Boring History | What It Was Like to Be a Victorian Postman and more | Gentle Storytelling

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Tonight. 
We're exploring what it was like

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to be a Victorian Postman. 
In an age before telephones, the

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post was everything love letters
business deals, Family news and 

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secret sealed with wax. 
Victorian postmen carried the 

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weight of daily life in their 
bags, making deliveries several 

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times a day rain or shine 
through fog, soot and crowded 

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streets. 
They were trusted faces at every

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doorstep and part of the Unseen 
Machinery, that kept the Empire 

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connected. 
So before we begin, take a 

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moment to like the video and let
me know in the comments where 

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you're tuning in from, and what 
time it is, it's always 

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comforting to see our little 
nighttime Circle gathered from 

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all over the world. 
Now, dim the lights, turn on a 

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fan for some noise and let's 
Dive In. 

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You wake up at half past 4 in 
the morning and the world 

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outside your window is still 
wrapped in that thick velvety. 

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Darkness, that makes even the 
gas Street lamps look like 

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lonely fireflies. 
Your feet, hit the cold 

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floorboards with a thud that 
Echoes through your modest 

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lodging and your immediately. 
Reminded that being a Victorian 

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Postman isn't exactly a 
profession for those who enjoy 

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sleeping in. 
Your bedroom, chairs, uniform 

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appears to have endured Decades 
of use your dark blue coat with 

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its brass buttons. 
That never quite Shine the way 

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they're supposed to Bears. 
The Battle Scars of countless 

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and counters with rose bushes, 
aggressive geese and the 

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occasional projectile thrown by 
less than pleased recipients of 

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overdue bills. 
Your leather, satchel sits 

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nearby already showing signs of 
the day ahead. 

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It knows it's about to be 
stuffed Fuller than a Christmas 

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turkey. 
You stumbled downstairs to your 

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landlady's kitchen, where she's 
already prepared your breakfast 

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Mrs. Henderson bless her soul 
understands that postmen. 

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Need fuel for the journey ahead.
She slides a plate of eggs, 

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bacon and thick, cut bread 
across the wooden table along 

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with the steaming mug of tea, so
strong, it could probably walk 

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the postal route by itself. 
The morning ritual, begins with 

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checking your pocket, watch a 
gift from your father when you 

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join the Royal Mail Service. 
Three years ago it's already 

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quarter past five which means 
you need to be at the Sorting 

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office by six Sharp. 
Mr. Grimsby the postmaster has 

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the temperament of a wet cat and
the punctuality expectations of 

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a railway conductor. 
The yin late means facing his 

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legendary scalp which has been 
known to curdle milk from three 

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streets away. 
You finish your breakfast, grab 

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your cat, the one with the small
hole where a particularly 

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ambitious pigeon once Mr, took 
it for nesting material and step

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out into the London morning. 
The air carries that distinct, 

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Victorian cocktail of cold smoke
horse. 

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And the faint promise of rain. 
That seems permanently suspended

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over the city like an indecisive
visitor. 

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The walk to the Sorting office. 
Takes you past the baker's shop 

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where Mr. Pemberton is already 
pulling fresh loaves from his 

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ovens. 
The warm yeasty smell follows 

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you down the street, like a 
friendly dog. 

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You wave through the window and 
he responds with a flour dusted.

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Salute, the small morning 
rituals of become the 

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comfortable rhythm of your 
working life. 

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At the Sorting office. 
You're greeted by the familiar 

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chaos that would make a 
battlefield look organized, 

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sacks of male are piled 
everywhere like fabric mountains

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and your fellow postmen are 
already elbow. 

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Deep in the days, deliveries 
there's Jenkins whose been doing

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this job since before Victoria 
became Queen and moves with the 

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efficiency of a well-oiled 
machine. 

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Thompson, the newcomer who still
gets nervous about delivering to

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the fancy neighborhoods and Old 
Murphy who claims? 

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He wants to deliver the letter 
to Charles Dickens himself over 

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the story changes. 
Slightly each time he tells it 

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Your section of London covers 
approximately 4 square miles of 

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winding streets, narrow alleys, 
and the occasional dead end that

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seems to exist solely to test 
your navigation skills. 

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The mail in your bag represents 
across section of Human 

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Experience, love letters that 
smell faintly of lavender 

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business correspondence with 
serious looking seals newspapers

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that will be outdated by 
tomorrow and the inevitable 

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collection of bills that make 
recipients. 

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Look at you as if you personally
decided to charge them for 

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existing. 
You organize your letters, by 

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Street, number a process that 
requires the spatial reasoning 

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skills of an architect and the 
patience of a saint. each piece 

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of mail has its personality, 
some are thick and important 

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looking others are thin and 
apologetic and a few are so 

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mysteriously shaped that you 
wonder if someone's trying to 

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post a small Hedgehog The 
morning preparation is almost 

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complete. 
Your route is planned. 

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Your Satchel is loaded and your 
boots are laced, tight enough to

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survive the days Adventures. 
As you step back onto the 

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street, the city is beginning to
wake up around you. 

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You're about to embark on 
another day of connecting people

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across the sprawling Maze of 
Victoria London. 

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Pembroke Street, is your first 
stop, where the houses stand 

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side by side, like gossiping 
neighbors each front door. 

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Tells its story. 
Some of painted bright red with 

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polished. 
Brass knockers that gleam in the

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Morning Light While others have 
seen better days and Sport 

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paint, That's peeling like 
sunburn skin. 

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You've learned to read these 
subtle signs, like a detective, 

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the well-maintained homes, 
usually mean Pleasant 

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interactions, while the shabby 
ones might involve dodging 

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flying objects or unwelcome 
commentary about the postal 

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service. 
Mrs. Abernathy at number 12 is 

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already waiting by her window 
watching for your arrival with 

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the intensity of a hulking, a 
field mouse. 

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She receives letters from her 
sister in Edinburgh, every 

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Tuesday. 
And she's developed The Uncanny 

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ability to sense your approach 
from three blocks away. 

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You slip, The Familiar envelope 
through her letter slot, and you

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can practically hear her 
shuffling excitedly, toward the 

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door before you've even stepped 
off her front steps. 

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The rhythm of delivery becomes 
As Natural as breathing after a 

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while. 
Walk sort, not deliver, repeat. 

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But each house brings its own 
peculiar challenges. 

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Number 18 has a letter slot, 
positioned. 

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So low, that reaching it 
requires the flexibility of a 

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contortionist. 
While number 24, slot is so 

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narrow, you sometimes, wonder if
the architect designed it 

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specifically to frustrate postal
workers. 

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Then there's the matter of the 
dogs, every street has its 

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collection of four-legged 
critics and they all seem to 

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have strong opinions about the 
postal service. 

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There's Dutchess A pompous 
poodle at number 7, who treats 

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your daily arrival, as a 
personal insult to her a 

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restricted sensibilities. 
She expresses her displeasure 

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through a series of indignant 
yaps that sound remarkably. 

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Like someone complaining about 
the weather in a foreign 

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language. 
You don't quite understand The 

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other end of the spectrum is 
Brutus, a Mastiff, the size of a

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small pony, Who belongs to the 
Butcher on Merchant Street. 

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Despite his intimidating 
appearance Brutus has apparently

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decided that you're his second 
favorite human. 

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After his owner and he greets 
your arrival each day by 

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attempting to lick your face 
with the tongue, that could 

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double as a washcloth. 
Your strategy involves keeping a

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safe distance and a pocket full 
of the small biscuits that Mrs. 

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Henderson slips into your lunch 
bag specifically for canine 

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diplomacy The variety of male, 
you carry, reflects the full 

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spectrum of human emotion and 
necessity, there are the obvious

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love letters you can spot them 
from a mile away by their 

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careful penmanship and the faint
scent of perfume that seems to 

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follow them around like a 
romantic ghost. 

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Business correspondents, tends 
to travel in serious looking 

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envelopes with important, 
sounding return addresses, while

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family, letters often arrive in 
batches. 

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As if relatives, suddenly 
remember, they have things to 

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say all at the same time, some 
deliveries require special 

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handling, legal documents 
arrive, with an air of 

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important. 
That makes you walk slightly 

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straighter while medical 
correspondents, often travels in

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discrete envelopes that seemed 
to whisper about their contents.

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You've developed an almost 
Supernatural ability to gauge 

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the emotional weight of male 
just by holding it. 

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Good news tends to feel lighter 
somehow. 

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While bad news seems to add 
extra gravity to your Satchel 

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the morning, progresses through 
the residential streets, where 

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laundry hangs between buildings 
like celebratory Bunting and 

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children. 
Peer at you from behind curtains

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with the Curiosity reserved for 
exotic creatures. 

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You wave at The Familiar Faces, 
the shopkeepers setting up for 

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the day. 
The street sweepers making their

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eternal battle against London's 
dust and debris and the 

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occasional early Rising 
gentleman, who tips his hat with

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the politeness that makes 
British Society function like 

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clockwork, By mid-morning, your 
Satchel has lightened 

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considerably, but your feet are 
beginning to remind you that 

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they weren't designed for this 
much pavement pounding. 

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The cobblestones that looked so 
Charming in the early morning 

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light now, feel like their 
personally designed to test the 

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durability of your boot Souls, 
you've learned to spot the loose

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stones that might twist and 
ankle and navigate around the 

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ones that seem to collect 
puddles like magnets that 

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attract iron filings. 
Your route takes you past the 

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local tea shop where the 
proprietor Mr. Whitfield always 

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has a steaming cup ready for 
passing Postman. 

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It's an unspoken agreement. 
You bring him news from the 

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outside world, through the mail 
you deliver and he provides 

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liquid encouragement for the 
journey ahead. 

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The brief respite allows you to 
reorganize your remaining 

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letters and plan the most 
efficient path through the 

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afternoons. 
Deliveries As you venture into 

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the more eccentric neighborhoods
of your route, you encounter the

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houses that make this job, 
endlessly entertaining. 

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There's Professor blackwood's. 
Residence on Thornbury Lane 

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where the front garden looks 
like a Botanical experiment 

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gone, wonderfully wrong. 
Exotic plants, sprawl in every 

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direction, creating a jungle. 
That would make Darwin himself, 

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pause for consideration. 
The professor occasionally 

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emerges from this green chaos, 
wearing clothes that suggests, 

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he dresses and complete 
darkness, and he always greets 

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you with enthusiasm that borders
on the manic. 

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His male consists primarily of 
scientific journals and 

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correspondence from fellow 
academics scattered across 

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Europe. 
The envelopes often bear foreign

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postmarks and wax seals that 
look important enough to start 

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in. 
International instance, you've 

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learned to handle these 
deliveries with extra care, 

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partly because they seem 
genuinely important and partly. 

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Because Professor Blackwood once
spent, 20 minutes explaining the

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reproductive habits of orchids. 
When you accidentally bent one 

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of his Botanical Magazine's, 
Three House's down lives missed 

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call Delia Weatherby a spinster 
who was turned suspicion into an

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art form. 
She receives your approached 

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through her lace curtains with 
the weariness of someone 

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expecting Invasion at any 
moment. 

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Her male consists primarily of 
seed, catalogs and letters from 

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mysterious correspondent. 
Who signs only with the initials

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are h You've developed a theory 
that RH might be a long-lost 

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romantic interest. 
But miss weatherbys expression 

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when she receives these letters,
suggests the correspondence, 

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might be less romantic and more 
related to outstanding debts, or

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legal matters, the delivery 
process at Miss. 

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Wetherby's house has evolved 
into an elaborate ritual. 

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You approach slowly, making sure
your footsteps are clearly 

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audible to avoid startling her 
you place. 

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The male carefully through her 
slot, then Retreat, a respectful

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distance while she performs what
sounds like a complex series of 

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locks chains and security 
measures that would make a bank 

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for jealous. 
Occasionally, you hear her 

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muttering commentary about the 
state of the world, and the 

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declining reliability of young 
people though, you're not 

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entirely sure whether this 
criticism includes postal 

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workers specifically. 
Then there's the Johnson 

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household on Maple Grove, which 
operates like a small chaotic 

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Republic. 
Mr. And Mrs. Johnson have 

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produced seven children ranging 
in age from barely walking to 

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nearly adult and their front 
yard resembles a toy 

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Battlefield. 
Their casualties include broken 

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Hoops, deflated balls. 
At least three dolls that have 

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seen better days. 
Children, treat your arrival, 

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like a daily entertainment 
program gathering at the window 

231
00:11:30,200 --> 00:11:31,200
to watch. 
You navigate. 

232
00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:32,900
Their obstacle course of 
discarded. 

233
00:11:32,900 --> 00:11:36,300
Playthings Mrs. Johnson appears 
in her door looking like she's 

234
00:11:36,300 --> 00:11:38,800
been wrestling with domestic 
responsibilities, and losing 

235
00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:42,200
gracefully her hair escapes from
its pins and creative 

236
00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:44,500
directions. 
And she usually has at least one

237
00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,800
child attached to a skirts, like
a small, determined Barnacle 

238
00:11:47,800 --> 00:11:51,100
despite the apparent chaos. 
She always greets you with 

239
00:11:51,100 --> 00:11:54,100
genuine warmth and occasionally 
offers you a cup of tea. 

240
00:11:54,100 --> 00:11:56,600
That tastes like, it was made by
someone who understands the 

241
00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:59,500
restorative power of proper 
Brewing, the male for the 

242
00:11:59,500 --> 00:12:02,700
Johnson House, reflects the 
family's busy life, letters, 

243
00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:05,700
from grandparents school, 
notices and an impressive 

244
00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:08,100
collection of bills that would 
make a mathematician weak. 

245
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,600
Mrs. Johnson accepts these with 
the resigned expression of 

246
00:12:11,608 --> 00:12:14,100
someone who has learned to find 
humor in life's persistent 

247
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:17,100
Financial requirements. 
You after noon, route also 

248
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:20,100
includes the mysterious house at
the end of Wickham Street, where

249
00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:22,800
the elderly Mr. Ashford lives 
alone with what sounds like a 

250
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:26,600
small Orchestra of cats. 
The music that drifts from his 

251
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:29,700
windows suggest, he spends his 
days playing piano compositions 

252
00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,100
that sound, both beautiful and 
slightly Melancholy his male 

253
00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:37,200
arrived sporadically, sometimes 
weeks, pass with nothing then 

254
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,600
suddenly he receives thick 
packets from music Publishers or

255
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:43,600
thin letters that seem to carry 
more emotional weight than their

256
00:12:43,600 --> 00:12:47,200
size would suggest. 
Mr. Ashford himself remains 

257
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:50,200
largely invisible though. 
You occasionally catch glimpses 

258
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:52,000
of movement behind his heavy 
curtains. 

259
00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,600
The milk bottles left on his 
step disappear. 

260
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:58,500
And reappear with the regularity
of a well-managed ghost, and the

261
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,300
cats that inhabit his garden 
treat you, with the aloof 

262
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:04,200
politeness reserved, for useful 
servants, who know their place 

263
00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:06,900
in the household. 
Hierarchy, each house on your 

264
00:13:06,900 --> 00:13:09,400
route has developed its own 
personality over the months, 

265
00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:12,200
you've been delivering mail, 
You've learned to read the 

266
00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:15,000
subtle signs, when the 
Hendersons are having financial 

267
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,800
difficulties, fewer letters more
bills, when the Clarks are 

268
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:22,100
expecting, favorable news, Mrs. 
Clarke watches from the window 

269
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:25,800
with hopeful expression and when
the tops and preparing, for one 

270
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:29,100
of their famous dinner parties, 
invitations, multiply like 

271
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:30,900
Rapids in their outgoing mail 
slot. 

272
00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:34,800
London's November weather is 
unpredictable dramatic and 

273
00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:36,700
seemingly designed to test your 
patience. 

274
00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:40,500
This morning started with a 
light mist that fell almost 

275
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:43,800
Pleasant like walking through a 
cloud that decided to visit the 

276
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,800
city. 
But by noon, that gentle Mist 

277
00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:49,900
has transformed into a proper 
drizzle that seems to determined

278
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:52,600
to discover every Gap in your 
clothing that you didn't know, 

279
00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,000
existed, your waterproof coat, 
which looked so professional. 

280
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,000
And whether ready, when the 
Postal Service issued it now 

281
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,100
reveals its true character under
actual precipitation. 

282
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:06,500
Water Finds Its way past your 
collar, with the Persistence of 

283
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:10,000
an Uninvited Guest and your 
Satchel, despite its supposedly 

284
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,700
water resistant, leather, begins
to develop that damp smell. 

285
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,900
That suggests your male might 
arrive looking like it. 

286
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:19,500
Survived a minor flood. 
The cobblestones become 

287
00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:22,200
treacherous when wet 
transforming from merely 

288
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,500
uncomfortable. 
Walking surfaces into potential 

289
00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:28,500
skating rinks for the unwary. 
You've developed a peculiar 

290
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:31,900
walking style that resembles a 
cautious dance, testing each 

291
00:14:31,900 --> 00:14:35,500
step before committing your full
weight, the locals who observe 

292
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:37,600
this careful progression from 
their dry Windows. 

293
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:40,900
Probably think postal workers 
have developed their own form of

294
00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:43,400
Street choreography. 
But whether is only one of the 

295
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,100
obstacles that make your daily 
routine Adventure, worthy of 

296
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,900
exploration novels There's the 
ongoing construction project on 

297
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:53,300
Pemberton Street where workers 
have apparently decided that the

298
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:56,600
most efficient way to prepare 
cobblestones is to remove them 

299
00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,800
all at once leaving behind a 
landscape that resembles a 

300
00:14:59,808 --> 00:15:03,800
geological excavation site. 
Navigating this route requires 

301
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:06,800
the skills of a mounting climber
and the patience of someone 

302
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:08,800
accustomed to bureaucratic 
inefficiency. 

303
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,100
The construction workers bless 
their dust covered. 

304
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,200
Souls have developed a friendly 
relationship with the Postal 

305
00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:17,600
Service. 
They warn you about particularly

306
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,100
treacherous sections and 
sometimes even clearer path. 

307
00:15:20,108 --> 00:15:23,100
When they see you approaching 
with your bulging, Satchel in 

308
00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:26,800
return, you've become their 
informal, new service, updating 

309
00:15:26,800 --> 00:15:29,700
them on, which houses are 
receiving intriguing, mail, and 

310
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:31,800
sharing gossip about 
neighborhood developments, that 

311
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:33,200
might affect their work 
schedule. 

312
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,000
Then there are other Street 
vendors, who transform certain 

313
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,000
Corners into temporary 
marketplaces that seem to appear

314
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:41,400
and disappear with magical 
unpredictability. 

315
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,200
Mrs. Patterson sets up her 
flower cart at the intersection 

316
00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:46,900
of oakendale every Tuesday and 
Friday. 

317
00:15:46,900 --> 00:15:50,200
Creating a fragrant obstacle. 
That requires careful 

318
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,100
navigation. 
Her roses and carnations smell 

319
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:56,700
Heavenly, but her car blocks the
most direct path to three 

320
00:15:56,700 --> 00:15:58,800
different house numbers. 
Forcing, you to develop 

321
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,100
alternative routes that had 
precious minutes to your 

322
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:04,200
delivery schedule. 
The flower Castle attracts bees 

323
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:06,100
with the enthusiasm of a royal 
celebration. 

324
00:16:06,100 --> 00:16:09,500
And you've learned to approach. 
Mrs. Patterson's corner with the

325
00:16:09,500 --> 00:16:13,500
weariness of someone entering a 
diplomatic negotiation. the bees

326
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:16,200
seem to view postal workers as 
potential threats to their 

327
00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:19,200
floral paradise and they 
expressed their concerns through

328
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,400
aggressive, hovering patterns 
that make males, sorting a 

329
00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:26,600
delicate operation, Animal 
encounters, extend beyond the 

330
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,200
domestic dogs and cats that 
populate most neighborhoods. 

331
00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:32,900
London streets, host a 
surprising variety of wildlife. 

332
00:16:32,900 --> 00:16:35,900
That seems determined to 
participate in postal delivery. 

333
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:39,100
There are the pigeons that treat
your male Satchel as a potential

334
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:42,400
roosting site the occasional rat
that regards your passing. 

335
00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,700
With the Bold, curiosity of a 
small, Urban philosopher. 

336
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:49,000
And the memorable incident 
involving an escaped parrot. 

337
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:51,900
That spent an entire afternoon 
following you from house to 

338
00:16:51,900 --> 00:16:54,900
house while providing colorful 
commentary on your delivery 

339
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:57,700
technique. 
Parrot, whose vocabulary 

340
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:00,900
suggested, it had previous 
experience with Sailors, seemed 

341
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:03,400
particularly interested in 
critiquing your route, 

342
00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:06,200
efficiency. 
It perched on Garden Gates and 

343
00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:09,800
fence posts offering suggestions
that were both anatomically 

344
00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:11,800
creative and utterly 
unprintable. 

345
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:15,200
Several residents emerge from 
their houses to witness this 

346
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:18,599
unusual postal procession and 
you found yourself becoming an 

347
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:21,300
inadvertent Street performance 
while trying to maintain 

348
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:24,700
professional dignity, under 
avian supervision Street 

349
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:27,400
conditions vary dramatically 
depending on the neighborhoods 

350
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400
economic status. 
The wealthy areas, feature, 

351
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,600
well-maintained Pavements, 
regular street cleaning and 

352
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:36,300
house numbers that are clearly 
visible from reasonable distance

353
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:39,900
is These neighborhoods make mail
delivery feel like a pleasant 

354
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:41,700
stroll through an organized 
Urban Park. 

355
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:45,300
However, the working class areas
pose, distinct challenges, 

356
00:17:45,300 --> 00:17:50,000
sometimes house numbers exist. 
Only in theory either painted on

357
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,000
surfaces that have seen better 
decades or hidden behind 

358
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,200
architectural features that 
suggest the original. 

359
00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:57,900
Builders had a light-hearted 
approach to postal Logistics, 

360
00:17:57,900 --> 00:18:00,800
you've developed detective 
skills that would impress 

361
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:04,200
Scotland Yard using context. 
Clues like neighboring house 

362
00:18:04,200 --> 00:18:07,400
numbers architectural, patterns 
and the occasional helpful 

363
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:09,100
neighbor to locate your 
destination. 

364
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:13,400
The afternoon brings its own set
of weather-related complications

365
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,400
as the drizzle decides to 
upgrade itself to actual rain 

366
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:19,500
your boots, which felt perfectly
adequate this morning. 

367
00:18:19,500 --> 00:18:24,200
Now squelch with each step like 
small portable swamps, the mail 

368
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,100
in your Satchel requires, 
constant protection and you find

369
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:29,400
yourself performing elaborate 
Sheltering Maneuvers under 

370
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:33,000
overhangs in doorways and 
beneath the occasional tree that

371
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,300
hasn't yet. 
Shared all its leaves, the 

372
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:38,300
beauty of being a postman lies, 
not just in the physical act of 

373
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:40,600
delivery. 
But in witnessing the invisible 

374
00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:43,700
threads that connect people 
across distances, both near and 

375
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:48,600
far, Each letter in your Satchel
symbolizes a relationship, a 

376
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:51,200
narrative and a human connection
that you have the honor to 

377
00:18:51,208 --> 00:18:54,000
Foster. 
After months, on the same route,

378
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,500
you begin to recognize patterns.
That reveal the rich tapestry of

379
00:18:57,500 --> 00:18:59,600
lives, unfolding behind those 
front doors. 

380
00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,500
Take Mrs, Elena Fitzgerald on 
Rosemary Street who receives 

381
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:06,400
letters every Thursday from 
someone with elegant handwriting

382
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:09,800
and expensive stationery. 
The envelopes always smell 

383
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:13,000
faintly of Jasmine and Mrs. 
Fitzgerald's entire demeanor 

384
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:16,400
changes on delivery days. 
She transforms from a somewhat 

385
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:19,600
Stern Widow who maintains her 
garden with military Precision 

386
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,700
into someone who practically 
floats to her front door. 

387
00:19:23,700 --> 00:19:26,900
You suspect these letters. 
Come from a gentleman admirer. 

388
00:19:26,900 --> 00:19:31,100
Possibly someone from her past. 
Who has recently reconnected The

389
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:33,300
way she clutches these letters 
to her chest before 

390
00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:35,700
disappearing, inside suggests 
romance that would make 

391
00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:39,200
novelists from weep With Envy. 
Then there's young Timothy. 

392
00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:43,100
Hartwell barely 16 who works as 
an apprentice at the clockmakers

393
00:19:43,100 --> 00:19:46,400
shop, the dreams of Adventure 
Beyond London, City, boundaries,

394
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:50,400
His male consists primarily of 
correspondence, with various 

395
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:52,200
shipping companies and Colonial 
officers. 

396
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,100
The thick packets of information
about opportunities in India, 

397
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,900
Australia, and Canada arrive. 
With the regularity of someone's

398
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,200
seriously planning on Escape. 
You've watched Timothy mature 

399
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,000
over the months, his letters 
becoming more focused and more 

400
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,900
specific. 
Last week he received, what 

401
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,000
looked like, official 
documentation from a Trading 

402
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,900
Company in Bombay. 
And his excitement was so 

403
00:20:13,900 --> 00:20:16,700
obvious that his employer 
probably wondered, why the boy 

404
00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:18,600
suddenly started whistling 
Maritime songs. 

405
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,800
While repairing pocket watches 
the Pemberton family presents. 

406
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:25,300
A more complex story that 
unfolds letter by letter Mr. 

407
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:28,400
Pemberton operates the bakery, 
but his wife receives regular 

408
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:31,400
correspondence from what appears
to be a legal firm in Edinburgh,

409
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:34,300
the letters arrived with the 
serious formality of legal 

410
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,500
documents, and Mrs. Pemberton's 
expression, when she receives 

411
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:40,900
the suggests, they concern 
matters more weighty and simple 

412
00:20:40,900 --> 00:20:43,800
business transactions, You 
suspect. 

413
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:46,800
There might be an inheritance 
involved or perhaps property 

414
00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:50,700
disputes from her family's past.
The legal correspondence comes 

415
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,900
in waves sometimes weekly 
sometimes not for months 

416
00:20:53,900 --> 00:20:57,500
suggesting ongoing negotiations 
that require patience and 

417
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,400
considerable postage. 
Your root also includes the 

418
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:03,600
boarding house on Whitmore Lane,
where Miss Adelaide Morton runs 

419
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:05,900
a respectable establishment for 
young working women. 

420
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:09,500
The male volume at this address 
could Supply a small post office

421
00:21:09,500 --> 00:21:13,100
in dependently, each resident 
seems to maintain correspondence

422
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:16,800
with family, friends, potential 
suitors, and various business 

423
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,700
contacts. 
Miss Morton herself receives 

424
00:21:19,700 --> 00:21:22,800
letters from young, women 
seeking accommodation parents 

425
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,200
checking on their daughter's 
welfare and what appears to be a

426
00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:28,700
romantic correspondence with 
someone who signs his letters 

427
00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:32,300
with the initials Junior and 
uses stationary that suggests 

428
00:21:32,300 --> 00:21:34,200
comfortable Financial 
circumstances. 

429
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,100
The Boarding House male reveals 
fascinating glimpses into the 

430
00:21:38,108 --> 00:21:40,900
lives of young women navigating 
Independence in Victorian, 

431
00:21:40,900 --> 00:21:43,100
London. 
There are letters that smell of 

432
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:46,400
tears and homesickness others 
that practically vibrate with 

433
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:49,200
excitement about New 
Opportunities and the occasional

434
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:52,400
thick packet that suggests 
either very favorable news or 

435
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:54,600
very detailed explanations of 
Life Choices. 

436
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:56,500
That might not meet with 
parental approval. 

437
00:21:56,500 --> 00:21:59,800
Perhaps the most intriguing 
correspondence on your route 

438
00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:02,700
belongs to Mr. Elgin and 
Blackthorne who lives in the 

439
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:04,400
narrow house on Crescent Moon 
Lane. 

440
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:09,000
His male arrives from the most 
exotic locations postcards from 

441
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:11,600
Cairo showing pyramids and 
camels letters. 

442
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:14,300
Bearing stamps from places. 
You couldn't locate on a map 

443
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:17,300
without considerable assistance 
and packages that rattle 

444
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:20,600
mysteriously. 
When handled Mr. Blackthorne 

445
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,500
himself appears to be some sort 
of collector or researcher 

446
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:27,000
judging by the archaeological 
and anthropological Publications

447
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,300
that are monthly. 
His house windows display 

448
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:32,400
artifacts. 
That suggests extensive travel 

449
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:36,000
and you occasionally Glimpse him
through the glass examining 

450
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,800
objects with the intensity of 
someone deciphering ancient 

451
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,700
Mysteries. 
The children's male provides. 

452
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:43,900
Its entertainment value young 
Margaret. 

453
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:46,300
Woodhouse on Sycamore Street. 
Maintains an impressive 

454
00:22:46,300 --> 00:22:48,600
correspondence with cousin 
scattered across Britain. 

455
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,200
Her letters arrive in batches 
written in the careful 

456
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:54,500
handwriting of children. 
Trying to impress adults with 

457
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:57,800
their penmanship skills. 
The return correspondence 

458
00:22:57,800 --> 00:22:59,300
suggests. 
She something of a central 

459
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:02,800
figure in her extended families 
communication Network possibly, 

460
00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,000
because she is the only cousin 
old enough to write proper 

461
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:06,600
letters. 
But young enough to find 

462
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:08,600
everyone's news equally 
fascinating. 

463
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,200
Some residents receive mail at 
tell stories of hardship and 

464
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:17,300
resilience in O'Brien recently, 
widowed receives regular letters

465
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,000
from Ireland that you suspect 
contain both emotional support 

466
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:24,100
and small financial assistance 
from relatives. the timing of 

467
00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:27,000
these letters often coincides 
with particularly challenging 

468
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,600
periods, they arrive more 
frequently when rent is due, or 

469
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,200
when her children need new 
shoes, the Irish postmarks and 

470
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:35,900
the careful way. 
She handles these letters 

471
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:39,500
suggest to support network that 
spans, the Irish sea providing 

472
00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:43,200
comfort that transcends 
geographical boundaries in the 

473
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,500
afternoon section of your route,
takes you into the commercial 

474
00:23:45,500 --> 00:23:48,800
District where the pace of Life 
accelerates like a wound up 

475
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:52,200
pocket watch Shop owners and 
Clark's bustle about their 

476
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,000
business, with the efficient 
energy of people who understand 

477
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:58,100
that time equals money. 
And every moment spent standing 

478
00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,000
still represents potential 
profit walking past their 

479
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:03,800
establishments. 
The male requirements here, 

480
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:06,900
differ significantly from 
residential deliveries business,

481
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:10,100
correspondence, arrives in 
larger volumes legal, documents,

482
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:13,000
travel with increased urgency 
and Commercial relationships. 

483
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:16,200
Generate paperwork that would 
impress government bureaucrats, 

484
00:24:16,900 --> 00:24:20,100
Mr. Cornelius Blackwood operates
a haberdashery that seems to 

485
00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:22,000
exist in a state of organized 
chaos. 

486
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:25,900
His shop overflows with bolts of
fabric in every conceivable 

487
00:24:25,900 --> 00:24:29,700
color and pattern buttons, that 
could outfit a small army and 

488
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:32,200
ribbons that Cascade from 
shelves, like textile 

489
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,400
waterfalls. 
The male delivery here, requires

490
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:38,200
patience because Mr. Blaccwood 
treats, every piece of 

491
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,400
Correspondence, as a potential 
treasure that might contain life

492
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,600
changing opportunities. 
He examined each envelope with 

493
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,100
the intense of an art critic, 
studying, a masterpiece turning 

494
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:50,600
letters over in his hands. 
As if their external appearance,

495
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:53,600
might reveal their contents 
through some form of postal 

496
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:55,900
divination. 
The Correspondents for the 

497
00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:58,300
Haberdashery, reflects the 
complexity of Victoria and 

498
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:02,500
commerce There are invoices from
Fabrics suppliers letters from 

499
00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:05,800
customers, describing specific 
requirements for garments that 

500
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:08,600
sound more complex than 
architectural Blueprints and 

501
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:10,700
regular communication from 
fashion houses. 

502
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:14,400
In Paris that arrives with the 
air of containing State secrets,

503
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:17,900
Mr. Blaccwood often share 
Snippets of information about 

504
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:20,300
current fashion trends. 
Speaking with the authority of 

505
00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:22,900
someone who understands that 
clothing represents more than 

506
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:25,400
mere necessity. 
It's a form of personal 

507
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:29,000
expression that requires both 
artistic vision and practical 

508
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,400
skill next door. 
Mrs. Prudence Whitfield runs a 

509
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:35,300
tea and confectionary shop that 
has the delightful Aroma of 

510
00:25:35,300 --> 00:25:38,300
Heaven as if it decided to 
establish a retail location. 

511
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:43,000
The aroma of fresh baked scones,
imported teas and Handmade 

512
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,900
Chocolates creates an olfactory 
experience that makes your 

513
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:48,900
afternoon delivery rounds feel 
like culinary tour of paradise. 

514
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:53,200
Mrs. Whitfield's male consists, 
primarily of orders from 

515
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:57,100
suppliers letters from customers
planing special events and 

516
00:25:57,100 --> 00:25:59,900
regular correspondence with 
relatives who apparently keep 

517
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:02,500
her, informed about family 
recipes that have been passed 

518
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:04,800
down through generations of 
accomplished Bakers. 

519
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:08,500
Mrs. Whitfield has developed the
habit of offering postal 

520
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:10,800
workers. 
Small samples of her latest 

521
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,100
Creations, which she claims 
require professional opinions 

522
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:16,800
from people who understand 
quality and appreciate 

523
00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:20,100
craftsmanship. 
This generosity transforms mail 

524
00:26:20,100 --> 00:26:23,700
delivery into an unexpected 
taste testing experience that 

525
00:26:23,700 --> 00:26:25,800
adds considerable pleasure to 
your working day. 

526
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:29,800
The lemon drops could cure 
Melancholy and her shortbread. 

527
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,900
Cookies possessed the power to 
restore faith in Humanity's 

528
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:34,900
capacity for creating perfect 
things. 

529
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:38,500
The afternoon also brings you to
doctor pemberton's Medical 

530
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:41,200
Practice where the male takes on
a more serious character. 

531
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:44,700
Medical correspondence often 
arrives in discrete envelopes 

532
00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:47,200
that whisper about their 
contents and you've learned to 

533
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,000
handle these deliveries with 
extra care. 

534
00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:52,800
Dr. Pemberton himself appears to
maintain, professional 

535
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:55,100
relationships with colleagues 
across Britain and Europe, 

536
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:58,300
judging by the range of 
postmarks on his correspondence.

537
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:03,500
Medical journals arrived monthly
thick with information about new

538
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:06,100
treatments and discoveries that 
suggests the field of medicine 

539
00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:09,800
continues evolving at a pace 
that requires constant study. 

540
00:27:10,900 --> 00:27:13,400
In the doctors waiting room 
patients often watch your mail 

541
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,100
delivery with hopeful 
Expressions, anticipating 

542
00:27:16,100 --> 00:27:17,500
important news about their 
health. 

543
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:20,100
You've learned to maintain 
professional discretion of 

544
00:27:20,100 --> 00:27:23,600
medical correspondence, 
understanding that the male you 

545
00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:24,600
carry. 
Might contain information. 

546
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,000
That could significantly impact 
people's lives. 

547
00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:30,300
The weight of this 
responsibility adds gravity to 

548
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:32,200
deliveries that might otherwise 
seem routine. 

549
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,500
Your root also includes several 
legal offices, where 

550
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:39,000
correspondence arrives with the 
formality, that suggests serious

551
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:42,600
business, transactions property 
disputes, and the complex 

552
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:45,600
paperwork that accompanies, 
Victorian societies relationship

553
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:49,500
with bureaucracy. 
Mr. Harrison Blackstone Esquire 

554
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,200
operates from a narrow building 
that seems to Designed 

555
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,400
specifically for containing 
legal documents. 

556
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:58,400
His male volume, could Supply a 
small library and the variety of

557
00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,200
correspondents, suggests 
involvement in everything from 

558
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,500
simple Property Transfers to 
complex business Arrangements 

559
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:07,400
that require multiple 
participants and considerable 

560
00:28:07,400 --> 00:28:10,500
negotiation. 
The legal correspondence often 

561
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:13,500
arrives in batches that seem 
coordinated with court schedules

562
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:17,500
or important deadlines. 
Mr. Blackstone himself treats 

563
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,000
male delivery as a critical 
component of his professional 

564
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,300
schedule often waiting near his 
office window when he expects 

565
00:28:23,300 --> 00:28:24,900
particularly important 
documents. 

566
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:28,300
The urgency with which he 
receives certain letters suggest

567
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:30,500
that legal matters operate on 
timelines. 

568
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,200
That make postal delivery a 
crucial element in the 

569
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:36,600
administration of justice. 
The commercial District also 

570
00:28:36,600 --> 00:28:39,400
houses several businesses that 
seem to exist, primarily for the

571
00:28:39,408 --> 00:28:41,600
purpose of generating 
correspondence. 

572
00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:45,700
Import companies receive letters
from suppliers scattered across 

573
00:28:45,700 --> 00:28:48,800
the Empire, shipping firms, 
coordinate, with captains, and 

574
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:52,100
cargo, handlers, and trading 
house is maintain relationships 

575
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:56,200
that span continents. the male 
you carry represents the 

576
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,100
communication Network that keeps
Victorian Commerce functioning 

577
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:02,800
like a vast complex machine 
where every letter serves as a 

578
00:29:02,808 --> 00:29:06,800
small but essential component, 
Because the afternoon light 

579
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,800
begins its gradual Retreat 
behind London's Perpetual 

580
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,300
curtain of coal smoke and City 
Haze. 

581
00:29:12,300 --> 00:29:15,700
You find yourself on the final 
stretch of your postal route. 

582
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:19,500
Your Satchel which began the Day
stuff to capacity like an 

583
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:23,000
overfed Christmas goose. 
Now hangs light against your hip

584
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,900
containing only the handful of 
letters destined for the 

585
00:29:25,908 --> 00:29:27,800
farthest addresses on your 
circuit. 

586
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,100
Your feet have developed their 
own conversation with the 

587
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:34,500
cobblestones a dialogue 
consisting primarily of 

588
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:37,600
complaints about the day's 
mileage and negotiations about 

589
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:39,400
tomorrow's anticipated 
challenges. 

590
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:42,700
The evening deliveries take you 
through neighborhoods where gas 

591
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:45,600
lamps are beginning to flicker 
to life like Earthbound stars. 

592
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:48,900
And the windows of houses glow 
with the warm yellow light that 

593
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:50,500
suggests family is gathering for
dinner. 

594
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:54,100
Children, completing homework, 
assignments and the comfortable 

595
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:56,600
domestic routines that make 
houses into homes. 

596
00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:00,900
He catch glimpses of these 
private moments Shadows moving 

597
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:04,200
against drawn curtains, the 
Silhouettes of people settling 

598
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,300
into their evening activities 
and the occasional face peering 

599
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:10,000
out to observe the streets 
transition from day to night. 

600
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:13,400
Your last delivery of the day, 
takes you to the cottage. 

601
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,500
At the end of Honeysuckle Lane 
Where Mrs, Margaret Ashworth, 

602
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:19,900
tends a garden that seems to 
exist in defiance of London's 

603
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:23,700
Urban environment. 
Rose's climb her walls with the 

604
00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:26,900
determination of natural 
optimists and her front yard 

605
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:28,700
blooms with flowers that 
suggests. 

606
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:31,400
She possesses either 
Supernatural gardening abilities

607
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:35,900
or access to Botanical Magic. 
The letter you delivered today 

608
00:30:35,900 --> 00:30:37,400
Bears. 
The return address of her 

609
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:41,000
grandson in Manchester and her 
face lights up with the joy. 

610
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,700
Reserved for news. 
From beloved family members Mrs.

611
00:30:44,700 --> 00:30:46,800
Ashworth. 
Exemplifies why postal work 

612
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,000
transcends mere job 
responsibilities and becomes 

613
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,600
something resembling a calling. 
She depends on these letters to 

614
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,000
maintain connections with 
relatives scattered across 

615
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:57,900
Britain and your role in 
facilitating. 

616
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:00,900
These relationships makes you a 
participant in the preservation 

617
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:03,700
of family bonds that distance 
might otherwise strain. 

618
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:07,500
The Gratitude in her expression.
When she receives mail from 

619
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:10,300
loved ones, reminds you that 
postal delivery involves more 

620
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:13,100
than simply transporting paper 
from one location to another 

621
00:31:13,900 --> 00:31:16,400
You're carrying piece of 
people's hearts raped in 

622
00:31:16,408 --> 00:31:20,000
envelopes and sealed with hope. 
The walk back to the Sorting 

623
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,700
office provides you time to 
reflect on the days and counters

624
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:26,500
and the fascinating complexity 
of human existence, that reveals

625
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:29,500
itself, through mail delivery, 
you've witnessed romance 

626
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:32,400
blooming through carefully 
perfume, letters business 

627
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:36,100
relationships, developing across
continents, families maintaining

628
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:38,300
connections, despite 
geographical separation. 

629
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:42,200
An individuals pursuing dreams 
that require correspondence with

630
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:44,500
opportunities far beyond 
London's boundaries. 

631
00:31:45,500 --> 00:31:47,900
Each letter, you've delivered 
today represents someone's 

632
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:51,200
attempt to reach across distance
and connect with another human 

633
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,600
being. 
The variety of handwriting 

634
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:55,900
Styles, paper qualities and 
envelope choices. 

635
00:31:55,900 --> 00:31:59,300
Reflects the diversity of people
who rely on the Postal Service, 

636
00:31:59,300 --> 00:32:02,100
to maintain their relationships 
and conduct their Affairs. 

637
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:06,000
Every piece of mail from the 
elegant script of educated 

638
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,100
correspondence to the careful 
printing of those struggling 

639
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:12,700
with literacy embodies, the 
weight of human intention and 

640
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:16,000
the hope that communication can 
Bridge any gaps between sender 

641
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,500
and recipient. 
Back at the Sorting office, you 

642
00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:22,000
join your fellow Post men in the
ritual of checking and mail 

643
00:32:22,008 --> 00:32:24,200
bags. 
Comparing notes about the days 

644
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:26,800
challenges and preparing for 
tomorrow's deliveries. 

645
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:30,100
Jenkins Regale. 
The group with stories about a 

646
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:33,000
Runway pig that disrupted his 
morning route, while Thompson 

647
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,300
shares his and counter with a 
household where the entire 

648
00:32:35,300 --> 00:32:38,400
family gathered to witness the 
delivery of what appeared to be 

649
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:42,400
adoption papers. 
Murphy, as usual has discovered 

650
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,100
new evidence supporting his 
Claim about delivering mail to 

651
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:47,200
renowned authors though. 
His story today. 

652
00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:49,400
Involves a different writer than
last week's Tale. 

653
00:32:50,300 --> 00:32:52,900
The camaraderie among postal 
workers reflects the shared 

654
00:32:52,900 --> 00:32:55,400
understanding that this job 
requires more than physical 

655
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,100
endurance. 
It demands patience diplomacy. 

656
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:01,300
Whether resistance and the 
ability to find humor in 

657
00:33:01,300 --> 00:33:03,900
situations that would test the 
sanity of less resilient 

658
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:07,300
individuals. 
You've all developed strategies 

659
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:09,700
for managing difficult, 
deliveries dealing with 

660
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:12,100
problematic weather and 
maintaining professional 

661
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:14,600
composure, when faced with 
customers, whose relationship 

662
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:18,000
with Coastal workers, ranges 
from worshipful, gratitude to 

663
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,600
inexplicable hostility. 
As you prepare to leave the 

664
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,100
Sorting office. 
Mr. Grimsby approaches with 

665
00:33:24,100 --> 00:33:27,100
tomorrow's route, assignments. 
Your section will include 

666
00:33:27,100 --> 00:33:29,900
several new addresses where 
recent residents have requested 

667
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:32,500
Postal Service. 
And there's mention of a package

668
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:34,300
delivery that will require 
special handling. 

669
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:38,000
The prospect of new challenges 
and unfamiliar streets at 

670
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:41,700
anticipation to tomorrow's work.
Each day, brings the possibility

671
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:44,100
of discovering new 
neighborhoods, meeting different

672
00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:46,100
people and facilitating 
connections. 

673
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:49,600
You have not yet imagined. 
You walk home through streets as

674
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:52,500
familiar as your rooms, you 
know, which Corners collect 

675
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:56,200
puddles after rain, which dogs 
will bark at your approach, and 

676
00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,600
which residents can be relied 
upon to offer friendly. 

677
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:01,400
Greetings. this knowledge 
represents more than 

678
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,100
geographical familiarity, it 
reflects your integration into 

679
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:08,400
the community, you serve your 
role as a connecting thread in 

680
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,900
the social fabric that binds 
neighborhoods together, Tomorrow

681
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:13,100
will bring another early 
morning. 

682
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:16,500
Another loaded male satchel, and
another opportunity to 

683
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:20,000
participate in the vast network 
of human communication that 

684
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:21,900
keeps Victorian society 
functioning. 

685
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:25,600
The letters waiting to be sorted
and delivered contained stories.

686
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:28,600
You haven't yet discovered 
relationships, you haven't yet 

687
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,199
facilitated and moments of human
connection that depend on your 

688
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:35,900
ability to navigate London 
streets with reliable efficiency

689
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:39,400
as you settle into bed. 
You're tired feet grateful for 

690
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:43,300
horizontal rest, you reflect on 
the peculiar satisfaction that 

691
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:45,600
comes from work. 
That serves a purpose Beyond 

692
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:49,199
personal advancement. 
Being a Victorian, Postman means

693
00:34:49,199 --> 00:34:52,100
accepting responsibility, for 
maintaining the communication 

694
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:54,600
networks. 
That enable Love Letters to find

695
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,700
their recipients business 
arrangements to proceed smoothly

696
00:34:57,700 --> 00:35:01,900
families to stay connected 
across distances and communities

697
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:04,900
to function as interconnected 
webs of mutual dependence and 

698
00:35:04,900 --> 00:35:07,500
support. 
The gentle rain that begins 

699
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,500
pattering against your bedroom 
window, promises, intriguing 

700
00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:13,600
challenges for tomorrow's 
deliveries, but also guarantees 

701
00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:16,200
that your services will be 
particularly appreciated by 

702
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:18,800
people who prefer to receive 
their mail without venturing 

703
00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:22,100
into whether that makes staying 
in doors seem like the Pinnacle 

704
00:35:22,100 --> 00:35:26,700
of human. 
And just like that, our main 

705
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:28,900
story comes to an end, but don't
worry. 

706
00:35:28,900 --> 00:35:32,300
We always place other stories 
here old and new to help you out

707
00:35:32,300 --> 00:35:34,900
of your still awake. 
I've decided to bring this 

708
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:36,300
reminder back so that you're 
aware. 

709
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:39,500
It's an honor to do this daily 
with you all and I'm forever 

710
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:43,000
grateful, sweet dreams friends 
and as always, sleep tight and 

711
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:48,600
good night. 
Julius. 

712
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:50,300
Caesar wasn't always the 
Towering figure. 

713
00:35:50,300 --> 00:35:53,600
We picture draped in a bright 
red cloak, and commanding the 

714
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,900
world's greatest Empire before, 
he was that Legend. 

715
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,500
He was simply Gaius, Julius born
into a patrician, family with 

716
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:04,200
fading clout, in a Rome that 
seemed to change every week. 

717
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:07,800
In those early days, the city 
itself wasn't the polished 

718
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:09,600
marble Wonder of later, 
centuries. 

719
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:12,700
With curving streets that spread
gossip more quickly than 

720
00:36:12,700 --> 00:36:15,200
chariots. 
It was a noisy crowded Center of

721
00:36:15,208 --> 00:36:18,400
ambition and politics people. 
Lived on top of each other in 

722
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:21,500
shabby Apartments, while 
Aristocrats planned lavish 

723
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,800
feasts in their Villa Courtyards
hoping to lure allies for the 

724
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,000
next election. 
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 

725
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:31,300
all the noise of Street vendors,
Hawking figs, and fish the 

726
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:34,200
heated oratory in the Forum and 
The Whispers behind every 

727
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:37,200
statues. 
Column Even as a child sees, had

728
00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,000
a curiosity that led him to 
corners of Romeo's, avoided 

729
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,100
dimly lit taverns. 
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 

730
00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:46,100
River and rows of cramped 
bookshops where scribes copied 

731
00:36:46,100 --> 00:36:49,700
Scrolls for hours on end. 
These experiences seemed him 

732
00:36:49,700 --> 00:36:52,400
with a knowledge of everyday 
life that most upper-class 

733
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:56,200
Romans rarely bothered with He'd
watch workers at the Docks 

734
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,200
fascinated by the different 
languages from Traders coming in

735
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:01,200
from the East. 
It gave him an early taste for 

736
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,900
the diversity, that existed, 
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 

737
00:37:04,900 --> 00:37:07,900
matter how chaotic it got, he 
never seemed overwhelmed. 

738
00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:11,800
Instead he did carefully absorb 
how each piece of society 

739
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:15,500
functioned and filed the 
information away in his early 

740
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,600
teens, while many aristocratic 
boys took lessons in rhetoric 

741
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,700
under Fame, tutors Caesar did 
too but he did more than 

742
00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:23,900
rehearse speeches from ancient 
Greek texts. 

743
00:37:24,700 --> 00:37:26,000
Peppered. 
His teachers with questions 

744
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,700
about how words could shift 
emotions he realizes that to 

745
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:31,900
command. 
Respect in Rome, you needed to 

746
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:34,800
shape minds and hearts not just 
bodies on a Battlefield. 

747
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:38,900
This flare for our tree would 
become one of his trademarks. 

748
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:41,600
Before he wore the Laurel 
wreath. 

749
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:45,200
Seesaw was already making a name
for himself in smaller legal 

750
00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:47,800
cases. 
He wowed the courts with a 

751
00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:52,300
perfect blend of Reason, passion
and style that made older more 

752
00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:55,400
experienced pleaders. 
Look foolish, His household 

753
00:37:55,400 --> 00:37:58,700
wasn't exactly a fortress of 
Tranquility tension's brood 

754
00:37:58,700 --> 00:38:01,400
under its roof fed by old feuds 
and expectations. 

755
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:02,800
That could suffocate a young 
man. 

756
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,400
If you were a patrician 
tradition, dictated you, climb 

757
00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:09,300
certain ladders. 
Hold a few officers Curry favor 

758
00:38:09,300 --> 00:38:12,000
with the Senate. 
Play by Rome's Unwritten rules. 

759
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:16,000
Yet sees his mother really since
something different in him. 

760
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,700
His eyes sparked with ambition 
beyond the norm. 

761
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:21,000
Quietly. 
She encouraged him to break 

762
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,800
molds but do so intelligently. 
She knew that living like a 

763
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,300
chameleon, in Rome's, political 
ecosystem, switching Shades were

764
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:30,400
necessary was the path to real 
power. 

765
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:34,800
Of course, his early Journey 
wasn't smooth, he found himself 

766
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:38,700
in snare, in the Civil disputes 
between Marius his uncle by 

767
00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:43,700
marriage and sulla which tore 
Rome into factions as a teenager

768
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:46,600
Caesar had to flee or risk 
execution, when the dictatorial 

769
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:50,100
Sula took over but even on the 
Run, he refused to remain hidden

770
00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:53,300
in a corner of Italy. 
Stead, he traveled. 

771
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:57,000
Discreetly learning about local 
communities, forging bonds, with

772
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,800
minor officials and gaining a 
sense for the shifting alliances

773
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:01,200
that propped up Roman 
government. 

774
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:04,900
Ever cunning, he avoided solar's
Men by staying, a step ahead of 

775
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:07,900
them sometimes disguising 
himself or traveling in the 

776
00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:11,600
company of improbable companions
like foreign Traders or even 

777
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,700
wandering performers. 
Eventually Caesar returned to 

778
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:17,700
Rome after solar's death. 
But he'd learned that when power

779
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:20,300
is on the table, trust is a 
fragile commodity. 

780
00:39:21,100 --> 00:39:23,600
He had seen men switched 
loyalties for a promise of gold 

781
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:27,100
or turning a friend to keep 
their own head that lesson never

782
00:39:27,100 --> 00:39:30,400
left him upon coming home. 
He immediately set about 

783
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,800
re-establishing, his social ties
attending, Banquets and forging 

784
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,600
friendships with men who had 
once hide him with suspicion. 

785
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:41,100
Yes, was a depth at reading 
faces, if he caught even a 

786
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:44,000
flicker of duplicity, he dodged 
that Bond elegantly. 

787
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:47,100
Perhaps with an extravagant 
greeting, followed by a subtle 

788
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,000
distance singing. 
One could never be too. 

789
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:51,600
Careful in Rome, swirling 
politics. 

790
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,100
A remarkable moment came when he
took on the role of priests to 

791
00:39:55,108 --> 00:39:58,500
Jupiter only to lose it during 
sula's purges. 

792
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:02,700
It was a blow public piety. 
After all was a stepping stone 

793
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:06,300
for an aspiring politician. 
Caesar's resilience was already 

794
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:10,700
in full bloom, he picked himself
up Found A New Path and ventured

795
00:40:10,700 --> 00:40:12,500
into the world of politics from 
a different angle. 

796
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:15,600
Securing lesser offices, that 
would eventually open bigger 

797
00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:17,800
doors. 
He began building a personal 

798
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,800
brand of generosity soon. 
People, whispered about the, 

799
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:23,700
Banquets he held and the funds 
he provided for Public Works. 

800
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:26,700
Senators, wondered how he 
managed to gather such a Deep 

801
00:40:26,708 --> 00:40:29,200
Pockets. 
It wasn't old family worth 

802
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:31,700
alone. 
Sees a network of supporters and

803
00:40:31,700 --> 00:40:34,200
many believed in him precisely, 
because of his willingness to 

804
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,400
think outside the conventional 
lines of patronage and nepotism.

805
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:41,400
By his mid-20s Caesar had 
cultivated a reputation for 

806
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:45,200
being both bold and adaptable. 
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome, but

807
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:47,800
the seeds were there. 
His path was not about simple 

808
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:50,900
heroics or the typical childhood
prophecy that he was destined 

809
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:53,600
for greatness. 
Rather, it was a quieter 

810
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:56,300
accumulation of experiences that
prepared him for the challenges 

811
00:40:56,300 --> 00:40:59,200
ahead. 
Each piece is exposure to 

812
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:02,500
Everyday, Roman's his brush with
danger during solar's regime. 

813
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:06,300
His love of rhetoric lined up 
perfectly to form a foundation 

814
00:41:06,308 --> 00:41:09,700
Rome. 
Full of swirling rivalries and 

815
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:13,100
unspoken rules. 
Had no idea that this relatively

816
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:16,100
unremarkable, young man with a 
quick tongue and quick mind was 

817
00:41:16,100 --> 00:41:19,100
about to upend everything. 
Before he was a seasoned 

818
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:21,700
Commander or the Colossus 
striding across the Rubicon. 

819
00:41:21,700 --> 00:41:24,900
Caesar had an Escapade that 
shaped his perspective on the 

820
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:26,700
power. 
More than any lecture in the 

821
00:41:26,708 --> 00:41:29,100
Senate ever. 
Could his abduction by solution 

822
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:32,400
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 
It's a tail rarely told in the 

823
00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:35,500
mainstream but it offers a raw 
glimpse into his character. 

824
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:38,600
Caesar was traveling to 
strengthen his oratory skills, 

825
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:41,800
under a, renowned teacher on the
island, roads, something 

826
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:45,500
Aristocrats often did. 
But the Seas teamed with Pirates

827
00:41:45,500 --> 00:41:48,300
Who thrived on Rants and it 
wasn't long before his ship was 

828
00:41:48,300 --> 00:41:51,100
seized the Pirates. 
Who captured him expected a 

829
00:41:51,100 --> 00:41:54,700
frightened Roman Aristocrat. 
Instead they encountered a man, 

830
00:41:54,700 --> 00:41:56,800
whose boldness made them 
question, who truly been 

831
00:41:56,800 --> 00:42:00,600
captured when they demanded a 
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 

832
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:04,000
Caesar reportedly scoffed that 
they were under selling him. 

833
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:08,200
He insisted, they asked for 50. 
The Pirates, the mused. 

834
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:11,300
Yet intrigued took his 
suggestion for several weeks 

835
00:42:11,300 --> 00:42:14,900
season lived among them, waiting
for friends to gather the Sun. 

836
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:17,608
During that time, he treated 
them as if he were the one in 

837
00:42:17,616 --> 00:42:21,200
charge, ordering them to keep 
quiet when he slept even 

838
00:42:21,200 --> 00:42:23,900
reciting poems and speeches and 
telling them to appreciate the 

839
00:42:23,900 --> 00:42:29,000
Artistry or else to the Pirates 
credit they indulge him perhaps 

840
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,100
wondering if they had 
accidentally kidnapped a 

841
00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:33,600
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 
arrogant. 

842
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:36,000
He was displaying confidence and
unpredictability. 

843
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:40,200
In a precarious situation, fear 
can be an exploitable weakness. 

844
00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:43,000
By acting as if you were the 
authority figure. 

845
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:47,100
C is a forced the Pirates to 
respect him or at least treat 

846
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:50,300
him carefully. 
When the ransom finally arrived 

847
00:42:50,300 --> 00:42:53,600
and Caesar was freed, he 
quickly, organized a naval Force

848
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:56,000
hunted. 
Those same Pirates down and had 

849
00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:58,300
them crucified. 
It was an act of lethal 

850
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:01,000
retribution laced with the 
cunning, that would characterize

851
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:04,000
his later campaigns. 
The memory of that Ransom 

852
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:07,200
demanded and of Caesar's 
outlandish performance on the 

853
00:43:07,208 --> 00:43:10,700
Pirates Island helped shape his 
entire approach to dealing with 

854
00:43:10,700 --> 00:43:14,400
adversaries, dramatic strategic,
and always with an eye to the 

855
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:17,900
outcome. 
Back in row, Caesar resumed, his

856
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:20,300
climb, Yeti carried a certain 
Swagger. 

857
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:23,400
Now a sense that his life was 
fated for something. 

858
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:27,800
Extraordinary after all, how 
many young Roman Nobles had 

859
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:29,900
stared down, Pirates and lived 
to spin the tail. 

860
00:43:29,900 --> 00:43:33,600
A political gathering's, people 
whispered behind their cups of 

861
00:43:33,600 --> 00:43:37,300
wine speculating on whether that
story was just sees as brand of 

862
00:43:37,300 --> 00:43:40,700
theatrics or pure truth. 
But it was undeniable that he 

863
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:43,100
managed to secure enough 
influence to become a military 

864
00:43:43,100 --> 00:43:47,100
Tribune and soon he was off to 
gain experience in the provinces

865
00:43:47,100 --> 00:43:49,300
which gave him intimate 
knowledge of the armies. 

866
00:43:49,300 --> 00:43:51,800
He would one day command. 
The politics? 

867
00:43:51,800 --> 00:43:53,800
He left in Rome were no less 
complicated. 

868
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:58,300
He forged a delicate packed with
Pompey and own Crassus later 

869
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,800
known as the first triumvirate. 
This was not a formal 

870
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:04,900
institution, but rather a 
private handshake that United 

871
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:07,900
three men with distinct 
strengths, pompey's, military 

872
00:44:07,900 --> 00:44:11,700
Prestige, Caesars wealth, and 
Caesar's political cunning. 

873
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,000
People often assume Caesar just 
lucked into that Arrangement, 

874
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,100
but it was actually the 
culmination of countless dinners

875
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:20,200
private agreements and 
carefully. 

876
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:24,300
Bartered favors season you that 
if he wanted to climb higher, he

877
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:27,300
needed to bring Rome's big 
players into his corner at least

878
00:44:27,308 --> 00:44:30,000
temporarily. 
If that meant moderating his own

879
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:32,500
Ambitions in the short run to 
secure pompy's trust. 

880
00:44:32,500 --> 00:44:37,400
He do it without blinking with 
their support Caesar aimed for a

881
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:39,400
new goal. 
A position that would not only 

882
00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:42,400
confirm Prestige but also 
provide him with the chance to 

883
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:44,400
broaden his Network and bolster 
his army. 

884
00:44:44,400 --> 00:44:47,500
With devoted Soldiers, the 
governorship of hispania 

885
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:51,100
ulterior or Gaul were fortune 
could be made and reputation. 

886
00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:55,200
Cemented, seemed ideal Not only 
would it allow him to command 

887
00:44:55,200 --> 00:44:57,500
armies? 
It would offer a stage to 

888
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,100
Showcase his genius in both 
Administration and warfare. 

889
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,900
In time, he secured the 
proconsul ship of Gaul. 

890
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:09,300
Goal was vast populated by 
diverse tribes each with its own

891
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:11,300
Traditions alliances and 
grudges. 

892
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,400
Where lesser men might see only 
a frontier to exploit. 

893
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:17,600
Caesar saw a chess board with 
dozens of moving pieces. 

894
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:21,100
He relished the challenge. 
This was after all the man, who 

895
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:24,100
once calmly dined with 
kidnappers Gathering Legions 

896
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:25,600
known for their discipline and 
grit. 

897
00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:28,900
He departed North determined to 
do more than just play. 

898
00:45:28,900 --> 00:45:32,300
Caretaker, you wanted to knit, 
those tribes into Rome sphere of

899
00:45:32,300 --> 00:45:35,000
influence. 
Forging, New Roads in alliances 

900
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:37,100
while showcasing Roman 
Supremacy. 

901
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:41,000
Before he launched significant 
campaigns, Caesar did his 

902
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:44,300
homework, he arranged meeting 
with tribal Chiefs, listening 

903
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:46,700
carefully to their rivalries, 
and hearing their pleas for 

904
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,700
Roman protection. 
Was it genuine concern or 

905
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:52,200
applied? 
Caesar would wage statement 

906
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:55,400
reading not just the words, but 
the shifts in tone and I contact

907
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,900
If he sensed an opportunity like
a tribe longing for revenge on 

908
00:45:59,900 --> 00:46:03,300
his neighbor, he promised 
support extracting pledges of 

909
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,500
loyalty in many ways. 
His tactics mirrored, the hush 

910
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:09,700
hush, political dealings, he'd 
owned back in Rome only. 

911
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:12,700
Now the stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

912
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:16,000
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

913
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:18,400
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona 

914
00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:22,700
he'd cultivated, he was no mere 
bureaucrat, he was that daring 

915
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:24,800
Aristocrat. 
Who'd outwitted Pirates. 

916
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,200
The dynamic orator who 
electrified the courts and the 

917
00:46:28,208 --> 00:46:31,200
cunning negotiator who'd found 
common ground with Pompey and 

918
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,500
Caesar each success. 
In Gaul was reported back to 

919
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:38,100
Rome via Sensational, 
dispatchers, komentaryo so 

920
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:42,000
written with Clarity and Flair. 
People in the city devoured them

921
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:44,900
as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

922
00:46:44,900 --> 00:46:47,100
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

923
00:46:47,100 --> 00:46:50,700
imagination, the Senate reading 
the official versions found 

924
00:46:50,700 --> 00:46:53,900
himself, both him pressed. 
And where he seesaw was quickly,

925
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:57,400
becoming too big to ignore. 
He's initial steps and Gaul some

926
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,900
alliance's, struck some small 
skirmishes one in boldend him. 

927
00:47:00,908 --> 00:47:04,500
He sensed that if he could bring
all of Gaul under Roman control,

928
00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:07,800
he'd move from being just 
another ambitious politician to 

929
00:47:07,800 --> 00:47:11,800
a legendary conqueror, that 
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 

930
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:13,800
might have left Behind The 
Pirates Who Wants threatened him

931
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:17,500
but the memory of that captivity
fueled his hunger for absolute 

932
00:47:17,500 --> 00:47:20,500
control. 
If he had his way, no one be 

933
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:23,400
their tribal Chief or a Roman 
Senator would ever have the 

934
00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:27,700
power to hold him captive again.
The gallic wars, the Caesars 

935
00:47:27,700 --> 00:47:29,900
campaigns would come to be 
called weren't just about 

936
00:47:29,900 --> 00:47:31,900
marching Legions, across fields 
and building. 

937
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:34,600
Wooden Palisades. 
They were about psychological 

938
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:38,100
warfare diplomacy and the 
cunning exploitation of 

939
00:47:38,100 --> 00:47:41,900
intertribal rivalries Rome's 
dominance always hung on its 

940
00:47:41,900 --> 00:47:45,700
ability to divide and conquer. 
With Cesar at the helm that 

941
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:49,900
strategy took on Fresh Nuance in
the early phases Caesar 

942
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:52,700
Consolidated, Roman gains by 
constructing a network of roads 

943
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:55,600
and fortifications. 
This was hardly glamorous labor,

944
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:59,400
Roman soldiers would spend weeks
hacking through forests and bogs

945
00:47:59,400 --> 00:48:02,500
to erect outposts sometimes 
under the threat of ambush. 

946
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:06,300
Yet each New Roman style fought 
complete with straight lines and

947
00:48:06,300 --> 00:48:09,400
carefully measured in totals. 
Sent a message of permanents. 

948
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:12,900
These were just makeshift 
Garrison's, they were statements

949
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:16,600
that Rome had come to stay. 
People often remember sees, as 

950
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:20,000
brilliant on the battlefield. 
But his true strength Lane 

951
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:23,800
methodical organization. 
He considered Logistics as vital

952
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:26,700
as sword and shield the various 
gallic tribes. 

953
00:48:26,700 --> 00:48:30,900
Watched on easily some rushing 
to seize his side others forming

954
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:34,100
alliances against him. 
Caesar capitalized on the 

955
00:48:34,100 --> 00:48:37,600
smallest of division. 
If one tribe feuded with 

956
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,900
another, he'd arrived as a 
peace, broker offering Roman 

957
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:42,900
friendship and military aid 
against arrival. 

958
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:46,600
Soon enough this tribe would 
find itself bound to Caesar by 

959
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:49,800
Mutual benefit and Shackled by 
Roman expectations. 

960
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:53,100
The Brilliance lay in making it 
seem as if the tribe had chosen 

961
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:56,100
this path freely. 
Not that Caesars campaign was 

962
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,500
devoid of Bloodshed certain 
tribes, resisted fiercely, 

963
00:48:59,500 --> 00:49:03,700
resentful of foreign occupation.
The Belgian in the north, for 

964
00:49:03,700 --> 00:49:07,500
instance, marshaled, huge forces
that tested Roman discipline 

965
00:49:08,000 --> 00:49:11,700
Caesar never squeamish deployed 
tactics to crush resistance, 

966
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:15,600
decisively destroying crops, 
capturing strategic points and 

967
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:18,500
sometimes resorting to brutal 
reprisals that sent a chill 

968
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:21,700
through neighboring tribes, He 
didn't reveling cruelty for its 

969
00:49:21,700 --> 00:49:24,900
own sake, but he understood the 
Roman tradition of deterrents 

970
00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:28,300
ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn out Rebellion. 

971
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:32,000
This approach while effective 
all so laid the seeds for future

972
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:35,100
animosity, especially among 
Fierce Defenders of 

973
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,200
Independence. 
Like the singer tricks wrestling

974
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:41,000
gets was another Vernon 
Chieftain who recognized that 

975
00:49:41,000 --> 00:49:44,400
the gallic tribes needed Unity 
more than ever. he wasn't some 

976
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:48,300
hot headed Bandit chief, he was 
methodical charismatic and had a

977
00:49:48,300 --> 00:49:52,000
strategic mind that could rival 
Caesars While Caesar was off 

978
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:55,400
campaigning on another front, 
the sinks rally, disparate 

979
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:57,100
tribes under the banner of 
garlic Pride. 

980
00:49:57,100 --> 00:50:00,600
When Caesar got wind of this 
resistance, you recognized at 

981
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:03,000
once that the king tricks was no
ordinary adversary. 

982
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,200
The typical trick of exploiting 
old rivalries might not work 

983
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:09,800
here. 
The confrontation between Caesar

984
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:12,800
and the singer torex escalated. 
Into one of the defining 

985
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:15,300
struggles of the gallic wars 
versing. 

986
00:50:15,300 --> 00:50:16,800
Get her ex adopted, a 
scorched-earth policy 

987
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:20,800
instructing villages to destroy 
their own supplies and towns to 

988
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:22,300
starve. 
The Roman Legions of resources, 

989
00:50:22,300 --> 00:50:26,000
there was a grim strategy 
burning fields and uprooting 

990
00:50:26,000 --> 00:50:29,800
harvests but it slowed Caesar's 
Advanced, creating a logistical 

991
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:32,800
nightmares for Roman soldiers 
accustomed to living off the 

992
00:50:32,800 --> 00:50:35,800
land for a man who prided 
himself on controlling every 

993
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:38,700
variable, Caesar found himself 
confronting the unpredictable 

994
00:50:38,700 --> 00:50:41,000
Factor. 
The charismatic, local leader, 

995
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:44,500
who matched him in cunning still
Caesar was a master of 

996
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:48,300
adaptation, recognizing the 
challenge he can, solidated his 

997
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:51,800
troops and chose to besiege key 
Galaxy strongholds, Most 

998
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:54,500
famously, he surrounded. 
The Fortress town of elisea. 

999
00:50:54,500 --> 00:50:58,100
Wherever tingey tourx had taken 
Refuge with 10s of thousands of 

1000
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:01,300
Warriors, the Sea of Elyria 
would become a testament to 

1001
00:51:01,300 --> 00:51:03,100
Caesar's ability to think in 
layers. 

1002
00:51:03,100 --> 00:51:06,300
He constructed a ring of 
fortifications around the city 

1003
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:11,200
to starve out versus forces and 
anticipating a gallic relief 

1004
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:13,500
Army. 
He built another ring facing 

1005
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:16,300
outwards to protect his Legions,
from an attack from outside. 

1006
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:20,500
This double fortification was an
audacious engineering project 

1007
00:51:20,500 --> 00:51:25,600
involving miles of ditches, 
ramparts and watchtowers enough 

1008
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:27,600
to give any modern city. 
Planner pause. 

1009
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:32,600
The days wore on under a 
Relentless Sun, the besieged 

1010
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:36,500
goals inside Alicia ran short of
food women and children were 

1011
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:40,000
turned out of the Fortress. 
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 

1012
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:42,800
left stranded between the city 
walls and the Roman lines. 

1013
00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:47,600
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 
force of various gallic tribes 

1014
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:50,700
arrived, attempting to break, 
season's outer defenses. 

1015
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:54,700
During one critical night, 
seemed Rome might collapse under

1016
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:57,200
the weight of the onslaught. 
Caesar himself. 

1017
00:51:57,200 --> 00:51:59,300
Rallied his men doting from post
to post. 

1018
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,200
He knew if Alicia was relieved, 
gold. 

1019
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:05,000
Could unite behind versing 
getter expand, and Caesar's 

1020
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:08,300
entire campaign, might unravel 
against formidable, odds, the 

1021
00:52:08,300 --> 00:52:12,700
Roman lines held Exhausted from 
repeated attacks and lacking a 

1022
00:52:12,700 --> 00:52:15,400
coherent strategy. 
The relief was finally broke 

1023
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:20,500
inside Elysia with supplies gone
into morale shattered, versing 

1024
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:23,200
surrendered. 
Sight of this defiant. 

1025
00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,000
Garlic, Chief and handing over 
his weapons underscored the 

1026
00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:30,400
Turning Point Rome had asserted,
its dominance and Caesar stood 

1027
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:34,200
at the Pinnacle of Victory yet, 
for all the glory, the end of 

1028
00:52:34,208 --> 00:52:35,900
The Siege left many goals in 
bittered. 

1029
00:52:35,900 --> 00:52:39,500
Caesar might have pacified the 
region but a smoldering 

1030
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:42,000
resentment would eventually lurk
beneath the official peace 

1031
00:52:42,000 --> 00:52:45,700
treaties, when Caesar returned 
to Rome, he was hailed as a 

1032
00:52:45,708 --> 00:52:49,400
hero, his campaigns and Gaul had
quadrupled Rome's domain and 

1033
00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:52,100
filled the Republic's coffers 
with well from newly conquered 

1034
00:52:52,100 --> 00:52:54,700
territories. 
The Senate awarded him. 

1035
00:52:54,700 --> 00:52:56,900
Grant triumphs parades were 
caged. 

1036
00:52:56,900 --> 00:53:01,200
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 
the crowded with delight. in 

1037
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:04,400
these processions, Caesar's name
became synonymous with military 

1038
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:08,500
genius and Roman might Yet the 
very success that elevated him 

1039
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:11,800
threatened to unbalance the 
precarious political framework 

1040
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:14,500
in Rome men like Pompey and 
Crassus. 

1041
00:53:14,500 --> 00:53:18,400
Once his allies couldn't help 
but feel overshadowed by the 

1042
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:22,200
sheer magnitude of Caesar's 
achievements, the Old Guard in 

1043
00:53:22,208 --> 00:53:25,200
the Senate grew uneasy. 
They murmured that Caesar's 

1044
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:28,700
ambition was too large for the 
Republic even allies wondered if

1045
00:53:28,700 --> 00:53:31,200
they could remain relevant. 
While Caesar soaked up the glory

1046
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:35,400
Caesar for his part believed he 
had only just begun his vision 

1047
00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:37,000
extended Beyond The Spoils of 
Gaul. 

1048
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:41,100
He wanted to transform Roman 
itself to carve out a position 

1049
00:53:41,100 --> 00:53:44,100
where no single factional rival 
could stifle him. 

1050
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:48,500
Again this set the stage for an 
inevitable Clash Season's 

1051
00:53:48,500 --> 00:53:51,300
Maneuvers and Gaul while 
triumphant had also sown 

1052
00:53:51,300 --> 00:53:53,500
suspicion and envy and 
suspicion. 

1053
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:57,500
And Envy in Rome often led to 
Civil War assassinations and 

1054
00:53:57,500 --> 00:53:59,800
chaos. 
But if Caesar was worried he 

1055
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:03,100
hardly showed it, Fresh from the
greatest victory of his career. 

1056
00:54:03,100 --> 00:54:05,100
He was welcomed like a 
Conquering Hero. 

1057
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:07,500
He stepped onto the marble 
streets of Rome with a 

1058
00:54:07,508 --> 00:54:10,100
confidence forged in The 
Crucible of countless battles. 

1059
00:54:10,100 --> 00:54:16,300
The final The uneasy Alliance of
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often

1060
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:18,500
called. 
The first triumvirate had always

1061
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:22,500
been a marriage of convenience, 
Each man saw it as a tool to 

1062
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,800
secure power, but once Caesar's 
gallic conquests made him, the 

1063
00:54:25,808 --> 00:54:29,000
darling of the masses. 
Resentment began to simmer 

1064
00:54:29,000 --> 00:54:32,000
Pompeii Rome's. 
Previous Superstar, General, 

1065
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:35,100
noticed public attention, 
drifting from him to Caesar 

1066
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:38,000
Crassus. 
Meanwhile, met a tragic end in 

1067
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:40,800
an ill-advised campaign against 
the parthians leaving. 

1068
00:54:40,800 --> 00:54:43,500
Caesar and Pompey, is the two 
principal contenders for the 

1069
00:54:43,500 --> 00:54:46,400
heart of Rome. 
An undercurrent of tension. 

1070
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:49,700
Now, pulse through the city 
Senators whispered in corridors 

1071
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:52,800
choosing sides Pompey. 
Cozied up to conservative 

1072
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:55,300
factions in the Senate who 
viewed Caesar as a threat to the

1073
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:59,500
old Republican system, Caesar 
still away in Gaul understood. 

1074
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:01,900
He would need to solidify his 
position back home soon. 

1075
00:55:02,800 --> 00:55:05,600
The term of his governorship was
drawing to a close and if he 

1076
00:55:05,608 --> 00:55:08,600
returned to Rome merely as a 
private citizen, his enemies 

1077
00:55:08,600 --> 00:55:11,700
could bring him to trial for 
various alleged misdeeds and 

1078
00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:13,300
effectively ended his political 
career. 

1079
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:16,700
Solution. 
He demanded to run for console 

1080
00:55:16,700 --> 00:55:19,800
in a Centier seeking an 
extension of the immunity and 

1081
00:55:19,808 --> 00:55:22,500
power. 
He held as proconsul the Senate 

1082
00:55:22,500 --> 00:55:25,400
refused with Pompey supporting 
that refusal. 

1083
00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:29,500
This was the point of no return.
Season stood at the banks of the

1084
00:55:29,500 --> 00:55:32,800
Rubicon river, the boundary 
Beyond which laterally proper 

1085
00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:37,800
Roman law was crystal clear. 
No, General was allowed to bring

1086
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:39,800
his army into Italy. 
To do. 

1087
00:55:39,808 --> 00:55:43,900
So amounted, to a declaration of
war on a Winter's Night, in 49 

1088
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:48,100
BCE, Caesar made his choice 
marched across the Rubicon, 

1089
00:55:48,100 --> 00:55:51,100
uttering the phrase, a layer 
yacta EST. 

1090
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:56,300
The die is cast if the anecdotes
hold any truth Overnight Rome 

1091
00:55:56,300 --> 00:55:59,800
system of alliances shattered. 
The Civil War had begun. 

1092
00:56:00,600 --> 00:56:03,000
Poppy and many senators, fled 
Rome to gather forces in the 

1093
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:06,300
East confident, they'd must 
armies far greater than Caesars.

1094
00:56:06,300 --> 00:56:09,200
They had the backing of 
traditional Elites wealthy 

1095
00:56:09,200 --> 00:56:12,600
provinces, and they believed 
time on their side. 

1096
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:15,400
Caesar, however, wasn't known 
for cautious delay. 

1097
00:56:15,400 --> 00:56:19,400
He pressed forward at Breakneck 
speed, towns and cities along 

1098
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:22,500
the way, open their Gates, some 
out of admiration, for Caesar 

1099
00:56:22,500 --> 00:56:26,200
others, out of fear, The 
Unstoppable momentum. 

1100
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:29,700
Took Pompey by surprise, forcing
him to evacuate Italy 

1101
00:56:29,700 --> 00:56:32,300
altogether. 
Caesar entered Rome on opposed, 

1102
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:34,500
but taking Rome was just the 
beginning. 

1103
00:56:34,500 --> 00:56:37,700
The real challenge was 
confronting pompy's Legions, 

1104
00:56:37,700 --> 00:56:41,300
which were regrouping and 
Greece, Caesar leaving a minimal

1105
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:44,600
Garrison behind, sailed across 
the Adriatic to chase down his 

1106
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:46,400
rivalry. 
It was a frantic race. 

1107
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:49,800
Both men vying for resources and
key strategic points. 

1108
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:53,800
Sees his forces were often 
outnumbered pompei's alliances 

1109
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:56,600
spanned vast portions of the 
Republic yet. 

1110
00:56:56,600 --> 00:57:00,900
Caesar leveraged, speed, 
surprise and the Loyalty he'd 

1111
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:03,200
earned from Legions, who'd 
fought alongside him in Gaul 

1112
00:57:03,200 --> 00:57:07,100
battles erupted across multiple 
theaters, Spain, Africa. 

1113
00:57:07,100 --> 00:57:10,800
And ultimately, The Plains of 
fossils in Greece, The Battle of

1114
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:15,200
pharsalus in 48 BCE became a 
defining moment, Pompey, 

1115
00:57:15,200 --> 00:57:18,400
confident, in his Superior 
numbers, formed, a traditional 

1116
00:57:18,400 --> 00:57:20,800
line and anticipating a swift 
victory. 

1117
00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:25,900
Caesar outmanned, a reserve line
of cohorts, by his Cavalry on 

1118
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:28,400
the right flank and anticipating
pompey's. 

1119
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:29,800
Horsemen would try to invoke 
him. 

1120
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:34,300
When the Cavalry Clash began, 
sees his hidden cohorts surged 

1121
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:37,900
forward routing pompei's. 
Cavalry this triggered a domino 

1122
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:40,900
effect pompey's infantry. 
Once they saw the Cavalry in 

1123
00:57:40,908 --> 00:57:45,300
Flight lost cohesion, Caesar's 
Legions, hardened by years of 

1124
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:47,600
Frontier Warfare exploited every
Gap. 

1125
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:51,700
It was a massacre skipped, but 
the psychological damage was 

1126
00:57:51,700 --> 00:57:54,800
done, Men who had once sworn 
loyalty to Pompey. 

1127
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:57,100
Began to slip away or switch 
side. 

1128
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:02,300
Sensing the tide of fated turned
Pompey, fled Egypt, hoping to 

1129
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:05,900
regroup, but the ptolemaic 
officials Keen to appease Caesar

1130
00:58:05,900 --> 00:58:09,200
betrayed him. 
On his arrival Pompey, was 

1131
00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:13,000
assassinated his head presented 
as a seizure as a perverse gift.

1132
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:17,000
Caesar was horrified despite 
their rivalry Pompey. 

1133
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:19,400
Had once been his son-in-law 
Caesar's daughter. 

1134
00:58:19,408 --> 00:58:21,000
Julia had been married to 
Pompeii. 

1135
00:58:21,600 --> 00:58:24,400
Caesar publicly wept at the 
sight of Pompey, severed head, 

1136
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:27,400
then ordered the execution of 
the men responsible for the 

1137
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,000
Betrayal. 
This act, conveyed, a message 

1138
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:33,500
Caesar might be ruthless, but he
upheld the Dignity of Roman 

1139
00:58:33,500 --> 00:58:36,100
nobility. 
And to tested dishonor Egypt, 

1140
00:58:36,100 --> 00:58:40,300
however, offered its own, 
Labyrinth of politics Cleopatra,

1141
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:42,400
and her brother Ptolemy were 
locked in a power struggle. 

1142
00:58:43,100 --> 00:58:44,900
Caesar. 
Now the most influential Roman 

1143
00:58:44,900 --> 00:58:47,500
of the region found himself 
arbitrating their dispute. 

1144
00:58:48,400 --> 00:58:52,000
Cleopatra saw an opportunity. 
She smuggled herself into 

1145
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:56,100
season's presence in a carpet. 
So the story goes and Charmed 

1146
00:58:56,100 --> 00:59:00,300
him with her intellect wit and 
Grand Vision for Egypt, Caesar 

1147
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:03,600
never want to resist or Dashi or
intelligence side with 

1148
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:06,900
Cleopatra. 
The pair Consolidated power in 

1149
00:59:06,900 --> 00:59:10,600
Alexandria defeating ptolemies 
forces and installing clear 

1150
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:14,000
Patra as Queen The liaison was 
more than a romantic. 

1151
00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:17,300
It was a strategic Alliance that
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 

1152
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:18,700
wealth. 
While securing Cleopatra's 

1153
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:21,600
throne. 
Rome watched these events with 

1154
00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:24,900
Fascination and growing anxiety.
Caesar was off. 

1155
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:27,700
Forging alliances and fathering 
a child with a foreign Queen, 

1156
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:31,000
Caesarean while Italy braced for
whatever came next. 

1157
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:35,000
Though, Pompey was dead segments
of the Roman Republic. 

1158
00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:38,600
Still resisted Caesar's rule. 
Caesar marched on quelling 

1159
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:41,800
resistance in Asia Minor with 
such speed that he famously 

1160
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:47,400
declared Veni Vidi Vicky. 
I came I saw I conquered Then he

1161
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:51,300
headed to Africa clashing with 
remaining Pompeii and forces and

1162
00:59:51,300 --> 00:59:56,200
eventually subduing them. 
By 45 BCE Cesar, stood 

1163
00:59:56,200 --> 00:59:58,100
unchallenged as Rome's, 
Paramount leader. 

1164
00:59:58,900 --> 01:00:02,100
Senate, most of whose members 
owed him, their lives or careers

1165
01:00:02,100 --> 01:00:05,200
filled his hands with powers 
that stretch the limits of 

1166
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:08,300
Romans traditions. 
He was named dictator for 10 

1167
01:00:08,300 --> 01:00:10,400
years eventually dictator for 
life. 

1168
01:00:11,100 --> 01:00:14,400
Some called it a tyranny. 
Caesar for his part claimed. 

1169
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,900
He was trying to restore order. 
He enacted sweeping reforms 

1170
01:00:17,900 --> 01:00:20,100
revising. 
The calendar into the Julian 

1171
01:00:20,100 --> 01:00:24,600
model, restructuring debts, 
Expanding the Senate granting 

1172
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:28,100
citizenship to Loyal allies in 
distant provinces and planning, 

1173
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:30,900
massive building projects that 
aim to beautify the city. 

1174
01:00:30,900 --> 01:00:34,800
He also introduced social 
measures like Distributing land 

1175
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:38,400
of veterans in these moves. 
Sees a walk to tightrope. 

1176
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:41,900
Consolidating power while giving
just enough to the masses and 

1177
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:45,200
Senate to keep them largely 
compliant. but something in the 

1178
01:00:45,208 --> 01:00:49,100
Roman psyche, chafed at one man 
rule Rome prided itself on 

1179
01:00:49,100 --> 01:00:52,700
hating Kings, their entire 
identity was built around a 

1180
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:55,800
republic, even if that Republic 
was often manipulated by the 

1181
01:00:55,800 --> 01:00:59,200
powerful, Caesars acceptance of 
lavish honors and his 

1182
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:02,700
centralization of power made 
some worry that he sought to 

1183
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:05,000
Crown himself. 
Others found him dangerously 

1184
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:08,800
modern someone who might change 
roam beyond recognition and 

1185
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:11,400
behind Caesar's Unstoppable. 
Force layer. 

1186
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:13,200
Silent question was the 
Republic. 

1187
01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:16,500
Just a stage for one man's 
ambition or could it endure? 

1188
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:19,900
When Caesar finally returned to 
Roman Triumph, the city was a 

1189
01:01:19,908 --> 01:01:22,200
buzz with rumors and festivals 
though. 

1190
01:01:22,200 --> 01:01:24,600
War still simmered in the 
distant corners of the Republic,

1191
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:28,200
Caesar's personal, magnetism and
the promise of stability 

1192
01:01:28,200 --> 01:01:31,900
temporarily silenced. 
Most discontent Orchestrated 

1193
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:35,100
spectacular, public games, and 
feasts showering. 

1194
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:38,600
The popular with free grain 
statues and monuments sprang up 

1195
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:41,200
in his honor. 
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,

1196
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,300
the core of Roman tradition. 
Those Unwritten rules guarding 

1197
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:46,900
Republic from monarchy belt 
under sea. 

1198
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:51,200
One example of Caesar's Larger 
than Life, Persona was his 

1199
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:54,000
attempt to reshape the calendar,
which was no small matter. 

1200
01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:57,700
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 
had become hopelessly misaligned

1201
01:01:57,700 --> 01:02:01,200
with the seasons creating 
confusion in festivals and Civic

1202
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:04,800
life, Caesar advised by 
astronomers including sausage of

1203
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:07,400
Alexandria. 
Introduced the Julian calendar, 

1204
01:02:07,400 --> 01:02:10,200
a solar base system with a leap 
years cycle. 

1205
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:14,100
This was a major administrative 
reform that didn't just tidy 

1206
01:02:14,100 --> 01:02:17,700
updates, it demonstrated 
Caesar's willingness to override

1207
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:19,900
centuries of practice. 
If he believed he had a better 

1208
01:02:19,908 --> 01:02:22,400
way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

1209
01:02:22,400 --> 01:02:25,600
of the new calendar offered, but
they also sense that, if Caesar 

1210
01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:28,700
could reorder time itself, what 
else might he feel entitled to 

1211
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:30,800
reorder? 
He poured money into 

1212
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,300
construction under Caesar's 
Direction, new buildings, 

1213
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:38,600
temples and public spaces. 
Sprouted symbolizing a roam 

1214
01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:41,200
Reborn. 
The Forum grew more magnificent.

1215
01:02:42,100 --> 01:02:44,700
He commissioned Grand projects 
that not only beautified the 

1216
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:48,300
city, but gave work to thousands
of laborers, elevating Caesars 

1217
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:52,200
popularity among the common folk
at the same time, expanded the 

1218
01:02:52,200 --> 01:02:56,200
Senate from roughly 600 to as 
many as 900 members adding 

1219
01:02:56,200 --> 01:02:59,600
allies from the province's and 
diluting the power of the older 

1220
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:03,000
aristocratic families. 
Some saw this as an inclusive 

1221
01:03:03,000 --> 01:03:06,800
move, broadening representation 
within the Roman State, others 

1222
01:03:06,800 --> 01:03:10,500
viewed it as an egregious, power
play away for Caesar to stack. 

1223
01:03:10,500 --> 01:03:13,400
The Senate with loyalists who 
owed their positions, to him 

1224
01:03:13,400 --> 01:03:15,600
alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

1225
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:18,500
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

1226
01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:21,000
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

1227
01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:24,200
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

1228
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:27,900
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

1229
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:31,400
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to kneel before

1230
01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:33,800
another. 
So when statues of Caesar began 

1231
01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:37,400
appearing in public places, 
crowned, with diadems some 

1232
01:03:37,400 --> 01:03:40,000
citizens felt a chill. 
Caesar claimed. 

1233
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:43,200
These were tokens of respect 
from admirers, not Declarations 

1234
01:03:43,200 --> 01:03:47,300
of monarchy, but doubts lingered
at a public Festival Marcus. 

1235
01:03:47,300 --> 01:03:50,800
Antonius a favored Lieutenant 
attempted to place a diadem on 

1236
01:03:50,800 --> 01:03:53,500
Caesar's head. 
Caesar dramatically refused 

1237
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:56,500
stating only Jupiter is King of 
the Romans. 

1238
01:03:57,500 --> 01:03:59,200
But the crowds reaction was 
mixed. 

1239
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:03,600
Some cheered, his refusal, 
others suspected, a theatrical 

1240
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:06,500
performance designed to test 
public opinion on a monarchy. 

1241
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:09,800
The dissonant screw sharper is 
Caesar took on the title 

1242
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:14,800
dictator for life. 
In theory a dictator in Roman 

1243
01:04:14,800 --> 01:04:17,900
history, was an emergency 
measure appointed for six months

1244
01:04:17,900 --> 01:04:21,500
in times of dire threat and then
required to relinquish power. 

1245
01:04:22,500 --> 01:04:25,800
Like extending this temporary 
position in definitely, Caesar 

1246
01:04:25,800 --> 01:04:27,600
strained. 
The very definitions of Roman 

1247
01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:30,400
governance. 
His supporters insisted Rome 

1248
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:34,100
needed, strong leadership, given
all the unrest, But his critics 

1249
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:36,700
argued, that Caesar was snuffing
out, the Republican Flame. 

1250
01:04:37,700 --> 01:04:41,400
Seeds of conspiracy began to 
sprout Senators, who longed for 

1251
01:04:41,408 --> 01:04:44,900
a return, to the old order. 
Such as gas, Cassius, longinus, 

1252
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:48,800
and Marcus Junius Brutus, 
started meeting discreetly. 

1253
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:53,500
Brutus stood out, he descended 
from Lucius Junius Brutus the 

1254
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,500
fabled founder of the Republic 
who drove out the ancient Kings.

1255
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:00,700
Caesar had shown Brutus 
remarkable favor, even rumored 

1256
01:05:00,700 --> 01:05:02,300
to have paternal affection for 
him. 

1257
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:05,800
Yet this complicated Bond, 
didn't stifle brutus's 

1258
01:05:05,800 --> 01:05:08,200
conviction. 
That sees his power threatened, 

1259
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:12,100
the Republic's core values. 
Cassius cunning figure with a 

1260
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:15,800
far darker Edge, found the 
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 

1261
01:05:15,800 --> 01:05:19,700
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 
duty to protect Rome from a 

1262
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:22,700
tyrant. 
Meanwhile, Caesar seemed to 

1263
01:05:22,708 --> 01:05:26,900
sense under current of danger. 
He went about with guards, but 

1264
01:05:26,900 --> 01:05:28,800
he also believed that living in 
constant fear. 

1265
01:05:28,800 --> 01:05:32,000
Would diminish his statue on the
surface. 

1266
01:05:32,000 --> 01:05:34,400
He continued orchestrating 
elaborate plans. 

1267
01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:37,600
He was preparing a massive 
campaign against pathy in the 

1268
01:05:37,600 --> 01:05:42,000
Eastern attending to surpass 
even pompy's conquests returning

1269
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:45,600
to Rome from that Victory, 
Caesar likely envisioned a final

1270
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:48,300
consolidation of power and 
unassailable. 

1271
01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:52,600
Legacy his mind overflowed with 
new ideas for governance law 

1272
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:54,400
codes and expansion of citizens 
rights. 

1273
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:57,900
You can find it in close allies 
that his rule would transform 

1274
01:05:57,900 --> 01:06:01,000
Rome into a cohesive Empire, 
rather than a loose 

1275
01:06:01,000 --> 01:06:04,500
Confederation of territories. 
Yet those grand Visions. 

1276
01:06:04,500 --> 01:06:07,000
Collided, with the simmering 
resentment of the senatorial 

1277
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:09,900
class, many of them. 
Had gone along with Caesar out 

1278
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:13,300
of pragmatism, biding their time
waiting for a chance to assert 

1279
01:06:13,300 --> 01:06:15,200
the old ways. 
They resented. 

1280
01:06:15,200 --> 01:06:18,800
How Caesars reforms undermine 
their Prestige, how is populist 

1281
01:06:18,800 --> 01:06:21,900
measures made the people less 
reliant on senatorial patrons. 

1282
01:06:22,700 --> 01:06:25,400
Some conspirators hoped to 
reinstate a pure public with 

1283
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:28,100
limited terms of office and can 
be briefly balanced Powers. 

1284
01:06:28,100 --> 01:06:32,200
Others simply wanted Caesar gone
viewing him as an existential 

1285
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:33,800
threat to their personal 
standing. 

1286
01:06:34,700 --> 01:06:37,900
So as Caesar walked, the marble 
floors of the curia, conferring 

1287
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,800
with Senators, not all who 
greeted him warmly were true 

1288
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:43,200
allies. 
The facade of unity was just 

1289
01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:46,900
that facade. 
Whispers circulated about the 

1290
01:06:46,908 --> 01:06:50,100
Ides of March, a date. 
The conspirators had marked as 

1291
01:06:50,100 --> 01:06:53,600
pivotal Caesar distracted by 
preparations for upcoming 

1292
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,200
campaigns. 
Either dismissed or downplayed 

1293
01:06:56,200 --> 01:06:59,900
the signs of looming treachery. 
He was after all Julius. 

1294
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:04,200
Caesar the man who escaped 
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 

1295
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:06,300
overcame Pompey. 
To him. 

1296
01:07:06,308 --> 01:07:10,200
Fear was a cage, he refused to 
live in to the conspirators. 

1297
01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:13,100
His confidence was both an 
insult and an opportunity. 

1298
01:07:13,100 --> 01:07:16,500
The stage was set and all of 
Rome felt the tension in the 

1299
01:07:16,500 --> 01:07:18,800
air. 
The days, leading up to the Ides

1300
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:20,700
of March had a strange energy in
Rome. 

1301
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:23,600
Senators bustled about with 
forced Smiles. 

1302
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:26,900
While scribes noted, a flurry of
edicts and proposals, Caesar 

1303
01:07:26,900 --> 01:07:30,300
aimed to finalize, before 
departing on campaign Craftsman,

1304
01:07:30,300 --> 01:07:32,300
labored on newly, commissioned 
statues and inscriptions. 

1305
01:07:32,300 --> 01:07:36,900
Praising Caesars achievements. 
Meanwhile anxious Whispers 

1306
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:40,600
seeped through the city swirling
in the Smoky corners of taverns 

1307
01:07:40,600 --> 01:07:42,600
and the hush of aristocratic 
dinner parties. 

1308
01:07:43,400 --> 01:07:45,800
Caesar himself oscillated 
between excitement from his 

1309
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:47,800
pathy and Expedition and vague 
apprehension. 

1310
01:07:47,800 --> 01:07:52,200
Omens were a big deal in Roman 
society and several other 

1311
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:55,500
currencies had stopped. 
Superstitions reports of strange

1312
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:58,900
lights in the sky or a 
soothsayer who warns Caesar to 

1313
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:03,200
beware the Ides of March. 
Caesar rational yet not entirely

1314
01:08:03,200 --> 01:08:06,300
dismissive of Kumar. 
Auguries seemed torn between 

1315
01:08:06,300 --> 01:08:09,700
curiosity and disbelief. 
Joked about the warnings telling

1316
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:12,700
Friends, The Ides of March at 
arrived and nothing had happened

1317
01:08:12,700 --> 01:08:15,200
yet. 
But behind the levity, hints of 

1318
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:18,500
caution surface, he was known to
have shared concerns with 

1319
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:21,800
Calpurnia. 
His wife begged him on to be 

1320
01:08:21,808 --> 01:08:24,399
vigilant, the conspiracy gained 
momentum. 

1321
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:28,700
Cassius worked. 
Tirelessly approaching Senators,

1322
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:31,899
who felt displaced by Caesar's 
sweeping reforms or Who Bore 

1323
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:34,000
personal grudges persuading 
Brutus. 

1324
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:36,800
Had been the linchpin. 
Brutus's moral standing and 

1325
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:39,800
family Legacy offered a veneer 
of honor to what might otherwise

1326
01:08:39,800 --> 01:08:43,700
look like a naked Power, grab 
With Brutus on board recruiting 

1327
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:46,700
others became easier. 
Each conspirator had different 

1328
01:08:46,700 --> 01:08:49,399
reasons, some claimed to fight 
for the Republic's Freedom, 

1329
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,300
others, sought personal gain or 
avenge yet. 

1330
01:08:52,300 --> 01:08:55,800
The United under, a single 
dramatic resolution Caesar must 

1331
01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:58,300
be removed. 
One version of their plan 

1332
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,100
involved, attacking Caesar 
during a senate session when he 

1333
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:04,200
would be relatively. 
Unguarded in theory, the 

1334
01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:06,800
presence of so many senators. 
Served as a public Shield, 

1335
01:09:06,800 --> 01:09:10,000
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 
attack in the heart of Roman 

1336
01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:12,399
governance. 
The conspirators also believe 

1337
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:14,800
that once the deed was done, 
they can Proclaim themselves 

1338
01:09:14,800 --> 01:09:18,300
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 
the people to restore Republican

1339
01:09:18,300 --> 01:09:21,500
ideals despite the risk. 
None could deny the plans or 

1340
01:09:21,500 --> 01:09:24,100
dacious. 
Implicitly the Senate meeting on

1341
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:26,399
the Ides of March, beckoned like
a Grimmer appointment. 

1342
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:31,600
The morning of the Ides, arrived
Calpurnia shaken, by nightmares 

1343
01:09:31,600 --> 01:09:35,300
implored season, not to go, some
historians claim. 

1344
01:09:35,300 --> 01:09:38,800
She dreamed of a statue of 
Caesar spouting blood or of him 

1345
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:43,000
lying slain in her arms. 
Moved by her distress sees her 

1346
01:09:43,000 --> 01:09:46,600
initially decided to stay home. 
Possibly rescheduling the Senate

1347
01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:48,600
session. 
At alone could have altered 

1348
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:52,000
history but the conspirators 
panicked when they had seizure 

1349
01:09:52,000 --> 01:09:54,600
might not come he dispatched 
Decimus Brutus. 

1350
01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:58,400
No relation to Marcus Brutus but
another close Ally to persuade, 

1351
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:01,900
Caesar Decimus feigned concern 
that Caesar would insult the 

1352
01:10:01,908 --> 01:10:04,900
Senate by his absence 
diminishing, his standing right 

1353
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:09,500
before his Grand campaign. 
So despite calpurnia's please 

1354
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:14,300
Caesar relented, his ceremonial 
toga and left for the curia. 

1355
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:17,400
In the Senate meeting. 
The atmosphere was thick with 

1356
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:19,900
tension, though. 
It started off with formalities.

1357
01:10:20,700 --> 01:10:23,700
Caesar took his seat, the group 
of conspirators approached 

1358
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:27,100
pretending to ask a favor on 
behalf of a political exile. 

1359
01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:30,700
A surrounded him as if to press 
their case more passionately. 

1360
01:10:30,700 --> 01:10:35,100
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal, daggers as appeared, the

1361
01:10:35,100 --> 01:10:36,900
first strike came from casca and
others. 

1362
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,500
Joined accounts vary some says 
here tried to defend himself 

1363
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:42,100
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

1364
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:45,800
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

1365
01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:50,800
prompting Caesar's legendary and
possibly apocryphal utterance at

1366
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:56,700
2 In moments, it was over Caesar
lay dead at the foot of Pompey, 

1367
01:10:56,700 --> 01:10:59,000
statue. 
A cruel twist of fate for the 

1368
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:01,200
man who had once wept for 
pompey's demise. 

1369
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:05,100
The Senators spattered with 
blood proclaimed, they had 

1370
01:11:05,100 --> 01:11:07,700
liberated Rome from tyranny, 
expected. 

1371
01:11:07,700 --> 01:11:10,600
The city that agreed them as 
Heroes yet the immediate 

1372
01:11:10,600 --> 01:11:14,400
reaction was shock, not 
Jubilation citizens fled. 

1373
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:17,400
The Courier unsure where the 
more violence would follow. 

1374
01:11:18,300 --> 01:11:21,500
The conspirators had planned for
Caesar's death but they hadn't 

1375
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:23,200
planned for the emotional 
vacuum. 

1376
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:24,900
It would create among the Roman 
populace. 

1377
01:11:24,900 --> 01:11:29,500
The question remained had, they 
truly saved the republic or just

1378
01:11:29,508 --> 01:11:32,700
Unleashed chaos. 
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm

1379
01:11:32,700 --> 01:11:35,800
the city with speeches in the 
memory of their ancestor. 

1380
01:11:35,800 --> 01:11:38,900
Lucius. 
Junius Brutus, who banished 

1381
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:42,400
Rome's Last Kings centuries 
before they insisted, they had 

1382
01:11:42,400 --> 01:11:45,400
restored the Republic but the 
people had witnessed Caesar's 

1383
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:48,600
generosity. 
His Banquets land distribution's

1384
01:11:48,600 --> 01:11:52,600
public games, many commoners, 
revered him anger and sorrow 

1385
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:54,900
brooded. 
In the streets words, spread of 

1386
01:11:54,900 --> 01:11:58,300
the Savage Butchery in the 
Senate, far from celebrating the

1387
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:00,500
conspirators. 
Many citizens demanded 

1388
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:03,500
vengeance. 
Mark Antony who had not 

1389
01:12:03,508 --> 01:12:06,900
participated in the conspiracy 
seized, this public sentiment, 

1390
01:12:06,900 --> 01:12:10,000
he delivered a funeral oration 
for season that became 

1391
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:14,600
legendary, Anthony spoke with 
passion displaying Caesar's 

1392
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:18,000
bloodstain, toga stirring the 
crowd into a frenzy against the 

1393
01:12:18,000 --> 01:12:21,000
conspirators. 
Some historians say, Caesar's 

1394
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:23,900
body was burned in the form 
itself with the Flames fed by 

1395
01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:26,400
citizens, who tossed in 
furniture and items as 

1396
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:29,400
offerings. 
The conspirators realizing the 

1397
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:33,900
tidied turned fled. 
The city outraged Sword and the 

1398
01:12:33,900 --> 01:12:37,200
once proud Senate found Itself, 
overshadowed by the populist 

1399
01:12:37,200 --> 01:12:40,000
Fury that sees her. 
So skillfully harnessed in life.

1400
01:12:40,000 --> 01:12:43,600
Thus, the killing that was 
intended to save the Republic. 

1401
01:12:43,600 --> 01:12:45,500
Actually accelerated. 
Its declined. 

1402
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:48,100
Power soon. 
Consolidated, not around a 

1403
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:52,000
restored, Senate, but around new
strong men, Marc, Antony 

1404
01:12:52,000 --> 01:12:55,200
Octavian. 
Sees, as young are and adopted 

1405
01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:58,700
son and others, who would jockey
for command in the following 

1406
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:00,500
years. 
In death. 

1407
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:03,700
Caesar had transcended mortality
to become an icon. 

1408
01:13:03,700 --> 01:13:06,000
Some would say a martyr while 
the vision of a renewed 

1409
01:13:06,000 --> 01:13:09,700
Republic, ironically slipped 
further away, the aftermath of 

1410
01:13:09,700 --> 01:13:12,800
Caesar's assassination was as 
turbulent as any period Rome had

1411
01:13:12,808 --> 01:13:16,900
ever seen. 
City already tense from years of

1412
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:20,500
civil conflict discovered that 
removing one towering figure 

1413
01:13:20,500 --> 01:13:22,500
didn't automatically restore the
Old Republic. 

1414
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:27,200
Instead a new power vacuum 
emerged quickly filled by those 

1415
01:13:27,200 --> 01:13:29,100
with the ambition and resources 
to claim it. 

1416
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:33,500
Mark, Antony Caesars closest 
left tenant was first on the 

1417
01:13:33,508 --> 01:13:35,400
scene. 
Leveraging, his connection to 

1418
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:39,200
the slain dictator to Rally the 
masses, but Caesar had named a 

1419
01:13:39,200 --> 01:13:42,500
surprise in his, will gas, 
octavia's better known as 

1420
01:13:42,500 --> 01:13:45,900
Octavian. 
His Grand, nephew only 19 years.

1421
01:13:45,900 --> 01:13:49,100
Old Octavian, carried Caesar's 
name and soon enough. 

1422
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:52,800
Caesar's Legions would rally 
around him too Brutus and 

1423
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:55,300
Cassius fled, Rome hoping to 
raise armies. 

1424
01:13:55,300 --> 01:13:58,300
In the Eastern, provinces a 
published, declaration's 

1425
01:13:58,300 --> 01:14:02,000
defending, the assassination as 
an act of patriotic duty, but 

1426
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:03,800
the events in Rome worked 
against them. 

1427
01:14:04,700 --> 01:14:07,700
Funeral oration by Anthony had 
painted them as traitors to 

1428
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:12,500
Caesar and by extension enemies 
of the Roman people, Legions 

1429
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,500
loyal to Caesar scorned, the 
conspirators lines. 

1430
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:20,100
Hardened, another round of Civil
Wars seemed inevitable as one 

1431
01:14:20,100 --> 01:14:22,800
man's ambition had morphed into 
a generational crisis of 

1432
01:14:22,800 --> 01:14:25,400
identity. 
For Rome though, Anthony and 

1433
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:28,100
Octavian initially eyed. 
Each other with suspicion, they 

1434
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:30,500
realized they stood a better 
chance against the conspirators 

1435
01:14:30,500 --> 01:14:34,100
if they cooperated. 
Along with Marcus lepidus, a 

1436
01:14:34,100 --> 01:14:36,000
trusted Commander. 
They formed the second 

1437
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:38,500
triumvirate. 
Unlike Caesars in formal 

1438
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:42,300
Arrangement, this triumphant was
legally, sanctioned granting the

1439
01:14:42,300 --> 01:14:46,000
three men near absolute power to
reorganize the state and 

1440
01:14:46,000 --> 01:14:47,200
reorganize it. 
They did. 

1441
01:14:48,300 --> 01:14:52,000
Description lists of enemies of 
the state were published men of 

1442
01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:54,000
wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

1443
01:14:54,000 --> 01:14:57,700
Outlawed the triumphant seized 
property in executed opponents, 

1444
01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:00,100
echoing the Grim days of 
solar's. 

1445
01:15:00,100 --> 01:15:04,300
Dictatorship, the conspirators. 
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the

1446
01:15:04,300 --> 01:15:08,800
East culminating in the climax 
Battle of Philippi in 42 BC e 

1447
01:15:08,800 --> 01:15:12,600
Brutus and Cassius were defeated
and they chose suicide over 

1448
01:15:12,600 --> 01:15:15,400
capture. 
If Caesar's murderers hoped for 

1449
01:15:15,400 --> 01:15:18,400
a Renaissance of Republican 
ideals, they had Gravely this 

1450
01:15:18,400 --> 01:15:22,100
calculated, Roman was now torn 
between competing strongman 

1451
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:26,000
after Philippi tensions Rose 
between Antony and Octavian, 

1452
01:15:26,000 --> 01:15:30,500
Anthony headed east forming an 
alliance and famously a romance 

1453
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:34,700
with Cleopatra in Egypt, 
Octavian solidified, his base in

1454
01:15:34,700 --> 01:15:36,900
Rome ensuring the Senate 
recognized him. 

1455
01:15:36,900 --> 01:15:41,200
As the principal heir to 
Caesar's Legacy by 31 BCE the 

1456
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:44,700
Rivalry exploded into another 
civil war culminating in the 

1457
01:15:44,708 --> 01:15:49,200
naval battle of actium. 
Octavian, prevailed, Antony and 

1458
01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:52,400
Cleopatra fled and later took 
their own lives and the stage 

1459
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:54,400
was set for Octavian to become 
Augustus. 

1460
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:58,300
The first Roman Emperor, the 
Republic in its old form was 

1461
01:15:58,300 --> 01:16:00,800
gone. 
And what have seizures Legacy, 

1462
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:05,300
his name Caesar would become 
synonymous with rulership itself

1463
01:16:05,300 --> 01:16:10,500
from Kaiser in German to tesar 
in Russian leaders in distant. 

1464
01:16:10,500 --> 01:16:13,000
Lands were adopt the Monica as a
badge of Imperial. 

1465
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:18,500
Might his reforms, specially the
Julian calendar outlived him by 

1466
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:20,900
centuries. 
Influencing her, millions of 

1467
01:16:20,900 --> 01:16:24,400
people marked time his writings 
particularly the commentaries on

1468
01:16:24,400 --> 01:16:26,800
the gallican. 
Civil Wars remained a central 

1469
01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:30,600
reading for generations of 
statement, and Generals admired 

1470
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:33,100
for their Clarity and rhetorical
brilliant's. 

1471
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:37,700
An estranged twist. 
Senate that once feared him 

1472
01:16:37,708 --> 01:16:41,500
voted to DFCS. 
After his death, proclaiming him

1473
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:45,800
Divas iulius shrines and temples
to the Divine Julius sprang up 

1474
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:47,600
turning him into a figure of 
worship. 

1475
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:51,800
This posthumous deification gave
Octavian an added Aura of 

1476
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:55,200
legitimacy. 
He was now Divi Filius, the son 

1477
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:59,500
of a god, One might argue it was
the final irony, the same 

1478
01:16:59,500 --> 01:17:01,600
institution that bristled at his
ambition. 

1479
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:05,800
Now raised him to Divine status,
this transformation reflected 

1480
01:17:05,800 --> 01:17:09,100
the contradictory nature of 
Roman politics practical to the 

1481
01:17:09,100 --> 01:17:10,100
core. 
Yes. 

1482
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,200
Steeped in suits Superstition 
and reverence for signs and 

1483
01:17:13,200 --> 01:17:16,200
wonders public memory of Caesar 
remained divided. 

1484
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:19,000
Many admired him for 
championing, the lower classes, 

1485
01:17:19,000 --> 01:17:22,700
taking decisive action to end 
Rome's, internal strife, an 

1486
01:17:22,700 --> 01:17:24,200
extending Roman influence 
abroad. 

1487
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:27,900
Others condemned him as the man 
who shattered the Republic's 

1488
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:32,000
checks and balances making a 
single man, inevitable overtime.

1489
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:35,400
Historians playwrights and 
orators distilled his story and 

1490
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,800
to dramatic beats the brilliant 
General, the cunning politician 

1491
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:41,800
of the trade friend, those 
wanting a moral lesson. 

1492
01:17:41,800 --> 01:17:44,700
Found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

1493
01:17:44,700 --> 01:17:48,300
unchecked ambition others as an 
example of visionary, leadership

1494
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:52,800
on dumb by a petty jealousy. 
Yet there's a deeper layer to 

1495
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:55,400
Caesar's Life, One Less 
recounted in popular lore. 

1496
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:58,800
He was profoundly curious about 
the world about languages, 

1497
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:01,200
cultures and the mechanics of 
governance. 

1498
01:18:02,700 --> 01:18:05,100
From his youth, in the streets 
of Rome to his kidnapping by 

1499
01:18:05,108 --> 01:18:08,300
Pirates From the Muddy 
battlefields of gold, the Marvel

1500
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:11,400
corridors of the curia. 
He sought to understand and 

1501
01:18:11,400 --> 01:18:15,700
master every environment he 
touched He wasn't content to 

1502
01:18:15,700 --> 01:18:19,600
play by the rules, he rewrote 
them not all admired his methods

1503
01:18:19,600 --> 01:18:22,700
but few could deny his results 
for those living. 

1504
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:25,900
In Rome after Seasons demise 
daily life of eventually 

1505
01:18:25,900 --> 01:18:29,600
stabilized under augustus's 
reign The city grew Grandeur, 

1506
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:33,200
the Empire expanded, and a new 
system, the principal took 

1507
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:35,700
shape, but an undercurrent of 
nostalgia. 

1508
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,700
Persisted amongst some Senators 
who recalled a republic where 

1509
01:18:38,700 --> 01:18:41,700
men like Cicero and Cato once 
debated the future of Rome. 

1510
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:46,300
They wondered if in slaying, 
Caesar it's severed the last 

1511
01:18:46,300 --> 01:18:49,900
chance to preserve Republican 
dignity or if Seasons very 

1512
01:18:49,900 --> 01:18:51,700
presents had doomed, it from the
start. 

1513
01:18:51,700 --> 01:18:55,200
And so the figure of Julius 
Caesar stands in Roman history, 

1514
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:58,800
not simply as a conqueror or a 
dictator, but as a turning point

1515
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:03,400
he harnessed ambition, popular 
music, support and raw military 

1516
01:19:03,400 --> 01:19:06,900
skill to reshape the world's 
greatest Republic and in doing 

1517
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:09,100
so he cleared a path from 
Imperial rule. 

1518
01:19:09,800 --> 01:19:12,300
Some see him as a hero 
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 

1519
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:15,600
Horizons, others view him as the
ultimate usurper. 

1520
01:19:16,300 --> 01:19:19,600
Trying the collective governance
that had once to find the city's

1521
01:19:19,600 --> 01:19:22,700
spirit. 
Perhaps both are true in the 

1522
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:25,900
end, Julius Caesar's story 
reminds us that history rarely 

1523
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:28,700
lends itself to neat labels, the
arcs of power. 

1524
01:19:28,700 --> 01:19:33,200
Destiny and personal will often 
weave together in ways that defy

1525
01:19:33,200 --> 01:19:36,200
easy, categorization. 
And if there's one lesson that 

1526
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:39,900
resonates across the centuries, 
it might be this when a single 

1527
01:19:39,908 --> 01:19:42,100
individual grows too large for 
the existing order 

1528
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:44,600
transformation. 
However, exhilarating or 

1529
01:19:44,600 --> 01:19:53,200
destructive becomes inevitable 
know that feeling when you find 

1530
01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:55,200
something in your attic, that 
makes you forget about the 

1531
01:19:55,200 --> 01:19:58,700
cobwebs in your hair. 
That's exactly what happened to 

1532
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:02,700
Dr. Sarah Chen on a particularly
muggy Tuesday afternoon in 

1533
01:20:02,700 --> 01:20:05,200
Athens. 
She'd been rummaging through the

1534
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:08,000
basement Archives of the 
National Library, hunting for 

1535
01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:09,500
anything related to her 
research. 

1536
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:12,700
On Ancient Greek philosophy, 
when her fingers brushed against

1537
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:14,800
something that definitely didn't
belong with the other 

1538
01:20:14,800 --> 01:20:17,100
manuscripts. 
The leather binding for 

1539
01:20:17,100 --> 01:20:21,100
different older somehow more. 
Secretive. 

1540
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:24,000
It appeared as though it had 
been concealed for centuries 

1541
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:26,600
awaiting Discovery by the 
appropriate individual. 

1542
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,400
Hoverboard. 
No title small symbol that 

1543
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:32,200
looked suspiciously like 
Aristotle. 

1544
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:35,100
Signature, the philosophers had 
signatures back then. 

1545
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:38,800
Although philosophers probably 
didn't have signatures back, 

1546
01:20:38,800 --> 01:20:42,700
then you get the idea. 
Sarah pulled the manuscript 

1547
01:20:42,700 --> 01:20:45,900
closer to the single flickering 
fluorescent light, that made 

1548
01:20:45,900 --> 01:20:48,300
everything in the basement. 
Look like a horror movie set. 

1549
01:20:49,400 --> 01:20:51,400
The first page made her eyebrows
shoot up. 

1550
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:53,800
So high, they nearly disappeared
into her hairline. 

1551
01:20:54,700 --> 01:20:58,000
Written in faded, Greek letters 
with the words, the teachings. 

1552
01:20:58,000 --> 01:21:01,300
They didn't want you to know 
though, in much fancier ancient.

1553
01:21:01,300 --> 01:21:05,100
Greek of course. 
Now, Sarah had been studying 

1554
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:07,400
Aristotle for the better part of
15 years. 

1555
01:21:07,400 --> 01:21:11,100
She knew his work, just like 
some people know, their morning 

1556
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:14,400
coffee routine, she could recite
passages from the nicomachean 

1557
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:18,200
ethics while brushing her teeth.
Actually done so on more than 

1558
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:20,200
one occasion, much to her 
roommates. 

1559
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:24,800
This. 
Was entirely new territory. 

1560
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:29,000
Aristotle's hand appeared to 
write the manuscript or at least

1561
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:32,900
it was a convincing forgery. 
Forges usually didn't hide their

1562
01:21:32,900 --> 01:21:36,200
work in Dusty basement archives 
where nobody would find them. 

1563
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:40,000
For centuries typically they 
desired for their Creations to 

1564
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:43,200
be discovered especially by 
individuals with substantial 

1565
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:47,200
financial resources and dubious 
moral standards. the Sarah 

1566
01:21:47,208 --> 01:21:50,000
carefully turned the brittle 
Pages, she realized she was 

1567
01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:52,600
looking at what appeared to be 
Aristotle's, personal Journal, 

1568
01:21:53,300 --> 01:21:54,900
his thoughts were raw and 
unfiltered. 

1569
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:58,000
Unlike the Polish treaters, is 
that had endured through 

1570
01:21:58,000 --> 01:22:00,400
history. 
He might jot down notes in the 

1571
01:22:00,400 --> 01:22:03,600
margins of your own books. 
Yet these margins held Concepts 

1572
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:05,600
that could transform our 
understanding of one of 

1573
01:22:05,608 --> 01:22:07,400
history's most influential 
intellectuals. 

1574
01:22:07,400 --> 01:22:11,600
The first entry was dated to 
what would have been 335. 

1575
01:22:11,600 --> 01:22:15,700
BC e, right around the time 
Aristotle returned to Athens to 

1576
01:22:15,700 --> 01:22:19,200
establish his school. 
The license In stead of the 

1577
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:22,400
formal measured tone of his 
Public Works, the passage read 

1578
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:25,800
more like someone venting to 
their diary after a particularly

1579
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:29,400
frustrating day at the office. 
Alexander keeps sending me 

1580
01:22:29,400 --> 01:22:32,100
letters asking for advice on 
Conquering, the world, the entry

1581
01:22:32,100 --> 01:22:35,400
began as if I have a manual for 
that sort of thing, lying 

1582
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:37,900
around. 
I keep telling him that wisdom 

1583
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:41,000
comes from understanding 
yourself first, but apparently 

1584
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:44,500
that's not nearly as exciting as
charging across continents with 

1585
01:22:44,500 --> 01:22:47,300
an army. 
Sarah found herself smiling, 

1586
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:50,400
despite the gravity of her 
Discovery here was Aristotle, 

1587
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:54,200
the great philosopher sounding 
remarkably, like any modern 

1588
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:56,900
Mentor dealing with an 
overachieving student, who'd 

1589
01:22:56,900 --> 01:23:00,100
rather skip, the hard work of 
self-reflection and jumped 

1590
01:23:00,100 --> 01:23:03,600
straight to the Glamorous stuff.
But as she continued, reading 

1591
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:06,800
the entries, became more 
intriguing Aristotle. 

1592
01:23:06,800 --> 01:23:08,600
Wrote about ideas, that seemed 
to contradict. 

1593
01:23:08,600 --> 01:23:11,500
His published Works theories 
that felt centuries ahead of 

1594
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:14,800
their time and observations 
about human nature that were so 

1595
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:17,600
brutally honest, they would have
probably gotten him exiled from 

1596
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,400
Athens faster than you could 
say, corrupting the youth. 

1597
01:23:21,100 --> 01:23:22,600
The basement suddenly felt 
smaller. 

1598
01:23:24,700 --> 01:23:27,200
Sarah became aware that she'd 
been suppressing her emotions 

1599
01:23:27,200 --> 01:23:29,900
unknowingly. 
This wasn't just any old 

1600
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:31,600
manuscript. 
This was potentially the 

1601
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:33,200
philosophical discovery of the 
century. 

1602
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:35,700
Kind of fine that would make her
colleague. 

1603
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:38,700
Turn green with their envy and 
probably result in at least 

1604
01:23:38,708 --> 01:23:41,100
three documentary, Cruise 
camping, outside her apartment. 

1605
01:23:42,500 --> 01:23:44,700
He carefully closed the 
manuscript and looked around the

1606
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:47,200
empty basement. 
Half expecting to see some 

1607
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:49,300
shadowy figure lurking behind 
the filing. 

1608
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:51,900
Cabinet ready to snack away her 
discovery. 

1609
01:23:52,800 --> 01:23:55,300
But there was only the gentle 
hum of the ancient air 

1610
01:23:55,300 --> 01:23:57,500
conditioning system and the 
faint smell of old paper and 

1611
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:00,000
forgotten stories. 
You'd think that finding a 

1612
01:24:00,000 --> 01:24:02,600
potentially world changing 
manuscript would keep someone 

1613
01:24:02,600 --> 01:24:05,500
awake all night pacing around 
their apartment like a 

1614
01:24:05,508 --> 01:24:09,200
caffeinated philosopher. 
Sarah had always been the type 

1615
01:24:09,200 --> 01:24:13,000
to process big Discovery slowly 
like a fine wine or a 

1616
01:24:13,000 --> 01:24:14,700
particularly complex piece of 
music. 

1617
01:24:15,600 --> 01:24:18,000
So instead of rushing into 
anything dramatic, she made 

1618
01:24:18,000 --> 01:24:21,200
herself a cup of camel tea 
settled into her favorite 

1619
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:23,500
reading chair. 
The one with the questionable 

1620
01:24:23,500 --> 01:24:27,000
upholstery that somehow made 
everything more comfortable and 

1621
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:30,400
began to read more carefully. 
The second section of 

1622
01:24:30,400 --> 01:24:33,900
Aristotle's hidden Journal dealt
with what he called The Art of 

1623
01:24:33,908 --> 01:24:37,100
comfortable Rebellion. 
This chapter was fascinating 

1624
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:39,900
because the Aristotle, everyone 
knew was hardly a rebel. 

1625
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:42,500
He was more like the 
philosophical equivalent of a 

1626
01:24:42,508 --> 01:24:46,200
competent, insurance agent, 
reliable thorough, and not 

1627
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:48,200
particularly interested in 
Rocking boats. 

1628
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:51,600
However his private thoughts 
revealed, a distinct 

1629
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:55,000
perspective, the greatest 
wisdom, he had ridden often 

1630
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:56,700
comes from quietly questioning 
everything. 

1631
01:24:56,700 --> 01:24:59,600
Even the things you've spent 
your whole life teaching others 

1632
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:02,500
to accept, Sarah had to pause at
that line. 

1633
01:25:02,500 --> 01:25:05,500
She'd spent her career studying 
Aristotle's public, teaching 

1634
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:07,800
about logic, ethics and the 
natural world. 

1635
01:25:07,800 --> 01:25:12,500
But this private Aristotle seem 
to be suggesting that maybe just

1636
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:15,700
maybe some of those carefully. 
Constructed arguments were more 

1637
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:17,900
like starting points than final 
destinations. 

1638
01:25:18,700 --> 01:25:21,300
The philosopher went on to 
describe what he called, gentle 

1639
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,500
heresy. the practice of 
challenging established ideas 

1640
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,200
not through dramatic 
confrontation, but through 

1641
01:25:27,200 --> 01:25:31,600
persistent, quiet questioning 
like water slowly wearing away 

1642
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:35,100
Stone, you were instead eroding 
the assumptions that everyone 

1643
01:25:35,100 --> 01:25:39,900
took for granted I've noticed 
Aristotle continued that the 

1644
01:25:39,900 --> 01:25:42,700
most dangerous ideas are often 
the most comfortable ones. 

1645
01:25:43,400 --> 01:25:45,600
The thoughts that feel so 
natural are often ones. 

1646
01:25:45,600 --> 01:25:48,800
We never think to examine like 
assuming that wisdom always 

1647
01:25:48,800 --> 01:25:52,100
comes from age or that happiness
means the same thing to everyone

1648
01:25:52,100 --> 01:25:55,300
or that the best way to live is 
the way our parents lived. 

1649
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:58,200
Sarah found herself nodding 
along as she read. 

1650
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:01,400
This was the kind of philosophy 
that felt less like an academic 

1651
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:05,700
exercise and more like practical
life advice, you could Converse 

1652
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:08,200
about it with a knowledgeable 
companion, over an extended 

1653
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:11,300
meal, as a posed to engaging in 
a formal discussion with 

1654
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:13,900
accurate. 
Citations and footnotes, what 

1655
01:26:13,900 --> 01:26:17,800
struck her most was how modern 
these ideas sounded Aristotle 

1656
01:26:17,800 --> 01:26:20,600
was essentially, describing what
we might Now, call mindfulness 

1657
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:24,500
or critical thinking, but he was
doing it in a way that felt 

1658
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:28,100
gentle rather than aggressive. 
He wasn't suggesting that people

1659
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,700
should go around tearing down 
every belief system they 

1660
01:26:30,700 --> 01:26:32,500
encountered. 
Stead. 

1661
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:35,900
He was advocating for a kind of 
philosophical curiosity, that 

1662
01:26:35,900 --> 01:26:38,100
could coexist peacefully with 
daily life. 

1663
01:26:39,200 --> 01:26:42,300
The comfortable Rebel. 
He wrote is someone who can hold

1664
01:26:42,300 --> 01:26:45,500
their beliefs likely enough to 
examine them, but firmly enough 

1665
01:26:45,500 --> 01:26:47,700
to live by them. 
When examination is complete. 

1666
01:26:48,500 --> 01:26:50,900
There was something deeply 
appealing about this approach. 

1667
01:26:50,900 --> 01:26:54,300
Sarah had always found 
traditional academic philosophy 

1668
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:57,900
a bit exhausting, all that 
arguing and counter arguing all 

1669
01:26:57,900 --> 01:27:00,900
those elaborate systems designed
to prove other people wrong. 

1670
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:04,900
But this felt different. 
This approach to philosophy, 

1671
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:07,800
felt more like a way of living 
than merely a means to win 

1672
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:10,400
arguments. 
The journal entries from the 

1673
01:27:10,400 --> 01:27:13,500
section were peppered with small
observations about daily life, 

1674
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:16,400
in ancient Athens. 
Aristotle wrote about 

1675
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:19,000
conversation with his students 
that went in unexpected 

1676
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:22,200
directions about moments when he
realized he'd been wrong about 

1677
01:27:22,200 --> 01:27:25,400
something, he taught for years 
and about the strange comfort of

1678
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:27,900
admitting ignorance in areas 
where he was supposed to be an 

1679
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:31,700
expert. 
Today a student asked me why we 

1680
01:27:31,700 --> 01:27:33,700
call certain emotions, good and 
others. 

1681
01:27:33,700 --> 01:27:37,500
Bad one entry red. 
I gave him the standard answer 

1682
01:27:37,500 --> 01:27:40,800
about virtue and vice but 
afterward I realized I wasn't 

1683
01:27:40,800 --> 01:27:44,200
entirely sure. 
I believed what I said, Perhaps 

1684
01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:48,000
emotions are more like whether 
natural phenomena that simply 

1685
01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:49,600
are rather than moral 
categories. 

1686
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:52,600
That should be judged. 
Sarah could almost imagine the 

1687
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:55,400
scene, the great philosopher 
standing in his school, 

1688
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:58,600
surrounded by eager students. 
Suddenly confronted with the 

1689
01:27:58,608 --> 01:28:01,200
possibility that one of his 
fundamental assumptions. 

1690
01:28:01,200 --> 01:28:05,500
Might be shaky instead of 
doubling down on his position he

1691
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:08,600
seemed genuinely curious about 
this moment of uncertainty. 

1692
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:13,500
As she continued reading, Sarah 
realized that the topic wasn't 

1693
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:17,200
just a historical curiosity. 
These ideas for remarkably 

1694
01:28:17,200 --> 01:28:20,500
relevant to her life. 
How many of her beliefs had she 

1695
01:28:20,500 --> 01:28:22,400
simply inherited rather than 
examined? 

1696
01:28:22,400 --> 01:28:25,600
How many assumptions was she 
carrying around without even 

1697
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:28,900
realizing it? 
The camel tiered gone cold in 

1698
01:28:28,900 --> 01:28:32,700
her mug, but she barely noticed 
outside her window, Athens was 

1699
01:28:32,700 --> 01:28:34,200
settling into its evening 
Rhythm. 

1700
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:37,600
But in her apartment she was 
having a conversation across 

1701
01:28:37,600 --> 01:28:41,400
Centuries with one of history's.
Most influential thinkers accept

1702
01:28:41,400 --> 01:28:44,200
this version of him felt less 
like a distant authority figure 

1703
01:28:44,200 --> 01:28:46,800
and more like someone. 
She might actually want to have 

1704
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:50,400
coffee with the third section of
Aristotle's Journal had a title 

1705
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:52,800
that made Sarah nearly snort 
teeth through her nose. 

1706
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:56,500
On the noble art of making it up
as you go along. 

1707
01:28:56,500 --> 01:28:59,000
This was definitely not the 
Aristotle. 

1708
01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:02,900
She remembered from graduate 
school I have a confession of 

1709
01:29:02,900 --> 01:29:06,300
the entry began which I suspect 
would horrify my students if 

1710
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:09,900
they knew most of the time I 
have absolutely no idea what I'm

1711
01:29:09,900 --> 01:29:13,000
talking about. 
Sarah had to read that sentence 

1712
01:29:13,000 --> 01:29:16,700
three times before it sank him, 
here was one of history's most 

1713
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:19,300
confident sounding philosophers 
admitting to what basically 

1714
01:29:19,300 --> 01:29:23,000
amounted to imposter syndrome. 
It was like discovering that 

1715
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:26,200
your high school principal had 
been just as confused about how 

1716
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:27,500
to run a school as everyone 
else. 

1717
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:32,100
But in being disappointing, this
Revelation was oddly comforting.

1718
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:36,200
Hostile went on to explain that.
He gradually realized that the 

1719
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,700
appearance of certainty was 
often just that and appearance. 

1720
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:42,900
The really interesting stuff 
happened when you admitted, you 

1721
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:44,600
were figuring things out as you 
went along. 

1722
01:29:45,800 --> 01:29:48,000
I've noticed that my best 
insights come not. 

1723
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:50,700
When I'm trying to prove a 
point, he continued, but when 

1724
01:29:50,700 --> 01:29:53,200
I'm genuinely puzzled by 
something and willing to sit 

1725
01:29:53,200 --> 01:29:55,900
with that puzzlement for a 
while, it's akin to the 

1726
01:29:55,900 --> 01:29:59,400
distinction between forcing a 
key into a lock and patiently 

1727
01:29:59,400 --> 01:30:01,100
waiting for the right key to 
emerge. 

1728
01:30:01,800 --> 01:30:04,400
This was revolutionary stuff. 
Philosophically speaking 

1729
01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:07,600
Aristotle, the history, 
remembered elaborate logical 

1730
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:10,000
systems and created 
comprehensive categories. 

1731
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:14,300
Standing everything from ethics 
to biology with this. 

1732
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:17,500
Private Aristotle, seemed to be 
suggesting that maybe the best 

1733
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:21,000
wisdom came from embracing 
uncertainty rather than trying 

1734
01:30:21,000 --> 01:30:23,800
to eliminate it. 
Sarah reflected on her own 

1735
01:30:23,800 --> 01:30:26,900
academic career. 
How much energy had she spent 

1736
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:28,600
trying to sound? 
Like, she knew what she was 

1737
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:31,700
talking about how many 
potentially interesting ideas 

1738
01:30:31,700 --> 01:30:34,300
and she set aside because they 
didn't align neatly with 

1739
01:30:34,300 --> 01:30:37,800
existing Frameworks. 
The academic world practically 

1740
01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:41,500
demanded certainty, or at least 
the convincing performance of 

1741
01:30:41,500 --> 01:30:44,400
certainty. 
But Aristotle's Journal 

1742
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:47,900
suggested a different approach 
entirely the wisest people. 

1743
01:30:47,900 --> 01:30:52,400
I know he wrote other ones who 
can say, I don't know without 

1744
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:55,300
shame and I might be wrong 
without fear. 

1745
01:30:55,300 --> 01:30:58,700
There are also coincidentally 
the most interesting people to 

1746
01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:02,000
talk with the entries in the 
section were full of examples 

1747
01:31:02,000 --> 01:31:05,400
from Aristotle's daily life, 
where admitting ignorance had 

1748
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:09,200
led to unexpected discoveries. 
He wrote about a conversation 

1749
01:31:09,200 --> 01:31:12,100
with a pottery maker, who would 
casually mention something about

1750
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:14,300
clay, that completely changed 
Aristotle's. 

1751
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:18,100
Understanding of how materials 
behave, He described a 

1752
01:31:18,100 --> 01:31:20,200
discussion with a child who had 
asked such a simple question 

1753
01:31:20,200 --> 01:31:23,600
about Justice that it had forced
him to reconsider an entire 

1754
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:27,700
chapter of his ethics children. 
He noted a natural philosophers 

1755
01:31:27,700 --> 01:31:30,000
because they haven't yet learned
to be embarrassed by not knowing

1756
01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:32,500
things. 
They ask, why? 

1757
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:35,800
With the same enthusiasm, 
whether they're talking about 

1758
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:38,800
the color of the sky or the 
nature of friendship adults. 

1759
01:31:38,800 --> 01:31:41,800
Unfortunately often lose this 
beautiful shamelessness about 

1760
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:44,500
their ignorance Sarah found 
herself thinking about her 

1761
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:48,000
relationship with uncertainty 
people, expected her to be an 

1762
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:50,500
expert on Ancient philosophy and
her professional life. 

1763
01:31:51,300 --> 01:31:54,400
Students came to her classes, 
expecting answers colleague's 

1764
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:57,400
expected her to have informed 
opinions and academic 

1765
01:31:57,400 --> 01:31:59,500
conferences. 
Expected her to present research

1766
01:31:59,500 --> 01:32:02,700
as if she had to definitively 
sold, whatever puzzle she was 

1767
01:32:02,700 --> 01:32:05,500
working on. 
Sitting in her comfortable chair

1768
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:09,200
with Aristotle secret journal. 
She realized how much more 

1769
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:12,400
captivating her work might 
become if she approached it with

1770
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:14,800
the same kind of curious 
uncertainty that he was 

1771
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:17,900
describing. 
What if not knowing something, 

1772
01:32:17,900 --> 01:32:22,000
wasn't a professional weakness, 
but a starting point for genuine

1773
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:25,200
inquiry. 
The journal entries from this 

1774
01:32:25,200 --> 01:32:27,600
period. 
Showed Aristotle, experimenting 

1775
01:32:27,600 --> 01:32:32,000
with what he called productive 
confusion, instead of rushing to

1776
01:32:32,000 --> 01:32:34,900
resolve every intellectual 
puzzle, he would sometimes 

1777
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:37,800
deliberately sit with questions 
that didn't have clearance 

1778
01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:40,700
answers, he would collect 
observations without immediately

1779
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:42,200
trying to fit them into 
theories. 

1780
01:32:42,200 --> 01:32:44,700
He would have conversations 
without trying to win them. 

1781
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:48,900
I've started telling my students
when I don't know, something one

1782
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:52,200
entry read and the strangest 
thing has happened. instead of 

1783
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:55,700
losing respect for me, they seem
more engaged, it's as if 

1784
01:32:55,708 --> 01:32:58,500
admitting my ignorance gives 
them permission to explore their

1785
01:32:58,500 --> 01:33:02,700
own This was exactly the kind of
teaching approach that Sarah had

1786
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:05,700
always wanted to try, but had 
never quite had the courage to 

1787
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,200
implement. 
The academic world could be 

1788
01:33:08,208 --> 01:33:11,400
brutally competitive, and 
showing vulnerability felt 

1789
01:33:11,400 --> 01:33:14,300
risky. 
But here was Aristotle, the 

1790
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:17,100
renowned philosopher suggesting,
that being intellectually honest

1791
01:33:17,100 --> 01:33:19,600
might actually be more effective
than pretending to be 

1792
01:33:19,600 --> 01:33:23,200
knowledgeable. 
As she read on Sarah began, to 

1793
01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:25,700
see how this Embrace of 
uncertainty connected to the 

1794
01:33:25,700 --> 01:33:29,700
early themes in the journal. 
The comfortable Rebellion that 

1795
01:33:29,700 --> 01:33:32,000
Aristotle had written about 
wasn't just about questioning 

1796
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:34,800
established ideas. 
It was about being comfortable 

1797
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:37,700
with the fact that questioning 
might not lead to neat, final 

1798
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:40,500
answers. 
The evening was growing darker 

1799
01:33:40,500 --> 01:33:43,800
outside and Sarah realized she'd
been reading for hours without 

1800
01:33:43,800 --> 01:33:47,000
noticing the time pass. 
But in stead of feeling worn 

1801
01:33:47,000 --> 01:33:48,900
out, she felt energized by these
ideas. 

1802
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:52,100
It was like discovering that 
someone she'd admired from a 

1803
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:55,000
distance was actually much more 
interesting in humans and she'd 

1804
01:33:55,000 --> 01:33:58,200
imagined the fourth section of 
Aristotle's Journal opened with 

1805
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:00,400
what might have been the most 
subversive statement yet. 

1806
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:04,400
I have come to believe that the 
most revolutionary thing a 

1807
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,500
person can do is to live an 
ordinary life with extraordinary

1808
01:34:07,500 --> 01:34:10,100
attention. 
Sarah had to smile at this. 

1809
01:34:10,100 --> 01:34:13,600
The idea that ordinariness might
be a form of wisdom was not in 

1810
01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:16,700
the standard philosophical. 
Curriculum philosophy was 

1811
01:34:16,700 --> 01:34:20,700
supposed to be about Big Ideas, 
Universal truths, and profound 

1812
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:23,900
insights, that elevated human 
thinking above mundane concerns.

1813
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:27,700
However, Aristotle's personal 
Reflections appear to be moving 

1814
01:34:27,700 --> 01:34:29,400
in a completely different 
direction. 

1815
01:34:29,400 --> 01:34:33,500
He was becoming fascinated with 
what he called the philosophy of

1816
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:36,500
Tuesday, afternoons. 
The idea that wisdom might be 

1817
01:34:36,500 --> 01:34:39,700
found not in dramatic moments of
Revelation, but in the simple 

1818
01:34:39,700 --> 01:34:44,300
practice of paying attention to 
ordinary experience, I spent 

1819
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:47,000
this morning watching my 
neighbor, hang laundry on Entry 

1820
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:49,600
again, and realized, I was 
witnessing a perfect 

1821
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:51,200
demonstration of practical 
wisdom. 

1822
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:55,000
She knew exactly how much space 
each carbon needed, how to 

1823
01:34:55,000 --> 01:34:56,800
arrange them. 
So they would drive efficiently 

1824
01:34:56,800 --> 01:34:59,600
and how to secure them Against 
the Wind without damage. 

1825
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:03,200
This knowledge came not from 
books or lectures but from years

1826
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:07,300
of patient attention to a simple
task This writing was vintage 

1827
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:10,200
Aristotle in some ways, it 
always been interested in 

1828
01:35:10,200 --> 01:35:14,100
practical wisdom alongside 
theoretical knowledge, but there

1829
01:35:14,100 --> 01:35:15,600
was something different about 
the tone here. 

1830
01:35:15,600 --> 01:35:18,800
Instead of analyzing practical 
wisdom as a philosophical 

1831
01:35:18,800 --> 01:35:22,500
concept, he seemed to be 
celebrating it as a way of life.

1832
01:35:23,200 --> 01:35:25,900
The entries in this section were
full of similar observations 

1833
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:29,600
Aristotle wrote about the baker,
who could tell by smell exactly 

1834
01:35:29,600 --> 01:35:32,800
when bread was ready. 
Which are knew instinctively. 

1835
01:35:32,800 --> 01:35:34,900
When a student was struggling, 
with something beyond the 

1836
01:35:34,908 --> 01:35:37,400
current lesson, and the 
gardener, who understood the 

1837
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:40,300
subtle rhythms of plant growth 
better than any Botanical 

1838
01:35:40,300 --> 01:35:44,400
Treasures could explain. 
These people he wrote are 

1839
01:35:44,400 --> 01:35:46,800
practicing a form of philosophy 
that doesn't announce itself, 

1840
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:50,300
their conducting ongoing 
experiments and how to live 

1841
01:35:50,300 --> 01:35:51,700
well, but they don't call it 
research. 

1842
01:35:51,700 --> 01:35:55,000
Their developing sophisticated 
theories about human nature and 

1843
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,800
the physical world that they 
don't write papers about it. 

1844
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:00,600
They're just living with 
intelligence. 

1845
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:04,100
Sarah found this perspective, 
both refreshing and slightly 

1846
01:36:04,100 --> 01:36:07,400
unsettling, she'd spent her 
career in an environment with a 

1847
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:10,600
value of knowledge was largely 
determined by how complex and 

1848
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:14,000
Abstract it could become the 
idea that the person who knew 

1849
01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:16,900
the most about living, well, 
might be someone who had never 

1850
01:36:16,900 --> 01:36:19,400
read a philosophy. 
Book was both liberating and 

1851
01:36:19,400 --> 01:36:21,800
threatening to everything. 
She built her professional 

1852
01:36:21,800 --> 01:36:25,800
identity around But as she 
continued reading, she realized 

1853
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:28,400
that Aristotle wasn't dismissing
formal philosophy. 

1854
01:36:28,400 --> 01:36:30,100
So much as expanding its 
boundaries. 

1855
01:36:30,100 --> 01:36:33,200
He seemed to be suggesting that 
the kind of wisdom, you might 

1856
01:36:33,208 --> 01:36:36,100
develop through Decades of 
mindful attention to daily life 

1857
01:36:36,100 --> 01:36:39,100
was just as valuable as the 
kind, you might develop through 

1858
01:36:39,100 --> 01:36:41,300
years of academic study, maybe 
more. 

1859
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:45,200
So I have students who can argue
brilliantly about the nature of 

1860
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:47,400
virtue. 
He wrote, but who have never 

1861
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:51,200
learned to listen carefully to 
another person I know Scholars 

1862
01:36:51,200 --> 01:36:54,500
who can analyze the structure of
a perfect argument and who 

1863
01:36:54,500 --> 01:36:57,200
cannot Comfort a friend in 
distress knowledge without 

1864
01:36:57,200 --> 01:37:00,200
practical application is like a 
beautiful song that no one ever 

1865
01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:02,500
sings. 
Sarah found this observation 

1866
01:37:02,500 --> 01:37:06,100
particularly poignant, how many 
academic discussions has, she 

1867
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:09,000
participated in that felt 
completely disconnected from 

1868
01:37:09,000 --> 01:37:12,600
actual Human Experience. 
How many brilliant theoretical 

1869
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:14,500
insights? 
Had she encountered that seem to

1870
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:17,100
have no practical relevant to 
the business of living a good 

1871
01:37:17,108 --> 01:37:19,500
life. 
But Aristotle's Journal was 

1872
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:21,300
suggesting a different approach 
entirely. 

1873
01:37:21,300 --> 01:37:24,700
What if the goal wasn't to 
transcend ordinary experience, 

1874
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:29,300
but to inhabit it more fully 
What if wisdom wasn't about rise

1875
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,200
above the mundane that about 
finding depth within it? 

1876
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:35,800
The entrance from this period 
showed Aristotle, conducting 

1877
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:38,700
what he called experiments in 
ordinary attention. 

1878
01:37:39,700 --> 01:37:42,200
He would spend entire days 
trying to notice things, he 

1879
01:37:42,200 --> 01:37:45,700
usually took for granted the way
light changed throughout the 

1880
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:47,900
day. 
The subtle variations in 

1881
01:37:47,900 --> 01:37:51,200
people's voices when they were 
tired or excited and the small 

1882
01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:54,200
rituals that made daily life, 
feel stable, and meaningful. 

1883
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,600
I am trying to learn to see my 
life as if I were an 

1884
01:37:58,608 --> 01:38:00,600
anthropologist studying a 
foreign culture. 

1885
01:38:00,600 --> 01:38:03,700
He wrote What are the customs 
and assumptions? 

1886
01:38:03,700 --> 01:38:06,600
I follow without thinking. 
What would a visitor From 

1887
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:08,800
Another World? 
Find most puzzling about the way

1888
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:11,800
I organize my days. 
This practice seemed to be 

1889
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:14,600
yielding unexpected insights 
Aristotle. 

1890
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:17,300
Began to notice patterns in his 
behavior that he'd never seen 

1891
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:20,300
before connections between his 
emotional states and his 

1892
01:38:20,300 --> 01:38:23,200
physical environment and small 
habits that were either 

1893
01:38:23,200 --> 01:38:25,000
supporting or undermining his 
well-being. 

1894
01:38:26,100 --> 01:38:28,700
Today, I realize that I think 
more clearly when I'm walking 

1895
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:31,800
than when I am sitting still one
entry read but I've been 

1896
01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:34,600
conducting most of my important 
conversations while seated. 

1897
01:38:34,600 --> 01:38:37,100
This seems like the kind of 
practical wisdom. 

1898
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:39,300
That's too obvious to notice 
until you notice it. 

1899
01:38:40,300 --> 01:38:43,200
As the evening deepened around. 
Her Sarah found herself 

1900
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:44,800
wandering. 
What she might discover if she 

1901
01:38:44,800 --> 01:38:48,800
applied this kind of attention 
to her own Dairy Days, What 

1902
01:38:48,800 --> 01:38:51,500
patterns might emerge if she 
paid closer attention to the 

1903
01:38:51,500 --> 01:38:54,500
rhythms of her life. 
Could she uncover hidden wisdom 

1904
01:38:54,500 --> 01:38:58,200
in her daily routine? 
The idea was both simple and 

1905
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:01,000
profound that. 
The most important insights 

1906
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:03,400
might not come from reading more
books or attending more 

1907
01:39:03,400 --> 01:39:06,700
conferences, but from learning 
to inhabit, her experience with 

1908
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:08,100
greater awareness and 
appreciation. 

1909
01:39:08,100 --> 01:39:11,700
The 5th section of Aristotle's 
Journal began with a warning 

1910
01:39:11,700 --> 01:39:13,700
that would have made his PR team
very nervous. 

1911
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:17,200
I must write carefully about 
what I'm going to discuss next 

1912
01:39:17,200 --> 01:39:19,700
because it touches on the most 
dangerous idea. 

1913
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:23,000
I've encountered possibility 
that the best life might be the 

1914
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:24,700
one where you stop trying to 
become someone else. 

1915
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:28,500
Sarah raised an eyebrow at this.
In her experience. 

1916
01:39:28,500 --> 01:39:31,800
Ancient philosophy was usually 
all about self-improvement and 

1917
01:39:31,800 --> 01:39:34,700
moral development, the whole 
point was supposed to be 

1918
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:36,300
becoming a better version of 
yourself. 

1919
01:39:37,200 --> 01:39:39,700
But Aristotle seem to be heading
towards something that sounded 

1920
01:39:39,700 --> 01:39:42,900
suspiciously like acceptance 
which wasn't typically 

1921
01:39:42,900 --> 01:39:44,500
considered a philosophical 
virtue. 

1922
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:48,600
I have spent most of my life, 
the next entry continued, trying

1923
01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:50,400
to become the person. 
I thought I should be. 

1924
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:53,900
I have strive to become the 
wise, teacher, the respected 

1925
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:57,800
scholar and the moral Exemplar. 
But lately, I've been wondering 

1926
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:01,200
what if the person I already am 
is actually quite adequate. 

1927
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:04,100
Such an attitude was definitely 
not. 

1928
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:05,700
The kind of thing that would 
have appeared in the 

1929
01:40:05,708 --> 01:40:08,100
nicomachean. 
Ethics ancient. 

1930
01:40:08,100 --> 01:40:10,600
Greek culture was built around 
ideals of excellence and 

1931
01:40:10,600 --> 01:40:13,400
self-improvement the whole 
concept of virtue. 

1932
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:16,300
Was about actualizing your 
potential and becoming the best 

1933
01:40:16,300 --> 01:40:19,900
possible version of yourself. 
But here was Aristotle, 

1934
01:40:19,900 --> 01:40:22,600
suggesting that maybe all that 
striving was missing something 

1935
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,300
important. 
The entries in this section were

1936
01:40:25,300 --> 01:40:27,200
more personal than anything 
Sarah had read. 

1937
01:40:27,200 --> 01:40:31,400
So far Aristotle, wrote about 
the exhaustion of constantly 

1938
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:33,100
trying to live up to his 
reputation. 

1939
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:36,300
The way he'd begun to feel like 
a character in a play rather 

1940
01:40:36,300 --> 01:40:40,300
than a person living his life. 
He described the strange relief.

1941
01:40:40,300 --> 01:40:43,200
He'd when he first allowed 
himself to admit that he didn't 

1942
01:40:43,200 --> 01:40:46,300
always enjoy teaching that he 
sometimes found his students 

1943
01:40:46,300 --> 01:40:49,300
tedious and that he had days 
when he'd rather be gardening 

1944
01:40:49,300 --> 01:40:52,000
than philosophizing the most 
radical thing. 

1945
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:55,200
I can imagine, he wrote is 
simply being honest about who I 

1946
01:40:55,208 --> 01:40:57,600
actually am, rather than who I 
think I should be. 

1947
01:40:58,500 --> 01:41:01,700
He meant not being honest in the
confessional dramatic way but 

1948
01:41:01,700 --> 01:41:04,600
rather being on The Quiet Man of
someone who has stopped 

1949
01:41:04,600 --> 01:41:06,100
performing for an invisible 
audience. 

1950
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:09,500
Sarah found his words 
surprisingly moving. 

1951
01:41:10,400 --> 01:41:12,600
She reflected on her 
relationship with professional 

1952
01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:15,400
expectations and how she 
sometimes fell as if she were 

1953
01:41:15,400 --> 01:41:18,600
playing the role of Professor 
Sarah, instead of Simply being 

1954
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:21,600
herself. 
The academic world seemed to 

1955
01:41:21,608 --> 01:41:24,600
reward a particular kind of 
personality, articulate, 

1956
01:41:24,600 --> 01:41:27,500
confident, intellectually 
aggressive, and she'd spent 

1957
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:29,600
years trying to fit herself into
that mold. 

1958
01:41:30,600 --> 01:41:33,000
But what would it be like to 
bring more of her actual self to

1959
01:41:33,000 --> 01:41:35,200
her work? 
Parts of her that were 

1960
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:38,800
uncertain, curious. 
And sometimes confused, could 

1961
01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:41,400
she embrace the aspects of 
herself that prioritize 

1962
01:41:41,400 --> 01:41:44,900
comprehension over accuracy, 
Aristotle's journal entries from

1963
01:41:44,900 --> 01:41:46,900
this period? 
Showed him experimenting with 

1964
01:41:46,900 --> 01:41:50,400
what he called? 
Authentic presence. act of 

1965
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:54,100
showing up to conversations and 
interactions as himself rather 

1966
01:41:54,100 --> 01:41:56,700
than as the version of himself, 
he thought other people wanted 

1967
01:41:56,700 --> 01:41:59,600
to see I tried an experiment 
today. 

1968
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:02,400
One entry read, when a student 
asked me a question. 

1969
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:05,600
I didn't know how to answer 
instead of deflecting or giving 

1970
01:42:05,600 --> 01:42:07,600
a partial response that made me 
sound knowledgeable. 

1971
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:11,600
I simply said, that's a 
wonderful question and I 

1972
01:42:11,608 --> 01:42:14,600
genuinely don't know the answer.
What do you think? 

1973
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:18,300
The conversation that followed 
was more fascinating than any 

1974
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:19,500
lecture, I'd give them this 
year. 

1975
01:42:19,500 --> 01:42:23,000
This kind of authenticity seemed
to be having unexpected effects.

1976
01:42:23,900 --> 01:42:26,700
Aristotle wrote about students 
who began sharing more personal 

1977
01:42:26,700 --> 01:42:29,900
questions about how to apply 
philosophical ideas to their 

1978
01:42:29,900 --> 01:42:32,400
actual lives. 
He described colleague, who 

1979
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:35,700
started admitting their 
uncertainties and doubts It was 

1980
01:42:35,700 --> 01:42:38,300
as if his willingness to be 
himself was giving other people 

1981
01:42:38,300 --> 01:42:39,800
permission to be themselves as 
well. 

1982
01:42:41,500 --> 01:42:44,500
I'm beginning to suspect, he 
wrote that what people really 

1983
01:42:44,500 --> 01:42:47,000
want from a teacher is not 
someone who has all the answers,

1984
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:49,900
but someone who demonstrates 
that it's possible to live 

1985
01:42:49,900 --> 01:42:53,300
thoughtful with questions. 
Sarah thought about her 

1986
01:42:53,300 --> 01:42:56,800
teaching, how much more engaging
might her classes be if she 

1987
01:42:56,800 --> 01:42:59,900
approached them with this kind 
of authenticity, instead of 

1988
01:42:59,908 --> 01:43:02,600
trying to be the expert, who 
knew everything about ancient 

1989
01:43:02,600 --> 01:43:04,900
philosophy? 
What if she positioned herself 

1990
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:08,500
as someone who was genuinely, 
curious about these ideas and 

1991
01:43:08,500 --> 01:43:10,400
wanted to explore them together 
with her students? 

1992
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:14,100
The journal entries also 
revealed Aristotle grappling 

1993
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:17,700
with the social risks of 
authenticity ancient Athens was 

1994
01:43:17,700 --> 01:43:20,500
not necessarily a place where 
being different was celebrated 

1995
01:43:20,500 --> 01:43:23,500
and philosophers were already 
viewed with some suspicions, 

1996
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:27,100
being genuinely himself meant 
risking the disapproval of 

1997
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:28,700
people whose opinions he cared 
about. 

1998
01:43:29,900 --> 01:43:31,500
There is a particular kind of 
loneliness. 

1999
01:43:31,500 --> 01:43:34,900
He wrote that comes from being 
surrounded by people who know 

2000
01:43:34,900 --> 01:43:37,100
your reputation but not your 
actual thoughts. 

2001
01:43:38,100 --> 01:43:40,400
It's the loneliness of being 
admired for qualities. 

2002
01:43:40,400 --> 01:43:43,800
You're not sure you possess and 
respected for achievements. 

2003
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:46,200
That feel less important to you 
than they do to others. 

2004
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:49,100
But he also wrote about the 
relief of gradually. 

2005
01:43:49,100 --> 01:43:51,200
Letting go of the need to 
maintain that reputation. 

2006
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:54,900
I'm discovering that the energy 
I've been spending on trying to 

2007
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:57,900
be impressive, could be much 
better used for actually paying 

2008
01:43:57,900 --> 01:43:59,700
attention to what's happening 
around me. 

2009
01:44:00,800 --> 01:44:03,400
As Sarah read these entries, she
realized that Aristotle was 

2010
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:05,400
describing something that felt 
very familiar. 

2011
01:44:06,400 --> 01:44:09,000
Attention between who you are 
and who you think you're 

2012
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:11,900
supposed to be the exhaustion of
maintaining a professional 

2013
01:44:11,900 --> 01:44:15,500
Persona and the yearning for 
conversations that felt real 

2014
01:44:15,500 --> 01:44:19,100
rather than performative? 
The section ended with an entry 

2015
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:20,500
that felt like a small 
Revolution. 

2016
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:24,100
Today, I told someone that I 
don't actually enjoy wine very 

2017
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:26,900
much, even though I've been 
pretending to appreciate it for 

2018
01:44:26,900 --> 01:44:29,800
years because that seemed like 
the sophisticated thing to do. 

2019
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:33,500
It was such a small admission 
and it felt like opening a 

2020
01:44:33,508 --> 01:44:37,000
window in a stuffy room, the 
sixth section of Aristotle's 

2021
01:44:37,000 --> 01:44:39,400
Journal opened with what sounded
like a contradiction. 

2022
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:43,600
I have been working on becoming 
better at being confused and I 

2023
01:44:43,608 --> 01:44:45,500
think I'm finally getting good 
at it. 

2024
01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:49,700
Sarah had to pause at the 
sentence in her world solving 

2025
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:52,400
confusion. 
Quickly was the norm students 

2026
01:44:52,400 --> 01:44:54,300
were confused until they 
understood the material. 

2027
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:57,600
Researchers were confused until 
they found answers to their 

2028
01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:00,600
questions. 
Confusion was a temporary state 

2029
01:45:00,600 --> 01:45:02,600
that you passed through on your 
way to clarity. 

2030
01:45:03,900 --> 01:45:06,300
But Aristotle seem to be 
suggesting something entirely 

2031
01:45:06,300 --> 01:45:08,900
different. 
He was treating confusion, not 

2032
01:45:08,900 --> 01:45:11,900
as a problem that as a skill, 
that could be developed and 

2033
01:45:11,900 --> 01:45:15,600
refined I used to think the goal
of thinking was to eliminate 

2034
01:45:15,600 --> 01:45:19,300
confusion, first entry in this 
section continued, but now I 

2035
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:21,900
suspect that the goal might be 
to become confused about more 

2036
01:45:21,900 --> 01:45:24,400
interesting things. 
This was a fascinating 

2037
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,900
distinction Aristotle, went on 
to describe what he called 

2038
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:31,100
productive confusion. 
The kind of mental state, where 

2039
01:45:31,100 --> 01:45:33,500
you're not sure what you think 
about something that you're 

2040
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,600
engaged with that uncertainty in
a way that feels alive and 

2041
01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:39,700
generative. 
He contrasted this with what he 

2042
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:42,900
called, dead-end, confusion, the
kind where you are stuck and 

2043
01:45:42,900 --> 01:45:45,700
frustrated and just want someone
to give you the right answer so 

2044
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:49,000
you can move on. the difference,
he suggested wasn't in the 

2045
01:45:49,008 --> 01:45:53,000
confusion itself, but in how you
related to it, But when I am 

2046
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:56,300
productively confused, he wrote.
I feel like I'm at the edge of 

2047
01:45:56,300 --> 01:45:57,700
understanding something 
important. 

2048
01:45:57,700 --> 01:46:00,300
I don't know what it is yet but 
I can sense. 

2049
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:03,100
Its presence. 
When I find myself in a state of

2050
01:46:03,100 --> 01:46:06,200
dead and confusion, it feels 
like I'm struggling against a 

2051
01:46:06,200 --> 01:46:07,800
barrier that someone else has 
constructed. 

2052
01:46:08,800 --> 01:46:11,000
Sarah found, this distinction 
immediately useful. 

2053
01:46:11,000 --> 01:46:14,600
She reflected on her own 
research, considering the 

2054
01:46:14,600 --> 01:46:16,800
moments when she felt genuinely 
puzzled by something. 

2055
01:46:16,800 --> 01:46:19,800
Compared to those when she felt 
frustrated by her inability to 

2056
01:46:19,800 --> 01:46:22,400
make progress, Quality of the 
confusion. 

2057
01:46:22,400 --> 01:46:25,700
Really was different in each 
case Aristotle's. 

2058
01:46:25,700 --> 01:46:28,200
Journal entries from this period
were full of examples of 

2059
01:46:28,200 --> 01:46:29,900
productive. 
Confusion in action. 

2060
01:46:31,100 --> 01:46:34,000
He wrote about spending an 
entire afternoon, thinking about

2061
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:37,500
a single question of student had
asked not because he was trying 

2062
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:40,500
to find the answer, but because 
he wanted to understand why the 

2063
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:43,900
question was so intriguing. 
The young woman asked me 

2064
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:46,600
yesterday, whether it's possible
to be brave about small things, 

2065
01:46:46,600 --> 01:46:49,700
one entry read. 
I gave her a standard answer 

2066
01:46:49,700 --> 01:46:52,700
about the nature of courage. 
But the question has been 

2067
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:54,800
haunting me. 
There's something about it. 

2068
01:46:54,800 --> 01:46:57,800
That suggests my usual way of 
thinking about bravery might be 

2069
01:46:57,800 --> 01:47:01,100
incomplete, instead of rushing 
to resolve this confusion 

2070
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:03,200
Aristotle, seemed to be 
cultivating. 

2071
01:47:03,200 --> 01:47:06,500
It, he wrote about carrying the 
question with him, for days, 

2072
01:47:06,500 --> 01:47:09,500
noticing how it changed. 
His perception of ordinary 

2073
01:47:09,500 --> 01:47:12,800
interactions. 
He observed people making small 

2074
01:47:12,800 --> 01:47:15,400
acts of courage that he'd never 
recognized as such. 

2075
01:47:16,400 --> 01:47:19,000
Heating up in conversations 
where they disagreed with the 

2076
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:22,900
majority that meeting when they 
didn't understand something and 

2077
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:25,000
choosing to be kind, when it 
would have been easier to be in 

2078
01:47:25,000 --> 01:47:28,000
different. 
I'm beginning to think you wrote

2079
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,400
that there might be an entire 
category of Virtues that I've 

2080
01:47:31,400 --> 01:47:34,000
been overlooking because they're
too quiet and every day to 

2081
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:37,200
notice, this was exactly the 
kind of insight, that seemed to 

2082
01:47:37,208 --> 01:47:41,200
emerge from what Aristotle was 
calling productive, Confusion by

2083
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:43,900
staying with the question 
instead of immediately trying to

2084
01:47:43,908 --> 01:47:47,200
answer it, you'd opened up a 
whole new way of seeing familiar

2085
01:47:47,200 --> 01:47:49,600
territory. 
Sarah realized that she'd been 

2086
01:47:49,608 --> 01:47:52,800
having a similar experience with
this journal itself, instead of 

2087
01:47:52,808 --> 01:47:56,100
rushing to analyze it or fit it 
into existing categories of 

2088
01:47:56,100 --> 01:47:58,900
philosophical thought. 
She'd been allowing herself to 

2089
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:02,100
be puzzled by it and that 
puzzlement was leading her to 

2090
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:04,800
see connections and 
possibilities that she never 

2091
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:06,800
would have noticed if she'd 
approached it with a 

2092
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:09,900
predetermined agenda. 
The entries in this section, 

2093
01:48:09,900 --> 01:48:12,400
also revealed Aristotle 
developing what he called, 

2094
01:48:12,400 --> 01:48:16,900
confusion practices, deliberate 
exercises designed to cultivate 

2095
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:20,200
productive on certainly, he 
would spend time each day 

2096
01:48:20,200 --> 01:48:22,300
thinking about something. 
He thought he understood well, 

2097
01:48:22,300 --> 01:48:25,400
trying to find aspects of it 
that were actually mysterious 

2098
01:48:27,300 --> 01:48:29,900
Today I try to really think 
about what happens when I 

2099
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:32,300
recognize a friend's face on 
Entry red. 

2100
01:48:33,200 --> 01:48:36,200
I know that I know this person 
that I have no idea how that 

2101
01:48:36,200 --> 01:48:39,200
knowing works. 
What is the mechanism by which 

2102
01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:42,400
patterns of light entering my 
eyes become the experience of 

2103
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:45,500
recognition? 
the more, I think about it, the 

2104
01:48:45,500 --> 01:48:49,500
more miraculous, it seems This 
kind of practice seemed to be 

2105
01:48:49,508 --> 01:48:53,000
having a profound effect on how 
Aristotle experience daily life.

2106
01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:56,100
Instead of taking familiar 
experiences for granted. 

2107
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:59,000
He was learning to see them as 
full of mystery and complexity. 

2108
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:02,700
The world was becoming more 
interesting rather than more 

2109
01:49:02,700 --> 01:49:05,700
predictable. 
I'm discovering that confusion 

2110
01:49:05,700 --> 01:49:08,600
is a form of attention. 
He wrote when I am genuinely 

2111
01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:11,700
puzzled by something, I pay 
attention to it in a way that I 

2112
01:49:11,708 --> 01:49:15,200
don't, when I think I already 
understand it, the Sarah read 

2113
01:49:15,200 --> 01:49:17,500
these entries. 
She found herself wanting to try

2114
01:49:17,500 --> 01:49:19,500
some of these confusion 
practices herself. 

2115
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:22,900
What would it be like to 
approach familiar aspects of her

2116
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:26,000
life with genuine curiosity 
rather than automatic 

2117
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:28,700
understanding? 
What might she notice? 

2118
01:49:28,700 --> 01:49:31,300
If she allowed herself to be 
puzzled by things, she usually 

2119
01:49:31,300 --> 01:49:34,700
took for granted, the section 
ended with an observation that 

2120
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:36,900
felt like a summary of 
everything Aristotle. 

2121
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:39,100
Had been learning the wisest 
people. 

2122
01:49:39,100 --> 01:49:42,700
I know are not the ones who have
the most answers, but the ones 

2123
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:44,200
who have the most interesting 
questions. 

2124
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:47,500
And the most interesting 
questions are usually, the ones 

2125
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,000
that make you realize, how 
little you actually know about 

2126
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:52,900
things, you thought you 
understood perfectly, the final 

2127
01:49:52,900 --> 01:49:55,800
section of Aristotle's Journal, 
felt different from the rest. 

2128
01:49:56,600 --> 01:50:00,400
Aristotle's handwriting appeared
slightly shakier, suggesting 

2129
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:03,600
that he had written it later in 
his life and his tone was more 

2130
01:50:03,600 --> 01:50:06,800
reflective and settled. 
The opening entry was dated 

2131
01:50:06,800 --> 01:50:10,900
several years after the others, 
and it began simply I have been 

2132
01:50:10,900 --> 01:50:14,000
thinking about what it means to 
live a quietly revolutionary 

2133
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:16,800
life. 
Sarah sense, she was approaching

2134
01:50:16,800 --> 01:50:19,500
something important. 
This passage felt like, 

2135
01:50:19,500 --> 01:50:22,300
Aristotle's attempt to 
synthesize everything, he'd been

2136
01:50:22,308 --> 01:50:25,200
exploring in his private, 
writings to see what it all 

2137
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:29,000
added up to I realized, now that
I have been describing a 

2138
01:50:29,000 --> 01:50:30,600
particular way of being in the 
world. 

2139
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:32,700
He wrote though, I didn't set 
out to do. 

2140
01:50:32,700 --> 01:50:35,300
So it's a way of living that 
doesn't announce itself 

2141
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:38,400
dramatically, but that changes. 
Everything nonetheless. 

2142
01:50:39,600 --> 01:50:42,300
The entries in this final 
section wove together, all the 

2143
01:50:42,300 --> 01:50:43,600
themes that had appeared 
earlier. 

2144
01:50:44,500 --> 01:50:47,900
The comfortable Rebellion were 
of Uncertain tea, the 

2145
01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:51,400
Revolutionary ordinarys the 
dangerous authenticity and the 

2146
01:50:51,408 --> 01:50:55,600
Art of productive confusion. 
But instead of treating them as 

2147
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:59,000
separate ideas Aristotle, was 
showing how they formed a 

2148
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:02,500
coherent approach to life. 
The gentle Revolution, he wrote 

2149
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:05,300
is not about overthrowing 
external systems but about 

2150
01:51:05,300 --> 01:51:07,400
changing your relationship to 
your experience. 

2151
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:11,700
It's about choosing curiosity 
over certainly authenticity over

2152
01:51:11,700 --> 01:51:15,200
performance attention over 
distraction and questions over 

2153
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:17,500
answers. 
Sarah could see how these 

2154
01:51:17,500 --> 01:51:18,900
Concepts tied together 
everything. 

2155
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:22,100
She'd be reading each of the 
practices Aristotle had been 

2156
01:51:22,108 --> 01:51:25,000
exploring was really a way of 
stepping outside conventional 

2157
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:27,800
approaches to living and 
thinking, but in stead of doing 

2158
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:30,700
so, through dramatic gestures or
confrontational Behavior. 

2159
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:33,900
He was advocating for a kind of 
quiet, subversion. 

2160
01:51:35,100 --> 01:51:36,600
The most radical thing you can 
do. 

2161
01:51:36,600 --> 01:51:39,800
One entry red is to pay 
attention to your actual 

2162
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:42,800
experience rather than to your 
ideas, about what your 

2163
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:46,200
experience should be. 
This approach sounds simple, but

2164
01:51:46,200 --> 01:51:48,400
it undermines. 
Almost everything that Society 

2165
01:51:48,400 --> 01:51:52,100
tells us is important. 
Aristotle went on to explain 

2166
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:54,900
what he meant by this. 
So much of human suffering. 

2167
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:57,600
He suggested came from the gap 
between how we think our lives 

2168
01:51:57,600 --> 01:51:59,700
should be and how they actually 
are. 

2169
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:03,000
The exhaust ourselves trying to 
feel the emotions. 

2170
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:05,300
We think we should feel to want 
the things. 

2171
01:52:05,300 --> 01:52:08,300
We think we should want and to 
be the people, we think we 

2172
01:52:08,300 --> 01:52:12,100
should be. 
But what if he wrote the person 

2173
01:52:12,100 --> 01:52:14,100
you already are is actually 
quite interesting. 

2174
01:52:14,100 --> 01:52:17,000
What if the life you're 
currently leading holds more 

2175
01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:19,400
wisdom and Beauty than your 
training as tortured to 

2176
01:52:19,400 --> 01:52:21,800
perceive? 
What if the gentle Revolution is

2177
01:52:21,800 --> 01:52:23,500
simply learning to see what's 
already there? 

2178
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:27,300
This approach wasn't about 
settling for mediocrity or 

2179
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:30,900
giving up on growth and change. 
Instead, it was about starting 

2180
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:34,100
from a place of basic acceptance
rather than fundamental 

2181
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,800
dissatisfaction, it was about 
approaching self-improvement 

2182
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,800
from a foundation of 
self-appreciation rather than 

2183
01:52:40,800 --> 01:52:45,100
self-criticism Sarah 
contemplated how different her 

2184
01:52:45,100 --> 01:52:47,300
life might feel if she 
approached it with this kind of 

2185
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:50,600
gentle attention. 
Instead of constantly measuring 

2186
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:53,000
herself against external, 
standards, or future 

2187
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:56,600
possibilities, what would it be 
like to genuinely appreciate the

2188
01:52:56,600 --> 01:52:58,800
person? 
She was right now, the work she 

2189
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:00,500
was already doing and the 
relationship. 

2190
01:53:00,500 --> 01:53:03,700
She already had the journal 
entries from this period, showed

2191
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:06,400
Aristotle, living this 
philosophy rather than just 

2192
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:09,500
theorizing about it. 
He wrote about small moments of 

2193
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:12,700
contentment that he might have 
previously overlooked the 

2194
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:14,800
satisfaction of a good 
conversation with the student. 

2195
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:16,700
The pleasure of a perfectly, 
right? 

2196
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:19,700
Piece of fruit, and the comfort 
of a familiar walk through the 

2197
01:53:19,700 --> 01:53:22,800
city. 
I am learning to treat my life 

2198
01:53:22,800 --> 01:53:25,500
as if it were a work of art that
I'm both creating, and 

2199
01:53:25,500 --> 01:53:29,400
appreciating he wrote. 
Not in a self-conscious way, but

2200
01:53:29,400 --> 01:53:31,700
in the way that an artist might 
step back from a painting 

2201
01:53:31,700 --> 01:53:35,200
occasionally, to really see what
they've been working on this 

2202
01:53:35,200 --> 01:53:38,500
metaphor struck Sarah as 
particularly beautiful, instead 

2203
01:53:38,500 --> 01:53:41,400
of treating Life, as a problem 
to be sold or a test to be 

2204
01:53:41,408 --> 01:53:43,200
passed. 
What would it be like to 

2205
01:53:43,200 --> 01:53:45,300
approach it as a creative work 
in progress? 

2206
01:53:45,300 --> 01:53:48,600
Something that was already 
valuable that they could always 

2207
01:53:48,600 --> 01:53:52,500
be developed further. 
The final entries in the journal

2208
01:53:52,500 --> 01:53:56,100
were surprisingly practical. 
Aristotle, offered specific 

2209
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:58,900
suggestions for anyone who 
wanted to experiment with these 

2210
01:53:58,900 --> 01:54:01,700
ideas. 
Keep a daily record of moments. 

2211
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:04,900
When you notice something you'd 
usually overlooked Practice 

2212
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:07,800
saying, I don't know. 
Without embarrassment, spend 

2213
01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:08,800
time. 
Each day doing something 

2214
01:54:08,800 --> 01:54:10,600
ordinary with extraordinary 
attention. 

2215
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:13,300
Allow yourself to be confused by
things. 

2216
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:16,300
You think you understand? 
These are not dramatic 

2217
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:19,800
practices, he wrote that they 
are surprisingly powerful, they 

2218
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:22,200
work by gradually, shifting, 
your attention, from what you 

2219
01:54:22,200 --> 01:54:24,900
think should be happening to 
what is actually happening. 

2220
01:54:26,200 --> 01:54:29,500
What's really going on is often 
more interesting than what you 

2221
01:54:29,500 --> 01:54:32,900
think is going on. 
The journal ended with an entry 

2222
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:35,700
that felt like both the 
conclusion and a beginning. 

2223
01:54:36,600 --> 01:54:39,400
I have spent my public career 
trying to understand the nature 

2224
01:54:39,400 --> 01:54:42,100
of the good life. 
But I think the good life might 

2225
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:45,200
be simpler than I imagined, it 
might be nothing more than 

2226
01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:48,100
learning to live your actual 
life with genuine attention and 

2227
01:54:48,100 --> 01:54:51,800
appreciation. 
Everything else, the wisdom, the

2228
01:54:51,800 --> 01:54:55,500
peace The Joy might Simply Be 
what emerges when you stop 

2229
01:54:55,500 --> 01:54:57,200
trying so hard to be somewhere 
else? 

2230
01:54:58,400 --> 01:55:00,600
A Sarah closed, the manuscript. 
She realized that the 

2231
01:55:00,600 --> 01:55:03,500
fluorescent lighting, the 
basement would be replaced by 

2232
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:06,800
the Warm Glow of early morning. 
She'd been reading all night, 

2233
01:55:06,800 --> 01:55:10,800
but instead of feeling tired, 
she felt energized by a quiet 

2234
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:14,000
excitement. 
The find wasn't just a 

2235
01:55:14,000 --> 01:55:17,100
historical Discovery. 
It was a practical invitation to

2236
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:19,300
experiment with a different way 
of being in the world. 

2237
01:55:20,900 --> 01:55:23,600
Be carefully, placed the journal
back in its protective case. 

2238
01:55:24,400 --> 01:55:27,000
She knew she'd be returning to 
these ideas again and again, 

2239
01:55:27,000 --> 01:55:30,600
Aristotle's, forbidden teachings
weren't forbidden because they 

2240
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:33,800
were dangerous to society. 
They were forbidden because they

2241
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:36,400
were dangerous to the part of 
each person that preferred The 

2242
01:55:36,400 --> 01:55:39,100
Familiar discomfort of striving 
to the unfamiliar comfort of 

2243
01:55:39,100 --> 01:55:42,900
acceptance. 
Outside Athens was waking up to 

2244
01:55:42,900 --> 01:55:46,400
another ordinary day. 
Sarah suspected that her own 

2245
01:55:46,400 --> 01:55:48,400
ordinary days. 
Might never feel quite the same 

2246
01:55:48,408 --> 01:55:57,100
again. the late 17th and early 
18th centuries, France was a 

2247
01:55:57,100 --> 01:56:00,300
land of contrasts Like 
Candlelight in a grande 

2248
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:04,000
chateau's garden, a curious 
Noble woman listens as a witty 

2249
01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:06,600
philosopher. 
Describes the stars of he 

2250
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:08,500
explains that. 
Those stars are Sons, like our 

2251
01:56:08,500 --> 01:56:11,300
own each perhaps circled, by the
world's of their own. 

2252
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:15,000
A radical idea in an age, when 
questioning the heavens could be

2253
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:18,400
dangerous. the scene could be 
lifted from Bernard on 

2254
01:56:18,400 --> 01:56:23,200
fontanel's conversations on the 
plurality of Worlds, 1686 a 

2255
01:56:23,200 --> 01:56:25,800
clever book where a lady and a 
scientist stroll nightly under 

2256
01:56:25,800 --> 01:56:28,700
the sky discussing copernicus's 
son, centered universe, 

2257
01:56:29,600 --> 01:56:32,200
Fontanelles, Charming Pros made.
The latest scientific 

2258
01:56:32,200 --> 01:56:35,600
discoveries accessible to the 
layperson planting seeds of 

2259
01:56:35,600 --> 01:56:38,600
curiosity. 
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 

2260
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:42,300
rule, cast, Long Shadows. 
His ideas along with those of 

2261
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:45,500
fellow thinker Pierre, Bayle, 
formed a foundation for what 

2262
01:56:45,500 --> 01:56:48,500
would soon be called The 
Enlightenment at the turn of the

2263
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:50,100
18th century. 
Official. 

2264
01:56:50,100 --> 01:56:53,100
France was still firmly 
absolutist and devoutly Catholic

2265
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:56,800
Louis, the 14th, the Sun King 
had revoked, the Edict of Nantes

2266
01:56:56,800 --> 01:57:00,400
and 1685. 
Driving Protestants like Bailey 

2267
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:03,100
into Exile. 
It even as the king insisted on 

2268
01:57:03,100 --> 01:57:07,100
religious unity, dissing ideas. 
Quite quietly, took Route in his

2269
01:57:07,100 --> 01:57:09,000
Safe. 
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 

2270
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:13,000
skeptical historical and 
critical dictionary, 1697 the 

2271
01:57:13,000 --> 01:57:15,500
poked holes in dogma and 
advocated tolerance. 

2272
01:57:16,300 --> 01:57:19,700
These volumes printed in 
Amsterdam and London were 

2273
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:21,900
smuggled over the borders in 
barrels of cloth and hidden 

2274
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,800
compartments. 
Finding eager readers in Paris 

2275
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:27,400
and Leo. 
A traditional was beginning. 

2276
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:31,500
Forbidden ideas could not be 
easily extinguished, Bailey's 

2277
01:57:31,500 --> 01:57:34,700
call for a society of 
pluralistic views, a daring 

2278
01:57:34,700 --> 01:57:37,100
notion that people of different 
beliefs might live together in 

2279
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,600
peace, resonated with a small, 
but growing circle of French. 

2280
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:44,700
Mine's Quietly them, sober 
Monopoly of church. 

2281
01:57:44,700 --> 01:57:47,700
And crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

2282
01:57:47,700 --> 01:57:52,100
letters passed hand to hand. 
after Louis, the 14th death in 

2283
01:57:52,108 --> 01:57:56,100
1715, the atmosphere in France, 
relaxed somewhat allowing these 

2284
01:57:56,100 --> 01:58:00,500
early Sparks to flare up In 
Paris coffeehouses and literary 

2285
01:58:00,500 --> 01:58:02,500
clubs with torque. 
One. 

2286
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:05,500
Towering figure of this, early 
Enlightenment was Baron de 

2287
01:58:05,500 --> 01:58:09,300
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

2288
01:58:09,300 --> 01:58:14,100
Insight in 1721 Montesquieu, 
published the Persian letters a 

2289
01:58:14,100 --> 01:58:16,600
playful novel of letters. 
In which two fictional Persian, 

2290
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:18,300
Travelers Lampoon French 
Customs. 

2291
01:58:18,300 --> 01:58:21,900
Nothing was sacred in its Pages,
Parisian High Society. 

2292
01:58:21,900 --> 01:58:25,300
The potentials of the king's 
court, he absurdities of the 

2293
01:58:25,300 --> 01:58:27,500
Catholic. 
Clergy all were held up to 

2294
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:30,500
Gentle ridicule. 
Through these eyes of outside US

2295
01:58:30,500 --> 01:58:34,600
readers, were amused and 
intrigued beneath the satire, a 

2296
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:37,300
serious critique of absolutism 
and religious hypocrisy. 

2297
01:58:37,300 --> 01:58:40,700
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

2298
01:58:40,700 --> 01:58:44,300
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in a used 

2299
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,400
Whispers, Francis owned 
institutions were being examined

2300
01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:50,700
as if under a foreign lands and 
many found them wanting 

2301
01:58:51,700 --> 01:58:53,800
Montague's success in bold and 
others. 

2302
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:55,900
Soon. 
He would take his analysis 

2303
01:58:55,900 --> 01:58:59,900
further retiring to his estate. 
He quietly toiled on a magnum 

2304
01:58:59,900 --> 01:59:02,000
opus about laws and governments 
around the world. 

2305
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:06,800
By the 1730s, the term 
philosophy was coming into use. 

2306
01:59:07,500 --> 01:59:09,100
Not quite the same as 
philosopher. 

2307
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:13,000
It meant a man or occasionally, 
a woman of ideas who applied 

2308
01:59:13,000 --> 01:59:16,900
reason to all areas of life. 
These Enlightenment thinkers saw

2309
01:59:16,900 --> 01:59:19,400
themselves as bringing light 
into the dark corners of 

2310
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:22,000
ignorance and oppression. 
They drew inspiration from 

2311
01:59:22,000 --> 01:59:25,100
English writers, like John Locke
and scientists, like, Isaac 

2312
01:59:25,100 --> 01:59:27,800
Newton, whose Works were now 
circulating in French 

2313
01:59:27,800 --> 01:59:30,800
translation. 
In fact, a fashionable, young 

2314
01:59:30,800 --> 01:59:33,100
writer named Voltaire had 
traveled to England and 

2315
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:37,000
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 

2316
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:39,200
and the English Spirit of free 
debate. 

2317
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:44,700
He set about spreading both with
his vivacious lover, Emily dese,

2318
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:47,400
a self, a brilliant, 
mathematician Voltaire 

2319
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:49,900
explained, Newton's finding in 
French and praise England. 

2320
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:52,800
As relatively liberal Society in
his letters on the English. 

2321
01:59:53,500 --> 01:59:56,100
Though, the French authorities 
condemned his book and briefly 

2322
01:59:56,100 --> 01:59:59,200
imprisoned, its author for it, 
the ideas could not be unread. 

2323
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:02,400
The taste of intellectual, 
Freedom abroad, only shop and 

2324
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:05,600
French appetites for more thus 
in the decades before the 

2325
02:00:05,600 --> 02:00:08,500
Revolution, the early stirring 
of Enlightenment thought took 

2326
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:12,400
hold a handful of bold voices 
fontanelle with his Popular 

2327
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:16,100
Science Bell with his skeptical 
area Edition, want to skew with 

2328
02:00:16,100 --> 02:00:19,800
his satire and Voltaire with his
shot him prepared the ground. 

2329
02:00:20,900 --> 02:00:24,000
their writing circulated in 
manuscript and in Contraband, 

2330
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:28,000
print fertilizing Minds from 
Paris to the provinces over 

2331
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:31,300
supper tables and University 
Halls, people began asking new 

2332
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:34,800
questions The Reason Not 
tradition guide, human Affairs 

2333
02:00:34,800 --> 02:00:37,500
must religious uniformity Trump 
individual. 

2334
02:00:37,500 --> 02:00:40,100
Conscience could a king's 
Authority have limits set by 

2335
02:00:40,108 --> 02:00:42,900
natural law. 
These questions in the early 

2336
02:00:42,900 --> 02:00:46,600
1700s would Sprout dramatically 
as the century progressed. 

2337
02:00:47,400 --> 02:00:50,100
For now they were still 
whispered but the enlightenment 

2338
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:54,000
in France had begun Adorn of new
thinking that promised to chase 

2339
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:57,000
away medieval shadows in the 
mid-18th century. 

2340
02:00:57,000 --> 02:01:00,500
Some of the most radical ideas 
in France were not plotted in 

2341
02:01:00,500 --> 02:01:03,600
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

2342
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:06,500
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was a unique 

2343
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,800
institution, part, Social Club 
part intellectual seminar, 

2344
02:01:10,800 --> 02:01:14,800
typically hosted by a wealthy, 
or aristocratic woman the salon 

2345
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:18,100
near these gatherings brought 
together, writers, philosophers,

2346
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:21,800
artists, and Statesmen under one
Chandelier on a given evening. 

2347
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,300
You might find the sharp tongued
Voltaire trading barbs with a 

2348
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:29,300
bishop or Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
Shailey unveiling, his latest 

2349
02:01:29,300 --> 02:01:33,200
essay to a circle of curious 
marquis's, salons were private 

2350
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:36,400
and By Invitation Only yet, they
became engines of public 

2351
02:01:36,400 --> 02:01:39,000
discourse. 
There was a democratic 

2352
02:01:39,000 --> 02:01:43,100
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 
atmosphere rare for the time 

2353
02:01:43,100 --> 02:01:47,900
time Nobles bourgeoisie and even
an occasional Artisan or foreign

2354
02:01:47,900 --> 02:01:52,100
Savant, mingled politely United 
by a love of wit and ideas. 

2355
02:01:53,100 --> 02:01:56,400
Here in lightning thought took 
on a human face as diverse 

2356
02:01:56,400 --> 02:02:00,100
guests, debated Arts, science 
and politics late Into the 

2357
02:02:00,100 --> 02:02:02,700
Night. 
The women who ran these salons 

2358
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:05,600
wield, his subtle power in a 
society that otherwise can find 

2359
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:08,600
female influencer. 
Take, Madame, Jeffrey, for 

2360
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:12,900
example, born Mary Torres 
Rodriguez by 1740. 

2361
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:16,000
She had established herself as 
the premier Hostess of Paris. 

2362
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:19,300
Every Monday, a well-appointed 
home on the crew. 

2363
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:20,400
Saint Honore. 
Welcome. 

2364
02:02:20,400 --> 02:02:23,500
The leading writers and 
philosophy to dinner Wednesdays.

2365
02:02:23,500 --> 02:02:26,700
Were reserved for artists with 
motherly charm Madame. 

2366
02:02:26,700 --> 02:02:29,900
Jofran presided over the 
conversation tactfully steering 

2367
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:31,800
away from overly explosive 
topics. 

2368
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:35,100
So, as to keep the Gathering 
convivial, She even provided 

2369
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:38,100
financial support to struggling 
men of letters quite quietly, 

2370
02:02:38,100 --> 02:02:40,400
paying debts, or buying 
paintings from her artist 

2371
02:02:40,400 --> 02:02:43,000
guests. 
Respect, she commanded was such 

2372
02:02:43,000 --> 02:02:46,700
that even the Crusty Voltaire 
deferred to her in her Salon. 

2373
02:02:46,700 --> 02:02:50,400
One had to follow certain rules,
which was appreciated, but 

2374
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:54,300
vulgarity was not lively debate 
was welcome but shouting and 

2375
02:02:54,300 --> 02:02:57,800
personal attacks were frowned 
upon under her Guidance, the 

2376
02:02:57,800 --> 02:03:02,100
tone remained, civil clever and 
enlightening, a model of the 

2377
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:05,600
refinement of manners and speak 
that salons originally aimed for

2378
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:10,400
Other Salon years adopted 
different styles, nodame to do 

2379
02:03:10,400 --> 02:03:13,400
different and older contemporary
of Jeffrey, hosted Gathering 

2380
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:17,200
From 1745 onward, but famously 
disdained, the more radical 

2381
02:03:17,200 --> 02:03:21,700
philosopher except for Voltaire 
who she adored her Salon 

2382
02:03:21,700 --> 02:03:23,600
favored. 
High Society gossip and 

2383
02:03:23,600 --> 02:03:26,000
classical letters over bold new 
philosophy. 

2384
02:03:26,900 --> 02:03:29,900
In contrast the witty 
Mademoiselle, Julie de lesbianas

2385
02:03:29,900 --> 02:03:32,400
ran a more free-wheeling Salon 
in the 1770s. 

2386
02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:36,300
Julie had been tutored in the 
art by Madame du de farmed until

2387
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:39,200
a falling out. 
And with a small stipend from 

2388
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:41,200
Madame jafra struck out on her 
own. 

2389
02:03:41,200 --> 02:03:44,700
She innovated by opening her 
home almost every evening to a 

2390
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:48,100
select but Mixed Company, young 
intellectuals, older Statesman 

2391
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:51,400
and foreign visitors. 
Nibbles and wine were served 

2392
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:54,000
nothing lavish but the talk 
flowed. 

2393
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:59,400
One frequent guest, the writer 
Jean Francois Montell, Marvel at

2394
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:03,300
Julia's ability to inspire Frank
discussion, he described her as 

2395
02:04:03,300 --> 02:04:06,800
an astonishing compound of 
reason and wisdom with the 

2396
02:04:06,808 --> 02:04:09,000
liveliest mind and most Ardent 
soul. 

2397
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:13,200
Under her edifice philosopher's 
from diverse. 

2398
02:04:13,200 --> 02:04:15,300
Generation's convened and 
exchange ideas. 

2399
02:04:15,300 --> 02:04:18,300
While even the poorest Scholars 
were welcome to express their 

2400
02:04:18,300 --> 02:04:20,900
thoughts. 
Such inclusion was unusual. 

2401
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:23,900
Many cells ones rank in a tire. 
Still mattered. 

2402
02:04:23,900 --> 02:04:27,400
The Juliet been asked the 
intellectual passion, could 

2403
02:04:27,400 --> 02:04:31,800
Trump pedigree The typical on 
evening might unfold like this 

2404
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:34,600
as dusk fell. 
A liveried footman. 

2405
02:04:34,600 --> 02:04:37,700
Admitted, guest to a candlelit 
parlor decorated with art. 

2406
02:04:37,700 --> 02:04:42,100
Gentle music, played in the Next
Room, elegant women in silks, 

2407
02:04:42,100 --> 02:04:45,800
and men in embroidered, coats 
form, small clusters, exchanging

2408
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:49,400
news and balls mods. 
The hostess circulated deathly 

2409
02:04:49,400 --> 02:04:52,400
introducing a young poet to a 
renowned scientist or drawing a 

2410
02:04:52,408 --> 02:04:55,100
shy scholar into a lively debate
about the latest play. 

2411
02:04:56,000 --> 02:05:00,600
conversation, was the main event
a Good Salon guests had 

2412
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:03,400
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

2413
02:05:03,400 --> 02:05:06,600
Whitten, elegant, French. 
Arising dramatist. 

2414
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:09,800
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

2415
02:05:09,808 --> 02:05:13,200
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

2416
02:05:13,200 --> 02:05:16,700
might Regale the company with 
Tales of scientific experiments 

2417
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:20,400
with lightning, Serious 
discussions could break out the 

2418
02:05:20,400 --> 02:05:23,200
merits of voltaire's newest 
tracked or Rousseau's eccentric 

2419
02:05:23,200 --> 02:05:26,600
theories on education. 
But if tempers flared or someone

2420
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:29,600
drowned on too long, the hostess
would smoothly change the 

2421
02:05:29,600 --> 02:05:33,200
subject or proposed a diversion,
perhaps a brief chamber, music 

2422
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:37,300
performance or around of cards. 
The result was a peculiar mix of

2423
02:05:37,300 --> 02:05:40,500
ludic and learned. 
By evening's end ideas. 

2424
02:05:40,500 --> 02:05:43,300
That might have been seditious. 
In print could be bandied about 

2425
02:05:43,300 --> 02:05:46,500
safely in the South cushioned, 
by flightless and mutual respect

2426
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:49,100
the salon. 
Thus served as an incubator for 

2427
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:52,100
Enlightenment ideas. 
He connected thinkers to 

2428
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:55,800
Patron's many, an author found a
publisher or financier through 

2429
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:58,200
Salon contacts. 
It allowed women, a rare 

2430
02:05:58,208 --> 02:06:01,200
opportunity to engage in 
intellectual life will be as 

2431
02:06:01,200 --> 02:06:04,200
conveners rather than professors
with notable exceptions. 

2432
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:06,900
Like Emily duchesse who though 
not to sell on. 

2433
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:08,900
Are proved women could match men
in science. 

2434
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:14,300
Salons also helped erode, class 
barriers if only slightly some 

2435
02:06:14,300 --> 02:06:18,100
hostesses prided themselves on 
Gathering a potpourri of talents

2436
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:21,200
regardless of noble birth. 
There were limits, of course, 

2437
02:06:21,200 --> 02:06:24,900
peasants, and laborers, did not 
stroll into these parlors the 

2438
02:06:24,900 --> 02:06:28,400
salons primarily catered to the 
elite who were open to new 

2439
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:30,800
talent and ideas. 
Not just those inherited from 

2440
02:06:30,800 --> 02:06:34,100
their lineage. 
In these candlelit rooms, the 

2441
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:35,800
public sphere had a private 
cradle. 

2442
02:06:36,800 --> 02:06:39,600
Before newspapers could freely 
criticize, the king, or church. 

2443
02:06:39,600 --> 02:06:43,500
And before any elected assembly 
existed in France, the salons 

2444
02:06:43,500 --> 02:06:46,600
were training grounds for reason
to debate. they fostered, what 

2445
02:06:46,600 --> 02:06:50,300
one historian later called the 
Republic of letters, a community

2446
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:52,800
of Minds that transcended, 
social ranks, and National 

2447
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:57,100
borders, foreigners, like the 
Scottish historian David Hume or

2448
02:06:57,100 --> 02:07:00,600
the Italian economist cesare 
beccaria were treated at Paris 

2449
02:07:00,600 --> 02:07:04,200
salons when they visited in turn
French philosophers, built, 

2450
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:07,400
networks of correspondence with 
thinkers abroad, The 

2451
02:07:07,400 --> 02:07:11,000
Cosmopolitan chatter in Madame 
jafran sallow had echoes in 

2452
02:07:11,000 --> 02:07:15,800
London Geneva or Berlin as ideas
spread by the 1770s and 1780s. 

2453
02:07:15,800 --> 02:07:19,400
Even as economic troubles and 
political conflict in France. 

2454
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:23,100
One could still find On Any 
Given evening a salon in full 

2455
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:25,400
swing. 
A microcosm of an ideal 

2456
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:28,600
Enlightenment Society where 
conversation flowed freely 

2457
02:07:28,600 --> 02:07:32,200
differences were bridge by 
Civility and a new rational. 

2458
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:34,900
France was imagined in talk long
before it existed. 

2459
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:38,300
In fact, by the middle of the 
18th century, the written word 

2460
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:41,600
in France was undergoing and 
explosive proliferation and 

2461
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:44,800
bustling Parisian print shops, 
and in secret presses hidden in 

2462
02:07:44,800 --> 02:07:48,100
attics or a cross, the border 
printers turned out mountains of

2463
02:07:48,100 --> 02:07:53,200
paper books, pamphlets journals 
broadside an insatiable reading 

2464
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,900
public had Arisen Hungary for 
everything from scandalous verse

2465
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:00,900
to Serious treatises on 
philosophy, Statistics tell part

2466
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:04,000
of the story by the 1780s. 
Literacy had risen markedly 

2467
02:08:04,000 --> 02:08:08,100
roughly half of French men and a
quarter of women could read 

2468
02:08:08,100 --> 02:08:10,300
almost double the rates from a 
century early. 

2469
02:08:11,200 --> 02:08:13,500
More people reading met more 
demand for reading material, 

2470
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:16,500
where the state or the church 
tried to censor or limit that 

2471
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:19,500
material Enterprise in 
Publishers found ways to supply 

2472
02:08:19,500 --> 02:08:23,400
at regardless, a veritable 
underground press emerged and 

2473
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:26,200
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior, the hack 

2474
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:28,200
writer and the clandestine 
Bookseller. 

2475
02:08:29,000 --> 02:08:31,900
Together, they would spread 
enlightenment ideas to every 

2476
02:08:31,900 --> 02:08:34,600
corner of France even as 
authorities scrambled to stem 

2477
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:37,200
the tide. 
Officially the French Crown 

2478
02:08:37,200 --> 02:08:40,400
maintained strict censorship. 
All books were supposed to be a 

2479
02:08:40,400 --> 02:08:43,500
royal sensors and carry the 
sensors name. 

2480
02:08:43,500 --> 02:08:47,500
Hundreds of titles were outright
banned, the Catholic Church 

2481
02:08:47,500 --> 02:08:50,700
through the sorbonne faculty and
the infamous index librarian, 

2482
02:08:50,700 --> 02:08:53,000
prohibitorum index of prohibited
books. 

2483
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:56,100
Also condemned Works, deemed 
heretical or immoral. 

2484
02:08:56,900 --> 02:08:59,800
Punishments for illegal 
printing, could be severe fines 

2485
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:03,600
imprisonment, even The Gallows 
for repeater fenders but by the 

2486
02:09:03,600 --> 02:09:07,200
1770s enforcement was 
increasingly like plugging holes

2487
02:09:07,200 --> 02:09:09,600
in a sieve. 
The appetite for new ideas was 

2488
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:12,600
too strong and the profits to be
made from satisfying it to 

2489
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:15,200
tempting. 
Smugglers carried, forbidden 

2490
02:09:15,200 --> 02:09:18,500
books in France By The Crate. 
Stashing them in false bottom 

2491
02:09:18,500 --> 02:09:21,200
wagons or floating them down 
Rivers at night. 

2492
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:25,500
It was said that in some 
Frontier towns, nearly every 

2493
02:09:25,500 --> 02:09:30,400
Customs officer could be bribed.
Meanwhile, within France, pirate

2494
02:09:30,400 --> 02:09:33,300
printers secretly duplicated, 
popular Works without 

2495
02:09:33,300 --> 02:09:35,400
permission. 
One way or another. 

2496
02:09:35,400 --> 02:09:38,300
What was officially banned off 
in ended up widely read. 

2497
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:42,000
A few examples illustrate, the 
cat and mouse game of publishing

2498
02:09:42,000 --> 02:09:45,300
in 1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

2499
02:09:45,308 --> 02:09:48,800
encyclopedie, the great 
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 

2500
02:09:48,800 --> 02:09:52,600
and trades edited by Denny 
diderot was banned by King 

2501
02:09:52,600 --> 02:09:54,400
Louis. 
The 15th, after the first seven 

2502
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:57,400
volumes under pressure from 
church authorities, who found 

2503
02:09:57,400 --> 02:10:01,000
its articles to Empires but 
diderot did not abandon it. 

2504
02:10:01,000 --> 02:10:04,400
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,
not least, the enlightened sense

2505
02:10:04,400 --> 02:10:06,900
of Melcher. 
Dido continued the work in 

2506
02:10:06,908 --> 02:10:10,600
secret finishing 10 more volumes
of Articles and plates under a 

2507
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:14,400
false imprint in Switzerland. 
Officially the encyclopedia was 

2508
02:10:14,400 --> 02:10:17,200
suppressed in reality 
subscribers received, the 

2509
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:21,700
remaining volumes clandestine by
1765 as one contemporary quit, 

2510
02:10:21,700 --> 02:10:25,300
the authorities had winked at 
the Enterprise, a pretended to 

2511
02:10:25,300 --> 02:10:28,300
shut it down to appease the 
church, but turned a blind eye 

2512
02:10:28,300 --> 02:10:30,900
to its continued existence 
because it employed hundreds of 

2513
02:10:30,900 --> 02:10:32,400
workers and had powerful 
supporters. 

2514
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:37,700
This delicate dance ban in name,
tolerate in practice typified. 

2515
02:10:37,700 --> 02:10:39,800
The later old regimes lacks 
censorship. 

2516
02:10:40,800 --> 02:10:46,300
By 1780 rows and cyclops stood 
complete at 35 volume and 

2517
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:48,600
astonishing Trove of 
Enlightenment knowledge made 

2518
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:52,600
available to the public despite 
all edicts to the contrary, in 

2519
02:10:52,600 --> 02:10:56,800
addition to the encyclopedia 
Geneva Amsterdam, London and the

2520
02:10:56,800 --> 02:10:58,600
Rhineland produced illicit 
literature. 

2521
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:03,000
Scholars believe that around 600
prohibited books, circulated in 

2522
02:11:03,000 --> 02:11:06,400
France, before the Revolution. 
These included philosophical 

2523
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,600
books, Scarlett's political 
pamphlets and censored novels. 

2524
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,200
According to historian, Robert 
Danton several were forbidden 

2525
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:16,600
bestsellers books to Filthy or 
seditious for the sensors. 

2526
02:11:16,600 --> 02:11:21,000
But eagerly read by everyone who
could Russo's Emil on education 

2527
02:11:21,000 --> 02:11:25,600
and the social contract were 
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 

2528
02:11:25,600 --> 02:11:27,300
volumes spread and made him 
famous. 

2529
02:11:27,300 --> 02:11:31,100
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 
the Royal Family's morals and 

2530
02:11:31,100 --> 02:11:33,900
crazy stories. 
About the king's ministers were 

2531
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:36,400
other underground, best sellers 
grub Street. 

2532
02:11:36,400 --> 02:11:39,100
Writers hack authors living hand
to mouth in Paris. 

2533
02:11:39,100 --> 02:11:41,800
Who wrote Whatever sold 
specialized in LaBelle's 

2534
02:11:41,800 --> 02:11:44,300
liberalist pamphlets. 
To get money. 

2535
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:47,700
Such as might mock the king's 
mistress, one week composing 

2536
02:11:47,700 --> 02:11:50,700
natural rights tracked, the next
and spy for the police. 

2537
02:11:50,700 --> 02:11:53,600
The next Voltaire and diderot 
mock this literary. 

2538
02:11:53,600 --> 02:11:57,000
Underworld Voltaire called hack 
writers things, ironically 

2539
02:11:57,000 --> 02:12:00,400
radical ideas, sometimes spread 
through these less recognized 

2540
02:12:00,400 --> 02:12:03,800
venues the hackers hungry and 
alienated from the previous 

2541
02:12:03,800 --> 02:12:06,600
regime, hated Authority, and the
revolution. 

2542
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,300
Print circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

2543
02:12:11,308 --> 02:12:14,600
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

2544
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:17,900
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books, popularly. 

2545
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:21,100
Legal titles have been 
republished many times in the 

2546
02:12:21,108 --> 02:12:25,800
70s, the Swiss underground, 
publisher Societe graphic de no 

2547
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:29,000
Chateau transported, tens of, 
thousands of volumes into France

2548
02:12:29,000 --> 02:12:33,500
from voltaire's philosophical 
fables, to prohibited novels, By

2549
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:40,200
1796 20th of the Forbidden 
anti-colonial work history of 

2550
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:44,500
the two Indies 1770 surface. 
Abbey Reynolds history of the 

2551
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:47,300
two Indies, which boldly 
denounced slavery, in tyranny, 

2552
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:49,800
was banned by the French 
government to exiled. 

2553
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:52,800
While the clergy despised him as
one of the most seditious 

2554
02:12:52,800 --> 02:12:55,100
writers, which only peaked 
readers interest. 

2555
02:12:56,600 --> 02:12:59,700
Despite the Embargo, the book 
was a best-seller and influenced

2556
02:12:59,700 --> 02:13:02,300
American colonists with its 
human rights advocacy. 

2557
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:05,900
The Paradox of French and 
lightning publishing was that 

2558
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:08,300
repression often increase the 
works, Fame and audience. 

2559
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:11,400
Reading revolution spread 
outside the capitol. 

2560
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:14,600
Provincial cities developed 
lending, libraries and reading 

2561
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:17,500
societies where members pulled 
funds to buy books and 

2562
02:13:17,500 --> 02:13:20,100
newspapers under the watchful of
a suspicious bishop or 

2563
02:13:20,100 --> 02:13:23,600
magistrate literature was 
available to many residents and 

2564
02:13:23,600 --> 02:13:27,800
artists and by the 1780s. 
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 

2565
02:13:27,800 --> 02:13:31,000
Book simplified Enlightenment 
ideals, fairy tales, and 

2566
02:13:31,000 --> 02:13:33,800
practical information. 
Peddlers sold chat. 

2567
02:13:33,800 --> 02:13:37,600
Books in local marketplaces 
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.

2568
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:41,300
A peasant may hear a hot story 
about the king's mistress or a 

2569
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:42,800
Voltaire joke. 
Of course not. 

2570
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:46,400
Everyone liked this print Deluge
conservative voices, argued. 

2571
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:49,100
That excessive reading 
especially forbidden materials 

2572
02:13:49,100 --> 02:13:53,000
was corrupting Ordinary People 
one booklet at a time. 

2573
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:56,000
Some worried that Authority was 
losing respect, they were 

2574
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:59,700
partly, right? 
Before 1789 printed words, 

2575
02:13:59,700 --> 02:14:02,300
affected French public opinion 
pamphlet. 

2576
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:05,700
Avalanche swayed public opinion 
after high profile scandals or 

2577
02:14:05,700 --> 02:14:10,400
trials like the diamond necklace
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 

2578
02:14:10,400 --> 02:14:13,400
Marie Antoinette in 
Enlightenment authors and form 

2579
02:14:13,400 --> 02:14:16,200
an influence, public opinion, 
they thought education and 

2580
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:17,800
critical thinking could improve 
Society. 

2581
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:22,000
It worked, but it also fueled 
high expectations and simmering 

2582
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:25,300
discontent. 
A Parisian kiosk sold a cheap 

2583
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:28,500
Rousseau leaflet on the eve of 
the Revolution, stating man is 

2584
02:14:28,500 --> 02:14:32,300
Born Free and everywhere he is 
in Chains, a body song, mocking 

2585
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:34,600
the fat Archbishop or a 
broadsheet, celebrating 

2586
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:37,600
America's successful Uprising 
against its ruler of available 

2587
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:41,400
rights, Liberty and equality 
formally discussed in salons, 

2588
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:43,400
have permeated common 
consciousness. 

2589
02:14:44,700 --> 02:14:47,100
The future was printed on legal 
and unlawful presses. 

2590
02:14:47,100 --> 02:14:50,300
Despite their efforts, the old 
orders Guardians could not. 

2591
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:55,000
After the printers type and the 
rustle of secretly turned Pages,

2592
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:58,500
shook a changing France, in a 
modest Paris apartment in the 

2593
02:14:58,500 --> 02:15:01,200
1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

2594
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:04,700
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

2595
02:15:04,700 --> 02:15:08,800
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

2596
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:13,700
most famous wit of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished a bane a

2597
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:17,800
skeptic who relishes skewering 
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques 

2598
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:22,800
Rousseau two decades young girl.
Tensei, Ernest Ilona, who, 

2599
02:15:22,800 --> 02:15:25,100
distrust the very Society 
Voltaire. 

2600
02:15:25,100 --> 02:15:28,600
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

2601
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:31,800
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

2602
02:15:31,800 --> 02:15:34,400
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

2603
02:15:34,400 --> 02:15:37,600
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

2604
02:15:37,600 --> 02:15:41,700
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it Voltaire 

2605
02:15:41,700 --> 02:15:45,500
rights with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

2606
02:15:45,500 --> 02:15:47,300
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

2607
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:51,000
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

2608
02:15:51,000 --> 02:15:55,800
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Russo's idealization of 

2609
02:15:55,800 --> 02:15:58,600
primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

2610
02:15:58,600 --> 02:16:01,400
civilization. 
May be flawed, but its far 

2611
02:16:01,400 --> 02:16:03,000
better than the Savage. 
Life Russo. 

2612
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:07,600
Extols, this famous quip that 
Russo's philosophy is To make a 

2613
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:11,200
man want to become a beast. 
Itemizes the clash between two 

2614
02:16:11,200 --> 02:16:14,800
towering Enlightenment thinkers,
whose visions of human nature 

2615
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:18,600
and Society were Worlds Apart, 
the enlightenment was not a 

2616
02:16:18,600 --> 02:16:21,700
singular entity, rather it 
represented a multitude of 

2617
02:16:21,700 --> 02:16:25,600
diverse perspectives frequently 
engaged in intense debate. 

2618
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:30,300
Voltaire and Russo's rivalry is 
legendary Voltaire championed 

2619
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,900
reason, science and a certain 
Cosmopolitan elitism. 

2620
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:37,299
He believed in lightened 
monarchs ideally advised by 

2621
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:40,400
philosophers, like in himself, 
could gradually improve Society.

2622
02:16:41,299 --> 02:16:44,799
Religion to Voltaire was useful 
as a social glue that needed 

2623
02:16:44,799 --> 02:16:49,200
purging of superstition. 
Aircraft say, Len, fam, crushed.

2624
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:52,000
The infamous thing of 
fanaticism, he would famously 

2625
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:53,700
declare of the churches of 
abuses. 

2626
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,500
Rousseau by contrast distrusted 
the potentials of polite 

2627
02:16:57,500 --> 02:17:00,100
Society. 
He thought civilization had 

2628
02:17:00,100 --> 02:17:03,100
corrupted man's originally. 
Good nature in works like 

2629
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:06,900
discourse on inequality. 
He argued that Arts and Sciences

2630
02:17:06,900 --> 02:17:09,799
had led not to progress, but to 
vanity and oppression. 

2631
02:17:10,600 --> 02:17:13,900
His ideal was a simpler life in 
harmony with nature and a 

2632
02:17:13,900 --> 02:17:15,700
political Community Based on 
genuine. 

2633
02:17:15,700 --> 02:17:18,100
Equality and the general will of
the people. 

2634
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:21,400
As he later, outlined in the 
social contract to Voltaire, the

2635
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:25,900
idea sounded naive at best 
dangerous at worst, their 

2636
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:28,400
correspondence started 
courteously but soured over 

2637
02:17:28,400 --> 02:17:31,500
time. 
After the devastating Lisbon 

2638
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:35,000
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 
wrote a poem questioning 

2639
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:37,799
Providence. 
How could a just God Slaughter 

2640
02:17:37,799 --> 02:17:41,400
innocence Russo. 
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 

2641
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:44,600
people should not question God's
plan, and that if men didn't 

2642
02:17:44,600 --> 02:17:47,700
live packed in cities, The Quake
would do less harm. 

2643
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:51,600
Voltaire privately, scoffed that
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 

2644
02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:54,500
backwards. 
One Longs in reading your book 

2645
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,799
to walk on all fours. 
He jeered by Russo's critique. 

2646
02:17:58,500 --> 02:18:01,200
Rousseau for his part, grew 
increasingly convinced that 

2647
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:03,799
Voltaire and his Clique were 
conspiring against him. 

2648
02:18:03,799 --> 02:18:07,400
Mocking him behind his back. 
By the 70s. 

2649
02:18:07,400 --> 02:18:10,200
Their relationship had fractured
complete Russo. 

2650
02:18:10,200 --> 02:18:12,200
Even refused volta's. 
Offer of Refuge. 

2651
02:18:12,200 --> 02:18:15,100
When Rousseau was fleeing 
arrest, the Voltaire Rousseau 

2652
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:19,600
split was not just personal in 
Enlightenment thought. 

2653
02:18:20,400 --> 02:18:23,700
Voltaire stood for the party of 
Reason progressed through 

2654
02:18:23,708 --> 02:18:28,000
enlightened Authority and sharp.
Criticism of tradition Russo 

2655
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:31,100
became the voice of the party of
feeling valuing, emotional 

2656
02:18:31,100 --> 02:18:34,299
authenticity, and the wisdom of 
the Common Man over the Polished

2657
02:18:34,299 --> 02:18:39,100
salon sophistic of coral, 
highlighted contradictions, he 

2658
02:18:39,100 --> 02:18:42,799
Enlightenment celebrated reason 
yet Rousseau accused reasons are

2659
02:18:42,799 --> 02:18:44,200
possible of being cold and 
elitist. 

2660
02:18:44,200 --> 02:18:47,700
It preached a quality, it 
Voltaire privately disdained the

2661
02:18:47,700 --> 02:18:51,600
uneducated masses and preferred 
benevolent descent to democracy.

2662
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:56,600
In ways, each was prophetic 
Voltaire of the liberal secular 

2663
02:18:56,600 --> 02:18:59,700
values that would shape modern 
Europe Rousseau of the Romantic 

2664
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:02,000
Democratic and even 
revolutionary currents that 

2665
02:19:02,008 --> 02:19:05,400
would soon erupt. 
Its fitting that both men died 

2666
02:19:05,400 --> 02:19:08,400
in 1778. 
A decade before the Revolution 

2667
02:19:08,400 --> 02:19:11,900
almost as if fate meant to clear
the stage for the drama to come 

2668
02:19:11,907 --> 02:19:14,600
Beyond this. 
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 

2669
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:17,200
was Rife with intellectual 
rivalries and collaborations 

2670
02:19:17,200 --> 02:19:20,900
diderot and Dalembert co-editors
of the encyclopedie had their 

2671
02:19:20,900 --> 02:19:24,200
share of squabbles dalomba quit 
the project in frustration in 

2672
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:28,100
1759 leaving Dido to slog 
through the remaining volumes 

2673
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:31,400
largely alone. 
Diro also fell out bitterly with

2674
02:19:31,400 --> 02:19:33,600
Rousseau who had once been his 
close friend. 

2675
02:19:34,799 --> 02:19:39,100
Hold back welcomed Rousseau as a
kindred spirit in the 1740s. 

2676
02:19:39,100 --> 02:19:43,200
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 
in his paranoia grew, he came to

2677
02:19:43,200 --> 02:19:46,000
believe diderot had portrayed 
him negatively in a satirical 

2678
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:47,799
play. 
Their French Friendship, 

2679
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:50,900
collapsed illustrating, how 
personal slights could fracture 

2680
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:52,900
even those working for the same.
Broad Kors. 

2681
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:57,300
Meanwhile, Baron holbach, host 
of a famously irreverence Salon 

2682
02:19:57,300 --> 02:20:02,000
of atheists published the system
of nature 1770 a book denying, 

2683
02:20:02,000 --> 02:20:06,400
the existence of God outright 
This extreme materialism alarmed

2684
02:20:06,400 --> 02:20:09,000
even Voltaire who attacked 
holbox atheism. 

2685
02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:12,700
As fanatical in its own way, 
Voltaire believed Society needed

2686
02:20:12,700 --> 02:20:15,500
belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

2687
02:20:15,500 --> 02:20:18,400
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

2688
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:21,700
Holdback and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

2689
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:25,800
voltaire's deers as a lack of 
nerve to them reason pointed to 

2690
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:29,200
a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus, even among 

2691
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:32,100
Phyllis, soffs United against 
the church's tyranny. 

2692
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:34,500
There were deep fractures about 
religions role. 

2693
02:20:35,700 --> 02:20:38,500
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

2694
02:20:38,500 --> 02:20:42,900
political Theory montesquieu's, 
the spirit of the laws. 1748 

2695
02:20:42,900 --> 02:20:46,600
argued for a balanced 
Constitution, like Britain's 

2696
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:51,300
with powers separated among King
Parliament, and courts and 

2697
02:20:51,300 --> 02:20:53,000
moderate Vision to prevent 
despotism. 

2698
02:20:54,100 --> 02:20:58,700
Rousseau social contract 1762, 
dismissed montesquieu's model as

2699
02:20:58,700 --> 02:21:02,500
two aristocratic instead 
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 

2700
02:21:02,500 --> 02:21:06,300
So egalitarian that in theory 
everyone would obey laws they 

2701
02:21:06,300 --> 02:21:10,400
themselves willed Voltaire found
Rousseau's political ideas as 

2702
02:21:10,400 --> 02:21:14,400
impractical as his primitive as 
a equipped that Russo's ideal 

2703
02:21:14,400 --> 02:21:18,400
Republic was a city of ghosts. 
And indeed Rousseau's notion 

2704
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:20,800
that citizens be forced to be 
free. 

2705
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:23,800
If they violate the general 
will, the trouble critics for 

2706
02:21:23,800 --> 02:21:26,900
its potential for tyranny. 
Yet these quarrels were not 

2707
02:21:26,900 --> 02:21:29,800
destructive in the long run 
rather, they enrich the 

2708
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:32,700
enlightenment's Legacy by 
presenting contrasting ideas. 

2709
02:21:32,700 --> 02:21:36,300
That later generations could 
draw upon In the salons and 

2710
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:38,100
imprint. 
I have a philosophy might 

2711
02:21:38,100 --> 02:21:41,900
Lampoon each other, but they 
also all contributed to the into

2712
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:45,700
a broader movement questioning 
the status quo, Occasionally, 

2713
02:21:45,700 --> 02:21:48,800
the debates, got personal and 
nasty pamphlets full of 

2714
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:50,400
character, assassination. 
Flew about. 

2715
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:54,700
Voltaire was a master of The 
Artful insult When A pompous 

2716
02:21:54,700 --> 02:21:58,400
critic. 
The Abbey death on 1088 by 

2717
02:21:58,400 --> 02:22:01,000
portraying death ones as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

2718
02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:03,200
satire. 
Effectively, destroying the 

2719
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:07,400
man's reputation Rousseau two 
lashed out in his late years. 

2720
02:22:08,400 --> 02:22:10,800
He wrote withering letters, 
accusing former friends of 

2721
02:22:10,800 --> 02:22:13,300
treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

2722
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:16,400
larger consequences. 
The sharp exchangers clarified 

2723
02:22:16,400 --> 02:22:19,000
differences and thought. 
What was the best form of 

2724
02:22:19,008 --> 02:22:21,300
government? 
The true foundation of morality 

2725
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:25,500
what is the role of religion? 
Through argument the philosophy 

2726
02:22:25,500 --> 02:22:27,800
refine their positions by the 
70s. 

2727
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:30,600
A new generation was emerging 
too figures. 

2728
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:34,100
Like Condor SE and mathematician
and protege of Delon bare 

2729
02:22:34,100 --> 02:22:37,100
admired, both Voltaire and 
Rousseau trying to synthesize 

2730
02:22:37,100 --> 02:22:40,700
Enlightenment ideals with 
practical reforms, condos at 

2731
02:22:40,700 --> 02:22:43,400
would advocate for the abolition
of slavery and women's rights. 

2732
02:22:43,400 --> 02:22:46,600
Pushing the enlightenment 
egalitarian logic further than 

2733
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:49,900
his predecessors dared. 
Meanwhile, the Rifts among the 

2734
02:22:49,900 --> 02:22:52,600
older philosophers Prestige 
splits in the coming Revolution 

2735
02:22:52,600 --> 02:22:56,000
aristocratic liberals versus 
radical Democrats. 

2736
02:22:56,000 --> 02:23:00,400
Deists vs atheists and 
pragmatists vs idealists. 

2737
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:04,000
The enlightenment was not one 
son, but a constellation with 

2738
02:23:04,000 --> 02:23:07,100
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of

2739
02:23:07,100 --> 02:23:09,300
each other. 
Their clashes bitter. 

2740
02:23:09,300 --> 02:23:11,600
Though they were gave the era 
much of its dynamism. 

2741
02:23:11,600 --> 02:23:15,500
The salon gossip about Voltaire 
versus Rousseau was the talk of 

2742
02:23:15,508 --> 02:23:18,200
intellectual Europe. 
Interestingly, when both 

2743
02:23:18,200 --> 02:23:22,100
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 
away in 1778, they received 

2744
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:25,200
brief eulogies as if they had 
been complimentary Heroes. 

2745
02:23:26,000 --> 02:23:28,800
Within a few years, the French 
Revolution would enshrine them 

2746
02:23:28,800 --> 02:23:32,400
by entering both their ashes in 
the pantie, on in Paris 

2747
02:23:32,400 --> 02:23:35,500
Voltaire, and 1791, Russo, and 
94. 

2748
02:23:35,500 --> 02:23:38,200
Symbolically reconciling the 
two, in the Republic of 

2749
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:41,400
posterity, France. 
It turned out would need both 

2750
02:23:41,400 --> 02:23:44,100
voltaire's razor wit and 
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 

2751
02:23:44,100 --> 02:23:45,800
Freedom as it hurtled toward a 
new age. 

2752
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:48,800
The Palace of Versailles 
Courtyard was packed on a sunny 

2753
02:23:48,808 --> 02:23:52,200
September afternoon and 1783 
with eyes. 

2754
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:54,900
Fixed on the sky. 
Two provincial Brothers. 

2755
02:23:54,900 --> 02:23:57,900
The montgolfier brothers were 
ready to attempt the first hot 

2756
02:23:57,900 --> 02:24:00,300
air balloon flight by the living
creatures in front of King 

2757
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:02,800
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 
Antoinette. 

2758
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:06,700
Sheep duck and rooster were 
placed into a wicker basket 

2759
02:24:06,700 --> 02:24:08,800
under a taffeta balloon. 
At the sound of a Canon. 

2760
02:24:08,800 --> 02:24:11,200
A second cannon, fire announced 
release. 

2761
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:15,700
As the balloon gracefully 
climbed 600 meters. 10s of 

2762
02:24:15,708 --> 02:24:19,400
thousands of people gasped, It 
carried its Barnyard, aeronauts 

2763
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:22,500
through the heavens for 8 
minutes, Royal biologists 

2764
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:26,100
quickly, examine the animals 
which were alive and eating hay 

2765
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:29,600
after it softly landed, a few 
kilometers away, the audience 

2766
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,500
applauded. 
The King was thrilled or be at 

2767
02:24:32,508 --> 02:24:35,700
the inventors deftly of his 
suggestion, to use convicted 

2768
02:24:35,700 --> 02:24:39,500
felons as test passengers more 
than Amusement, this balloon 

2769
02:24:39,500 --> 02:24:41,700
flight symbolized. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

2770
02:24:41,708 --> 02:24:46,700
science and reason to expand the
conceivable that moment even the

2771
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:50,400
ancient dream of flight seem 
possible Ingenuity and 

2772
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:53,000
experimentation had turned 
imagination into reality before 

2773
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:56,600
the French public French 
Enlightenment science, provided 

2774
02:24:56,600 --> 02:24:59,400
daily life and great politics 
savants. 

2775
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:02,700
Learned men and a few women who 
passionately studied, nature 

2776
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:06,900
Rose in the 18th century. 
They studied chemistry anatomy, 

2777
02:25:06,900 --> 02:25:10,500
botany astronomy, and electrical
importantly, they sought 

2778
02:25:10,500 --> 02:25:13,900
practical social reforms. 
The former Royal Academy of 

2779
02:25:13,900 --> 02:25:17,800
Sciences in Paris was full of 
experiments and one of waza-air,

2780
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:20,200
a rich Parisian tax. 
Officer who loved chemistry 

2781
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:24,100
discovered Oxygen's role in 
combustion and established the 

2782
02:25:24,108 --> 02:25:28,400
idea of mass conservation. 
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who

2783
02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:31,700
illustrated and took notes 
measured gases and metals with 

2784
02:25:31,700 --> 02:25:35,200
astonishing Precision in their 
home laboratory, he proved that 

2785
02:25:35,200 --> 02:25:38,700
rusting metal games wait by 
mixing with Airborne oxygen 

2786
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:40,900
disproving the florist tonight 
idea. 

2787
02:25:41,800 --> 02:25:45,500
Such work paved the way for 
Modern, Chemistry was a 

2788
02:25:45,508 --> 02:25:48,800
systematic, empirical, 
Enlightenment of knowledge 

2789
02:25:48,800 --> 02:25:52,200
should Advance Humanity. 
Outside the lab, he improved 

2790
02:25:52,200 --> 02:25:55,200
France's gunpowder industry, 
helping the military and 

2791
02:25:55,200 --> 02:25:57,100
agricultural research to boost 
yields. 

2792
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:00,900
Science historically clashed 
with religious theology, but by 

2793
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:03,200
mid-century many clergy were 
fascinated by it. 

2794
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:06,800
After the Galileo episode, a 
century earlier, the church was 

2795
02:26:06,800 --> 02:26:09,400
cautious. 
Jesuit instructors, in France, 

2796
02:26:09,400 --> 02:26:14,700
adjusted Cartesian a Newtonian 
principles, Still tensions grew 

2797
02:26:14,700 --> 02:26:18,600
in the 1770s, the comfortable 
fall, the king's naturalist 

2798
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:22,300
proposed that the world may be 
far older than the Bible, 6,000 

2799
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:25,800
years, paris's, faculty of 
theology forced him, to include 

2800
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:29,200
a Pious disclaimer in his book, 
Enlightenment science favored, 

2801
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:32,600
natural explanations above 
magical ones, contrary to 

2802
02:26:32,608 --> 02:26:35,700
traditional beliefs. 
Many devout Christians or 

2803
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:39,400
scientific findings, as proof of
God's laws medicine and public 

2804
02:26:39,400 --> 02:26:41,600
health were where science and 
belief intersected. 

2805
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:45,600
Most the introduction of 
smallpox inoculation a 

2806
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:49,200
predecessor to vaccination was 
noteworthy, Millions, including 

2807
02:26:49,200 --> 02:26:52,100
royalty, been doing a store 
scarred by smallpox. 

2808
02:26:53,100 --> 02:26:56,700
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

2809
02:26:56,700 --> 02:27:01,100
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

2810
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:04,800
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

2811
02:27:04,800 --> 02:27:07,300
Antoinette supported it Parisian
Milner's. 

2812
02:27:07,300 --> 02:27:11,400
Produced, the poof, Elias ahead 
do with symbols of medicine and 

2813
02:27:11,400 --> 02:27:13,900
Victory. 
The serpent in twine Rod, 

2814
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:17,400
arising Sun for the king and an 
olive branch for piece to 

2815
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:19,500
commemorate the Royal 
inoculation success. 

2816
02:27:20,600 --> 02:27:24,000
Fashion and science were linked.
The poof made inoculation look 

2817
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:27,600
cool and calm public worries. 
After the monarchy is 

2818
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,300
high-profile sponsorship, what 
many considered a dubious 

2819
02:27:30,300 --> 02:27:34,400
possibly impose activity, 
deliberately infecting, someone 

2820
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:38,300
gained legitimacy? 
It was the moment when empirical

2821
02:27:38,300 --> 02:27:41,700
knowledge inoculation success in
England and the Ottoman Empire 

2822
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:46,400
Triumph Superstition people's 
veins were filled with their in 

2823
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:49,000
Enlightenment Notions 
Enlightenment science 

2824
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:52,600
influenced, common devices and 
advances the elite enjoyed 

2825
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:56,000
mechanical and scientific 
exhibitions salons had the 

2826
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:58,900
electrical machines with 
spinning glass globes that 

2827
02:27:58,908 --> 02:28:02,900
generated static electricity 
sparking and raising arm hair. 

2828
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:06,100
These machines were novelty. 
But in important research, 

2829
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:09,800
tools, When American scientist, 
Benjamin Franklin showed 

2830
02:28:09,800 --> 02:28:13,200
lightning was electrical by 
harnessing it with a kite Europe

2831
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:16,100
was enthralled. 
France, copied the experiment. 

2832
02:28:16,100 --> 02:28:18,900
Franklyn was a star in Paris as 
a revolutionary. 

2833
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:21,800
Diplomatic scientists. 
In his lightning rod creation, 

2834
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:23,800
was praised as a reason to fence
against nature. 

2835
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:27,700
By the 1780s even churches were 
putting lightning rods. 

2836
02:28:27,700 --> 02:28:31,000
Possibly recognizing that saving
a steeple from blowing up, was 

2837
02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:33,900
worth it. 
Some churchmen first, opposed 

2838
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:36,200
them believe in that it was 
Blasphemous to meddle with the 

2839
02:28:36,200 --> 02:28:39,300
artillery of heaven. 
So science quietly challenged. 

2840
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:42,000
The idea that disasters were 
divine will by treating them as 

2841
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:45,000
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

2842
02:28:45,000 --> 02:28:47,500
the philosophers to probe 
Enlightenment thinkers. 

2843
02:28:47,500 --> 02:28:50,500
Compared doctors discussions 
about the hearts to a state's 

2844
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:53,600
circulation of Commerce 
philosophy considered 

2845
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:56,700
classifying human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

2846
02:28:56,700 --> 02:29:00,400
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

2847
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:03,600
from anatomical, diagrams to 
winmill, Improvement designs 

2848
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:06,200
aiming to gather and disseminate
a central knowledge. 

2849
02:29:07,200 --> 02:29:10,300
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

2850
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:13,800
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

2851
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:15,700
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

2852
02:29:16,600 --> 02:29:20,400
Did hero published on Metallurgy
music, theory and other subjects

2853
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:23,100
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

2854
02:29:23,100 --> 02:29:26,500
enhance life. during this era, 
the state often linked 

2855
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:29,800
scientific development to its 
goals fostering a culture of 

2856
02:29:29,800 --> 02:29:34,100
enlightened absolutism Louis the
16th and his ministers wanted to

2857
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:37,500
use science to improve 
armaments, maps and agriculture 

2858
02:29:37,500 --> 02:29:41,600
in the 1760s. 
The French government supported 

2859
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:44,600
the enormous Meridian voyages to
estimate the Earth's form, 

2860
02:29:44,600 --> 02:29:48,000
reflecting and lightning 
curiosity, and State pride. 

2861
02:29:48,900 --> 02:29:51,500
The Academy of Sciences 
researched ways to enhance 

2862
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:54,700
navigation, and chronometers, 
and gave prizes for practical 

2863
02:29:54,700 --> 02:29:58,500
answers, nutritionists like 
polmanteer staged meals 

2864
02:29:58,500 --> 02:30:01,800
featuring potato dishes to 
convince aristocracy, it could 

2865
02:30:01,808 --> 02:30:05,000
prevent starvation. 
To promote potatoes. 

2866
02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:08,400
Polmanteer had a field guarded 
by troops, but let peasants 

2867
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:11,400
steal from it at night. 
In urban living, the 

2868
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:14,700
enlightenment provided New 
conveniences Paris is likely 

2869
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:18,200
Street illumination improved, 
bringing Enlightenment, public 

2870
02:30:18,200 --> 02:30:21,800
places like the jardan Dua. 
Now, Jada plant, offered 

2871
02:30:21,800 --> 02:30:25,000
Botanical, Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

2872
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:28,000
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

2873
02:30:28,000 --> 02:30:31,600
demonstrated physics 
experiments, such as how an air 

2874
02:30:31,600 --> 02:30:34,200
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

2875
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:38,700
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

2876
02:30:38,700 --> 02:30:41,300
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

2877
02:30:41,300 --> 02:30:46,100
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
and clubs men debated, the ideas

2878
02:30:46,100 --> 02:30:49,900
of Newton and descarte or 
aristocratic women will small 

2879
02:30:49,900 --> 02:30:53,100
lightning rods as jewelery. 
The Revolutionary idea of 

2880
02:30:53,100 --> 02:30:56,700
rationality, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

2881
02:30:56,700 --> 02:31:00,000
inspiration from science. 
The scientists sought natural 

2882
02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:02,600
rules, philosophers sought 
social laws. 

2883
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:06,000
Scientists skill in describing 
the world, encourage them to 

2884
02:31:06,000 --> 02:31:08,900
question whether social 
structures like the monarchy 

2885
02:31:08,900 --> 02:31:11,900
church and feudal. 
Privileges were logical or 

2886
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:14,600
historical accidents. 
Why not redesign a kingdom. 

2887
02:31:14,600 --> 02:31:17,900
If a balloon could fly science, 
wasn't politically neutral. 

2888
02:31:18,600 --> 02:31:21,600
Some Enlightenment servants face
persecution and challenges, 

2889
02:31:21,600 --> 02:31:25,000
revolutionaries denounced 
Lavoisier for being a tax 

2890
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:28,400
collector in 1794 despite his 
gunpowder and chemistry 

2891
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:30,600
advances. 
Despite his scientific 

2892
02:31:30,600 --> 02:31:33,100
credentials, the Waze a face 
execution. 

2893
02:31:33,100 --> 02:31:36,200
When the public turned against 
experts with links to the onion 

2894
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:39,100
regime, the Republic has no need
of scientists. 

2895
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:43,600
The judge allegedly declared 
rejecting, Mercy requests, The 

2896
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:46,100
new Administration returned 
lavoisier's things to his widow.

2897
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:49,300
With a note to the Widow of 
love, was a who was falsely 

2898
02:31:49,300 --> 02:31:52,900
convicted a year after his 
execution acknowledging, his 

2899
02:31:52,900 --> 02:31:55,900
innocence and genius 
mathematician LaGrange more and 

2900
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:59,700
it took them only an instant to 
cut off that head and 100 years 

2901
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:01,800
may not suffice to produce 
another like it. 

2902
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:05,500
The convergence of Enlightenment
science and revolutionary 

2903
02:32:05,500 --> 02:32:09,100
politics was fragile. 
Science, permitted Salons, State

2904
02:32:09,100 --> 02:32:12,600
policies and Street culture in 
Enlightenment France, it offered

2905
02:32:12,600 --> 02:32:16,200
control over nature and 
reflected Society, people cooked

2906
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:20,900
Heald, and illuminated their 
home's differently in influenced

2907
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:23,300
their Thinking, by encouraging 
them to believe that empirical 

2908
02:32:23,300 --> 02:32:26,000
observation and reason could 
explain an improve the natural 

2909
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:29,000
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

2910
02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:31,200
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

2911
02:32:31,900 --> 02:32:35,600
The montgolfier balloon soaring 
to cheers at the sighed. 

2912
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:41,100
How knowledge May lift Humanity.
Once a place of gods and mystery

2913
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:44,500
the sky today hosted, human 
achievement everything appeared 

2914
02:32:44,500 --> 02:32:48,000
possible currently and a social.
And political revolution was 

2915
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:51,400
about to happen spurred in part 
by Enlightenment Sciences 

2916
02:32:51,400 --> 02:32:54,800
confidence, and inquisitive 
attitude to lose experience to 

2917
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:56,500
horrible scene. 
That exemplified the 

2918
02:32:56,508 --> 02:33:00,900
enlightenment's fight against 
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

2919
02:33:00,900 --> 02:33:04,500
wheel punishment, sentenced 
Protestant, Merchant Jean death,

2920
02:33:04,500 --> 02:33:07,500
for the murder of his son, who 
was reportedly converting to 

2921
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:11,300
Catholicism. 
Kalis claimed in a sense, but 

2922
02:33:11,300 --> 02:33:14,700
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate, he suffered, 

2923
02:33:14,700 --> 02:33:16,800
and maintained his innocence 
until death. 

2924
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:20,100
Volta, learned about this 
Injustice and his Fernie house. 

2925
02:33:21,100 --> 02:33:23,000
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

2926
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:26,000
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

2927
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:30,000
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

2928
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:32,900
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

2929
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:36,900
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

2930
02:33:36,900 --> 02:33:39,400
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

2931
02:33:39,400 --> 02:33:43,500
authored A Treatise on 
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 

2932
02:33:43,500 --> 02:33:45,000
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

2933
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:48,500
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded. 

2934
02:33:49,200 --> 02:33:52,000
In 1765. 
The king's Council in Paris, 

2935
02:33:52,000 --> 02:33:54,800
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated. 

2936
02:33:54,800 --> 02:33:57,500
Him posthumously this victory of
Reason. 

2937
02:33:57,500 --> 02:34:00,600
Over bias was applauded by 
Europe and the age of Voltaire, 

2938
02:34:00,600 --> 02:34:04,100
the kalash Scandal proved that 
the monarchs could be swayed to 

2939
02:34:04,100 --> 02:34:06,900
right or wrong and advancing 
Enlightenment religious 

2940
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,500
tolerance and legislative change
voltaire's ecclissi. 

2941
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:14,400
Lane fam, crushed the infamous 
thing inspired the philosophy 

2942
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:18,800
Superstition, and Priests misuse
of authority with his concerns. 

2943
02:34:18,800 --> 02:34:23,400
Not religion itself, numerous 
examples in Rage, the philosophy

2944
02:34:23,400 --> 02:34:27,600
1766, saw the execution of 19 
year old Aristocrat. 

2945
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:32,000
Chevrolet for not removing his 
hat during a religious 

2946
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:34,200
procession and defacing a 
crucifix. 

2947
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:37,300
The Authority's fastened 
voltaire's philosophical 

2948
02:34:37,300 --> 02:34:40,400
dictionary to labar's Burning, 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

2949
02:34:40,400 --> 02:34:42,100
principles for teenage 
irreverence. 

2950
02:34:43,100 --> 02:34:47,200
Voltaire outraged at La bars 
execution, wrote harshly about 

2951
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:50,900
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

2952
02:34:50,900 --> 02:34:54,000
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

2953
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:57,700
monarchy with its nobility as 
oppressors in lightning ideas, 

2954
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,100
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

2955
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:05,700
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

2956
02:35:05,700 --> 02:35:08,600
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

2957
02:35:08,600 --> 02:35:11,300
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

2958
02:35:12,100 --> 02:35:15,400
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

2959
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:18,600
equilibrium. 
Some went further Russo's social

2960
02:35:18,608 --> 02:35:22,400
contracts 1762 opens with the 
Bold claim. 

2961
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:27,500
Man is Born Free and everywhere 
he is in Chains attacking Royal 

2962
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:31,100
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

2963
02:35:31,100 --> 02:35:35,300
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

2964
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:39,000
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical secret copies of the 

2965
02:35:39,000 --> 02:35:42,000
band and destroyed book 
disseminated its ideas quickly. 

2966
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:46,200
In later works Deidre focused on
colonialism and slavery and 

2967
02:35:46,200 --> 02:35:50,000
suggested that oppress people 
should rise up rainel and Dido's

2968
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:52,400
popular history of the two 
Indies predicts a slave 

2969
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:56,300
Insurrection and the fall of 
European Authority overseas that

2970
02:35:56,300 --> 02:35:59,000
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown. 

2971
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:02,400
Spam does sense as tried to 
crush it, but they merely pushed

2972
02:36:02,400 --> 02:36:04,500
it underground where it became 
more appealing. 

2973
02:36:04,500 --> 02:36:08,400
Not all in lightning Figures 
were radicals, many favored in 

2974
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:11,600
lighting despotism, which held 
at a wise and sensible King 

2975
02:36:11,600 --> 02:36:15,200
could reform from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

2976
02:36:15,208 --> 02:36:17,900
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor, Joseph, the second of 

2977
02:36:17,900 --> 02:36:22,400
Austria for religious toleration
of serfdom Reform, Enlightenment

2978
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:25,300
influenced, French ministers and
nobility included turgut. 

2979
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:28,800
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

2980
02:36:28,800 --> 02:36:31,400
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

2981
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:34,500
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

2982
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:39,800
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

2983
02:36:39,800 --> 02:36:44,000
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

2984
02:36:44,000 --> 02:36:47,100
prohibited torture in 
interrogations inspired by 

2985
02:36:47,100 --> 02:36:50,500
kesari bakeries in lightning and
essay on crimes and punishments 

2986
02:36:50,500 --> 02:36:55,300
by providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787, the advocated 

2987
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,700
immunization, and religious 
tolerance, the monarchy often 

2988
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:02,500
failed and faced opposition from
existing interests, Nobles, 

2989
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:06,100
resisted reforms, dismissing 
him, the church leadership, 

2990
02:37:06,100 --> 02:37:07,800
actively opposed privileged 
reduction. 

2991
02:37:08,600 --> 02:37:11,200
French Catholic Church was a key
and light to Target. 

2992
02:37:11,200 --> 02:37:14,400
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

2993
02:37:14,400 --> 02:37:18,200
dissenters were to immense, 
great riches philosopher, mostly

2994
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:21,100
Deus or agnostics, denounce 
Church persecution. 

2995
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:25,300
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like their calus Scandal to 

2996
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:28,900
Humble the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

2997
02:37:28,900 --> 02:37:31,600
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

2998
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:35,700
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 
mocked European religious, 

2999
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:39,100
communion by comparing Pacific 
island, accustomed to European 

3000
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:42,600
religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

3001
02:37:42,600 --> 02:37:44,700
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

3002
02:37:44,700 --> 02:37:46,900
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

3003
02:37:46,900 --> 02:37:49,600
The words were provocative 
Toulouse. 

3004
02:37:49,600 --> 02:37:52,100
Experience to horrible scene. 
That exemplified the 

3005
02:37:52,108 --> 02:37:56,500
enlightenment's fight against 
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

3006
02:37:56,500 --> 02:37:59,400
wheel punishment, sentenced 
Protestant, Merchant, Jean 

3007
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:02,500
collected, death, for the murder
of his son, who was reportedly 

3008
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:06,900
converting to Catholicism. 
Kalis claimed in a sense, but 

3009
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:10,400
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate, he suffered, 

3010
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,300
and maintained his innocence 
until death. 

3011
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:15,800
Volta learned about this 
Injustice at his Fernie house. 

3012
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:18,700
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

3013
02:38:19,400 --> 02:38:21,600
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

3014
02:38:21,600 --> 02:38:25,600
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

3015
02:38:25,600 --> 02:38:28,400
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

3016
02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:32,500
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

3017
02:38:32,500 --> 02:38:35,100
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

3018
02:38:35,100 --> 02:38:39,100
authored A Treatise on 
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 

3019
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:40,700
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

3020
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,100
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded. 

3021
02:38:44,800 --> 02:38:47,700
In 1765. 
The king's Council in Paris, 

3022
02:38:47,700 --> 02:38:51,100
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated him posthumously 

3023
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:55,200
this victory of Reason over bias
was applauded by Europe and the 

3024
02:38:55,208 --> 02:38:58,100
age of Voltaire. 
The Colossal proved that the 

3025
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:01,500
monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong and dancing 

3026
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:04,400
Enlightenment, religious 
tolerance and legislative change

3027
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:08,000
voltaire's Echo Lane fam. 
Crushed the infamous thing 

3028
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:12,900
inspired the philosophers Legacy
Superstition and Priests misuse 

3029
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:15,900
of authority who his concerns 
not religion itself. 

3030
02:39:16,700 --> 02:39:21,100
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

3031
02:39:21,100 --> 02:39:25,400
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat Chevelle for Empire 

3032
02:39:25,400 --> 02:39:27,900
party for not removing his hat 
during a religious procession 

3033
02:39:27,900 --> 02:39:31,100
and defacing a crucifix, the 
authorities. 

3034
02:39:31,100 --> 02:39:33,800
Fastened voltaire's 
philosophical dictionary to 

3035
02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:35,900
labar's, Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

3036
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:37,800
principles for teenager, 
reverends. 

3037
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:42,100
Voltaire outraged. 
At labar's execution, wrote 

3038
02:39:42,100 --> 02:39:44,400
harshly about the cruelty and 
stupidity of it. 

3039
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:47,800
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

3040
02:39:47,808 --> 02:39:51,300
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

3041
02:39:51,300 --> 02:39:54,700
presses in lighting ideas, held 
the monarchy and religion 

3042
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:57,900
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

3043
02:39:59,000 --> 02:40:03,100
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

3044
02:40:03,100 --> 02:40:06,400
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

3045
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:09,600
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

3046
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:11,600
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

3047
02:40:12,200 --> 02:40:17,000
Some went further Russo's social
contracts 1762 opens with the 

3048
02:40:17,000 --> 02:40:20,700
Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere 

3049
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:25,300
he is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

3050
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:28,900
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

3051
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:32,300
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

3052
02:40:32,300 --> 02:40:35,200
illogical. 
Secret copies of the band and 

3053
02:40:35,200 --> 02:40:37,600
destroyed book disseminated its 
ideas quickly. 

3054
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:41,800
In later works Dedra focused on 
colonialism and slavery and 

3055
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:43,900
suggested that a press people 
should rise up. 

3056
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:48,000
Reynolds did popular history of 
the two Indies predicts a slave 

3057
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:51,900
Insurrection and the fall of 
European Authority overseas that

3058
02:40:51,900 --> 02:40:54,600
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown. 

3059
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:58,000
Spam does sense as tried to 
crush it, but they merely pushed

3060
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:00,100
it underground where it became 
more appealing. 

3061
02:41:00,100 --> 02:41:04,000
Not all in lightning Figures 
were radicals, many favored in 

3062
02:41:04,000 --> 02:41:07,200
lighting despotism, which held 
that a wise and sensible King 

3063
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:10,800
could reform from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

3064
02:41:10,808 --> 02:41:12,600
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

3065
02:41:12,600 --> 02:41:15,600
Joseph, the second of Austria, 
for religious toleration of 

3066
02:41:15,608 --> 02:41:19,300
serfdom reform, in alignment, 
influenced French, ministers, 

3067
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:22,600
and nobility included turgut, 
who tried to deregulate grain 

3068
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:25,500
trade and abolish forced labor 
and the Marketo. 

3069
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:28,800
Condor say who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

3070
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:32,700
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

3071
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:37,900
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

3072
02:41:37,900 --> 02:41:40,700
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

3073
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:43,800
interrogations, inspired by 
kesari bekari. 

3074
02:41:43,800 --> 02:41:47,200
As in lightning and essay on 
crimes and punishments by 

3075
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:51,000
providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787, he advocated 

3076
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:52,800
immunization and religious 
tolerance. 

3077
02:41:52,800 --> 02:41:56,500
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

3078
02:41:56,500 --> 02:42:01,000
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

3079
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:03,400
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

3080
02:42:04,200 --> 02:42:06,800
French Catholic Church was a key
and light to Target. 

3081
02:42:06,800 --> 02:42:10,100
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

3082
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:13,200
dissenters were to immense, 
great riches philosopher. 

3083
02:42:13,200 --> 02:42:16,700
The mostly Deus or agnostics 
denounce Church persecution. 

3084
02:42:17,800 --> 02:42:21,300
Voltaire opposed intolerance 
like the calus Scandal to Humble

3085
02:42:21,300 --> 02:42:24,500
the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

3086
02:42:24,500 --> 02:42:27,200
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

3087
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:30,900
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked European 

3088
02:42:30,900 --> 02:42:34,200
religious communion by comparing
Pacific Islander Customs to 

3089
02:42:34,200 --> 02:42:38,100
European religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

3090
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:40,300
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

3091
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:42,500
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

3092
02:42:42,500 --> 02:42:47,400
The words were provocative, the 
mathematician philosopher and 

3093
02:42:47,400 --> 02:42:50,800
liberal nobleman Marquis De 
Condor, say died in a Disney 

3094
02:42:50,800 --> 02:42:53,700
World arrange, jail cell in 
August of 1794. 

3095
02:42:53,700 --> 02:42:56,900
He fled from the extremists 
jacket regime that called him a 

3096
02:42:56,900 --> 02:43:00,200
traitor condori, who championed 
human rights slavery. 

3097
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:04,400
Abolition, and women's suffrage 
almost alone among his peers, 

3098
02:43:04,400 --> 02:43:08,000
was now a victim of the 
Revolution he supported His 

3099
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:10,200
lifeless body was uncovered by 
guards. 

3100
02:43:10,200 --> 02:43:13,600
He may have died from disease 
and exhaustion from Poison, he 

3101
02:43:13,600 --> 02:43:14,800
had when the guillotine 
approached. 

3102
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:18,300
The terrorists Gloom killed one 
of the enlightenment's brightest

3103
02:43:18,300 --> 02:43:20,900
lights. 
His demise of five the tragic 

3104
02:43:20,900 --> 02:43:22,500
irony. 
That Bell many in like 

3105
02:43:22,500 --> 02:43:24,900
luminaries during the 
Revolutionary storm. 

3106
02:43:24,900 --> 02:43:28,600
Their promised progress had 
turned on them. as previously 

3107
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:31,800
mentioned the wazir face 
execution, despite his claims 

3108
02:43:31,800 --> 02:43:35,800
that his scientific efforts 
benefited, the nation, Madam's 

3109
02:43:35,800 --> 02:43:38,500
daughter saw her Salon 
acquaintances scattered some 

3110
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:42,400
executed as Gentile reform 
conversations gave way to mobs 

3111
02:43:42,400 --> 02:43:46,800
even after their deaths in 1793 
Voltaire and Rousseau were 

3112
02:43:46,800 --> 02:43:49,100
disputed by revolutionaries with
radicals. 

3113
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:51,600
Favoring Rousseau's 
egalitarianism and moderates 

3114
02:43:51,600 --> 02:43:54,500
voltaire's tolerance, the 
enlightenment inspired the 

3115
02:43:54,508 --> 02:43:58,600
revolution, but the revolution 
tested it The French Revolution,

3116
02:43:58,600 --> 02:44:02,600
both upheld and undermined in 
lightning values on one hand. 

3117
02:44:02,600 --> 02:44:06,000
It formalized, many philosophers
essential ideas based on 

3118
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:08,400
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 
and Locke. 

3119
02:44:08,400 --> 02:44:11,900
The Declaration of the rights of
man and citizens 1789. 

3120
02:44:11,900 --> 02:44:16,300
Advocated freedom of speech and 
religion equality before the law

3121
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:18,400
and the right to resist in 
Justice. 

3122
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:22,200
The philosophers dream of a 
meritocratic society was 

3123
02:44:22,200 --> 02:44:26,300
realized on August 1789 when 
feudal privileges and tithes 

3124
02:44:26,300 --> 02:44:30,200
were abolished in one night. 
The constitution of 1791 

3125
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:33,500
established a constitutional 
monarchy with a Montesquieu like

3126
02:44:33,500 --> 02:44:36,400
division of powers. 
The revolution fulfilled 

3127
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,300
voltaire's calls for Toleration 
by seizing Church property in 

3128
02:44:39,308 --> 02:44:42,800
1790 and awarding full 
citizenship to Protestants and 

3129
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:46,500
Jews and 1791. 
When Louis, the 16th was 

3130
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:50,500
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 
vision of popular sovereignty, 

3131
02:44:50,500 --> 02:44:52,800
the people's will above Divine, 
Right? 

3132
02:44:52,800 --> 02:44:56,200
Kingship was most clearly 
confirmed however, the 

3133
02:44:56,200 --> 02:44:59,500
revolution's violent illiberal 
term, troubled, many The 

3134
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:02,000
enlightenment sought to replace 
tyranny with reasoned 

3135
02:45:02,000 --> 02:45:04,800
conversation not crowd or one 
party power. 

3136
02:45:04,800 --> 02:45:08,200
The Committee of Public Safety 
murdered thousands of enemies of

3137
02:45:08,208 --> 02:45:11,700
the Revolution during the reign 
of terror 1793 to 4. 

3138
02:45:11,700 --> 02:45:15,700
A terrible, inversion of 
Enlightenment ideas reason gave 

3139
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:19,000
way to another frenzy under 
Robespierre, the revolutionaries

3140
02:45:19,000 --> 02:45:21,800
formed, a municipal religion of 
the Supreme Being and held 

3141
02:45:21,800 --> 02:45:25,000
deistic festivals. 
The guillotine enforced version 

3142
02:45:25,000 --> 02:45:28,300
of Rousseau civil. 
Religion people executed under 

3143
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,900
the guise of reason for being 
Aristocrats or moderate. 

3144
02:45:31,900 --> 02:45:33,900
Republicans would have horrified
Voltaire. 

3145
02:45:34,700 --> 02:45:37,900
The Tara exposed in an 
Enlightenment contradiction, the

3146
02:45:37,900 --> 02:45:41,400
confidence in a single truth 
rational or ideological can lead

3147
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:44,400
to tyranny. 
Philosophers like to hold back 

3148
02:45:44,400 --> 02:45:47,400
and helvetius were as intolerant
of religious people. 

3149
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:50,800
As atheists the revolution 
showed how abstract and like 

3150
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:55,300
become dogmatism, no one shall 
spread Darkness on pain of 

3151
02:45:55,300 --> 02:45:57,700
death. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 

3152
02:45:57,700 --> 02:46:00,400
not want democracy Voltaire 
favorite. 

3153
02:46:00,400 --> 02:46:02,900
An enlightened Monarch over in 
an informed mob. 

3154
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:05,700
Some intellectual said, early 
revolutionary assemblies 

3155
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:09,100
disarray showed Voltaire was 
right about the kanallar Apple. 

3156
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:14,100
Before his 1784 death deed drove
had become pessimistic. 

3157
02:46:14,100 --> 02:46:18,800
Arguing, that despotism might 
only cease when the last Monarch

3158
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:21,800
was strangled with the last 
present, Trails, the Dismal. 

3159
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:25,700
Hyperbole the revolutionaries 
half-jokingly repeated diderot 

3160
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:28,700
probably wouldn't have 
celebrated the 1793 masculinity 

3161
02:46:29,600 --> 02:46:32,600
Philosophers had not solved how 
to justly implement principles, 

3162
02:46:32,600 --> 02:46:35,600
this Gap existed, between theory
and practice. 

3163
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:40,100
Enlightenment supporters, faced 
social contradictions, few 

3164
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:42,200
addressed women's condition 
directly though. 

3165
02:46:42,200 --> 02:46:45,600
They promised a quality. 
Though, a proponent of democracy

3166
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:48,400
Rousseau believed, women should 
be educated exclusively to 

3167
02:46:48,400 --> 02:46:53,200
please men and stay at home 
country to Orlando who authored 

3168
02:46:53,200 --> 02:46:56,500
an essay in 1790 advocating for 
women's political rights. 

3169
02:46:57,500 --> 02:47:00,300
After writing a declaration of 
the rights of woman, the 

3170
02:47:00,300 --> 02:47:03,200
Revolutionary Authority, 
Guillotine Degas, the 

3171
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:05,700
enlightenment for Fraternity had
excluded, their sisters from 

3172
02:47:05,700 --> 02:47:08,100
Universal rights. 
There was division among 

3173
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:09,800
Enlightenment views on race and 
slavery. 

3174
02:47:10,700 --> 02:47:13,800
Some like Dido and condos a 
strongly criticized slavery as 

3175
02:47:13,800 --> 02:47:17,900
against natural law. 
The 1788 Society of Friends of 

3176
02:47:17,908 --> 02:47:20,300
the blacks, founded by 
Enlightenment influence, men 

3177
02:47:20,300 --> 02:47:24,800
sort of volition others, like 
Voltaire criticized, the slave 

3178
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:27,700
trade in the abstract but made 
racist statements and invested 

3179
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:30,100
in clonal corporation's in 
lightning. 

3180
02:47:30,100 --> 02:47:34,100
Universal human nature, battled 
with suda scientific racism. 

3181
02:47:34,100 --> 02:47:38,500
Ironically a consequence of 
species classification The 

3182
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:42,200
revolution of abolished slavery 
in 1794 after a massive slave 

3183
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:45,800
Insurrection in Santa mang, 
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,

3184
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:50,600
it ideal and reality differed 
relationship between intellect 

3185
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:51,900
and emotion, was another 
tension. 

3186
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:55,400
Rousseau noted that humans are 
not rational, but the 

3187
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:58,400
enlightenment praised reason, 
the revolution showed that 

3188
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:01,400
passions anger. 
It in justices desire for 

3189
02:48:01,400 --> 02:48:03,900
vengeance. 
Hope for Glory Drive events, 

3190
02:48:03,900 --> 02:48:08,300
more than academic treatises 
Romanticism, a 19th century. 

3191
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:11,000
Counter-attack accused the 
enlightenment of disregarding 

3192
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:14,800
the heart, tradition and faith, 
Edmund Burke in England and 

3193
02:48:14,800 --> 02:48:18,500
Joseph de Mayo in France. 
Held the Philosopher's unfairly 

3194
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:21,200
responsible for the 
revolution's, Bloodshed by 

3195
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,900
unmooring Society from 
traditional institution's. 

3196
02:48:24,600 --> 02:48:27,300
They said that the enlightenment
abstract reasoning had dissolved

3197
02:48:27,300 --> 02:48:32,100
Authority and led to chaos and 
Napoleon's rule. while this view

3198
02:48:32,100 --> 02:48:36,000
is debatable by the early 1800s,
the enlightenment was held for 

3199
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:39,100
the Declaration of Rights and 
scientific advancement, but also

3200
02:48:39,100 --> 02:48:43,700
accused of revolution, Long-term
the French Enlightenment left, a

3201
02:48:43,700 --> 02:48:47,300
deep and mostly good influence. 
It inspired the French American 

3202
02:48:47,300 --> 02:48:49,200
and later Independence movements
worldwide. 

3203
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:53,000
Many Enlightenment goals were 
achieved in the 19th century. 

3204
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,100
Including the abolition of 
slavery in European Empires, 

3205
02:48:56,100 --> 02:49:00,800
France, in 1848, Britain 1833, 
the spread of public education. 

3206
02:49:00,800 --> 02:49:03,900
The rise of secular States and 
the reduction of church. 

3207
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:08,100
Temporal power, the gradual and 
uneven expansion of suffrage and

3208
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:10,700
the advancement of Science and 
Technology without Dogma. 

3209
02:49:11,600 --> 02:49:15,100
The 1948, un Universal 
Declaration of Human Rights is 

3210
02:49:15,100 --> 02:49:19,300
based on Enlightenment ideas. 
Today we Echo volta's calls for 

3211
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:20,800
press and conscience for 
freedom. 

3212
02:49:21,700 --> 02:49:24,600
Government site, Montesquieu and
creating checks and balances 

3213
02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:28,100
when protesters invoke, the will
of the people Rousseau as 

3214
02:49:28,108 --> 02:49:30,700
followed. 
However, the enlightenment left 

3215
02:49:30,700 --> 02:49:34,000
more uncertain, legacies, the 
Scientific Revolution in 

3216
02:49:34,000 --> 02:49:38,100
industrial society were fueled 
by reason, but romantic and 

3217
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:40,600
later, existentialists 
criticized it, for promoting 

3218
02:49:40,600 --> 02:49:44,700
technocracy and Solaris, 
rationale westerners, defended 

3219
02:49:44,700 --> 02:49:48,700
imperialism as bringing 
civilization an attitude, oddly 

3220
02:49:48,700 --> 02:49:50,700
at conflict with the 
enlightenment empathy. 

3221
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:54,800
But for facilitated by its aim 
in Enlightenment, secularism 

3222
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:58,800
allowed diversity to develop but
also left a spiritual hole that 

3223
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:01,700
19th and 20th Century, 
ideologies, and nationalism, 

3224
02:50:01,700 --> 02:50:04,400
strove to fill, not always for 
the better. 

3225
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:07,400
Often Napoleon's. 
Collapse in 1815. 

3226
02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:10,700
France's monarchy re-established
Church dominance and 

3227
02:50:10,700 --> 02:50:14,400
conservative Tendencies. 
Intellectual life had changed. 

3228
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:16,500
Thus, the genie could not be put
back. 

3229
02:50:17,400 --> 02:50:20,400
French politics, alternated 
between liberal and conservative

3230
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:24,400
in the mid 19th century, but 
Enlightenment ideas set. 

3231
02:50:24,400 --> 02:50:27,800
The standard even conservatives 
had to justify themselves in 

3232
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:31,300
terms of logical government and 
National interest, not Divine 

3233
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:34,400
Authority. 
France will officially divorce 

3234
02:50:34,400 --> 02:50:38,000
church and state in 1905, 
fulfilling the philosophies as 

3235
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:42,100
aim of a secular Republic based 
on liberate fraternity, 

3236
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:45,500
Enlightenment principles, 
filtered through revolutionary 

3237
02:50:45,500 --> 02:50:48,600
experience. 
The French Enlightenment did not

3238
02:50:48,600 --> 02:50:52,800
finish neatly in 1789. 
The Revolution was chaotic and 

3239
02:50:52,800 --> 02:50:56,500
its aftermath complicated. 
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 

3240
02:50:56,500 --> 02:50:59,800
Enlightenment lessen, the 
movement always understood that 

3241
02:50:59,800 --> 02:51:02,600
human Affairs are in perfect and
progressed zigzags. 

3242
02:51:03,300 --> 02:51:06,300
Did Rob observed. 
Nationals are the only orators 

3243
02:51:06,300 --> 02:51:10,200
that always persuade conceding 
that reason, doesn't control the

3244
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:13,400
world. 
Later in life Voltaire, tempered

3245
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:17,000
his mockery with the appeals for
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 

3246
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:20,800
even radical Rousseau caution 
that abrupt upheaval could lead 

3247
02:51:20,800 --> 02:51:24,000
to harsh a despotism. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers 

3248
02:51:24,000 --> 02:51:26,800
realized, that Enlightenment 
would be a long-term tense 

3249
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:29,100
project. 
Thus the enlightenment's 

3250
02:51:29,100 --> 02:51:31,100
Twilight transformed, rather 
than ended. 

3251
02:51:31,800 --> 02:51:35,000
People called themselves 
ideologues or intellectuals 

3252
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:39,600
instead of philosophy in the 
19th century, but they inherited

3253
02:51:39,600 --> 02:51:42,700
the enlightenment's, realm 
questioning Authority, demanding

3254
02:51:42,700 --> 02:51:45,600
reasoned answers, and claiming 
individual dignity became 

3255
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:46,900
entrenched in western 
civilization. 

3256
02:51:48,200 --> 02:51:51,500
When we read voltaire's, witty 
courageous, writings Rousseau's 

3257
02:51:51,500 --> 02:51:55,700
profound challenges, did Rose 
and cyclopedic labors or condor 

3258
02:51:55,700 --> 02:51:58,300
sets precedent humanism. 
We are reminded of the 

3259
02:51:58,300 --> 02:51:59,800
enlightenment's, very human 
story. 

3260
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:04,600
Salon Gathering and clandestine 
pamphlets, friendships and feuds

3261
02:52:04,600 --> 02:52:07,900
and people risking prison for a 
pamphlet or exile for a 

3262
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,700
principal ideas. 
Could overthrow thrown in that 

3263
02:52:10,700 --> 02:52:13,300
age. 
Its Legacy lives on every time, 

3264
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:15,500
an informed public holds a 
tyrant accountable. 

3265
02:52:15,500 --> 02:52:19,000
A youngster is taught science 
without Superstition, various 

3266
02:52:19,000 --> 02:52:22,300
individuals, sit down to talk 
and debate rather than fight and

3267
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:25,600
we chose light over Darkness. 
The French Enlightenment was 

3268
02:52:25,600 --> 02:52:27,200
truly a turning point in human 
history. 

3269
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:34,700
We uncover the surprising story 
of how Andre Michelin tricked 

3270
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:38,400
the world turning a tire company
into the Arbiter of fine dining 

3271
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:41,900
through clever marketing and 
Visionary thinking Michelin. 

3272
02:52:41,900 --> 02:52:44,400
Transformed the way people 
travel eat and view quality 

3273
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:47,600
itself. 
This is the story of a brand, a 

3274
02:52:47,600 --> 02:52:49,800
guide, and the long game of 
global influence. 

3275
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:53,300
So, before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

3276
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:55,800
the video and subscribe to the 
channel if you haven't already 

3277
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:58,400
joined the crew. 
Also let us know where you're 

3278
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:01,400
watching from and what time it 
is for you as we progress 

3279
02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:04,000
through the week, I aim to 
maintain a concise and enjoyable

3280
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,200
experience for all of you. 
So, turn off the lights, grab 

3281
02:53:07,200 --> 02:53:09,200
your blanket and warm pillow and
let's begin. 

3282
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:16,900
Claremont for France 1889 in a 
modest Rubber Factory tearing on

3283
02:53:16,900 --> 02:53:20,300
the edge of bankruptcy Brothers,
Andre and Edouard Michelin took 

3284
02:53:20,300 --> 02:53:23,800
charge with one goal to 
reinvent, their families failing

3285
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:26,700
business. 
The company Michelin at Sea had 

3286
02:53:26,700 --> 02:53:29,500
been selling farm equipment and 
vulcanized rubber Goods since 

3287
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:33,000
1832, but by the late 19th 
century at needed, a new 

3288
02:53:33,008 --> 02:53:37,200
Direction, Andre a trained 
engineer and eduard and artistic

3289
02:53:37,200 --> 02:53:39,400
Soul. 
Turned industrialist believe 

3290
02:53:39,400 --> 02:53:40,900
that the future lay on the 
roads. 

3291
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:44,700
Specifically in providing the 
tires for France's nascent of 

3292
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:47,700
automobile age. 
The trouble was that in 1889 

3293
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:50,400
even bicycles which were 
exploding in popularity, 

3294
02:53:50,400 --> 02:53:54,400
constantly waylaid by punctures 
on rough primitive roads. 

3295
02:53:54,400 --> 02:53:58,300
Their first breakthrough came 
unexpectedly courtesy of a weary

3296
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:00,700
cyclist. 
One day, a man trudged into 

3297
02:54:00,700 --> 02:54:03,200
their workshop with a bicycle 
tire punctured Beyond quick 

3298
02:54:03,200 --> 02:54:05,600
repair. 
At the time, most tires were 

3299
02:54:05,608 --> 02:54:08,700
glued tightly to the wheel, 
making flats and hours, long 

3300
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:12,800
ordeal to fix such punctures 
were a very common occurrence 

3301
02:54:12,800 --> 02:54:16,400
given road conditions of the 
Day, Horseshoe Nails broken 

3302
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:19,900
glass and shops stones with a 
bone natural enemies of early 

3303
02:54:19,900 --> 02:54:22,500
cyclists. 
Edouard Michelin saw an 

3304
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:26,100
opportunity, he experimented 
tirelessly and by 1891 had 

3305
02:54:26,100 --> 02:54:29,500
patented a revolutionary 
removable pneumatic tire, that 

3306
02:54:29,500 --> 02:54:32,800
could be mended in minutes. 
This invention built upon John 

3307
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:35,400
Locke's earlier. 
Pneumatic tire concept but 

3308
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:39,100
michelin's detachable design was
far more practical and quickly 

3309
02:54:39,100 --> 02:54:42,400
proved itself in action. 
The brothers tested their new 

3310
02:54:42,400 --> 02:54:45,400
tire in the longest bicycle race
of the day to demonstrate its 

3311
02:54:45,400 --> 02:54:48,400
superiority. 
Fitted with michelin's, quick 

3312
02:54:48,400 --> 02:54:52,900
change tires, cyclist Charles 
Tyrone won the grueling, 1891 

3313
02:54:52,900 --> 02:54:56,200
Paris pres Paris, race 8 hours 
ahead of his nearest rival. 

3314
02:54:57,000 --> 02:55:00,600
It was a stunning victory for 
both Rider and tire a publicity 

3315
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:03,100
coup that announced michelanne 
as a new force in 

3316
02:55:03,100 --> 02:55:05,200
transportation. 
Emboldened. 

3317
02:55:05,200 --> 02:55:07,800
The michelins turned their 
attention to the automobile 

3318
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:13,300
Contraption still in its infancy
in 1895 they entered a peculiar 

3319
02:55:13,300 --> 02:55:17,100
looking vehicle nicknamed 
LeClaire lightning in the Paris,

3320
02:55:17,100 --> 02:55:20,000
Bordeaux Paris competition, one 
of the world's first 

3321
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:23,900
long-distance car races, the car
ran on michelin's Airfield tires

3322
02:55:23,900 --> 02:55:27,000
daring, gamble at a time when 
many observers doubted that 

3323
02:55:27,000 --> 02:55:30,200
fragile are stuffed rubber could
support a motor cars, weight and

3324
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:33,900
speed. 
True LeClaire didn't win it 

3325
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:36,400
limped in near the back of the 
pack but its performance was 

3326
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:38,000
convincing enough to create a 
market. 

3327
02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:41,600
Spectators and fellow Engineers 
saw that a car on pneumatic 

3328
02:55:41,600 --> 02:55:43,000
tires. 
Could survive a rugged? 

3329
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:47,300
732 mile Journey. 
As one report noted, the race 

3330
02:55:47,300 --> 02:55:49,500
virtually launched the market, 
for detachable. 

3331
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:52,800
Pneumatic automobile tires by 
proving their resilience and 

3332
02:55:52,800 --> 02:55:55,500
practicality. 
The Michelin Brothers had found 

3333
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:59,000
their calling making 
indispensable things that nobody

3334
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:01,300
realized they needed until they 
did. 

3335
02:56:02,000 --> 02:56:05,200
It wild reportedly conceived, 
the idea for a mascot at a trade

3336
02:56:05,200 --> 02:56:08,700
exhibition, in Leon noticing a 
stack of tires that uncannily 

3337
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:12,000
resembled a human form. 
Soon here and Andre commissioned

3338
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:15,300
an artist to bring it to life. 
The Michelin Man, a rotund 

3339
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:18,900
fellow made of Stack tires. 
Debuting in a famous 1898 

3340
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:21,300
poster. 
This Jolly character dubbed 

3341
02:56:21,300 --> 02:56:23,800
bibendum from the Latin, nunc 
EST bibendum. 

3342
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:27,700
Now is the time to drink was 
depicted cheerfully raising a 

3343
02:56:27,700 --> 02:56:31,000
goblet brimming with nails and 
broken glass to your health. 

3344
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:35,000
The message was witty and clear.
Michelin tires, will drink up 

3345
02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:38,100
obstacles on the road. 
This imaginative ad showing the 

3346
02:56:38,100 --> 02:56:41,700
Tireman merrily swallowing road 
hazards captured, the Public's 

3347
02:56:41,700 --> 02:56:43,600
attention. 
It married humor with a 

3348
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:47,200
practical promise signaling that
Michelin tires made motoring not

3349
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:51,800
only safer, but a bit more fun. 
The Michelin Man quickly became 

3350
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:55,000
one of the world's first truly 
iconic, advertising character's 

3351
02:56:55,000 --> 02:56:59,300
a testament to the brothers 
Flair golfer's for marking 

3352
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:03,100
surprises. 
By 1900 Mishler had established 

3353
02:57:03,100 --> 02:57:05,300
itself. 
As France's Premier Tire 

3354
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:09,400
innovator, yet the market 
remained, small automobiles were

3355
02:57:09,400 --> 02:57:12,300
still the playthings of the rich
or the tinkering enthusiast. 

3356
02:57:13,100 --> 02:57:16,100
There were fewer than 3,000 cars
on all the roads of France as 

3357
02:57:16,100 --> 02:57:19,400
the new century dawned. 
For michelada, Thrive more 

3358
02:57:19,400 --> 02:57:22,700
people needed by cars and drive 
them far enough to wear out 

3359
02:57:22,700 --> 02:57:25,200
their tires, Andre Mitchell and 
understood. 

3360
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:28,700
That selling tires wasn't just 
about the rubber, it was about 

3361
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:30,800
selling the adventure of 
Motoring itself. 

3362
02:57:31,800 --> 02:57:34,400
France is rotted, Lanes. 
Can be transformed into more 

3363
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:38,300
welcoming Pathways, perhaps many
more citizens would be enticed 

3364
02:57:38,300 --> 02:57:41,400
to get behind the wheel. 
With characteristic Ingenuity. 

3365
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:43,600
He began devising a new kind of 
product. 

3366
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:47,100
Not a tire this time but a 
booklet that would boost the 

3367
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:51,100
entire ecosystem of driving. 
Little, did anyone suspect that 

3368
02:57:51,100 --> 02:57:53,900
this next idea would become 
michelin's greatest Legacy of 

3369
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:55,900
all? 
Taking an automobile on a 

3370
02:57:55,900 --> 02:57:58,300
cross-country Journey was a 
daring expedition in the early 

3371
02:57:58,300 --> 02:58:01,900
1900s. 
Imagine embarking on a 200-mile.

3372
02:58:01,900 --> 02:58:05,100
Drive with no road signs, no 
reliable maps and no, 

3373
02:58:05,100 --> 02:58:07,200
guaranteed. 
You'd find fuel or a mechanic. 

3374
02:58:07,200 --> 02:58:11,600
If things went awry. 
For instance, in 1905 Parisian, 

3375
02:58:11,600 --> 02:58:15,000
Gentleman embarking on a journey
to the French Riviera would pack

3376
02:58:15,000 --> 02:58:18,600
extra Patrol, tins, and tools, 
and anticipating the unexpected 

3377
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:22,000
at every corner. 
Car travel was truly an 

3378
02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:25,000
adventure and Andre Michelin 
keenly, understood that drivers 

3379
02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:27,500
needed. 
Guidance and reassurance, To 

3380
02:58:27,500 --> 02:58:29,000
support their customers 
Journeys. 

3381
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:32,000
He and his brother compiled, a 
slim red covered handbook. 

3382
02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,000
The guide Michelin filled with 
everything, a motorist might 

3383
02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:39,000
need Technical tips on tire 
repair lists of garages and fuel

3384
02:58:39,000 --> 02:58:42,600
Depots recommended hotels, and 
each areas and even maps and 

3385
02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:45,400
handy Town. 
Indexes Michelin, even included 

3386
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:48,800
a Whimsical cartoon in the 
guide, showing a weary traveler 

3387
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:52,500
collapsing, under an arm load of
maps and manuals, only to be 

3388
02:58:52,500 --> 02:58:55,400
rescued by an outstretched hand 
offering a single book. 

3389
02:58:55,400 --> 02:59:00,200
The Michelin guide, The message 
one, small volume could replace 

3390
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:02,000
a trunk full of disparate 
references. 

3391
02:59:02,000 --> 02:59:06,000
The first Michelin guide, 1900 
was a free. 

3392
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:08,400
Booklet for motorists, full of 
practical information. 

3393
02:59:08,400 --> 02:59:12,300
Andre Michelin predicted this 
book appears with the century. 

3394
02:59:12,300 --> 02:59:13,800
It will last, as long as it 
does. 

3395
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:18,600
The first Michelin guide made 
its debut in 1900, strategically

3396
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:20,300
timed to the Paris, World's 
Fair. 

3397
02:59:20,300 --> 02:59:23,400
That the bustling Exposition 
that year, which Drew an 

3398
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:27,100
astonishing 50 million visitors,
attendees could pick up a free 

3399
02:59:27,100 --> 02:59:30,700
copy of this new motorist guide 
book, which cataloged hundreds 

3400
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:34,200
of French towns and advised, 
where to find lodging meals gas 

3401
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:38,300
and reliable repairs in an ERA 
with no GPS or roadside 

3402
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:39,900
assistance. 
The Little Red Book was a 

3403
02:59:39,908 --> 02:59:44,300
godsend that inaugural Edition 
ran to nearly 400 pages with 

3404
02:59:44,300 --> 02:59:47,100
some 1300 hotel's among its 
Myriad listing's. 

3405
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:50,400
This book appears with the 
century it will last, as long as

3406
02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:53,400
it does to cleared on train 
Michelin boldly predicting, his 

3407
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:56,900
guides longevity. 
Indeed, the guide quickly became

3408
02:59:56,900 --> 02:59:59,800
more than a directory. 
It was a Passport to Adventure, 

3409
02:59:59,800 --> 03:00:03,500
its annual release eagerly, 
awaited by motorists, who saw it

3410
03:00:03,500 --> 03:00:05,300
as a central gear for the open 
road. 

3411
03:00:06,100 --> 03:00:09,700
Indeed, as automobiles, 
proliferated on Europe's roads, 

3412
03:00:09,700 --> 03:00:12,900
the Michelin guide emerged as 
the preferred glove box 

3413
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:16,800
companion for astute drivers by 
the outbreak of World War One. 

3414
03:00:16,800 --> 03:00:19,800
France had embraced the 
automobile with gusto. 

3415
03:00:19,800 --> 03:00:23,800
In fact, the number of cars in 
France surged from about 3,000 

3416
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:29,600
to over 100,000 by 1914 and 
michela's guide had expanded far

3417
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:32,800
beyond its home turf what 
started as a local French 

3418
03:00:32,800 --> 03:00:35,800
publication, grew into a 
pan-european phenomenon within a

3419
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:38,100
decade. 
A Michelin guide for Belgium 

3420
03:00:38,100 --> 03:00:41,800
appeared in 1904 followed by 
editions covering Algeria and 

3421
03:00:41,800 --> 03:00:47,400
Tunisia. 1907, the Alps and the 
Rhine regions 1908, Germany and 

3422
03:00:47,400 --> 03:00:52,800
Spain 19010 and the British 
Isles 1911. 1910 Michelin also 

3423
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:56,200
launched a series of 1 to 
200,000 scale, roadmaps to 

3424
03:00:56,200 --> 03:00:59,000
complement the guide's direction
and make it easier for drivers 

3425
03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:01,800
to find their way. 
There was even a special English

3426
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:04,800
language guide to France 
published in 1909 for the 

3427
03:01:04,808 --> 03:01:08,100
benefit of British and American 
tourists touring the continent 

3428
03:01:08,100 --> 03:01:11,500
by motor car. 
This rapid expansion reflected 

3429
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:15,300
the exploding interest in motor 
tourism wealthy adventurers were

3430
03:01:15,300 --> 03:01:17,900
now driving through the Alps or 
motoring down to the French 

3431
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:20,200
Riviera and Michelin was right 
there with them. 

3432
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:23,100
It's guides offering Dependable 
information, in unfamiliar 

3433
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:25,400
lands. 
If anything the hardships of 

3434
03:01:25,400 --> 03:01:28,500
early driving, only cemented the
guides in Portland's cars of 

3435
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:31,800
that era were finicky machines. 
Prone to breakdowns and Roads 

3436
03:01:31,800 --> 03:01:34,700
outside major cities were often 
little more than rutted Mud 

3437
03:01:34,700 --> 03:01:37,000
Parks. 
Pity The Traveler who didn't 

3438
03:01:37,000 --> 03:01:40,000
carry a Michelin guide when his 
tire blew out miles from the 

3439
03:01:40,000 --> 03:01:41,900
nearest town. 
He might not know that a 

3440
03:01:41,900 --> 03:01:45,100
blacksmith in the next Village 
doubled as an auto repairman or 

3441
03:01:45,100 --> 03:01:47,800
that a certain in the road 
offered clean beds and a hot 

3442
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:50,200
supper. 
The guides detailed listings 

3443
03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:52,600
helped to turn chaos into a 
manageable Adventure. 

3444
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:57,200
As War loomed in 1914. 
The Michelin guide had firmly 

3445
03:01:57,200 --> 03:01:59,600
established itself as part of 
the motoring routine. 

3446
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:03,400
Publication was suspended during
World War One, when Europe's 

3447
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:06,200
focused turned from leisure 
travel to survival, but the 

3448
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:09,600
groundwork was laid motoring had
arrived as a way of life for the

3449
03:02:09,608 --> 03:02:12,300
well to do, and thanks to 
michelin's present strategy. 

3450
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:15,200
A tire companies giveaway. 
Guide had become an authority in

3451
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:17,500
his own, right? 
The stage was set for even 

3452
03:02:17,500 --> 03:02:20,100
bigger transformation. 
After the war, not least, the 

3453
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:22,800
guides Evolution from a 
utilitarian Road Aid in to the 

3454
03:02:22,808 --> 03:02:26,400
venerated culinary Bible. 
We know today from its Inception

3455
03:02:26,400 --> 03:02:29,400
the Michelin guide served as 
more than just a simple guide 

3456
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:31,600
for drivers. 
It represented a brilliant 

3457
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:35,100
marketing strategy, Andre 
Mitchell and realized that if 

3458
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:37,900
people drove more they'd wear 
out their tires fast and need 

3459
03:02:37,900 --> 03:02:40,300
Replacements boosting Michelin 
sails. 

3460
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:44,100
So what better way to Spur Road 
travel and to give drivers a 

3461
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:47,600
reason to hit the road The free 
guide served as a tire companies

3462
03:02:47,600 --> 03:02:50,400
valuable tool inspiring 
motorists to make longer and 

3463
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:54,100
more frequent Journeys. modern 
terms Michelin was pioneering 

3464
03:02:54,100 --> 03:02:56,800
content marketing, offering 
valuable information to 

3465
03:02:56,800 --> 03:03:00,000
customers to stimulate demand 
for its core product long before

3466
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:04,700
anyone coined that phrase Nearly
35,000 copies of the inaugural 

3467
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:09,000
1900 Edition were distributed at
no charge handed out to 

3468
03:03:09,008 --> 03:03:12,500
chauffeur's garage owners and 
anyone who owned or even aspired

3469
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:16,500
to own an automobile. 
Before long drivers considered 

3470
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:20,000
the Michelin guide, nearly 
indispensable as essential as a 

3471
03:03:20,000 --> 03:03:23,400
spare tire or a roadmap on. 
Any long drive, message was 

3472
03:03:23,400 --> 03:03:26,900
never by our tires yet, every 
page, quite quietly served that 

3473
03:03:26,908 --> 03:03:30,200
goal by making motoring easier 
for two decades. 

3474
03:03:30,200 --> 03:03:33,100
Michelin poured resources into 
this project Printing and 

3475
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:36,300
updating the guide annually, 
without earning a cent from it, 

3476
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:40,000
The company stock petrol 
stations and repair shops with 

3477
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:43,400
stacks of the free red guide, 
confident, that every road trip 

3478
03:03:43,400 --> 03:03:46,200
had encouraged would eventually 
lead to more worn out tires in 

3479
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:49,300
need of replacement. 
This Ploy worked brilliantly. 

3480
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:54,000
Perhaps two well as motoring 
move from fad to mainstream the 

3481
03:03:54,000 --> 03:03:55,900
guides distribution sword in 
tandem. 

3482
03:03:56,600 --> 03:04:00,400
France, counted over 230,000 
cars on the road by 1920. 

3483
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:04,800
A huge leap from fewer than 
3,002 decades earlier and many 

3484
03:04:04,800 --> 03:04:06,700
new drivers. 
Wouldn't dream of setting out 

3485
03:04:06,700 --> 03:04:08,700
without the latest Michelin 
guide in the glove box. 

3486
03:04:10,200 --> 03:04:13,500
By 1920, some people have become
so accustomed to the guy that 

3487
03:04:13,500 --> 03:04:17,100
they began to take it lightly. 
According to company law, when 

3488
03:04:17,100 --> 03:04:20,000
Andre Michela stopped by a 
garage one day, he was shocked 

3489
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:22,800
to see his beloved guide being 
used to prop up, a workbench, 

3490
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:25,500
outraged, and perhaps a little 
Heartbreaker. 

3491
03:04:25,500 --> 03:04:27,900
He immediately declared the end 
of the free. 

3492
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:31,400
Michelin guide era, man. 
Only truly respects what he pays

3493
03:04:31,400 --> 03:04:32,800
for. 
He reportedly declared 

3494
03:04:32,800 --> 03:04:36,200
thereafter, the guide was no 
longer a giveaway, but a product

3495
03:04:36,200 --> 03:04:38,700
in his own right. 
Sold for about seven francs 

3496
03:04:38,700 --> 03:04:41,800
roughly, two dollars and not 
insignificant Summit at the time

3497
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:44,400
and revamped for a new era of 
Motoring. 

3498
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:47,900
The Michelin guides, 1920 
Edition marked, a significant 

3499
03:04:47,900 --> 03:04:51,000
Milestone freed from the 
constraints of being purely 

3500
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:54,200
promotional, the guide's content
was refined and elevated. 

3501
03:04:54,200 --> 03:04:57,800
All advertising was stripped out
to reinforce its impartiality. 

3502
03:04:57,800 --> 03:05:02,700
New features appeared including 
a list of hotels in Paris and an

3503
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:04,000
expanded directory of 
restaurants. 

3504
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:07,600
Now grouped by category and 
Cuisine what had begun as a 

3505
03:05:07,608 --> 03:05:10,300
handy road atlas was 
transforming into something of A

3506
03:05:10,300 --> 03:05:13,000
travel handbook, for the 
Discerning motorist readers, 

3507
03:05:13,000 --> 03:05:14,800
wanted more than just gas 
stations. 

3508
03:05:14,800 --> 03:05:17,300
They were increasingly turning 
to Michelin for dining and 

3509
03:05:17,300 --> 03:05:19,500
lodging advice, sensing this 
shift. 

3510
03:05:19,500 --> 03:05:22,800
The Michelin brothers, made a 
shrewd move, they heard a team 

3511
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:26,500
of anonymous field inspectors to
visit establishments and quietly

3512
03:05:26,500 --> 03:05:31,000
evaluate the recognizing the 
growing influence of the guides 

3513
03:05:31,000 --> 03:05:33,800
restaurant section, the company 
understood that consistent, 

3514
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:37,900
trustworthy restaurant reviews, 
would be crucial, these 

3515
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:41,200
undercover diners, the first of 
their kind found out to sample 

3516
03:05:41,200 --> 03:05:44,800
meals without ever revealing 
their affiliation It was an 

3517
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:48,200
unprecedented commitment to 
Quality Control ensuring that a 

3518
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:50,500
Michelin recommendation, truly 
meant something to the traveling

3519
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:53,000
public. 
By the mid-1920s. 

3520
03:05:53,000 --> 03:05:56,500
The Michelin guide had evolved 
from a tire company pamphlet to 

3521
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,800
a more ambitious guide. 
Its original purpose to get 

3522
03:05:59,800 --> 03:06:03,500
people, driving had succeeded 
Beyond expectation and its 

3523
03:06:03,500 --> 03:06:06,200
reputation for fair thorough 
recommendations was growing. 

3524
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:10,300
Not coincidentally, michelin's 
tire sales were booming as well.

3525
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:13,800
The brothers had become leading 
suppliers to Europe's fledgling 

3526
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:16,400
or to Industry Boyd. 
By the growing ranks of 

3527
03:06:16,400 --> 03:06:20,100
motorists, they helped create. 
Now, this little red book was 

3528
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,300
evolving from a glove box Staple
in to a symbol of discernment 

3529
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:27,300
and credibility, as one Observer
noted, early current Enthusiast,

3530
03:06:27,300 --> 03:06:29,900
even like to keep a Michelin 
guide matching, their vehicles 

3531
03:06:29,900 --> 03:06:32,200
model year in the glove box as a
badge of honor. 

3532
03:06:33,100 --> 03:06:34,700
This set. 
The groundwork for michelin's 

3533
03:06:34,700 --> 03:06:37,400
next brilliant. 
Move transforming a tire 

3534
03:06:37,400 --> 03:06:39,300
companies travel guide. 
Into the world's most 

3535
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:44,300
influential Authority on fine, 
dining in 1926 Michelin quietly.

3536
03:06:44,300 --> 03:06:47,600
Introduced a new feature that 
would forever change the guide's

3537
03:06:47,600 --> 03:06:49,900
destiny. 
Star ratings. 

3538
03:06:50,900 --> 03:06:53,800
That year, small star symbol 
appeared next to the names of 

3539
03:06:53,800 --> 03:06:58,600
Select exceptional restaurants. 
5 years later in 1931, the 

3540
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:02,100
hierarchy of one, two and three 
stars was introduced creating a 

3541
03:07:02,100 --> 03:07:05,800
graduated honor roll of dining 
Excellence, a single star 

3542
03:07:05,800 --> 03:07:07,600
denoted. 
A restaurant that was excellent 

3543
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:10,000
in its category, two stars 
signified. 

3544
03:07:10,000 --> 03:07:13,200
Excellent cooking worth the 
detour and the coveted three 

3545
03:07:13,200 --> 03:07:16,600
stars meant exceptional Cuisine 
worth a special Journey. 

3546
03:07:17,600 --> 03:07:20,400
The wording was telling Michelin
was still in the business of 

3547
03:07:20,400 --> 03:07:25,400
inspiring Journeys by 193323 
restaurants in France, held 

3548
03:07:25,400 --> 03:07:28,700
three-star status, their 
kitchens instantly vaulted into 

3549
03:07:28,700 --> 03:07:32,300
the culinary stratosphere. 
Chefs regarded Michelin stars as

3550
03:07:32,300 --> 03:07:35,400
the highest recognition and a 
three-star ranking of the power 

3551
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:38,800
to transform a remote country in
into a global destination for 

3552
03:07:38,800 --> 03:07:42,800
gourmets in 1931. 
Michelin also swapped the guides

3553
03:07:42,800 --> 03:07:44,600
cover from its original blue to 
now. 

3554
03:07:44,600 --> 03:07:48,000
Iconic red cementing, the 
identity of the red guide that 

3555
03:07:48,000 --> 03:07:52,000
endures to this day One 
journalist later noted that the 

3556
03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:56,100
little red guy often referred to
as the Bible of gastronomy holds

3557
03:07:56,100 --> 03:07:58,000
significant influence amongst 
returns. 

3558
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:02,200
Over the ensuing decades, the 
guides influence, only grew 

3559
03:08:02,200 --> 03:08:05,500
restaurants vied patently for 
michelin's approval. 

3560
03:08:05,500 --> 03:08:08,800
Knowing that a star or three 
could bring Prestige and 

3561
03:08:08,800 --> 03:08:11,900
prosperity. 
The guides judgments with their 

3562
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:15,400
concise descriptions and iconic 
Stars established a benchmark 

3563
03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:18,000
that profoundly influenced the 
concept of fine dining. 

3564
03:08:18,700 --> 03:08:21,200
Even walk could only briefly 
interrupt its Authority. 

3565
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:23,800
World War 2 forced to pause in 
publication. 

3566
03:08:23,800 --> 03:08:27,600
But in 1944, the Allied Forces 
famously requested, a special 

3567
03:08:27,608 --> 03:08:30,200
reprint of michela's. 
Last pre-war guide because it's 

3568
03:08:30,200 --> 03:08:33,100
road maps of France with the 
most detail and reliable. 

3569
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:38,300
After the war as Europe, rebuilt
Michelin cautiously resumed, its

3570
03:08:38,300 --> 03:08:41,800
Gourmet guardianship initially 
imposing an upper limit of two 

3571
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:44,800
stars, giving the Euros food 
shortages, before restoring 

3572
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:49,100
three star awards in 1951. 
As put Cuisine bounce back By 

3573
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:51,700
then the Michelin guide was in 
trenched as the Arbiter of 

3574
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:53,500
French fine. 
Dining in its reach was 

3575
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:56,800
extending further afield. 
What began as a parochial 

3576
03:08:56,800 --> 03:08:59,200
handbook for French motorists. 
Had evolved in to an 

3577
03:08:59,200 --> 03:09:02,300
international institution 
Michelin published. 

3578
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:05,800
Its first guide to Italy in 1956
though no restaurant. 

3579
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:09,100
At star in that inaugural 
Italian Edition and rolled out 

3580
03:09:09,100 --> 03:09:12,500
guides across the continent in 
subsequent years, a Michelin 

3581
03:09:12,500 --> 03:09:13,800
guide for Great, Britain, and 
Ireland. 

3582
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:16,900
Reappeared in 1974. 
After a long high at us 

3583
03:09:16,900 --> 03:09:18,900
signaling, the guides 
pan-european scope. 

3584
03:09:19,800 --> 03:09:23,700
In 2005, the company finally 
crossed the Atlantic debuting in

3585
03:09:23,700 --> 03:09:26,800
New York City guide and soon 
afterward had ended Asia with 

3586
03:09:26,800 --> 03:09:31,300
guides for Tokyo, 2007 and Hong 
Kong and Macau, 2008. 

3587
03:09:32,100 --> 03:09:35,300
In its first Tokyo Edition. 
Michelin awarded, an 

3588
03:09:35,300 --> 03:09:38,000
unprecedented eight restaurants,
the top three star, rating, 

3589
03:09:38,000 --> 03:09:42,000
declaring, Tokyo, the new world 
leader in Gourmet dining, even 

3590
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:45,500
ahead of Paris. 
By the 2010 Michelin was 

3591
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:47,900
publishing annual guides in 
dozens of countries across 

3592
03:09:47,900 --> 03:09:50,900
Europe. 
North America and Asia is once 

3593
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:54,600
humbled book now, a global 
Arbiter of taste For perspective

3594
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:59,100
more than 30 million guides have
been sold worldwide over the 

3595
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:02,400
past Century. 
A Michelin star became part of 

3596
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:06,500
the common, lexicon a byword for
culinary Excellence recognized 

3597
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:10,000
from Boston to Beijing. 
Michelin also added, secondary 

3598
03:10:10,000 --> 03:10:13,300
distinctions over time. 
For instance, the bib Gourmand 

3599
03:10:13,300 --> 03:10:16,000
award denoted. 
By the face of Bend of licking, 

3600
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:18,900
his lips was introduced to 
highlight restaurants offering 

3601
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:21,800
excellent quality at a 
reasonable price proving that 

3602
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:23,800
not all outstanding cooking need
to be expensive. 

3603
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:27,900
The guide had transformed into a
luxury brand in Florence in its 

3604
03:10:27,900 --> 03:10:28,300
own. 
Right. 

3605
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:31,400
The endorsement of the Michelin 
a single Michelin guide could 

3606
03:10:31,400 --> 03:10:33,700
Propel a modest Chef to 
prominence or Transformer, 

3607
03:10:33,700 --> 03:10:37,100
remote Village into a 
destination for Foodies tourism 

3608
03:10:37,100 --> 03:10:39,400
boards. 
Even began courting Michela to 

3609
03:10:39,400 --> 03:10:42,500
publish guide in their Region's 
hoping to capitalize on the 

3610
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:45,200
Michelin effect of gastronomic 
travel. 

3611
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:49,300
In the world of out Cuisine, the
red covered guide wielded. 

3612
03:10:49,300 --> 03:10:53,200
A clout matched by few 
institutions yet even as its 

3613
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:55,300
Fame. 
Grew the Michelin guide remained

3614
03:10:55,300 --> 03:10:58,100
cloaked in Mystique, not least 
because it never revealed 

3615
03:10:58,100 --> 03:10:59,900
exactly how it cast its 
judgments. 

3616
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:04,000
Diners devoured, each annual 
Edition but the identities of 

3617
03:11:04,000 --> 03:11:07,100
michelin's inspectors and the 
inner workings of its writing 

3618
03:11:07,100 --> 03:11:09,200
process were kept rigorously 
secret. 

3619
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:13,000
Restauranteurs could only guess 
when a Michelin critic had dined

3620
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:16,200
in their midst, this Aura of 
secrecy became part of the 

3621
03:11:16,200 --> 03:11:19,200
guides Legend and it set the 
stage for the next chapter of 

3622
03:11:19,200 --> 03:11:21,900
the story. 
The secretive inspectors and 

3623
03:11:21,900 --> 03:11:24,300
enigmatic criteria behind those 
Stars. 

3624
03:11:24,300 --> 03:11:27,700
The true genius of the Michelin 
guide and perhaps the key to its

3625
03:11:27,700 --> 03:11:30,500
credibility. 
Lay in the inspectors from the 

3626
03:11:30,500 --> 03:11:33,100
1920s. 
Onward Michelin cultivated an 

3627
03:11:33,100 --> 03:11:36,700
image of rigorous and Anonymous 
evaluation the company insisted 

3628
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:39,500
that its inspectors always pay 
for their meals and never reveal

3629
03:11:39,500 --> 03:11:42,200
their identities. 
So restaurants could not carry 

3630
03:11:42,200 --> 03:11:46,700
favor Planet ended these Mystery
Diners, as the Michelin 

3631
03:11:46,700 --> 03:11:49,700
Brothers, conceived them would 
blend in with ordinary patience 

3632
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:53,700
and experience restaurants, just
as any guests would Over time 

3633
03:11:53,700 --> 03:11:56,400
the guide's, Mystique became 
Central to this cover to 

3634
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:58,700
approach. 
While other guide books were 

3635
03:11:58,708 --> 03:12:01,200
critics, might tolerate freebies
or announced their visits 

3636
03:12:01,200 --> 03:12:04,500
michelin's tasters moved in 
silence and picked up their 

3637
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:07,100
checks. 
Chefs lived in quiet dread of 

3638
03:12:07,100 --> 03:12:11,000
unrecognized, gastronomic, spies
in their dining rooms one 

3639
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:14,000
French, chef famously likened, 
the suspense to waiting for the 

3640
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:16,400
Executioner. 
You never knew when they would 

3641
03:12:16,408 --> 03:12:20,100
come or who they were, it wasn't
just who the inspectors were but

3642
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:22,000
what they looked for that set, 
Michelin apart. 

3643
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:25,400
For decades, the guide said, 
little publicly about his 

3644
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:29,100
judging criteria letting diners 
and chefs puzzle over the secret

3645
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:33,100
recipe for earning a star. 
Only in 1936 did Michelin 

3646
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:36,300
publisher, brief description of 
the standards behind one, two, 

3647
03:12:36,300 --> 03:12:39,900
and three stars couching them in
reassuringly. 

3648
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:42,300
Simple. 
Terms, a top rated restaurant 

3649
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:46,400
was one that volt worth the 
journey, a phrased that harked 

3650
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:50,000
back to the guide road trip, 
Origins behind the scenes. 

3651
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:52,900
Of course, the inspectors 
pallets were finely honed and 

3652
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:55,700
their expectations exacting over
time. 

3653
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:58,900
Michelin quietly, established 
five Universal criteria to guide

3654
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:02,400
their assessments, quality of 
ingredients, master of cooking 

3655
03:13:02,400 --> 03:13:05,900
technique's, Harmony of flavors,
the personality of the chef in 

3656
03:13:05,900 --> 03:13:09,000
the cuisine and consistency 
across the menu and over time, 

3657
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:14,100
Notably factors like Decor 
service or Ambience things one 

3658
03:13:14,100 --> 03:13:15,700
might assume influence a dining 
experience. 

3659
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:18,500
Were officially not supposed to 
affect the rating. 

3660
03:13:18,500 --> 03:13:21,000
It was all about the food on the
plate. 

3661
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:25,200
Michelin would later insist this
obsessive focus on food quality 

3662
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:29,700
combined with anonymity, gave 
the Michelangelo integrity. 

3663
03:13:30,600 --> 03:13:34,100
Inspectors often had culinary or
Hospitality backgrounds and they

3664
03:13:34,100 --> 03:13:37,600
ate out nearly every day. 
Sometimes 250 meals a year 

3665
03:13:37,608 --> 03:13:41,200
particularly writing up reports 
on each experience. 

3666
03:13:42,100 --> 03:13:45,500
Their work was and still is 
shrouded in confidentiality. 

3667
03:13:46,600 --> 03:13:49,200
In an age of Instagram and 
crowdsourced Yelp reviews, 

3668
03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:53,900
Michelin to an old world. 
Secrecy Michelin Bard inspectors

3669
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:56,400
from speaking to journalists and
even discouraged them from 

3670
03:13:56,400 --> 03:13:59,700
telling their families about 
their covert job Michelin. 

3671
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:02,800
Even ensures that no single 
inspector can make or break a 

3672
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:05,300
restaurant. 
Multiple inspectors visit and 

3673
03:14:05,300 --> 03:14:08,700
there are reports are pulled 
with stars awarded only after a 

3674
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:11,300
collective deliberation by the 
inspection team and michelin's 

3675
03:14:11,300 --> 03:14:13,800
directors. 
The guide leverages this 

3676
03:14:13,800 --> 03:14:15,700
secrecy. 
And rigor as a marketing asset, 

3677
03:14:15,700 --> 03:14:19,100
it is mysterious and methodical 
and therefore in the eyes of its

3678
03:14:19,100 --> 03:14:21,600
fans impartial and 
authoritative. 

3679
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:27,900
But secrecy has its price. over 
the years Commissioners veil was

3680
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,800
occasionally pierced by 
skepticism and controversy 

3681
03:14:30,800 --> 03:14:33,900
critics wondered if a handful of
inspectors could really cover 

3682
03:14:33,900 --> 03:14:37,100
thousands of restaurants 
thoroughly or if bias is crept 

3683
03:14:37,100 --> 03:14:40,700
in, despite claims of 
objectivity Which grumbled eggs 

3684
03:14:40,700 --> 03:14:43,800
inspector in France, published a
book in 2004 alleging that the 

3685
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:47,100
rigor of the guide was slipping.
The claimed Michelin employed, 

3686
03:14:47,100 --> 03:14:50,800
only five full-time, inspectors 
for all of France, each paid a 

3687
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:52,900
humble salary and expected to 
somehow cover. 

3688
03:14:52,900 --> 03:14:56,700
Well over 10,000 restaurants, 
making it a complete myth that 

3689
03:14:56,700 --> 03:14:59,500
the inspector comes around every
year to each establishment. 

3690
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:03,200
He also claimed that one third 
of the best and not of the 

3691
03:15:03,200 --> 03:15:06,700
standard expected. 
Michelin vehemently denied. 

3692
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:09,800
The accusations noting that Remy
had been dismissed after 

3693
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:12,800
allegedly trying to extort money
to keep his diary unpublished. 

3694
03:15:12,800 --> 03:15:16,500
And the guides overseas insisted
their standards remained as 

3695
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:19,600
strict as ever. 
However, the expose a hidden 

3696
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:23,300
organization despite such drama,
the guides Prestige proved 

3697
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:26,900
resilient Few diners outside the
industry, remembered the episode

3698
03:15:26,900 --> 03:15:30,600
for long, the Michelin brand of 
Excellence had Decades of trust 

3699
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:34,300
behind it and no competing guide
managed to unseat its authority 

3700
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:37,400
to this day for most chefs and 
gas drums. 

3701
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:41,500
Michelin's inspectors, remain 
enigmatic figures wielding 

3702
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:44,000
power, with their pens and 
forks, and keeping alive the 

3703
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:46,600
Allure of an honor. 
That is, at least, Principal 

3704
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,700
purely merit-based as michelin's
influence grew. 

3705
03:15:49,700 --> 03:15:53,400
So did the stakes for those 
under its gaze a Michelin star 

3706
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:56,100
could make a career. 
But the pressure to keep it 

3707
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:59,600
could also break one. 
The Tails of this uneasy 

3708
03:15:59,600 --> 03:16:02,400
love-hate relationship with the 
red guide, abounded in The 

3709
03:16:02,408 --> 03:16:07,100
Culinary World in 2003, renowned
French chef, Bernard lauzo, 

3710
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:11,200
tragically took his own life and
act, widely linked to fears. 

3711
03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:15,100
He was about to lose. 
One of his three Michelin stars.

3712
03:16:15,100 --> 03:16:19,000
A downgrade that ultimately did 
not occur his death, echoed 

3713
03:16:19,000 --> 03:16:22,400
across France, spurring public 
debate about the enormous stress

3714
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:26,000
place on Chefs. 
The legendary paulus lambasted, 

3715
03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:29,300
the culture of I'll give you a 
star, I'll take one away and how

3716
03:16:29,300 --> 03:16:31,500
critics rating toyed with chefs 
lives. 

3717
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:34,800
In the years that have passed 
other renowned chefs have 

3718
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:37,600
acknowledged that meeting. 
Michelin's expectations can be a

3719
03:16:37,600 --> 03:16:41,100
challenging task as the same 
recognition, that draws pilgrims

3720
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:44,200
to their dining rooms also 
causes them to experience 

3721
03:16:44,200 --> 03:16:47,800
anxiety at night. 
Some chefs have even attempted 

3722
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:53,600
to throw. 
In 2717 the chef of a three-star

3723
03:16:53,600 --> 03:16:58,300
restaurant located in rural 
aguile Shock the gastronomic 

3724
03:16:58,300 --> 03:16:59,900
World. 
By requesting that Michelin 

3725
03:16:59,900 --> 03:17:01,600
remove his restaurant from its 
guide. 

3726
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,400
After nearly two decades at the 
summit, he yearned to cook with 

3727
03:17:05,400 --> 03:17:08,800
the shadow of constant judgment 
to be free from the pressure. 

3728
03:17:08,800 --> 03:17:11,000
As he explained in a video 
announcement. 

3729
03:17:11,000 --> 03:17:15,600
Michelin reluctantly agreed to 
his request and almost unheard 

3730
03:17:15,600 --> 03:17:17,900
of concession, though. 
A couple of years later. 

3731
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,800
Bras found himself back in the 
guide stars and all after 

3732
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:24,000
Michelin decided, its 
assessments would remain 

3733
03:17:24,000 --> 03:17:26,800
independent of chefs wishes 
bras. 

3734
03:17:26,800 --> 03:17:29,800
His public renunciation ignited 
conversations about whether the 

3735
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:33,200
pursuit of perfection demanded 
by Michela had gone too far. 

3736
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:35,100
He wasn't alone in his 
ambivalence. 

3737
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,700
Other celebrated Chefs of both 
revealed the guide and resented 

3738
03:17:38,700 --> 03:17:42,200
it In 2019, the eminent French, 
chef Marc. 

3739
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:45,600
Veyrat went so far as to sue 
Michela after his restaurant was

3740
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:49,400
demoted from three stars to 2. 
Inspectors had made a factual 

3741
03:17:49,400 --> 03:17:51,500
error. 
The Saga was dubbed cheddar 

3742
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:54,600
gated in the press a court. 
Ultimately, throughout his case,

3743
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:58,400
such drama as underscore the 
intense emotions, experienced by

3744
03:17:58,400 --> 03:18:01,400
those minority chefs Beyond 
individual chefs. 

3745
03:18:01,400 --> 03:18:04,800
There are broader cultural 
critiques for decades Michelin 

3746
03:18:04,800 --> 03:18:07,900
was accused of a French and 
eurocentric bias a favoring 

3747
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:10,100
stiff white tablecloths and 
classical technique. 

3748
03:18:10,100 --> 03:18:13,500
So more diverse or homie 
culinary experience, as in the 

3749
03:18:13,500 --> 03:18:16,200
2000. 
And 2010, as gastronomical 

3750
03:18:16,200 --> 03:18:19,300
awareness blossomed globally, 
Michelin expanded, its reach 

3751
03:18:19,300 --> 03:18:22,100
across, Asia the Americas and 
Beyond seeking to stay relevant.

3752
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:26,000
It surprised Skeptics by warding
stars to Humble street food 

3753
03:18:26,000 --> 03:18:27,700
stalls. 
Such as a hawker, stand in, 

3754
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:29,500
Singapore, known for two dollar.
Noodle bowls. 

3755
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:33,000
This was michelin's way of 
saying Excellence can be found 

3756
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,600
anywhere. 
Not only in gilded temples of 

3757
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:39,700
Hope Cuisine and yet. 
Debates continued, did Michelin 

3758
03:18:39,700 --> 03:18:43,000
truly understand local food 
cultures, or was it imposing? 

3759
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:47,000
Its standards was a starred. 
Sushi bar in Tokyo evaluated 

3760
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:50,600
using the same criteria as a 
fine dining Salon in Paris. 

3761
03:18:51,300 --> 03:18:54,600
Such questions provided endless 
fodder for food, lovers and fuel

3762
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:58,000
for michelin's rivals. 
What is clear is that a Michelin

3763
03:18:58,000 --> 03:19:00,700
star creates a profound economic
and emotional ripple effect 

3764
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:04,100
restaurants that earn one often.
See booking skyrocketed 

3765
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:07,200
overnight allowing them to raise
prices and invest in their 

3766
03:19:07,200 --> 03:19:09,800
craft. 
Tire regions of bet on the 

3767
03:19:09,800 --> 03:19:11,900
Michelin effects to boost 
culinary tourism. 

3768
03:19:11,900 --> 03:19:15,000
Sometimes, even reportedly 
subsidizing the guide's 

3769
03:19:15,000 --> 03:19:18,600
expansion into their cities and 
civic pride is now into twined 

3770
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:21,000
with star count cities and 
countries. 

3771
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:24,300
Trumpet, their Michelin Laurel 
restaurants to entice Travelers 

3772
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:27,500
just as chefs trumpet Their 
Stars to entice diners 

3773
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:30,000
conversely. 
Losing a star can feel like a 

3774
03:19:30,008 --> 03:19:33,900
public humiliation and can lead 
to real Financial pain as diners

3775
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:38,000
and investors react. 
The guide has been called a 

3776
03:19:38,008 --> 03:19:42,700
kingmaker, a king breaker, a 
tyrant, and a savior to some 

3777
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:45,800
chefs, it's a benchmark of 
achievement to others, a source 

3778
03:19:45,800 --> 03:19:49,000
of unrelenting pressure. 
In the era of Instagram, 

3779
03:19:49,000 --> 03:19:51,300
influencers, and crowdsource 
review sites. 

3780
03:19:51,300 --> 03:19:54,300
Some have speculated that 
michelin's old school approach 

3781
03:19:54,300 --> 03:19:57,500
would lose relevance. 
That the continued obsession 

3782
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:00,600
with its verdicts suggests that 
its star system still holds a 

3783
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:04,100
unique sway over chefs and 
diners a fact as astonishing 

3784
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:06,500
today. 
As it was a century ago, this 

3785
03:20:06,500 --> 03:20:09,400
tension has only heightened, the
Michelin guides, cultural Aura, 

3786
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:12,600
love it, or loathe it those 
little stars, provoke, big 

3787
03:20:12,600 --> 03:20:15,700
emotions, looking back. 
The audacity of Andre Mitchell's

3788
03:20:15,700 --> 03:20:19,300
strategy as astonishing what 
began as a clever ploy to sell 

3789
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:22,100
more tires evolved into, a 
venture that transformed both 

3790
03:20:22,100 --> 03:20:24,100
travel and Gastronomy on a 
global scale. 

3791
03:20:24,100 --> 03:20:27,500
The Michelin guide helped the 
act of driving from a novel 

3792
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:30,800
experiment in to a widespread, 
cultural practice, and in doing 

3793
03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:33,300
so, it laid foundations for the 
modern travel industry. 

3794
03:20:34,200 --> 03:20:37,100
Early motorists with a guided in
hand, felt empowered to explore 

3795
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:40,300
secure in the knowledge that 
they could find their way, get a

3796
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:44,600
decent meal and repair a flat. 
In many ways, Michela wrote the 

3797
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:47,200
first draft of the road trip 
over time. 

3798
03:20:47,200 --> 03:20:49,800
That little red book. 
Spawned an entire ecosystem of 

3799
03:20:49,800 --> 03:20:53,700
travel AIDS road maps, tourist 
guide, books, and travel 

3800
03:20:53,700 --> 03:21:02,600
itinerary. 
It's no exaggeration to say that

3801
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:04,900
michelin's promotional gamble 
greased. 

3802
03:21:04,900 --> 03:21:08,800
The wheels for 20th century 
tourism, making distant corners 

3803
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:13,000
of France and later, the world 
accessible and inviting to those

3804
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:14,500
adventurous enough to motor 
there. 

3805
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:19,200
The impact on the food industry 
has been even more profound By 

3806
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:21,600
introducing the idea that 
restaurants could be rigorously 

3807
03:21:21,600 --> 03:21:25,400
evaluated and ranked Michelin 
inadvertently created, a whole 

3808
03:21:25,408 --> 03:21:28,300
new Arena of competition and 
aspiration among chefs. 

3809
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:32,000
The guide Stars became the 
Oscars of The Culinary world and

3810
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:34,900
chasing those Stars became a 
narrative of ambition and 

3811
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:38,800
kitchens from Paris to Shanghai 
oat Cuisine which was once 

3812
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:40,300
confined to Word of Mouth. 
Acclaim. 

3813
03:21:40,300 --> 03:21:43,900
Now had a codified system of 
Merit one that could Vault a 

3814
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:46,800
chef to International fame or 
humble, even the mighty ego. 

3815
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:50,900
This innovational turned dining 
out into a sport for patrons, 

3816
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:55,000
assuring in the era of the 
destination restaurant, their 

3817
03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:58,400
food Enthusiast strategies in 
Tire trips to dine at Michelin 

3818
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:02,400
starred temples of cuisine. 
Tiermaker from Claremore and 

3819
03:22:02,400 --> 03:22:05,500
ended up, setting Trends in the 
cooking of Quadra, the serving 

3820
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,300
of sushi, and the topping of 
pizzas in directly influencing 

3821
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:10,800
countless culinary, Traditions 
through the power of its rating.

3822
03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:14,600
Michelin's own mascot. 
The Tubby Tireman bibendum 

3823
03:22:14,600 --> 03:22:17,600
became a cultural icon in his 
own right name. 

3824
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:21,300
The best logo of the century by 
the financial times in 2000. 

3825
03:22:22,200 --> 03:22:26,100
Perhaps just as significantly, 
Michelin demonstrated, the power

3826
03:22:26,100 --> 03:22:29,900
of the brand extension through 
content long before that term 

3827
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:33,700
existed. the company proved that
a brand could transcend, its 

3828
03:22:33,700 --> 03:22:37,800
original product, rubber tires 
and insert itself into consumers

3829
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:42,400
lives in more intimate, Xperia 
Experiential ways today, when 

3830
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:45,000
Airlines published travel 
magazines or beverage companies,

3831
03:22:45,000 --> 03:22:47,700
create lifestyle blogs, they are
following a trail. 

3832
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:51,800
Blazed by Michelin in 1900 using
useful content to deepen, 

3833
03:22:51,800 --> 03:22:54,200
customer engagement in 
michelin's case. 

3834
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:56,700
The stunt was so successful in 
eventually outgrew, its 

3835
03:22:56,700 --> 03:23:00,200
marketing purposes entirely The 
guide established itself as an 

3836
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:02,900
institution, perhaps even 
surpassing the fame of 

3837
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:06,500
michelin's tires. 
By the 21st century michelin's 

3838
03:23:06,500 --> 03:23:09,400
verdicts could determine a 
chef's Fortune's and cities 

3839
03:23:09,400 --> 03:23:11,800
would strive to attract a 
Michelin guide due to its 

3840
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:15,700
potential economic benefits. 
Dozens of Woodbury imitators 

3841
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:19,600
from crowdsourced website to 
Alternative ranking lists of 

3842
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:22,400
tried to replicate michelin's 
formula, but none as quite 

3843
03:23:22,400 --> 03:23:24,000
matched the cashier of those 
stars. 

3844
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:27,200
All this originates from a 
scheme dreamed up by two 

3845
03:23:27,200 --> 03:23:28,800
brothers. 
Who simply wanted people to 

3846
03:23:28,800 --> 03:23:32,000
drive more? 
Even in an age of GPS, apps and 

3847
03:23:32,008 --> 03:23:34,600
social media. 
The essence of michelin's Gambit

3848
03:23:34,600 --> 03:23:37,300
to spark Wanderlust and 
celebrate outstanding cooking 

3849
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:41,100
and in so doing create demand 
for its Core Business remains as

3850
03:23:41,100 --> 03:23:44,700
powerful as ever in the end, the
story of how Andre Michelin 

3851
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:47,300
tricked, the world is not one of
Deceit, but a vision. 

3852
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:50,900
He understood that selling a 
lifestyle, the thrill of 

3853
03:23:50,908 --> 03:23:53,900
Discovery, the promise of 
Adventure, the Allure of a 

3854
03:23:53,900 --> 03:23:56,800
perfect meal at Journey's. 
End was the key to selling his 

3855
03:23:56,800 --> 03:23:59,100
product. 
In nurturing that Vision. 

3856
03:23:59,100 --> 03:24:02,200
Michelin changed the way people 
travel, the way we eat. 

3857
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:05,500
And even the Way businesses 
caught customers, the Michelin 

3858
03:24:05,500 --> 03:24:08,900
guide century, plus Journey from
freebie pamphlet to Global 

3859
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:11,900
gastronomic gatekeeper stands as
one of the most remarkable 

3860
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:14,600
chapters in marketing and 
cultural history indeed. 

3861
03:24:14,600 --> 03:24:18,900
It's now a textbook example of 
content marketing, it's a Well, 

3862
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:22,400
told yet still surprising true 
story of a business Gambit that 

3863
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:26,100
steered its way into the hearts 
of millions leaving tire tracks 

3864
03:24:26,100 --> 03:24:27,800
across. 
The world's roads, and indelible

3865
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:31,600
stars in the world's kitchens 
Andre Mitchell's Grand trick of 

3866
03:24:31,600 --> 03:24:34,600
transforming, a tire firm into a
cultural taste maker achieved 

3867
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:42,600
unprecedented success. picture 
yourself settling into your 

3868
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:46,400
favorite reading spot, perhaps 
with a warm cup of tea, stealing

3869
03:24:46,400 --> 03:24:50,100
beside you Tonight we're going 
to travel back to a time when 

3870
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:52,900
sleep was as different from 
yours, as a handwritten letter 

3871
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:55,800
is from a text message. 
You might think sleep has always

3872
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:59,600
been the same 8 hours a pillow, 
maybe, some tossing, and turning

3873
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:03,700
that you'd be wrong before 
Johannes Gutenberg changed 

3874
03:25:03,700 --> 03:25:07,300
everything around 1440, sleep 
moved to entirely different 

3875
03:25:07,300 --> 03:25:09,900
rhythms. 
Imagine living in a world where 

3876
03:25:09,900 --> 03:25:13,500
Darkness truly meant silence 
where the only light after 

3877
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:16,400
Sunset came from flickering, 
candles that cost more than most

3878
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:19,700
people earned in a day or Smoky 
oil lamps that made your eyes 

3879
03:25:19,700 --> 03:25:24,600
water, just thinking about them.
In this world, your great great,

3880
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:26,700
great, great. 
And many more great grandmother 

3881
03:25:26,700 --> 03:25:30,200
didn't fight the darkness. 
He surrendered to it like a worn

3882
03:25:30,200 --> 03:25:31,700
out traveler finally reaching 
home. 

3883
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:35,900
When the sun dipped below the 
Horizon, most people began their

3884
03:25:35,900 --> 03:25:38,900
journey into what historians 
Now, call segmented sleep, 

3885
03:25:38,900 --> 03:25:41,900
though, back there. 
Nobody needed a fancy name for 

3886
03:25:41,900 --> 03:25:44,200
it. 
It was simply how human slept 

3887
03:25:44,200 --> 03:25:46,700
like the way birds fly or fish 
swim. 

3888
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:50,500
Here's where it gets intriguing.
People didn't sleep for eight 

3889
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:52,900
straight hours. 
Instead, they slept in two 

3890
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:56,300
distinct chunks like a delicious
sandwich with a wide of 

3891
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,600
wakefulness in between. 
The first sleep began shortly. 

3892
03:25:59,600 --> 03:26:03,500
After Sunset lasting roughly 
four hours then sometime between

3893
03:26:03,500 --> 03:26:06,400
midnight and two in the morning.
People would naturally wake up. 

3894
03:26:06,400 --> 03:26:10,100
However, the remarkable aspect 
is that they did not panic about

3895
03:26:10,108 --> 03:26:11,700
being awake during the middle of
the night. 

3896
03:26:12,500 --> 03:26:15,200
They did not deceive themselves 
by calculating the number of 

3897
03:26:15,208 --> 03:26:17,600
hours of sleep. 
They were sacrificing or by 

3898
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:20,100
fretting over potential 
grogginess at work the following

3899
03:26:20,100 --> 03:26:22,500
day. 
Instead, they embraced this 

3900
03:26:22,500 --> 03:26:25,400
midnight Awakening as naturally 
as you embrace your morning 

3901
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:28,800
coffee routine, During these 
quiet hours between sleeps 

3902
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:31,000
people would do the most 
wonderfully human things. 

3903
03:26:31,000 --> 03:26:34,600
They tend to the fire in their 
family, stayed warm through the 

3904
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:36,800
cold night. 
They'd monitor on children 

3905
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:40,000
offering Comfort to little ones 
startled by dreams. 

3906
03:26:40,000 --> 03:26:43,900
Couples would talk softly in the
darkness, sharing thoughts and 

3907
03:26:43,900 --> 03:26:47,200
feelings that somehow seemed 
easier to express when the world

3908
03:26:47,200 --> 03:26:51,200
felt smaller and more intimate. 
Some people use this time for 

3909
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:55,000
prayer or meditation, finding a 
special connection to the Divine

3910
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:57,700
in those hushed hours. 
When the boundary between day 

3911
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:01,400
and night felt thin as gossip. 
Others would craft simple items 

3912
03:27:01,400 --> 03:27:04,900
by firelight mending clothes, 
carving Wooden Spoons, or 

3913
03:27:04,900 --> 03:27:07,900
braiding rope the wealthy. 
Might even visit neighbors 

3914
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:10,400
because apparently social calls 
at one in the morning were 

3915
03:27:10,400 --> 03:27:14,300
perfectly acceptable back there.
Such Behavior wasn't considered 

3916
03:27:14,300 --> 03:27:18,200
insomnia or a sleep disorder. 
Medical texts from the era 

3917
03:27:18,200 --> 03:27:21,800
mentioned, firstly, and second 
sleep was casually, as we might 

3918
03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:25,200
mention breakfast and lunch. 
People structured their nights 

3919
03:27:25,200 --> 03:27:27,900
around this natural pattern 
planning activities for their 

3920
03:27:27,900 --> 03:27:30,700
wakeful hours just as carefully 
as they planned their daytime 

3921
03:27:30,700 --> 03:27:33,400
tasks. 
Hotness. 

3922
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,300
That surrounded, these midnight 
activities was profound in ways 

3923
03:27:36,300 --> 03:27:39,800
we can barely imagine today. 
Step outside your house at night

3924
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:44,200
now and you'll likely see street
lights house lights, the glow 

3925
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:46,500
from Windows, and maybe the 
distant shine of a shopping 

3926
03:27:46,500 --> 03:27:49,500
center. 
Even in relatively rural areas, 

3927
03:27:49,500 --> 03:27:53,000
like pollution, reaches far 
beyond cities, creating what 

3928
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:57,100
astronomers call Sky globe. but 
in pre-printing press Europe, 

3929
03:27:57,100 --> 03:28:01,400
nighttime, Darkness was 
absolute, the Milky Way, blazed 

3930
03:28:01,400 --> 03:28:04,100
overhead, like a river of 
diamonds and people knew the 

3931
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:07,900
constellation's not as romantic 
Notions and as practical tools 

3932
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:11,100
for navigation and timekeeping, 
The moon's phases mattered 

3933
03:28:11,100 --> 03:28:13,800
deeply because they determined, 
how much natural light you'd 

3934
03:28:13,800 --> 03:28:16,800
have for nighttime activities. 
This Darkness shape. 

3935
03:28:16,800 --> 03:28:19,900
Not just when people slept, but 
how they thought about rest 

3936
03:28:19,900 --> 03:28:22,600
itself? 
Sleep, wasn't something to be 

3937
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:24,300
optimized or tracked with 
devices. 

3938
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:28,700
It was a natural surrender to 
the rhythm of light and Shadow a

3939
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:31,400
time when the boundaries between
Consciousness and dreams became 

3940
03:28:31,400 --> 03:28:34,300
delightfully blurred. 
And when the night held 

3941
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:38,300
Mysteries that daylight could 
not touch, Little did anyone 

3942
03:28:38,300 --> 03:28:41,200
know that a Goldsmith son? 
In mines was about to change all

3943
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:44,200
of our lives forever. 
Johannes, Guttenberg probably 

3944
03:28:44,200 --> 03:28:46,100
never intended to revolutionize 
sleep. 

3945
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:49,100
He was simply trying to solve a 
problem that had plagued 

3946
03:28:49,100 --> 03:28:51,100
Humanity. 
Since the first person wanted to

3947
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:54,700
share a story with someone who 
wasn't there to hear it before 

3948
03:28:54,700 --> 03:28:57,500
his invention books were as rare
as unicorns and almost as 

3949
03:28:57,500 --> 03:28:59,900
expensive. 
Each one had to be copied by 

3950
03:28:59,908 --> 03:29:03,800
hand, letter by painstaking, 
letter, by scribes who, 

3951
03:29:03,800 --> 03:29:06,900
specialized in beautiful 
handwriting and presumably had 

3952
03:29:06,900 --> 03:29:10,500
powerful risks. 
Imagine Desiring to possess a 

3953
03:29:10,500 --> 03:29:12,700
single volume. 
He had a compilation of prayers 

3954
03:29:12,700 --> 03:29:15,600
or perhaps a manual on herb 
gardening, you'd need to save 

3955
03:29:15,600 --> 03:29:17,600
money for months, maybe even 
years. 

3956
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:20,400
Single book could cost as much 
as a farm. 

3957
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:24,500
Most people owned exactly zero 
books, not because they couldn't

3958
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:26,900
read though. 
Many couldn't, but, because 

3959
03:29:26,900 --> 03:29:29,000
books simply weren't available 
to ordinary folks. 

3960
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:32,200
The scribes who copied. 
These manuscripts worked in 

3961
03:29:32,200 --> 03:29:35,400
scripture, which sounds much 
more glamorous than it actually 

3962
03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:38,000
was picture. 
A large cold room. 

3963
03:29:38,000 --> 03:29:41,600
Filled with monks hunched over 
wooden desks carefully, forming 

3964
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:44,500
each letter with quill pens that
needed constant attention. 

3965
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,700
Sneezing at the wrong moment. 
Could ruin hours of work. 

3966
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:51,300
One small mistake that starting 
an entire page over again. 

3967
03:29:52,100 --> 03:29:53,700
These hand copied books were 
gorgeous. 

3968
03:29:53,700 --> 03:29:57,100
Works of art decorated with 
elaborate illustrations and 

3969
03:29:57,100 --> 03:30:00,400
ornate initial letters that 
looked like tiny masterpieces. 

3970
03:30:01,700 --> 03:30:04,400
But they were also riddled with 
errors errors. 

3971
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:07,900
Often creep in when humans copy 
text by hand much like weeds in 

3972
03:30:07,900 --> 03:30:10,700
a garden. 
A scribe might accidentally skip

3973
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:13,700
a line. 
Misspelled a word or correct 

3974
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:15,100
something they thought was 
wrong. 

3975
03:30:16,100 --> 03:30:18,900
Several copies of a text might 
only bear a passing resemblance 

3976
03:30:18,900 --> 03:30:22,900
to the original Gutenberg with 
his Goldsmith's precision and 

3977
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:25,400
apparent gift for seeing 
Solutions, where others saw, 

3978
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:28,200
only problems developed movable 
type printing. 

3979
03:30:29,300 --> 03:30:32,400
Instead of carving entire pages 
into wooden blocks which have 

3980
03:30:32,400 --> 03:30:35,900
been tried before he created 
individual metal letters, that 

3981
03:30:35,900 --> 03:30:38,600
could be arranged and rearranged
to form different words and 

3982
03:30:38,600 --> 03:30:41,200
pages. 
It was akin to possessing a 

3983
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:43,300
highly Advanced collection of 
alphabet blocks. 

3984
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:46,800
He's blocks had the potential to
fundamentally alter the world. 

3985
03:30:46,800 --> 03:30:50,400
His printing, press can produce 
books faster than a scribe. 

3986
03:30:50,400 --> 03:30:53,200
Could even read them. 
Where it might take a monks six 

3987
03:30:53,200 --> 03:30:56,800
months to copy a single book. 
Gutenberg's press could print 

3988
03:30:56,800 --> 03:31:00,900
100 of copies in the same time. 
Suddenly books were precious 

3989
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:03,600
unicorns, they were becoming 
more like Friendly Neighborhood,

3990
03:31:03,600 --> 03:31:06,900
Cats still special but no longer
impossibly rare. 

3991
03:31:08,700 --> 03:31:11,800
The first book Gutenberg chose 
to print was the Bible which 

3992
03:31:11,800 --> 03:31:14,200
made perfect sense. 
Since most literacy, at the time

3993
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:15,800
was connected to religious 
practice. 

3994
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:17,800
But here's where our sleep 
story. 

3995
03:31:17,800 --> 03:31:21,200
Really begins to unfold as 
printing presses spread across 

3996
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:23,500
Europe, faster than news of a 
royal Scandal. 

3997
03:31:23,500 --> 03:31:25,600
They didn't just make books more
available. 

3998
03:31:25,600 --> 03:31:28,000
They made Reading itself a 
different activity. 

3999
03:31:29,400 --> 03:31:32,100
Before printing, most reading 
was done allowed in groups, 

4000
03:31:32,100 --> 03:31:34,300
families. 
Might gather to hear someone 

4001
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:36,100
read from one of their precious 
few books. 

4002
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,700
Reading was a social activity 
like sharing a meal or telling 

4003
03:31:40,700 --> 03:31:43,800
stories around a fire. 
People read during daylight 

4004
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:45,100
hours when they could see 
clearly. 

4005
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,000
And reading sessions were often 
planned events that brought 

4006
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:51,500
communities together. 
But printed books changed, this 

4007
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:55,700
Dynamic entirely, suddenly you 
could own multiple books and 

4008
03:31:55,700 --> 03:31:58,600
reading became something you 
could do alone quietly. 

4009
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:01,500
Whenever you want it. 
You didn't need to coordinate 

4010
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:03,900
with others or wait for someone 
else to finish with the family. 

4011
03:32:03,900 --> 03:32:06,800
Single volume. 
You could read in bed by 

4012
03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:09,200
candlelight in the privacy of 
your thoughts. 

4013
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:13,500
Shift from communal to private 
reading happened gradually Like 

4014
03:32:13,500 --> 03:32:16,900
the Way seasons change. 
You don't notice it day by day. 

4015
03:32:16,900 --> 03:32:20,700
Suddenly, you realize everything
is different People began 

4016
03:32:20,700 --> 03:32:23,500
staying up later reading by 
whatever light they could 

4017
03:32:23,508 --> 03:32:26,200
afford. 
Candlemakers probably started 

4018
03:32:26,200 --> 03:32:28,300
having much better business 
years without fully 

4019
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:32,100
understanding why the content of
books began to change too. 

4020
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:35,700
Along with the religious texts, 
printer started producing, what 

4021
03:32:35,700 --> 03:32:38,100
we might recognize as the 
world's first entertainment. 

4022
03:32:38,100 --> 03:32:42,300
Reading stories. 
Poetry accounts of Adventures in

4023
03:32:42,300 --> 03:32:45,500
distant lands and even early 
versions of self-help books. 

4024
03:32:46,300 --> 03:32:49,100
For the first time in human 
history, you could disappear 

4025
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:52,400
into a fictional World. 
Whenever you wanted transported 

4026
03:32:52,400 --> 03:32:55,300
by nothing, more than words on a
page, in your own imagination. 

4027
03:32:55,300 --> 03:32:59,200
This was revolutionary and ways 
that go far beyond just having 

4028
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:01,600
more books to read. 
The thousands of years. 

4029
03:33:01,600 --> 03:33:04,900
Humans had lived primarily in 
the physical world immediately 

4030
03:33:04,900 --> 03:33:07,400
around them. 
Your entertainment came from the

4031
03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:10,700
people, you knew the stories. 
They told in the songs, they 

4032
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:14,900
sang, the books opened up 
infinite worlds, all accessible 

4033
03:33:14,900 --> 03:33:18,100
from the comfort of your home, 
or even your bed, Printing. 

4034
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:21,200
Press had inadvertently created 
the world's first truly portable

4035
03:33:21,200 --> 03:33:25,000
entertainment system as printed 
books, Fred through European 

4036
03:33:25,000 --> 03:33:26,800
towns. 
Like honey through warm bread, 

4037
03:33:26,800 --> 03:33:29,500
something curious began 
happening to the night. 

4038
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:33,100
You have to remember this 
transformation didn't occur 

4039
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:36,000
overnight. 
It unfolded across Generations. 

4040
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:38,700
The way a river slowly carves, a
new channel through Rock. 

4041
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:44,100
But the change once it began was
as irreversible as mourning 

4042
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:47,000
following Darkness. 
The most immediate shift was 

4043
03:33:47,000 --> 03:33:51,600
practical people who could now 
afford books and by 1500 a 

4044
03:33:51,600 --> 03:33:54,000
printed book cost roughly. 
What you might spend on a 

4045
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:57,200
luxurious dinner today, Suddenly
had a reason to extend their 

4046
03:33:57,200 --> 03:33:59,600
waking hours. 
The new book owners found 

4047
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:01,700
themselves negotiating with the 
Knight while. 

4048
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:04,000
Previous generations, 
surrendered to Darkness, as 

4049
03:34:04,000 --> 03:34:05,900
naturally as flowers close at 
sunset. 

4050
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:10,700
Reading by candlelight evolved 
into a unique, art form you 

4051
03:34:10,700 --> 03:34:13,400
learned to position yourself. 
Just so to avoid casting Shadows

4052
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,500
on the page, while preventing 
wax from dripping onto your 

4053
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:20,100
precious book can handle making 
evolved to with Craftsman 

4054
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:21,700
developing longer burning. 
Cleaner. 

4055
03:34:21,700 --> 03:34:23,700
Burning candles specifically for
readers. 

4056
03:34:23,700 --> 03:34:27,800
The wealthy began investing in 
multiple candles oil lamps, with

4057
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:30,900
better Wix and even early 
versions of reading glasses to 

4058
03:34:30,900 --> 03:34:33,800
make the most of their dim 
light, but here's where it gets 

4059
03:34:33,800 --> 03:34:35,700
fascinating, from a sleep 
perspective. 

4060
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:39,500
People weren't just staying up 
later, they were changing what 

4061
03:34:39,500 --> 03:34:42,500
nighttime meant. 
Previously the hours between 

4062
03:34:42,500 --> 03:34:45,900
Sunset and sleep, had been 
family, time Community time or 

4063
03:34:45,900 --> 03:34:47,700
practical time for essential 
tasks. 

4064
03:34:47,700 --> 03:34:52,400
Now, nighttime, personal time, 
private time and thinking Time. 

4065
03:34:52,400 --> 03:34:57,300
Picture yourself as a merchant 
in 1528, finally able to afford 

4066
03:34:57,300 --> 03:34:58,700
a small collection of printed 
books. 

4067
03:34:59,600 --> 03:35:02,100
After a day of buying and 
selling negotiating with 

4068
03:35:02,100 --> 03:35:05,000
customers and managing your 
shop, you discover that reading 

4069
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:09,300
offers something unprecedented 
Escape, not only does reading 

4070
03:35:09,300 --> 03:35:12,100
provide a physical escape to 
distant lands described in 

4071
03:35:12,108 --> 03:35:15,300
travel narratives, but it also 
provides a mental escape from 

4072
03:35:15,300 --> 03:35:17,100
the immediate concerns of daily 
life. 

4073
03:35:17,100 --> 03:35:20,800
This mental Escape had profound 
effect on sleep itself. 

4074
03:35:21,700 --> 03:35:25,300
The first time in human history,
significant numbers of people 

4075
03:35:25,300 --> 03:35:28,500
were going to bed with their 
minds racing, not from the days 

4076
03:35:28,500 --> 03:35:31,300
physical labors or immediate 
social concerns. 

4077
03:35:31,300 --> 03:35:34,800
But from the ideas stories, and 
emotions they'd absorbed from 

4078
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:37,500
books. 
Their dreams began incorporating

4079
03:35:37,500 --> 03:35:41,600
elements from fictional worlds 
characters they'd never met and 

4080
03:35:41,600 --> 03:35:45,500
places they never seen. 
The old pattern of segmented, 

4081
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,300
sleep began to shift, although 
it did not immediately 

4082
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:51,100
disappear. 
People still often woke in the 

4083
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:54,200
middle of the night, but instead
of using that time for practical

4084
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:57,400
tasks or quiet conversation, 
they increase the turn to 

4085
03:35:57,400 --> 03:35:59,700
reading. 
Those midnight hours became 

4086
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:03,000
precious reading time when the 
house was quiet and distractions

4087
03:36:03,000 --> 03:36:05,700
minimal. 
This created the first real 

4088
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:08,600
tension between artificial light
and natural sleep patterns 

4089
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:12,900
Candlelight while dim by our 
standards was bright enough to 

4090
03:36:12,900 --> 03:36:15,500
suppress the body's natural 
production of sleep-inducing 

4091
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:18,800
hormones. people began 
experiencing what we now 

4092
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:22,100
recognize as the early stages of
artificial, light impact on 

4093
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:25,100
circadian rhythms, even though 
they lacked a scientific 

4094
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:28,300
framework to understand the 
changes occurring, Religious 

4095
03:36:28,300 --> 03:36:31,200
authorities, noticed the change 
and weren't entirely pleased 

4096
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:34,600
church leaders began warning 
against excessive nighttime 

4097
03:36:34,600 --> 03:36:37,200
reading, particularly of secular
books. 

4098
03:36:37,900 --> 03:36:39,900
Worried. 
They realized that people were 

4099
03:36:39,900 --> 03:36:42,600
literally losing sleep over, 
fictional stories and worldly. 

4100
03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:45,300
Concerns time. 
They could have better spent in 

4101
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:48,500
prayer or rest. 
Some sermons, from this period, 

4102
03:36:48,500 --> 03:36:51,800
specifically mention, the 
dangers of night reading and its

4103
03:36:51,800 --> 03:36:53,700
effects on both, spiritual and 
physical health. 

4104
03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:57,300
Medical practitioners of the 
time, began documenting new 

4105
03:36:57,300 --> 03:37:00,600
types of sleep complaints. 
Physicians noted that patients 

4106
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:04,700
particularly educated ones were 
reporting more difficulty, 

4107
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:08,700
falling asleep, more restless 
nights and more Vivid complex 

4108
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:11,500
dreams. 
The term Scholars. 

4109
03:37:11,500 --> 03:37:13,500
And so many appeared in medical 
texts. 

4110
03:37:14,400 --> 03:37:17,100
Describing a condition primarily
affecting people who read 

4111
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:19,900
extensively. 
The printing Revolution also 

4112
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:23,000
democratized knowledge in ways 
that affected sleep indirectly, 

4113
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:26,600
but significantly people could 
now access medical information, 

4114
03:37:26,600 --> 03:37:30,800
including advice about sleep and
health without relying solely on

4115
03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:32,500
local practitioners or folk 
wisdom. 

4116
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:36,100
This led to the first wave of 
people actively contemplating 

4117
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:39,300
and trying to optimize their 
sleep rather than simply 

4118
03:37:39,300 --> 03:37:41,100
accepting whatever rest came 
naturally. 

4119
03:37:42,500 --> 03:37:45,400
Books on health diet and daily 
routines became popular. 

4120
03:37:45,400 --> 03:37:48,000
Many offering advice about 
proper sleep habits. 

4121
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:51,200
Ironically people were staying 
up late, reading books, about 

4122
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:53,700
how to sleep better. 
The more information they 

4123
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:56,200
consumed about sleep, the more 
conscious they became of their 

4124
03:37:56,208 --> 03:37:59,000
sleep patterns, which often made
sleep, more elusive. 

4125
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:02,900
Meanwhile, the book industry 
itself was creating entirely new

4126
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:06,200
nighttime economies. 
Printers worked long hours to 

4127
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:09,600
meet growing demand. 
Bookbinders paper makers and 

4128
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:11,800
type Founders extended their 
working days. 

4129
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:15,000
Candlemakers and lamp oil 
producers experienced 

4130
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:20,100
unprecedented demand an entire 
ecosystem of night jobs, emerged

4131
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:22,000
to support the growing appetite 
for reading. 

4132
03:38:23,100 --> 03:38:26,400
By the late 1500s complaints, 
about neighbors, reading late 

4133
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:28,400
into the night became common in 
urban areas. 

4134
03:38:29,400 --> 03:38:33,000
Soft glow of Candlelight from 
Windows previously, a sign that 

4135
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:36,200
someone was sick or dealing with
an emergency increasingly. 

4136
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:37,900
Just meant someone was enjoying 
a good. 

4137
03:38:37,908 --> 03:38:41,200
Buy paper makers, becoming less 
about rest and more about 

4138
03:38:41,200 --> 03:38:44,000
choice. 
The stage was set for sleep to 

4139
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:46,500
become something entirely 
different from what humans had 

4140
03:38:46,500 --> 03:38:50,300
known for millennia. 
Something magical happened as 

4141
03:38:50,300 --> 03:38:54,600
books became cheaper and more 
abundant They began migrating 

4142
03:38:54,600 --> 03:38:58,200
from public spaces into the most
private space of all the 

4143
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:01,300
bedroom. 
This wasn't just a matter of 

4144
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:03,800
convenience. 
It represented a fundamental 

4145
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:07,500
shift in how humans related to 
both sleep and stories. 

4146
03:39:08,800 --> 03:39:11,600
For the first time in history, 
the last thing, many people 

4147
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:14,000
experience before sleep. 
Wasn't the voice of a family 

4148
03:39:14,000 --> 03:39:18,000
member, the crackle of a Dying 
Fire or the settling sounds of 

4149
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:20,600
their house. 
But words on a page, that 

4150
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:22,900
transported them to entirely 
different worlds. 

4151
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:27,100
The practice of bedtime reading 
emerged gradually, like a new 

4152
03:39:27,108 --> 03:39:29,700
tradition, nobody plan, but 
everyone seemed to discover 

4153
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:32,600
independently. 
Parents who could afford books 

4154
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:35,900
began reading to their children 
at bedtime creating the first 

4155
03:39:35,900 --> 03:39:38,500
generation of humans to 
associate the transition to 

4156
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:42,500
sleep with storytelling. 
These were the oral folk tales 

4157
03:39:42,500 --> 03:39:44,300
that had been passed down 
through generations. 

4158
03:39:44,300 --> 03:39:47,900
These were printed stories 
consistent in their telling 

4159
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:51,000
often accompanied by 
illustration and infinitely. 

4160
03:39:51,000 --> 03:39:53,500
Repeatable. 
Children raised on bedtime 

4161
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:55,500
stories. 
Develop different relationships 

4162
03:39:55,500 --> 03:39:59,200
with both sleep and Imagination.
Instead of drifting off to sleep

4163
03:39:59,200 --> 03:40:01,600
thinking of the days events or 
tomorrow's chores. 

4164
03:40:01,600 --> 03:40:04,000
They fell asleep with their 
minds full of fictional, 

4165
03:40:04,000 --> 03:40:08,600
characters, imaginary places and
narrative possibilities their 

4166
03:40:08,600 --> 03:40:10,400
dreams, began incorporating more
complex. 

4167
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:14,200
Storylines, many reported dreams
that seem to continue stories 

4168
03:40:14,200 --> 03:40:17,400
from their bedtime books or 
create entirely new adventures, 

4169
03:40:17,400 --> 03:40:21,900
featuring beloved characters, 
adults to discover the peculiar 

4170
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:25,300
pleasure of reading in bed, the 
combination of physical Comfort,

4171
03:40:25,300 --> 03:40:29,300
dim light and engaging stories, 
created a uniquely conducive 

4172
03:40:29,300 --> 03:40:32,900
environment for relaxation. 
But it also created something 

4173
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:35,400
unprecedented the Cliffhanger 
bed time. 

4174
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:38,800
For the first time, people were 
deliberately putting themselves 

4175
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:42,000
into emotional suspense right 
before sleep, their minds 

4176
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:44,200
actively wandering. 
What would happen next in their 

4177
03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:46,900
stories? 
This led to what historians now 

4178
03:40:46,900 --> 03:40:50,100
recognized as the first 
widespread occurrence the 

4179
03:40:50,100 --> 03:40:52,300
voluntary, sleep delay for 
entertainment purposes. 

4180
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,400
People would tell themselves 
they'd read just one more 

4181
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:59,200
chapter then find themselves 
still turning Pages hours later.

4182
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:04,000
The phrase I couldn't put it 
down, entered common usage 

4183
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:06,700
during this period, though. 
It originally referred to 

4184
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:09,400
specifically, to the difficulty 
of stopping reading at bed time,

4185
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:12,700
the types of books, people chose
for bedtime reading began to 

4186
03:41:12,700 --> 03:41:14,800
influence the content, 
Publishers produced. 

4187
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:17,900
Adventure stories with chapter 
ending Cliffhangers. 

4188
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:21,600
Proved enormously popular. 
As did Romantic tales that left.

4189
03:41:21,600 --> 03:41:25,100
Readers, emotionally satisfied. 
But eager for more Publishers 

4190
03:41:25,100 --> 03:41:27,400
discovered that book 
specifically marketed for 

4191
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:30,600
bedtime reading. 
Sold exceptionally well leading 

4192
03:41:30,600 --> 03:41:33,300
to the development of what we 
might recognize as the first 

4193
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:35,700
genre, fiction specifically 
designed for nighttime 

4194
03:41:35,700 --> 03:41:38,200
consumption. 
Religious bedtime reading 

4195
03:41:38,200 --> 03:41:41,600
remained popular, but even 
devotional books began adapting 

4196
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:44,800
to bedtime reading habits. 
Prayer books started, including 

4197
03:41:44,800 --> 03:41:48,000
shorter sections suitable for 
nighttime, reading, and 

4198
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:50,700
collections of brief comforting 
religious passages became 

4199
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:53,500
common. 
The practice of reading Assam or

4200
03:41:53,500 --> 03:41:57,200
brief devotional, passage before
sleep became so wide-spread that

4201
03:41:57,200 --> 03:41:59,700
furniture makers, began 
designing bedside tables 

4202
03:41:59,700 --> 03:42:03,500
specifically, to hold books, and
candles the wealthy began 

4203
03:42:03,500 --> 03:42:07,000
commissioning special bedroom, 
libraries small collections of 

4204
03:42:07,000 --> 03:42:09,300
books, selected specifically for
nighttime reading. 

4205
03:42:10,200 --> 03:42:13,400
These typically included poetry,
easy to read, in short, 

4206
03:42:13,400 --> 03:42:16,000
segments, inspiring or 
comforting pros. 

4207
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:18,900
And what Publishers began 
calling gentle Adventures. 

4208
03:42:19,900 --> 03:42:22,600
Exciting enough to be engaging 
but not so thrilling as to 

4209
03:42:22,608 --> 03:42:25,600
prevent sleep. 
Medical opinion on bedtime 

4210
03:42:25,600 --> 03:42:28,900
reading was mixed. some 
Physicians warned that exciting 

4211
03:42:28,900 --> 03:42:32,100
stories could overstimulate the 
mind and prevent restful sleep, 

4212
03:42:32,100 --> 03:42:35,600
others argued that reading help 
transition the Mind from the 

4213
03:42:35,600 --> 03:42:39,800
days, concerns to more peaceful 
State, conducive to rest, This 

4214
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:42,700
debate marked the beginning of 
what would become centuries of 

4215
03:42:42,708 --> 03:42:45,300
discussion about the 
relationship between mental 

4216
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:50,100
stimulation and Sleep Quality. 
The practice of reading in bed, 

4217
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:53,600
created new intimacies between 
Couples married Partners, began 

4218
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:56,900
sharing books, reading aloud to 
each other and discussing 

4219
03:42:56,900 --> 03:42:58,900
stories. 
As a regular part of their bed, 

4220
03:42:58,900 --> 03:43:02,100
time routine, some couples 
developed elaborate systems for 

4221
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:04,200
sharing. 
Limited reading light, taking 

4222
03:43:04,200 --> 03:43:06,200
turns holding candles, or 
reading aloud. 

4223
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:07,700
While the other rested their 
eyes. 

4224
03:43:07,700 --> 03:43:10,000
This sharing of stories in the 
marriage. 

4225
03:43:10,000 --> 03:43:12,500
Bed represented something 
entirely new in human 

4226
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:15,300
relationships. 
Previously, the most intimate 

4227
03:43:15,300 --> 03:43:18,200
conversations between couples 
typically focused on practical 

4228
03:43:18,200 --> 03:43:22,500
matters, family, concerns daily 
events, plans and problems. 

4229
03:43:22,500 --> 03:43:26,200
But bedtime reading introduce 
shared fictional experience's 

4230
03:43:26,200 --> 03:43:29,600
imaginary worlds, that couples 
could explore together and 

4231
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:33,000
characters, they could discuss 
and debate Children growing up 

4232
03:43:33,000 --> 03:43:35,600
in households with bedtime 
reading, began asking for their 

4233
03:43:35,600 --> 03:43:37,000
books. 
Earlier than previous 

4234
03:43:37,000 --> 03:43:40,400
generations had shown interest 
in reading the association 

4235
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:44,100
between books and comfort but 
books and the safety of home and

4236
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:47,300
books and the transition to 
sleep created powerful, positive

4237
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:50,000
associations, with reading that 
lasted throughout their lives. 

4238
03:43:50,900 --> 03:43:54,900
By 1600, a significant portion 
of the literate population had 

4239
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:57,300
Incorporated reading into their 
bedtime routines. 

4240
03:43:58,100 --> 03:44:00,800
What had begun as a practical 
way to make use of expensive 

4241
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:04,200
books that evolved into a new 
cultural ritual, one that 

4242
03:44:04,200 --> 03:44:07,500
transformed both how people fell
asleep and what they dreamed 

4243
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:09,400
about when they finally closed 
their eyes. 

4244
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:14,000
The night was no longer just 
Nature's signal for rest, it had

4245
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:17,300
become reading time by the 
early, 1600s something 

4246
03:44:17,300 --> 03:44:20,200
unprecedented was happening in 
bedrooms across literate Europe.

4247
03:44:21,000 --> 03:44:23,400
People were lying awake, 
contemplating sleep itself. 

4248
03:44:24,300 --> 03:44:27,400
For the first time in human 
history, significant numbers of 

4249
03:44:27,400 --> 03:44:31,000
people actively analyzing their 
rest comparing their sleep 

4250
03:44:31,000 --> 03:44:34,000
experience to advice. 
They'd read in books and trying 

4251
03:44:34,000 --> 03:44:37,800
to optimize their nighttime 
hours. printing, press had 

4252
03:44:37,800 --> 03:44:40,600
accidentally created the world's
first generation of sleep 

4253
03:44:40,600 --> 03:44:45,000
conscious individuals, Medical 
books, once accessible only to 

4254
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:48,400
Physicians were now available to
anyone who could read and afford

4255
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,200
them. 
These texts introduced Ordinary 

4256
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:53,200
People to Concepts, like, 
humeral balance. 

4257
03:44:53,200 --> 03:44:57,400
The idea that diet exercise and 
daily habits could affect Sleep 

4258
03:44:57,400 --> 03:45:00,500
Quality. 
People began experimenting with 

4259
03:45:00,500 --> 03:45:03,900
the timing of their meals, the 
firmness of their mattresses and

4260
03:45:03,900 --> 03:45:05,600
even the direction, their beds 
face. 

4261
03:45:05,600 --> 03:45:08,600
All based on printed and advice 
from medical authorities. 

4262
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:12,500
This marked a fascinating shift 
from Pacific acceptance to 

4263
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:15,700
active management. 
Your ancestors had simply slept 

4264
03:45:15,700 --> 03:45:18,200
when they were and woken when 
they were not. 

4265
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:21,400
But the new book reading 
population began tracking their 

4266
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:24,400
sleep patterns noting, which 
activities helped or hindered 

4267
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:27,700
their rest and developing 
personal theories about optimal 

4268
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:30,800
sleep conditions. 
The results were mixed to put it

4269
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:33,700
gently. 
Many people armed with partial 

4270
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:35,700
medical knowledge and 
conflicting advice from 

4271
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:39,600
different books began, creating 
elaborate bedtime routines, that

4272
03:45:39,600 --> 03:45:41,200
probably did more harm than 
good. 

4273
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:44,500
Some would spend an hour before 
bed preparing their sleeping 

4274
03:45:44,500 --> 03:45:46,500
environment, according to 
whatever book. 

4275
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:50,300
They'd most recently, reading 
ventilation rearranging 

4276
03:45:50,300 --> 03:45:53,800
furniture or consuming specific 
Foods supposed to promote 

4277
03:45:53,800 --> 03:45:56,600
restful sleep. 
Meanwhile, the mere Act of 

4278
03:45:56,600 --> 03:45:58,500
reading about sleeping made it 
more elusive. 

4279
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:01,400
People would lie in bed 
analyzing whether they felt 

4280
03:46:01,400 --> 03:46:04,200
sufficiently relaxed, whether 
their breathing match, the 

4281
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:06,900
patterns described in their 
health books and whether their 

4282
03:46:06,900 --> 03:46:08,300
mattress was positioned 
correctly. 

4283
03:46:08,300 --> 03:46:11,600
According to the latest printed,
advise the more, they thought 

4284
03:46:11,600 --> 03:46:15,700
about sleep the harder, it 
became Publishers recognizing a 

4285
03:46:15,708 --> 03:46:18,400
profitable Trend began producing
books specifically about 

4286
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:21,800
sleeping Improvement. 
Titles, like the complete guide 

4287
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:24,600
to restful Slumber and natural 
methods for perfect sleep, 

4288
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:27,400
became best sellers. 
These books typically promised 

4289
03:46:27,400 --> 03:46:30,000
Simple Solutions to sleep 
problems while simultaneously 

4290
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:32,800
making readers more anxious 
about whether they were sleeping

4291
03:46:32,800 --> 03:46:36,600
correctly, The wealthy began 
investing in elaborate sleep, 

4292
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:40,000
optimization equipment, based on
printed recommendations. 

4293
03:46:40,700 --> 03:46:43,000
Special mattresses pillows 
designed. 

4294
03:46:43,000 --> 03:46:45,800
According to particular 
theories, bedroom, furniture 

4295
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:49,400
arranged to promote better, 
rest, and even clothing designed

4296
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:52,700
specifically for sleeping. 
This period saw the birth of the

4297
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:55,800
idea that Sleep Quality could be
purchased and optimized through 

4298
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:59,000
the right products. 
An idea we'd recognize today. 

4299
03:46:59,800 --> 03:47:02,600
Religious authorities continue 
to voice their concerns about 

4300
03:47:02,600 --> 03:47:05,000
the evolving relationship 
between books and bedtime. 

4301
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:08,600
But their focus shifted from 
moral objections to practical 

4302
03:47:08,600 --> 03:47:11,700
health concerns. 
Church leaders began preaching 

4303
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:14,300
about the importance of proper 
rest for spiritual life. 

4304
03:47:14,300 --> 03:47:18,300
Arguing that people too fatigued
from staying up reading were 

4305
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:20,700
less able to focus during prayer
or church services. 

4306
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:24,500
The emerging scientific 
revolution of the 1600s brought 

4307
03:47:24,500 --> 03:47:27,900
new complexity to sleep advice 
books, began presenting 

4308
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:31,400
competing theories about what 
happened during sleep by dreams 

4309
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:33,600
occurred and how rest affected 
hell? 

4310
03:47:34,900 --> 03:47:37,300
People found themselves trying 
to sleep while mentally 

4311
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:39,100
debating. 
Whether sleep was primarily for 

4312
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,500
physical restoration, mental 
processing, or spiritual 

4313
03:47:42,500 --> 03:47:46,200
renewal, Coffee introduced to 
Europe during the same period 

4314
03:47:46,200 --> 03:47:48,900
added another layer of 
complexity to The Sleep 

4315
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:52,700
equation, popular books, about 
coffee, stimulating effects, led

4316
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:55,400
to elaborate rules about when 
coffee consumption could occur 

4317
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:57,000
without affecting nighttime 
rest. 

4318
03:47:57,800 --> 03:47:59,900
People began timing, their 
coffee consumption. 

4319
03:47:59,900 --> 03:48:03,400
Based on printed advice often 
creating more anxiety about 

4320
03:48:03,400 --> 03:48:05,300
their sleep than the coffee 
itself caused. 

4321
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:08,400
The practice of keeping sleep 
journals emerged among the 

4322
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:11,400
educated classes. 
People began recording their 

4323
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:13,900
bedtimes. 
Wake times, dream, content, and 

4324
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:17,500
energy levels comparing their 
experiences to advice they'd 

4325
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:20,000
read in books. 
These personal sleep, studies 

4326
03:48:20,000 --> 03:48:22,700
represented Humanities, first, 
systematic attempts to 

4327
03:48:22,700 --> 03:48:25,600
understand individual sleep 
patterns, though. 

4328
03:48:25,600 --> 03:48:28,100
The data was often more 
confusing than Illuminating, 

4329
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:31,400
Physicians began reporting in 
new category of patient. 

4330
03:48:31,400 --> 03:48:34,400
Complaints people who felt their
sleep was inadequate. 

4331
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:37,300
Not because they were worn out, 
but because their sleep didn't 

4332
03:48:37,300 --> 03:48:40,000
match descriptions. 
They'd read in books, healthy 

4333
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:42,700
individuals with normal sleep 
patterns, sought medical help 

4334
03:48:42,700 --> 03:48:44,800
because they worried their rest 
was not optimized. 

4335
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:46,600
According to the latest printed 
theories. 

4336
03:48:48,100 --> 03:48:50,600
This period also saw the 
emergence of sleep-related 

4337
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:53,800
social anxiety. 
People began comparing their 

4338
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:56,300
sleep habits. 
To those described in popular 

4339
03:48:56,300 --> 03:49:00,500
books worrying that their bed 
time routines, mattresses or 

4340
03:49:00,500 --> 03:49:03,500
sleep positions, mark them as 
unsophisticated or unhealthy. 

4341
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,100
Sleep, which had been a private 
largely unconscious activity, 

4342
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,100
became a topic of social 
discussion and comparison. 

4343
03:49:11,000 --> 03:49:14,700
Everyone recognized the irony, 
some writers of the time noted 

4344
03:49:14,700 --> 03:49:17,600
that Humanity had survived for 
Millennia with perfectly 

4345
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:19,700
adequate sleep. 
Before anyone thought to write 

4346
03:49:19,700 --> 03:49:22,700
books about it, they observed 
that the more people read about 

4347
03:49:22,700 --> 03:49:25,300
sleep, the more problems, they 
seem to develop with sleeping 

4348
03:49:25,300 --> 03:49:29,500
but there was no going back, the
printing press had fundamentally

4349
03:49:29,500 --> 03:49:33,500
altered, Humanity's relationship
with rest transforming sleep 

4350
03:49:33,500 --> 03:49:36,800
from a natural surrender to 
Darkness into a complex 

4351
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:39,500
activity. 
That could be studied analyzed 

4352
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:43,500
optimized and worried about 
Sleep had become homework as the

4353
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:48,200
1600s progressed into the 1700s.
Something profound was slipping 

4354
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:51,700
away from Human Experience. 
So gradually that no one quite 

4355
03:49:51,700 --> 03:49:53,300
noticed until it was nearly 
gone. 

4356
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:55,400
The ancient pattern of 
segmented. 

4357
03:49:55,400 --> 03:50:01,000
Sleep, firstly, wakeful, period.
Secondly, was dissolving, like, 

4358
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:04,100
Morning, Mist, replace by 
something entirely different 

4359
03:50:04,100 --> 03:50:06,100
books. 
Weren't just changing when 

4360
03:50:06,100 --> 03:50:08,900
people slept there were 
fundamentally altering, how 

4361
03:50:08,900 --> 03:50:12,800
people slept Transition happened
differently in cities than in 

4362
03:50:12,800 --> 03:50:15,800
rural areas and faster among the
wealthy than the poor. 

4363
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:18,000
But the direction was 
unmistakable. 

4364
03:50:18,000 --> 03:50:21,900
People were beginning to sleep 
in single Consolidated blocks 

4365
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:26,100
much like you do today. 
This transition might seem like 

4366
03:50:26,100 --> 03:50:29,100
a minor technical change but it 
represented one of the most 

4367
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:32,400
significant shifts in human 
behavior since the development 

4368
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:35,400
of agriculture. 
Urban areas LED this 

4369
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:39,500
transformation cities meant more
artificial, light more scheduled

4370
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:42,600
activities, and more access to 
books and printed entertainment.

4371
03:50:43,400 --> 03:50:46,100
City dwellers found their old 
midnight, wake periods 

4372
03:50:46,100 --> 03:50:50,000
increasingly inconvenient. 
If you had to be at work by a 

4373
03:50:50,000 --> 03:50:52,300
specific time and needed to 
maintain your energy throughout 

4374
03:50:52,300 --> 03:50:55,300
the day, the segmented sleep 
pattern began to feel 

4375
03:50:55,300 --> 03:50:59,000
inefficient rather than natural 
books played a crucial role in 

4376
03:50:59,000 --> 03:51:01,400
the shift. 
The growing practice of bedtime 

4377
03:51:01,400 --> 03:51:03,600
reading, meant people were 
staying awake later into the 

4378
03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:06,100
evening pushing their first 
sleep period later. 

4379
03:51:06,100 --> 03:51:09,500
And later eventually many people
were going to bed. 

4380
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:12,400
So late that their natural wake 
period occurred uncomfortably 

4381
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:15,200
close to Dawn, rather than wake 
for an hour or two. 

4382
03:51:15,200 --> 03:51:17,600
In the middle of the night. 
They began sleeping straight 

4383
03:51:17,600 --> 03:51:20,000
through until morning. 
This changed didn't happen 

4384
03:51:20,000 --> 03:51:23,200
without consequences. 
People raised on segmented. 

4385
03:51:23,200 --> 03:51:26,400
Sleep patterns often struggled 
with the new Consolidated 

4386
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:29,200
approach. 
They'd lie awake during what her

4387
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:31,700
traditionally been their 
midnight active period, not 

4388
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:33,500
understanding why sleep alluded 
them. 

4389
03:51:34,500 --> 03:51:36,900
Physicians began documenting 
what they called, Midnight, 

4390
03:51:36,900 --> 03:51:40,500
Melancholy periods of wakeful 
anxiety, that occurred when 

4391
03:51:40,500 --> 03:51:43,100
people fought against their 
natural tendency to wake during 

4392
03:51:43,100 --> 03:51:45,700
the night. 
The loss of segmented sleep 

4393
03:51:45,700 --> 03:51:49,100
meant The Disappearance of those
precious midnight hours that had

4394
03:51:49,100 --> 03:51:52,100
traditionally been used for 
quiet conversation, prayer, 

4395
03:51:52,100 --> 03:51:54,800
meditation and gentle 
activities. 

4396
03:51:56,000 --> 03:51:58,800
Couples lost that intimate time 
of soft conversation in the 

4397
03:51:58,808 --> 03:52:01,500
Darkness. 
Family stopped sharing those 

4398
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:04,100
peaceful moments of tending, the
fire and checking on children 

4399
03:52:04,100 --> 03:52:06,800
together. 
Instead all the evenings 

4400
03:52:06,800 --> 03:52:11,300
activities conversation reading,
planning and reflection became 

4401
03:52:11,300 --> 03:52:13,600
compressed into the hours 
between dinner and bedtime. 

4402
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:17,700
This intensification of evening,
activities created, a faster 

4403
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:19,700
pace of life, that many found 
overwhelming. 

4404
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:23,500
The gentle rhythm of segmented 
sleep had provided natural 

4405
03:52:23,500 --> 03:52:25,900
breaks in the days of emotional 
and mental processing. 

4406
03:52:27,100 --> 03:52:30,000
But began reflecting and 
reinforcing this new sleep 

4407
03:52:30,000 --> 03:52:33,100
pattern, authors started writing
longer chapters. 

4408
03:52:33,100 --> 03:52:36,200
Assuming readers would want 
substantial content for their 

4409
03:52:36,200 --> 03:52:40,200
extended evening reading, 
session's The concept of the 

4410
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:43,600
page Turner the book. 
So engaging you'd read later to 

4411
03:52:43,600 --> 03:52:47,700
the night became a marketing 
Advantage Publishers discovered 

4412
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:50,100
that books that kept people 
reading passed their traditional

4413
03:52:50,100 --> 03:52:52,300
First bed. 
Time will most likely to become 

4414
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:55,100
popular the world. 
He began designing their homes 

4415
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:58,600
around Consolidated, sleep 
patterns bedrooms became more 

4416
03:52:58,600 --> 03:53:01,600
elaborate and comfortable 
designed for longer periods of 

4417
03:53:01,600 --> 03:53:04,800
occupancy. 
The concept of the bedroom as a 

4418
03:53:04,808 --> 03:53:08,500
retreat, a personal Sanctuary 
designed specifically for rest 

4419
03:53:08,500 --> 03:53:11,200
and relaxation emerged during 
this period. 

4420
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:15,900
Previously bedrooms had been 
more utilitarian places to sleep

4421
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:19,400
certainly but not necessarily 
places to lingo or relax. 

4422
03:53:20,200 --> 03:53:23,000
Reading Nooks within bedrooms 
became fashionable among those 

4423
03:53:23,000 --> 03:53:25,800
who could afford them. 
These were specifically designed

4424
03:53:25,800 --> 03:53:29,100
spaces for pre-sleep reading 
with comfortable chairs, good 

4425
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:31,300
lighting and convenient book 
storage. 

4426
03:53:32,100 --> 03:53:34,000
The bedroom was transforming 
from a place. 

4427
03:53:34,000 --> 03:53:36,600
You went only to sleep into a 
place where you might spend 

4428
03:53:36,600 --> 03:53:40,200
several hours each evening 
reading, relaxing and gradually 

4429
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:43,900
transitioning towards sleep. 
This architectural, shift 

4430
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:47,000
reflected a deeper change in how
people thought about rest and 

4431
03:53:47,000 --> 03:53:49,400
privacy. 
The bedroom was becoming the 

4432
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:53,100
first truly private space. 
In most people's homes, a place 

4433
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:55,600
where you could Retreat from 
social obligations and family 

4434
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:58,500
responsibilities to engage with 
books and your thoughts. 

4435
03:53:59,800 --> 03:54:02,400
Children growing up during this 
transition experience, something

4436
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:05,000
unprecedented. 
They were the first generation 

4437
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:07,800
to sleep through the night as a 
normal expected pattern. 

4438
03:54:07,800 --> 03:54:11,600
Their parents and grandparents 
had grown up expecting to wake 

4439
03:54:11,600 --> 03:54:13,700
during the night. 
But these children learn to 

4440
03:54:13,700 --> 03:54:17,100
sleep for eight or nine. 
Continuous hours, this created 

4441
03:54:17,100 --> 03:54:20,300
different relationships with 
both sleep and darkness and 

4442
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:23,100
different capacities for 
sustained, attention and energy 

4443
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:26,400
throughout long days. 
The old folk wisdom about sleep 

4444
03:54:26,400 --> 03:54:30,600
began to seem obsolete saying 
like the hour before midnight is

4445
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,900
worth two, after made less sense
to people who were going to bed 

4446
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:37,100
at midnight or later. 
Traditional advice about using 

4447
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:39,200
wakeful periods for prayer or 
meditation. 

4448
03:54:39,200 --> 03:54:42,500
Seemed irrelevant people who no 
longer experience regular 

4449
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:47,700
midnight wake periods. 
By 1750 Consolidated, sleep had 

4450
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:50,100
become the new normal for most 
of the literate population. 

4451
03:54:51,100 --> 03:54:54,100
The segmented sleep pattern that
had characterized human rest for

4452
03:54:54,100 --> 03:54:57,700
Melania survived mainly in rural
areas where artificial light was

4453
03:54:57,700 --> 03:55:00,400
still rare. 
Daily schedules remained tied to

4454
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:04,500
natural daylight Cycles, medical
authorities of the time, noted 

4455
03:55:04,500 --> 03:55:07,600
the change, but generally 
approved of it Consolidated. 

4456
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:10,600
Sleep seemed more efficient. 
Better suited to the 

4457
03:55:10,608 --> 03:55:13,100
increasingly complex demands of 
Modern Life. 

4458
03:55:13,900 --> 03:55:16,900
If you realize that Humanity was
abandoning arrest pattern that 

4459
03:55:16,900 --> 03:55:19,600
had evolved over thousands of 
years, replacing it with 

4460
03:55:19,600 --> 03:55:22,600
something entirely unprecedented
in Human Experience. 

4461
03:55:23,400 --> 03:55:25,800
The printing, press had 
accidentally engineered the most

4462
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:28,800
significant change in human 
sleep patterns since we learned 

4463
03:55:28,800 --> 03:55:31,800
to control fire. 
Here you are centuries. 

4464
03:55:31,800 --> 03:55:34,600
Later settling into your 
comfortable bed with perhaps a 

4465
03:55:34,600 --> 03:55:37,400
book on your nightstand, 
completely unaware that your 

4466
03:55:37,400 --> 03:55:40,700
entire relationship with sleep 
was shaped by a Goldsmith's 

4467
03:55:40,700 --> 03:55:44,500
invention from the 1400s. 
The Consolidated sleep pattern 

4468
03:55:44,500 --> 03:55:47,500
you can considered a natural 8 
hours of continuous. 

4469
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:51,000
Rest would have seemed a strange
to your medieval ancestors as 

4470
03:55:51,000 --> 03:55:53,200
their segmented. 
Sleep routine seems to you 

4471
03:55:53,200 --> 03:55:55,600
today. 
The Transformations, the 

4472
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:59,500
printing, press began continues 
to Ripple through your nights in

4473
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:03,400
ways, both obvious, and subtle. 
Every time you reach for your 

4474
03:56:03,400 --> 03:56:06,700
phone to reach, just one more 
article before sleep, your 

4475
03:56:06,700 --> 03:56:09,100
participating in a tradition 
that began, when the first 

4476
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:11,500
person Olympic handle to read, 
just one more chapter. 

4477
03:56:12,400 --> 03:56:15,700
The eternal struggle between I 
should go to sleep and I'll just

4478
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:18,800
read a little longer started 
with those early book owners and

4479
03:56:18,800 --> 03:56:22,400
has never really ended your 
bedroom itself is a testament to

4480
03:56:22,400 --> 03:56:25,400
this transformation of the idea 
that you need a comfortable 

4481
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:28,200
private space, specifically 
designed for rest and 

4482
03:56:28,200 --> 03:56:31,000
relaxation. 
Complete with good lighting for 

4483
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:33,600
reading comfortable, seating and
easy, access to ebooks or 

4484
03:56:33,600 --> 03:56:36,300
digital devices. 
Would have been incomprehensible

4485
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:39,500
to people who simply slept 
wherever they could identify a 

4486
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:43,000
safe warm spot. 
The printing press didn't just 

4487
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:45,700
change what people read, it 
changed how they think. 

4488
03:56:46,800 --> 03:56:50,300
The ability to access multiple 
perspectives, compared different

4489
03:56:50,300 --> 03:56:54,200
ideas and engage with complex 
narratives trained human Minds 

4490
03:56:54,200 --> 03:56:57,900
to be more active more, 
analytical, more imaginative. 

4491
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:01,200
These more active Minds 
naturally took longer to settle 

4492
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:04,900
into sleeping, longer, 
transition periods, and more 

4493
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:08,300
comfortable environments. 
Modern sleep science, has 

4494
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:11,300
rediscovered, some wisdom from 
the pre-printing era, sleep 

4495
03:57:11,300 --> 03:57:13,000
researchers. 
Now, understand that the 

4496
03:57:13,000 --> 03:57:16,600
Consolidated 8-hour sleep 
pattern while workable isn't 

4497
03:57:16,600 --> 03:57:18,300
necessarily optimal for 
everyone. 

4498
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:22,400
Some people naturally function 
better with segmented sleep or 

4499
03:57:22,400 --> 03:57:26,100
alternative patterns, but are 
modern world of scheduled work 

4500
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:28,600
and artificial lighting makes 
these patterns difficult to 

4501
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:32,600
maintain The books that line, 
your shelves, the reading light,

4502
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:35,200
beside your bed, and the 
comfortable chair, where you 

4503
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,600
might read before sleep. 
All of these represent Victory 

4504
03:57:38,600 --> 03:57:41,300
is in Humanity's ongoing 
negotiation with Darkness. 

4505
03:57:42,000 --> 03:57:44,900
Each generation since Gutenberg 
has pushed bedtime a little 

4506
03:57:44,908 --> 03:57:48,500
later, made a little brighter 
and filled the hours before 

4507
03:57:48,500 --> 03:57:50,100
sleep with more, mental 
stimulation. 

4508
03:57:50,900 --> 03:57:53,000
Your dreams themselves, carry 
the legacy of this 

4509
03:57:53,000 --> 03:57:56,000
transformation. 
The Complex narrative Rich 

4510
03:57:56,000 --> 03:57:59,300
dreams, that many people 
experience today, reflect mine's

4511
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:01,500
trained on, centuries of 
Storytelling tradition. 

4512
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:05,200
You're sleeping, brain 
processes, not just the days, 

4513
03:58:05,200 --> 03:58:09,300
immediate experience is, but 
also the characters, plots and 

4514
03:58:09,300 --> 03:58:11,100
ideas. 
You've absorbed from books 

4515
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,700
creating dreams, that would have
been impossible for pre-literate

4516
03:58:14,700 --> 03:58:17,100
humans. 
To imagine the Sleep problems 

4517
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:19,900
that plague Modern Life 
difficulty, falling asleep, 

4518
03:58:19,900 --> 03:58:23,600
racing thoughts at bedtime, the 
temptation to read or check 

4519
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:26,700
devices instead of sleeping. 
All have their roots in that 

4520
03:58:26,708 --> 03:58:28,400
moment. 
When humans first chose 

4521
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:30,900
artificial light and mental 
stimulation over natural 

4522
03:58:30,900 --> 03:58:34,400
darkness and rest. 
We traded the simple surrender 

4523
03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:36,600
to sleep for the complex, 
pleasure of extended 

4524
03:58:36,600 --> 03:58:39,100
Consciousness, and we're still 
learning to manage the 

4525
03:58:39,100 --> 03:58:41,800
consequences but perhaps this 
trade-off was worth it. 

4526
03:58:41,800 --> 03:58:45,100
The same printing, press 
Revolution that complicated 

4527
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:47,300
sleep. 
Also democratized knowledge 

4528
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:51,300
spread literacy enabled, the 
Scientific Revolution and 

4529
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:53,600
created the foundation for every
book you've ever loved. 

4530
03:58:54,400 --> 03:58:57,000
Those late nights, reading by 
candlelight, gave birth to the 

4531
03:58:57,000 --> 03:59:00,000
modern world with all its 
complexities and possibilities. 

4532
03:59:00,900 --> 03:59:03,800
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, your participating in a

4533
03:59:03,808 --> 03:59:06,000
ritual that would be 
recognizable to readers from 

4534
03:59:06,000 --> 03:59:09,300
centuries past. 
The details have changed 

4535
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:13,600
electric lights and of candles 
printed books, or digital 

4536
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:15,600
screens and of hand copied 
manuscripts. 

4537
03:59:15,600 --> 03:59:19,800
But the basic pattern remains 
you're using artificial light to

4538
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:22,800
extend Consciousness Beyond its 
natural limits, filling your 

4539
03:59:22,808 --> 03:59:26,100
mind with stories and ideas that
will accompany you to sleep and 

4540
03:59:26,100 --> 03:59:29,400
perhaps to dreams the printing, 
press taught Humanity that 

4541
03:59:29,400 --> 03:59:30,900
night. 
Doesn't have to mean the end of 

4542
03:59:30,908 --> 03:59:33,900
thought the darkness can be 
filled with light and stories 

4543
03:59:33,900 --> 03:59:36,900
and that sleep can be a 
transition to Worlds even more 

4544
03:59:36,900 --> 03:59:39,000
fantastic than the ones we read 
about. 

4545
03:59:40,100 --> 03:59:43,700
Changing how we sleep changed us
as a species more thoughtful 

4546
03:59:43,700 --> 03:59:47,500
imaginative and connected to 
ideas and stories than before. 

4547
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:51,100
So tonight, as you finally turn 
off the light and settle into 

4548
03:59:51,100 --> 03:59:54,200
sleep, your carrying forward, a 
tradition that began. 

4549
03:59:54,200 --> 03:59:57,600
When the first person decided 
that Sunset didn't have to mean 

4550
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:01,000
the end of reading time. 
Sweet dreams, their brought to 

4551
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:03,500
you by Hannah Gutenberg and 
everyone who ever stayed up late

4552
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:11,400
reading just one more page. 
The wind on the Mongolian steppe

4553
04:00:11,400 --> 04:00:15,700
does not merely just blow. 
It also delivers judgment harsh 

4554
04:00:15,700 --> 04:00:19,900
and unrelenting strips away 
pretense like, skin from both 

4555
04:00:19,900 --> 04:00:23,400
modern meteorologists measure, 
wind speed in kilometers per 

4556
04:00:23,400 --> 04:00:27,000
hour. 13th century, Mongols 
measured it, by how quickly it 

4557
04:00:27,000 --> 04:00:29,400
could freeze. 
The tears on your face, during 

4558
04:00:29,400 --> 04:00:32,700
winter temperatures, routinely 
plunged to negative 40 degrees. 

4559
04:00:32,700 --> 04:00:35,700
A number where Celsius and 
Fahrenheit, find their rare 

4560
04:00:35,700 --> 04:00:38,500
point of agreement. 
That same landscape. 

4561
04:00:38,500 --> 04:00:42,400
Might make it 40 degrees 
celsius. 104 degrees Fahrenheit 

4562
04:00:42,400 --> 04:00:46,100
in the summer, causing thermal 
swings that are unheard of in 

4563
04:00:46,108 --> 04:00:47,300
our climate. 
Controlled lives. 

4564
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,800
You with your dependency on 
consistent room, temperatures, 

4565
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:54,900
hot showers and memory foam 
mattresses would find yourself. 

4566
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:57,400
Desperately unprepared for this 
fundamental reality. 

4567
04:00:58,400 --> 04:01:01,300
The average Mongol Warrior began
developing their environmental 

4568
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:02,900
resilience before they could 
walk. 

4569
04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:06,900
By Age 3 children placed on 
horses by five. 

4570
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:08,900
They could ride independently by
10. 

4571
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,300
Many had survived multiple 
seasons of brutal whether that 

4572
04:01:12,300 --> 04:01:15,200
would send Modern Emergency 
Management agencies into crisis 

4573
04:01:15,200 --> 04:01:18,000
mode. 
Your entire concept of roughing,

4574
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:20,800
it might involve a weekend of 
glamping with a portable 

4575
04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:23,500
espresso maker. 
The Mongols would find the idea 

4576
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:26,500
laughable, if they understood 
what expresso was water. 

4577
04:01:26,500 --> 04:01:29,800
That substance you acquire with 
a lazy Twist of the force. 

4578
04:01:29,800 --> 04:01:32,600
It handle required, strategic 
planning in the Empire. 

4579
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:36,500
Steps watercourses were 
unreliable sometimes 

4580
04:01:36,500 --> 04:01:38,400
disappearing entirely during dry
periods. 

4581
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:42,700
Many Mongols, drank are rag. 
Fermented Mare's milk, which 

4582
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:46,600
served multiple purposes. 
Hydration nutrition, Mildred, 

4583
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:50,100
intoxication and crucially 
bacteriological safety. 

4584
04:01:51,000 --> 04:01:53,600
Your untrained digestive system 
would likely reject this 

4585
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:57,000
essential staple leaving you. 
Dehydrated on the Windswept 

4586
04:01:57,000 --> 04:01:59,200
Plains. 
Consider your current Fitness 

4587
04:01:59,200 --> 04:02:02,500
level, the average Mongol 
regularly Road, 60 to 80 

4588
04:02:02,500 --> 04:02:05,300
kilometers daily. 
They maintain this pace for 

4589
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:07,600
weeks while wearing armor and 
carrying weapons. 

4590
04:02:08,400 --> 04:02:11,300
Many could shoot Arrows with 
deadly accuracy, from horseback 

4591
04:02:11,300 --> 04:02:15,400
drawing bows, requiring 166 
pounds of pulled strength. 

4592
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:18,200
Nearly triple, the drawer, 
weight of a modern compound 

4593
04:02:18,200 --> 04:02:22,000
hunting bow, Your gym membership
and occasional weekend hike have

4594
04:02:22,000 --> 04:02:23,900
not prepared you for this level 
of physical demand. 

4595
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:26,700
The constant movement of nomadic
life. 

4596
04:02:26,700 --> 04:02:28,500
Meant that storage space was 
precious. 

4597
04:02:28,500 --> 04:02:32,300
The concept of belongings 
underwent, severe restriction, 

4598
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:35,100
while you might feel anxious 
traveling with just carry on 

4599
04:02:35,100 --> 04:02:38,000
luggage for a week. 
Mongols transported, their 

4600
04:02:38,000 --> 04:02:41,300
entire lives on Horseback or in 
cars, the mental adjustment 

4601
04:02:41,300 --> 04:02:44,700
alone giving with only what 
could we easily packed and moved

4602
04:02:44,700 --> 04:02:47,800
with challenge? 
Your very identity shaped as it 

4603
04:02:47,800 --> 04:02:50,700
is by acquisition and 
accumulation sleep patterns 

4604
04:02:50,700 --> 04:02:54,100
differed dramatically as well. 
The Empire's military maintained

4605
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:57,000
vigilance through a system of 
night watches with Warriors. 

4606
04:02:57,000 --> 04:02:59,300
Sleeping an armor ready to fight
within moments. 

4607
04:02:59,300 --> 04:03:02,300
No alarm snoozing know, just 
five more minutes. 

4608
04:03:03,500 --> 04:03:05,600
When the signal came, you rode 
or died? 

4609
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:09,100
Sleep was not a right but a 
resource to be carefully managed

4610
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:13,300
and often denied food security 
operated on principles alien to 

4611
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:16,300
your experience. 
The average Mongol Warrior could

4612
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,100
survive on dried meat and milk 
products for extended periods. 

4613
04:03:19,100 --> 04:03:22,800
Supplemented occasionally by 
foraged plants, and hunted game,

4614
04:03:22,800 --> 04:03:26,700
their digestive systems adapted 
to high protein, high-fat 

4615
04:03:26,700 --> 04:03:29,700
low-carbohydrate. 
Diets, similar to a ketogenic 

4616
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:31,600
diet. 
But without modern conveniences,

4617
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:35,800
like, Instagram posts or 
Specialty Products, your body a 

4618
04:03:35,800 --> 04:03:37,500
custom to regular meals with 
diverse nutrients. 

4619
04:03:37,500 --> 04:03:40,500
Would struggle with both the 
content and irregularity of Step

4620
04:03:40,500 --> 04:03:42,500
nutrition. 
Then there's the matter of 

4621
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:45,800
hygiene your concept of 
cleanliness hinges on daily 

4622
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:48,200
showering, and the liberal 
application of scented products.

4623
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:51,800
The Mongols living in a water 
scarce environment, develop 

4624
04:03:51,800 --> 04:03:54,900
different standards, smoke from 
dung fires, provided 

4625
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:59,000
antibacterial benefits and side 
gears Yurts while animal fats 

4626
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:01,100
protected skin from windburn and
Frostbite. 

4627
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:04,800
The smell of a Mongolian 
campement, a potent, blend of 

4628
04:04:04,800 --> 04:04:06,100
horses. 
Humans. 

4629
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:09,700
Smoke and fermentation would 
overwhelm your sanitize 

4630
04:04:09,700 --> 04:04:12,700
sensibilities. 
These environmental challenges 

4631
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:14,700
represent nearly the Baseline 
difficult. 

4632
04:04:15,500 --> 04:04:18,000
The ambient conditions that 
existed before, considering 

4633
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:21,600
human conflicts political 
complexities or social 

4634
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:24,200
hierarchies. 
If the elements themselves 

4635
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:28,300
defeated you imagine how poorly 
you would fare against humans 

4636
04:04:28,300 --> 04:04:30,800
who mastered this harsh 
existence and then decided to 

4637
04:04:30,808 --> 04:04:33,500
conquer the no world. 
The social architecture of the 

4638
04:04:33,500 --> 04:04:36,200
Mongol Empire would confound you
as thoroughly as its physical 

4639
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:38,400
demands. 
You've been conditioned by 

4640
04:04:38,400 --> 04:04:41,500
modern, Western ideology to 
believe in certain fundamental 

4641
04:04:41,500 --> 04:04:44,800
rights speech assembly and 
individual autonomy. 

4642
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:48,000
These Concepts would be 
difficult to understand within 

4643
04:04:48,000 --> 04:04:49,700
the Mongol socio-political 
framework. 

4644
04:04:50,400 --> 04:04:53,000
Which valued individuals based 
on their utility to the 

4645
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:55,500
collective and their position 
within a rigid hierarchy. 

4646
04:04:56,600 --> 04:05:00,100
Let's begin with language. 
The Mongol Empire of eventually,

4647
04:05:00,100 --> 04:05:03,700
Encompass, speakers of dozens of
languages, but the lingua, 

4648
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,700
Franca remained Mongolian 
specifically, middle, Mongolia 

4649
04:05:06,700 --> 04:05:10,700
and written in weeks script. 
Without fluently, you would be 

4650
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:13,800
effectively mute unable to 
defend yourself, verbali, 

4651
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:18,200
comprehend orders, were navigate
social situations interpreters 

4652
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:21,700
existed certainly but they serve
the empires Elite. 

4653
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:25,300
Your linguistic isolation would 
render you vulnerable in ways 

4654
04:05:25,300 --> 04:05:28,400
you cannot imagine having always
inhabited linguistic 

4655
04:05:28,400 --> 04:05:31,100
environments where communication
felt like a Birthright rather 

4656
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:34,000
than a privilege. 
Then there's the matter of Honor

4657
04:05:34,000 --> 04:05:36,400
culture. 
Modern society has largely 

4658
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:39,800
abandoned honor, as an 
organizing principle replacing 

4659
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:43,500
it with legal Frameworks and 
bureaucracy in the Mongol Empire

4660
04:05:43,500 --> 04:05:46,700
slides to honor real or 
perceived could trigger 

4661
04:05:46,700 --> 04:05:49,000
immediate violence without legal
recourse. 

4662
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:53,700
Your ingrained habits of casual 
speech direct eye contact or 

4663
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:57,100
inadvertent physical contact 
might constitute grave offenses.

4664
04:05:58,000 --> 04:06:00,800
Without the cultural fluency to 
navigate these Unwritten rules, 

4665
04:06:00,800 --> 04:06:03,700
you would blunder into conflict 
through innocent behaviors. 

4666
04:06:04,700 --> 04:06:08,500
The Mongol legal system, 
codified in the Yasser Genghis, 

4667
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:12,100
Khan's legal code prescribed 
death for startling range of a 

4668
04:06:12,108 --> 04:06:15,900
fences. what was the penalty for
urinating in running water, 

4669
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:23,100
death adultery death theft often
death Even minor theft could 

4670
04:06:23,100 --> 04:06:26,000
result in punishment 9 times, 
the value of the stolen item. 

4671
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:30,100
Bankruptcy, the debtor and their
family could be enslaved. 

4672
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:32,200
Your understanding of 
proportional. 

4673
04:06:32,200 --> 04:06:34,700
Justice would provide no 
protection in a system where 

4674
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:36,700
examples were made to maintain 
order across. 

4675
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:40,200
Vast territories religious 
tolerance in the Mongol Empire 

4676
04:06:40,200 --> 04:06:43,300
is often celebrated by 
historians, but this tolerance 

4677
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:46,000
had pragmatic rather than 
ideological Roots. 

4678
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:49,900
The Mongols permitted various 
faiths because religious leaders

4679
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:53,500
were exempt from certain taxes 
and conscription providing 

4680
04:06:53,500 --> 04:06:57,200
administrative convenience. 
However, this tolerance did not 

4681
04:06:57,200 --> 04:07:00,100
extend a religious practices 
that conflicted with Mongol 

4682
04:07:00,100 --> 04:07:03,600
Customs for instance Muslim and 
Jewish prohibitions against 

4683
04:07:03,600 --> 04:07:06,700
consuming blood or improperly. 
Slaughtered meat were directly 

4684
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:09,700
at odds with nomadic food 
practices, religious 

4685
04:07:09,700 --> 04:07:12,200
practitioners were forced to 
choose between spiritual 

4686
04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:16,100
compromise or physical hunger. 
Your conception of privacy would

4687
04:07:16,100 --> 04:07:21,300
dissolve entirely the geared 
housed extended family units in 

4688
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:24,700
a single open space 
conversations bodily, functions 

4689
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:27,700
and intimacy all occurred within
a communal environment. 

4690
04:07:28,800 --> 04:07:31,500
The Mongol camps themselves were
arranged according to military 

4691
04:07:31,500 --> 04:07:35,300
organization with placement, 
determined by Rank and function,

4692
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:40,000
rather than personal preference.
Your desire for me time or a 

4693
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:42,800
quiet space to decompress would 
find no accommodation in this 

4694
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:45,200
structure. 
Your modern sensibilities would 

4695
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:47,200
be further shocked by gender 
roles. 

4696
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:50,900
While Mongol women enjoyed more 
rights than their counterparts. 

4697
04:07:50,900 --> 04:07:54,500
In many sedentary civilizations,
they could own property divorce 

4698
04:07:54,500 --> 04:07:57,900
and sometimes participate in 
Warfare their status remained 

4699
04:07:57,900 --> 04:08:00,800
fundamentally determined by 
their relationship to male power

4700
04:08:00,800 --> 04:08:03,600
structures. 
Women's primary value centered 

4701
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:05,800
on reproductive capacity and 
household management. 

4702
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:09,200
The concepts of gender, 
equality, or personal 

4703
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:11,700
fulfillment outside. 
Prescribed roles would seem 

4704
04:08:11,700 --> 04:08:15,400
alien and dangerous. 
Class Mobility that cherished 

4705
04:08:15,400 --> 04:08:18,300
modern ideal existed but 
followed different patterns than

4706
04:08:18,300 --> 04:08:21,900
you might expect Genghis, Khan 
famously, promoted based on 

4707
04:08:21,900 --> 04:08:25,200
Merit rather than birth. 
But this meritocracy was 

4708
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:27,800
measured, primarily through 
loyalty and Military prowess 

4709
04:08:27,800 --> 04:08:31,700
your specialized modern skills, 
programming marketing, and 

4710
04:08:31,700 --> 04:08:34,600
financial analysis would hold 
little immediate value. 

4711
04:08:35,400 --> 04:08:38,100
Unless you could quickly 
demonstrate utility and warfare 

4712
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:42,000
animal husbandry, or practical 
crafts, your position would like

4713
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:45,800
to default to the bottom of the 
hierarchy, the concept of face 

4714
04:08:45,800 --> 04:08:50,600
or social reputation functioned 
as actual currently in an 

4715
04:08:50,600 --> 04:08:53,800
Empire, where written records 
remained limited your word and 

4716
04:08:53,800 --> 04:08:55,900
reputation formed your primary 
asset's. 

4717
04:08:55,900 --> 04:08:59,100
Breaking promises, showing 
weakness or failing to 

4718
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:01,700
reciprocate generosity. 
Would irreparably, damaged your 

4719
04:09:01,700 --> 04:09:04,000
standing. 
Without understanding the 

4720
04:09:04,000 --> 04:09:07,400
intricate dance of obligation 
favored trading and reputation 

4721
04:09:07,400 --> 04:09:10,500
management, you would quickly 
find yourself socially bankrupt.

4722
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:13,900
Most fundamentally disorienting 
would be the collective rather 

4723
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:17,600
than individual orientation of 
Mongol Society decisions. 

4724
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:20,800
Prioritize group survival over 
individual rights or preferences

4725
04:09:20,800 --> 04:09:24,500
resource distribution, military,
service, and marriage 

4726
04:09:24,500 --> 04:09:27,000
Arrangements. 
All serve Collective interests. 

4727
04:09:27,000 --> 04:09:30,800
First, your deeply ingrained, 
individualism whether you 

4728
04:09:30,800 --> 04:09:33,400
recognize it or not would Mark 
you as fundamentally 

4729
04:09:33,400 --> 04:09:37,400
untrustworthy in a culture where
solidarity meant survival, the 

4730
04:09:37,400 --> 04:09:40,200
Mongol military apparatus 
operated with a systematic 

4731
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:43,900
efficiency that transformed 
Warfare across Eurasia But your 

4732
04:09:43,900 --> 04:09:46,500
integration into this machine 
would prove catastrophically 

4733
04:09:46,500 --> 04:09:50,000
difficult, assuming you were 
even permitted to join rather 

4734
04:09:50,000 --> 04:09:52,000
than being classified as a 
servant or slave. 

4735
04:09:52,800 --> 04:09:54,800
First consider the entry 
requirements. 

4736
04:09:54,800 --> 04:09:59,100
By adolescents Mongol Warriors 
could shoot arrows accurately, 

4737
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:02,400
while riding at full Gallop, 
navigate vast distances without 

4738
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:04,300
Maps. 
Using only astronomical and 

4739
04:10:04,300 --> 04:10:06,400
geographical features butcher 
animals. 

4740
04:10:06,400 --> 04:10:09,800
Efficiently for maximum resource
utilization, survive 

4741
04:10:09,800 --> 04:10:13,200
independently on the step with 
minimal equipment, track, humans

4742
04:10:13,200 --> 04:10:15,000
and animals across varied 
terrains. 

4743
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:18,000
Execute complex. 
Cavalry Maneuvers informational 

4744
04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:21,000
These weren't specialized skills
for elite units. 

4745
04:10:21,000 --> 04:10:24,400
They were Baseline competencies 
expected of ordinary soldiers, 

4746
04:10:24,400 --> 04:10:28,100
your modern abilities with 
spreadsheets home, appliances, 

4747
04:10:28,100 --> 04:10:31,000
or even Conventional Weapons. 
Would provide almost no 

4748
04:10:31,000 --> 04:10:34,300
transferable advantages. 
The physical conditioning alone 

4749
04:10:34,300 --> 04:10:37,700
would likely break you within 
days during campaigns. 

4750
04:10:37,700 --> 04:10:42,000
Mongol Warriors frequently Road 
between 101 and 130 kilometers 

4751
04:10:42,000 --> 04:10:45,700
each day. they did not ride for 
a single day but for weeks, or 

4752
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:48,900
months at a time, Modern 
endurance athletes trained 

4753
04:10:48,900 --> 04:10:52,600
specifically for singular events
Mongol Warriors maintained this 

4754
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:54,500
capacity as their Baseline 
existence. 

4755
04:10:54,500 --> 04:10:58,200
They could sleep in Saddles go 
days with minimal water and 

4756
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:01,200
function effectively despite 
extreme physical discomfort. 

4757
04:11:02,300 --> 04:11:05,700
The Mongol military diet during 
campaigns frequently consisted 

4758
04:11:05,700 --> 04:11:09,400
of dried meat powder, mixed with
water or blood drawn from a 

4759
04:11:09,400 --> 04:11:11,100
small incision in their horses 
vein. 

4760
04:11:12,100 --> 04:11:16,000
This high protein virtually zero
carbohydrate regiments. 

4761
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:19,000
Sustained Warriors through 
extraordinary, physical demands 

4762
04:11:19,000 --> 04:11:22,900
your digestive system and 
Metabolism a custom to regular 

4763
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:25,700
carbohydrate intake. 
And consistent meals would 

4764
04:11:25,700 --> 04:11:28,200
struggle catastrophically with 
this dietary shift. 

4765
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:31,500
Equipment maintenance formed, 
another insurmountable 

4766
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,700
challenge, each Warrior 
maintained multiple horses, 

4767
04:11:34,700 --> 04:11:37,500
weapons. 
Requiring Specialized Care and 

4768
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:41,000
armor demanding regular 
attention, the composite bow. 

4769
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:44,500
The signature Mongol weapon 
required constant maintenance to

4770
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:47,700
prevent delamination of its 
complex structure of wood horn 

4771
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:52,100
and sinew improper storage could
render it useless in hours, 

4772
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:54,600
without generations of 
accumulated knowledge in these 

4773
04:11:54,600 --> 04:11:57,600
maintenance protocols, your 
equipment would fail at critical

4774
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:01,400
moments The communication system
would leave you perpetually 

4775
04:12:01,400 --> 04:12:05,300
confused, Mongol armies 
coordinated complex, Battlefield

4776
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:09,700
Maneuvers using flag signals 
horns and drum patterns and 

4777
04:12:09,700 --> 04:12:12,300
Military language as foreign as 
a ancient Sumerian. 

4778
04:12:13,300 --> 04:12:16,300
In battle conditions. 
Misinterpreting these signals 

4779
04:12:16,300 --> 04:12:20,000
meant instant death either from 
enemy action or from disrupting 

4780
04:12:20,000 --> 04:12:21,800
your side's carefully. 
Orchestrated movements 

4781
04:12:21,800 --> 04:12:25,000
discipline, within the Mongol 
military operated with 

4782
04:12:25,000 --> 04:12:29,100
mechanical Precision, the 
decimal organization system with

4783
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:34,200
units of 10 100 1000 and 10,000.
The famous two men created, 

4784
04:12:34,200 --> 04:12:37,600
clear, chains of command and 
responsibility, this structure 

4785
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:41,600
enforced Collective punishment, 
if one member of your arban unit

4786
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:46,100
of 10, Led battle, all members 
could be executed, your survival

4787
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:48,800
hinge, not only on your own 
performance, but also on the 

4788
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:52,300
performance of your assigned 
comrades, paint tolerance 

4789
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:55,300
represented, another area where 
you would find yourself woefully

4790
04:12:55,300 --> 04:12:59,000
unprepared, Medical Care during 
campaigns was rudimentary by 

4791
04:12:59,000 --> 04:13:01,600
modern standards Arrow. 
Wounds were treated. 

4792
04:13:01,600 --> 04:13:05,000
By inserting milk soaked cloth 
into the wound then extracting 

4793
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:06,600
it after the wound had begun 
festering. 

4794
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:08,600
Pulling damaged tissue out with 
the cloth. 

4795
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:12,400
Broken bones might be set. 
But complex injuries often 

4796
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:14,000
resulted in Battlefield 
euthanasia. 

4797
04:13:14,900 --> 04:13:17,400
Your expectation of pain 
management would meet the harsh.

4798
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:21,600
Reality of pre-modern medicine, 
the cycle Warfare practice by 

4799
04:13:21,600 --> 04:13:24,300
the Mongols were disturb even 
hardened modern military 

4800
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:26,300
personnel. 
Their systematic. 

4801
04:13:26,300 --> 04:13:28,800
Use of Terror included 
constructing pyramids from the 

4802
04:13:28,800 --> 04:13:30,900
severed. 
Heads of civilians, using 

4803
04:13:30,900 --> 04:13:34,000
enemies as human Shields, and 
deliberately allowing some 

4804
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:36,500
survivors to flee and spread 
Tales of Horror. 

4805
04:13:37,400 --> 04:13:40,900
Mongol forces not only expected 
you to witness these acts but 

4806
04:13:40,900 --> 04:13:43,700
also to participate in them 
without moral objection. 

4807
04:13:44,800 --> 04:13:47,300
The Mongol forces treated 
weather conditions that modern 

4808
04:13:47,300 --> 04:13:50,300
armies would consider operation 
suspending as merely incidental.

4809
04:13:50,300 --> 04:13:53,800
They preferred campaigning in 
winter when rivers froze. 

4810
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:57,000
Solid enough to support Cavalry 
movements, your cold weather 

4811
04:13:57,000 --> 04:14:00,300
gear, however, Advanced by 
today's standards would prove 

4812
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:03,300
inadequate against the 
combination of Siberian wins and

4813
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:05,400
constant movement. 
That prevented establishing 

4814
04:14:05,400 --> 04:14:07,400
proper shelter. 
Most critically. 

4815
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:11,000
The psychological framework of 
Mongol Warfare would alienate 

4816
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:15,100
you entirely Modern military, 
ethics emphasized distinction 

4817
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:18,600
between combatants and 
non-combatants proportionality 

4818
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,600
in force application and 
limitation of unnecessary 

4819
04:14:21,600 --> 04:14:24,800
suffering. 
Mongols strategic Doctrine in 

4820
04:14:24,808 --> 04:14:28,400
recognize no such distinctions. 
Civilian populations were 

4821
04:14:28,400 --> 04:14:31,500
legitimate targets, both for 
resource acquisition and 

4822
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:34,700
psychological impact. 
Cities that immediately 

4823
04:14:34,700 --> 04:14:37,900
surrendered might Escape while 
those that resisted faced 

4824
04:14:37,900 --> 04:14:41,400
complete Annihilation, not as a 
war crime, but a standard 

4825
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:44,500
operational procedure, your 
modern moral framework. 

4826
04:14:44,500 --> 04:14:47,800
Whether you can consider 
yourself hardened or not, has 

4827
04:14:47,800 --> 04:14:50,200
been shaped by centuries of 
evolving, Notions about the 

4828
04:14:50,200 --> 04:14:53,600
ethics of violence. 
The cognitive dissonance between

4829
04:14:53,600 --> 04:14:56,900
these ingrained values and daily
participation in Mongol military

4830
04:14:56,900 --> 04:15:00,400
operations would create cycle. 
Trauma beyond anything. 

4831
04:15:00,400 --> 04:15:03,400
Your contemporary mind is 
structured to process while the 

4832
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:06,500
physical environment, social 
complexities and Military 

4833
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:09,700
demands of the Mongol Empire 
would each present, formidable 

4834
04:15:09,700 --> 04:15:12,800
challenges, Perhaps nothing 
would threaten your survival 

4835
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:16,600
more immediately than the 
microbial landscape a biological

4836
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:19,100
battlefield for which your body 
is perilously. 

4837
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:22,800
Unprepared, Your immune system 
has developed in an environment 

4838
04:15:22,800 --> 04:15:26,800
of unprecedented sanitation, 
regular vaccinations and 

4839
04:15:26,800 --> 04:15:30,100
antibiotics. 
This protected upbringing while 

4840
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:32,000
extending. 
Your lifespan has left you 

4841
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:35,800
immunologically naive compared 
to a 13th century nomad. 

4842
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:39,700
The average Mongol survived 
numerous childhood diseases that

4843
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:42,700
would ravage, your unprepared 
system, there are immune 

4844
04:15:42,700 --> 04:15:45,800
responses, honed through 
constant exposure, to pathogens 

4845
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:49,700
operated, a level of efficiency,
your sheltered physiology cannot

4846
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:52,600
match. 
Consider water consumption that 

4847
04:15:52,600 --> 04:15:55,900
most basic necessity. 
The Mongols developed specific 

4848
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:58,600
techniques for locating, 
reasonably safe water sources 

4849
04:15:58,600 --> 04:16:02,900
and more importantly harbored 
gut microbiota adapted to local 

4850
04:16:02,900 --> 04:16:06,900
pathogens, you accustomed to 
treated Municipal Water would 

4851
04:16:06,900 --> 04:16:09,400
likely contract, severe 
dysentery within days of 

4852
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:12,700
drinking from Step water sources
dehydration would rapidly 

4853
04:16:12,700 --> 04:16:16,000
follow, compromising physical 
performance, precisely when 

4854
04:16:16,000 --> 04:16:18,200
maximum strength was needed for 
adaptation. 

4855
04:16:19,100 --> 04:16:21,400
The parasite load carried by 
average Mongol Empire 

4856
04:16:21,400 --> 04:16:25,700
inhabitants would Astound modern
Physicians intestinal worms, 

4857
04:16:25,700 --> 04:16:30,000
skin parasites and blood-borne 
pathogens existed. 

4858
04:16:30,000 --> 04:16:33,800
In a complex equilibrium with 
host immune systems, these 

4859
04:16:33,800 --> 04:16:37,600
parasitic relationships often 
began in childhood, allowing for

4860
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:40,400
co-adaptation rather than acute 
crisis. 

4861
04:16:40,400 --> 04:16:44,400
Your body encountering these 
organisms for the first time as 

4862
04:16:44,400 --> 04:16:47,000
an adult. 
Would Mount extreme inflammatory

4863
04:16:47,000 --> 04:16:50,000
responses that could prove more 
dangerous than the parasites 

4864
04:16:50,000 --> 04:16:53,100
themselves. 
Zoonotic diseases, those 

4865
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:56,400
transmitted between animals and 
humans presented particular 

4866
04:16:56,400 --> 04:16:59,700
danger in a culture where close 
contact with livestock was 

4867
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:02,300
unavoidable. 
The Mongols lived alongside 

4868
04:17:02,300 --> 04:17:07,000
horses sheep, goats camels and 
cattle training Living Spaces 

4869
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:11,200
during harsh weather Anthrax 
brucellosis and various animal 

4870
04:17:11,200 --> 04:17:14,600
born in Florence's. 
Circulated continuously while 

4871
04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:17,000
the Mongols developed, partial 
immunity through childhood 

4872
04:17:17,000 --> 04:17:19,400
exposure, you would have no such
protection. 

4873
04:17:19,400 --> 04:17:22,300
Bacterial environment itself 
would prove hostile. 

4874
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:26,100
Soil dwelling, bacteria, like 
clostridium, tetani causing 

4875
04:17:26,100 --> 04:17:29,300
tetanus represented. 
Constant threats in a lifestyle 

4876
04:17:29,300 --> 04:17:33,000
filled with small injuries from 
riding hunting and combat. 

4877
04:17:33,800 --> 04:17:36,400
The Mongols treated wounds with 
fermented Mare's milk. 

4878
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:41,800
Hot animal fat or cauterization 
methods, that while crude often 

4879
04:17:41,800 --> 04:17:46,000
provided antimicrobial benefits.
Without these techniques, any 

4880
04:17:46,000 --> 04:17:48,100
injury could become fatal due to
infection. 

4881
04:17:48,900 --> 04:17:51,100
Dental Health presents. 
Another vulnerability. 

4882
04:17:52,100 --> 04:17:55,100
The Mongol diet lacked refined 
sugars, but still pose Dental 

4883
04:17:55,100 --> 04:17:58,400
challenges, these were managed 
through specific hygiene 

4884
04:17:58,400 --> 04:18:01,200
practices using step plants with
natural antimicrobial, 

4885
04:18:01,200 --> 04:18:04,600
properties your teeth. 
Despite Modern Dental Care, 

4886
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,400
would likely be unprepared for 
abrupt cessation of this care. 

4887
04:18:07,400 --> 04:18:09,200
Combined with a radically 
different diet. 

4888
04:18:10,200 --> 04:18:12,900
Dental infections minor 
inconvenience is in the modern 

4889
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:15,400
world became life. 
Threatening in pre-antibiotic. 

4890
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:19,400
Environments fungal infections 
flourished in the close quarters

4891
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:24,800
of Mongolians ringworm athlete's
foot and various Dermatological 

4892
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:27,700
fungi spread readily among 
populations with limited access 

4893
04:18:27,700 --> 04:18:31,100
to complete hygiene facilities. 
The Mongols manage these 

4894
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:33,900
conditions with specialized 
technique involving smoke, 

4895
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:37,000
exposure and application of 
specific animal fats with 

4896
04:18:37,000 --> 04:18:40,500
antifungal properties. 
Without this knowledge, chronic 

4897
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:42,800
fungal infections would 
compromise your Skin's 

4898
04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:46,400
Integrity, creating additional 
Pathways for more dangerous 

4899
04:18:46,400 --> 04:18:49,400
infections. 
The Mongol Empire's greatest 

4900
04:18:49,400 --> 04:18:51,100
irony was that its military 
success. 

4901
04:18:51,100 --> 04:18:53,900
Facilitated unprecedented 
disease transmission across 

4902
04:18:53,900 --> 04:18:57,800
Eurasia as the Empire connected,
previously, isolated disease 

4903
04:18:57,800 --> 04:19:01,700
pools novel, pathogens traveled 
trade routes with devastating 

4904
04:19:01,700 --> 04:19:04,300
efficiency. 
You would encounter, not just 

4905
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:07,900
local, Mongolian pathogens, but 
biological threats from China 

4906
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:12,100
Persia and the roof is Lands all
without the immunological 

4907
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:13,900
preparation. 
That lifelong inhabitants 

4908
04:19:13,900 --> 04:19:16,300
developed. 
We cannot Overlook the 

4909
04:19:16,300 --> 04:19:19,700
psychological dimension of 
illness, modern humans, expect 

4910
04:19:19,700 --> 04:19:23,800
recovery from most infections. 
This expectation shapes, how we 

4911
04:19:23,800 --> 04:19:27,100
experience illness as a 
temporary convenience, rather 

4912
04:19:27,100 --> 04:19:31,100
than an existential threat 
during the Mongolia every fever 

4913
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,600
posed a risk of death. 
This chronic uncertainty created

4914
04:19:34,600 --> 04:19:37,800
psychological resilience among 
survivors that you with your 

4915
04:19:37,800 --> 04:19:41,000
expectation of medical rescue 
have never needed to develop. 

4916
04:19:42,000 --> 04:19:44,800
most critically, the communal 
understanding of disease 

4917
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:48,900
differed, fundamentally While 
the Mongols recognized contagion

4918
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:52,100
patterns and practiced forms of 
isolation for certain 

4919
04:19:52,100 --> 04:19:56,000
conditions, their explanatory 
Models Incorporated, spiritual 

4920
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:59,300
and humoral, Concepts alien to 
your biomedical framework. 

4921
04:20:00,400 --> 04:20:03,600
Treatments focused on restoring 
balance rather than eliminating 

4922
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:07,000
specific pathogens, your 
inability to conceptualize 

4923
04:20:07,000 --> 04:20:10,200
illness within their framework 
would prevent you from accessing

4924
04:20:10,200 --> 04:20:12,400
what limited effective 
treatments existed. 

4925
04:20:13,300 --> 04:20:18,100
Ultimately your body represents 
a naive immunological system, 

4926
04:20:18,100 --> 04:20:21,700
entering an environment of 
hardened, pathogens and limited,

4927
04:20:21,700 --> 04:20:25,600
medical interventions diseases 
that were minor for the Mongols.

4928
04:20:25,600 --> 04:20:28,600
Could severely affect you due to
your biological vulnerabilities.

4929
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:31,100
Modern medicine has not made you
stronger. 

4930
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:34,000
It has allowed physiological 
weaknesses to persist that would

4931
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:37,400
become fatal liabilities in the 
13th century disease landscape 

4932
04:20:37,400 --> 04:20:40,100
you would be as unfamiliar with 
Mongol Empire, survival 

4933
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:42,000
psychology as with its physical 
challenges. 

4934
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:45,700
Your mental architecture formed 
by a wealth of information 

4935
04:20:45,700 --> 04:20:50,200
psychological safety nets and 
individualistic Frameworks would

4936
04:20:50,200 --> 04:20:54,600
crumble in the 13th century 
wandering landscape Consider how

4937
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:58,100
you use time, the modern mine. 
Divides time into hours, 

4938
04:20:58,100 --> 04:21:01,700
scheduled days ahead, minutes 
recorded on computer screens, 

4939
04:21:01,700 --> 04:21:05,700
and second before deadlines or 
meetings, Moon cycles, seasonal,

4940
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:09,300
migration and animal diurnal 
habits shaped Mongol. 

4941
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:13,200
Temporal perception. 
Instead of calendars weather 

4942
04:21:13,200 --> 04:21:15,700
Grass and animal behavior were 
considered. 

4943
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:19,500
Your artificially scheduled 
internal clock would struggle to

4944
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:23,100
match these fundamental needs 
leaving you confused and out of 

4945
04:21:23,100 --> 04:21:25,600
sync. 
Information processing includes 

4946
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:28,900
another major discontinuity. 
Due to information overload, 

4947
04:21:28,900 --> 04:21:32,100
your swimming, through mountains
of data, and constructing 

4948
04:21:32,100 --> 04:21:35,100
sophisticated filtering systems,
because of a lack of 

4949
04:21:35,100 --> 04:21:38,400
information, Mongols or every 
observation as potentially 

4950
04:21:38,400 --> 04:21:41,900
useful for survival. 
Their hyper-awareness of mineral

4951
04:21:41,900 --> 04:21:45,700
animal activity, distant dust 
clouds and small wind direction 

4952
04:21:45,700 --> 04:21:48,600
changes showed cognitive 
adaptations to a low information

4953
04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:51,100
world. 
Your attention patterns are used

4954
04:21:51,100 --> 04:21:54,500
to get a lot of information with
little meaning so you would miss

4955
04:21:54,500 --> 04:21:59,200
critical environmental cues. 
Risk assessment Frameworks vary,

4956
04:21:59,200 --> 04:22:02,600
widely modern psychology 
indicates human's employee 

4957
04:22:02,600 --> 04:22:05,100
probability, estimation and 
outcomes of verity to judge 

4958
04:22:05,100 --> 04:22:08,700
danger the systems developed in 
environments with long-term 

4959
04:22:08,700 --> 04:22:12,400
well-controlled dangers. 
existential threats in the 

4960
04:22:12,400 --> 04:22:14,900
Mongol cognitive environment 
required being assessed 

4961
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:18,500
immediately without probability 
calculations in a world where 

4962
04:22:18,500 --> 04:22:22,300
every day choices make kill your
brains risk assessment software 

4963
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:27,800
Updated for modern risks would 
cause constant anxiety, identity

4964
04:22:27,800 --> 04:22:30,700
would change. 
Totally Personal narratives 

4965
04:22:30,700 --> 04:22:34,400
regarding your past, 
professional tasks and chosen 

4966
04:22:34,400 --> 04:22:36,800
connections, likely shape your 
sense of self. 

4967
04:22:37,900 --> 04:22:41,700
Mongol identity was based on 
Ancestry tribe and military unit

4968
04:22:41,700 --> 04:22:44,800
only when an individual's 
attributes assisted these 

4969
04:22:44,800 --> 04:22:47,200
collectives. 
Did they matter few modern 

4970
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:50,600
brains can make the leap, from 
who I am to whose I am in 

4971
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:53,200
self-concept. 
It goes beyond, cultural 

4972
04:22:53,200 --> 04:22:56,100
adaptability. 
Emotional management methods 

4973
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:58,400
would fail. 
You modern emotional management 

4974
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:01,900
involves verbalization 
introspection and discussion 

4975
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:04,700
therapy for the Mongols physical
expression. 

4976
04:23:04,700 --> 04:23:08,800
Emotional restraint and stoicism
were more important than words. 

4977
04:23:08,800 --> 04:23:12,400
Emotions were largely expressed 
in ritualized circumstances. 

4978
04:23:12,400 --> 04:23:16,200
Like funeral laments and Triumph
celebrations, your persistent. 

4979
04:23:16,200 --> 04:23:18,900
Emotional transparency, might be
risky, due to your own going 

4980
04:23:18,900 --> 04:23:20,500
unmet need for emotional 
processing. 

4981
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:25,700
Another cycleogical barrier is 
sleep arcade a texture, modern 

4982
04:23:25,700 --> 04:23:30,200
human sleep, Consolidated in 
temperature control, me invents,

4983
04:23:30,200 --> 04:23:33,700
security requirements, dictated 
the Mongols segmented. 

4984
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:35,800
Sleep patterns, which often 
occurred in. 

4985
04:23:35,808 --> 04:23:39,800
So, so exposed locations with 
little Carm. your brain was 

4986
04:23:39,800 --> 04:23:42,200
conditioned for deep sleep 
cycles under regulated 

4987
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:45,400
conditions, thus persistent 
sleep disturbance, would damage 

4988
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:48,800
it severely When survival 
demands, Optimum cognitive 

4989
04:23:48,800 --> 04:23:51,200
performance. 
Such disruptions hinder 

4990
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:53,300
decision, making your moral 
landscape. 

4991
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:56,800
Change may be most puzzling, 
modern morality centers on 

4992
04:23:56,800 --> 04:24:00,100
rights Justice and harm 
minimisation across fictitious. 

4993
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,800
Populations Mongol, ethical 
Frameworks emerged from communal

4994
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:07,700
bonding resource acquisition, 
and lineage continuation. 

4995
04:24:08,400 --> 04:24:12,000
Actions that help short-term 
aims were good regardless of out

4996
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:15,500
groups. your deep-rooted moral 
intuitions about Universal, 

4997
04:24:15,500 --> 04:24:18,800
human value would not help in a 
moral World whose ethical limits

4998
04:24:18,800 --> 04:24:22,900
rarely, extended Beyond familial
Networks, Spiritual systems 

4999
04:24:22,900 --> 04:24:26,900
would also alienate. modern 
spirituality emphasizes belief, 

5000
04:24:26,900 --> 04:24:30,200
emotional connection and 
personal meaning even when 

5001
04:24:30,200 --> 04:24:33,800
religious Mongol spiritual 
practices focused on balancing 

5002
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:36,300
the visible, and invisible 
Realms through rituals, 

5003
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:39,400
animistic beliefs held that 
natural atmospheric. 

5004
04:24:39,400 --> 04:24:41,200
And Celestial phenomena were 
aware. 

5005
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:44,100
Due to this fundamental 
disparity between your 

5006
04:24:44,100 --> 04:24:46,900
Consciousness bounds and Mongols
spiritual environment. 

5007
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:50,000
You would repeatedly commits 
significant spiritual 

5008
04:24:50,000 --> 04:24:52,700
transgressions. 
Your association with violence 

5009
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:56,000
would be emphasized. 
Modern psychology says, violence

5010
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:57,800
is traumatic and requires 
recovery. 

5011
04:24:58,500 --> 04:25:01,200
Violence involvement and 
observation were commonplace in 

5012
04:25:01,208 --> 04:25:04,600
Mongol, cognitive environments, 
requiring minimal psychological 

5013
04:25:04,600 --> 04:25:08,000
processing. 
Your brain was never educated to

5014
04:25:08,000 --> 04:25:11,100
be exposed to violence, so it 
would react to Everyday 

5015
04:25:11,100 --> 04:25:14,600
occurrences with traumatic, 
stress generating, a chain 

5016
04:25:14,600 --> 04:25:17,500
reaction of psychiatric 
instability that no 13th century

5017
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:20,200
framework could handle. 
Your relationship with 

5018
04:25:20,200 --> 04:25:23,300
uncertainty may be your final 
and most difficult psychological

5019
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,700
challenge. 
Modern life is complicated, but 

5020
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:30,800
institutional stability, medical
prognosis and weather, forecasts

5021
04:25:30,800 --> 04:25:33,300
are predictable. 
Mongols had to be comfortable 

5022
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:36,600
with unclear information, and 
unpredictable consequences. 

5023
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:40,500
Since they lived in a world of 
tremendous uncertainty in a 

5024
04:25:40,500 --> 04:25:43,800
world, where uncertainty is the 
norm your underlying need? 

5025
04:25:43,800 --> 04:25:46,200
For predictability would 
generate constant worry. 

5026
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:49,400
The Mongol Empires technology 
would be both familiar and 

5027
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:52,800
unfamiliar to modern humans. 
You may assume your more 

5028
04:25:52,800 --> 04:25:56,100
technologically sophisticated 
than 1300 Travelers but you 

5029
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:58,800
don't grasp what technology 
implies and diverse contexts. 

5030
04:25:59,500 --> 04:26:02,800
Mongol weapons include the 
composite bow Material Science 

5031
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:06,200
by a mechanical engineering in 
generational, knowledge went 

5032
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:08,900
into this little device. 
These weapons were fashioned of 

5033
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:12,600
wood horn. 
Sinew birchbark, conclusive 

5034
04:26:12,600 --> 04:26:15,900
correcting them took two years. 
The resulting device. 

5035
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:19,600
Could penetrate armor at 200 
meters for expert Shooters, not 

5036
04:26:19,600 --> 04:26:21,900
being able to produce maintain 
or use. 

5037
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:23,800
This primitive. 
Technology would leave you 

5038
04:26:23,800 --> 04:26:25,700
unarmed in a weapon, Rich 
civilization. 

5039
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:30,500
Another seemingly easy field was
textile production which was 

5040
04:26:30,500 --> 04:26:33,800
exceedingly difficult. 
Mongol felt making developed 

5041
04:26:33,800 --> 04:26:37,500
wool into a water resistant, 
warm, textile protecting against

5042
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:40,900
severe weather was crucial. 
The process required, a 

5043
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:44,100
profound, understanding of 
animal fibers, how to manipulate

5044
04:26:44,100 --> 04:26:47,500
them, and how to mechanically 
apply pressure, moisture and 

5045
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:50,000
Heat. 
Without understanding these 

5046
04:26:50,000 --> 04:26:53,300
procedures, you can't create or 
fix safety gear. 

5047
04:26:54,000 --> 04:26:57,700
This process exposes you to the 
outdoors fire control. 

5048
04:26:57,700 --> 04:27:01,200
Methods would also be 
inaccessible The Mongols were 

5049
04:27:01,208 --> 04:27:05,400
knowledgeable about using animal
excrement wood and dried grasses

5050
04:27:05,400 --> 04:27:08,900
as fuel sources, each burn 
differently, and had varied 

5051
04:27:08,900 --> 04:27:11,400
uses. 
They started fires even in windy

5052
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:14,500
or damp conditions, using Flint 
striking and specific Tinder. 

5053
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:17,800
You would be vulnerable if 
matches or lighters broke down 

5054
04:27:17,800 --> 04:27:21,500
and you had no other options. 
Navigation technology, may be 

5055
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:24,200
the most extreme example of 
development versus reality. 

5056
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:28,200
GPS would stop operating after a
few hours if the battery died. 

5057
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:32,700
However, the Mongols navigated 
using star positions landmarks, 

5058
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:34,900
whether patents an animal 
behavior. 

5059
04:27:34,900 --> 04:27:38,200
These techniques didn't require 
power or infrastructure. 

5060
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:41,600
The Mongols crossed thousands of
kilometers of flat desert 

5061
04:27:41,600 --> 04:27:44,800
without charts, which you 
probably can't do with paper 

5062
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:47,300
directions. 
Similar variants is exist. 

5063
04:27:47,300 --> 04:27:50,800
In food preservation 
refrigerators industrial canning

5064
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:53,000
and chemical. 
Preservatives keep food fresh 

5065
04:27:53,000 --> 04:27:56,100
nowadays, they didn't exist in 
the 1300s. 

5066
04:27:56,900 --> 04:28:00,500
Mongol Technologies like 
fermentation dehydration smoking

5067
04:28:00,500 --> 04:28:03,700
and salt, curing preserved 
Foods, caloric, value, 

5068
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:06,800
year-round without energy. 
If you are unfamiliar with these

5069
04:28:06,800 --> 04:28:09,500
strategies, you might need to 
rely on others for food 

5070
04:28:09,500 --> 04:28:12,300
preservation. 
Transportation technology. 

5071
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:16,100
Revolutionizes progress, you may
be proud of your driving skills,

5072
04:28:16,100 --> 04:28:18,100
but their meaningless without 
proper equipment. 

5073
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:21,500
The Empire's principal mode of 
transportation was horseback 

5074
04:28:21,500 --> 04:28:25,700
riding which required biological
knowledge years of practice and 

5075
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:27,700
intricate equipment maintenance 
abilities. 

5076
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:31,700
Horses were self-repairing 
self-replicating transportation 

5077
04:28:31,700 --> 04:28:33,700
systems. 
That converted grass into engine

5078
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:36,200
energy, not being able to use 
primitive. 

5079
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:39,200
Transportation would make 
getting around and socializing 

5080
04:28:39,200 --> 04:28:42,200
difficult. 
Communication technology also 

5081
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,100
turned growth around without 
modern infrastructure. 

5082
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:49,400
Interaction was impossible in 
the 1300s Mongols used. 

5083
04:28:49,400 --> 04:28:52,600
Yams for long distance 
communication, a complicated 

5084
04:28:52,600 --> 04:28:55,000
relay Network. 
Carried messages up to 300 

5085
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:58,200
kilometers daily across the 
world's largest land Empire. 

5086
04:28:59,100 --> 04:29:03,200
Messages were conveyed through 
memory multi-lingual scripts and

5087
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:05,500
equine, relay systems without 
any infrastructure. 

5088
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:09,000
Without your communication 
equipment, you wouldn't be able 

5089
04:29:09,000 --> 04:29:11,000
to communicate like a Mongol 
messenger. 

5090
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:15,800
Disparities in medical tools 
matter drugs, electronic 

5091
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,800
Diagnostics and Specialists 
power, modern medicine. 

5092
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:22,600
However, Mongol medicine used 
localized, Botanical knowledge, 

5093
04:29:22,600 --> 04:29:26,400
physical manipulation techniques
and environmental remedies 

5094
04:29:26,400 --> 04:29:28,500
gleaned from generations of 
observation. 

5095
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:32,900
Their pharmacare contained, 
hundreds of plant mineral and 

5096
04:29:32,900 --> 04:29:34,400
animal treatments for different 
ailments. 

5097
04:29:35,400 --> 04:29:38,500
As your body face new pathogens,
you would have fewer medical 

5098
04:29:38,500 --> 04:29:41,100
care options without 
contemporary medical systems or 

5099
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:43,300
traditional knowledge, bases 
technological. 

5100
04:29:43,300 --> 04:29:47,800
Epistemology how knowledge was 
gained verified and shared may 

5101
04:29:47,800 --> 04:29:49,400
be the most confounding 
development. 

5102
04:29:50,200 --> 04:29:53,500
Today we understand technology 
through theoretical theories, 

5103
04:29:53,500 --> 04:29:56,800
mathematical modeling and 
standard documentation. 

5104
04:29:56,800 --> 04:30:01,100
The Mongols learn technology via
talking practicing and teaching 

5105
04:30:01,100 --> 04:30:04,200
I learned technology by 
practicing under Professionals 

5106
04:30:04,200 --> 04:30:07,400
for years. 
Not reading manuals If people 

5107
04:30:07,408 --> 04:30:10,400
understood about technology and 
of reading directions watching 

5108
04:30:10,400 --> 04:30:14,200
tutorials and experimenting with
settings, your regular methods, 

5109
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:17,200
of learning new technologies 
would not function from 

5110
04:30:17,200 --> 04:30:19,800
infrastructure dependent 
externalized Technologies to 

5111
04:30:19,800 --> 04:30:21,700
knowledge-based embedded 
Technologies. 

5112
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:25,600
This move may be the hardest to 
adjust to modern technology 

5113
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:28,600
makes humans smarter by 
providing external devices. 

5114
04:30:28,600 --> 04:30:31,700
By providing internalized 
information and embodied 

5115
04:30:31,700 --> 04:30:34,100
abilities. 
Mongol technology made people 

5116
04:30:34,100 --> 04:30:36,500
wiser even more fundamental Than
Physical. 

5117
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:40,400
Hardships, social complexity, 
military demands, disease 

5118
04:30:40,400 --> 04:30:43,600
susceptibility, psychological 
barriers and technological. 

5119
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:46,400
Inversions is the fact that your
modern Consciousness would still

5120
04:30:46,400 --> 04:30:48,500
be unable to access. 
The existential meaning 

5121
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:50,600
framework that gave Mongols 
suffering purpose. 

5122
04:30:51,600 --> 04:30:55,100
Think about time Horizons, 
Modern Life encourages long-term

5123
04:30:55,100 --> 04:30:59,100
planning, retirement plans, for 
decades health habits, for life 

5124
04:30:59,100 --> 04:31:02,400
and career. 
Routes for 50 years urgency, 

5125
04:31:02,400 --> 04:31:05,400
seasonal preparation and 
generational continuity, 

5126
04:31:05,400 --> 04:31:07,100
limited. 
Meaningful temporal 

5127
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:11,100
contemplation in the Mongol 
existential framework, which 

5128
04:31:11,100 --> 04:31:14,900
operated on compressed time. 
Horizons compression was an 

5129
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:17,500
Adaptive response to the 
environment, not a cognitive 

5130
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:20,200
restriction. 
Your natural ability to project 

5131
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:23,300
into distant possibilities, 
would not help you survive in an

5132
04:31:23,300 --> 04:31:26,200
unpredictable world. 
Different meanings were given to

5133
04:31:26,208 --> 04:31:30,000
suffering modern paradigms view 
suffering as a problem to be 

5134
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:31,800
solved rather than a part of 
life. 

5135
04:31:32,500 --> 04:31:35,200
Social Technical and Medical 
Systems aimed to alleviate 

5136
04:31:35,200 --> 04:31:39,000
discomfort and promote Comfort. 
A meaningful life required 

5137
04:31:39,000 --> 04:31:42,400
hardship, which showed ones 
value, demonstrated character, 

5138
04:31:42,400 --> 04:31:44,800
through resilience, and 
reinforced, communal 

5139
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:46,600
relationships via common 
suffering. 

5140
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:50,600
According to the Mongol 
existential Paradigm, a version 

5141
04:31:50,600 --> 04:31:53,200
to discomfort would be 
considered a sign of dangerous 

5142
04:31:53,200 --> 04:31:56,700
weakness, in a society where 
accepting adversity deliberately

5143
04:31:56,700 --> 04:32:01,000
was a sign of maturity. 
You would be confused by value 

5144
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:05,500
hierarchies self-actualization 
expression and fulfillment of 

5145
04:32:05,500 --> 04:32:09,200
value in modern Western culture.
The Mongol value system, 

5146
04:32:09,200 --> 04:32:13,300
prioritized ceremonial 
attendance communal survival and

5147
04:32:13,300 --> 04:32:15,600
lineage continuation to maintain
Cosmic order. 

5148
04:32:16,300 --> 04:32:19,500
The ideal death for Mongols was 
often dying in battle for their 

5149
04:32:19,500 --> 04:32:23,100
Master which ensured spiritual 
transition and familial 

5150
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:26,500
Prestige, modern ideas of a 
beneficial, death include 

5151
04:32:26,500 --> 04:32:29,500
Comfort, despite from Pain and 
family. 

5152
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,400
In a culture that values social 
status over individual identity,

5153
04:32:33,400 --> 04:32:36,200
your individualistic ideals are 
irrelevant. 

5154
04:32:37,000 --> 04:32:40,600
Justice would also look strange.
Primary principles of modern 

5155
04:32:40,600 --> 04:32:42,500
justice theory are proportional 
punishment. 

5156
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:46,200
Procedural fairness and 
individual rights. 

5157
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:49,000
Restoring Cosmic social and 
outcomes. 

5158
04:32:49,000 --> 04:32:51,000
Stability was Paramount in 
Mongol Justice. 

5159
04:32:51,800 --> 04:32:54,300
The severity of the penalty. 
Often reflected the victim 

5160
04:32:54,300 --> 04:32:56,500
offender status Gap rather than 
the crime. 

5161
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:00,200
Significant crimes against low 
status victims, carried nominal 

5162
04:33:00,200 --> 04:33:03,700
finds while minor offenses 
against High status, victims, 

5163
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:06,700
carried, death sentences, these 
Arrangements offended. 

5164
04:33:06,700 --> 04:33:10,300
Your daily sense of Fairmont. 
Therefore, they wouldn't help 

5165
04:33:10,300 --> 04:33:12,099
you adapt to the real Judicial 
System. 

5166
04:33:12,099 --> 04:33:16,000
Translation is a specially 
challenging in religion, even 

5167
04:33:16,000 --> 04:33:19,000
while they preserve ancient 
elements, modern spiritual 

5168
04:33:19,000 --> 04:33:21,500
systems have adapted to 
individualism and science. 

5169
04:33:21,500 --> 04:33:25,599
Mongol religion, integrated 
animistic Traditions, shamanic 

5170
04:33:25,599 --> 04:33:28,000
intermediation, and ancestor of 
veneration. 

5171
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:31,099
In a cosmic perspective, where 
spiritual and material Realms 

5172
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:34,700
were into connected to please 
invisible entities rituals had 

5173
04:33:34,700 --> 04:33:38,400
to be performed regularly. 
Your secularized worldview or 

5174
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:40,700
modern religious framework. 
Might discourage you from 

5175
04:33:40,700 --> 04:33:43,900
engaging in spiritual practices 
that were once considered 

5176
04:33:43,900 --> 04:33:46,500
necessary. 
Social technology for regulating

5177
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:49,599
invisible forces, political 
engagement, definitions would 

5178
04:33:49,599 --> 04:33:52,200
shift. 
Similarly voting speaking out. 

5179
04:33:52,200 --> 04:33:55,099
And joining institutions are all
elements of modern politics, 

5180
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:59,300
Mongol, politics centered on 
personal Allegiance, as shown by

5181
04:33:59,300 --> 04:34:02,900
military duty resource, giving 
and physical presence. 

5182
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:06,500
Political legitimacy was based 
on Military Victory. 

5183
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:09,300
Resource acquisition were divine
favor. 

5184
04:34:09,300 --> 04:34:12,400
Not procedure. 
If might and Wright was still 

5185
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:15,800
linked rather than conceptually 
distinct, your good governance 

5186
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:18,900
idea would fail your new 
relationship with nature may be 

5187
04:34:18,908 --> 04:34:22,300
the most complicated Modern 
environmental Frameworks, 

5188
04:34:22,300 --> 04:34:26,000
represent humans as independent 
of and influencing natural 

5189
04:34:26,000 --> 04:34:28,800
systems whether exploitative or 
conservationist. 

5190
04:34:29,500 --> 04:34:32,599
Mongol existential philosophy 
holds that humans are part of 

5191
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:36,500
ecological systems impacted by 
seasonal flows, where the 

5192
04:34:36,500 --> 04:34:39,700
patterns and animal. 
Migration human communities were

5193
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:42,300
little subsystems of nature. 
That were the primary reality, 

5194
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:46,700
not a resource or aesthetic 
backdrop in a worldview, where 

5195
04:34:46,700 --> 04:34:49,099
humans were integrated into 
natural processes. 

5196
04:34:49,099 --> 04:34:53,099
Your role as Nature's spectator 
consumer or protector would 

5197
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:57,300
change Different meanings, 
surrounded death, most deaths 

5198
04:34:57,300 --> 04:35:00,700
today, occur in sterile 
medicalized, an artificially 

5199
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:03,800
delayed conditions. 
Death was a constant presence in

5200
04:35:03,800 --> 04:35:07,300
the Mongol Empire often 
violently this proximity, 

5201
04:35:07,300 --> 04:35:09,900
fostered, practical acceptance 
of mortality rather than 

5202
04:35:09,900 --> 04:35:13,400
callousness or despair. 
Happy lives included planning 

5203
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:16,500
for death. 
In lineage continuity, adopting 

5204
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:19,700
Memorial rights and keeping 
spiritual links Beyond physical 

5205
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:22,200
life. 
Your possible, death phobia 

5206
04:35:22,200 --> 04:35:24,000
bread. 
In a culture of mortality, 

5207
04:35:24,000 --> 04:35:27,400
denial would not exist in a 
society where accepting death 

5208
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:28,800
was normal emotional 
development. 

5209
04:35:28,800 --> 04:35:32,700
Integration of purpose is the 
final existential challenge. 

5210
04:35:32,700 --> 04:35:36,500
Today, purpose is often 
considered a human Enterprise of

5211
04:35:36,500 --> 04:35:40,500
meaning-making through identity 
construction, work choices and 

5212
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:44,000
purchase decisions. 
The Mongol existential framework

5213
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:48,099
gave meaning to societal roles 
Cosmic order and ancestry. 

5214
04:35:48,900 --> 04:35:51,200
Pre-existing systems. 
Externalize the goal. 

5215
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:54,400
You would not get much social 
support for self-determined, 

5216
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,099
meaning in a setting where 
purpose comes from doing 

5217
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,000
prescribed tasks. 
Well, rather than pushing or 

5218
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:03,500
exceeding them, existentialist 
strange moment would make you a 

5219
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:07,800
lifelong Outkast more than 
physical hardship, illness or 

5220
04:36:07,800 --> 04:36:11,099
technology. 
Even if you physically adapt and

5221
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:15,900
shit, get the necessary skills 
and make social relationships. 

5222
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:19,800
Framework that gives these 
adaptations meaning would remain

5223
04:36:19,800 --> 04:36:23,099
unavailable to awareness shaped 
by modern existential 

5224
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:26,599
assumptions to survive. 
In the Mongol Empire, you would 

5225
04:36:26,608 --> 04:36:29,500
have to strive to find purpose, 
which is perhaps the hardest 

5226
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:36,500
task. 
Picture an early morning in the 

5227
04:36:36,508 --> 04:36:40,599
ancient Kingdom of Macedon. 
A hazy Dawn, light creeping over

5228
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:42,599
the Rolling Hills and 
Illuminating. 

5229
04:36:42,599 --> 04:36:46,400
The stone walls of Pella the 
capital in the courtyard of the 

5230
04:36:46,400 --> 04:36:49,300
Royal Palace. 
A young prince takes measured 

5231
04:36:49,300 --> 04:36:52,000
steps across smooth. 
Flagstone, still cool from the 

5232
04:36:52,000 --> 04:36:55,099
chill of night. 
He is Alexander son of King, 

5233
04:36:55,099 --> 04:36:58,599
Philip the second already 
restless with ambition. 

5234
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:02,599
He stands No taller than any 
normal youth yet. 

5235
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:04,599
There's a quiet intensity in his
gaze. 

5236
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:08,300
Local gossips suggests. 
He asks questions, no child, his

5237
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:12,200
age, should one's about life 
death and the boundaries of 

5238
04:37:12,200 --> 04:37:15,300
human capability. 
It's whispered that from the day

5239
04:37:15,300 --> 04:37:18,300
he first, saw the world, he's 
been driven by the desire to 

5240
04:37:18,300 --> 04:37:20,800
surpass. 
It Philip himself is not a 

5241
04:37:20,808 --> 04:37:24,099
particularly sentimental father,
he loves Alexander in his own 

5242
04:37:24,099 --> 04:37:27,300
way, yet the kingdom demands 
more attention than his son 

5243
04:37:27,300 --> 04:37:31,800
under King, Philip Macedon has 
become stronger, more organized,

5244
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:33,599
and more dangerous to 
neighboring lands. 

5245
04:37:34,400 --> 04:37:37,500
Philip sees in Alexander the 
potential to carry on and expand

5246
04:37:37,500 --> 04:37:40,300
his work. 
He pushes the boy to study with 

5247
04:37:40,300 --> 04:37:43,400
the best tutors in all of 
Greece, ensuring a potent, blend

5248
04:37:43,400 --> 04:37:45,099
of Marshal and intellectual 
preparation. 

5249
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:50,000
Aristotle is one among many 
teachers, but uniquely revered. 

5250
04:37:50,000 --> 04:37:53,099
He nurtures Alexander's 
fascination with science 

5251
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:55,500
philosophy and the fringes of 
knowledge. 

5252
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,400
Lessons aren't wrote 
memorization, but dialogues full

5253
04:37:59,400 --> 04:38:02,000
of debates that test logic. 
And Stoke curiosity. 

5254
04:38:02,000 --> 04:38:05,900
This mental discipline shapes 
Alexander's sense of strategy 

5255
04:38:05,900 --> 04:38:08,900
and cunning the climate in the 
palace is complex. 

5256
04:38:08,900 --> 04:38:12,599
Every corner can hold a 
potential spy and each Dusty. 

5257
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:15,800
Corridor might Echo with rumors 
of betrayals and alliances 

5258
04:38:15,800 --> 04:38:19,400
people talk in low tones about 
the tension between Philip and 

5259
04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:23,400
his wives. 
Alexander's mother Olympia is as

5260
04:38:23,400 --> 04:38:25,300
formidable in her own writers, 
any Soldier. 

5261
04:38:26,099 --> 04:38:28,000
Devout worshiper of the god 
Dionysus. 

5262
04:38:28,000 --> 04:38:31,500
She's rumored to participate in 
Midnight, rituals involving, and

5263
04:38:31,500 --> 04:38:35,099
drums, and an ecstatic communion
with the Divine. 

5264
04:38:35,099 --> 04:38:39,400
Some say she is cunning even a 
dangerous influence on Alexander

5265
04:38:39,400 --> 04:38:42,200
yet to hear him. 
She has not the mysterious 

5266
04:38:42,200 --> 04:38:45,800
Priestess but the unwavering 
pillar of maternal warmth. 

5267
04:38:46,900 --> 04:38:50,300
between Philip Stern, discipline
and Olympia's intense devotion, 

5268
04:38:50,300 --> 04:38:55,700
Alexander is shaped by a certain
Duality logic, wedded to the, 

5269
04:38:55,700 --> 04:39:00,099
mystical ambition Guided by 
tradition, but emboldened by 

5270
04:39:00,099 --> 04:39:04,099
dreams of grandeur From an early
age, Alexander's thirst for the 

5271
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:06,900
glory Finds. 
Its first real test in the 

5272
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:10,599
Stables of his father, Legend 
has it that when he encounters a

5273
04:39:10,599 --> 04:39:14,000
spirited Black Stallion named 
bucephalus the horse refuses to 

5274
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:16,300
Be Tamed by any of Philips, most
capable men. 

5275
04:39:16,300 --> 04:39:20,300
They try, they fail and the 
Beast is ready to be dismissed. 

5276
04:39:21,099 --> 04:39:23,800
But young, Alexander notices, 
the animals fear of its own 

5277
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:27,200
shadow patiently. 
He coaxes beautifully to face 

5278
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:31,300
the Sun away from the silhouette
that spooked him in minutes, the

5279
04:39:31,300 --> 04:39:33,900
horses, calm, and Alexander 
writing without protest. 

5280
04:39:33,900 --> 04:39:38,700
Observers watch stunned, as the 
boy demonstrates, a combination 

5281
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:42,400
of empathy and Ingenuity that 
even seasoned, Horseman lack. 

5282
04:39:43,200 --> 04:39:46,700
From that moment, youthfulness 
becomes a living extension of 

5283
04:39:46,700 --> 04:39:50,300
Alexander a half wild mirror to 
his own Fierce spirit. 

5284
04:39:51,200 --> 04:39:54,400
In the Macedonian Court. 
No virtue stands above the 

5285
04:39:54,400 --> 04:39:57,900
ability to wage war and art, 
requiring both brilliant and 

5286
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:01,000
brute strength. 
Alexander's basic training 

5287
04:40:01,000 --> 04:40:04,200
begins filled with the typical 
riggers sprinting uphill 

5288
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:07,400
wrestling industry Arenas and 
drilling with weapons under the 

5289
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:09,100
unrelenting heat of the Summer 
sun. 

5290
04:40:09,100 --> 04:40:12,600
Yet his father insists. 
He also mastered oratory the 

5291
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:15,600
skill to sway Heart with words 
is as valuable in forging 

5292
04:40:15,600 --> 04:40:18,400
alliances as a sharp and spear 
is in battle. 

5293
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:20,800
Philip knows that to conquer new
lands. 

5294
04:40:20,800 --> 04:40:22,800
You need to win people's Faith 
or Kindle. 

5295
04:40:22,800 --> 04:40:27,100
Their Fear Alexander even as a 
teenager shows promise in both 

5296
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:30,500
Realms, before he ever lifts a 
sword in Earnest combat. 

5297
04:40:30,500 --> 04:40:32,900
He has already convinced many of
his peers. 

5298
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:37,100
He is destined for greatness. 
At night after the strenuous 

5299
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:40,700
training and political chatter, 
Alexander retreats to the Palace

5300
04:40:40,700 --> 04:40:44,200
Library, he paused over Scrolls 
describing the achievements of 

5301
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:47,700
Legendary Heroes. 
Achilles, most of all, When 

5302
04:40:47,700 --> 04:40:51,000
Alexander reads these stories, 
he doesn't see them as Dusty 

5303
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:55,000
relics, but as signposts of what
is possible, every Triumph of 

5304
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:59,000
Achilles, every cunning maneuver
of a disease, becomes a clue to 

5305
04:40:59,000 --> 04:41:02,400
his own destiny yet, he's not 
content to just mirror these 

5306
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:05,200
Heroes. 
He wants to Eclipse them to 

5307
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:09,200
inscribe his own feet into the 
tapestry of myths in his private

5308
04:41:09,200 --> 04:41:11,400
moments. 
He contemplates the ephemeral 

5309
04:41:11,400 --> 04:41:13,100
nature of life. 
He wonders. 

5310
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:15,200
How many will remember after 
centuries of past? 

5311
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:19,000
Is conclusion is always the same
only through extraordinary 

5312
04:41:19,000 --> 04:41:21,000
Deeds. 
Can one transcend mortality? 

5313
04:41:21,000 --> 04:41:25,100
So from the vantage point of 
pillars Palace, we see the 

5314
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:29,000
formative years of a conqueror. 
In the making the forces shaping

5315
04:41:29,000 --> 04:41:31,800
Alexander's character are as 
varied as the lands. 

5316
04:41:31,800 --> 04:41:35,100
He will one day Traverse the 
unwavering discipline from King 

5317
04:41:35,100 --> 04:41:38,600
Philip the fierce spiritual 
intensity from Olympia, the 

5318
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:41,600
philosophical grounding from 
Aristotle and the burning 

5319
04:41:41,600 --> 04:41:45,200
ambition stoked by Legends of 
Warriors passed already. 

5320
04:41:45,200 --> 04:41:48,200
He's begun forging a path that 
few in the Greek World. 

5321
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:52,700
Indeed the entire Known World 
can envision he's not simply an 

5322
04:41:52,700 --> 04:41:55,300
heir to a throne. 
He sees himself as the living 

5323
04:41:55,300 --> 04:41:58,200
manifestation of a myth destined
to break the boundaries of what 

5324
04:41:58,200 --> 04:42:02,400
Macedon or any Kingdom believe. 
This is possible life in 

5325
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:04,400
Macedon. 
Even for a prince is precarious.

5326
04:42:04,400 --> 04:42:07,400
The hallways of the palace Buzz 
with potential treachery 

5327
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:11,300
Assassin's lurking in the 
shadows and cunning allies who 

5328
04:42:11,300 --> 04:42:14,700
are only as loyal as their 
opportunities demand every so 

5329
04:42:14,700 --> 04:42:17,200
often tensions. 
Flared between Philip and the 

5330
04:42:17,200 --> 04:42:20,500
aristocracy some resent. 
The king's bold military, 

5331
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,500
reforms believe in his 
gradually, dismantling old 

5332
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:26,700
tribal structures that wants to 
find Macedonia and life. 

5333
04:42:27,400 --> 04:42:29,700
Others fear that while building 
alliances with Greek 

5334
04:42:29,700 --> 04:42:33,000
city-states. 
Philip risks losing the distinct

5335
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:37,400
identity of Macedon itself. 
Young, Alexander absorbing these

5336
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:40,500
concerns learns early that power
can be fickle. 

5337
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:43,700
Even the mightiest monarchy can 
topple under the weight of 

5338
04:42:43,700 --> 04:42:47,700
ambition, both from within and 
Beyond The Palace walls Beyond 

5339
04:42:47,700 --> 04:42:50,000
politics. 
Alexander wrestles, with 

5340
04:42:50,000 --> 04:42:53,300
internal doubt. 
Yes, he is fearless on a 

5341
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:56,000
charging horse, but the 
responsibilities overshadowing 

5342
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:59,600
him far greater. 
There's a hidden conflict often 

5343
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:03,800
and spoken between Father and 
Son Philip expects gratitude for

5344
04:43:03,800 --> 04:43:08,300
all he provides training. 
A stable Empire connections. 

5345
04:43:09,300 --> 04:43:13,700
But Alexander's to chart his own
course, and satisfied by mere 

5346
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:16,200
inheritance. 
He wants to carve out something.

5347
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:19,700
Unprecedented an Empire bridging
cultures and continents. 

5348
04:43:20,600 --> 04:43:23,000
Sometimes it feels like the 
older generation just wants to 

5349
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:26,600
secure massive ones. 
Local Dominion while Alexander's

5350
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:28,600
private Vision stretches across 
the Horizon. 

5351
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:32,900
He doesn't articulate it yet. 
But deep within the seeds of 

5352
04:43:32,908 --> 04:43:34,400
Conquest already. 
Take root. 

5353
04:43:35,300 --> 04:43:38,300
To outside his. 
Macedon can feel rugged compared

5354
04:43:38,300 --> 04:43:40,300
to the refined city-states of 
Southern Greece. 

5355
04:43:41,200 --> 04:43:44,700
Athenians and Spartans might 
sneer at Macedonian barbarism, 

5356
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:48,200
but Philip has proven that 
macedon's might lie in an 

5357
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:50,500
organized Army led by Fierce 
leadership. 

5358
04:43:51,400 --> 04:43:54,200
Alexander sees the 
Transformations, the Phalanx 

5359
04:43:54,200 --> 04:43:57,600
formation, perfected, 
discipline, enforced, a new 

5360
04:43:57,600 --> 04:44:01,100
Siege Technologies tested. he 
trains alongside hardened 

5361
04:44:01,100 --> 04:44:03,500
veterans who share stories of 
battles fought against 

5362
04:44:03,500 --> 04:44:08,000
formidable, foes Growing up a 
mid soldiers, banter Alexander 

5363
04:44:08,000 --> 04:44:10,400
learns, not only the physical, 
the demands of combat. 

5364
04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:14,700
But also how morale, fear and 
loyalty can determine outcomes 

5365
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:18,400
before the first Arrow even 
flies around this time? 

5366
04:44:18,400 --> 04:44:21,200
Alexander is invited to visit 
Athens with his father. 

5367
04:44:21,200 --> 04:44:24,700
Despite any mocking glance is 
from local intellectuals. 

5368
04:44:24,700 --> 04:44:28,500
He admires the marble columns, 
the bustling of Gore and the 

5369
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:31,400
philosophical debates that spill
out onto street corners. 

5370
04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:35,600
The famed city as a living 
Monument to human achievement in

5371
04:44:35,600 --> 04:44:40,400
art and reason yet, it also 
teams with political tensions, a

5372
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:42,300
sense of friction between 
progress and tradition. 

5373
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:46,700
Walking those storied streets, 
Alexander Muses that controling 

5374
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:49,100
a city as far, more than just 
occupying its walls. 

5375
04:44:49,100 --> 04:44:52,900
You must win over its Spirit, 
its sense of cultural Pride. 

5376
04:44:53,900 --> 04:44:56,200
Keeps that Insight close, 
suspecting. 

5377
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:59,800
He'll one day need it. 
Yet tragedy and strife soon 

5378
04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:03,000
converge as they so often do in 
the ancient world. 

5379
04:45:04,500 --> 04:45:08,300
Words of plots against Philip. 
Some revolve around former 

5380
04:45:08,300 --> 04:45:11,500
allies, who feel slighted by the
king's conquests or suspect he's

5381
04:45:11,500 --> 04:45:14,400
grown to bold. 
Alexander stands on the 

5382
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:18,700
periphery and certain whether he
should intervene afraid that any

5383
04:45:18,700 --> 04:45:20,800
misstep might implicate him as a
conspirator. 

5384
04:45:21,600 --> 04:45:25,300
The tension boils over during a 
grand ceremony one that should 

5385
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:27,200
have been a pinnacle of Philips 
prestige. 

5386
04:45:28,000 --> 04:45:32,100
In a sudden and shocking moment 
and assassin, plunges a blade 

5387
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:35,400
into the king. 
The crowd gasps the king of 

5388
04:45:35,408 --> 04:45:39,600
Macedon Unstoppable, in battle 
Falls victim to a single thrust 

5389
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:43,300
in the confusion of the 
celebration chaos, erupts with 

5390
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:46,100
bystanders, scattering and 
guards Russian forward within 

5391
04:45:46,100 --> 04:45:48,000
minutes. 
The Assassin lies dead. 

5392
04:45:48,000 --> 04:45:51,600
But the damage is done Philip's,
lifeblood seeps into the dirt 

5393
04:45:51,600 --> 04:45:53,800
and massive on stands at a 
precipice. 

5394
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:57,600
Alexander is thrust into an 
unexpected yet. 

5395
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:02,400
Almost inevitable position at 
age, 20 with the kingdom newly 

5396
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:04,800
crowned upon his head. 
He must stabilize his realm, 

5397
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:08,100
some friends rejoice. 
Convinced, this is his Destiny 

5398
04:46:08,100 --> 04:46:10,200
others wait intense 
anticipation. 

5399
04:46:10,200 --> 04:46:14,400
Unsure if the fledgling Monarch 
can hold the reins fractious 

5400
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:17,700
Lords, sent an opening for 
Independence, rival city-states.

5401
04:46:17,700 --> 04:46:20,100
Begin murmuring about retaking 
lost territory. 

5402
04:46:20,900 --> 04:46:23,900
Even within Macedon. 
Old grudges resurfaced. 

5403
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:28,700
All eyes fixed on the new king. 
You must assert control with the

5404
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:33,000
same decisive as his father. 
Or face disintegration of all 

5405
04:46:33,000 --> 04:46:36,000
that has been built. 
One of his first orders is 

5406
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:39,900
brutal and direct subdue. 
Any potential revolts in a swift

5407
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:43,400
campaign, Alexander and his 
loyal companions quell 

5408
04:46:43,400 --> 04:46:46,400
insurrections, sometimes 
responding with shocking 

5409
04:46:46,400 --> 04:46:48,900
severity. 
Towns that challenge him. 

5410
04:46:48,900 --> 04:46:51,600
Learn the cost of defiance as 
you raise his structures and 

5411
04:46:51,600 --> 04:46:55,500
exact harsh penalties. 
These measures while seemingly 

5412
04:46:55,500 --> 04:46:59,000
cruel do confirm a crucial fact.
The throne is not vacant. 

5413
04:46:59,000 --> 04:47:03,100
Alexander wields power with an 
iron determination that matches 

5414
04:47:03,100 --> 04:47:07,300
and at times, surpasses 
Philip's, yet behind the stern 

5415
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:09,400
for sod, there's a flicker of 
deeper purpose. 

5416
04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:13,000
Alexander doesn't want to be the
typical Monarch who rules merely

5417
04:47:13,000 --> 04:47:16,100
out of fear. 
Yearns to unite, to be 

5418
04:47:16,100 --> 04:47:18,800
recognized, not just as a 
conqueror but as a Visionary 

5419
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:21,700
leader who can guide disparate 
people's towards something 

5420
04:47:21,700 --> 04:47:25,200
grander In the midst of 
stamping, out rebellions, 

5421
04:47:25,200 --> 04:47:28,200
Alexander turns his eyes back to
the Greek city-states. 

5422
04:47:28,200 --> 04:47:31,900
Many think him too young to 
command their respect and until 

5423
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:35,600
he arrives at Thebes. 
The city had rebelled Perhaps 

5424
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:39,000
assuming the new King was 
inexperience in an audacious 

5425
04:47:39,000 --> 04:47:42,900
move, Alexander's troops storm, 
thieves quickly, unleashing 

5426
04:47:42,900 --> 04:47:46,700
severe punishment while horrific
to watch it. 

5427
04:47:46,700 --> 04:47:48,500
Samantha realization across 
Greece. 

5428
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:53,700
This is no malleable successor. 
If Alexander is tested, he will 

5429
04:47:53,700 --> 04:47:57,000
respond forcefully. 
The punishment also sends a 

5430
04:47:57,000 --> 04:47:59,700
cautionary note to Athens and 
others tempted to break, 

5431
04:47:59,700 --> 04:48:03,700
alliance's diplomacy Alexander 
understands can be on 

5432
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:07,300
intimidation as well as flattery
by the time, the dust settles. 

5433
04:48:07,300 --> 04:48:11,400
The name Alexander already rings
with fear across rebellious 

5434
04:48:11,400 --> 04:48:14,300
enclaves, and resonates with 
respect among loyal allies. 

5435
04:48:14,300 --> 04:48:19,200
In fewer than two years. 
He consolidates macedonia's hold

5436
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:22,600
over Greece, earning recognition
as the de facto hegemon of the 

5437
04:48:22,600 --> 04:48:25,000
region. 
Yet rather than rest on these 

5438
04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:29,300
Laurels Alexander looks East. 
Where the vast Persian Empire 

5439
04:48:29,300 --> 04:48:31,900
sprawls, the memory of previous 
Greek. 

5440
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:35,400
Persian conflicts looms, large 
but Alexander imagine's, more 

5441
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:39,300
than a retaliatory strike rumors
swirl that he sees an Empire 

5442
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:42,300
Beyond the Horizon. 
A chance to bring Greek culture 

5443
04:48:42,300 --> 04:48:45,700
into a new world if he can 
muster the daring to see it. 

5444
04:48:46,400 --> 04:48:49,400
And so in the hush of late 
evening, he prepares to set in 

5445
04:48:49,400 --> 04:48:51,900
motion, one of the most 
extraordinary military campaigns

5446
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:53,500
recorded in the annals of 
History. 

5447
04:48:54,500 --> 04:48:56,600
The war drums, beat in the 
hearts of those who follow 

5448
04:48:56,600 --> 04:48:59,700
Alexander Eastwood. 
It's more than just ambition, or

5449
04:48:59,700 --> 04:49:01,400
revenge for past Persian 
aggression. 

5450
04:49:01,400 --> 04:49:05,100
For many, it feels like a holy 
cause to punish the Empire that 

5451
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:08,900
once threatened, Greek, freedom,
but Alexander's goals surpassed 

5452
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:11,700
me a retribution. 
Standing at the Gila spots Edge.

5453
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:15,000
Where Europe meets Asia. 
He performs symbolic rituals 

5454
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:18,400
before Crossing Tossing, a spear
onto the Asian shore. 

5455
04:49:19,100 --> 04:49:22,600
He allegedly proclaims the land 
to be won by the spear. 

5456
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:27,200
It's a blend of theater and 
conviction carefully calculated 

5457
04:49:27,200 --> 04:49:29,900
to United's troops. 
With the sense that Destiny 

5458
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:31,400
itself. 
Beckons them forward. 

5459
04:49:31,400 --> 04:49:35,200
The Persian Empire stretching 
from the Aegean Sea to. 

5460
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:37,900
The Indus Valley has Wealth 
Beyond imagination. 

5461
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:42,300
Its roads like lifelines, 
connect distant provinces, 

5462
04:49:42,300 --> 04:49:45,400
governed by satraps Alexander's 
Army though. 

5463
04:49:45,400 --> 04:49:48,900
Battle hardened pales in sheer 
numbers compared to the Persian 

5464
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:50,900
forces but he counts on 
something. 

5465
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:53,500
Intangible. 
The belief that each Macedonian 

5466
04:49:53,500 --> 04:49:57,400
Soldier is part of a historical 
Quest Logistics become the 

5467
04:49:57,400 --> 04:50:01,200
Silent Partner of this ambition,
the organizers supply lines, 

5468
04:50:01,200 --> 04:50:03,600
Secours. 
Local alliance's, where possible

5469
04:50:03,600 --> 04:50:07,700
and ensures his men remain 
disciplined rewarded and mindful

5470
04:50:07,700 --> 04:50:10,700
of the stakes. 
Loosely, Nick Coalition of Greek

5471
04:50:10,700 --> 04:50:14,700
allies joined him, some out of 
genuine, admiration, of others, 

5472
04:50:14,700 --> 04:50:16,800
out of fear of Retribution. 
Should they refuse? 

5473
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:21,400
The first major engagement a 
confrontation at the granicus 

5474
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:23,900
river. 
Alexander's metal against 

5475
04:50:23,900 --> 04:50:28,800
Persian satraps, Cavalry Charges
Spears glinting in the sun churn

5476
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:30,600
the Muddy Banks on the 
battlefield. 

5477
04:50:32,000 --> 04:50:33,900
Alexander fights at the 
Forefront. 

5478
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:37,200
Disregarding the protective 
distance that many generals 

5479
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:40,300
maintain. 
He trusts in his skill and the 

5480
04:50:40,300 --> 04:50:42,400
Loyalty of the men around him 
though. 

5481
04:50:42,400 --> 04:50:45,800
Pinned down at one point, he 
narrowly escapes, a fatal blow. 

5482
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,700
Thanks to a timely intervention 
by a commander, the macedonians 

5483
04:50:49,700 --> 04:50:53,500
push forward turning the tide, 
the Persians momentarily, 

5484
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:57,400
disorganized retreat. 
Their Swift defeat rattles the 

5485
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,500
Empire's Western flank, the 
rumor spreads that Alexander's 

5486
04:51:00,500 --> 04:51:02,400
boldness. 
On the battlefield is as Fierce 

5487
04:51:02,400 --> 04:51:05,700
as fathers, had been in the 
realm of politics victories. 

5488
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:09,000
Follow in Rapids succession 
Alexander's strategy is not 

5489
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:11,900
merely about smashing through 
defense's, but also about 

5490
04:51:11,900 --> 04:51:14,500
presenting himself as a 
liberated to Greek cities under 

5491
04:51:14,500 --> 04:51:18,500
Persian rule He spares those 
willing to cooperate, displaying

5492
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:21,000
a surprise level of Mercy 
towards some towns. 

5493
04:51:21,700 --> 04:51:24,400
This balanced approach 
undercuts, Persian Authority, 

5494
04:51:24,400 --> 04:51:27,400
and encourages local 
population's, to accept his 

5495
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:28,900
leadership with fewer 
rebellions. 

5496
04:51:28,900 --> 04:51:32,700
It also cultivates, a sense of 
moral justification among his 

5497
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:34,900
troops. 
They aren't mere Invaders. 

5498
04:51:34,900 --> 04:51:37,400
Pandas, they are freeing these 
territories. 

5499
04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:40,700
At least that's the story told 
in Macedonian campfires and 

5500
04:51:40,700 --> 04:51:43,300
official Proclamation still, 
there are instances of 

5501
04:51:43,300 --> 04:51:46,600
calculated cruelty. 
When a city defies him, he 

5502
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:48,900
doesn't hesitate to unleash. 
The terror of Siege Warfare 

5503
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:52,800
employing Advanced Siege engines
learned from Philips campaigns 

5504
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:56,400
walls crumble families. 
Flee, if the Defenders still 

5505
04:51:56,408 --> 04:51:58,800
refused to surrender, the 
aftermath is Dyer. 

5506
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:02,800
The memory of Thebes resonates 
Disobedience to Alexander 

5507
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:06,200
carries a dire cost. 
Yet what emerges is a pattern of

5508
04:52:06,200 --> 04:52:08,800
caution among local rulers? 
An increasingly. 

5509
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:10,900
They waste submission as the 
safer path. 

5510
04:52:11,600 --> 04:52:15,000
While forging ahead, Alexander 
exemplifies a curious mind. 

5511
04:52:15,900 --> 04:52:19,800
Local environments, floral and 
fauna, fascinating him. 

5512
04:52:20,600 --> 04:52:22,400
He consults with his retinue of 
Scholars. 

5513
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:25,600
Describing new animal species, 
in letters to Aristotle. 

5514
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,100
His bond with bucephalus 
remained strong, the horse 

5515
04:52:29,100 --> 04:52:30,900
Galloping across unfamiliar 
planes. 

5516
04:52:30,900 --> 04:52:33,900
As though, both man and Beast 
are discovering their Destinies 

5517
04:52:33,900 --> 04:52:37,300
together and as the Army 
advances, forging New Roads, 

5518
04:52:37,300 --> 04:52:41,000
bridging Ravines, setting up 
Supply Depots, Alexander 

5519
04:52:41,000 --> 04:52:42,600
Insurance. 
Each step is methodically 

5520
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:45,100
prepared for the next 
confrontation with Persian might

5521
04:52:46,000 --> 04:52:49,200
The Turning Point Looms in an 
expansive plain near the city of

5522
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:52,500
Isis here. 
Darius the third, the Persian 

5523
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:55,200
king of kings personally leads a
massive Force. 

5524
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:59,300
The disparity in numbers is 
staggering, Alexander must rely 

5525
04:52:59,300 --> 04:53:02,200
on the discipline, Macedonian 
Phalanx, and cunning Cavalry 

5526
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:06,200
Maneuvers before the battle 
tension grips, his soldiers, 

5527
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,100
they face an emperor whose 
domain and army dwarfed their 

5528
04:53:09,108 --> 04:53:13,600
own, Alexander never missing an 
opportunity for theater walks 

5529
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:17,000
through his Camp, greeting 
individual soldiers, sharing a 

5530
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:20,000
brief word of confidence. 
He underscores that they fight, 

5531
04:53:20,000 --> 04:53:23,000
not just for Macedon, but for 
Greece and for a place in the 

5532
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:27,300
annals of Glory morale saws, it 
said that a single Warrior 

5533
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:30,700
burning with faith in Victory 
can fight like three and 

5534
04:53:30,700 --> 04:53:33,400
Alexander aims to ensure that 
each Soldier feels that horse 

5535
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:35,300
flame. 
Once the horn signal, the 

5536
04:53:35,300 --> 04:53:40,000
charged dust clouds in the plane
javelin's fly swords clash, and 

5537
04:53:40,000 --> 04:53:41,600
war. 
Cries mixed with the clamor of 

5538
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:44,100
shields. 
Alexander targets, the heart of 

5539
04:53:44,108 --> 04:53:46,500
the Persian line seeking to 
unnerve. 

5540
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:50,400
Darius himself rumor has it that
during the most critical moments

5541
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:53,800
Alexander and Darius lock eyes 
across the chaos. 

5542
04:53:53,800 --> 04:53:57,800
Darius seeing the Relentless 
approach loses his nerve and 

5543
04:53:57,808 --> 04:54:00,800
fleas the battlefield. 
Suddenly the king's personal 

5544
04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:05,400
guard disperses and the person 
ranks crumble, Victory belongs 

5545
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:09,200
to Alexander, who captures not 
only the field, but also the 

5546
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:12,900
family of Darius, his mother 
wife and children. 

5547
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:18,200
Remarkably he treats them with 
respect, a calculated move to 

5548
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:21,900
demonstrate both the magnanimity
and his sense of kingship if he 

5549
04:54:21,900 --> 04:54:25,300
is to succeed in ruling Persian 
lands, he must show that he can 

5550
04:54:25,300 --> 04:54:29,700
protect as well as conquer. 
After Isis, Alexander star Rises

5551
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:32,100
among his own troops. 
While the Persian Empire 

5552
04:54:32,100 --> 04:54:35,300
grapples with uncertainty 
cities, open, their Gates more 

5553
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:39,000
quickly satraps, waste switching
sides or forging secret deals 

5554
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:41,100
and that the myth of Persian 
invincibility. 

5555
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:45,900
Splinter's still Darius remains 
at large and the Empire endures 

5556
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:49,300
like a Hydra cutting off one 
head doesn't necessarily kill 

5557
04:54:49,300 --> 04:54:53,800
the beast but for Alexander is 
proof that no odds are too great

5558
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:57,200
when armed with discipline 
during and a bit of Destiny. 

5559
04:54:58,200 --> 04:55:01,300
The next chapter of his campaign
will test him in deserts on the 

5560
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:04,300
high seas and within the 
labyrinth, in politics of an 

5561
04:55:04,300 --> 04:55:08,900
Empire older than itself yet. 
One fact emerges unmistakably, 

5562
04:55:08,900 --> 04:55:12,500
the young king from the rugged 
North is rewriting the map of 

5563
04:55:12,500 --> 04:55:17,000
the known world and he has just 
begun In the aftermath of the 

5564
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:21,000
battle of issus, the Macedonian 
army, marches Southward drawn 

5565
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:24,100
toward the wealthy and strategic
coastal cities of phenicia. 

5566
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:27,400
The broad objective is clear 
secure, the Eastern 

5567
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,600
Mediterranean ports and deny the
Persian Fleet any safe harbors. 

5568
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:34,500
City by City, Alexander 
negotiates or procedures or 

5569
04:55:34,500 --> 04:55:37,500
fostering alliances with those 
who bow voluntarily and 

5570
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:41,400
subduing, those who resist, at 
the city of Tyre perched on an 

5571
04:55:41,400 --> 04:55:44,600
island with towering walls, 
Alexander meets one of his most 

5572
04:55:44,600 --> 04:55:48,500
formidable sieges yet tires, 
Defenders mock the macedonians 

5573
04:55:48,500 --> 04:55:52,200
convinced that their Fortress Is
impregnable protected by the 

5574
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:53,700
shimmering blue Waters around 
it. 

5575
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:56,700
Unfazed. 
Alexander orders the 

5576
04:55:56,700 --> 04:55:59,400
construction of a massive 
Causeway stretching from the 

5577
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:01,800
mainland to the island day by 
day. 

5578
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:05,100
The land bridge inches forward. 
Built from Timber and Rubble 

5579
04:56:05,100 --> 04:56:08,500
tires Defenders, Hill blazing, 
projectiles and staged daring 

5580
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:11,900
Naval raids. 
Inflicting casualties still 

5581
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:15,500
Alexander's men. 
Persist the siege of tired drags

5582
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:19,200
on for months and agonizing test
of perseverance in engineering. 

5583
04:56:20,100 --> 04:56:23,400
To motivate his frustrated 
troops, Alexander personally 

5584
04:56:23,400 --> 04:56:25,800
joins. 
The construction shoulders 

5585
04:56:25,800 --> 04:56:28,800
loaded with materials as though 
he were an ordinary laborer. 

5586
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:31,300
Sweat mingling with dust on his 
brow. 

5587
04:56:31,300 --> 04:56:34,800
This spectacle of shared 
hardship, stiffens their resolve

5588
04:56:34,800 --> 04:56:39,200
forging a deeper Bond, 
eventually Macedonian Siege 

5589
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:43,900
engines, batter tires walls, The
city Falls, unleashing a bloody 

5590
04:56:43,900 --> 04:56:46,300
aftermath that once again, 
underscores Alexander's. 

5591
04:56:46,300 --> 04:56:50,100
Ruthless approach when denied a 
swift Victory, the causeway left

5592
04:56:50,100 --> 04:56:53,400
behind in the sea stands. 
As a testament to his unbending 

5593
04:56:53,400 --> 04:56:57,100
will to succeed. 
From Tire Alexander's, gaze 

5594
04:56:57,100 --> 04:57:01,700
shifts to Egypt, the Egyptians 
long subjugated by Persia C and 

5595
04:57:01,708 --> 04:57:03,400
opening in the young conquerors 
approach. 

5596
04:57:04,200 --> 04:57:07,900
Pain, arrival, Alexander 
greeted, less as an Invader and 

5597
04:57:07,900 --> 04:57:11,000
more as a liberator welcomed 
with processions. 

5598
04:57:11,000 --> 04:57:15,800
And offering's the famous city 
of Memphis, opens its Gates, and

5599
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:20,100
Alexander visits its Temple's. 
He's fascinated by the age-old, 

5600
04:57:20,100 --> 04:57:23,800
rituals the Colossal statues of 
the Gods and the Labyrinth theme

5601
04:57:23,800 --> 04:57:26,800
law for some his admiration 
might seem an act. 

5602
04:57:26,800 --> 04:57:31,400
Another shrewd political ployed 
win hearts that Alexander truly 

5603
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:32,900
finds one in the cultural 
richness. 

5604
04:57:32,900 --> 04:57:36,500
He encounters sensing the 
importance of Egyptian beliefs. 

5605
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:39,500
He visits the Oracle of a moon 
at siwa Traverse in desert 

5606
04:57:39,500 --> 04:57:44,000
expanses Legends suggest that in
the hush of the sanctuary Oracle

5607
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:45,500
addresses him as the son of a 
god. 

5608
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:49,000
The exact words remain hidden in
the desert silence. 

5609
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:52,700
But from that day on Alexander's
conviction, in his Divine 

5610
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:57,200
Destiny, intensifies, seizing 
the momentum, he founds the city

5611
04:57:57,200 --> 04:58:01,100
of Alexandria on Egypt's 
Mediterranean Coast, his future 

5612
04:58:01,100 --> 04:58:04,600
capital in the region. 
Alexander envisions it, as a 

5613
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:07,700
bustling hub for trade culture 
and philosophy. 

5614
04:58:08,800 --> 04:58:12,000
He consults Architects on layout
and design ensuring broad 

5615
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:13,700
Avenues. 
To catch the Sea Breeze and 

5616
04:58:13,700 --> 04:58:16,300
Grand public spaces, that might 
rival Athens. 

5617
04:58:16,300 --> 04:58:20,100
Even in the midst of Conquest, 
his mind is drawn to City 

5618
04:58:20,100 --> 04:58:22,900
Planning forging, new centers of
learning and commerce. 

5619
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,000
For him building, an empire 
isn't nearly about claiming land

5620
04:58:27,000 --> 04:58:31,000
to about shaping the fabric of 
civilization. he leaves behind 

5621
04:58:31,000 --> 04:58:34,300
administrators and soldiers to 
some Macedonian Authority 

5622
04:58:34,300 --> 04:58:37,600
ensuring that the Mason City 
will flourish once he has moved 

5623
04:58:37,600 --> 04:58:41,600
on Returning to the broader 
campaign, Alexander heads back 

5624
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:44,200
north and east to chase Darius 
Into the Heart of Persia. 

5625
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,800
The next great confrontation 
comes at gaugamela a Dusty plane

5626
04:58:48,800 --> 04:58:51,100
where the Persian king 
assembled, a massive Army 

5627
04:58:51,100 --> 04:58:53,800
bolstered by side's chariots and
war elephants. 

5628
04:58:54,700 --> 04:58:58,700
The site intimidates, an ocean 
of Persian soldiers, swirling 

5629
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:02,400
with countless banners. 
Yet Alexander employs cunning, 

5630
04:59:02,400 --> 04:59:07,300
tactics encouraging his Cavalry 
to feign Retreats luring enemy 

5631
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:10,600
chariots into positions where 
they are easily, targeted and 

5632
04:59:10,600 --> 04:59:13,500
orchestrating the Phalanx to 
hold firm against waves of 

5633
04:59:13,500 --> 04:59:18,300
attackers again. 
Darius flees The Persian kings 

5634
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:21,200
departure, send shock waves 
through his ranks, inciting 

5635
04:59:21,200 --> 04:59:25,300
Panic, Alexander's victory at 
gaugamela effectively shatters 

5636
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:26,900
the core of Persian military 
might. 

5637
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:29,700
It's a Triumph. 
So decisive that historians 

5638
04:59:29,700 --> 04:59:34,000
later Market as the downfall of 
the Ikea mened Empire With no 

5639
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:37,500
organized Persian resistance 
left, Alexander moves Eastwood 

5640
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:41,200
into Babylon, a city of 
legendary Splendor gold Laden 

5641
04:59:41,200 --> 04:59:44,500
temples Lush Hanging Gardens and
the Labyrinth of ancient 

5642
04:59:44,500 --> 04:59:47,400
streets. 
Leave Alexander in Orr Babylons.

5643
04:59:47,400 --> 04:59:50,400
Populace yields to him without 
significant conflict and he 

5644
04:59:50,400 --> 04:59:52,200
enters the city like a 
triumphant hero. 

5645
04:59:53,100 --> 04:59:56,500
Symbolic gestures follow 
Alexander orders that the local 

5646
04:59:56,500 --> 04:59:59,600
temples be restored presenting 
himself as a patron of 

5647
04:59:59,608 --> 05:00:02,500
Babylonian religion and 
traditions each region. 

5648
05:00:02,500 --> 05:00:05,300
He conquers, he strives to 
affirm its culture and worship 

5649
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:08,700
forging, an image of himself as 
a unifier rather than a mere 

5650
05:00:08,700 --> 05:00:12,100
plunderer beneath. 
The spectacle though is a shrewd

5651
05:00:12,100 --> 05:00:15,500
realization to rule lands. 
As vast as fast as Persia. 

5652
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:20,000
Intimidation alone won't suffice
understanding and respecting, 

5653
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:23,000
local Customs will secure 
loyalty far more effectively 

5654
05:00:23,000 --> 05:00:27,000
than perpetuating fear. as he 
Journeys further into Persia's 

5655
05:00:27,000 --> 05:00:29,900
Heartland, Alexander takes 
possession of the Persian 

5656
05:00:29,900 --> 05:00:33,500
Capital Cities Sousa and 
persepolis among them at 

5657
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:36,800
persepolis, the seat of 
achaemenid, power, and iconic 

5658
05:00:36,800 --> 05:00:41,400
event unfolds during a drunken 
Revel, some Macedonian soldiers 

5659
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:45,300
possibly incited by Alexander or
by a woman's vengeful suggestion

5660
05:00:45,300 --> 05:00:50,100
Set Fire to the Royal Palace 
Flames danced across Priceless 

5661
05:00:50,100 --> 05:00:52,500
reliefs and echo through the 
columns that once bought 

5662
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:56,200
Testament to Persian might The 
devastation stands out as a 

5663
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:59,900
moment of fiery event. 
Avenging, centuries of Persian 

5664
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:04,700
against Greece yet as the Embers
fade, Alexander reportedly 

5665
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:07,400
regrets, the destruction of such
a magnificent sight. 

5666
05:01:08,500 --> 05:01:11,800
Legend holds that the next day 
he wanders the charred remains 

5667
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:15,500
in Sombra reflection. 
Perhaps realizing that in a 

5668
05:01:15,500 --> 05:01:19,600
single night of triumphal Fury 
an irretrievable piece of human 

5669
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:24,100
Heritage was incinerated. 
By now, Alexander has all, but 

5670
05:01:24,100 --> 05:01:27,400
to thrown Darius who flees East 
with a few loyalists. 

5671
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:30,600
Yet the Empire's total 
subjugation remains incomplete. 

5672
05:01:30,600 --> 05:01:34,300
Vast territories in Central 
Asia, remain unconquered, 

5673
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:36,800
rebellious satraps, and local 
Warlords. 

5674
05:01:36,800 --> 05:01:38,800
Refused to acknowledge 
Macedonian rule. 

5675
05:01:38,800 --> 05:01:41,800
The campaign that began with 
dreams of bridging Europe, and 

5676
05:01:41,800 --> 05:01:44,100
Asia. 
Now stretches into a sprawling 

5677
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:47,800
Pursuit, across deserts, 
mountains and unfamiliar Realms,

5678
05:01:47,800 --> 05:01:51,300
Alexander undeterred pushes 
onward. 

5679
05:01:51,300 --> 05:01:54,900
The once modest Macedonian Force
has evolved into a complex 

5680
05:01:54,900 --> 05:01:58,100
Multicultural Army, 
incorporating Persians, 

5681
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:03,400
Egyptians, and other people's 
Still the spirit of Macedonia 

5682
05:02:03,400 --> 05:02:06,900
injures in the discipline of its
core Falcons and the leadership 

5683
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:10,700
of Alexander himself. 
No, rumor of a hostile warlord 

5684
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:13,000
or a belly, a city can quell his
determination. 

5685
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:15,700
The promised land lies yet 
further east. 

5686
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:18,900
Beckoning him to push the 
boundaries of the known world. 

5687
05:02:19,900 --> 05:02:23,100
Because Alexander forge's deeper
into Central Asia the terrain 

5688
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:26,500
itself becomes an adversary. 
The rocky Highlands 

5689
05:02:26,500 --> 05:02:30,900
unpredictable Winters and scarce
Water Supplies, challenges Army 

5690
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:33,400
in ways. 
The open planes never did Gone 

5691
05:02:33,400 --> 05:02:36,600
are the easy showstopping 
battles of earlier campaigns 

5692
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:41,000
instead Alexander and his men 
face, guerrilla warfare, local 

5693
05:02:41,000 --> 05:02:43,600
Warlords, Retreat into 
fortresses high in the mountains

5694
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:46,000
from which they launched 
ambushes on the Macedonian 

5695
05:02:46,000 --> 05:02:49,500
columns supplies strain under 
the demands of a longer than 

5696
05:02:49,500 --> 05:02:52,400
anticipated Pursuit and the 
troops grow weary. 

5697
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:56,400
In these hostile environments 
Alexander's formidable will 

5698
05:02:56,400 --> 05:03:00,000
serve as a kind of compass for 
his men, he refuses to turn 

5699
05:03:00,000 --> 05:03:02,500
back. 
He can't sway local Leaders with

5700
05:03:02,500 --> 05:03:06,700
diplomacy methodically besiegers
their strongholds, using a 

5701
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:09,900
combination of Siege Towers. 
Specialized a climbers and 

5702
05:03:09,900 --> 05:03:13,200
Cavalry blockades the 
macedonians gradually wear down 

5703
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:14,900
resistance. 
Slow. 

5704
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:19,500
And grueling a war of attrition 
in which Alexander's famed speed

5705
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:23,900
and decisive tested to the Limit
occasionally entire communities 

5706
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:27,600
vowel, loyalty some out of all 
others out of exhaustion at 

5707
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:30,300
resisting. 
Alexander sees his such 

5708
05:03:30,300 --> 05:03:33,800
opportunities to integrate the 
into his growing Empire placing.

5709
05:03:33,800 --> 05:03:35,600
Local leaders in positions of 
governance. 

5710
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:39,200
If they pledged Allegiance. 
He's discovered that a balanced 

5711
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,900
approach of magnanimity and 
unrelenting force can be potent.

5712
05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:45,800
Central Asia. 
Also, introduces him to new 

5713
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:48,900
customs and cultures. 
The regions vibrant tapestries, 

5714
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:52,500
horse breeding traditions, and 
then local myths, intrigued him,

5715
05:03:52,508 --> 05:03:56,600
even the architecture, mudbrick 
fortresses perched on 

5716
05:03:56,608 --> 05:03:59,800
precipitous Cliffs provides 
lessons in resourceful building 

5717
05:03:59,800 --> 05:04:01,700
methods. 
Though the campaign is 

5718
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:05,000
physically draining. 
Alexander, seems mentally alive 

5719
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:08,400
soaking up every experience as 
if it might offer a clue to how 

5720
05:04:08,408 --> 05:04:10,000
worlds might merge under his 
rule. 

5721
05:04:10,000 --> 05:04:13,800
As the Army trudges forward, 
Alexander's increasingly 

5722
05:04:13,800 --> 05:04:16,700
elaborate attire. 
Sometimes blending Persian 

5723
05:04:16,700 --> 05:04:20,200
finery with Macedonian 
practicality Sparks, disquiet 

5724
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:23,500
among his veteran officers. 
They mutter that he's adopting 

5725
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:26,800
foreign ways to eagerly 
Alexander is aware of The 

5726
05:04:26,808 --> 05:04:30,000
Whispers, but believes that to 
govern effectively he must 

5727
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:32,100
visibly embrace the cultures 
under his Dominion. 

5728
05:04:33,000 --> 05:04:36,100
For the older macedonians 
though, he's gestures threaten. 

5729
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:39,500
The very identity, they fought 
to protect Tension. 

5730
05:04:39,500 --> 05:04:43,400
Simmers one controversy that 
ignites this tension is 

5731
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:45,600
Alexander's. 
Adoption of the Persian Court. 

5732
05:04:45,600 --> 05:04:49,200
Practice known as ProScan ecis 
bowing or prostrating oneself 

5733
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:53,300
before the king among Persians. 
It symbolizes respect for a 

5734
05:04:53,308 --> 05:04:55,200
ruler believed to be quasi 
Divine. 

5735
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:59,400
However, for macedonians and 
Greeks, bowing to another mortal

5736
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:05,000
man, seems like servile flattery
even blasphemy When Alexander 

5737
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:08,200
begins expecting his courtiers 
to perform the gesture, you 

5738
05:05:08,200 --> 05:05:11,800
faces a quiet but potent 
backlash is not outright 

5739
05:05:11,800 --> 05:05:14,100
mutually. 
But murmurs drift through the 

5740
05:05:14,108 --> 05:05:16,400
camp that there. 
Once beloved leader, is 

5741
05:05:16,400 --> 05:05:19,100
succumbing to arrogance, 
forgetting that the bond between

5742
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:21,500
commander and soldier. 
In the Macedonian, traditional 

5743
05:05:21,500 --> 05:05:24,400
was forged through a shared 
sense of mortal equality. 

5744
05:05:25,400 --> 05:05:29,800
Alexander for his part. 
Sees prosky, nieces as a means 

5745
05:05:29,800 --> 05:05:32,600
to unify the traditions of 
Eastern West under a single 

5746
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:34,900
Court protocol. 
Friction. 

5747
05:05:34,900 --> 05:05:37,900
Underscores the growing distance
between him and the rank and 

5748
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:40,300
file, who wants found him. 
So relatable. 

5749
05:05:41,200 --> 05:05:44,500
Adding to this Strife is the 
case of philotes, a high ranking

5750
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:48,200
officer and Son of Alexander's. 
Cherish General parmesan 

5751
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:52,400
accusations arise, that fillet 
is embroiled in a conspiracy to 

5752
05:05:52,400 --> 05:05:55,400
assassinate Alexander. 
Whether real or fabricated 

5753
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:59,600
Alexander reacts swiftly, the 
Lotus is tortured into 

5754
05:05:59,600 --> 05:06:03,200
confession and executed fearing 
parmesan might seek Vengeance. 

5755
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,500
Alexander orders, the older 
General's, murder preemptively. 

5756
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:10,300
The effect ripples through the 
Army, striking fear and sowing 

5757
05:06:10,300 --> 05:06:14,500
down even close companions. 
Realize Alexander's paranoia has

5758
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:16,800
grown. 
No one is Untouchable in the 

5759
05:06:16,800 --> 05:06:20,300
face of suspected betrayal. 
Rumor swell that his mother 

5760
05:06:20,300 --> 05:06:23,000
olympias. 
And once warned him about 

5761
05:06:23,000 --> 05:06:26,900
trusting, anyone to deeply the 
triple of adoptive Persian 

5762
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:30,100
Customs, harsh punishment, of 
perceived traitors and the 

5763
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:33,000
creeping sense that Alexander is
evolving into a distant figure 

5764
05:06:33,000 --> 05:06:36,200
combined to a road, some of the 
camaraderie that once fueled his

5765
05:06:36,208 --> 05:06:39,400
men's devotion, Yet. 
If the internal climate is 

5766
05:06:39,408 --> 05:06:43,400
fractures the external campaign 
continues to expand Alexander's 

5767
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:46,500
legend in the region known as 
bacteria and sogdiana. 

5768
05:06:46,500 --> 05:06:49,400
Roughly modern Afghanistan and 
parts of Central Asia. 

5769
05:06:50,300 --> 05:06:53,500
Alexander marries Roxana. 
The daughter of a local Noble. 

5770
05:06:54,500 --> 05:06:57,100
Historians debate. 
His reasons is it genuine 

5771
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:00,400
affection stories, describe her 
as strikingly intelligent and 

5772
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:03,900
beautiful or a strategic move to
legitimize his claim over the 

5773
05:07:03,900 --> 05:07:06,600
newly subjugated territories. 
Possibly both. 

5774
05:07:06,600 --> 05:07:10,700
In any case the wedding is 
symbolic it merges Macedonian 

5775
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:14,500
power with Central Asian lineage
hinting at Alexander's DPR 

5776
05:07:14,500 --> 05:07:17,200
ambition to create a blended 
aristocracy that transcends all 

5777
05:07:17,208 --> 05:07:21,200
boundaries eventually the 
pursuit of Darius ends not with 

5778
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:24,200
a climactic battle but with the 
Persian kings murder at the 

5779
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:28,600
hands of one of his own satraps 
bestest Alexander finds Darius 

5780
05:07:28,600 --> 05:07:32,300
abandoned and fatally wounded 
along, a Dusty roadside granting

5781
05:07:32,300 --> 05:07:34,900
him. 
A final respectful cloak, the 

5782
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:38,000
demise of his long-standing 
rival brings Alexander, no real 

5783
05:07:38,000 --> 05:07:39,900
Triumph. 
Instead it leaves him with a new

5784
05:07:39,900 --> 05:07:42,700
antagonist. 
Bessos, who declares himself, 

5785
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:46,500
the rightful Persian king to 
avenge Darius, and maintain the 

5786
05:07:46,500 --> 05:07:49,400
semblance of continuity. 
A clever tactic to Rally 

5787
05:07:49,400 --> 05:07:51,000
Persian. 
Loyalists under his Banner, 

5788
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:54,600
Alexander pursues besser until 
the usurper, is captured and 

5789
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:57,100
executed. 
It's a twist of fate that 

5790
05:07:57,100 --> 05:08:01,500
Alexander originally the Nemesis
of Persia now punishes those who

5791
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:04,700
harm, the person royal family 
positioning himself as the 

5792
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:08,100
legitimate heir to the Empire 
with that Alexander. 

5793
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:10,600
Effectively becomes king of 
Asia, though. 

5794
05:08:10,600 --> 05:08:13,300
The label falls short of 
capturing the enormity of what 

5795
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:15,400
he's achieved. 
He's already governed 

5796
05:08:15,400 --> 05:08:18,300
territories from Greece, to the 
Eastern edges of the Iranian 

5797
05:08:18,300 --> 05:08:22,400
Plateau, but the Horizon beckons
in yet again, this time toward 

5798
05:08:22,400 --> 05:08:25,900
the far-flung lands of the Indus
Valley having extended his 

5799
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:27,700
Empire across deserts and 
mountains. 

5800
05:08:27,700 --> 05:08:31,200
He thirst for new challenges, no
ancient map. 

5801
05:08:31,200 --> 05:08:34,900
Fully satisfied him. 
Oceans Define the world's 

5802
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:37,100
boundary. 
He wants to see that boundary 

5803
05:08:37,100 --> 05:08:40,700
for himself and possibly cross 
it marching into the Indian 

5804
05:08:40,700 --> 05:08:42,800
subcontinent. 
The vast industry. 

5805
05:08:42,800 --> 05:08:44,900
Region. 
Alexander confronts, not a 

5806
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,200
monolithic Empire, but a 
tapestry of Kingdoms each with 

5807
05:08:48,200 --> 05:08:50,800
its own Traditions Warriors and 
alliances. 

5808
05:08:50,800 --> 05:08:54,500
The land is Lush with tropical 
forests and rivers that swell 

5809
05:08:54,500 --> 05:08:58,200
during monsoon rains as he 
advances, he sends envoys to 

5810
05:08:58,200 --> 05:09:01,700
local rulers, hoping to forge 
alliances or demand submission. 

5811
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:06,200
Some comply offering gifts and 
tribute others test his mettle 

5812
05:09:06,200 --> 05:09:09,500
on the battlefield. 
Famed among these rulers is King

5813
05:09:09,500 --> 05:09:12,600
porus who Reigns over a 
territory in the Punjab region. 

5814
05:09:13,400 --> 05:09:16,000
Taller than most men. 
Poorest is said to command 

5815
05:09:16,000 --> 05:09:18,800
Fierce and war elephants that 
Tower over the Macedonian 

5816
05:09:18,800 --> 05:09:21,600
Cavalry. 
When Alexander Scouts bring back

5817
05:09:21,600 --> 05:09:23,600
tales of the Beast, trumpeting 
rules. 

5818
05:09:23,600 --> 05:09:26,200
And the sight of this sweeping 
trunks used like living 

5819
05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:29,200
battering rams. 
It Sparks both Fascination and 

5820
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:32,200
anxiety among the troops 
Alexander senses. 

5821
05:09:32,200 --> 05:09:36,000
This conference station will be 
unlike any before elephants can 

5822
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:39,500
shut her falinks throwing even 
seasoned veterans into disarray.

5823
05:09:39,500 --> 05:09:42,200
Nevertheless, he refuses to be 
deterred. 

5824
05:09:42,200 --> 05:09:44,900
In fact, the challenge 
invigorates him. 

5825
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:48,700
His route to poorest leads him 
and his men across the Heidi 

5826
05:09:48,700 --> 05:09:52,000
space River where fast currents 
and Monsoon rains make the 

5827
05:09:52,008 --> 05:09:54,800
crossing treacherous. 
Under the cover of darkness and 

5828
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:58,500
using diversionary tactics. 
Alexander manages to transport a

5829
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:00,600
significant portion of his 
forces to the opposite Bank 

5830
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:04,300
positioning himself to attack 
when Dawn breaks the armies 

5831
05:10:04,300 --> 05:10:07,200
faced each other. 
On a sudden plane poorest 

5832
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:11,300
stride, an elephant appears 
Regal and unflinching, Alexander

5833
05:10:11,300 --> 05:10:14,800
on, his trusty Bruce Willis, 
Reddy's his Cavalry to Harry the

5834
05:10:14,800 --> 05:10:18,100
flanks as the battle commences, 
the Thundering of the elephant 

5835
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:21,300
shakes, the ground sending 
Tremors through the Macedonian 

5836
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:25,800
lines yet, Alexander employs 
cunning, he directs archers to 

5837
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:27,300
focus on the elephant 
mahoutsukai. 

5838
05:10:34,100 --> 05:10:37,800
The Macedonian infantry displays
its trademark discipline forming

5839
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:41,000
tight formation, that can pivot 
to lure elephant into lethal. 

5840
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:45,100
Cul-de-sacs The chaos is 
intense, murdered mingle 

5841
05:10:45,100 --> 05:10:47,700
underfoot, and the Roar of 
maddened elephants. 

5842
05:10:47,700 --> 05:10:52,500
Resonates across the battlefield
eventually horses, forces Buckle

5843
05:10:52,500 --> 05:10:55,600
under the unrelenting pressure, 
even the mighty war, elephant 

5844
05:10:55,600 --> 05:10:58,800
wounded, and panicked, turn 
against their own side. 

5845
05:10:58,800 --> 05:11:03,500
In some cases in the end, the 
macedonians triumph Rather than 

5846
05:11:03,500 --> 05:11:05,900
subjecting poorest to 
humiliation or execution, 

5847
05:11:05,900 --> 05:11:09,900
Alexander does something 
unexpected impressed by porous 

5848
05:11:09,900 --> 05:11:12,300
bravery. 
He restores him to his throne, 

5849
05:11:12,300 --> 05:11:15,800
as a subordinate ruler, 
extending a policy of pragmatic 

5850
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:18,400
statesmanship. 
This act leaves an enduring 

5851
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:22,300
Legacy in the region. during the
idea that Alexander valued Noble

5852
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:25,300
opponents and recognized the 
utility of local rulers, who 

5853
05:11:25,300 --> 05:11:29,900
would maintain order in his name
A sense of admiration grows on 

5854
05:11:29,900 --> 05:11:32,400
both sides some of Alexander's 
men. 

5855
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:35,600
Remark they've never seen him so
openly respectful to a defeated 

5856
05:11:35,600 --> 05:11:39,400
Foe and in return, poorest 
becomes a loyal Ally at least 

5857
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:42,500
for a Time. 
Despite the victory, macedonians

5858
05:11:42,500 --> 05:11:45,500
are battered by the tropical 
climate Monsoon rains and 

5859
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:48,000
familiar diseases in the strain 
of campaigning. 

5860
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:51,100
So far from home, some murmurs 
become open. 

5861
05:11:51,100 --> 05:11:53,900
Please turn back. 
Many of March for years. 

5862
05:11:53,900 --> 05:11:57,700
Seldom seeing their families, 
Tails spread of monstrous, 

5863
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:01,800
Rivers, further east of endless 
armies, waiting or of new 

5864
05:12:01,800 --> 05:12:03,700
elephant called that dwarf poor 
horses. 

5865
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:08,400
The men wants Intoxicated by 
continuous string of conquests 

5866
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:12,000
begin to wave her. 
The bond between Alexander and 

5867
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:15,000
his army is tested. 
He rallies them with talk of 

5868
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:19,000
forging, an Empire that circles 
the entire known world Yet, even

5869
05:12:19,000 --> 05:12:23,400
as he speaks weariness, in their
eyes is palpable that he faces 

5870
05:12:23,400 --> 05:12:26,200
River. 
They finally balk refusing to go

5871
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:29,200
any further. 
Alexander is outraged. 

5872
05:12:29,200 --> 05:12:32,500
This is the first time his men 
openly defy him on Mass. 

5873
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:35,400
He tries all his powers of 
persuasion, calling upon their 

5874
05:12:35,400 --> 05:12:38,500
shared Glory, reminding them of 
the unswerving Loyalty. 

5875
05:12:38,500 --> 05:12:41,700
They once showed under the 
scorching son of Persian deserts

5876
05:12:42,400 --> 05:12:45,000
But the tired home sick soldiers
refused to yield. 

5877
05:12:45,000 --> 05:12:47,500
The standoff is deeply, 
emotional. 

5878
05:12:47,500 --> 05:12:52,700
Last Alexander, relents 
realizing that an Empire without

5879
05:12:52,700 --> 05:12:54,600
an army to maintain. 
It would collapse anyway. 

5880
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:58,500
He constructs large altars at 
the boundary symbolically 

5881
05:12:58,500 --> 05:13:01,500
marking the farthest point of 
his March and dedicating them to

5882
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:03,900
the Gods. 
Suggested that provides him. 

5883
05:13:03,900 --> 05:13:06,800
A sense of closure. 
Even as frustration Royals in 

5884
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:10,400
his heart, a retreat begins, 
though, it's hardly a 

5885
05:13:10,400 --> 05:13:13,400
straightforward journey home. 
Alexander split his forces 

5886
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:16,100
sending part by river while he 
leads the remainder. 

5887
05:13:16,100 --> 05:13:17,800
Through the harsh, God Rosie and
desert. 

5888
05:13:17,800 --> 05:13:20,600
Modern day, Southern Pakistan 
and Iran. 

5889
05:13:20,600 --> 05:13:24,800
This route is fraught with 
scorching, heat, water, series 

5890
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:27,300
City, and sandstorms that 
obscure the Sun. 

5891
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:32,400
Many men come to thirst 
exhaustion and disease leaving 

5892
05:13:32,400 --> 05:13:36,200
their bleached Bones on the 
baron Dunes, the retreat in a 

5893
05:13:36,200 --> 05:13:39,200
way becomes more of a trial than
any of the battles waged. 

5894
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:41,800
Alexander shares in the 
hardships. 

5895
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:45,800
You famously, pours out a helmet
of offered water onto the sand 

5896
05:13:45,800 --> 05:13:48,100
rather than drinking it himself.
When his men have. 

5897
05:13:48,100 --> 05:13:50,800
None. 
Such acts rekindle a measure of 

5898
05:13:50,808 --> 05:13:53,100
respect though. 
No one can forget the scale of 

5899
05:13:53,108 --> 05:13:55,500
the suffering, they endure at 
length. 

5900
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:59,300
The Battered Army, reunites near
the Persian Heartland in place 

5901
05:13:59,300 --> 05:14:01,600
of triumphal parades, there is 
subdued relief. 

5902
05:14:01,600 --> 05:14:04,600
They have conquered more 
territory than any Greek or 

5903
05:14:04,600 --> 05:14:06,900
Macedonian ever dreamed possible
yet. 

5904
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:11,100
The human toll is devastating. 
Alexander now stands at the Apex

5905
05:14:11,100 --> 05:14:14,200
of his power in theory, the 
ruler of everything from the 

5906
05:14:14,200 --> 05:14:16,100
ionian sea to the fringes of 
India. 

5907
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:20,200
He is tested the boundaries of 
the world as known to him but he

5908
05:14:20,208 --> 05:14:22,100
can't escape an inevitable 
question. 

5909
05:14:22,100 --> 05:14:24,300
What does one do after 
conquering? 

5910
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:27,700
So much. 
There's an unease in the air a 

5911
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,300
sense that the Unstoppable force
of Alexander's ambition. 

5912
05:14:30,300 --> 05:14:33,600
Might have reached its outer 
limit in the final Year's 

5913
05:14:33,600 --> 05:14:36,700
Alexander's Empire is vast yet 
fragile. 

5914
05:14:37,400 --> 05:14:39,800
He understands that simply 
conquering land doesn't 

5915
05:14:39,800 --> 05:14:42,100
guarantee permanents cracks 
appear. 

5916
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:44,700
Among his, generals, each 
harboring, personal Ambitions, 

5917
05:14:44,700 --> 05:14:48,600
ethnic tensions flare between 
macedonians who considered 

5918
05:14:48,600 --> 05:14:52,200
themselves, the rightful rulers 
and Persians who resent, foreign

5919
05:14:52,200 --> 05:14:56,600
occupation but also resenting. 
Each other Alexandra attempts, a

5920
05:14:56,600 --> 05:14:59,700
radical solution you pushes for 
a few of the races. 

5921
05:14:59,700 --> 05:15:03,000
Encouraging Mass marriages 
between Macedonian officers and 

5922
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:07,000
personal women, even presiding 
over a grand ceremony in Sousa. 

5923
05:15:07,000 --> 05:15:11,100
Thousands of couples wed under 
lavish cannabis the event 

5924
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:14,600
choreographed to Signal, Unity 
Well, it's a breathtaking 

5925
05:15:14,600 --> 05:15:16,900
spectacle. 
It doesn't fully ease. 

5926
05:15:16,900 --> 05:15:20,800
The undercurrents of distrust. 
Many marriages end as soon as 

5927
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:24,100
the official Feast conclude. 
The shift in Alexander's 

5928
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:28,100
personal demeanor, also causes 
Eunice drinks more heavily that 

5929
05:15:28,100 --> 05:15:30,500
times losing the composure that 
wants set him apart. 

5930
05:15:30,500 --> 05:15:34,000
Gone is the Simplicity that 
marked his early campaigns. 

5931
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:37,300
Now, he surrounded by an 
Entourage of courtiers many 

5932
05:15:37,300 --> 05:15:40,900
eager to flatter or manipulate 
some suspect that guilt over the

5933
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:45,000
killing of Old Friends, haunt 
him. that the war weary ghosts 

5934
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:48,300
of campaigns passed away on his 
conscience, anger flares, 

5935
05:15:48,300 --> 05:15:52,500
unpredictably In one Infamous 
episode during a heated 

5936
05:15:52,500 --> 05:15:56,800
argument, he fatally stabs 
flight to the black, the same 

5937
05:15:56,800 --> 05:15:59,300
officer who wants saved 
Alexander's life at the Battle 

5938
05:15:59,300 --> 05:16:02,800
of the grayness. 
Immediately remorseful Alexander

5939
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:06,400
is inconsolable for days, 
shutting himself away in 

5940
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,600
anguish. 
The damage is done the old 

5941
05:16:09,608 --> 05:16:12,100
Macedonian veterans. 
Now, see their King as a 

5942
05:16:12,100 --> 05:16:14,900
dangerous blend of paranoia and 
absolute power. 

5943
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:18,700
Despite these tensions, 
Alexander doesn't abandon 

5944
05:16:18,700 --> 05:16:21,500
governance. 
He plans administrative reforms 

5945
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,100
carving the empire into 
provinces, run by both 

5946
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:28,100
Macedonian and local officials. 
He invested in roads trade 

5947
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:32,300
routes and the expansion of 
cities, Alexandria and Egypt, 

5948
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:34,100
blossoms into a vibrant 
Metropolis. 

5949
05:16:34,900 --> 05:16:38,300
The kind of Hellenistic culture,
similar foundations or he 

5950
05:16:38,300 --> 05:16:41,200
foundations across Asia. 
Create a network of Alexandria's

5951
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:44,800
each intended as a focal point 
of Greek influence in twined 

5952
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:47,800
with local Customs, Scholars 
traveled, these routes 

5953
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:51,800
exchanging Knowledge from Athens
Babylon and Beyond Alexander 

5954
05:16:51,800 --> 05:16:54,700
envisioned. 
A Cosmopolitan tapestry, the 

5955
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:56,100
weather such a vision can 
survive. 

5956
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:59,900
Him remains uncertain, he even 
contemplates new campaigns. 

5957
05:17:00,700 --> 05:17:03,100
Rumors swirl that he wants to 
press into the Arabian 

5958
05:17:03,100 --> 05:17:06,800
Peninsula, that he might return 
to India with a fresh army or 

5959
05:17:06,800 --> 05:17:11,400
sail around Africa to folder. 
Find a Western sea route, The 

5960
05:17:11,400 --> 05:17:14,400
man who wants stood Restless in 
the courtyard of Peller, still 

5961
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:16,700
cannot resist. 
The siren Call of Uncharted 

5962
05:17:16,700 --> 05:17:20,700
Horizon's yet fate intervenes 
while residing in Babylon. 

5963
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:24,100
His chosen administrative 
Center, Alexander Falls ill. 

5964
05:17:24,100 --> 05:17:27,100
After a prolonged bankwit High 
fever grips him. 

5965
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:31,100
Some Whispers the result of 
poisoning others claimed its 

5966
05:17:31,100 --> 05:17:35,800
malaria typhoid or complications
from old battle wounds the 

5967
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:38,700
Unstoppable conqueror. 
Only in his early thirties, 

5968
05:17:38,700 --> 05:17:42,900
finds himself bedridden as his 
condition deteriorates. 

5969
05:17:42,900 --> 05:17:46,900
Alexander's, High commanders, 
gather, anxiously each wonders, 

5970
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:50,400
who will inherit an Empire. 
So colossal that it defies any 

5971
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:54,300
single are Roxanna is pregnant, 
but an unborn child. 

5972
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:57,500
Can't rule a realm in Chaos on 
his deathbed voice. 

5973
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:01,000
Rasping Alexander is said to 
murmur cryptic statements about 

5974
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:03,100
leaving his Empire to the 
strongest. 

5975
05:18:04,100 --> 05:18:08,100
Or maybe he names no successor 
at all records vary reflecting 

5976
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:10,400
the swirling confusion of that 
moment. 

5977
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:14,200
He offers his signature ring to 
a trusted General but the 

5978
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:17,400
gestures meaning as ambiguous. 
Was it a personal request or a 

5979
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:21,200
declaration of succession? 
In the humid Babylonian nights 

5980
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:25,100
Mighty conqueror succumbs 
soldiers, gather outside the 

5981
05:18:25,100 --> 05:18:28,600
palace Gates. 
Refusing to believe the rumors a

5982
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:32,500
baked to see him one last time, 
Legend says the dying. 

5983
05:18:32,500 --> 05:18:35,600
Alexander is carried to an 
anti-chamber, where he silently 

5984
05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:38,600
acknowledges his troops. 
With his eyes, two weeks to 

5985
05:18:38,600 --> 05:18:42,100
speak sorrow. 
Envelops them the man who led 

5986
05:18:42,100 --> 05:18:45,500
the cross Ocean's deserts, and 
countless battlefields is now 

5987
05:18:45,500 --> 05:18:48,100
leaving them with no clear 
directive for tomorrow. 

5988
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:53,000
With Alexander's death the 
Empire, he created trembles on 

5989
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:57,000
the brink of fragmentation. 
Generals later called the dear 

5990
05:18:57,000 --> 05:18:58,700
docchi. 
Will carve the territories into 

5991
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:00,600
separate. 
Kingdoms forging their own 

5992
05:19:00,600 --> 05:19:03,500
dynasties in Egypt, Asia, Minor,
and Beyond. 

5993
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:07,500
Many of the Cities Alexander 
founded remain cultural 

5994
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:11,300
crossroads that spin out, new 
fusions of art philosophy and 

5995
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:14,200
religion. 
Hellenistic influence spreads 

5996
05:19:14,200 --> 05:19:16,500
further than any purely Greek 
city-state ever could have 

5997
05:19:16,508 --> 05:19:20,100
imagined shaping centuries of 
development in lands, as far as 

5998
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:25,100
the Indus Valley and what of 
Alexander's Legacy for some, he 

5999
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:28,700
is a brilliant strategist who 
rewrote the art of warfare a 

6000
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:31,100
king, who integrated people's 
and stoke, the fires of 

6001
05:19:31,108 --> 05:19:33,300
cross-cultural exchange to 
others. 

6002
05:19:33,300 --> 05:19:37,400
He is a figure of tragic hubris,
dragging thousands into a long, 

6003
05:19:37,408 --> 05:19:40,000
bloody March fueled by personal 
ambition. 

6004
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:44,100
Stories from the Indus to the 
Nile from the oxus river to the 

6005
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:46,600
Aegean Sea. 
Harry, fragments of his Legend 

6006
05:19:46,600 --> 05:19:51,400
over centuries, the raw details,
more into myths poets, 

6007
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:54,700
transformed him in to a demigod 
historians debate, his virtues 

6008
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:58,000
and vices and explorers invoke 
his name when embarking on 

6009
05:19:58,000 --> 05:20:02,400
perilous quests But above all, 
Alexander Remains the Restless 

6010
05:20:02,400 --> 05:20:05,300
soul of antiquity. 
A leader who from his first 

6011
05:20:05,300 --> 05:20:09,000
steps on Macedonian soil dreamed
not of limiting Horizons but of 

6012
05:20:09,008 --> 05:20:11,800
breaking them. 
His life stands as a testament 

6013
05:20:11,800 --> 05:20:15,600
to the sheer and sometimes 
terrifying force of will forever

6014
05:20:15,600 --> 05:20:18,500
leaving questions about how one 
man's Drive can alter the course

6015
05:20:18,500 --> 05:20:22,100
of Nations for good or ill. 
Thus, concludes our tapestry of 

6016
05:20:22,100 --> 05:20:24,800
Alexander. 
The Great a story woven from 

6017
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:28,000
Dusty paths. 
Rivers of conflict, lavish 

6018
05:20:28,000 --> 05:20:32,200
Banquets, and fleeting triumphs 
He was shaped by powerful 

6019
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:35,900
parents, Guided by philosophers 
tested on, countless 

6020
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:38,900
battlefields and enthralled by 
the promise of immortality 

6021
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:42,800
through Conquest, whether or not
he had achieve that immortality 

6022
05:20:42,800 --> 05:20:46,300
remains for us to judge. 
As long as human curiosity, 

6023
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:50,700
thrives his name, Echoes 
Alexander the man who sought to 

6024
05:20:50,700 --> 05:20:53,900
see to rule and to understand 
the edge of the known world, 

6025
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:57,200
only to find that the world is 
always larger than we dare. 

6026
05:20:57,200 --> 05:21:03,900
Imagine. 
The American settlers. 

6027
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,400
Leaders like to come surface 
strove to form abroad 

6028
05:21:07,400 --> 05:21:09,400
indigenous. 
Confederation that might halt 

6029
05:21:09,400 --> 05:21:13,600
further, American encroachment. 
For them, this war was another 

6030
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:15,800
chapter in a long-standing 
struggle to defend their 

6031
05:21:15,800 --> 05:21:18,800
homelands. 
The British short on Manpower 

6032
05:21:18,800 --> 05:21:22,500
readily welcomed indigenous 
allies, albeit with uncertain 

6033
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:26,200
commitments, once the war ended,
Public opinion within the United

6034
05:21:26,200 --> 05:21:29,300
States remained uneven, southern
and western states. 

6035
05:21:29,300 --> 05:21:33,000
Tended to favor hostilities. 
In contrast, many new englanders

6036
05:21:33,000 --> 05:21:37,600
reliant on Atlantic trade. 
Found the conflict ruinous some 

6037
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:39,300
states. 
Half-heartedly contributed 

6038
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:42,000
militia. 
Political friction within the US

6039
05:21:42,000 --> 05:21:44,900
threatened to hamper effective, 
prosecution of the war. 

6040
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:48,300
Nevertheless, the formal 
declaration spurred initial 

6041
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:52,300
bursts of patriotism in certain 
regions, local militia parades, 

6042
05:21:52,300 --> 05:21:55,600
and oratory about defending 
Liberty, repeated the rhetoric 

6043
05:21:55,600 --> 05:21:59,000
of the revolutionary era. 
The critics derided, the war as 

6044
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:03,100
Mr. Madison's war. 
As the summer of 1812 progressed

6045
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:06,500
American forces ready, invasions
across the Canadian border 

6046
05:22:06,500 --> 05:22:09,900
aiming to quickly seize 
territory, the war department. 

6047
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:14,600
However, was ill-prepared the 
regular army was small offered 

6048
05:22:14,600 --> 05:22:17,100
by a mix of Revolutionary War 
veterans, and political 

6049
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,400
appointees State, militias 
varied, widely and disciplines. 

6050
05:22:21,100 --> 05:22:24,300
Supply lines were shaking still,
generals promise Swift 

6051
05:22:24,300 --> 05:22:27,500
victories. 
Observers from Europe, half a 

6052
05:22:27,500 --> 05:22:29,700
tentative, while embroiled in 
the Poly, on it campaigns. 

6053
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:33,400
Watched with mild interest. 
Suspecting, the conflict would 

6054
05:22:33,400 --> 05:22:36,400
remain localized. 
The War of 1812 began. 

6055
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:40,900
In this precarious. 
Multifaceted in The Americans 

6056
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:44,600
believed they could avenge 
Maritime wrongs expand into 

6057
05:22:44,600 --> 05:22:49,000
Canada, the British confident. 
But distracted expected to 

6058
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:52,900
defend Canada with minimal 
resources indigenous Nations 

6059
05:22:52,900 --> 05:22:56,500
caught in the crossfire saw an 
opportunity to resist American 

6060
05:22:56,500 --> 05:22:59,100
expansion. 
As the war commenced. 

6061
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:01,700
Few realized the transformative 
effects. 

6062
05:23:01,700 --> 05:23:04,000
It would have on North America's
diplomatic and cultural 

6063
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:08,300
landscape early. 
In 1813 American strategists. 

6064
05:23:08,300 --> 05:23:11,500
Believe they could redeem the 
humiliation of 1812 by launching

6065
05:23:11,500 --> 05:23:15,500
renewed offensive into Canada. 
However, the same structural 

6066
05:23:15,500 --> 05:23:17,900
flaws. 
Persisted volunteer, militias 

6067
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:21,700
uncertain supply lines and 
Leadership lacking experience in

6068
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:25,000
large-scale campaigns. 
Generals like Henry Dearborn 

6069
05:23:25,000 --> 05:23:28,400
coordinated, thrusts along Lake 
Ontario in the Niagara Frontier 

6070
05:23:28,400 --> 05:23:32,600
yet cooperation between commands
remain shaking and British 

6071
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:34,900
Defenders. 
Aided by local militia and 

6072
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:39,400
Indigenous allies effectively, 
countered many moves. on Lake 

6073
05:23:39,400 --> 05:23:42,500
Erie, Oliver Hazard, Perry 
supervised a frantic 

6074
05:23:42,500 --> 05:23:48,600
shipbuilding effort at Presque 
Isle presidential Plan was bold 

6075
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:52,300
construct a small Fleet to wrest
control of the lake from the 

6076
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:55,800
British thereby isolating their 
garrisons in Western Upper 

6077
05:23:55,800 --> 05:23:59,600
Canada. 
In September 1813 Perry. 

6078
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:03,400
Squadron faced the British at 
the Battle of Lake, Erie, a mid 

6079
05:24:03,400 --> 05:24:06,400
chaotic, fighting Perry's, 
Flagship took heavy damage, 

6080
05:24:06,400 --> 05:24:09,500
prompting him to row to another 
vessel and continue the fight. 

6081
05:24:10,500 --> 05:24:14,200
The result was a striking, 
American victory culminating in 

6082
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,200
his laconic message. 
We have met the enemy and they 

6083
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:20,000
are ours. 
This Triumph severed Britain 

6084
05:24:20,000 --> 05:24:23,300
Supply route and forced them to 
abandon Detroit simultaneously. 

6085
05:24:23,300 --> 05:24:26,200
William Henry Harrison LED, an 
American Army in to Upper Canada

6086
05:24:26,200 --> 05:24:30,300
bolstered by a Lake Erie, 
strategic Advantage, Harrison 

6087
05:24:30,300 --> 05:24:33,500
Advanced culminating in the 
battle of the Thames in October,

6088
05:24:33,500 --> 05:24:36,900
1813. 
The death of their shattered, 

6089
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:40,300
the indigenous Coalition in the 
region, although some tribes 

6090
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:43,100
would continue resistance, 
unified front to camps. 

6091
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:46,500
Are championed as dissipated 
American morale sword at these 

6092
05:24:46,500 --> 05:24:49,700
Regional successes mitigating 
memories of the prior years. 

6093
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,900
Catastrophes yet not all fronts 
prospered along Lake Ontario, 

6094
05:24:53,900 --> 05:24:57,800
The American's captured and 
burned your future Toronto. 

6095
05:24:57,800 --> 05:25:01,400
Henry, Canadian locals, but 
failing to achieve a decisive 

6096
05:25:01,400 --> 05:25:04,100
hold. 
Furthermore, the attempt to hold

6097
05:25:04,100 --> 05:25:06,700
or take the Niagara region 
vacillated as leadership. 

6098
05:25:06,700 --> 05:25:10,200
Change the incompetent. 
Oral some interplay among 

6099
05:25:10,200 --> 05:25:13,600
American generals let 
opportunities slip away British 

6100
05:25:13,600 --> 05:25:17,400
regulars, go out numbered 
capitalized, on interior lines, 

6101
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:20,100
and local knowledge. 
He also enjoyed better 

6102
05:25:20,100 --> 05:25:22,000
coordination with indigenous 
forces. 

6103
05:25:22,900 --> 05:25:25,900
On the Atlantic side, the US 
Navy's larger warships 

6104
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:29,300
occasionally triumphed in single
ship duels, but Britain's 

6105
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:32,600
blockade grew tighter, American 
Merchant vessels found, it 

6106
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:35,900
perilous to venture out 
privateers operating from 

6107
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:38,400
smaller ports. 
Try to slip through, capturing 

6108
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:40,400
British Merchant ships for 
Bounty. 

6109
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:43,700
Despite being a significant 
threat to Britain, these 

6110
05:25:43,700 --> 05:25:47,500
privateers were unable to lift 
the blockade. coastal towns 

6111
05:25:47,500 --> 05:25:51,000
faced hardship, as imported 
goods, became scarce, fueling 

6112
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:55,600
discontent In New England is 
specially anti-war sentiments. 

6113
05:25:55,600 --> 05:25:59,600
Solidified, some Federalists saw
the conflict as a southern War. 

6114
05:25:59,600 --> 05:26:03,700
Suspecting expansions in 
territory only benefited, South 

6115
05:26:03,700 --> 05:26:09,000
West and agrarian interests amid
these realities 1814 brought a 

6116
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:10,700
watershed shift in the global 
context. 

6117
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,100
Napoleon's defeat in Europe, 
freed British resources to Pivot

6118
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:17,900
to North America. 
The British plan, major events 

6119
05:26:17,900 --> 05:26:22,300
of one, a southern thrusting to 
capture New Orleans and other 

6120
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:25,000
amid Atlantic Invasion to strike
the Chesapeake. 

6121
05:26:25,000 --> 05:26:28,400
They also stepped up at temps to
secure control of Lake 

6122
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:30,800
Champlain. 
A route to New York's interior. 

6123
05:26:31,600 --> 05:26:34,600
The intensification alarm the 
Mattson Administration which 

6124
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:38,200
realized that if these drives 
succeeded major US cities could 

6125
05:26:38,200 --> 05:26:40,300
fall or States, might vote from 
the Union. 

6126
05:26:41,200 --> 05:26:45,100
Also, Central in 1814, was a 
series of negotiations that 

6127
05:26:45,100 --> 05:26:50,500
began engent Belgium, American 
delegates, including John Quincy

6128
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:53,600
Adams and Henry. 
Clay faced British counterparts,

6129
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:57,500
These talks progressed slowly, 
shaped by events on the 

6130
05:26:57,500 --> 05:27:01,300
battlefield initially. 
Britain, demanded concessions, 

6131
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:03,700
like a recognized indigenous 
buffer state in the old 

6132
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:07,400
Northwest while the Americans 
insisted on status quo 

6133
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:11,400
Antebellum. 
Each side hoped for a military 

6134
05:27:11,400 --> 05:27:14,100
advantage that would improve 
bargaining throughout the 

6135
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,600
summer. 
The negotiation sea, salt 

6136
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:19,500
overshadowed by intense 
hostility. 

6137
05:27:19,500 --> 05:27:23,400
An overlooked aspect was the 
South-Western Frontier where 

6138
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:26,800
Andrew Jackson confronted Creek 
Warriors allied with influenced 

6139
05:27:26,800 --> 05:27:29,200
by the British. 
Jackson's Tennessee. 

6140
05:27:29,200 --> 05:27:31,700
Volunteers waged. 
Fierce campaigns in the quick 

6141
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:33,900
War culminating in a decisive 
victory. 

6142
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:36,800
At Horseshoe. 
Bend the resulting treaty forced

6143
05:27:36,800 --> 05:27:39,600
vast, land, cessions, from The 
Creeks, revealing, how the War 

6144
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:42,100
of 1812. 
Also served American expansion 

6145
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:46,600
to indigenous expense Jackson's 
reputation, soared positioning 

6146
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:48,900
him for greater National 
prominence after the conflict. 

6147
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:52,700
Thus, by mid 1814, the war was 
nearing a pivotal moment. 

6148
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:55,700
The British plan to unleash 
their Superior fleets and 

6149
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:57,500
Veteran troops. 
Now freed from European 

6150
05:27:57,500 --> 05:28:01,500
entanglements, the Americans 
battered and divided pinned 

6151
05:28:01,500 --> 05:28:03,900
hopes on local successes and the
resilience of militia. 

6152
05:28:04,800 --> 05:28:08,200
Diplomatic channels flickered, 
but no one was sure, how soon or

6153
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:09,800
on what terms piece would 
arrive? 

6154
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:13,300
Stage was set for dramatic 
clashes that would shape not 

6155
05:28:13,300 --> 05:28:16,100
just the immediate fortunes of 
the two countries that the 

6156
05:28:16,100 --> 05:28:20,000
future map of North America. 
Observers recognized that the 

6157
05:28:20,000 --> 05:28:22,500
war's outcome. 
Might finally clarify whether 

6158
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:26,000
the United States after three 
decades of Independence could 

6159
05:28:26,000 --> 05:28:29,400
fully stand among Global powers 
or remain overshadowed by older 

6160
05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:32,800
Empires. 
Late 1814 saw Britain, escalate 

6161
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:36,400
one prong targeted, the 
Chesapeake, its success at 

6162
05:28:36,400 --> 05:28:39,800
capturing and burning Washington
DC in August shocked Americans. 

6163
05:28:39,800 --> 05:28:42,500
The British sought to quickly 
follow up by attacking 

6164
05:28:42,500 --> 05:28:44,300
Baltimore. 
A crucial Port. 

6165
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:47,800
If Baltimore fell Britain, might
cripple the Region's Commerce 

6166
05:28:47,800 --> 05:28:50,700
and breaking American resolve 
yet Baltimore's Defenders 

6167
05:28:50,700 --> 05:28:55,000
prepared, vigorously citizens, 
erected barricades sank vessels 

6168
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:57,800
to block Harbor, approaches and 
reinforced Fort McHenry. 

6169
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:01,300
British warships, commenced 
bombardment on the night of 

6170
05:29:01,300 --> 05:29:04,700
September 13th. 
Unleashing Salvo after Salvo in 

6171
05:29:04,700 --> 05:29:09,800
the fort despite the onslaught, 
the fort held when Dawn arrived,

6172
05:29:09,800 --> 05:29:13,500
the American flags still 
billowed witnessed by Francis 

6173
05:29:13,500 --> 05:29:16,700
Scott Key who penned the Star 
Spangled Banner. 

6174
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:20,500
This morale, boosting outcome 
force, the British to withdraw 

6175
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:23,100
neutralizing, their Chesapeake 
campaign. 

6176
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:27,600
Another British thrust aimed at 
Lake Champlain, an army Advanced

6177
05:29:27,600 --> 05:29:30,700
from Canada, hoping to slice 
into Upstate New York and 

6178
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:36,000
isolate New England. 
In September 11th, 1814 American

6179
05:29:36,000 --> 05:29:38,600
Naval forces, under Thomas 
macdonough, won the pivotal 

6180
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:42,100
Battle of Plattsburgh Bay out. 
Maneuvering the British Squadron

6181
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:45,800
with their Naval support, lost 
the British land Invasion. 

6182
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:47,800
Faltered forcing a hasty 
Retreat. 

6183
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:52,200
This second repulsed alongside 
Baltimore's defense shattered. 

6184
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:54,700
British hopes for Swift 
resolution by capturing major 

6185
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:57,200
towns. 
Meanwhile, the southwestern 

6186
05:29:57,200 --> 05:29:58,800
Frontier remained a separate 
theater. 

6187
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:01,200
Andrew Jackson's victory over 
the Creeks. 

6188
05:30:01,200 --> 05:30:03,500
Had freed him to concentrate on 
potential. 

6189
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:05,100
British moves along the Gulf 
Coast. 

6190
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:09,500
British strategists planned, a 
grand assault on New Orleans and

6191
05:30:09,500 --> 05:30:12,000
imagining that controlling the 
Mississippi's mouth would hamper

6192
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,700
American expansion. 
Jaxon where of the vital 

6193
05:30:15,700 --> 05:30:18,400
importance of the city 
assembled, a force of militia, 

6194
05:30:18,400 --> 05:30:22,600
volunteers Freedman and even a 
group of Barataria Pirates and 

6195
05:30:22,600 --> 05:30:26,100
Jean, Lafitte forging a 
makeshift but spirited Army. 

6196
05:30:26,100 --> 05:30:29,400
But that confrontational 
weighted, final, culmination 

6197
05:30:29,400 --> 05:30:32,600
early the next year. 
In the midst of these unfolding 

6198
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:35,300
battles, negotiations in Kent 
progressed. 

6199
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:38,600
Sensing that neither side would 
gain from prolonged conflict. 

6200
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:42,700
British diplomats seized earlier
demands for territory or 

6201
05:30:42,700 --> 05:30:45,700
indigenous buffer States. 
Well, America's stung by the 

6202
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:48,800
burning of their Capital 
recognized that an indefinite 

6203
05:30:48,800 --> 05:30:54,100
War threatened. by December the 
draft treaty, emerged endorsing 

6204
05:30:54,100 --> 05:30:57,600
the principle of status quo 
Antebellum, both nations, would 

6205
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:01,300
revert to pre-war boundaries, 
Outstanding issues like 

6206
05:31:01,300 --> 05:31:04,500
impressment or Maritime rights, 
were not addressed, rendering 

6207
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:07,900
the Wars original triggers. 
Unsolved nonetheless, the 

6208
05:31:07,900 --> 05:31:10,500
desperate weariness on both 
sides pressed them, to sign the 

6209
05:31:10,508 --> 05:31:15,700
Treaty of Ghent on the December.
The 24th 1814 however, word of 

6210
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:18,000
the treaty needed weeks to 
Traverse the Atlantic. 

6211
05:31:18,000 --> 05:31:21,700
None of the signatories realized
a major confrontation loomed on 

6212
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,400
the Mississippi. 
British forces, landed near New 

6213
05:31:24,400 --> 05:31:28,400
Orleans in mid-December 1814, 
Jackson rushed to fortify the 

6214
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:30,800
city's approaches digging 
entrenchments. 

6215
05:31:30,800 --> 05:31:35,300
Along the Rodriguez canal in 
January 8th, 1815 the British 

6216
05:31:35,300 --> 05:31:38,200
launched a frontal assault, 
certain their disciplined ranks.

6217
05:31:38,200 --> 05:31:42,300
Could overwhelm Jackson's ragtag
Defenders instead and trenched 

6218
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:45,300
Americans and leashed 
devastating vollies of musket 

6219
05:31:45,300 --> 05:31:48,100
and artillery. 
Fire decimating British columns 

6220
05:31:48,100 --> 05:31:51,000
the attack. 
Collapsed British casualties 

6221
05:31:51,000 --> 05:31:54,900
soared while American losses 
were modest Jacksons Victory, 

6222
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:57,000
catapulted, him into National 
starred in. 

6223
05:31:57,008 --> 05:32:00,300
Ironically this epic battle 
occurred after the Signing of 

6224
05:32:00,300 --> 05:32:02,700
peace. 
When news of the Treaty of 

6225
05:32:02,708 --> 05:32:04,400
Ghent. 
Finally, reached North America 

6226
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:06,900
Weeks Later. 
Both countries ratified at 

6227
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:10,800
promptly halting further 
bloodshed For Americans. 

6228
05:32:10,800 --> 05:32:12,900
The war concluded on an 
emotional High. 

6229
05:32:12,900 --> 05:32:15,400
Thanks to the improbable success
in New Orleans. 

6230
05:32:15,400 --> 05:32:18,700
They hail the conflict as a 
second triumph over the Britain.

6231
05:32:18,700 --> 05:32:21,600
Ignoring that the treaty 
emitted, the maritime issues 

6232
05:32:21,600 --> 05:32:23,800
that sparked the war for 
Britain. 

6233
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:26,600
The war had always been a side 
theater overshadowed by the 

6234
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:29,400
Napoleonic Wars. 
So ending it with minimal. 

6235
05:32:29,400 --> 05:32:33,500
Concessions was acceptable only 
indigenous Nations truly lost 

6236
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:36,300
out with tecumseh's, 
Confederation broken. 

6237
05:32:36,300 --> 05:32:39,700
And no recognized buffer, 
territory the war, thus spurred 

6238
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:43,200
the Unstoppable wave of American
expansion Westwood in the 

6239
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:45,300
aftermath Federer list 
opposition. 

6240
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:48,900
Collapsed tainted by wall 
rumored secession talk at the 

6241
05:32:48,908 --> 05:32:52,800
Hartford Convention, the party 
with adhering in the so called 

6242
05:32:52,800 --> 05:32:56,400
Era of Good Feelings. 
The war also stimulated a sense 

6243
05:32:56,400 --> 05:32:59,400
of national identity, forging 
Heroes, like Andrew Jackson 

6244
05:32:59,400 --> 05:33:02,100
William, Henry, Harrison and all
of the hazard Perry. 

6245
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:05,400
The Mythos of the war over 
shadowed the chaotic 

6246
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:08,200
mismanagement and Half Baked 
strategies that marked its early

6247
05:33:08,200 --> 05:33:11,200
phases. 
Instead popular memory latched 

6248
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:14,300
onto the Star-Spangled defense 
of Fort McHenry, the ragtag 

6249
05:33:14,300 --> 05:33:17,300
victory, New Orleans and the 
notion that the United States 

6250
05:33:17,300 --> 05:33:19,300
have defended as Independence 
once again. 

6251
05:33:20,400 --> 05:33:24,800
From a broader perspective, the 
War of 1812 significantly shaped

6252
05:33:24,800 --> 05:33:28,800
North American geopolitics 
Canada, having rebuffed Invasion

6253
05:33:28,800 --> 05:33:31,200
Consolidated. 
Its distinct identity 

6254
05:33:31,200 --> 05:33:35,700
reinforcing loyalty to the crown
the United States for its part. 

6255
05:33:35,700 --> 05:33:38,900
Experienced a surge of 
nationalism, ironically 

6256
05:33:38,900 --> 05:33:42,400
reinforcing Union sentiments, 
despite the wars Rocky start, 

6257
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:45,200
The conflict. 
Also revealed structural 

6258
05:33:45,200 --> 05:33:48,800
weaknesses in American Finance 
and Logistics prompting 

6259
05:33:48,800 --> 05:33:53,100
post-war, reforms freed from 
foreign entanglements, the US 

6260
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:55,800
turned more confidently, toward 
internal development and 

6261
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:59,900
westward expansion. 
Indeed, Wars, Messi, conclusion.

6262
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:02,800
Paved the path for subsequent 
growth that would define much of

6263
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:05,900
the 19th century. 
Historians continued to debate 

6264
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:08,200
the War of 1812 deeper 
significance. 

6265
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:12,100
Some label it in minor War, 
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 

6266
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:15,700
Giants in Europe While others, 
see it as a critical second test

6267
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:19,400
of American sovereignty. 
The reality perhaps is that both

6268
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:21,500
are true. 
On the grand scale. 

6269
05:34:21,500 --> 05:34:25,000
Britain was more consumed with 
the Napoleon, but for the young 

6270
05:34:25,000 --> 05:34:28,400
United States, The conflict 
marked a crucial juncture. 

6271
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:31,600
The new Republic have the 
cohesion to withstand external 

6272
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:33,800
assault. 
Would it fragment under pressure

6273
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:37,300
One often overlooked outcome was
the impetus for American 

6274
05:34:37,300 --> 05:34:40,400
industrialization. 
British blockades cut off 

6275
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:43,400
European Imports. 
Prompting domestic manufacturers

6276
05:34:43,400 --> 05:34:45,600
to step in and Supply textiles 
and finished goods. 

6277
05:34:45,600 --> 05:34:50,300
Previously sourced from abroad 
This unintended stimulus laid 

6278
05:34:50,300 --> 05:34:53,200
early foundations, for the 
Industrial Revolution Stateside 

6279
05:34:53,200 --> 05:34:56,500
once piece resumed, those infant
Industries. 

6280
05:34:56,500 --> 05:35:00,100
Demanded tariff protection, 
spurring sectional debates over 

6281
05:35:00,100 --> 05:35:03,300
free trade versus protective 
measures a theme. 

6282
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:06,800
That shaped National politics. 
Well into the mid-century the 

6283
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:09,500
war also spurred the creation of
new symbols of identity. 

6284
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:13,900
The Battered, but surviving flag
at Fort McHenry the poem by 

6285
05:35:13,900 --> 05:35:16,700
Francis Scott Key that morphed 
into a national anthem. 

6286
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:20,300
And even the iconic image of 
Dolly, Madison rescuing crucial 

6287
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,200
State papers. 
These narratives termed the War 

6288
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:25,500
of 1812 into a story of pure 
strength. 

6289
05:35:26,300 --> 05:35:29,800
For many Americans in subsequent
decades, it stood as proof that 

6290
05:35:29,800 --> 05:35:33,000
courage and cunning could offset
inferior numbers or resources 

6291
05:35:33,000 --> 05:35:35,800
that cultural Legacy 
overshadowed, the administrative

6292
05:35:35,800 --> 05:35:38,600
bumbling and the partisan Rancor
that nearly crippled the war 

6293
05:35:38,600 --> 05:35:42,200
effort for indigenous Nations. 
The wars end accelerated. 

6294
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:45,400
Their dispossession To comfort 
his dream of a native 

6295
05:35:45,400 --> 05:35:49,100
Confederacy collapsed with his 
death British forces, no longer 

6296
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:52,600
needing a bull work against us, 
expansion, provided limited 

6297
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:55,600
post-war assistance. 
Tribes that had allied with 

6298
05:35:55,600 --> 05:35:58,500
Britain faced retribution or 
land seizures As Americans 

6299
05:35:58,500 --> 05:36:01,700
advance. 
In the South Andrew Jackson's 

6300
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:03,200
post-war. 
Ascendancy led to further 

6301
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:06,900
treaties pushing native groups 
West, thus the War of 1812 

6302
05:36:06,900 --> 05:36:10,400
served as a key moment. 
Paving the way for widespread 

6303
05:36:10,400 --> 05:36:14,000
White Settlement throughout the 
Mississippi region and Beyond As

6304
05:36:14,000 --> 05:36:17,700
for Canada, it developed a sense
of shared Heritage by resisting 

6305
05:36:17,700 --> 05:36:21,100
American invasions French and 
English-speaking Canadians 

6306
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:23,500
United under the crown to repel 
the foreign threat. 

6307
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:27,000
So in seeds were budding. 
National identity, distinct from

6308
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:30,900
Britain and the US. 
Figures like Laura cord who 

6309
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:34,200
carried warning of an American 
raid or the dead General. 

6310
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:38,300
Isaac Brock became local. 
Here's the wars memory 

6311
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:41,200
underscore that Canada would not
be simply swallowed by the 

6312
05:36:41,200 --> 05:36:44,708
larger public to the South a 
dynamic that remains a point of 

6313
05:36:44,716 --> 05:36:48,600
cultural Pride. 
The returning US soldiers found 

6314
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:52,300
themselves in very conditions. 
Many Frontier militias simply 

6315
05:36:52,300 --> 05:36:56,000
melted back into civilian life 
officers like Andrew Jackson or 

6316
05:36:56,000 --> 05:36:59,500
William Henry Harrison Harley 
Warren reputation into Political

6317
05:36:59,500 --> 05:37:02,300
Capital eventually capturing the
White House. 

6318
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:05,500
The post-war political 
environment recognized the 

6319
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:07,200
potency of war heroes as 
leaders. 

6320
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:11,900
That Federalist Party tarred 
with disloyalty soon dissolved 

6321
05:37:11,900 --> 05:37:15,300
leaving the Democratic 
Republicans dominant though. 

6322
05:37:15,300 --> 05:37:17,900
Internal factions would later 
spin off into new parties. 

6323
05:37:17,900 --> 05:37:22,300
James Madison completed his 
presidency in 1817, claiming the

6324
05:37:22,300 --> 05:37:24,600
war had proven, the 
Constitutional system could 

6325
05:37:24,600 --> 05:37:29,100
endure an external threat. 
However, not all scars vanished.

6326
05:37:29,700 --> 05:37:33,900
New England's economy battered 
by blockades, pivoted more 

6327
05:37:33,900 --> 05:37:37,200
strongly toward manufacturing, 
Southern cotton, expanded 

6328
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:40,400
rapidly. 
Ironically fueled by the sense 

6329
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:43,400
of security that no immediate 
British incursion threatened, 

6330
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:46,200
the coastline. 
The wars of ephemeral Alliance 

6331
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:50,100
is with French Exiles or Spanish
forces in Florida, factored in 

6332
05:37:50,100 --> 05:37:51,700
to ongoing jockeying for 
territory. 

6333
05:37:51,700 --> 05:37:55,700
Within a few years us. 
Negotiated further, expansions 

6334
05:37:55,700 --> 05:37:59,500
culminating, in the acquisition 
of Florida from Spain in 1819, 

6335
05:38:00,800 --> 05:38:04,700
These expansions ironically were
partly greased by the sense that

6336
05:38:04,700 --> 05:38:09,700
the US had won the War of 1812. 
Even if the official treaty 

6337
05:38:09,700 --> 05:38:11,700
indicated, no formal, Victor or 
concession. 

6338
05:38:12,600 --> 05:38:15,100
Thus the conflicts Legacy 
blossomed in multiple 

6339
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:17,600
directions. 
For some it was an afterthought 

6340
05:38:17,600 --> 05:38:21,400
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 
Saga for others, especially 

6341
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:23,500
Americans. 
It was a second war of 

6342
05:38:23,508 --> 05:38:27,000
independence that validated the 
Constitutional experiment for 

6343
05:38:27,000 --> 05:38:29,500
indigenous Nations, it 
triggered, sorrowful 

6344
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:33,400
fragmentation, for Canadians it.
Stamped a rebellious proud 

6345
05:38:33,400 --> 05:38:35,500
identity that shaped future 
Confederation. 

6346
05:38:35,500 --> 05:38:39,100
And for the wider Atlantic 
World, it removed a potential 

6347
05:38:39,100 --> 05:38:43,000
Thorn allowing Britain and the 
US to gradually pivot from 

6348
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:46,200
enemies to trading partners. 
Of course, the complexities of 

6349
05:38:46,200 --> 05:38:49,500
war, never vanished neatly 
subsequent decades or tensions 

6350
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,600
remain especially in a boundary 
disputes in the Great Lakes 

6351
05:38:52,600 --> 05:38:57,200
region eventually resolved by 
peaceful diplomacy, the War of 

6352
05:38:57,208 --> 05:39:01,000
1812, thus quietly ended in an 
era of direct anglo-american 

6353
05:39:01,000 --> 05:39:04,700
conflict In the century that 
followed both nation's found 

6354
05:39:04,700 --> 05:39:07,200
more pressing. 
Concerns elsewhere forging an 

6355
05:39:07,200 --> 05:39:11,600
uneasy but enduring peace over 
time the war receded into 

6356
05:39:11,600 --> 05:39:14,500
historical memory overshadowed 
by other miles Milestones. 

6357
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:19,100
Yet its impact on shaping North 
American political cultural and 

6358
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:22,800
economic trajectories remains in
disputable from a modern 

6359
05:39:22,800 --> 05:39:26,000
viewpoint. 
The War of 1812 often suffers 

6360
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:28,400
from overshadowing by the 
American Revolution, or the 

6361
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:32,100
Civil War, yet it introduced 
important transformations in how

6362
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:34,700
Americans conceptualize their a 
government's role. 

6363
05:39:34,700 --> 05:39:39,100
How local militias interface 
with Federal Authority and how 

6364
05:39:39,100 --> 05:39:42,800
the broader continent responded 
to shifting, power dynamics for 

6365
05:39:42,800 --> 05:39:46,500
a generation that came of age. 
After 1776, the war, proved 

6366
05:39:46,500 --> 05:39:49,800
their own defining moment. 
Many states or newly minted. 

6367
05:39:49,800 --> 05:39:53,000
Heroes were identified local 
episodes of Valor forging. 

6368
05:39:53,000 --> 05:39:56,600
A tapestry of War Stories That 
fed local Pride among lesson 

6369
05:39:56,600 --> 05:39:59,900
known anecdotes is the role of 
enslaved men who escaped to 

6370
05:39:59,900 --> 05:40:02,800
British lines particularly in 
the Chesapeake region. 

6371
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:06,300
The British offered freedom to 
those who joined their cores. 

6372
05:40:06,300 --> 05:40:10,700
Akin to certain practices During
the Revolution, many seized the 

6373
05:40:10,708 --> 05:40:14,000
chance in British logistical 
efforts or forming labor, 

6374
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,500
battalions, following the war, 
some relocated to British 

6375
05:40:17,500 --> 05:40:22,200
territories such as Nova Scotia 
or Trinidad, forming diaspora 

6376
05:40:22,200 --> 05:40:25,400
communities known as mericans. 
The phenomenon, highlighted the 

6377
05:40:25,400 --> 05:40:28,400
contradictory nature of War 
fought over Liberty while 

6378
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,700
slavery, persisted adding 
another dimension to the moral 

6379
05:40:31,700 --> 05:40:34,900
tension of the era. 
Another overlooked thread is the

6380
05:40:34,900 --> 05:40:38,600
role of women on the home front.
Dolly Madison's Rescue of the 

6381
05:40:38,608 --> 05:40:41,400
White House. 
Portrait is famous but countless

6382
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:45,100
unnamed women toiled under 
blockades farmed while husbands 

6383
05:40:45,100 --> 05:40:49,200
marched and nursed, wounded, 
militia men, some women with 

6384
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:53,400
entrepreneurial Flair turned to 
weaving or local manufacturing 

6385
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:56,100
to fill voids left by the 
disrupted in Port Market. 

6386
05:40:57,200 --> 05:41:00,500
Their contributions though. 
Seldom documented were part of 

6387
05:41:00,500 --> 05:41:02,600
the shift toward a more 
self-sufficient, domestic 

6388
05:41:02,600 --> 05:41:06,700
economy, proving that crises can
spur inventive, responses in 

6389
05:41:06,700 --> 05:41:09,900
local communities. 
Meanwhile, the impetus for 

6390
05:41:09,900 --> 05:41:13,200
building infrastructure, grew 
the war exposed, how the poor 

6391
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:14,800
roads. 
Hindered troop movements and 

6392
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:18,100
supply lines, prompting calls 
for federal investment in 

6393
05:41:18,100 --> 05:41:21,100
internal improvements, canals 
turnpike's. 

6394
05:41:21,100 --> 05:41:23,800
And eventually railroads, 
although these developments 

6395
05:41:23,800 --> 05:41:26,700
Advanced, mostly after the war 
ended, the War of 1812 

6396
05:41:26,700 --> 05:41:29,900
experience, laid bare the 
necessity for Comic activity. 

6397
05:41:29,900 --> 05:41:33,600
As a result, the federal 
government gradually leaned into

6398
05:41:33,600 --> 05:41:35,400
more involvement with the 
infrastructure. 

6399
05:41:35,400 --> 05:41:39,900
An idea championed by national 
Republicans, who wanted to unify

6400
05:41:39,900 --> 05:41:42,100
the states through improved 
trade routes. 

6401
05:41:42,900 --> 05:41:45,600
Diplomatically post-war 
settlement signified. 

6402
05:41:45,600 --> 05:41:49,500
A slow thorong in anglo-american
relations British Statesmen 

6403
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:52,500
preoccupied with maintaining 
post-napoleonic Europe's order. 

6404
05:41:52,500 --> 05:41:56,200
Found it pragmatic to reduce 
friction across the Atlantic, 

6405
05:41:56,200 --> 05:42:00,900
the rush Baggett agreement of 
1817 demilitarized, Great Lakes,

6406
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:04,600
the pioneering Arms Control pack
that diffused future tensions 

6407
05:42:04,600 --> 05:42:07,300
over time. 
The Canada US, boundary 

6408
05:42:07,300 --> 05:42:11,700
stabilized fostering an unusual 
phenomenon, the world's longest 

6409
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:15,700
undefended Frontier This shift 
from hostility to Mutual 

6410
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,500
accommodation in. 
North America stands as a direct

6411
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:21,400
outgrowth of the war. 
Even if overshadowed, by the 

6412
05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:26,700
dramatic episode of 1812 to 1815
for indigenous people's end, 

6413
05:42:26,700 --> 05:42:30,100
spelled heartbreak, Britain no 
longer needed to bolster native 

6414
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:33,400
confederation's. 
So they withdrew support The 

6415
05:42:33,400 --> 05:42:36,800
momentum of American expansion. 
Resumed Unstoppable. 

6416
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:40,600
A patchwork of treaties Force 
tribes onto smaller lands or 

6417
05:42:40,608 --> 05:42:44,000
Westwood the war had briefly 
offered a chance for Unity under

6418
05:42:44,000 --> 05:42:47,100
camps as leadership. 
But that Vision perished at the 

6419
05:42:47,108 --> 05:42:50,700
tens, the subsequent display 
placement of tribes in Ohio and 

6420
05:42:50,700 --> 05:42:54,000
Indiana sawed part of the 
broader National policy that 

6421
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:56,700
would eventually culminate in 
the forested removals of the 

6422
05:42:56,700 --> 05:43:00,300
1830s. 
Culturally the war feder 

6423
05:43:00,300 --> 05:43:03,400
romantic notion of American 
Pride in adversity. 

6424
05:43:04,300 --> 05:43:05,800
Painters produced Works. 
Depicting. 

6425
05:43:05,800 --> 05:43:09,100
The Constitution's Jewels at sea
or the British retreat from 

6426
05:43:09,108 --> 05:43:12,100
Baltimore. 
Poetry and ballads commemorated.

6427
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:14,800
Local militia triumphs over 
decades. 

6428
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:18,000
These popular accounts coalesced
into a somewhat sanitized 

6429
05:43:18,000 --> 05:43:21,300
narrative, highlighting victory 
at New Orleans and the heroic 

6430
05:43:21,300 --> 05:43:24,900
stand at Fort McHenry. 
The Fiasco's the bungled 

6431
05:43:24,900 --> 05:43:27,900
invasions of Canada, the burning
of Washington slipped into 

6432
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:31,500
lesser emphasis this selective, 
memory pattern, shaped her 

6433
05:43:31,500 --> 05:43:34,800
textbooks, presented the war for
Generations culminating, in a 

6434
05:43:34,800 --> 05:43:38,100
sense that the US overcame 
formidable odds to defend its 

6435
05:43:38,100 --> 05:43:40,900
independence. 
Once more, thus, the War of 1812

6436
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:43,900
was not solely about the 
immediate triggers of Maritime 

6437
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:47,400
rights or Frontier attention. 
It's significant unfolded over 

6438
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:51,600
decades, influencing Economic 
Policy, forging new Heroes, 

6439
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:55,000
weaving, New cultural motifs and
setting boundaries for 

6440
05:43:55,000 --> 05:43:58,200
indigenous communities, even 
with no territorial gains 

6441
05:43:58,200 --> 05:44:01,100
certified, the intangible 
results were profound. 

6442
05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:05,000
The conflict established that 
the US could wage war without 

6443
05:44:05,000 --> 05:44:08,600
fracturing or be at narrowly? 
A paved a path for internal 

6444
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:10,900
expansion. 
And signaled that a truly post 

6445
05:44:10,900 --> 05:44:14,300
Colonial, North America was 
emerging The US and Canada 

6446
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:17,900
forging distinct identities. 
Looking back these legacies 

6447
05:44:17,900 --> 05:44:21,200
underscore that Wars even ones 
overshadowed by larger. 

6448
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:24,400
Global events can reshape 
continents and subtle but 

6449
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:29,000
enduring ways the War of 1812 
might seem distant yet its 

6450
05:44:29,000 --> 05:44:30,800
themes echo in contemporary 
life. 

6451
05:44:30,800 --> 05:44:34,300
How a Young Nation handles 
International bullying, the 

6452
05:44:34,300 --> 05:44:36,800
friction between defending 
principles and managing everyday

6453
05:44:36,800 --> 05:44:39,400
Commerce. 
And the tensions of forging 

6454
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:41,700
Unity among disparate Regional 
interests. 

6455
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:46,600
Serving how that the US then, 
navigate it blockades invasions 

6456
05:44:46,600 --> 05:44:49,700
and internal disputes can offer 
perspective on the modern 

6457
05:44:49,700 --> 05:44:52,600
crises, where resource 
constraints and political 

6458
05:44:52,600 --> 05:44:55,700
divides remain just as real or 
be it in different forms. 

6459
05:44:57,000 --> 05:45:00,300
One instructive aspect is the 
leadership Dynamic President 

6460
05:45:00,300 --> 05:45:02,700
Madison. 
Initially reluctant found 

6461
05:45:02,700 --> 05:45:05,400
himself back in to a war by 
vocal Congressional voices. 

6462
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:08,700
The wars early failures exposed 
the cost of insufficient 

6463
05:45:08,700 --> 05:45:12,300
preparation and parties and 
bickering, only by mid-con flick

6464
05:45:12,300 --> 05:45:14,500
did the administration 
coordinate effectively with 

6465
05:45:14,500 --> 05:45:17,700
local militias Naval contractors
and privateers. 

6466
05:45:18,500 --> 05:45:22,100
This shift from disorganization 
to partial Synergy teachers, how

6467
05:45:22,100 --> 05:45:26,300
policy making once confronted 
with the real adversity can 

6468
05:45:26,300 --> 05:45:29,700
pivot. many modern observers 
glean that advanced planning 

6469
05:45:29,700 --> 05:45:33,800
while ideal often collides with 
political hesitancy yet, 

6470
05:45:33,800 --> 05:45:38,300
adversity can spur belated, but 
decisive collaboration, Another 

6471
05:45:38,300 --> 05:45:40,900
dimension is the interplay of 
personal and strategic. 

6472
05:45:40,900 --> 05:45:44,600
Agendas ambitious. 
Generals such as William Hull or

6473
05:45:44,600 --> 05:45:46,200
later. 
Jacob Brown had their 

6474
05:45:46,200 --> 05:45:50,100
reputations at stake. 
Politicians in Congress, angled 

6475
05:45:50,100 --> 05:45:51,700
for local advantage or 
re-election. 

6476
05:45:51,700 --> 05:45:56,100
The war's path was shaped by 
these individual aims, sometimes

6477
05:45:56,100 --> 05:45:58,500
to the detriment of cohesive 
National strategy. 

6478
05:45:58,500 --> 05:46:01,800
Similarly, in today's 
environment personal ambition 

6479
05:46:01,800 --> 05:46:05,100
can sabotage or realign 
Collective efforts showing that 

6480
05:46:05,100 --> 05:46:08,500
cohesively the ship must harness
personal drives rather than deny

6481
05:46:08,500 --> 05:46:11,300
them. 
The conflict also, underscores 

6482
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:14,700
how external catalysts can unify
and otherwise fraction Society. 

6483
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:18,200
Despite ongoing disputes, the 
burning of Washington United 

6484
05:46:18,200 --> 05:46:21,800
many who previously, criticized 
the war, the subsequent defense 

6485
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:24,500
of Baltimore, turned despair 
into resilience bridging 

6486
05:46:24,500 --> 05:46:27,000
divides. 
At least temporarily this 

6487
05:46:27,000 --> 05:46:28,800
phenomenon. 
Appears repeatedly in. 

6488
05:46:28,800 --> 05:46:32,700
National History is a tangible. 
External threat can Galvanize 

6489
05:46:32,700 --> 05:46:34,700
Unity. 
Overshadowing internal 

6490
05:46:34,700 --> 05:46:38,600
differences however, sustaining 
that Unity after the crisis of 

6491
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:41,900
debate as another matter lesson.
Well, illustrated by the 

6492
05:46:41,900 --> 05:46:45,500
Meltdown of Federalists support 
post war and the ephemeral Era 

6493
05:46:45,500 --> 05:46:48,200
of Good Feelings. 
From a moral Vantage. 

6494
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:51,000
The war. 
Showcased how indigenous 

6495
05:46:51,000 --> 05:46:53,600
alliances can be manipulated by 
great Powers. 

6496
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:57,300
British promises to protect 
native lands or the American 

6497
05:46:57,300 --> 05:46:59,600
pledge to incorporate friendly 
tribes. 

6498
05:46:59,600 --> 05:47:03,700
Often found little fulfillment. 
Once strategic ends were met The

6499
05:47:03,700 --> 05:47:06,300
ephemeral nature of these 
alliances led to tragic outcomes

6500
05:47:06,300 --> 05:47:09,400
for indigenous communities, 
modern discussions about the 

6501
05:47:09,400 --> 05:47:12,100
rights of marginalized groups 
caught in geopolitical 

6502
05:47:12,100 --> 05:47:14,500
crossfires resonate with the 
story of these nations. 

6503
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:18,600
Exploitation as pawns while 
times differ the principle that 

6504
05:47:18,600 --> 05:47:21,700
real autonomy seldom emerges 
from foreign patrons remains 

6505
05:47:21,700 --> 05:47:26,100
relevant in the realm of memory,
the War of 1812 reveals has, 

6506
05:47:26,100 --> 05:47:28,600
selective retelling. 
Can overshadow, complexities 

6507
05:47:28,600 --> 05:47:32,800
Francis Scott Key's Rocket's, 
red glare sawed in the National 

6508
05:47:32,800 --> 05:47:35,600
Consciousness. 
Overshadowing episodes where us 

6509
05:47:35,600 --> 05:47:39,100
invasions faild or inflicted 
harm on civilians today. 

6510
05:47:39,100 --> 05:47:41,900
Educational curricula often 
reduced the water to a handful 

6511
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:45,600
of famous vignettes burning of 
Washington, the Star-Spangled 

6512
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:49,300
Banner Andrew Jackson, New 
Orleans neglecting the messy 

6513
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:51,800
intricacies this phenomenon 
common. 

6514
05:47:51,800 --> 05:47:54,700
In historical narrative, 
underscores the importance of 

6515
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:57,000
seeking more, profound 
perspectives Beyond iconic 

6516
05:47:57,000 --> 05:47:59,700
highlights. 
Another parallel to modern 

6517
05:47:59,700 --> 05:48:03,500
times, is the wars reflection on
global Commerce, then, as now 

6518
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:07,000
major Powers tried to control 
trade routes imposing blockades,

6519
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:09,700
or sanctions. 
The US had to navigate a dual 

6520
05:48:09,700 --> 05:48:13,100
challenge sustaining internal 
Unity while resisting external 

6521
05:48:13,100 --> 05:48:16,200
economic pressure. 
The war's outcome hinted that a 

6522
05:48:16,200 --> 05:48:18,700
nation with robust, internal 
markets and flexible production 

6523
05:48:18,700 --> 05:48:22,700
can endure even when cut off 
from usual trade, This 

6524
05:48:22,700 --> 05:48:25,400
resilience Dynamic remains at 
the core of contemporary 

6525
05:48:25,400 --> 05:48:27,700
discourse around 
self-sufficiency in Global 

6526
05:48:27,700 --> 05:48:30,900
Supply chains. 
Ultimately, the War of 1812 

6527
05:48:30,900 --> 05:48:35,800
Legacy remains multifaceted 
Americans around A Renewed sense

6528
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:38,200
of identity. 
Advanced some individuals 

6529
05:48:38,200 --> 05:48:41,000
politically and inflicted 
irreparable damage on 

6530
05:48:41,000 --> 05:48:43,600
indigenous. 
Confederacies it highlighted 

6531
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:47,200
that the young Republic though 
battered could stand as an 

6532
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:50,800
independent entity shaping, a 
distinct brand of national pride

6533
05:48:50,800 --> 05:48:53,900
that propelled expansion's West 
and cultural Evolution at home. 

6534
05:48:54,700 --> 05:48:56,900
Yet. 
The moral questions particularly

6535
05:48:56,900 --> 05:48:59,700
regarding indigenous and 
enslaved, populations revealed 

6536
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:02,700
deeper costs, For midlife 
readers, who are balancing 

6537
05:49:02,700 --> 05:49:06,100
personal ideals with real world.
Complexities, the War of 1812 

6538
05:49:06,100 --> 05:49:09,600
emphasizes that every Grand 
Enterprise from commercial 

6539
05:49:09,600 --> 05:49:12,900
policy to Warfare hinges on the 
negotiation of principal 

6540
05:49:12,900 --> 05:49:16,700
ambition and compromised during 
this delicate. 

6541
05:49:16,700 --> 05:49:20,000
Balance societies, often uncover
their potential for harmonies as

6542
05:49:20,008 --> 05:49:21,600
well as the potential for future
strike. 

6543
05:49:22,800 --> 05:49:25,500
When the final guns fell, silent
in the Treaty of Ghent was 

6544
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,200
ratified. 
The War of 1812 immediate 

6545
05:49:28,200 --> 05:49:29,900
outcome. 
Could be summarized as a 

6546
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,700
military stalemate but a cycle 
logical victory for the US. 

6547
05:49:33,500 --> 05:49:36,400
The impetus behind the War 
ending, British impressment, and

6548
05:49:36,400 --> 05:49:39,800
Maritime restrictions remained 
largely unresolved in the text 

6549
05:49:39,800 --> 05:49:41,900
of Peace. 
But Global shifts. 

6550
05:49:41,900 --> 05:49:44,900
Including the final defeat of 
Napoleon rendered. 

6551
05:49:44,900 --> 05:49:48,000
Those Maritime issues moot, 
written no longer felt the same 

6552
05:49:48,008 --> 05:49:51,900
compulsion to detain, American 
Sailors, gradually normal trade,

6553
05:49:51,900 --> 05:49:55,800
resumed, domestically, the war 
left behind a changed political 

6554
05:49:55,800 --> 05:49:59,400
and economic landscape. 
The Federalist Party collapsed 

6555
05:49:59,400 --> 05:50:03,800
tainted by its near treasonous 
heart for convention the 

6556
05:50:03,800 --> 05:50:06,200
Democratic Republicans 
established a single party 

6557
05:50:06,200 --> 05:50:09,800
dominance despite the emergence 
of internal factions James 

6558
05:50:09,800 --> 05:50:12,900
Monroe, succeeded Madison. 
And ushered in the so called Era

6559
05:50:12,900 --> 05:50:15,900
of Good Feelings where parties 
and bickering, lulled 

6560
05:50:15,900 --> 05:50:19,800
temporarily Simultaneously. 
The war stoked calls for a more 

6561
05:50:19,808 --> 05:50:24,400
robust National infrastructure 
roads, canals a better banking 

6562
05:50:24,400 --> 05:50:27,000
system to prevent future 
logistic nightmares. 

6563
05:50:27,800 --> 05:50:30,600
Many of the same states to 
bought at Federal Authority 

6564
05:50:30,600 --> 05:50:32,600
during the war. 
Now grudgingly admitted the 

6565
05:50:32,600 --> 05:50:35,300
necessity of coordinated 
planning of the wars 

6566
05:50:35,300 --> 05:50:38,700
personalities, Andrew Jackson 
emerged as the archetypal hero. 

6567
05:50:39,700 --> 05:50:42,600
Triumph at New Orleans 
overshadowed earlier Fiasco's, 

6568
05:50:42,600 --> 05:50:46,000
popular ballads, hailed him as 
the Unstoppable Old Hickory. 

6569
05:50:46,900 --> 05:50:50,000
This catapulted, Jackson toward 
the president in the following 

6570
05:50:50,000 --> 05:50:53,900
decade shaping, a new wave of 
populist politics that departed 

6571
05:50:53,900 --> 05:50:56,300
from the more Patrician style of
Jefferson or Madison. 

6572
05:50:56,300 --> 05:50:59,800
Another figure Dolly Madison 
remained. 

6573
05:50:59,800 --> 05:51:02,000
A cultural icon for her bravery 
during the White House. 

6574
05:51:02,000 --> 05:51:05,900
Evacuation exemplifying how 
small a personal acts can become

6575
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:09,200
legendary in a war over shadowed
by battles and sieges. 

6576
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:13,000
Meanwhile, the wars end did not 
bring peace to indigenous 

6577
05:51:13,000 --> 05:51:16,800
nations with tecumseh's, 
Coalition shattered, American 

6578
05:51:16,800 --> 05:51:20,700
expansion, surged West leading 
to treaties that often Force 

6579
05:51:20,700 --> 05:51:24,500
tried off and sestrel hands. 
The wars of ephemeral alliances 

6580
05:51:24,500 --> 05:51:28,000
were in the British used tribal 
forces to hamper us invasions 

6581
05:51:28,000 --> 05:51:31,500
vanished, once the conflict 
concluded leaving tribes 

6582
05:51:31,500 --> 05:51:34,000
vulnerable. 
This pattern repeated throughout

6583
05:51:34,000 --> 05:51:37,700
the 19th century, culminating in
a systematic push across the 

6584
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:41,100
continent that overshadowed 
illusions of indigenous, LED 

6585
05:51:41,100 --> 05:51:43,600
confederation's. 
For Britain. 

6586
05:51:43,600 --> 05:51:47,200
The war was a minor chapter. 
Most British historical accounts

6587
05:51:47,200 --> 05:51:49,400
mention it. 
As a side Conflict overshadowed 

6588
05:51:49,400 --> 05:51:52,400
by the Napoleonic Wars, the 
eventual forging of an amicable 

6589
05:51:52,400 --> 05:51:54,800
British American relationship in
the 19th century. 

6590
05:51:54,800 --> 05:51:58,200
Meant that the War of 1812 
quietly retreated into the 

6591
05:51:58,200 --> 05:52:01,100
background of British 
Consciousness, The Joint rushed 

6592
05:52:01,100 --> 05:52:04,200
Baggett agreement of 1817. 
Prevented future Naval, 

6593
05:52:04,200 --> 05:52:07,600
build-ups on the great lakes and
fostered, the concept of a 

6594
05:52:07,600 --> 05:52:10,700
demilitarized boundary that 
remains remarkable in global 

6595
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:13,500
terms. 
Canada defending, against 

6596
05:52:13,500 --> 05:52:16,500
American, invasions underlined, 
a budding sense of distinct 

6597
05:52:16,500 --> 05:52:19,200
identity. 
Residents of Upper and Lower 

6598
05:52:19,200 --> 05:52:21,500
Canada. 
Had to many American surprised. 

6599
05:52:21,500 --> 05:52:23,800
Not welcome the idea of 
annexation. 

6600
05:52:24,700 --> 05:52:28,000
This loyalty to the British 
crown found fresh impetus after 

6601
05:52:28,000 --> 05:52:30,900
repelling, repeated us attacks 
over time. 

6602
05:52:30,900 --> 05:52:33,900
Canadian historians pointed to 
the War of 1812 as a 

6603
05:52:33,900 --> 05:52:36,800
foundational moment. 
The volunteer militias that 

6604
05:52:36,800 --> 05:52:39,900
reliance's with indigenous 
Fighters and the persevering 

6605
05:52:39,900 --> 05:52:41,800
local leadership, formed the 
nucleus of later. 

6606
05:52:41,800 --> 05:52:45,300
Canadian Unity commemorations 
throughout the 19th century, 

6607
05:52:45,300 --> 05:52:49,200
celebrated Heroes, like Isaac 
Brock forging National myths, 

6608
05:52:49,200 --> 05:52:53,100
that shape the country's future 
in the broader context of US, 

6609
05:52:53,100 --> 05:52:56,200
military tradition, the war 
highlighted weaknesses, that 

6610
05:52:56,200 --> 05:52:59,900
spurred professionalization. 
The humiliating collapses of 

6611
05:52:59,900 --> 05:53:02,700
malicious taught that raw 
volunteer forces needed, better 

6612
05:53:02,700 --> 05:53:05,800
training and discipline Naval 
successes on the other hand. 

6613
05:53:05,800 --> 05:53:09,200
Proved the potential of a 
well-crafted professional Navy. 

6614
05:53:09,900 --> 05:53:13,500
Post-war the Navy's leadership 
gradually expanded the adopting 

6615
05:53:13,500 --> 05:53:16,100
new ship designs and forging a 
tradition that would eventually 

6616
05:53:16,100 --> 05:53:18,000
Propel the US to Maritime 
prominence. 

6617
05:53:18,000 --> 05:53:20,700
In The Next Century. 
The Army though, overshadowed 

6618
05:53:20,700 --> 05:53:24,200
also instituted reforms in 
leadership, selection and Supply

6619
05:53:24,200 --> 05:53:27,700
management. 
As the decades passed the wars 

6620
05:53:27,700 --> 05:53:29,500
memory nestled into National 
Law. 

6621
05:53:29,500 --> 05:53:33,600
The Star-Spangled Banner 
originally penned as a poem, The

6622
05:53:33,600 --> 05:53:36,800
eventually the national anthem 
by the early 20th century. 

6623
05:53:36,800 --> 05:53:42,200
Immortalizing that moment at 
Fort McHenry Veterans of the war

6624
05:53:42,200 --> 05:53:45,500
overshadowed, by the larger 
generation of Revolutionary War 

6625
05:53:45,500 --> 05:53:48,600
Patriot formed their 
associations though, their 

6626
05:53:48,600 --> 05:53:51,000
Recollections were less 
frequently and ionized. 

6627
05:53:51,000 --> 05:53:54,800
It wasn't until the war 
Centennial in 1912 that a wave 

6628
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:58,400
of commemorative events, revived
interest historians, passed 

6629
05:53:58,400 --> 05:54:02,200
Diaries and official records. 
Unveiling the wars complexities.

6630
05:54:02,200 --> 05:54:05,700
How it Advanced certain 
domestic, Industries, spurred 

6631
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:08,100
expansion, inflamed indigenous, 
dispossession. 

6632
05:54:08,100 --> 05:54:11,200
And permanently altered the 
shape of Canadian identity. 

6633
05:54:12,300 --> 05:54:15,900
For Canada, it reinforced a 
distinctive path under the crown

6634
05:54:15,900 --> 05:54:19,000
for Britain. 
It ended an irksome Sideshow 

6635
05:54:19,000 --> 05:54:21,500
that proved Americans wouldn't 
revert to Colonial dependence 

6636
05:54:21,500 --> 05:54:25,500
and for indigenous peoples, it 
signaled, the lethal truth of an

6637
05:54:25,500 --> 05:54:30,300
expanding American Republic. 
The wars finale overshadowed by 

6638
05:54:30,300 --> 05:54:33,900
The Surreal timing of news 
delivered no single glorious 

6639
05:54:33,900 --> 05:54:37,300
Victor but shaped the next 
centuries cross-border realities

6640
05:54:37,300 --> 05:54:47,300
in ways subtle yet enduring. 
Ireland 536, brother Kieran 

6641
05:54:47,300 --> 05:54:49,600
wakes to a half light seeping 
through the shutters. 

6642
05:54:49,600 --> 05:54:51,900
Although it is Dawn, the sky 
still. 

6643
05:54:51,900 --> 05:54:54,100
Where is the same Grim shade as 
it did at dusk. 

6644
05:54:55,000 --> 05:54:57,100
In the monastery. 
Kitchen, the last of the winter.

6645
05:54:57,100 --> 05:55:00,500
Barley has been grounded. 
The coarse flour barely Rises 

6646
05:55:00,500 --> 05:55:03,500
when baked yielding a handful of
firm flatbread. 

6647
05:55:03,500 --> 05:55:07,500
He offers a loaf to Aunt Village
at the gate, the man's Trembling

6648
05:55:07,500 --> 05:55:10,900
Hands cradle as though it were a
feast, it is the only food 

6649
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:15,900
Kieran can spare all around 
more, the fields live, Baron by 

6650
05:55:15,900 --> 05:55:19,100
Beltane, they should be green 
with New Bali, but instead 

6651
05:55:19,100 --> 05:55:22,100
patches of stunted Sprouts, 
struggle from Cold blighted 

6652
05:55:22,100 --> 05:55:24,600
Soil. 
A ragged woman clutching the 

6653
05:55:24,600 --> 05:55:28,600
silent Holloway child begs Kiera
and for help closes his eyes in 

6654
05:55:28,600 --> 05:55:30,800
pained prayer. 
Knowing the monasteries Granary 

6655
05:55:30,800 --> 05:55:33,700
is almost empty or winter. 
There were Whispers that the 

6656
05:55:33,700 --> 05:55:37,700
sun's lighted even now in 
Spring, it glows, weekly more 

6657
05:55:37,700 --> 05:55:41,700
gray than gold giving no warmth.
At midday The Villages found no 

6658
05:55:41,700 --> 05:55:45,000
Shadows following their feet on 
the ground frosts came hard. 

6659
05:55:45,000 --> 05:55:48,500
Even after in bulk blackening 
the early shoots Kieran crosses 

6660
05:55:48,500 --> 05:55:51,900
himself recalling tales of the 
biblical plague of Darkness but 

6661
05:55:51,900 --> 05:55:55,100
that lasted only three days 
whereas this malaise drags on 

6662
05:55:55,100 --> 05:55:58,700
week after the week some of the 
older monks murmur that it's as 

6663
05:55:58,700 --> 05:56:02,000
though the sky itself is a hide 
stretched over the Sun a 

6664
05:56:02,000 --> 05:56:05,600
Perpetual eclipse at times a 
fine grey Haze drift through the

6665
05:56:05,600 --> 05:56:08,700
are carrying a bitter smell. 
It has brought hunger and 

6666
05:56:08,708 --> 05:56:12,100
despair to their land, 
regardless of its cause the 

6667
05:56:12,100 --> 05:56:14,600
Kirin feels just like the very 
air has turned against the 

6668
05:56:15,700 --> 05:56:19,700
Village cattle low with Hunger, 
many were slaughtered months ago

6669
05:56:19,700 --> 05:56:23,400
because there was no hay usual 
cheerful bird song of spring is 

6670
05:56:23,400 --> 05:56:26,500
muted some mornings. 
Thick due lies. 

6671
05:56:26,500 --> 05:56:29,100
Frozen on the thatch unheard of 
this late in the year. 

6672
05:56:30,500 --> 05:56:34,100
That afternoon Kieran Ventures 
to the Village Chapel inside. 

6673
05:56:34,100 --> 05:56:36,500
It is crowded with peasants 
seeking Solace. 

6674
05:56:36,500 --> 05:56:38,600
The air is heavy with sweat and 
fear. 

6675
05:56:38,600 --> 05:56:42,200
He raises his hands and speaks 
of job's, Trials of keeping 

6676
05:56:42,200 --> 05:56:45,200
faith through hardship as he 
praised his voice. 

6677
05:56:45,200 --> 05:56:48,900
Waivers notices an old man in 
the back, not genuflecting. 

6678
05:56:48,900 --> 05:56:51,300
One of the few who still cling 
to the old. 

6679
05:56:51,300 --> 05:56:54,900
Druidic ways the old man's eyes 
is a clouded with accusation. 

6680
05:56:56,100 --> 05:56:58,400
Where is your god of light? 
Now, the Elder croaks. 

6681
05:56:58,400 --> 05:57:00,600
When the prayers end. 
No, others. 

6682
05:57:00,600 --> 05:57:03,700
Silver hand would sooner bring 
back the Sun than these Latin 

6683
05:57:03,700 --> 05:57:06,100
words. 
A few villagers nod. 

6684
05:57:06,100 --> 05:57:09,700
Desperate for any remedy rumors 
swirl of ancient rites on the 

6685
05:57:09,700 --> 05:57:12,800
hill offering to appease 
whatever Spirit has devoured. 

6686
05:57:12,800 --> 05:57:17,700
The sun Kieran, feels a spark of
anger, but mostly pity in this 

6687
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:19,800
dark time. 
People grasp at any hope. 

6688
05:57:21,000 --> 05:57:24,000
That evening, a thin, rain falls
barely moistening the harder. 

6689
05:57:24,900 --> 05:57:28,100
In the scriptorium candle glow. 
Brother Kieran opens the 

6690
05:57:28,100 --> 05:57:31,200
Magnificent Chronicle. 
His quill hovers above the page 

6691
05:57:31,200 --> 05:57:33,700
for the year. 
How to summarize this living 

6692
05:57:33,700 --> 05:57:37,200
nightmare, he dips in ink and 
rights and careful Latin script 

6693
05:57:37,200 --> 05:57:41,400
anno domini 5306 Fame panis in 
Hibernia. 

6694
05:57:43,000 --> 05:57:45,500
The year 536 was marked by a 
shortage of bread. 

6695
05:57:45,500 --> 05:57:49,500
The words for feeling adequate 
mere scratching to Mark children

6696
05:57:49,500 --> 05:57:52,700
dying in their mother's arms. 
An entire family is wandering in

6697
05:57:52,700 --> 05:57:54,200
search of food that does not 
exist. 

6698
05:57:55,100 --> 05:57:58,600
And yet, he must record it for 
posterity as truthfully and 

6699
05:57:58,600 --> 05:58:03,200
simply as the annals of old. 
His hand shakes with exhaustion 

6700
05:58:03,200 --> 05:58:05,900
before, blowing out the candle 
Kieran. 

6701
05:58:05,900 --> 05:58:10,000
Adds a final thought in the 
margin Soul pallid of supra 

6702
05:58:10,000 --> 05:58:13,600
nose, EST. 
The sun is pale above us 

6703
05:58:13,600 --> 05:58:15,600
outside. 
The rain stops. 

6704
05:58:15,600 --> 05:58:19,600
The night is deathly quiet. 
Brother Kieran steps out and 

6705
05:58:19,600 --> 05:58:22,900
looks upward where he should see
a tapestry of stars. 

6706
05:58:22,900 --> 05:58:27,000
There is only a dull Haze and 
the Ruddy disc of a moon drained

6707
05:58:27,000 --> 05:58:29,600
of its Splendor. 
You thinks of the hungry faces, 

6708
05:58:29,600 --> 05:58:33,300
he saw today in the morning, he 
will venture father, maybe to 

6709
05:58:33,300 --> 05:58:36,000
the next Valley to see if they 
fed him better. 

6710
05:58:37,100 --> 05:58:39,300
Perhaps there will be news, from
Beyond the Seas, that could 

6711
05:58:39,300 --> 05:58:42,100
explain this poll, or is it the 
wrath of God? 

6712
05:58:42,100 --> 05:58:46,100
He does not know. 
Pulling his thin cloak tighter, 

6713
05:58:46,100 --> 05:58:48,800
the monk Whispers as a hymn into
the glue. 

6714
05:58:48,800 --> 05:58:52,400
His Latin words, tremble, with 
both doubt and hope drifting 

6715
05:58:52,400 --> 05:58:54,800
upward in a world that is 
seemingly lost the sun. 

6716
05:58:54,800 --> 05:58:59,300
In Constantinople Eastern, Roman
Empire 536. 

6717
05:59:00,200 --> 05:59:03,300
Steps out of The Granary. 
In to an eerie midday glue. 

6718
05:59:03,300 --> 05:59:07,000
The Forum of Constantine should 
be bright at this hour, but the 

6719
05:59:07,000 --> 05:59:09,500
sun, hangs weaken the sky, it's 
light pale. 

6720
05:59:09,500 --> 05:59:13,400
And without brightness Under The
Colonnade, a brassiere has 

6721
05:59:13,400 --> 05:59:15,300
ignited. 
Providing flickering light. 

6722
05:59:15,300 --> 05:59:18,700
Where the sun cannot Normally at
noon, the great column Shadow 

6723
05:59:18,700 --> 05:59:21,500
would slice across the marble 
pavement today. 

6724
05:59:21,500 --> 05:59:25,800
There is none. 
Stefanos pauses red Ledger in 

6725
05:59:25,800 --> 05:59:29,400
hand and suppresses a shiver in 
his 30 years in Constantinople, 

6726
05:59:29,400 --> 05:59:31,200
he has never seen the sun like 
this. 

6727
05:59:31,200 --> 05:59:34,400
It's as if the day has been 
swallowed by an endless eclipse,

6728
05:59:35,000 --> 05:59:38,100
He hurried through the Forum, 
passing knots of anxious 

6729
05:59:38,100 --> 05:59:41,500
citizens at the steps of the 
Hagia, Sophia construction site 

6730
05:59:41,500 --> 05:59:45,800
and not of laborers kneel in 
prayer, tools Idol, even the 

6731
05:59:45,800 --> 05:59:48,600
patriarch has ordered continual 
prayers for fear that. 

6732
05:59:48,600 --> 05:59:54,200
God's anger is upon the empire 
Stefanos does not stop as a 

6733
05:59:54,200 --> 05:59:57,600
junior, official of the grain 
Dole Is duty is to assess the 

6734
05:59:57,600 --> 06:00:00,300
city's bread Supply. 
And the news is grim. 

6735
06:00:00,300 --> 06:00:02,300
The wheat shipments from Egypt 
of dwindled. 

6736
06:00:02,300 --> 06:00:06,200
The Harvest, sup, the Nile will 
pour this year Fields yielded 

6737
06:00:06,200 --> 06:00:09,500
scant grain. 
All the Imperial, granaries 

6738
06:00:09,500 --> 06:00:13,400
remained full the customary 
surpluses of vanished. in the 

6739
06:00:13,400 --> 06:00:17,000
bread Market, he sees long 
queues of gaunt faces an elderly

6740
06:00:17,000 --> 06:00:20,000
woman, clutches her stomach 
muttering that famine rides 

6741
06:00:20,000 --> 06:00:22,300
alongside War like the black 
Horsemen of the Apocalypse 

6742
06:00:23,200 --> 06:00:25,600
Stefanos silently crosses 
himself at that quickening. 

6743
06:00:25,600 --> 06:00:28,800
His pace. 
Inside the August iron, a 

6744
06:00:28,800 --> 06:00:30,700
cluster of senators arguing low 
voices. 

6745
06:00:31,400 --> 06:00:34,900
Stefanos catches fragments, as 
he passes one laments, that the 

6746
06:00:34,900 --> 06:00:39,400
blighted son, which began during
consulate's year, is a direman. 

6747
06:00:39,400 --> 06:00:42,800
Another Frets that if the 
produces destroyed by this bad 

6748
06:00:42,800 --> 06:00:47,700
time, the legion will starve 
Men, a free neither from war or 

6749
06:00:47,700 --> 06:00:50,700
pestilence nor any other thing 
leading to death and elderly 

6750
06:00:50,700 --> 06:00:54,400
Senator concludes. 
No one disagrees at the docks on

6751
06:00:54,408 --> 06:00:57,800
the Golden Horn grain barges 
from Alexandria being unloaded 

6752
06:00:57,800 --> 06:01:01,700
under the dim sun usual, 
cacophony of Stevens is hushed, 

6753
06:01:01,700 --> 06:01:05,000
everyone moves with the worried.
Calm of men who know they carry 

6754
06:01:05,000 --> 06:01:08,600
precious food, Stefanos 
inspects, the off-loaded sacks, 

6755
06:01:08,600 --> 06:01:11,300
the wheat kernels are small 
shrunken by poor. 

6756
06:01:11,300 --> 06:01:14,000
Yield is this all he asked the 
Harbor Master. 

6757
06:01:14,700 --> 06:01:17,700
Shrug afraid. 
So even the Bread Basket of the 

6758
06:01:17,708 --> 06:01:21,900
world struggles, now Stephanos 
makes a mark on his wax tablet. 

6759
06:01:22,800 --> 06:01:26,100
In the past, Egypt's Bounty 
could feed Constantinople twice 

6760
06:01:26,100 --> 06:01:27,300
over. 
Now. 

6761
06:01:27,300 --> 06:01:31,000
Any shortage since prices 
climbing already, he has heard 

6762
06:01:31,000 --> 06:01:32,900
of riots in the poorer Quarters 
at dawn. 

6763
06:01:32,900 --> 06:01:34,600
When the mega bread, allotments 
ran out. 

6764
06:01:35,400 --> 06:01:38,300
He was criminally about the 
concept of bread and circuses, 

6765
06:01:38,300 --> 06:01:41,800
Crossing back toward the Paris, 
Stefanos peers up at the sky. 

6766
06:01:41,800 --> 06:01:45,200
The sun's Hue is a strange 
bluish White and the Very air 

6767
06:01:45,200 --> 06:01:49,300
seems thick a dry foggy. 
Haze hangs, high of darling, the

6768
06:01:49,300 --> 06:01:52,700
daylight some call it an omen 
others, say it's a natural, my 

6769
06:01:52,700 --> 06:01:55,500
asthma. 
One pamphlet circulating in the 

6770
06:01:55,500 --> 06:01:57,600
Forum. 
Even claimed that a volcano in 

6771
06:01:57,600 --> 06:02:00,800
some far off land must have 
vomited Ash into the Heaven's 

6772
06:02:00,800 --> 06:02:04,000
properly confiscated by the 
urban prefect for spreading 

6773
06:02:04,000 --> 06:02:06,800
alarm. 
Stefanos does not know what to 

6774
06:02:06,800 --> 06:02:09,300
believe. 
He only knows that the Empire 

6775
06:02:09,300 --> 06:02:12,300
lacks experience with 
simultaneous Harvest failures 

6776
06:02:12,300 --> 06:02:15,900
across all regions in the past. 
If serious suffered drought 

6777
06:02:15,900 --> 06:02:19,400
Egypt, might compensate. 
But now Syria also reports 

6778
06:02:19,400 --> 06:02:22,300
withered crops and empty 
granaries an Empire that 

6779
06:02:22,300 --> 06:02:25,900
commands the Mediterranean 
cannot command the skies that 

6780
06:02:25,900 --> 06:02:29,600
night, the city is 
preternaturally, quiet by decree

6781
06:02:29,600 --> 06:02:33,300
a candlelit vigil is held in 
every Church Stefanos stands 

6782
06:02:33,300 --> 06:02:36,300
among a crowd in the great 
churches, half-built Nave the 

6783
06:02:36,300 --> 06:02:40,000
air smells of wax and incense by
day, hundreds of tiny Flames 

6784
06:02:40,000 --> 06:02:43,500
flicker where sunlight should 
stream in the patriarch leads a 

6785
06:02:43,500 --> 06:02:45,600
solemn chant. 
Beseeching God, to restore the 

6786
06:02:45,600 --> 06:02:48,700
light and spare his people 
Stefanos, bows his head and 

6787
06:02:48,700 --> 06:02:51,500
joins the chorus. 
His mind wanders to his young 

6788
06:02:51,500 --> 06:02:53,800
daughter at home. 
Who has known, constant cough, 

6789
06:02:53,800 --> 06:02:56,400
and hunger. 
These past months, the sun gave 

6790
06:02:56,400 --> 06:02:58,400
forth light without brightness, 
like the moon. 

6791
06:02:58,400 --> 06:03:02,000
He remembers those words from a 
Scholars Chronicle and they ring

6792
06:03:02,000 --> 06:03:04,700
true in his bones. 
He prays for the day, he can 

6793
06:03:04,708 --> 06:03:08,400
show his child, a bright warm 
sun again, until then, they 

6794
06:03:08,400 --> 06:03:11,400
endured in the half-life of an 
empire under siege by the very 

6795
06:03:11,400 --> 06:03:17,200
heavens in the Kingdom of Aksum 
Ethiopia, 536 Maryam sandals, a 

6796
06:03:17,200 --> 06:03:19,600
warned thin, by the time. 
She and her little brother Crest

6797
06:03:19,600 --> 06:03:23,500
the last hill before Axon Below 
them, the cities familiar 

6798
06:03:23,500 --> 06:03:27,700
landmarks rise from the plane. 
The tool Stone Stella of bygone,

6799
06:03:27,700 --> 06:03:31,300
Kings casting faint shadows in 
the Ashen daylight and Beyond 

6800
06:03:31,300 --> 06:03:34,100
the spiers of the great Stone 
Church where her people have 

6801
06:03:34,100 --> 06:03:37,600
worshiped for Generations. 
The urges her brother onward 

6802
06:03:37,600 --> 06:03:40,500
with a gentle hand. 
They have walked for two days 

6803
06:03:40,500 --> 06:03:44,700
from their Village, driven by 
desperation at home, the fields 

6804
06:03:44,700 --> 06:03:47,100
of teff and sorghum utterly 
failed. 

6805
06:03:47,800 --> 06:03:51,300
This year's Reigns never arrived
and the soil cracked beneath a 

6806
06:03:51,300 --> 06:03:54,000
Brazen, but feeble son, along 
the road. 

6807
06:03:54,000 --> 06:03:56,100
They joined a trickle of other 
villagers and Farmers. 

6808
06:03:56,100 --> 06:04:00,000
All converging toward Aksum like
streams to a dry riverbed. 

6809
06:04:00,000 --> 06:04:04,200
They strolled past the abandoned
Ox carcasses by the roadside and

6810
06:04:04,200 --> 06:04:07,500
the deserted Farms with nothing 
left to harvest at the city 

6811
06:04:07,500 --> 06:04:09,900
Gates. 
Maryam feels a surge of relief. 

6812
06:04:09,900 --> 06:04:13,700
They have arrived at the site 
before her quickly tempers that 

6813
06:04:13,700 --> 06:04:16,300
hope. 
Some's Marketplace, usually 

6814
06:04:16,300 --> 06:04:19,800
vibrant with Traders, from Far 
lands has been transformed into 

6815
06:04:19,800 --> 06:04:23,600
an openness soup kitchen. 
Cook fires gutter under large 

6816
06:04:23,600 --> 06:04:27,700
cauldron of porridge hundreds of
people Gathering lines clutching

6817
06:04:27,700 --> 06:04:32,300
bowls or baskets their faces 
gaunt the smell of thin, Millet 

6818
06:04:32,300 --> 06:04:34,500
cruel mingles with the Akron of 
despair. 

6819
06:04:35,600 --> 06:04:38,400
Merriam clutches her brother's 
hand and finds a spot at the end

6820
06:04:38,400 --> 06:04:41,800
of a line. 
Overhead, the sky is a flat dull

6821
06:04:41,800 --> 06:04:43,700
white, the sun's disk barely 
visible. 

6822
06:04:44,300 --> 06:04:47,900
A local Deacon moves down the 
line in toning prayers and 

6823
06:04:47,900 --> 06:04:49,000
gears. 
He sprinkles. 

6824
06:04:49,000 --> 06:04:50,900
Holy water on the crowd from a 
palm frond. 

6825
06:04:51,600 --> 06:04:54,900
Normally people, save such 
blessings for festivals but now 

6826
06:04:54,900 --> 06:04:56,600
they perform them to combat 
hopelessness. 

6827
06:04:58,000 --> 06:05:01,200
A small Caravan arrives with a 
few camels Laden with grain from

6828
06:05:01,200 --> 06:05:04,500
the coast, but after a brief 
exchange with officials, most of

6829
06:05:04,508 --> 06:05:08,100
it turns away even the major 
trade routes bring no food now. 

6830
06:05:08,100 --> 06:05:12,900
In some markets one, could once 
by Pepper from India or wine 

6831
06:05:12,900 --> 06:05:15,400
from new beer. 
Now, even The humblest Barley 

6832
06:05:15,400 --> 06:05:20,600
loaf is a treasure as the line 
inches forward, Maryam passes by

6833
06:05:20,600 --> 06:05:24,000
a group of Nobles and Priests 
gathered under an incense tree, 

6834
06:05:24,000 --> 06:05:29,000
she recognizes *** Caleb King 
Caleb among them by the gold 

6835
06:05:29,000 --> 06:05:31,000
Fringe cloth. 
Draped over his shoulders and 

6836
06:05:31,000 --> 06:05:33,000
the ornate. 
Processional cross healing upon 

6837
06:05:34,100 --> 06:05:36,700
Her ears catching an advisor, 
reporting that the Niles flood 

6838
06:05:36,700 --> 06:05:39,300
was weak. 
And even crossed the Red Sea. 

6839
06:05:39,300 --> 06:05:43,500
No stalls remain. 
The king shoulders sag under his

6840
06:05:43,500 --> 06:05:45,500
embroidered. 
Cloak at last. 

6841
06:05:45,500 --> 06:05:46,900
He raises his hands and calls 
out. 

6842
06:05:46,900 --> 06:05:49,900
People have access to God is 
testing us. 

6843
06:05:49,900 --> 06:05:52,800
We will open the last of the 
royal granaries to feed the 

6844
06:05:52,800 --> 06:05:55,100
hungry. 
Share what you receive and trust

6845
06:05:55,100 --> 06:05:58,800
that the Lord will provide. 
A member of gratitude ripples 

6846
06:05:58,800 --> 06:06:01,400
through the throng. 
Merriam finally reaches the 

6847
06:06:01,400 --> 06:06:05,300
front, a deacon, ladles a scoop 
of watery porridge into her clay

6848
06:06:05,300 --> 06:06:07,500
Bowl. 
It is not much barely a few 

6849
06:06:07,508 --> 06:06:11,100
mouthfuls for each of them, but 
she murmurs a mess of Guinea who

6850
06:06:11,100 --> 06:06:14,200
thank you for the Deep bow. 
Her brother swallows, his 

6851
06:06:14,200 --> 06:06:16,100
portion, greedily licking the 
bowl. 

6852
06:06:16,100 --> 06:06:19,900
She forces herself to eat slowly
savoring each drop around her 

6853
06:06:19,900 --> 06:06:22,200
others huddle on the ground in 
silence. 

6854
06:06:22,200 --> 06:06:24,600
Some weeping with relief for the
small Mercy. 

6855
06:06:25,500 --> 06:06:27,700
At Sunset King. 
Caleb leads A candlelit 

6856
06:06:27,700 --> 06:06:31,300
procession through the streets 
Miriam and her brother stand. 

6857
06:06:31,300 --> 06:06:34,000
Among the faithful lining. 
The route, the king walks 

6858
06:06:34,000 --> 06:06:37,100
barefoot carrying the Gilded 
cross followed by priests 

6859
06:06:37,100 --> 06:06:40,300
bearing icons. 
Their chance of kiwi, Elise and 

6860
06:06:40,300 --> 06:06:42,300
Lord have mercy Echo off the 
Towering. 

6861
06:06:42,300 --> 06:06:47,100
Stella As the procession passes,
Maryam closes her eyes and joins

6862
06:06:47,100 --> 06:06:49,700
the singing never has, she felt 
the community. 

6863
06:06:49,700 --> 06:06:54,000
So United Nobles and peasants, 
priests and Porsche all 

6864
06:06:54,000 --> 06:06:55,400
employing heaven for 
deliverance. 

6865
06:06:56,400 --> 06:06:59,100
In the failing light, the king 
lifts the cross to bless the 

6866
06:06:59,100 --> 06:07:02,000
entire land. 
Merriam Titans her arm around 

6867
06:07:02,000 --> 06:07:05,200
her brother, though hunger 
Norris and the Darkness endures 

6868
06:07:05,200 --> 06:07:07,500
in that moment. 
She takes solace in their 

6869
06:07:07,500 --> 06:07:11,400
Collective hope. 
Under the mournful Sky of 536, 

6870
06:07:11,400 --> 06:07:14,000
the people of Aksum faced the 
long night together. 

6871
06:07:15,200 --> 06:07:18,100
Their faith unbroken even as the
world around them with us. 

6872
06:07:19,000 --> 06:07:20,300
Though, hardship was far from 
over. 

6873
06:07:21,200 --> 06:07:24,500
Spark of hope persisted like 
Dawn following the longest 

6874
06:07:24,500 --> 06:07:27,200
night, they trusted. 
That better days would come 

6875
06:07:27,200 --> 06:07:30,800
again. 
In northern China, 536 the sky 

6876
06:07:30,800 --> 06:07:33,600
should have been a brilliant 
blue above the rice paddies, but

6877
06:07:33,600 --> 06:07:37,100
today it is the color of lead. 
Former Liang Squints at the 

6878
06:07:37,108 --> 06:07:40,100
field, where his family's 
livelihood lies, it is the 

6879
06:07:40,100 --> 06:07:42,000
seventh month of the year high 
summer. 

6880
06:07:42,000 --> 06:07:44,500
Yet a bitter wind rattles, the 
storms. 

6881
06:07:45,400 --> 06:07:48,500
Suddenly one of his son's cries 
out, the angle looks down in 

6882
06:07:48,500 --> 06:07:51,500
disbelief as snowflake swirl 
onto the green rice shoots 

6883
06:07:51,500 --> 06:07:54,500
within minutes. 
A rare summer snowfall dust the 

6884
06:07:54,500 --> 06:07:58,600
paddies, bending the young rice.
The villagers stand helplessly 

6885
06:07:58,600 --> 06:08:00,800
by. 
Such a thing has never happened 

6886
06:08:00,800 --> 06:08:03,300
in living memory, Autumn brings 
no relief. 

6887
06:08:03,300 --> 06:08:06,900
The Harvest is paltry and 
stunted weeks late in ripening 

6888
06:08:06,900 --> 06:08:10,300
by the 8th month. 
The famine is undeniable the 

6889
06:08:10,300 --> 06:08:14,000
granaries in nearly empty, the 
Yanks family begins mixing and 

6890
06:08:14,000 --> 06:08:16,000
acorns into their rice to make 
it stretch. 

6891
06:08:16,800 --> 06:08:18,200
His youngest daughter stops 
growing. 

6892
06:08:18,200 --> 06:08:22,700
Her cheeks are sunken and gray. 
One afternoon, Yellow powder 

6893
06:08:22,700 --> 06:08:24,600
drifts down from the sky 
coating. 

6894
06:08:24,600 --> 06:08:28,000
The Village roofs in a film like
ash Villagers fear. 

6895
06:08:28,000 --> 06:08:31,400
It is a curse from Heaven 
whatever the cause the crops are

6896
06:08:31,400 --> 06:08:35,000
ruined and hunger stalks the 
land in the village Temple. 

6897
06:08:35,000 --> 06:08:38,500
The headman Burns incense before
the altar of the earth, God the 

6898
06:08:38,500 --> 06:08:41,500
air is thick with smoke and the 
murmured prayers of desperate 

6899
06:08:41,500 --> 06:08:45,400
farmers. 
We must appease Heaven and the 

6900
06:08:45,400 --> 06:08:48,200
head man declares. 
Sweat beading on his brow. 

6901
06:08:48,200 --> 06:08:52,100
Despite the cold, as night 
falls, the villagers carry an 

6902
06:08:52,100 --> 06:08:55,100
offering of their last Millet 
and a slaughtered goat to the 

6903
06:08:55,100 --> 06:08:57,400
hill. 
Shrine Liang watches as the 

6904
06:08:57,400 --> 06:09:01,200
small procession winds up, the 
slope with lanterns bobbing He 

6905
06:09:01,200 --> 06:09:02,800
holds his shivering daughter 
close. 

6906
06:09:03,700 --> 06:09:06,000
They set the offerings and bow, 
until their foreheads touch. 

6907
06:09:06,000 --> 06:09:08,200
The ground begging for mercy, 
good. 

6908
06:09:08,200 --> 06:09:10,200
Whether a decent Harvest 
anything. 

6909
06:09:11,300 --> 06:09:14,200
But the night sky offers no 
reply, only a faint glow. 

6910
06:09:14,200 --> 06:09:17,600
Where the moon hides behind a 
strange Haze. the offering 

6911
06:09:17,600 --> 06:09:21,700
remains Untouched by any deity 
weeks pass and starvation sets 

6912
06:09:21,700 --> 06:09:25,700
in the Yang feeds, his children 
thin Congee made from Wild herbs

6913
06:09:25,700 --> 06:09:29,300
and tree bark his elderly mother
quietly, refuses her portion 

6914
06:09:29,300 --> 06:09:32,400
pretending she has eaten so that
the little ones might have more 

6915
06:09:33,200 --> 06:09:34,800
Soon. 
She grows too frail to leave her

6916
06:09:34,808 --> 06:09:38,500
bed. 
One cold morning, Liang finds 

6917
06:09:38,500 --> 06:09:41,100
that her breathing has stopped 
with shaking hands. 

6918
06:09:41,100 --> 06:09:42,900
He covers her body with a woven 
mat. 

6919
06:09:42,900 --> 06:09:46,000
There is no energy or grain to 
spare for proper funeral rites 

6920
06:09:46,000 --> 06:09:48,600
before her death. 
His mother had whispered that 

6921
06:09:48,608 --> 06:09:52,000
perhaps the emperor had lost 
Heaven's mandate how else to 

6922
06:09:52,000 --> 06:09:56,100
explain the sons betrayal. 
In grief Liang wonders if the 

6923
06:09:56,100 --> 06:09:58,500
distant caught sins of brought 
on Heaven's Wraith. 

6924
06:09:59,000 --> 06:10:01,300
They hear of hungry folk in 
nearby, provinces attacking 

6925
06:10:01,300 --> 06:10:04,400
granaries, but in liang's 
Village though, desperation 

6926
06:10:04,400 --> 06:10:09,600
grows order holds for now. 
By early winter Bandits roam, 

6927
06:10:09,600 --> 06:10:11,600
the countryside stealing what 
little remains. 

6928
06:10:12,700 --> 06:10:14,600
One night, a gang of starving 
young men. 

6929
06:10:14,600 --> 06:10:18,100
Once Farmers from a nearby 
Hamlet break into liang's 

6930
06:10:18,100 --> 06:10:21,700
Storehouse season, the mega sack
of millet, he had hidden There 

6931
06:10:21,700 --> 06:10:24,500
are scuffles in the dark. 
His eldest son is struck with a 

6932
06:10:24,500 --> 06:10:26,400
staff while trying to defend 
their food. 

6933
06:10:27,400 --> 06:10:30,900
The thieves flee into the night 
leaving the family bruised and 

6934
06:10:30,900 --> 06:10:35,200
without a single grain of food. 
When Dawn breaks Liang makes a 

6935
06:10:35,200 --> 06:10:38,300
decision gathers, his family and
tells them they can stay no 

6936
06:10:38,300 --> 06:10:40,300
longer. 
If they remain in the village, 

6937
06:10:40,300 --> 06:10:44,800
they will surely die. 
Rumors suggest that the harvests

6938
06:10:44,800 --> 06:10:47,800
were better for the South 
perhaps they could find food and

6939
06:10:47,800 --> 06:10:50,000
employment. 
There that day, the family 

6940
06:10:50,000 --> 06:10:51,300
packs, what little they have 
left. 

6941
06:10:52,100 --> 06:10:54,400
Yang hoisted weakened daughter 
onto his back. 

6942
06:10:55,400 --> 06:10:58,400
He takes one last look at the 
fields of their ancestors now, 

6943
06:10:58,400 --> 06:11:01,200
Barren, dusted with frost 
together. 

6944
06:11:01,200 --> 06:11:04,200
The family joins a small band of
Neighbors on the road heading 

6945
06:11:04,200 --> 06:11:07,300
south leaving behind their 
Village to whatever fate the 

6946
06:11:07,300 --> 06:11:10,300
heavens had decreed As they 
vanished into the white 

6947
06:11:10,300 --> 06:11:13,500
distance, their Footprints were 
swiftly blanketed by the new 

6948
06:11:13,500 --> 06:11:16,300
snow one family. 
Among countless others on the 

6949
06:11:16,300 --> 06:11:20,100
road that winter all seeking a 
land where the sun still Shone 

6950
06:11:20,100 --> 06:11:22,800
and grain could be found. 
It was the second year without a

6951
06:11:22,808 --> 06:11:27,200
summer in Scandinavia 536 in a 
seaside village of what would 

6952
06:11:27,200 --> 06:11:30,900
one day be called Sweden? 
Yale stood on the Frozen Shore 

6953
06:11:30,900 --> 06:11:35,200
at noon and saw no son of only a
dim glow behind the grace Sky, 

6954
06:11:35,200 --> 06:11:38,900
the world felt stuck in Twilight
fishermen. 

6955
06:11:38,900 --> 06:11:42,400
Had to chip through ice where 
the bay had frozen solid hoping 

6956
06:11:42,400 --> 06:11:46,800
to catch a few starved Cod. 
Inland the fields, lay on the 

6957
06:11:46,800 --> 06:11:48,600
dirty snow. 
Even in what should have been 

6958
06:11:48,600 --> 06:11:51,300
the growing season? 
Heiner's, people had slaughtered

6959
06:11:51,300 --> 06:11:53,200
most of their livestock last 
Autumn. 

6960
06:11:53,200 --> 06:11:56,200
There was no fodder to keep them
alive through another Baron 

6961
06:11:56,200 --> 06:11:58,300
year. 
Half the benches in the hall 

6962
06:11:58,300 --> 06:12:01,300
were now empty the strong 
adventured South to gentler 

6963
06:12:01,300 --> 06:12:04,700
climate, the frail had perished 
in the first famine winter. 

6964
06:12:05,600 --> 06:12:08,500
Inside the Earl's Longhouse, a 
small fire flickered weekly. 

6965
06:12:08,500 --> 06:12:11,800
I now passed a hand over the 
Embers and thought of the sun, 

6966
06:12:11,800 --> 06:12:16,400
once the Great Fire in the Sky 
now, vanished, His gut clenched 

6967
06:12:16,400 --> 06:12:20,900
with a mix of sorrow and Dread. 
The Villages Priestess vulva had

6968
06:12:20,900 --> 06:12:23,100
warned that they could be living
through Cymbalta. 

6969
06:12:23,100 --> 06:12:25,600
The legendary great winter of 
Norse prophecy. 

6970
06:12:25,600 --> 06:12:29,700
Three Winters with no summer 
between a Prelude to Ragnarok, 

6971
06:12:29,700 --> 06:12:33,500
the end of the Gods Ina had 
scoffed at the time, but now he 

6972
06:12:33,500 --> 06:12:35,700
was not so sure to placate the 
gods. 

6973
06:12:35,700 --> 06:12:39,200
They tried everything The 
previous fall, they sacrificed 

6974
06:12:39,200 --> 06:12:42,800
their finest RAM, and a pair of 
oxen to Frayer at Harvest yet. 

6975
06:12:42,800 --> 06:12:46,500
The Snows came early and stayed 
in the spring, I know himself 

6976
06:12:46,500 --> 06:12:50,600
cast a gold armoring into the 
peak bog, as an offering, many 

6977
06:12:50,600 --> 06:12:52,800
nobles were said to be 
abandoning their Treasures to 

6978
06:12:52,800 --> 06:12:56,900
the Earth in hopes of buying 
back the sun still The gods 

6979
06:12:56,900 --> 06:12:59,800
remained silent. 
And the sun's Chariot did not 

6980
06:12:59,800 --> 06:13:05,400
return. by midwinter of that 
second sunless year Desperation 

6981
06:13:05,400 --> 06:13:07,900
hung like a fog, The Village 
Elders. 

6982
06:13:07,900 --> 06:13:11,000
Grimly agreed, that only a human
sacrifice might break the curse.

6983
06:13:11,900 --> 06:13:14,700
that night, they offered up a 
captured thrall under the frost 

6984
06:13:14,700 --> 06:13:19,300
covered ash tree spilling, his 
blood in Odin's name, But when 

6985
06:13:19,300 --> 06:13:22,500
Dawn broke in yet another Legend
Sky, they knew even that was not

6986
06:13:22,500 --> 06:13:24,500
enough. 
A spring of the third year 

6987
06:13:24,500 --> 06:13:27,400
approached with little change 
Whispers began in the village. 

6988
06:13:27,400 --> 06:13:31,400
Some said that the yarl's 
bloodline was cursed that Odin 

6989
06:13:31,400 --> 06:13:33,500
and Freya would accept nothing 
less than the life of the 

6990
06:13:33,500 --> 06:13:35,100
chieftain himself to set things,
right? 

6991
06:13:35,900 --> 06:13:39,400
Just as in ancient Tales, a king
had once been sacrificed to end 

6992
06:13:39,400 --> 06:13:42,200
a blight. 
I know heard these murmurs and 

6993
06:13:42,200 --> 06:13:43,700
knew in his heart, what had to 
be done? 

6994
06:13:44,900 --> 06:13:47,300
The next day he called an 
assembly at the sacred grove. 

6995
06:13:48,100 --> 06:13:50,000
Mustering his remaining 
strength, he addressed the 

6996
06:13:50,000 --> 06:13:53,300
tribe, I will go to Odin's Hall.
If it brings back the sun and 

6997
06:13:53,300 --> 06:13:57,600
the Harvest, he declared gasps 
rippled through the crowd, his 

6998
06:13:57,600 --> 06:13:59,000
wife whales, but he raised her 
hand. 

6999
06:13:59,008 --> 06:14:01,000
Gently we have all lost loved 
ones. 

7000
06:14:01,000 --> 06:14:04,500
If my life buys the dawn. 
For those who remain, I give it 

7001
06:14:04,508 --> 06:14:07,700
freely. 
That evening under the steel 

7002
06:14:07,700 --> 06:14:11,700
gray sky on melt before the old 
oak tree in the Grove. 

7003
06:14:12,500 --> 06:14:15,700
The vulva and two Elders stood 
solely by with ceremonial 

7004
06:14:15,700 --> 06:14:18,700
knives. 
I knows breath rows in white 

7005
06:14:18,700 --> 06:14:20,500
Puffs. 
He felt no fear. 

7006
06:14:20,500 --> 06:14:24,000
Now, only a strange piece as 
though, he were already halfway 

7007
06:14:24,000 --> 06:14:27,200
to Valhalla and a clear voice, 
he chanted a final prayer. 

7008
06:14:28,200 --> 06:14:31,100
Plea for thought to smash the 
dark clouds and for Freya to 

7009
06:14:31,100 --> 06:14:34,900
make the fields green once more.
As the blade touched his skin, 

7010
06:14:34,900 --> 06:14:38,800
he closed his eyes and pictured 
golden summer sunlight the 

7011
06:14:38,800 --> 06:14:43,000
knives did their work and einar 
slumped forward life leeching 

7012
06:14:43,000 --> 06:14:47,900
into The Frozen Ground, a low 
moan of grief and hope Rose from

7013
06:14:47,900 --> 06:14:51,400
the villagers after laying his 
body on a pile with his cloak 

7014
06:14:51,400 --> 06:14:53,300
and shield. 
They ignited it causing the 

7015
06:14:53,300 --> 06:14:56,000
Flames to Roar upwards 
throughout the long night. 

7016
06:14:56,000 --> 06:14:59,600
They kept vigil and then in the 
early hours, a pale glow 

7017
06:14:59,600 --> 06:15:03,300
appeared in the Eastern Sky 
stronger than any in months as 

7018
06:15:03,300 --> 06:15:05,400
the sky lightened from black to 
murky blue. 

7019
06:15:05,400 --> 06:15:09,000
The Villager saw the outline of 
the sun won but emerging at 

7020
06:15:09,000 --> 06:15:12,700
last, through a break in the 
haze, a murmur of all swept over

7021
06:15:12,700 --> 06:15:16,100
the crowd, a wept with joy 
lifting, their faces to feel, 

7022
06:15:16,100 --> 06:15:20,100
its faint warmth, whether it was
yarl, Isles, Noble sacrifice, or

7023
06:15:20,100 --> 06:15:23,100
simply the Turning of Fate, none
could say, but the endless 

7024
06:15:23,100 --> 06:15:25,200
winter was finally loosening. 
Its grip. 

7025
06:15:25,900 --> 06:15:29,000
In the coming days as the Snows 
began to recede the people 

7026
06:15:29,000 --> 06:15:31,800
raised a mound for their 
Chieftain honoring him as the 

7027
06:15:31,800 --> 06:15:35,100
Savior who gave himself. 
So that could return in the 

7028
06:15:35,100 --> 06:15:38,800
massive city of chak rouge in 
modern El Salvador, or what we 

7029
06:15:38,800 --> 06:15:43,800
call mesoamerica in. 536, the 
high priest item large knelt 

7030
06:15:43,800 --> 06:15:47,400
before the temples altar at 
midday all around him, hundreds 

7031
06:15:47,400 --> 06:15:51,200
of people crowded, the plaza 
intense silence, For months, the

7032
06:15:51,200 --> 06:15:54,600
sun had hidden its face strange.
Chill hung over the usually hot 

7033
06:15:54,600 --> 06:15:58,400
lands of the Maya. 
Crops of Maize and cacao wilted 

7034
06:15:58,400 --> 06:16:02,300
in the unseasonal and dim light.
The priesthood, consulted, their

7035
06:16:02,300 --> 06:16:05,400
calendars and made offerings of 
incense and Jade but nothing 

7036
06:16:05,400 --> 06:16:07,800
available. 
Today, they would entreat 

7037
06:16:07,800 --> 06:16:10,000
kinich. 
Ajo, the sun god with the most 

7038
06:16:10,000 --> 06:16:12,300
precious offering of all human 
blood. 

7039
06:16:13,600 --> 06:16:16,300
It's a large Rose to his feet 
and stretched his arms to the 

7040
06:16:16,300 --> 06:16:19,700
sky on the altar Stone. 
Before him layer bound captive, 

7041
06:16:19,700 --> 06:16:24,800
painted blue for sacrifice. 
Oh, lord of the sun rise and eat

7042
06:16:24,800 --> 06:16:26,400
that. 
You may shine upon us. 

7043
06:16:26,400 --> 06:16:30,100
Again, the priest cried out. 
A murmur of desperation rippled 

7044
06:16:30,100 --> 06:16:33,400
through the crowd, using an 
obsidian blade at some large 

7045
06:16:33,400 --> 06:16:36,000
swiftly. 
Opened the victim's chest, the 

7046
06:16:36,000 --> 06:16:37,800
crowd gasped. 
As he raised the still beating 

7047
06:16:37,800 --> 06:16:40,600
heart while the heavens may this
Blood nourish. 

7048
06:16:40,600 --> 06:16:43,800
You, oh, Gods. 
He shouted his voice cracking at

7049
06:16:43,800 --> 06:16:46,700
that instant, the ground 
shuddered violently, the ritual 

7050
06:16:46,700 --> 06:16:50,400
chant died on every tongue, it 
some large staggered dropping, 

7051
06:16:50,400 --> 06:16:53,400
the heart, a low Rumble rolled 
through the Earth. 

7052
06:16:54,400 --> 06:16:57,600
Suddenly the west and Horizon 
ignited with a pillar of fire. 

7053
06:16:57,600 --> 06:17:01,600
A volcano in the distance had 
exploded with unimaginable 

7054
06:17:01,600 --> 06:17:04,700
Force. 
A massive plume of black ash 

7055
06:17:04,700 --> 06:17:08,300
rose turning day into night in 
an instant people. 

7056
06:17:08,300 --> 06:17:12,200
Screamed and Scattered it. 
Some large stood, Frozen Atop 

7057
06:17:12,200 --> 06:17:14,900
The Temple, as he watched a wall
of Ash and rock hurtle toward 

7058
06:17:14,900 --> 06:17:17,900
the city, illuminated, by Eerie 
orange Flames. 

7059
06:17:17,900 --> 06:17:20,800
The gods had answered, not with 
salvation. 

7060
06:17:20,800 --> 06:17:24,600
But with the catastrophe within 
minutes, searing hot, ash 

7061
06:17:24,600 --> 06:17:28,200
rained, down upon Jack Rouge, 
fat roofs, and wooden beams 

7062
06:17:28,200 --> 06:17:31,300
burst into flame. 
Men, women and children ran 

7063
06:17:31,300 --> 06:17:35,300
desperately for shelter but 
there was none it some large 

7064
06:17:35,300 --> 06:17:37,400
barely managed to scramble down 
the temple steps. 

7065
06:17:37,400 --> 06:17:40,200
When a blaster furnace hot wind 
knocked him flat. 

7066
06:17:41,000 --> 06:17:44,500
The air itself burned, he could 
not draw a breath without 

7067
06:17:44,500 --> 06:17:47,700
scorching his lungs. 
A torrent of pumice and Ash 

7068
06:17:47,700 --> 06:17:51,600
buried temples and Huts within 
hours those who did not die on 

7069
06:17:51,600 --> 06:17:55,400
the falling debris, succumbed to
the suffocating Sutton toxic 

7070
06:17:55,400 --> 06:17:58,600
gases. 
The proud city is palaces, its 

7071
06:17:58,600 --> 06:18:02,000
bulk courts, its altars was 
being in tombed and gray powder.

7072
06:18:02,900 --> 06:18:06,300
It samaj crawled coughing into 
the shelter of the temple. 

7073
06:18:06,300 --> 06:18:09,000
Courtyard wall through eyes, 
stinging with Ash. 

7074
06:18:09,000 --> 06:18:13,000
He be held a scene from the 
darkest underworld The sacred C 

7075
06:18:13,000 --> 06:18:16,500
betrays around the plaza were, 
Ablaze and charred bodies, lay 

7076
06:18:16,500 --> 06:18:18,700
strewn where moments are the 
faithful at gathered. 

7077
06:18:19,500 --> 06:18:22,600
The clutch is Obsidian dagger to
his chest numb with shock and 

7078
06:18:22,600 --> 06:18:25,200
guilt. 
Was this cataclysm the sun God's

7079
06:18:25,200 --> 06:18:27,900
Wrath for their offerings or had
the death of the sacrificial, 

7080
06:18:27,900 --> 06:18:29,900
victim, somehow Unleashed a 
great occurs. 

7081
06:18:30,600 --> 06:18:34,500
His mind swam as the very ground
continued to heave over the Roar

7082
06:18:34,500 --> 06:18:36,700
of the volcano. 
He thought he heard the distant 

7083
06:18:36,700 --> 06:18:38,400
cruel laughter of the death 
gods. 

7084
06:18:39,700 --> 06:18:44,000
Hours later a thick unnatural 
Darkness cloaked the land, the 

7085
06:18:44,000 --> 06:18:47,400
eruptions Fury had finally 
ceased leaving, an eerie 

7086
06:18:47,400 --> 06:18:50,500
silence. 
Where the thriving city of Chuck

7087
06:18:50,500 --> 06:18:52,500
Rogers. 
Had stood there was now a 

7088
06:18:52,500 --> 06:18:55,300
molding gray Wasteland, buried 
under layers of. 

7089
06:18:55,300 --> 06:18:59,700
Ash, it samaj miraculously still
alive pulled himself from the 

7090
06:18:59,700 --> 06:19:03,400
Ashen debris, The Once clear 
River and black with volcanic 

7091
06:19:03,400 --> 06:19:07,600
dust he limped through the ruins
calling out the name of his wife

7092
06:19:07,600 --> 06:19:11,100
and son but heard no answer, 
only the faint crackle of 

7093
06:19:11,108 --> 06:19:14,800
cooling Cinders, his sandals 
sank into the hot ash covering 

7094
06:19:14,800 --> 06:19:18,900
the plaza, the once Grand Temple
Lane shattered, ruins half 

7095
06:19:18,900 --> 06:19:22,400
buried, corpses, strewn 
everywhere overhead, the sky 

7096
06:19:22,400 --> 06:19:26,900
remained as dark as midnight, it
was long past noon, It's a large

7097
06:19:26,900 --> 06:19:29,800
stumbled to the edge of the city
where the fields, began, nothing

7098
06:19:29,800 --> 06:19:33,400
remained of the maze Rose. 
Only a ghostly, landscape of Ash

7099
06:19:33,400 --> 06:19:36,300
Tunes. 
The sun was completely veiled 

7100
06:19:36,300 --> 06:19:39,000
and fine. 
Gray particles drifted through 

7101
06:19:39,000 --> 06:19:43,900
the air like deadly snow. 
Priest sank to his knees and 

7102
06:19:43,900 --> 06:19:46,300
raised trembling hands to the 
Unseen sky. 

7103
06:19:47,300 --> 06:19:52,500
Why he croaked voice broken? 
There was no one left to hear 

7104
06:19:52,500 --> 06:19:55,800
his questions in that moment, it
seemed to it. 

7105
06:19:55,800 --> 06:19:59,300
Some large that the gods had 
abandoned the world entirely He 

7106
06:19:59,300 --> 06:20:02,000
looked up at the churning 
Darkness above knowing that 

7107
06:20:02,000 --> 06:20:06,200
Beyond this poison Sky, the sun 
still existed, but it's light, 

7108
06:20:06,200 --> 06:20:08,800
might not return for a long long
time. 

7109
06:20:10,400 --> 06:20:13,200
As the Lone Survivor began to 
weigh amid the Desolation. 

7110
06:20:13,200 --> 06:20:18,300
The suffocating ash cloud spread
far beyond, ensuring that 536 

7111
06:20:18,300 --> 06:20:21,000
would be remembered as a year of
unparalleled darkness and 

7112
06:20:21,000 --> 06:20:23,300
sorrow. 
Even in lands far from this Doom

7113
06:20:23,300 --> 06:20:27,700
city across the world, as I have
covered the year. 536 left a 

7114
06:20:27,700 --> 06:20:31,300
scar on the human story. 
In its wake Kingdom's, faltered 

7115
06:20:31,300 --> 06:20:34,700
and population's were decimated 
chroniclers from Ireland to 

7116
06:20:34,700 --> 06:20:38,700
China, recorded unusual, cold 
summer, snowed crops and famine 

7117
06:20:38,700 --> 06:20:42,500
they wrote of a dry fog. 
Dimming the Sun's light of Skies

7118
06:20:42,500 --> 06:20:46,700
colored with Ash and of hunger. 
Stalking the land for 18, long 

7119
06:20:46,700 --> 06:20:52,300
months, much of the Earth lay 
under a Pall of Gloom, In Europe

7120
06:20:52,300 --> 06:20:54,300
and the near East people looked 
for divine. 

7121
06:20:54,300 --> 06:20:57,600
Meaning in the Calamity 
Christian writers, wondered if 

7122
06:20:57,600 --> 06:21:00,900
Revelation is apocalyptic, 
Horsemen were Unleashed War 

7123
06:21:00,900 --> 06:21:05,300
famine, pestilence and death, 
all seemed present at once. 

7124
06:21:06,100 --> 06:21:09,400
Indeed, the historian procopius 
wrote that men were free. 

7125
06:21:09,400 --> 06:21:13,100
Neither from war or pestilence 
nor any other thing, leading to 

7126
06:21:13,100 --> 06:21:16,700
death during those dark days. 
The plague of Justinian, which 

7127
06:21:16,700 --> 06:21:19,900
followed the famine soon. 
Checked Emperor, Justinian's 

7128
06:21:19,900 --> 06:21:23,000
Ambitions in the Eastern. 
Roman Empire in the British 

7129
06:21:23,000 --> 06:21:26,300
Isles Celtic monks noted, a 
failure of bread. 

7130
06:21:27,000 --> 06:21:29,900
Farther, the East Chinese 
records of great cold and 

7131
06:21:29,908 --> 06:21:33,300
summer, Frost that ruined. 
The Harvest Northern Europeans 

7132
06:21:33,300 --> 06:21:35,300
were so desperately. 
They offered their riches and 

7133
06:21:35,300 --> 06:21:39,200
Kings to appease their gods and 
in Central America of volcanoes 

7134
06:21:39,200 --> 06:21:43,200
cataclysmic, eruption blanketed 
the skies with Ash, plunging, 

7135
06:21:43,200 --> 06:21:47,200
entire regions Into Darkness, 
Society is across the globe 

7136
06:21:47,200 --> 06:21:50,500
separated by vast Ocean's and 
unaware of each other. 

7137
06:21:50,500 --> 06:21:54,800
Shared the same despair, the Sun
that year was a feeble. 

7138
06:21:54,800 --> 06:21:58,100
Ghost of the Horizon, a shared 
anguish, in our Islands. 

7139
06:21:58,100 --> 06:22:00,800
Green Hills constantinople's 
Marble Street. 

7140
06:22:00,800 --> 06:22:06,600
Highlands China's Villages, 
Scandinavia forests and meso. 

7141
06:22:06,600 --> 06:22:10,400
America's jungles Millions 
perished as famine and disease, 

7142
06:22:10,400 --> 06:22:12,800
swept through communities 
already weakened by crop 

7143
06:22:12,800 --> 06:22:15,700
failure. 
It was by all accounts, one of 

7144
06:22:15,700 --> 06:22:17,500
the darkest times in recorded 
history. 

7145
06:22:17,500 --> 06:22:22,300
Some later Scholars would even 
call 536 the worst year to be 

7146
06:22:22,300 --> 06:22:26,100
alive. 
And yet, not all hope died in 

7147
06:22:26,100 --> 06:22:28,700
every story of suffering. 
There were those who endured 

7148
06:22:28,700 --> 06:22:32,700
parents, who shared their last 
crust, with their kids, leaders 

7149
06:22:32,700 --> 06:22:34,900
who die for their people and 
communities. 

7150
06:22:34,900 --> 06:22:36,700
That prayed and performed 
rituals to find. 

7151
06:22:36,700 --> 06:22:40,300
Meaning in the chaos, they 
adapted in the face of collapse,

7152
06:22:40,300 --> 06:22:44,300
migrating to new lands, changing
their traditions and rebuilding 

7153
06:22:44,300 --> 06:22:47,500
From the Ashes. 
The darkness would slowly lift 

7154
06:22:47,500 --> 06:22:52,900
from 537 to 5308 the sunlight 
grew stronger as the Dust In The

7155
06:22:52,908 --> 06:22:57,800
Sky settled feels so and you 
children born after the year 

7156
06:22:57,800 --> 06:23:01,300
without son would grow up under 
blue skies hearing the hushed 

7157
06:23:01,300 --> 06:23:02,900
stories of the terrible 
Darkness. 

7158
06:23:02,900 --> 06:23:06,100
Their Elder survived. 
Looking back the catastrophe of 

7159
06:23:06,100 --> 06:23:09,100
536 stands as a testament to 
human endurance. 

7160
06:23:10,200 --> 06:23:12,500
It was a year of tragedy on a 
scale, almost Beyond 

7161
06:23:12,500 --> 06:23:16,100
Comprehension a convergence of 
natural disasters that humbled 

7162
06:23:16,100 --> 06:23:20,400
Empires and small villages 
alike. but it was also a year 

7163
06:23:20,400 --> 06:23:24,300
that showed the resilience of 
the human spirit In Ireland 

7164
06:23:24,300 --> 06:23:27,500
monks kept the flame of learning
alive Through The Long Winter, 

7165
06:23:27,500 --> 06:23:30,800
in Byzantium officials and 
neighbors shared what food they 

7166
06:23:30,800 --> 06:23:34,300
could to keep the starving alive
in Axiom, faith, and charity 

7167
06:23:34,300 --> 06:23:37,800
helped to Kingdom, pull through 
its worst famine in Scandinavia 

7168
06:23:37,800 --> 06:23:39,300
are people's Devotion to their 
gods. 

7169
06:23:39,300 --> 06:23:43,400
However, Grimm kept their 
Community United until the sun's

7170
06:23:43,400 --> 06:23:45,900
return. 
Despite the loss of the Maya 

7171
06:23:45,900 --> 06:23:49,300
City in our story, other cities 
in mesoamerica can continue to 

7172
06:23:49,300 --> 06:23:52,400
exist, safeguarding knowledge 
and culture for future 

7173
06:23:52,400 --> 06:23:54,800
Generations. 
Eventually the sun did return 

7174
06:23:54,800 --> 06:23:57,700
brighter and warmer as it always
had before. 

7175
06:23:59,400 --> 06:24:03,100
The year 536 passed into 
history, its Horrors, softened 

7176
06:24:03,100 --> 06:24:06,500
by time, but those who lived 
through it would never forget 

7177
06:24:06,500 --> 06:24:09,200
how fragile their world could be
for a year. 

7178
06:24:09,208 --> 06:24:12,400
It felt like knighted fallen and
the gods had abandoned Humanity.

7179
06:24:12,400 --> 06:24:15,100
I wouldn't you last a day in 
536? 

7180
06:24:16,000 --> 06:24:19,900
the people of that era faced 
unimaginable challenges a son 

7181
06:24:19,908 --> 06:24:23,900
that never shown unfulfilled 
harvests and a darkness that 

7182
06:24:23,900 --> 06:24:27,100
pushed the boundaries of hope 
they persevered through faith, 

7183
06:24:27,100 --> 06:24:31,400
courage, and the fragile bonds 
of community demonstrating the, 

7184
06:24:31,400 --> 06:24:34,600
despite the most challenging 
year Humanity's, determination 

7185
06:24:34,600 --> 06:24:39,000
to survive remained unwavering 
In the end, Dawn broke through 

7186
06:24:39,000 --> 06:24:43,100
the darkness and life prevailed,
scarred changed. 

7187
06:24:43,100 --> 06:24:46,000
But ever hopeful beneath the 
returning light of the Sun. 

7188
06:24:51,200 --> 06:24:56,000
In the year, 742 CE a prosperous
city-state of Corazon, glittered

7189
06:24:56,000 --> 06:24:59,100
under the Noonday Sun. 
The Nexus for Caravan routes, 

7190
06:24:59,100 --> 06:25:02,700
feeding, distant Empires chorus,
and thrived on the exchange of 

7191
06:25:02,700 --> 06:25:06,300
saffron, silk star, charts and 
rumors whispered behind 

7192
06:25:06,300 --> 06:25:10,400
curtained alcoves At its Center 
Loom to Grand Marketplace whose 

7193
06:25:10,400 --> 06:25:13,000
vaulted roof trapped the daily 
bustle in a ceaseless. 

7194
06:25:13,000 --> 06:25:19,400
Echo Traders from the enter. 
The zantium tank China, the ABCD

7195
06:25:19,400 --> 06:25:22,400
calafate and Beyond mingled 
among stalls. 

7196
06:25:22,400 --> 06:25:26,500
Stacked high with lapis, lazuli,
dried fruit, and perfume, 

7197
06:25:26,500 --> 06:25:30,200
Sandalwood some hailed, it as a 
Marvel of Cosmopolitan life, 

7198
06:25:30,200 --> 06:25:33,400
where fortunes might pivot in a 
single conversation. 

7199
06:25:34,400 --> 06:25:37,700
Among the people navigating, the
throng was Korea bint yazed. 

7200
06:25:37,700 --> 06:25:40,600
A traveling scholar, whose 
lineage Trace backed. 

7201
06:25:40,600 --> 06:25:44,500
The once, renowned zoroastrian 
Priests of Persia, Her face 

7202
06:25:44,500 --> 06:25:47,000
betrayed concentration. 
As she studied hieroglyphic 

7203
06:25:47,000 --> 06:25:51,100
notation in a weather scroll. 
Unmarried and unconcerned with 

7204
06:25:51,108 --> 06:25:54,200
the expectations placed upon a 
woman of her station, she had 

7205
06:25:54,200 --> 06:25:57,100
roamed from one end of the Silk 
Road to the other piecing. 

7206
06:25:57,100 --> 06:25:59,500
Together knowledge that seldom 
found its way into the official 

7207
06:25:59,500 --> 06:26:03,300
annals the swirl of corazon's 
Commerce did not distract her, 

7208
06:26:03,300 --> 06:26:06,000
she focused on a lead, 
suggesting that rare 

7209
06:26:06,000 --> 06:26:08,100
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 
private collection near the 

7210
06:26:08,108 --> 06:26:12,400
city's Eastern quarter. this 
rumor if proven, true could 

7211
06:26:12,400 --> 06:26:14,900
illuminate corners of History, 
barely glimpsed by modern 

7212
06:26:14,900 --> 06:26:18,800
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 
into elaborate of narrow Lanes. 

7213
06:26:18,800 --> 06:26:22,800
Behind the four main Bazaar 
Guided by coded map etched into 

7214
06:26:22,800 --> 06:26:25,300
her memory. 
Eager boy, is offered to carry 

7215
06:26:25,300 --> 06:26:28,600
her satchels for a coin and 
watchful guards in brass trimmed

7216
06:26:28,600 --> 06:26:32,600
uniforms each person by she 
brushed off all offers of help 

7217
06:26:32,600 --> 06:26:35,900
to many Watchers too many years 
at last. 

7218
06:26:35,900 --> 06:26:38,300
She arrived at a courtyard 
hidden behind a plain wooden 

7219
06:26:38,300 --> 06:26:40,300
door. 
It's walls, were plastered in 

7220
06:26:40,300 --> 06:26:41,800
cream white. 
While Vine. 

7221
06:26:41,800 --> 06:26:44,700
Spiraled up lattices under hazy 
afternoon sky. 

7222
06:26:45,600 --> 06:26:48,700
Within that secluded Enclave. 
Stood in elderly biblio file 

7223
06:26:48,700 --> 06:26:52,500
named his hands. 
Trembling under the burden of a 

7224
06:26:52,508 --> 06:26:55,900
Slender volume down in jade 
green leather, their meeting was

7225
06:26:55,900 --> 06:26:58,400
brief career. 
Offered him carefully wrapped 

7226
06:26:58,400 --> 06:27:02,300
objects fragments of ancient 
mathematics, tablets on covered 

7227
06:27:02,300 --> 06:27:06,300
near Samaritan and in exchange 
relinquished, the Jade bound 

7228
06:27:06,300 --> 06:27:09,600
Texas. he warned her that 
certain circles would stop at 

7229
06:27:09,600 --> 06:27:12,300
nothing to keep these Pages 
hidden for they revealed 

7230
06:27:12,300 --> 06:27:15,500
knowledge rumored to disrupt any
Empire reliant on controlling 

7231
06:27:15,500 --> 06:27:19,300
scholarship She nodded Gravely 
accustomed to the Shadows that 

7232
06:27:19,300 --> 06:27:22,700
dogged rare manuscripts. 
Across the years, she had 

7233
06:27:22,700 --> 06:27:26,300
learned that truth took many 
forms each requiring, a subtle 

7234
06:27:26,300 --> 06:27:28,800
approach to keep it from 
Vanishing under official 

7235
06:27:28,800 --> 06:27:32,200
censure. 
Emerging once again, into the 

7236
06:27:32,200 --> 06:27:35,200
main bizarre career carefully 
hid, the new acquisition beneath

7237
06:27:35,200 --> 06:27:37,900
her traveling cloak. 
She knew better than to linger. 

7238
06:27:38,500 --> 06:27:41,300
Horizons seeming tolerance of 
foreign ideas, could transform 

7239
06:27:41,300 --> 06:27:45,200
abruptly of power shifted. 
Memory of burned, Scrolls and 

7240
06:27:45,200 --> 06:27:48,700
harassed scribes in other 
dominions, haunted her, fueling 

7241
06:27:48,700 --> 06:27:51,300
her determination to preserve 
the text at any cost. 

7242
06:27:52,100 --> 06:27:55,100
She arranged with a local 
Caravan heading, Eastwood its 

7243
06:27:55,100 --> 06:27:58,800
leader a woman named soon. 
Who had a reputation for out 

7244
06:27:58,800 --> 06:28:02,600
maneuvering desert Bandits 
Without Illusions, carrier 

7245
06:28:02,600 --> 06:28:05,300
recognized that partnering with 
such a skilled Merchants would 

7246
06:28:05,300 --> 06:28:10,300
cost her yet safety for the Jade
bound book was Paramount. before

7247
06:28:10,300 --> 06:28:13,500
the Caravan departed, Korea, 
paid her respects at a small 

7248
06:28:13,500 --> 06:28:17,500
Shrine dedicated to wise men of 
antiquity A single Candle, 

7249
06:28:17,500 --> 06:28:20,300
flickered by the older 
Illuminating offerings left. 

7250
06:28:20,300 --> 06:28:23,600
By Travelers praying for Clear. 
Roads and fair whether she 

7251
06:28:23,600 --> 06:28:26,800
exhaled a silent oath that, she 
would not let ignorance Devour 

7252
06:28:26,800 --> 06:28:28,200
the pressure's knowledge in her 
care. 

7253
06:28:28,900 --> 06:28:31,800
Beyond the city's Gates, lay an 
expansive desert and studied 

7254
06:28:31,800 --> 06:28:33,900
with dunes and hammered by 
Fierce winds. 

7255
06:28:33,900 --> 06:28:38,000
But her route LED even father 
along Mountain, Trails rumored 

7256
06:28:38,000 --> 06:28:41,300
to house, hidden monasteries and
ephemeral Oasis towns. 

7257
06:28:41,300 --> 06:28:44,700
The Unstoppable pulse of 
curiosity, drove her to press 

7258
06:28:44,700 --> 06:28:47,900
forward, regardless of perils 
that might lurk in the next Bend

7259
06:28:47,900 --> 06:28:51,200
of the road. 
Dohrn arrived, painting. 

7260
06:28:51,200 --> 06:28:55,000
The sky with ocher and salmon. 
Hughes carrier joined us soon. 

7261
06:28:55,000 --> 06:28:58,100
And the other Travelers at the 
designated meeting point where 

7262
06:28:58,100 --> 06:29:00,800
camel's braids and Donkey 
drivers prepared, loads of 

7263
06:29:00,808 --> 06:29:03,800
barley and dried fruit. 
The Caravan Synergy was 

7264
06:29:03,808 --> 06:29:07,900
immediately evident each person 
had a distinct tasks ensuring 

7265
06:29:07,900 --> 06:29:09,400
that. 
By the time, the sun fully 

7266
06:29:09,400 --> 06:29:11,500
breached the Horizon, they were 
on the move. 

7267
06:29:12,300 --> 06:29:15,000
Career walked near us soon. 
Who shared glimpses of the 

7268
06:29:15,000 --> 06:29:17,800
terrain ahead and introduced 
carrier to the caravan's 

7269
06:29:17,800 --> 06:29:20,900
unspoken rules, trust the 
signals rational water 

7270
06:29:20,900 --> 06:29:23,100
meticulously and never 
questioned. 

7271
06:29:23,100 --> 06:29:26,900
The necessity of midnight halts.
In these borderless regions, 

7272
06:29:26,900 --> 06:29:30,600
vigilance was currently. 
With the sun mounting, the 

7273
06:29:30,600 --> 06:29:33,500
Caravan snaked through a parched
plane dotted by Twiztid. 

7274
06:29:33,500 --> 06:29:36,700
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 
Broken only by the soft 

7275
06:29:36,700 --> 06:29:39,500
shuffling of hooves and the 
gentle clink of metal fastening 

7276
06:29:39,500 --> 06:29:42,000
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 
Codex. 

7277
06:29:42,000 --> 06:29:45,300
Inside her bag, she had only 
glimpsed, a few pages thus far 

7278
06:29:45,300 --> 06:29:48,000
intricate, diagrams of planetary
movement. 

7279
06:29:48,000 --> 06:29:51,500
Cryptic references to ancient 
empire that proceeded the 

7280
06:29:51,500 --> 06:29:54,600
cabinets and footnotes scrolled 
in an unfamiliar script. 

7281
06:29:55,500 --> 06:29:57,500
Accurate. 
These writings expanded, the 

7282
06:29:57,500 --> 06:30:00,500
known timeline of advanced 
astronomy by centuries. 

7283
06:30:01,200 --> 06:30:04,400
She resolved to study every 
page, once the Caravan reached a

7284
06:30:04,400 --> 06:30:06,500
safe haven. 
Of soon, signaled. 

7285
06:30:06,500 --> 06:30:09,700
A halt near a cluster of sun 
scorched, Boulders granting the 

7286
06:30:09,700 --> 06:30:11,700
group respite from the crushing 
midday Heat. 

7287
06:30:12,400 --> 06:30:15,900
While some dosed in makeshift 
shade, Korea took cautious sips,

7288
06:30:15,900 --> 06:30:20,100
from her water skin, feeling the
dryness cling to her throat, a 

7289
06:30:20,100 --> 06:30:23,100
restlessness stirred within her 
equal parts, excitement and 

7290
06:30:23,100 --> 06:30:25,700
anxiety. 
She replied kazim. 

7291
06:30:25,700 --> 06:30:29,300
Al talabis warning. powerful 
figures had an interest in 

7292
06:30:29,300 --> 06:30:32,800
ensuring no one deciphered the 
text for them knowledge was a 

7293
06:30:32,800 --> 06:30:37,500
finite resource Best Kept under 
strict watch as a swirl of wind 

7294
06:30:37,500 --> 06:30:41,900
kicked sand across her path. 
Carrier silently vowing, she 

7295
06:30:41,900 --> 06:30:43,900
would not be silenced by 
Twilight. 

7296
06:30:43,900 --> 06:30:47,600
The Caravan approached a Modesto
Oasis line with date palms that 

7297
06:30:47,600 --> 06:30:49,400
cast Long Shadows across 
Stillwater. 

7298
06:30:50,500 --> 06:30:53,100
Soon, guided her camel's into a 
semi-circle forming. 

7299
06:30:53,100 --> 06:30:55,100
A protective barrier against 
stray Wanderers. 

7300
06:30:55,100 --> 06:30:57,500
Several Travelers set about 
erecting. 

7301
06:30:57,500 --> 06:31:00,800
Tents While others gathered wood
for small fires, that would ward

7302
06:31:00,800 --> 06:31:04,000
off the chill of desert night. 
Career found herself drawn to 

7303
06:31:04,000 --> 06:31:07,300
the Waters Edge with subdued 
conversation, Rose Among weary 

7304
06:31:07,300 --> 06:31:10,700
Merchants some speculated about 
the political tensions, brewing 

7305
06:31:10,700 --> 06:31:13,600
in distant courts others 
lamented the rise in cost of 

7306
06:31:13,608 --> 06:31:16,000
salt. 
Has Darkness settled. 

7307
06:31:16,000 --> 06:31:18,100
The Oasis took on another 
worldly. 

7308
06:31:18,100 --> 06:31:21,500
Hush a crescent moon. 
Glimmered overhead, Illuminating

7309
06:31:21,500 --> 06:31:25,000
faint, outlines of crumbling 
Stone pillars suggesting an 

7310
06:31:25,000 --> 06:31:26,900
abandoned settlement from a 
forgotten era. 

7311
06:31:27,700 --> 06:31:31,300
Under that quiet Vault of stars 
career couldn't resist scanning,

7312
06:31:31,300 --> 06:31:35,100
a few more pages of the Jade 
bound manuscript, its text 

7313
06:31:35,100 --> 06:31:37,900
merged, empirical observations 
with philosophical notes, 

7314
06:31:37,900 --> 06:31:39,700
referencing the grand Wheel of 
Time. 

7315
06:31:40,600 --> 06:31:43,000
She recognized a bleak 
references to astronomical 

7316
06:31:43,000 --> 06:31:46,000
systems older than the widely 
recognized ptolemaic model. 

7317
06:31:46,800 --> 06:31:49,400
If deciphered fully such 
knowledge, might challenge many 

7318
06:31:49,400 --> 06:31:51,600
assumptions cherished by a 
steamed academies. 

7319
06:31:51,600 --> 06:31:54,400
Meanwhile after soon stepped 
away from the main group 

7320
06:31:54,400 --> 06:31:57,400
beckoning Korea to join her near
with the Decatur. 

7321
06:31:58,200 --> 06:32:00,700
You Stand Out, Among our 
company, the merchant remarked 

7322
06:32:00,700 --> 06:32:04,200
in a measured tone your eyes, 
never rested and you guard that 

7323
06:32:04,200 --> 06:32:05,700
bag. 
As if it carries, the soul of a 

7324
06:32:05,708 --> 06:32:09,000
king Carrier. 
Wary of revealing too much 

7325
06:32:09,000 --> 06:32:12,300
offered that she was merely a 
scholar and trusted with a rare 

7326
06:32:12,300 --> 06:32:13,900
item. 
Of soon. 

7327
06:32:13,900 --> 06:32:17,000
Nodded but warned Korea that 
roving spies seeking Advantage 

7328
06:32:17,000 --> 06:32:19,700
for rival. 
Factions often infiltrated 

7329
06:32:19,700 --> 06:32:22,900
Caravans she suggested Korea 
remain Vigilant. 

7330
06:32:22,900 --> 06:32:25,600
Especially give the 
extraordinary bustling and 

7331
06:32:25,600 --> 06:32:29,500
chorazin where rumor travels 
like wildfire unable to sleep 

7332
06:32:29,500 --> 06:32:31,500
career lingard by The Embers of 
the fire. 

7333
06:32:31,500 --> 06:32:33,100
After most Travelers are dosed 
off. 

7334
06:32:33,100 --> 06:32:35,900
She studied the swirling 
patterns of the night sky 

7335
06:32:35,900 --> 06:32:38,800
mindful of the coded star charts
in the manuscript. 

7336
06:32:39,800 --> 06:32:42,700
Passing Caravan sometimes 
recounted Legends of a hidden 

7337
06:32:42,700 --> 06:32:45,100
library. 
In the mountain city of varish, 

7338
06:32:45,100 --> 06:32:48,100
where lines of knowledge 
stretched back to centuries 

7339
06:32:48,100 --> 06:32:51,200
unknown. 
Carrier wondered if that Library

7340
06:32:51,200 --> 06:32:54,600
could fill the gaps in her text.
She believed the Jade bound 

7341
06:32:54,600 --> 06:32:57,000
manuscript might be only a 
fragment of a larger puzzle. 

7342
06:32:57,900 --> 06:33:01,400
Scattered across the Silk Road 
shifting tapestry, morning 

7343
06:33:01,400 --> 06:33:05,200
unveiled, a horizon brushed with
Amber and the Caravan proceeded 

7344
06:33:05,200 --> 06:33:08,000
along a rocky Scotland, 
overlooking a vast junefield 

7345
06:33:08,000 --> 06:33:10,700
rolling. 
Slopes of sand, rippled beneath 

7346
06:33:10,700 --> 06:33:12,700
the wind like the surface of a 
living sea. 

7347
06:33:13,600 --> 06:33:17,400
At midday, they paused for Water
rationed by a soon with practice

7348
06:33:17,400 --> 06:33:20,200
deficiency. 
Carrier noticed that one of the 

7349
06:33:20,200 --> 06:33:23,900
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

7350
06:33:23,900 --> 06:33:27,200
chest meticulously locked. 
He traveled with Perpetual 

7351
06:33:27,200 --> 06:33:30,000
worried etched into his features
eyes darting. 

7352
06:33:30,000 --> 06:33:33,500
Whenever torque turned to rumors
of desert, Raiders secret seem 

7353
06:33:33,500 --> 06:33:36,100
to coil around each member of 
the assemblage as though. 

7354
06:33:36,100 --> 06:33:38,000
No one ventured. 
These roads without hidden 

7355
06:33:38,000 --> 06:33:42,300
motives Late in the afternoon, 
the Caravan and countered, a 

7356
06:33:42,300 --> 06:33:43,300
party of Horsemen. 
Flying. 

7357
06:33:43,300 --> 06:33:45,900
The banner of a minor warlord 
rumored to be in League with the

7358
06:33:45,900 --> 06:33:48,300
Region's. 
Most feared Bandit, clams, 

7359
06:33:48,300 --> 06:33:51,200
tension crackled through the 
group as a soon halted. 

7360
06:33:51,200 --> 06:33:53,400
The Caravan waiting for the 
Riders to approach. 

7361
06:33:54,100 --> 06:33:56,900
After a task greeting, the 
horsemen rode on apparently 

7362
06:33:56,900 --> 06:34:00,200
uninterested and conflict. 
But the encounter rattled 

7363
06:34:00,200 --> 06:34:03,700
everyone Career noticed as soon 
as posture remained rigid with 

7364
06:34:03,700 --> 06:34:06,100
caution long. 
After the Riders vanished, in a 

7365
06:34:06,100 --> 06:34:08,900
plume of dust, the merchant 
murmured about changing their 

7366
06:34:08,900 --> 06:34:11,000
root seeking narrower Trails 
less. 

7367
06:34:11,000 --> 06:34:13,900
Patrolled by predatory 
Chieftains that evening brought 

7368
06:34:13,900 --> 06:34:16,200
them to a narrow Gorge its 
walls. 

7369
06:34:16,200 --> 06:34:18,000
Towering on either side in 
Jagged ridges. 

7370
06:34:18,000 --> 06:34:21,400
As soon insisted they make camp 
in a sheltered Alcove half 

7371
06:34:21,400 --> 06:34:24,800
hidden behind whether boulders. 
By the flicker of firelight 

7372
06:34:24,800 --> 06:34:26,800
career. 
Finally delved into the central 

7373
06:34:26,800 --> 06:34:30,700
chapter of the manuscript? 
Strange, symbols Park, Kunia 

7374
06:34:30,700 --> 06:34:34,600
form, part and known script 
decorated the margins, each sign

7375
06:34:34,600 --> 06:34:36,100
accompanied by cryptic 
commentary. 

7376
06:34:36,100 --> 06:34:39,100
The text recounted a 
civilization that mapped 

7377
06:34:39,100 --> 06:34:41,900
constellation's in ways, 
contrasting, with every known 

7378
06:34:41,900 --> 06:34:45,400
chart. 
Diagrammatic lines in advanced 

7379
06:34:45,400 --> 06:34:48,600
geometry, far exceeding, the 
standard calculation of her 

7380
06:34:48,600 --> 06:34:51,400
time. 
Just as Korea's pulse quick and 

7381
06:34:51,400 --> 06:34:54,500
at the Revelation a cry, rang 
out near the edge of camp. 

7382
06:34:55,300 --> 06:34:57,900
She rushed toward the commotion.
Heart pounding. 

7383
06:34:59,000 --> 06:35:02,600
Malik stood, trembling by his 
small chest which now lay open 

7384
06:35:02,600 --> 06:35:07,000
its contents missing Anguish 
colored his voice as he pleaded 

7385
06:35:07,000 --> 06:35:09,400
for help insisting. 
That something vital had been 

7386
06:35:09,408 --> 06:35:13,000
stolen a crucial letter from the
governor of Basra hidden within 

7387
06:35:13,000 --> 06:35:15,400
that chest. 
After soon assembled, the 

7388
06:35:15,400 --> 06:35:19,000
Caravan members demanding, an 
explanation, tempers flared 

7389
06:35:19,000 --> 06:35:22,300
suspicion circled and whispered 
accusations rippled through the 

7390
06:35:22,300 --> 06:35:25,100
group. 
Searching for Footprints beneath

7391
06:35:25,100 --> 06:35:28,000
Lantern light. 
They discovered evidence of at 

7392
06:35:28,000 --> 06:35:30,400
least two Intruders who had come
and gone Without a Trace. 

7393
06:35:31,200 --> 06:35:34,000
No sign indicated who among 
them, might be an accomplice 

7394
06:35:34,700 --> 06:35:38,800
theft underscored after sooner 
warning in these transitory 

7395
06:35:38,800 --> 06:35:42,900
worlds, Secrets, attract cunning
opportunists Carrier gripped. 

7396
06:35:42,900 --> 06:35:46,000
Her manuscript more tightly 
wishing to vanish inside the 

7397
06:35:46,000 --> 06:35:49,400
Labyrinth of lines and symbols 
that promised an era unbounded 

7398
06:35:49,400 --> 06:35:52,400
by Petty injury. 
Yet, she remained anchored in 

7399
06:35:52,400 --> 06:35:55,900
the caravan's tense reality. 
The road ahead felt increasingly

7400
06:35:55,900 --> 06:35:59,000
paralyzed and the cost of 
preserving knowledge seemed to 

7401
06:35:59,000 --> 06:36:01,300
rise. 
The following Sunrise found, the

7402
06:36:01,308 --> 06:36:04,300
Caravan subdued, each member 
wary of neighbors. 

7403
06:36:04,300 --> 06:36:08,400
Who might conceal hidden agendas
Assume LED them out of the Gorge

7404
06:36:08,400 --> 06:36:11,400
at a Brisk Pace, aiming to put 
distance between their group. 

7405
06:36:11,400 --> 06:36:14,900
And whoever had orchestrated, 
the nighttime theft, a pale wind

7406
06:36:14,900 --> 06:36:18,200
carried, the center of flint and
dust, stinging eyes and shopping

7407
06:36:18,200 --> 06:36:20,000
lips. 
Their route. 

7408
06:36:20,000 --> 06:36:23,200
Descended along a dry riverbed 
flanked, by stunted Tamarisk, 

7409
06:36:23,200 --> 06:36:27,600
shrubs offering scant protection
from the intensifying son Korea 

7410
06:36:27,600 --> 06:36:31,000
trudged installed since silence 
mindful that trust could be a 

7411
06:36:31,000 --> 06:36:33,800
luxury as midday. 
Drew near they spotted. 

7412
06:36:33,800 --> 06:36:36,400
The remnants of a caravan serai 
built against the side of a 

7413
06:36:36,408 --> 06:36:39,200
bluff. 
It's once sturdy walls had caved

7414
06:36:39,200 --> 06:36:42,700
in and battered archways led 
into Courtyards with Fallen 

7415
06:36:42,700 --> 06:36:46,100
Timber As soon, signaled, a 
cautious approach and certain 

7416
06:36:46,100 --> 06:36:48,600
where The Travelers are outlaws.
Might be occupying, the ruins 

7417
06:36:48,600 --> 06:36:52,200
the group explored in pairs 
stepping over cracked tiles, 

7418
06:36:52,200 --> 06:36:55,400
littered with the Scorpion husks
know living presence. 

7419
06:36:55,400 --> 06:36:58,900
Emerged there, evidence of a 
hasty departure scattered, 

7420
06:36:58,900 --> 06:37:02,700
Cole's torn blankets, suggested 
someone had sheltered at their 

7421
06:37:02,700 --> 06:37:05,500
not long before. 
Since water was available from a

7422
06:37:05,508 --> 06:37:08,800
half collapse system have soon, 
decided they would rest on what 

7423
06:37:08,800 --> 06:37:10,800
remained of the Caravan surprise
roof. 

7424
06:37:12,000 --> 06:37:15,100
Malik hovered by his broken 
chest sifting through remnants 

7425
06:37:15,100 --> 06:37:17,000
of cloth as those searching for 
any clue. 

7426
06:37:18,000 --> 06:37:20,900
Career drifted away from the 
group drawn to an overgrown 

7427
06:37:20,900 --> 06:37:24,400
Courtyard where a dried 
Fountain, stood Vines draped, 

7428
06:37:24,400 --> 06:37:27,100
its cracked base and trailing 
over carved motifs of 

7429
06:37:27,100 --> 06:37:30,600
intertwined serpents. 
Time and neglected worn away the

7430
06:37:30,600 --> 06:37:33,300
finer details. 
Yet a mysterious energy lingered

7431
06:37:33,300 --> 06:37:37,600
as though the place once echoed 
with conversation about Cosmic 

7432
06:37:37,600 --> 06:37:40,200
truths, Beyond mortal 
comprehension. 

7433
06:37:41,800 --> 06:37:44,400
She pulled out, the Jade bound 
book to scrutinize, a passage, 

7434
06:37:44,400 --> 06:37:47,800
describing the Four Points 
beyond the boundary of Earthly 

7435
06:37:47,800 --> 06:37:50,900
measure. 
The text postulated that certain

7436
06:37:50,900 --> 06:37:54,500
alignment patterns stars in 
specific, conjunctions allowed 

7437
06:37:54,500 --> 06:37:57,700
glimpses into knowledge. 
Unattainable through ordinary 

7438
06:37:57,700 --> 06:38:01,400
means this notion was not 
entirely foreign given that many

7439
06:38:01,400 --> 06:38:04,400
mystical traditions in Persia 
and India spoke of cosmic Gates.

7440
06:38:05,300 --> 06:38:08,400
Still the clarity of these 
instructions startled, her the 

7441
06:38:08,400 --> 06:38:11,900
manuscript seemed less a mere 
curiosity, and more a carefully 

7442
06:38:11,900 --> 06:38:14,400
constructed key. 
She wondered if others who 

7443
06:38:14,400 --> 06:38:16,300
sought it might comprehend. 
Its significance. 

7444
06:38:17,200 --> 06:38:20,000
Meanwhile after soon prepared 
spiced lentils and shared them 

7445
06:38:20,000 --> 06:38:21,700
among the group. 
Her gestures. 

7446
06:38:21,700 --> 06:38:24,900
Calm, yet determined, to 
maintain Unity tension. 

7447
06:38:24,900 --> 06:38:27,400
Still hovered. 
Like a low cloud with suspicions

7448
06:38:27,400 --> 06:38:29,600
that the thieves might be part 
of a larger plot. 

7449
06:38:30,400 --> 06:38:33,000
Over a sparse meal career 
gleaned fragments of each 

7450
06:38:33,000 --> 06:38:36,200
Travelers story. 
A textile Merchant returning 

7451
06:38:36,200 --> 06:38:40,100
from Cairo, a widower heading to
Samarkand to meet is a strange 

7452
06:38:40,100 --> 06:38:42,000
son. 
And how much a scribe hoping to 

7453
06:38:42,000 --> 06:38:45,800
gain employment in the library 
of nishapur nearby layer, she 

7454
06:38:45,800 --> 06:38:49,000
sensed each person guarded 
Secrets born of loss and 

7455
06:38:49,000 --> 06:38:53,700
ambition or desperation As dusk 
fell Moonlight filtered through 

7456
06:38:53,700 --> 06:38:57,200
the Caravan sarai's gaps 
accentuating outlines of 

7457
06:38:57,200 --> 06:39:00,500
shattered pillars. 
The group huddled around, small 

7458
06:39:00,500 --> 06:39:04,600
fires soft conversation revolved
around the abrupt shift in 

7459
06:39:04,600 --> 06:39:06,600
weather. 
The possibility of encountering,

7460
06:39:06,600 --> 06:39:09,508
warlord, patrols and whether 
rumors of a plague in the 

7461
06:39:09,516 --> 06:39:12,100
western provinces were 
exaggerated, though. 

7462
06:39:12,100 --> 06:39:15,800
The chatter seemed ordinary 
career felt a current of urgency

7463
06:39:15,800 --> 06:39:18,500
running beneath it. 
Everyone understood the 

7464
06:39:18,500 --> 06:39:21,700
precariousness of traveling, 
these roots at any moment. 

7465
06:39:21,700 --> 06:39:24,500
Violence storms, or human 
treachery could obliterate, the 

7466
06:39:24,500 --> 06:39:27,000
careful calculations of even the
most disciplined Merchant. 

7467
06:39:28,000 --> 06:39:30,500
Wrestlers, career ventured into 
the courtyard. 

7468
06:39:30,500 --> 06:39:33,300
Once more, she ran her 
fingertips over the carved 

7469
06:39:33,300 --> 06:39:35,400
serpents using that knowledge 
itself. 

7470
06:39:35,400 --> 06:39:38,100
Often took the shape of 
something fierce and winding 

7471
06:39:38,100 --> 06:39:41,000
capable of Enlightenment, but 
also of Destruction, depending 

7472
06:39:41,000 --> 06:39:44,000
on who wielded it, Before she 
could lose herself in 

7473
06:39:44,000 --> 06:39:47,100
speculation, a subtle Motion in 
the archway, Drew her attention.

7474
06:39:47,900 --> 06:39:51,300
She turned to see Malik shadowed
in Moonlight, his face 

7475
06:39:51,300 --> 06:39:54,800
Stillwater traces of Anguish he 
approached and in hushed, tones 

7476
06:39:54,800 --> 06:39:59,400
apologized if his Panic at The 
Caravan stability, then he posed

7477
06:39:59,400 --> 06:40:02,600
a startling question. 
Is your book, truly worth 

7478
06:40:02,600 --> 06:40:07,000
risking your life. 
Career hesitated, contemplating 

7479
06:40:07,000 --> 06:40:09,700
her answer. 
She confessed that its Pages 

7480
06:40:09,700 --> 06:40:13,000
might Safeguard insights from an
older civilization knowledge 

7481
06:40:13,000 --> 06:40:15,900
that could enrich the world. 
If studied openly, yet she 

7482
06:40:15,900 --> 06:40:19,300
recognized the hazards. 
No single text was worth a life 

7483
06:40:19,300 --> 06:40:22,100
unless it also contained. 
The means to prevent greater 

7484
06:40:22,100 --> 06:40:24,800
harm. 
Malik nodded revealing that his 

7485
06:40:24,800 --> 06:40:27,400
lost letter held the potential 
to end a trade blockade 

7486
06:40:27,400 --> 06:40:28,500
strangling. 
His hometown. 

7487
06:40:29,200 --> 06:40:31,500
Without it, he feared entire 
families would starve. 

7488
06:40:31,500 --> 06:40:35,300
They shared a poignant silence. 
Realizing each Bora heavy burden

7489
06:40:35,300 --> 06:40:37,500
for reasons that extended Beyond
self-interest. 

7490
06:40:38,600 --> 06:40:40,500
Their exchange was interrupted 
by a faint. 

7491
06:40:40,500 --> 06:40:43,100
Shout from afsoon, who was 
patrolling the perimeter. 

7492
06:40:43,900 --> 06:40:46,900
A silhouette darted across the 
ruins then vanished behind a 

7493
06:40:46,908 --> 06:40:50,400
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 
and Malik hurried back to the 

7494
06:40:50,400 --> 06:40:53,400
main Courtyard, only to find the
rest of the Travelers on their 

7495
06:40:53,400 --> 06:40:57,700
feet. 
Intrusion lasted me a second but

7496
06:40:57,700 --> 06:41:00,700
it confirmed the presence of 
watches, trailing them, the 

7497
06:41:00,700 --> 06:41:04,300
memory of the stolen lettered in
every mine Gathering. 

7498
06:41:04,300 --> 06:41:06,800
Her clothes. 
Carry a recognized that Pursuit 

7499
06:41:06,800 --> 06:41:09,400
was inevitable. 
She could only hope that what 

7500
06:41:09,400 --> 06:41:11,900
she carried would Outlast. 
The desert shifting alliances 

7501
06:41:11,900 --> 06:41:15,600
and the Relentless greed of 
unknown adversaries early the 

7502
06:41:15,600 --> 06:41:17,900
next day after soon, insisted 
they abandoned the ruin. 

7503
06:41:17,900 --> 06:41:21,700
Before Sunrise lanterns swinging
from camel Saddles, cast 

7504
06:41:21,700 --> 06:41:25,400
flickering halos in the pre-dawn
Gloom Career walked at the 

7505
06:41:25,408 --> 06:41:29,300
Caravans rear scanning, The 
Horizon for Silhouettes, she 

7506
06:41:29,300 --> 06:41:32,600
felt more exposed than ever 
especially with the manuscript 

7507
06:41:32,600 --> 06:41:36,500
drawing unseen eyes. 
A swirl of wind, rustled the 

7508
06:41:36,508 --> 06:41:39,900
sparse vegetation carrying the 
forlorn call of a distant 

7509
06:41:39,900 --> 06:41:42,600
jackal. 
Although no further Intruder 

7510
06:41:42,600 --> 06:41:45,400
appeared, the Caravans 
Collective nerves remained raw, 

7511
06:41:45,400 --> 06:41:47,700
their root. 
Now, wound through a series of 

7512
06:41:47,700 --> 06:41:52,700
Rocky Badlands, eroded Hills, 
tinted red and ocher rows around

7513
06:41:52,700 --> 06:41:55,200
them in Jagged formations 
reminiscent of a broken 

7514
06:41:55,200 --> 06:41:57,100
Amphitheater. 
At times. 

7515
06:41:57,100 --> 06:41:59,900
The path was scarcely wide 
enough for two camels to pass 

7516
06:41:59,900 --> 06:42:02,000
dust coated. 
Every surface clinging to 

7517
06:42:02,000 --> 06:42:05,500
clothes and creeping into water 
skins, The Travelers advanced in

7518
06:42:05,500 --> 06:42:08,600
single file. 
Each footstep measured Malik, no

7519
06:42:08,600 --> 06:42:11,300
longer shy. 
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 

7520
06:42:11,300 --> 06:42:14,200
an unspoken Alliance based on 
empathy rather than shared 

7521
06:42:14,200 --> 06:42:16,700
purpose. 
By noon, they reached an 

7522
06:42:16,700 --> 06:42:19,800
outcropping that afforded a 
sweeping view of the surrounding

7523
06:42:19,800 --> 06:42:22,400
valleys. 
Of soon pointed to a distant. 

7524
06:42:22,400 --> 06:42:26,100
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 
figures small as insects against

7525
06:42:26,100 --> 06:42:28,800
the harsh light. 
Better to let the move on 

7526
06:42:28,800 --> 06:42:31,000
without our parts in to 
murdered. 

7527
06:42:31,000 --> 06:42:33,800
They might be Bandits or rival. 
Merchants. 

7528
06:42:34,700 --> 06:42:37,400
She had planned a side route 
that skirted known Bandit 

7529
06:42:37,400 --> 06:42:39,600
strongholds though. 
It meant trudging through more 

7530
06:42:39,600 --> 06:42:43,400
challenging terrain. 
No one objected safety trumped 

7531
06:42:43,400 --> 06:42:47,200
speed in these uncertain Wilds 
as the day wore on the punishing

7532
06:42:47,200 --> 06:42:50,900
Sun pressed down some Travelers 
began to show signs of heat 

7533
06:42:50,900 --> 06:42:52,300
exhaustion. 
Soon. 

7534
06:42:52,300 --> 06:42:55,100
A lot of extra water rations 
mindful that supplies were 

7535
06:42:55,100 --> 06:42:57,200
finite careers. 
Thought swirled with 

7536
06:42:57,208 --> 06:43:00,800
calculations how many days until
they reached an established town

7537
06:43:00,800 --> 06:43:04,300
with the manuscripts possible 
Revelations be worth the perils.

7538
06:43:04,300 --> 06:43:07,300
She reminded herself that 
knowledge had never come cheap. 

7539
06:43:08,200 --> 06:43:10,400
Officially not the kind that 
might undermine established 

7540
06:43:10,400 --> 06:43:12,400
systems of power. 
Still. 

7541
06:43:13,200 --> 06:43:14,900
She felt an undercurrent of 
apprehension. 

7542
06:43:14,900 --> 06:43:18,600
Unseen forces seemed determined 
to intercept their path. 

7543
06:43:19,300 --> 06:43:22,700
Twilight offered a brief 
respite, they pitched camp at a 

7544
06:43:22,700 --> 06:43:24,200
plateau peppered with hearty 
desert. 

7545
06:43:24,200 --> 06:43:27,800
Shrubs wind woven through the 
Stony Hollows producing a low 

7546
06:43:27,800 --> 06:43:31,700
moan that set everyone on edge. 
This time of soon posted watches

7547
06:43:31,700 --> 06:43:34,800
in rotating pairs Korea 
volunteered for the midnight 

7548
06:43:34,800 --> 06:43:38,700
shift, hoping to glean some 
Solitude for reading When her 

7549
06:43:38,700 --> 06:43:41,300
turn arrived, she positioned 
herself near a small fire 

7550
06:43:41,300 --> 06:43:45,200
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 
while carefully turning pages of

7551
06:43:45,200 --> 06:43:48,700
the Jade bound kodaks. 
The diagram carefully Inked 

7552
06:43:48,700 --> 06:43:51,500
depicted, a swirling Cosmos 
dotted with unfamiliar 

7553
06:43:51,500 --> 06:43:55,300
constellation's accompanying 
text mentioned, a geometry, 

7554
06:43:55,300 --> 06:43:57,500
bridging mine and universe 
though. 

7555
06:43:57,500 --> 06:43:59,900
The specifics remained cloaked 
in our cake jargon. 

7556
06:43:59,900 --> 06:44:02,800
She sensed movement at the edge 
of the firelight and grip. 

7557
06:44:02,800 --> 06:44:05,900
The book protectively but it was
only an elderly Trader from 

7558
06:44:05,900 --> 06:44:09,600
their group, awakened, by 
coughing he approached nodding 

7559
06:44:09,600 --> 06:44:12,200
politely I see that you carry 
more than curiosity. 

7560
06:44:12,200 --> 06:44:14,800
He said, glancing at the 
manuscript glowing Pages. 

7561
06:44:14,800 --> 06:44:17,800
He spoke of his younger days 
when he traveled to a 

7562
06:44:17,800 --> 06:44:21,000
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to
house, writing's older than any 

7563
06:44:21,000 --> 06:44:23,500
Empire. 
The priest there, he claimed 

7564
06:44:23,500 --> 06:44:26,400
hinted that scattered relics 
across the Silk Road. 

7565
06:44:26,400 --> 06:44:30,100
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.
He stopped short of elaborating,

7566
06:44:30,100 --> 06:44:33,900
perhaps wary of scaring her with
him, probable myths, simply 

7567
06:44:33,900 --> 06:44:36,300
reluctant to resurrect memories.
Best left buried. 

7568
06:44:37,000 --> 06:44:39,400
Carrier nodded intrigued yet 
cautious. 

7569
06:44:39,400 --> 06:44:42,900
She had heard, variations of the
mountain, top Library tail in 

7570
06:44:42,900 --> 06:44:46,300
her Journeys. 
One version place to bet another

7571
06:44:46,300 --> 06:44:49,600
in the highlands of Persia and 
yet another, in the Himalayas 

7572
06:44:49,600 --> 06:44:51,900
near the Indus regardless of 
location. 

7573
06:44:51,900 --> 06:44:55,000
The consistent theme was that a 
hidden repository of ancient 

7574
06:44:55,000 --> 06:44:57,300
texts might hold radical 
knowledge of mathematics 

7575
06:44:57,300 --> 06:45:01,100
medicine and astronomy. 
Could her manuscript be part of 

7576
06:45:01,100 --> 06:45:04,100
that Lost Legacy? 
She recalled hearing rumors, 

7577
06:45:04,100 --> 06:45:06,400
that certain references, 
connected the library's 

7578
06:45:06,400 --> 06:45:09,800
existence, to the taboo notion 
of cyclical time, where 

7579
06:45:09,800 --> 06:45:13,100
civilizations Rose and fell 
repeatedly, each leaving faint 

7580
06:45:13,100 --> 06:45:16,600
Echoes for the next. 
The elderly Trader coughed again

7581
06:45:16,608 --> 06:45:20,300
and excused himself to rest. 
Alone, career gazed at the 

7582
06:45:20,300 --> 06:45:23,100
Codex. 
Swirl of questions filling her 

7583
06:45:23,100 --> 06:45:26,200
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

7584
06:45:26,200 --> 06:45:28,100
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

7585
06:45:28,100 --> 06:45:30,600
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

7586
06:45:30,600 --> 06:45:33,400
A scout on the perimeter 
shouted, news of footsteps on 

7587
06:45:33,400 --> 06:45:36,200
the far side of the plateau, 
everyone scrambled for weapons. 

7588
06:45:36,200 --> 06:45:39,600
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders. 

7589
06:45:39,600 --> 06:45:42,300
Fled, Vanishing, a swiftly as 
they derived leaving only 

7590
06:45:42,300 --> 06:45:45,600
Footprints of soon suspected. 
They were testing the Caravans 

7591
06:45:45,600 --> 06:45:49,500
defenses, tension sword, though.
No battle ensued. 

7592
06:45:49,500 --> 06:45:52,000
The message was clear. 
Someone to track them with 

7593
06:45:52,000 --> 06:45:55,200
precision. 
As the group attempted to settle

7594
06:45:55,200 --> 06:45:58,600
back into assembly of rest. 
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 

7595
06:45:59,500 --> 06:46:01,600
She wondered if the vanished 
Intruders belong to a 

7596
06:46:01,600 --> 06:46:04,900
clandestine order or was simply 
Bandits with a knack for 

7597
06:46:04,900 --> 06:46:07,500
intimidation. 
Either way, the manuscripts 

7598
06:46:07,500 --> 06:46:11,400
significant seemed Amplified. 
In that uneasy Darkness, she 

7599
06:46:11,400 --> 06:46:14,500
cradled her precious book 
Feeling the weight of unspoken 

7600
06:46:14,500 --> 06:46:16,800
centuries pressed between its 
covers. 

7601
06:46:17,500 --> 06:46:20,900
The next day would bring new 
confrontations, but for now she 

7602
06:46:20,900 --> 06:46:22,900
could only watch the flickering,
Embers and awake. 

7603
06:46:22,900 --> 06:46:26,300
The uncertain Dawn Dawn arrived 
with a brittle Clarity. 

7604
06:46:26,300 --> 06:46:29,500
That rendered every stone shrub 
and weary expression in sharp 

7605
06:46:29,500 --> 06:46:31,600
focus of soon wasted. 
No time. 

7606
06:46:31,600 --> 06:46:35,000
Ordering a quick departure. 
The Caravan assembled under a 

7607
06:46:35,000 --> 06:46:36,600
sky streaked with lavender and 
Rose. 

7608
06:46:36,600 --> 06:46:39,800
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 
by a need for vigilance. 

7609
06:46:40,600 --> 06:46:44,800
Camels loaded, watch rotations 
decided they moved out following

7610
06:46:44,800 --> 06:46:47,200
a narrow winding track that 
descended toward lower 

7611
06:46:47,200 --> 06:46:49,800
elevations. 
The Arid are tasted metallic as 

7612
06:46:49,800 --> 06:46:53,700
if charged with pent-up tension.
By mid-morning the landscape 

7613
06:46:53,700 --> 06:46:57,200
began, transitioning to Hill 
Country, small streams fed by 

7614
06:46:57,200 --> 06:47:00,400
recent rains, cut through the 
tip, terrain offering a chance 

7615
06:47:00,400 --> 06:47:04,000
to refill water skins. 
Travelers approached a shallow 

7616
06:47:04,000 --> 06:47:07,100
Creek, where reads rustled in 
the wind carrier noticed 

7617
06:47:07,100 --> 06:47:10,300
footprints in the Soggy Earth. 
A separate group had passed here

7618
06:47:10,300 --> 06:47:12,200
recently heading in the same 
direction. 

7619
06:47:13,600 --> 06:47:17,400
Soon scalded muttering about the
possibility of thin Mild. 

7620
06:47:17,400 --> 06:47:20,600
They might be trailing those who
had invaded, their camps concern

7621
06:47:20,600 --> 06:47:23,400
Ripple through the Caravan eager
to stay ahead. 

7622
06:47:23,400 --> 06:47:26,200
After soon, pushed the group 
onward at a grueling Pace, 

7623
06:47:26,200 --> 06:47:30,400
Korea's carves ached as the 
trails exact between Rocky slope

7624
06:47:30,400 --> 06:47:31,800
and patches of thorny 
vegetation. 

7625
06:47:32,800 --> 06:47:35,500
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified town on occasionally

7626
06:47:35,500 --> 06:47:37,800
emerged. 
Only to disappear behind Ridge 

7627
06:47:37,800 --> 06:47:40,100
lines. 
She guessed it to be garish. 

7628
06:47:40,100 --> 06:47:43,300
A midsize Trading, Post rumored 
to host, Pilgrims from the 

7629
06:47:43,300 --> 06:47:45,900
industry region. 
If they could reach Gary by 

7630
06:47:45,900 --> 06:47:48,700
Nightfall, The Caravan would 
have a solid perimeter wall to 

7631
06:47:48,700 --> 06:47:50,100
Shield them at least 
temporarily. 

7632
06:47:51,000 --> 06:47:53,300
Eventually they spotted Wolves 
of Pale Stone. 

7633
06:47:53,300 --> 06:47:56,800
Crowned, by watchtowers have 
soon signaled for calm, 

7634
06:47:56,800 --> 06:47:59,900
reminding everyone that unknown,
dangers could look within a 

7635
06:47:59,900 --> 06:48:02,800
walled town as readily as 
outside approaching the gates, 

7636
06:48:02,800 --> 06:48:06,800
they encountered a row of guards
wearing mismatched armor, After 

7637
06:48:06,800 --> 06:48:09,700
examining as soon as travel 
permits the guards allowed the 

7638
06:48:09,700 --> 06:48:11,300
entry in exchange for a modest 
toll. 

7639
06:48:11,900 --> 06:48:14,200
Inside the streets, were cramped
with stalls. 

7640
06:48:14,200 --> 06:48:17,000
Selling earthenware died, cloth,
and hammered bronze jewelry. 

7641
06:48:17,000 --> 06:48:20,500
The Aromas of grilled meat and 
fresh bread teased weary 

7642
06:48:20,500 --> 06:48:23,100
Travelers, but an undercurrent 
of weariness ran through the 

7643
06:48:23,100 --> 06:48:25,900
crowd of soon. 
Found a secure compound where 

7644
06:48:25,900 --> 06:48:28,900
the Caravan could rest 
stonewalls and closed to 

7645
06:48:28,900 --> 06:48:31,200
Courtyard that provided storage 
for the camels and a small 

7646
06:48:31,208 --> 06:48:34,900
stable for donkeys. 
Carrier anxious to glean any 

7647
06:48:34,900 --> 06:48:37,800
insight into who might be 
pursuing them ventured into the 

7648
06:48:37,808 --> 06:48:41,500
town's winding Lane's. 
She discovered a Public Square, 

7649
06:48:41,500 --> 06:48:43,500
where men played strategy games 
on carved. 

7650
06:48:43,500 --> 06:48:47,800
Wooden boards, nearby, a cluster
of pilgrims chanted vs in a 

7651
06:48:47,800 --> 06:48:51,000
language unfamiliar to her amid.
These scenes rumors. 

7652
06:48:51,000 --> 06:48:54,900
Floated a band of masked Riders 
had passed through a day. 

7653
06:48:54,900 --> 06:48:57,900
Early asking about a certain 
traveling scholar. 

7654
06:48:58,600 --> 06:49:01,600
The mentioned, chilled her, she 
hurried back to the compound 

7655
06:49:01,600 --> 06:49:05,200
only to find Malik pacing by the
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 

7656
06:49:05,200 --> 06:49:09,300
Pouch, he had overheard similar 
chatter strangers, seeking news 

7657
06:49:09,300 --> 06:49:12,800
of a woman carrying, forbidden, 
documents career realized the 

7658
06:49:12,800 --> 06:49:15,500
net was tightening. 
They still had a window to slip 

7659
06:49:15,500 --> 06:49:18,500
away, but not much of one she 
conferred with us soon. 

7660
06:49:18,500 --> 06:49:20,800
Who suggested leaving Kash 
undercover of Darkness? 

7661
06:49:20,800 --> 06:49:25,100
Continuing East along, seldom 
used back roads, although it 

7662
06:49:25,108 --> 06:49:28,200
entailed more risk weighting 
might let their pursuers 

7663
06:49:28,200 --> 06:49:32,000
converge. 
After Sunset, the Caravan packed

7664
06:49:32,000 --> 06:49:35,300
up stealthily. 
Torches were kept minimal camel 

7665
06:49:35,300 --> 06:49:38,800
Silence with Carmen handling, a 
hush and enveloped them as they 

7666
06:49:38,800 --> 06:49:41,900
slipped through greicius, 
secondary gate, bribing a night 

7667
06:49:41,908 --> 06:49:45,800
Watchman, who scarcely looked at
their faces outside the walls, 

7668
06:49:45,800 --> 06:49:49,800
Moonlight on the grassland 
kariya, clutched, the manuscript

7669
06:49:49,800 --> 06:49:53,200
absorbing the night's chill. 
She couldn't escape the 

7670
06:49:53,200 --> 06:49:56,400
conviction that her Mission had 
become a race one in which the 

7671
06:49:56,400 --> 06:50:00,300
cost of failure was a reputable 
loss, not just for her but for 

7672
06:50:00,300 --> 06:50:02,700
an entire lineage of knowledge 
that might vanish again. 

7673
06:50:03,600 --> 06:50:06,300
Guided by a soon's, careful 
planning, they pressed into a 

7674
06:50:06,300 --> 06:50:09,300
region of Rolling Hills shape by
centuries of flood and drought. 

7675
06:50:10,100 --> 06:50:12,900
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 
trees broke the monotony, 

7676
06:50:12,900 --> 06:50:14,900
crickets chirped in the 
darkness. 

7677
06:50:14,900 --> 06:50:17,000
The group maintained strict 
silence. 

7678
06:50:17,000 --> 06:50:19,600
Halting off into, listen for 
sounds of pursuit. 

7679
06:50:19,600 --> 06:50:22,100
Each time the night Breeze. 
Whispered through the brush 

7680
06:50:22,100 --> 06:50:25,000
carrier braced for a distant, 
hoofbeat or a flash of 

7681
06:50:25,000 --> 06:50:29,600
Torchlight yet hours passed with
no sign of the Ambush as the 

7682
06:50:29,600 --> 06:50:32,200
moon descended. 
They reached a shallow Ravine 

7683
06:50:32,200 --> 06:50:35,900
dotted with smooth, ancient 
Boulders have soon called for a 

7684
06:50:35,900 --> 06:50:38,400
halt to rest. 
The animals carrier Found A Flat

7685
06:50:38,400 --> 06:50:41,000
Rock and sank onto it physically
spent. 

7686
06:50:41,000 --> 06:50:44,500
But mentally alert. 
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes

7687
06:50:44,500 --> 06:50:47,200
reflected, the same exhaustion 
mixed with defiance. 

7688
06:50:48,200 --> 06:50:50,900
The sky above them, showed the 
faint glow of approaching Dawn 

7689
06:50:50,900 --> 06:50:54,600
tomorrow, or perhaps the next 
day, they would come upon the 

7690
06:50:54,600 --> 06:50:57,700
mountain routes leading to vary 
Ash, the rumored city of hidden 

7691
06:50:57,700 --> 06:51:00,400
monasteries. 
If the Caravan made it that far 

7692
06:51:00,400 --> 06:51:02,900
the Jade manuscript. 
Might, finally find a place 

7693
06:51:02,900 --> 06:51:05,700
where it's Arcane Revelation, 
could be decided without fear. 

7694
06:51:06,900 --> 06:51:10,200
But that hope remained fragile 
like a candle flame in Augusta, 

7695
06:51:10,200 --> 06:51:12,900
corridor. 
The first race of mourning lit, 

7696
06:51:12,900 --> 06:51:16,100
the Ravine revealing Dusty grass
and scrub that offered little 

7697
06:51:16,100 --> 06:51:18,600
camouflage. 
We are really the Caravan 

7698
06:51:18,600 --> 06:51:21,900
assembled and continued mindful 
that speed was their best 

7699
06:51:21,900 --> 06:51:24,500
defense. 
Over the next hours, they 

7700
06:51:24,500 --> 06:51:27,400
traversed, rolling slopes that 
ascended, gradually into Stony 

7701
06:51:27,400 --> 06:51:30,200
Highlands. 
The trail grew hazardous lined 

7702
06:51:30,200 --> 06:51:33,800
with the loose gravel and sharp 
descents, several times a 

7703
06:51:33,800 --> 06:51:35,300
misstep. 
Nearly sent a donkey tumbling 

7704
06:51:35,300 --> 06:51:37,900
into a Gorge the group's morale 
though. 

7705
06:51:37,900 --> 06:51:40,700
Frayed held steady under aphs 
firm Direction. 

7706
06:51:41,600 --> 06:51:44,900
Korean noticed the are thinning,
as they climbed accompanied by a

7707
06:51:44,900 --> 06:51:47,000
crisp coolness that sharpened 
her senses. 

7708
06:51:47,800 --> 06:51:49,900
Tiny Alpine, flowers, clung to 
crevices. 

7709
06:51:49,900 --> 06:51:53,800
Their vivid petals are welcome 
contrast to weeks of unrelenting

7710
06:51:53,800 --> 06:51:56,300
dust. 
From avantage point, overlooking

7711
06:51:56,300 --> 06:51:59,000
a sprawling Valley, she glimpsed
distant Peaks raped in 

7712
06:51:59,008 --> 06:52:02,700
mysterious Haze locals called 
these the Thousand Year, 

7713
06:52:02,700 --> 06:52:06,100
mountains rumored to shelter, 
monastic Retreats older than 

7714
06:52:06,100 --> 06:52:09,700
recorded dynasties. the prospect
of reaching them, bolstered her 

7715
06:52:09,700 --> 06:52:13,800
spirit, even as her body, 
complained of fatigue, Near 

7716
06:52:13,800 --> 06:52:16,700
midday, the Caravan stopped by a
regular trickling through a 

7717
06:52:16,700 --> 06:52:20,600
rocky defile. while watering the
animals have soon and Korea 

7718
06:52:20,600 --> 06:52:24,000
consulted, a hand sketched map 
that indicated variously, two 

7719
06:52:24,000 --> 06:52:27,200
more days beyond the far ridges,
the path ahead would be even 

7720
06:52:27,200 --> 06:52:30,800
more treacherous cutting across 
unpredictable passes, sometimes 

7721
06:52:30,800 --> 06:52:33,900
blocked by landslides Korea felt
her heartbeat. 

7722
06:52:33,900 --> 06:52:37,100
Quicken recalling. 
Rumors that entire Caravans had 

7723
06:52:37,100 --> 06:52:39,700
been buried by Southern Rock 
Falls in these mountains, yet 

7724
06:52:39,700 --> 06:52:42,800
the urgency to evade pursuers 
overshadowed every other fear. 

7725
06:52:43,600 --> 06:52:47,100
They pressed on the root turning
into a steep climb dotted with 

7726
06:52:47,108 --> 06:52:51,000
ancient stone markers. 
At each Switchback, carrier saw 

7727
06:52:51,000 --> 06:52:54,500
inscriptions worn by centuries 
of whether she paused to trace 

7728
06:52:54,500 --> 06:52:58,300
her fingers over a faint symbol 
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 

7729
06:52:58,300 --> 06:53:01,800
The intersecting circles, 
something about it resonated, 

7730
06:53:01,800 --> 06:53:04,000
with the diagrams in her Jade 
bound codex. 

7731
06:53:04,800 --> 06:53:06,600
She made a mental note to 
compare them later. 

7732
06:53:06,600 --> 06:53:09,600
Suspecting these markers might 
be vestiges of the same 

7733
06:53:09,600 --> 06:53:12,500
civilization described in the 
manuscript cryptic pages. 

7734
06:53:13,300 --> 06:53:16,300
Whenever she glimpsed fresh and 
scriptions, her curiosity 

7735
06:53:16,300 --> 06:53:20,300
ignited, and you later in the 
afternoon, the skies darkened 

7736
06:53:20,300 --> 06:53:23,900
ominously, Thunder rumbled among
the Peaks and a biting wind 

7737
06:53:23,900 --> 06:53:26,700
heralded and approaching storm 
soon urged. 

7738
06:53:26,700 --> 06:53:30,100
Everyone to hurry, they located 
a natural overhang near a rocky 

7739
06:53:30,100 --> 06:53:32,200
ledge. 
Providing partial Shelter From 

7740
06:53:32,200 --> 06:53:35,100
the elements. 
Rain Unleashed its Fury soon. 

7741
06:53:35,100 --> 06:53:38,100
After they took cover slamming 
the landscape In Waves, 

7742
06:53:38,100 --> 06:53:41,300
lightning to the sky, 
Illuminating ragged silhouettes 

7743
06:53:41,300 --> 06:53:44,000
of mountains, the downpour 
threatened to wash away the 

7744
06:53:44,000 --> 06:53:46,400
path. 
Huddled together, The Travelers 

7745
06:53:46,400 --> 06:53:49,500
watched rivets, former cross the
rocky ground, carrying Pebbles 

7746
06:53:49,500 --> 06:53:52,200
and debris. 
Downhill, the storm raged for 

7747
06:53:52,200 --> 06:53:55,500
hours, pinning them under the 
overhang career used the 

7748
06:53:55,508 --> 06:53:59,100
enforced pause to wrap the 
Codex, Sheltering it beneath the

7749
06:53:59,108 --> 06:54:00,900
canvas, she examined the 
section. 

7750
06:54:00,900 --> 06:54:04,400
She had not yet deciphered 
focusing on references to a 

7751
06:54:04,400 --> 06:54:07,200
temple of Horizon's the text 
included, mathematical 

7752
06:54:07,200 --> 06:54:10,000
guidelines for charting star 
positions from an elevated 

7753
06:54:10,000 --> 06:54:12,600
Vantage. 
With each flash of lightning, 

7754
06:54:12,600 --> 06:54:15,400
she glimpsed the manuscript 
swirling lines and felt A 

7755
06:54:15,408 --> 06:54:18,100
peculiar kinship, with those 
unknown Scholars from centuries 

7756
06:54:18,100 --> 06:54:20,200
past. 
They had once braved the 

7757
06:54:20,208 --> 06:54:23,600
Wilderness of ideas. 
Now in a literal wilderness. 

7758
06:54:24,500 --> 06:54:28,100
She carried their legacy. 
Eventually the worst of the 

7759
06:54:28,100 --> 06:54:31,200
storm passed leaving dripping 
rocks and a deep chill in its 

7760
06:54:31,200 --> 06:54:33,500
wake. 
The group decided to remain 

7761
06:54:33,500 --> 06:54:34,700
under the overhang for the 
night. 

7762
06:54:34,700 --> 06:54:37,600
Wary of slick, trails and 
potential landslides. 

7763
06:54:38,500 --> 06:54:41,800
By flickering lamp light. 
As soon distributed dried figs 

7764
06:54:41,800 --> 06:54:45,300
and salted lamb conversation, 
drifted from the challenges of 

7765
06:54:45,300 --> 06:54:48,900
the climb to more philosophical 
musings, the futility of borders

7766
06:54:48,900 --> 06:54:51,600
in the land shape. 
By Millennia, the intangible 

7767
06:54:51,600 --> 06:54:55,400
line between faith and science. 
Malik spoke quietly of his 

7768
06:54:55,400 --> 06:54:58,600
father, who had died under a 
tyrants regime while trying to 

7769
06:54:58,600 --> 06:55:02,900
protect valuable manuscripts. 
Listening to him Korea sense. 

7770
06:55:02,900 --> 06:55:05,300
That each traveler had been 
guided here by a longing for 

7771
06:55:05,300 --> 06:55:10,300
redemption or renewal. 
Some time after midnight Korea, 

7772
06:55:10,300 --> 06:55:12,300
woke to the faint, crackle of 
footsteps. 

7773
06:55:12,300 --> 06:55:15,300
She inched toward the edge of 
their makeshift shelter, heart, 

7774
06:55:15,300 --> 06:55:19,400
pounding two figures hunched, 
low hovered near the Pac-Man's, 

7775
06:55:19,400 --> 06:55:22,500
she recognized them a strangers,
not members of the Caravan. 

7776
06:55:23,300 --> 06:55:26,600
Before she could raise an alarm 
as soon, emerged from the 

7777
06:55:26,600 --> 06:55:30,900
darkness, like a phantom sword 
drawn, a tough standoff, ensued 

7778
06:55:30,900 --> 06:55:33,800
broken, by frantic Whispers, The
Intruders fled. 

7779
06:55:33,800 --> 06:55:36,500
Once they saw, they were 
outnumbered the Caravans 

7780
06:55:36,500 --> 06:55:39,000
Travelers. 
Now fully awakened spent the 

7781
06:55:39,000 --> 06:55:42,500
rest of the night in guarded 
watch, cold and uneasy with 

7782
06:55:42,500 --> 06:55:44,000
Dawn. 
They surveyed the sodden 

7783
06:55:44,000 --> 06:55:46,300
landscape. 
Landslides had ripped through 

7784
06:55:46,300 --> 06:55:49,300
parts of the trail, but it 
appeared possible with caution. 

7785
06:55:50,000 --> 06:55:52,900
Though, The Intruders had not 
returned the sense of pursuit 

7786
06:55:52,900 --> 06:55:56,800
remained acute carrier conferred
with a soon, both concluding 

7787
06:55:56,800 --> 06:56:00,400
that time was running short. 
If Ash was Within Reach, they 

7788
06:56:00,400 --> 06:56:03,000
needed to seize the chance 
before more enemies closed in. 

7789
06:56:03,800 --> 06:56:05,600
Hoisting packs onto weary 
camel's. 

7790
06:56:05,600 --> 06:56:09,000
The group set forth again. 
The distant Peaks beckoned likes

7791
06:56:09,000 --> 06:56:12,200
game of witnesses and career 
whispered, a hope that the 

7792
06:56:12,200 --> 06:56:15,600
city's rumored monasteries could
offer refuge and packs reveal 

7793
06:56:15,600 --> 06:56:17,700
how to unlock the manuscripts 
deeper secrets. 

7794
06:56:18,400 --> 06:56:22,600
The final stretch to Vash proved
grueling narrow Trails clung to 

7795
06:56:22,600 --> 06:56:24,600
mountain ridges. 
Overlooking Miss shrouded 

7796
06:56:24,600 --> 06:56:29,500
abysses, each step required 
vigilance At times, they paused 

7797
06:56:29,500 --> 06:56:32,900
to listen for rock falls in the 
distance markers of an unstable 

7798
06:56:32,900 --> 06:56:36,200
Terrain. 
The Agri thinner and breath came

7799
06:56:36,200 --> 06:56:38,700
in short gasps yet Beyond every 
precarious. 

7800
06:56:38,700 --> 06:56:43,400
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 

7801
06:56:43,400 --> 06:56:47,300
valleys studied with wildflowers
the occasional Stone ruined 

7802
06:56:47,300 --> 06:56:49,300
perched on a Ledge like an 
ancient Sentinel. 

7803
06:56:49,900 --> 06:56:53,000
The extremes of this landscape 
both and unsettled The 

7804
06:56:53,000 --> 06:56:55,700
Travelers. 
By late afternoon, the slopes 

7805
06:56:55,700 --> 06:56:59,300
relaxed into a wide Plateau 
rising from the plateaus Edge, 

7806
06:56:59,300 --> 06:57:02,700
stood, varash, and closed, by a 
high stone Rampart. 

7807
06:57:03,400 --> 06:57:06,100
At first glance, the city 
appeared calf from the mountain 

7808
06:57:06,100 --> 06:57:08,300
itself. 
Its walls blending with the 

7809
06:57:08,300 --> 06:57:11,500
surrounding Cliffs missed 
swirled around parapets, 

7810
06:57:11,500 --> 06:57:16,100
creating a dreamlike vision. 
According to Legend Bosch was 

7811
06:57:16,100 --> 06:57:19,600
older than any recorded Dynasty 
built upon a site revered for 

7812
06:57:19,600 --> 06:57:23,600
its Celestial alignments. a hush
fell over the car of an as they 

7813
06:57:23,608 --> 06:57:26,900
approached, the massive gate 
inside the city's winding 

7814
06:57:26,900 --> 06:57:30,800
streets ascended, in tears 
houses with slate roofs leaned 

7815
06:57:30,800 --> 06:57:34,600
against sturdy, ramparts while 
Cobblestone Lanes converged on a

7816
06:57:34,600 --> 06:57:39,000
Central Square, Steam Rose from 
communal, baths that taped into 

7817
06:57:39,000 --> 06:57:42,700
natural, Hot Springs monks in 
dark, robes shuffled along the 

7818
06:57:42,700 --> 06:57:45,600
corridors carrying Scrolls 
tucked beneath their arms. 

7819
06:57:46,500 --> 06:57:49,400
Carriers census, ignited, at the
first glimpse of this 

7820
06:57:49,400 --> 06:57:51,900
environment. 
She could feel an undercurrent 

7821
06:57:51,900 --> 06:57:54,400
of scholarship humming through 
the city, like a Subterranean 

7822
06:57:54,400 --> 06:57:57,000
River. 
A potent contrast to the chaotic

7823
06:57:57,000 --> 06:58:00,000
markets of Corazon. 
Afsoon. 

7824
06:58:00,000 --> 06:58:02,800
Guided the Caravan to a spacious
Courtyard in used by trade 

7825
06:58:02,800 --> 06:58:05,600
emissaries soon. 
After settling career, excused 

7826
06:58:05,600 --> 06:58:08,400
herself and ventured into the 
city's upper levels following 

7827
06:58:08,400 --> 06:58:10,400
directions gleaned from a scribe
at the Inn. 

7828
06:58:10,400 --> 06:58:12,800
She was searching for a specific
Monastery. 

7829
06:58:12,800 --> 06:58:15,400
Library rumored to house ancient
manuscripts. 

7830
06:58:15,400 --> 06:58:18,900
Paralleling her Jade bound text 
crossing a series of stone 

7831
06:58:18,900 --> 06:58:20,400
bridges. 
That arched over narrow. 

7832
06:58:20,400 --> 06:58:22,900
Gulches she noticed the 
architecture, displayed 

7833
06:58:22,900 --> 06:58:26,800
recurring, motifs spiral, 
carvings geometric borders. 

7834
06:58:26,800 --> 06:58:30,400
Reminiscent of the kodeksas 
marginal designs at last. 

7835
06:58:30,400 --> 06:58:34,100
She arrived at a massive carved 
door flanked by statues of robed

7836
06:58:34,100 --> 06:58:37,200
figures, the discrete Sinai, 
identified it as the library of 

7837
06:58:37,200 --> 06:58:40,000
high windows. 
Inside, the atmosphere was 

7838
06:58:40,000 --> 06:58:43,500
reverential Golden Light, 
filtered through stained glass 

7839
06:58:43,500 --> 06:58:46,700
windows, Illuminating shelves, 
stacked from floor to ceiling 

7840
06:58:46,700 --> 06:58:51,800
with Scrolls codices and tablets
monks novices and a few Learners

7841
06:58:51,800 --> 06:58:54,600
from distant lands. 
Moved quietly between reading 

7842
06:58:54,600 --> 06:58:57,400
alcoves. 
Carrier approached a Tall 

7843
06:58:57,400 --> 06:59:00,200
Bearded monk who introduced 
himself as brother Callan. 

7844
06:59:01,000 --> 06:59:02,900
With measured politeness, he 
asked her purpose. 

7845
06:59:03,700 --> 06:59:06,900
Carrier revealed her codex 
explaining in hushed tones that 

7846
06:59:06,900 --> 06:59:09,600
she believed it referenced an 
advanced astronomy predating 

7847
06:59:09,600 --> 06:59:13,700
recognized schools of thought. 
Intrigued brother Kaelyn led her

7848
06:59:13,700 --> 06:59:16,900
to a private study at chamber. 
Lit by oil lamps there. 

7849
06:59:16,900 --> 06:59:19,300
He produced a set of 
meticulously preserved star 

7850
06:59:19,300 --> 06:59:22,900
charts and scribed on leather. 
To careers, amazement certain 

7851
06:59:22,900 --> 06:59:25,900
passages, aligned closely with 
the diagrams in her manuscript 

7852
06:59:25,900 --> 06:59:29,600
upon closer inspection, they 
found near identical glyphs 

7853
06:59:29,600 --> 06:59:32,000
representing cardinal points 
Beyond normal mapping. 

7854
06:59:33,000 --> 06:59:35,200
Brother's eyes glimmered with 
excitement. 

7855
06:59:36,100 --> 06:59:39,400
These references appear in only 
are oldest records believed to 

7856
06:59:39,400 --> 06:59:44,100
have been copied from text 
salvaged Millennia ago. as the 

7857
06:59:44,100 --> 06:59:47,300
evening deepened, they piece 
together, parallel lines of text

7858
06:59:47,300 --> 06:59:51,400
cross referencing them with 
genealogies, straw altars, and 

7859
06:59:51,400 --> 06:59:54,900
cryptic commentaries, The 
Synergy suggested that the Jade 

7860
06:59:54,900 --> 06:59:57,500
bound book might indeed be part 
of a nearly lost tradition. 

7861
06:59:57,500 --> 07:00:01,600
However, a vital section, 
remained missing, It was rumored

7862
07:00:01,600 --> 07:00:05,200
that a sister manuscript in a 
monastery, father East High in a

7863
07:00:05,200 --> 07:00:08,600
remote range where few ventured 
carriers Hearts sank. 

7864
07:00:08,600 --> 07:00:11,900
Knowing the road ahead, might 
hold even greater dangers yet. 

7865
07:00:11,900 --> 07:00:15,700
She also felt invigorated, the 
puzzle had grown more intricate 

7866
07:00:15,700 --> 07:00:18,700
weaving her fate with ancient 
Legacy that demanded 

7867
07:00:18,700 --> 07:00:21,600
guardianship. 
Upon returning to the end. 

7868
07:00:21,600 --> 07:00:24,200
She found a soon and Malik in 
heated discussion with the rest 

7869
07:00:24,200 --> 07:00:26,600
of the Caravan. 
News had arrived. 

7870
07:00:26,600 --> 07:00:29,700
That unidentified Riders were 
poking around Vera's Gates 

7871
07:00:29,700 --> 07:00:32,900
questioning Travelers about a 
woman scholar and her prized 

7872
07:00:32,900 --> 07:00:34,800
artifact. 
There are rival. 

7873
07:00:34,800 --> 07:00:38,200
Here was no secret. 
For the moment, the city's laws,

7874
07:00:38,200 --> 07:00:41,500
prevented open aggression, but 
no one believed that protection 

7875
07:00:41,500 --> 07:00:44,300
would last indefinitely. 
Assume proposed. 

7876
07:00:44,300 --> 07:00:46,800
They break the Caravan into 
smaller groups for anonymity, 

7877
07:00:46,800 --> 07:00:51,100
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,
recognizing that her success. 

7878
07:00:51,100 --> 07:00:55,000
Might Ripple far beyond personal
gain Under the Inn's lantern 

7879
07:00:55,000 --> 07:00:56,900
glow career. 
Shared what she and brother 

7880
07:00:56,900 --> 07:00:59,900
Kalan had uncovered. 
The group listened in solemn. 

7881
07:00:59,900 --> 07:01:02,600
Silence, understanding the 
gravity of her discovery. 

7882
07:01:03,500 --> 07:01:05,800
Perhaps it offered a new 
perspective on the cosmos, 

7883
07:01:05,800 --> 07:01:08,800
perhaps it threatened structures
built on carefully, managed 

7884
07:01:08,800 --> 07:01:13,200
knowledge. either way, their 
pursuers would not relent, Still

7885
07:01:13,200 --> 07:01:14,800
Korea felt A Renewed 
determination. 

7886
07:01:14,800 --> 07:01:18,600
The tapestry of centuries had 
woven her path in this moment. 

7887
07:01:19,500 --> 07:01:21,700
With the city of varish as an 
unlikely Refuge. 

7888
07:01:21,700 --> 07:01:24,300
She now held a clearer vision of
the manuscripts. 

7889
07:01:24,300 --> 07:01:28,300
Purpose, Dawn would bring 
decisions where the to remain to

7890
07:01:28,300 --> 07:01:31,300
search for the sister text, or 
to Brave unknown dangers. 

7891
07:01:31,300 --> 07:01:34,800
In that flickering moment of 
possibility, each traveler 

7892
07:01:34,800 --> 07:01:37,500
realized they had become part of
a tale larger than themselves. 

7893
07:01:37,500 --> 07:01:41,400
A sauger carried Along by 
caravan's forged in Hidden, 

7894
07:01:41,400 --> 07:01:44,700
libraries and destined to Echo 
across the shifting dunes and 

7895
07:01:44,708 --> 07:01:53,600
precarious peaks of time. 
Picture yourself standing 

7896
07:01:53,600 --> 07:01:57,900
outside a towering Manhattan 
mansion in 1885 clutching A Worn

7897
07:01:57,900 --> 07:02:00,000
carpet bag and wearing your own 
decent dress. 

7898
07:02:00,800 --> 07:02:03,800
The marble steps stretch up like
a mountain, but you're not 

7899
07:02:03,808 --> 07:02:06,700
headed that way. 
Your entrance is around back 

7900
07:02:06,700 --> 07:02:09,200
through a narrow door. 
Marked only by the constant 

7901
07:02:09,200 --> 07:02:11,500
stream of delivery Boys in other
working, folks. 

7902
07:02:12,300 --> 07:02:15,000
Welcome to your new life as a 
housemaid in America's Gilded 

7903
07:02:15,000 --> 07:02:18,500
Age where the rich got richer 
and you got to scrub their 

7904
07:02:18,500 --> 07:02:21,800
chamber pots. 
The servants entrance opens into

7905
07:02:21,800 --> 07:02:25,700
a different Universe entirely. 
While the family upstairs lifts 

7906
07:02:25,700 --> 07:02:29,200
around by velvet, drapes, and 
crystal chandeliers, your 

7907
07:02:29,200 --> 07:02:32,400
entering, a maze of narrow 
hallways steep staircases and 

7908
07:02:32,400 --> 07:02:34,300
rooms that never see proper 
sunlight. 

7909
07:02:34,300 --> 07:02:39,200
The basement kitchen feels like 
a ship's Galley, cramped hot and

7910
07:02:39,200 --> 07:02:42,700
buzzing with activity. 
The downstairs is your world now

7911
07:02:42,700 --> 07:02:46,000
and it operates by rules as 
rigid as any Royal Court. 

7912
07:02:46,700 --> 07:02:49,400
Your first shot comes, when the 
housekeeper Mrs. Patterson 

7913
07:02:49,400 --> 07:02:51,500
hands. 
You a list of Duties longer than

7914
07:02:51,500 --> 07:02:53,900
your arm. 
Did you assume that housework 

7915
07:02:53,900 --> 07:02:55,400
only involved sweeping and 
dusting? 

7916
07:02:55,400 --> 07:02:59,200
Think again, your responsible 
for everything from blackening, 

7917
07:02:59,200 --> 07:03:02,300
the coal stoves Before Dawn to 
polishing door handles with such

7918
07:03:02,300 --> 07:03:05,400
Precision that the Master of the
House, shouldn't see a single 

7919
07:03:05,400 --> 07:03:07,500
fingerprint and that's just 
Monday. 

7920
07:03:07,500 --> 07:03:10,800
The uniform. 
Comes next, a gray wool dress. 

7921
07:03:10,800 --> 07:03:13,600
That itches something fierce 
covered by a white apron that 

7922
07:03:13,600 --> 07:03:16,500
must remain spotless. 
Despite the fact that you'll be 

7923
07:03:16,500 --> 07:03:19,700
cleaning fireplaces scrubbing, 
floors and Hauling buckets of 

7924
07:03:19,700 --> 07:03:21,300
water up, three flights of 
stairs. 

7925
07:03:22,300 --> 07:03:24,100
The little white cap perched on 
your head. 

7926
07:03:24,100 --> 07:03:28,000
So serves as both identification
and humiliation your invisible, 

7927
07:03:28,000 --> 07:03:30,800
until your needed and needed 
until the job is perfect. 

7928
07:03:31,700 --> 07:03:35,000
Your bedroom is a closet size 
space under the eaves shared 

7929
07:03:35,000 --> 07:03:38,300
with another maid named Sarah 
who snores like a freight train.

7930
07:03:39,200 --> 07:03:42,200
The single window faces an air 
shaft offering a view of 

7931
07:03:42,200 --> 07:03:45,600
absolutely nothing except the 
brick wall of the house next 

7932
07:03:45,600 --> 07:03:47,900
door. 
But hey, at least you get your 

7933
07:03:47,900 --> 07:03:51,000
own chamber pot though, you'll 
be emptying everyone else's too.

7934
07:03:52,000 --> 07:03:55,200
The pace sounds decent at first 
maybe eight dollars a month plus

7935
07:03:55,200 --> 07:03:58,200
room and board. 
But then you discover the board 

7936
07:03:58,200 --> 07:04:01,800
consists of whatever leftovers. 
The family doesn't want served 

7937
07:04:01,800 --> 07:04:02,900
at a wooden table in the 
kitchen. 

7938
07:04:02,900 --> 07:04:05,400
After the family has finished 
their elaborate meals upstairs. 

7939
07:04:05,400 --> 07:04:09,300
You'll eat a lot of bread and 
gravy and you'll be grateful for

7940
07:04:09,300 --> 07:04:12,500
it because jobs are scared. 
And this beats the factory work 

7941
07:04:12,500 --> 07:04:14,400
that slowly killing your cousin 
back home. 

7942
07:04:15,300 --> 07:04:17,800
What nobody tells you is, how 
the hierarchy Works below 

7943
07:04:17,800 --> 07:04:20,100
stairs. 
The butler rules like a king. 

7944
07:04:20,100 --> 07:04:23,400
The housekeeper like a queen and
you're somewhere near the bottom

7945
07:04:23,400 --> 07:04:25,200
of the pecking order with the 
scullery maid. 

7946
07:04:25,200 --> 07:04:28,400
And the boot boy everyone has a 
boss and someone else bosses 

7947
07:04:28,400 --> 07:04:30,700
them around. 
It's like a pyramid scheme 

7948
07:04:30,700 --> 07:04:32,600
except instead of selling 
overpriced vitamins. 

7949
07:04:32,600 --> 07:04:35,600
You're all selling your dignity 
one scrubbed floor at a time. 

7950
07:04:36,300 --> 07:04:37,900
The strangest part isn't the 
work. 

7951
07:04:37,900 --> 07:04:39,800
It's becoming a ghost in your 
life. 

7952
07:04:39,800 --> 07:04:43,600
You dust around the family as 
the eat breakfast invisible as 

7953
07:04:43,600 --> 07:04:46,000
Furniture. 
You change sheets while they're 

7954
07:04:46,000 --> 07:04:48,600
at the Opera racing, any sign 
that you exist. 

7955
07:04:49,400 --> 07:04:52,200
You know, intimate details about
their lives, whose having 

7956
07:04:52,200 --> 07:04:54,900
Affairs, whose losing money at 
cards, who can't sleep without 

7957
07:04:54,900 --> 07:04:57,800
Lord and him, they couldn't pick
you out of a police lineup. 

7958
07:04:58,600 --> 07:05:01,900
Yet somehow, in this strange 
Netherworld between upstairs and

7959
07:05:01,900 --> 07:05:05,600
down stairs, you'll find a 
community, the other servants 

7960
07:05:05,600 --> 07:05:08,800
become your family, sharing 
gossip over Stolen Moments, and 

7961
07:05:08,800 --> 07:05:12,400
leftover cake, you'll discover 
that Mrs. Patterson isn't as 

7962
07:05:12,400 --> 07:05:15,700
Stern as she seems and that even
the stuffy Butler wants sneaked 

7963
07:05:15,700 --> 07:05:17,000
you an extra blanket during 
cold. 

7964
07:05:17,000 --> 07:05:20,500
Snap, your hands will become 
rough and read your back. 

7965
07:05:20,500 --> 07:05:23,100
Will ache from bending over 
scrub brushes and you'll fall 

7966
07:05:23,100 --> 07:05:26,700
into bed each night exhausted. 
But you'll also develop muscles,

7967
07:05:26,700 --> 07:05:29,900
you never knew you had learn 
skills that would impress any 

7968
07:05:29,900 --> 07:05:33,300
modern efficiency, expert and 
gain a perspective on wealth and

7969
07:05:33,300 --> 07:05:36,100
privilege that few people ever 
get to see from the inside. 

7970
07:05:36,100 --> 07:05:39,200
Five in the morning marks the 
start of your day with the 

7971
07:05:39,200 --> 07:05:41,100
world, still in darkness and the
house. 

7972
07:05:41,108 --> 07:05:45,000
Enveloped in a quiet that Echoes
with every footstep you've 

7973
07:05:45,000 --> 07:05:48,000
learned to dress by feel 
fumbling for your uniform, in 

7974
07:05:48,000 --> 07:05:50,500
the pitch black because 
lighting, a candle would wake, 

7975
07:05:50,500 --> 07:05:52,900
Sarah. 
And a cranky roommate makes an 

7976
07:05:52,900 --> 07:05:55,000
already difficult day. 
Downright miserable. 

7977
07:05:56,200 --> 07:05:59,200
First task is creeping down 
stairs, like a burglar in your 

7978
07:05:59,208 --> 07:06:02,200
workplace. 
Those beautiful hardwood floors,

7979
07:06:02,200 --> 07:06:05,300
that the family walks on. 
So elegantly, become your enemy 

7980
07:06:05,300 --> 07:06:08,900
in the pre-dawn hours every 
board seems designed to Creek at

7981
07:06:08,900 --> 07:06:11,700
the worst possible moment. 
You've mapped out the quiet 

7982
07:06:11,700 --> 07:06:15,100
spots like a criminal planning, 
a heist stepping only where the 

7983
07:06:15,100 --> 07:06:18,000
floorboards meet the joists. 
Once you reach the kit in its 

7984
07:06:18,000 --> 07:06:20,700
time for the morning, miracle 
bringing the house to life 

7985
07:06:20,700 --> 07:06:22,800
without anyone upstairs, knowing
how it happens. 

7986
07:06:22,800 --> 07:06:26,600
The Cold Stone needs to be 
cleaned out fresh coal added and

7987
07:06:26,600 --> 07:06:30,400
the fire coaxed back to life. 
Or hands turn black within 

7988
07:06:30,400 --> 07:06:33,300
minutes and you'll spend the 
rest of the day trying to scrub 

7989
07:06:33,300 --> 07:06:34,900
the evidence from under your 
fingernails. 

7990
07:06:35,700 --> 07:06:38,200
But this temperamental iron 
Beast is your lifeline. 

7991
07:06:38,200 --> 07:06:42,900
No, fire means no hot water, no 
cooking and no heat for the 

7992
07:06:42,900 --> 07:06:44,100
families. 
Mourning comfort. 

7993
07:06:44,900 --> 07:06:47,800
While the stove heats up your 
racing against time to complete 

7994
07:06:47,800 --> 07:06:51,700
what servants call The Invisible
ballet, every surface that the 

7995
07:06:51,700 --> 07:06:53,700
family might touch needs to be 
perfect before. 

7996
07:06:53,700 --> 07:06:57,100
They wake up door, knobs become 
polished, until they gleam 

7997
07:06:57,100 --> 07:07:00,800
carpets become beaten free of 
yesterday's dust, and windows 

7998
07:07:00,800 --> 07:07:03,000
are cleaned with a mixture of 
vinegar and newspaper. 

7999
07:07:03,000 --> 07:07:05,800
That leaves your hands, smelling
like a Pickle Factory. 

8000
07:07:07,500 --> 07:07:09,800
The state of the bathroom 
warrants a separate narrative 

8001
07:07:09,800 --> 07:07:13,200
indoor, plumbing is still a 
luxury even in wealthy homes. 

8002
07:07:13,200 --> 07:07:15,100
So, your dealing with chamber 
pots. 

8003
07:07:15,100 --> 07:07:18,800
Wash basins, and the occasional 
newfangled water closet that 

8004
07:07:18,800 --> 07:07:20,400
breaks down more often than it 
works. 

8005
07:07:21,400 --> 07:07:24,000
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 
Pots becomes as routine as 

8006
07:07:24,000 --> 07:07:26,800
brushing your teeth though, 
considerably less Pleasant. 

8007
07:07:26,800 --> 07:07:30,300
You develop a technique that 
involves holding your breath and

8008
07:07:30,300 --> 07:07:33,200
contemplating, literally 
anything else breakfast. 

8009
07:07:33,200 --> 07:07:35,200
Preparation happens in control 
chaos. 

8010
07:07:36,100 --> 07:07:38,100
The cook maintained strict 
Authority in the kitchen 

8011
07:07:38,100 --> 07:07:39,900
wielding. 
A wooden spoon with 

8012
07:07:39,900 --> 07:07:42,900
determination to ensure that 
anyone who obstructs her efforts

8013
07:07:42,900 --> 07:07:47,200
is swiftly dealt with. your 
responsible for setting the 

8014
07:07:47,200 --> 07:07:51,400
dining room table with military 
precision, Every Fork exactly 

8015
07:07:51,400 --> 07:07:55,000
one inch from the edge of the 
plate, every napkin folded into 

8016
07:07:55,000 --> 07:07:58,000
perfect triangles. 
The family's breakfast must be 

8017
07:07:58,000 --> 07:08:01,300
delivered upstairs as if by 
Magic hot and impeccably 

8018
07:08:01,300 --> 07:08:03,700
arranged. 
While you hastily grab cold 

8019
07:08:03,700 --> 07:08:07,200
leftover, biscuits and hope your
stomach remains silent enough to

8020
07:08:07,200 --> 07:08:10,100
go unnoticed. 
The washing routine would make a

8021
07:08:10,100 --> 07:08:13,000
modern person. 
Weep, everything is scrubbed by 

8022
07:08:13,000 --> 07:08:16,000
hand with lye soap that could 
strip paint from a barn door. 

8023
07:08:16,800 --> 07:08:19,700
Bed sheets are boiled in large 
copper tubs and stirred with 

8024
07:08:19,708 --> 07:08:23,000
wooden paddles, reminiscent of 
preparing, an exceedingly, 

8025
07:08:23,000 --> 07:08:26,100
tedious stew. 
Your hands develop calluses in 

8026
07:08:26,100 --> 07:08:27,600
places. 
You didn't know could grow 

8027
07:08:27,600 --> 07:08:30,600
blisters and the constant 
moisture makes your skin crack 

8028
07:08:30,600 --> 07:08:33,800
like dried leather. 
Laundry day transforms the 

8029
07:08:33,800 --> 07:08:37,700
basement into a steamy jungle. 
Clothesline stretch everywhere, 

8030
07:08:37,700 --> 07:08:42,200
creating a maze of damp Linens 
and undergarments you learned to

8031
07:08:42,200 --> 07:08:45,300
navigate this, textile obstacle 
course, while carrying baskets 

8032
07:08:45,300 --> 07:08:47,700
of wet laundry that way more 
than small children. 

8033
07:08:48,600 --> 07:08:51,600
The air comes so thick with 
moisture that breathing feels 

8034
07:08:51,600 --> 07:08:55,000
like drowning in slow motion in 
your hair escape from your cap. 

8035
07:08:55,000 --> 07:08:57,300
In rebellious whisks that make 
you look like, you've been 

8036
07:08:57,300 --> 07:09:00,300
struck by lightning. 
The ironing comes next. 

8037
07:09:00,300 --> 07:09:04,300
Using heavy metal irons heated 
on the stove, these weapons of 

8038
07:09:04,300 --> 07:09:07,300
domestic destruction weigh about
5 pounds each and retain heat 

8039
07:09:07,300 --> 07:09:10,400
like, tiny furnaces. 
You'll burn yourself at least 

8040
07:09:10,400 --> 07:09:13,600
once a week, developing a 
collection of small scars that 

8041
07:09:13,608 --> 07:09:15,500
Mark, you as permanently as any 
Sailors. 

8042
07:09:15,500 --> 07:09:18,900
Tattoos, the family's clothes 
must emerge crisp and perfect 

8043
07:09:18,900 --> 07:09:22,400
while your own uniform looks 
like you slept in it, which some

8044
07:09:22,400 --> 07:09:25,500
days you practically did. 
between all these tasks, you're 

8045
07:09:25,500 --> 07:09:28,300
constantly running up and down 
stairs that seem designed by 

8046
07:09:28,300 --> 07:09:32,000
someone who hated servants your 
legs develop the strength of a 

8047
07:09:32,008 --> 07:09:35,300
mountain climber, but your knees
start protesting before you turn

8048
07:09:35,300 --> 07:09:39,100
25 each trip up stairs. 
Feels like scaling Mount 

8049
07:09:39,100 --> 07:09:42,100
Everest, especially when you're 
carrying heavy buckets, or 

8050
07:09:42,100 --> 07:09:46,300
baskets of clean laundry. 
The morning routine ends around 

8051
07:09:46,300 --> 07:09:48,500
9:00. 
When the family finally makes 

8052
07:09:48,500 --> 07:09:51,100
their grand appearance down 
stairs by. 

8053
07:09:51,100 --> 07:09:54,400
Then you've been working for 
four hours accomplished enough, 

8054
07:09:54,400 --> 07:09:57,900
tasks to exhaust a small army 
and somehow managed to make it 

8055
07:09:57,900 --> 07:10:00,800
all look effortless. 
The family effortlessly 

8056
07:10:00,800 --> 07:10:04,400
navigate, their morning routine 
unaware that a team of servants 

8057
07:10:04,400 --> 07:10:06,900
has been working tirelessly 
behind the scenes to ensure 

8058
07:10:06,900 --> 07:10:09,000
their comfort. 
The invisible line between 

8059
07:10:09,000 --> 07:10:12,400
upstairs and down stairs isn't 
marked on any blueprint, but it 

8060
07:10:12,400 --> 07:10:16,100
might as well be painted in neon
cross it at the wrong time, or 

8061
07:10:16,100 --> 07:10:18,100
in the wrong way. 
And you'll face consequences 

8062
07:10:18,100 --> 07:10:20,700
ranging from sharp words to 
outright dismissal. 

8063
07:10:21,700 --> 07:10:25,000
Learning to navigate this social
Minefield becomes as crucial as 

8064
07:10:25,000 --> 07:10:26,600
mastering the art of silver 
polish. 

8065
07:10:27,200 --> 07:10:31,000
Your training and invisibility 
starts immediately. when family 

8066
07:10:31,000 --> 07:10:34,800
members enter a room, you become
a piece of furniture useful when

8067
07:10:34,800 --> 07:10:38,300
needed ignored otherwise You 
learn to dust around 

8068
07:10:38,300 --> 07:10:41,800
conversations about family. 
Finances, clean fireplaces, 

8069
07:10:41,800 --> 07:10:44,500
while dramatic arguments unfold 
and change bed. 

8070
07:10:44,500 --> 07:10:47,000
Linens, while pretending not to 
notice the Love Letters hidden 

8071
07:10:47,000 --> 07:10:49,800
under pillows. 
It's akin to operating as a 

8072
07:10:49,808 --> 07:10:51,500
secret agent. 
Within your own organization 

8073
07:10:51,500 --> 07:10:55,800
yet, the information you collect
is utterly insignificant and 

8074
07:10:55,800 --> 07:10:58,700
could pose a threat if 
discovered The bail system 

8075
07:10:58,700 --> 07:11:02,400
becomes your master. 
Every room has a cord that 

8076
07:11:02,400 --> 07:11:05,600
connects to a series of bells in
the servants Hall each with a 

8077
07:11:05,600 --> 07:11:08,000
different tone that you must 
memorize, like a musical scale. 

8078
07:11:08,700 --> 07:11:11,300
The library bell sounds 
different from the morning room 

8079
07:11:11,300 --> 07:11:13,500
Bell, which sounds different 
from the master bedroom. 

8080
07:11:13,500 --> 07:11:15,600
Belle. 
Every room is equipped with a 

8081
07:11:15,600 --> 07:11:18,700
cord that connects to a series 
of bells located in the servants

8082
07:11:18,700 --> 07:11:20,900
Hall. 
Each producing a distinct tone, 

8083
07:11:20,900 --> 07:11:23,300
that one must memorize akin to a
musical scale. 

8084
07:11:24,400 --> 07:11:26,600
The bell in the library, has a 
different sound than that of the

8085
07:11:26,608 --> 07:11:29,100
morning room, which in turn 
differs from the bell in the 

8086
07:11:29,108 --> 07:11:31,300
master bedroom, should you make 
an era? 

8087
07:11:31,300 --> 07:11:34,000
You may find yourself in the 
position of having to explain 

8088
07:11:34,000 --> 07:11:37,200
why you deliver tea service to 
someone who actually desired 

8089
07:11:37,200 --> 07:11:40,300
their boots to be polished. 
Engaging in conversation with 

8090
07:11:40,300 --> 07:11:44,100
family members and necessitate 
its own set of protocols, one 

8091
07:11:44,100 --> 07:11:46,900
should never initiate dialogue 
unless there is an urgent 

8092
07:11:46,900 --> 07:11:49,900
situation such as someone's hair
being on fire. 

8093
07:11:50,600 --> 07:11:53,800
Speaking to family members 
requires its own protocol, you 

8094
07:11:53,800 --> 07:11:55,900
should never start a 
conversation unless someone's 

8095
07:11:55,900 --> 07:11:59,300
hair is in danger. 
When spoken to you respond with?

8096
07:11:59,300 --> 07:12:03,300
Yes sir or yes, ma'am. 
Followed by immediate action. 

8097
07:12:04,400 --> 07:12:07,500
Extended conversations are 
forbidden, even if the family 

8098
07:12:07,500 --> 07:12:10,600
member seems friendly. 
They might ask about your family

8099
07:12:10,600 --> 07:12:13,300
back home or comment on the 
weather, but these aren't 

8100
07:12:13,300 --> 07:12:15,100
invitations for genuine human 
connection. 

8101
07:12:15,100 --> 07:12:18,000
They're just rich people being 
polite in the same way they 

8102
07:12:18,000 --> 07:12:21,000
might Pat a well-behaved dog. 
The children of the house 

8103
07:12:21,000 --> 07:12:23,500
presents, special challenges 
little Master. 

8104
07:12:23,500 --> 07:12:26,800
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit, but he is also a 

8105
07:12:26,800 --> 07:12:30,200
tiny dictator, whose never heard
the word no applied to himself. 

8106
07:12:30,200 --> 07:12:33,400
He'll demand that you drop. 
Everything to build him a fort 

8107
07:12:33,400 --> 07:12:35,900
out of dining room, chairs, then
cry to his mother. 

8108
07:12:35,900 --> 07:12:38,300
When you explain that, you need 
to finish your actual work. 

8109
07:12:38,300 --> 07:12:42,100
First, the result. 
You'll build the fort and work 

8110
07:12:42,100 --> 07:12:45,200
twice as fast to catch up 
because Rich children's tears 

8111
07:12:45,200 --> 07:12:47,500
carry more weight than servants 
explanation. 

8112
07:12:48,400 --> 07:12:50,300
Privacy become a foreign 
concept. 

8113
07:12:50,300 --> 07:12:52,800
Your employers expect you to see
in here. 

8114
07:12:52,800 --> 07:12:55,300
Everything while somehow 
remaining mentally absent, 

8115
07:12:56,100 --> 07:12:58,500
You'll witness family fights 
that would scandalize the 

8116
07:12:58,500 --> 07:13:02,000
neighbors, observe personal 
habits that range from quirky to

8117
07:13:02,000 --> 07:13:05,200
discussing and over here 
Financial discussion that could 

8118
07:13:05,200 --> 07:13:08,000
tax stock prices. 
But you're not supposed to 

8119
07:13:08,000 --> 07:13:10,600
remember discuss or use any of 
it. 

8120
07:13:11,500 --> 07:13:14,800
The family's guests provide 
their own entertainment, wealthy

8121
07:13:14,800 --> 07:13:17,100
guests, treat their servants. 
Like interactive wallpaper 

8122
07:13:17,100 --> 07:13:20,300
discussing intimate details of 
their lives as if they've left 

8123
07:13:20,300 --> 07:13:24,100
you deaf and mute you'll learn 
about Affairs, business deals 

8124
07:13:24,100 --> 07:13:26,900
and family, scandals, that would
fill a dozen gossip columns. 

8125
07:13:26,900 --> 07:13:30,100
All while polishing silver or 
arranging flowers with the 

8126
07:13:30,100 --> 07:13:33,400
focused concentration of a monk 
meal, service becomes a 

8127
07:13:33,400 --> 07:13:36,200
choreographed dance where one 
wrong step can ruin the entire 

8128
07:13:36,200 --> 07:13:38,900
performance. 
You must appear at exactly the 

8129
07:13:38,900 --> 07:13:41,700
right moment with the right 
item, serve from the correct 

8130
07:13:41,700 --> 07:13:45,400
side and vanish before anyone 
notices, you are there, drop a 

8131
07:13:45,400 --> 07:13:49,000
fork and the entire table Falls,
silent spill wine on a guest. 

8132
07:13:49,000 --> 07:13:51,900
And you'll be lucky to find work
cleaning Stables, the Family 

8133
07:13:51,900 --> 07:13:53,900
schedule, dictates your entire 
existence. 

8134
07:13:53,900 --> 07:13:57,200
When they decide to host a 
dinner party for 20, people, 

8135
07:13:57,200 --> 07:14:01,400
your schedule explodes into 16 
hour days of preparation either 

8136
07:14:01,400 --> 07:14:04,000
pack you along like luggage or 
leave you behind to maintain an 

8137
07:14:04,000 --> 07:14:06,200
empty house when they travel to 
their summer house. 

8138
07:14:07,400 --> 07:14:09,900
You'll need for rest. 
So, social contact, or personal 

8139
07:14:09,900 --> 07:14:13,500
time, simply don't factor into 
their calculations yet within 

8140
07:14:13,500 --> 07:14:16,100
this rigid system, small 
rebellions blue. 

8141
07:14:16,900 --> 07:14:19,300
Servants develop their own 
communication networks. 

8142
07:14:19,300 --> 07:14:22,300
Passing information through a 
complex system of glances 

8143
07:14:22,300 --> 07:14:25,500
gestures and carefully. 
Coded conversations. 

8144
07:14:25,500 --> 07:14:28,900
You learn to read the subtle 
signs that indicate when cook is

8145
07:14:28,900 --> 07:14:30,800
in a poor mood. 
When the butler has been 

8146
07:14:30,800 --> 07:14:33,900
sampling, the wine when Mrs, 
Patterson is actually pleased 

8147
07:14:33,900 --> 07:14:35,900
with your work despite her Stern
expression. 

8148
07:14:35,900 --> 07:14:39,300
The hypocrisy becomes almost 
comical once you adjust to it. 

8149
07:14:39,300 --> 07:14:42,700
The same family that lectures, 
their children about honesty 

8150
07:14:42,700 --> 07:14:45,700
will lie, smoothly to social 
callers about their whereabouts.

8151
07:14:45,700 --> 07:14:48,600
They'll preach Christian. 
Charity at Sunday dinner. 

8152
07:14:48,600 --> 07:14:50,800
Then dock your wages for 
breaking a plate. 

8153
07:14:50,800 --> 07:14:53,600
They'll discuss the moral 
degradation of the working 

8154
07:14:53,600 --> 07:14:56,500
classes, while running their 
household through a system that 

8155
07:14:56,500 --> 07:15:00,100
would make a medieval Lord 
blush. your fellow servants, 

8156
07:15:00,100 --> 07:15:04,800
become your real family, united 
by shared exhaustion, and mutual

8157
07:15:04,800 --> 07:15:07,300
understanding of the 
absurdities, you witness daily 

8158
07:15:08,400 --> 07:15:10,500
late night conversations in the 
servants Hall. 

8159
07:15:10,500 --> 07:15:12,600
Create bonds stronger than 
blood. 

8160
07:15:13,400 --> 07:15:15,800
Forged by the knowledge that 
you're all surviving the same 

8161
07:15:15,800 --> 07:15:19,000
bizarre, social experiment 
together below stairs operates, 

8162
07:15:19,000 --> 07:15:21,800
like its own small Kingdom 
complete with rigid, social 

8163
07:15:21,800 --> 07:15:25,200
rankings, unspoken rules and 
enough political Intrigue to 

8164
07:15:25,200 --> 07:15:26,400
rival. 
Any Royal Court? 

8165
07:15:27,500 --> 07:15:30,300
Understanding your place in this
hierarchy becomes crucial for 

8166
07:15:30,300 --> 07:15:33,400
survival because stepping out of
a line can make your already 

8167
07:15:33,400 --> 07:15:35,300
difficult life absolutely 
miserable. 

8168
07:15:36,700 --> 07:15:39,200
At the top of this domestic 
pyramid sits the butler. 

8169
07:15:39,200 --> 07:15:42,700
A man who carries himself with 
more dignity than most senators 

8170
07:15:42,700 --> 07:15:45,700
and considerably more Authority 
than the average Army General. 

8171
07:15:46,500 --> 07:15:49,700
He controls The Wine, Cellar. 
Manages the male servants and 

8172
07:15:49,700 --> 07:15:52,200
serves as the family's public 
face when they are receiving 

8173
07:15:52,200 --> 07:15:54,600
guests. 
In his perfectly pressed, 

8174
07:15:54,600 --> 07:15:57,700
uniform and white gloves, he 
Glides through the house. 

8175
07:15:57,700 --> 07:16:03,200
Like he owns it which in many 
practical ways he does cross him

8176
07:16:03,200 --> 07:16:06,400
and you'll find yourself a sign 
to the worst jobs until you 

8177
07:16:06,400 --> 07:16:08,400
either quit or learn proper 
respect. 

8178
07:16:09,600 --> 07:16:11,800
The housekeeper holds a dominant
position among the female 

8179
07:16:11,800 --> 07:16:14,000
servants. 
Dictating everything from 

8180
07:16:14,000 --> 07:16:16,100
uniform standards to room 
assignments. 

8181
07:16:17,000 --> 07:16:20,500
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 
gentle grandmother to sum yet. 

8182
07:16:20,500 --> 07:16:23,000
She manages her domain with the 
efficiency of a military 

8183
07:16:23,000 --> 07:16:26,400
commander and the meticulousness
of a Swiss watch maker. 

8184
07:16:26,400 --> 07:16:30,400
She keeps track of every towel, 
every bar of soap, and every 

8185
07:16:30,400 --> 07:16:33,400
minute of your day. 
Her approval means protection 

8186
07:16:33,400 --> 07:16:37,400
and slightly better assignments.
A disapproval means scrubbing, 

8187
07:16:37,400 --> 07:16:40,800
floors and to your knees. 
Bleed cook occupies her own 

8188
07:16:40,800 --> 07:16:43,900
special category, technically 
below the housekeeper in rank 

8189
07:16:43,900 --> 07:16:47,300
but wielding enormous practical 
power because she controls the 

8190
07:16:47,300 --> 07:16:51,600
food Skilled cook has the power 
to shape the social status of a 

8191
07:16:51,600 --> 07:16:55,600
wealthy family inspiring, both 
respect and fear in everyone, 

8192
07:16:55,600 --> 07:16:58,100
including the family members 
themselves. 

8193
07:16:58,100 --> 07:17:01,100
She rules her kitchen. 
Like a benevolent dictator 

8194
07:17:01,100 --> 07:17:04,700
capable of creating masterpieces
with one hand, while boxing 

8195
07:17:04,700 --> 07:17:06,700
ears. 
With the other, if you manage to

8196
07:17:06,700 --> 07:17:08,900
gain her favor, you'll never 
face hunger. 

8197
07:17:08,900 --> 07:17:12,400
If you provoke her anger, you'll
have to rely on bread, crusts 

8198
07:17:12,400 --> 07:17:16,000
and regret. 
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,

8199
07:17:16,000 --> 07:17:19,700
the aristocracy of servant land 
these personal attendants dress,

8200
07:17:19,700 --> 07:17:21,500
their employers style, their 
hair. 

8201
07:17:21,500 --> 07:17:25,300
No, intimate details about their
daily lives, they earn higher 

8202
07:17:25,300 --> 07:17:27,800
wages. 
Where better uniforms and often 

8203
07:17:27,800 --> 07:17:30,500
receive cast off clothing worth 
more than your annual salary. 

8204
07:17:30,500 --> 07:17:34,400
They also tend to adopt an air 
of superiority behaving as 

8205
07:17:34,400 --> 07:17:36,200
though, they are somehow 
elevated above others. 

8206
07:17:36,200 --> 07:17:39,700
Simply because they assist to 
fluent individuals in dressing 

8207
07:17:39,700 --> 07:17:41,900
rather than performing more 
menial tasks. 

8208
07:17:43,000 --> 07:17:44,600
Footman. 
Represent the peacocks of the 

8209
07:17:44,608 --> 07:17:47,600
servant World chose chosen more 
for their appearance than their 

8210
07:17:47,600 --> 07:17:50,300
skills. 
They need to be tall handsome 

8211
07:17:50,300 --> 07:17:53,000
and capable of standing 
motionless for hours while 

8212
07:17:53,000 --> 07:17:55,900
looking decorative. 
Their primary duties include 

8213
07:17:55,900 --> 07:17:59,600
opening, doors serving meals and
providing visual stimulation for

8214
07:17:59,600 --> 07:18:02,900
the families, female guests. 
The Beneficial news is. 

8215
07:18:02,900 --> 07:18:04,800
There are often too, pretty, to 
be truly bright. 

8216
07:18:04,800 --> 07:18:08,300
The adverse news is they know 
they're pretty and act 

8217
07:18:08,300 --> 07:18:11,000
accordingly. 
You occupy the vast Middle 

8218
07:18:11,000 --> 07:18:14,200
Ground of General housemates, 
along with your fellow soldiers,

8219
07:18:14,200 --> 07:18:16,600
in the war against dust dirt and
disorder. 

8220
07:18:16,600 --> 07:18:20,200
You're above the scullery maid 
who spends her entire existence,

8221
07:18:20,200 --> 07:18:22,000
washing dishes and scrubbing 
pots. 

8222
07:18:22,000 --> 07:18:24,500
And the boot boy whose life 
revolves around. 

8223
07:18:24,500 --> 07:18:27,700
Making leather shine, but below 
practically everyone else. 

8224
07:18:28,500 --> 07:18:30,500
It's like being middle 
management in a company that 

8225
07:18:30,500 --> 07:18:33,500
specializes in thankless labor 
kitchen politics. 

8226
07:18:33,500 --> 07:18:35,500
Make international diplomacy 
look simple. 

8227
07:18:36,400 --> 07:18:37,700
Cook in the housekeeper 
maintained. 

8228
07:18:37,700 --> 07:18:40,600
An uneasy Alliance based on 
mutual respect, and territorial 

8229
07:18:40,600 --> 07:18:43,200
boundaries that shifted like 
Desert Sands. 

8230
07:18:43,900 --> 07:18:47,300
The butler considers himself 
above such Petty concerns, which

8231
07:18:47,300 --> 07:18:50,100
makes everyone else consider him
an arrogant peacock. 

8232
07:18:51,000 --> 07:18:54,000
Personal Maids gossip about 
their employers while somehow 

8233
07:18:54,000 --> 07:18:57,000
maintaining superiority over 
everyone who doesn't have access

8234
07:18:57,000 --> 07:19:00,500
to such intimate information. 
Mills in the servants, Hall 

8235
07:19:00,500 --> 07:19:03,800
follow protocol stricter than 
State, dinners at the head of 

8236
07:19:03,800 --> 07:19:06,000
the table, the Butler and 
housekeeper received the first 

8237
07:19:06,000 --> 07:19:08,500
service and consume the tastiest
portions. 

8238
07:19:09,300 --> 07:19:12,800
Personal servants are seated 
next then upper housemaids then 

8239
07:19:12,800 --> 07:19:16,900
lower housemaids and lastly the 
truly unfortunate individuals 

8240
07:19:16,900 --> 07:19:20,600
who clean pots and polish boots.
Conversation follows equally 

8241
07:19:20,600 --> 07:19:23,300
rigid rules no discussion of 
family business. 

8242
07:19:23,300 --> 07:19:27,300
No complaints about working 
conditions and absolutely no 

8243
07:19:27,300 --> 07:19:29,800
questioning of decisions made by
your superiors. 

8244
07:19:30,600 --> 07:19:32,700
Romance below stairs. 
Provides endless. 

8245
07:19:32,700 --> 07:19:35,100
Entertainment and occasional 
heartbreak. 

8246
07:19:35,900 --> 07:19:39,600
Relationships between servants 
face constant scrutiny from both

8247
07:19:39,600 --> 07:19:43,700
the staff hierarchy and the 
family upstairs, a housemaid 

8248
07:19:43,700 --> 07:19:45,200
dating. 
A footman might find herself 

8249
07:19:45,200 --> 07:19:48,100
reassigned to less desirable 
duties if the housekeeper 

8250
07:19:48,100 --> 07:19:51,300
disapproves Marriage, usually, 
means one partner must locate 

8251
07:19:51,300 --> 07:19:54,400
employment elsewhere, since most
families won't employ married 

8252
07:19:54,400 --> 07:19:57,100
couples who might prioritize 
each other over their duties. 

8253
07:19:57,800 --> 07:20:00,300
The contrast between your 
circumstances, and those of the 

8254
07:20:00,308 --> 07:20:03,900
family creates its own 
psychological challenges, you 

8255
07:20:03,900 --> 07:20:06,000
handle their money, while 
learning a fraction of what they

8256
07:20:06,000 --> 07:20:09,200
spend on a single dinner party. 
You may maintain their beautiful

8257
07:20:09,200 --> 07:20:13,000
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day after day, you 

8258
07:20:13,000 --> 07:20:15,600
prepare their luxurious meals 
while eating leftovers that 

8259
07:20:15,600 --> 07:20:20,400
wouldn't satisfy a prison inmate
The irony thickens to such an 

8260
07:20:20,400 --> 07:20:22,900
extent that it could be sliced. 
With the silver knives, you 

8261
07:20:22,900 --> 07:20:26,900
meticulously polish every day, 
Yet, within this strange system.

8262
07:20:26,900 --> 07:20:32,500
Genuine friendships develop Sara
your snoring roommate, become 

8263
07:20:32,500 --> 07:20:35,800
your closest Confidant, the 
scholarly made, despite her 

8264
07:20:35,800 --> 07:20:38,300
lowly status. 
Possesses a wicked sense of 

8265
07:20:38,300 --> 07:20:40,000
humor. 
That makes even the worst days. 

8266
07:20:40,000 --> 07:20:44,000
Bearable, even Mrs. Paterson for
all her Stern efficiency. 

8267
07:20:44,000 --> 07:20:47,500
Occasionally shows flashes of 
motherly concerned that remind 

8268
07:20:47,500 --> 07:20:48,700
you. 
She was once young and 

8269
07:20:48,700 --> 07:20:52,200
overwhelmed too. 
Information becomes currency in 

8270
07:20:52,200 --> 07:20:55,100
this closed World knowing which 
family members are traveling. 

8271
07:20:55,100 --> 07:20:58,800
Which guests are expected, or 
Which social events require 

8272
07:20:58,800 --> 07:21:00,400
extra. 
Preparation provides you 

8273
07:21:00,400 --> 07:21:03,900
leverage and protection. 
The servant who overhears plans 

8274
07:21:03,900 --> 07:21:05,700
for a dinner party can prepare 
accordingly. 

8275
07:21:05,700 --> 07:21:09,400
The one caught off guard ends up
working until midnight with no 

8276
07:21:09,400 --> 07:21:11,400
warning. 
Nothing tests, a servants 

8277
07:21:11,400 --> 07:21:13,300
endurance, quite like the social
season. 

8278
07:21:13,300 --> 07:21:15,900
When wealthy families 
transformed from merely 

8279
07:21:15,900 --> 07:21:19,800
demanding employers into social 
climbing tornadoes that sweep 

8280
07:21:19,800 --> 07:21:23,300
through your life, leaving 
chaos, exhaustion, and 

8281
07:21:23,300 --> 07:21:25,100
occasionally, broken china, in 
their weight. 

8282
07:21:26,000 --> 07:21:29,000
From November, through February,
your employers shed, any 

8283
07:21:29,000 --> 07:21:32,000
pretense of normal living and 
dive head first into a whirlwind

8284
07:21:32,000 --> 07:21:34,900
of dinner parties, balls, and 
social events. 

8285
07:21:34,900 --> 07:21:36,600
That would exhaust a 
professional athlete. 

8286
07:21:37,500 --> 07:21:40,000
Preparing for a dinner party, 
feels like planning, a military 

8287
07:21:40,000 --> 07:21:43,600
Invasion, two days before the 
event, the house erupts, and to 

8288
07:21:43,600 --> 07:21:46,700
control the pandemonium. 
Every piece of silver must be 

8289
07:21:46,700 --> 07:21:49,300
polished until it blind. 
Anyone foolish enough to look 

8290
07:21:49,300 --> 07:21:52,300
directly at it. 
Crystal glasses, get washed in 

8291
07:21:52,300 --> 07:21:55,400
special solutions that cost more
per bottle, the new in a week. 

8292
07:21:56,200 --> 07:21:59,700
Mrs. Patterson meticulously 
scrubs polishes and inspect 

8293
07:21:59,700 --> 07:22:03,600
every surface in the dining room
a protest typically reserved for

8294
07:22:03,600 --> 07:22:06,800
operating theater's the floral 
arrangements alone could drive 

8295
07:22:06,800 --> 07:22:10,100
you to drink if you had access 
to anything stronger than Cooks 

8296
07:22:10,100 --> 07:22:13,100
cooking Sherry. 
Flowers arrive from the florist 

8297
07:22:13,100 --> 07:22:16,100
in carefully packed boxes each 
Bloom worth more than your 

8298
07:22:16,100 --> 07:22:19,900
monthly wages, you'll spend 
hours, arranging roses lilies 

8299
07:22:19,900 --> 07:22:23,700
and exotic blooms whose names 
you can't pronounce creating 

8300
07:22:23,700 --> 07:22:26,500
centerpieces that will be 
admired for precisely three 

8301
07:22:26,500 --> 07:22:30,100
hours before being relegated to 
the servants Hall, where they'll

8302
07:22:30,100 --> 07:22:32,000
brighten your Drury meals for 
the rest of the week. 

8303
07:22:32,800 --> 07:22:35,700
Planning the menu turns into a 
challenging exercise and 

8304
07:22:35,700 --> 07:22:38,700
culinary mathematics comparable 
to that of a university 

8305
07:22:38,700 --> 07:22:41,000
Professor. 
The family wants to impress 

8306
07:22:41,000 --> 07:22:43,100
their guests without appearing 
to try too hard. 

8307
07:22:43,100 --> 07:22:46,500
Surf sophisticated food without 
being pretentious and 

8308
07:22:46,500 --> 07:22:49,100
accommodate dietary, 
restrictions, that change daily 

8309
07:22:49,100 --> 07:22:50,900
based on the latest medical 
fans. 

8310
07:22:51,700 --> 07:22:55,000
Cook transforms into a 
temperamental artists creating a

8311
07:22:55,000 --> 07:22:57,200
labret dishes. 
While simultaneously managing a 

8312
07:22:57,200 --> 07:23:00,400
kitchen staff that multiplies 
mysteriously during party 

8313
07:23:00,400 --> 07:23:04,300
preparations, Your uniform gets 
upgraded for special events. 

8314
07:23:05,100 --> 07:23:08,700
A slightly better dress a 
crispr, 8 and shoes that have 

8315
07:23:08,700 --> 07:23:11,600
not been resoled. 
Three times, your expected to 

8316
07:23:11,600 --> 07:23:14,500
serve guests with the grace of a
ballet dancer, and the 

8317
07:23:14,500 --> 07:23:17,400
efficiency of a factory worker 
while remaining, as invisible as

8318
07:23:17,400 --> 07:23:20,700
furniture. 
Spillway on a guest gown and 

8319
07:23:20,700 --> 07:23:23,400
you'll find yourself explaining 
to potential future employers 

8320
07:23:23,400 --> 07:23:25,900
why your last position ended so 
abruptly. 

8321
07:23:26,900 --> 07:23:29,300
The guest bedrooms become 
monuments to excessive 

8322
07:23:29,300 --> 07:23:33,000
Hospitality fresh Linens appear 
on beds that may not even be 

8323
07:23:33,000 --> 07:23:36,200
used but the possibility that 
the Vanderbilt's cousin might 

8324
07:23:36,200 --> 07:23:39,100
need a place to rest between 
courses requires preparation, 

8325
07:23:39,100 --> 07:23:43,200
worthy of visiting royalty, 
you'll arrange flowers, stock 

8326
07:23:43,200 --> 07:23:46,300
wash basins with the finest 
soaps and ensure that chamber 

8327
07:23:46,300 --> 07:23:48,300
pots are spotless and discreetly
positioned. 

8328
07:23:48,300 --> 07:23:51,500
Because nothing ruins, a social 
evening like an adequate 

8329
07:23:51,500 --> 07:23:54,800
bathroom facilities. 
Christmas season multiplies, the

8330
07:23:54,800 --> 07:23:59,300
Insanity by roughly 10,000%, the
families gift-giving requires 

8331
07:23:59,300 --> 07:24:01,200
military level Logistics 
coordination. 

8332
07:24:01,200 --> 07:24:04,800
Your wrapping presents with 
paper that costs. 

8333
07:24:04,800 --> 07:24:08,000
More than most people's winter 
coats arranging, elaborate 

8334
07:24:08,000 --> 07:24:10,400
displays that transformed the 
house into something. 

8335
07:24:10,400 --> 07:24:13,700
Resembling a particularly 
expensive Museum and somehow 

8336
07:24:13,700 --> 07:24:16,500
maintaining normal daily 
operations while accommodating, 

8337
07:24:16,500 --> 07:24:19,900
the constant stream of 
deliveries social calls and 

8338
07:24:19,900 --> 07:24:23,400
holiday preparation. 
Holiday, entertaining reaches 

8339
07:24:23,400 --> 07:24:26,900
levels of absurdity, that would 
impress, Roman emperors, New 

8340
07:24:26,900 --> 07:24:30,500
Year's Eve party, stretch until 
dawn required, you to work 

8341
07:24:30,500 --> 07:24:32,400
shifts. 
That would violate modern labor 

8342
07:24:32,400 --> 07:24:35,600
laws by several decades. 
You'll serve champagne that 

8343
07:24:35,600 --> 07:24:38,300
costs more per bottle. 
The new earn in three months, 

8344
07:24:38,300 --> 07:24:41,400
clean up after revelers, whose 
idea of fun involves 

8345
07:24:41,400 --> 07:24:44,500
considerable property damage and
somehow maintain a pleasant 

8346
07:24:44,500 --> 07:24:46,700
demeanor while running on three 
hours of sleep. 

8347
07:24:46,700 --> 07:24:49,100
And pure caffeine the laundry 
situation. 

8348
07:24:49,100 --> 07:24:51,900
During the social season, 
deserves its own chapter, in the

8349
07:24:51,900 --> 07:24:55,400
annals of human suffering. 
Evening gowns, require special 

8350
07:24:55,400 --> 07:24:59,200
handling with beading lace and 
fabric so delicate that 

8351
07:24:59,200 --> 07:25:01,000
breathing on them. 
Wrong could cause irreparable 

8352
07:25:01,000 --> 07:25:03,400
damage. 
Men's Formal Wear involves 

8353
07:25:03,400 --> 07:25:07,000
starching shirts to cardboard 
stiffness, pressing tailcoats 

8354
07:25:07,000 --> 07:25:10,700
that must hang perfectly and 
manage on combos that require 

8355
07:25:10,700 --> 07:25:12,500
the Precision of a Swiss clock 
maker. 

8356
07:25:13,300 --> 07:25:16,000
Guest management becomes a 
diplomatic challenge, that would

8357
07:25:16,000 --> 07:25:19,500
stump professional ambassadors. 
Wealthy visitors arrive with 

8358
07:25:19,508 --> 07:25:22,400
their servants, creating 
temporary hierarchies and 

8359
07:25:22,400 --> 07:25:25,000
territorial disputes that make 
international border 

8360
07:25:25,000 --> 07:25:27,600
negotiations. 
Look, simple. sharing already 

8361
07:25:27,600 --> 07:25:30,000
cramped quarters with 
lady's-maids who consider 

8362
07:25:30,000 --> 07:25:33,900
themselves your social superiors
competing for kitchen space with

8363
07:25:33,900 --> 07:25:36,800
visiting Cooks who have strong 
opinions about proper techniques

8364
07:25:36,800 --> 07:25:39,300
and navigating personality 
conflicts, that could 

8365
07:25:39,300 --> 07:25:43,100
destabilize small governments 
are all common experience is the

8366
07:25:43,100 --> 07:25:46,000
aftermath of large parties 
resembles Battlefield, cleanup 

8367
07:25:46,600 --> 07:25:50,400
Weinsteins on Persian carpets 
require immediate attention with

8368
07:25:50,400 --> 07:25:53,400
special cleaning solutions and 
techniques passed down through 

8369
07:25:53,400 --> 07:25:57,000
generations of servants. 
Broken crystal is collected with

8370
07:25:57,000 --> 07:25:59,600
the reverence, usually, reserved
for Gathering fragments of 

8371
07:25:59,600 --> 07:26:02,500
religious relics. 
Leftover food will be 

8372
07:26:02,500 --> 07:26:05,400
redistributed through a complex 
system that ensures nothing 

8373
07:26:05,400 --> 07:26:08,700
edible goes to waste though. 
The definition of edible is 

8374
07:26:08,700 --> 07:26:10,500
stretched considerably after 
midnight. 

8375
07:26:11,300 --> 07:26:14,000
Your social life disappears 
entirely during party season, 

8376
07:26:14,000 --> 07:26:17,900
any hope of personal time of 
evaporates under the constant 

8377
07:26:17,900 --> 07:26:20,100
demands of preparation, service 
and cleanup. 

8378
07:26:20,900 --> 07:26:24,300
Letters from home pile up unread
friendships with other servants.

8379
07:26:24,300 --> 07:26:27,500
Get reduced to exhausted, nods 
in hallways and your health 

8380
07:26:27,500 --> 07:26:29,000
become. 
Secondary to maintaining the 

8381
07:26:29,000 --> 07:26:32,700
family social standing yet, 
somehow you develop skills that 

8382
07:26:32,700 --> 07:26:35,700
would impress, modern event 
planners, you learn to 

8383
07:26:35,700 --> 07:26:38,000
coordinate complex Logistics 
management. 

8384
07:26:38,000 --> 07:26:40,900
Multiple tasks simultaneously 
and solve problems with 

8385
07:26:40,900 --> 07:26:42,700
creativity born from 
desperation. 

8386
07:26:42,700 --> 07:26:45,100
You can estimate quantities for 
50. 

8387
07:26:45,100 --> 07:26:47,800
People arrange flowers that 
would make professional 

8388
07:26:47,800 --> 07:26:51,100
florists, weep with envy and 
serve formal meals with 

8389
07:26:51,100 --> 07:26:53,700
Precision, that would satisfy 
military inspection. 

8390
07:26:54,800 --> 07:26:58,300
Strangest part is how normal it 
all become after your first 

8391
07:26:58,300 --> 07:27:00,700
social season. 
You develop the stamina of a 

8392
07:27:00,700 --> 07:27:03,600
marathon runner and the 
organizational skills of a 

8393
07:27:03,600 --> 07:27:07,400
general staff officer But once 
seemed impossible becomes merely

8394
07:27:07,400 --> 07:27:10,700
exhausting and what once seemed 
exhausting becomes, just another

8395
07:27:10,700 --> 07:27:12,500
Tuesday in the life of a Gilded 
Age. 

8396
07:27:12,500 --> 07:27:16,000
Housemaid finding space for your
Humanity within the rigid 

8397
07:27:16,000 --> 07:27:18,600
structure of domestic service 
requires the Ingenuity of a 

8398
07:27:18,600 --> 07:27:23,100
master criminal and the stealth 
of a professional spy, your 

8399
07:27:23,100 --> 07:27:26,600
personal life exists in 
fragments Stolen Moments between

8400
07:27:26,600 --> 07:27:30,600
duties, whispered conversations 
in hallways and relationships 

8401
07:27:30,600 --> 07:27:33,200
that bloom in the shadows of 
other people's Grand lives. 

8402
07:27:33,200 --> 07:27:36,500
Your correspondence becomes a 
Lifeline to the world, the 

8403
07:27:36,500 --> 07:27:39,800
servants door. 
Let us from home arrives 

8404
07:27:39,800 --> 07:27:42,400
sporadically, their contents, 
both comforting and 

8405
07:27:42,400 --> 07:27:45,200
heartbreaking. 
Your mother writes about crops 

8406
07:27:45,200 --> 07:27:47,300
and weather and neighbors. 
Who have married or died 

8407
07:27:47,300 --> 07:27:50,000
painting, pictures of a life 
that feels simultaneously 

8408
07:27:50,000 --> 07:27:54,200
familiar and impossibly distant,
you save your pennies to send 

8409
07:27:54,200 --> 07:27:57,200
money home knowing that your 
wages, might mean the difference

8410
07:27:57,200 --> 07:27:59,400
between your youngest siblings 
eating, well or going hungry, 

8411
07:27:59,400 --> 07:28:02,800
even as you survive on kitchen 
scraps, and leftover bread. 

8412
07:28:03,700 --> 07:28:06,700
Romance and service requires 
navigating obstacles that were 

8413
07:28:06,700 --> 07:28:10,000
challenged a diplomat. 
Meeting someone from outside the

8414
07:28:10,000 --> 07:28:11,700
household means coordinating 
schedules. 

8415
07:28:11,700 --> 07:28:15,200
That change daily finding time 
when you're not exhausted from 

8416
07:28:15,200 --> 07:28:18,700
49 work days and somehow 
maintaining a relationship, when

8417
07:28:18,700 --> 07:28:21,100
you can't predict whether you'll
have an evening free until about

8418
07:28:21,100 --> 07:28:25,200
five minutes before it happened.
Dating fellow servants creates 

8419
07:28:25,200 --> 07:28:28,800
its own complications, workplace
relationships under the constant

8420
07:28:28,800 --> 07:28:31,900
scrutiny of superiors who view 
any personal attachment as a 

8421
07:28:31,900 --> 07:28:35,500
potential distraction from Duty.
Your half day off, becomes more 

8422
07:28:35,500 --> 07:28:38,700
precious than gold and twice as 
rare every other Sunday 

8423
07:28:38,700 --> 07:28:42,600
afternoon from 2 until 10 in the
evening your theoretically free 

8424
07:28:42,600 --> 07:28:45,600
to live your life. 
In reality, you are often too 

8425
07:28:45,600 --> 07:28:48,100
exhausted to do anything. 
More ambitious than sleeping in 

8426
07:28:48,100 --> 07:28:51,100
a real bed, or taking a bath 
without worrying about someone 

8427
07:28:51,100 --> 07:28:54,700
needing immediate service. 
When you do venture outside, the

8428
07:28:54,700 --> 07:28:57,300
world feels foreign enough to 
spending weeks in the artificial

8429
07:28:57,300 --> 07:28:58,700
environment of wealth and 
privilege. 

8430
07:28:59,500 --> 07:29:01,900
Friendships among servants 
develop their own peculiar 

8431
07:29:01,900 --> 07:29:04,700
intensity. 
Shared hardship forges bonds, 

8432
07:29:04,700 --> 07:29:08,200
that might not otherwise exist. 
The scholarly made transforms 

8433
07:29:08,200 --> 07:29:10,900
into your Confidant. 
The boot boy provides you with 

8434
07:29:10,900 --> 07:29:14,200
comedic relief and Sarah becomes
your sister Beyond blood. 

8435
07:29:15,000 --> 07:29:18,400
He's relationships sustain you 
through the worst moments make 

8436
07:29:18,400 --> 07:29:21,800
the best moments worth 
celebrating, even if celebration

8437
07:29:21,800 --> 07:29:24,600
means sharing a stolen of apple 
tart in the servants Hall. 

8438
07:29:24,600 --> 07:29:28,100
After midnight, reading becomes 
a form of rebellion and Escape 

8439
07:29:28,100 --> 07:29:30,800
You Squirrel away. 
Penny novels and yesterday's 

8440
07:29:30,800 --> 07:29:33,800
newspapers reading by 
candlelight until your eyes 

8441
07:29:33,800 --> 07:29:36,000
strain and your candle budget 
disappears. 

8442
07:29:36,700 --> 07:29:40,400
Books transport you to Worlds, 
where women have choices, where 

8443
07:29:40,400 --> 07:29:43,400
love, overcomes social barriers,
and where hardworking people 

8444
07:29:43,400 --> 07:29:47,100
sometimes find happiness. 
A family's discarded magazines, 

8445
07:29:47,100 --> 07:29:50,600
provide glimpses into Fashions 
and Lifestyles that seem as 

8446
07:29:50,600 --> 07:29:52,600
exotic as Tales From distant 
countries. 

8447
07:29:52,600 --> 07:29:56,700
Your health suffers in ways, 
both obvious and subtle the 

8448
07:29:56,700 --> 07:29:59,200
constant physical labor, 
strengthens your muscles but 

8449
07:29:59,200 --> 07:30:02,200
wears down your joints. 
Poor nutrition leaves you 

8450
07:30:02,200 --> 07:30:04,000
vulnerable to every passing 
illness. 

8451
07:30:04,700 --> 07:30:07,600
The lack of sunlight and fresh 
air creates a power that marks 

8452
07:30:07,600 --> 07:30:09,700
you as any uniform. 
Back pain. 

8453
07:30:09,700 --> 07:30:13,300
Becomes your constant companion,
along with hands that crack and 

8454
07:30:13,300 --> 07:30:16,300
bleed from exposure to harsh, 
cleaning, chemicals and cold 

8455
07:30:16,300 --> 07:30:20,600
water. personal hygiene presents
its challenges in an era when 

8456
07:30:20,600 --> 07:30:24,800
hot water is a luxury and 
privacy is non-existent Your 

8457
07:30:24,800 --> 07:30:28,400
weekly bath become a cherished 
ritual, even if it takes place 

8458
07:30:28,400 --> 07:30:30,900
in a tin tub in the kitchen, 
after everyone else has finished

8459
07:30:30,900 --> 07:30:34,000
their evening duties. 
Washing your hair requires 

8460
07:30:34,000 --> 07:30:36,800
planning and coordination, 
worthy of a military operation, 

8461
07:30:36,800 --> 07:30:38,200
since you need access to hot 
water. 

8462
07:30:38,200 --> 07:30:41,900
Sufficient time for drying and 
privacy, that's rare than 

8463
07:30:41,900 --> 07:30:44,200
diamonds. 
Your few personal possessions, 

8464
07:30:44,200 --> 07:30:48,400
take on enormous significance. 
A locket from your mother, a 

8465
07:30:48,400 --> 07:30:52,000
pressed flower from your last 
walk in the countryside or a 

8466
07:30:52,000 --> 07:30:54,800
photograph of family members 
becomes a treasure guarded more 

8467
07:30:54,800 --> 07:30:56,100
carefully than the family 
silver. 

8468
07:30:56,900 --> 07:30:59,400
The small tokens. 
Represent your identity beyond 

8469
07:30:59,400 --> 07:31:02,600
the gray, uniform and White Cap 
reminders that you exist. 

8470
07:31:02,600 --> 07:31:05,400
As More Than Just A Pair of 
Hands that scrub and clean. 

8471
07:31:06,300 --> 07:31:09,400
Dreams and aspirations are 
modified rather than abandoned 

8472
07:31:09,400 --> 07:31:12,900
instead of opening your shop, 
you dream of becoming a 

8473
07:31:12,900 --> 07:31:14,800
housekeeper with authority of 
your staff. 

8474
07:31:15,400 --> 07:31:18,800
Instead of marrying a prosperous
farmer, you hope to locate a 

8475
07:31:18,800 --> 07:31:22,100
butler or Valley whose combined 
income might allow for a small 

8476
07:31:22,100 --> 07:31:24,800
apartment and maybe even 
children someday. 

8477
07:31:25,500 --> 07:31:28,800
Your goals shrink to fit reality
but they don't disappear 

8478
07:31:28,800 --> 07:31:32,400
entirely the seasonal rhythms of
the household create their own 

8479
07:31:32,400 --> 07:31:34,400
calendar of anticipation and 
Dread. 

8480
07:31:35,500 --> 07:31:38,300
Summer might bring opportunities
to accompany the family to their

8481
07:31:38,300 --> 07:31:41,300
country house, offering glimpses
of different scenery and 

8482
07:31:41,300 --> 07:31:45,100
slightly modified routines. 
Winter social season means 

8483
07:31:45,100 --> 07:31:48,800
exhausting work, but also 
excitement and the possibility 

8484
07:31:48,800 --> 07:31:53,400
of glimpsing famous guests. 
Bringing represents weeks of 

8485
07:31:53,400 --> 07:31:56,200
back-breaking labor, but also 
the satisfaction of 

8486
07:31:56,200 --> 07:31:59,800
transformation and renewal small
Pleasures, take on enormous 

8487
07:31:59,800 --> 07:32:02,700
importance. 
A compliment from Mrs. Patterson

8488
07:32:02,700 --> 07:32:04,800
carries more weight than praise 
from royalty. 

8489
07:32:05,900 --> 07:32:08,400
An evening when cooked shares 
left over desert feels like 

8490
07:32:08,400 --> 07:32:11,100
Christmas morning. 
Sunday, when you're healthy 

8491
07:32:11,100 --> 07:32:14,700
enough to walk to the park and 
sit under actual trees becomes a

8492
07:32:14,700 --> 07:32:17,100
memory to sustain you through 
difficult weeks ahead. 

8493
07:32:18,100 --> 07:32:20,400
Your relationship with money 
becomes complex, and 

8494
07:32:20,400 --> 07:32:23,500
contradictory you handle more 
wealth daily than most people 

8495
07:32:23,500 --> 07:32:26,400
see in their entire lives. 
Yet your own financial situation

8496
07:32:26,400 --> 07:32:30,300
remains precarious. 
Every penny saved represents 

8497
07:32:30,300 --> 07:32:35,200
enormous sacrifice less food, 
fewer letters home and no small 

8498
07:32:35,200 --> 07:32:36,900
luxuries. 
That might make your hard life 

8499
07:32:36,900 --> 07:32:39,200
slightly more. 
Bearable, your bank account 

8500
07:32:39,200 --> 07:32:42,100
grows slowly while your hands 
grow rough and your back grows, 

8501
07:32:42,100 --> 07:32:46,000
crooked The strange intimacy of 
service creates its own 

8502
07:32:46,000 --> 07:32:49,000
emotional complications. 
You know, details about your 

8503
07:32:49,000 --> 07:32:50,600
employers lives that their 
relatives. 

8504
07:32:50,600 --> 07:32:53,200
Don't share. 
Yet, they remain strangers, who 

8505
07:32:53,200 --> 07:32:54,800
could dismiss you without 
reference. 

8506
07:32:54,800 --> 07:32:58,700
And barely remember your name 
this one side, did intimacy 

8507
07:32:58,700 --> 07:33:01,500
breeds both affection and 
resentment creating 

8508
07:33:01,500 --> 07:33:04,600
relationships that are 
simultaneously personal And 

8509
07:33:04,608 --> 07:33:08,100
completely impersonal as the 
1890s draw to a close. 

8510
07:33:08,100 --> 07:33:11,500
You've survived nearly a decade 
of service, in the grand houses,

8511
07:33:11,500 --> 07:33:15,100
of America's wealthy Elite, and 
the world around you is changing

8512
07:33:15,100 --> 07:33:17,100
in ways, both subtle and 
dramatic. 

8513
07:33:18,100 --> 07:33:21,100
From your perspective in the 
servants quarters, these changes

8514
07:33:21,100 --> 07:33:25,600
feel both impossibly distant and
intimately personal. technology 

8515
07:33:25,600 --> 07:33:29,600
creeps into the household like a
slow-moving Revolution, electric

8516
07:33:29,600 --> 07:33:32,800
lights, begin replacing gas 
fixtures transforming your 

8517
07:33:32,800 --> 07:33:35,800
morning routine of lamp cleaning
but introducing new mysteries of

8518
07:33:35,808 --> 07:33:38,400
switches and bulbs that 
sometimes work and sometimes 

8519
07:33:38,400 --> 07:33:41,900
don't The telephone appears and 
the front hall, like a magical 

8520
07:33:41,900 --> 07:33:45,200
device, bringing the outside 
world directly into the house 

8521
07:33:45,200 --> 07:33:47,000
while creating new 
responsibilities. 

8522
07:33:47,000 --> 07:33:50,800
Someone must answer it and that 
person often turns out to be you

8523
07:33:51,500 --> 07:33:54,200
Your body tells the story of 
your service in ways that no 

8524
07:33:54,200 --> 07:33:57,600
employment record could capture 
your hands bare, the permanent 

8525
07:33:57,600 --> 07:34:00,600
stains and scars of countless 
cleaning, chemicals and burns 

8526
07:34:00,600 --> 07:34:04,000
from Hot Iron your shoulders, 
curve slightly forward from 

8527
07:34:04,000 --> 07:34:06,500
years of bending over scrub 
brushes and laundry. 

8528
07:34:06,500 --> 07:34:09,800
Tubs, your knees protest. 
When climbing the endless, 

8529
07:34:09,800 --> 07:34:12,200
flights of stairs, that connect 
your basement world to the 

8530
07:34:12,208 --> 07:34:15,800
families, elevated existence, 
these marks of service will stay

8531
07:34:15,800 --> 07:34:17,600
with you long. 
After you've left domestic work 

8532
07:34:17,600 --> 07:34:20,500
behind the skills you've 
developed would impress, any 

8533
07:34:20,500 --> 07:34:23,800
modern efficiency expert? 
You can manage complex household

8534
07:34:23,800 --> 07:34:27,400
Logistics coordinate, multiple 
tasks simultaneously and 

8535
07:34:27,400 --> 07:34:29,900
maintain impossibly high 
standards under constant 

8536
07:34:29,900 --> 07:34:31,900
pressure. 
You've learned to read people's 

8537
07:34:31,900 --> 07:34:34,700
moods and needs from subtle cues
mastered. 

8538
07:34:34,700 --> 07:34:37,500
The art of diplomatic problem 
solving and developed the 

8539
07:34:37,500 --> 07:34:39,500
physical stamina of a 
professional athlete. 

8540
07:34:40,200 --> 07:34:43,100
These abilities will serve you. 
Well, whether you can continue 

8541
07:34:43,100 --> 07:34:47,100
in service or Venture into other
forms of work, Daily proximity 

8542
07:34:47,100 --> 07:34:50,300
to extreme luxury and the labor 
required, to maintain it, to 

8543
07:34:50,300 --> 07:34:52,300
shape, your perspective on 
wealth and privilege. 

8544
07:34:53,000 --> 07:34:56,000
You've witnessed the ease with 
which one can spend money and 

8545
07:34:56,000 --> 07:34:59,000
the challenge of earning it, 
you've witnessed the isolation 

8546
07:34:59,000 --> 07:35:02,200
that wealth can create even as 
you've experienced the 

8547
07:35:02,200 --> 07:35:06,200
exhaustion that poverty demands.
this understanding of both sides

8548
07:35:06,200 --> 07:35:09,000
of America's growing economic 
divide provides you insights 

8549
07:35:09,000 --> 07:35:13,200
that few people possess The 
friendships forged in service 

8550
07:35:13,200 --> 07:35:16,400
carry a specially intensity born
from shared hardship and mutual 

8551
07:35:16,400 --> 07:35:19,000
dependence. 
Sarah, your long-suffering 

8552
07:35:19,000 --> 07:35:21,200
roommate has become closer than 
any sister. 

8553
07:35:21,900 --> 07:35:25,500
Cook despite her graphic stereo 
has served as a mentor and 

8554
07:35:25,500 --> 07:35:29,100
mother figure even Mrs. 
Patterson with all her Stern 

8555
07:35:29,100 --> 07:35:32,700
efficiency as shown moments of 
genuine care that transcended 

8556
07:35:32,700 --> 07:35:34,000
the employer employee 
relationship. 

8557
07:35:34,000 --> 07:35:38,300
These bonds will Outlast your 
employment and provide emotional

8558
07:35:38,300 --> 07:35:41,900
support for decades to come. 
Years of separation and 

8559
07:35:41,900 --> 07:35:45,000
financial responsibilities of 
complicated, your relationship 

8560
07:35:45,000 --> 07:35:48,100
with your own family. 
The money you've sent home has 

8561
07:35:48,100 --> 07:35:51,400
made real difference, is your 
youngest brother, finish school 

8562
07:35:51,400 --> 07:35:54,300
in stead of working in 
factories, your sister avoided 

8563
07:35:54,300 --> 07:35:57,200
and unfortunate marriage and 
your parents kept their small 

8564
07:35:57,200 --> 07:36:00,500
farm. 
Despite several bad harvests Get

8565
07:36:00,500 --> 07:36:03,000
the physical and emotional 
distance has created gaps that 

8566
07:36:03,000 --> 07:36:06,800
letters can't entirely Bridge. 
You've become somewhat foreign 

8567
07:36:06,800 --> 07:36:09,200
to your Origins shaped by 
experiences, your family can't 

8568
07:36:09,200 --> 07:36:13,400
fully understand marriage and 
family planning in service pose 

8569
07:36:13,400 --> 07:36:15,800
special difficulties that will 
influence your future choices. 

8570
07:36:15,800 --> 07:36:17,800
If you marry. 
Another servant, you'll 

8571
07:36:17,800 --> 07:36:19,400
understand each other's 
experiences. 

8572
07:36:19,400 --> 07:36:21,700
But face continued economic 
uncertainty. 

8573
07:36:21,700 --> 07:36:24,900
If you marry outside, domestic 
service, you'll need to explain 

8574
07:36:24,900 --> 07:36:27,000
a world. 
That sounds almost fictional to 

8575
07:36:27,000 --> 07:36:30,200
people who have not lived it. 
Children, complicate everything 

8576
07:36:30,200 --> 07:36:33,100
servants with families obtain 
fewer employment opportunities. 

8577
07:36:33,100 --> 07:36:36,200
And face the constant struggle 
of balancing parental 

8578
07:36:36,200 --> 07:36:38,200
responsibilities with 
professional demands. 

8579
07:36:38,200 --> 07:36:41,400
The broader social changes 
Rippling through American 

8580
07:36:41,400 --> 07:36:43,200
society. 
Will eventually transform 

8581
07:36:43,200 --> 07:36:46,500
domestic Services itself. 
Women are beginning to discover 

8582
07:36:46,500 --> 07:36:50,200
other employment opportunities 
in offices, shops and factories 

8583
07:36:50,200 --> 07:36:52,700
labor. 
Movements are questioning the 

8584
07:36:52,700 --> 07:36:55,400
working conditions that you've 
simply accepted as natural. 

8585
07:36:56,200 --> 07:36:58,900
New technologies will gradually 
reduce the need for armies of 

8586
07:36:58,900 --> 07:37:00,900
servants. 
To maintain wealthy households. 

8587
07:37:00,900 --> 07:37:04,200
Your generation represents the 
peak of an era that won't last 

8588
07:37:04,200 --> 07:37:06,800
forever. 
Your dreams have evolved through

8589
07:37:06,800 --> 07:37:09,900
your years of service. 
The naive girl, who first walk 

8590
07:37:09,900 --> 07:37:12,800
through the Servants of has been
replaced by a woman who 

8591
07:37:12,800 --> 07:37:15,200
understands both her 
capabilities and the realistic 

8592
07:37:15,200 --> 07:37:18,500
limits of her opportunities. 
Even when your hard work remains

8593
07:37:18,500 --> 07:37:21,400
largely unnoticed, you've 
learned to find satisfaction in 

8594
07:37:21,400 --> 07:37:23,700
it. 
You've discovered that dignity 

8595
07:37:23,700 --> 07:37:26,600
can be maintained even in 
situations designed to minimize 

8596
07:37:26,600 --> 07:37:28,700
it. 
The education you've received 

8597
07:37:28,700 --> 07:37:31,500
through observation and 
experience Rivals anything 

8598
07:37:31,500 --> 07:37:34,500
offered in formal schools. 
You've learned about art by 

8599
07:37:34,500 --> 07:37:37,900
dusting Priceless paintings 
about music by overhearing. 

8600
07:37:37,900 --> 07:37:41,000
Private concerts about 
literature by reading discarded 

8601
07:37:41,000 --> 07:37:44,200
books and about human nature by 
witnessing how people behave 

8602
07:37:44,200 --> 07:37:45,900
when they think no one important
is watching. 

8603
07:37:46,800 --> 07:37:49,500
This informal education has 
expanded your mind in ways that 

8604
07:37:49,500 --> 07:37:52,000
will continue paying dividends 
throughout your life. 

8605
07:37:52,800 --> 07:37:54,400
Looking back on your years and 
service. 

8606
07:37:54,400 --> 07:37:58,300
The Experience defies simple 
categorization, it has been 

8607
07:37:58,308 --> 07:38:01,100
simultaneously degrading and 
nobling exhausting and 

8608
07:38:01,100 --> 07:38:03,700
educational, and isolating and 
Community Building. 

8609
07:38:04,500 --> 07:38:06,900
You've sacrificed your Youth and
health to maintain other 

8610
07:38:06,900 --> 07:38:09,900
people's Comfort yet. 
You've also developed strengths 

8611
07:38:09,900 --> 07:38:12,200
and skills that you might never 
have discovered otherwise, 

8612
07:38:13,200 --> 07:38:15,500
You've lived through one of the 
most economically unequal 

8613
07:38:15,500 --> 07:38:18,800
periods in American history. 
Not as a victim or a hero. 

8614
07:38:18,800 --> 07:38:22,600
But as a working woman doing 
what was necessary to survive 

8615
07:38:22,600 --> 07:38:26,600
and help your family survive? 
As you consider your future 

8616
07:38:26,600 --> 07:38:29,400
where the continuing in service 
marrying and starting your 

8617
07:38:29,400 --> 07:38:32,400
family will venturing into the 
changing world of women's work, 

8618
07:38:32,400 --> 07:38:35,100
you carry with you the knowledge
that you've already overcome 

8619
07:38:35,100 --> 07:38:38,600
challenges that would break 
weaker sprits, you've maintained

8620
07:38:38,600 --> 07:38:41,200
your humanity and a system 
designed to reduce you to a 

8621
07:38:41,200 --> 07:38:45,100
function, you found friendship 
in unlikely, places, dignity and

8622
07:38:45,100 --> 07:38:48,400
humble work, and strengthen 
circumstances that seem designed

8623
07:38:48,400 --> 07:38:52,100
to crush it, the Gilded ages 
ending taking with it. 

8624
07:38:52,100 --> 07:38:55,200
Some of the extreme social rigid
structures that Define your 

8625
07:38:55,200 --> 07:38:58,700
working life but the lessons 
you've learned about resilience 

8626
07:38:58,700 --> 07:39:03,000
community and the true nature of
both wealth and poverty will 

8627
07:39:03,000 --> 07:39:04,600
serve you. 
Well, in whatever comes next, 

8628
07:39:04,600 --> 07:39:07,600
you've been invisible to the 
wealthy families, you've served,

8629
07:39:07,600 --> 07:39:11,500
but your story and the stories 
of millions of women, like you 

8630
07:39:11,500 --> 07:39:15,900
represents the real Foundation 
upon which America's grandest 

8631
07:39:15,900 --> 07:39:16,800
era was built,