05:36:05,200 --> 05:36:07,700
systems. 
Your Navigator can estimate 

6458
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:11,900
distance from Shore by observing
how waves behave, larger swells 

6459
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:13,900
suggest deep water and distance 
from Land. 

6460
05:36:13,900 --> 05:36:17,400
While shorter choppier waves 
often indicate shallow areas or 

6461
05:36:17,400 --> 05:36:21,200
nearby coastlines, Wildlife 
serves as another navigational 

6462
05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:25,000
tool certain seabirds range. 
Only specific distance is from 

6463
05:36:25,000 --> 05:36:27,400
Shore. 
So spotting particular, species 

6464
05:36:27,400 --> 05:36:29,800
tells you roughly how far you 
are from Land. 

6465
05:36:29,800 --> 05:36:33,200
The direction birds fly in the 
evening often points toward 

6466
05:36:33,200 --> 05:36:37,000
their nesting areas on Shore, 
even floating debris provides 

6467
05:36:37,000 --> 05:36:39,700
Clues. 
Freshly broken branches suggest 

6468
05:36:39,700 --> 05:36:42,500
proximity to rivers or storm 
damage coastlines. 

6469
05:36:43,200 --> 05:36:45,600
Time measurement, relies on 
natural rhythms, rather than 

6470
05:36:45,600 --> 05:36:50,500
clocks the Navigator tracks Days
by sunset and sunrise estimates 

6471
05:36:50,500 --> 05:36:53,800
hours by the sun's position, 
when visible and gauges travel 

6472
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:56,200
time by familiar, reference 
points when following known 

6473
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:59,500
routes, its imprecise by modern 
standards, but adequate for 

6474
05:36:59,500 --> 05:37:02,700
navigation, that focuses more on
reaching general areas than 

6475
05:37:02,700 --> 05:37:05,600
specific coordinates, when 
everything goes wrong. 

6476
05:37:05,600 --> 05:37:09,200
Storms, blow you off course, 
clouds obscure Celestial 

6477
05:37:09,200 --> 05:37:11,500
navigation AIDS and you lose 
track of your position. 

6478
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:14,600
Survival depends on The 
Navigators ability to make 

6479
05:37:14,600 --> 05:37:16,700
educated guesses and gradually 
work. 

6480
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:19,900
Back toward known Waters. 
Your tasks might involve 

6481
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:23,300
following bird flight patterns 
toward Land watching for changes

6482
05:37:23,300 --> 05:37:26,000
in watercolor. 
That indicate shallow areas or 

6483
05:37:26,000 --> 05:37:29,000
simply maintaining consistent 
Direction until you encounter 

6484
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:32,700
recognizable Coastline. 
The cycle pressure on Navigators

6485
05:37:32,700 --> 05:37:36,700
is enormous, everyone's life 
depends on their expertise, and 

6486
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:39,400
there's no backup system if they
make serious errors. 

6487
05:37:40,500 --> 05:37:43,600
Most Navigators train for 
decades before attempting major 

6488
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,600
voyages, learning their craft 
through apprenticeship with 

6489
05:37:46,600 --> 05:37:49,400
experienced c-wise captains, who
passed down knowledge 

6490
05:37:49,400 --> 05:37:52,300
accumulated over generations of 
Maritime exploration. 

6491
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:56,300
The common perception of Vikings
as mindless barbarians, ravaging

6492
05:37:56,300 --> 05:37:58,700
Europe overlooks. 
The fact that they were among 

6493
05:37:58,700 --> 05:38:01,700
the most sophisticated Traders, 
and entrepreneurs of their era, 

6494
05:38:01,700 --> 05:38:05,300
your longship serves as both 
transportation and a mobile 

6495
05:38:05,308 --> 05:38:08,800
Warehouse carrying goods. 
That will be traded sold or 

6496
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:12,400
occasionally acquired through 
less diplomatic means across a 

6497
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:15,000
commercial network spanning from
Greenland to Constantinople. 

6498
05:38:16,300 --> 05:38:18,900
Trade goods packed into every 
available inch of ships. 

6499
05:38:18,900 --> 05:38:21,300
Space represent months of 
planning and investment. 

6500
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:25,800
Amber from the Baltic Coast 
walrus ivory from the Arctic 

6501
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:30,700
Silver from Arabic coins iron 
weapons and tools fur from 

6502
05:38:30,700 --> 05:38:33,800
northern animals and slaves, 
captured in raids. 

6503
05:38:33,800 --> 05:38:37,400
All Joel for storage space, with
your personal belongings, the 

6504
05:38:37,400 --> 05:38:40,000
ship resembles, a floating 
department store, specializing 

6505
05:38:40,000 --> 05:38:41,700
in luxury goods and human 
misery. 

6506
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:45,100
Your trading Expeditions follow 
established routes connecting, 

6507
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:47,800
Scandinavia with the rest of the
Medieval World. 

6508
05:38:47,800 --> 05:38:50,600
The Eastern route takes you 
down, Russian rivers to 

6509
05:38:50,608 --> 05:38:55,000
Constantinople and the Byzantine
empire were Nordic Amber and 

6510
05:38:55,000 --> 05:38:59,100
furs are exchanged for silk 
spices and Byzantine gold. 

6511
05:39:00,000 --> 05:39:02,800
The Western route leads to 
Britain, Ireland and France. 

6512
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:06,500
Where Viking Goods meet Roman 
influenced markets hungry for 

6513
05:39:06,500 --> 05:39:10,100
Northern Specialties, each route
requires different Navigation, 

6514
05:39:10,100 --> 05:39:14,900
skills, trade, languages and 
diplomatic approaches. raiding, 

6515
05:39:14,900 --> 05:39:18,600
despite its dramatic reputation 
often serves as just another 

6516
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:23,100
form of aggressive business, 
negotiation, Many raids actually

6517
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:25,800
begin as trading Expeditions 
that turn violent, when 

6518
05:39:25,800 --> 05:39:29,100
negotiations break down, or when
the Vikings realized, they can 

6519
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:31,900
take what they want, more easily
than they can buy it. 

6520
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:35,100
The line between Trader and 
radar shifts depending on 

6521
05:39:35,100 --> 05:39:38,600
circumstances opportunity and 
the relative strength of 

6522
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:41,800
potential trading partners. 
The economics of Viking 

6523
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:44,100
Expeditions. 
Require careful calculation of 

6524
05:39:44,100 --> 05:39:48,700
risks and rewards ship's crew, 
provisions and trade, goods 

6525
05:39:48,700 --> 05:39:51,800
represent significant up front 
investment often. 

6526
05:39:51,800 --> 05:39:54,600
Requiring multiple investors 
pooling resources for major 

6527
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:58,500
expeditions Profits get divided,
according to complex formulas, 

6528
05:39:58,500 --> 05:40:01,500
based on investment 
participation and predetermined 

6529
05:40:01,500 --> 05:40:04,800
agreements that would impress. 
Modern Venture capitalists your 

6530
05:40:04,800 --> 05:40:07,500
crew includes specialists in 
various forms of Commerce. 

6531
05:40:07,500 --> 05:40:10,200
Beyond Simple muscle, powered 
intimidation. 

6532
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:13,900
Some members speak, multiple 
languages and understand foreign

6533
05:40:13,900 --> 05:40:16,000
Customs. 
Others have expertise in 

6534
05:40:16,000 --> 05:40:19,800
evaluating precious metals and 
trade goods and a few possessed.

6535
05:40:19,800 --> 05:40:22,600
The Diplomatic skills necessary 
for negotiating with foreign 

6536
05:40:22,600 --> 05:40:26,400
merchants and local rulers. 
Successful Viking Expeditions 

6537
05:40:26,400 --> 05:40:29,300
require as much business Acumen 
as martial prowess. 

6538
05:40:29,900 --> 05:40:32,500
Markets in foreign ports, 
operate according to local 

6539
05:40:32,500 --> 05:40:35,600
Customs, that your crew has 
learned through experience and 

6540
05:40:35,608 --> 05:40:39,100
cultural Exchange. 
Understanding religious to booze

6541
05:40:39,100 --> 05:40:42,100
social hierarchies and seasonal 
trading patterns makes the 

6542
05:40:42,108 --> 05:40:44,900
difference between profitable 
Commerce and diplomatic 

6543
05:40:44,900 --> 05:40:47,800
disasters. 
Vikings develop remarkable 

6544
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:51,100
cultural adaptability adjusting 
their approach based on whether 

6545
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:54,600
they are dealing with Christian 
monasteries Islamic merchants or

6546
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:57,800
Pagan tribal leaders. 
Currently varies dramatically 

6547
05:40:57,800 --> 05:41:01,600
across your trading Network 
Arabic, silver coins, circulate,

6548
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:05,300
widely and provide, a relatively
stable, medium of exchange, but 

6549
05:41:05,300 --> 05:41:08,600
many transactions rely on barter
systems, where goods are 

6550
05:41:08,608 --> 05:41:10,200
exchanged directly for other 
Goods. 

6551
05:41:11,000 --> 05:41:14,800
Your Navigator might trade Amber
for silk in Constantinople then 

6552
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:18,700
exchange that Silk facility of 
then convert silver into iron 

6553
05:41:18,700 --> 05:41:21,800
tools in Norway. 
Its medieval international 

6554
05:41:21,800 --> 05:41:25,800
finance at its most complex. 
Slave trading, unfortunately 

6555
05:41:25,800 --> 05:41:28,300
represents a major component of 
Viking Commerce. 

6556
05:41:29,000 --> 05:41:32,700
Captives taken in raids, become 
valuable trade goods, especially

6557
05:41:32,700 --> 05:41:35,100
in markets, where labor 
shortages, create demand for 

6558
05:41:35,100 --> 05:41:38,000
workers. 
The Vikings Geographic position 

6559
05:41:38,000 --> 05:41:40,200
between slave producing regions 
and labor. 

6560
05:41:40,200 --> 05:41:43,100
Hungry markets makes them 
natural middlemen in this 

6561
05:41:43,100 --> 05:41:47,000
horrific but economically 
important trade, quality control

6562
05:41:47,000 --> 05:41:49,300
becomes crucial when your 
reputation affects future 

6563
05:41:49,300 --> 05:41:53,900
trading opportunities, diluted 
silver, inferior, weapons or 

6564
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:56,700
slaves, who die in transport 
damaged relationships with 

6565
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,600
trading partners and reduce 
profitability of future 

6566
05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:02,900
expeditions. 
Successful Viking, Merchants 

6567
05:42:02,900 --> 05:42:06,200
maintain quality standards, not 
because of altruism but because 

6568
05:42:06,200 --> 05:42:08,500
repeat business requires 
satisfied customers. 

6569
05:42:09,600 --> 05:42:12,700
Competition comes from other 
Viking Crews local, merchants 

6570
05:42:12,700 --> 05:42:15,700
and established trading. 
Networks that predate Viking 

6571
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,800
involvement. 
Success requires finding Market,

6572
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:22,300
niches, developing reliable, 
Supply, chains and building 

6573
05:42:22,300 --> 05:42:24,300
relationships with key trading 
partners. 

6574
05:42:25,100 --> 05:42:27,900
Some Viking specialize in 
particular routes or Goods 

6575
05:42:27,900 --> 05:42:31,300
becoming known for specific 
expertise that command premium 

6576
05:42:31,300 --> 05:42:34,200
prices. 
Whether a navigation delays, can

6577
05:42:34,200 --> 05:42:37,200
destroy profit margins by 
missing seasonal markets or 

6578
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:39,600
arriving after competitors of 
saturated demand. 

6579
05:42:40,500 --> 05:42:42,900
Your trading Expedition operates
on tight schedules. 

6580
05:42:42,900 --> 05:42:46,400
Dictated by sailing Seasons 
Market cycles and religious 

6581
05:42:46,400 --> 05:42:48,300
festivals that affect local 
Commerce. 

6582
05:42:49,200 --> 05:42:51,800
Timing becomes as important as 
the quality of goods, being 

6583
05:42:51,800 --> 05:42:55,300
traded investment 
diversification, spreads risk, 

6584
05:42:55,300 --> 05:42:59,000
across multiple Expeditions, and
trade goods, wealthy Vikings. 

6585
05:42:59,000 --> 05:43:01,500
Rarely put all their resources 
into single Ventures. 

6586
05:43:01,500 --> 05:43:04,700
Instead participating in 
multiple Expeditions with 

6587
05:43:04,700 --> 05:43:06,600
different destinations and 
objectives. 

6588
05:43:07,300 --> 05:43:10,200
Its medieval portfolio 
management designed to maximize 

6589
05:43:10,200 --> 05:43:13,200
returns while minimizing the 
chance of total Financial ruin 

6590
05:43:13,200 --> 05:43:17,000
life aboard a viking longship. 
Reduces existence to its most 

6591
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:21,200
basic elements, staying warm, 
staying fed, staying dry, and 

6592
05:43:21,200 --> 05:43:23,800
staying alive. 
The small victories that 

6593
05:43:23,800 --> 05:43:27,000
punctuate your journey. 
A successful fishing Expedition 

6594
05:43:27,000 --> 05:43:30,300
a day of favorable, wind or 
simply waking up without 

6595
05:43:30,300 --> 05:43:33,800
someone's foot in your face. 
Become Monumental celebrations 

6596
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:35,800
in the context of your floating 
hardship. 

6597
05:43:36,500 --> 05:43:39,400
Fishing provides both food and 
entertainment during the long 

6598
05:43:39,400 --> 05:43:42,700
stretches of Ocean Travel. 
Lines trail behind the ship 

6599
05:43:42,700 --> 05:43:46,000
constantly tended by whoever 
isn't actively sailing or 

6600
05:43:46,000 --> 05:43:47,400
rowing. 
Catching. 

6601
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:49,700
Fish means, fresh protein to 
supplement. 

6602
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:53,100
The monotonous diet of preserved
Foods, plus the excitement of 

6603
05:43:53,100 --> 05:43:56,800
successfully outwitting secrets 
with medieval technology the 

6604
05:43:56,800 --> 05:43:59,300
entire crew celebrates. 
When someone lands a 

6605
05:43:59,300 --> 05:44:02,400
particularly large specimen, not
just because it means better 

6606
05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:05,900
eating, but because it breaks 
the TDM of another identical day

6607
05:44:05,900 --> 05:44:09,500
at sea, Cooking happens over a 
small fire contained. 

6608
05:44:09,500 --> 05:44:13,400
In a sand-filled metal box, the 
ship's kitchen, dining room, and

6609
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:16,400
social Center. 
All rolled into one cramped, 

6610
05:44:16,400 --> 05:44:21,100
Smoky space. 
Fire provides warmth light and 

6611
05:44:21,100 --> 05:44:24,800
the ability to prepare hot food,
making it arguably the most 

6612
05:44:24,800 --> 05:44:27,200
important feature of the ship, 
besides the hull itself. 

6613
05:44:28,200 --> 05:44:30,900
Keeping the fire going in. 
Rough weather requires constant 

6614
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:35,200
attention and no small amount of
skill, since a stray wave or 

6615
05:44:35,200 --> 05:44:37,900
sudden gust of wind can 
extinguish your own source of 

6616
05:44:37,900 --> 05:44:41,400
cooked food and warmth. 
Water collection becomes an 

6617
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:44,700
obsession during rainy weather, 
every available container gets 

6618
05:44:44,700 --> 05:44:46,600
pressed. 
Into service to catch precious, 

6619
05:44:46,600 --> 05:44:49,800
fresh water, from cooking pots 
to empty helmets. 

6620
05:44:50,500 --> 05:44:52,800
You learned to position 
containers strategically to 

6621
05:44:52,800 --> 05:44:55,700
catch runoff from the sale and 
everyone develops an almost 

6622
05:44:55,708 --> 05:44:59,100
Supernatural ability to wake up 
when rain starts falling, no 

6623
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:02,700
matter how exhausted they are. 
Fresh water taste like the most 

6624
05:45:02,700 --> 05:45:06,100
luxurious ever created. 
When you've been rationing stale

6625
05:45:06,100 --> 05:45:09,500
barrel water for weeks, 
entertainment relies heavily on 

6626
05:45:09,500 --> 05:45:13,800
human creativity and social 
interaction riddles, word games,

6627
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:17,200
and contests of memory help pass
time during calm weather. 

6628
05:45:17,900 --> 05:45:21,900
Physical competitions, arm 
wrestling balancing contests or 

6629
05:45:21,900 --> 05:45:25,400
games of skill with weapons, 
provide excitement and help 

6630
05:45:25,400 --> 05:45:29,400
maintain fighting Fitness. 
Music when someone has brought 

6631
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,500
along an instrument transforms 
evening, Gatherings into 

6632
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:34,100
something approaching 
civilization. 

6633
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:37,900
Maintenance tasks occupy much of
the cruise attention during 

6634
05:45:37,900 --> 05:45:41,000
daylight hours. 
The ship requires constant care 

6635
05:45:41,000 --> 05:45:45,200
bailing water that seeps through
the hull adjusting rigging and 

6636
05:45:45,200 --> 05:45:48,200
repairing equipment, damaged by 
salt, spray and constant use 

6637
05:45:48,200 --> 05:45:52,500
these tasks provide structure to
otherwise formless days and give

6638
05:45:52,508 --> 05:45:54,000
everyone something productive to
do. 

6639
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:57,700
The ship becomes like a needy 
pet, that requires constant 

6640
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:00,900
attention to keep it healthy and
functional personal rituals and 

6641
05:46:00,900 --> 05:46:03,800
superstitions developed to cope 
with the psychological stress of

6642
05:46:03,808 --> 05:46:06,900
prolonged, Ocean Travel. 
Some crew members, develop 

6643
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:09,600
elaborate morning routines, 
others create personal 

6644
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:13,000
ceremonies around meals or 
navigation checks, these 

6645
05:46:13,000 --> 05:46:16,000
behaviors while sometimes 
appearing a rational, provide 

6646
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:19,200
cycle anchors in an environment 
where every day Blends into the 

6647
05:46:19,200 --> 05:46:21,700
next. 
Sleep becomes both escape and 

6648
05:46:21,700 --> 05:46:24,300
challenge. 
Despite cramped conditions and 

6649
05:46:24,300 --> 05:46:27,700
constant motion exhaustion, 
enables sleep, but regular 

6650
05:46:27,700 --> 05:46:30,300
interruptions from weather 
changes navigation emergencies 

6651
05:46:30,300 --> 05:46:32,200
or natural calls, interrupt 
rest. 

6652
05:46:33,000 --> 05:46:35,200
You learn to fall asleep, 
quickly, when opportunity 

6653
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,600
presents itself and to function 
effectively on fragmented, sleep

6654
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:40,800
patterns, that would leave 
modern people completely 

6655
05:46:40,800 --> 05:46:44,100
dysfunctional. 
Whether protection requires 

6656
05:46:44,100 --> 05:46:47,800
constant adaptation and 
creativity. your clothing layers

6657
05:46:47,800 --> 05:46:51,100
are adjusted throughout the day 
as conditions, change adding 

6658
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:54,200
garments, when wind picks up, 
removing them when physical 

6659
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:57,700
work, generates heat and 
rearranging everything when rain

6660
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:01,000
starts falling Staying 
reasonably dry and warm becomes 

6661
05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:04,200
a full-time occupation that 
requires as much attention as 

6662
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:07,900
any other survival skill. 
Small luxuries take on enormous 

6663
05:47:07,900 --> 05:47:11,700
psychological importance. 
Of preserved fruit, a drink of 

6664
05:47:11,708 --> 05:47:14,800
wine or even a few minutes of 
privacy become treasured 

6665
05:47:14,800 --> 05:47:16,800
experience. 
Is that provide disproportionate

6666
05:47:16,800 --> 05:47:19,300
happiness. 
You learn to save a tiny 

6667
05:47:19,300 --> 05:47:21,900
Pleasures because they represent
the only breaks from otherwise. 

6668
05:47:21,900 --> 05:47:25,800
Relentlessly Austrian existence.
Social bonds strengthened 

6669
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:28,200
through shared hardship and 
mutual dependence. 

6670
05:47:28,900 --> 05:47:31,200
The people you might have 
ignored or disliked on land 

6671
05:47:31,200 --> 05:47:33,900
become crucial allies in the 
struggle for daily survival. 

6672
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:37,600
Helping someone prepare their 
gear share sharing food during 

6673
05:47:37,600 --> 05:47:40,400
shortages or simply providing 
companionship during 

6674
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:42,400
particularly difficult. 
Whether creates relationships 

6675
05:47:42,400 --> 05:47:47,600
that last long after the voyage 
ends negotiation, tradition and 

6676
05:47:47,600 --> 05:47:50,600
occasional Force resolve, 
territorial disputes over 

6677
05:47:50,600 --> 05:47:54,200
sleeping, Space storage areas 
and access to the fire. 

6678
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:57,900
Your personal space shrinks to 
whatever you can physically 

6679
05:47:57,900 --> 05:48:01,700
defend but everyone understands 
the necessity of respecting 

6680
05:48:01,700 --> 05:48:03,500
others. 
Minimal claims to shipboard, 

6681
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:07,300
real estate violating, these 
unspoken agreements threatens, 

6682
05:48:07,300 --> 05:48:10,600
the social fabric that keeps the
entire Enterprise functional. 

6683
05:48:10,600 --> 05:48:14,500
The site of familiar Coastline 
after months at Sea triggers, 

6684
05:48:14,500 --> 05:48:17,700
emotions, that land, lubbers 
struggled to understand your 

6685
05:48:17,700 --> 05:48:19,700
home Shores. 
Previously, taken for granted 

6686
05:48:19,700 --> 05:48:23,900
now appear as the most beautiful
landscape ever, created the 

6687
05:48:23,900 --> 05:48:27,300
simple Prospect of sleeping on 
Solid Ground eating fresh food 

6688
05:48:27,300 --> 05:48:30,500
and enjoying privacy becomes 
almost overwhelming in its 

6689
05:48:30,500 --> 05:48:33,100
appeal. 
Landfall requires careful 

6690
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:35,800
planning and execution your 
shallow draft. 

6691
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:39,300
Longship can be almost anywhere 
but choosing the right spot. 

6692
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:42,900
Involves considering Tides. 
Whether local politics and the 

6693
05:48:42,908 --> 05:48:44,400
condition of your crew and 
cargo. 

6694
05:48:45,300 --> 05:48:48,500
A successful Landing represents 
the culmination of months of 

6695
05:48:48,500 --> 05:48:52,400
navigation, survival and 
teamwork but it's all. 

6696
05:48:52,400 --> 05:48:55,500
So when many Expeditions face, 
their greatest risks from local 

6697
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:59,900
authorities or competing Viking 
groups, Unloading transforms the

6698
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:02,900
ship from a cramp to living 
space back in to a cargo vessel.

6699
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:05,900
Trade goods that have been 
carefully protected throughout 

6700
05:49:05,900 --> 05:49:08,300
the journey. 
Now, get evaluated sorted and 

6701
05:49:08,300 --> 05:49:11,000
prepared for local markets. 
The Amber. 

6702
05:49:11,000 --> 05:49:13,700
That seemed so precious during 
storms now faces the harsh 

6703
05:49:13,700 --> 05:49:16,600
reality of market prices and 
trading negotiations. 

6704
05:49:16,600 --> 05:49:20,400
Some Goods may have deteriorated
during the voyage turning 

6705
05:49:20,400 --> 05:49:24,200
expected profits into 
disappointing losses. your crew 

6706
05:49:24,200 --> 05:49:26,300
disperses according to 
predetermined agreements and 

6707
05:49:26,300 --> 05:49:29,900
personal relationships developed
during the voyage, Some members 

6708
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,800
came aboard as Hired Hands and 
departed with their wages. 

6709
05:49:32,800 --> 05:49:36,100
Others invested in the 
Expedition and await their share

6710
05:49:36,100 --> 05:49:39,200
of profits and a few have become
close companions who will 

6711
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:41,700
maintain relationships long 
after the ship returns to 

6712
05:49:41,700 --> 05:49:44,300
Harbor. 
The social bonds forged in 

6713
05:49:44,300 --> 05:49:47,700
hardship, often proved more 
valuable than the material gains

6714
05:49:47,700 --> 05:49:51,500
from trade reintegration into 
land, based society requires 

6715
05:49:51,500 --> 05:49:54,600
psychological adjustment. 
Almost as significant, as the 

6716
05:49:54,600 --> 05:49:58,300
original departure months of 
communal, living shared 

6717
05:49:58,300 --> 05:50:02,000
hardship, and constant motion. 
Leave you changed in ways that 

6718
05:50:02,000 --> 05:50:04,100
become apparent. 
Only when you try to resume 

6719
05:50:04,100 --> 05:50:07,700
normal life, your tolerance for 
petty complaints, and minoring 

6720
05:50:07,700 --> 05:50:11,200
convenience's increased 
dramatically while your patience

6721
05:50:11,200 --> 05:50:13,200
for people who haven't 
experienced real hardship. 

6722
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:14,400
May have decreased 
proportionally. 

6723
05:50:15,400 --> 05:50:18,400
Stories from your Voyage become 
valuable social currency in your

6724
05:50:18,400 --> 05:50:21,400
home Community. 
Tales of storms, you survived, 

6725
05:50:21,400 --> 05:50:24,100
strange lands. 
You visited and dangers. 

6726
05:50:24,100 --> 05:50:26,700
You overcame entertain 
audiences, and establish your 

6727
05:50:26,700 --> 05:50:29,200
reputation as someone who has 
seen the world beyond the 

6728
05:50:29,200 --> 05:50:32,100
familiar. 
Repetition refines these 

6729
05:50:32,100 --> 05:50:34,600
stories. 
Gradually transforming them from

6730
05:50:34,600 --> 05:50:38,000
raw experience into polished, 
narratives that may bear only a 

6731
05:50:38,000 --> 05:50:39,500
passing resemblance to actual 
events. 

6732
05:50:40,400 --> 05:50:43,200
The practical skills learned 
aboard ship, navigation, 

6733
05:50:43,200 --> 05:50:46,000
seamanship, trading combat and 
survival. 

6734
05:50:46,000 --> 05:50:49,600
Make you more valuable to your 
community and more attractive 

6735
05:50:49,600 --> 05:50:52,800
for future expeditions. 
Knowledge of foreign languages 

6736
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:56,000
customs and market conditions 
required during your travels. 

6737
05:50:56,000 --> 05:50:58,700
Opens opportunities for 
employment with other 

6738
05:50:58,700 --> 05:51:02,400
Expeditions or local Merchants 
engaged in long-distance trade, 

6739
05:51:02,400 --> 05:51:05,900
physical changes from months of 
difficult, living become visible

6740
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:09,000
to friends and family. 
Your hands are more calloused, 

6741
05:51:09,000 --> 05:51:12,500
your face more weather in your 
body adapted to the physical 

6742
05:51:12,500 --> 05:51:16,200
demands of Life at sea. 
These changes servers permanent 

6743
05:51:16,200 --> 05:51:19,100
reminders of your journey and 
Mark, you as someone who is 

6744
05:51:19,100 --> 05:51:22,300
endured what many people cannot 
imagine attempting find 

6745
05:51:22,300 --> 05:51:24,600
Financial outcomes of vary 
dramatically depending on the 

6746
05:51:24,600 --> 05:51:28,500
Expedition success, your initial
investment and market conditions

6747
05:51:28,500 --> 05:51:31,800
at Journey's End. 
Some crew members return wealthy

6748
05:51:31,800 --> 05:51:34,500
enough to buy Farms or ships of 
their own others. 

6749
05:51:34,500 --> 05:51:37,600
Barely cover their expenses and 
a few face Financial ruin. 

6750
05:51:37,600 --> 05:51:41,600
If the Voyager serious problems.
The Viking economy rewards. 

6751
05:51:41,600 --> 05:51:44,200
Success handsomely. 
But punishes failure harshly. 

6752
05:51:44,900 --> 05:51:47,800
Planning for future Expeditions 
often begins before the current 

6753
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:51,300
Voyage is completely finished 
successful trips generate demand

6754
05:51:51,300 --> 05:51:53,900
for repeat Journeys, while 
Lessons Learned suggest 

6755
05:51:53,900 --> 05:51:57,100
improvements for next time. 
The ship requires maintenance 

6756
05:51:57,100 --> 05:52:00,400
and modifications crew members 
need replacement or Recruitment 

6757
05:52:00,400 --> 05:52:02,800
and trade goods. 
Must be selected based on 

6758
05:52:02,800 --> 05:52:06,500
experience with foreign markets,
your transformed perspective on 

6759
05:52:06,500 --> 05:52:10,300
risk, comfort and Human 
Relationships, affects decisions

6760
05:52:10,300 --> 05:52:13,400
about future Life Choices. 
Some people observe that 

6761
05:52:13,400 --> 05:52:16,400
land-based existence feels 
limiting After experiencing the 

6762
05:52:16,400 --> 05:52:19,800
freedom and intensity of Ocean 
Travel While others discover 

6763
05:52:19,800 --> 05:52:22,700
that one may Jack's Expedition. 
Satisfies their desire for 

6764
05:52:22,708 --> 05:52:27,200
adventure permanently. 
The Voyage changes, everyone but

6765
05:52:27,200 --> 05:52:30,500
not always in predictable 
Direction's The cycle of 

6766
05:52:30,500 --> 05:52:34,600
departure journey and return 
that defines Viking, Expeditions

6767
05:52:34,600 --> 05:52:37,900
reflects larger patterns in 
medieval life where travel was 

6768
05:52:37,900 --> 05:52:40,700
dangerous expensive and 
transformative. 

6769
05:52:41,600 --> 05:52:44,100
Your months aboard, the longship
represent, not just a business 

6770
05:52:44,100 --> 05:52:47,500
venture or Adventure, but a rite
of passage that separates those 

6771
05:52:47,500 --> 05:52:50,600
who dream about distant places 
from those who have actually 

6772
05:52:50,600 --> 05:52:53,700
seen them years later when the 
pain is gone. 

6773
05:52:53,700 --> 05:52:55,800
And the prophets are spent. 
All that remains, is the 

6774
05:52:55,800 --> 05:52:58,600
knowledge that you succeeded in.
One of the hardest Endeavors of 

6775
05:52:58,608 --> 05:53:02,900
your time, you crossed vast 
ocean in a wooden ship survived 

6776
05:53:02,900 --> 05:53:05,900
storms, that could have killed 
you traded with foreign people 

6777
05:53:05,900 --> 05:53:08,800
in distant lands and returned 
home to tell the tale. 

6778
05:53:10,100 --> 05:53:12,900
In a time when the majority of 
people rarely Venture more than 

6779
05:53:12,908 --> 05:53:15,900
a few miles from their 
birthplace, this accomplishment 

6780
05:53:15,900 --> 05:53:19,500
alone distinguishes you as a 
unique individual, someone who 

6781
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:22,400
chose the extraordinary over the
ordinary and persevere to share 

6782
05:53:22,400 --> 05:53:23,000
the story.