How do you spot a wormhole?

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Speaker 1: Hey, it Jorhan Daniel here, and we want to tell you about our new book. It's called Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe because you have questions about the universe, and so we decided to write a book all about them. We talk about your questions, we give some answers, we make a bunch of silly jokes as usual, and we tackle all kinds of questions, including what happens if I fall into a black hole? Or is there another version of you out there that's right? Like usual, we tackle the deepest, darkest, biggest, craziest questions about this incredible cosmos. If you want to support the podcast, please get the book and get a copy not just for yourself, but you know, for your nieces and nephews, cousins, friends, parents, dogs, hamsters, and for the aliens. So get your copy of Frequently Asked Questions about the Universe is available for pre order now, coming out November two. You can find more details at the book's website, Universe f a Q dot com. Thanks for your support, and if you have a hamster that can read, please let us know. We'd love to have them on the podcast. Hey or hey, would you be willing to take the ultimate cosmic bungee jump. I do like to bungee jump. But is there a safety equipment here involved? Do I get to wear a helmet and have some liability insurance? Oh no, there are absolutely no guarantees. It's just you and a wormhole. You're gonna take the jump, just me and the warm hole, and let even close in my wearing clothes. All right, I'll give you a space, dude. All right, Well, that's a tough question, you know. I mean, on the one hand, there could be something amazing on the other side. On the other hand, I could, you know, be shredded to bits before I even go in, or maybe the thing will collapse while I'm going through it, or maybe i'll I don't know, take me to a black hole. All right, Well, you're standing on the edge. Time to make your decision? Are you going in? I think I'll be polite and let the physicists go in first after you. Daniel, this is this our sign, just not the subjects. Well, you can multitask, then you can be the first to study it, sending my paper from within the wormhole. You can have a loophole within the wormhole. Hi am or Hamman cartoonists and the creator of PhD comments. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor at U c Irne. And I've never written a paper from inside a wormhole? Interesting? What holes have you written papers from inside of? Sometimes my office feels like a black hole. You know, he can't actually get out. Oh, no information comes in. Grad students go in, nothing comes out. Undergrads come in, but they do escape, and usually with actually more information than they came in. So maybe my office is actually a white hole. Yeah, maybe you're just admitting hawking radiation or Hawking graduate students, whites and radiation or Daniel tegious physics. It is a white holy because your your wife, your son of white. But welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio in which we emit all kinds of crazy radiation from our brains into yours. We try to boil down everything in the universe and explain what we know and what we don't know to you, because the universe presents enormous, cosmic, amazing mysteries that are just fun to think about, fun to explore, fun to wonder about, and that's what we do with this podcast, is that we marin it in the joy of our cluelessness and the small amount of knowledge that we do have about the universe, and share all of it with you. Yeah, it is a wondrous universe, and we like to dive in and take a journey and try to worm all of this information and knowledge into your ears and into your brains. You could say we are creating an informational wormhole from our brains to yours. Yeah, we're connecting all of these brains across the planet together in a way right through electromagnetic radiation. Absolutely, And you know that's mostly a joke, but there are people out there who say that every bit of quantum entanglement, every bit of quantum interaction, is actually a mini wormhole between particles. And so while we joke about it, it could technically actually be true that we are creating wormholes from our brains to our listeners. Yeah. And so the universe has been surprising ever since we started studying in with interesting and incredible things like black holes and quasars and nutron stars, and so people and scientists wonder if there are more interesting kinds of things. We still haven't seen out there. We know there are things out there we haven't seen. Every time we turn on a new kind of eyeball look out in the universe and the new telescope, we find things out there that we never expected. So the story of the universe is one of constant surprise, of constantly going beyond the edge of our imagination and shocking us with the crazy things that reality has waiting for us. Yeah, we are eager to discover these crazy surprises. And one of the things that might be out there there are pretty interesting and could actually solve a lot of problems is this concept of a wormhole. Oh yeah, what kind of problems could wormhole solve? Like vacuum cleaners, Well, you know, I could fertilize our space compost. That's what warms do, and they could feed the space birds. That brings up an interesting question because in compost piles it's mostly the warm castings, to use the fly phrase, that fertilize the ground. And so are you suggesting that wormholes also like have some sort of product. Yeah, if you come out the other end of a wormhole, you are technically warmhole poop. You're transformed into something and nourishing now to fertilize the rest of space, and you probably have been scrambled, and so you are there for universe compost. I guess you could say that actually we are all made out of stars that have been composted right to allow for refertilization, and so we are all made out of star compost. I think we're pushing out the analogy. But the idea is that there might be wormholes out there. And you know, I guess the problems I was thinking about was space travel. You know, like, how are we ever going to get to another galaxy that's millions of light years away, or even just to the other side of our galaxy, which hundreds of thousands of light years away, Like even if you went at the speed of light, which is impossible, it would still take four hundred thousand years to get to the outside. Yeah, space is impossibly vast, and the speed of lights, though it seems fast, it's actually slow compared to the distances involved. So you're right, Actually getting around this incredible universe would require millions of years. And so if we could somehow connect places in space from here to there, so the distances between them were shorter than we originally thought we could drive through a loophole using wormholes to get there, and so indeed, it would be exciting if wormholes were there, But on the other hand, it might be dangerous. It would mean that other places in the universe could come to find us more rapidly. What if we just don't answer the door, you know, or page the wormho on our Yeah, I don't know. The wormholes have doors or locks on them, right, We can't just like somebody's ringing the doorbell on the other side. You can't just like, you know, not answer it. Well, in movies and science fiction movies, they use wormholes a lot. I feel especially they're recently right, I feel like they don't use warp drives anymore than now. They use wormholes. And it always looks like a giant ring that opens up some kind of like energy door, and then you go through the door and you appear on the other side in another part of the galaxy. It's like star Gate or something. Yes, star Gate that was the original wormhole, right, And they're all over the place in Rick and Morty if you watch that shows, it's like wormhole Bananza man. So they're used a lot, and they seem pretty simple on TV and on the movie screen, right, you just kind of walk through them. Yeah, you can like look through them, you can toss stuff through them. They seem to just sort of like connect to places in space and in time, and often they like not surrounded by anything, you know, there's just there or maybe they have like a small mechanical frame for whatever device is creating them. So yeah, they're pretty simple stuff. And so that would solve a lot of problems in terms of space travel and galactic travel and universe travel. But I guess the question is do they really exist and if they did, could we make one or find one at all? Right, it's a fun question like what if there are wormholes all over the universe? Where if they exist naturally, would we even know? Would it be possible, could there be one floating around in our solar system? How could we even tell? So to be on the podcast, we'll be asking the question, how do you spot a wormhole? How do you find a spot on a wormhole? Or how do you find a spot on a wormhole? No, it's more like you're driving down the freeway and you're looking for an exit, you know, so you're like, where's my exit. So now you're like, I gotta get to Alpha Centauri. Where is the nearest wormhole? It's like, where's this nearest subway station in Manhattan or something. You know, you got to look for the little sign and tells you they're stepped down. Just follow the rats. So the question is how do you find a wormhole? Especially, I guess even more difficult this how do you find a wormhole that takes you where you want to go? Yeah, that is a good question. I think let's start with like finding wormholes at all, and then we'll talk about planning trips and you know, bringing much. Well, well, I kind of want to know where I'm going for a Daniel, you mean we're just going to jump into this podcast without knowing where we're going. That's another really funny question. But you know, look, we'll pack enough snacks so we'll be fine no matter where we end up. All right, that's good. So anyways, it's usually we were wondering how many people out there maybe had an idea about how to find a warmhole or had heard of an idea about how to find one. So Danny went out there into the internet to ask people, could we ever detect a nearby wormhole, And so in the depths of these strange times, I'm very grateful to everybody who's answering questions online and participating in the podcast. We are soon opening up campus here you see irvines. I'll be walking around campus asking people in person. But if you'd like to participate online, you are still very welcome. Just right to me. Two questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. So think about it for a second. If you are looking for a warmhole, how would you find it? Here's what people had to say. Probably it's emitting some kind of radiation. If it's a wormhole, it's probably emitting some kind of lights. And maybe if it's interacting with other very massive things than some gravitational radiation. What is lately a lot of movies showing UFOs and it looks like the Navy said they confirmed that they are UFOs that they know. I don't know what they are. Probably somebody came through a wormhole and forgot to close it. Well, technically there's no way to know. Well, aless, you on Earth and you have a very talent the hole which would take you. If outside this window there was a worm hole, how would you know there was a worm all over there well afternoons, open the window and watch. That's true. I do not think we could detect a nearby wormhole. Hmm, interesting question. I don't know if we could be able to detect a wormhole because I don't even know if they made any light or radiation. So I actually think if there were a wormhole nearby that we probably wouldn't be able to detect it, unless maybe we were super close and could observe some of the effects directly. I'm not sure we wouldn't be able to detect it, but we might be able to observe it. For instance, if there was a new group of stars or a new constellation of stars that we've not seen before, maybe that could lead to the discovery of a wormhole. I think one possible way to do it is to basically shoot beam of light and kind of measure how far it goes into that warm hole. But I'm actually thinking about it again. Maybe a better response would be if we could detect the gravity coming from that location. Um that we did that we think that holds there probably, I think is the best response here. Well, I guess yes, Um, we would see the gravitational distortion. If there's something behind it, a cluster of stars or something, than we would see a sort of lensing effect. Yeah, if it collides with something big then like another wormhole, I guess we could have gravitational waves to see them. But I guess that's it, all right, A lot of polarized questions. People are like yes, some people are like no, possible. Nobody said like maybe maybe, I don't know. There need to be a lot of confidence here. Yeah, some people are skeptical that wormholes couldn't even exist in our universe, right, right, And we have a whole podcast about what a warm hole is, right, absolutely, we do. We talked about the science of it. We have another podcast about white holes, and lots of podcasts about black holes and all these fun concepts. Which holes haven't we talked about so many holes that we should never talk about. Yeah, it's not that kind of podcast. We're not explaining that kind of universe. No, We've done the white, the black, the worm There's no gray holes in physics as far as I'm aware. Blue holes, red holes. Somebody's got to come up with the theory of blue holes and red holes. Should just go with that. You know, do it the other way around. Start with a cool name and then form a physics theory around it. What do you mean, start the other way around? That's how they usually start. Man people like supersymmetry. Is that a thing, Let's make that a thing that sounds cool. That sounds cool, Let's devote my life to it. And for example, Higgs obviously had a name before he had a particle, right, so he's like, I'm gonna invent the Higgs boson whatever it is. Interesting. He knew when he was little that he was going to discover that the story is totally bunk. He was not such an immodest person. He didn't name it the Higgs boson. Somebody else coined that phase later in the literature. So I do not mean to malign Peter Higgs. I see, well, in your case, you should just study white holes because your name is white Sun, so he could be the whites and white hole. No, I want to discover a particle and call it the white song. Oh there you go, So I already got my name picked out. I just haven't found any particles yet. But then you then you're gonna have anti white sons. Isn't that you aren't you an anti whit sun. I'm not an anti white sun. I'm a supersymmetry. Yeah, I'm a s white sun. There you go, a supersymmetric whit sun, like the other side of the coin. There you go. Together, we complete the universe. But I think we should recap today what a wormhole is because there might be people out there who didn't listen to that podcast episode. So I guess for our listeners, Daniel, how would you explain what a wormhole is? Yeah, and I agree it's important before we talk about how we find that we talk about what exactly it is, because understanding what it is and what it does is going to be crucial for figuring out how to see it. So the simplest way to think about a wormhole is just a connection between two points in space time. And you know, we're used to stuff being connected, but usually those connections are simple. Like you are in one point in space, you're connected to the points in space around you, meaning you can get to them from here. You can go forwards, you can go backwards, you can go up, you can go down. You're like connected to the nearby points in space time. And so now imagine if instead of just being connected to things that are around you, you're somehow also connected to something which otherwise is very very far away. These are like non trivial connections. Instead of spacetime just being like a nice mesh where everything is just connected to the things right next to it, Instead you have these weird shortcuts where one point in space is connected to something which is otherwise very very far away. Right. That's a pretty mind blowing concept, And a lot of people use this analogy of like living in the roll of toilet paper, right, Like, if our universe is sort of like if you imagine it to be like a sheet of paper, if you bring it down to two dimensions, like we're living on a sheet, and then what happens if you like bend the sheet and make two points touch each other that are on paper far away from each other. Yeah, well, you just came up with another whole theory. This is Jorge's toilet whole theory of the universe. Yeah. No, I definitely have it on my bucket list to invent any toilet. And these are helpful analogies, but they can also be a little bit misleading. That analogy is helpful because it makes you think about how points in space that are far away can be close together. If you think in another dimension, like you have a sheet of paper and you have two points in space that are far apart. Now fold that paper, so those two points are close together. The thing that's misleading or confusing is that the connection is now in some third dimension. You're like folding this two D sheet of paper and a third dimension bringing it closer in that third dimension. The difference is that our space time doesn't fold in some higher dimension. These connections we're talking about are intrinsic, not external in some higher dimension. And so when we say this point in space is nearby another point in space, we really just mean that the distance between these two points is now small. It's just the same way that like the bending of space time is intrinsic. It's not external. You know, we have these analogies where somebody puts a bowling ball on a rubber sheet to show you like the bending of space, and again it shows you the rubber sheet bending, but it's bending in some external third dimension. Where really happens when you have a mass in spaces that space bends intrinsically. It just changes the relative distance between points. There's no like super space in which space is hanging out in and bending in that other dimension, and so here for wormholes. It's helpful, you know, maybe to practice thinking in a higher dimension, but really this bending happens just in our own dimensions. It's just it's an internal intrinsic bending, a changing of the relative distances between two points in space. Right, Well, I feel like these analogies with the toilet paper and the sheet of paper that bends, it just kind of helps you make sense of it, right, because otherwise it just kind of feels like magic, Like you're telling me, like space is the same and it's not been like a sheet of paper. It's just the way it is. But somehow, magically, my point you're on the right is somewhow connected to Alpha Centauri, you know what I mean. Like it feels like magic. It feels like magic, but that's because space is different from what you imagine. Space can do things like that, like he can change the distance between points, and that's what space bending is. Space can also ripple and it can expand. So it feels like magic because it's counterintuitive, but space can do things that are not intuitive, that are new and weird to us because we only recently have a sense for what space is. Are you saying then that, you know, maybe at this point on my right here is bend so much that it actually touches another point in alva centry. I'm saying that space can do things like bend, which changed the relative distance between points, sort of that photon, for example, appears to curve when it goes near a planet. But also space can be connected in non trivial ways. That the connection space can have are not just like a big mesh where everything is connected only to the things next to it, but these connections can be weird and non trivial. General relativity, which tells us the rules for how space works and what the curvature is, says that that kind of connection, that kind of shape, right, not just like the curvature, but the shape of space is allowed to have these weird connections. Interesting theoretically, I guess like there's nothing in the theories that says that they can't be connected in this way through warmholes. But it's not something we see every day, right exactly, It's not something we've ever seen. These are only theoretical, But you know, theoretical explorations of general relativity are really interesting and very fruitful. That's how we discovered the idea of a black holes. That people were looking at the equations and said, you know, if these equations are true, if these are the ones that tell us what space can do, then they allow space to do this really really weird thing, like accumulating a huge amount of mass and having an event horizon. So that's where the concept of a black hole came from, from these theoretical explorations of what can space do. So it's a very fruitful way to explore, like the physics of the possible universe. Right, except that on our last episode you kind of convinced me that black holes don't exist. So now I don't believe anything you say. I have. Black holes might not exist in our universe, but they definitely exist in the universe of general relativity. We just don't know if that actually is our universe. I see there's a loophole here, there's another hole, another hole within the hole. Is that loophole going to take you to the toilet hole or the white hole or the wormhole? Hopefully a whole we can out of I know, but you have to listen to the whole episode to find out the nice right. And also, wormholes are pretty interesting because they cannot just connect points in space that are far apart. They can also connect points in time. Yes, exactly, these are constructs in space time right where we're imagining space has three of the dimensions of a four dimensional object called space time, where time is the fourth dimension. And we know that relativity is this theory about how events in space time are connected. You know, how information propagates through space, it takes time to do so, and so wormholes connect points in space time, which technically means that one end of the wormhole might be at a different time than the other end of the wormhole. Wow, that's mind blowing. And that's sort of like one way you could make time travel possible, right without generating any paradox is Like, if you have a wormhole that takes you to another point in time, you could travel and time and go back and or or fourth. There are people out there who think that time traveling wormholes might actually be a possibility. Of worse, they do potentially lead to paradoxes, So it's confusing and it's sort of like this conflict in the theory itself, so it's not something we know exactly how to resolve. If you found a wormhole, and I'll let you go back in time, then we would have lots of questions about why there aren't paradoxes, or maybe we create paradoxes and destroy the universe. So hey, I think twice before jumping in. Right, it's a whole rabbit hole, and we won't get into that today. But I guess the big question is are they real? And if they are real, could we ever find them? So let's get into that, but first let's take a quick break. All right, we're talking about wormholes and how to find a warmhole. We think they might exist, but the question, though, is will we ever find one or could we ever find one? Or how do you even look for a wormhole? So, Daniel, we talked about what they are. Generally that they're theoretical, they're theoretically allowed, but we haven't observed them. And the other interesting thing about them is that they're sort of related to something called a white hole. Yes, so there's a whole family of related topics here, and there's a few different ways to think about these things. You know, there are wormholes that are just wormholes just connections between points and space that in theory you might be able to go through in both directions. And then there are also separately other things where you have a black hole on one side and a white hole on the other side, and those two are connected by a wormhole, so the things that fall into the black hole might be emitted out the white hole on the other side. That would be one direction, because you can't go into a white hole the same way you can't escape a black hole. And then there are pairs of black holes where people think maybe the singularities at the hearts of these two black holes are connected by a wormhole also, So there's a whole variety of different kinds of wormholes that you can imagine in theoretical physics. So you can have a wormhole without a black hole or a white hole in theory, you can. It requires some things sort of special, like to make this connection between two points in space, you need some kind of weird matter. Like. Remember the way general relativity works is it says if you have a configuration of matter and energy, it will tell you how space bends. Now, if you want space to bend in a certain way, general relativity doesn't necessarily tell you like what mass and energy configuration you need to make in order for that to happen. But people have figured out a few solutions, and one solution for just a normal vanilla wormhole all by itself in space requires something that we don't know if it exists in the universe, or requires having something with negative mass, like particles that don't have mass like you and I, but have negative mass. This is called exotic matter, and you need those to create this connection and to keep it open to keep it from collapsing. M I see. So to make a wormhole, like it's not just like a magic reconnection of space or magic like I don't know, rewiring of space. It's like you really have to bend the space that we have in order for these two far away points to bend so much that they actually touch each other. Yeah, and you need some weird kind of matter to keep that connection there for space to not just like snap back to where it was before. You need some weird kind of matter that has a property we've never seen before that it's like repulsive gravity, you know, like everything that we've seen has mass, and gravity is always attractive. It pulls things towards itself. You never see gravity pushing things away, and so here you'd create this wormhole, and then you need to put something in it to keep the wormhole from collapsing, which normally would just like fall apart and snap back to where it was. Here. To keep that tunnel, to keep that tube that connects the two points in space open, you need to put something in there that like repels space, that pushes it away. So that would be like some sort of negative mass object, like a particle with negative mass. But I guess how would this even work? Like I'm here and I gather a bunch of this imaginary mass that we haven't discovered yet, and then I want to connect the wormhole to Alpha Centaur. Someone in Alpha Centaur need to also be doing that, and then somehow we connect somehow or do I, you know, build up this massive with negative mass and then somehow that opens a portal into two Alpha centry? Like, what's the instruction manual here, Daniel? As far as I know, there is no instruction manual. All we have is if there were a wormhole, how would you keep it open? There's no recipe for like how do you go from a universe without wormhole to a universe with a wormhole step by step instructions for your favorite cartoonist slash engineer that we do not have, you know, and that's a whole other question, you know, like you might discover, Okay, here's a solution that let's two black holes orbit each other. Cool. How do I make two black holes and get them into orbit is a totally separate problem. So what we've done is we figured out, you know, can this solution happen? Is it theoretically possible to do? We haven't figured out at all, like how to actually assemble that in our universe. Yeah, I guess that would be the trick, right, That would be the most interesting part is how do you control these wormholes exactly? And so you know, adding to our instruction manual for supervillains, we do not yet have a recipe for supervillains out there who want to create a portal between here and the sun, for example, and you know, channel super hot plasma as a weapon. I was you're saying for you physicists, But if you want to quite physicists to supervillains, go ahead. We are the lackeys of supervillains. You know, we are creating tools they used to destroy the world. Here the minions exactly, you were overalls also, and monocles, and only in the lab, only in the lab. I guess what you're saying is, we don't know how to make a wormhole. But the question I guess we're tackling today is that if there are wormholes out there, how would we even find them? All? Right? So then how do we detect the wormhole? It depends on the kind of wormhole we're talking about. Let's talk about first the simplest kind of wormhole, which is just like a connection between two points in space. These things would not be that easy to see because there's nothing like around them necessarily. They're just like a connection between here and there, So they're not like directly visible. They're just like this fold in space. So you would have to see them only because you see something like go in or something come out, or you see like the distortion they have on things behind them, right, sort of like can you see a transparent lens The material itself is invisible, but it has an effect on the light going through it. Then you can tell something is there without directly seeing it, right. And the other problem is that they might be super small. Right, the theory doesn't predict giant wormholes. It predicts tiny little wormholes. The theory allows for super tiny wormholes like ten to the minus thirty five, you know, plank scale size wormholes, but it also allows for larger wormholes that potentially you could even send a person through. Okay, right now, we're cooking, but you're saying they wouldn't be easy to see because it's sort of like, how do you see a hole in space? Right Like, it would just sort of look like it's sort of like if you put a TV out in space with a with a picture of more stars, it would be hard to tell it's there. Yeah, And so what you need to do is see some sort of inconsistency, right Like if you had a TV out in space but an image of stars on it and you changed your goal, then the image would no longer be appropriate, or if the stars behind it were moving and the image didn't catch up, and then you would see this like inconsistency between the image you're looking at and what's in the background. And that's what you need to spot a wormhole because wormhole would in theory, be sending you light and information from a different part of the universe. And so as you look at the wormhole, you're looking at stars whose light has come through the wormhole, So you're looking at another part of the universe. So you need to somehow identify the boundary, right to know that the stars you're looking at in the center are on the other part of the universe connected by the wormhole, and the stars outside this circle are you know, in your local neighborhood, and to see like a discontinuity. But I think what you're saying is that a wormhole wouldn't have any substance to it, right like they wouldn't you be bumping into things, or wouldn't be exerting gravity on the things around it. Would just have to look for, like you said, some kind of inconsistency or maybe see like a row of space tourists trying to get into it. Yeah, a pure wormhole that's not like part of a black hole, white whole system, or connected to black holes in any other way, would have no strong gravitational effects. So you know, like black holes also technically invisible. You can't see them directly, but you can spot them because they suck stuff up and they have these accretion discs of matter glowing red hot from the friction and the crazy intense gravity. Wormholes don't have that. They don't necessarily have any strong gravity around them. They're not slurping stuff up, and so there are new accretion disks to identify. So it's just sort of like seeing a very clear lens out in space distorting things or space tourists. That's another great way coming out of the subway. You can see all the space rats scurring in. Do you think space rats eat space pizza? Well, if there are no space worms, maybe would I guess, would a wormhole glow? You know and the movies that the wormholes always glow, they look like glowing you know, circles or something. Would wormhole because of this magic energy with negative mass, would somehow glow or mid radiation? We don't think so. We don't think the pure wormholes would emit any radiation. A wormhole that's part of a black hole white hole system, then yeah, it would look just like a black hole on one side, and so you wouldn't necessarily be able to tell it's a wormhole, but it would look just like a black hole, and black holes do emit a lot of radiation. Again because of the stuff that's around the black hole, the intensely high temperature gas that's emitting a lot of light. And so we see black holes throughout the universe. They are called quasars because they emit this crazy radiation. But the pure wormhole wouldn't emit any radiation necessarily. But a wormhole, it's part of a black hole system, might right, What about one that is part of a white hole? Black hole system? When don't we see stuff coming out of the white hole like constantly, Like that's the wonder where all this energy is coming from. Yeah, if you see a white hole, then you're basically already seeing a wormhole, because the white hole doesn't just like generate random stuff, It emits stuff that came through the black hole side. So it's a black hole wormhole white hole situation. So if you see a white hole, and you're also discovering a worm hole, because it's a connection between those two points in space, connected by the singularity at the heart of the black hole and this weird heart of the white hole. But remember, white holes, we don't even know if those actually exist. They're a very fuzzy theoretical object. People aren't even sure you know what to make of them in the theory, I see, so all white holes are wormholes, but not all wormholes are white holes. That's right, Yeah, exactly, the taxonomy of holes, wholenomy. It's the holy trinity there, or I guess we're doing holography. Yeah, and that's the whole truth, all right. So then what's another way that we could detect a warmhole? Do they like bend space time in a particular way that we could maybe see evidence of. People think that it might be possible, And I was reading this crazy paper where somebody was suggesting an experiment to detect wormholes, because you're right, the wormholes they do bend space, right in order to connect space here with space somewhere else. You're talking about space being banned, and space can never be discontinuous. You can't just have like a boundary where space is doing one thing here and then something totally different on the other side of its. Space is always smooth, right, So to have a connection between here and somewhere else, space has to be bending, which means it's going to be bending the most at the actual wormhole and then less and less as you go away. But it can't be like a kink there in space. And so people think that maybe you could detect wormholes by detecting this bending of space before you actually fall in. You don't have to go to the wormhole and throw something in. You could see that there's a wormhole nearby. It's like a nearby wormhole detector. By measuring this bending of space interest things. There are no kinky wormholes. Everything not in this podcast, that's right. Not this is the safer word. But you know everything out there that has mass also bend space, like the Sun bend space, and the Earth bend space, and you bend space. So in this paper they talk about how to tell if the bending of space you're measuring is due to wormholes or due to just like the normal bending of space from everyday objects, Because I guess every day objects would bend it due to gravity, but wormhole would be bending it because of something totally different. Yeah, it has negative repulsive gravity inside it to keep it open, and so the shape of the bending would be a little bit different, and specifically it would be different in a way that light passes through it a little bit differently. When light travels through space, it doesn't just wiggle it also spins right. Light is actually a vector for those of you into the math of the electromagnetic field. There's this phase it has and it can be like polarized in one way or polarized in another way, or linearly polarized or whatever. There's this extra bit of information that light is always carrying with it, and so in this experiment, they think that if a wormhole is nearby, it would change how light propagates through that space. So what you need are like two satellites flying through space shooting laser beams back and forth at each other and constantly measuring those laser beams to see if the phase of the light has changed in a way that suggests that there's a wormhole nearby. Whoa, And then these two satellites would have to scan the entire universe define a wormhole right, well, they would be sensitive to worm holes nearby. And so it's sort of like your nose, right, you can sniff and tell, like somebody's eating a cinnamon roll. You can't necessarily tell where it is, And if you walk around and the smell gets stronger, you can tell you're getting closer, And if the smell gets weaker, you can tell you're getting further, So this would operate the same way. They can sort of tell how close are you to a wormhole, and then as they drift around, they can tell if they're getting closer or further. So yeah, they have to sort of like you know, you have to send lots of these things out just floating out through space, hoping that one of them finds one, and then you can sort of like zoom in on it would bend space that much like with the radius, with the range of effect be so large that you could add this is actually feasible. Well, it depends on the size of the wormhole. Bigger wormholes easier to find, Smaller wormholes harder to find. Fortunately, we're interested in bigger wormholes. But then again we also think bigger wormholes probably rarer. So you know, this is a very exploratory idea, you know, concept, is it actually practical? Should somebody spend these billions of dollars building these saddle doesn't send them out of space? No, but it's sort of theoretically showing that it might be possible to detect a nearby wormhole. Interesting. Did you just say physics is not practical? I just said physics it's not practical exactly. If you were looking to explore the universe and maybe have no impact on humanity, come join us, all right, So that's maybe one way that we could see, uh, wormhole is through their effects on space, whether it's maybe many stuff stuff, or maybe we can send satellites to go look for them. So let's get into whether or not we have seen any out there in space. Maybe we have or not, But first let's take another quick break. All right. We're looking for wormholes, Daniel, because I guess we're eager to get to the other side of the galaxy somehow. And the question is how do we find them? Do you spot them? How do you know you found one? And we talked about a few ways that you could do that. Um, but have we found any? So far, we have not identified any wormholes. We have exactly zero positively identified wormholes on our list. And you know, we don't even necessarily know that we've seen any black holes. If you listen to the last episode about dark stars, we're not even about those. So it would be pretty amazing if we had any wormholes on our list. I guess the question is have we been looking for wormholes? I've been looking for wormholes. I thought you were looking. Also, are you telling me this whole time you've been doing nothing. I was looking for other kinds of holes, legal loop holes, and you know holes in logic. No, we have been, as a species collectively all been looking for wormholes. Not by sending out these crazy satellites, but by doing what we talked about earlier, looking for distortions in space. Because we're good at this, we could actually tell if there are invisible things floating in space distorting the path of light. This is one For example, we know that dark matter is out there. Dark matter some invisible kind of matter that has gravity and so changes the curvature of space and bend's light as it passes through. So even though dark matter itself is invisible, we can see its effect on light by seeing this gravitational lensing. And so we've done something similar for looking for wormholes. We've asked if there was a wormhole between us and this very bright quais are out there, what impact would it have on that light? How would it look different? And then let's look to see if we can find any quasars that are distorted in just that way. Interesting, So there are physicists out there, like who's portfolio include looking for wormholes. It's not just like we're looking for weird things out there, it's like they're actually hunting them. They're actually hunting them. There's a fun paper from an astronomical survey, the LSST, that very specifically did this. You know, they have a huge data set of looking at big patches of the sky for a long time, and so they can look through that data set and ask like, are there any objects in here which look like they've been distorted by wormholes? And so that's very helpful. If you can come up with a specific prediction to say a wormhole would look like this, they would distort the life from this galaxy in this way, then you can hunt for that signature in the sky. Interesting, so you said that they do that by looking at quasars. They've looked at fifty thousand quasars and they looked at to see if the light from those quasars is somehow distorted in a special way that only a wormhole might distort it. Yeah, because remember wormholes have this negative mass, and so they have a different kind of curature of space than for example, dark matter or something else. So we see lots of distortion out there in the sky due to dark matter and other things, which distorts space in one way. But wormholes would have a very distinctive signature and how they've been space. And you're right, they look through this catalog of fifty thousand quasars, which is mind blowing already because that means that's fifty thousand galaxies, each with a supermassive black hole at its center, sending us an incredible beam of light across billions and billions of light years, right, Like, just imagine hold that picture in your mind for a moment of like the Earth being pinioned by these beams of light coming from all over the universe. And now we're asking whether those beams of light have been like tweaked in any tiny little way, so there might be a wormhole along that line between us and one of those distant quasars. Interesting, So I guess, how do we expect the light to be different if it had gone through or near a wormhole on its way here? Like, you know, if it goes through negative mass, does it get lighter? Does light get lighter? Well, you know, if it goes through dark matter, then it gets sort of like focused. Like dark matter acts like a lens, and it can make very specific distortions. And so we have these codes that allows to do calculations. It's not something we can write down with pencil and paper because general relativity is so complicated, but we have these computer codes that allows to do calculations and predict what pattern it would have. You know, just the same way you can say if I shine a light through a concave lens, it's gonna make one image. Well, if you shine a light through a convex lens, it's gonna make a totally different image. And so that's sort of the same relationship between what dark matter and a wormhole would do to a quasar, and we definitely have a different pattern. It doesn't just like bend the light out and spread it out. It also twists it in a weird way because, as we said before, it changes the electromagnetic phase of the light. So is that what we're looking forward looking for changes in the light itself, or also in addition to that, we're looking for this lensing effect. Yeah, we're looking for both, but this survey in particular was mostly looking for these lensing effects, all right, So then we haven't seen any wormholes, and even though we've looked at fifty quasars. But that I guess that doesn't mean that there aren't out there, right. That doesn't mean they're not out there. It means that we didn't see any, right, And you can't prove a negative because there could be just one and just didn't happen across this meme from a quasar to Earth. So it's certainly possible that they're still out there, or there could be lots of them and they just didn't cross these beams. What you can do when you don't see one is you can set a limit on how many there could be. You can say, well, if wormholes were everywhere, we would have seen them. So what we can do is rule out universe being like totally jam packed with wormholes. And that's not nothing, right, that is definitely information. It means that if there are wormholes out there, you have to explain why none of them have ever like tripped one of these like lasers between the quasar and us M. I guess if this light is coming from another galaxy, isn't it mostly empty space between here and other galaxies? Like did we expect to find wormholes in the middle of nowhere. We don't know where to expect to find wormholes, but yeah, it is mostly empty space between here and there, But it also passes through the galaxy, right, Like, our galaxy is fairly thick, and so for the light to get here from another galaxy, it has to pass a significant fraction of the way through our galaxy as well. So you really are exploring lots of different kinds of space when you look at quasars. All right, we haven't seen any, but there is sort of a theory, right you were telling me about a black hole that might be really close to us. Yeah, if you saw the movie Contact, then you know in that movie Contact, there's this like network of wormholes that connect galaxies. And I think, aren't they like at the center of the galaxy where the black hole the center of the galaxy is actually an opening into a wormhole network that lets you go all around the universe. I don't remember the details of that movie well enough, but there are people out there who are asking that question about the black hole at the center of our galaxy. They're wondering, it's a black hole, but is it also maybe a wormhole or at least the entrance to a wormhole, right, because if it's a black hole, it can be the exit of a wormhole. Yeah, this is one very particular kind of idea where it might be a pair of black holes that have their singularities overlapped, so they're connected by a wormhole, but the wormhole itself might be slightly bigger than the black holes, so the black holes are sort of like inside the wormhole, allowing some stuff to come out sort of sneaking around the black holes. This is the weird black hole wormhole combination idea. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. I think you just took a jump there. So you're saying that the black hole at the center of our galaxy might actually be two black holes. Yeah, the black hole the center of our galaxy might be connected to another their black holes somewhere else in the universe, and the two might be sort of like connected by this wormhole which is big enough to have the black holes connected, but also for other stuff to like get through the wormhole without falling into the black hole. Oh, I see what you're saying. So this is the regular type of wormhole that doesn't start in a black hole. You're just saying that there might be a or of a hole next to or sort of enveloping the black hole of the center work galaxy. This is like a mega wormhole. This would be a mega wormhole exactly. There's like a dune size worm and at its throat, right, it's throat is larger than this black hole at the center of the Milky Way. But the black holes like sitting at the mouth of the wormhole, but not completely blocking it, so that the wormhole is not totally inside the black hole. It's sort of like a basketball fits through a hoop, right, the basketball is smaller than the hoop. So now imagine, right, the black holes like the basketball and the wormholes like the basketball hoop. Interesting, And then just on the other side of the wormhole is maybe another black coal in in another galaxy or somewhere else. Yeah, another black hole in probably another galaxy because these supermassive black holes tend to only form at the hearts of galaxies. But we don't know until we send our favorite cartoonists in right, or our favorite physicists, or at least favorite cartoonists either one. Yeah, let's take a vote. But this is a crazy idea, Daniel, Why would people think this is what's happening. I don't know that anybody thinks it's what's happening. But some people wrote a paper asking if this was what's happening, how could we figure it out? And sort of like trying to work out the mathematics of if you could tell if there was a wormhole there, which I think it's really fun to think about, you know, like, what are we capable of discovering in the universe. If the universe was this way that way, how could we tell the difference. It's a really fun mental exercise. And so this paper is a little bit out there, but I enjoyed reading it. It's like, here's something that could be true because we just haven't seen that closely to the center of our galaxy. What if there's a giant Norma's wormhole connecting our black hole to another black hole in another galaxy? Yeah, and it could just be a bunch of physicists watch contact and they had an argument afterwards about whether that could actually be possible, and somebody came up with this idea. They're like, wait, what if there's a black hole inside a big wormhole? And somebody else said, you know what, that might be true. I bet I could write a paper about it. You know, that's how watching science fiction and smoking ban in appeals leads to real progress in science. I wouldn't recommend that in general, smoking anything sounds kind of dangerous. But then what would the ramifications be, Like, what would be the consequences? Right, it means that our galaxy is connected to another galaxy, so we could maybe travel to that other galaxy. Yeah, absolutely, if you could get close enough to this black hole without getting shredded. Remember we talked about how big black holes are actually easier to get close to. People out there are aware that even if you're near a black hole without going inside it, there's very very strong gravity that could pull you apart because of the tidal forces spaghettification. That's actually less of a concern near very big black holes because their event horizons are so far from the core that the title forces actually aren't strong enough to tear you apart. So if it really is a wormhole surrounding these black holes, then yes, potentially we could send something through it and travel the galaxy. The question is, how could we figure out if there's a wormhole there without dropping somebody inside? Well, A physicists aren't somebody, so you know, But so, what's the theory that there's a whole bunch of negative mass at the center of our galaxy creating a wormhole near our black hole somehow? And they don't have a theory for how this wormhole got formed or even what's holding it open. They just presuming, like, if there's a wormhole there, how could we tell? And so they played this mental game and they realized, well, you know, if there's a wormhole here, that means that information can pass through from that galaxy to our galaxy. Like, yeah, I can jump in and go to the other galaxy. But also things information can pass through the wormhole because the throat is larger than the black holes, right, And so to go from the other galaxy to here, you just need to pass through the wormhole and like avoid the black holes. And that information is potentially including things like gravity. So if there's a black hole on the other side and there are stars orbiting that black hole, then as those stars orbit the black hole, we should be able to feel the gravitational poll of stars on the other side of the wormhole affecting things on this side. WHOA, yeah, I guess the worm of it just connecting space, it would transmit gravity to right. So if like you see the orbit of the stars around our black holes somehow being kind of wobbly or skewed, maybe there's something sucking and sucking them through the wormhole. Yeah, And we happen to have a great way to test this because there's a star that passes very very close to the black hole the center of our galaxy. It's called S two, and it whips around that black hole once every sixteen years, and we're able to calculate its orbit very very precisely. And so if it goes off orbit, if it's like skew us or jitters a little bit, that might be evidence that there's something tugging on it from the other side of the wormhole. That's wild. It sounds like a great scheme to get funding for sixteen years. It's wild. It's also, you know, a fun theoretical idea, but experimentally might not be practical because in order to conclude that the star is being wiggled by something on the other side of this hypothetical wormhole, you have to be able to account for everything else that might also be wiggling it on our side of the wormhole, which means you need to know the position and location velocity of every other gravitational object nearby. And that's a hard area to map out. It's very close to the center of the galaxy. There's a lot of gas and dust there, and so you need to like know everything else very very precisely to conclude that something invisible through a wormhole is also tugging on this star. And even if it does wiggle, it would be wiggle It's like a super tiny amount, right, yeah, exactly. We're talking like a millionth of a meter per second squared would be to change of the acceleration on a star from some stars on the other side of this wormhole. So you need very very precise measurements of this star and very precise measurements of everything else affecting this star. So it's not something we can do today, but and I could, but wouldn't I guess it costs that much. You just have to look at the stars to see if it wiggles a little bit. Yeah, exactly, And that's the kind of thing we want to do. Anyway, we're studying these black holes and measuring the trajectory of stars that go around it, and asking all sorts of questions about numerical general relativity. So it's definitely something we want anyways, detailed information about the path of stars around black holes. And even if there is a wormhole there, it's still pretty far away from here, right, Like, I probably would never be able to jump into it even if I wanted to, because it's still like tens of thousands of light years away, right, Yeah, the center of the galaxy is not that close, which we should be grateful for because the center of the galaxy is not a very hospitable place. This intense radiation from all the processes at the center of the galaxy, so we wouldn't be able to survive for very long even just because of that radiation. So yeah, not something to worry about. If aliens are passing through that wormhole, there's still really really far away and possibly getting shredded to right. I mean, it's sort of hard to like go around a black couple of black holes. Yeah, well, I'm not an expert on alien biology, but I imagine it's possible for them to survive nearby these big black holes because remember, big black holes are safer to be near than small black holes. All right, well, I guess that sort of answers a question. How do you spot a warm hole? You look close at the distortions it makes to the rest of the universe, because they would distort things in very specific ways. That's right. They're not going to jump out at you and advertise themselves, but if they are out there, they will have subtle effects on the way light travels, way particles moved through space, and you know, somebody might jump out of it and say, hey, help me out. I got questions about the Earth. Hopefully it's the cartoonists and alien cartoonists, because they're just more fun, you know, I see. So when we're sending people and you want to throw in physicists, but when aliens are sending people in, you're hoping they throw the cartoonists. Yes, yes, because they're aliens. You know, maybe in the alien planet, physicists are the most fun, right right, Yeah, But then you know that's theoretically impossible to ny. I'm gonna work on a theory to disapprosate. Why not we can look for impossible wormholes? Why not look for impossible physics? Humor? You gotta set your sides high in Science. You could win the Nobel Prize in Humor. All right, well, we hope you enjoyed that. And I guess the next time you look up at this guy, you have to wonder a little bit. Are we looking maybe at a wormhole? And is that star you're looking at maybe actually a star? And the whole other part of the universe. Thanks for joining us, see you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained the universe is a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast For my heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. No