The Hidden Laws That Shaped Medieval Life | Boring History for Sleep

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Welcome, in my tired little 
friends. 

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I know you need that sleep 
considering the day you might 

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have had. 
So let's snuggle up, we're going

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back in time to a journey 
through the hidden architecture 

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of medieval life where the laws 
you've never heard of quietly 

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shaped everything from morning 
markets to evening curfews 

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tonight. 
We're stepping into the world of

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13th century, England and 
France, when people created 

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systems so practical and human 
that they kept entire 

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communities running smoothly for
Generations. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down below

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in the comments, where in the 
world you're listening in from, 

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and what time it is for you. 
Now, turn on a fan for some 

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noise and let's get some sleep. 
You wake to the sound of the 

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church bell. 
Mark in Prime the first service 

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of the day, though. 
You're not particularly 

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religious, you simply know. 
It means the baker 3 house is 

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down, has already been at work 
for an hour. 

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The smell of bread, reaches your
window, yeasty, and warm, 

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cutting through the cooler air 
that still holds last night's 

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dampness. 
You stretch beneath your wool 

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blanket feeling the familiar 
lumps in your straw mattress and

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consider the day ahead your 
village of about 200 Souls 

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operates under laws. 
So local that the next Village 

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over just three miles distant 
has completely different things.

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This might sound chaotic but it 
actually works beautifully like 

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having a coat tailored 
specifically for your body 

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rather than trying to squeeze 
into something made for someone 

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else's frame the manorial court 
meets, once a month in the 

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Lord's Hall. 
And while he technically 

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presides, most decisions come 
from 12 men. 

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Chosen from among yourselves, 
people who know exactly whose 

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cow trampled whose vegetable 
patch and whether it was a 

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genuine axed and for a 
longstanding grudge. 

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Last month, Thomas the wheel, 
right? 

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Left his pile of Oak, strips 
blocking the common path for 

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five days. 
Everyone had to walk around it, 

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which meant stepping into the 
muddy ditch or squeezing past 

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old Widow Margaret's fence, 
where her geese lurk, like 

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feather Bandits the Court fine, 
Thomas, 3 Pence. 

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Not because blocking paths, 
warrant biblical punishment, but

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because the fine equaled roughly
what he earned from the wheel 

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he'd been building. 
The math, worked out to 

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inconvenience repaid. 
With inconvenience, Thomas paid 

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grumbled a bit for form sake and
moved his Lumber. 

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The path cleared life continued.
You understand that these local 

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courts handle paps 90% of actual
daily governance. 

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The King has his laws. 
Certainly handed down through 

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sheriffs and justices who ride 
circuit through the countryside,

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like Merchant ships visiting 
ports between their visits. 

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You live under rules, created by
people who know that John's Pig 

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has a talent for breaking 
through fences that the stream 

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floods, every March and needs 
its banks reinforced, and that 

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the common oven belongs to 
everyone. 

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But someone needs to clean out 
the ash, every Satay, the beauty

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of local law sits in its 
flexibility when your village 

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decided that gleaning, writes, 
the practice of gathering 

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leftover grain after harvest. 
Should extend an extra day for 

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families? 
With more than four children, 

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nobody needed to consult legal 
scholars in London. 

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The 12 men of the Court simply 
noticed that the Cooper family 

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with six hungry. 
Mouths could use the help and 

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that one extra day cost the 
Lord. 

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Nothing from his share. 
They announced it, everyone 

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agreed. 
And it became as binding as 

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anything written on parchment in
a monastery. 

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You've seen the system work even
in delicate matters. 

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When young, William was caught 
with Alice behind the mill, both

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unmarried and both clearly up to
activities that would make their

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parents creative with kitchen. 
Implements, the court could have

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imposed harsh penalties. 
Instead the 12 men, who'd all 

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been the young ones and 
remembered exactly what the felt

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like gave William. 
A choice, Mary Alice within the 

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month or pay a fine equivalent 
to a month's wages and face 

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public scolding. 
William married Alice, they seem

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happy enough and their first 
child arrived at a suspiciously 

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convenient. 
Seven months later, fooling out 

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salute Lee. 
Nobody. 

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The system survives because it 
knows you it knows your cousin 

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drinks too much during Harvest 
festivals and needs watching. 

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It knows that Peter. 
The Tanner works hard but is 

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memory leaks like an old bucket.
So when he forgets to repair the

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fence around his drying racks, a
reminder usually works better 

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than a fine. 
It knows that Martha grows the 

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best herbs for 50 miles and 
probably shouldn't be bothered 

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with too many official duties 
because everyone benefits from 

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her skill with fever and Meadows
Suite. 

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You rise fully now, pulling on 
your Lin in under tunic and 

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Woolen out a tunic, both died. 
The muddy Brown that hide stains

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admirably, the local laws 
govern. 

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Even what you wear sumptuary 
laws, restrict certain colors 

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and fabrics to certain ranks 
though. 

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In practice, nobody enforces 
these much. 

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Unless someone really oversteps,
If you showed up in silk and 

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purple questions would arise in 
sensible, brown wool, you move 

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through your day unmarked and 
untroubled outside the village 

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stirs into motion, like a body 
waking joint. 

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By joint, smoke rises from 
cooking fires children, who 

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should be helping with chores or
instead seeing how close they 

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can get to the blacksmith's 
Forge, without being shooed 

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away. 
The blacksmith, Robert waves, 

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his hammer in their Direction, 
without real Menace. 

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He was one of those children 
once and his father's Hammer 

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waived. 
Just, as lazily the morning 

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court session held right. 
After Prime on Tuesdays handle, 

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small matters, disputed 
boundaries broken agreements and

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minor deaths. 
You're not involved today but 

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you stopped to watch for a 
moment. 

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Listening to these proceedings 
teaches you, the invisible rules

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that make Community possible. 
Not the grand pronouncements 

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about Justice and law. 
The Practical acknowledgment 

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that people are complicated that
circumstances matter and that 

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mercy and feminist, both have 
their place, Jeffrey the 

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Hayward, the officer who manages
the fields and meadows reports 

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that someone's been cutting 
across the newly planted spring 

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wheat. 
Instead of walking the longer 

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path around the stalks show it 
clearly a diagonal scar of 

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broken stems across the 
southeast Corner. 

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The court considers nobody 
confesses but everyone knows. 

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It was probably young Edward 
whose 14 and operates on the 

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principle. 
That straight lines between two 

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points. 
Make excellent sense. 

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Regardless of what's growing in 
between rather than accused 

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Edward directly. 
He is not a bad boy, he just 

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thought list in the way. 14 year
old, boys have been thought 

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listen since time began the 
court simply announces that. 

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The next person, caught Crossing
planted Fields Will Repair the 

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damage personally on the hands 
and knees replanting. 

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Every broken stork while the 
entire Village watches. 

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Edward City in the back, goes 
slightly pink and study his 

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feet. 
The message lands without 

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humiliation and the southeast 
corner of the Wheatfield remains

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unmolested thereafter. 
This is local law at its finest 

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shaped like water to fit, the 
vessel of community, flexible 

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enough to handle human nature 
and firm enough, to prevent 

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chaos, you head toward the 
Market Square, where different 

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laws apply, but where the same 
principle holds rules made by 

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people who live with the 
consequences, the market 

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operates under regulations. 
So, detail, they'd make a 

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merchant headspin yet somehow it
all flows, like a well rehearsed

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dance. 
You arrive as the sun fully 

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clears, the Eastern trees, 
painting Everything, Gold, and 

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making the dust, Motes, visible 
in the air above the Gathering 

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crowd, the market crossed in the
center. 

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A stone monument that serves as 
both spiritual reminder and 

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legal marker, all sales within 
sight of the Cross fall under 

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Market law, which protects 
buyers and sellers alike Agnes. 

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The baker has a table set up 
with yesterday's dark bread at a

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reduced price and today's White 
Mansion loaves still warm at 

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full price. 
The market regulations, specify 

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exactly how much a loaf should 
weigh for its price. 

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But more interestingly, they 
require that the prices be 

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clearly announced and that the 
bread be available for 

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inspection before purchase you. 
Watch a customer, squeeze a loaf

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gently checking its freshness 
and Agnes doesn't Flinch or 

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complain. 
This openness is mandated. 

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Hiding your goods or refusing. 
Inspections suggest you're 

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selling something. 
You'd rather people not examine 

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too closely. 
The Alewife Beatrice serves from

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a large jug marked with her seal
crude, but distinctive bee 

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carved into the wax. 
The seal matters enormously when

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the ale taster. 
Yes, that's an actual appointed 

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position. 
And yes, everyone wants. 

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It comes by. 
He'll check that seal. 

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If the ale is watered down or 
sour that seal identifies 

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Beatrice as responsible, she 
could pay a fine or Worse. 

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Be subjected to The Cutting 
stool dunked in the village Pond

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while neighbors jeer. 
The public humiliation generally

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does more to ensure quality than
any fine could. 

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Nobody wants to be the AL wife 
who serves badale and ends up 

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soaked and mocked. 
But here's what makes the system

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clever. 
Beerus can also use that seal to

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prove her rail, as good. 
If someone's, they got sick from

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her Brew, she can point to all 
the other customers who drank 

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from the same batch, without 
issue to the ale taste as 

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approval and to her reputation. 
Seal protects her, as much as it

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identifies her accountability 
Cuts, both directions. 

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You notice Robert at the 
fishmonger, his table covered in

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fresh perch and Pike from the 
river, their scales still 

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gleaming. 
Market Law requires fish to be 

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sold fresh not kept for days 
until it borders on topic. 

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The inspectors can and do check 
smelling the fish and examining 

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the eyes and gills. 
Bad fish gets confiscated and 

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the seller gets fined. 
This isn't me a fussiness food 

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poisoning can kill and in a 
community where everyone knows 

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everyone poisoning, your 
neighbors makes you a pariah 

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faster than any legal 
punishment. 

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Could the weights and measures 
Fascinate You every time, a 

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bushel of grain, a pound of 
cheese, a yard of cloth. 

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Each has a standard often 
represented by actual physical 

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objects. 
Kept in the market house when 

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disputes arise about whether 
someone's measuring correctly, 

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outcome the official weights and
measures. 

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You've seen Merchants caught 
using false, weights tipping, 

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the scales with hidden thumbs or
using Stones a few ounces light 

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the penalty involves public 
destruction of the false 

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weights, a substantial fine and 
sometimes banishment from the 

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market for a period. 
Three offense is in your out 

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permanently, what you appreciate
is how this system prevents the 

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powerful from crushing the week.
When the Lord Steward comes to 

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buy Grain for the manor house, 
he pays the same price as 

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everyone else and accepts the 
same standard measures, the 

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market laws, explicitly forbid, 
preferential pricing, or secret 

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deals. 
If you sell to one person for a 

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shilling, you sell to the next 
person for a shilling, this 

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keeps Merchants honest and 
prevents the wealthy from 

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gaming. 
The system, the regulations 

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extend to placement and timing 
butchers must set up downwind of

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other vendors. 
Nobody wants the smell of blood 

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drifting over the bread table, 
sellers of live animals. 

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Stay in the far corner where the
noise and mess bother fewer 

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people. 
The market runs from sunrise to 

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Mid after noon, no longer. 
Giving everyone equal access to 

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the best Goods rather than 
allowing early risers to 

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monopolize everything. 
You watch a dispute on fold with

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the practiced, calm of someone 
who seen this before. 

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A customer claims, the cloth 
Merchant, shorted her on her 

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purchase of linen. 
She paid for three yards and 

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believes she received only two 
and three quarters. 

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The cloth Merchant insists. 
His measuring stickers accurate,

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the market bailiff. 
A sturdy woman named Joan who 

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tolerates, exactly, zero 
nonsense, produces the official 

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yard measure. 
They re-measure the cloth 

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publicly right there on the 
table. 

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The customer was right, the 
merchant stick as warped, 

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slightly making his yards about 
an inch short. 

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Joan notes. 
This in her record book, The 

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Merchant wasn't cheating 
intentionally just using a bad 

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tool. 
So the fine is light but he must

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make good the shortage to every 
customer from this morning and 

231
00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:23,900
he must acquire a new measuring 
stick before next Market Day. 

232
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,700
He nods embarrassed but not 
ruined and begins calling back 

233
00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:31,700
his morning customers. 
This is Market fairness in 

234
00:12:31,708 --> 00:12:35,900
action, Swift public and 
proportionate the customer gets 

235
00:12:35,900 --> 00:12:39,300
her missing inch the merchant 
learns to check his tools. 

236
00:12:39,300 --> 00:12:42,700
Other Merchants know what 
happened and resolved to verify 

237
00:12:42,700 --> 00:12:44,300
their own measures before next 
week. 

238
00:12:44,300 --> 00:12:48,900
The system self-corrects through
transparently you purchase a 

239
00:12:48,900 --> 00:12:52,500
small cheese from a vendor you 
trust enjoying the sharp smell 

240
00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:54,200
of it. 
And the slight give when you 

241
00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,700
press the rapt package, the 
vendor wraps it in clean cloth 

242
00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:00,300
and ties it with twine chatting 
about the weather and his 

243
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:03,600
daughter's upcoming wedding. 
This personal connection matters

244
00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:06,000
too. 
It's harder to cheat someone. 

245
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:09,300
You'll see at church on Sunday, 
whose family into Marys with 

246
00:13:09,308 --> 00:13:12,500
yours and who remembers when you
fell in the duck pond during 

247
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,300
Harvest Festival. 
Three years ago, as you leave 

248
00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:16,800
the market, you pass the 
pillari. 

249
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:20,900
Currently are not occupied but 
recently used its presence. 

250
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:25,300
Reminds everyone that market 
laws have teeth Last month, a 

251
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:28,400
traveling Merchant sold saffron 
that turned out to be dyed 

252
00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:31,000
flower petals. 
He spent half a day locked in 

253
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,100
the pillory while market-goers 
pelted him with rotten 

254
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:38,100
vegetables and creative insults.
He won't return to this market 

255
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:42,000
and word will spread to other 
Villages his reputation travels 

256
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:45,200
faster than he does. 
The market empties as often 

257
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:49,000
settles in vendors, packing away
unsold goods, and sweeping up 

258
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,900
scattered straw and dropped 
vegetables, tomorrow. 

259
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:54,600
It will be an ordinary Square 
where children play in chicken 

260
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,600
scratch. 
But today, for these hours, it 

261
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:00,800
was a kingdom of fair, dealing 
governed by laws that recognize 

262
00:14:00,800 --> 00:14:04,400
something profound. 
Trust forms the foundation of 

263
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:08,400
Commerce and Trust requires both
protection and accountability. 

264
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:12,400
After the midday meal bread, 
cheese and small beer that 

265
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:15,300
tasted barely of alcohol but 
keeps you safely hydrated. 

266
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,500
Better than water from 
questionable sources you head to

267
00:14:18,500 --> 00:14:22,200
the Open Fields, the three field
system spreads before you in 

268
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,900
strips. 
A patchwork quilt of different 

269
00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:28,200
crops and fellow land that looks
chaotic until you understand the

270
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,700
pattern, your family holds 
several strips scattered across 

271
00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:33,800
the fields. 
Never all in one place. 

272
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:37,000
This distribution isn't 
accidental or cruel. 

273
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:41,300
It's brilliantly practical. 
Some land is better drained, 

274
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:44,800
some gets more sun and some has 
richer soil. 

275
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:49,600
By scattering strips. 
Everyone gets a good and poor 

276
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:52,700
land, nobody monopolizes the 
best plots. 

277
00:14:52,700 --> 00:14:55,900
You might have a strip on the 
sunny Hillside and another in 

278
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:59,000
the lower field that stays 
damper, your neighbor has the 

279
00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:02,600
same variety over the course of 
the year, the advantages and 

280
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:06,300
disadvantages balance out but 
this system only works if 

281
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:09,900
everyone cooperates and 
cooperation requires rules. 

282
00:15:10,700 --> 00:15:14,800
The field regulations govern 
when you plow when you plant and

283
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,600
when you harvest, you can't just
decide to plant your wheat two 

284
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,100
weeks early. 
Because you have a good feeling 

285
00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:23,900
about the weather. 
If you plow before the agreed 

286
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:26,400
upon time, you'll damage the 
stubble that everyone's 

287
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:28,000
livestock is currently grazing 
on. 

288
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:32,100
The fields servers common, past 
draft, a harvest until spring 

289
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:35,500
plowing begins. 
Similarly, you can't Harvest 

290
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,900
late when the wheat is ready. 
It's ready for everyone leaving 

291
00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:43,200
your strips standing, While 
others Harvest invite birds, and

292
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,400
mice to Feast on your grain, and
then move to your neighbor's 

293
00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:49,100
stripes. 
The community sets Harvest dates

294
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:53,900
and everyone works to meet them.
This isn't tyranny, its survival

295
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:55,700
optimized through Collective 
action. 

296
00:15:56,500 --> 00:16:00,500
The water Meadows present, an 
even more complex challenge, the

297
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:03,000
stream that runs along the 
western edge of the fields, can 

298
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,300
be diverted through a series of 
channels to irrigate The Meadows

299
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:10,400
promoting earlier and richer 
grass growth for hey, but the 

300
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:13,500
channels need maintenance and 
the water needs Fair 

301
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:16,800
distribution. 
The Mellow specify exactly when 

302
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,000
the water can be diverted how 
long each section receives 

303
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:23,500
irrigation and whose responsible
for maintaining, which parts of 

304
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:26,600
the channel system, you've spent
spring mornings clearing 

305
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:30,100
Channels with your neighbors 
digging out accumulated and 

306
00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:33,600
fallen leaves and repairing the 
small wooden gates that control 

307
00:16:33,600 --> 00:16:36,100
water flow. 
Nobody loves this work but 

308
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,400
everyone benefits from it. 
So the labor is shared according

309
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,300
to how much Meadow each family 
holds More Meadow means more 

310
00:16:43,300 --> 00:16:46,300
Channel, clearing Duty, a simple
proportion. 

311
00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:48,100
That feels Fair because it is 
fair. 

312
00:16:48,100 --> 00:16:51,400
The commons represents perhaps 
the most delicate balance of 

313
00:16:51,408 --> 00:16:54,600
shared responsibility. 
The common pasture where 

314
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:58,100
everyone's livestock grazed 
together operates on a stinting 

315
00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,700
system. 
Each family is allowed a certain

316
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:03,400
number of animals based on how 
much land they hold in the Open 

317
00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:05,400
Fields. 
You can't just keep adding 

318
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:09,000
animals because you feel like it
overgrazing destroys, the 

319
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,599
commons for everyone turning 
productive pasture into bare 

320
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:14,800
dirt. 
That erodes in the rain, he 

321
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:17,900
would walk the commons regularly
counting animals and checking 

322
00:17:17,900 --> 00:17:21,099
the condition of the grass. 
If someone exceeds their stint, 

323
00:17:21,099 --> 00:17:24,000
the extra animals, get impounded
until a fine is paid. 

324
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:27,800
This seems harsh until he 
consider the alternative Without

325
00:17:27,800 --> 00:17:30,400
Limits. 
The greediest person destroys 

326
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:33,500
the resource for everyone. 
A tragedy that plays out in 

327
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:36,400
countless variations. 
Whenever shared resources, meet 

328
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:39,900
human nature unchecked, you 
watch your neighbor's son drive 

329
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:43,900
their cow to the common pasture.
A scraggly Beast with a wonky 

330
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:46,100
horn and a personality like a 
thunderstorm. 

331
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:49,500
The boy carries a willow switch 
but barely uses it. 

332
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,800
The cow knows the routine. 
They've walked this path every 

333
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:58,100
morning since spring arrived. 
Cow will join the others all 

334
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:01,600
mixing together, regardless of 
who owns, Which animal and each 

335
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:05,100
owner, trust that the system 
works that their cow will return

336
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:08,300
at day's end. 
This trust isn't Blind Faith, 

337
00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:11,500
the cow herd higher, 
collectively by The Village 

338
00:18:11,500 --> 00:18:12,900
tends. 
All the animals together. 

339
00:18:12,900 --> 00:18:15,700
He's responsible for keeping 
them from wandering. 

340
00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:19,000
Into the growing crops from 
falling in the Stream and from 

341
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,500
getting tangled in the woods. 
A cow goes missing or gets 

342
00:18:22,500 --> 00:18:26,600
injured through his negligence, 
he pays compensation, but he 

343
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,200
also earns a decent wage and the
respect of his neighbors because

344
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:32,500
good cow herding keeps 
everyone's wealth. 

345
00:18:33,100 --> 00:18:36,000
Embodied in these animals safe 
and productive. 

346
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:40,000
The field laws, extend even to 
gleaning the practice of 

347
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:42,000
gathering leftover grain after 
harvest. 

348
00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,700
The poor in the elderly have the
right to glean, but only after 

349
00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:48,900
the main Harvest is complete 
only during certain hours. 

350
00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:52,300
And never in a way that damages 
the stubble needed for livestock

351
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:55,900
these rules protect both The 
Gleaners access to food and the 

352
00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:58,800
landholders interests. 
You've seen children cleaning 

353
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:02,200
with their grandmothers Nimble, 
young fingers, and patient told 

354
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,100
wisdom working together to 
gather enough grain to make a 

355
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:09,200
different in their winter diet. 
Cooperation, manifests, most 

356
00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:12,900
clearly during Harvest, your 
wheat is ready, when your 

357
00:19:12,900 --> 00:19:16,000
neighbors wheat is ready. 
Everyone helps everyone else 

358
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:19,800
moving from strip to strip in a 
coordinated wave of scythes and 

359
00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:23,300
binding and stacking. 
You spend a day cutting Wheaton 

360
00:19:23,300 --> 00:19:26,700
strips and later John spends a 
day cutting yours. 

361
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:31,400
The labor exchange isn't tracked
with painful Precision, if you 

362
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:35,000
cut for six hours and someone 
cuts for you for five, Nobody 

363
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,600
Breaks out an abacus. 
It balances over time, over 

364
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:42,000
seasons and over years, this 
mutually Aid extends to 

365
00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:46,200
emergencies when fire destroyed,
half of Thomas's Barn Last 

366
00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:50,400
Summer, the community rebuilt it
together Family, contributing 

367
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,900
labor Timber and thatch. 
According to their means Thomas 

368
00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:58,200
didn't ask the help simply 
materialized like Morning Dew. 

369
00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:00,500
This is how Village Life 
survives. 

370
00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:05,000
I recognizing that individual 
disaster can strike anyone and 

371
00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:08,400
Collective response benefits, 
Everyone by maintaining the 

372
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:12,000
communities overall productivity
and stability, the field 

373
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,300
regulations, the stinting 
system, The Cooperative labor, 

374
00:20:15,300 --> 00:20:18,300
none of this is written in 
elaborate legal codes. 

375
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:22,200
Most of it exists in Collective 
memory passed down through 

376
00:20:22,200 --> 00:20:25,400
generations with small 
adjustments as circumstances. 

377
00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:29,000
Change when the climate shifted 
slightly in the growing season 

378
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,600
length and a few days, the 
community adjusted, the planting

379
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:36,200
dates without needing a Royal 
Proclamation, the system adapts 

380
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:38,700
because the people who live 
under it understand both, its 

381
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:43,200
principles and its purposes. 
As after noon light, slant gold 

382
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,400
and across the fields, you feel 
the weight of this shared in 

383
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:50,300
Denver, the land feed you, but 
only, if you treat it right and 

384
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:52,600
treating it right requires, 
treating each other, right? 

385
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:55,600
The laws that govern these 
fields onto about punishment. 

386
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,000
There are about making 
cooperation possible about 

387
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,000
preventing the selfishness that 
would destroy what everyone 

388
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,000
needs evening. 
Finds you at home, sitting with 

389
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,000
your father as he explains the 
family's land holding in detail,

390
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:10,600
He's been sharing more 
frequently, lately. 

391
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:14,000
He's not sick. 
Just Aging in the way that makes

392
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,300
people think about continuity 
the evening, light through the 

393
00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:19,900
small window turns his 
weathered, face into a map of 

394
00:21:19,908 --> 00:21:23,300
years spent outdoors. 
And his voice carries the 

395
00:21:23,300 --> 00:21:25,800
particular care of someone 
transferring important 

396
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:29,600
knowledge, your family's land 
came through inheritance but the

397
00:21:29,608 --> 00:21:32,700
rules governing that inheritance
are more intricate than simply 

398
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:36,300
oldest son, gets everything in 
this region. 

399
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:40,100
Part of inheritance means the 
land gets divided amongst Sons 

400
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:43,800
each receiving a portion, this 
prevents the concentration of 

401
00:21:43,808 --> 00:21:47,300
land in single hands also means,
holding fragment over 

402
00:21:47,300 --> 00:21:50,200
Generations. 
Strips splitting into smaller 

403
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:53,800
strips until some parcels. 
Barely Merit, the name, your 

404
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:57,700
father traces, the history, his 
grandfather held 38 acres. 

405
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:01,500
Scattered across the fields, 
divided among three sons giving 

406
00:22:01,500 --> 00:22:05,400
your grandfather 10 acres, your 
grandfather had two sons. 

407
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,300
So your father received five 
acres, you have two brothers, 

408
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:13,500
which means the five acres will 
be split three ways leaving each

409
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:16,400
of you with plots that sound 
pathetic until you remember that

410
00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:19,800
3 acres worked efficiently 
combined with common rights and 

411
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:23,800
cooperation can support a family
but here's where the landlords 

412
00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:27,300
reveal their sophistication. 
You can't divide indefinitely 

413
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:30,800
without creating absurdity. 
The manorial court won't 

414
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,000
recognize holding below a 
certain size and more 

415
00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:37,100
importantly the community Grant 
common rights for tiny 

416
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:39,400
fragments. 
If you're holding becomes too 

417
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,100
small to be viable, you have 
options, purchase more land. 

418
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:45,800
Marry someone with land or 
accept. 

419
00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:48,100
That one brother takes the 
agricultural portion While 

420
00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:51,600
others learn trades or seek 
employment elsewhere your oldest

421
00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:53,000
brother. 
The Practical one will likely 

422
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:56,400
take most of the land you've 
known this for years and don't 

423
00:22:56,400 --> 00:22:58,700
resent it. 
You're more interested in The 

424
00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:01,300
Woodworking skills. 
You've been developing and the 

425
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:04,300
village needs a good Carpenter 
more than it needs another 

426
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,100
mediocre farmer. 
The youngest brother is already 

427
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:10,300
working with the Tanner learning
a trade that makes him hold his 

428
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:13,900
breath and wrinkle his nose but 
also promises steady income. 

429
00:23:13,900 --> 00:23:16,700
The laws. 
Also protect widows in ways that

430
00:23:16,700 --> 00:23:19,600
surprise people who think 
medieval life was universally 

431
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,700
harsh to women. 
Your mother. 

432
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:25,100
Should she outlive your father 
gets the dower, right? 

433
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:28,400
Usually a third of the family's 
land for her life time. 

434
00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:32,800
She can't sell it but she can 
work it or rent it out in. 

435
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:37,500
She doesn't become destitute. 
This law recognizes that women 

436
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,600
who've spent decades helping 
build a family's Prosperity 

437
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:43,300
deserve Security in their old 
age. 

438
00:23:43,300 --> 00:23:47,800
Lantern itself comes in 
varieties Freehold which, your 

439
00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,900
family doesn't have offers more 
rights and fewer obligations, 

440
00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:53,800
your family holds land through 
copyhold. 

441
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,400
Recorded on The Manor, Court, 
roles paying rent to the Lord 

442
00:23:57,400 --> 00:23:59,000
and knowing certain labor 
services. 

443
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:01,600
But even copyhold has 
protections. 

444
00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:05,800
The Lord can't arbitrarily evict
you or increase rents Beyond 

445
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:10,900
custom is the magic word the 
accumulated practice of 

446
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:12,800
generations that carries legal 
weight. 

447
00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:16,300
If rents have been three 
Shillings yearly for a century, 

448
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,300
the Lord can't suddenly demand 
six without serious 

449
00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:23,500
justification, the court rules 
document, everything transfers 

450
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:27,300
inheritances disputes and 
resolutions your father. 

451
00:24:27,300 --> 00:24:29,800
Once consulted them, when a 
neighbor claimed, your family's 

452
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:34,300
Western strip extended farther 
than it actually did the role 

453
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:36,500
showed clearly where the 
boundary had been for three 

454
00:24:36,500 --> 00:24:39,500
generations. 
The neighbor confronted with a 

455
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:43,000
written record backed down the 
role servers communal, memory 

456
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:46,100
preventing the past, from being 
Rewritten to suit present 

457
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:50,000
convenience inheritance disputes
can turn ugly brother against 

458
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:53,000
brother, or widowed against 
stepchildren, but the Manor 

459
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:54,400
Court. 
Handles them with procedures 

460
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,900
designed to find truth Witnesses
testify about what they 

461
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:01,700
remember, who worked, which 
land, who paid, which rents, and

462
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:05,400
what the deceased intended, the 
12 men of the jury, often 

463
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,900
include people old enough to 
remember decades back their 

464
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,600
memories forming, a human are 
archived more detail than any 

465
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,400
written record. 
You've watched cases where 

466
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:16,900
Common Sense matters as much as 
strict law. 

467
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:19,800
When Old William, died leaving 
land to his nephew. 

468
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:23,200
In stead of his son, the son 
being a notorious drunk who had 

469
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,200
already sold everything portable
for drinking money. 

470
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,900
The court, upheld the bequest, 
the law prefers direct descent, 

471
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,400
but it also recognizes that 
handling land to someone who 

472
00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,300
immediately lose it. 
Helps nobody. 

473
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:40,000
The nephew, got the land, the 
sun got an annual allowance of 

474
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:43,400
grain enough to keep him fed, 
but not enough to trade for 

475
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,200
drink harsh, perhaps, but 
protective of both the families 

476
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:49,300
Legacy and the sun's basic 
welfare. 

477
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:53,700
The complexity of landlord 
reflects its importance, Land Is

478
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:57,900
wealth security, and identity, 
your family strips have been 

479
00:25:57,908 --> 00:25:59,800
worked by your ancestors for 
Generations. 

480
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:05,200
The same soil, the same seasons.
This creates a connection that 

481
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,600
goes deeper than ownership. 
It's a relationship almost 

482
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:12,500
kinship with the Earth itself, 
the laws protecting land rights 

483
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:16,500
recognized this depth, Treating 
land, not as a mere commodity, 

484
00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:19,700
but as an inheritance in the 
fullest sense, something 

485
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:23,400
received from the past, and held
in trust for the future, your 

486
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,600
father, finishes his 
explanation, as Twilight 

487
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,300
deepens. 
You understand now what you're 

488
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:31,800
inheriting isn't just dirt and 
crops it's a place in an ongoing

489
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:36,100
story, a role in a community and
a responsibility to maintain 

490
00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,100
what was built and to pass it 
Forward improved. 

491
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:43,800
If possible undamaged at minimum
the laws governing land ensure 

492
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,900
that this transfer happens, 
fairly that rights are 

493
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:49,700
protected, that disputes are 
resolved without violence. 

494
00:26:49,700 --> 00:26:53,700
And that the cycle continues, 
the church bells Mark times 

495
00:26:53,700 --> 00:26:56,500
passage with sounds you've heard
so often there are almost part 

496
00:26:56,500 --> 00:26:59,600
of your heartbeat. 
Matin's in the Deep Knight 

497
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:06,400
Lords, Dawn and Prime tours 
sexed, none Vespers and 

498
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:08,800
complying dividing the day into 
segments. 

499
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,900
That organized work and rest, 
but beyond religious observance,

500
00:27:12,900 --> 00:27:16,300
these bells enforce something 
revolutionary mandatory rest. 

501
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:20,600
The Sabbath laws aren't merely 
suggestions Sunday. 

502
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:24,300
Work is forbidden except for 
absolute Necessities, feeding 

503
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,400
animals, tending, the sick and 
preventing imminent disaster. 

504
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:32,300
You can't plow can't Harvest, 
can't trade in the market and 

505
00:27:32,300 --> 00:27:35,000
can't even do. 
Extensive cooking the penalty 

506
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,800
for Sunday work varies from 
fines to public Penance and the 

507
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:41,500
community enforces it with 
surprising vigor. 

508
00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:45,800
This seems restrictive until you
consider what it prevents the 

509
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:48,400
endless grind, that would 
otherwise consume every day of 

510
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,200
the week without enforced, rest,
the most driven or most 

511
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:54,800
desperate would work 
continuously, pressuring 

512
00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,500
everyone else to keep Pace or 
fall behind the Sabbath law 

513
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:03,400
creates Collective permission to
stop to rest, and to exist for a

514
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:05,800
day without productivity. 
Defining your worth. 

515
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,900
Beyond Sundays, the calendar 
blooms with feast days, Saints 

516
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:14,900
days major, holy days and local 
celebrations. 

517
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:19,200
Your region observes, perhaps 40
or 50 days of required rest and 

518
00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:21,300
newly. 
In addition to every Sunday, 

519
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:25,400
this approaches a third of the 
Year modern people hearing this 

520
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:29,100
often express, shock medieval, 
peasants had more mandatory time

521
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:30,700
off than many contemporary 
workers. 

522
00:28:31,700 --> 00:28:34,800
Feast days serve multiple 
purposes, their religious, 

523
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,600
observance is certainly but also
pressure release valves 

524
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,700
Community. 
Gatherings and markers of times 

525
00:28:40,700 --> 00:28:44,600
passage Michael must means rent 
is due and harvest. 

526
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,800
Should be complete. 
Christmas marks Winters depth 

527
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:51,400
and the years turning made a 
celebrate spring with dancing 

528
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,600
around the maypole and enough 
flirtation to make the priest 

529
00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:58,300
deliveries annual sermon about 
moderation and dignity, which 

530
00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:01,000
everyone listens to politely 
before returning to their 

531
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:03,600
revelry, the laws governing 
feast days. 

532
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:06,600
Try to channel celebration away 
from destructive excess. 

533
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:11,100
Drinking is expected and 
tolerated but fighting draws 

534
00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:14,600
Swift penalties. 
The MayDay games wrestling 

535
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,500
racing. 
Archery have rules and referees 

536
00:29:17,500 --> 00:29:20,600
precisely because young men 
competing for Glory and female 

537
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:24,700
attention can quickly escalate 
from friendly contest to actual 

538
00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:27,500
violence. 
The community, permits High 

539
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:31,600
Spirits, but draws firm lines, 
genuine harm, work time itself 

540
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,900
has rhythms and coded in law and
custom the agricultural calendar

541
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:37,800
determines when Fields needed 
attention. 

542
00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:41,400
But within that framework, the 
law specify workouts and 

543
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:45,300
conditions Harvest work might 
run from dawn to dusk during the

544
00:29:45,308 --> 00:29:48,300
critical weeks. 
But regular fieldwork, maintains

545
00:29:48,300 --> 00:29:51,300
more moderate hours. 
The Lord can demand Labor 

546
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:55,100
Service from his tenants, but 
even that has limits so many 

547
00:29:55,100 --> 00:29:59,700
days per year, specific tasks 
and reasonable hours, The Guild 

548
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:02,200
regulations which you'll 
encounter if you pursue 

549
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:06,300
carpentry, seriously specify a 
princess and journeyman working 

550
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:10,800
conditions, even More precisely 
apprentices can't be worked from

551
00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:13,600
absolute Dawn. 
Total darkness year round. 

552
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:17,300
They need time for meals for 
rest and for church attendance. 

553
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:21,200
Masters, who abused apprentices 
face, Guild discipline, 

554
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:25,200
including losing the right to 
take future apprentices, a 

555
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:27,200
severe penalty that threatens 
their trades. 

556
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,800
Continuity, even daily work with
thems have customary breaks 

557
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:34,700
mid-morning sees a brief rest 
and perhaps we care or bread. 

558
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:38,300
Midday brings the main meal 
break a substantial. 

559
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,500
Pause that recognizes human 
beings aren't drafted animals. 

560
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:44,500
Mid often, noon might bring 
another brief respite. 

561
00:30:45,100 --> 00:30:47,700
These brakes aren't legally 
mandated in the same way the 

562
00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:52,200
Sabbath is a custom enforces 
them, almost as firmly, a master

563
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,700
Craftsman, who drove work as 
without reasonable breaks would 

564
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:59,300
find himself short, of workers, 
as words, spread and people 

565
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:03,800
sought employment elsewhere, the
curfew Bell marks Days, end a 

566
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,700
signal that fires should be 
covered or extinguished and that

567
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:08,600
people should retire to their 
homes. 

568
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,900
This serves practical fire 
prevention uncovered fires and 

569
00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:14,700
wooden buildings surrounded by 
thatch. 

570
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:18,900
Create obvious risk, but also 
reinforces rest important. 

571
00:31:19,900 --> 00:31:23,400
Night is for sleep or at least 
for quiet activities that don't 

572
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,000
disturb neighbors. 
The laws against nighttime 

573
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:28,800
noise, recognized that sleep, 
deprivation makes people 

574
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:32,600
irritable unproductive and more 
prone to conflict. 

575
00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:36,400
You've experienced the blessing 
of enforced, rest during 

576
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:40,300
particularly exhausting Harvest 
Seasons, by Saturday evening. 

577
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:43,100
Every muscle aches, and you'd 
gladly collapse and not rise for

578
00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:45,600
a week. 
Sundays enforced, idleness. 

579
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,600
Feels less like, restriction. 
And more like salvation. 

580
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,700
You attend church, eat well, 
perhaps visit with friends, or 

581
00:31:52,700 --> 00:31:54,100
family and let your body 
recover. 

582
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:57,900
Monday's work begins from a 
place of rest rather than 

583
00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:01,100
accumulated exhaustion the 
pattern of work. 

584
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:04,700
And rest encoded in bells and 
calendars and Community 

585
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:07,400
expectation creates sustainable 
rhythm. 

586
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:10,700
You can work intensely when 
needed because rest is 

587
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,600
guaranteed. 
You can celebrate feast days 

588
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:16,600
fully because work time is 
protected the laws. 

589
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:19,500
Prevent the extremes that 
destroy both productivity and 

590
00:32:19,500 --> 00:32:23,900
Humanity, endless work, that 
breaks bodies and Spirits or 

591
00:32:23,900 --> 00:32:26,900
endless Leisure that brings 
poverty as compline. 

592
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:28,600
Rings. 
Across the village, marking the 

593
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:31,000
days, formal end. 
You feel gratitude for these 

594
00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:35,000
rhythms tomorrow will bring work
certainly, but it will also 

595
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:36,900
bring the midday meal with your 
family. 

596
00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:40,500
The late afternoon, pause to 
drink cold water, from the well,

597
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:44,900
and the evening when you can set
aside tools and simply exist the

598
00:32:44,900 --> 00:32:48,600
laws that mandate rest, give you
permission to be human not 

599
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:51,800
merely productive and that 
permission matters more than you

600
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:55,300
might realize until it's absent.
Your developing interest in. 

601
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:57,900
Carpentry brings you 
increasingly into contact with 

602
00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:01,400
the guild system that elaborate 
network of Craftsman's 

603
00:33:01,400 --> 00:33:05,900
organizations that govern trades
with regulations dense than the 

604
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:08,200
legal codes governing entire 
kingdoms. 

605
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,800
The Carpenters Guild in the 
nearest town operates with rules

606
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,100
your own Beginning to understand
but their purpose shines. 

607
00:33:15,100 --> 00:33:19,600
Clearly Maintained quality 
ensure Fair dealing and protect 

608
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:24,200
Craftsman from exploitation. 
And excessive competition, the 

609
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,000
guilds quality standard start 
with apprenticeship. 

610
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,700
You can't simply declare 
yourself a carpenter and start 

611
00:33:30,700 --> 00:33:34,000
taking work. 
First comes years as an 

612
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,400
apprentice bound to a Master 
Craftsman, who teaches you the 

613
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:39,000
trade in exchange for your 
labor. 

614
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:42,000
The Guild regulates this 
relationship carefully, 

615
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:45,300
contracts specify terms duties 
and treatment. 

616
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:48,600
An apprentice can't be treated 
as mere cheap labor. 

617
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:52,800
There's a genuine teaching 
obligation Masters who fail to 

618
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,900
actually instruct their 
apprentices face skilled censure

619
00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:59,500
Your potential Master Hue, the 
carpenter explains the 

620
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:03,900
progression, seven years as an 
apprentice learning Basics, then

621
00:34:03,900 --> 00:34:06,500
advance to complex joinery and 
finishing work. 

622
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:09,500
Then several years as a 
journeyman were working for 

623
00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:11,900
wages travelling. 
Perhaps to learn techniques from

624
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:14,800
other regions. 
Finally, if you prove capable, 

625
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,800
you create your Masterpiece, an 
actual piece of work 

626
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:21,400
demonstrating full Mastery of 
The Craft, and if the guild 

627
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:26,100
approves it, you become a master
Craftsman yourself entitled to 

628
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:28,400
take apprentices and run your 
own Workshop. 

629
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:32,000
This progression ensures quality
control through generational 

630
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:36,199
knowledge transfer You learned 
from his master who learned from

631
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:39,800
his master stretching, back 
Generations, in an unbroken 

632
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,300
chain of expertise the 
techniques. 

633
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:46,699
He teaches you how to read wood 
grain where to place joints, for

634
00:34:46,699 --> 00:34:50,300
maximum strength, how to finish 
surfaces smoothers, River, 

635
00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:53,900
Stones represent, accumulated 
wisdom that can't be learned 

636
00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,400
from books because most of it 
isn't written down, the guild 

637
00:34:57,400 --> 00:34:59,600
regulations, extend to business 
practices. 

638
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:03,200
Masters can't undercut each 
other's prices too severely. 

639
00:35:03,900 --> 00:35:07,500
A race to the bottom benefits. 
Nobody except customers seeking 

640
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,500
impossibly cheap work and 
impossibly cheap. 

641
00:35:10,500 --> 00:35:13,300
Work means Corner, cutting that 
produces garbage. 

642
00:35:13,300 --> 00:35:17,400
The Guild sets minimum prices 
for standard work, a basic 

643
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:20,600
table, a joint chest, and a door
frame. 

644
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,300
Masters can charge more for 
exceptional, work or difficult 

645
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:27,500
commission's, but they can't 
charge less than the minimums 

646
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,700
without Guild investigation. 
This prevents the situation 

647
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:33,500
where a desperate or 
unscrupulous Craftsman destroys 

648
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,100
market conditions for Everyone 
by offering work at 

649
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:39,600
unsustainable prices. 
It also protects customers from 

650
00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,700
the false economy of cheap Goods
that break or fail quickly. 

651
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:47,300
A table built to Guild standards
last generation's yes it costs 

652
00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:49,500
more but measured over its 
lifespan. 

653
00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:52,300
It's actually cheaper than 
repeatedly replacing shoddy 

654
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:54,800
Furniture. 
The Guild also regulates working

655
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:58,300
hours and conditions maintaining
the balance between productivity

656
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:03,400
and sustainability. 
Craftsman work by daylight, not 

657
00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:06,800
buy expensive and unreliable 
Candlelight that strains eyes 

658
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:11,200
and increases fire risk. 
The observed Sundays and feast 

659
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:14,800
days like everyone else they 
take apprentices only in numbers

660
00:36:14,800 --> 00:36:18,500
they can actually teach The 
ratio is usually specified, 

661
00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:22,700
perhaps two apprentices per 
Master preventing large 

662
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:25,400
workshops, that become mere 
production factories, rather 

663
00:36:25,400 --> 00:36:28,700
than teaching environments 
Quality Inspection happens. 

664
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:32,700
Regularly Guild officers, visit 
workshops examining work in 

665
00:36:32,708 --> 00:36:36,200
progress and finished pieces. 
Substandard work, brings 

666
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:39,200
warnings, then finds them 
potentially exclusion from The 

667
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:42,100
Guild. 
A death sentence for a Craftsman

668
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:45,600
since non Guild, members can't 
legally, practice the trade in 

669
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,000
the town. 
This might sound harsh but it 

670
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,400
maintains reputation when you 
purchase Guild certified. 

671
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:55,900
Carpentry, you know you're 
getting quality work, the guild 

672
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:59,200
handles disputes between Masters
and customers through internal 

673
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:01,600
procedures. 
If you commissioner chess to 

674
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:04,800
clean, the craftsmanship is 
poor, The Guild investigates. 

675
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,000
They examine the chest with 
Expert Eyes that see what you 

676
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:10,500
might miss, but also catch 
genuine defects. 

677
00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:13,000
You might not notice. 
If the work is indeed 

678
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,000
substandard, the master must 
remake it without additional 

679
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,700
charge. 
If your complaint is unfounded, 

680
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:23,200
you wanted Oak but paid for Pine
pricing for example The Guild 

681
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:25,600
explains this and you pay what 
you owe. 

682
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:28,600
You tells you about a case where
a master claimed a customer 

683
00:37:28,608 --> 00:37:32,300
damage to finish table and then 
demanded free repairs. 

684
00:37:32,300 --> 00:37:35,800
The Guild investigated found 
that the damage actually 

685
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,300
represented poor joinery that 
failed under normal use and 

686
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:42,700
required the master to repair it
and refund part of the original 

687
00:37:42,700 --> 00:37:45,400
cost. 
The Masters reputation took a 

688
00:37:45,400 --> 00:37:48,800
hit his prices dropped slightly 
for the next year until he 

689
00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:51,100
proved the quality. 
Problem was an aberration rather

690
00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:53,800
than a pattern. 
Beyond quality and business 

691
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,300
practice, The Guild serves 
social functions. 

692
00:37:56,300 --> 00:38:00,000
It maintains funds for members 
who fall ill or suffer injury, 

693
00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:04,300
providing support that prevents 
immediate destitution when he 

694
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:07,300
broke his arm two years ago and 
couldn't work for weeks, The 

695
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,300
Guild provided a small weekly 
stipend that kept his family 

696
00:38:10,300 --> 00:38:13,500
fed, his paying it back 
gradually through increased 

697
00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:16,000
Guild. 
Dues A system that spreads risk 

698
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,700
across the entire membership. 
The Guild. 

699
00:38:18,700 --> 00:38:21,800
Also handles the charitable 
aspects, expected of medieval 

700
00:38:21,800 --> 00:38:25,300
organizations. 
They maintain a chapel fun 

701
00:38:25,300 --> 00:38:28,600
masses for deceased members, 
provide dowries, for daughters 

702
00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:32,400
of impoverished members and 
support widows of Masters, this 

703
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,500
social safety net isn't 
comprehensive, but it's more 

704
00:38:35,500 --> 00:38:38,100
than nothing representing 
recognition. 

705
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:41,100
That a guild is a Brotherhood, 
not merely a Business 

706
00:38:41,100 --> 00:38:43,900
Association. 
The regulations, you're learning

707
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:47,200
might seem restrictive. 
So many rules about techniques, 

708
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:50,900
materials pricing, and conduct. 
But your beginning to understand

709
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:54,800
their logic, they create 
stability that allows Craftsmen 

710
00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,300
to build careers and reputation 
over decades. 

711
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:01,000
They protect quality in a world 
without modern consumer, 

712
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,200
protection laws, they ensure 
knowledge, passes to new 

713
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,400
generations. 
They make the crafts 

714
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:09,000
sustainable, not just 
economically, but as way of 

715
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:13,100
life, As you practice planing 
wood, smooth in Hughes Workshop,

716
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:16,400
the curl of shavings falling 
away to reveal, clean grain 

717
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:18,600
beneath. 
You feel connected to something 

718
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:21,800
larger than yourself every 
Carpenter, who learned this 

719
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:24,100
motion, who developed the muscle
memory. 

720
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,800
That makes the plane sing across
the wood participated in the 

721
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:31,400
same tradition, your entering, 
the guild regulations, maintain 

722
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,600
that tradition protecting it 
from the short-term thinking, 

723
00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:37,000
that would sacrifice quality for
quick profit. 

724
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,300
The human talent for 
disagreement finds full 

725
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:44,100
expression in any community. 
And yours is no exception. 

726
00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:47,500
But what prevents disputes from 
escalating into feuds and 

727
00:39:47,508 --> 00:39:51,100
violence is the elaborate system
of mediation and arbitration 

728
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:55,700
that intercepts conflict before 
it metastasizes into genuine 

729
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:59,300
hatred, the laws and customs 
governing dispute, resolution 

730
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:00,600
might be the most important 
rules. 

731
00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:03,800
You never think about until you 
need them when your neighbor's 

732
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:07,100
pigs rooted up, your vegetable 
garden last month, destroying 

733
00:40:07,100 --> 00:40:09,600
weeks of work, and a significant
food source. 

734
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:12,500
You felt anger, hot enough to 
consider violence. 

735
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:16,200
The pigs were the first offense,
the fence between your 

736
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:18,400
properties has been a source of 
tension for years. 

737
00:40:18,400 --> 00:40:22,500
Each of you claiming the other 
lets it deteriorate this time, 

738
00:40:22,500 --> 00:40:25,200
the pigs broke through and 
reached havoc, and you want to 

739
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:29,000
compensation or revenge or 
preferably both but between that

740
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:32,900
flash of anger. 
And any action, stood, a series 

741
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:36,000
of procedures designed 
specifically to prevent your 

742
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:37,800
rage from causing permanent 
damage. 

743
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,600
To community relations. 
First you can consulted with 

744
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:45,000
your father and Uncle both of 
whom have the perspective of age

745
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:48,300
and the dampening effect of 
having seen many similar 

746
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:50,100
disputes. 
They greed. 

747
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:52,800
You had a legitimate grievance 
but counseled against 

748
00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:56,600
confrontation instead, they 
suggested a formal complaint to 

749
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,500
the manorial court. 
Before the court date. 

750
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:02,600
Something interesting happened. 
Three neighbors independently, 

751
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:06,400
approached, both you and the pig
owner, Peter suggesting and 

752
00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:09,000
formal mediation. 
This wasn't official legal 

753
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,900
procedure, just community 
members, who understood that 

754
00:41:11,900 --> 00:41:16,000
festering resentment poisons, 
everyone nearby like bad air 

755
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:20,500
from a swamp. they volunteered 
to hear both sides and suggest a

756
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:24,500
fair resolution, the mediation 
took place in the church neutral

757
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:27,700
ground were the Sacred Space, 
subtly encouraged honesty and 

758
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:31,300
restraint, You explain the 
damage, the pattern of fence 

759
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:35,200
neglect in your frustration, he 
to explain that his pigs had 

760
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:38,800
been more adventurously that 
he'd been ill and fallen behind 

761
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,800
on maintenance and that he 
couldn't afford extensive 

762
00:41:41,800 --> 00:41:44,400
compensation. 
But wanted to make things, 

763
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:47,200
right? 
The mediators listened asked 

764
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,800
questions and suggested a 
solution, Peter would repair the

765
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:53,200
fence section immediately and 
provide you with a piglet. 

766
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:57,600
In compensation to be raised and
slaughtered in Autumn replacing 

767
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,700
the food value you'd lost from 
the destroyed vegetables. 

768
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:05,400
You agreed Peter agreed. 
The dispute was resolved without

769
00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:09,300
Court, involvement without fines
and without Permanente. 

770
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:13,100
You still don't particularly 
like Peter but you don't hate 

771
00:42:13,100 --> 00:42:16,400
him and come Autumn. 
You'll have good pork the 

772
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:19,500
mediation process channeled 
conflict into resolution. 

773
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:23,000
Through Community pressure 
toward reasonableness, not all 

774
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,900
disputes resolved so easily The 
Manor Court. 

775
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:29,200
Handles harder cases operating 
with procedures that balance 

776
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:32,800
formality and flexibility. 
When Thomas claimed that William

777
00:42:32,800 --> 00:42:36,400
Odom wages for help during 
Harvest but William insisted 

778
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:39,500
he'd already paid the court, 
couldn't determine the truth 

779
00:42:39,500 --> 00:42:44,000
through simple investigation, it
became one man's word against 

780
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,300
another's. 
The solution involved, 

781
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:50,200
complication ancient practice 
where each party gathered oath 

782
00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:53,800
helpers respected community 
members willing to swear to the 

783
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,400
person's truthfulness William 
found six neighbors willing to 

784
00:42:57,408 --> 00:43:01,800
swear his oath that he'd paid as
promised Thomas found only three

785
00:43:02,700 --> 00:43:05,500
The Court ruled for William. 
Not necessarily because he was 

786
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:08,600
telling the truth but because 
more people trusted his word, 

787
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:12,500
this seems arbitrary until you 
can consider the social dynamics

788
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:15,900
to find oath helpers. 
You need a reputation for 

789
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:18,500
honesty. 
People won't risk their own 

790
00:43:18,500 --> 00:43:20,800
reputation by swearing for 
liars. 

791
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,900
The system incentivizes 
truthfulness over time because 

792
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:27,200
your reputation becomes your 
most valuable asset. 

793
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:31,900
The court also handles conflicts
through trial by jury. 

794
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:36,700
Those same 12 men who make most 
manorial decisions, they know 

795
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:39,100
the disputants, the history, and
the context. 

796
00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:43,100
When Jeffrey sued Edmond for 
damaged to Borrowed tools, the 

797
00:43:43,100 --> 00:43:44,800
jury didn't just examine the 
tools. 

798
00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:48,200
They considered that Jeffrey 
lends tools freely to everyone 

799
00:43:48,200 --> 00:43:51,200
and Edmund tends to be careless 
with borrowed items. 

800
00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:55,400
They ruled Edmond must repair or
replace the tools and pay a 

801
00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:59,000
small additional fine for being 
essentially habitually 

802
00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:01,300
irresponsible with other 
people's property. 

803
00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:05,200
The Genius of local dispute 
resolution lies in its 

804
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:09,000
integration with Community Life.
The jurors who judge to today's 

805
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,400
dispute, might be tomorrow's 
dispute and this creates 

806
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:16,500
incentive to be fair to consider
how precedent might affect them 

807
00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:19,100
later. 
And to avoid arbitrary or harsh 

808
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:21,000
rulings that could return to 
haunt them. 

809
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:24,400
It justice tempered by the 
knowledge that everyone can 

810
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:26,000
continue living together 
afterward. 

811
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:31,600
For more serious matters, 
assault, major theft disputes, 

812
00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:35,800
The Manor Court, can't handle, 
Royal courts exist with 

813
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:38,500
Justice's who travel circuits 
hearing cases. 

814
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:42,300
But Community preference runs 
strongly toward local resolution

815
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:48,600
Royal Justice is expensive, slow
and often more focused on finds 

816
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:50,600
that enrich the king than on 
resolving. 

817
00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:54,300
The actual dispute, local 
mediation and Mana quartz cost, 

818
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:58,300
little act quickly and focus on 
restoring peace, rather than 

819
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:01,200
extracting Revenue. 
You've noticed that the most 

820
00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:03,700
effective deterrent against 
wrongdoing isn't harsh 

821
00:45:03,700 --> 00:45:07,500
punishment, but rather, the 
certainty of social consequences

822
00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:10,600
when Margaret was caught 
stealing bread from Agnes's 

823
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:14,100
table in the market, the legal 
penalty was relatively light, 

824
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,800
small fine and brief time in the
pillory, but the social penalty 

825
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,000
was severe. 
Everyone knew everyone talked 

826
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,000
and Margaret's reputation for 
honesty. 

827
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,600
Evaporated months later, people,
still treat her with caution, 

828
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:30,700
Count Their change carefully 
when she is around and don't 

829
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:32,700
leave valuables on guarded in 
her presence. 

830
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:37,000
That social scarring hurts worse
and last longer than any 

831
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:41,000
physical punishment, the system 
succeeds because it recognizes 

832
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:45,300
conflicts inevitability while 
channeling it into non-violent 

833
00:45:45,300 --> 00:45:48,400
resolution. 
The rules provide procedures 

834
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:52,100
cooling off periods and third 
party intervention. 

835
00:45:52,100 --> 00:45:55,400
The community provides pressure 
toward reasonable illness 

836
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,900
Witnesses, who remember what 
actually happened, an oath 

837
00:45:58,908 --> 00:46:01,200
helpers who stake their 
reputation on truth. 

838
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:05,500
Together, these prevent most 
disputes from escalating into 

839
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:09,400
violence or permanent division 
has evening settles and you 

840
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:12,200
repair the fence section that 
contributed to the original pick

841
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:14,800
incident. 
You reflect on how close you 

842
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:17,100
came to making things worse 
through anger. 

843
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:21,400
The mediation system, saved you.
From yourself from the cycle of 

844
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:23,500
retaliation that destroys 
communities. 

845
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:26,800
You still, don't love your 
neighbor but you found a way to 

846
00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:29,500
coexist and sometimes that's 
Victory enough. 

847
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:33,500
The final insight about medieval
of reveals itself slowly like 

848
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:37,500
Dawn, rather than lightning 
These systems work because they 

849
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:41,700
play the long game prioritizing 
stability and continuity over 

850
00:46:41,700 --> 00:46:44,000
short-term optimization the 
rules. 

851
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:48,300
You've explored local courts 
Market regulations shared field 

852
00:46:48,300 --> 00:46:52,700
systems inheritance laws work 
rhythms Guild standards dispute 

853
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:57,500
resolution all at the same goal 
community that survived 

854
00:46:57,500 --> 00:47:00,800
Generations because they 
balanced individual needs with 

855
00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,200
Collective. 
Welfare consider how different 

856
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:05,400
this is from Pure profit 
maximization. 

857
00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:09,900
A merchant could make more money
by using false weights but he'd 

858
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:14,400
be caught punished and excluded.
Better to make slightly less and

859
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:16,500
trade for decades, with a solid 
reputation. 

860
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:20,500
A Craftsman could produce cheap 
Goods, quickly, undercutting 

861
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:23,500
competitors. 
But Guild regulations, prevent 

862
00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:27,200
this race to the bottom. 
Better to produce quality work 

863
00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:30,500
at fair prices and build a 
client base that returns for 

864
00:47:30,500 --> 00:47:32,900
Generations. 
The agricultural system, 

865
00:47:32,900 --> 00:47:36,600
particularly demonstrates 
long-term thinking the three 

866
00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:40,000
field rotation winter, crops 
spring crops and fellow 

867
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,600
maintains soil, fertility, 
across years and decades. 

868
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:47,600
You could plant all Fields every
year and harvest more initially,

869
00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:51,800
but you'd exhaust the soil 
within a generation, the laws 

870
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,100
enforcing rotation sacrifice 
short-term gain for long term 

871
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:58,100
sustainability. 
Similarly, the common pasture 

872
00:47:58,100 --> 00:48:01,000
just didn't exist and prevents 
overgrazing that would destroy 

873
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:03,500
the resource. 
You could run extran animals 

874
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:07,300
this year and profit but the 
common would deteriorate harming

875
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:11,200
everyone including yourself. 
Eventually the laws limit 

876
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:13,900
present consumption to preserve 
future of availability. 

877
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:17,700
This requires Thinking Beyond 
immediate gratification, 

878
00:48:17,700 --> 00:48:21,200
trusting that restraint now 
means abundance later 

879
00:48:21,200 --> 00:48:24,500
inheritance laws that provide 
for widows and divided. 

880
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:27,100
Land among children, might seem 
economically and efficient 

881
00:48:27,100 --> 00:48:30,400
compared to primogeniture, 
giving everything to the oldest 

882
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:32,900
son, but they maintain social 
stability. 

883
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:37,400
Youngest sons with no prospects.
Unbanned, it or mercenaries, 

884
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:41,500
destabilizing regions widows 
without support, become 

885
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:45,200
desperate burdening, the 
community spreading resources, 

886
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:49,100
even if it means, smaller 
individual Holdings, keeps more 

887
00:48:49,100 --> 00:48:51,000
people invested in peaceful 
stability. 

888
00:48:52,100 --> 00:48:54,600
The mandatory rest days, seem 
counterproductive to 

889
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:58,700
productivity until you consider 
sustainability humans. 

890
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:01,800
Who work to exhaustion produce 
less over time than well-rested 

891
00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:04,600
humans. 
The Sabbath and feast days, 

892
00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:08,600
prevent burnout maintain health 
and provide pressure relief that

893
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:11,800
prevents social unrest a 
community that celebrates 

894
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:14,600
together, builds bonds, that 
help it whether crises together 

895
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:18,100
Guild regulations, restricting 
competition and maintaining 

896
00:49:18,100 --> 00:49:22,100
prices seem anti-competitive. 
But they ensure Craftsman can 

897
00:49:22,100 --> 00:49:24,800
afford to maintain quality and 
train apprentices properly. 

898
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:28,400
A race to the bottom produces 
cheap goods and poorly, trained 

899
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:31,700
workers degrading the crafts 
Generations. 

900
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:35,800
It's better to limit competition
slightly and maintain high 

901
00:49:35,800 --> 00:49:39,500
standards indefinitely even the 
dispute resolution system. 

902
00:49:39,500 --> 00:49:43,700
Prioritizes long-term peace over
strict Justice, mediation seek 

903
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:46,800
Solutions, both parties can live
with not victory. 

904
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:50,500
For one side, the goal isn't 
perfect fairness in each case 

905
00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:53,600
but rather maintaining Community
relationships across decades. 

906
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:57,400
Sometimes that means 
compromises, nobody loves, but 

907
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:00,500
everyone accepts, you've been 
observing how these systems, 

908
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:05,100
interconnect each reinforcing 
the others Market regulations 

909
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:06,900
build trust that makes Commerce 
possible. 

910
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:11,000
Shared field systems require 
cooperation that dispute 

911
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:13,600
resolution maintains Guild 
standards. 

912
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:16,300
Create quality that inheritance 
laws preserve across 

913
00:50:16,300 --> 00:50:19,200
Generations. 
Rest requirements, maintain 

914
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:21,300
Health, that makes sustainable 
work possible. 

915
00:50:21,900 --> 00:50:25,600
Everything connects in a web of 
mutual support the system isn't 

916
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:28,900
perfect. 
No human creation is powerful 

917
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:30,100
Lords. 
Sometimes abused their 

918
00:50:30,100 --> 00:50:34,000
positions, courts, occasionally 
ruled poorly guilts can become 

919
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,300
restrictive to the point of 
stifling Innovation but the 

920
00:50:37,300 --> 00:50:40,000
overall structure channels, 
human nature toward cooperation 

921
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:44,100
and sustainability more often 
than toward exploitation and 

922
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:46,300
collapse. 
Walking through the village in 

923
00:50:46,300 --> 00:50:49,200
the late evening, houses 
glowing, softly with fire and 

924
00:50:49,200 --> 00:50:52,200
Candlelight, you hear the sounds
of daily life. 

925
00:50:52,200 --> 00:50:57,100
Winding down conversations, 
laughter a baby crying and 

926
00:50:57,100 --> 00:51:00,600
someone singing to listen, while
washing dishes, these sounds 

927
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:04,500
represent success of A Sort, 
really celebrated, the success 

928
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:07,900
of Simply continuing of 
communities that survived, not 

929
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:11,600
through dramatic heroics, but 
through the accumulated effect 

930
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,900
of reasonable rules reasonably, 
followed the laws. 

931
00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:17,500
You've been exploring, don't 
make anyone wealthy or famous. 

932
00:51:17,500 --> 00:51:20,100
They don't create Empires or 
monuments. 

933
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:25,400
They simply make daily Life work
year after year generation after

934
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:28,900
generation, they represent 
wisdom learned slowly through 

935
00:51:28,900 --> 00:51:33,000
trial and error rules, refined 
over centuries to fit human 

936
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:37,000
nature as it actually exists 
rather than as someone wishes it

937
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:40,000
to be, you think about the 
future about children? 

938
00:51:40,000 --> 00:51:43,300
Not yet born who work these same
Fields trade in the same market 

939
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:47,400
and learn crafts from Masters 
who learned from you the laws 

940
00:51:47,400 --> 00:51:49,000
you live under are your gift to 
them. 

941
00:51:49,008 --> 00:51:52,600
The accumulated knowledge of how
to make Community possible. 

942
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:56,400
Not perfect. 
Not unchanging, but functional 

943
00:51:56,400 --> 00:52:01,100
in ways that matter fair enough 
flexible enough and firm enough 

944
00:52:01,100 --> 00:52:05,100
as night, settles fully and you 
prepare for Sleep, the last bell

945
00:52:05,100 --> 00:52:08,600
rings from the church Tower 
marking complain completing the 

946
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:11,200
daily cycle. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

947
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:15,800
challenges, new disputes and new
opportunities, but the framework

948
00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:19,200
holds steady. 
The laws and customs that make 

949
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,600
cooperation possible, that 
channel human energy toward 

950
00:52:22,600 --> 00:52:25,800
building, rather than destroying
and that recognize both 

951
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:28,100
individual dignity and 
Collective need. 

952
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:31,800
This is the secret of medieval 
laws that made life work. 

953
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:35,800
Technology, human nature without
surrendering to its worst 

954
00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:38,700
impulses. 
They created space for both 

955
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:42,900
individual initiative and 
Community welfare, and they 

956
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:46,900
valued stability, over 
optimization sustainability over

957
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,700
exploitation and continuation 
over any single Generations, 

958
00:52:50,700 --> 00:52:54,100
maximum gain in doing. 
So they built something that 

959
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:58,600
lasted not perfect, never 
perfect, but functional and 

960
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:02,500
adaptable and ultimately, Humane
in ways that matter most the 

961
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:06,000
world outside continues. 
Its ancient rhythms Seasons 

962
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:10,400
turning Fields waiting 
communities and during Your part

963
00:53:10,400 --> 00:53:13,200
of that continuity. 
Now governed by laws the 

964
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:17,100
connect, you to the past and 
future both sleep comes easily 

965
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:22,500
earned by Honest, work protected
by reasonable rules sustained by

966
00:53:22,500 --> 00:53:24,900
the knowledge, that tomorrow's 
challenges will meet the same 

967
00:53:24,900 --> 00:53:28,100
patient practical systems that 
have handled them for 

968
00:53:28,100 --> 00:53:32,200
Generations. 
The laws, hold life continues 

969
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:43,900
and that ultimately is enough. 
Close your eyes for a moment to 

970
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:45,800
imagine Wales before the minds 
came. 

971
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,400
Picture Rolling Green Valley is 
carpeted with Bracken and 

972
00:53:49,400 --> 00:53:51,400
Heather, where sheep wandered, 
freely. 

973
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:53,800
Across Hill sides that had known
nothing but farming. 

974
00:53:53,800 --> 00:53:58,100
For thousands of years streams, 
ran clear over greystones and 

975
00:53:58,100 --> 00:54:00,200
the air smelled of rain and wild
grass. 

976
00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:03,500
The people who lived here. 
Spoke Welsh in lilting voices, 

977
00:54:03,500 --> 00:54:07,300
tended, small plots of land and 
probably never imagined that 

978
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:09,800
beneath their feet. 
Lay enough, coal to heat half of

979
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:11,600
Britain and Power in Industrial 
Revolution. 

980
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:15,400
The landscape of South Wales is 
the kind of place that poets 

981
00:54:15,400 --> 00:54:18,200
write about and they're feeling 
particularly moved by Nature's 

982
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:21,100
architecture. 
Deep-sided valleys carved by 

983
00:54:21,100 --> 00:54:24,600
ancient Rivers creating natural 
corridors between mountains that

984
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,900
aren't quite dramatic enough to 
be Alps but a far more imposing 

985
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:31,200
than your average Hill. 
The Welsh called these valleys 

986
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:33,600
stuwe. 
And if you've never heard that 

987
00:54:33,600 --> 00:54:36,100
word pronounced properly, you're
missing out on one of the 

988
00:54:36,100 --> 00:54:39,100
languages. 
Most satisfying sounds it rhymes

989
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:42,600
with boom, but starts with a 
soft almost musical consonant 

990
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:44,200
that exists. 
Nowhere in English. 

991
00:54:45,100 --> 00:54:47,300
In these valleys, the geology 
had been doing something 

992
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:50,600
interesting for about 300 
million years during the 

993
00:54:50,600 --> 00:54:53,500
Carboniferous period. 
When the planet was busy growing

994
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:57,500
enormous Ferns and dragonflies 
the size of Seagulls layer upon 

995
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:01,700
layer of vegetation, had grown 
died and been compressed under 

996
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:04,000
the weight of time and sediment 
into coal. 

997
00:55:04,800 --> 00:55:08,400
Different types, too. 
Anthracite in some places but 

998
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:11,400
humanists, coal in others. 
Each with its own properties and

999
00:55:11,400 --> 00:55:13,100
uses. 
It was like the Earth had been 

1000
00:55:13,108 --> 00:55:16,400
running a very slow Bakery, 
turning organic matter into the 

1001
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:18,200
fossil fuel. 
That would eventually power 

1002
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:22,100
steam engines, warm homes and 
change the trajectory of human 

1003
00:55:22,100 --> 00:55:24,800
civilization. 
The centuries, people knew the 

1004
00:55:24,808 --> 00:55:27,700
coal was there. 
Small-scale mining had occurred 

1005
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:30,600
since Roman times when someone 
figured out that these black 

1006
00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:34,600
rocks burned longer and hotter 
than wood, Medieval monks worked

1007
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:37,300
shallow pits to heat, their 
monasteries and Farmers. 

1008
00:55:37,300 --> 00:55:40,200
Occasionally Doug cold from 
outcrops along Riverbanks, when 

1009
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:43,800
they needed extra fuel for 
winter. but these were modest 

1010
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:47,900
operations, a few people with 
picks and baskets taking what 

1011
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:51,600
they needed and nothing more 
then came the 18th century and 

1012
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:54,700
with it, the realization that 
coal wasn't just useful for 

1013
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:58,900
keeping warm, it could power 
engines, it could smelt iron, it

1014
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:01,100
could drive Machinery, that 
would transform manufacturing 

1015
00:56:01,100 --> 00:56:05,200
from a cottage industry into an 
industrial juggernaut Suddenly, 

1016
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:09,000
everyone wanted Cole and Wales 
discovered it was sitting on one

1017
00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:10,400
of the richest deposits in the 
world. 

1018
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:14,500
The transformation happened to 
gradually at first like Dawn 

1019
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:16,200
creeping over those Welsh 
hillsides. 

1020
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:20,300
A landowner would notice coal 
seams on his property and hire a

1021
00:56:20,300 --> 00:56:22,900
few men to dig. 
Those men would need places to 

1022
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:25,000
live. 
So Cottages appeared, The 

1023
00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:28,100
Cottages needed shops, which 
needed roads, which needed, more

1024
00:56:28,100 --> 00:56:33,700
workers success bred expansion, 
One Small, Mine became two, then

1025
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:37,400
five, then 20. 
The peaceful farming, valleys 

1026
00:56:37,400 --> 00:56:40,800
began to change acquiring a new 
landscape written in industrial 

1027
00:56:40,800 --> 00:56:44,300
structures pit heads with their 
distinctive wheel mechanisms 

1028
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:48,400
railroad tracks, sneaking along 
Valley floors and eventually the

1029
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:51,900
slag heaps that would become as 
much a part of Welsh identity as

1030
00:56:51,900 --> 00:56:55,800
the mountains themselves. 
By the early 1800s, the mining 

1031
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:57,900
industry was picking up serious 
momentum. 

1032
00:56:57,900 --> 00:57:01,800
Attracting workers from across 
Wales and Beyond English 

1033
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:03,900
laborers. 
Came seeking better wages than 

1034
00:57:03,900 --> 00:57:05,100
agriculture. 
Could provide. 

1035
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:08,400
Irish families arrived during 
the Potato Famine. 

1036
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:10,900
Desperate for any work that 
would feed their children. 

1037
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:14,700
The Welsh valleys became a 
Melting Pot of axons and 

1038
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:18,000
traditions all United by the 
common purpose of extracting 

1039
00:57:18,000 --> 00:57:19,500
coal from The Reluctant to 
Earth. 

1040
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:23,100
Coal owners, mostly English 
Aristocrats and Wealthy. 

1041
00:57:23,100 --> 00:57:26,200
Industrialists saw the mines as 
Investments, that would make 

1042
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:28,900
them staggeringly rich and they 
were right. 

1043
00:57:28,900 --> 00:57:31,700
The workers saw them as 
opportunities for steady 

1044
00:57:31,700 --> 00:57:34,900
employment, which was more than 
most could expect from farming. 

1045
00:57:35,900 --> 00:57:38,900
Everyone else saw, smoke rising 
from valleys that had been clear

1046
00:57:38,900 --> 00:57:41,400
for Millennia and wondered what 
all this change. 

1047
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:45,000
Would mean what it meant 
ultimately was that these values

1048
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:47,100
would become the engine room of 
the British Empire. 

1049
00:57:47,900 --> 00:57:50,800
The coal pulled from Welsh Minds
would fuel the ships of the 

1050
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:54,700
royal Navy power, the factories 
of the Industrial Revolution and

1051
00:57:54,700 --> 00:57:58,200
heat the homes of Victorian. 
London, The Men Who extracted it

1052
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:01,300
would create communities with 
their own culture, their own 

1053
00:58:01,308 --> 00:58:03,600
struggles and their own kind of 
dignity. 

1054
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:06,500
Forged in conditions that would 
horrify modern safety 

1055
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:08,700
inspectors. 
But we're getting ahead of 

1056
00:58:08,708 --> 00:58:11,300
ourselves. 
First you need to understand 

1057
00:58:11,300 --> 00:58:14,700
what it actually meant to work 
in these mines, not the 

1058
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:16,900
romanticized version from 
period, drama's. 

1059
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:21,500
But the real gritty sometimes 
absurd reality of spending your 

1060
00:58:21,500 --> 00:58:24,200
days underground in pursuit of 
fossilized ferns. 

1061
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:27,400
Imagine your morning, commute 
involves getting into a metal 

1062
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,600
cage with 20 other people and 
dropping into the Earth at 

1063
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:33,300
speeds that make your stomach 
float into your throat. 

1064
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:38,100
That was a Welsh coal miners 
typical Tuesday and they did it 

1065
00:58:38,100 --> 00:58:40,700
before they'd had breakfast. 
Most miners. 

1066
00:58:40,700 --> 00:58:42,600
Lived within walking distance of
their pit. 

1067
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,700
Usually because their houses 
have been built specifically for

1068
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:49,600
Mine Workers and couldn't really
be described as located near the

1069
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:51,500
mine. 
So much as arranged around it 

1070
00:58:51,500 --> 00:58:54,600
like reluctant satellite. 
The pit whistle would sound 

1071
00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:57,800
around 5 in the morning. 
A noise that neighbors described

1072
00:58:57,800 --> 00:58:59,900
as somewhere between a train 
horn and a Banshee having a 

1073
00:58:59,908 --> 00:59:03,600
particularly bad day. 
You'd pull on your work clothes.

1074
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:06,400
Which never really got clean 
because coal dust has a way of 

1075
00:59:06,408 --> 00:59:09,300
becoming part of the fabric at a
molecular level and head to the 

1076
00:59:09,300 --> 00:59:11,700
pith head. 
The pit head was the mines front

1077
00:59:11,700 --> 00:59:13,900
door, though calling it. 
That makes it sound much more 

1078
00:59:13,900 --> 00:59:16,800
welcoming than it. 
Actually was picture a tower 

1079
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:20,000
structure, supporting a massive 
wheel called a winding wheel. 

1080
00:59:20,000 --> 00:59:22,900
That looks like a ferris wheel 
designed by someone who hated 

1081
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:26,100
fun. 
Still cables wrapped around this

1082
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:29,000
wheel, connecting to the cage 
that would transport you and 

1083
00:59:29,000 --> 00:59:32,500
your colleague's down the shaft.
Modern elevators, have safety 

1084
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:35,200
features. 
Emergencies breaks and calming 

1085
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:38,100
music. 
Mining cages had a gate and a 

1086
00:59:38,100 --> 00:59:40,200
rope. 
Before descending, you'd collect

1087
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:43,900
your lamp initially can handles 
later oil lamps, and eventually 

1088
00:59:43,900 --> 00:59:47,100
the famous lamp with its wire 
mesh safety screen, designed to 

1089
00:59:47,100 --> 00:59:51,000
prevent methane explosions. 
The Davy lamp is celebrated as a

1090
00:59:51,008 --> 00:59:54,200
Brilliant Invention that saved 
countless lives, which it did 

1091
00:59:54,200 --> 00:59:55,600
though. 
Mine has noted. 

1092
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:58,200
That it also gave off about as 
much light as a particularly 

1093
00:59:58,200 --> 01:00:01,800
ambitious Firefly. 
Working by David lamp meant. 

1094
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:04,300
You could see approximately two 
feet in front of your face, 

1095
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:07,300
which was just enough to 
appreciate the claustrophobia 

1096
01:00:07,300 --> 01:00:09,600
but not enough to see what you 
might trip over. 

1097
01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:14,200
The Descent into the mine, was 
an experience that never became 

1098
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:16,600
routine, no matter how many 
times you did it. 

1099
01:00:17,500 --> 01:00:20,200
Cage would Lurch then begin 
dropping at speeds. 

1100
01:00:20,200 --> 01:00:22,800
That made plummeting feel like 
an accurate verb. 

1101
01:00:22,800 --> 01:00:25,700
Darkness swallowed, you almost 
immediately as you left the 

1102
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:29,900
surface World Behind The 
temperature changed, first the 

1103
01:00:29,900 --> 01:00:33,600
shaft, bringing a damp coolness 
that contrasted sharply with 

1104
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:35,100
whatever whether you'd left 
above. 

1105
01:00:36,600 --> 01:00:40,600
Then came the sounds, the Creak 
and groan of cables, the rush of

1106
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:43,900
air the occasional drip of water
from Shaft walls and the 

1107
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:45,600
breathing of the men packed 
around you. 

1108
01:00:45,600 --> 01:00:48,300
Most of whom had learned that 
talking during descent was 

1109
01:00:48,300 --> 01:00:50,400
pointless because nobody could 
hear anything anyway. 

1110
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:54,000
Depths vary depending on the 
mine and the coal seam being 

1111
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:56,100
worked. 
Some mines, went down a few 

1112
01:00:56,108 --> 01:00:59,200
hundred feet others. 
Descended over 1,000 feet into 

1113
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:01,400
the Earth. 
To put that in perspective, 

1114
01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:05,400
that's deeper than the Eiffel 
Tower is tall, except your going

1115
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:08,500
in the wrong direction and this 
significantly more chance of the

1116
01:01:08,500 --> 01:01:12,700
sealing falling on your head. 
When the cage finally stopped at

1117
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:15,500
the pit, bottom and mine has 
appreciated the drivers, who 

1118
01:01:15,500 --> 01:01:18,400
manage smooth stops, rather than
the ones who seem to think they 

1119
01:01:18,400 --> 01:01:21,300
were competing in, some kind of 
aggressive elevator Olympics. 

1120
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:23,200
You'd step out into a different 
world. 

1121
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:26,600
The pit bottom was usually the 
widest part of the underground 

1122
01:01:26,600 --> 01:01:29,800
Network and Junction where 
multiple tunnels branched off 

1123
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:33,600
toward different coal faces. 
Here you might find stables for 

1124
01:01:33,608 --> 01:01:35,700
the pit. 
Ponies storage areas for 

1125
01:01:35,700 --> 01:01:38,300
equipment and the general 
organized chaos of men. 

1126
01:01:38,300 --> 01:01:41,200
Sorting themselves into work 
Crews and heading off to their 

1127
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,500
assigned sections. 
The walk from the pit bottom to 

1128
01:01:44,500 --> 01:01:47,400
your actual work area could take
anywhere from a few minutes to 

1129
01:01:47,400 --> 01:01:50,100
over an hour. 
Depending on how far the mine 

1130
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:52,800
had expanded. 
These weren't Pleasant strolls 

1131
01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:56,300
through well-maintained, 
corridors mining tunnels or 

1132
01:01:56,300 --> 01:01:59,800
roadways as they were called 
were typically just tall enough 

1133
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:02,900
for a man to walk stooped over 
and just wide enough for coal 

1134
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:06,100
trucks to pass through. 
Water dripped constantly from 

1135
01:02:06,100 --> 01:02:09,300
roofs pooling in depressions, 
and ensuring that your feet 

1136
01:02:09,300 --> 01:02:11,700
would be wet within the first 
five minutes of your shift. 

1137
01:02:13,100 --> 01:02:15,700
The air quality range from 
breathable, but musty near the 

1138
01:02:15,708 --> 01:02:20,500
shaft to suit like with cold 
duster in the workings props. 

1139
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,900
Wooden support beams held up the
roof at regular intervals 

1140
01:02:23,900 --> 01:02:25,900
though. 
Regular is doing a lot of work 

1141
01:02:25,900 --> 01:02:28,800
in that sentence. 
Props were insurance against the

1142
01:02:28,800 --> 01:02:31,200
millions of tons of rock. 
That would very much like to 

1143
01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:34,700
obey gravity and fill in the 
space, you'd created by removing

1144
01:02:34,700 --> 01:02:37,300
coal. 
You learned to read the language

1145
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:40,800
of creaking, wooden shifting 
Stone developing an almost 

1146
01:02:40,800 --> 01:02:43,600
Supernatural sense for when a 
roof was feeling unstable. 

1147
01:02:44,400 --> 01:02:46,900
Miners would tap props with 
their hammers, as they walked 

1148
01:02:46,900 --> 01:02:49,800
listening for the solid thunk 
that meant the wood was still 

1149
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:52,600
doing its job versus the hollow 
sound that meant, you should 

1150
01:02:52,608 --> 01:02:56,000
probably walk faster. 
Your destination was the cold 

1151
01:02:56,000 --> 01:02:58,000
face. 
The wall of coal, where the 

1152
01:02:58,008 --> 01:03:01,300
actual mining happened. 
This was where the days real 

1153
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:03,500
work began. 
And where you'd spend the next 

1154
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:06,700
eight to 12 hours in conditions 
that would make a modern health 

1155
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:08,500
and safety. 
Inspector, weep into their 

1156
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:10,800
clipboard. 
Coal doesn't give itself up 

1157
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:14,200
willingly. 
It sits in seams geological 

1158
01:03:14,200 --> 01:03:16,900
layers that might be anywhere 
from a few inches to several 

1159
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:20,600
feet thick surrounded by harder.
Rock that has no intention of 

1160
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:23,200
making your job. 
Easy, getting the call out 

1161
01:03:23,208 --> 01:03:26,300
required, a combination of 
skills strengths, and a casual 

1162
01:03:26,300 --> 01:03:29,500
disregard for personal safety. 
That would be remarkable if it 

1163
01:03:29,500 --> 01:03:33,200
wasn't so necessary. 
The coal face itself was 

1164
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:36,000
typically a wall of black 
mineral cleaning Darlene 

1165
01:03:36,000 --> 01:03:39,400
Lamplight running along the seam
for as far as the mine and had 

1166
01:03:39,400 --> 01:03:41,700
been worked. 
Seam, Heights, varied 

1167
01:03:41,700 --> 01:03:44,700
dramatically. 
Some lucky miners worked seems 

1168
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:47,700
tall enough to stand in, which 
must have felt like luxury. 

1169
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:52,100
Others worked in seams as low as
18 inches, which meant spending 

1170
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:55,200
your entire shift, lying on your
side, swinging a pickaxe in 

1171
01:03:55,200 --> 01:03:57,500
spaces that would make a sardine
can feel spacious. 

1172
01:03:58,300 --> 01:04:00,900
The basic technique hadn't 
changed much since Medieval 

1173
01:04:00,900 --> 01:04:04,700
Times you undercut, the coal 
seam weakening, it then brought 

1174
01:04:04,700 --> 01:04:08,200
it down in manageable chunks. 
Undercutting meant lying on your

1175
01:04:08,200 --> 01:04:11,400
side or back at the very bottom 
of the seam using a small 

1176
01:04:11,400 --> 01:04:13,700
pickaxe to hack away at the 
coals base. 

1177
01:04:14,400 --> 01:04:17,300
This created a gap. 
Usually about three feet deep. 

1178
01:04:17,300 --> 01:04:21,600
That undermined the coal above, 
it was exhausting cramped work. 

1179
01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:24,100
That left your shoulders 
screaming and your back 

1180
01:04:24,100 --> 01:04:28,000
promising to never forgive you. 
Once undercut the coal needed to

1181
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:30,500
be brought down In early 
periods. 

1182
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:33,300
This meant using wedges and 
sledgehammers to crack the 

1183
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:35,700
weakened, coal and pry, it loose
in chunks. 

1184
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:40,100
Later, explosive center of the 
picture, which was either a 

1185
01:04:40,100 --> 01:04:43,000
great Innovation or a terrible 
idea, depending on who you are 

1186
01:04:43,000 --> 01:04:45,600
asked and whether the Blasted 
just gone correctly. 

1187
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:49,600
Controlled explosions in 
confined, underground spaces 

1188
01:04:49,600 --> 01:04:53,100
surrounded by flammable gas and 
supported by wooden props. 

1189
01:04:53,100 --> 01:04:56,300
What could possibly go wrong? 
Actually quite a lot. 

1190
01:04:56,308 --> 01:04:59,200
The miners became remarkably 
skilled at blast. 

1191
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:03,600
Work Shot Firearms Specialists 
and explosives would drill holes

1192
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:05,700
in the coal face using hand 
powered drills. 

1193
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:08,500
That required one man. 
To hold the drill, while another

1194
01:05:08,500 --> 01:05:10,500
swung a sledgehammer to drive it
forward. 

1195
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:15,000
This was partnership work of the
highest order, requiring, trust 

1196
01:05:15,000 --> 01:05:17,900
that your colleague, wouldn't 
miss and turn your hands into 

1197
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:19,800
something, resembling tenderized
beef. 

1198
01:05:20,600 --> 01:05:23,400
Once the holes were drilled 
they'd be packed with explosives

1199
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:26,200
and fuses. 
Everyone would Retreat to a safe

1200
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:29,400
distance and the shot fire would
light the fuses and hope his 

1201
01:05:29,400 --> 01:05:32,600
calculations were correct. 
The blast would crack the coal, 

1202
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:35,400
bringing it down in pieces, that
range from manageable chunks to 

1203
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:37,500
slabs, that required, several 
men to shift. 

1204
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:41,400
This coal then needed to be 
loaded into trucks, initially 

1205
01:05:41,400 --> 01:05:43,900
wooden carts, pushed by hand 
later metal. 

1206
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:46,900
Trams pulled by ponies or small 
underground locomotives. 

1207
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:50,600
The loading was done by the same
men who had cut the coal using 

1208
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:53,400
shovels and physical effort that
would make modern gym workouts. 

1209
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:56,800
Look, gentle, here's something 
that might surprise you miners, 

1210
01:05:56,800 --> 01:06:00,100
were typically paid based on how
much coal they produced not how 

1211
01:06:00,100 --> 01:06:03,100
many hours they worked. 
This piece Works system, meant 

1212
01:06:03,100 --> 01:06:05,500
your earnings depended entirely 
on the amount you could cut 

1213
01:06:05,500 --> 01:06:09,400
blast and load in a shift. 
It created intense motivation to

1214
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:12,700
work quickly, but also meant the
difficult geological conditions,

1215
01:06:12,700 --> 01:06:17,600
hard coal, wet faces, unstable, 
roofs, directly, affected your 

1216
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:20,300
family's income. 
If you spent half your shift, 

1217
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:23,400
dealing with a roof All In 
cutting coal, you may half the 

1218
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:26,300
money. 
The physical toll of this work 

1219
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:28,500
is hard to overstate from the 
comfort of your bed. 

1220
01:06:28,500 --> 01:06:32,300
Imagine swinging a pickaxe while
laying on your side for hours at

1221
01:06:32,300 --> 01:06:34,500
a Time. 
Imagine breathing, air thick 

1222
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:38,300
with coal dust that, turned your
snot black and made every cough 

1223
01:06:38,300 --> 01:06:42,000
sound like, you were bringing up
something solid. imagine working

1224
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:44,600
in temperatures that could range
from near freezing in wet 

1225
01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:48,700
sections, to sweltering heat 
near the deeper phases where the

1226
01:06:48,700 --> 01:06:52,200
Earth's natural warmth combined 
with human exertion created 

1227
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:56,100
conditions like a sauna designed
by someone who hated you Your 

1228
01:06:56,100 --> 01:07:00,100
body adapted or it broke. 
Mine has developed distinctive 

1229
01:07:00,100 --> 01:07:03,700
physiques, powerful, shoulders, 
and arms from swinging picks and

1230
01:07:03,700 --> 01:07:06,100
shoveling coal. 
But often crooked Backs from 

1231
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:10,100
working stooped or kneeling. 
The hands became callous to the 

1232
01:07:10,100 --> 01:07:12,600
point where they could handle 
rough coal and splintered props 

1233
01:07:12,600 --> 01:07:15,700
without flinching. 
Their lungs accumulated, cold 

1234
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:19,400
dust with every shift a process 
that would eventually catch up 

1235
01:07:19,400 --> 01:07:21,300
with them. 
But seemed acceptable, when you 

1236
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:26,000
had a family to feed, the danger
was constant and varied roof 

1237
01:07:26,000 --> 01:07:29,500
Falls could crush you instantly 
or trap you under tons of rock. 

1238
01:07:29,500 --> 01:07:33,500
Gas explosions could race 
through the mine faster than you

1239
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:36,800
could run the flame front 
turning anyone in its path into 

1240
01:07:36,800 --> 01:07:39,800
a casualty before they even 
understood what was happening. 

1241
01:07:40,700 --> 01:07:43,500
Flooding from underground. 
Water sources could drown entire

1242
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:45,800
work Crews. 
And then there were the smaller,

1243
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:49,400
everyday, hazards crushed 
fingers, from mishandled tools 

1244
01:07:49,400 --> 01:07:53,600
lacerations from sharp, coal 
faces burns from lamps. 

1245
01:07:53,600 --> 01:07:56,300
And the omnipresent risk of 
Simply tripping over something 

1246
01:07:56,300 --> 01:07:59,200
in the dark and breaking a bone 
in a place where medical help 

1247
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:01,700
was hundreds of feet above you. 
Yet. 

1248
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:05,700
The men kept going back shift 
after shift year after year. 

1249
01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:09,900
Partly because they had no 
choice mining was the only real 

1250
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:11,100
employment of available in 
these. 

1251
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:14,700
Valleys, but also because there 
was a kind of pride in the work,

1252
01:08:14,700 --> 01:08:18,500
a Craftsman satisfaction in 
cutting, a clean face or setting

1253
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:19,700
props. 
That would Hold Steady. 

1254
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:24,000
You were part of a crew and the 
bonds formed by shared danger 

1255
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:27,300
and shared labor created 
communities underground that 

1256
01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:30,700
were in their own way as 
important as the ones above. 

1257
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:35,000
The coal face was where the 
dramatic work happened, but a 

1258
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:38,100
mine was really a complex 
ecosystem, requiring dozens of 

1259
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:42,100
specialized jobs to function. 
Walking through an active mine 

1260
01:08:42,100 --> 01:08:46,399
in its Heyday was like touring a
small underground city complete 

1261
01:08:46,399 --> 01:08:50,200
with Transportation networks, 
Workforce hierarchies, and its 

1262
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:53,600
own peculiar culture. 
Perhaps the most beloved members

1263
01:08:53,600 --> 01:08:57,300
of this Subterranean Community 
with a pit ponies, these weren't

1264
01:08:57,300 --> 01:09:00,100
your typical farm horses. 
They were compact, sturdy 

1265
01:09:00,100 --> 01:09:02,899
animals specifically bred or 
selected for underground work. 

1266
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:06,800
Shetland Ponies were favorites 
because their small size allowed

1267
01:09:06,800 --> 01:09:09,600
them to work in lower passages 
while their strength was 

1268
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:13,500
remarkable for their stature, 
these ponies hold coltrans from 

1269
01:09:13,500 --> 01:09:15,800
the face to the pit bottom 
navigating. 

1270
01:09:15,800 --> 01:09:17,600
The Maze of tunnels with 
intelligence. 

1271
01:09:17,600 --> 01:09:21,100
That regularly amazed The Men 
Who worked with them, the ponies

1272
01:09:21,100 --> 01:09:23,300
lived underground. 
Sometimes for months at a time, 

1273
01:09:23,308 --> 01:09:26,800
they had stables at the pit. 
Bottom actual underground 

1274
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:28,800
Stables with stalls, hay and 
water. 

1275
01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:32,500
The horses knew the roots better
than many human workers and 

1276
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:34,399
would automatically stop at 
passing places. 

1277
01:09:34,399 --> 01:09:38,000
When meeting oncoming traffic, 
some mine has swore, the police 

1278
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,000
could sense dangerous gas before
the safety lamps detected, it 

1279
01:09:41,000 --> 01:09:43,800
and would refuse to enter 
certain areas when conditions 

1280
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:47,100
were risky, whether this was 
true or simply the horses, 

1281
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:50,600
objecting to poor air, quality 
is debatable but miners learned 

1282
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:54,100
to trust, their ponies judgment,
the bond between a minor and His

1283
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:56,900
Pony was often closer than many 
human relationships. 

1284
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:00,500
You spent hours every day 
working alongside this animal in

1285
01:10:00,500 --> 01:10:03,500
darkness and danger. 
You depended on each other. 

1286
01:10:03,500 --> 01:10:06,700
The ponies received names 
personalities and a level of 

1287
01:10:06,708 --> 01:10:09,500
care that might have seemed 
excessive except that your 

1288
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:14,400
productivity and possibly your 
life depended on the When Ponys 

1289
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:17,100
were brought to the surface, 
usually during the annual break,

1290
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:19,900
when mines shut down for 
maintenance, they'd apparently 

1291
01:10:19,900 --> 01:10:23,000
be startled by daylight. 
Have lived so long in Lamplight.

1292
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:28,000
That the sun seemed impossibly 
bright then there were the boys 

1293
01:10:28,000 --> 01:10:31,000
mining employed children as 
young as five or six in the 

1294
01:10:31,000 --> 01:10:34,100
early days the reformers 
gradually raised minimum ages as

1295
01:10:34,108 --> 01:10:37,900
the 19th century progressed 
These weren't children doing 

1296
01:10:37,900 --> 01:10:41,000
light tasks. 
They had specific essential jobs

1297
01:10:41,000 --> 01:10:44,800
in the mines operation. 
The youngest boys often worked 

1298
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:48,300
as Trappers sitting alone in the
darkness, operating ventilation 

1299
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:50,800
doors. 
When a cold tram approached the 

1300
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:53,200
boy would open his door. 
Let it pass, then close it 

1301
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:54,700
again. 
To maintain the mind's, airflow,

1302
01:10:54,700 --> 01:10:58,900
our after-hour in darkness 
broken only by a small lamp 

1303
01:10:58,900 --> 01:11:02,500
usually sitting on a pile of 
coal or a makeshift seat waiting

1304
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,700
for the next tram. 
Try to imagine being seven years

1305
01:11:05,700 --> 01:11:08,900
old sitting alone in Pitch 
Darkness, hundreds of feet 

1306
01:11:08,900 --> 01:11:11,300
underground. 
With only the occasional Rumble 

1307
01:11:11,300 --> 01:11:13,300
of approaching cold trucks, to 
break the silence. 

1308
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,500
The isolation must have been 
profound and the Darkness 

1309
01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:18,400
absolute when your lamp needed 
refilling. 

1310
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:21,900
Some boys, sang to themselves, 
or talk to imaginary companions,

1311
01:11:21,900 --> 01:11:24,700
or simply endured with the 
stoicism that poverty and 

1312
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:27,500
necessity teach early. 
Older boys. 

1313
01:11:27,500 --> 01:11:31,400
Graduated to more active role, 
they'd become door boys, who 

1314
01:11:31,400 --> 01:11:33,900
accompanied the ponies or 
helpers who assisted the coal 

1315
01:11:33,900 --> 01:11:36,100
cutters. 
By their early teens. 

1316
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:38,200
They'd be learning the actual 
craft of mining. 

1317
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:40,900
How to read, cold set, props and
handle explosives. 

1318
01:11:40,900 --> 01:11:44,400
This was the education system in
mining communities. 

1319
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:47,800
You learned reading and 
arithmetic at Sunday school and 

1320
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:49,000
you learned your trade in the 
pit. 

1321
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:52,900
The underground World also 
included Specialists whose jobs 

1322
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:56,700
required particular skills, 
repairers, maintain the roadways

1323
01:11:56,700 --> 01:12:00,800
replacing damaged props and 
keeping the tunnels safe shot. 

1324
01:12:00,800 --> 01:12:04,100
Fire is handled the explosives. 
Work, a position of considerable

1325
01:12:04,100 --> 01:12:07,700
responsibility, and slightly 
better pay Engineers, maintain 

1326
01:12:07,700 --> 01:12:10,800
the Machinery, keeping pumps 
running and ensuring ventilation

1327
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:14,300
fans operated correctly, which 
person had their role in the 

1328
01:12:14,300 --> 01:12:15,300
complex. 
Choreography. 

1329
01:12:15,300 --> 01:12:18,300
That was a working. 
Mine communication underground 

1330
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:21,500
happened through a combination 
of shouting signal systems and 

1331
01:12:21,500 --> 01:12:24,200
pure intuition developed over 
years of working together. 

1332
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,100
The four electrical signal 
systems messages, traveled 

1333
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:30,300
through chains of workers 
shouting to each other, through 

1334
01:12:30,300 --> 01:12:33,400
the darkness information 
degrading, like a particularly 

1335
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:36,000
high stakes. 
Game of telephone later. 

1336
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:38,400
Bell signals allowed 
communication between the 

1337
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:41,400
Surface and pit bottom. 
One Bell might mean ready to 

1338
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:45,400
descend to Bells ready to ascend
and various other combinations. 

1339
01:12:45,400 --> 01:12:49,300
Conveying different messages, 
get the signals wrong and you 

1340
01:12:49,300 --> 01:12:51,900
might send an empty cage up 
while leaving men, waiting below

1341
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:56,000
or worse. 
The mine had its own time sense 

1342
01:12:56,000 --> 01:13:00,000
divorced from the surface world.
Down in the darkness. 

1343
01:13:00,000 --> 01:13:02,800
You couldn't tell if it was 
morning or evening, summer, or 

1344
01:13:02,800 --> 01:13:06,400
winter, your shift was measured 
by the work done rather than the

1345
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:08,900
passage of hours. 
Some men claimed. 

1346
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:11,500
They could feel time passing 
through the quality of the air 

1347
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:15,200
or the behavior of the ponies 
developing almost Supernatural 

1348
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:16,700
awareness of the shifts 
progress. 

1349
01:13:16,700 --> 01:13:19,700
Others simply worked until 
someone came to tell them. 

1350
01:13:19,700 --> 01:13:22,500
It was time to head. 
Back to the cage, meal breaks 

1351
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:25,400
happened at the face. 
With men sitting on coal piles, 

1352
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,500
eating bread and cheese that had
acquired a distinctive gritty 

1353
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:31,000
texture from the coal dust that 
coated everything. 

1354
01:13:31,900 --> 01:13:34,500
Water, tasted faintly of 
minerals and whatever the pipes 

1355
01:13:34,500 --> 01:13:36,000
had picked up on their Journey 
Underground. 

1356
01:13:36,800 --> 01:13:40,000
Some mines allowed tea cans that
could be warmed on small fires, 

1357
01:13:40,000 --> 01:13:42,000
though. 
Open Flames were prohibited in 

1358
01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:45,400
most sections due to gas risks. 
Food. 

1359
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,900
Never tasted quite right colder 
and to everything but it 

1360
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:51,800
provided the calories needed for
the extraordinary physical 

1361
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:54,000
exertion. 
The culture that developed 

1362
01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:57,800
underground was distinctive and 
powerful men learned to trust 

1363
01:13:57,800 --> 01:14:00,700
each other completely because 
their lives literally depended 

1364
01:14:00,700 --> 01:14:03,000
on it. 
If someone called out a warning 

1365
01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:06,000
about a bad roof or dangerous 
gas, you didn't debate you 

1366
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:08,800
moved. 
This created bonds that extended

1367
01:14:08,800 --> 01:14:11,800
beyond the pit forming the 
foundation for the Titanic, 

1368
01:14:11,800 --> 01:14:15,200
mining communities above ground.
The men who descended together 

1369
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:18,600
work together and survived 
together became Brothers in ways

1370
01:14:18,600 --> 01:14:20,100
that transcended normal 
friendship. 

1371
01:14:20,100 --> 01:14:23,100
When the cage finally, brought 
you back to the surface at 

1372
01:14:23,100 --> 01:14:26,200
shifts end, you'd emerged into 
what ever the weather Wales was 

1373
01:14:26,200 --> 01:14:29,500
offering that day. 
Usually rain sometimes fog, 

1374
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:32,700
occasionally, actual Sunshine 
that made everyone slightly 

1375
01:14:32,700 --> 01:14:36,300
suspicious Your eyes would need 
several minutes to adjust to 

1376
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:38,100
natural light after hours in the
dimness. 

1377
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:40,500
Your ears would ring with the 
sudden. 

1378
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:43,700
Absence of the constant 
underground noise and your lungs

1379
01:14:43,700 --> 01:14:45,900
would appreciate are that didn't
have a texture. 

1380
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:49,300
The mining communities that grew
up around the pits were unlike 

1381
01:14:49,300 --> 01:14:51,300
anything that had existed in 
Wales before. 

1382
01:14:52,200 --> 01:14:55,100
Previously Welsh, valleys had 
been places of scattered farms 

1383
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:58,700
and small villages mining 
created industrial towns, almost

1384
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:02,400
overnight with rows of terraced 
houses marching up hillsides in 

1385
01:15:02,400 --> 01:15:05,700
neat lines that showed all the 
imagination of someone arranging

1386
01:15:05,700 --> 01:15:07,600
dominoes. 
These were not planned 

1387
01:15:07,600 --> 01:15:09,500
communities with parks and 
public spaces. 

1388
01:15:09,500 --> 01:15:12,700
They were Housing Solutions 
designed to pack maximum workers

1389
01:15:12,700 --> 01:15:15,900
into minimum space as close to 
the pit as physically possible. 

1390
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:19,300
The house's themselves were a 
remarkably similar across 

1391
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:22,100
different mining. 
Valleys two up, two down was the

1392
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:25,800
standard layout, two rooms down,
stairs, two bedrooms up stairs, 

1393
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:29,300
a small yard out back and walls 
thin enough that you knew 

1394
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:31,600
entirely too much about your 
neighbor's personal lives. 

1395
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:35,200
The front door opened directly 
onto the street, which meant 

1396
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:38,600
coal dust mud and whatever the 
weather was doing came straight 

1397
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:41,100
into your front room. 
No entrance Halls. 

1398
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:45,000
No mudrooms. 
Just immediate Domesticity These

1399
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:47,800
houses were typically owned by 
the mining company and rented to

1400
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:51,000
workers which created an 
interesting power Dynamic, where

1401
01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:54,400
your employer was also your 
landlord get fired from the pit 

1402
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:57,300
and you'd lose both your income 
and your home simultaneously. 

1403
01:15:57,900 --> 01:16:00,800
This Arrangement wasn't designed
for worker, welfare so much as 

1404
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:04,400
company convenience ensuring a 
captive Workforce, who couldn't 

1405
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:06,600
easily move to seek better wages
elsewhere. 

1406
01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:10,700
Life in these mining towns, 
revolved around the pits 

1407
01:16:10,700 --> 01:16:13,000
schedule when the day shift 
ended streets. 

1408
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:15,600
Would suddenly fill with men, in
black and work clothes heading 

1409
01:16:15,600 --> 01:16:18,600
home, for a Washington dinner. 
The night shift would pass them 

1410
01:16:18,600 --> 01:16:20,700
going. 
The opposite direction creating 

1411
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:23,000
a twice daily tidal exchange of 
workers. 

1412
01:16:23,900 --> 01:16:26,700
Women timed their household 
tasks, around these rhythms 

1413
01:16:26,700 --> 01:16:30,300
water needed to be heated for 
washing Mills needed to be ready

1414
01:16:30,300 --> 01:16:33,100
when men returned and laundry. 
Had to be done when it wouldn't 

1415
01:16:33,100 --> 01:16:37,000
be coated in fresh cold dust. 
The washing of a minor 

1416
01:16:37,000 --> 01:16:38,300
presented. 
Its own challenges. 

1417
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:41,700
Before pit head bars. 
Became common in the early 20th.

1418
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:45,500
Century men came home, covered 
head to foot in cold dust and 

1419
01:16:45,500 --> 01:16:48,900
had to wash in the house. 
This tiplee meant to zinc tub, 

1420
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:51,800
placed in front of the kitchen 
fire filled with water heated on

1421
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:54,300
the stove. 
The Miner would strip down and 

1422
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:57,900
scrub away the days accumulation
while family members politely 

1423
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:02,300
ignored his nakedness or helped 
scrub his back, The water would 

1424
01:17:02,300 --> 01:17:05,300
turn black immediately and the 
process would need multiple 

1425
01:17:05,300 --> 01:17:09,200
rinses to actually get clean. 
Some Coal dust. 

1426
01:17:09,200 --> 01:17:12,000
However never came out. 
It worked its way into skin 

1427
01:17:12,000 --> 01:17:15,800
pores, creating permanent blue 
scars called coal, tattoos, 

1428
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:20,000
where Cuts had healed with dust 
embedded in the Older miners 

1429
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:23,100
accumulated, these marks like 
some kind of industrial tribal 

1430
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:25,408
scarification. 
Each one, a story of a 

1431
01:17:25,416 --> 01:17:27,600
particular accident or incident 
Underground. 

1432
01:17:28,600 --> 01:17:31,200
Their hands remained perpetually
stained in the creases. 

1433
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:34,800
No amount of scrubbing able to 
remove coal that had become part

1434
01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:37,600
of their flesh. 
Women in mining communities 

1435
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:39,800
work. 
Just as hard as the men though, 

1436
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:42,200
their labor was unpaid and 
largely invisible to the 

1437
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:45,200
historical record. 
Running a household on a Minor's

1438
01:17:45,200 --> 01:17:47,600
wages, required skills. 
That would impress a modern 

1439
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:50,700
efficiency expert. 
He had to make limited money 

1440
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:53,900
stretch to feed a family. 
Keep everyone clothed despite 

1441
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:55,700
the destructive nature of mining
work. 

1442
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:59,000
Maintain a house that was under 
constant assault from cold dust 

1443
01:17:59,000 --> 01:18:02,300
and somehow Creator. 
Home invent that provided relief

1444
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:04,600
from the harsh conditions of pit
work. 

1445
01:18:05,400 --> 01:18:06,800
Laundry was a particular 
Challenge. 

1446
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:10,200
Mining clothes needed to be 
washed constantly but never 

1447
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:13,300
really got clean. 
The Standard Process involves 

1448
01:18:13,300 --> 01:18:17,100
soaking, boiling scrubbing with 
lye soap that was harsh enough 

1449
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:21,300
to remove cold, but also skin 
multiple rinses and eventual 

1450
01:18:21,300 --> 01:18:23,800
acceptance that your husband's 
work clothes would always be 

1451
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:27,500
slightly Gray Wash day, 
typically happened once a week 

1452
01:18:27,508 --> 01:18:30,700
involving enough, physical 
effort to qualify as a serious 

1453
01:18:30,700 --> 01:18:32,800
workout. 
Hauling water heating. 

1454
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:34,700
It lifting wet clothes, ringing 
hanging. 

1455
01:18:34,700 --> 01:18:39,100
And repeating food was practical
and calorie-dense Mining work. 

1456
01:18:39,100 --> 01:18:40,700
Burned, enormous, amounts of 
energy. 

1457
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:44,000
So, meals needed to be 
substantial Breakfast. 

1458
01:18:44,000 --> 01:18:46,300
Might be porridge, or bread with
dripping. 

1459
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:50,400
The main meal take an after the 
shift would typically involve 

1460
01:18:50,400 --> 01:18:53,400
potatoes maybe some bacon or 
cheap cuts of meat bread and 

1461
01:18:53,400 --> 01:18:56,100
strong tea. 
Vegetables came from the small 

1462
01:18:56,100 --> 01:18:58,900
garden plot behind the house. 
If you were lucky enough to have

1463
01:18:58,900 --> 01:19:02,200
one and the time to maintain it,
the dial wasn't particularly 

1464
01:19:02,200 --> 01:19:05,500
varied, but it kept working men 
functional which was the primary

1465
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:08,300
requirement. 
The town itself would have a few

1466
01:19:08,300 --> 01:19:11,900
keys to institutions the chapel 
or church stood at the center of

1467
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:14,600
community life. 
Providing not just religious 

1468
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:19,000
services but also social 
organization education and a 

1469
01:19:19,000 --> 01:19:22,100
moral framework. 
Chapels, were often the grandest

1470
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:25,700
building in mining towns. 
There are suggesting that while 

1471
01:19:25,700 --> 01:19:29,000
houses could be basic places of 
worship deserved investment. 

1472
01:19:30,100 --> 01:19:32,500
The Welsh Love Of Music found 
particular expression. 

1473
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:35,500
In Chapel choirs where miners, 
who spent their days in 

1474
01:19:35,500 --> 01:19:38,200
industrial noise, created, 
harmonies that could raise the 

1475
01:19:38,200 --> 01:19:41,400
hair on your neck. 
Shops lined, the main streets. 

1476
01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:44,100
Grocers butchers Bakers and 
General Stores. 

1477
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:47,700
Many operated on Credit Systems 
because mine were paid 

1478
01:19:47,700 --> 01:19:51,500
fortnightly and families needed 
to eat in between The 

1479
01:19:51,500 --> 01:19:53,500
shopkeepers Ledger was 
essentially the communities 

1480
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:56,900
credit score tracking who owed 
what and allowing families to 

1481
01:19:56,900 --> 01:20:00,500
survive the gap between wages. 
This credit came at a price of 

1482
01:20:00,500 --> 01:20:03,900
course interest charges that 
meant buying on credit always 

1483
01:20:03,900 --> 01:20:07,200
cost, more than paying cash. 
The pub served as the men's 

1484
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:09,600
social space. 
The place where you could relax 

1485
01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:11,700
after shift with a pint and 
companionship. 

1486
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:16,300
Mining was hard on body's and 
minds and alcohol provided 

1487
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:18,800
temporary relief from both 
physical pain and psychological 

1488
01:20:18,800 --> 01:20:21,500
stress. 
Some men drank moderately, 

1489
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:24,900
others fell into patterns of 
heavy, drinking that consumed 

1490
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:27,000
wages and created Family 
hardships. 

1491
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,700
The temperance movement had 
strong support in mining areas, 

1492
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:33,300
though, at fortunate uphill 
battle against the combination 

1493
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:37,300
of physical pain, cycle, stress 
and social tradition that made 

1494
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:39,400
the pub Central to male 
community life. 

1495
01:20:40,300 --> 01:20:43,600
Education was valued, but 
limited elementary, schools 

1496
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:46,700
taught basic literacy, and 
numeracy enough to read the 

1497
01:20:46,700 --> 01:20:49,800
Bible, and do practical 
calculations beyond that. 

1498
01:20:49,800 --> 01:20:53,200
Continued, education required 
either exceptional, talent, that

1499
01:20:53,200 --> 01:20:55,100
earned scholarships or family 
wealth. 

1500
01:20:55,100 --> 01:20:58,500
That most miners, didn't possess
children typically left school 

1501
01:20:58,500 --> 01:21:02,100
at 12 or 13 to Begin work. 
Either in the pit or in other 

1502
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:03,900
jobs that help support the 
family economy. 

1503
01:21:03,900 --> 01:21:06,400
Now, we come to the harder parts
of this story. 

1504
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:10,600
They will walk through them 
gently understanding what mining

1505
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:13,500
communities endured requires 
acknowledging, both the 

1506
01:21:13,500 --> 01:21:17,000
spectacular disasters that made 
headlines and the grinding 

1507
01:21:17,000 --> 01:21:19,700
everyday hardships that broke 
people slowly rather than 

1508
01:21:19,700 --> 01:21:23,100
suddenly Mining accidents were 
horrifyingly common. 

1509
01:21:23,100 --> 01:21:26,700
Small incidents have happened, 
constantly crushed fingers, 

1510
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:31,100
minor burns, cuts and bruises. 
These rarely made it into a 

1511
01:21:31,100 --> 01:21:33,500
official records because men 
would typically bind up the 

1512
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,900
injury and keep working. 
Losing a shifts, pay was often 

1513
01:21:36,900 --> 01:21:38,400
more threatening than a damaged 
hand. 

1514
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:42,600
More serious injuries meant time
off work which meant no income, 

1515
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:46,500
which meant family hardship. 
Then there were the disasters, 

1516
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:50,600
mine explosions killed dozens or
hundreds at once usually caused 

1517
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:54,000
by methane gas accumulating in 
poorly ventilated areas and 

1518
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:57,500
igniting from a lamp a spark or 
the explosion itself. 

1519
01:21:57,500 --> 01:22:00,900
Creating more explosions. 
These catastrophes were 

1520
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:02,800
devastate entire communities 
overnight. 

1521
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:06,600
One Moment Men were working 
normally underground, the next 

1522
01:22:06,600 --> 01:22:09,600
families were gathering at the 
pit head waiting for news. 

1523
01:22:09,600 --> 01:22:12,700
Knowing from the smoke and Chaos
that many wouldn't be coming 

1524
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:14,800
home. 
Roof Falls claimed lives 

1525
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:18,400
regularly suddenly, and without 
warning, One minute, you're 

1526
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:21,900
working the coal face, the next 
tons of rock of crushed you, or 

1527
01:22:21,900 --> 01:22:24,700
trapped you in darkness. 
While the lamp burns down and 

1528
01:22:24,700 --> 01:22:27,700
are Runs Out. 
Rescue efforts were heroic, but 

1529
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:31,500
often few tile moving the Fallen
Rock required time and equipment

1530
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:34,000
and trapped men, rarely had 
enough of either. 

1531
01:22:34,800 --> 01:22:37,600
Water in Russia's could flood 
entire sections of the mine in 

1532
01:22:37,608 --> 01:22:40,600
minutes, underground, water, 
sources were unpredictable. 

1533
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:44,200
And sometimes mining work would 
inadvertently breach barriers 

1534
01:22:44,200 --> 01:22:46,700
holding back underground, lakes 
or streams. 

1535
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:50,700
The water would pour in with 
tremendous Force drowning, 

1536
01:22:50,700 --> 01:22:53,500
anyone who couldn't reach higher
ground or the shaft quickly 

1537
01:22:53,500 --> 01:22:57,000
enough, The aftermath of 
disasters, followed predictable 

1538
01:22:57,000 --> 01:23:00,000
tragic patterns, the company 
would Express regret. 

1539
01:23:00,000 --> 01:23:03,600
While denying responsibility 
funerals would be held for those

1540
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:07,000
whose bodies could be recovered.
Families would be left without 

1541
01:23:07,000 --> 01:23:09,700
income often without housing 
since they lived in 

1542
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,900
company-owned homes inquests 
would be held recommendations 

1543
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:16,600
made and usually nothing 
fundamental would change. 

1544
01:23:17,500 --> 01:23:20,500
But the slow disasters were 
equally devastating in their own

1545
01:23:20,500 --> 01:23:24,200
way. 
Numeria sis called Black Lung 

1546
01:23:24,200 --> 01:23:28,300
was the miners disease caused by
Decades of breathing cold dust 

1547
01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:31,700
that accumulated in lungs, and 
breathing became increasingly 

1548
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:36,000
difficult There was no cure, no 
treatment just to gradual 

1549
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:39,000
decline where every breath 
became work and the former 

1550
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:42,000
strong man became a wheezing 
invalid who couldn't walk up the

1551
01:23:42,008 --> 01:23:43,900
stairs without stopping to catch
his breath. 

1552
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:48,500
The progression was cruel in its
predictability first, you'd 

1553
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:50,900
notice, you couldn't quite keep 
up with the younger men anymore.

1554
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:55,000
Then climbing, Hills became 
difficult, eventually breathing,

1555
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:58,300
became the main activity of your
day, each breath a conscious 

1556
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:02,200
effort, rather than an automatic
background function, Men in 

1557
01:24:02,200 --> 01:24:05,100
their 50s. 
Looked 80 worn out from inside 

1558
01:24:05,100 --> 01:24:06,600
by the cold laid spent their 
lives. 

1559
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:09,800
Extracting injuries accumulated 
over Korea's. 

1560
01:24:09,800 --> 01:24:14,100
Bad backs from years of working 
stooped, damaged, knees from 

1561
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:17,600
kneeling on hard coal and rock 
shoulders the ached in wet 

1562
01:24:17,600 --> 01:24:20,600
weather from swinging picks 
thousands of times per shift. 

1563
01:24:21,300 --> 01:24:23,500
Hearing loss from working in 
constant noise. 

1564
01:24:23,500 --> 01:24:27,200
These weren't dramatic injuries 
but the physical cost of Decades

1565
01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:30,400
of doing brutally hard work in 
terrible conditions, the 

1566
01:24:30,400 --> 01:24:33,400
psychological toll is harder to 
document because mental health 

1567
01:24:33,400 --> 01:24:36,600
wasn't a concept that mining 
communities had language for, 

1568
01:24:36,600 --> 01:24:39,600
but it was real nonetheless. 
Men. 

1569
01:24:39,600 --> 01:24:41,900
Who survived disasters? 
Often showed what we now? 

1570
01:24:41,900 --> 01:24:47,000
Recognize as PTSD, nightmares, 
anxiety, and inability to return

1571
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:50,100
Underground. 
The constant awareness of danger

1572
01:24:50,100 --> 01:24:52,600
created stress that some managed
and others didn't. 

1573
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:56,600
The combination of dangerous 
work Financial insecurity, 

1574
01:24:56,600 --> 01:25:00,300
physical pain, and limited 
options for change weighed on 

1575
01:25:00,308 --> 01:25:03,100
people in ways that Express 
themselves through irritability,

1576
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:07,400
depression or drinking. 
Family Life under these 

1577
01:25:07,400 --> 01:25:10,800
pressures required remarkable, 
resilience women manage 

1578
01:25:10,800 --> 01:25:13,100
households. 
Knowing their husbands might not

1579
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:16,100
come home from their shifts 
children grow up understanding 

1580
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:19,200
that their fathers were 
constantly at risk. the 

1581
01:25:19,208 --> 01:25:22,500
communities developed coping 
mechanisms neighbors, helping 

1582
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:26,200
each other, the chapel providing
comfort and shared experience 

1583
01:25:26,200 --> 01:25:30,500
creating understanding But the 
stress was real and constant 

1584
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:34,500
economic hardship was the 
backdrop to everything, mining 

1585
01:25:34,500 --> 01:25:37,200
wages were better than farm 
work, but never enough to build 

1586
01:25:37,200 --> 01:25:40,100
security. 
A Minor's Widow, often faced 

1587
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:43,200
immediate poverty unless she 
could find work or had grown 

1588
01:25:43,200 --> 01:25:46,200
children to support her. 
Illness or injury meant 

1589
01:25:46,200 --> 01:25:49,000
financial disaster. 
There were no safety nets. 

1590
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:52,800
No insurance, no, welfare state.
Just charity. 

1591
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:55,100
That was never sufficient and 
Community. 

1592
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:57,000
Support that was generous, but 
limited. 

1593
01:25:57,700 --> 01:26:00,900
Yet through all this hardship, 
the communities endured they 

1594
01:26:00,900 --> 01:26:03,900
created culture. 
Despite poverty the male voice 

1595
01:26:03,900 --> 01:26:06,900
choirs, that made Welsh mining 
famous the brass bands that 

1596
01:26:06,900 --> 01:26:10,000
practiced in drafty halls and 
the poetry and literature that 

1597
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:14,000
emerged from these valleys. 
They built institutions trade 

1598
01:26:14,000 --> 01:26:17,400
unions, that fought for better 
conditions Cooperative societies

1599
01:26:17,400 --> 01:26:20,900
that provided affordable goods 
and educational institutes that 

1600
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:24,100
offered learning opportunities. 
The perseverance, wasn't some 

1601
01:26:24,100 --> 01:26:26,900
romantic quality to be admired, 
from a distance, it was 

1602
01:26:26,908 --> 01:26:30,800
necessity given form the 
stubborn refusal to be destroyed

1603
01:26:30,800 --> 01:26:33,400
by circumstances that were 
genuinely destructive. 

1604
01:26:34,300 --> 01:26:36,700
You kept going because the 
alternative was Unthinkable. 

1605
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:39,800
You sent your children down the 
pit because they needed to eat. 

1606
01:26:39,800 --> 01:26:43,200
You went back underground after 
disaster because your family 

1607
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:45,800
needed the income. 
You built a life in the cracks 

1608
01:26:45,800 --> 01:26:48,900
between hardship because humans 
are remarkably good at doing 

1609
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:52,000
exactly that the decline of 
Welsh coal mining. 

1610
01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:55,200
Didn't happen overnight. 
It was a slow process like 

1611
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:57,900
watching a sunset that takes 
decades instead of minutes 

1612
01:26:57,900 --> 01:27:00,900
beautiful in his own way but 
marking the end of an era. 

1613
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:04,500
The first hints came after World
War One, when foreign 

1614
01:27:04,500 --> 01:27:07,000
competition began undercutting, 
Welsh coal prices. 

1615
01:27:07,700 --> 01:27:10,600
Other countries had developed 
their own mining Industries and 

1616
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:11,700
shipping. 
Coal across. 

1617
01:27:11,700 --> 01:27:14,700
Oceans became less economical 
than burning local supplies. 

1618
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:18,100
The British Market remained but 
it was shrinking. 

1619
01:27:18,100 --> 01:27:20,400
As oil, began replacing coal for
some purposes. 

1620
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:23,700
Diesel locomotives were more 
efficient than steam. 

1621
01:27:23,700 --> 01:27:25,900
Oil heating was cleaner than 
coal. 

1622
01:27:25,900 --> 01:27:29,200
The world was changing its 
energy sources and coal was 

1623
01:27:29,200 --> 01:27:30,600
slowly becoming yesterday's 
fuel. 

1624
01:27:31,600 --> 01:27:33,700
The Great Depression. 
Hit mining communities with 

1625
01:27:33,700 --> 01:27:37,300
particular brutality, when 
Industries cut production, they 

1626
01:27:37,300 --> 01:27:40,100
needed less coal. 
Mine has closed or reduced 

1627
01:27:40,100 --> 01:27:42,300
shifts. 
Men, who'd worked their entire 

1628
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:44,400
lives underground. 
Found themselves, unemployed 

1629
01:27:44,400 --> 01:27:47,400
with no other skills and no 
other opportunities in towns. 

1630
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:52,100
Built entirely around mining. 
The Dole unemployment benefit, 

1631
01:27:52,100 --> 01:27:55,400
kept families from starvation, 
but not from poverty. 

1632
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:58,900
And the cycle impact of idol, 
nursing communities, where 

1633
01:27:58,900 --> 01:28:01,400
identity was built around. 
Work was devastating. 

1634
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:04,100
World War 2 brought temporary. 
Revival. 

1635
01:28:04,100 --> 01:28:08,000
Cole was essential for the war 
effort and Minds operated at 

1636
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,400
full capacity. 
Men to Old for military service 

1637
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:14,300
worked double shifts the 
industry remembered its 

1638
01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:18,100
importance and workers 
remembered steady employment but

1639
01:28:18,100 --> 01:28:19,900
it was a reprieve rather than a 
reversal. 

1640
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:23,000
The economy running on wartime 
needs that would end with peace.

1641
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:27,100
Nationalization in 1947 brought 
the Mind under government 

1642
01:28:27,100 --> 01:28:29,100
control, creating the national 
coal board. 

1643
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:32,100
Miners hoped, this would mean 
better conditions and more 

1644
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,400
secure employment. 
In some ways, it did safety 

1645
01:28:35,400 --> 01:28:39,100
improved wages, became more 
standardized and benefits were 

1646
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:41,700
introduced. 
But nationalization couldn't 

1647
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:45,200
solve the fundamental problem, 
the world needed, less coal. 

1648
01:28:45,200 --> 01:28:48,600
And Welsh, coal was becoming 
expensive to extract compared to

1649
01:28:48,608 --> 01:28:52,800
other sources, the 1950s and 
60s, saw systematic closures 

1650
01:28:52,800 --> 01:28:55,700
Minds that had employed hundreds
closed permanently. 

1651
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:59,500
Their pit Will stopping for the 
last time communities that had 

1652
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,400
existed for Generations faced 
existential questions. 

1653
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:05,600
What happens to a mining town 
when the mine closest? 

1654
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:08,300
Where do people go? 
When the only skill they have is

1655
01:29:08,300 --> 01:29:10,300
extracting coal that nobody 
wants anymore? 

1656
01:29:11,200 --> 01:29:14,300
Some families move to England. 
Seeking work in factories or 

1657
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:18,100
construction others stayed 
clinging to familiar places even

1658
01:29:18,100 --> 01:29:21,600
as employment, vanished, The 
young left in disproportionate 

1659
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:24,300
numbers draining valleys of 
energy and Future. 

1660
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,600
Villages became places where old
miners retired and died while 

1661
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:33,300
their children lives elsewhere. 
The strike of the 1980s were a 

1662
01:29:33,300 --> 01:29:36,500
last desperate attempt to save 
an industry that economics had 

1663
01:29:36,500 --> 01:29:41,000
already condemned. 
The 1984 to 85 strike lasted a 

1664
01:29:41,000 --> 01:29:43,900
year, pitting miners against a 
government determined to reduce 

1665
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:47,500
coal dependency. 
It was brutal, bitter, and 

1666
01:29:47,500 --> 01:29:51,000
ultimately unsuccessful. 
Communities tore themselves 

1667
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:53,000
apart over whether to strike or 
work. 

1668
01:29:53,800 --> 01:29:57,100
Family survived on charity and 
determination and in the end, 

1669
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:00,300
the Mind closed anyway, walking 
through a Welsh Valley. 

1670
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:02,600
Today, you can still read the 
history written in the 

1671
01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:05,300
landscape. 
The terrorist houses remain, 

1672
01:30:05,300 --> 01:30:08,400
though, many are now hollered a 
Cottages or have been renovated 

1673
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:12,000
beyond recognition. 
Chapel buildings, Stan converted

1674
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:15,300
to apartments or community 
centers their singing replaced 

1675
01:30:15,300 --> 01:30:18,700
by silence. 
The pit heads are gone their 

1676
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:21,900
sights reclaimed by grass and 
trees or marked by memorials. 

1677
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:25,400
the slag heaps of being 
landscaped into gentle Hills, 

1678
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:28,700
their sharp angles softened by 
Decades of erosion and 

1679
01:30:28,700 --> 01:30:32,500
deliberate reshaping The last 
deep mine in Wales closed in 

1680
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:35,700
2008 Tower. 
Colliery had been saved by 

1681
01:30:35,700 --> 01:30:37,300
workers. 
Who bought it themselves in the 

1682
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:40,800
1990s operating it as a 
Cooperative that proved mining 

1683
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:42,600
could still work if workers 
control it. 

1684
01:30:43,400 --> 01:30:46,700
When coal quality declined and 
reserves depleted, they closed 

1685
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:49,000
it voluntarily. 
Rather than waiting for economic

1686
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:50,600
forces to make the decision for 
them. 

1687
01:30:50,600 --> 01:30:54,600
It was an ending that somehow 
maintained dignity with workers 

1688
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:57,400
choosing to close their own 
mind, rather than having it shut

1689
01:30:57,400 --> 01:31:01,500
down by external decree. 
The end of coal mining in Wales 

1690
01:31:01,500 --> 01:31:04,500
Mark, the conclusion of an era 
that had lasted roughly 200 

1691
01:31:04,500 --> 01:31:06,700
years. 
Two centuries, during which 

1692
01:31:06,700 --> 01:31:08,200
these valleys had been 
transformed. 

1693
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:11,500
From farming country to 
Industrial, powerhouses and back

1694
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:14,300
to something else. 
Entirely communities searching 

1695
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:17,100
for new identities while 
honoring, the extraordinary 

1696
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:21,300
history that had shaped them. 
The transition wasn't smooth 

1697
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:23,600
mining towns. 
Struggled with unemployment 

1698
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:25,200
rates that would shock 
economists. 

1699
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:28,800
Young people left because there 
were no jobs creating aging 

1700
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:31,400
populations in communities for 
young families. 

1701
01:31:31,400 --> 01:31:35,900
The social fabric that mining 
had created the solidarity, the 

1702
01:31:35,900 --> 01:31:39,700
shared purpose, the Titanic 
neighborhoods began to fray when

1703
01:31:39,700 --> 01:31:41,300
the industry that had woven it 
together. 

1704
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:44,300
Disappeared. 
Some valleys found new purposes 

1705
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:47,500
tourism discovered that the 
industrial Heritage people had 

1706
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:50,600
lived with daily was actually 
fascinating to outside. 

1707
01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:55,400
His former Minds became museums 
where guides often former miners

1708
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,000
themselves. 
LED visitors through preserved 

1709
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,300
workings, explaining how the job
was done and what life was like 

1710
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:05,300
Underground There's something 
both touching and slightly odd 

1711
01:32:05,300 --> 01:32:08,500
about paying to experience. 
A sample of work that people had

1712
01:32:08,500 --> 01:32:11,300
once been paid to do, and had 
desperately hoped, their 

1713
01:32:11,300 --> 01:32:14,100
children wouldn't have to follow
them into regeneration. 

1714
01:32:14,100 --> 01:32:18,100
Projects attempted to diversify 
local economies, Light Industry,

1715
01:32:18,100 --> 01:32:22,200
call centers tourism and service
jobs, replaced heavy industry. 

1716
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:26,200
The work was safer cleaner and 
generally better for your health

1717
01:32:26,200 --> 01:32:29,800
but it paid less and lacked the 
identity and solidarity that 

1718
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:33,000
mining had provided. 
You can work in a call center 

1719
01:32:33,000 --> 01:32:36,000
for 20 years without developing 
the same sense of craft and 

1720
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:38,800
Community the two years 
underground created. 

1721
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:41,800
The physical landscape, 
underwent, dramatic 

1722
01:32:41,800 --> 01:32:46,000
transformation, those slag heaps
that are dominated, valleys for 

1723
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:50,300
Generations, were slowly removed
or reshaped. rivers that had run

1724
01:32:50,300 --> 01:32:52,900
black with cold dust for a 
century started running, clear 

1725
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:56,100
again, air quality improved to 
the point where you could hang 

1726
01:32:56,100 --> 01:33:00,000
white laundry outside without it
turning gray, nature, reclaimed 

1727
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:03,100
spaces that industry had 
dominated and The Valleys began 

1728
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:06,400
to look more like they had 
before coals discovered But 

1729
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:08,300
removing the physical traces of 
mining. 

1730
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:10,100
Couldnt erase the cultural 
Legacy. 

1731
01:33:10,900 --> 01:33:14,400
The communities that mine and 
created distinctive identities 

1732
01:33:14,400 --> 01:33:18,400
that persisted even after the 
industry vanished, the emphasis 

1733
01:33:18,400 --> 01:33:21,100
on education and 
self-improvement the tradition 

1734
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,100
of mutual Aid and Collective 
action and the cultural 

1735
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:28,100
institutions like choirs and 
Brass bands, the survived, the 

1736
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:30,300
closure of the pits because 
they'd become embedded in 

1737
01:33:30,308 --> 01:33:34,500
community identity, as you lie, 
there in Comfort, warm, and 

1738
01:33:34,500 --> 01:33:36,500
safe. 
It's worth reflecting on. 

1739
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:40,000
What those forgotten minds of 
whales actually meant Not just 

1740
01:33:40,000 --> 01:33:43,100
to the people who worked them 
but to the modern world, you 

1741
01:33:43,100 --> 01:33:45,800
inhabit. 
The coal pulled from Welsh 

1742
01:33:45,800 --> 01:33:49,100
valleys powered the Industrial 
Revolution that created modern 

1743
01:33:49,100 --> 01:33:52,800
civilization, the ships that 
connected the British Empire ran

1744
01:33:52,800 --> 01:33:55,600
on Welsh coal. 
The factory that mass produced 

1745
01:33:55,600 --> 01:33:58,500
Goods, making them affordable 
for ordinary people for the 

1746
01:33:58,500 --> 01:34:01,400
first time in history were 
powered by Welsh coal. 

1747
01:34:02,200 --> 01:34:04,000
The trains that revolutionized 
transportation. 

1748
01:34:05,100 --> 01:34:08,100
The heating systems that made 
homes comfortable and the steel 

1749
01:34:08,100 --> 01:34:10,600
mills that provided material for
Bridges and buildings. 

1750
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:14,300
All of these depended on coal 
and much of that coal came from 

1751
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:17,100
Wales. 
This means that Welsh miners 

1752
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:20,300
toiling in darkness and danger 
for wages that barely covered 

1753
01:34:20,300 --> 01:34:23,500
rent and food were inadvertently
building the modern world. 

1754
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:27,600
Every technological advancement 
of the Industrial Age rested on 

1755
01:34:27,600 --> 01:34:30,600
a foundation of fossil fuel 
energy and someone had to 

1756
01:34:30,608 --> 01:34:32,400
extract that energy from 
underground. 

1757
01:34:33,300 --> 01:34:35,300
The miners who did this work 
weren't thinking about 

1758
01:34:35,300 --> 01:34:38,100
historical significance. 
They were thinking about feeding

1759
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:41,100
their families but their labor 
literally powered the 

1760
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:42,900
transformation of human 
civilization. 

1761
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:46,300
The labor movement that created 
workers' rights across the 

1762
01:34:46,300 --> 01:34:49,600
industrialized world found, some
of its strongest expression. 

1763
01:34:49,600 --> 01:34:53,300
In Welsh mining communities. 
The unions that fought for safer

1764
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,700
conditions, better pay 
reasonable hours and basic 

1765
01:34:56,700 --> 01:35:00,100
dignity, established precedence 
that benefited workers in every 

1766
01:35:00,100 --> 01:35:02,800
industry. 
When coal miners struck for 

1767
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:05,500
better conditions, they were 
advancing causes that would 

1768
01:35:05,500 --> 01:35:07,200
eventually Benefit office 
workers. 

1769
01:35:07,200 --> 01:35:10,300
Who'd never seen a mine, the 
concept that workers deserve 

1770
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,200
protection from dangerous 
conditions that employers had 

1771
01:35:13,200 --> 01:35:16,200
responsibility for workplace 
safety and that communities 

1772
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,600
deserved compensation. 
When industry harmed them, these

1773
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:21,600
ideas were forged in mining 
communities. 

1774
01:35:21,600 --> 01:35:25,800
Often in response to disasters, 
that killed doesn't the 

1775
01:35:25,800 --> 01:35:28,800
regulations that protect modern 
workers exists partly because 

1776
01:35:28,800 --> 01:35:32,100
mine is died, when those 
regulations didn't exist and 

1777
01:35:32,100 --> 01:35:34,800
their communities refused to 
accept that such deaths were 

1778
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:37,500
inevitable. 
The cultural contributions of 

1779
01:35:37,500 --> 01:35:40,700
Welsh mining communities in rich
British and World culture in 

1780
01:35:40,700 --> 01:35:44,200
ways often overlooked The Male 
Voice Choir tradition, that 

1781
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:46,900
spread globally had its 
strongest expression in mining 

1782
01:35:46,900 --> 01:35:49,800
valleys where men who spent 
their days in industrial noise, 

1783
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:53,500
created beauty through Harmony. 
The literature that emerged from

1784
01:35:53,500 --> 01:35:58,100
these communities poetry Memoir 
fiction provided working-class 

1785
01:35:58,100 --> 01:36:00,800
perspectives that challenged 
middle-class assumptions about 

1786
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:03,100
what constituted worthy subjects
for art. 

1787
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:06,800
Welsh mining communities also, 
demonstrated something important

1788
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:09,400
about human resilience and 
Community solidarity. 

1789
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:13,000
They showed that people could 
build meaningful lives under 

1790
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:16,300
objectively terrible conditions,
that communities, could develop 

1791
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,600
Rich, cultures, despite poverty,
and that dignity wasn't 

1792
01:36:19,600 --> 01:36:23,500
dependent on material comfort. 
This isn't to romanticize 

1793
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:25,800
hardship. 
The conditions were genuinely 

1794
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:29,300
awful and nobody should have had
to endure them, but rather to 

1795
01:36:29,300 --> 01:36:32,500
acknowledge the remarkable human
capacity to create meaning and 

1796
01:36:32,500 --> 01:36:34,700
Community even in difficult 
circumstances. 

1797
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:38,400
The environmental Legacy is more
complicated. 

1798
01:36:38,400 --> 01:36:42,800
Coal mining damaged the 
landscape extensively polluted 

1799
01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:46,700
waterways and contributed to air
pollution that harmed Health 

1800
01:36:46,700 --> 01:36:50,400
across industrial regions. 
The carbon emissions from 

1801
01:36:50,400 --> 01:36:53,400
burning, Welsh coal contributed 
to climate change that were now 

1802
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:56,800
struggling to address. 
The environmental restoration of

1803
01:36:56,800 --> 01:37:00,900
former mining areas has been 
expensive and ongoing attempting

1804
01:37:00,900 --> 01:37:03,500
to repair damage that 
accumulated over two centuries 

1805
01:37:03,500 --> 01:37:06,000
of intensive. 
Extraction yet the energy 

1806
01:37:06,000 --> 01:37:09,400
transition we're currently 
experiencing moving from fossil 

1807
01:37:09,400 --> 01:37:12,900
fuels to renewable sources 
Builds on Lessons Learned From 

1808
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:15,800
the coal era. 
We understand now that energy 

1809
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:18,700
extraction has environmental 
costs, that must be considered. 

1810
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:22,600
We recognize that communities 
built around single Industries 

1811
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:25,100
are vulnerable. 
When that industry declines. 

1812
01:37:25,100 --> 01:37:28,700
We know that workers displaced 
by economic change deserve 

1813
01:37:28,700 --> 01:37:31,700
support and retraining rather 
than abandonment. 

1814
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:34,800
These lessons came partly from 
watching what happened. 

1815
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:38,200
When coal mining ended the 
museums and heritage site that 

1816
01:37:38,200 --> 01:37:40,600
preserve mining history. 
Serve an important function 

1817
01:37:40,600 --> 01:37:44,500
Beyond tourism, they ensure that
future Generations understand 

1818
01:37:44,500 --> 01:37:47,700
where their comfortable 
technological lives came from, 

1819
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:52,000
it's easy to take electricity 
Heating and manufactured goods 

1820
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:55,200
for granted without considering 
the human cost that made them 

1821
01:37:55,200 --> 01:37:58,000
possible. 
Seeing an actual coal face 

1822
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:00,600
understanding what working 
underground meant. 

1823
01:38:00,600 --> 01:38:04,200
And recognizing the sacrifices 
made by people whose names are 

1824
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:06,900
mostly forgotten. 
This provides perspective, that 

1825
01:38:06,900 --> 01:38:10,300
pure Prosperity, can't teach In 
Wales itself. 

1826
01:38:10,300 --> 01:38:14,400
Mining identity remains powerful
even among people too young to 

1827
01:38:14,400 --> 01:38:17,900
have ever worked Underground. 
The values that mining 

1828
01:38:17,900 --> 01:38:20,900
communities developed 
solidarity, Mutual support, 

1829
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:24,400
education and cultural 
expression, continue to shape 

1830
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:28,100
these regions the political 
culture of Welsh valleys with 

1831
01:38:28,100 --> 01:38:30,200
its strong support for 
Collective action and social 

1832
01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:32,600
welfare, reflects Lessons 
Learned. 

1833
01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:35,000
When communities discovered, 
that individuals could not 

1834
01:38:35,000 --> 01:38:36,700
survive without Community 
Support. 

1835
01:38:37,600 --> 01:38:40,700
The descendants of miners live 
across the world now, carrying 

1836
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:43,400
family, histories of 
underground, work to places far 

1837
01:38:43,400 --> 01:38:46,800
from Welsh valleys. 
These stories passed down 

1838
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:49,500
through generations. 
Keep alive the memory of what 

1839
01:38:49,500 --> 01:38:52,900
previous generations endured. 
Your colleague whose grandfather

1840
01:38:52,900 --> 01:38:55,800
was a Welsh minear, your friend,
whose great, aunt, emigrated 

1841
01:38:55,800 --> 01:38:58,100
from a mining town. 
And the person you met who 

1842
01:38:58,100 --> 01:39:00,200
casually mentioned, their 
families, mining background, 

1843
01:39:00,200 --> 01:39:02,800
their carrying pieces of this 
history forward. 

1844
01:39:02,800 --> 01:39:06,300
Perhaps most importantly, the 
mining Area Teachers are about 

1845
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:09,200
the human cost of the energy and
materials that modern 

1846
01:39:09,200 --> 01:39:12,100
civilization requires. 
We still need energy. 

1847
01:39:12,100 --> 01:39:16,000
We still need raw materials, 
someone somewhere is still doing

1848
01:39:16,000 --> 01:39:18,600
difficult, dangerous work to 
extract, what we consume 

1849
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:21,600
casually, the working 
conditions, have improved in 

1850
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:24,800
developed Nations partly due to 
Lessons Learned From mining 

1851
01:39:24,800 --> 01:39:28,300
history but the fundamental 
truth remains are comfortable 

1852
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:31,800
lives rest on labor that most of
us never see and rarely consider

1853
01:39:31,800 --> 01:39:35,500
history written in Broad Strokes
can miss the texture of actual 

1854
01:39:35,500 --> 01:39:38,400
Human Experience. 
So, let's slow down and 

1855
01:39:38,400 --> 01:39:39,900
consider. 
What all this meant at the 

1856
01:39:39,908 --> 01:39:43,100
individual level, through the 
kinds of stories that former 

1857
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:45,100
Miners, and their families 
shared when they talked about 

1858
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:47,600
their lives. 
Imagine being eight years old, 

1859
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:51,600
starting work, as a Trapper boy,
you'd wake Before Dawn, eat 

1860
01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:53,300
whatever breakfast, your family 
could afford. 

1861
01:39:53,300 --> 01:39:56,900
And walk to the pit with your 
father or older brothers, The 

1862
01:39:56,900 --> 01:40:00,200
Descent Into Darkness would 
terrify you initially the 

1863
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:03,600
dropping sensation, the 
Blackness, and The Damp smell of

1864
01:40:03,600 --> 01:40:07,800
underground spaces. 
The children adapt and within 

1865
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:09,800
weeks, this journey would become
routine. 

1866
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:13,100
Your job station would be a 
ventilation door somewhere in 

1867
01:40:13,100 --> 01:40:16,200
the mines Network. 
You'd sit on a small wooden seat

1868
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:19,000
or pile of coal. 
Holding a string attached to the

1869
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:21,500
door. 
When you heard a coal tram 

1870
01:40:21,500 --> 01:40:23,900
approaching and you learned to 
distinguish the sound of 

1871
01:40:23,900 --> 01:40:26,400
different, trams different 
ponies and different drivers. 

1872
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:28,500
You'd pull the string to open 
the door. 

1873
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:32,100
Tram, would pass through and 
you'd close the door to maintain

1874
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:35,800
airflow. 
Then silence would return and 

1875
01:40:35,800 --> 01:40:38,500
you'd sit alone in darkness. 
Lit, only by your small lamp 

1876
01:40:38,500 --> 01:40:42,600
waiting for the next tram. 
Hour after hour, in silence, 

1877
01:40:42,600 --> 01:40:46,900
broken only by distant sounds of
mining work, dripping water, and

1878
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:49,500
the occasional scurrying of rats
that lived Underground. 

1879
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:53,000
You couldn't read because the 
light was too poor and you 

1880
01:40:53,008 --> 01:40:55,800
probably couldn't read anyway. 
You couldn't move around because

1881
01:40:55,800 --> 01:40:57,300
you needed to stay at your 
station. 

1882
01:40:57,300 --> 01:41:00,400
You just sat and waited and 
tried not to think about the 

1883
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:03,600
tons of rock above your head or 
the darkness that pressed in 

1884
01:41:03,608 --> 01:41:06,600
from all sides. 
Some boys handled this Solitude 

1885
01:41:06,600 --> 01:41:09,300
better than others. 
Some sang quietly to themselves,

1886
01:41:09,300 --> 01:41:13,500
or talk to imaginary friends, or
simply develop the capacity to 

1887
01:41:13,500 --> 01:41:17,200
sit with their own thoughts, for
12 hours at a stretch others, 

1888
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:20,200
found it psychologically, 
damaging developing fears that 

1889
01:41:20,208 --> 01:41:23,400
would last their entire lives. 
But all of them did it because 

1890
01:41:23,400 --> 01:41:26,000
their families needed the 
income, an 8 year olds, didn't 

1891
01:41:26,000 --> 01:41:27,400
really get a choice of 
employment. 

1892
01:41:27,400 --> 01:41:31,300
Now, imagine being a young 
woman, married to a minor every 

1893
01:41:31,300 --> 01:41:34,100
time, your husband, descended 
into the pit, you'd have to make

1894
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:36,400
peace with the possibility that 
he might not return. 

1895
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:39,400
You'd listen for the pit whistle
that signaled accidents. 

1896
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:41,900
Knowing that, it's particular 
pattern would tell you, whether 

1897
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:45,200
to worry or to panic. 
When disaster struck other 

1898
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:47,200
families. 
Attend funerals. 

1899
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:50,400
While thinking that could have 
been us because it could have 

1900
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:51,900
been. 
And the only thing separating 

1901
01:41:51,900 --> 01:41:54,500
your intact family from The 
Grieving Widow down, the street 

1902
01:41:54,500 --> 01:41:57,100
was pure luck. 
Your daily work would be 

1903
01:41:57,100 --> 01:42:01,000
constant and exhausting washing 
cooking cleaning and maintaining

1904
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:03,400
the house. 
Against the constant assault of 

1905
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:07,000
cold dust managing the family 
budget with the Precision of an 

1906
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:09,800
accountant, making every penny 
count, because there were any 

1907
01:42:09,800 --> 01:42:13,600
extra caring for children. 
While also in many cases taking 

1908
01:42:13,600 --> 01:42:16,700
in lodges or doing laundry for 
other families to earn extra 

1909
01:42:16,700 --> 01:42:19,300
income. 
Running a mining household was a

1910
01:42:19,308 --> 01:42:22,700
full-time job that paid nothing,
but was absolutely essential to 

1911
01:42:22,700 --> 01:42:25,500
family survival. 
You develop strategies and 

1912
01:42:25,500 --> 01:42:28,200
skills that would impress, 
modern efficiency, experts. 

1913
01:42:28,200 --> 01:42:31,700
You know, how to make a small 
amount of meat feed six people 

1914
01:42:31,700 --> 01:42:34,200
by combining it with potatoes 
and vegetables. 

1915
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,700
You'd Master the art of 
repairing clothes so extensively

1916
01:42:37,700 --> 01:42:39,900
that they could be passed down 
through multiple children. 

1917
01:42:39,900 --> 01:42:43,500
You'd create cleaning schedules 
that minimize dust accumulation 

1918
01:42:43,500 --> 01:42:46,000
and made the most of available 
water and fuel. 

1919
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:49,000
You'd become an expert at 
reading your husband's mood and 

1920
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:52,100
health knowing when he was 
simply tired, versus genuinely 

1921
01:42:52,100 --> 01:42:56,400
ill, and when he needed space 
for his comfort, Or imagine 

1922
01:42:56,400 --> 01:42:59,800
being a minor in your Prime. 
Say 35 years old with 20 years 

1923
01:42:59,808 --> 01:43:02,900
of underground experience You'd 
have developed a sophisticated 

1924
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,500
understanding of coal, Rock, and
Mining engineering. 

1925
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:09,000
That was partly taught and 
partly intuitive. 

1926
01:43:09,000 --> 01:43:12,500
You'd know how to read subtle 
signs in the coal face that 

1927
01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:14,000
indicated. 
What would happen when you 

1928
01:43:14,008 --> 01:43:16,600
undercut it? 
You'd understand Ruth's 

1929
01:43:16,600 --> 01:43:19,600
stability from the sound of 
creaking props and the feel of 

1930
01:43:19,608 --> 01:43:22,900
air pressure changes, you'd have
learned through experience where

1931
01:43:22,900 --> 01:43:26,200
gas tendered to accumulate and 
how to recognize danger before 

1932
01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:29,200
it became disaster. 
Your body would be a map of your

1933
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:33,100
career scars from various 
accidents Cole tattoos from 

1934
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:36,500
healed cuts and the distinctive 
miners physique of powerful 

1935
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:39,700
shoulders and arms combined with
a back that was starting to 

1936
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:41,700
curve from years of stooped 
work. 

1937
01:43:42,400 --> 01:43:44,800
Your hands would be callous to 
the point of being almost 

1938
01:43:44,800 --> 01:43:48,600
leather-like, able to handle 
rough coal and splintered wood 

1939
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:52,100
without much discomfort. 
Your lungs would have started. 

1940
01:43:52,100 --> 01:43:54,200
Accumulating the cold dust that 
would eventually. 

1941
01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:57,700
Cause problems though at 35, you
probably wouldn't notice 

1942
01:43:57,700 --> 01:44:00,500
symptoms, yet you'd have a 
position in the underground 

1943
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:03,400
social hierarchy, based on 
skill, experience and 

1944
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:06,000
personality. 
The best coal Cutters were 

1945
01:44:06,000 --> 01:44:09,400
respected for their craft shot 
fires, who were reliable and 

1946
01:44:09,400 --> 01:44:13,200
safe and Trust. 
Men who panicked in emergencies 

1947
01:44:13,200 --> 01:44:14,900
or couldn't be counted on to 
pull their weight. 

1948
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:17,300
In difficult, conditions would 
find themselves. 

1949
01:44:17,300 --> 01:44:20,800
Subtly marginalized, the 
underground world had its own 

1950
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:24,100
social rules and reputation 
matted intensely in a place 

1951
01:44:24,108 --> 01:44:25,600
where lives depended on 
teamwork. 

1952
01:44:26,400 --> 01:44:28,800
Your relationship with the mine 
itself would be complex. 

1953
01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:32,000
You'd hate the danger the 
discomfort and the toll it took 

1954
01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:34,500
on your body. 
But you'd also feel a 

1955
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:36,400
Craftsman's pride in doing 
difficult work. 

1956
01:44:36,400 --> 01:44:40,500
Well, There was satisfaction in 
cutting, a clean face in setting

1957
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:43,100
props that would hold and in 
knowing you could handle 

1958
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:45,500
conditions, that would defeat 
someone with less skill and 

1959
01:44:45,500 --> 01:44:48,300
experience. 
The mine was your adversary in 

1960
01:44:48,300 --> 01:44:50,600
your livelihood. 
The thing you struggled against 

1961
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:53,100
daily and the thing that gave 
your life structure and purpose,

1962
01:44:54,200 --> 01:44:56,400
As we near the end of our 
journey through Welsh mining 

1963
01:44:56,400 --> 01:44:58,200
history, it's time to draw 
together. 

1964
01:44:58,200 --> 01:45:00,700
The threads and understand how 
this vanished world, still 

1965
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:03,900
touches the present in ways, 
both obvious and subtle. 

1966
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:07,300
The physical landscape of 
whales, still Bears mining 

1967
01:45:07,300 --> 01:45:11,300
signature, even where active 
restoration has occurred those 

1968
01:45:11,300 --> 01:45:13,100
Valley towns with their 
terrorist houses. 

1969
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:16,900
Remain adapted to new purposes 
but unmistakable in their 

1970
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:20,700
Origins the Chapels often the 
most beautiful buildings in 

1971
01:45:20,700 --> 01:45:23,500
these communities stand as 
reminders of the spiritual life 

1972
01:45:23,500 --> 01:45:25,900
that sustained people through 
industrial hardship. 

1973
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:29,400
The rivers run clear. 
Now, but their Banks still, 

1974
01:45:29,400 --> 01:45:32,800
sometimes reveal cold fragments 
that escaped from Works closed 

1975
01:45:32,800 --> 01:45:35,900
decades ago. 
Walk through a former mining 

1976
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:38,800
Valley on a quiet day, you might
notice something interesting 

1977
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:42,000
about the topography. 
The hillside have a particular 

1978
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:45,600
slope where slag heaps once 
stood now, softened by grass and

1979
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:49,300
time, but still distinctively, 
not quite natural. the flat 

1980
01:45:49,308 --> 01:45:52,100
areas near Valley floors show 
where Railway side things once 

1981
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:55,600
ran their tracks long removed, 
but the ground still bearing the

1982
01:45:55,600 --> 01:45:59,500
compressed memory of heavy use 
The landscape remembers even 

1983
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:02,100
when casual observers, wouldn't 
recognize what they're seeing 

1984
01:46:02,108 --> 01:46:05,500
the museums deserve particular 
mention because they're fighting

1985
01:46:05,500 --> 01:46:09,400
against historical amnesia. 
Big pit National coal. 

1986
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:13,200
Museum, in Blaine takes visitors
down an actual mine equipped 

1987
01:46:13,200 --> 01:46:16,000
with helmet and lamp 
experiencing, a tiny fraction of

1988
01:46:16,008 --> 01:46:20,000
what working underground meant. 
The guides are often former 

1989
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:22,900
miners, who can explain from 
personal experience, what each 

1990
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:25,000
section was for and how the work
was done. 

1991
01:46:25,800 --> 01:46:28,900
They make the history immediate 
and real in ways that no amount 

1992
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:31,700
of reading can match. 
These museums serve, an 

1993
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:33,600
important function Beyond 
education. 

1994
01:46:33,600 --> 01:46:37,300
They validate the experience of 
people whose working lives are 

1995
01:46:37,300 --> 01:46:40,500
often dismissed as unimportant 
by those who benefited from 

1996
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:44,400
their labor. by preserving 
mining history and treating it 

1997
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:47,600
as worthy of Museum, quality 
presentation, they're making a 

1998
01:46:47,600 --> 01:46:50,600
statement that these lives 
mattered that, this work had 

1999
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:54,200
dignity, and that the sacrifices
made by mining communities 

2000
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:57,700
deserve recognition, and 
Remembrance The cultural Legacy 

2001
01:46:57,700 --> 01:47:00,500
persists in ways, that surprise 
people unfamiliar with Welsh 

2002
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:03,400
history, the male voice choirs 
that remain active in Welsh 

2003
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:04,900
Valley. 
Still sing with harmonies 

2004
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:08,100
perfected by miners, who found 
beauty in music after spending 

2005
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:12,000
days in industrial noise, the 
brass bands that compete in 

2006
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:15,100
National competitions, maintain 
Traditions established when 

2007
01:47:15,100 --> 01:47:17,900
musical instruments provided one
of the few sources of 

2008
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,300
entertainment and cultural 
expression available to working 

2009
01:47:21,300 --> 01:47:24,300
class communities. 
Welsh literature and poetry 

2010
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:27,600
carry, mining's influence in 
their DNA poets who grew up in 

2011
01:47:27,600 --> 01:47:30,400
mining households, even if they 
never worked underground 

2012
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:33,000
themselves, right? 
With awareness of hardship, 

2013
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:37,600
solidarity and the Dignity of 
manual labor, The working class 

2014
01:47:37,600 --> 01:47:40,500
voice in British literature 
owes, much to writers who 

2015
01:47:40,500 --> 01:47:43,800
emerged from mining communities,
and brought their experiences 

2016
01:47:43,800 --> 01:47:47,400
and perspectives to audiences, 
who never considered such lives 

2017
01:47:47,400 --> 01:47:51,400
worthy of literary attention. 
The political culture of Wales, 

2018
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:53,800
reflects mining's Legacy and 
tangible ways. 

2019
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:56,200
The strong support for trade 
unions. 

2020
01:47:56,200 --> 01:47:59,400
The emphasis on Collective 
action and the suspicion of 

2021
01:47:59,408 --> 01:48:02,800
unchecked corporate power. 
These attitudes were forged in 

2022
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:05,600
mining communities that learned 
through bitter experience that 

2023
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:09,100
individual workers had no power 
against large organizations. 

2024
01:48:09,100 --> 01:48:12,900
But Collective action could 
force change the Labour party. 

2025
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:15,700
Historic dominance in Welsh. 
Valleys stems directly from 

2026
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:18,100
mining communities. 
Political Awakening during 

2027
01:48:18,100 --> 01:48:20,800
industrial struggles. 
More subtly. 

2028
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,200
The values that sustained mining
communities Mutual support 

2029
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:28,000
Community solidarity emphasis on
educational as a path to 

2030
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,000
advancement continue to 
influence Welsh culture. 

2031
01:48:31,000 --> 01:48:35,800
Even as economic circumstances 
have changed entirely The 

2032
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:38,800
tradition of neighbors, helping 
neighbors during hardship of 

2033
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:42,500
communities rallying around 
families facing difficulties for

2034
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:45,600
viewing education, as communally
valuable rather than just 

2035
01:48:45,600 --> 01:48:48,800
individually beneficial. 
These reflect Lessons Learned 

2036
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:52,600
when survival depended on 
community, cohesion For 

2037
01:48:52,600 --> 01:48:54,800
individuals with mining 
Heritage, the connection to this

2038
01:48:54,800 --> 01:48:58,500
history, often runs deep even 
when separated by Generations. 

2039
01:48:59,400 --> 01:49:01,000
People whose Grandparents were 
minors. 

2040
01:49:01,000 --> 01:49:03,700
Carry stories passed down 
through families, creating 

2041
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:07,000
personal connections to a 
vanished world. these aren't 

2042
01:49:07,000 --> 01:49:10,800
abstract historical facts, but 
family memory kept alive through

2043
01:49:10,800 --> 01:49:14,300
photographs remembered 
conversations and the occasional

2044
01:49:14,300 --> 01:49:18,000
piece of mining equipment, kept 
as a family heirloom The 

2045
01:49:18,000 --> 01:49:21,000
Contemporary energy transition, 
the shift from fossil fuels to 

2046
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:24,600
renewable sources, has brought 
unexpected resonance to mining 

2047
01:49:24,600 --> 01:49:27,500
history. 
Wales is now investing in wind 

2048
01:49:27,500 --> 01:49:31,400
farms, tidal power and solar 
installations transitioning from

2049
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,200
extracting energy from the 
ground to harvesting it from 

2050
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,600
natural forces. 
Some former mining communities 

2051
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:40,600
are becoming centers for 
renewable energy, finding new 

2052
01:49:40,600 --> 01:49:43,900
purpose in energy production, 
even as the energy sources 

2053
01:49:43,900 --> 01:49:47,300
change completely. 
This transition carries Echoes 

2054
01:49:47,300 --> 01:49:50,000
of mining's lessons, the 
importance of planning, for 

2055
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:53,600
workers, displaced by industrial
change, the need to support 

2056
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:56,000
communities. 
Economically dependent on single

2057
01:49:56,000 --> 01:49:58,500
Industries. 
The recognition that energy 

2058
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:01,700
extraction has costs, 
environmental, social, and 

2059
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:05,000
human, that must be considered 
alongside economic benefits. 

2060
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:09,100
These Lessons Learned painfully 
through mining's, rise and fall,

2061
01:50:09,100 --> 01:50:12,900
informed current policy in ways 
that might have prevented some 

2062
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:15,200
of the hardship. 
Mining communities experience if

2063
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:18,400
they'd been applied earlier, 
Climate change, discussions 

2064
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:21,200
often position, coal mining, as 
a purely historical problem. 

2065
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:25,200
The source of emissions that 
created our current crisis, this

2066
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:29,100
is true, but incomplete. 
The people who mined coal 

2067
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:31,700
weren't causing climate change, 
through malice or ignorance? 

2068
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:35,700
they were providing energy that 
Civilization demanded working 

2069
01:50:35,700 --> 01:50:38,900
jobs that were available to the 
and feeding families, the only 

2070
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:42,600
way they knew how Holding them 
responsible for climate change 

2071
01:50:42,600 --> 01:50:45,600
makes no more sense than blaming
Oil Workers for petroleum 

2072
01:50:45,600 --> 01:50:48,200
dependence. 
The responsibility lies with 

2073
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:51,200
economic and political systems, 
that created demand without 

2074
01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:52,800
considering long-term 
consequences. 

2075
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:56,300
Understanding this distinction 
matters because we're still 

2076
01:50:56,300 --> 01:50:59,800
creating new Industries and new 
dependencies without fully 

2077
01:50:59,800 --> 01:51:01,600
considering their long-term 
impacts. 

2078
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:04,900
We're still asking workers to 
accept dangerous or harmful 

2079
01:51:04,900 --> 01:51:07,400
employment because Alternatives 
don't exist. 

2080
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:10,900
We're still building communities
around single industries that 

2081
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:12,300
might vanish within a 
generation. 

2082
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:15,800
The patterns that created and 
destroyed coal. 

2083
01:51:15,800 --> 01:51:19,100
Mining continued, a new forms. 
Suggesting we haven't fully 

2084
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:22,700
learned the lessons that history
offers as you prepare for Sleep,

2085
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:26,000
comfortable in your warm bed 
with electric light available at

2086
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:29,200
the touch of a switch. 
It's worth holding one final. 

2087
01:51:29,200 --> 01:51:31,900
Thought about what those 
forgotten minds of whales, 

2088
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:34,900
actually represent, they 
represent human Ingenuity 

2089
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:38,500
applied to solving energy needs 
even when the solution came at 

2090
01:51:38,500 --> 01:51:42,100
tremendous cost, They represent 
working-class communities, 

2091
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:46,100
creating culture, dignity, and 
solidarity, under conditions 

2092
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:47,500
that were objectively. 
Terrible. 

2093
01:51:48,500 --> 01:51:51,000
They represent the environmental
and human price of 

2094
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,600
industrialization paid by people
who had little choice about the 

2095
01:51:54,600 --> 01:51:58,000
work they did but maintain their
Humanity, despite circumstances 

2096
01:51:58,000 --> 01:52:01,500
designed to reduce them to Mere 
labor, the miners themselves, 

2097
01:52:01,500 --> 01:52:05,600
the men who descended Into 
Darkness day after day, the 

2098
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:08,700
women who maintained households 
and communities and the children

2099
01:52:08,700 --> 01:52:11,700
who started work before. 
They'd finished growing, these 

2100
01:52:11,700 --> 01:52:14,100
were not Extraordinary People. 
In the sense of being unusual, 

2101
01:52:14,100 --> 01:52:17,900
they were ordinary humans doing 
what humans do adapting to 

2102
01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:22,000
circumstances building lives in 
available spaces, creating 

2103
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:25,200
meaning, despite hardship and 
persevering, because the 

2104
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:28,900
alternative was unacceptable. 
Their ordinariness is precisely 

2105
01:52:28,900 --> 01:52:30,500
what makes their history 
important? 

2106
01:52:30,500 --> 01:52:34,100
They demonstrate that normal. 
People faced with difficult 

2107
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,500
circumstances are capable of 
remarkable endurance and 

2108
01:52:37,500 --> 01:52:39,900
achievement. 
The mining communities didn't 

2109
01:52:39,900 --> 01:52:43,000
just survive, they thrived 
culturally creating music 

2110
01:52:43,000 --> 01:52:45,900
literature, and social 
institutions that enrich the 

2111
01:52:45,900 --> 01:52:48,300
broader culture. 
They didn't just endure 

2112
01:52:48,300 --> 01:52:51,300
exploitation, they organized 
collectively and fought for 

2113
01:52:51,300 --> 01:52:54,300
better conditions establishing 
precedence that benefited 

2114
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,400
workers everywhere. 
The forgetting of this history 

2115
01:52:57,400 --> 01:53:00,000
and make no mistake. 
It is being forgotten outside of

2116
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:04,500
Wales represents a kind of 
cultural Amnesia that impoverish

2117
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:07,600
us When we lose connection to 
the labor, that created modern 

2118
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:10,800
Comfort, we lose understanding 
of what that Comfort actually 

2119
01:53:10,800 --> 01:53:13,500
cost. 
When we forget the human price 

2120
01:53:13,500 --> 01:53:16,500
of energy and material goods 
were more likely to treat them 

2121
01:53:16,500 --> 01:53:20,300
as cheap and disposable rather 
than recognizing their true cost

2122
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:24,200
remembering doesn't mean 
romanticizing mining was brutal 

2123
01:53:24,200 --> 01:53:27,100
dangerous work that nobody 
should have had to do in the 

2124
01:53:27,100 --> 01:53:29,900
conditions that existed. 
The hardships mining 

2125
01:53:29,900 --> 01:53:32,300
communities, endured worked 
character, building challenges, 

2126
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:35,400
but unnecessary suffering, 
caused by economic systems, that

2127
01:53:35,400 --> 01:53:37,200
value to profit, over human 
welfare. 

2128
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:40,300
Progress meant improving 
conditions and they became 

2129
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,500
acceptable and eventually 
transitioning away from coal 

2130
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:45,800
entirely. 
But remembering does mean 

2131
01:53:45,800 --> 01:53:49,800
recognizing that the lives lived
in those valleys, the work done 

2132
01:53:49,800 --> 01:53:52,400
in those mines. 
The communities built in those 

2133
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:54,700
towns. 
The struggles fought in those 

2134
01:53:54,708 --> 01:53:56,700
strikes. 
These things mattered. 

2135
01:53:56,700 --> 01:54:00,200
They shaped the modern world, 
they established precedence for 

2136
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:03,200
workers' rights. 
They demonstrated human capacity

2137
01:54:03,200 --> 01:54:05,200
for endurance and Community 
solidarity. 

2138
01:54:05,200 --> 01:54:08,400
They created a culture. 
That enriches a still. 

2139
01:54:08,400 --> 01:54:12,500
The last deep mining, Wales 
closed in 2008, but the history 

2140
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:15,400
didn't end there. 
It continues in the landscape 

2141
01:54:15,400 --> 01:54:18,400
shaped by mining in the 
community, still adapting to 

2142
01:54:18,400 --> 01:54:21,400
post industrial reality and in 
the cultural Traditions 

2143
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:24,400
maintained by people who never 
worked underground but inherited

2144
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:27,600
mining's Legacy. 
It continues in the museums that

2145
01:54:27,600 --> 01:54:30,500
preserve this history in the 
stories passed down through 

2146
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:33,800
families and in The Valleys that
mining communities developed and

2147
01:54:33,800 --> 01:54:37,000
their descendants maintain. 
And it continues in moments like

2148
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:39,200
this. 
When someone comfortable and 

2149
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:41,800
safe, takes time to consider 
what life was like for people 

2150
01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:44,900
who had neither Comfort nor 
safety, but built meaningful 

2151
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:47,500
lives. 
Anyway, By remembering their 

2152
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:50,800
story, your honoring, their 
experience and keeping alive a 

2153
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:53,100
history that matters more than 
it might initially appear. 

2154
01:54:54,100 --> 01:54:56,100
The darkness beneath Welsh Hills
is empty. 

2155
01:54:56,100 --> 01:55:00,700
Now, the coal faces silent, the 
pit wheels still But the 

2156
01:55:00,700 --> 01:55:03,300
darkness gave us something 
Beyond Fuel and profit. 

2157
01:55:03,300 --> 01:55:07,300
It gave us examples of human 
resilience lessons about the 

2158
01:55:07,300 --> 01:55:10,800
cost of progress warnings about 
building communities around 

2159
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:13,700
single Industries and 
demonstrations of what people 

2160
01:55:13,700 --> 01:55:17,900
can achieve through Collective 
action and mutual support These 

2161
01:55:17,900 --> 01:55:20,800
are gifts worth receiving even 
as we're grateful that the 

2162
01:55:20,800 --> 01:55:23,200
particular conditions that 
created that have passed into 

2163
01:55:23,200 --> 01:55:24,700
history. 
Sleep. 

2164
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:27,300
Well, knowing that the warmth 
and comfort. 

2165
01:55:27,300 --> 01:55:29,800
You enjoy tonight. 
Comes partly from energy sources

2166
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:31,900
that people risked, everything 
to extract. 

2167
01:55:32,800 --> 01:55:35,800
Remember them with gratitude 
honor their struggles by 

2168
01:55:35,800 --> 01:55:37,800
learning from them and carry 
forward. 

2169
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:40,800
The values they developed in 
darkness, solidarity, 

2170
01:55:40,800 --> 01:55:44,800
perseverance, dignity, and hope 
the minds are forgotten by many,

2171
01:55:44,800 --> 01:55:46,700
but they need not be forgotten 
by you. 

2172
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:54,400
Close your eyes and imagine the 
night sky over ancient China, 

2173
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:56,400
sometime around the seventh 
century. 

2174
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:01,200
There are no streetlights, no 
neon signs and no glow from 

2175
01:56:01,200 --> 01:56:04,200
smartphones or television 
screens filtering through 

2176
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:07,500
curtains. 
The darkness here is complete in

2177
01:56:07,508 --> 01:56:10,800
a way that most of us have never
experienced broken. 

2178
01:56:10,800 --> 01:56:14,700
Only by oil lamps flickering in 
Windows and the vast sweep of 

2179
01:56:14,700 --> 01:56:18,800
stars overhead, So many stars 
that the Milky Way looks like 

2180
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:24,300
spilled rice across black silk. 
In this world night meant 

2181
01:56:24,300 --> 01:56:26,100
something different than it does
for you now. 

2182
01:56:27,000 --> 01:56:30,700
When the sun set over the tiled 
roofs and winding Rivers, most 

2183
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:32,400
people simply stopped their 
work. 

2184
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:37,700
Farmers returned to their homes,
markets closed, the Rhythm of 

2185
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:41,100
Life, followed the sun because 
working after dark was difficult

2186
01:56:41,100 --> 01:56:45,100
expensive, and frankly 
exhausting when you're only 

2187
01:56:45,108 --> 01:56:49,600
light source required constant 
feeding with oil or tallow But 

2188
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:52,800
in certain workshops scattered 
throughout the Empire like still

2189
01:56:52,800 --> 01:56:56,600
burned long after sunset. 
These were the spaces of 

2190
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,300
Alchemists. 
Not the magical Wizards. 

2191
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:01,900
You might pick picture from 
fantasy novels but something 

2192
01:57:01,900 --> 01:57:05,300
close to the chemists and 
pharmacies of their time though.

2193
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:07,400
They would have been puzzled by 
those modern terms. 

2194
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:12,000
These practitioners mix 
substances heated materials 

2195
01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:15,400
ground minerals into powders and
recorded their observations, 

2196
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:18,300
with the kind of meticulous care
that would make a modern 

2197
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:22,300
scientists not in approval. 
The Alchemist worked by 

2198
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:25,400
Lamplight. 
The faces illuminated by small 

2199
01:57:25,400 --> 01:57:28,500
Flames, that cast Dancing 
Shadows on walls covered with 

2200
01:57:28,508 --> 01:57:32,400
shells. 
These shelves held ceramic jars 

2201
01:57:32,400 --> 01:57:35,600
and bamboo containers. 
Each carefully labeled An 

2202
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:38,100
Elegant characters that describe
their contents. 

2203
01:57:38,800 --> 01:57:43,000
Sulfur from volcanic regions 
salt, peter gathered from cave 

2204
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:46,600
walls and charcoal ground from 
specific types of wood. 

2205
01:57:47,600 --> 01:57:50,200
The air in these workshops 
carried a distinctive smell 

2206
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:53,900
earthy. 
Mineral slightly accurate with 

2207
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:57,900
occasional sweet notes from 
various plant materials, You 

2208
01:57:57,900 --> 01:58:00,100
need to understand that these 
people were trying to invent 

2209
01:58:00,100 --> 01:58:03,000
fireworks. 
That thought hadn't occurred to 

2210
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:05,200
anyone because fireworks didn't 
exist yet. 

2211
01:58:05,200 --> 01:58:08,600
The Alchemists were pursuing 
something, that seemed far more 

2212
01:58:08,600 --> 01:58:12,200
practical and infinitely more 
important in mortality. 

2213
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:16,400
Or at least they were seeking 
elixirs that might extend life, 

2214
01:58:16,400 --> 01:58:20,300
cure diseases or Grant, various 
forms of spiritual 

2215
01:58:20,300 --> 01:58:23,800
enlightenment. 
The idea that their experiments 

2216
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:26,200
might instead produce 
spectacular entertainment. 

2217
01:58:26,200 --> 01:58:29,400
Would have struck them as a 
curious and probably 

2218
01:58:29,400 --> 01:58:33,300
disappointing outcome. 
Chinese alchemical tradition by 

2219
01:58:33,300 --> 01:58:37,000
this period had developed over 
centuries building on texts and 

2220
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:40,900
teachings passed from Master to 
student in an unbroken chain of 

2221
01:58:40,908 --> 01:58:44,200
knowledge. these practitioners 
combined, what we might call, 

2222
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:47,200
Proto chemistry with 
philosophical Concepts drawn 

2223
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:50,800
from taoism and Buddhism, They 
believe that by understanding 

2224
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:54,300
and manipulating the fundamental
substances of the material 

2225
01:58:54,300 --> 01:58:57,700
world, they could achieve 
Transformations that extended 

2226
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:01,100
beyond the merely physical. 
The night sky above these 

2227
01:59:01,100 --> 01:59:04,000
workshops held profound. 
Meaning in Chinese cosmology. 

2228
01:59:05,300 --> 01:59:08,400
astronomers had been mapping the
heavens for thousands of years, 

2229
01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:13,000
recording the movements of 
planets and stars, predicting a 

2230
01:59:13,000 --> 01:59:16,200
clips and weaving Celestial 
observations in both calendar 

2231
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:19,700
keeping and philosophical 
understanding The idea that 

2232
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:22,700
humans might one day at their 
own light to the night. 

2233
01:59:22,700 --> 01:59:26,700
Sky colorful, brilliant 
temporary, flashes, that existed

2234
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:30,400
purely for beauty would have 
seen like a peculiar form of 

2235
01:59:30,400 --> 01:59:34,000
hubris. 
And yet, that's exactly what was

2236
01:59:34,000 --> 01:59:38,200
about to happen in the quiet 
hours after midnight, when even 

2237
01:59:38,200 --> 01:59:41,000
the city's dogs, had finished 
their evening chorus and settled

2238
01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:44,600
into sleep Alchemist, continued 
their patient work. 

2239
01:59:45,300 --> 01:59:49,500
Heated substances and ceramic 
vessels watching how materials 

2240
01:59:49,500 --> 01:59:51,900
change color and texture under 
Flame. 

2241
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:56,500
They mix powders and careful 
proportions, grinding components

2242
01:59:56,500 --> 01:59:59,000
together with pestles. 
That had been smoothed by 

2243
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:02,600
generations of use They wrote 
down their observations and 

2244
02:00:02,600 --> 02:00:05,700
characters that flowed like 
water across paper or silk. 

2245
02:00:06,400 --> 02:00:10,000
Creating records that would be 
studied by students decades or 

2246
02:00:10,000 --> 02:00:13,800
centuries later. 
Temperature in these workshops 

2247
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:18,400
vary with the season in Winter 
the furnace is provided welcome 

2248
02:00:18,400 --> 02:00:21,900
warmth and Alchemist might work 
through the night in relative 

2249
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:24,100
Comfort. 
The hands steady as they 

2250
02:00:24,100 --> 02:00:27,800
measured and mixed in some 
summer the heat from flames and 

2251
02:00:27,808 --> 02:00:31,700
furnaces made the work almost 
unbearable and practitioners 

2252
02:00:31,700 --> 02:00:34,700
often chose the cooler night 
hours for their more delicate 

2253
02:00:34,700 --> 02:00:38,900
experiments working with windows
open to catch what ever Breeze 

2254
02:00:38,900 --> 02:00:40,400
might pass through the humid 
air. 

2255
02:00:41,200 --> 02:00:44,100
What none of these night workers
realized was that, they stood at

2256
02:00:44,100 --> 02:00:46,500
the edge of a discovery that 
would transform human 

2257
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:51,100
celebration and self-expression 
in ways that would echo through 

2258
02:00:51,100 --> 02:00:55,900
the next Thousand Years. 
The substance is sitting in 

2259
02:00:55,908 --> 02:01:00,300
their jaws, sulfur, salt peter 
and charcoal were waiting to 

2260
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:03,900
teach Humanity. 
Something new about light sound 

2261
02:01:03,900 --> 02:01:07,600
and the surprising beauty that 
can emerge from controlled 

2262
02:01:07,600 --> 02:01:11,100
combustion. 
But Discovery requires more than

2263
02:01:11,100 --> 02:01:13,500
just the right materials. 
It requires. 

2264
02:01:13,500 --> 02:01:17,400
Patience careful, observation 
and often a willingness to 

2265
02:01:17,400 --> 02:01:20,800
recognize that you found 
something interesting, even when

2266
02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:22,200
it's not what you are looking 
for. 

2267
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:26,400
The Alchemists of Tang, Dynasty.
China, possessed, all these 

2268
02:01:26,400 --> 02:01:29,000
qualities in abundance along 
with something else. 

2269
02:01:29,000 --> 02:01:32,000
Crucial. 
They kept detailed records of 

2270
02:01:32,000 --> 02:01:36,500
their work allowing knowledge to
accumulate across Generations as

2271
02:01:36,500 --> 02:01:37,900
you drift deeper into 
relaxation. 

2272
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:43,300
Imagine the sound of a pestle 
grinding against Stone, the soft

2273
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:47,100
scratch of a brush recording 
observations and the gentle 

2274
02:01:47,100 --> 02:01:51,300
crackle of a small furnace 
maintaining steady Heat These 

2275
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:55,300
were the sounds of inquiry of 
human curiosity pursuing 

2276
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:58,200
understanding through direct 
investigation of the material 

2277
02:01:58,200 --> 02:02:00,800
world. 
In their quiet way. 

2278
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:04,600
These sounds were the Prelude to
the spectacular explosions of 

2279
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:06,400
color. 
That would one day, Mark 

2280
02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:08,500
festivals and celebrations 
around the world. 

2281
02:02:09,500 --> 02:02:12,100
Let's slow down and really 
observe what these Alchemists 

2282
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:14,900
were doing because their daily 
practice was far more 

2283
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:16,900
interesting than any dramatic 
explosion. 

2284
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:21,500
In fact, the first steps toward 
fireworks were probably quite 

2285
02:02:21,500 --> 02:02:24,500
boring in the moment, which 
makes them perfect for our bed 

2286
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:27,600
time, story. 
Picture yourself as an 

2287
02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:29,100
apprentice. 
In one of these workshops 

2288
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:33,000
learning the craft from a master
who has spent decades studying 

2289
02:02:33,000 --> 02:02:36,100
the properties of materials. 
Your mornings begin with 

2290
02:02:36,108 --> 02:02:39,400
grinding, sulfur must be reduced
to a fine powder. 

2291
02:02:39,400 --> 02:02:43,100
Charcoal needs to be crushed to 
a consistency that looks almost 

2292
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:47,400
like soot And salt peter 
requires patient pulverizing 

2293
02:02:47,400 --> 02:02:50,200
until it feels like Silk between
your fingers. 

2294
02:02:51,200 --> 02:02:54,200
This grinding work is meditative
in its repetition. 

2295
02:02:55,000 --> 02:02:57,900
The kind of task that allows 
your mind to wander while your 

2296
02:02:57,900 --> 02:02:59,600
hands maintain their steady 
rhythm. 

2297
02:03:00,900 --> 02:03:04,800
Sulfur arrived at the workshop. 
In lumpy yellow chunks that 

2298
02:03:04,800 --> 02:03:09,400
looked like strange cheese 
harvested from volcanic regions.

2299
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:12,300
Where the Earth itself seemed to
breathe out this mineral. 

2300
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:16,100
When you ground it. 
The smell was unmistakable. 

2301
02:03:17,000 --> 02:03:20,100
That distinctive sharp odor that
makes you think of hot springs 

2302
02:03:20,100 --> 02:03:23,400
and Volcanic vents. 
Sent that told your nose, 

2303
02:03:23,400 --> 02:03:26,400
something about the Earth in a 
chemistry even if you couldn't 

2304
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:29,800
articulate what? 
That something was Salt peter 

2305
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:33,800
known to the Chinese as Chinese 
snow or fire drug. 

2306
02:03:34,600 --> 02:03:38,700
Came from a more prosexx saws. 
Crystallized on the walls of 

2307
02:03:38,708 --> 02:03:43,600
caves in certain types of soil 
and particularly around places 

2308
02:03:43,600 --> 02:03:46,800
where organic material are 
decomposed over long periods. 

2309
02:03:47,500 --> 02:03:51,300
Collectors knew where to find 
the best deposits, often in 

2310
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:54,700
caves that had sheltered bats or
other animals whose wasted 

2311
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:57,300
contributed to the formation of 
these white, crystalline 

2312
02:03:57,300 --> 02:04:00,900
formations. 
When purified and dried salt, 

2313
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:04,200
peter looked innocent enough, 
white crystals that you might 

2314
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:06,100
mistake for salt if you didn't 
know better. 

2315
02:04:06,100 --> 02:04:09,700
Charcoal was perhaps the most 
familiar of the three 

2316
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:13,500
ingredients produced by the 
control burning of wood in low 

2317
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:17,300
oxygen conditions. 
But not just any, charcoal would

2318
02:04:17,300 --> 02:04:21,700
do Alchemist learned through 
patient trial and error that 

2319
02:04:21,700 --> 02:04:24,400
charcoal from different Woods, 
had different properties. 

2320
02:04:25,300 --> 02:04:28,200
Willow, charcoal burned 
differently than Pine charcoal. 

2321
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:31,600
The temperature at which the 
wood had been charred, made a 

2322
02:04:31,600 --> 02:04:34,600
difference. 
These subtle variations mattered

2323
02:04:34,600 --> 02:04:38,400
in ways that wouldn't become 
fully clear until much later the

2324
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:41,500
master Alchemist would teach you
to test materials before using 

2325
02:04:41,500 --> 02:04:45,800
them in important experiments. 
A small bit of sulfur placed on 

2326
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,500
a hot surface, should melt 
smoothly and burn with a 

2327
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:51,900
particular color of flame. 
Salt peter should dissolve 

2328
02:04:51,900 --> 02:04:54,800
cleanly and water without 
leaving excessive residue. 

2329
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:59,600
Charcoal should be light pure 
and free from unburned wood. 

2330
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:02,800
These quality checks were part 
of the daily Rhythm. 

2331
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:06,300
Small acts of verification that 
ensured you were working with 

2332
02:05:06,300 --> 02:05:08,900
known substances rather than in 
pure mixtures. 

2333
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:12,700
The alchemical texts that guided
this work was sometimes 

2334
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:16,600
frustratingly, vague by modern 
standards instructions, might 

2335
02:05:16,600 --> 02:05:20,500
read something like take the 
essence of fire or combine the 

2336
02:05:20,500 --> 02:05:24,200
Earthly and Heavenly elements in
Balance leaving considerable 

2337
02:05:24,200 --> 02:05:27,900
room for interpretation. 
Apprentices learned that these 

2338
02:05:27,900 --> 02:05:32,400
poetic descriptions often 
encoded specific procedures that

2339
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:34,100
made more sense. 
Once you understood the 

2340
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:37,700
underlying principles through 
direct experience, When 

2341
02:05:37,700 --> 02:05:41,000
Alchemist began experimenting 
with combination of sulfur, 

2342
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:44,300
salt, peter and charcoal. 
They were following a logical 

2343
02:05:44,300 --> 02:05:47,000
path in their search for 
transformative substances. 

2344
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:51,000
Sulfur was associated with fire 
and transformation. 

2345
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:54,100
Salt. 
Peter had remarkable properties.

2346
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:58,100
It could preserve food it 
affected the way things burned, 

2347
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:01,600
and it seemed to possess a kind 
of inherent power that 

2348
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:05,700
Alchemists found fascinating. 
Charcoal represented the 

2349
02:06:05,708 --> 02:06:09,500
transformation of wood through 
fire a substance that had 

2350
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:12,000
already undergone a kind of 
alchemical change. 

2351
02:06:12,900 --> 02:06:15,000
The first mixtures were probably
quite simple. 

2352
02:06:15,000 --> 02:06:17,400
Perhaps. 
Equal parts of each ingredient 

2353
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:20,800
ground together and heated 
gently to see what would happen.

2354
02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:24,600
The results would have been 
interesting but not spectacular.

2355
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,400
The mixture burned more readily 
than any single component alone 

2356
02:06:29,400 --> 02:06:33,400
producing flames and heat in 
unexpected ways. 

2357
02:06:34,500 --> 02:06:37,500
This would have been noted 
recorded and investigated 

2358
02:06:37,500 --> 02:06:40,200
further. 
You have to imagine the patients

2359
02:06:40,200 --> 02:06:42,900
involved here. 
Modern Chemistry students can 

2360
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:45,700
look up exact formulas and 
expected results. 

2361
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,400
These Alchemists were exploring 
completely unknown territory 

2362
02:06:49,400 --> 02:06:51,800
with no periodic table to guide 
them. 

2363
02:06:51,800 --> 02:06:55,500
No understanding of oxidation or
combustion at the molecular 

2364
02:06:55,500 --> 02:06:58,500
level. 
Just careful observation and 

2365
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:02,300
systematic experimentation. 
When a mixer behaved in 

2366
02:07:02,308 --> 02:07:06,800
unexpected ways, they would vary
the proportion slightly a bit 

2367
02:07:06,808 --> 02:07:10,100
more, sulfur, a bit less 
charcoal or different grade of 

2368
02:07:10,100 --> 02:07:14,500
salt peter, At some point. 
And we don't know exactly when 

2369
02:07:14,500 --> 02:07:17,100
or where because the discovery 
wasn't initially seen as 

2370
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:20,600
particularly important. 
Someone created a mixture, with 

2371
02:07:20,600 --> 02:07:23,700
roughly the right proportions to
produce what we now call black 

2372
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:28,400
powder or gunpowder. 
This mixture when ignited in an 

2373
02:07:28,400 --> 02:07:30,800
enclosed space didn't just burn 
steadily. 

2374
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:36,000
It deflected rapidly producing, 
gas and heat so quickly that it 

2375
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:40,100
created pressure, force and a 
distinctive sharp report that 

2376
02:07:40,100 --> 02:07:42,100
probably startled everyone in 
the workshop. 

2377
02:07:43,600 --> 02:07:46,000
The first reaction to this 
discovery was likely not 

2378
02:07:46,000 --> 02:07:50,400
excitement, but concern. 
Alchemists were trying to create

2379
02:07:50,400 --> 02:07:54,800
a licks of life. 
Not explosive substance is An 

2380
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:58,700
experiment that resulted in loud
noise is acrid smoke and 

2381
02:07:58,700 --> 02:08:02,100
potential danger was from their 
perspective, a failure. 

2382
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:06,400
Some early texts, warned against
certain combinations of 

2383
02:08:06,400 --> 02:08:09,900
materials, describing them as 
dangerous and unsuitable for 

2384
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:14,200
their intended purposes. 
These Warnings preserved in 

2385
02:08:14,200 --> 02:08:16,700
their chemical. 
Manuscripts are some of our 

2386
02:08:16,700 --> 02:08:19,300
earliest evidence of black 
powders, discovery. 

2387
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:24,000
The curiosity is a powerful 
force, especially among people 

2388
02:08:24,000 --> 02:08:28,100
dedicated to understanding how 
materials behave, even if 

2389
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:31,400
explosive mixtures, were not 
useful for creating immortality 

2390
02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:33,700
Elixir. 
They were certainly interesting.

2391
02:08:34,900 --> 02:08:37,000
Some Alchemists began 
experimenting with these 

2392
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:40,500
energetic combinations. 
Probably moving their work 

2393
02:08:40,500 --> 02:08:44,200
Outdoors or to more isolated 
locations, where sudden noises 

2394
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:48,200
and burst of flame wouldn't 
disturb neighbors or risk, 

2395
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:51,200
damaging their workshops. 
They discovered that the 

2396
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:54,300
mixtures Behavior changed 
dramatically based on several 

2397
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:57,200
factors the finest of the 
grinding. 

2398
02:08:57,200 --> 02:09:00,200
Matted Finer powders reacted 
more quickly. 

2399
02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:04,800
The proportions were crucial too
much sulfur and the mixture 

2400
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:09,000
burned sluggishly too much salt,
peter, and it barely burned at 

2401
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,700
all the right balance, created 
that rapid deflagration. 

2402
02:09:13,600 --> 02:09:16,500
The moisture content of 
stability and performance. 

2403
02:09:16,500 --> 02:09:19,900
These were the kinds of details 
that could only be learned 

2404
02:09:19,900 --> 02:09:21,700
through repeated 
experimentation. 

2405
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,200
Some one and again, we don't 
know who because these were the 

2406
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:29,000
kinds of experiments that seemed
worthy of recording prominent. 

2407
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:32,700
Discoveries had the idea of 
putting the mixture in a bamboo 

2408
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:35,800
tube. 
Bamboo was ubiquitous in China 

2409
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:38,800
used for everything from 
scaffolding to musical 

2410
02:09:38,800 --> 02:09:43,100
instruments to water pipes. 
It grew Halo naturally, creating

2411
02:09:43,100 --> 02:09:47,300
ready-made tubes that were light
fairly strong and easily cut to 

2412
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:50,700
size. 
When black powder was placed in 

2413
02:09:50,700 --> 02:09:53,500
a bamboo tube, with one end 
sealed and then ignited, 

2414
02:09:53,500 --> 02:09:58,100
something remarkable happened. 
The rapid production of gas had 

2415
02:09:58,100 --> 02:10:01,000
nowhere to go but out the open, 
end creating thrust. 

2416
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:07,600
The tube jumped moved or if held
down roared and shot flame from 

2417
02:10:07,600 --> 02:10:10,800
the opening. 
The noise was considerable a 

2418
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:14,600
sharp crack or bang that echoed 
across Courtyards and probably 

2419
02:10:14,600 --> 02:10:17,300
provoked, complaints from 
Neighbors trying to sleep. 

2420
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,500
If the bamboo tube was closed at
both ends with just a small hole

2421
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:24,400
in the sealed portion, the 
pressure would build, and the 

2422
02:10:24,400 --> 02:10:27,300
bamboo split or ruptured with an
even louder report. 

2423
02:10:28,600 --> 02:10:31,200
This created something new in 
Human Experience. 

2424
02:10:31,200 --> 02:10:35,400
An intentional loud noise. 
Not produced by hitting things 

2425
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:40,300
together not created by voice or
horn, but generated by chemical 

2426
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:45,000
reaction. 
The sound was sharp distinctive 

2427
02:10:45,000 --> 02:10:48,600
and attention-getting in a way 
that must have seemed almost 

2428
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:52,100
magical, and here's where the 
story takes its turn towards 

2429
02:10:52,100 --> 02:10:55,000
celebration. 
Rather than Alchemy Because 

2430
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:58,300
someone watching these bamboo 
tubes, split and rupture with 

2431
02:10:58,300 --> 02:11:01,300
their sharp bangs, had a thought
that changed everything. 

2432
02:11:02,500 --> 02:11:06,600
What if that's actually useful, 
not for making medicine or 

2433
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:09,800
pursuing immortality? 
But for something else entirely 

2434
02:11:09,800 --> 02:11:14,200
for driving away, evil spirits 
for marking, important moments, 

2435
02:11:14,200 --> 02:11:17,500
and for adding drama and 
excitement to celebrations. 

2436
02:11:17,500 --> 02:11:20,400
Now we reach one of those 
moments in history where 

2437
02:11:20,400 --> 02:11:24,300
practical use diverges from 
original intent and something 

2438
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:28,200
created for one purpose Finds 
Its true calling in something 

2439
02:11:28,200 --> 02:11:32,800
entirely different The journey 
from Alchemist mishap to 

2440
02:11:32,800 --> 02:11:35,700
festival entertainment required.
A shift in perspective. 

2441
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:39,400
Someone had to look at a loud 
Smokey sometimes. 

2442
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:42,000
Dangerous chemical reaction and 
think. 

2443
02:11:42,000 --> 02:11:45,300
Let's do that on purpose, for 
fun. 

2444
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:49,400
Chinese culture had a long 
tradition of using noise to 

2445
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:52,100
drive away, evil, spirits, and 
negative forces. 

2446
02:11:52,100 --> 02:11:56,000
During New Year celebrations, 
people would bang drums, clang, 

2447
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:59,700
symbols, and creators much 
commotion as possible, to scare 

2448
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:02,700
away any malevolent entities, 
that might want to linger into 

2449
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:05,800
the new year. 
The loud of the better because 

2450
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:09,100
evil spirits were apparently 
quite timid and easily startled.

2451
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:13,200
So when someone observed that 
bamboo tubes, filled with black 

2452
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:16,500
power produced, remarkably loud 
bangs. 

2453
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:20,600
It wasn't a huge leap to think 
we could use this for New Year. 

2454
02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:26,700
First firecrackers and they were
literally crack as a fire bamboo

2455
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:29,800
crackling from internal 
pressure, were probably used 

2456
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:33,500
this way as noise makers for 
festivals and celebrations. 

2457
02:12:34,400 --> 02:12:37,200
imagine the first New Year 
Festival, where these devices 

2458
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,900
were used Families would like 
traditional firecrackers made 

2459
02:12:40,900 --> 02:12:44,200
from regular bamboo. 
These produced pops and cracks 

2460
02:12:44,200 --> 02:12:47,000
as air pockets in the bamboo 
exploded from Heat. 

2461
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:51,600
But then someone would bring out
the special bamboo tubes, the 

2462
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:55,200
ones filled with The Alchemist 
powder and the resulting bangs 

2463
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:59,600
would be so much louder, so much
more impressive that everyone 

2464
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:03,100
would jump and laugh and feel 
certain that no evil spirit 

2465
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:06,200
would dare linger after that. 
Kind of announcement, the 

2466
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:08,900
transition from medicinal 
research to entertainment. 

2467
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:12,200
Might seem strange But it 
follows a pattern, you can 

2468
02:13:12,200 --> 02:13:15,700
observe throughout history. 
Plenty of substances and 

2469
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:18,100
Technologies discovered for 
serious purposes. 

2470
02:13:18,100 --> 02:13:21,600
Found their calling in pleasure 
and celebration. 

2471
02:13:23,100 --> 02:13:25,700
The ancient Chinese weren't 
unique in repurposing, their 

2472
02:13:25,700 --> 02:13:28,900
discoveries, they were just 
particularly creative about it. 

2473
02:13:30,200 --> 02:13:33,200
Once black powder move from 
alchemical workshops into the 

2474
02:13:33,200 --> 02:13:36,400
realm of Celebration and 
entertainment different kinds of

2475
02:13:36,400 --> 02:13:40,100
experimentation began. 
Entertainers and Festival 

2476
02:13:40,100 --> 02:13:42,400
organizers weren't trying to 
achieve spiritual 

2477
02:13:42,400 --> 02:13:44,600
transformation. 
They were trying to create 

2478
02:13:44,600 --> 02:13:48,800
impressive displays this change.
What questions, people asked and

2479
02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:52,500
what kinds of Innovations they 
pursued Someone discovered that,

2480
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:55,700
if you pack the powder, less 
tightly in a bamboo tube with a 

2481
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,900
small opening, it would shoot 
Sparks and Flames rather than 

2482
02:13:58,900 --> 02:14:04,000
just explode. this created a 
fountain affect streams of fire 

2483
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:07,600
and bright spark shooting upward
in a display that was beautiful 

2484
02:14:07,600 --> 02:14:12,100
in addition to being loud, For 
the first time black powder was 

2485
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:16,000
producing light effects. 
Not just sound the discovery 

2486
02:14:16,000 --> 02:14:18,700
that different materials added 
to the black powder mixture 

2487
02:14:18,700 --> 02:14:20,400
could produce different colors, 
came gradually. 

2488
02:14:21,300 --> 02:14:24,900
Copper compounds. 
Created blue green, tints iron 

2489
02:14:24,900 --> 02:14:29,300
filings, added golden, Sparks, 
different types of charcoal 

2490
02:14:29,300 --> 02:14:31,500
burned. 
With subtly different Hues. 

2491
02:14:31,500 --> 02:14:34,600
These discoveries were probably 
accidental at first. 

2492
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:38,600
Someone used charcoal from a 
particular wood or powder that 

2493
02:14:38,600 --> 02:14:41,500
had been stored in a copper 
container and noticed that the 

2494
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:44,700
Flames looked different. 
These early fireworks. 

2495
02:14:44,700 --> 02:14:47,500
If we can call them that though,
they were still quite primitive 

2496
02:14:47,500 --> 02:14:51,500
were probably used at important 
occasions Beyond just New Year 

2497
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:54,900
celebrations. 
Weddings might feature special 

2498
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:58,500
bamboo crackers to bless the 
union and frighten away any 

2499
02:14:58,500 --> 02:15:00,000
spirits that might bring bad 
luck. 

2500
02:15:00,900 --> 02:15:03,700
Religious festivals could 
include fire displays as 

2501
02:15:03,700 --> 02:15:06,300
offerings or ceremonies 
important. 

2502
02:15:06,300 --> 02:15:09,800
Visitors might be greeted with 
impressive noises and Flames as 

2503
02:15:09,800 --> 02:15:13,600
a sign of honor and celebration.
The aesthetic that developed 

2504
02:15:13,600 --> 02:15:17,500
around these early displays was 
distinctly Chinese emphasizing 

2505
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:21,300
certain qualities over others. 
Loud noises were good. 

2506
02:15:21,300 --> 02:15:25,200
They fulfilled the Practical 
purpose of spirit scaring and 

2507
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:28,300
also demonstrated the power and 
effectiveness of the display. 

2508
02:15:29,200 --> 02:15:31,400
Right. 
Sparks and Flames were desirable

2509
02:15:31,400 --> 02:15:33,900
creating visual interest and 
beauty. 

2510
02:15:35,300 --> 02:15:37,900
But the displays remained 
relatively close to the ground, 

2511
02:15:37,900 --> 02:15:42,200
shooting up from tubes, planted 
in the Earth or held by Brave 

2512
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:43,900
individuals who understood the 
timing. 

2513
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:48,300
The social aspects of these 
celebrations mattered as much as

2514
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:52,500
the pirate Technics themselves. 
Devils were communal events 

2515
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:56,300
where families, gathered special
Foods were prepared and the 

2516
02:15:56,300 --> 02:15:59,400
normal routines of daily life 
was set aside for Collective 

2517
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:02,600
celebration. 
Fired displays became one 

2518
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:06,600
element in a rich tapestry of 
activities, but an increasingly 

2519
02:16:06,600 --> 02:16:09,700
important element because they 
offered something unique that 

2520
02:16:09,700 --> 02:16:12,900
couldn't be replicated through 
any other means as these 

2521
02:16:12,900 --> 02:16:16,800
practices spread from one region
to another local variations 

2522
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:19,700
developed. 
Different areas had access to 

2523
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:23,800
different materials, leading to 
Regional styles of firecracker 

2524
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:27,200
construction and firing. 
Some regions became known for 

2525
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,400
particularly loud crackers. 
Others for a specially bright 

2526
02:16:30,400 --> 02:16:34,200
Sparks, and still others for 
Innovative designs and effects. 

2527
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:37,700
This diversity meant that the 
art of fire displays was 

2528
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:41,100
constantly evolving with 
techniques and Innovation 

2529
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:44,600
through networks of merchants 
Travelers and Festival 

2530
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:47,500
organizers. 
The manufacturer of these 

2531
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:51,000
devices began to shift from 
Alchemist to specialized Crafts 

2532
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:55,000
People Who Focus specifically on
creating items for celebration 

2533
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:58,799
rather than pursuing any 
medicinal or spiritual goals. 

2534
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:02,200
These early pyrotechnicians loan
through apprenticeship. 

2535
02:17:02,200 --> 02:17:05,400
Mastering the art of grinding 
powders to the right 

2536
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:08,400
consistency. 
Mixing proportions, that would 

2537
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:11,799
burn correctly and packing 
bamboo tubes in ways that 

2538
02:17:11,799 --> 02:17:14,400
produced desired effects without
being too dangerous. 

2539
02:17:15,100 --> 02:17:17,900
Safety was, of course, a concern
though. 

2540
02:17:17,900 --> 02:17:20,500
Perhaps not emphasized. 
As much as modern safety 

2541
02:17:20,500 --> 02:17:22,500
professionals. 
Might prefer. 

2542
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:26,600
Accidents happened. 
Bamboo tubes, exploded 

2543
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:31,000
prematurely Sparks ignited, 
nearby materials and 

2544
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:34,400
enthusiastic celebrations. 
Sometimes resulted in Burns or 

2545
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:37,500
injuries. 
But the benefits, The Joy. 

2546
02:17:37,500 --> 02:17:41,400
The spectacle the sense of 
driving away, evil and welcoming

2547
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:45,200
Good Fortune. seem to outweigh 
these risks in the minds of most

2548
02:17:45,200 --> 02:17:49,299
participants, the timing of 
displays became ritualized. 

2549
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:53,100
Certain moments in festivals, 
would be marked by particularly 

2550
02:17:53,100 --> 02:17:56,400
impressive crackers or fire 
fountains the New Year. 

2551
02:17:56,400 --> 02:17:59,600
Transition, for instance might 
feature sustained sequences of 

2552
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:03,500
explosions, creating a wall of 
sound that marked the boundary 

2553
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:06,200
between the old year and the new
wedding ceremonies. 

2554
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:09,700
Might include specific patterns 
of crackers that symbolized, 

2555
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:13,299
good, wishes for the couple. 
These rituals gave structure and

2556
02:18:13,299 --> 02:18:16,400
meaning to what might otherwise 
be just random explosions. 

2557
02:18:16,400 --> 02:18:20,100
Children of course were 
fascinated by these fire devices

2558
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:22,500
though. 
Probably not allowed to handle 

2559
02:18:22,500 --> 02:18:24,500
them directly. 
Give the obvious dangers. 

2560
02:18:25,500 --> 02:18:28,500
Part of growing up in a 
community that used black powder

2561
02:18:28,500 --> 02:18:30,600
for celebrations. 
Meant learning the appropriate, 

2562
02:18:30,600 --> 02:18:34,700
respect for these powerful 
substances, understanding that 

2563
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:37,200
they were wonderful but needed 
to be treated with care. 

2564
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:41,799
That the loud noises and bright 
Sparks, came with real risks, 

2565
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:44,200
that required adult supervision 
and expertise. 

2566
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:48,000
The psychology of these displays
is worth, considering as you 

2567
02:18:48,000 --> 02:18:52,700
settled deeper into relaxation, 
why do humans enjoy loud noises 

2568
02:18:52,700 --> 02:18:55,600
and bright lights? 
Especially in Celebration. 

2569
02:18:56,400 --> 02:18:59,299
There's something Primal about 
our attraction to fire to 

2570
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:02,600
lighten darkness. 
And to sounds that command 

2571
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:04,400
attention and denounced 
importance. 

2572
02:19:05,299 --> 02:19:07,799
The Chinese pyrotechnicians are 
tapped into something 

2573
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:11,200
fundamental about human 
perception and emotion creating 

2574
02:19:11,200 --> 02:19:14,600
experiences that engaged 
multiple senses simultaneously 

2575
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,200
and marked moments as special 
and significant. 

2576
02:19:19,500 --> 02:19:22,299
As we move forward, through 
Chinese history, into the Tang, 

2577
02:19:22,299 --> 02:19:29,700
Dynasty 618 to 97 CE and a 
specially the Song Dynasty, 900 

2578
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:34,400
and 960 to 1279 CE. 
The use of fireworks in 

2579
02:19:34,400 --> 02:19:37,500
festivals became increasingly 
sophisticated, and culturally 

2580
02:19:37,500 --> 02:19:39,900
important. 
These were periods of 

2581
02:19:39,907 --> 02:19:42,200
remarkable, artistic flourishing
in China. 

2582
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:47,500
Poetry painting ceramics. 
And yes, the art of fire 

2583
02:19:47,500 --> 02:19:49,900
displays all reached new heights
of refinement. 

2584
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:54,300
The Tang Dynasty was a time when
China's capital cities grew into

2585
02:19:54,300 --> 02:19:58,200
Cosmopolitan centers, where 
Merchants from across Asia met 

2586
02:19:58,200 --> 02:20:03,700
traded goods and exchange ideas.
Chang on the Tang. 

2587
02:20:03,700 --> 02:20:07,500
Capital became one of the 
largest cities in the world home

2588
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,900
to over a million people who 
came from dozens of different, 

2589
02:20:10,900 --> 02:20:12,900
ethnic groups, groups and 
cultural backgrounds. 

2590
02:20:13,800 --> 02:20:17,500
In this environment festivals 
became showcases for Imperial 

2591
02:20:17,500 --> 02:20:19,200
Grandeur and cultural 
sophistication. 

2592
02:20:20,500 --> 02:20:22,600
Imperial festivals during the 
Tang. 

2593
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:26,500
Period were spectacular Affairs,
that lasted for days and 

2594
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:29,100
featured, every form of 
entertainment imaginable. 

2595
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:33,100
There were musical performances 
with orchestras of dozens of 

2596
02:20:33,100 --> 02:20:36,400
instruments, dance troops 
performing, elaborate 

2597
02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:40,300
choreographed pieces acrobats 
and jugglers demonstrating 

2598
02:20:40,300 --> 02:20:44,000
impossible Feats of balance and 
coordination and yes, 

2599
02:20:44,000 --> 02:20:47,900
increasingly impressive fire 
displays that had evolved far 

2600
02:20:47,900 --> 02:20:50,200
beyond the simple. 
Bamboo crackers of early 

2601
02:20:50,200 --> 02:20:53,400
Generations. 
The fireworks of the Tang period

2602
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:56,000
began to include what we might 
call special effects. 

2603
02:20:56,700 --> 02:21:00,100
Crafts People learned to create 
devices that would shoot Sparks 

2604
02:21:00,100 --> 02:21:03,500
in particular patterns, all that
would burn through sequences of 

2605
02:21:03,500 --> 02:21:06,800
different colors or that would 
create shapes and images in 

2606
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:09,500
flame these Innovations 
required. 

2607
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:13,100
Careful, engineering designing 
tubes with multiple Chambers 

2608
02:21:13,100 --> 02:21:17,000
arranging different powder, 
mixtures in specific orders, and

2609
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:19,700
timing sequences. 
So that one effect would lead 

2610
02:21:19,700 --> 02:21:23,300
naturally into another Lantern 
festivals became particularly 

2611
02:21:23,300 --> 02:21:28,100
associated with fire displays 
these events traditionally held 

2612
02:21:28,100 --> 02:21:30,000
on the 15th day of the first 
lunar month. 

2613
02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:34,400
Featured elaborate paper 
lanterns lit by candles and 

2614
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:36,600
carried through streets and 
processions. 

2615
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:42,100
The combination of soft Lantern 
light and the sudden Brilliance 

2616
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:46,100
of fireworks created an 
aesthetic contrast that Festival

2617
02:21:46,100 --> 02:21:50,600
organizers found compelling. 
The gentle glow of paper and 

2618
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:56,600
silk punctuated by sharp bursts 
of Sparks and Flame during the 

2619
02:21:56,600 --> 02:21:59,100
Song Dynasty. 
The sophistication of fireworks 

2620
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:02,500
reached new levels, this was 
partly because song China was 

2621
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:06,400
remarkably prosperous and 
urbanized creating demand for 

2622
02:22:06,400 --> 02:22:09,400
elaborate entertainment and 
partly because the technical 

2623
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:12,400
knowledge of black powder and 
its Applications had matured 

2624
02:22:12,400 --> 02:22:15,800
through centuries of 
experimentation song, Fireworks 

2625
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:17,700
catalogs. 
Yes. 

2626
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:22,100
They had catalogs described 
dozens of different types of 

2627
02:22:22,100 --> 02:22:24,600
devices with specialized names 
and functions. 

2628
02:22:24,600 --> 02:22:27,600
There were Ground rats that 
would Scurry across the Earth. 

2629
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:31,400
Shooting Sparks water rats 
designed to skim across the 

2630
02:22:31,400 --> 02:22:35,800
surface of ponds while burning 
and flying fish, that would leap

2631
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:39,000
and Arc through the air. 
Each of these devices required 

2632
02:22:39,000 --> 02:22:42,300
careful design to produce the 
desired motion and effects. 

2633
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:45,600
The crafts people who made them 
were combining practical 

2634
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:49,800
knowledge of physics. 
Thrust, balance trajectory with 

2635
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:53,600
chemistry and artistry. 
Skyrockets appeared during this 

2636
02:22:53,600 --> 02:22:56,500
period. 
Representing a major advance in 

2637
02:22:56,500 --> 02:23:00,400
fireworks technology. 
By carefully designing the tube 

2638
02:23:00,400 --> 02:23:03,300
and powder load. 
Pyrotechnicians could create 

2639
02:23:03,300 --> 02:23:06,800
devices that would shoot High 
into the air before exploding or

2640
02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:10,000
releasing Sparks. 
These weren't yet the elaborate 

2641
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:13,300
aerial displays of modern 
fireworks but they were moving 

2642
02:23:13,300 --> 02:23:17,100
in that direction taking fire 
effects up into the night sky, 

2643
02:23:17,100 --> 02:23:19,400
rather than keeping them bound 
to the Earth. 

2644
02:23:20,400 --> 02:23:23,600
The social organization of 
fireworks displays also became 

2645
02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:27,400
more sophisticated. 
Imperial workshops, employed 

2646
02:23:27,400 --> 02:23:30,800
teams of Specialists, who did 
nothing but create fire devices 

2647
02:23:30,800 --> 02:23:34,700
for court celebrations. 
Master Crafts, People commanded 

2648
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:37,600
high prices for their services 
and successful. 

2649
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:41,800
Pirate technicians might travel 
from City to City hired by 

2650
02:23:41,800 --> 02:23:45,100
wealthy merchants and officials 
to create impressive displays 

2651
02:23:45,100 --> 02:23:48,700
for important occasions. 
Competition between different 

2652
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:53,000
workshops and Crafts. 
People drove Innovation when one

2653
02:23:53,000 --> 02:23:56,700
Festival, featured a new type of
device or affect others. 

2654
02:23:56,700 --> 02:23:58,800
Would try to replicate an 
improve upon it. 

2655
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:03,100
This competitive Dynamic 
combined with the resources of 

2656
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,400
available in prosperous songs, 
it is meant that fireworks 

2657
02:24:06,400 --> 02:24:09,300
technology, advanced more 
rapidly during this period. 

2658
02:24:09,300 --> 02:24:11,500
Then it had in previous 
centuries. 

2659
02:24:12,300 --> 02:24:15,400
The aesthetic principles that 
guided these displays were 

2660
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:17,100
becoming more clearly 
articulated. 

2661
02:24:17,900 --> 02:24:21,800
Song, festival organizers 
valued, surprise affects that 

2662
02:24:21,800 --> 02:24:25,000
would Delight audiences by 
exceeding expectations. 

2663
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:29,300
They appreciated variety, a good
display, should include many 

2664
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,100
different types of devices 
producing different sounds and 

2665
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:35,500
visual effects. 
They sought Crescendo building 

2666
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:39,000
from smaller displays to larger,
more impressive climaxes that 

2667
02:24:39,000 --> 02:24:43,000
would leave audiences marveling.
Integration with other art forms

2668
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:46,800
became increasingly important. 
Fireworks might accompany 

2669
02:24:46,800 --> 02:24:50,400
musical performance is with 
effects timed to key moments in 

2670
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:53,000
the music. 
They might be combined with 

2671
02:24:53,000 --> 02:24:57,400
theatrical presentation, adding 
drama and spectacle to Stories 

2672
02:24:57,400 --> 02:25:00,600
being enacted. 
The best displays were seen as 

2673
02:25:00,600 --> 02:25:04,900
complete artistic experiences 
that engaged multiple senses and

2674
02:25:04,900 --> 02:25:08,600
emotions simultaneously. 
The symbolism embedded in these 

2675
02:25:08,600 --> 02:25:12,300
displays, grew more complex. 
Different colors could represent

2676
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:14,500
different concepts, read for 
Good. 

2677
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:18,800
Fortune white for Purity and 
golden Sparks for wealth and 

2678
02:25:18,800 --> 02:25:22,100
prosperity. 
Certain patterns might suggest 

2679
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:26,800
specific images dragons 
phoenixes flowers or Celestial 

2680
02:25:26,800 --> 02:25:30,300
phenomena. 
Audiences learn to read these 

2681
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:34,400
visual languages, understanding 
the meanings and wishes encoded 

2682
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:38,200
in the fire and smoke. 
Religious and philosophical 

2683
02:25:38,200 --> 02:25:41,400
Dimensions added depth to what 
might otherwise be mere 

2684
02:25:41,400 --> 02:25:44,800
entertainment. 
Buddhist temples, used fireworks

2685
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:48,400
and ceremonies seeing in the 
temporary Brilliance of Sparks. 

2686
02:25:48,400 --> 02:25:51,400
A metaphor for the transient 
nature of existence. 

2687
02:25:52,200 --> 02:25:55,600
Taoists celebrations might 
incorporate fire displays as 

2688
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:58,600
representations of 
transformation and the interplay

2689
02:25:58,600 --> 02:26:02,500
of fundamental elements. 
These meanings co-existed with 

2690
02:26:02,500 --> 02:26:05,500
more straightforward enjoyment, 
of beauty and spectacle. 

2691
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:10,700
The scale of some Song Dynasty 
displays was remarkable, major 

2692
02:26:10,700 --> 02:26:14,000
festivals, might burn through 
thousands of individual devices 

2693
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:15,800
over the course of several 
nights. 

2694
02:26:16,600 --> 02:26:19,700
The preparation required months 
of work by teams of Crafts 

2695
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:22,100
People. 
The coordination of materials 

2696
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:25,600
from across the Empire and 
careful planning of sequences 

2697
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:28,400
and effects. 
These were Productions that 

2698
02:26:28,400 --> 02:26:31,400
rivaled modern events in their 
complexity and ambition. 

2699
02:26:32,200 --> 02:26:34,600
Descriptions from song poetry 
and prose. 

2700
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:37,200
Give us glimpses of what these 
displays looked like to 

2701
02:26:37,200 --> 02:26:40,900
contemporary Observers. 
Writers described Knights when 

2702
02:26:40,908 --> 02:26:45,100
the sky seemed to bloom with 
flowers of fire, when artificial

2703
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:49,300
Stars competed with natural ones
and when the boundaries between 

2704
02:26:49,300 --> 02:26:53,600
Earthly celebration and Heavenly
phenomena seemed to blur and 

2705
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:56,200
clouds of colored Sparks and 
thunderous reports. 

2706
02:26:57,500 --> 02:27:00,400
But alongside these poetic 
descriptions, we also have more 

2707
02:27:00,400 --> 02:27:04,500
practical documents manuals that
describe how to make specific 

2708
02:27:04,500 --> 02:27:07,600
types of fireworks. 
Safety warnings about proper 

2709
02:27:07,600 --> 02:27:11,100
handling procedures regulations,
governing when and where 

2710
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:14,100
displays could be held and 
records of accidents, that 

2711
02:27:14,100 --> 02:27:18,100
occurred when things went wrong.
This combination of our artistic

2712
02:27:18,100 --> 02:27:22,300
appreciation and practical 
documentation gives us a 

2713
02:27:22,300 --> 02:27:25,200
remarkably complete picture of 
how fireworks were integrated 

2714
02:27:25,200 --> 02:27:28,800
into Song Dynasty life. 
The experience of attending one 

2715
02:27:28,800 --> 02:27:31,500
of these major festivals would 
have been overwhelming in the 

2716
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:34,600
best possible way too much to 
fully process. 

2717
02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:38,500
An abundance of sensory input 
that would leave you days, and 

2718
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:42,600
delighted the smell of black 
powder, smoke mixed with incense

2719
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:46,300
and cooking food. 
The Sounds range from whisper 

2720
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:49,700
quiet crackles to reports that 
shook your chest. 

2721
02:27:50,700 --> 02:27:54,400
The visual experience shifted 
from Darkness to brilliant 

2722
02:27:54,400 --> 02:27:57,900
illumination and Back Again, 
leaving after images floating 

2723
02:27:57,900 --> 02:28:01,100
across your vision. 
And through it all, there was 

2724
02:28:01,108 --> 02:28:04,500
the social experience of being 
part of a crowd sharing, 

2725
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:07,900
amazement and Delight with 
thousands of other people and 

2726
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:11,600
feeling connected to tradition 
and community Through 

2727
02:28:11,600 --> 02:28:15,600
participation in these ancient 
yet ever-new celebrations. 

2728
02:28:16,400 --> 02:28:18,100
The fireworks weren't just 
entertainment. 

2729
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:22,900
They were threats in the fabric 
of social life, markers of time,

2730
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:27,700
and season and expressions of 
Hope and joy. now we follow the 

2731
02:28:27,700 --> 02:28:31,200
knowledge of black powder and 
fireworks as its Beyond China's 

2732
02:28:31,200 --> 02:28:35,700
borders, carried by Merchants 
Travelers and Invaders, along 

2733
02:28:35,700 --> 02:28:40,200
the trade routes, that connected
ancient civilizations, This 

2734
02:28:40,200 --> 02:28:43,100
dispersal took centuries and 
happened through many different 

2735
02:28:43,100 --> 02:28:46,700
channels each, adding their own 
cultural interpretations to the 

2736
02:28:46,700 --> 02:28:51,300
basic technology. 
Silk Road, actually a network of

2737
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:55,400
routes rather than a single Road
served as the primary conduit 

2738
02:28:55,400 --> 02:28:58,100
for many Chinese Innovations 
traveling Westwood. 

2739
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:03,000
Merchants carrying silk 
porcelain and tea also carried 

2740
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:05,700
knowledge, sometimes 
intentionally, and sometimes 

2741
02:29:05,700 --> 02:29:11,000
accidentally, The formula for 
black powder initially treated 

2742
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:14,800
as a valuable secret, gradually 
leaked out through these 

2743
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:18,300
commercial Networks. 
Arab traders were among the 

2744
02:29:18,300 --> 02:29:22,200
first non-chinese peoples to 
encounter fireworks, probably 

2745
02:29:22,200 --> 02:29:24,900
sometime during the late Tang or
early song period. 

2746
02:29:25,700 --> 02:29:28,700
These Merchants who maintained 
extensive trading networks 

2747
02:29:28,700 --> 02:29:32,200
stretching from China, to the 
Mediterranean, recognize the 

2748
02:29:32,208 --> 02:29:34,700
Commercial and Military 
potential of black powder 

2749
02:29:34,700 --> 02:29:37,900
technology. 
Arab Alchemists and crafts. 

2750
02:29:37,900 --> 02:29:41,200
People began experimenting with 
their own versions of Chinese 

2751
02:29:41,200 --> 02:29:44,300
formulas. 
Adapting them to Local materials

2752
02:29:44,300 --> 02:29:46,700
and purposes. 
The transmission of knowledge 

2753
02:29:46,700 --> 02:29:49,200
wasn't always straightforward 
recipes. 

2754
02:29:49,200 --> 02:29:51,900
Might be partially understood or
incompletely recorded. 

2755
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:55,300
Materials available in the 
Middle East weren't identical to

2756
02:29:55,300 --> 02:29:59,200
those in China, requiring 
adaptation and experimentation. 

2757
02:30:00,100 --> 02:30:02,900
What emerged were Regional 
variations on the basic 

2758
02:30:02,900 --> 02:30:05,500
technology? 
Each influenced by local 

2759
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:07,400
conditions and cultural 
preferences. 

2760
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:12,100
In the Islamic World black 
powder, found applications in 

2761
02:30:12,100 --> 02:30:14,600
both Warfare and celebration 
though. 

2762
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:16,800
The celebratory uses took longer
to develop. 

2763
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:21,400
Initially the focus was on the 
powders potential, as a military

2764
02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:25,500
tool for mining operations, for 
weapons for demolition. 

2765
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:30,000
But as the technology matured 
Middle Eastern crafts, people 

2766
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:33,100
began creating their own 
versions of Festival displays 

2767
02:30:33,100 --> 02:30:37,000
influenced by Chinese models, 
but adapted to Islamic 

2768
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:40,900
aesthetic, principles and 
religious contexts Mongol 

2769
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:43,400
conquests in the 13th. 
Century dramatically 

2770
02:30:43,400 --> 02:30:45,000
accelerated. 
The spread of Chinese 

2771
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:47,500
Technologies including 
fireworks. 

2772
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:51,900
The Mongol Empire at its height 
stretched from China to Europe, 

2773
02:30:51,900 --> 02:30:55,500
creating unprecedented 
opportunities for cultural, 

2774
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:57,600
exchange and Technology 
transfer. 

2775
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:01,400
Mongol armies. 
Employed Chinese engineers and 

2776
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:05,000
crafts people who brought their 
knowledge of pyrotechnics to new

2777
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:07,600
regions. 
European encounters with 

2778
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:10,100
fireworks. 
Probably began through contact 

2779
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:13,400
with the Islamic World during 
the Crusades and through Mongol 

2780
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:16,900
presidents in Eastern Europe. 
The first European description 

2781
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:21,000
of black powder and fire devices
date from the 13th century and 

2782
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:22,700
show. 
A mixture of Fascination and 

2783
02:31:22,700 --> 02:31:26,000
fear regarding these strange 
Eastern invention that produce 

2784
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:30,200
such dramatic effects. 
Marco Polo's accounts of his 

2785
02:31:30,200 --> 02:31:32,800
travels in China written in the 
late 13th. 

2786
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:36,600
Century included descriptions of
fire displays, that must have 

2787
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:39,100
seemed almost incredible to 
European readers. 

2788
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:43,500
His writing about festivals with
fire, that flew through the air 

2789
02:31:43,500 --> 02:31:47,400
and devices that may thunder. 
Sounds contributed to European 

2790
02:31:47,400 --> 02:31:50,400
understanding of Chinese 
pyrotechnics, though. 

2791
02:31:50,400 --> 02:31:53,100
Actual technology transfer 
happened through more direct 

2792
02:31:53,100 --> 02:31:55,700
channels. 
European Crafts. 

2793
02:31:55,700 --> 02:31:58,800
People in Alchemists began 
experimenting with black powder 

2794
02:31:58,800 --> 02:32:02,000
in the 14th century, initially 
focusing on Military 

2795
02:32:02,000 --> 02:32:05,200
applications but gradually 
recognizing its potential for 

2796
02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:09,200
celebration and display. 
Italian city states were 

2797
02:32:09,200 --> 02:32:12,600
particularly Innovative in 
developing European style of 

2798
02:32:12,600 --> 02:32:16,700
fireworks, creating devices, and
displays that combined Chinese 

2799
02:32:16,700 --> 02:32:20,200
technical knowledge with 
European artistic sensibilities.

2800
02:32:21,300 --> 02:32:24,200
The Italian development of 
fireworks as a performing art 

2801
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:28,200
reached sophisticated Levels by 
the 15th and 16th centuries. 

2802
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:34,000
Pirate technicians in Florence 
Rome and Venice created, 

2803
02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:38,600
elaborate displays for religious
festivals, Civic celebration and

2804
02:32:38,600 --> 02:32:41,800
private events. 
These weren't simple copies of 

2805
02:32:41,808 --> 02:32:44,700
Chinese models. 
But represented genuine 

2806
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:48,400
Innovation developing new types 
of devices and new approaches to

2807
02:32:48,400 --> 02:32:52,400
choreographing displays. 
Talion pyrotechnicians 

2808
02:32:52,400 --> 02:32:56,000
introduced several important 
Innovations, they developed more

2809
02:32:56,000 --> 02:32:59,000
reliable ignition systems, that 
allowed better timing of 

2810
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:02,800
effects. 
They created shells containers 

2811
02:33:02,800 --> 02:33:05,700
that could be launched into the 
air and would burst it altitude.

2812
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:08,200
Releasing stars or other 
effects. 

2813
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:12,100
They experimented with more 
complex, chemical compositions. 

2814
02:33:12,100 --> 02:33:15,800
That produced brighter colors 
and longer lasting effects than 

2815
02:33:15,800 --> 02:33:19,300
early Chinese formulas. 
The aesthetic that emerged in 

2816
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:22,200
European fireworks differed from
Chinese traditions in 

2817
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:25,500
interesting ways. 
European displays often 

2818
02:33:25,500 --> 02:33:28,700
emphasized geometric patterns 
and symmetrical designs 

2819
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:31,500
reflecting Renaissance artistic 
principles. 

2820
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:35,900
The integrated fireworks into 
broader theatrical Productions, 

2821
02:33:35,900 --> 02:33:39,100
using them as elements in 
allegorical, pageants and 

2822
02:33:39,100 --> 02:33:43,100
narrative, spectacles. 
The symbolic vocabulary Drew 

2823
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:46,700
from classical mythology, and 
Christian iconography, rather 

2824
02:33:46,700 --> 02:33:51,600
than Chinese Cultural references
from Italy fireworks technology,

2825
02:33:51,600 --> 02:33:53,500
spread to other European 
centers. 

2826
02:33:54,200 --> 02:33:57,500
France developed its own 
pyrotechnic Traditions with 

2827
02:33:57,500 --> 02:34:00,900
displays becoming important 
elements of Royal celebrations 

2828
02:34:00,900 --> 02:34:04,300
and Civic festivals. 
England, imported Italian 

2829
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:07,500
experts to create displays for 
coronations and other state 

2830
02:34:07,500 --> 02:34:11,700
occasions, Germany, Spain. 
And the Netherlands all 

2831
02:34:11,700 --> 02:34:14,000
developed Regional Specialties 
and techniques. 

2832
02:34:14,700 --> 02:34:18,300
In India, Mughal Emperors 
Incorporated fireworks into 

2833
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:22,300
court celebrations, creating a 
distinctive indo-persian style 

2834
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:25,500
that combined Islamic and Hindu 
aesthetic elements. 

2835
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,600
Japanese adoption of fireworks 
influenced by Chinese 

2836
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:32,800
technology, but developing its 
own unique characteristics. 

2837
02:34:32,800 --> 02:34:37,500
Led to the sophisticated Hanabi 
Traditions that continue to day.

2838
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:42,400
Each culture that encountered 
fireworks, technology adapted it

2839
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:47,800
to local materials Aesthetics 
and ceremonial needs the global 

2840
02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:50,200
dispersal of fireworks 
technology over several 

2841
02:34:50,200 --> 02:34:54,400
centuries created, a fascinating
pattern of cultural adaptation 

2842
02:34:54,400 --> 02:34:57,900
and innovation. 
Technology invented by Chinese 

2843
02:34:57,900 --> 02:35:01,100
Alchemists pursuing immortality 
became a global language of 

2844
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:04,300
Celebration, but one that was 
pronounced differently in each 

2845
02:35:04,300 --> 02:35:08,400
cultural context. 
The basic chemistry remained 

2846
02:35:08,400 --> 02:35:10,400
similar. 
But the ways people use 

2847
02:35:10,400 --> 02:35:15,600
fireworks to express Joy Market 
important moments and create 

2848
02:35:15,600 --> 02:35:17,800
shared experiences varied 
enormously. 

2849
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:23,300
By the 17th and 18th centuries. 
Fireworks had become established

2850
02:35:23,300 --> 02:35:26,900
in most major cultures across 
Europe, Asia, and the Middle 

2851
02:35:26,900 --> 02:35:29,700
East. 
Region had developed its own 

2852
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:32,900
Traditions. 
Its own Master Crafts People and

2853
02:35:32,900 --> 02:35:34,400
it's owned. 
Festival occasions. 

2854
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:38,700
When fired displays were 
expected and anticipated, The 

2855
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:42,200
original Chinese Innovations had
sparked, if you'll pardon the 

2856
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:46,000
expression, a worldwide 
tradition, that continued to 

2857
02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:49,800
evolve and diversify. 
This Global spread meant that 

2858
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:53,100
fireworks became one of those 
rare technologies that 

2859
02:35:53,100 --> 02:35:56,900
transcended cultural boundaries 
while being adapted to countless

2860
02:35:56,900 --> 02:36:00,800
local contacts. 
Celebration in Beijing Baghdad 

2861
02:36:00,800 --> 02:36:03,900
and Barcelona. 
Might all feature fireworks. but

2862
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:07,800
the specific forms those 
displays took The occasions, 

2863
02:36:07,800 --> 02:36:10,900
they marked and the meaning They
Carried would differ 

2864
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:13,600
significantly based on local 
culture and tradition. 

2865
02:36:14,800 --> 02:36:16,900
The transmission of pyrotechnic 
knowledge. 

2866
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,200
Also created networks of 
practitioners who shared 

2867
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:22,900
techniques and Innovations 
across cultural boundaries 

2868
02:36:23,700 --> 02:36:26,300
Master fireworks. 
Makers might travel to learn new

2869
02:36:26,300 --> 02:36:29,500
methods or share discoveries 
through correspondence and 

2870
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:33,100
published texts. 
Despite political conflicts and 

2871
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:36,000
cultural differences. 
The community of people who 

2872
02:36:36,000 --> 02:36:38,900
understood how to create 
controlled explosions of light 

2873
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:42,900
and sound maintained, a kind of 
professional kinship based on 

2874
02:36:42,908 --> 02:36:46,500
shared expertise. 
Let's slow down now and really 

2875
02:36:46,500 --> 02:36:49,000
explore what it meant to be a 
master pyrotechnician. 

2876
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:52,400
Someone who had devoted their 
life to understanding how to 

2877
02:36:52,400 --> 02:36:54,400
paint with fire and speak with 
thunder. 

2878
02:36:55,500 --> 02:36:59,400
This isn't glamorous work 
despite the spectacular result. 

2879
02:36:59,400 --> 02:37:05,300
It's patient details, sometimes 
dangerous and requires the kind 

2880
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:09,000
of accumulated wisdom that can 
only come from years of careful 

2881
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:11,900
practice. 
A master fireworks makers 

2882
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:15,100
Workshop would be a carefully 
organized space because 

2883
02:37:15,100 --> 02:37:17,800
organization might mean the 
difference between beautiful 

2884
02:37:17,800 --> 02:37:22,300
displays and tragic accidents. 
Raw materials would be stored 

2885
02:37:22,300 --> 02:37:26,900
separately, kept dry and cool. 
Each substance in its designated

2886
02:37:26,900 --> 02:37:30,000
location. 
The workshop would likely be set

2887
02:37:30,000 --> 02:37:33,100
apart from other buildings a 
safety precaution. 

2888
02:37:33,100 --> 02:37:36,200
That also provided the quiet 
needed for concentration during 

2889
02:37:36,200 --> 02:37:39,400
delicate work. 
The grinding of powder was an 

2890
02:37:39,400 --> 02:37:43,000
art in itself, two course. 
And the mixture wouldn't burn. 

2891
02:37:43,000 --> 02:37:46,900
Properly producing disappointing
effects or failing to ignite at 

2892
02:37:46,900 --> 02:37:51,700
all too fine and it became 
dangerously sensitive prone to 

2893
02:37:51,700 --> 02:37:54,600
Accidental ignition from 
friction or static. 

2894
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:58,300
The right consistency. 
Felt specific in your hands. 

2895
02:37:58,300 --> 02:38:02,000
Not quite like flour. 
Not quite like sand. 

2896
02:38:02,000 --> 02:38:05,000
But something in between that 
could only be learned through 

2897
02:38:05,000 --> 02:38:08,800
touch and experience mixing 
required attention that bordered

2898
02:38:08,800 --> 02:38:12,200
on meditation. 
The proportions have to be exact

2899
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:16,500
but exact by feel and appearance
rather than by precise 

2900
02:38:16,500 --> 02:38:18,500
measurement with calibrated 
instruments. 

2901
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:22,200
A master could look at a mixture
and know whether it needed more 

2902
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:25,800
salt, peter or less sulfur. 
They could feel the texture 

2903
02:38:25,800 --> 02:38:28,400
between their fingers and 
sentence whether the grinding 

2904
02:38:28,400 --> 02:38:31,600
had been sufficient. 
This knowledge wasn't written 

2905
02:38:31,600 --> 02:38:34,600
down in formulas. 
It lived in the hands and 

2906
02:38:34,608 --> 02:38:38,400
sentences of practitioners, 
creating effects required. 

2907
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:40,900
Understanding the relationship 
between Form and Function. 

2908
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:45,000
A tightly packed tube produced 
different results than a Loosely

2909
02:38:45,000 --> 02:38:47,400
packed one. 
The diameter of the opening. 

2910
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:49,700
Determined how sparks would 
disperse? 

2911
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:53,100
The length of the tube affected,
how long effects would last? 

2912
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:56,300
The placement of different 
powder mixtures in layers or 

2913
02:38:56,300 --> 02:38:59,700
compartments created sequences 
of changing effects. 

2914
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:03,700
All of these variables, had to 
be considered and controlled. 

2915
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:06,800
Color effects. 
Which had begun with simple 

2916
02:39:06,800 --> 02:39:09,900
observations about how different
materials affected Flames. 

2917
02:39:09,900 --> 02:39:14,800
Gradually became more 
sophisticated. by the 17th and 

2918
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:19,000
18th centuries, European, and 
Asian pyrotechnicians are 

2919
02:39:19,000 --> 02:39:22,000
developed extensive palettes of 
colors, through experimentation,

2920
02:39:22,000 --> 02:39:26,400
with various mineral compounds, 
Strontium produced, brilliant 

2921
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:32,900
Reds barium gave greens, copper 
created Blues, sodium generated 

2922
02:39:32,900 --> 02:39:35,900
intense yellows. 
The challenge was creating 

2923
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:39,300
compounds that would burn at the
right temperature, produced the 

2924
02:39:39,300 --> 02:39:42,800
desired color, and remained 
stable during storage and 

2925
02:39:42,800 --> 02:39:46,200
handling. the timing of affects 
was, perhaps the most 

2926
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:50,700
challenging aspect of complex 
displays fuses had to be cut to 

2927
02:39:50,700 --> 02:39:53,200
specific lengths, to create 
delays between different 

2928
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:55,900
elements. 
Sequences needed to build 

2929
02:39:55,900 --> 02:39:58,000
logically from one effect to 
another. 

2930
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:02,300
Simultaneous effects required. 
Careful synchronization. 

2931
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:06,400
Master pirate, technicians 
developed, various techniques 

2932
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:10,900
for controlling timing. 
Slow burning fuses, quick match,

2933
02:40:10,900 --> 02:40:14,700
that would propagate flame 
rapidly, and elaborate firing 

2934
02:40:14,700 --> 02:40:18,400
systems that allowed complex 
sequences to unfold reliably. 

2935
02:40:19,300 --> 02:40:22,600
Safety awareness was crucial, 
but had to be balanced against 

2936
02:40:22,600 --> 02:40:26,300
the nature of the work. 
You were after all deliberately 

2937
02:40:26,300 --> 02:40:30,600
creating controlled explosions. 
Accidents happen, even to the 

2938
02:40:30,608 --> 02:40:35,100
most experienced practitioners 
premature, ignitions unexpected 

2939
02:40:35,100 --> 02:40:38,300
reactions and devices that 
behave differently than 

2940
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:41,800
anticipated. 
Successful pirate technicians, 

2941
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:45,600
learn to respect the materials 
without being paralyzed by fear 

2942
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:49,300
developed, safe, working 
procedures, and maintained 

2943
02:40:49,300 --> 02:40:52,400
constant vigilance during both 
preparation and performance. 

2944
02:40:53,600 --> 02:40:56,300
The meaning embedded in 
fireworks, displays went Far 

2945
02:40:56,300 --> 02:40:59,100
Beyond Simple entertainment in 
Chinese culture. 

2946
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:03,400
The loud noise is continued to 
serve their original purpose of 

2947
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:06,900
driving away, negative spirits 
and forces, but they also came 

2948
02:41:06,900 --> 02:41:09,300
to symbolize the power of 
transformation itself. 

2949
02:41:10,300 --> 02:41:13,100
The way ordinary materials, 
could become extraordinary 

2950
02:41:13,100 --> 02:41:15,200
through proper combination and 
treatment. 

2951
02:41:16,600 --> 02:41:19,300
Burst of Sparks represented 
possibility. 

2952
02:41:20,100 --> 02:41:22,500
Potential for sudden, brilliant 
change. 

2953
02:41:23,400 --> 02:41:27,200
In European context, fireworks, 
became associated with power and

2954
02:41:27,200 --> 02:41:30,500
authority. 
Royal displays demonstrated the 

2955
02:41:30,508 --> 02:41:33,700
wealth and sophistication of 
monarchs who could afford to 

2956
02:41:33,700 --> 02:41:37,600
literally burn money in 
spectacular fashion. the ability

2957
02:41:37,600 --> 02:41:41,300
to command such displays showed 
control over powerful forces, 

2958
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:44,600
suggesting by extension, the 
power of the ruler over their 

2959
02:41:44,600 --> 02:41:48,700
Realm but they also represented 
something more democratic 

2960
02:41:48,700 --> 02:41:52,700
moments when spectacular Beauty 
was available to everyone press 

2961
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:57,400
and regardless of social status,
Japanese culture developed, 

2962
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:01,200
particularly Rich symbolic 
association with fireworks or 

2963
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:04,700
Hanabi, which literally 
translates as fire flowers. 

2964
02:42:05,900 --> 02:42:09,500
Transient beauty of fireworks. 
Brilliant for a moment, then 

2965
02:42:09,500 --> 02:42:13,600
gone resonated with Buddhist 
concepts of impermanence and the

2966
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:18,200
Japanese aesthetic principle of 
mono, no aware the pathos of 

2967
02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:20,900
things that are beautiful 
precisely because they don't 

2968
02:42:20,900 --> 02:42:26,100
last Watching fireworks became a
form of meditation on the nature

2969
02:42:26,100 --> 02:42:29,900
of existence itself. 
The craftsmanship involved in 

2970
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:33,800
creating these displays was 
respected across cultures a 

2971
02:42:33,800 --> 02:42:38,100
master, pyrotechnician occupied.
A unique, social position part 

2972
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:42,700
Artisan part artist and part 
dangerous magician who handled 

2973
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:45,400
forces that could destroy as 
easily as Delight. 

2974
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:50,000
Their knowledge was valuable. 
Sometimes, carefully guarded and

2975
02:42:50,000 --> 02:42:52,400
passed down through 
apprenticeship relationships 

2976
02:42:52,400 --> 02:42:56,500
that might last decades before a
student was considered ready to 

2977
02:42:56,500 --> 02:43:00,200
work independently. 
Physical toll, of The Craft, 

2978
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:03,300
shouldn't be ignored working 
with black powder, and his 

2979
02:43:03,300 --> 02:43:06,400
various chemical relatives. 
Meant constant exposure to 

2980
02:43:06,400 --> 02:43:09,500
substances that weren't, 
particularly good for human 

2981
02:43:09,500 --> 02:43:12,200
health. 
The loud noise could damage 

2982
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:16,200
hearing over time, Burns, rock 
your patient all hazards, the 

2983
02:43:16,200 --> 02:43:19,800
stress of knowing that mistakes 
could be catastrophic probably 

2984
02:43:19,800 --> 02:43:23,100
affected practitioners mental 
health in ways that wouldn't 

2985
02:43:23,100 --> 02:43:25,600
have been discussed or addressed
in early centuries. 

2986
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:29,700
Yet people continue choosing 
this profession drawn by the 

2987
02:43:29,700 --> 02:43:33,500
satisfaction of creating Beauty.
The Prestige that came with 

2988
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:35,400
Mastery and perhaps something 
deeper. 

2989
02:43:36,200 --> 02:43:39,100
The appeal of working with 
forces that existed at the 

2990
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:41,200
boundary between control and 
chaos. 

2991
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:45,600
There's something fundamentally 
human about the desire to take 

2992
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:49,000
dangerous materials and 
transform them into sources of 

2993
02:43:49,000 --> 02:43:52,700
joy and wonder. 
The seasonal rhythm of a 

2994
02:43:52,700 --> 02:43:56,200
pyrotechnicians, life varied by 
culture, but generally followed 

2995
02:43:56,200 --> 02:43:58,500
patterns of festivals and 
celebrations. 

2996
02:43:59,500 --> 02:44:01,600
Preparations, might begin months
before. 

2997
02:44:01,600 --> 02:44:06,000
Major events with the quieter 
Seasons devoted to experimenting

2998
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:09,700
with new effects, replenishing 
supplies and training 

2999
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:13,200
apprentices. 
As festivals approached, the 

3000
02:44:13,200 --> 02:44:16,300
pace would intensify long hours 
in the workshop. 

3001
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:20,500
Careful testing of devices and 
coordination with Festival 

3002
02:44:20,500 --> 02:44:22,200
organizers about timing and 
placement. 

3003
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:25,900
The actual performance of a 
display required intense 

3004
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:29,500
concentration. 
Once ignition began there was 

3005
02:44:29,508 --> 02:44:31,200
little room for error or 
correction. 

3006
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:35,900
Effects had to unfold as 
planned, timed sequences had to 

3007
02:44:35,900 --> 02:44:38,900
proceed correctly and the pirate
technician had to monitor 

3008
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:42,300
everything while standing near 
substances that could if 

3009
02:44:42,300 --> 02:44:45,100
mishandled produce unfortunate 
results. 

3010
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:49,100
The combination of careful, 
preparation and real-time 

3011
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:52,700
awareness needed for successful 
displays demanded a particular 

3012
02:44:52,700 --> 02:44:54,500
temperament. 
Patient. 

3013
02:44:54,500 --> 02:44:58,700
Yet confident, detail-oriented 
yet able to improvise where 

3014
02:44:58,700 --> 02:45:02,600
necessary After a display ended,
there was always clean up 

3015
02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:07,100
Gathering spent devices checking
for anything that fail to ignite

3016
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:10,200
properly and making notes about 
what worked well and what could 

3017
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:13,900
be improved this unglamorous 
after Marvel was actually 

3018
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:17,500
crucial to the craft because 
systematic observation of 

3019
02:45:17,500 --> 02:45:20,400
results allowed continuous 
refinement of techniques. 

3020
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:23,700
The greatest pyrotechnicians 
were those who learned from 

3021
02:45:23,700 --> 02:45:27,300
every display. 
Filing away mental notes about 

3022
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:29,300
how different weather 
conditions, affected 

3023
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:33,400
performance, which designs 
proved most reliable and what 

3024
02:45:33,400 --> 02:45:36,000
audience is responded to most 
enthusiastically. 

3025
02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:40,900
Transition of pyrotechnic 
knowledge involved both explicit

3026
02:45:40,900 --> 02:45:43,200
teaching and tacit 
understanding. 

3027
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:48,800
Apprentices could be taught 
formulas proportions and basic 

3028
02:45:48,800 --> 02:45:53,500
techniques but the deeper 
expertise, the ability to sense 

3029
02:45:53,500 --> 02:45:56,900
when a mixture was right to 
anticipate, how a device would 

3030
02:45:56,900 --> 02:45:59,400
perform. 
And to solve problems that arose

3031
02:45:59,400 --> 02:46:03,100
during preparation, could only 
be acquired through years of 

3032
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:07,700
practice under skilled guidance.
This made mastercrafts people 

3033
02:46:07,700 --> 02:46:11,500
invaluable their accumulated 
experience representing 

3034
02:46:11,500 --> 02:46:13,900
knowledge that couldn't be 
replaced simply by reading 

3035
02:46:13,900 --> 02:46:17,000
written instructions. 
Different cultures developed 

3036
02:46:17,000 --> 02:46:20,700
different training methods. 
Chinese workshops often kept 

3037
02:46:20,700 --> 02:46:24,300
knowledge within Family Lines 
with skills passed from parent 

3038
02:46:24,300 --> 02:46:28,500
to child across Generations. 
European guilds created more 

3039
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,600
formal, apprenticeships 
structures with defined periods 

3040
02:46:31,600 --> 02:46:34,000
of training and examinations 
before certification. 

3041
02:46:35,300 --> 02:46:38,400
Japanese Traditions emphasize 
the spiritual dimensions of 

3042
02:46:38,400 --> 02:46:41,400
craftsmanship alongside 
technical proficiency. 

3043
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:45,500
Treating fireworks creation as a
discipline that refined 

3044
02:46:45,500 --> 02:46:49,600
character as well as skill. 
The economics of the far Works 

3045
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:53,900
trade varied in his league. 
In some contexts pyrotechnicians

3046
02:46:53,900 --> 02:46:56,900
were well compensated Crafts 
People Who earned comfortable 

3047
02:46:56,900 --> 02:46:59,400
living from their expertise in 
others. 

3048
02:46:59,400 --> 02:47:03,200
They struggled financially their
income depending on irregular 

3049
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:06,000
Festival work and the patronage 
of wealthy sponsors. 

3050
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:09,700
The materials themselves 
represented a significant 

3051
02:47:09,700 --> 02:47:14,500
expense, high quality chemicals,
and supplies were cheap and the 

3052
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:16,800
investment required to set up a 
proper Workshop. 

3053
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:21,000
Could be substantial Innovation 
in the craft came from multiple 

3054
02:47:21,000 --> 02:47:24,100
sources. 
Sometimes technical advances 

3055
02:47:24,100 --> 02:47:27,700
emerge from systematic, 
experimentation by masked a 

3056
02:47:27,700 --> 02:47:29,200
crafts people. 
Exploring new possibilities. 

3057
02:47:30,500 --> 02:47:34,000
other times accidents or 
mistakes led to unexpected 

3058
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:37,600
effects that once understood 
could be deliberately 

3059
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:41,900
reproduced, Cross-cultural 
exchanges introduce techniques 

3060
02:47:41,900 --> 02:47:45,400
from different Traditions, 
spurring hybrid, innovations 

3061
02:47:45,400 --> 02:47:48,400
that combined elements from 
various approaches and 

3062
02:47:48,400 --> 02:47:52,800
occasionally advances in related
fields, chemistry Metallurgy, 

3063
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:56,400
and papermaking provided new 
materials or methods that 

3064
02:47:56,400 --> 02:48:00,100
pyrotechnicians could adapt for 
their purposes as you sink 

3065
02:48:00,100 --> 02:48:03,200
deeper into relaxation. 
Your breathing slow and steady. 

3066
02:48:03,900 --> 02:48:06,500
Let's trace the final threads of
our story. 

3067
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:10,800
How those ancient Chinese 
Alchemists grinding powders by 

3068
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:14,100
Lamplight in pursuit of 
immortality, inadvertently gave 

3069
02:48:14,100 --> 02:48:17,700
Humanity, a new language for 
expressing Joy marking 

3070
02:48:17,700 --> 02:48:23,000
Transitions and creating shared 
moments of wonder the legacy of 

3071
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:26,200
those first fireworks extends, 
far beyond the spectacular 

3072
02:48:26,200 --> 02:48:30,800
displays we see today, Every 
time someone celebrate the new 

3073
02:48:30,800 --> 02:48:34,400
year with sparklers and Rockets 
their participating in a 

3074
02:48:34,400 --> 02:48:37,600
traditional that stretches back 
over a thousand years to those 

3075
02:48:37,600 --> 02:48:40,300
Tang. 
Dynasty workshops were 

3076
02:48:40,300 --> 02:48:44,500
Alchemists, mixed sulfur, salt 
peter, and charcoal in search of

3077
02:48:44,500 --> 02:48:48,700
something entirely, different 
The connection between those 

3078
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:52,000
early experiments and modern 
celebrations represents one of 

3079
02:48:52,008 --> 02:48:55,400
the longest continuous cultural 
practices and human history. 

3080
02:48:56,600 --> 02:49:00,500
Modern fireworks, of course have
been transformed by centuries of

3081
02:49:00,500 --> 02:49:03,800
innovation and by scientific 
understanding that ancient 

3082
02:49:03,800 --> 02:49:05,500
Alchemists couldn't have 
imagined. 

3083
02:49:06,500 --> 02:49:10,600
We now comprehend the molecular 
basis of combustion can predict 

3084
02:49:10,600 --> 02:49:13,100
how different chemical compounds
will behave at various 

3085
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:16,300
temperatures and design effects 
with computer precision. 

3086
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:21,500
Yet the fundamental materials, 
sulfur, potassium nitrate and 

3087
02:49:21,500 --> 02:49:25,400
charcoal remain essentially the 
same as those used in ancient 

3088
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:28,600
China. 
The sophistication lies in how 

3089
02:49:28,600 --> 02:49:32,000
we combine and deploy them not 
in replacing them with something

3090
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:35,400
entirely new. 
The scale of contemporary 

3091
02:49:35,400 --> 02:49:38,700
displays would Astound those 
early pyrotechnicians. 

3092
02:49:39,600 --> 02:49:42,800
Major celebrations in modern 
cities might burn through tens 

3093
02:49:42,800 --> 02:49:45,300
of thousands of individual 
effects in a single evening. 

3094
02:49:46,200 --> 02:49:49,500
Choreographed to music with 
Split Second timing launched 

3095
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:53,000
from multiple locations 
simultaneously and designed to 

3096
02:49:53,000 --> 02:49:55,800
be visible to audience's 
numbering in the hundreds of 

3097
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:58,900
thousands. 
The logistics of such events, 

3098
02:49:58,900 --> 02:50:02,200
require teams of Specialists 
months of planning, 

3099
02:50:02,200 --> 02:50:06,600
sophisticated electronic, firing
systems and coordination, that 

3100
02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:09,300
would have seemed like sorcery 
to ancient practitioners. 

3101
02:50:10,800 --> 02:50:13,200
Yet something essential remains 
unchanged. 

3102
02:50:13,200 --> 02:50:17,900
When you watch fireworks bursts 
the night sky, your experiencing

3103
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:20,300
the same. 
Fundamental wonder that 

3104
02:50:20,300 --> 02:50:22,500
audiences felt a thousand years 
ago. 

3105
02:50:23,400 --> 02:50:27,900
The surprise of light blooming 
in darkness, the visceral impact

3106
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:32,800
of sudden loud sounds. 
And the shared gasp of a crowd. 

3107
02:50:32,800 --> 02:50:35,600
Witnessing something that 
exceeds every day experience. 

3108
02:50:36,600 --> 02:50:40,700
The technology may have advanced
but human psychology hasn't 

3109
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:43,100
changed. 
We're still creatures who 

3110
02:50:43,100 --> 02:50:46,100
respond to Fire and light with 
deep Primal fascination. 

3111
02:50:47,300 --> 02:50:49,700
The safety standard surrounding 
modern fireworks. 

3112
02:50:49,700 --> 02:50:51,900
Represent. 
Dramatic improvements over 

3113
02:50:51,900 --> 02:50:55,900
historical practices. 
Contemporary pyrotechnicians, 

3114
02:50:55,900 --> 02:50:58,500
undergo extensive training, and 
certification. 

3115
02:50:59,200 --> 02:51:03,100
Follow strict regulations about 
storage and handling an employee

3116
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:05,900
safety equipment and procedures 
that minimize risks. 

3117
02:51:06,700 --> 02:51:09,700
The materials themselves have 
been refined to be more stable 

3118
02:51:09,700 --> 02:51:12,500
and predictable. 
Accidents still occur. 

3119
02:51:12,500 --> 02:51:15,400
But they're far less, common 
than they were when fireworks 

3120
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:18,800
creation was a more intuitive 
less regulated craft. 

3121
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:23,500
Environmental concerns about 
fireworks have emerged in recent

3122
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:27,100
decades, as we've become more 
aware of pollution and its 

3123
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,000
effects. 
The smoke from black powder and 

3124
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:33,300
various chemical compositions 
contain substances that aren't 

3125
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:35,700
particularly beneficial to air 
quality. 

3126
02:51:36,400 --> 02:51:39,300
Debris from spent shells and 
casings creates, clean up 

3127
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:43,600
challenges, the noise, disturbs 
wildlife and can be traumatic 

3128
02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:46,300
for people and animals with 
sound sensitivities. 

3129
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:50,100
These concerns have spurred 
innovation in developing 

3130
02:51:50,100 --> 02:51:53,400
cleaner. 
Pyrotechnics quieter displays 

3131
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:57,200
and alternative celebration 
methods, though, traditional 

3132
02:51:57,200 --> 02:52:01,800
fireworks remain popular despite
these issues The Democratic 

3133
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:04,700
nature of fireworks. 
The way they create shared 

3134
02:52:04,700 --> 02:52:08,500
experience of available to 
everyone present, gives them a 

3135
02:52:08,500 --> 02:52:12,100
unique cultural role. 
Unlike many art forms that 

3136
02:52:12,100 --> 02:52:15,200
require educational or cultural 
knowledge to fully appreciate 

3137
02:52:15,200 --> 02:52:18,500
fireworks. 
Communicate immediately and 

3138
02:52:18,500 --> 02:52:20,900
viscerally. 
You don't need training to 

3139
02:52:20,900 --> 02:52:24,500
understand that brilliant colors
bursting across the sky, a 

3140
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:28,300
beautiful and exciting. 
This accessibility helps explain

3141
02:52:28,300 --> 02:52:31,300
why fireworks have been adopted 
by virtually every culture 

3142
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:34,900
they've encountered different 
occasions around the world have 

3143
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:39,000
become associated with fireworks
displays, each culture mapping 

3144
02:52:39,000 --> 02:52:42,500
the technology onto their own 
calendar of significant moments.

3145
02:52:43,300 --> 02:52:46,400
Chinese New Year remains, 
perhaps the most extensive use 

3146
02:52:46,400 --> 02:52:50,000
of fireworks anywhere with 
celebrations that can last for 

3147
02:52:50,000 --> 02:52:53,800
days and consume staggering 
quantities of pyrotechnics. 

3148
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:58,000
American independence day is 
become synonymous with fireworks

3149
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:00,900
in the United States Diwali in 
India. 

3150
02:53:00,900 --> 02:53:05,400
Feature spectacular fire 
displays guy Forks, Knight in 

3151
02:53:05,400 --> 02:53:10,000
Britain Bastille Day in France, 
and countless local festivals 

3152
02:53:10,000 --> 02:53:11,900
worldwide. 
All Mark themselves with 

3153
02:53:11,900 --> 02:53:16,300
artificial lights in the sky. 
Personal experience of watching 

3154
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:19,900
fireworks varies but certain 
elements seem Universal. 

3155
02:53:19,900 --> 02:53:22,700
There's the anticipation as you 
wait in darkness. 

3156
02:53:22,700 --> 02:53:24,900
Knowing something is about to 
happen. 

3157
02:53:24,900 --> 02:53:29,500
The first always draws 
exclamations. 

3158
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:33,700
Even when you know, it's coming 
the sudden transition from 

3159
02:53:33,700 --> 02:53:36,700
Darkness to brilliant. 
Light, captures attention 

3160
02:53:36,700 --> 02:53:40,700
completely. 
As displays progress, you find 

3161
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:44,700
yourself looking for patterns, 
comparing different effects and 

3162
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:49,100
perhaps developing favorites. 
The grand finale with its 

3163
02:53:49,100 --> 02:53:53,100
overwhelming density of effects 
and sound creates a kind of 

3164
02:53:53,100 --> 02:53:56,300
sensory saturation that borders 
on overwhelming. 

3165
02:53:57,300 --> 02:54:01,600
And then comes the silence after
with smoke drifting across your 

3166
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:03,600
vision. 
And the smell of powder hanging 

3167
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:06,500
in the air. 
Children experience in fireworks

3168
02:54:06,500 --> 02:54:09,400
for the first time, go through a
fascinating progression. 

3169
02:54:09,400 --> 02:54:13,900
Initial fear of the loud noises 
often gives away to excitement 

3170
02:54:13,900 --> 02:54:16,100
once they realize the sound 
won't hurt them. 

3171
02:54:17,100 --> 02:54:21,400
The visual spectacle captivates 
even very young children often 

3172
02:54:21,400 --> 02:54:24,200
try to reach up towards the 
light as if they could somehow 

3173
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:27,800
grab the from the sky. 
The association between 

3174
02:54:27,800 --> 02:54:32,400
fireworks and special occasions,
gets established early, creating

3175
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:35,100
memories that many people carry 
throughout their lives. 

3176
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:39,800
Particular displays watched with
family that one time, the 

3177
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:42,500
weather was perfect. 
And the year when everything 

3178
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:47,800
seemed to specially magical, For
adults fireworks often carry, 

3179
02:54:47,800 --> 02:54:50,800
nostalgic weight. 
Connecting present moments to 

3180
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:54,500
pass celebration. 
Watching displays might trigger 

3181
02:54:54,500 --> 02:54:58,100
memories of childhood festivals 
or of significant personal 

3182
02:54:58,100 --> 02:54:59,900
moments. 
That happened to coincide with 

3183
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:04,800
fireworks proposals celebrations
of achievements and farewell 

3184
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:08,700
gatherings. the recurring nature
of fireworks on specific 

3185
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:12,500
occasions creates markers in 
personal chronology, allowing 

3186
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:15,900
people to measure the passage of
time through remembered displays

3187
02:55:17,000 --> 02:55:20,100
The craft of creating fireworks 
continues to evolve. 

3188
02:55:20,800 --> 02:55:23,800
Professional pyrotechnicians 
today combined traditional 

3189
02:55:23,800 --> 02:55:27,900
expertise with modern technology
using computer software to 

3190
02:55:27,900 --> 02:55:32,000
choreograph displays electronic 
firing systems for precise 

3191
02:55:32,000 --> 02:55:34,800
timing. 
A new chemical formulation for 

3192
02:55:34,800 --> 02:55:38,400
novel effects. 
Yet they still draw on knowledge

3193
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:42,100
accumulated over centuries. 
Still must understand how 

3194
02:55:42,100 --> 02:55:45,200
weather conditions affect 
performance and still need the 

3195
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:47,200
Judgment. 
That comes only from experience.

3196
02:55:48,300 --> 02:55:51,700
It remains a craft where human 
expertise matters enormously 

3197
02:55:51,700 --> 02:55:54,600
even as technology provides new 
tools. 

3198
02:55:55,600 --> 02:55:57,100
How much are on hobbyist 
fireworks? 

3199
02:55:57,100 --> 02:55:59,900
Communities exist in many 
countries though. 

3200
02:55:59,900 --> 02:56:02,700
They are subject to varying 
legal restrictions and safety 

3201
02:56:02,700 --> 02:56:05,800
regulations. 
These enthusiasts carry on 

3202
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:08,100
traditions of experimentation 
and innovation. 

3203
02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:12,100
Discovering new effects and 
techniques and sharing knowledge

3204
02:56:12,100 --> 02:56:15,100
through online forums and 
in-person gatherings. 

3205
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:18,500
The democratization of 
information through the internet

3206
02:56:18,500 --> 02:56:21,600
has made pyrotechnic knowledge 
more accessible than ever 

3207
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:24,200
before. 
Though this comes with concerns 

3208
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:25,700
about safety and proper 
training. 

3209
02:56:27,200 --> 02:56:29,900
Of what fireworks mean continues
to evolve. 

3210
02:56:30,700 --> 02:56:33,000
For some they remain primarily 
celebratory. 

3211
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:37,000
Pure expressions of Joy without 
deeper significance Beyond 

3212
02:56:37,000 --> 02:56:41,000
marking happier occasions. 
Others see in the metaphors for 

3213
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:44,100
life itself. 
Brilliant brief, and beautiful 

3214
02:56:44,100 --> 02:56:46,800
precisely. 
Because they cannot be held or 

3215
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:49,600
preserved only experience in the
moment. 

3216
02:56:50,600 --> 02:56:51,800
Still others. 
Appreciate them. 

3217
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:55,300
As technical achievements, 
marveling at the engineering and

3218
02:56:55,300 --> 02:56:58,000
chemistry required to produce 
specific effects. 

3219
02:56:59,000 --> 02:57:02,000
Future fireworks, likely 
involves continued innovation in

3220
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:05,200
several directions. 
Environmentally friendly 

3221
02:57:05,200 --> 02:57:08,500
formulations that reduce 
pollution and noise are already 

3222
02:57:08,500 --> 02:57:12,400
being developed and deployed. 
Drone light shows offer 

3223
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,500
Alternatives that creates 
spectacular aerial displays 

3224
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:19,500
without combustion or debris. 
Augmented reality, might 

3225
02:57:19,500 --> 02:57:21,100
eventually. 
Allow people to experience 

3226
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:23,800
virtual fireworks customized to 
their preferences. 

3227
02:57:24,900 --> 02:57:27,900
Yet traditional pyrotechnics 
will likely endure because they 

3228
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:30,100
offer something that 
technological Alternatives 

3229
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,800
cannot quite replicate. 
The real physical presence of 

3230
02:57:33,800 --> 02:57:37,600
fire and light the authentic 
boom that you feel in your chest

3231
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:40,800
and the shared experience of 
witnessing something that is 

3232
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:43,900
genuinely happening in the 
moment rather than being 

3233
02:57:43,900 --> 02:57:47,800
mediated through screens. 
The Alchemist who first mix, 

3234
02:57:47,800 --> 02:57:51,800
sulfur, salt, peter and charcoal
would probably be bemused to 

3235
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:55,000
know their failed experiments at
creating a mortality Elixir 

3236
02:57:55,000 --> 02:57:59,700
instead created something that 
has brought joy to billions of 

3237
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:01,500
people across countless 
Generations. 

3238
02:58:02,900 --> 02:58:06,300
They were looking for a way to 
extend life in definitely but 

3239
02:58:06,300 --> 02:58:08,600
they inadvertently discovered 
something else. 

3240
02:58:09,600 --> 02:58:13,500
A waiter Mark life's important 
moments to create shared 

3241
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:17,500
experience of Wonder and to add 
Beauty and excitement to human 

3242
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:20,900
celebration. 
In that sense, perhaps they 

3243
02:58:20,900 --> 02:58:23,500
succeeded off. 
After all, just not in the way 

3244
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:26,300
they intended. 
They didn't create immortality 

3245
02:58:26,300 --> 02:58:29,900
for individuals but they created
something that has persisted 

3246
02:58:29,900 --> 02:58:32,800
across centuries. 
And will likely continue for 

3247
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:36,000
many more, a tradition that 
connects ancient Chinese 

3248
02:58:36,000 --> 02:58:38,800
workshops to Modern celebrations
worldwide. 

3249
02:58:39,500 --> 02:58:42,900
That links those first 
primitive, bamboo crackers, to 

3250
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:46,100
the most sophisticated 
contemporary displays and that 

3251
02:58:46,100 --> 02:58:49,500
transforms simple chemical 
reactions into experiences of 

3252
02:58:49,500 --> 02:58:52,800
beauty and joy. 
As we bring this journey to a 

3253
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:57,300
close, imagine yourself standing
under a night sky similar to the

3254
02:58:57,300 --> 02:59:01,200
one that ancient Alchemists saw 
from their workshops back. 

3255
02:59:01,200 --> 02:59:04,200
When they first noticed that 
certain mixtures of powder, 

3256
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:08,900
would burn with unexpected 
brilliant's The same Stars 

3257
02:59:08,900 --> 02:59:12,400
looked down arranged in patterns
that humans have been reading 

3258
02:59:12,400 --> 02:59:16,200
for thousands of years, finding 
meaning and stories in their 

3259
02:59:16,200 --> 02:59:19,400
Arrangements. 
The darkness that surrounds you 

3260
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:22,700
is comfortable now, not 
threatening or empty but full of

3261
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:25,800
potential. 
The same potential that those 

3262
02:59:25,800 --> 02:59:28,700
early experimenters sentenced 
when they work through quiet 

3263
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:31,800
hours, grinding powders and 
mixing substances. 

3264
02:59:31,800 --> 02:59:34,900
Not knowing they were creating 
something that would Outlast 

3265
02:59:34,900 --> 02:59:38,900
Empires and span continents. 
You can almost smell that 

3266
02:59:38,900 --> 02:59:42,300
distinctive scent of black 
powder, smoke, sharp and 

3267
02:59:42,308 --> 02:59:44,800
accurate. 
But associated with joy and 

3268
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:48,900
celebration, you can imagine the
sound of the first bamboo 

3269
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:52,000
cracker splitting. 
From internal pressure, the 

3270
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:54,500
surprise laughter, that must 
have followed and the 

3271
02:59:54,500 --> 02:59:57,900
realization that here was 
something new a way to make 

3272
02:59:57,908 --> 03:00:01,500
Darkness suddenly bright to 
Mark, important moments, with 

3273
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:04,900
light and sound. 
And to share one with everyone 

3274
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,400
with insight and earshot. 
The journey from medicinal 

3275
03:00:08,400 --> 03:00:12,100
research to Global celebration 
is a reminder that human 

3276
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:16,800
creativity often Works in 
unexpected ways we set out to 

3277
03:00:16,800 --> 03:00:20,200
achieve one goal and discovered 
something entirely different. 

3278
03:00:20,200 --> 03:00:24,600
We try to solve one problem and 
create solutions to problems. 

3279
03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:28,700
We hadn't even recognized those 
Alchemists fail at their 

3280
03:00:28,700 --> 03:00:32,700
original purpose but succeeded 
in creating something arguably 

3281
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:36,500
more valuable. 
Not a mortality for individuals 

3282
03:00:36,500 --> 03:00:39,800
but a tradition as brought Joy 
across Generations. 

3283
03:00:39,800 --> 03:00:44,000
A shared human language of light
that requires no translation. 

3284
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:47,500
As your breathing slows and your
body. 

3285
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:51,100
Settles into complete 
relaxation, let yourself feel 

3286
03:00:51,100 --> 03:00:54,000
connected to that long chain of 
Human Experience. 

3287
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:57,600
From those first experimenters 
in Tang Dynasty. 

3288
03:00:57,600 --> 03:01:00,900
Workshops to Modern 
pyrotechnicians preparing 

3289
03:01:00,900 --> 03:01:03,700
tomorrow's displays from ancient
Festival. 

3290
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:07,000
Goers gathering in Chinese 
Courtyards to contemporary 

3291
03:01:07,000 --> 03:01:10,000
audiences watching. 
Synchronized display is set to 

3292
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:11,500
music in cities around the 
world. 

3293
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:15,100
You're part of this story. 
Every time you've watched 

3294
03:01:15,100 --> 03:01:19,400
fireworks, burst across the sky.
Every time you felt that 

3295
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:24,100
visceral thrill of sudden, light
blooming in darkness, and every 

3296
03:01:24,100 --> 03:01:26,500
time you've shared that 
Collective intake of breath, 

3297
03:01:26,500 --> 03:01:29,700
when something particularly 
spectacular unfolds overhead, 

3298
03:01:29,700 --> 03:01:33,000
the tradition that began with 
Alchemist seeking immortality 

3299
03:01:33,000 --> 03:01:37,400
continues through your 
experience, is your memories and

3300
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:40,500
your participation in 
celebrations marked by fire and 

3301
03:01:40,500 --> 03:01:44,300
light the beauty of fireworks. 
Like the beauty of this story 

3302
03:01:44,300 --> 03:01:49,300
lies, partly in its impermanence
each burst exists for only a 

3303
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:51,900
moment. 
Brilliant and then gone leaving 

3304
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:55,900
only smoke and memory. 
But those moments accumulate 

3305
03:01:55,900 --> 03:01:59,800
building a tradition that has 
endured for over 1000 years and 

3306
03:01:59,800 --> 03:02:03,400
will likely continue as long as 
humans gather to celebrate to 

3307
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:07,500
Mark important Transitions and 
to create Beauty together in the

3308
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:11,300
Darkness. 
The ancient Chinese Alchemists 

3309
03:02:11,300 --> 03:02:12,800
couldn't have predicted any of 
this. 

3310
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:17,600
They were just trying to extend 
life mixing substances according

3311
03:02:17,600 --> 03:02:21,500
to theories that combined 
philosophy, medicine and early 

3312
03:02:21,500 --> 03:02:25,300
chemistry. 
They would probably be surprised

3313
03:02:25,300 --> 03:02:28,000
to learn that their experiments 
live on not in extended 

3314
03:02:28,000 --> 03:02:31,000
lifespans. 
But in the joyful explosions of 

3315
03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:35,400
color that Mark celebrations 
worldwide Yet there's a certain 

3316
03:02:35,400 --> 03:02:39,300
poetry in this outcome, their 
quest for permanence created. 

3317
03:02:39,300 --> 03:02:42,600
Something that is beautiful 
precisely because it doesn't 

3318
03:02:42,600 --> 03:02:47,000
last as you drift towards sleep 
carried by The Gentle rhythm of 

3319
03:02:47,000 --> 03:02:50,200
this story in your own quiet 
breathing, let the images of 

3320
03:02:50,200 --> 03:02:55,100
ancient workshops and modern 
festivals blend and soften The 

3321
03:02:55,100 --> 03:02:57,200
specific details don't matter, 
so much. 

3322
03:02:57,200 --> 03:03:01,800
Now what matters is the 
connection, the continuity, the 

3323
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:04,800
way human creativity and 
curiosity of threaded. 

3324
03:03:04,800 --> 03:03:08,000
Through centuries. 
Transforming acts accidents into

3325
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:12,300
Traditions turning for the 
experiments into sources of Joy.

3326
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:16,200
The night sky above you, hold 
all the same potential at held 

3327
03:03:16,200 --> 03:03:19,800
for those ancient Observers. 
The darkness is simply waiting 

3328
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:23,600
for light for color for the 
southern brilliant Bloom of fire

3329
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:26,100
flowers that fade even as their 
being born. 

3330
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:31,300
And somewhere right now someone 
is preparing tomorrow's display,

3331
03:03:31,300 --> 03:03:37,200
measuring powder packing, tubes 
and timing fuses continuing work

3332
03:03:37,200 --> 03:03:40,000
that began in quiet. 
Workshops more than a millennium

3333
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:42,900
ago. 
When Alchemists first noticed 

3334
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:45,900
that certain combinations of 
Earth and mineral could 

3335
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:48,000
transform into something 
extraordinary. 

3336
03:03:49,200 --> 03:03:50,800
Sleep. 
Now, with the knowledge that 

3337
03:03:50,800 --> 03:03:55,300
human curiosity and creativity 
continue their patient work, A 

3338
03:03:55,300 --> 03:03:58,200
beautiful accidents, still 
happen that the search for one 

3339
03:03:58,200 --> 03:04:01,800
thing often leads to discovering
something else entirely, and 

3340
03:04:01,800 --> 03:04:04,400
that sometimes are failures turn
out to be gifts. 

3341
03:04:04,400 --> 03:04:08,800
We never expected to give the 
story of fireworks is the story 

3342
03:04:08,800 --> 03:04:13,100
of transformation of materials 
transformed by fire of 

3343
03:04:13,100 --> 03:04:16,000
accidental discoveries 
transformed into intentional 

3344
03:04:16,000 --> 03:04:20,200
art, Of individual experience is
transformed into shared 

3345
03:04:20,200 --> 03:04:22,800
Traditions. 
It's a story that continues 

3346
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:26,600
every time someone looks up at a
night sky and sees its suddenly 

3347
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:31,100
painted with impossible colors, 
every time a crowd, gasps 

3348
03:04:31,100 --> 03:04:35,400
together at spectacular Beauty. 
And every time a celebration is 

3349
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:39,100
marked with light blooming and 
darkness rest easy in this 

3350
03:04:39,108 --> 03:04:42,500
knowledge and let the gentle 
images of distant workshops and 

3351
03:04:42,508 --> 03:04:46,200
Festival nights Fade Into the 
comfortable, Darkness behind 

3352
03:04:46,200 --> 03:04:50,200
your closed eyes. 
The Alchemists are still at 

3353
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:52,900
work, somewhere in your 
imagination grinding their 

3354
03:04:52,900 --> 03:04:55,900
powders by Lamplight, not 
knowing what they're about to 

3355
03:04:55,900 --> 03:04:58,400
discover and that's perfectly 
fine. 

3356
03:04:58,400 --> 03:05:01,500
Discovery doesn't require 
knowing the destination. 

3357
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:04,900
It only requires curiosity 
patience. 

3358
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:08,000
And the willingness to notice 
when something unexpected 

3359
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:12,100
happens, The ancient Stars 
continue their slow wheel 

3360
03:05:12,100 --> 03:05:15,700
overhead the night holds its 
secrets and its possibilities. 

3361
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:18,900
And somewhere between sleeping 
and waking. 

3362
03:05:18,900 --> 03:05:22,700
You understand that some of 
Humanity's greatest gifts came 

3363
03:05:22,700 --> 03:05:25,500
from people looking for 
something else entirely and 

3364
03:05:25,500 --> 03:05:29,100
that, this too is beautiful this
stumbling into one day. 

3365
03:05:29,100 --> 03:05:32,800
This accidental creation of joy.
Sleep. 

3366
03:05:32,800 --> 03:05:35,500
Well, under the same sky that 
has watched over Chinese 

3367
03:05:35,500 --> 03:05:40,000
workshops and Roman festivals 
over Tang dinasti celebrations 

3368
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:43,900
and modern displays over every 
human who ever looked up at 

3369
03:05:43,900 --> 03:05:47,600
darkness and imagined it right 
with flowers of Fire. 

3370
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:52,800
The tradition continues, the 
craft endures and the simple 

3371
03:05:52,800 --> 03:05:57,400
chemistry of sulfur, salt, 
peter, and charcoal still 

3372
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:01,100
transforms into moments of 
beauty, the connectors across 

3373
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:04,300
centuries. 
Let these thoughts dissolve. 

3374
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:06,500
Now into the peaceful darkness 
of sleep. 

3375
03:06:07,300 --> 03:06:10,600
Carrying with them, the Warm 
Glow of distant lamps in ancient

3376
03:06:10,600 --> 03:06:13,700
Workshops. 
The brilliant flash of Festival 

3377
03:06:13,700 --> 03:06:17,600
fireworks and the quiet 
satisfaction of understanding. 

3378
03:06:17,600 --> 03:06:21,700
How accidents and experiments 
and patient craftsmanship, can 

3379
03:06:21,700 --> 03:06:25,900
combine to create Traditions 
that Outlast Empires and cross 

3380
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:29,300
every border. 
The story is complete. 

3381
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:32,000
The night is quiet, and sleep is
calling. 

3382
03:06:33,000 --> 03:06:35,500
Rest. 
Now, knowing that tomorrow will 

3383
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:37,600
bring its own possibilities for 
Discovery. 

3384
03:06:37,600 --> 03:06:40,600
Zone. 
Chances to transform ordinary 

3385
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:44,200
materials into extraordinary, 
experience is and its own 

3386
03:06:44,200 --> 03:06:47,900
opportunities to create beauty 
that like the best fireworks 

3387
03:06:47,900 --> 03:06:51,700
exist, brilliantly for a moment 
before Fading Into memory. 

3388
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:00,200
Picture London on a warm 
evening. 

3389
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:04,300
In late August, 1939. 
The Sun is setting over the 

3390
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:08,400
Thames, painting, the sky in 
shades of Amber and Rose that 

3391
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:11,000
reflect off the river's surface 
like liquid copper. 

3392
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:15,300
Street lamps are beginning their
nightly ritual that gentle 

3393
03:07:15,300 --> 03:07:19,200
flickering as they come to life,
one by one, creating pools of 

3394
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:21,100
yellow warmth along the 
Pavements. 

3395
03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:25,100
Shop Windows glow with displays 
of summer dresses and wireless 

3396
03:07:25,100 --> 03:07:29,100
sets, casting, rectangles of 
light onto the sidewalks where 

3397
03:07:29,100 --> 03:07:32,800
couples stroll arm in arm their 
Shadows long and lazy in the 

3398
03:07:32,808 --> 03:07:35,300
golden hour. 
You can hear the particular 

3399
03:07:35,300 --> 03:07:37,600
sounds of a city in its evening 
mode. 

3400
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:42,000
The rumble of red double decker 
buses, the clip-clop of delivery

3401
03:07:42,000 --> 03:07:46,200
horses making their final rounds
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle

3402
03:07:46,200 --> 03:07:48,300
bells as workers, pedal home for
supper. 

3403
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:51,600
From open Windows. 
Comes to the smell of cooking 

3404
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:56,300
roast dinners, boiled potatoes, 
and the yeasty warmth of fresh 

3405
03:07:56,300 --> 03:08:00,000
bread. 
Radio's played dance, music, the

3406
03:08:00,000 --> 03:08:03,100
kind with horns and steady, 
rhythms that make your foot, tap

3407
03:08:03,100 --> 03:08:06,700
out thinking about it. 
In Paris, the cafes are feeling 

3408
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:10,100
with their usual evening crowd. 
The Eiffel Tower stands 

3409
03:08:10,100 --> 03:08:13,900
illuminated against the 
darkening Sky its iron lattice 

3410
03:08:13,900 --> 03:08:17,600
outline in electric brilliant, 
like a piece of jewelry against 

3411
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:20,700
velvet. 
There are neon signs advertising

3412
03:08:20,700 --> 03:08:23,000
a parody. 
Warm light coming from 

3413
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,300
restaurant interiors, and the 
headlamps of central ones, and 

3414
03:08:26,300 --> 03:08:30,900
Reno's making rivers of light 
along the shelter easy, Street 

3415
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:34,400
musicians play accordions on 
Corners their cases open for 

3416
03:08:34,400 --> 03:08:37,300
coins that clink with a 
satisfying metallic ring. 

3417
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:42,900
Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the
grand buildings along unto Den. 

3418
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:46,600
Linden a floodlit the 
neoclassical facade standing 

3419
03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:51,000
proud and imposing. 
The shops, stay open late, their

3420
03:08:51,000 --> 03:08:53,700
Windows full of goods, that 
speak of prosperity and Order. 

3421
03:08:54,400 --> 03:08:58,500
Electric trams hum along their 
tracks, their Interiors bright. 

3422
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:01,600
And modern filled with 
passengers, reading newspapers 

3423
03:09:01,600 --> 03:09:05,600
or chatting about their days. 
These cities of spent decades 

3424
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:09,100
building their electrical 
infrastructure, stringing miles 

3425
03:09:09,100 --> 03:09:13,300
of cable, installing countless 
fixtures and creating networks 

3426
03:09:13,300 --> 03:09:16,700
of Illumination that have become
as fundamental to Urban Life as 

3427
03:09:16,700 --> 03:09:21,000
running water or paved streets. 
The age of electric light is 

3428
03:09:21,008 --> 03:09:24,800
barely 50 years old, still. 
Young enough to feel miraculous.

3429
03:09:25,800 --> 03:09:27,600
People who grew up with oil 
lamps and candles. 

3430
03:09:27,600 --> 03:09:31,400
Now, flips, which is without 
thinking, Banishing, Darkness 

3431
03:09:31,400 --> 03:09:34,100
with a casual gesture that would
have seemed like sorcery to 

3432
03:09:34,100 --> 03:09:37,900
their grandparents. 
But on September 1st 1939, 

3433
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:42,000
Everything Changes, Germany 
invades Poland, and within 

3434
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:45,100
hours, Britain, and France are 
making preparations that have 

3435
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:46,800
been planned in secret for 
months. 

3436
03:09:47,900 --> 03:09:51,000
Government officials retrieved 
documents from locked safes, 

3437
03:09:51,000 --> 03:09:55,000
civil defense workers report to 
their posts and ordinary 

3438
03:09:55,000 --> 03:09:58,200
citizens receive instructions. 
That will alter the appearance 

3439
03:09:58,200 --> 03:10:01,900
of their world in ways, both 
profound and peculiar. 

3440
03:10:02,500 --> 03:10:05,600
The blackout is coming. 
You might wonder why Darkness 

3441
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:07,500
would be chosen as a defense 
strategy. 

3442
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:10,200
The logic is straightforward, 
but chilling. 

3443
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:14,000
Bombers, navigating at night, 
need visual reference points to 

3444
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,600
find their targets. 
A city Ablaze with light is as 

3445
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:20,700
easy to spot from the air as a 
light house on a dark Coast. 

3446
03:10:21,600 --> 03:10:24,700
Remove that light and the 
bombers are flying over an 

3447
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:27,900
invisible landscape. 
Unable to distinguish a 

3448
03:10:27,900 --> 03:10:31,200
Munitions Factory from a 
residential neighborhood or a 

3449
03:10:31,200 --> 03:10:34,700
railway Junktion, from a park. 
So, the decision is made. 

3450
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:38,000
When night falls, the lights 
must go out. 

3451
03:10:38,900 --> 03:10:42,700
Not just some lights or most 
lights, but all lights. 

3452
03:10:43,500 --> 03:10:47,000
Every window must be covered 
every Street Lamp extinguished 

3453
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:50,900
in every card driven with hooded
headlamps that cast, only the 

3454
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:54,800
faintest glow. 
The great cities of Europe will 

3455
03:10:54,800 --> 03:10:58,400
disappear from view pulled 
beneath a blanket of Darkness as

3456
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:01,000
complete as any medieval village
new. 

3457
03:11:01,900 --> 03:11:04,400
The preparations happen with 
remarkable speed. 

3458
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:09,300
Shops sell out of black fabric 
within hours, hardware stores 

3459
03:11:09,300 --> 03:11:12,000
run out of paint, tape 
cardboard. 

3460
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:15,900
Anything that might be used to 
block light the government has 

3461
03:11:15,900 --> 03:11:19,700
printed millions of leaflets 
explaining the regulations and 

3462
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:23,100
these appear in letterboxes like
strange invitations to a 

3463
03:11:23,100 --> 03:11:26,700
backwards party where the goal 
is to extinguish rather than 

3464
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:30,700
illuminate You can imagine the 
conversations happening in homes

3465
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:32,700
across Britain that first 
weekend of September. 

3466
03:11:33,700 --> 03:11:37,100
Family standing in their parlors
looking at their windows with 

3467
03:11:37,100 --> 03:11:41,300
Newfound assessment calculating.
How many yards of material 

3468
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:44,000
they'll need? 
Whether thick curtains will 

3469
03:11:44,000 --> 03:11:47,400
suffice or if they'll need 
something more substantial? 

3470
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:52,800
There's an odd Domesticity to 
these calculations as if their 

3471
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,300
redecorating for some peculiar 
aesthetic preference rather than

3472
03:11:56,300 --> 03:11:59,300
preparing for war. 
The instructions are specific 

3473
03:11:59,300 --> 03:12:02,400
and somewhat overwhelming. 
Windows must be covered. 

3474
03:12:02,400 --> 03:12:04,800
So thoroughly that not a crack 
of light escape. 

3475
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:09,800
This includes skylights glass 
doors and even the tiny windows 

3476
03:12:09,800 --> 03:12:12,700
in bathrooms. 
The penalty for showing light is

3477
03:12:12,700 --> 03:12:16,900
not insignificant. finds that 
could strain A Working Families 

3478
03:12:16,900 --> 03:12:20,800
budget and more importantly, the
social pressure of knowing that 

3479
03:12:20,800 --> 03:12:24,400
your carelessness might endanger
your neighbor's On September 

3480
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:26,600
3rd, Britain. 
Officially declares war on 

3481
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:29,000
Germany that evening as 
Darkness. 

3482
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:31,000
Approaches the blackout begins 
in earnest. 

3483
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:36,000
Sunday, traditionally a day of 
rest, a family, dinners, and 

3484
03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:39,000
evening strolls. 
But this Sunday evening will be 

3485
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:41,700
different from any of the nation
has known in living memory. 

3486
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:47,200
The sun sets at approximately 
7:30 p.m. on that first blackout

3487
03:12:47,200 --> 03:12:53,600
evening in early September 1939.
Twilight deepens, you would 

3488
03:12:53,600 --> 03:12:57,400
notice something extraordinary 
happening or rather not 

3489
03:12:57,400 --> 03:13:00,600
happening. 
The usual sequence of light's 

3490
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:02,700
Awakening across the city simply
doesn't occur. 

3491
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:06,500
The street lamps. 
Remained dark shop windows. 

3492
03:13:06,500 --> 03:13:09,700
Stay unlit. 
The Familiar glow that typically

3493
03:13:09,700 --> 03:13:12,900
begins to Define buildings and 
streets remained absent. 

3494
03:13:13,700 --> 03:13:17,700
Instead there's a collective 
dimming as if someone is slowly 

3495
03:13:17,700 --> 03:13:20,500
turning down the brightness 
control on the entire world. 

3496
03:13:21,800 --> 03:13:25,100
As the last and natural, light 
Fades from the Western sky, 

3497
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:28,300
Darkness arrives with unusual 
completeness. 

3498
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:32,900
Not the partial darkness of a 
normal night punctuated by 

3499
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:35,900
human-made illumination, but 
something approaching the 

3500
03:13:35,900 --> 03:13:38,100
darkness of the countryside or 
Wilderness. 

3501
03:13:38,100 --> 03:13:42,000
The kind of dark that City 
dwellers might encounter only on

3502
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:44,000
camping trips or during power 
outages. 

3503
03:13:44,000 --> 03:13:48,900
The psychological impact is 
immediate and disorienting human

3504
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:52,300
beings have an ancient hardwired
response to Darkness. 

3505
03:13:53,100 --> 03:13:57,600
We are diurnal creatures adapted
for daylight activity and are 

3506
03:13:57,600 --> 03:13:59,700
nervous. 
Systems treat Darkness as a 

3507
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:01,900
signal for rest or potential 
Danger. 

3508
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:05,400
A thousands of years. 
Darkness meant Retreat to 

3509
03:14:05,400 --> 03:14:10,000
shelter gathering around fires 
and seizing productive activity 

3510
03:14:10,000 --> 03:14:15,100
until sunrise, electric light 
changed all that extending the 

3511
03:14:15,100 --> 03:14:18,300
day are fishy allowing cities to
function Around the Clock. 

3512
03:14:19,100 --> 03:14:22,500
Now suddenly that ancient 
relationship with darkness is 

3513
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:26,400
restored but in an urban context
where it feels profoundly 

3514
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:30,500
unnatural your surrounded by 
buildings and streets the 

3515
03:14:30,500 --> 03:14:32,000
infrastructure of modern 
civilization. 

3516
03:14:32,000 --> 03:14:36,900
Yet experiencing a darkness that
belongs to a pre-industrial era.

3517
03:14:37,900 --> 03:14:41,500
It creates a kind of temporal 
vertigo as if you've traveled 

3518
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:44,400
backward in time while remaining
physically in the present. 

3519
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:47,200
The first challenge is simply 
moving around. 

3520
03:14:48,200 --> 03:14:51,300
Walking down a familiar Street, 
becomes an exercise, and careful

3521
03:14:51,300 --> 03:14:53,800
navigation. 
Your eyes, strained to 

3522
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:56,800
distinguish shapes in the Gloom.
The outline of a pillar box. 

3523
03:14:56,808 --> 03:15:00,200
The curve of a curb silhouette 
of another person approaching 

3524
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:05,100
curbs and steps become hazards. 
More than one person trips over 

3525
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:07,100
their own doorstep. 
In those early blackout, 

3526
03:15:07,100 --> 03:15:10,500
evenings misjudging distances in
the absence of light. 

3527
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:15,700
Cars and buses face even greater
challenges vehicle headlamps 

3528
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,900
must be fitted with special 
covers that restrict their light

3529
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:22,700
to a tiny slit casting only the 
weakest beam onto the road 

3530
03:15:22,700 --> 03:15:25,400
ahead. 
Imagine driving at walking 

3531
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,100
speed. 
Peering through your windshield 

3532
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:31,900
at a street, you can barely see 
watching for pedestrians who 

3533
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:35,500
appear as mere shadows and 
trying to avoid other vehicles 

3534
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:36,900
that are equally difficult to 
spot. 

3535
03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:41,800
The accident rate in these early
blackout days, Spike's 

3536
03:15:41,800 --> 03:15:44,200
alarmingly. 
Collisions between Vehicles, 

3537
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:49,200
cars striking pedestrians and 
people walking into lampposts or

3538
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:52,700
falling into gutters. 
There's a particular comedy to 

3539
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,700
some of these mishaps though. 
Nobody finds them funny at the 

3540
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:58,200
time. 
Respectable citizens. 

3541
03:15:58,200 --> 03:16:00,900
Stumble into Hedges delivery 
boys. 

3542
03:16:00,900 --> 03:16:04,700
Cycle into parked cars, a bishop
walking home from evening 

3543
03:16:04,700 --> 03:16:08,100
service, mistakes of strangers. 
Front gate for his own, and 

3544
03:16:08,100 --> 03:16:11,000
spend several confused minutes 
trying to unlock it before 

3545
03:16:11,000 --> 03:16:14,400
realising his error. 
These little disasters, become 

3546
03:16:14,400 --> 03:16:18,500
part of the blackout experience 
stories to share over tea and 

3547
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,000
evidence that everyone is 
struggling with the same 

3548
03:16:21,000 --> 03:16:23,900
Strange. 
New Reality, the government's 

3549
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:27,800
Airaid, precautions wardens 
quickly, nicknamed ARP wardens, 

3550
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:31,000
begin their patrols. 
These are ordinary citizens, 

3551
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:34,600
volunteers and part-timers given
the authority to enforce 

3552
03:16:34,600 --> 03:16:37,800
blackout regulations. 
They walked the streets with 

3553
03:16:37,800 --> 03:16:41,300
masked torches watching for any 
violation. 

3554
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:44,700
Any crack of light that might 
betray a city's presence to 

3555
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:48,300
aircraft overhead. 
The wardens develop a certain 

3556
03:16:48,300 --> 03:16:52,300
reputation for zealousness. 
They'll knock sharply on doors. 

3557
03:16:52,300 --> 03:16:55,200
At the faintest glimpse of light
their voices. 

3558
03:16:55,200 --> 03:16:57,400
Carrying through the darkness 
with urgent. 

3559
03:16:57,400 --> 03:17:01,700
Whispers, put that light out, 
the phrase becomes so common, it

3560
03:17:01,700 --> 03:17:05,200
turns into a kind of Catchphrase
repeated in music halls and 

3561
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:09,600
radio, comedies of verbal of the
blackouts intrusion into private

3562
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:11,400
life. 
Inside. 

3563
03:17:11,400 --> 03:17:14,700
Homes, families are adapting to 
their new evening routines. 

3564
03:17:14,700 --> 03:17:18,100
The process of preparing for 
blackout becomes a nightly 

3565
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:21,700
ritual performed. 
As Twilight approaches, you 

3566
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:24,700
would rise from your chair, sat 
down your tea and begin. 

3567
03:17:24,700 --> 03:17:28,400
The systematic covering of 
windows Some families use 

3568
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:32,400
elaborate curtain systems heavy 
fabric on tracks that slide into

3569
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:35,100
place. 
Others make do with simpler 

3570
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:39,300
Solutions, blankets pinned over 
frames, sheets of cardboard 

3571
03:17:39,300 --> 03:17:43,000
wedged into place and layers of 
newspaper taped to glass. 

3572
03:17:44,300 --> 03:17:46,900
The effect on interior space is 
claustrophobic. 

3573
03:17:47,500 --> 03:17:50,700
With Windows covered rooms, lose
their connection to the outside 

3574
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:53,400
world. 
You can't glance out to check. 

3575
03:17:53,400 --> 03:17:56,400
The weather, can't see the 
comforting glow of neighboring 

3576
03:17:56,400 --> 03:18:00,600
houses and can't watch the moon 
rise or stars appear your home 

3577
03:18:00,600 --> 03:18:04,400
becomes a sealed box cut off 
from the usual, visual reference

3578
03:18:04,400 --> 03:18:06,500
points that Orient you in time 
and space. 

3579
03:18:07,500 --> 03:18:09,000
Lighting inside must be 
carefully. 

3580
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:13,100
Managed to Many families reduce 
their use of electric lights, 

3581
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:17,600
partly from habit saving 
resources for the war effort and

3582
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:20,600
partly from an almost 
superstitious fear that somehow 

3583
03:18:20,600 --> 03:18:23,000
light will escape despite their 
precautions. 

3584
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:27,400
They rely instead on single dim 
bulbs or return to older 

3585
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:31,600
Technologies oil, lamps candles 
and gas light where it's still 

3586
03:18:31,600 --> 03:18:34,000
available. 
Quality of light changes 

3587
03:18:34,000 --> 03:18:37,800
becoming warmer but weaker 
creating Deep Shadows in room 

3588
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:41,100
Corners, making reading 
difficult and turning evening 

3589
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:44,900
hours into something. 
Quieter and more subdued There's

3590
03:18:44,900 --> 03:18:47,100
an economic Dimension to this 
Darkness too. 

3591
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:52,300
Electric companies reduce their 
output as demand plummets, coal 

3592
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:53,900
consumption drops as power 
stations. 

3593
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:56,700
Throttle back Street Maintenance
Crews. 

3594
03:18:56,700 --> 03:19:00,700
No longer need to service lamps.
The entire infrastructure of 

3595
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:04,500
urban illumination built up over
decades sits idle. 

3596
03:19:04,500 --> 03:19:08,200
It's as if a major technological
achievement has been suddenly, 

3597
03:19:08,200 --> 03:19:10,500
paused put on hold for the 
duration. 

3598
03:19:11,600 --> 03:19:14,700
But perhaps the most striking 
aspect of these first blackout 

3599
03:19:14,700 --> 03:19:18,200
nights is the quiet. 
With activities, constrained by 

3600
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:21,000
Darkness with people staying 
indoors more. 

3601
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:25,400
And with traffic reduced to a 
cautious, crawl cities, become 

3602
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:29,700
genuinely hushed in a way. 
They haven't been since the 19th

3603
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:33,200
century. 
Standing on a London Street at 

3604
03:19:33,200 --> 03:19:36,800
9:00 on a blackout evening. 
You might hear sounds that 

3605
03:19:36,800 --> 03:19:38,700
normally drown in the urban 
cacophony. 

3606
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:41,500
Wind rustling through plain 
trees. 

3607
03:19:42,300 --> 03:19:44,800
The distant hoot of an owl and a
park. 

3608
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:49,500
Your own footsteps, echoing off,
building facades The Creeks of 

3609
03:19:49,508 --> 03:19:52,200
your shoe leather and The 
Whisper of your coat. 

3610
03:19:53,700 --> 03:19:56,300
This quiet has its own peculiar 
quality. 

3611
03:19:57,200 --> 03:20:00,100
Different from the Silence of 
the countryside or wilderness. 

3612
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:04,700
It's a metropolitan quiet. 
The sound of millions of people 

3613
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:08,000
deliberately hushing themselves 
suppressing their normal 

3614
03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:12,000
activities and existing and a 
state of communal restraint. 

3615
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:16,100
It feels pregnant with potential
as if the city is holding. 

3616
03:20:16,100 --> 03:20:20,000
Its breath waiting for something
to happen or not happen. 

3617
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:24,700
The September progresses into 
October and October into 

3618
03:20:24,700 --> 03:20:27,600
November. 
The blackout stops being a 

3619
03:20:27,600 --> 03:20:30,000
shocking novelty and becomes 
Instead. 

3620
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:33,800
The New Normal. 
Human beings are a remarkably 

3621
03:20:33,800 --> 03:20:38,000
adaptable creatures and people 
develop strategies habits and 

3622
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:40,300
even preferences around their 
darkened existence. 

3623
03:20:41,300 --> 03:20:44,500
Shops, adjust their hours 
opening early to catch Morning, 

3624
03:20:44,500 --> 03:20:46,700
Light and closing. 
Well before Darkness make 

3625
03:20:46,700 --> 03:20:50,100
shopping in practical. 
The rhythm of commercial life. 

3626
03:20:50,100 --> 03:20:53,800
Shifts backward becoming more 
diurnal, more aligned with 

3627
03:20:53,800 --> 03:20:58,100
natural light cycles. 
Markets bustle at dawn in ways, 

3628
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,800
they haven't for Generations. 
Office workers arrived earlier 

3629
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:04,700
and leave earlier trying to 
complete their commutes while 

3630
03:21:04,700 --> 03:21:06,400
the sun still offers some 
guidance. 

3631
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:10,600
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 
unexpected creativity. 

3632
03:21:11,600 --> 03:21:14,300
People begin wearing white or 
light colored clothing in the 

3633
03:21:14,308 --> 03:21:18,000
evenings making themselves more 
visible to others navigate the 

3634
03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:21,200
Gloom. 
Women carry their white handbags

3635
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:24,900
rather than darker ones, Men 
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 

3636
03:21:24,908 --> 03:21:28,200
their breast pockets. 
Some particularly safety 

3637
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:31,300
conscious individuals paint 
white stripes on their clothing.

3638
03:21:31,300 --> 03:21:34,700
Looking rather like zebras as 
they hurry along Pavements. 

3639
03:21:35,500 --> 03:21:37,400
The practice extends to 
inanimate objects. 

3640
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:40,600
Curbs are painted white to make 
them visible. 

3641
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:44,500
The trunks of trees lining 
streets, receive white bands, 

3642
03:21:44,500 --> 03:21:48,800
pillar boxes, get white stripes,
even dogs, acquire, white 

3643
03:21:48,800 --> 03:21:50,900
collars so they can be spotted 
in the Darkness. 

3644
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,600
The effect glimpsed in what ever
dim light is available is oddly 

3645
03:21:55,600 --> 03:21:59,700
festive. as if the city has been
decorated, for some backward 

3646
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:03,400
celebration where white rather 
than bright colors, provide the 

3647
03:22:03,400 --> 03:22:07,500
decoration Businesses find 
innovative ways to continue 

3648
03:22:07,500 --> 03:22:11,200
operating despite the darkness, 
restaurant's used dim red 

3649
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:13,700
lights. 
That supposedly don't carry as 

3650
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:17,400
far as white light. 
Cinemas schedule, more matinee, 

3651
03:22:17,400 --> 03:22:20,300
showings pubs installed Double 
Door Systems. 

3652
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:24,300
Small enclosed lobbies where 
patrons can enter and close one 

3653
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:27,700
door before opening the second 
preventing light from spilling 

3654
03:22:27,700 --> 03:22:30,700
onto the street? 
These little airlocks become 

3655
03:22:30,700 --> 03:22:34,900
social spaces in the themselves 
places where strangers paused 

3656
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:38,000
together and compressed 
transitions zones, sharing 

3657
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:41,500
apologetic, Smiles in the 
darkness before one of them 

3658
03:22:41,500 --> 03:22:44,900
Ventures to open the inner door.
The entertainment industry 

3659
03:22:44,900 --> 03:22:46,700
adapts with characteristic 
resilience. 

3660
03:22:47,800 --> 03:22:51,300
Radio becomes even more Central 
to evening life, providing 

3661
03:22:51,300 --> 03:22:54,300
entertainment, that requires no 
light Beyond what's needed to 

3662
03:22:54,300 --> 03:22:57,300
see the dial. 
Families, gather around their 

3663
03:22:57,300 --> 03:23:00,900
Wireless sets and dimly lit, 
rooms, following dramas and 

3664
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:04,600
comedies listening to news 
broadcasts that have taken on 

3665
03:23:04,600 --> 03:23:09,100
new urgency. 
The BBC develops new programming

3666
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:13,700
specifically suited to blackout 
conditions, gentle calming 

3667
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:17,300
content for people sitting in 
dark and rooms trying not to 

3668
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,200
think too much about why they're
sitting in darkened rooms. 

3669
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:25,000
Reading becomes more challenging
even with curtains drawn and no 

3670
03:23:25,000 --> 03:23:27,700
light is escaping many. 
People find it difficult to read

3671
03:23:27,700 --> 03:23:29,600
by the dim bowls, they allow 
themselves. 

3672
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:33,400
Books are held closer to faces 
causing eye strain. 

3673
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:37,500
Some people ReDiscover, the 
pleasure of reading aloud with 

3674
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:40,600
Partners or family members, 
taking turns performing stories 

3675
03:23:40,600 --> 03:23:45,000
or newspaper articles for each 
other. it's a practice that had 

3676
03:23:45,000 --> 03:23:48,600
largely died out with widespread
literacy and individual reading 

3677
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:52,200
lights now, resurrected by 
necessity, and turning out to be

3678
03:23:52,208 --> 03:23:56,200
rather Pleasant a return to the 
old tradition of communal 

3679
03:23:56,200 --> 03:23:59,300
storytelling updated for the 
20th century. 

3680
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:03,400
Children adapt to the blackout 
with the flexibility of Youth 

3681
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:06,500
though it complicates their 
lives in numerous ways. 

3682
03:24:07,500 --> 03:24:11,100
School days, reorganize around 
available daylight evening, 

3683
03:24:11,100 --> 03:24:15,200
activities Scouts, Girl, Guides 
and youth clubs. 

3684
03:24:15,200 --> 03:24:18,900
Either moved to afternoon hours 
or take on a different character

3685
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:21,900
as participants Gathering 
carefully blacked out Halls. 

3686
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:25,100
Games and activities shift 
toward those that. 

3687
03:24:25,100 --> 03:24:30,000
Don't require a good visibility.
Card games become popular board 

3688
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:34,500
games experience, a Revival 
Radio quiz shows Inspire living 

3689
03:24:34,500 --> 03:24:38,400
room competitions, the blackout 
creates unexpected opportunities

3690
03:24:38,400 --> 03:24:41,100
for Mischief too in the 
darkness. 

3691
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:45,000
It's easier to stay out later 
than your parents realize to 

3692
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:48,400
slip away on scene and to 
conduct the small rebellions of 

3693
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:50,700
adolescents with reduced risk of
detection. 

3694
03:24:51,700 --> 03:24:54,800
More than one teenager discovers
that the blackout for all, its 

3695
03:24:54,800 --> 03:24:58,600
restrictions offers a kind of 
Freedom that comes with reduced 

3696
03:24:58,600 --> 03:25:00,700
surveillance. 
For young couples. 

3697
03:25:00,700 --> 03:25:03,300
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

3698
03:25:04,400 --> 03:25:06,800
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

3699
03:25:06,800 --> 03:25:09,400
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

3700
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:13,100
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

3701
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:16,500
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

3702
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:20,100
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

3703
03:25:20,108 --> 03:25:24,400
intimacy by default. 
Closeness born of necessity that

3704
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:26,300
might not otherwise, develop so 
quickly. 

3705
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:30,200
First kiss is happening in 
deeper Darkness than any 

3706
03:25:30,200 --> 03:25:35,000
previous generation experience 
unobserved by passes by who can 

3707
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:38,900
barely see their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services. 

3708
03:25:38,900 --> 03:25:42,500
Face particular challenges, 
doctors making housecalls 

3709
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,800
navigate by memory and 
guesswork, their medical bags 

3710
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:48,200
bumping against their legs, as 
they feel their way along 

3711
03:25:48,200 --> 03:25:52,100
streets, Nurses on night shifts.
Move through Hospital. 

3712
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:54,900
Corridors lit. 
Only by shielded lamps. 

3713
03:25:55,700 --> 03:25:59,200
Checking on patients in Wards, 
kept darker than anyone finds 

3714
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:02,700
comfortable. 
Fire brigades drill extensively 

3715
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:05,100
for responding to emergencies in
near total. 

3716
03:26:05,100 --> 03:26:09,500
Darkness developing systems of 
communication that rely on sound

3717
03:26:09,500 --> 03:26:11,500
and touch rather than visual 
signals. 

3718
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:16,400
The Postal Service continues, 
its rounds the postmen learned 

3719
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:18,500
to sort mail by feel as much as 
sight. 

3720
03:26:18,500 --> 03:26:22,100
Their fingers, developing 
sensitivity to different paper, 

3721
03:26:22,100 --> 03:26:24,700
stocks and envelope sizes. 
Milk. 

3722
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:27,000
Deliveries continue in the 
pre-dawn Darkness. 

3723
03:26:27,800 --> 03:26:29,800
The clink of bottles and the 
rattle of crates. 

3724
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:33,500
Providing a kind of alarm clock 
announcing the coming day to 

3725
03:26:33,500 --> 03:26:35,300
those awake early enough to hear
it. 

3726
03:26:36,500 --> 03:26:40,300
Public transportation becomes an
exercise in routine. 

3727
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:44,400
Bus conductors develop an almost
Supernatural ability to 

3728
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:47,700
recognize stops in the darkness.
Calling them out with 

3729
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:49,900
confidence. 
Born of long familiarity. 

3730
03:26:51,000 --> 03:26:54,000
passengers learn to count stops 
and to listen for landmarks, 

3731
03:26:55,100 --> 03:26:59,200
Kill a church bell, the sound of
the river and the change in Echo

3732
03:26:59,200 --> 03:27:02,000
as the bus passes between 
buildings of different heights. 

3733
03:27:03,000 --> 03:27:06,000
Regular commuters developmental 
Maps so detail. 

3734
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:09,200
They could navigate their Roots 
blindfolded, which is 

3735
03:27:09,200 --> 03:27:12,500
essentially what they're doing 
as the months progress and 

3736
03:27:12,500 --> 03:27:13,900
Britain. 
Settles into what we become 

3737
03:27:13,900 --> 03:27:18,100
known as the phony War appeared,
when War has been declared, but 

3738
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:20,600
major fighting hasn't yet 
reached British soil. 

3739
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:24,200
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimensions. 

3740
03:27:25,100 --> 03:27:28,000
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

3741
03:27:28,000 --> 03:27:31,900
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

3742
03:27:31,900 --> 03:27:36,100
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

3743
03:27:36,100 --> 03:27:39,200
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

3744
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:42,600
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all. 

3745
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:46,400
But the brightest stars, the 
full glory of the cosmos appears

3746
03:27:46,400 --> 03:27:49,800
overhead on clear night. 
Stepping outside is like 

3747
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:52,500
discovering a lost artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

3748
03:27:52,500 --> 03:27:54,700
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

3749
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:58,700
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

3750
03:27:58,700 --> 03:28:03,500
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

3751
03:28:03,500 --> 03:28:05,600
across the darkness like a river
of light. 

3752
03:28:06,700 --> 03:28:09,900
Constellations appear, not as 
isolated bright points. 

3753
03:28:09,900 --> 03:28:14,400
But as part of complex staff for
fields, patterns within patterns

3754
03:28:14,400 --> 03:28:18,400
depths and layers that electric 
light normally renders 

3755
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:20,400
invisible. 
The moon. 

3756
03:28:20,400 --> 03:28:24,100
When it sucks seems 
preposterously bright casting 

3757
03:28:24,100 --> 03:28:26,600
reel. 
Shadows turning streets into 

3758
03:28:26,600 --> 03:28:30,500
silver mazes and making you 
understand why poets and lovers.

3759
03:28:30,500 --> 03:28:32,200
Have obsessed over it from 
millennia. 

3760
03:28:33,100 --> 03:28:36,300
Some people find this revelation
of the night sky almost worth 

3761
03:28:36,300 --> 03:28:37,800
the inconvenience of the 
blackout. 

3762
03:28:38,800 --> 03:28:42,000
Astronomy clubs form, taking 
advantage of viewing. 

3763
03:28:42,000 --> 03:28:44,500
Conditions that rival rural 
observatories. 

3764
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:48,900
Amateur stargazers set up, 
telescopes in parks and Gardens 

3765
03:28:48,900 --> 03:28:53,600
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 
moons, Saturn's rings. 

3766
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:57,100
And the craters of the Moon in 
unprecedented detail. 

3767
03:28:58,200 --> 03:29:01,400
There's something hopeful about 
this, people looking Upward at 

3768
03:29:01,408 --> 03:29:04,000
Beauty and vastness, while 
preparing for conflict that 

3769
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:05,800
feels Petty and small by 
comparison. 

3770
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:10,400
The darkness also reveals the 
bioluminescence that normally 

3771
03:29:10,400 --> 03:29:14,400
goes unnoticed. 
On damp nights decaying wood in 

3772
03:29:14,408 --> 03:29:19,000
Parks glows, with Foxfire that 
Eerie green, phosphorescent 

3773
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:23,200
produced by certain fungi. 
People discover it by accident 

3774
03:29:23,200 --> 03:29:27,700
initially, alarmed by the 
spectral light, then fascinated 

3775
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:31,600
by this natural illumination, 
that requires no electricity. 

3776
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:36,900
Some gather pieces of glowing 
would bringing them home like 

3777
03:29:36,900 --> 03:29:40,900
captured fairy lights, watching 
them pulse and fade in dark and 

3778
03:29:40,900 --> 03:29:43,900
rooms. 
Sound takes on new prominence in

3779
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:47,200
the absence of visual stimuli. 
You're hearing becomes more 

3780
03:29:47,200 --> 03:29:51,700
acute, more attentive to the 
acoustic environment, You notice

3781
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:55,700
the different sounds that shoes 
make on different surfaces, the 

3782
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:57,400
crisp click of leather on 
pavement. 

3783
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:01,500
The softer scuff on dirt and the
hollow Echo, when crossing a 

3784
03:30:01,500 --> 03:30:04,200
bridge. 
You become aware of how sound 

3785
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:08,100
reflects off buildings, how it 
carries differently in Cold, Air

3786
03:30:08,100 --> 03:30:11,800
versus warm and how wind affects
what you can and cannot hear. 

3787
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:15,200
Music heard in the blackout 
takes on different qualities. 

3788
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:19,200
A piano played in a darkened 
room with only the faintest 

3789
03:30:19,200 --> 03:30:22,200
light to illuminate. 
The keys seems to fill the space

3790
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,400
more completely, the notes 
appear to have more presents, 

3791
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:29,300
more weight. 
Street musicians, fewer now, but

3792
03:30:29,300 --> 03:30:33,500
still present create pockets of 
Melody in the darkness and 

3793
03:30:33,500 --> 03:30:36,300
pedestrians, pause to listen in 
ways. 

3794
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:39,500
They might not in daylight when 
Vision provides so many 

3795
03:30:39,500 --> 03:30:44,500
competing distractions church 
bells, continue to Mark time but

3796
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:47,200
their sound travels differently 
through the quieted city. 

3797
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:52,400
Without traffic noise to muffled
them Bells carry for Miles their

3798
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:55,700
various tones, creating 
unintended Harmony as different 

3799
03:30:55,700 --> 03:30:59,600
churches, Mark the hours, some 
people begin to navigate by bell

3800
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:03,000
sound using familiar patterns to
orient themselves. 

3801
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,900
Even when visual landmarks or 
invisible The blackout. 

3802
03:31:06,900 --> 03:31:10,100
So amplifies smell without 
visual distraction. 

3803
03:31:10,100 --> 03:31:12,900
Your nose provides more 
information than usual. 

3804
03:31:12,900 --> 03:31:14,800
You become aware of the 
particular. 

3805
03:31:14,800 --> 03:31:19,600
Scent of rain on Stone of fog, 
carrying hints of the river of 

3806
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:23,400
coal smoke from chimneys and of 
cooking from various houses 

3807
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:25,700
creating an olfactory map of 
your neighborhood. 

3808
03:31:26,700 --> 03:31:29,900
Bakeries become locatable by 
scent before sight. 

3809
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:34,300
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread
serving as a beacon that draws 

3810
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,100
customers through the darkness. 
But alongside these unexpected 

3811
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:40,600
Pleasures runs a constant 
undercurrent of unease. 

3812
03:31:41,400 --> 03:31:45,100
The darkness that reveals Stars 
also conceals potential threats,

3813
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,900
every shadow could be an 
obstacle and every sound might 

3814
03:31:48,900 --> 03:31:51,800
signal Danger. 
Human imagination. 

3815
03:31:51,800 --> 03:31:55,100
Deprived of visual input tends 
to fill, in missing information 

3816
03:31:55,100 --> 03:31:58,900
with worst case scenarios. 
That bump in the darkness is 

3817
03:31:58,900 --> 03:32:02,700
probably just someone's elbow, 
making accidental contact, but 

3818
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:05,600
for a moment, your heart rate 
Spike's with more Primal Fear 

3819
03:32:05,600 --> 03:32:09,000
women, particularly feel 
vulnerable in the darkness. 

3820
03:32:09,000 --> 03:32:12,400
The reduced visibility that 
offers privacy to courting 

3821
03:32:12,400 --> 03:32:14,700
couples. 
Also provides cover for 

3822
03:32:14,700 --> 03:32:18,800
harassment and assault. reported
incidents of such crimes 

3823
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:22,000
increased during the blackout, 
though it's unclear whether the 

3824
03:32:22,000 --> 03:32:25,400
actual rate Rises or if Darkness
simply enables crimes that would

3825
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:30,000
happen regardless, Many women 
alter their routines traveling, 

3826
03:32:30,000 --> 03:32:33,400
only in groups, carrying 
whistles, or other noise makers,

3827
03:32:33,400 --> 03:32:37,100
and avoiding certain areas that 
feel particularly threatening in

3828
03:32:37,100 --> 03:32:41,200
the absence of light. 
A count also creates social 

3829
03:32:41,200 --> 03:32:45,100
isolation in unexpected ways 
without being able to see into 

3830
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:48,100
neighbor's Windows to note, the 
comforting glow of occupied 

3831
03:32:48,100 --> 03:32:52,900
homes, people feel more alone 
The physical proximity of urban 

3832
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:56,800
life continues, you're still 
surrounded by thousands of other

3833
03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:59,500
humans living their lives, just 
beyond thin walls. 

3834
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:04,600
But the visual confirmation of 
that presence disappears, your 

3835
03:33:04,600 --> 03:33:06,700
neighbor might be three feet 
away on the other side of a 

3836
03:33:06,700 --> 03:33:09,900
wall, but in the darkness and 
quiet, they might as well be 

3837
03:33:09,900 --> 03:33:13,500
muscles distant. 
This isolation is particularly 

3838
03:33:13,500 --> 03:33:17,100
hard for the elderly and infirm.
Those who already struggled with

3839
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:19,800
Mobility, find the darkness 
actively dangerous. 

3840
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:23,900
The simple Act of walking to a 
corner shop becomes fraught with

3841
03:33:23,900 --> 03:33:26,600
Hazard. 
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 

3842
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:30,800
obstacles, to collide with and 
the constant possibility of 

3843
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:33,500
becoming disoriented and lost on
familiar streets. 

3844
03:33:34,700 --> 03:33:38,600
Many older people choose to stay
home more venturing out, only 

3845
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:43,100
when absolutely necessary 
accepting a constricted life as 

3846
03:33:43,100 --> 03:33:46,100
preferable to the risks of 
navigating, the shadowed City. 

3847
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:49,900
Mental health professionals, 
notice an increase in reports of

3848
03:33:49,900 --> 03:33:53,900
anxiety and depression. 
The darkness combined with wall 

3849
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:57,100
stress creates a psychological 
burden that some people struggle

3850
03:33:57,100 --> 03:34:00,100
to manage. 
Sleep patterns disrupt. 

3851
03:34:00,100 --> 03:34:04,500
Some people sleep, better in the
deeper Darkness While others lie

3852
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:06,700
awake. 
Listening to every small sound 

3853
03:34:06,700 --> 03:34:09,100
unable to relax into 
vulnerability. 

3854
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:13,500
Dreams become more Vivid for 
many possibly because the 

3855
03:34:13,500 --> 03:34:17,100
darkness and quiet create fewer 
distractions from internal 

3856
03:34:17,100 --> 03:34:20,100
mental activity. 
Yet there's also a strange 

3857
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:23,800
coziness to it all a sense of 
communal experience that 

3858
03:34:23,800 --> 03:34:26,200
transcends the inconvenience and
danger. 

3859
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:30,300
Everyone is facing the same 
challenge, making the same 

3860
03:34:30,308 --> 03:34:33,700
adjustments and developing the 
same odd competences for 

3861
03:34:33,700 --> 03:34:36,500
navigating Darkness. 
There's a camera artery in 

3862
03:34:36,500 --> 03:34:39,900
shared difficulty, a democratic 
leveling that occurs. 

3863
03:34:39,900 --> 03:34:42,900
When Lord and laborer alike, 
must feel their way along the 

3864
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:46,900
same invisible Street inside the
blacked out homes of Britain 

3865
03:34:46,900 --> 03:34:50,800
family, life reorganizes itself 
around new limitations and 

3866
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:54,200
possibilities. 
The blackout curtains that seal 

3867
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:58,100
Windows become daily fixtures, 
they're operation as routine as 

3868
03:34:58,108 --> 03:35:01,900
making tea. 
Each evening as natural, light 

3869
03:35:01,900 --> 03:35:05,400
begins to fade, someone Rises to
perform the ritual. 

3870
03:35:05,400 --> 03:35:10,000
Drawing heavy fabric across 
Windows, checking for gaps and 

3871
03:35:10,000 --> 03:35:12,900
ensuring, no betraying limo Mark
the house from above. 

3872
03:35:13,600 --> 03:35:15,600
The rooms once sealed feel 
different. 

3873
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:19,600
Smaller somehow, even though 
their physical dimensions have 

3874
03:35:19,600 --> 03:35:22,900
not changed the absence of 
visual connection to the 

3875
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:25,200
outside. 
World makes interior spaces feel

3876
03:35:25,200 --> 03:35:30,500
more like caves or cocoons 
enclosed inward-facing and 

3877
03:35:30,500 --> 03:35:34,400
separate from the larger world. 
This can be comforting or 

3878
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:37,400
claustrophobic depending on 
temperament and Circumstance. 

3879
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:42,300
For some it creates a pleasant 
sense of snugness everyone 

3880
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:47,600
tucked safely together. 
For others, it feels confining a

3881
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:49,500
nightly imprisonment in their 
own homes. 

3882
03:35:50,400 --> 03:35:53,600
Lighting becomes a subject of 
surprising complexity and 

3883
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,200
importance. 
How much light is in enough two 

3884
03:35:57,200 --> 03:36:01,200
little strains eyes and hampers 
activities but too much feels 

3885
03:36:01,200 --> 03:36:03,000
wasteful. 
Almost Reckless. 

3886
03:36:03,900 --> 03:36:06,400
Families, develop their own 
standards and practices. 

3887
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:10,300
Some maintain just one or two 
lights in the most used rooms 

3888
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:13,600
leaving hallways and lesser used
spaces in darkness. 

3889
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:16,800
Others attempt to maintain 
something closer to their 

3890
03:36:16,800 --> 03:36:20,600
pre-war lighting levels, valuing
normalcy over conservation. 

3891
03:36:21,500 --> 03:36:25,900
The quality of light matters 
too, incandescent bulbs cast, 

3892
03:36:25,900 --> 03:36:29,300
warm, yellow, orange light, that
feels friendly and domestic. 

3893
03:36:30,600 --> 03:36:33,400
Slight where it's still 
available flickers slightly 

3894
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:37,600
creating moving Shadows that 
some find nostalgic and others 

3895
03:36:37,600 --> 03:36:40,800
find eerie. 
Candles, produce beautiful 

3896
03:36:40,800 --> 03:36:45,500
light, but require attention. 
Someone must trim Wix watch for 

3897
03:36:45,500 --> 03:36:48,300
drips and ensure nothing catches
fire. 

3898
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:53,200
Oil lamps smell distinctive, a 
petroleum scent, that comes 

3899
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:56,500
associated with winter, evenings
and the crackle of the wireless.

3900
03:36:57,600 --> 03:37:00,000
Mealtimes. 
Adjust to the blackouts rhythms.

3901
03:37:00,700 --> 03:37:03,700
Dinner happens early while 
natural light, still assist with

3902
03:37:03,700 --> 03:37:07,600
cooking and table setting. 
The ritual of evening, t-shirts,

3903
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:11,400
backward, too, or transforms 
into a simpler Affair, taking in

3904
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:14,400
dimly lit rooms. 
Some families find themselves, 

3905
03:37:14,400 --> 03:37:16,300
eating more cold meals in the 
evening. 

3906
03:37:16,300 --> 03:37:20,100
Avoiding the complexity of 
cooking and reduced light, and 

3907
03:37:20,100 --> 03:37:24,300
making do with sandwiches left 
over Pi cheese and crackers. 

3908
03:37:24,300 --> 03:37:27,500
Yet, there's an increased 
emphasis on making evening meals

3909
03:37:27,500 --> 03:37:31,300
special, a conscious effort to 
maintain normalcy and comfort 

3910
03:37:31,300 --> 03:37:35,100
despite the circumstances. 
Mothers and wives, take extra 

3911
03:37:35,100 --> 03:37:38,200
care with presentation, setting 
tables nicely. 

3912
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:42,400
Even if the dining room is dim 
using Good China and creating 

3913
03:37:42,400 --> 03:37:45,500
small, ceremonies that assert 
civilizations continuity. 

3914
03:37:46,800 --> 03:37:50,800
These gestures matter more than 
they might seem their acts of 

3915
03:37:50,800 --> 03:37:54,000
resistance against the 
disruption declarations that 

3916
03:37:54,000 --> 03:37:57,400
ordinary life, persists, despite
extraordinary circumstances 

3917
03:37:57,400 --> 03:38:01,300
after dinner families gathered 
together, more than they might 

3918
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:04,000
have before. 
With fewer options, for 

3919
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:07,600
individual entertainment, with 
Darkness, making it impractical 

3920
03:38:07,600 --> 03:38:10,900
to pursue separate activities, 
in different rooms, people, 

3921
03:38:10,900 --> 03:38:14,500
congregate in the best lit 
space, usually the sitting room 

3922
03:38:14,500 --> 03:38:18,800
or kitchen. this enforced 
togetherness recreates patterns 

3923
03:38:18,800 --> 03:38:23,000
of family life from early eras 
before electric light allowed 

3924
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:25,900
household members to scatter to 
different rooms pursuing 

3925
03:38:25,900 --> 03:38:29,100
individual interests, the 
wireless becomes, the evening's 

3926
03:38:29,100 --> 03:38:33,700
focal point, it is dial glowing,
like a small campfire Gathering 

3927
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:37,800
the family around its broadcast 
voices, Programmed structure to 

3928
03:38:37,808 --> 03:38:40,300
the evening. 
The news at 9, followed by 

3929
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:43,300
entertainment, then perhaps 
music before bed. 

3930
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:48,100
Listening becomes a communal 
activity, something shared, and 

3931
03:38:48,100 --> 03:38:50,700
discussed with reactions. 
Exchanged in real time. 

3932
03:38:51,600 --> 03:38:55,300
When something funny happens in 
a comedy programme, the family's

3933
03:38:55,300 --> 03:38:57,200
laughter mingles together in the
dim room. 

3934
03:38:57,200 --> 03:39:01,000
Creating a shared memory. 
A small moment of Joy amidst 

3935
03:39:01,000 --> 03:39:05,000
anxiety. 
Games and puzzles experienced a 

3936
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:09,100
Renaissance families, bring out 
jigsaws card decks and board 

3937
03:39:09,100 --> 03:39:11,400
games that have been Gathering 
dust and cupboards. 

3938
03:39:12,300 --> 03:39:15,100
These activities work. 
Well, in dim, light and 

3939
03:39:15,100 --> 03:39:16,900
accommodate multiple 
participants. 

3940
03:39:16,900 --> 03:39:22,100
The social Dynamic shifts during
gameplay, hierarchies flattened 

3941
03:39:22,100 --> 03:39:25,500
children can be beat adults 
through local skill, and 

3942
03:39:25,500 --> 03:39:27,800
everyone participates on more 
equal terms. 

3943
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,300
These evening game sessions, 
create their own satisfaction, 

3944
03:39:31,300 --> 03:39:35,000
Simple Pleasures that don't 
require technology or 

3945
03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:38,100
brighteners. 
Conversation too becomes more 

3946
03:39:38,100 --> 03:39:41,600
Central to family life. 
Without the visual stimulation 

3947
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:43,500
of bright rooms and varied 
activities. 

3948
03:39:43,500 --> 03:39:48,600
People talk more, tell stories 
and share their days and greater

3949
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:51,300
detail. 
Parents discuss things with 

3950
03:39:51,300 --> 03:39:54,200
children that might normally be 
postponed or abbreviated 

3951
03:39:54,200 --> 03:39:57,900
siblings who might typically 
ignore each other in favor of 

3952
03:39:57,900 --> 03:40:00,000
separate. 
Pursuits, find themselves, 

3953
03:40:00,000 --> 03:40:03,800
actually conversing getting to 
know each other better in these 

3954
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:08,200
enforced periods of proximity 
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 

3955
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:11,500
ritual in many households. 
Father, might read from the 

3956
03:40:11,500 --> 03:40:15,300
evening paper, sharing news and 
editorials sometimes with 

3957
03:40:15,300 --> 03:40:18,200
commentary. 
Mother might read from novels 

3958
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,900
performing different voices for 
different characters creating 

3959
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:24,400
entertainment that doesn't 
require visual props. 

3960
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:28,500
Older children might take turns 
reading developing their 

3961
03:40:28,500 --> 03:40:30,300
expression and comfort with 
performance. 

3962
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:34,600
These sessions revive an oral 
tradition that had been fading, 

3963
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:37,800
turning literature back into 
something, communal rather than 

3964
03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:41,300
solitary. 
Bedtime routine simplify in some

3965
03:40:41,308 --> 03:40:44,000
ways. 
Without bright light, the 

3966
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:47,300
natural drowsiness that comes 
with Darkness isn't artificially

3967
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:49,200
suppressed. 
Children. 

3968
03:40:49,200 --> 03:40:52,500
Get sleepier their circadian 
rhythms responding to 

3969
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:56,000
environmental cues that electric
light normally overrides. 

3970
03:40:56,900 --> 03:40:59,400
Parents find it easier to get 
little ones to bed when the 

3971
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:01,200
whole house is already dim and 
quiet. 

3972
03:41:01,200 --> 03:41:04,200
When there's not much exciting 
happening to miss. 

3973
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:09,500
But the darkness all introduces,
new nighttime fears, especially 

3974
03:41:09,500 --> 03:41:12,900
for children. 
Shadows in a dimly lit, bedroom.

3975
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:17,800
Seemed deeper more ominous. 
The usual reassurer of theirs. 

3976
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:21,600
Nothing there becomes harder to 
verify when you actually can't 

3977
03:41:21,600 --> 03:41:25,600
see into corners and closets. 
Some parents leave candles 

3978
03:41:25,600 --> 03:41:29,100
burning accepting the fire risk 
as preferable to Childhood 

3979
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:32,200
Terror. 
Others develop new bed time, 

3980
03:41:32,200 --> 03:41:35,900
rituals longer tucking in 
sessions stories told. 

3981
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:39,300
In soothing, tones and songs 
hummed until sleep arrives. 

3982
03:41:40,400 --> 03:41:42,800
For parents themselves, the 
blackout creates its own 

3983
03:41:42,800 --> 03:41:46,100
intimacy and distance. 
Once children are asleep. 

3984
03:41:46,100 --> 03:41:48,600
Couples have the evening to 
themselves in ways, they might 

3985
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:51,600
not have before. 
When evening activities, might 

3986
03:41:51,600 --> 03:41:54,300
scatter family members to 
various entertainments. 

3987
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:59,200
Yet the darkness and quiet also 
emphasized their isolation. 

3988
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:04,000
Two people in a sealed house on 
a dark and Street Living Through

3989
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:06,200
History, without knowing how the
story ends. 

3990
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:10,200
Some couples use this time for 
serious conversations, that 

3991
03:42:10,200 --> 03:42:13,600
daylight and distraction had 
allowed them to postpone 

3992
03:42:13,600 --> 03:42:17,400
discussion about money about 
plans, for possible of 

3993
03:42:17,408 --> 03:42:21,600
evacuation about fears and 
hopes, and about what they'll do

3994
03:42:21,600 --> 03:42:25,800
if the war intensifies. 
Other couples deliberately avoid

3995
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:29,300
heavy topics preferring to 
maintain lightness, to protect 

3996
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:31,700
their evening hours as refugees 
from worried. 

3997
03:42:32,700 --> 03:42:36,900
They play cards, listen to music
and simply sit together in 

3998
03:42:36,900 --> 03:42:40,800
comfortable silence, taking 
comfort from physical proximity.

3999
03:42:42,000 --> 03:42:44,400
The blackout effects married 
life in unexpected. 

4000
03:42:44,400 --> 03:42:47,300
Ways the darkness provides 
privacy. 

4001
03:42:47,300 --> 03:42:50,400
Even in homes, with thin walls 
and multiple inhabitants 

4002
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:54,200
intimacy becomes easier when 
visual privacy is assured. 

4003
03:42:54,200 --> 03:42:58,500
When darkness guarantees 
discretion Some couples find 

4004
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:02,000
their relationships strengthened
by the enforced closeness and 

4005
03:43:02,000 --> 03:43:04,800
the shared experience of 
adapting to strange 

4006
03:43:04,800 --> 03:43:08,800
circumstances. others, find the 
proximity without Escape, 

4007
03:43:08,800 --> 03:43:12,000
grating, the inability to 
retreat into separate 

4008
03:43:12,000 --> 03:43:15,700
activities, creating friction 
that might otherwise dissipate 

4009
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:19,600
Elderly family members often 
living with their adult children

4010
03:43:19,600 --> 03:43:23,500
face particular challenges. 
Many older people have always 

4011
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:27,300
relied heavily on visual cues 
and the reduction in light makes

4012
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:31,200
everything harder reading 
knitting, even just moving 

4013
03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:34,400
around the house safely, 
Families must decide how to 

4014
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:37,400
balance their Elders needs for 
light with blackout requirements

4015
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:42,500
and conservation concerns. 
compromises emerge, brighter, 

4016
03:43:42,500 --> 03:43:45,100
light, and grandmother's room, 
even if the rest of the house 

4017
03:43:45,100 --> 03:43:49,900
remains dim Extra handles Place 
strategically more assistance 

4018
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:52,600
with evening tasks that Darkness
makes difficult. 

4019
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,500
The blackout also reveals class 
differences in domestic 

4020
03:43:56,500 --> 03:44:00,500
experience, wealthier, families 
can afford heavier, curtains, 

4021
03:44:00,500 --> 03:44:04,400
better, blackout materials, and 
perhaps even specially designed 

4022
03:44:04,400 --> 03:44:06,600
blackout systems with multiple 
layers. 

4023
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:10,500
Their homes might have more 
rooms allowing family members 

4024
03:44:10,500 --> 03:44:13,400
more privacy, despite the 
enforced evening togetherness. 

4025
03:44:14,300 --> 03:44:16,900
They might maintain closer to 
normal lighting levels, 

4026
03:44:16,900 --> 03:44:19,700
considering the extra 
electricity expense and 

4027
03:44:19,700 --> 03:44:23,800
acceptable cost for comfort. 
Working class families make do 

4028
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:28,400
with cheaper Solutions, blankets
nailed over Windows newspaper 

4029
03:44:28,400 --> 03:44:32,100
pasted to Glass and curtains 
sewn from whatever fabric could 

4030
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:34,800
be afforded. 
Their smaller homes mean less 

4031
03:44:34,800 --> 03:44:38,000
privacy. 
More enforced, proximity and 

4032
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:40,800
everyone living in each other's 
Pockets even more than usual. 

4033
03:44:41,800 --> 03:44:44,700
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

4034
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:48,000
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

4035
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:50,400
element, too rich and poor 
alike. 

4036
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:53,900
Must darken their homes, the 
Duke, and his mansion, and the 

4037
03:44:53,900 --> 03:44:57,300
docker in his Terrace row. 
Both spend their evening's in 

4038
03:44:57,300 --> 03:45:01,300
dimmed rooms, both must navigate
the same darkened streets. 

4039
03:45:02,300 --> 03:45:05,400
The blackout is one of the few 
wartime measures that truly 

4040
03:45:05,400 --> 03:45:07,500
applies equally across social 
strata. 

4041
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:12,000
Creating a rare moment of shared
experience across class lines. 

4042
03:45:13,100 --> 03:45:18,100
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 
blackout continues month after 

4043
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:20,800
month. 
Something remarkable happens, 

4044
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:23,700
people stop thinking about it 
quite so much. 

4045
03:45:23,700 --> 03:45:27,400
Extraordinary becomes ordinary 
through sheer repetition. 

4046
03:45:28,400 --> 03:45:31,400
The nightly ritual of darkening,
Windows transforms from a 

4047
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:35,500
conscious process into a habit, 
Performed with the automaticity 

4048
03:45:35,500 --> 03:45:38,000
of brushing teeth or locking 
doors. 

4049
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:42,600
Innovations, accumulate, small 
improvements that collectively 

4050
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:44,100
make the darkness more 
manageable. 

4051
03:45:44,800 --> 03:45:48,000
Enterprise in individuals, 
develop gadgets and solutions 

4052
03:45:48,000 --> 03:45:50,700
that spread through communities 
like helpful folklore. 

4053
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:54,200
Someone discovers that painting 
steroid edges, with luminous 

4054
03:45:54,200 --> 03:45:56,000
paint makes them safer to 
navigate. 

4055
03:45:57,000 --> 03:46:01,200
The idea spreads and soon 
glowing stage is become common. 

4056
03:46:01,200 --> 03:46:04,900
Little safety features that cost
pennies but prevent countless 

4057
03:46:04,900 --> 03:46:08,500
Falls, Shops. 
Begin selling specially designed

4058
03:46:08,500 --> 03:46:12,500
blackout accessories torches 
with narrow beams and red 

4059
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:15,200
filters. 
That supposedly don't compromise

4060
03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:18,600
night vision. 
Reflective armbands and badges 

4061
03:46:18,600 --> 03:46:21,100
for pedestrians luminous 
buttons. 

4062
03:46:21,100 --> 03:46:24,900
That can be sewn on to coats. 
White painted walking sticks. 

4063
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:28,700
The commercial World adapts to 
serve the dark and consumer 

4064
03:46:28,700 --> 03:46:33,600
finding profit even in darkness.
Fashion truly Embraces. 

4065
03:46:33,600 --> 03:46:36,800
The blackout aesthetic 
designers, create clothing with 

4066
03:46:36,800 --> 03:46:39,800
safety features. 
Built in white piping on dark 

4067
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:44,400
coats, reflective threads, woven
into fabrics and light colored 

4068
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:47,800
accessories that serve the Dual 
purposes of style and visibility

4069
03:46:48,800 --> 03:46:52,700
women's magazines run features 
on Blackout Beauty suggesting 

4070
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:55,400
makeup and hairstyles suited to 
dim lighting. 

4071
03:46:56,400 --> 03:47:00,300
The advice is practical and 
sometimes, absurd, lighter face 

4072
03:47:00,300 --> 03:47:02,300
powder is recommended because 
it's more visible. 

4073
03:47:02,300 --> 03:47:06,000
While dark lipstick is warned. 
Again, lest you become a pair of

4074
03:47:06,008 --> 03:47:09,500
disembodied, lips, floating in 
the darkness restaurants and 

4075
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:11,700
pubs develop. 
Elaborate workarounds for the 

4076
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:14,900
blackout, restrictions some 
establishments paint their 

4077
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:18,300
Windows opaque black. 
But in stalled, elaborate 

4078
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:22,200
interior, lighting, creating 
spaces that feel almost normal 

4079
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:25,400
once you're inside. 
Others embrace the dimness 

4080
03:47:25,400 --> 03:47:29,200
installing red or blue lights 
that create atmospheric spaces. 

4081
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:32,900
While technically complying with
regulations nightclubs, in 

4082
03:47:32,908 --> 03:47:36,200
particular find that dim 
lighting can be romantic or 

4083
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:39,400
mysterious transforming a 
restriction into a feature. 

4084
03:47:39,400 --> 03:47:43,200
The entertainment industry 
becomes increasingly creative 

4085
03:47:44,100 --> 03:47:47,200
Cinemas develop complex 
procedures for seating people in

4086
03:47:47,200 --> 03:47:49,900
darkness ushers with covered 
torches. 

4087
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:54,300
Luminous floor markers and 
spaced entry times to prevent 

4088
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:56,200
traffic jams in the lightless 
Isles. 

4089
03:47:57,100 --> 03:48:00,300
Some theaters experiment with 
matinee, only schedules 

4090
03:48:00,300 --> 03:48:03,600
accepting reduced evening 
business rather than dealing 

4091
03:48:03,600 --> 03:48:07,600
with blackout complications. 
others Thrive precisely because 

4092
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:10,600
they offer bright escapism 
inside while maintaining 

4093
03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:14,800
complete darkness outside, Radio
programs evolved to suit their 

4094
03:48:14,800 --> 03:48:18,400
audiences circumstances. 
Content becomes more domestic 

4095
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:21,500
more suited to family. 
Listening in dimmed rooms, 

4096
03:48:21,500 --> 03:48:25,800
comedy programs, emphasize 
verbal humor, over visual gags, 

4097
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:30,200
dramas rely on sound effects and
voice acting to create Vivid 

4098
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:33,800
mental images. 
The BBC becomes increasingly 

4099
03:48:33,800 --> 03:48:36,900
sophisticated in its 
understanding of how to create 

4100
03:48:36,900 --> 03:48:40,800
entertainment for a population 
city in the dark unable to do 

4101
03:48:40,800 --> 03:48:44,900
much else besides listen. 
Local communities, develop 

4102
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:48,300
Collective, coping strategies 
neighborhoods, organized 

4103
03:48:48,300 --> 03:48:52,300
blackout socials Gathering where
people can meet and mingled 

4104
03:48:52,300 --> 03:48:56,300
despite the darkness. 
Churches, host, evening services

4105
03:48:56,300 --> 03:48:59,100
that become social events. 
As much as religious ones, 

4106
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:02,600
providing both spiritual comfort
and human connection. 

4107
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:06,400
Community centers run 
activities, specifically 

4108
03:49:06,400 --> 03:49:08,400
designed for low-light 
conditions. 

4109
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:12,400
Music sessions discussion groups
and Collective listening to 

4110
03:49:12,400 --> 03:49:15,900
important broadcasts. 
Street communities become more 

4111
03:49:15,900 --> 03:49:17,700
tight-knit through the shared 
experience. 

4112
03:49:18,700 --> 03:49:21,400
Neighbors, who might previously 
have exchanged only perfunctory 

4113
03:49:21,400 --> 03:49:24,300
greetings? 
Now check on each other help 

4114
03:49:24,300 --> 03:49:26,700
each other with blackout 
preparations and share 

4115
03:49:26,700 --> 03:49:30,200
resources, and solutions. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

4116
03:49:30,200 --> 03:49:33,700
Frontier mentality. 
A sense that you're all in this 

4117
03:49:33,700 --> 03:49:36,100
together. 
Facing common challenges that 

4118
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:40,700
require Mutual support children,
remarkably resilient turn the 

4119
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:44,100
blackout into play. 
They invent games suited to 

4120
03:49:44,100 --> 03:49:48,500
Darkness, elaborate version of 
hide and seek treasure hunts. 

4121
03:49:48,500 --> 03:49:51,300
That rely on touch and sound, 
rather than sight. 

4122
03:49:51,300 --> 03:49:55,100
And Theatrical performance is 
put on in dimmed, groom's where 

4123
03:49:55,100 --> 03:49:57,500
imagination fills in for visual 
spectacle. 

4124
03:49:58,600 --> 03:50:02,100
The blackout becomes normalized 
in their experience, not a 

4125
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:05,900
temporary disruption but simply 
how the world works as natural 

4126
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:08,200
as rain or school or Sunday 
roast. 

4127
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:12,600
Teachers adapt, their lesson 
plans, incorporating blackout 

4128
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:16,500
realities into education. 
Science classes discuss 

4129
03:50:16,500 --> 03:50:18,300
astronomy. 
With Newfound relevance 

4130
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:20,900
students, can actually see what 
they're learning about. 

4131
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:24,900
History lessons. 
Draw, parallels to Medieval 

4132
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:27,400
life. 
Helping children understand that

4133
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:30,100
most of human history occurred 
without electric light. 

4134
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:35,500
Art classes experiment with low 
light media, charcoal drawings 

4135
03:50:35,500 --> 03:50:40,000
shadow puppets and projects that
work despite limited visibility.

4136
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:43,500
Physical coordination improves 
across the population. 

4137
03:50:43,500 --> 03:50:47,000
As people, develop better, 
spatial awareness. your 

4138
03:50:47,000 --> 03:50:50,700
proprioception that internal 
sense of where your body is in 

4139
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:56,300
space sharpens when visual input
becomes unreliable, People learn

4140
03:50:56,300 --> 03:51:00,500
to move more carefully, more 
consciously developing a kind of

4141
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,800
bodily intelligence that Modern 
Life had allowed to atrophy. 

4142
03:51:05,200 --> 03:51:09,500
Simple Act of walking becomes 
more mindful, more present, and 

4143
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:12,000
less the unconscious automatic 
process. 

4144
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:16,400
It had been health effects 
emerge, both positive and 

4145
03:51:16,400 --> 03:51:20,200
negative accident rates from the
darkness remain elevated. 

4146
03:51:20,200 --> 03:51:24,200
People can continue to trip 
Collide and stumble into 

4147
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:26,800
objects. 
But there are unexpected 

4148
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:29,800
benefits, too. 
The early evening, schedules 

4149
03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:32,900
mean, people get more sleep and 
their circadian rhythms. 

4150
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:35,400
Are more aligned with natural 
light, dark Cycles. 

4151
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:38,600
The reduction in artificial 
light at night. 

4152
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:41,200
Might be improving Sleep 
Quality, though. 

4153
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:44,600
Nobody's conducting formal 
studies to verify this the 

4154
03:51:44,600 --> 03:51:47,800
enforced indoor evenings mean, 
less exposure to cold and damp 

4155
03:51:47,800 --> 03:51:50,800
for some potentially reducing 
winter illness. 

4156
03:51:51,700 --> 03:51:54,100
Seasonal variations in the 
blackout, create different 

4157
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:58,300
challenges and experiences, some
evenings with their late sunsets

4158
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:00,700
require a shorter periods of 
blackout. 

4159
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:05,300
That's just three or four hours.
People can enjoy long Twilights 

4160
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:08,700
and extended time Outdoors, 
while it's still light enough to

4161
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:13,700
see Picnics and garden parties. 
Adapt to early schedule's up 

4162
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:15,500
before. 
Darkness makes them in 

4163
03:52:15,500 --> 03:52:18,400
practical. 
But winter brings longer 

4164
03:52:18,400 --> 03:52:22,200
blackout periods, sometimes 16 
hours or more of required 

4165
03:52:22,200 --> 03:52:25,100
Darkness. 
The cycle weight of this is 

4166
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:27,500
considerable, waking in 
darkness. 

4167
03:52:27,500 --> 03:52:31,800
Working through short, daylight 
hours, returning home to more 

4168
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,200
Darkness. 
It feels oppressive endless. 

4169
03:52:36,100 --> 03:52:39,400
Seasonal affective disorder 
though not yet named or 

4170
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:43,500
officially recognized. 
Surely affects many the lack of 

4171
03:52:43,508 --> 03:52:48,100
light combines with war anxiety 
to create periods of genuine, 

4172
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:52,000
depression for some December 
1939. 

4173
03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:54,600
Brings the Blackout's first 
winter holiday season. 

4174
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:57,300
Christmas presents unique 
challenges. 

4175
03:52:57,300 --> 03:53:01,600
How do you maintain festive 
cheer in compulsory Darkness 

4176
03:53:02,400 --> 03:53:05,300
Families rise to the challenge 
with determination that borders 

4177
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:09,700
on defiance Christmas lights. 
Those strings of colored bulbs, 

4178
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:13,000
that normally decorate windows, 
and trees must be abandoned or 

4179
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:16,400
drastically modified. 
Some people criter elaborate 

4180
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:20,400
interior displays decorating 
trees in rooms with completely 

4181
03:53:20,400 --> 03:53:24,300
blacked out windows, creating 
private festivals of light that 

4182
03:53:24,300 --> 03:53:29,200
can't be seen from outside. 
Carol singing adapts to blackout

4183
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:33,000
conditions groups, carry covered
lanterns as they move from house

4184
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:37,300
to house their voices rising in 
the darkness creating moments of

4185
03:53:37,300 --> 03:53:40,400
beauty and connection. 
That feel more pressure for the 

4186
03:53:40,408 --> 03:53:44,200
surrounding glue. 
Ancient hymns about light coming

4187
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:46,300
into darkness, take on new 
residents. 

4188
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:49,500
Silent Night, feels especially 
appropriate. 

4189
03:53:49,500 --> 03:53:52,600
When nights are so profoundly 
silent and dark. 

4190
03:53:53,500 --> 03:53:57,000
Gift-giving focuses on practical
items suited to blackout life, 

4191
03:53:57,000 --> 03:54:01,800
torches, luminous paint warm 
clothing and books for reading 

4192
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:04,300
aloud. 
But there are frivolous gifts 

4193
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:06,400
too. 
Deliberate, assertions of 

4194
03:54:06,400 --> 03:54:10,700
normalcy and joy, despite 
circumstances dolls, and toy 

4195
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,600
soldiers for children, perfume 
and stockings for wives and 

4196
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:17,900
pipes and tobacco. 
For husbands, these gestures 

4197
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:22,200
matter enormously small Defiance
is against the wars restrictions

4198
03:54:22,200 --> 03:54:26,300
declarations that life and 
pleasure can continue New Year's

4199
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:28,800
Eve presents its own strange 
circumstances. 

4200
03:54:29,900 --> 03:54:33,000
The traditional celebrations 
gathering in public squares, 

4201
03:54:33,000 --> 03:54:36,300
watching for midnight and the 
explosion of noise and lighters 

4202
03:54:36,300 --> 03:54:39,400
the New Year. 
Arrives must be reimagined. 

4203
03:54:40,400 --> 03:54:43,600
People celebrate in dark and 
homes, listening for church 

4204
03:54:43,600 --> 03:54:47,400
bells gathering around Wireless 
sets for special broadcasts. 

4205
03:54:48,300 --> 03:54:52,700
When midnight comes they might 
step out into darkness, hearing 

4206
03:54:52,700 --> 03:54:54,700
distant, voices, calling 
greetings. 

4207
03:54:54,700 --> 03:54:57,500
They cannot see feeling 
connected to Invisible 

4208
03:54:57,500 --> 03:55:03,000
neighbors, through sound alone. 
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 

4209
03:55:03,000 --> 03:55:06,300
determination. 
The blackout will continue but 

4210
03:55:06,300 --> 03:55:07,500
people have learned to live with
it. 

4211
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:12,300
The initial shock has worn off 
replaced by practiced 

4212
03:55:12,300 --> 03:55:15,000
competence. 
You know, how to navigate your 

4213
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:17,800
street in darkness, you know, 
how long your blackout 

4214
03:55:17,800 --> 03:55:21,100
preparations, take, you know, 
which activities work in dim 

4215
03:55:21,100 --> 03:55:24,300
light in which don't the 
learning curve has been climbed 

4216
03:55:24,300 --> 03:55:27,500
and what remains is simply 
persistent. 

4217
03:55:28,500 --> 03:55:32,400
The blackout continues through 
1940 and Beyond lasting in 

4218
03:55:32,400 --> 03:55:37,300
various forms until September. 
1944, when regulations finally 

4219
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:41,100
relax as the threat of bombing 
diminishes, But even before 

4220
03:55:41,100 --> 03:55:44,200
official relaxation, the 
blackout evolves and becomes 

4221
03:55:44,200 --> 03:55:48,100
less absolute. 
As military technology improves 

4222
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:51,700
and bombing strategies change 
the strict requirements. 

4223
03:55:51,700 --> 03:55:55,300
Loosened slightly. 
Dim lights become permissible in

4224
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:58,800
some circumstances. 
The complete darkness of those 

4225
03:55:58,800 --> 03:56:02,100
first months gradually lightened
to a more manageable glue. 

4226
03:56:03,100 --> 03:56:06,900
The first relaxation is 
attentive, almost apologetic. 

4227
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:10,400
Regulations. 
Allow heavily shielded Street 

4228
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:13,700
Lighting in some areas. 
Not the full illumination of 

4229
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:17,700
pre-war Year's, but enough to 
prevent the worst accidents and 

4230
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:20,500
to make navigation possible 
without constant hazard. 

4231
03:56:21,300 --> 03:56:24,900
These new lights, cast pools of 
dim Radiance that seemed 

4232
03:56:24,900 --> 03:56:29,000
extraordinarily bright after 
years of complete darkness. 

4233
03:56:29,000 --> 03:56:32,500
Even though they are actually 
quite faint by historical 

4234
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:35,200
standards. 
People's reactions to these 

4235
03:56:35,200 --> 03:56:37,900
first returns of public lighting
reveal. 

4236
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:40,200
How much the darkness has 
affected them. 

4237
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:44,300
Some feel immediate relief, an 
easing of tension, they hadn't, 

4238
03:56:44,300 --> 03:56:47,400
quite realized they were 
carrying the simple ability to 

4239
03:56:47,400 --> 03:56:50,600
see where you're walking to 
recognize faces to orient 

4240
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:52,700
yourself. 
Visually these feel like 

4241
03:56:52,700 --> 03:56:58,100
luxuries gifts restored after 
long debt probation, Others. 

4242
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:00,300
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 
the light's return. 

4243
03:57:00,300 --> 03:57:04,800
After years of Darkness even 
dim, lighting can feel exposing 

4244
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:07,200
and vulnerable. 
Some people have grown 

4245
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:11,000
accustomed to the anonymity that
Darkness provides the sense of 

4246
03:57:11,000 --> 03:57:13,400
being unseen As you move through
public spaces. 

4247
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:17,500
The return of light. 
However, faint removes that 

4248
03:57:17,508 --> 03:57:21,000
protective invisibility. 
The gradual restoration 

4249
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:25,400
progresses through 1944 as 
allied forces, push across 

4250
03:57:25,400 --> 03:57:27,400
Europe and the threat to 
Britain. 

4251
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:32,700
Recedes. more lights, return 
regulations, relax further and 

4252
03:57:32,700 --> 03:57:36,000
the familiar glow of evening 
civilization begins to rebuild 

4253
03:57:37,000 --> 03:57:40,800
Shop Windows light up first, 
just modestly but enough to 

4254
03:57:40,800 --> 03:57:43,300
display goods and to create 
welcoming spaces. 

4255
03:57:44,300 --> 03:57:47,100
Then Street lamps return to more
normal operation. 

4256
03:57:47,100 --> 03:57:48,400
They're familiar. 
Yellow. 

4257
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:51,000
Orange, light painting 
Pavements, and facades. 

4258
03:57:51,700 --> 03:57:53,300
For those who remember the 
change. 

4259
03:57:53,300 --> 03:57:56,000
And by this point, young 
children have lived their entire

4260
03:57:56,000 --> 03:57:58,000
conscious lives under blackout 
conditions. 

4261
03:57:58,000 --> 03:58:03,400
The restoration of light feels 
almost magical treats that had 

4262
03:58:03,400 --> 03:58:06,400
been navigated by memory and 
faiths suddenly reveal 

4263
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:09,400
themselves in detail. 
Building show their full 

4264
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:13,200
architectural character. 
Faces become readable from a 

4265
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:16,600
distance, the urban landscape 
recovers, its visible 

4266
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:19,600
complexity. 
The psychological impact of 

4267
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:22,700
restored lighting is profound 
and multifaceted. 

4268
03:58:22,700 --> 03:58:27,600
They're certainly celebration 
relief and joy at this tangible 

4269
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:32,500
symbol of the wars, waning But 
there's a strange sadness and 

4270
03:58:32,500 --> 03:58:35,000
unexpected Nostalgia for 
something that everyone 

4271
03:58:35,000 --> 03:58:37,200
complained about constantly 
while it was happening. 

4272
03:58:38,300 --> 03:58:42,200
The blackout years for all their
difficulty had created a kind of

4273
03:58:42,200 --> 03:58:46,700
Fellowship, a shared experience 
that had bound Community 

4274
03:58:46,700 --> 03:58:49,700
together. 
With the return of light comes 

4275
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:53,500
the return of normal, Urban 
anonymity, the dissolution of 

4276
03:58:53,500 --> 03:58:57,500
that intense Mutual dependence. 
Some of the Innovations and 

4277
03:58:57,500 --> 03:59:01,400
adaptations developed during the
blackout persist even after 

4278
03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:05,100
they're no longer necessary. 
People who learn to navigate by 

4279
03:59:05,100 --> 03:59:07,300
sound and memory retain those 
skills. 

4280
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:10,700
Families, who discovered they 
enjoyed evening read aloud 

4281
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:12,700
sessions. 
Continue them even when bright 

4282
03:59:12,700 --> 03:59:14,500
lights would permit individual 
reading. 

4283
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:18,100
Communities that Drew together 
in darkness, maintain some of 

4284
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:21,200
that closeness. 
Those relationships that formed 

4285
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:25,300
during shared difficulty. 
physical traces of the blackout,

4286
03:59:25,300 --> 03:59:29,000
persist too, white painted, 
curbs and tree trunks remain 

4287
03:59:29,000 --> 03:59:32,200
their purpose of sleep, but 
their present continuing 

4288
03:59:33,100 --> 03:59:35,500
Blackout curtains, stay up in 
many homes. 

4289
03:59:35,500 --> 03:59:39,100
Why take them down with their 
already installed when they 

4290
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:42,700
useful for privacy when there 
are minor of survival? 

4291
03:59:43,900 --> 03:59:47,000
Architectural features designed 
for the blackout era. 

4292
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:49,600
Those double door entries on 
pubs. 

4293
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:53,100
The carefully positioned 
lighting fixers remain as 

4294
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:55,500
fossils of a particular 
historical moment. 

4295
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:58,400
The ecological effects of the 
blackout years. 

4296
03:59:58,400 --> 04:00:02,100
Gradually reverse. 
As artificial light Returns the 

4297
04:00:02,100 --> 04:00:05,900
night sky slowly disappears. 
Again behind its veil of urban 

4298
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:10,400
glow, the Stars fade from Easy 
visibility the Milky Way 

4299
04:00:10,400 --> 04:00:14,200
withdraws, the darkness that had
revealed Celestial beauty is 

4300
04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:18,200
pushed back by human 
illumination Some people mourn. 

4301
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:20,900
This loss. 
Realizing that the black-out had

4302
04:00:20,900 --> 04:00:22,300
given them a gift, they'll never
receive. 

4303
04:00:22,300 --> 04:00:26,800
Again the regular site of the 
universe, their heads, The 

4304
04:00:26,800 --> 04:00:29,700
generation that lived through 
the blackout carries memories, 

4305
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:32,500
that shape their relationship 
with light and darkness for the 

4306
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:35,600
rest of their lives. 
Those who were children during 

4307
04:00:35,600 --> 04:00:37,900
the blackout often. 
Develop, either a strong 

4308
04:00:37,900 --> 04:00:41,300
preference for Darkness finding 
comfort in the nighttime 

4309
04:00:41,300 --> 04:00:43,800
environment. 
They knew as children or an 

4310
04:00:43,800 --> 04:00:46,900
equally strong preference, for 
abundant light, A kind of 

4311
04:00:46,900 --> 04:00:50,200
overcompensation for years of 
enforced dimness. 

4312
04:00:51,800 --> 04:00:54,900
The blackout leaves, its mark on
British culture in subtle ways, 

4313
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:59,900
a certain comfort with dimmer 
lighting persists British homes 

4314
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,500
and public spaces 10 toward more
modest illumination than their 

4315
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:06,600
American counterparts. 
Preference that may Trace. 

4316
04:01:06,600 --> 04:01:08,500
Partially to this period of 
enforced. 

4317
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:13,200
Darkness, the idea that too much
light is wasteful even slightly 

4318
04:01:13,200 --> 04:01:16,400
vulgar becomes embedded in 
aesthetic, Sensibility. 

4319
04:01:17,400 --> 04:01:20,100
The historical memory of the 
blackout carries multiple 

4320
04:01:20,100 --> 04:01:22,800
meanings. 
It becomes a symbol of British 

4321
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:26,300
resilience of the homefront 
contribution, to the war effort 

4322
04:01:26,300 --> 04:01:29,200
and of collective. 
Sacrifice for a common cause 

4323
04:01:30,300 --> 04:01:33,600
politicians and cultural 
commentators invoke the blackout

4324
04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:36,900
as an example of what a society 
can endure when properly 

4325
04:01:36,900 --> 04:01:41,600
motivated when United by shared 
purpose, but the blackout. 

4326
04:01:41,600 --> 04:01:44,700
All so serves as a reminder of 
Wars intrusion into civilian 

4327
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:48,800
life of how conflict transforms 
ordinary existence in ways, both

4328
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:53,000
large and small, it demonstrates
that Warfare is not just distant

4329
04:01:53,000 --> 04:01:57,100
battles fought by soldiers, but 
also the accumulated, small 

4330
04:01:57,100 --> 04:02:01,400
deprivations and adjustments 
that everyone must make the 

4331
04:02:01,400 --> 04:02:05,300
nightly ritual of darkening, 
Windows, the cautious navigation

4332
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:08,800
of familiar streets and the 
adaptation of every evening 

4333
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:10,800
routine to accommodate the 
absence of light. 

4334
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:15,200
For modern observers, the 
blackout offers A peculiar 

4335
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:19,300
window into a world that 
simultaneously recognizable and 

4336
04:02:19,300 --> 04:02:22,600
alien. 
The Britain of 1939 had 

4337
04:02:22,600 --> 04:02:27,800
electricity radio, Autumn 
appeals and Cinema all the 

4338
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:30,200
technological fixtures of Modern
Life. 

4339
04:02:31,200 --> 04:02:35,200
Yet the deliberate removal of 
just one element artificial 

4340
04:02:35,200 --> 04:02:39,200
light after dark. 
Transformed daily experience. 

4341
04:02:39,200 --> 04:02:42,200
In ways that connected people 
backward to pre-industrial, 

4342
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:44,700
patterns of living. 
There's something almost 

4343
04:02:44,700 --> 04:02:47,600
meditative about contemplating 
the blackout years. 

4344
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:51,400
This period, when millions of 
people deliberately darken their

4345
04:02:51,408 --> 04:02:57,000
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 
navigating shadowed streets and 

4346
04:02:57,000 --> 04:03:00,600
learning to experience their 
environment through senses other

4347
04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:06,200
than sight, In our current ERA 
of constant illumination, when 

4348
04:03:06,200 --> 04:03:10,000
light pollution is so pervasive 
that many children grow up, 

4349
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:14,100
never seeing the Milky Way. 
When cities glow so brightly 

4350
04:03:14,100 --> 04:03:17,400
that their visible from space, 
there's something oddly 

4351
04:03:17,400 --> 04:03:20,400
appealing about this historical 
moment of chosen Darkness. 

4352
04:03:21,800 --> 04:03:24,500
The blackout reminds us that our
relationship with light and 

4353
04:03:24,500 --> 04:03:28,600
darkness is not fixed or natural
but historically constructed 

4354
04:03:28,600 --> 04:03:33,300
shaped by technology, regulation
and social practice. 

4355
04:03:34,400 --> 04:03:37,000
For most of human history. 
Darkness was inevitable. 

4356
04:03:37,000 --> 04:03:41,500
You made the best like you could
with fire or oil but ultimately 

4357
04:03:41,500 --> 04:03:45,800
night meant Darkness. 
Electric light changed, this 

4358
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:49,700
pushing Darkness, back and 
extending the day artificially. 

4359
04:03:51,200 --> 04:03:55,100
The blackout briefly reversed 
this transformation restoring 

4360
04:03:55,100 --> 04:03:57,600
Darkness not through 
technological failure. 

4361
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:01,400
Through deliberate choice. 
As you lie here. 

4362
04:04:01,400 --> 04:04:05,600
Now, warm and comfortable in a 
room where light is available at

4363
04:04:05,600 --> 04:04:08,600
the flick of a switch. 
It's worth contemplating. 

4364
04:04:08,600 --> 04:04:12,000
What the blackout reveals about 
human adaptability and 

4365
04:04:12,000 --> 04:04:15,400
resilience. 
The people of Britain in 1939 

4366
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:18,800
didn't know how long the war 
would last whether the blackout 

4367
04:04:18,800 --> 04:04:22,100
would be needed for weeks or 
years or whether they are cities

4368
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:26,700
would survive or be destroyed 
yet they adapted persevered and 

4369
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:28,500
found moments of beauty and 
connection. 

4370
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:32,500
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 
The blackout demonstrates 

4371
04:04:32,500 --> 04:04:36,400
something essential about 
Humanity's that we can endure 

4372
04:04:36,400 --> 04:04:40,300
significant disruption to normal
life when we understand the 

4373
04:04:40,300 --> 04:04:43,800
purpose behind it, when we 
believe we're contributing to 

4374
04:04:43,800 --> 04:04:46,100
something larger than our 
individual comfort. 

4375
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:50,600
The nightly ritual of darkening 
Windows became a form of 

4376
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:54,300
participation. 
A tangible action that connected

4377
04:04:54,300 --> 04:04:56,300
each household to the National 
effort. 

4378
04:04:57,100 --> 04:05:00,100
There's something deeply human 
about gathering in darkened 

4379
04:05:00,100 --> 04:05:03,400
rooms about families coming 
together, around dim lights 

4380
04:05:03,400 --> 04:05:06,400
about Community supporting each 
other, through shared 

4381
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:09,400
difficulty. 
These patterns recur throughout 

4382
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:14,000
human history around ancient, 
campfires in medieval great 

4383
04:05:14,000 --> 04:05:17,900
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 
Pioneer cabins on winter 

4384
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:20,900
evenings. 
The blackout temporarily 

4385
04:05:20,900 --> 04:05:24,600
restored, these older patterns 
using modern technology to 

4386
04:05:24,600 --> 04:05:29,000
recreate, pre-modern conditions.
The sensory richness of the 

4387
04:05:29,000 --> 04:05:31,900
blackout experience, the visible
stars. 

4388
04:05:31,900 --> 04:05:35,400
The Amplified sounds, the 
heightened awareness of smell 

4389
04:05:35,400 --> 04:05:37,900
and touch. 
Suggests that our normal 

4390
04:05:37,900 --> 04:05:41,200
brightly lit, existence May 
diminish, certain forms of 

4391
04:05:41,200 --> 04:05:45,000
awareness and experience. 
We gain practical benefits from 

4392
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:48,400
abundant lights certainly but we
may lose other kinds of 

4393
04:05:48,400 --> 04:05:51,000
perception. 
Other ways of experiencing our 

4394
04:05:51,000 --> 04:05:53,500
environment. 
In each other, the blackouts in 

4395
04:05:53,508 --> 04:05:56,600
force slowed down. 
Its requirement for more careful

4396
04:05:56,600 --> 04:06:01,100
movement, more deliberate action
and more time spent in quiet 

4397
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:05,300
domestic setting these Creator 
quality of life that many people

4398
04:06:05,300 --> 04:06:09,200
found surprisingly satisfying, 
despite the circumstances, 

4399
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:15,200
Frantic pace of Modern Life, the
constant visual stimulation, the

4400
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:18,600
ability to pursue individual 
activities, and separate rooms 

4401
04:06:18,600 --> 04:06:22,500
with independent lighting. 
All these Innovations have costs

4402
04:06:22,500 --> 04:06:25,800
as well as benefits. 
Consider how the blackout 

4403
04:06:25,800 --> 04:06:28,700
changed social interaction in 
darkness. 

4404
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:31,800
You couldn't judge people by 
their appearance quite so 

4405
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,500
readily. 
Conversations happened, without 

4406
04:06:34,500 --> 04:06:38,200
the constant visual feedback. 
We normally rely on people, 

4407
04:06:38,200 --> 04:06:41,600
learn to listen, more carefully 
to pay attention to voice, tone 

4408
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,300
and word choice rather than 
facial expressions and body 

4409
04:06:44,300 --> 04:06:46,900
language. 
This created different kinds of 

4410
04:06:46,908 --> 04:06:49,000
intimacy and different patterns 
of connection. 

4411
04:06:50,000 --> 04:06:53,600
The democratizing effect of the 
blackout the way, it affected 

4412
04:06:53,600 --> 04:06:57,600
rich and poor alike, created, a 
rare moment of genuinely shared 

4413
04:06:57,600 --> 04:06:59,400
experience across social 
classes. 

4414
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:03,600
The Duke and the doctor both 
navigated the same darkened 

4415
04:07:03,600 --> 04:07:08,100
streets, both sat in dimmed 
rooms and both face the same 

4416
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:10,100
challenges of maintaining normal
life. 

4417
04:07:10,100 --> 04:07:14,000
Despite abnormal conditions, 
This shared experience 

4418
04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:18,100
contributed to the social 
solidarity, that characterized 

4419
04:07:18,100 --> 04:07:21,400
Britain during the War years. 
The blackouts. 

4420
04:07:21,400 --> 04:07:24,400
Something about the relationship
between freedom and security. 

4421
04:07:25,300 --> 04:07:28,500
The regulations represented, a 
significant restriction of 

4422
04:07:28,508 --> 04:07:32,000
personal Liberty, you couldn't 
like your own home as you wished

4423
04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:36,300
couldn't move freely at night 
without risk and face penalties 

4424
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:40,000
for violations. 
Yet, most people accepted these 

4425
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:43,500
restrictions as legitimate and 
necessary, a reasonable 

4426
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:47,700
trade-off for Collective safety.
The balance between individual 

4427
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,500
freedom and common security is 
never simple. 

4428
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:54,600
Never permanent. 
It must be constantly negotiated

4429
04:07:54,600 --> 04:07:58,100
and renegotiated. 
The Innovations and adaptations 

4430
04:07:58,100 --> 04:08:01,300
that emerged during the 
blackout, the Luminous paint, 

4431
04:08:01,300 --> 04:08:05,300
the white marked curbs. 
The hooded headlamps the double 

4432
04:08:05,300 --> 04:08:08,400
door entries. 
Represent human creativity 

4433
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:12,700
responding to constraint. 
Necessity, truly does mother 

4434
04:08:12,700 --> 04:08:14,800
invention and the blackout 
years? 

4435
04:08:14,800 --> 04:08:17,600
Produced countless small 
solutions to the problems that 

4436
04:08:17,600 --> 04:08:21,400
Darkness created. 
These Innovations demonstrate, 

4437
04:08:21,400 --> 04:08:25,700
the restrictions can Inspire 
rather than merely limit that 

4438
04:08:25,700 --> 04:08:28,500
working within constraints can 
generate creativity. 

4439
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:32,100
The return of light. 
After years of Darkness must 

4440
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:34,200
have felt like emerging from a 
long tunnel. 

4441
04:08:34,900 --> 04:08:37,800
The Familiar World revealed 
again, the simple pleasure of 

4442
04:08:37,808 --> 04:08:42,800
seeing clearly of moving without
constant caution of Windows that

4443
04:08:42,800 --> 04:08:47,300
connect rather than seal. 
Yet along with this relief, came

4444
04:08:47,300 --> 04:08:51,300
the loss of something too. 
That peculiar intimacy, that 

4445
04:08:51,300 --> 04:08:55,700
Darkness had created, that 
sharpened awareness that sense 

4446
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:59,400
of shared endurance. 
For those who live through it. 

4447
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:03,000
The blackout becomes one of 
those formative experiences that

4448
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:07,200
shape perception for a lifetime.
The carry memories of navigating

4449
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:10,500
Darkness. 
A families gathered in dim rooms

4450
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:14,700
of stars, brilliant overhead and
of the particular quality of 

4451
04:09:14,708 --> 04:09:17,700
Silence that descended on cities
designed for noise. 

4452
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:23,700
These memories become stories, 
then history, then Legend part 

4453
04:09:23,700 --> 04:09:26,300
of the narrative that nation's 
tell themselves about their 

4454
04:09:26,300 --> 04:09:28,900
past. 
As we come to the end of our 

4455
04:09:28,900 --> 04:09:32,100
journey through the blackout 
years, as your eyelids grow 

4456
04:09:32,100 --> 04:09:35,800
heavy, and your breathing slows.
Let's gather the gentle lessons 

4457
04:09:35,800 --> 04:09:38,500
that this history offers for 
your own rest tonight. 

4458
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:43,100
The blackout teachers us that 
darkness is not necessarily 

4459
04:09:43,100 --> 04:09:47,000
something to fear but rather a 
natural state that humans lived 

4460
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:49,600
with for Millennia before 
electric light became common. 

4461
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:53,800
Those wartime Britains learn to 
find comfort and even Beauty and

4462
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:57,700
darkness, the visible stars, the
heightened awareness of sound 

4463
04:09:57,700 --> 04:10:01,800
and smell and the coziness of 
dimly lit rooms where families 

4464
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:05,900
gathered close as you prepare 
for sleep, you're participating 

4465
04:10:05,900 --> 04:10:10,300
in the same ancient human 
practice voluntarily entering 

4466
04:10:10,300 --> 04:10:13,800
Darkness trusting it to hold you
safely while you're 

4467
04:10:13,800 --> 04:10:17,300
Consciousness dims The darkness 
of sleep is restorative 

4468
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:21,100
necessary and a gift rather than
a threat. 

4469
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:25,900
Like those blackout nights. 
It offers a time of rest of 

4470
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:29,500
withdrawal, from the constant 
stimulation of Waking Life and 

4471
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:31,300
of renewal that comes through 
quiet. 

4472
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:34,600
And absence of light, the 
blackout families who learn to 

4473
04:10:34,600 --> 04:10:38,700
slow down to move more carefully
to pay attention to senses 

4474
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:41,300
Beyond sight. 
They discovered rhythms that 

4475
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:46,400
sleep requires to the winding 
down, the gradual dimming, the 

4476
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:48,800
shift from activity to 
Stillness. 

4477
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:53,800
These transitions matter, they 
prepare body and mind for the 

4478
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:57,200
darkness of sleep. 
Just as blackout preparations. 

4479
04:10:57,200 --> 04:10:59,300
Ready? 
Homes for the darkness of night.

4480
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:03,200
The resilience of those blackout
years reminds us that humans can

4481
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:05,900
adapt to almost anything and can
find peace. 

4482
04:11:05,900 --> 04:11:09,100
And even pleasure in 
circumstances that initially 

4483
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:12,500
seemed impossible if they could 
learn to thrive in dark and 

4484
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:16,100
cities, you can certainly trust 
yourself to the darkness of your

4485
04:11:16,100 --> 04:11:19,800
bedroom, to the natural process 
of sleep, that your body knows 

4486
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:22,800
how to perform. 
The community and connection 

4487
04:11:22,800 --> 04:11:26,100
that emerged from the shared 
blackout experience suggests, 

4488
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:29,400
something about the importance 
of letting go of accepting 

4489
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:32,600
limitations and of working with 
rather than against 

4490
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:37,100
circumstances sleep requires 
this same surrender, you cannot 

4491
04:11:37,100 --> 04:11:39,500
force it. 
Only create conditions that 

4492
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:42,300
welcome it. 
Like those families dimming 

4493
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:44,600
their lights and settling into 
evening quiet. 

4494
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:48,700
You prepare the space and then 
allow the darkness to do its 

4495
04:11:48,700 --> 04:11:51,200
work. 
Those visible stars during the 

4496
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:55,100
blackout, the celestial beauty 
that emerged when artificial 

4497
04:11:55,100 --> 04:11:59,000
light withdrew, remind us, that 
Darkness reveals as well as 

4498
04:11:59,000 --> 04:12:03,300
conceals. 
In sleeps, Darkness dreams 

4499
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:06,900
emerge, unconscious. 
Processes do their necessary 

4500
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:11,200
work and the mind sorts and 
files and heals in ways that 

4501
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:15,900
can't happen in waking light. 
Trust the darkness to show you 

4502
04:12:15,900 --> 04:12:19,200
what you need to see. 
The gradual adaptation to the 

4503
04:12:19,200 --> 04:12:22,600
blackout, the way, fear, 
transformed to competence, and 

4504
04:12:22,600 --> 04:12:25,600
then, Comfort mirrors. 
The journey into sleep that you 

4505
04:12:25,608 --> 04:12:28,600
make each night. 
At first letting go of 

4506
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:31,500
Consciousness can feel 
vulnerable, even frightening. 

4507
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:38,000
But with practice with trust it 
becomes natural, even welcome. 

4508
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:43,700
The darkness becomes familiar 
safe and a friend rather than a 

4509
04:12:43,700 --> 04:12:46,500
threat. 
As the blackout eventually, 

4510
04:12:46,500 --> 04:12:49,900
lifted and light returned. 
So too, will you wake tomorrow 

4511
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:54,100
to light an activity? 
But, for now, like those wartime

4512
04:12:54,100 --> 04:12:57,500
families settling into their 
dimmed homes, you can Embrace 

4513
04:12:57,500 --> 04:13:01,900
this time of darkness and quiet.
Let your eyes closed like 

4514
04:13:01,900 --> 04:13:06,700
blackout curtains drawing shut. 
Your awareness dim, like, light 

4515
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:11,500
turning down, allow yourself to 
sink into Stillness like a City,

4516
04:13:11,500 --> 04:13:16,100
Going Quiet under the night sky.
People of the blackout years 

4517
04:13:16,100 --> 04:13:19,300
survived, not through constant 
vigilance, but through 

4518
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:24,400
acceptance adaptation, and the 
ability to find peace in Altered

4519
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:27,300
circumstances. 
They learned that Darkness could

4520
04:13:27,300 --> 04:13:31,500
be endured that it brought gifts
along with its challenges and 

4521
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:34,300
that life continued and even 
flourished under its cover. 

4522
04:13:35,500 --> 04:13:39,100
Your sleep tonight is your 
personal blackout a time of 

4523
04:13:39,100 --> 04:13:42,300
chosen. 
Darkness of withdrawal from the 

4524
04:13:42,300 --> 04:13:45,600
world's demands of rest and 
restoration. 

4525
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:49,800
Like those wartime britons, you 
don't know exactly what tomorrow

4526
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:53,200
will bring. you can trust that 
this period of Darkness will 

4527
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:56,900
prepare you for whatever like 
reveals The last lesson of the 

4528
04:13:56,900 --> 04:14:00,400
blackout is, perhaps the most 
important that sometimes the 

4529
04:14:00,400 --> 04:14:02,500
most valuable thing we can do is
simply stop. 

4530
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:07,600
Darken our world and rest. 
Not as defeat or Retreat. 

4531
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:10,500
That is necessary preparation 
for continuing. 

4532
04:14:11,700 --> 04:14:14,400
Those nightly blackout rituals 
weren't just safety measures. 

4533
04:14:14,400 --> 04:14:17,700
They were acknowledgments that 
activity must balance with 

4534
04:14:17,700 --> 04:14:21,800
Stillness that light needs 
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 

4535
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:24,600
that life requires periods of 
quiet and rest. 

4536
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:29,300
So let yourself rest. 
Now let the darkness hold you as

4537
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:32,900
it held those millions of people
through their blackout years 

4538
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:38,100
safely, gently preparing you for
whatever tomorrow's light will 

4539
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:40,400
bring. 
Your eyes are growing heavy. 

4540
04:14:41,300 --> 04:14:44,700
Your breath is slowing. 
The darkness around, you is 

4541
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:47,600
peaceful protective and 
appropriate. 

4542
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:50,200
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that your 

4543
04:14:50,200 --> 04:14:52,900
participating in one of 
Humanity's oldest and most 

4544
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:56,500
natural practices. 
The darkness is your friend 

4545
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:59,800
tonight just as it became the 
friend of those who learned to 

4546
04:14:59,800 --> 04:15:04,000
live through the great blackout 
rest easy rest deep rest. 

4547
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:07,400
Well and when morning comes when
light returns you'll wake 

4548
04:15:07,400 --> 04:15:10,100
refreshed as those blackout 
families woke to another day 

4549
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:13,600
resilient and adapted and ready 
to continue. 

4550
04:15:14,600 --> 04:15:18,000
For now though, just darkness, 
just quiet, just rest. 

4551
04:15:18,800 --> 04:15:19,400
Sleep. 
Well. 

4552
04:15:25,700 --> 04:15:28,200
You know, how some kids collect 
baseball cards or spend hours 

4553
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:29,700
perfecting their video game 
scores. 

4554
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:33,500
Well, young Musashi collected 
bruises and spent his time, 

4555
04:15:33,500 --> 04:15:36,700
perfecting the art of hitting 
things with sticks born around 

4556
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:40,800
1584 in a small village that 
probably had more rice paddies 

4557
04:15:40,800 --> 04:15:43,800
Than People Musashi. 
Didn't exactly have what you'd 

4558
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:45,800
call a traditional childhood 
picture. 

4559
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:48,800
This while other seven year olds
were learning their letters. 

4560
04:15:48,800 --> 04:15:52,200
Musashi was already convinced 
that wooden swords were far more

4561
04:15:52,200 --> 04:15:56,000
captivating than books. 
His father munisai was a 

4562
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:58,500
respected martial artist, which 
meant their household 

4563
04:15:58,500 --> 04:16:00,300
conversations. 
Probably went something like 

4564
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:03,600
passed the ice and, oh, remember
to keep your guard up during 

4565
04:16:03,600 --> 04:16:05,800
dinner. 
The funny thing about Musashi's 

4566
04:16:05,800 --> 04:16:07,200
early years is that he wasn't 
born. 

4567
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:08,900
Some sort of Sword swinging 
Prodigy. 

4568
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:11,000
He was more like that kid in 
your neighborhood. 

4569
04:16:11,000 --> 04:16:14,100
Who practiced basket will shots 
in their driveway until their 

4570
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:15,900
parents had to drag them inside 
for dinner? 

4571
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:19,800
Except of basketball? 
It was swordplay and instead of 

4572
04:16:19,800 --> 04:16:22,500
a driveway, it was anywhere, he 
could find Space to swing a 

4573
04:16:22,500 --> 04:16:24,300
piece of wood without breaking 
something valuable. 

4574
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:28,100
When Masashi, And 13. 
Something shifted in his world 

4575
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:30,300
like a puzzle piece. 
Finally clicking into place. 

4576
04:16:30,300 --> 04:16:33,300
He decided he was ready for his 
first real Jewel. 

4577
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:36,800
It was not a practice session 
with wooden swords nor a 

4578
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:40,300
friendly sparring match but an 
actual honest to goodness duel 

4579
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:42,200
with a grown man named arima 
Kihei. 

4580
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:46,600
Now, you might be thinking, this
sounds like a terrible idea and 

4581
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:50,500
you'd be absolutely right. 
But Musashi had that particular 

4582
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:53,200
brand of teenage confidence, 
that makes you believe. 

4583
04:16:53,200 --> 04:16:56,500
You can conquer the world armed 
with nothing but determination 

4584
04:16:56,500 --> 04:16:59,400
and a powerful stick. 
The Duel took place in front of 

4585
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:01,700
what was probably the entire 
Village population. 

4586
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:07,600
All 47 people including Mrs, 
Tanaka's chickens araki, hey 

4587
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:11,400
being a reasonable adult, likely
expected this to be over quickly

4588
04:17:11,400 --> 04:17:14,600
after all. 
What could a 13 year old boy 

4589
04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:16,800
possibly do against someone with
years of experience? 

4590
04:17:16,800 --> 04:17:19,000
Well as it turns out quite a 
lot. 

4591
04:17:19,900 --> 04:17:23,000
Musashi won that Duel, not 
through some mystical Samurai 

4592
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:26,800
magic, but through pure stubborn
determination and what was 

4593
04:17:26,800 --> 04:17:29,500
probably the first glimpse of 
his unconventional thinking. 

4594
04:17:30,800 --> 04:17:33,500
While hehehe, followed all the 
traditional forms and expected 

4595
04:17:33,500 --> 04:17:35,900
moves. 
Young Musashi for like someone 

4596
04:17:35,900 --> 04:17:39,100
who hadn't read the rulebook. 
Mainly because he hadn't this 

4597
04:17:39,100 --> 04:17:42,700
Victory did something important,
it taught massage that sometimes

4598
04:17:42,700 --> 04:17:45,800
the best way to win isn't to do 
what everyone expects you to do.

4599
04:17:46,700 --> 04:17:49,500
It's a lesson that would follow 
him like a faithful dog for the 

4600
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:52,300
rest of his life though. 
It would take him decades to 

4601
04:17:52,300 --> 04:17:55,300
fully understand what it meant 
after this first taste of 

4602
04:17:55,308 --> 04:17:58,800
success Musashi developed. 
What you might call an addiction

4603
04:17:58,800 --> 04:18:01,800
to proving himself. 
He began seeking out opponents. 

4604
04:18:01,800 --> 04:18:05,200
The way some people seek out, 
good restaurants with enthusiasm

4605
04:18:05,200 --> 04:18:08,500
and a willingness to travel 
considerable distances, his 

4606
04:18:08,500 --> 04:18:11,900
teenage years became a series of
challenges duels and victories. 

4607
04:18:11,900 --> 04:18:15,500
That built his reputation one. 
Wooden sword Striker time, but 

4608
04:18:15,500 --> 04:18:18,000
here's where the story gets 
interesting in that quiet human 

4609
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:19,400
way. 
That makes Legends more 

4610
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:22,000
relatable. 
Despite his growing reputation 

4611
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:25,000
massage, she was still just a 
kid trying to figure out his 

4612
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:28,200
place in the world, he'd win 
these jewels and then probably 

4613
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:30,100
wonder what to do next like 
finishing. 

4614
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:32,700
A really challenging puzzle and 
realizing you still have to find

4615
04:18:32,700 --> 04:18:36,200
somewhere to put it by the time 
was she reached his late teens, 

4616
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:39,000
he had developed, what modern 
people might call Wanda Lust, 

4617
04:18:39,000 --> 04:18:41,700
though, his version involves 
significantly, more sword 

4618
04:18:41,700 --> 04:18:43,300
fighting than your typical Gap 
year. 

4619
04:18:44,100 --> 04:18:46,000
He decided to embark on what he 
called. 

4620
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:49,800
His Warrior pilgrimage. 
Basically, a cross-country tour 

4621
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:51,900
of Japan where the main 
attractions were people who 

4622
04:18:51,900 --> 04:18:54,800
wanted to fight him. 
Imagine being 20 years old and 

4623
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:57,500
deciding your career path 
involves walking from town to 

4624
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:00,200
town asking. 
If anyone wants to have a sword 

4625
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:03,400
fight, it sounds ridiculous. 
When you put it that way, but 

4626
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:05,300
for Musashi, this made perfect 
sense. 

4627
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:09,500
He was like a traveling salesman
except instead of selling vacuum

4628
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:12,200
cleaners, he was selling the 
opportunity to test your sword 

4629
04:19:12,200 --> 04:19:15,200
skills against someone who had 
never lost a duel during these 

4630
04:19:15,200 --> 04:19:18,700
travels Musashi began developing
his famous two sword technique. 

4631
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:22,200
Most Samurai used one sword, 
following centuries of tradition

4632
04:19:22,200 --> 04:19:25,500
and training but Musashi looked 
at this situation and thought, 

4633
04:19:25,500 --> 04:19:28,300
you know, what might be better 
than one sword. 

4634
04:19:29,200 --> 04:19:31,200
Two swords. 
It was the kind of logic that 

4635
04:19:31,200 --> 04:19:33,600
probably made traditional 
swordmasters shake their heads. 

4636
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:37,700
But it worked the thing about 
fighting with two swords is that

4637
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:40,900
it's incredibly difficult. 
It's like trying to write your 

4638
04:19:40,900 --> 04:19:44,100
name with both hands 
simultaneously while riding a 

4639
04:19:44,100 --> 04:19:46,700
bicycle. 
Most people who attempted it 

4640
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:48,700
ended up looking, like they were
conducting. 

4641
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:51,500
A very violent Orchestra where 
all the musicians were playing 

4642
04:19:51,500 --> 04:19:54,400
different songs. 
But Musashi had that rare 

4643
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:57,700
combination of natural 
ambidexterity and stubborn 

4644
04:19:57,700 --> 04:20:01,000
refusal to accept that something
was impossible just because it 

4645
04:20:01,000 --> 04:20:03,800
was really difficult. 
His two sword style wasn't just 

4646
04:20:03,800 --> 04:20:06,700
about having more weapons. 
It was about confusing his 

4647
04:20:06,700 --> 04:20:09,200
opponents. 
When you've trained your entire 

4648
04:20:09,200 --> 04:20:12,300
life to fighting against someone
with one sword, suddenly facing,

4649
04:20:12,300 --> 04:20:15,200
someone with two is like, 
showing up to a chess match and 

4650
04:20:15,200 --> 04:20:17,700
discovering your opponent is 
playing three-dimensional chess 

4651
04:20:17,700 --> 04:20:20,700
while juggling. 
Your brain takes a moment to 

4652
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,600
recalibrate and in sword 
fighting a moment is often all 

4653
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,600
your opponent needs, but massage
is travels, weren't all 

4654
04:20:27,608 --> 04:20:29,600
successful duels and growing 
Fame. 

4655
04:20:29,600 --> 04:20:33,300
They were plenty of nights when 
he slept under bridges mornings.

4656
04:20:33,300 --> 04:20:36,500
When he woke up hungry and days 
when he walked for hours without

4657
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:40,200
finding anyone interested in 
testing their skills against a 

4658
04:20:40,200 --> 04:20:43,700
Wandering Swordsman Fame doesn't
pay for in rooms or meals. 

4659
04:20:43,700 --> 04:20:46,600
A Musashi learned that being 
legendary doesn't automatically 

4660
04:20:46,600 --> 04:20:49,300
make you wealthy. 
These lean times taught him 

4661
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:50,900
resourcefulness that would serve
him. 

4662
04:20:50,900 --> 04:20:54,100
Well later, he learned to find 
food in places where others 

4663
04:20:54,100 --> 04:20:57,300
might starve to create shelter 
from materials that others would

4664
04:20:57,300 --> 04:20:59,400
Overlook and to entertain 
himself. 

4665
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,200
During long solitary walks 
across the Japanese Countryside.

4666
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:06,200
He became someone who could be 
content with very little, as 

4667
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:09,200
long as that little included the
opportunity to perfect his craft

4668
04:21:09,200 --> 04:21:11,600
during one, particularly 
memorable, period. 

4669
04:21:11,600 --> 04:21:15,600
Musashi spent several months in 
the mountains, not because he 

4670
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:19,100
was on some spiritual Quest, but
because he'd gotten thoroughly 

4671
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:22,100
lost after a duel and was too 
proud to ask for directions. 

4672
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:25,700
He later claimed this time of 
solitude was crucial to his 

4673
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:28,700
development as a warrior which 
is probably true though. 

4674
04:21:28,700 --> 04:21:32,300
It started as a simple case of 
poor navigation skills, the 

4675
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:34,700
mountain experience taught him 
patience in a way that formal 

4676
04:21:34,700 --> 04:21:37,800
training never could. when 
you're alone with your thoughts 

4677
04:21:37,800 --> 04:21:41,000
for months, carrying only your 
swords and whatever food you can

4678
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:45,500
find or catch, you learn to slow
down, You start noticing things,

4679
04:21:45,500 --> 04:21:48,400
like, the way morning, light 
moves across Valley floors, or 

4680
04:21:48,400 --> 04:21:51,000
how the sound of your footsteps 
changes depending on whether 

4681
04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:52,900
your walking on rocks or pine 
needles. 

4682
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:57,000
When Musashi was around 21, he 
heard about someone named Sasaki

4683
04:21:57,000 --> 04:22:00,300
kojiro who was considered one of
the finest swordsman in Japan. 

4684
04:22:01,300 --> 04:22:04,000
Kojiro was famous for his 
technique, called subbamma 

4685
04:22:04,000 --> 04:22:07,400
gaeshi or swallow cut, which 
could supposedly cut down 

4686
04:22:07,400 --> 04:22:10,100
swallow in flight. 
Whether or not, he actually 

4687
04:22:10,100 --> 04:22:12,800
performed this fetus debatable. 
But it made for excellent 

4688
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:14,800
Marketing in the world of 
professional sword. 

4689
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:18,900
Fighting kajira was everything, 
mustacchi wasn't refined, 

4690
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:21,800
traditionally trained and 
employed by a powerful Clan with

4691
04:22:21,800 --> 04:22:24,100
a steady income. 
He was like the difference 

4692
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,100
between a classically trained 
pianist performing at Carnegie 

4693
04:22:27,100 --> 04:22:30,100
Hall, and a street musician who 
learned to play by ear. 

4694
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:32,900
Both might be incredibly 
talented but they represent 

4695
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:35,200
completely different approaches 
to their craft. 

4696
04:22:35,200 --> 04:22:38,900
The challenge was a range to 
take place on Gary Island a 

4697
04:22:38,900 --> 04:22:41,200
small piece of land in the 
straight between Honshu and 

4698
04:22:41,208 --> 04:22:43,800
Kyushu. 
The choice of location was 

4699
04:22:43,800 --> 04:22:46,700
significant Islands. 
Have a way of making everything 

4700
04:22:46,700 --> 04:22:49,300
feel more final. 
There's something about being 

4701
04:22:49,300 --> 04:22:51,000
surrounded by water that 
suggests. 

4702
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:52,300
This isn't the kind of 
appointment. 

4703
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,500
You can simply walk away from. 
If you change your mind on the 

4704
04:22:55,508 --> 04:22:59,500
morning of the duel, kajira 
arrived precisely on time as any

4705
04:22:59,500 --> 04:23:03,400
properly trained Samurai, would 
he was immaculately dressed, his

4706
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,400
sword was perfectly maintained 
and he probably had the kind of 

4707
04:23:06,408 --> 04:23:09,200
confidence that comes from years
of structured training and 

4708
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:11,800
consistent victories. 
He was ready for what he 

4709
04:23:11,808 --> 04:23:14,800
undoubtedly expected to be 
another successful defense of 

4710
04:23:14,800 --> 04:23:17,000
his reputation. 
With Sashi, on the other hand, 

4711
04:23:17,000 --> 04:23:20,600
was late, not fashionably late, 
not strategically late, but 

4712
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:23,800
genuinely problematically late. 
He had overslept. 

4713
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,700
Here was one of the most 
important jewels of his career 

4714
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:30,100
against one of Japan's. 
Most skilled swordsman a 

4715
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:31,800
massage, he had somehow managed 
to sleep through. 

4716
04:23:31,800 --> 04:23:33,500
What was essentially his job 
interview. 

4717
04:23:33,500 --> 04:23:36,700
When he finally arrived rowing a
small boat to the island. 

4718
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:38,500
Cojiro had been waiting for 
hours. 

4719
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:42,000
If you've ever been stood up for
an important meeting, you can 

4720
04:23:42,000 --> 04:23:46,200
imagine cojiro State of Mind 
except instead of rescheduling a

4721
04:23:46,200 --> 04:23:49,200
business lunch, he was waiting 
to fight for His reputation and 

4722
04:23:49,200 --> 04:23:52,600
possibly his life, but here's 
where Musashi's, unconventional 

4723
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:55,800
thinking showed itself again, 
during his boat ride to the 

4724
04:23:55,800 --> 04:23:57,900
island. 
Instead of panicking about being

4725
04:23:57,900 --> 04:23:59,700
late or worrying about the jewel
ahead. 

4726
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:02,700
He had used the time to carve a 
wooden sword from one of the 

4727
04:24:02,708 --> 04:24:05,100
boats. 
Oars not because his regular 

4728
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:07,800
swords were inadequate but 
because he had realized 

4729
04:24:07,800 --> 04:24:11,700
something could gyro sword was 
longer than his own, which gave 

4730
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:15,300
kajira a reach Advantage, the 
wooden sword, Musashi carved was

4731
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:19,600
longer than cojiro steel blade. 
Neutralizing that Advantage, it 

4732
04:24:19,600 --> 04:24:22,500
was practical problem-solving 
disguised as either confidence 

4733
04:24:22,500 --> 04:24:27,000
or disrespect, depending on your
perspective, cojiro probably saw

4734
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:28,800
it as an insult, showing up 
late. 

4735
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:30,900
And then fighting with a piece 
of boats, seemed like the 

4736
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:33,200
ultimate dismissal of his skills
and Status. 

4737
04:24:33,200 --> 04:24:36,800
The jewel itself was briefed as 
most real sword fights were 

4738
04:24:37,700 --> 04:24:40,700
Despite what movies suggested 
skilled swordsman don't engage 

4739
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:42,600
in link the choreographed 
battles. 

4740
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:45,200
They Circle each other looking 
for an opening. 

4741
04:24:45,200 --> 04:24:48,500
And when that opening appears, 
the contest is usually decided 

4742
04:24:48,500 --> 04:24:52,300
in moments, were she won but the
victory came at a cost that 

4743
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:56,500
would follow him for years. 
Cojiro was not just defeated, he

4744
04:24:56,500 --> 04:24:59,600
died on that island. 
For all of Musashi's previous 

4745
04:24:59,600 --> 04:25:02,600
Jewels death had been a 
possibility but this was the 

4746
04:25:02,600 --> 04:25:05,500
first time that possibility 
became reality in such a 

4747
04:25:05,500 --> 04:25:08,500
definitive way, the aftermath of
the Dual marked a turning point 

4748
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:11,500
in Musashi's life. 
He had proven himself against 

4749
04:25:11,500 --> 04:25:14,800
one of Japan's most respected 
Swordsmen but the victory felt 

4750
04:25:14,800 --> 04:25:16,200
different from his previous 
wins. 

4751
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:20,300
There's a way to take someone's 
life that changes you, even when

4752
04:25:20,300 --> 04:25:23,500
it happens in the context of an 
agreed-upon duel between skilled

4753
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:26,700
opponents after the duel with 
khiro, something shifted in 

4754
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:30,300
Musashi's approach to life. 
He didn't immediately retire or 

4755
04:25:30,300 --> 04:25:33,200
give up sword fighting, but he 
began to think more deeply about

4756
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:34,900
what it meant to be. 
Truly skilled. 

4757
04:25:34,900 --> 04:25:38,400
It's like the difference between
someone who can run fast and 

4758
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:42,300
someone who understands the art 
of running technique vs Mastery,

4759
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:45,400
Musashi began studying things 
that had nothing to do with 

4760
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:48,900
sword, fighting painting 
calligraphy sculpture and 

4761
04:25:48,900 --> 04:25:51,900
poetry. 
To outside is this might have 

4762
04:25:51,900 --> 04:25:54,600
seemed like a strange career 
pivot for someone who had his 

4763
04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:57,000
reputation on being outstanding 
at sword combat. 

4764
04:25:57,700 --> 04:26:00,400
But Musashi was beginning to 
understand something that many 

4765
04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:04,200
specialists never grasp. 
Excellence in one area often 

4766
04:26:04,200 --> 04:26:06,800
comes from understanding 
principles that apply across 

4767
04:26:06,800 --> 04:26:09,900
multiple disciplines when he 
picked up a brush to paint. 

4768
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:12,400
He discovered that the control 
and precision required was 

4769
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:15,400
similar to sword work. 
But The patients needed was 

4770
04:26:15,400 --> 04:26:18,400
entirely different. 
You can't rush a painting. 

4771
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:21,000
The way you might rush a sword 
strike each brush. 

4772
04:26:21,000 --> 04:26:24,000
Stroke has to be deliberate 
considered and committed to once

4773
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:27,000
it touches the paper, it taught 
him about permanence in a way 

4774
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:28,800
that sword fighting which is all
about. 

4775
04:26:28,800 --> 04:26:32,000
Split Second decisions. 
Never could his calligraphy 

4776
04:26:32,000 --> 04:26:35,200
practice became almost 
meditative the repetitive nature

4777
04:26:35,200 --> 04:26:37,900
of forming characters and the 
focus required to make each 

4778
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:40,700
stroke, both beautiful and 
readable, gave him a different 

4779
04:26:40,700 --> 04:26:43,400
kind of discipline. 
It was like strength training 

4780
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,700
for his mind building muscles. 
He didn't know he needed during 

4781
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,100
this period. 
Musashi also began developing 

4782
04:26:49,100 --> 04:26:52,200
his thoughts about strategy and 
technique into what would 

4783
04:26:52,200 --> 04:26:53,900
eventually become his famous 
book. 

4784
04:26:53,900 --> 04:26:58,600
The book of five rings, but that
was still years away at this 

4785
04:26:58,600 --> 04:27:00,100
point. 
He was simply a man who had 

4786
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:01,500
realized that being the best 
sword. 

4787
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:04,300
Fighter wasn't just about being 
good with swords. 

4788
04:27:04,300 --> 04:27:07,700
It was about understanding, how 
Excellence worked in general. 

4789
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:11,500
He started accepting students 
which presented an intriguing 

4790
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:13,600
challenge. 
How do you teach someone to 

4791
04:27:13,600 --> 04:27:16,800
think, unconventionally, how do 
you impart knowledge gained from

4792
04:27:16,800 --> 04:27:19,600
years of trial and error from 
sleeping under bridges and 

4793
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:23,600
getting lost in mountains? 
Traditional martial arts schools

4794
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:25,400
had curricular and structured 
lessons. 

4795
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:28,900
But Musashi's approach was more 
like let me show you some 

4796
04:27:28,900 --> 04:27:30,800
things. 
I've figured out and then you 

4797
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:32,600
can figure out how to make them 
work for you. 

4798
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:36,000
His teaching style was probably 
frustrating for students who 

4799
04:27:36,000 --> 04:27:38,200
wanted clear step by step 
instructions. 

4800
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:42,200
Instead of saying, hold your 
sword like this, he might say, 

4801
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:45,900
find the way that feels like an 
extension of your arm, and then 

4802
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:48,400
watch while his students 
struggle to interpret, what that

4803
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:50,400
meant. 
But for the students who 

4804
04:27:50,400 --> 04:27:53,800
understood this approach, it was
probably incredibly liberating. 

4805
04:27:53,800 --> 04:27:55,400
One of the most important 
things. 

4806
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:57,600
Musashi, learned. 
During this period, was the art 

4807
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:00,700
of not fighting. 
For someone whose career hinged 

4808
04:28:00,700 --> 04:28:03,900
on combat Excellence. 
This may seem contradictory but 

4809
04:28:03,900 --> 04:28:07,800
it's actually an essential skill
knowing when not to engage when 

4810
04:28:07,800 --> 04:28:10,800
to walk away and when to let 
someone else prove their point 

4811
04:28:10,800 --> 04:28:14,100
without making it your problem, 
these are Advanced Techniques 

4812
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:17,100
that required just as much 
Mastery as any sword movement. 

4813
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:20,500
He began to understand that true
strength often looks like doing 

4814
04:28:20,500 --> 04:28:23,100
nothing at all. 
When you're confident in your 

4815
04:28:23,100 --> 04:28:25,400
abilities, you don't need to 
constantly prove them. 

4816
04:28:25,400 --> 04:28:28,400
You can let smaller challenges 
pass by without feeling 

4817
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:31,500
diminished saving your energy 
for situations that truly 

4818
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:34,300
matter. 
While his 30s musashiya 

4819
04:28:34,300 --> 04:28:37,400
developed into something rare. 
A warrior who was equally 

4820
04:28:37,400 --> 04:28:40,600
skilled as an artist. 
He wasn't just dabbling and 

4821
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:43,000
painting and sculpture as 
Hobbies, he was approaching them

4822
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:44,700
with the same intensity and 
dedication. 

4823
04:28:44,700 --> 04:28:48,500
He had brought to swords 
fighting his paintings. 

4824
04:28:48,500 --> 04:28:50,300
Particularly his burden flower 
studies. 

4825
04:28:50,300 --> 04:28:53,300
Showed a sensitivity and 
attention to detail that might 

4826
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:55,100
surprise. 
People who only knew his 

4827
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:57,900
reputation as a duelist. 
There's Something Beautiful 

4828
04:28:57,900 --> 04:29:00,500
about watching, someone apply 
Warrior discipline to creating 

4829
04:29:00,500 --> 04:29:03,000
art. 
The same Focus that allowed 

4830
04:29:03,000 --> 04:29:06,700
Musashi to analyze an opponent 
starts in combat helped him. 

4831
04:29:06,700 --> 04:29:10,500
Observe the way Morning Light 
fell across a Crane's wing She 

4832
04:29:10,500 --> 04:29:13,200
had developed through years of 
training enabled, him to wait 

4833
04:29:13,200 --> 04:29:16,500
for the perfect moment to make a
brush stroke, just as he had 

4834
04:29:16,500 --> 04:29:18,800
waited for the perfect moment to
strike in duels. 

4835
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:21,700
His sculptures were particularly
captivating because they 

4836
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,200
required a completely different 
kind of physical engagement. 

4837
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:27,900
Instead of the quick, decisive 
movements of sword, fighting 

4838
04:29:27,900 --> 04:29:31,700
sculpture demanded sustained 
effort over long periods. 

4839
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:35,400
You might spend days carefully, 
removing tiny bits of wood or 

4840
04:29:35,400 --> 04:29:37,500
stone. 
Making gradual progress toward 

4841
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:39,600
your vision. 
It was like the difference 

4842
04:29:39,600 --> 04:29:42,700
between sprinting and Marathon 
running both require 

4843
04:29:42,700 --> 04:29:45,900
athleticism, but they developed 
different kinds of endurance 

4844
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:49,100
during this period Musashi. 
Also began to write more 

4845
04:29:49,100 --> 04:29:51,400
seriously about his 
understanding of strategy and 

4846
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,300
combat. 
But unlike many martial arts 

4847
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:57,100
treaters is, which focused on 
specific techniques or 

4848
04:29:57,100 --> 04:30:00,000
traditional forms? 
Musashi's writing was more 

4849
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:02,300
philosophical. 
He was trying to capture the 

4850
04:30:02,300 --> 04:30:05,000
thinking behind effective, 
action rather than just 

4851
04:30:05,000 --> 04:30:06,400
describing the actions 
themselves. 

4852
04:30:06,400 --> 04:30:10,000
He developed what he called, the
way of strategy, which was 

4853
04:30:10,000 --> 04:30:12,600
essentially a comprehensive 
approach to conflict resolution.

4854
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:15,900
That could apply to anything 
from sword, fighting to 

4855
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:18,000
business, negotiations to 
personal relationships. 

4856
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:22,600
Preparation, understanding and 
psychological positioning, 

4857
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:25,600
determine the outcome of most 
conflicts before the physical 

4858
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:28,800
confrontation, even starts. 
One of his most important 

4859
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:31,500
insights was about timing in 
sword. 

4860
04:30:31,500 --> 04:30:33,700
Fighting timing isn't just about
moving fast. 

4861
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:37,400
It's about moving at exactly the
right moment too early. 

4862
04:30:37,400 --> 04:30:40,200
And you reveal your intentions 
before your opponent is 

4863
04:30:40,200 --> 04:30:43,500
vulnerable, if you act too late,
you will completely miss your 

4864
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:46,600
opportunity. 
This principle mustache realized

4865
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:48,300
applied to almost everything in 
life. 

4866
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:51,300
He also wrote about what he 
called, the spirit of the thing 

4867
04:30:51,300 --> 04:30:54,400
itself, which was his way of 
describing, the importance of 

4868
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:56,900
understanding, the essential 
nature of whatever your dealing 

4869
04:30:56,900 --> 04:31:00,300
with, whether you're fighting an
opponent painting, a landscape 

4870
04:31:00,300 --> 04:31:03,600
or trying to solve a problem. 
Success comes from seeing 

4871
04:31:03,600 --> 04:31:06,300
clearly what's actually 
happening rather than what you 

4872
04:31:06,300 --> 04:31:08,800
think should be happening or 
what happened in similar 

4873
04:31:08,800 --> 04:31:12,500
situations before his students 
during this period included, not

4874
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:16,600
just aspiring swordsman, but 
also Artists Craftsmen and even 

4875
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,000
Merchants who wanted to 
understand his approach to 

4876
04:31:19,200 --> 04:31:22,800
Strategy Musashi had begun to 
attract people who are less 

4877
04:31:22,808 --> 04:31:26,100
interested in learning to fight 
and more interested in learning 

4878
04:31:26,100 --> 04:31:29,200
to think, clearly, Under 
Pressure teaching change messiah

4879
04:31:29,200 --> 04:31:32,600
in ways, he probably didn't 
expect when you have to explain 

4880
04:31:32,600 --> 04:31:35,400
something, to another person, 
you discover gaps in your 

4881
04:31:35,408 --> 04:31:37,200
understanding that you didn't 
know existed. 

4882
04:31:38,200 --> 04:31:40,900
Students, ask questions that 
force you to examine assumptions

4883
04:31:40,900 --> 04:31:43,200
you've never questioned and 
their mistakes. 

4884
04:31:43,200 --> 04:31:44,900
Help. 
You see problems from entirely 

4885
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:48,200
new angles, Musashi found, that 
his best students weren't 

4886
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:51,400
necessarily the most naturally 
talented ones often. 

4887
04:31:51,400 --> 04:31:54,500
They were the ones who struggled
with traditional approaches and 

4888
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:56,800
had to find their ways of making
techniques work. 

4889
04:31:56,800 --> 04:31:59,900
These students forced him to 
think more creatively about 

4890
04:31:59,900 --> 04:32:03,800
instruction to discover new ways
of explaining Concepts that he 

4891
04:32:03,800 --> 04:32:06,300
had internalized. 
So thoroughly that he barely 

4892
04:32:06,300 --> 04:32:08,800
thought about them anymore. 
One of the challenges of 

4893
04:32:08,800 --> 04:32:11,400
teaching unconventional methods 
is that they don't translate 

4894
04:32:11,400 --> 04:32:14,600
easily into rules and 
procedures, traditional martial 

4895
04:32:14,600 --> 04:32:16,200
arts. 
Schools could give students a 

4896
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:19,600
clear progression, learn this 
stars, then this movement, then 

4897
04:32:19,600 --> 04:32:23,400
this combination and so on. 
But Musashi's approach was more 

4898
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:25,400
like jazz improvisation than 
classical music. 

4899
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:28,200
There were underlying 
principles, but the expression 

4900
04:32:28,200 --> 04:32:30,800
had to be personal. 
And spontaneous, he began to 

4901
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:33,100
develop teaching methods that 
were more about creating 

4902
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:36,100
conditions for Discovery than 
about direct instruction. 

4903
04:32:36,100 --> 04:32:39,300
Instead of showing students 
exactly how to hold their 

4904
04:32:39,300 --> 04:32:41,400
swords. 
He might offer them a series of 

4905
04:32:41,408 --> 04:32:44,300
exercises, that would naturally 
lead them to discover effective 

4906
04:32:44,300 --> 04:32:47,200
grips on their own, it was 
slower than traditional 

4907
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:49,400
instruction. 
But it produced students who 

4908
04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:52,400
truly understood what they were 
doing rather than just copying 

4909
04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:55,200
movements during this period 
Musashi. 

4910
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:58,000
Also began to understand the 
importance of what modern people

4911
04:32:58,000 --> 04:33:00,400
might call work life balance 
though. 

4912
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:03,500
He wouldn't have used that 
terminology He realized that 

4913
04:33:03,500 --> 04:33:07,200
constant intensity whether in 
training or in teaching was 

4914
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:10,800
ultimately counterproductive, 
Excellence, required periods of 

4915
04:33:10,800 --> 04:33:14,300
rest and reflection times when 
you were not actively trying to 

4916
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:17,099
improve but was simply 
maintaining what you had already

4917
04:33:17,099 --> 04:33:19,500
achieved. 
He started incorporating more 

4918
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:23,099
variety into his daily routines.
A morning might include sword 

4919
04:33:23,099 --> 04:33:27,599
practice, followed by painting 
writing, then along walk with no

4920
04:33:27,599 --> 04:33:31,099
particular destination. 
This wasn't procrastination or 

4921
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:33,700
lack of focus. 
It was a recognition that 

4922
04:33:33,700 --> 04:33:36,099
different types of thinking, 
required different, mental 

4923
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:39,400
States, and creativity, often 
emerge from the spaces between 

4924
04:33:39,400 --> 04:33:41,800
focused activities. 
During this period. 

4925
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:45,099
His reputation shifted from 
being seen as a dangerous 

4926
04:33:45,099 --> 04:33:48,700
duelist to a wise teacher, 
although he remained fully 

4927
04:33:48,700 --> 04:33:51,599
capable of being the former when
circumstances required. 

4928
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:55,099
It People started seeking him 
out not because they wanted to 

4929
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:58,800
challenge him but because they 
wanted to learn from him, it was

4930
04:33:58,800 --> 04:34:02,099
a more sustainable way to live 
and probably much better for his

4931
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:05,500
long-term stress levels as 
Musashi entered his later years.

4932
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:08,099
He began working on what would 
become his most lasting 

4933
04:34:08,099 --> 04:34:11,400
contribution to the world. 
The book of five rings. 

4934
04:34:12,500 --> 04:34:14,900
Calling it a book about sword 
fighting is like calling Moby. 

4935
04:34:14,900 --> 04:34:17,599
Dick a book about whaling, 
technically accurate, but 

4936
04:34:17,599 --> 04:34:22,000
missing most of the point, the 
Five Rings, groundwater fire, 

4937
04:34:22,000 --> 04:34:25,200
wind and void weren't just 
different sword fighting 

4938
04:34:25,200 --> 04:34:27,300
techniques. 
They were different ways of 

4939
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:29,900
approaching any challenge, 
different modes of thinking, 

4940
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:32,000
that could be applied to 
everything from military 

4941
04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:34,800
strategy to personal 
relationships to Artistic 

4942
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:36,900
creation. 
The ground ring was about 

4943
04:34:36,900 --> 04:34:39,400
fundamentals. 
The basic principles that 

4944
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:43,300
everything else was built on. 
Musashi had learned that you 

4945
04:34:43,300 --> 04:34:45,599
couldn't build lasting 
Excellence on shaky foundations,

4946
04:34:45,599 --> 04:34:49,099
whether you were learning sword 
fighting or trying to run a 

4947
04:34:49,099 --> 04:34:51,400
business. 
Most people wanted to skip the 

4948
04:34:51,400 --> 04:34:54,099
boring foundational work, and 
jump straight to the Advanced 

4949
04:34:54,099 --> 04:34:56,500
Techniques. 
But Musashi had seen too many 

4950
04:34:56,508 --> 04:34:59,900
promising students fail because 
they hadn't mastered the basics.

4951
04:34:59,900 --> 04:35:03,099
The watering was about 
adaptability flowing around 

4952
04:35:03,099 --> 04:35:05,500
obstacles rather than trying to 
smash through them. 

4953
04:35:06,200 --> 04:35:07,599
Water. 
Always finds a way to its 

4954
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:09,900
destination. 
Whether that means going around 

4955
04:35:09,900 --> 04:35:11,700
a rock or wearing through it 
over time. 

4956
04:35:13,000 --> 04:35:15,000
Musashi learned. 
This lesson through years of 

4957
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:18,200
encountering opponents who are 
stronger faster or better 

4958
04:35:18,200 --> 04:35:20,700
trained than he was and finding 
ways to win. 

4959
04:35:20,700 --> 04:35:24,200
Anyway, the firing was about 
intensity and decisive action. 

4960
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:27,800
There are moments when gradual 
progress isn't enough when you 

4961
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:31,000
need to commit everything you 
have to a single effort, but the

4962
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:35,099
trick is knowing when those 
moments are use fire attacks too

4963
04:35:35,099 --> 04:35:38,500
often and you burn out If they 
are used to infrequently 

4964
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:40,800
important opportunities, may be 
missed. 

4965
04:35:40,800 --> 04:35:43,300
The wind ring was about 
understanding what others were 

4966
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:46,000
doing seeing clearly without 
being distracted by your 

4967
04:35:46,000 --> 04:35:49,800
preferences or expectations. 
Most conflicts are lost because 

4968
04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:52,400
people fight against what they 
think their opponent is doing 

4969
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,000
rather than what their opponent 
is actually doing. 

4970
04:35:55,800 --> 04:35:58,800
This requires a kind of mental 
emptiness that most people find 

4971
04:35:58,800 --> 04:36:02,099
uncomfortable, you have to set 
aside your plans and reactions 

4972
04:36:02,099 --> 04:36:03,900
long enough to really see what's
happening. 

4973
04:36:03,900 --> 04:36:07,500
The void ring was the most 
difficult to explain because it 

4974
04:36:07,500 --> 04:36:10,500
was about the space between 
techniques, the pause between 

4975
04:36:10,500 --> 04:36:13,500
thoughts and the moment of 
potential before action. 

4976
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:16,500
It was what happened when you 
stopped trying to control 

4977
04:36:16,500 --> 04:36:19,500
everything and allowed your 
training and intuition to guide 

4978
04:36:19,500 --> 04:36:22,500
you writing these ideas down was
probably one of the most 

4979
04:36:22,500 --> 04:36:24,800
challenging things Musashi had 
ever done. 

4980
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:28,400
He had spent decades developing 
these insights through direct 

4981
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:31,700
experience, learning them in his
muscles and Bones before he 

4982
04:36:31,700 --> 04:36:34,800
understood the intellectually. 
Translating that kind of 

4983
04:36:34,808 --> 04:36:37,500
embodied knowledge into words, 
was like, trying to describe the

4984
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:41,200
taste of water to someone who 
had never been thirsty in his 

4985
04:36:41,200 --> 04:36:43,900
final years, Musashi retreated 
to a cave in the mountains. 

4986
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:46,599
Near Kumamoto to complete his 
writing and reflect on his 

4987
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:49,700
life's work. 
This wasn't the dramatic hermit 

4988
04:36:49,700 --> 04:36:53,300
withdrawal that popular culture 
sometimes portrays, but more 

4989
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:56,099
like the decision of a senior 
Professor to take, sabbatical to

4990
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:57,800
write the book. 
He had been contemplating for 

4991
04:36:57,800 --> 04:37:01,200
decades the cave, provided the 
kind of uninterrupted Solitude 

4992
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:03,599
that was almost impossible to 
find in normal life. 

4993
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:07,400
Know students asking questions? 
No visitors wanting to test 

4994
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,500
their skills against his 
reputation and no daily 

4995
04:37:10,500 --> 04:37:13,500
obligations beyond the basic 
requirements of staying alive. 

4996
04:37:13,500 --> 04:37:17,000
It was like having a completely 
clear desk for the first time in

4997
04:37:17,000 --> 04:37:19,900
years where you can finally 
focus on the projects that 

4998
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:23,300
matter most in this setting 
Musashi completed, not just the 

4999
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:27,308
book of five rings but also a 
work called Dakota or the way of

5000
04:37:27,315 --> 04:37:30,000
walking alone. 
This was a much shorter. 

5001
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:32,900
Piece consisting of 21 
principles for self-reliant 

5002
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:36,500
living reading it today. 
It sounds remarkably modern in 

5003
04:37:36,500 --> 04:37:39,500
some ways advice about not 
depending on others for your 

5004
04:37:39,500 --> 04:37:42,000
happiness. 
Not accumulating, unnecessary, 

5005
04:37:42,000 --> 04:37:45,200
possessions, and treating all 
things with respect, but not 

5006
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:47,400
attachment. 
But the way of walking alone 

5007
04:37:47,400 --> 04:37:49,700
wasn't a guide to hermit living 
or anti-social. 

5008
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:53,300
Behaviour, it was more about 
psychological Independence, the 

5009
04:37:53,300 --> 04:37:56,400
ability to remain centered and 
purposeful regardless of 

5010
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,599
external circumstances. 
Musashi had learned through 

5011
04:37:59,599 --> 04:38:01,800
Decades of wandering. 
That your inner state was, the 

5012
04:38:01,800 --> 04:38:04,900
only thing you could truly 
control and that everything else

5013
04:38:04,900 --> 04:38:08,300
was essentially weather. 
Sometimes Pleasant, sometimes 

5014
04:38:08,300 --> 04:38:12,500
difficult, but always temporary 
during his cave years, Musashi 

5015
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:14,900
also created some of his most 
celebrated artwork. 

5016
04:38:15,700 --> 04:38:18,099
Without the distractions of 
teaching, or the pressure of 

5017
04:38:18,099 --> 04:38:21,400
maintaining his reputation, he 
could paint purely for the joy 

5018
04:38:21,400 --> 04:38:24,300
of capturing Something 
Beautiful, his late paintings. 

5019
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:26,800
Have a quality of serene 
confidence, that's different 

5020
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:29,400
from his earlier work. 
The brush Strokes are more 

5021
04:38:29,408 --> 04:38:33,400
economical but somehow more 
expressive like someone who has 

5022
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:36,400
learned to say more with less 
the mountain setting, probably 

5023
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:39,300
influenced his art as well. 
When you're surrounded by the 

5024
04:38:39,300 --> 04:38:42,400
same landscape day after day, 
you begin to see it in. 

5025
04:38:42,400 --> 04:38:46,400
Incredible detail, the way 
Shadows move across Rock faces 

5026
04:38:46,400 --> 04:38:48,900
throughout the day. 
The subtle differences in how 

5027
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:52,500
pine trees respond to wind the 
dozens of different sounds that 

5028
04:38:52,500 --> 04:38:55,400
mountain silence contains. 
This kind of intimate 

5029
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:58,400
observation shows up in the 
Precision and sensitivity of his

5030
04:38:58,400 --> 04:39:03,599
late paintings Musashi died in 
1645 at the age of about 61 

5031
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:07,200
having never lost a duel and 
having created a body of work 

5032
04:39:07,200 --> 04:39:09,200
that would Influence People for 
centuries. 

5033
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:12,900
But perhaps his most interesting
Legacy, isn't his undefeated 

5034
04:39:12,900 --> 04:39:16,700
record, or even his artistic 
achievements, it's the example, 

5035
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:19,599
he set of someone who refused to
be limited by conventional 

5036
04:39:19,599 --> 04:39:23,000
categories in a society that 
valued specialization and 

5037
04:39:23,000 --> 04:39:26,800
clearly defined roles. 
Musashi insisted on being both a

5038
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:30,500
warrior and an artist. 
Teacher and a student and a man 

5039
04:39:30,508 --> 04:39:34,200
of action and a philosopher. 
Prove that excellence in one 

5040
04:39:34,200 --> 04:39:36,000
area doesn't require ignorance 
of others. 

5041
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:38,800
And that the deepest 
understanding often comes from 

5042
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:42,000
seeing connections between 
seemingly, unrelated disciplines

5043
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:44,900
his approach to learning was 
particularly revolutionary for 

5044
04:39:44,900 --> 04:39:48,400
its time in accepting 
traditional methods simply 

5045
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:51,900
because they were traditional 
Musashi tested, everything 

5046
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,700
against his own experience, and 
kept only what actually worked 

5047
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:58,000
This wasn't disrespect for 
tradition. 

5048
04:39:58,000 --> 04:40:01,400
It was a deeper respect for the 
principles that made Traditions 

5049
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:04,300
valuable in the first place. 
Modern readers, often, find 

5050
04:40:04,300 --> 04:40:06,200
massages writing, surprisingly 
relevant. 

5051
04:40:06,200 --> 04:40:08,700
Not because sword fighting is 
made a comeback. 

5052
04:40:08,700 --> 04:40:12,300
But because his insights about 
strategy timing and clear 

5053
04:40:12,300 --> 04:40:16,400
thinking applied to contemporary
challenges, Whether your dealing

5054
04:40:16,400 --> 04:40:20,000
with a difficult work situation,
trying to master a new skill or 

5055
04:40:20,000 --> 04:40:22,100
simply attempting to live with 
greater purpose and 

5056
04:40:22,100 --> 04:40:25,200
Effectiveness, Musashi's 
principles offer practical 

5057
04:40:25,200 --> 04:40:27,500
guidance. 
His life will also demonstrates 

5058
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,100
something important about the 
relationship between discipline 

5059
04:40:30,100 --> 04:40:33,500
and cruelty. 
Rather than stifling imagination

5060
04:40:33,500 --> 04:40:36,500
massage, she's rigorous training
in martial arts seemed to 

5061
04:40:36,508 --> 04:40:40,100
enhance his artistic abilities. 
The same attention to detail 

5062
04:40:40,100 --> 04:40:43,200
that made him a formidable. 
Swordsman made him a sense of 

5063
04:40:43,200 --> 04:40:46,200
painter. 
The patience required for 

5064
04:40:46,200 --> 04:40:49,100
mastering combat techniques 
transfers to the patient's 

5065
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:51,400
needed for creating beautiful 
calligraphy. 

5066
04:40:51,400 --> 04:40:54,900
Most importantly, Musashi 
demonstrated that one can fully 

5067
04:40:54,900 --> 04:40:58,100
commit to Excellence without 
becoming rigid or closed-minded.

5068
04:40:59,000 --> 04:41:01,600
He remained curious and 
experimental throughout his 

5069
04:41:01,600 --> 04:41:03,800
life. 
Always willing to reconsider his

5070
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:05,500
assumptions and try new 
approaches. 

5071
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:09,900
This combination of dedication 
and flexibility is rare and it's

5072
04:41:09,900 --> 04:41:12,400
probably what allowed him to 
continue growing and improving 

5073
04:41:12,400 --> 04:41:16,000
well, into his later years as we
come to, the end of Musashi's 

5074
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:19,200
story is worth, considering what
this man from four centuries ago

5075
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:22,300
might teach us about living. 
Well, in our time, his life 

5076
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:24,700
offers several lessons that 
transcend the specific 

5077
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:27,400
circumstances of medieval Japan 
first. 

5078
04:41:27,400 --> 04:41:29,900
There's the importance of 
developing your own approach 

5079
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:33,800
rather than simply copying what 
others do Musashi's two sword 

5080
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:36,400
technique worked for him, not 
because it was inherently 

5081
04:41:36,400 --> 04:41:38,100
Superior to single sword 
fighting. 

5082
04:41:38,100 --> 04:41:41,000
But because it matched his 
particular strengths and way of 

5083
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:45,000
thinking, In your life, the most
effective Solutions are often 

5084
04:41:45,000 --> 04:41:47,900
the ones you develop for 
yourself based on your unique 

5085
04:41:47,900 --> 04:41:49,900
combination of abilities and 
circumstances. 

5086
04:41:49,900 --> 04:41:53,800
Second Musashi demonstrates. 
The value of cross-training 

5087
04:41:53,800 --> 04:41:57,300
between different disciplines, 
his martial arts, informed, his 

5088
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,500
art, his art, informed his 
writing and his writing 

5089
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:02,300
clarified. 
His understanding of martial 

5090
04:42:02,300 --> 04:42:04,700
arts. 
In our age of hyper 

5091
04:42:04,700 --> 04:42:07,000
specialization, there's 
something refreshing about 

5092
04:42:07,000 --> 04:42:10,400
someone who refused to stay in a
single Lane who understood that 

5093
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,400
breadth of experience could 
deepen rather than dilute 

5094
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:16,400
expertise. 
Third is willingness to start 

5095
04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:18,600
over and keep learning 
throughout his life is 

5096
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:21,900
particularly relevant. 
Musashi did not reach his peak 

5097
04:42:21,900 --> 04:42:24,800
in his twenties and then rely 
solely on his reputation. 

5098
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:28,700
He continued taking on new 
challenges developing new skills

5099
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:33,600
and refining his understanding. 
Well into his sixties in a world

5100
04:42:33,608 --> 04:42:36,600
where careers increasingly 
require constant adaptation and 

5101
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:40,100
lifelong learning Musashi's, 
example is both inspiring and 

5102
04:42:40,100 --> 04:42:42,200
practical. 
There's also his approach to 

5103
04:42:42,200 --> 04:42:43,900
dealing with failure and 
uncertainty. 

5104
04:42:43,900 --> 04:42:48,200
Versace made mistakes. 
He got lost in mountings over, 

5105
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:51,600
slept on the day of important 
duels and probably had plenty of

5106
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:53,300
moments when he questioned his 
life choices. 

5107
04:42:54,300 --> 04:42:56,900
But he seemed to treat these 
setbacks as information rather 

5108
04:42:56,900 --> 04:43:00,100
than disaster's, using them to 
adjust his approach, rather 

5109
04:43:00,100 --> 04:43:03,300
than, as reasons to give up his 
later focus on teaching and 

5110
04:43:03,300 --> 04:43:05,700
writing suggests something 
important about how to create 

5111
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:09,300
lasting value physical 
accomplishments, no matter how 

5112
04:43:09,300 --> 04:43:13,100
impressive, ultimately 
temporary, however, your ideas 

5113
04:43:13,100 --> 04:43:17,100
insights and influence on others
can endure long after your 

5114
04:43:17,100 --> 04:43:20,500
passing. 
Musashi's dueling record is 

5115
04:43:20,500 --> 04:43:23,600
historically intriguing, but his
books are still helping people 

5116
04:43:23,600 --> 04:43:26,700
solve problems today. 
Finally, this is integration of 

5117
04:43:26,700 --> 04:43:30,700
action and reflection his 
ability to be both a doer and a 

5118
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:34,300
thinker too often we divide the 
world into people who act and 

5119
04:43:34,308 --> 04:43:37,800
people who contemplate, as if 
these were mutually exclusive 

5120
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,500
approaches to life, Musashi 
showed that the most effective 

5121
04:43:41,500 --> 04:43:44,700
people often combine both, 
they're willing to jump into 

5122
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:47,300
challenges and take risks. 
But they also spend time 

5123
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:49,800
thinking deeply about what 
they've learned and how they can

5124
04:43:49,800 --> 04:43:51,700
improve. 
As you prepare for sleep 

5125
04:43:51,700 --> 04:43:54,500
tonight, perhaps there's 
something comforting in the 

5126
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:58,200
story of Musashi Miyamoto. 
Not the Fearsome, duelist of 

5127
04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:01,500
Legend but the more human 
figure, we've explored together.

5128
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:05,600
A man who started as a boy 
swinging sticks with unusual 

5129
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:08,600
enthusiasm, who spent years 
walking, the roads of Japan 

5130
04:44:08,600 --> 04:44:11,900
looking for worthy opponents. 
And who eventually learned that 

5131
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:13,700
the most important battles are 
often. 

5132
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:17,300
The ones we fight with ourselves
Musashi's, life serves as a 

5133
04:44:17,300 --> 04:44:20,400
reminder that growth is rarely 
linear, he had periods of 

5134
04:44:20,408 --> 04:44:24,400
intense activity and periods of 
quiet reflection times when he 

5135
04:44:24,400 --> 04:44:27,600
pushed himself to his limits and
times when he stepped back to 

5136
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:30,500
consolidate. 
What he had learned this rhythm 

5137
04:44:30,500 --> 04:44:33,900
of effort and rest Challenge and
Recovery is something we can all

5138
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:36,900
relate to, regardless of our 
particular Pursuits, there's 

5139
04:44:36,900 --> 04:44:39,200
also something deeply satisfying
about the way. 

5140
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:42,700
His story integrates seemingly 
contradictory elements, he was 

5141
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:47,000
both a warrior and an artist and
a teacher and both someone who 

5142
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,700
sought out conflict and someone 
who eventually understood the 

5143
04:44:49,700 --> 04:44:52,300
value of Peace. 
Perhaps, that's a useful way to 

5144
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:54,100
think about our own complex 
lives. 

5145
04:44:54,100 --> 04:44:57,100
The image of Musashi in his 
mounting cave completing his 

5146
04:44:57,100 --> 04:45:00,500
life's work in solitude. 
But with full engagement offers 

5147
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:03,200
a peaceful note on which to end 
our time together tonight. 

5148
04:45:04,100 --> 04:45:06,400
Here was someone who had 
experienced enough of the 

5149
04:45:06,400 --> 04:45:08,900
world's excitement and 
challenges to know their true 

5150
04:45:08,900 --> 04:45:10,600
value. 
Who would learn to find 

5151
04:45:10,600 --> 04:45:12,300
satisfaction in simple things 
done. 

5152
04:45:12,300 --> 04:45:15,500
Well, and who understood that 
the most profound victories are 

5153
04:45:15,500 --> 04:45:18,500
often the quietest ones. 
As you drift off to sleep, you 

5154
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:21,100
might think about the wooden 
sword mustache carved from a 

5155
04:45:21,108 --> 04:45:24,000
boat tours. 
Transforming a simple tool in to

5156
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:26,200
an instrument of Victory through
nothing, more than clear 

5157
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:29,500
thinking and careful work. 
There's something encouraging 

5158
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:32,300
about that image. 
The idea that we all have access

5159
04:45:32,300 --> 04:45:35,800
to the raw materials of success 
that creativity and 

5160
04:45:35,800 --> 04:45:38,600
determination can often matter 
more than perfect equipment or 

5161
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:41,000
ideal circumstances, sweet 
dreams. 

5162
04:45:41,000 --> 04:45:44,500
And remember, sometimes the most
unconventional path is the one 

5163
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:46,300
that leads exactly where you 
need to go. 

5164
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:57,100
Imagine America in 1928 a nation
that had figured out the key to 

5165
04:45:57,100 --> 04:46:01,000
Eternal Bliss. 10 years, had 
passed since the Great War and 

5166
04:46:01,000 --> 04:46:02,900
Americans had a renewed sense of
hope. 

5167
04:46:02,900 --> 04:46:06,300
After that horrific struggle, 
everyone was invited to a party 

5168
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:09,600
that seemed to have been played 
by the entire country and lasted

5169
04:46:09,600 --> 04:46:12,900
for years, the sound of jazz 
leaking from speaking easy 

5170
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:14,200
doors. 
Filled the night are in the 

5171
04:46:14,208 --> 04:46:17,300
cities where electric light's 
painted the streets, in warm 

5172
04:46:17,300 --> 04:46:21,300
yellow pools, Thank you very 
much, women who had worked in 

5173
04:46:21,300 --> 04:46:24,200
offices and factories during the
War years had found that they 

5174
04:46:24,200 --> 04:46:27,300
really enjoyed being independent
and making their own decisions. 

5175
04:46:27,300 --> 04:46:29,800
They danced the Charleston with 
a freedom. 

5176
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:31,800
That would have been 
unimaginable only a few years 

5177
04:46:31,800 --> 04:46:36,000
ago bobbed their hair cut their 
skirt short and scandalized 

5178
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:38,600
their mothers. 
The are literally smelled of 

5179
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:41,400
prosperity. 
It was the aroma of brand new 

5180
04:46:41,400 --> 04:46:44,600
cars coming off, Henry Ford's 
production lines, and the new 

5181
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:45,900
leather of the seats in the 
Model. 

5182
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:47,900
T that regular families could 
now afford. 

5183
04:46:49,200 --> 04:46:51,500
With a machine that would have 
seemed like magic to his 

5184
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:54,500
grandfather. 
Farmer's son, could enter a car 

5185
04:46:54,500 --> 04:46:57,400
dealership and drive out. 
Making them temples of the new 

5186
04:46:57,400 --> 04:47:00,300
American Dream. 
America's new National Pastime 

5187
04:47:00,300 --> 04:47:03,600
was the stock market Housewives 
talked about their portfolios, 

5188
04:47:03,600 --> 04:47:05,600
over afternoon, tea with the 
same further. 

5189
04:47:05,600 --> 04:47:08,000
They used to save for talking 
about their Gardens and 

5190
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:10,400
barbershops were humming with 
advice on which stocks to 

5191
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:13,700
purchase it appeared so 
straightforward and infallible. 

5192
04:47:13,700 --> 04:47:16,700
You purchase stocks The 
increased in value and you 

5193
04:47:16,708 --> 04:47:20,300
profited The fact that even Wall
Street shoe, shine boys were 

5194
04:47:20,300 --> 04:47:23,300
giving stock advice should have 
been a red flag but for some 

5195
04:47:23,300 --> 04:47:26,400
reason it seemed like evidence 
that Prosperity turned into 

5196
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,600
democracy Main Street was 
flourishing in small towns. 

5197
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:32,800
All over the nation to the 
extent that later paintings by 

5198
04:47:32,800 --> 04:47:36,200
Norman Rockwell resembled 
documentary photography. the 

5199
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:38,800
newest electric appliances were 
added to hardware stores, 

5200
04:47:38,800 --> 04:47:42,700
inventory, big city, fashion 
reached Rural America, when 

5201
04:47:42,700 --> 04:47:45,200
department stores installed 
plate, glass, windows to 

5202
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,800
Showcase ready-made, dresses, 
and suits, Why wouldn't the 

5203
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:51,300
president of the local bank? 
Be the most well-liked 

5204
04:47:51,300 --> 04:47:54,400
individual in town. 
People who thought economic 

5205
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:57,200
growth was as Dependable as 
Sunrise were casually trusting 

5206
04:47:57,200 --> 04:48:00,100
Banks to make loans. 
The nation had been miraculously

5207
04:48:00,100 --> 04:48:02,900
connected by radio in the 
evenings. 

5208
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:06,200
Families would congregate around
their wooden filco sets to 

5209
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:09,000
listen to shows that help them 
understand the broader Narrative

5210
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:13,900
of America comedy shows from 
Chicago, Jazz from New York and 

5211
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:16,900
a feeling that the entire nation
was taking part in something. 

5212
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:19,300
Amazing. 
And unprecedented were all 

5213
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:21,400
brought about by the radio 
farmers. 

5214
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:24,000
Were finally starting to benefit
from the country's Prosperity 

5215
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:26,800
after struggling for the 
majority of the decade. 

5216
04:48:27,500 --> 04:48:30,400
Agriculture was becoming more 
like modern industry, thanks to 

5217
04:48:30,408 --> 04:48:33,500
mechanization which was 
replacing back-breaking labor. 

5218
04:48:33,500 --> 04:48:37,600
A new tracker allowed a farmer 
to work land that only a 

5219
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:39,500
generation ago would have taken 
a dozen men. 

5220
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:42,800
Farm wives were learning the 
magic of electric vacuum 

5221
04:48:42,800 --> 04:48:45,500
cleaners, and washing machines. 
And Rural electrification. 

5222
04:48:45,500 --> 04:48:48,500
Programs were starting to 
install power lines in places 

5223
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,600
that had never had electric 
lights, the credit system had 

5224
04:48:51,600 --> 04:48:53,900
developed to the point where it 
seemed reasonable to purchase 

5225
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:57,800
nearly anything. 
Buy now, pay later was more than

5226
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:00,600
just a catchphrase. 
It was a way of thinking that 

5227
04:49:00,600 --> 04:49:03,600
represented America's optimism 
about its economic future. 

5228
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:07,500
Instead of saving months to 
purchase a refrigerator, you 

5229
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:09,700
could take it home today and pay
for it over time. 

5230
04:49:09,700 --> 04:49:14,200
After all, there were plenty of 
jobs wages were increasing and 

5231
04:49:14,200 --> 04:49:17,100
the Future Would undoubtedly be 
more prosperous than the present

5232
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:19,100
confident that they're growing 
incomes. 

5233
04:49:19,100 --> 04:49:20,900
Would make the monthly payments 
manageable. 

5234
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:24,300
Young couples were purchasing 
homes with down payments that 

5235
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:26,300
would seem Impossible by today's
standards. 

5236
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:30,600
On the outskirts of cities, 
neighborhoods were emerging with

5237
04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:33,300
streetcar lines, connecting 
them, and modest homes that 

5238
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:36,300
symbolized upward Mobility for 
families whose parents had 

5239
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:38,700
previously lived in hard 
scrapple Farms or tenements. 

5240
04:49:38,700 --> 04:49:41,500
This optimism across the country
was mirrored in the 

5241
04:49:41,500 --> 04:49:45,000
entertainment sector Hollywood 
was making films, that praised 

5242
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:47,100
the achievements and 
inventiveness of Americans. 

5243
04:49:47,100 --> 04:49:51,100
As if human endurance itself was
growing along with the economy 

5244
04:49:51,100 --> 04:49:54,100
dance, marathon's attracted 
audiences, who marveled at 

5245
04:49:54,100 --> 04:49:55,900
couples, who could dance for 
days. 

5246
04:49:56,900 --> 04:49:59,100
With figures, like Babe Ruth, 
representing a sort of 

5247
04:49:59,108 --> 04:50:01,100
exaggerated American success 
story. 

5248
04:50:01,100 --> 04:50:05,100
Professional sports was starting
to take off the confidence of 

5249
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:07,200
the time was even reflected in 
fashion. 

5250
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:10,200
While women's clothing 
celebrated, a new kind of 

5251
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:13,500
freedom and Mobility, men's 
suits became more relaxed and 

5252
04:50:13,500 --> 04:50:16,600
comfortable. 
Simple elegant designs, the 

5253
04:50:16,600 --> 04:50:19,300
constricting courses, and or 
nature dresses of earlier 

5254
04:50:19,300 --> 04:50:21,600
Generations. 
Enabling the active Lifestyles 

5255
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,400
that Prosperity was enabling 
most significantly though. 

5256
04:50:24,400 --> 04:50:27,900
Americans, in 1928 had grown to 
have an unwavering faith in 

5257
04:50:27,900 --> 04:50:31,200
progress itself. 
Problems were being solved by 

5258
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:33,600
technology more quickly than 
they could be created. 

5259
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:37,200
Everything from manufacturing to
Medicine was being revealed by 

5260
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:39,900
science. 
Like a train that had left the 

5261
04:50:39,900 --> 04:50:42,800
station and could not be stopped
the future appeared, not only 

5262
04:50:42,800 --> 04:50:45,800
bright, but inevitable in its 
brightness at the time. 

5263
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,600
It didn't feel naive, but this 
wasn't naive optimism either. 

5264
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:53,300
A prosperity of the United 
States was actually demonstrated

5265
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:55,800
in Innovations were changing 
Every Day. 

5266
04:50:55,800 --> 04:50:58,700
Life at a rate that left even 
the most astute. 

5267
04:50:58,700 --> 04:51:02,700
Observers speechless production 
was up and unemployment was low.

5268
04:51:03,500 --> 04:51:06,800
The majority of Americans. 
In 1928 would have regarded, you

5269
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:09,300
with the courteous, confusion, 
typically reserved, for those 

5270
04:51:09,300 --> 04:51:11,000
who asserted that the Earth was 
flat. 

5271
04:51:11,000 --> 04:51:14,300
If you had suggested that their 
economic system was unstable or 

5272
04:51:14,300 --> 04:51:16,800
unsustainable. 
Of course, the warning signs 

5273
04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:19,800
were there, Farm prices were 
declining due to agricultural. 

5274
04:51:19,800 --> 04:51:23,400
Overproduction in comes were not
keeping up with the rate of 

5275
04:51:23,408 --> 04:51:27,100
increase in Consumer Debt. 
The stock market was acting in a

5276
04:51:27,100 --> 04:51:28,800
way that was speculative enough 
to worry. 

5277
04:51:28,800 --> 04:51:31,800
Experienced investors. 
However, these appear to be 

5278
04:51:31,808 --> 04:51:34,700
small technical problems, that 
could be readily fixed by the 

5279
04:51:34,700 --> 04:51:38,100
same American resourcefulness 
that had resolved, all the other

5280
04:51:38,100 --> 04:51:41,200
issues. 
As 1929 got underway, the 

5281
04:51:41,200 --> 04:51:43,800
majority of Americans were 
making plans for what appeared 

5282
04:51:43,800 --> 04:51:45,100
to be a better future than the 
one. 

5283
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:47,500
They were living in. 
At the time one that was more 

5284
04:51:47,500 --> 04:51:51,100
prosperous, more comfortable and
full of opportunities that would

5285
04:51:51,100 --> 04:51:52,800
make rising in the morning and 
Adventure. 

5286
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:56,000
Rather than a chore, the crisp 
autumn whether that typically 

5287
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:59,400
made, people feel energized, and
optimistic arrived in New York. 

5288
04:51:59,400 --> 04:52:04,200
In October 1929, the city had 
that strange Clarity that comes 

5289
04:52:04,200 --> 04:52:07,200
with the first cool days. 
After a long summer, and the 

5290
04:52:07,200 --> 04:52:10,000
leaves in Central Park were 
turning brilliant shades of red 

5291
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:14,200
and gold with men in dark suits.
Moving with purpose down winding

5292
04:52:14,200 --> 04:52:16,300
streets. 
The Familiar sounds of 

5293
04:52:16,300 --> 04:52:19,200
construction and traffic, and 
the comforting bustle of a 

5294
04:52:19,200 --> 04:52:21,500
financial district. 
That seemed to operate on pure 

5295
04:52:21,500 --> 04:52:24,000
confidence. 
Wall Street appeared exactly as 

5296
04:52:24,000 --> 04:52:26,800
it had for months. 
However, if you had been 

5297
04:52:26,800 --> 04:52:29,500
listening carefully, that 
October you may have observed 

5298
04:52:29,500 --> 04:52:31,200
minor shifts in the daily 
routine. 

5299
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:35,200
Restaurant conversations were a 
little different now, still 

5300
04:52:35,200 --> 04:52:37,500
hopeful, but with a hint of 
worried that had not been 

5301
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:40,800
present during the summer, like,
a normally dependable car that 

5302
04:52:40,800 --> 04:52:43,400
had begun to make strange noises
stock prices. 

5303
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:46,500
Had been acting strangely 
dropping sharply and then Rising

5304
04:52:46,500 --> 04:52:50,100
again the morning of Thursday, 
October 24th started out in 

5305
04:52:50,100 --> 04:52:52,200
Manhattan, just like any other 
fall morning. 

5306
04:52:52,800 --> 04:52:55,800
From subway stations, office 
workers came out with newspapers

5307
04:52:55,800 --> 04:52:59,800
that contain the typical mix of 
social gossip sports scores and 

5308
04:52:59,800 --> 04:53:02,400
political news. 
There were some alarming figures

5309
04:53:02,400 --> 04:53:05,300
in the financial pages but 
nothing that would have seemed 

5310
04:53:05,300 --> 04:53:09,400
disastrous to the untrained eye.
The majority of people were not 

5311
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:11,900
as interested in the technical 
aspects of stock market 

5312
04:53:11,900 --> 04:53:15,300
fluctuations, as they were in 
the latest Hollywood scandals or

5313
04:53:15,300 --> 04:53:18,800
the World Series. 
However, something extraordinary

5314
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:21,400
was taking place inside the New 
York Stock Exchange. 

5315
04:53:22,300 --> 04:53:25,000
Sales orders were coming in more
quickly than the system could 

5316
04:53:25,000 --> 04:53:27,700
handle them. 
There was a growing franticness 

5317
04:53:27,700 --> 04:53:30,800
to The Familiar sounds of 
trading, the mechanical clicking

5318
04:53:30,800 --> 04:53:34,400
of ticker tape machines and the 
voices calling out prices by 

5319
04:53:34,400 --> 04:53:36,400
mid-morning. 
The market was unable to operate

5320
04:53:36,400 --> 04:53:39,600
normally due to the overwhelming
selling pressure, the mechanical

5321
04:53:39,600 --> 04:53:42,700
wonders known as ticker tape 
machines, which had provided 

5322
04:53:42,700 --> 04:53:46,600
America with stock price updates
started to deteriorate rapidly. 

5323
04:53:47,600 --> 04:53:50,600
Crowds gathered around the slow 
moving tape in brokerage offices

5324
04:53:50,600 --> 04:53:54,100
Across the Nation to watch their
Investments vanish in real time,

5325
04:53:54,100 --> 04:53:57,300
due to the delay. 
Stock prices were frequently 

5326
04:53:57,300 --> 04:53:59,800
significantly out of date. 
By the time they were seen. 

5327
04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:02,900
Imagine seeing grown men looking
at ticker tape in a general 

5328
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,200
store in Iowa or Barber Shop in 
Detroit with the expressions of 

5329
04:54:06,200 --> 04:54:07,800
those who have just been in a 
car accident. 

5330
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,400
Like Morning, Mist, the informal
confidence that had defined 

5331
04:54:12,400 --> 04:54:14,800
stock market conversations for 
years vanished. 

5332
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:18,500
What started out as discussions 
about which stocks to purchase 

5333
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:22,000
turned into urgent. 
Whispered consultations about 

5334
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:24,800
whether to sell it was 
heartbreaking and surreal to 

5335
04:54:24,808 --> 04:54:28,500
watch the human drama unfold in 
brokerage offices well-dressed 

5336
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:30,200
businessman. 
Who had come feeling Rich that 

5337
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:32,100
morning found their paper 
profits gone by lunchtime 

5338
04:54:32,100 --> 04:54:35,700
clients would call secretaries 
in a panic asking. 

5339
04:54:35,700 --> 04:54:38,400
If the numbers they were seeing 
were legitimate as it turned 

5340
04:54:38,400 --> 04:54:40,900
out, black Thursday was like 
witnessing a masterfully, 

5341
04:54:40,900 --> 04:54:43,100
composed Symphony, fall apart 
into Anarchy. 

5342
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:47,300
When put to the test by real 
Panic, the financial system that

5343
04:54:47,300 --> 04:54:49,900
had appeared. 
So stable and predictable turned

5344
04:54:49,900 --> 04:54:53,400
out to be surprisingly brittle. 
As they went about their daily 

5345
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:55,200
lives. 
However, the majority of 

5346
04:54:55,200 --> 04:54:58,000
American saw the day not as an 
immediate crisis but as a 

5347
04:54:58,008 --> 04:55:01,100
distant Rumble of trouble, a 
brief reprieve and a glimmer of 

5348
04:55:01,100 --> 04:55:03,500
hope that maybe the worst was 
over, were brought about by The 

5349
04:55:03,500 --> 04:55:05,800
Weeknd. 
Financial leaders made 

5350
04:55:05,800 --> 04:55:09,400
comforting claims in newspapers 
that the markets fundamentals 

5351
04:55:09,400 --> 04:55:12,000
were still stable. 
The administration of President 

5352
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:15,000
Hoover made optimistic Four cast
regarding the disruptions 

5353
04:55:15,000 --> 04:55:18,900
transient nature that weekend. 
A lot of Americans convinced 

5354
04:55:18,900 --> 04:55:21,500
themselves that the markets 
actions had been an anomaly 

5355
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:24,600
rather than a warning. 
However, any last Illusions 

5356
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:27,100
regarding the crisis transient 
nature were destroyed on 

5357
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:29,800
Tuesday. 
October, the 29th also known as 

5358
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:32,600
Black Tuesday With even more 
Vigor. 

5359
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:36,400
The selling that had started the
week before resumed, this time, 

5360
04:55:36,400 --> 04:55:39,800
there was no comeback know, 
rally in the afternoon to boost 

5361
04:55:39,800 --> 04:55:43,400
Spirits, millions of frantic 
decisions to sell at any price 

5362
04:55:43,400 --> 04:55:45,200
caused. 
The market to Simply collapse 

5363
04:55:45,200 --> 04:55:48,800
crowds gathered outside Banks 
and brokerage houses in American

5364
04:55:48,800 --> 04:55:50,600
cities. 
Not to make investment 

5365
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:53,500
decisions, but to learn what was
happening to their life savings.

5366
04:55:54,500 --> 04:55:57,600
People appeared stunned rather 
than angry as if they were 

5367
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:00,100
processing information that 
didn't fit with their conception

5368
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:03,600
of how the world worked. 
The atmosphere was remarkably 

5369
04:56:03,600 --> 04:56:06,700
quiet for such large. 
Gatherings black Tuesday's human

5370
04:56:06,700 --> 04:56:07,900
cost. 
Wasn't immediately. 

5371
04:56:07,900 --> 04:56:10,900
Evident in Striking ways? 
Most people didn't tear up 

5372
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:12,700
stocks, certificates, or jump 
out of Windows. 

5373
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,000
Rather, they returned home to 
dinner. 

5374
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:17,300
Tables with quiet, unsure 
conversations. 

5375
04:56:18,100 --> 04:56:21,400
Youngsters felt that something 
significant had changed, but 

5376
04:56:21,400 --> 04:56:24,300
they weren't sure what it was 
rather than being dramatic. 

5377
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:27,300
The first indication of trouble,
for many families was pragmatic.

5378
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:30,900
The father put off buying a new 
car indefinitely. 

5379
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:34,100
The mother decided her old 
winter coat would last another 

5380
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,800
season after shopping for a new 
one budgets for small luxury, 

5381
04:56:37,800 --> 04:56:41,400
purchases such as movie tickets 
flowers for the table and candy 

5382
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:44,900
for the kids were subtly cut. 
Perhaps, even more important 

5383
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:47,900
than the immediate financial 
harm was the psychological toll.

5384
04:56:47,900 --> 04:56:51,400
The years Americans had assumed 
that their economic system was 

5385
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:54,600
fundamentally sound. 
And that short-term setbacks 

5386
04:56:54,600 --> 04:56:58,200
were always followed by recovery
that basic premise was called, 

5387
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:00,700
into question, by Black Tuesday 
in ways that were changed 

5388
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:03,900
people's perspectives on money 
security and the future. 

5389
04:57:03,900 --> 04:57:05,800
Thanks tellers were asked 
questions. 

5390
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:08,800
They were unable to respond, to 
after years of urging clients to

5391
04:57:08,800 --> 04:57:10,500
put their savings into the stock
market. 

5392
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:14,800
How do you tell a depositor that
their money which they believed 

5393
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:17,400
was growing safely and 
conservative Investments has 

5394
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,100
just disappeared. 
Give them that the experts were.

5395
04:57:20,100 --> 04:57:23,000
So utterly mistaken about what 
was feasible, how can one 

5396
04:57:23,000 --> 04:57:25,000
continue to have faith in 
financial institutions? 

5397
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:28,900
Suddenly small business owners 
who had grown their operations 

5398
04:57:28,900 --> 04:57:31,800
on the basis of easy credit were
exposed and overburdened. 

5399
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:35,700
After stocking up for the 
holidays, the corner of found 

5400
04:57:35,700 --> 04:57:38,200
that consumers were suddenly 
much more frugal with their 

5401
04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:40,900
money. 
As prospective buyers decided 

5402
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:43,800
that perhaps their old cars 
would last a few more years, the

5403
04:57:43,800 --> 04:57:45,700
local car. 
Dealer watched his showroom, 

5404
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:49,000
empty, the psychological effects
of the crash were felt even by 

5405
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:52,600
those who had not made direct 
stock market Investments, What 

5406
04:57:52,600 --> 04:57:55,200
other presumptions about 
contemporary life might be just 

5407
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:58,600
as faulty if the experts could 
be so mistaken about something 

5408
04:57:58,600 --> 04:58:02,700
as basic as the stability of the
market, a more cautious and 

5409
04:58:02,700 --> 04:58:05,500
certain approach to planing and 
spending started to replace the 

5410
04:58:05,500 --> 04:58:09,600
confident optimism that are 
defined the 1920s in many 

5411
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:12,900
respects, the week of the crash 
signaled, the end of an era, it 

5412
04:58:12,900 --> 04:58:15,800
went beyond the fact that some 
investors had lost money or that

5413
04:58:15,800 --> 04:58:19,300
stock, prices are dropped. in 
ways that would impact American 

5414
04:58:19,300 --> 04:58:22,700
culture for Generations, the 
entire system of presumptions 

5415
04:58:22,700 --> 04:58:26,300
regarding American prosperity, 
The correlation between effort 

5416
04:58:26,300 --> 04:58:29,700
and reward and the validity of 
progress itself had been called 

5417
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:33,600
into question in late 1929, New 
York City was like a patient 

5418
04:58:33,600 --> 04:58:36,900
recuperating from major surgery,
still breathing, still 

5419
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:40,400
functioning but moving more 
cautiously questioning every 

5420
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,100
sensation. 
From a distance, the city 

5421
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,800
appeared identical, the same 
tool skyscrapers gleaming in the

5422
04:58:46,808 --> 04:58:50,000
Morning, Light the same streams 
of traffic rushing through 

5423
04:58:50,000 --> 04:58:53,800
streets that resembled Canyon's 
and the same Vitality that had 

5424
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:57,200
always made Manhattan seem like 
the center of the universe, the 

5425
04:58:57,200 --> 04:58:58,700
changes, however, were 
everywhere. 

5426
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:02,100
If you knew how to look, 
Previously bustling with stock 

5427
04:59:02,100 --> 04:59:03,800
tips. 
The shoe shine stands. 

5428
04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:06,400
Now provided services in almost 
complete silence. 

5429
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:09,000
During what should have been 
peak hours. 

5430
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:11,600
The upscale lunch restaurants 
that have been crowded with 

5431
04:59:11,600 --> 04:59:13,500
diners with expense accounts 
were left empty. 

5432
04:59:14,400 --> 04:59:16,800
People appeared to be moving 
with purpose, but unsure of 

5433
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:20,200
their destinations as evidence 
by the altered rhythm of foot 

5434
04:59:20,200 --> 04:59:23,500
traffic which was less assured 
and more hurried, the Upper East

5435
04:59:23,500 --> 04:59:25,200
Side. 
Apartment complex is started to 

5436
04:59:25,200 --> 04:59:27,600
narrate Tales of subdued 
economic turmoil. 

5437
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:31,200
Families who had relocated to 
larger Apartments during the 

5438
04:59:31,208 --> 04:59:34,200
boom years were forced to the 
look for smaller Apartments. 

5439
04:59:34,200 --> 04:59:37,500
They could truly afford or 
bargain with landlords for lower

5440
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:40,000
rent. 
The lavish dinner parties that 

5441
04:59:40,000 --> 04:59:43,300
had characterized. 
Social life in the 1920s, either

5442
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:47,000
shrink in size became more 
straightforward events, or 

5443
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:50,000
vanished, completely using the 
money from Investments, her late

5444
04:59:50,000 --> 04:59:53,600
husband had made in railroad 
stocks, Martha Wilson, let's 

5445
04:59:53,600 --> 04:59:56,700
call her Martha but she could 
have been any of thousands of 

5446
04:59:56,700 --> 05:00:01,200
women in similar situations. 
Her apartment on East 73rd, 

5447
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:03,700
Street featured Windows 
overlooking a tree-lined street.

5448
05:00:03,700 --> 05:00:06,700
That felt like a Haven in the 
middle of the city, a dormant, 

5449
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:09,700
an elevator service. 
She'd gone shopping at 

5450
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:12,400
Bloomingdale's in the mornings 
to ladies, luncheons in the 

5451
05:00:12,408 --> 05:00:15,900
afternoons and to the Opera or 
theater in the evenings, by 

5452
05:00:15,900 --> 05:00:19,600
December 1929, Martha was 
learning that railroad stocks 

5453
05:00:19,600 --> 05:00:21,700
were no longer a consistent 
source of income. 

5454
05:00:21,700 --> 05:00:25,800
Her first economy was firing her
housekeeper, a difficult choice 

5455
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:28,600
that required not only careful 
budgeting, but also the 

5456
05:00:28,600 --> 05:00:31,400
realization that she would need 
to make significant changes to 

5457
05:00:31,400 --> 05:00:33,900
her way of life. 
She learned how to manage 

5458
05:00:33,900 --> 05:00:36,700
household chores that she had 
never thought of as part of her 

5459
05:00:36,700 --> 05:00:39,700
duties and how to prepare meals.
That she'd previously taken for 

5460
05:00:39,700 --> 05:00:42,600
granted perhaps more challenging
than the Practical adjustments 

5461
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:46,000
was the cycle shift. 
Martha had to balance her 

5462
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:48,800
perception of herself as a 
self-sufficient woman with the 

5463
05:00:48,800 --> 05:00:51,400
fact that she was now 
meticulously planning her 

5464
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:54,600
grocery budget and determining 
whether she could afford a cab 

5465
05:00:54,600 --> 05:00:57,800
or if she would have to take the
subway She was no longer able to

5466
05:00:57,808 --> 05:01:00,300
afford the social activities 
that shape her days. 

5467
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:03,700
The financial district downtown 
was acclimating to a new 

5468
05:01:03,708 --> 05:01:06,100
reality. 
With the Grim resolve that New 

5469
05:01:06,100 --> 05:01:09,700
Yorkers had always displayed 
during times of crisis, Just 

5470
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:13,200
months before brokerage firms, 
that had hired dozens of 

5471
05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:16,600
Clarkson Runners were forced to 
lay off employees who had seemed

5472
05:01:16,600 --> 05:01:19,400
indispensable. 
The survivors processed the 

5473
05:01:19,400 --> 05:01:22,400
paperwork of an economy that was
Contracting rather than growing 

5474
05:01:22,400 --> 05:01:26,000
while putting in more hours for 
the same pay, with the Practical

5475
05:01:26,000 --> 05:01:28,300
urgency of people whose rent was
due next month. 

5476
05:01:28,300 --> 05:01:31,200
Young men who had come to New 
York with hopes of becoming 

5477
05:01:31,200 --> 05:01:33,300
wealthy. 
On Wall Street, were forced to 

5478
05:01:33,308 --> 05:01:37,100
re-evaluate their career plans. 
Some brought Tales of urban 

5479
05:01:37,100 --> 05:01:39,500
Adventures that ended more 
suddenly than they had 

5480
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:41,400
anticipated back to their 
hometowns. 

5481
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:45,700
Others chose to stay and adjust 
accepting positions that paid 

5482
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:48,700
less than they had hoped for, 
but gave them the stable income 

5483
05:01:48,700 --> 05:01:51,000
that had suddenly gained more 
value than the prospect of 

5484
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:54,200
extraordinary success. 
As consumers became more frugal 

5485
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:57,000
with their spending, the 
entertainment sector, which had 

5486
05:01:57,000 --> 05:01:59,200
appeared to be immune to the 
recession during the boom 

5487
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:01,900
started to suffer Broadway 
Theater. 

5488
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:05,100
That had anticipated packed 
houses were forced to provide 

5489
05:02:05,100 --> 05:02:08,700
matinee specials and discounted 
tickets, double features, and 

5490
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:11,900
prize Knights were introduced by
movie theaters in an attempt to 

5491
05:02:11,900 --> 05:02:14,800
attract patrons who now 
considered entertainment to be a

5492
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:17,400
luxury rather than a need 
restaurants in the city, 

5493
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:19,600
adjusted with the kind of 
inventiveness, that is 

5494
05:02:19,600 --> 05:02:22,000
frequently stimulated by 
economic pressure. 

5495
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:26,000
Restaurants that had established
their reputations on pricing 

5496
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:28,900
ingredients and ornate. 
Presentation started serving 

5497
05:02:28,900 --> 05:02:32,200
simpler food a cost that 
mirrored the lower incomes of 

5498
05:02:32,208 --> 05:02:35,400
their patrons. 
Ikeys is that had prospered 

5499
05:02:35,400 --> 05:02:38,200
during the prohibition era? 
Discovered that when people's 

5500
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:41,500
disposable income decreased even
illegal drinking became more 

5501
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:44,000
cost-conscious. 
Department stores, such as 

5502
05:02:44,000 --> 05:02:46,900
Macy's and gimbals, turned into 
research labs to study, how 

5503
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:50,200
consumer Behavior shifts when 
caution replaces optimism 

5504
05:02:51,100 --> 05:02:54,400
Consumers, who used to peruse 
Goods at leisure and buy things 

5505
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:57,500
on a whim, rather, than out of 
necessity of turned into 

5506
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:00,400
targeted buyers with meticulous 
budgets and lists. 

5507
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:03,800
Sales, Clarks discovered that 
value and Longevity were more 

5508
05:03:03,800 --> 05:03:05,400
important than style and 
Novelty. 

5509
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:09,300
The city's extensive network of 
small businesses including 

5510
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:13,000
family on eateries neighborhood.
Barber shops and Corner Grocery 

5511
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:17,200
Stores, saw the crashes are slow
tightening rather than an Abrupt

5512
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:20,100
disaster. 
Once prompted Bill payers 

5513
05:03:20,100 --> 05:03:23,400
started, requesting credit 
extensions, specialty item 

5514
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:24,900
orders. 
Decrease as consumers, 

5515
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:28,600
prioritized Necessities, like 
Steam from the subway greats, 

5516
05:03:28,600 --> 05:03:31,800
the sporadic Prosperity that had
sustained thousands of small 

5517
05:03:31,800 --> 05:03:35,100
businesses started to dissipate 
people who had previously used 

5518
05:03:35,100 --> 05:03:38,400
taxes now, shared buses. 
And subway cars with a wide 

5519
05:03:38,400 --> 05:03:42,100
range of the City's population 
making public transportation a 

5520
05:03:42,100 --> 05:03:45,800
more democratic experience. 
As economic necessity, brought 

5521
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:48,400
people together, who might have 
previously traveled in different

5522
05:03:48,400 --> 05:03:51,300
spheres, the subway system, 
which had always been a great 

5523
05:03:51,308 --> 05:03:54,700
equalizer became even more. 
So as a free venue for 

5524
05:03:54,708 --> 05:03:57,900
recreation, and Entertainment 
Central Park, gained new 

5525
05:03:57,900 --> 05:04:01,000
importance, Families that had 
previously spent weekends at 

5526
05:04:01,000 --> 05:04:03,800
pricey entertainment. 
Venues learned to enjoy easy, 

5527
05:04:03,800 --> 05:04:06,700
picnics and strolls along the 
parks Meandering paths 

5528
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:10,100
conversations about jobs 
prospects and the uncertain 

5529
05:04:10,100 --> 05:04:12,100
future that everyone was 
attempting to navigate. 

5530
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:15,400
Took place on the park benches 
informally communities of 

5531
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:17,900
immigrants who had historically 
made up the majority of the 

5532
05:04:17,900 --> 05:04:21,100
city's Workforce were 
susceptible to changes in the 

5533
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:24,300
economy increased demand and 
dwindling resources. 

5534
05:04:24,300 --> 05:04:27,800
Put pressure on the networks of 
mutual support that had helped 

5535
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:31,100
newcomers established themselves
and factory jobs that had 

5536
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:33,400
offered stable employment 
started to disappear. 

5537
05:04:33,400 --> 05:04:37,300
However, even in the face of 
Christ's New York's fundamental 

5538
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:41,000
qualities, its adaptability its 
resilience and its unwavering 

5539
05:04:41,000 --> 05:04:45,700
refusal to let circumstances win
began to show New goods were 

5540
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:49,300
discovered for Street vendors to
sell in the evolving economy, 

5541
05:04:49,300 --> 05:04:51,200
entrepreneurs found 
opportunities. 

5542
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:55,200
The city that had established a 
reputation for Ingenuity and 

5543
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:58,800
ambition started the process of 
redefining itself for a world, 

5544
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:01,700
that was becoming less certain 
the people navigating the 

5545
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:04,200
streets Below had learned some 
hard lessons about the 

5546
05:05:04,200 --> 05:05:07,700
distinction between appearance 
and reality between fleeting 

5547
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:09,500
prosperity and long-term 
security. 

5548
05:05:10,300 --> 05:05:14,700
But the skyline still soared 
toward heaven with the same bold

5549
05:05:14,700 --> 05:05:17,700
confidence. 
Although New York was still New 

5550
05:05:17,700 --> 05:05:20,600
York, it was evolving into a 
more deliberate cautious form of

5551
05:05:20,608 --> 05:05:22,600
itself. 
There was little you could do, 

5552
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:25,100
but prepare as best, you could, 
and hope your preparations would

5553
05:05:25,100 --> 05:05:27,400
be sufficient. 
When the crash struck Rural 

5554
05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:31,900
America like a slow-moving storm
system The rural experience was 

5555
05:05:31,900 --> 05:05:35,100
more, akin to watching, water 
slowly drain from a bathtub 

5556
05:05:35,100 --> 05:05:39,000
steady and unrelenting but not 
necessarily disastrous on any 

5557
05:05:39,000 --> 05:05:43,000
given day in contrast to the 
dramatic immediate impact on 

5558
05:05:43,000 --> 05:05:47,000
Wall Street in 1929 Tom 
Henderson who could speak for 

5559
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:49,800
any of the thousands of farmers 
in the midwest had been 

5560
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:51,900
cautiously optimistic about his 
future. 

5561
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:55,400
Harvest sees him had shown the 
value of the new track to. 

5562
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:58,700
He had purchased on credit the 
year before and his farm outside

5563
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:01,800
of Topeka Kansas had been 
yielding respectable corn and 

5564
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:04,500
wheat crops, Give their recent 
success. 

5565
05:06:04,500 --> 05:06:07,800
His wife, Sarah had been 
discussing improvements, like, 

5566
05:06:07,800 --> 05:06:10,600
installing indoor plumbing and 
possibly electricity. 

5567
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:13,800
It was the weekly trip to town 
for May and supplies that 

5568
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:17,300
brought the crash to Tom's Farm.
Not ticker tape or desperate 

5569
05:06:17,300 --> 05:06:20,600
phone calls, the banker who had 
granted Tom's track to loan, 

5570
05:06:20,600 --> 05:06:23,600
gave him a phony smile and said 
they might want to talk about 

5571
05:06:23,600 --> 05:06:26,800
adjusting the payment schedule 
to reflect the state of the 

5572
05:06:26,800 --> 05:06:29,200
economy. 
Although the conversation was 

5573
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:33,100
courteous even friendly, there 
was a subliminal message that 

5574
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:37,100
Tom's financial status had 
deteriorated overnight cautious 

5575
05:06:37,100 --> 05:06:39,700
discussions about what was 
happening in the cities and what

5576
05:06:39,700 --> 05:06:42,300
it might mean for Rural 
communities replaced, the 

5577
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:44,700
weather and crop prices that had
previously dominated 

5578
05:06:44,700 --> 05:06:46,400
conversations at the General 
Store. 

5579
05:06:47,200 --> 05:06:50,500
In private, the storekeeper who 
gave credit to the majority of 

5580
05:06:50,500 --> 05:06:53,200
his farming clients was 
concerned about the number of 

5581
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:55,300
accounts that might become 
challenging to collect. 

5582
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:59,400
However knowing that rural 
communities relied on Mutual 

5583
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,000
trust and support. 
He kept his worries to himself, 

5584
05:07:02,000 --> 05:07:05,400
Sarah Henderson, felt the impact
of the crash through a gradual 

5585
05:07:05,400 --> 05:07:08,300
tightening of the household 
budget, that required constant 

5586
05:07:08,300 --> 05:07:11,900
small adjustments. 
The Chicago based magazines, she

5587
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:14,400
subscribed to ended up being an 
unnecessary expense. 

5588
05:07:14,400 --> 05:07:17,700
New kitchen, curtains were put 
on hold indefinitely. 

5589
05:07:19,400 --> 05:07:22,400
Family's routine, gradually 
vanished, along with the little 

5590
05:07:22,400 --> 05:07:26,000
Comforts that had made Farm life
more enjoyable such as Stormborn

5591
05:07:26,000 --> 05:07:29,700
cookies for the kids, a new 
dress for church and sporadic 

5592
05:07:29,700 --> 05:07:31,700
outings to the county seat for 
entertainment. 

5593
05:07:31,700 --> 05:07:35,000
The rhythm of Rural Life served 
as a sort of buffer against the 

5594
05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:38,900
sharp, fluctuation of the urban 
economic crisis, regardless of 

5595
05:07:38,900 --> 05:07:41,000
the state of stock prices 
Farmers. 

5596
05:07:41,000 --> 05:07:43,000
Still had to milk, cows twice a 
day. 

5597
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:46,400
In accordance with natural 
cycles that had little to do 

5598
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:49,700
with human economic systems, 
crops still had to be planted in

5599
05:07:49,700 --> 05:07:51,500
the spring and harvested in the 
fall. 

5600
05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:54,600
During a period, when many City 
dwellers felt totally 

5601
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:58,500
disoriented this routine offered
both stability and perspective. 

5602
05:07:58,500 --> 05:08:02,000
However, in ways that earlier 
generations of farmers might not

5603
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:05,000
have noticed. 
The crash also revealed rural 

5604
05:08:05,000 --> 05:08:07,600
America's growing Reliance on 
the larger National economy 

5605
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:11,400
Tom's corn was now used in 
commodity markets that span the 

5606
05:08:11,400 --> 05:08:14,100
continent, not just defeat his 
family in the neighborhood 

5607
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:17,600
individual Farms experience. 
The repercussions of those 

5608
05:08:17,600 --> 05:08:20,700
markets contraction with 
unexpected force and speed. 

5609
05:08:20,700 --> 05:08:23,900
The tensions of the larger 
Financial system started to be 

5610
05:08:23,908 --> 05:08:27,400
reflected in the local bank, 
which had previously appeared to

5611
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:29,200
be such a pillar of community 
stability. 

5612
05:08:30,100 --> 05:08:32,700
The bank president was torn 
between the human needs of his 

5613
05:08:32,700 --> 05:08:36,200
community and the increasingly 
strict requirements of banking 

5614
05:08:36,200 --> 05:08:38,000
regulations and economic 
reality. 

5615
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:42,000
He knew most of his customers 
personally and had granted loans

5616
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:44,100
based on character, as much as 
collateral. 

5617
05:08:44,100 --> 05:08:47,100
Small town business owners found
that their clients spending 

5618
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:49,500
habits had changed in minor, but
important ways. 

5619
05:08:49,500 --> 05:08:52,500
The owner of the hardware store 
observed that farmers were 

5620
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:54,600
fixing their equipment more 
frequently, rather than 

5621
05:08:54,600 --> 05:08:57,300
replacing it. 
Instead of buying ready-made 

5622
05:08:57,300 --> 05:08:59,400
clothing, the dress shop 
discovered that women were 

5623
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:01,300
buying fabric to make their own 
clothes. 

5624
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:04,300
Although these were not 
significant changes, they did 

5625
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,300
reflect a move towards 
self-sufficiency and a waning 

5626
05:09:07,300 --> 05:09:10,300
faith in future Prosperity. 
The Henderson children's 

5627
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:13,000
one-room schoolhouse served as a
window into the impact of the 

5628
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:16,500
crash on rural families. 
Youngsters started to wear older

5629
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:19,000
clothing. 
Bring simpler lunches and engage

5630
05:09:19,000 --> 05:09:20,700
in fewer activities that cost 
money. 

5631
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,300
The teacher, who frequently 
bordered with local families 

5632
05:09:24,300 --> 05:09:27,200
turned into an unofficial social
worker, who was able to 

5633
05:09:27,208 --> 05:09:30,200
identify, which kids might be 
lacking proper clothing or food 

5634
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:33,000
after urging Farmers to 
modernize and expand their 

5635
05:09:33,000 --> 05:09:37,000
operations during the 1920s. 
Agricultural Extension, agents 

5636
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:40,500
found themselves providing a 
variety of advice in late 1929. 

5637
05:09:41,400 --> 05:09:44,100
Efficiency and conservation 
became more important than 

5638
05:09:44,100 --> 05:09:47,300
expansion and innovation. 
Farmers were now urged to 

5639
05:09:47,300 --> 05:09:49,800
diversify and make sure they 
could provide for their families

5640
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:53,500
regardless of market conditions,
after previously being heard to 

5641
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:56,900
focus on cash, crops a Lifeline 
for information and emotional 

5642
05:09:56,900 --> 05:09:59,100
support. 
The rural telephone system was 

5643
05:09:59,100 --> 05:10:02,700
still relatively new in many 
places party lines, buzzed with 

5644
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,600
conversations about who was 
struggling who might need help 

5645
05:10:05,600 --> 05:10:07,800
and how communities could 
support their members. 

5646
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:11,900
Through uncertain time, the 
local exchanges operator took on

5647
05:10:11,900 --> 05:10:14,900
the role of an unofficial 
Community coordinator bringing 

5648
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:17,700
together those in need of help. 
And those who might be able to 

5649
05:10:17,700 --> 05:10:20,900
offer it Church, congregation's 
discovered that they were taking

5650
05:10:20,900 --> 05:10:23,600
on more responsibilities as 
networks of practical and 

5651
05:10:23,600 --> 05:10:26,800
spiritual support. 
While prayers for economic 

5652
05:10:26,800 --> 05:10:28,800
recovery were offered during 
Sunday Services. 

5653
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:32,000
The real work took place in 
Fellowship halls and church 

5654
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:34,800
basements where local 
communities arranged clothing, 

5655
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:37,600
exchanges, food drives and 
unofficial job placement 

5656
05:10:37,600 --> 05:10:40,300
services. 
The minister frequently turned 

5657
05:10:40,300 --> 05:10:43,200
into a financial advisor, 
assisting families in making 

5658
05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:46,500
tough choices regarding debt and
expenditure country, doctors 

5659
05:10:46,500 --> 05:10:48,600
found that their patients were 
delaying medical care. 

5660
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:52,300
That wasn't absolutely necessary
paying for services with labor 

5661
05:10:52,300 --> 05:10:55,500
or produce, instead of money and
using folk medicine and home 

5662
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:58,900
remedies more and more The 
doctors around grew longer and 

5663
05:10:58,900 --> 05:11:00,900
more intricate. 
As he struck a balance between 

5664
05:11:00,900 --> 05:11:03,900
his knowledge of his patients 
Financial constraints and 

5665
05:11:03,900 --> 05:11:07,200
Professional Medical judgment. 
The local newspaper, which had 

5666
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:09,800
chronicled the community's 
prosperity during the boom years

5667
05:11:09,800 --> 05:11:12,900
began to focus more on practical
advice and Community 

5668
05:11:12,900 --> 05:11:16,300
cooperation. 
Once praising modernization and 

5669
05:11:16,300 --> 05:11:19,600
progress editorial Pages. 
Now, highlighted the benefits of

5670
05:11:19,600 --> 05:11:21,400
self-reliance Thrift and 
camaraderie. 

5671
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:24,900
Reports of lavish parties, gave 
way to stories about 

5672
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:27,500
collaborative efforts and 
community service projects in 

5673
05:11:27,500 --> 05:11:30,400
Social columns. 
However, the reaction of Rural 

5674
05:11:30,400 --> 05:11:33,700
America to the crash also, 
demonstrated advantages that 

5675
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:35,300
Urban regions occasionally 
lacked. 

5676
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:38,500
Farming communities had always 
been aware of economic 

5677
05:11:38,500 --> 05:11:41,900
uncertainty, they lived in 
constant fear that their 

5678
05:11:41,900 --> 05:11:44,500
prosperity could be drastically 
impacted by uncontrollable 

5679
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:46,600
Market forces illness and 
weather. 

5680
05:11:47,200 --> 05:11:49,900
They had developed resilience 
and adaptability as a result of 

5681
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:52,600
this experience which helped 
them when the overall economy. 

5682
05:11:52,600 --> 05:11:54,800
Collapsed. 
The customs of rural life. 

5683
05:11:54,800 --> 05:11:58,200
Such as quilting, bees barn 
raisings and harvest 

5684
05:11:58,200 --> 05:12:00,900
cooperatives gained new 
importance as economic 

5685
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:04,400
necessities. 
When resources became limited 

5686
05:12:04,400 --> 05:12:08,000
but labor and camaraderie were 
plentiful communities that had 

5687
05:12:08,000 --> 05:12:10,800
appeared to be moving away, from
these Antiquated, Customs found 

5688
05:12:10,800 --> 05:12:11,600
their value. 
Again. 

5689
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:14,600
During this time children, who 
grew up on farms, learned 

5690
05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:16,600
lessons about Community 
cooperation, and 

5691
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:19,600
self-sufficiency, that would 
shape their entire outlook on 

5692
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:21,600
life. 
They witnessed their parents 

5693
05:12:21,600 --> 05:12:24,900
handled tough choices with 
Grace, adjust to uncontrollable 

5694
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:27,800
Situation's, and hold on, to 
hope for better days while 

5695
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:30,700
navigating the realities of the 
present in the months. 

5696
05:12:30,700 --> 05:12:33,800
After the crash, the ability of 
regular Americans to innovate 

5697
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:37,400
adapt and maintain their dignity
in the face of unimaginable 

5698
05:12:37,400 --> 05:12:42,900
adversity was made evident. 
In late 1929 and early 1930. 

5699
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:46,200
Millions of people were subtly 
reimagining their everyday 

5700
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:49,600
lives, with a creativity born of
necessity, but it wasn't as 

5701
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:52,800
dramatic or newsworthy as bread 
lines and bank failures would 

5702
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:56,200
later become Eleanor Murphy, a 
secretary in an insurance 

5703
05:12:56,200 --> 05:12:58,700
office. 
In Detroit, found that her small

5704
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,800
Investment Portfolio. 
Suddenly had far less value than

5705
05:13:01,800 --> 05:13:05,100
her clerical skills. 
Those who stayed had to perform 

5706
05:13:05,100 --> 05:13:08,200
the duties of two or three 
people as companies started to 

5707
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:11,000
lay off. 
Employees, even though Ellen, as

5708
05:13:11,000 --> 05:13:12,300
days grew longer and more 
demanding. 

5709
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,000
She was thankful for her stable 
job at a time. 

5710
05:13:15,008 --> 05:13:18,200
When many others were losing 
theirs, she increased her typing

5711
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:22,000
speed learned shorthand and 
became indispensable by taking 

5712
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:24,700
on tasks that had previously, 
been split among several 

5713
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:27,600
employees her evenings. 
Which she used to spend with 

5714
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:30,300
friends at restaurants, or 
movies were now devoted to 

5715
05:13:30,300 --> 05:13:33,800
household engineering, figuring 
out, how to stretch her, pay to 

5716
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:35,400
pay for things that used to seem
doable. 

5717
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:38,600
She discovered, how to make 
economical and nourishing meals,

5718
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:40,900
how to repair rather than buy 
new clothes. 

5719
05:13:40,900 --> 05:13:43,900
And how to find entertainment 
that didn't require her to spend

5720
05:13:43,900 --> 05:13:45,300
money. 
She needed for groceries and 

5721
05:13:45,308 --> 05:13:48,500
rent the apartment complex. 
Were Eleanor lived turned into a

5722
05:13:48,500 --> 05:13:50,400
miniature example of urban 
adaptation. 

5723
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:54,000
Once cut your strangers, 
neighbors started to work 

5724
05:13:54,000 --> 05:13:56,100
together in little. 
But significant ways, 

5725
05:13:56,100 --> 05:13:59,700
alterations were provided by a 
person with a sewing machine. 

5726
05:13:59,700 --> 05:14:02,200
After losing his job as a shoe 
salesman. 

5727
05:14:02,208 --> 05:14:05,500
Another tenant started fixing 
shoes for the building's 

5728
05:14:05,500 --> 05:14:09,000
occupants a woman whose husband 
was on business established a 

5729
05:14:09,000 --> 05:14:11,500
small laundry service. 
Drying her clothes on the 

5730
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:14,100
building's roof and in the 
bathtub of her apartment. 

5731
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:17,800
The Kowalski family in Chicago 
found that in order to thrive in

5732
05:14:17,800 --> 05:14:21,000
the shifting economic climate, 
their modest grocery store had 

5733
05:14:21,000 --> 05:14:23,800
to change Stefan. 
Kowalski had established his 

5734
05:14:23,800 --> 05:14:27,000
company by offering a community 
of working-class families, 

5735
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:29,100
high-quality goods, and amiable 
service. 

5736
05:14:29,100 --> 05:14:33,400
He adjusted by providing credit,
taking barter agreements and 

5737
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:36,100
carrying less costly substitutes
for the name brand Goods that 

5738
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:38,200
had been his staple as his 
clients. 

5739
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:41,800
In comes grew less consistent in
ways that surprise both of them 

5740
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:44,100
Annika. 
Wolski who had previously 

5741
05:14:44,100 --> 05:14:47,100
concentrated on running the home
while Stefan operated, the store

5742
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:50,600
joined him as a business 
partner, despite having to make 

5743
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:52,300
tough. 
Choices regarding pricing and 

5744
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:55,300
credit due to economic pressure.
She found a knack for 

5745
05:14:55,300 --> 05:14:58,200
bookkeeping and customer service
that allowed the store to keep 

5746
05:14:58,200 --> 05:15:01,700
its ties to the community. 
Their kids gained hands on 

5747
05:15:01,700 --> 05:15:04,900
experience in business and the 
realities of financial hardship 

5748
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:06,300
by learning to work in the 
store. 

5749
05:15:06,300 --> 05:15:09,700
After school, an unofficial 
economy, built on cooperation in

5750
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:11,900
an Innovative problem. 
Solving emerged in the area, 

5751
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:15,900
surrounding the kolsky store. 
Mrs. O'Brien began taking in 

5752
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:18,400
laundry and doing repairs. 
After her husband was fired from

5753
05:15:18,400 --> 05:15:21,200
the steel mill. 
The Rossi family grew a garden 

5754
05:15:21,200 --> 05:15:23,300
in their backyard and started 
selling vegetables. 

5755
05:15:23,300 --> 05:15:26,400
An unofficial garage was 
established in the alley behind 

5756
05:15:26,408 --> 05:15:29,700
his apartment building by Mr. 
Johnson, a laid-off mechanic, 

5757
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:32,300
who fixed cars and bicycles for 
Neighbors, who paid him with 

5758
05:15:32,308 --> 05:15:35,600
food, small loans, or Promises 
of future work children. 

5759
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:38,200
Displayed the extraordinary 
resilience that frequently 

5760
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,000
defines young people facing 
adversity as they adjusted to 

5761
05:15:41,000 --> 05:15:44,700
the changing circumstances. 
They learned to find Amusement 

5762
05:15:44,700 --> 05:15:48,000
in small Pleasures, created 
games that didn't require store 

5763
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:50,800
bought toys and gradually 
realized that their families. 

5764
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:53,300
Less fortunate circumstances 
meant they had to be more 

5765
05:15:53,300 --> 05:15:56,200
responsible and less demanding 
than they might have been in 

5766
05:15:56,200 --> 05:15:59,500
more prosperous times families 
who believed that education was 

5767
05:15:59,500 --> 05:16:02,100
the key to better opportunities 
for their kids, placed an even 

5768
05:16:02,108 --> 05:16:05,800
greater value on education. 
Even in situations where 

5769
05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:07,500
immediate income would have been
useful. 

5770
05:16:07,500 --> 05:16:10,600
Parents who had previously 
thought about letting older 

5771
05:16:10,600 --> 05:16:13,100
children, drop out of school to 
pursue employment opportunities.

5772
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:16,800
Now, insisted that education was
an investment that could not be 

5773
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:19,500
compromised. 
In addition to being Educators 

5774
05:16:19,500 --> 05:16:22,400
teachers, also became social 
workers and Community 

5775
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:25,700
councilors, assisting families 
in overcoming, the psychological

5776
05:16:25,700 --> 05:16:29,100
and practical difficulties 
brought on by unstable economic 

5777
05:16:29,100 --> 05:16:32,900
conditions, as people looked for
free entertainment and education

5778
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:36,000
Library. 
Saw a Resurgence once mostly 

5779
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:37,700
used by academics and 
researchers. 

5780
05:16:37,700 --> 05:16:40,700
The reading rooms were now open 
to family searching for 

5781
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:44,300
inexpensive evening, activities 
library programs, grew to 

5782
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:47,300
include useful workshops on 
subjects like cooking, budgeting

5783
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:51,100
and home repair and Librarians 
became informal counselors on 

5784
05:16:51,108 --> 05:16:53,300
everything from household 
management to job. 

5785
05:16:53,300 --> 05:16:56,900
Hunting tactics congregations of
religious people became more and

5786
05:16:56,900 --> 05:16:59,600
more significant as hubs for 
both practical and spiritual 

5787
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:02,900
support. 
Food pantries, clothing drives 

5788
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:06,400
and job placement Services, were
arranged by Churches synagogues,

5789
05:17:06,400 --> 05:17:10,000
and other places of worship. 
Religious communities became 

5790
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:11,800
test sites for the type of 
mutual Aid. 

5791
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:14,100
That would eventually be 
codified in government programs 

5792
05:17:14,100 --> 05:17:16,100
and religious leaders found 
themselves. 

5793
05:17:16,100 --> 05:17:18,900
Advising families on matters of 
both financial, and spiritual 

5794
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:21,400
concern, local businesses, that 
survive. 

5795
05:17:21,400 --> 05:17:24,700
The initial shock of the crash 
did so by developing closer 

5796
05:17:24,700 --> 05:17:27,000
relationships with their 
customers and communities. 

5797
05:17:27,800 --> 05:17:31,000
Men began exchanging information
about job openings at the corner

5798
05:17:31,000 --> 05:17:34,400
Barber Shop which evolved into 
an unofficial Employment Agency.

5799
05:17:34,400 --> 05:17:37,300
Regular patrons were given 
credit at the neighborhood 

5800
05:17:37,300 --> 05:17:40,200
Diner, which also served as 
Gathering Spot for those 

5801
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:42,100
planning community service 
initiatives. 

5802
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:45,600
In order to provide the social 
services that larger 

5803
05:17:45,600 --> 05:17:48,600
corporations were unable or 
unwilling to provide small 

5804
05:17:48,600 --> 05:17:51,000
businesses, learn to operate on 
thinner, margins. 

5805
05:17:51,000 --> 05:17:54,600
Specifically, women found that 
the crisis had created new 

5806
05:17:54,600 --> 05:17:56,300
chances for initiative and 
Leadership. 

5807
05:17:57,200 --> 05:17:59,400
Whether through formal 
employment or The Unofficial 

5808
05:17:59,400 --> 05:18:03,000
economy of food, preparation 
small-scale manufacturing and 

5809
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:06,400
domestic Services, many became 
the main providers for their 

5810
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:10,600
families, cooking sewing and 
managing the home skills that 

5811
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:13,000
had been viewed as women's work 
in prosperous times. 

5812
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:17,100
All of a sudden became important
economic assets though, subtle 

5813
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:19,800
the cultural shift was 
significant, what could be 

5814
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:22,700
referred to as conspicuous 
competence replaced? 

5815
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:24,700
The conspicuous consumption that
had defined. 

5816
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:28,600
The 1920s people took pride in 
their capacity, to get by on 

5817
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:31,900
less to come up with innovative 
solutions to real world issues 

5818
05:18:31,900 --> 05:18:35,400
and to preserve their sense of 
self and Community, despite less

5819
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:38,400
favorable circumstances. 
Once centered on social 

5820
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,400
activities, neighborhood 
organization, started to focus 

5821
05:18:41,400 --> 05:18:44,700
on practical needs. 
Co-operative buying groups were 

5822
05:18:44,700 --> 05:18:48,300
established by women's clubs in 
order to obtain better deals on 

5823
05:18:48,300 --> 05:18:51,900
household goods and groceries. 
Fraternal groups for men 

5824
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:54,800
developed into networks for 
exchanging job, openings and 

5825
05:18:54,800 --> 05:18:56,200
planning. 
Volunteer projects in the 

5826
05:18:56,200 --> 05:19:00,200
community potluck dinners 
amateur, theatrical Productions 

5827
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:01,600
and other recreational 
activities. 

5828
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:05,800
That prioritize participation 
over consumption replaced costly

5829
05:19:05,800 --> 05:19:08,100
entertainment. 
As the primary social activity. 

5830
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:10,200
Families. 
Split up by the pursuit of 

5831
05:19:10,200 --> 05:19:13,200
employment and opportunity were 
reunited by the Postal Service. 

5832
05:19:14,200 --> 05:19:17,300
Letters, contained useful 
information about jobs, living 

5833
05:19:17,300 --> 05:19:20,900
conditions in various cities and
survival tactics that had worked

5834
05:19:20,900 --> 05:19:24,500
in other communities. 
In addition to personal news in 

5835
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:27,500
times of uncertainty, the custom
of sending and receiving 

5836
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:29,300
letters. 
Offered emotional support that 

5837
05:19:29,300 --> 05:19:32,600
kept people, connected, and 
hopeful the new reality, even 

5838
05:19:32,600 --> 05:19:35,200
affected fashion. 
Instead of replacing their 

5839
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:38,700
entire wardrobe, women, learn to
update it with accessories and 

5840
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:42,100
alterations men carefully 
prepared and maintained their 

5841
05:19:42,100 --> 05:19:46,100
suits to extend their lifespan. 
Classic Styles, and practical 

5842
05:19:46,100 --> 05:19:49,100
considerations became the focus 
of fashion magazines that had 

5843
05:19:49,100 --> 05:19:52,100
previously encouraged constant 
change and Novelty in the 

5844
05:19:52,108 --> 05:19:55,100
immediate aftermath of the crash
American showed greater 

5845
05:19:55,100 --> 05:19:59,400
resourcefulness Community spirit
and adaptability than the 1920s 

5846
05:19:59,400 --> 05:20:02,800
Prosperity had demanded. 
Qualities that had always 

5847
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,100
existed but had been obscured by
the ease and optimism of the 

5848
05:20:06,108 --> 05:20:08,200
boom years were brought to light
by the crisis. 

5849
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:11,900
Shock can be absorbed by culture
and turned into something that 

5850
05:20:11,900 --> 05:20:15,900
makes sense of the experience. 
American culture underwent a 

5851
05:20:15,900 --> 05:20:18,700
subtle but profound 
transformation in the months 

5852
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:22,300
after the crash not immediately 
not drastically but with the 

5853
05:20:22,300 --> 05:20:25,600
kind of slow change that only 
becomes apparent in hindsight 

5854
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:30,000
exuberant Jazz, upbeat dance, 
tunes and songs that celebrated 

5855
05:20:30,000 --> 05:20:32,800
Youth and prosperity. 
The music that had characterized

5856
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:36,400
the 1920s started to sound a 
little out of step with the 

5857
05:20:36,408 --> 05:20:38,100
prevailing sentiment in the 
country. 

5858
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:41,200
Having always been Keen 
observers of public opinion, 

5859
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:44,300
musicians and songwriters began 
to produce music that 

5860
05:20:44,300 --> 05:20:47,900
represented a wide range of 
emotions. the blues influenced 

5861
05:20:47,900 --> 05:20:50,600
Melodies that acknowledged, 
struggle while retaining hope 

5862
05:20:50,600 --> 05:20:54,800
replaced the brassy confidence 
of early jazz radio programming 

5863
05:20:54,800 --> 05:20:58,000
was remarkably sensitive to the 
shifting circumstances of its 

5864
05:20:58,000 --> 05:21:01,900
listeners, programs that 
provided helpful advice, amateur

5865
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:05,300
Talent, competitions, involving 
regular people and serialized 

5866
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:07,500
dramas that addressed family 
issues, and Community 

5867
05:21:07,500 --> 05:21:09,800
collaboration, gradually 
supplanted shows that had 

5868
05:21:09,800 --> 05:21:13,000
previously concentrated on 
glitzy, Lifestyles and pricey 

5869
05:21:13,000 --> 05:21:16,700
entertainment The radio evolved 
into a mirror reflecting, the 

5870
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:19,900
experience of its listeners 
rather than a window into an 

5871
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:23,700
idealized world Hollywood, which
had made its name on glitzy 

5872
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:25,300
fantasies and Escapist 
entertainment. 

5873
05:21:25,300 --> 05:21:28,700
Started making movies that 
addressed viewers, who are 

5874
05:21:28,700 --> 05:21:32,200
facing Financial instability? 
Movies about regular people. 

5875
05:21:32,200 --> 05:21:34,600
Dealing with extraordinary, 
challenges joined the late 

5876
05:21:34,600 --> 05:21:37,900
1920s, sophisticated comedies 
and romantic dramas. 

5877
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,800
While audiences still desired 
entertainment, they also desired

5878
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:44,400
stories that took into account 
the realities of their everyday 

5879
05:21:44,400 --> 05:21:47,000
lives. 
The time started to be reflected

5880
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:49,300
in literature, in both overt and
covert ways. 

5881
05:21:50,100 --> 05:21:52,400
Stories about successful 
businesses and affluent 

5882
05:21:52,400 --> 05:21:55,900
socialites gave away to stories 
about Community collaboration 

5883
05:21:55,900 --> 05:21:57,700
and family. 
Resiliency. 

5884
05:21:57,700 --> 05:22:01,700
In popular magazines, Fiction 
that examined, the psychological

5885
05:22:01,700 --> 05:22:04,700
and social effects of economic 
upheaval was added to the 

5886
05:22:04,700 --> 05:22:07,300
adventure, tales, and romantic 
fantasies that had dominated 

5887
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:10,800
magazine stands newspapers. 
Now offer readers, helpful 

5888
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:13,700
advice for navigating uncertain 
times rather than just reporting

5889
05:22:13,700 --> 05:22:17,100
on events. 
Once investment focused 

5890
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:19,600
Financial Pages. 
Started to provide guidance on 

5891
05:22:19,600 --> 05:22:22,500
debt management and budgeting 
stories about family 

5892
05:22:22,500 --> 05:22:25,600
resourcefulness and Community, 
cooperation started to appear on

5893
05:22:25,600 --> 05:22:29,200
social pages that had previously
documented lavish parties and 

5894
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:32,000
costly entertainment. 
The advertising industry which 

5895
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:34,400
had mastered the art of 
generating consumer goods, 

5896
05:22:34,400 --> 05:22:37,700
desire had to come up with new 
tactics for audience's. 

5897
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:39,900
That prioritized necessity over 
luxury. 

5898
05:22:40,600 --> 05:22:44,300
Instead of focusing on status 
novelty, advertisement started 

5899
05:22:44,300 --> 05:22:47,300
to highlight practical benefits 
value and durability. 

5900
05:22:48,200 --> 05:22:51,300
It was necessary to reframe, the
psychological appeals that had 

5901
05:22:51,300 --> 05:22:54,200
worked so well in prosperous 
times for consumers, who were 

5902
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,200
becoming more frugal with their 
spending while still emphasizing

5903
05:22:57,200 --> 05:23:00,100
Beauty and style fashion 
magazine started to highlight 

5904
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:03,800
affordability and adaptability 
Which is on how to update 

5905
05:23:03,800 --> 05:23:06,700
existing wardrobes. 
So at home and take care of 

5906
05:23:06,708 --> 05:23:09,700
clothing, counterbalanced 
articles about pricey designer 

5907
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:12,900
clothing, the fashion industry 
found that readers might be more

5908
05:23:12,900 --> 05:23:16,100
interested in originality and 
inventiveness than in the newest

5909
05:23:16,100 --> 05:23:19,400
style, from New York or Paris 
Sports continue to be popular 

5910
05:23:19,400 --> 05:23:23,700
but their cultural connotations 
change Heroes and entertainment 

5911
05:23:23,700 --> 05:23:27,200
from professional sports, 
persisted, amateur and Community

5912
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:30,100
sports, that prioritized 
involvement over, spectatorship 

5913
05:23:30,100 --> 05:23:34,300
gained popularity, Basketball 
teams, local, baseball, League's

5914
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:37,100
and other community Sports 
initiatives, gained important as

5915
05:23:37,100 --> 05:23:40,300
places to socialize and have fun
in ways that would become 

5916
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:44,000
increasingly clear in the years 
that followed art reflected the 

5917
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:47,300
shifting. 
Time's, In the affluent. 1920s 

5918
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,200
artists who had been 
experimenting with abstract and 

5919
05:23:50,200 --> 05:23:53,600
experimental forms started 
producing more approachable art.

5920
05:23:53,600 --> 05:23:55,700
That was more closely related to
Everyday Life. 

5921
05:23:56,500 --> 05:23:59,400
Well, artistic Expressions that 
addressed broader audiences 

5922
05:23:59,400 --> 05:24:02,900
about common experiences of 
Challenge and adaptation replace

5923
05:24:02,900 --> 05:24:05,200
the avant-garde, it did not 
vanish. 

5924
05:24:05,200 --> 05:24:08,300
While theater continued to be a 
significant entertainment 

5925
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:10,600
medium. 
It started to tackle new issues 

5926
05:24:10,600 --> 05:24:14,200
and themes Productions. 
That examined, family, Dynamics,

5927
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,700
Community relationships, and the
psychological effects of 

5928
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:20,900
economic change, joined plays 
that had previously concentrated

5929
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:24,800
on sophisticated urban life and 
social satire, as more people 

5930
05:24:24,800 --> 05:24:27,200
looked for Creative outlets and 
entertainment that didn't 

5931
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:29,600
require large sums of money 
Community. 

5932
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:32,600
Theater groups became more 
active education began to 

5933
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,500
emphasize practical skills 
alongside traditional academic 

5934
05:24:35,500 --> 05:24:38,200
subjects. 
To help students deal with an 

5935
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:40,600
uncertain. 
Economic future schools added 

5936
05:24:40,600 --> 05:24:43,800
courses in small business 
operations, household management

5937
05:24:43,800 --> 05:24:46,600
and other subjects to their 
vocational programs. 

5938
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:50,900
There was renewed emphasis on 
and support for the idea that 

5939
05:24:50,900 --> 05:24:54,500
education should not only refine
culture, but also prepare 

5940
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:58,400
students for success in the real
world, Community organizations 

5941
05:24:58,400 --> 05:25:00,900
found that their function had 
broadened to Encompass cultural 

5942
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:04,200
programming and practical 
assistance, in addition to 

5943
05:25:04,200 --> 05:25:07,800
social activities. 
Home, economics, and financial 

5944
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:10,200
management lectures were 
arranged by women's clubs. 

5945
05:25:10,800 --> 05:25:13,100
Seminars on Business 
Development, and job training 

5946
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:15,500
were sponsored by men's 
fraternal organizations 

5947
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:19,600
congregations expanded, their 
traditional spiritual mission to

5948
05:25:19,600 --> 05:25:22,800
include Community, Education and
Social Services, even the 

5949
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:24,500
definition of leisure was 
changing. 

5950
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:28,200
Leisure in the affluent. 1920s 
had frequently meant spending 

5951
05:25:28,200 --> 05:25:31,800
money on entertainment, dining 
out, and the newest technology 

5952
05:25:31,800 --> 05:25:35,100
or Fashions participation. 
Became the new definition of 

5953
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:39,100
leisure creating rather than 
merely consuming playing games 

5954
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:42,100
rather than merely watching and 
producing music rather than 

5955
05:25:42,100 --> 05:25:44,500
merely listening to it. 
There was a Resurgence of 

5956
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:47,900
entertainment at home reading 
aloud playing cards and getting 

5957
05:25:47,900 --> 05:25:51,200
together around the piano for 
casual concerts or all enjoyed 

5958
05:25:51,200 --> 05:25:54,800
Again by families. 
Cooking from scratch, needlework

5959
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:58,800
Woodworking and gardening skills
that had seemed outdated during 

5960
05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:02,600
the Jazz era regain their status
as both useful, necessities and 

5961
05:26:02,608 --> 05:26:06,000
sources of fulfillment. 
Individual success material 

5962
05:26:06,000 --> 05:26:09,500
accumulation and competitive 
achievement values that had 

5963
05:26:09,500 --> 05:26:12,500
characterized American culture. 
During the boom years were not 

5964
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:15,500
lost but they were replaced by a
fresh appreciation of 

5965
05:26:15,500 --> 05:26:20,400
collaboration frugal living and 
Community cohesion. from getting

5966
05:26:20,400 --> 05:26:23,600
ahead to getting through and 
from making it big to making do 

5967
05:26:23,600 --> 05:26:27,200
the cultural narrative started 
to change in order to reflect 

5968
05:26:27,200 --> 05:26:31,000
the new realities language 
itself changed The terms 

5969
05:26:31,000 --> 05:26:36,600
economy, Thrift conservation and
cooperation, which had seemed 

5970
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:39,900
meaningless in prosperous times,
gained new significance and 

5971
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:41,900
urgency as they entered common 
speech. 

5972
05:26:42,800 --> 05:26:45,800
The language of mutual support 
and careful management replaced.

5973
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:48,200
The language of Plenty 
children's culture was 

5974
05:26:48,200 --> 05:26:52,200
particularly inventive in its 
adaptation, versions of games. 

5975
05:26:52,200 --> 05:26:54,800
And toys, that could be made at 
home using readily available 

5976
05:26:54,800 --> 05:26:57,200
materials. 
Took the place of those that had

5977
05:26:57,200 --> 05:27:00,800
previously depended on 
manufactured materials, themes 

5978
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:04,800
of family collaboration, civic 
duty, and finding joy in small 

5979
05:27:04,800 --> 05:27:06,900
Pleasures. 
Rather than far flung Adventures

5980
05:27:06,900 --> 05:27:09,800
or pricy, belonging started to 
appear in children's literature,

5981
05:27:09,800 --> 05:27:13,800
the new culture was not wholly, 
Grim, or gloomy American had 

5982
05:27:13,800 --> 05:27:16,600
always been exceptionally Adept,
at finding humor in trying 

5983
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:18,800
situations. 
And in the years, after the 

5984
05:27:18,800 --> 05:27:21,900
crash certain type of Comedy 
emerged that recognized 

5985
05:27:21,900 --> 05:27:26,300
adversity, without allowing it 
to defeat it jokes about Frugal 

5986
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:28,200
spending Ingenuity and surviving
on. 

5987
05:27:28,200 --> 05:27:31,200
Less became a means of coping 
with challenging situations, 

5988
05:27:31,200 --> 05:27:35,900
while preserving Spirits during 
the modernizing 1920s, folk 

5989
05:27:35,900 --> 05:27:38,000
Traditions that had appeared to 
be fading gained, new 

5990
05:27:38,000 --> 05:27:41,700
significance, Songz, tales and 
traditions that stressed 

5991
05:27:41,700 --> 05:27:44,300
communal values. 
Common Sense were brought back 

5992
05:27:44,300 --> 05:27:46,100
to life and modified for the 
modern era. 

5993
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:49,300
During uncertain times, the 
cultural Legacy that had 

5994
05:27:49,300 --> 05:27:52,900
appeared Antiquated during the 
Jazz era offered continuity and 

5995
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:55,200
stability. 
As National Consumer culture 

5996
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:58,400
became less accessible to many 
families Regional cultures 

5997
05:27:58,400 --> 05:28:02,100
gained importance after being 
eclipsed by national Brands and 

5998
05:28:02,100 --> 05:28:06,200
mass produced entertainment, 
local Customs, Regional Cuisine 

5999
05:28:06,200 --> 05:28:09,300
and Community practices. 
Once again, gained importance of

6000
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,500
sources of continuity and 
identity during this time, 

6001
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,300
cultural institutions that were 
able to adapt to new ways of 

6002
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:17,700
serving their communities. 
While retaining their 

6003
05:28:17,700 --> 05:28:21,000
fundamental qualities were the 
ones that survived and prospered

6004
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:24,800
museums offered free or low-cost
educational programs. 

6005
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:28,300
Concert Halls served as places 
for the community to come 

6006
05:28:28,300 --> 05:28:30,600
together. 
Library's now offer both 

6007
05:28:30,600 --> 05:28:33,500
cultural and practical resources
as part of their expanded 

6008
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:37,200
Services, the cultural change 
even started to show in the way 

6009
05:28:37,200 --> 05:28:40,800
community's looked simpler more 
functional storefronts replaced,

6010
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:43,600
the ornate commercial displays 
that had defined the boom years 

6011
05:28:43,600 --> 05:28:47,200
as people looked for free or 
low-cost places to relax and 

6012
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,200
socialize public spaces were 
kept up and used more 

6013
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:53,600
frequently, American society 
would ultimately undergo a 

6014
05:28:53,600 --> 05:28:56,800
fundamental transformation, as a
result of the cultural shifts 

6015
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:58,600
that started in the months after
the crash. 

6016
05:28:59,500 --> 05:29:01,500
A more complex culture was 
replacing. 

6017
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:05,800
The individualistic consumer 
culture of the 1920s one that 

6018
05:29:05,800 --> 05:29:08,900
preserved American inventiveness
and optimism while embracing 

6019
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:12,500
lessons about collaboration 
environmental preservation, and 

6020
05:29:12,500 --> 05:29:16,100
the value of community support, 
in trying times, this cultural 

6021
05:29:16,100 --> 05:29:19,800
change wasn't quick or 
consistent communities varied in

6022
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:21,600
how, and how quickly they 
adapted. 

6023
05:29:21,600 --> 05:29:25,700
However, the general Trend was 
evident American culture was 

6024
05:29:25,700 --> 05:29:28,800
growing more realistic grounded 
and centered on the kinds of 

6025
05:29:28,800 --> 05:29:32,700
principles that enable societies
to withstand adversity while 

6026
05:29:32,700 --> 05:29:35,500
preserving, their core identity 
and optimism for the future. 

6027
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:38,900
Americans were experiencing, 
what many still hoped would be a

6028
05:29:38,908 --> 05:29:42,800
brief economic adjustment, as 
1930, got underway rather, than 

6029
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:44,800
the start of a 10 year 
transformation. 

6030
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:49,200
Although the crashes immediate 
panic and passed the underlying 

6031
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:52,200
changes at had sparked, were 
beginning to take hold and would

6032
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:55,800
alter American Society for many 
generations to come ordinary. 

6033
05:29:55,800 --> 05:29:58,300
People were already establishing
The Unofficial networks and 

6034
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:00,600
adaptations that would have 
eventually impact official 

6035
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:03,600
government programs. 
Even as the legislative and 

6036
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:06,800
policy responses to the crash 
were still in their infancy. 

6037
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:11,000
Local job, sharing agreements 
neighborhood, Mutual Aid, 

6038
05:30:11,000 --> 05:30:13,200
organizations and Community Food
cooperatives. 

6039
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:15,900
We're all developing naturally 
out of the pressing needs of 

6040
05:30:15,900 --> 05:30:18,400
those attempting to support 
their families and communities, 

6041
05:30:18,400 --> 05:30:22,900
a family doctor in Columbus Ohio
named Dr. James Harrison found 

6042
05:30:22,900 --> 05:30:26,000
himself treating, not only 
physical ailments, but also the 

6043
05:30:26,000 --> 05:30:29,200
mental anguish brought on by 
unstable economic conditions. 

6044
05:30:29,200 --> 05:30:32,000
He had never seen so many 
patients suffering from 

6045
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:34,500
depression, anxiety, and 
insomnia. 

6046
05:30:35,300 --> 05:30:38,200
However, he also noticed that 
people were adjusting to their 

6047
05:30:38,200 --> 05:30:41,000
altered circumstances with 
Incredible inventiveness and 

6048
05:30:41,000 --> 05:30:44,000
resilience Dr. Harrison started 
to realize that his 

6049
05:30:44,000 --> 05:30:46,800
responsibilities went beyond 
providing standard medical care.

6050
05:30:46,800 --> 05:30:50,000
He ended up acting as an 
informal social worker for 

6051
05:30:50,000 --> 05:30:52,400
families, whose issues were as 
much Financial as medical 

6052
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:55,700
advising them on financial 
choices that had an impact on 

6053
05:30:55,700 --> 05:30:58,100
their health and putting 
patients in touch with local 

6054
05:30:58,100 --> 05:31:00,900
resources. 
Professionals Across the Nation,

6055
05:31:00,900 --> 05:31:04,200
were replicating, his experience
finding that the crash had 

6056
05:31:04,200 --> 05:31:06,000
dissolved. 
The conventional lines between 

6057
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:09,100
various forms of support and 
service the business Community, 

6058
05:31:09,100 --> 05:31:12,000
was gaining knowledge that would
impact American trade for many 

6059
05:31:12,000 --> 05:31:14,600
years to come. 
Businesses that made it through 

6060
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:17,600
the initial shock. 
Found that Community ties and 

6061
05:31:17,600 --> 05:31:20,600
Customer, Loyalty were more 
valuable than they had thought 

6062
05:31:20,600 --> 05:31:23,900
during the boom years companies 
that had only concentrated on 

6063
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:26,300
increasing profits. 
Had to adjust to a new 

6064
05:31:26,300 --> 05:31:28,800
environment where enduring 
connections and Community 

6065
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:31,500
standing were more important 
than immediate profits. 

6066
05:31:31,500 --> 05:31:34,800
Particularly local banks were 
learning that their contribution

6067
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,100
to the community went well 
beyond straightforward business.

6068
05:31:37,100 --> 05:31:40,700
Dealings during uncertain, times
Bank, presidents found 

6069
05:31:40,700 --> 05:31:44,400
themselves acting as unofficial 
economic advisors coordinators 

6070
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:48,000
of Community Development and 
sources of stability banks. 

6071
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:50,900
That recognize their role as 
Community institutions rather 

6072
05:31:50,900 --> 05:31:53,800
than solely as profit. 
Making businesses were the ones 

6073
05:31:53,800 --> 05:31:57,000
that made it through fundamental
issues regarding their function 

6074
05:31:57,000 --> 05:31:58,800
in preparing youth for an 
uncertain future. 

6075
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:01,700
With starting to be raised by 
educational institutions. 

6076
05:32:02,900 --> 05:32:05,600
The Practical and Vocational 
programs of schools that have 

6077
05:32:05,600 --> 05:32:08,000
previously concentrated on 
academic. 

6078
05:32:08,000 --> 05:32:10,500
Preparation for White Collar, 
jobs were being expanded 

6079
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:13,700
curricula that prioritized 
theoretical knowledge over. 

6080
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:17,300
Practical skills were being 
re-examined by University's the 

6081
05:32:17,300 --> 05:32:20,300
crash made clear how inadequate 
academic education is at 

6082
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:22,200
Preparing? 
People for economic uncertainty.

6083
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:25,500
Students and their families were
calling for more Hands-On 

6084
05:32:25,500 --> 05:32:27,900
training. 
A greater focus on skills that 

6085
05:32:27,900 --> 05:32:31,500
would be useful in any economic 
climate and improved Readiness 

6086
05:32:31,500 --> 05:32:34,300
for the kind of resilience and 
adaptability that the shifting 

6087
05:32:34,300 --> 05:32:37,400
economy appeared, demand labor 
groups were shifting, their 

6088
05:32:37,400 --> 05:32:40,300
priorities from wage talks and 
working conditions to more 

6089
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,200
General issues like job security
and the well-being of the 

6090
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:46,400
community. 
As the number of unemployed and 

6091
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:50,000
underemployed workers started to
rise union leaders found 

6092
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:53,100
themselves fighting not only for
their existing members, but also

6093
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:57,100
for these newcomers, work itself
was being redefined the 

6094
05:32:57,100 --> 05:32:59,700
employment, expectations, and 
career Pathways that had 

6095
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:03,200
appeared stable in the 1920s 
were turning out to be more 

6096
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:04,900
brittle than anyone had 
expected. 

6097
05:33:05,800 --> 05:33:09,500
Employees were being taught to 
acquire a variety of skills to 

6098
05:33:09,500 --> 05:33:12,100
think of their careers in terms 
of flexibility rather than 

6099
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:15,500
straight line advancement and to
see job security as something 

6100
05:33:15,508 --> 05:33:17,300
they had to create rather than 
something. 

6101
05:33:17,300 --> 05:33:20,600
Their employers would offer as a
result of Shifting social norms 

6102
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:23,600
and economic necessity. 
Women's roles in families and 

6103
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,800
communities were growing. 
Women who had never thought of 

6104
05:33:26,800 --> 05:33:28,600
working outside. 
The home were learning how to 

6105
05:33:28,600 --> 05:33:31,600
make money women who had 
previously worked were staying 

6106
05:33:31,600 --> 05:33:34,200
in the workforce longer, or 
going back to work when their 

6107
05:33:34,200 --> 05:33:37,600
family's financial situation. 
Demanded it has everyone had to 

6108
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:40,400
contribute in whatever way they 
could due to economic pressure, 

6109
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:43,300
the traditional division of 
labor within families was 

6110
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:46,600
becoming less rigid. 
Men were forced to learn skills.

6111
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:48,900
That had previously been viewed 
as the domain of women. 

6112
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:52,200
Women's roles were extended 
Beyond traditional household 

6113
05:33:52,200 --> 05:33:55,400
management, and children were 
given greater responsibility, 

6114
05:33:55,400 --> 05:33:57,400
community. 
And religious groups were 

6115
05:33:57,400 --> 05:34:00,200
creating new services and 
programs that would eventually 

6116
05:34:00,200 --> 05:34:03,000
serve as models for social 
programs run by the government. 

6117
05:34:04,000 --> 05:34:07,600
Churches were setting up systems
for food, distribution family, 

6118
05:34:07,600 --> 05:34:11,300
counseling and employment 
networks Cooperative businesses,

6119
05:34:11,300 --> 05:34:15,300
skill, sharing initiatives, and 
networks of mutual support, were

6120
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:18,400
being established by Community 
organizations, to help people 

6121
05:34:18,400 --> 05:34:21,400
retain their dignity, while 
getting Aid, a more realistic 

6122
05:34:21,400 --> 05:34:24,400
view of Technologies role in 
Social and economic stability, 

6123
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:27,800
was tempering, the technological
optimism that had defined the 

6124
05:34:27,800 --> 05:34:32,200
1920s, instead of just making 
life more exciting or opulent 

6125
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:35,200
people were learning to value 
innovation that made life, more 

6126
05:34:35,200 --> 05:34:38,600
economical and efficient. 
Technology is a useful tool 

6127
05:34:38,600 --> 05:34:40,400
replaced technology as a 
spectacle. 

6128
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:43,300
A change in agriculture was 
starting that would eventually 

6129
05:34:43,300 --> 05:34:46,400
change Rural America. 
Farmers were learning to think 

6130
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:50,000
of themselves as part of larger 
economic systems, rather than as

6131
05:34:50,000 --> 05:34:53,100
independent operators, to 
diversify their crops and 

6132
05:34:53,100 --> 05:34:56,000
sources of income. 
And to use scientific methods to

6133
05:34:56,000 --> 05:34:59,200
improve efficiency, rather than 
just increased production, New 

6134
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:02,000
Perspectives on agricultural 
policy and rural development 

6135
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:05,000
were necessary as a result of 
the crashes demonstration of the

6136
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:07,400
interdependence of the rural and
urban economies. 

6137
05:35:08,100 --> 05:35:10,400
Farmers were coming to 
understand that the health of 

6138
05:35:10,400 --> 05:35:13,600
the larger economy, which bought
their goods and met their needs 

6139
05:35:13,600 --> 05:35:17,100
was just as important to their 
success as their own hard. 

6140
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:19,600
Work lessons learned from the 
crash, regarding the 

6141
05:35:19,600 --> 05:35:22,800
significance of community. 
Self-sufficiency, an economic 

6142
05:35:22,800 --> 05:35:26,000
resilience was starting to be 
reflected in urban planning and 

6143
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:29,200
Community Development. 
Communities were starting to 

6144
05:35:29,200 --> 05:35:32,400
consider how to preserve vital 
services and economic 

6145
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:36,000
opportunities during times of 
diminished prosperity and cities

6146
05:35:36,000 --> 05:35:38,000
were re-evaluating development 
patterns. 

6147
05:35:38,000 --> 05:35:41,700
That had prioritized growth over
sustainability values. 

6148
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:44,500
And expectations were changing 
more fundamentally as a result 

6149
05:35:44,508 --> 05:35:47,200
of the cultural changes that had
started right after the crash. 

6150
05:35:48,400 --> 05:35:52,200
The 1920s individualistic 
success culture was giving way 

6151
05:35:52,200 --> 05:35:55,000
to a more nuanced view of 
success that Encompass not only 

6152
05:35:55,000 --> 05:35:57,300
material success. 
But also family stability, 

6153
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,000
personal resilience and 
community service. 

6154
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,900
These changes were happening, 
consistently, or without 

6155
05:36:02,900 --> 05:36:05,600
opposition, many Americans still
held out. 

6156
05:36:05,600 --> 05:36:08,500
Hope that the crash was merely a
brief disruption of regular 

6157
05:36:08,500 --> 05:36:11,700
Prosperity, rather than a 
significant change in the state 

6158
05:36:11,700 --> 05:36:14,800
of the economy. 
However, the changes people were

6159
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:17,400
making in their daily lives. 
Were establishing new norms and 

6160
05:36:17,400 --> 05:36:20,300
expectations, that would have an
impact on American culture. 

6161
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:23,700
Long after the economy had 
improved eventually, the social 

6162
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:26,400
programs business practices and 
cultural values that would 

6163
05:36:26,400 --> 05:36:29,500
define American Society. 
For the remainder of the 20th 

6164
05:36:29,500 --> 05:36:33,800
century would Sprout from the 
seeds sown during this time of 

6165
05:36:33,800 --> 05:36:37,700
adaptation and adjustment. 
Formal social safety nets were 

6166
05:36:37,700 --> 05:36:39,500
from The Unofficial networks of 
support. 

6167
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:42,600
Corporate policies would 
eventually adopt the business 

6168
05:36:42,600 --> 05:36:45,100
practices that prioritize 
Community Connection. 

6169
05:36:46,000 --> 05:36:49,400
Instead of being the exception 
educational methods, that struck

6170
05:36:49,400 --> 05:36:51,800
a balance between theoretical 
knowledge and Real World 

6171
05:36:51,800 --> 05:36:53,400
Experience would become the 
standard. 

6172
05:36:53,400 --> 05:36:57,300
Most significantly Americans 
were learning that security and 

6173
05:36:57,300 --> 05:36:59,500
prosperity were not something to
be taken for granted. 

6174
05:37:00,400 --> 05:37:03,000
But they were all so learning 
that their society had reserves 

6175
05:37:03,000 --> 05:37:07,300
of creativity, resilience and 
support for one another that 

6176
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:09,700
could enable them to deal with 
uncertainty while preserving 

6177
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:11,800
their core beliefs and 
aspirations for the future. 

6178
05:37:11,800 --> 05:37:14,400
As we come to the end of this 
pivotal time. 

6179
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:17,400
It's important to consider how 
the everyday experience of the 

6180
05:37:17,400 --> 05:37:21,400
1929 crash and its immediate 
aftermath continued to impact 

6181
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:23,900
American Life in both overt and 
covert ways. 

6182
05:37:23,900 --> 05:37:27,500
Some reverberating into our own 
era and others lasting for 

6183
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:29,600
decades. 
The lessons learned from the 

6184
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:32,200
crashed stayed with the 
generation that experienced it. 

6185
05:37:32,200 --> 05:37:35,300
As adults, they became the 
parents who prioritized 

6186
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:37,900
Financial stability over 
Financial opportunity. 

6187
05:37:37,900 --> 05:37:42,100
Insisted that their kids acquire
practical skills and saved money

6188
05:37:42,100 --> 05:37:45,100
in stead of spending it. 
These were the grandparents who 

6189
05:37:45,108 --> 05:37:47,800
maintained well stocked 
pantries, who didn't discard 

6190
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:49,300
anything? 
That might come in handy later 

6191
05:37:49,300 --> 05:37:52,700
and who defines success not by 
material possessions, but by 

6192
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,900
security, these values were 
complexly internalized. 

6193
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:58,100
By their children who grew up 
during the Great Depression. 

6194
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:03,400
By emphasizing consistent work 
prudent spending and long-term 

6195
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:05,800
planning. 
Some people adopted the lessons 

6196
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:09,400
of caution and Thrift and became
the Cornerstone of America's 

6197
05:38:09,400 --> 05:38:12,400
post-war Prosperity. 
Others rebelled against what 

6198
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:14,400
they perceived as overly 
cautious behavior. 

6199
05:38:14,400 --> 05:38:17,400
And they went on to become the 
Risk Takers and entrepreneurs 

6200
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:18,900
who propelled American 
innovation. 

6201
05:38:18,900 --> 05:38:22,200
In the mid-1900s, modern 
American Social and economic 

6202
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:25,100
policy was ultimately built on 
the institutional reforms that 

6203
05:38:25,100 --> 05:38:26,900
started in the months after the 
crash. 

6204
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:30,200
Formal social safety nets 
developed from unofficial 

6205
05:38:30,200 --> 05:38:33,500
Community Support Networks. 
Business strategies that 

6206
05:38:33,500 --> 05:38:37,000
prioritize community service and
customer relationships evolved 

6207
05:38:37,000 --> 05:38:38,900
into accepted methods of 
corporate governance. 

6208
05:38:40,000 --> 05:38:42,700
American public education was 
modeled after educational 

6209
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,200
innovations, that struck a 
balance between academic and 

6210
05:38:45,208 --> 05:38:48,000
practical training, the 
regulatory Frameworks that 

6211
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:49,800
arose. 
As a direct result of the crash 

6212
05:38:49,800 --> 05:38:53,700
included, Federal Insurance 
programs, Security's oversight, 

6213
05:38:53,700 --> 05:38:56,900
and banking regulation. 
However, the informal 

6214
05:38:56,900 --> 05:38:59,400
adaptations made by Regular 
People in the immediate 

6215
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:03,200
aftermath of the crisis served 
as the basis for these official 

6216
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:05,800
policies. 
A fundamental shift in American 

6217
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:08,500
values, that affected everything
from family structures. 

6218
05:39:08,500 --> 05:39:12,100
To artistic expression was a 
result of the cultural shifts 

6219
05:39:12,100 --> 05:39:17,000
that started in 1929. 
A more complex culture emerged 

6220
05:39:17,000 --> 05:39:20,500
from the consumer culture of the
1920s, one that incorporated 

6221
05:39:20,500 --> 05:39:23,400
lessons about the value of 
community conservation and 

6222
05:39:23,400 --> 05:39:26,300
mutual support while retaining 
American optimism and 

6223
05:39:26,300 --> 05:39:29,600
inventiveness this era. 
Gave rise to literature music 

6224
05:39:29,600 --> 05:39:32,700
and art that reflected themes 
that would reverberate across 

6225
05:39:32,700 --> 05:39:35,800
American society. 
The value of family and 

6226
05:39:35,800 --> 05:39:38,500
Community ties the Dignity of 
routine labor. 

6227
05:39:38,500 --> 05:39:41,800
The fortitude of individuals 
confronting extraordinary 

6228
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:45,300
adversity and the potential for 
finding fulfillment and meaning 

6229
05:39:45,300 --> 05:39:48,200
in situations that did not 
involve material abundance 

6230
05:39:48,200 --> 05:39:52,300
communities responses to the 
crash varied by region, which 

6231
05:39:52,300 --> 05:39:55,400
led to long-lasting differences 
in American social and political

6232
05:39:55,400 --> 05:39:58,100
culture. 
Communities, that established 

6233
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:02,000
robust customs of mutual Aid and
Community collaboration served 

6234
05:40:02,000 --> 05:40:04,400
as the Cornerstone for 
Collective action and the 

6235
05:40:04,400 --> 05:40:08,000
support of social programs. 
American traditions of 

6236
05:40:08,008 --> 05:40:11,200
Entrepreneurship and personal 
accountability have persisted 

6237
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:14,400
because of regions that 
prioritize individual adaptation

6238
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:17,900
and self-reliance, modern 
macroeconomic policy. 

6239
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:20,400
Eventually grew out of the 
economic theories and methods 

6240
05:40:20,400 --> 05:40:22,200
that arose from the crashes 
analysis. 

6241
05:40:23,000 --> 05:40:25,600
For many years. 
Government policy was shaped by 

6242
05:40:25,608 --> 05:40:28,600
the realization that economic 
systems needed active 

6243
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:30,800
management. 
As opposed to straightforward, 

6244
05:40:30,800 --> 05:40:34,000
let's say fair methods. 
It became a fundamental premise 

6245
05:40:34,000 --> 05:40:36,800
of American political discourse 
that the well-being of 

6246
05:40:36,800 --> 05:40:39,500
individuals and communities was 
linked to the stability of the 

6247
05:40:39,508 --> 05:40:41,800
economy as a whole, the 
spectacular. 

6248
05:40:41,800 --> 05:40:44,800
But unworkable technological 
advancements of the boom years 

6249
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:47,600
were frequently outperformed by 
those that arose During the 

6250
05:40:47,608 --> 05:40:50,800
period of economic constraint in
terms of durability and 

6251
05:40:50,800 --> 05:40:53,200
usefulness. 
Post-crash Innovations. 

6252
05:40:53,200 --> 05:40:56,600
Emphasis on Effectiveness 
robustness and real world. 

6253
05:40:56,600 --> 05:40:59,200
Use became a defining 
characteristic of American 

6254
05:40:59,200 --> 05:41:02,300
technological advancement. 
Additionally, the crash had a 

6255
05:41:02,300 --> 05:41:05,000
long-lasting impact on Americans
perceptions of risk and 

6256
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:07,200
security. 
The relationship between 

6257
05:41:07,200 --> 05:41:10,100
opportunity and danger was 
better understood by the 

6258
05:41:10,100 --> 05:41:13,600
generation that experienced. 
The immediate aftermath They 

6259
05:41:13,600 --> 05:41:16,500
improved their ability to spot 
early indicators of economic 

6260
05:41:16,500 --> 05:41:19,900
instability and strengthen their
resolve to keep reserves and 

6261
05:41:19,900 --> 05:41:23,200
backup plans in place in case of
emergencies libraries that 

6262
05:41:23,200 --> 05:41:27,800
extended their services churches
that created social programs and

6263
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:31,300
schools, that balanced academic 
and practical education were 

6264
05:41:31,300 --> 05:41:34,500
among the community institutions
that successfully adjusted to 

6265
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:38,500
the post-crash environment. 
These institutions became models

6266
05:41:38,500 --> 05:41:41,100
that impacted institutional 
Development Across the United 

6267
05:41:41,100 --> 05:41:44,100
States. 
Americans learned from the crash

6268
05:41:44,100 --> 05:41:46,800
that their most valuable 
institutions were those that 

6269
05:41:46,800 --> 05:41:48,900
could change to meet the needs 
of the community. 

6270
05:41:48,900 --> 05:41:52,600
In both prosperous and 
challenging times the crashes 

6271
05:41:52,600 --> 05:41:56,000
Global ramifications and the US 
response to it created trends, 

6272
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:58,600
that would shape US foreign 
policy for many years to come. 

6273
05:41:59,600 --> 05:42:02,100
You fundamental tenet of 
American foreign policy, is the 

6274
05:42:02,100 --> 05:42:04,900
recognition of the link between 
Global and domestic economic 

6275
05:42:04,900 --> 05:42:07,800
stability. 
Everything from trade policy to 

6276
05:42:07,800 --> 05:42:10,900
International Development. 
Initiatives was impacted by the 

6277
05:42:10,900 --> 05:42:13,600
realization that American 
Prosperity was partially 

6278
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:15,600
dependent on the state of the 
world economy. 

6279
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:18,900
Long-lasting alterations in 
American gender roles and family

6280
05:42:18,900 --> 05:42:22,400
structures influenced by the 
crash and its aftermath 

6281
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:26,000
long-term shifts in perceptions 
of women's potential and 

6282
05:42:26,000 --> 05:42:29,300
opportunities were influenced by
the economic necessity that 

6283
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:32,000
forced women to assume larger 
roles in both families and 

6284
05:42:32,000 --> 05:42:35,000
communities. 
More adaptable views of gender, 

6285
05:42:35,000 --> 05:42:38,300
norms, and family duties. 
Resulted from the experience of 

6286
05:42:38,300 --> 05:42:41,200
men, whose traditional roles as 
the main Breadwinners were 

6287
05:42:41,200 --> 05:42:43,300
called into question by economic
conditions. 

6288
05:42:43,300 --> 05:42:45,700
Although not entirely understood
at the time. 

6289
05:42:45,700 --> 05:42:48,500
The crashes affects on the 
environment were also noteworthy

6290
05:42:48,500 --> 05:42:51,200
early. 
Recognition of the significance 

6291
05:42:51,200 --> 05:42:54,100
of sustainable resource. 
Use was aided by the emphasis on

6292
05:42:54,100 --> 05:42:57,300
efficiency and conservation that
resulted from economic 

6293
05:42:57,300 --> 05:42:59,700
necessity. 
Patterns that would later 

6294
05:42:59,700 --> 05:43:02,800
impact, Agricultural and 
environmental policy were 

6295
05:43:02,800 --> 05:43:06,200
established by the local food 
production and consumption that 

6296
05:43:06,200 --> 05:43:08,100
became necessary. 
During times of economic 

6297
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:11,600
hardship, most significantly the
crash showed that American 

6298
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:14,400
society had extraordinary 
reserves of fortitude Ingenuity 

6299
05:43:14,400 --> 05:43:16,700
and camaraderie. 
That could be called upon in 

6300
05:43:16,700 --> 05:43:20,700
emergency situations as models 
for how communities could handle

6301
05:43:20,700 --> 05:43:23,600
future difficulties, The 
Unofficial networks and 

6302
05:43:23,600 --> 05:43:26,400
adaptable tactics that developed
in the months after the crash 

6303
05:43:26,400 --> 05:43:29,700
became an enduring component of 
American Social infrastructure. 

6304
05:43:29,700 --> 05:43:33,800
The tales of Dr. Harrison the 
Kowalski family, Eleanor Murphy 

6305
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:36,700
and Tom and Sarah Henderson, 
weren't particularly noteworthy 

6306
05:43:36,700 --> 05:43:39,300
or unique. 
They symbolized the experience 

6307
05:43:39,300 --> 05:43:42,000
of millions of Americans who 
learned that they could adjust 

6308
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:43,900
to situations. 
They never would have thought 

6309
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:47,300
possible finding dignity. 
And meaning in situations that 

6310
05:43:47,300 --> 05:43:50,000
contradicted their fundamental 
beliefs about safety and 

6311
05:43:50,000 --> 05:43:52,500
prosperity. 
Their experience is, were 

6312
05:43:52,500 --> 05:43:55,400
ingrained in the collective 
memory of Americans helping to 

6313
05:43:55,400 --> 05:43:58,500
foster a national awareness that
the welfare of the community in 

6314
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:02,400
individual success were closely 
related, that Prosperity could 

6315
05:44:02,400 --> 05:44:05,600
not be taken for granted, but 
could be restored with hard work

6316
05:44:05,600 --> 05:44:08,600
and collaboration and that the 
most valuable assets of any 

6317
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:13,400
society with a moral fiber 
inventiveness and camaraderie of

6318
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:17,700
its members, think about how the
1929 crash story relates to your

6319
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:19,800
own life. 
In both Overton covert ways. 

6320
05:44:19,800 --> 05:44:24,100
As you curl up deeper under your
blanket, and feel the soft 

6321
05:44:24,100 --> 05:44:26,100
weight of sleep, starting to 
take you over. 

6322
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:31,300
The circumstances that the 
people we met tonight, Eleanor 

6323
05:44:31,300 --> 05:44:34,600
learning to stretch a salary. 
Tom Henderson renegotiating his 

6324
05:44:34,600 --> 05:44:37,500
farm loans, the kowalskis 
adjusting their small business, 

6325
05:44:37,500 --> 05:44:41,000
and Dr. Harrison deepening. 
His understanding of community 

6326
05:44:41,000 --> 05:44:45,500
service, had to deal with. 
Were unprecedented for them, but

6327
05:44:45,500 --> 05:44:48,300
they were all familiar to anyone
who has ever experienced, 

6328
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,600
economic uncertainty, their 
narrative serves as a reminder 

6329
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:54,300
that community support and 
personal resiliency are not 

6330
05:44:54,308 --> 05:44:57,700
merely historical Oddities but 
rather essential needs. 

6331
05:44:57,700 --> 05:45:01,400
Anyone managing the intricacies 
of contemporary economic life 

6332
05:45:01,400 --> 05:45:04,000
can still benefit from The 
Unofficial networks of support 

6333
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:07,300
for one another, the Innovative 
responses to shifting conditions

6334
05:45:07,300 --> 05:45:10,500
and the harmony between 
individual initiative and group 

6335
05:45:10,500 --> 05:45:14,400
responsibility that developed in
the wake of the crash the 1929 

6336
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:16,900
crash was more than just a 
historical occurrence. 

6337
05:45:16,900 --> 05:45:20,600
It was a manifestation of human 
adaptability and vulnerability 

6338
05:45:20,600 --> 05:45:24,100
for fragility was brought about 
by the same forces that brought 

6339
05:45:24,100 --> 05:45:27,400
about Prosperity but the same 
Ingenuity and collaboration. 

6340
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:31,000
That enabled people to weather 
the crisis also set the stage 

6341
05:45:31,000 --> 05:45:33,400
for stability and expansion in 
the future. 

6342
05:45:33,400 --> 05:45:36,700
As you fall asleep, you may 
dream of farmers looking through

6343
05:45:36,700 --> 05:45:40,000
their account books by Lamplight
of ticker tape machines. 

6344
05:45:40,000 --> 05:45:43,400
Clicking out their cryptic 
messages or a families huddled 

6345
05:45:43,400 --> 05:45:46,600
Around Radio sets that provided 
both reassuring entertainment 

6346
05:45:46,600 --> 05:45:50,300
and upsetting news these dreams 
link you to an ongoing, American

6347
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:52,100
narrative. 
Concerning the interplay between

6348
05:45:52,100 --> 05:45:54,700
personal aspirations and the 
well-being of the community 

6349
05:45:54,700 --> 05:45:58,400
material wealth and personal 
safety, and the promises of 

6350
05:45:58,400 --> 05:46:00,700
advancement and the realities of
human Frailty. 

6351
05:46:00,700 --> 05:46:03,400
We can learn from the 1929 
crash. 

6352
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:06,200
That economic systems are 
ultimately human constructs. 

6353
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:08,300
That represent Human 
Relationships values and 

6354
05:46:08,300 --> 05:46:11,800
decisions those who survived the
crash learn that their most 

6355
05:46:11,800 --> 05:46:14,400
valuable assets were not their 
money, but rather their 

6356
05:46:14,400 --> 05:46:17,500
abilities connections and 
ability to support one another 

6357
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:20,800
The significance of these 
resources has not changed since 

6358
05:46:20,800 --> 05:46:23,300
1929. 
You will be carrying on the 

6359
05:46:23,300 --> 05:46:26,100
narrative that started long 
before the crash and will 

6360
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:29,100
continue long after our present 
economic difficulties a result. 

6361
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:32,200
When you wake up tomorrow and 
examine your own financial 

6362
05:46:32,200 --> 05:46:36,300
status, make your own financial 
decisions and engage in your own

6363
05:46:36,300 --> 05:46:39,200
Community networks. 
The crash serves as a reminder 

6364
05:46:39,200 --> 05:46:42,000
that Prosperity is a state that 
needs ongoing care and 

6365
05:46:42,000 --> 05:46:43,800
attention, rather than a 
destination. 

6366
05:46:44,900 --> 05:46:48,400
Security comes from building the
institutions connections and 

6367
05:46:48,400 --> 05:46:51,700
abilities that will enable us to
deal with any situation that may

6368
05:46:51,700 --> 05:46:53,900
arise. 
Not from a massing wealth. 

6369
05:46:53,900 --> 05:46:56,200
The crash is most significant 
lesson though. 

6370
05:46:56,200 --> 05:47:01,100
Maybe that people are incredibly
resilient inventive and adaptive

6371
05:47:01,100 --> 05:47:04,700
when they cooperate, anyone 
dealing with uncertainty, or 

6372
05:47:04,700 --> 05:47:07,100
change can learn from The 
Unofficial support systems 

6373
05:47:07,100 --> 05:47:11,000
innovative solutions to real 
world issues and the harmony 

6374
05:47:11,000 --> 05:47:13,600
between individual initiative 
and group collaboration. 

6375
05:47:13,600 --> 05:47:17,200
That arose following the crash. 
You can rest easy knowing that 

6376
05:47:17,200 --> 05:47:19,900
you're a part of the ongoing, 
human Narrative of adaptability 

6377
05:47:19,900 --> 05:47:23,300
fortitude and camaraderie. 
Although the difficulties you 

6378
05:47:23,300 --> 05:47:26,300
encounter are personal your 
connected to everyone who has 

6379
05:47:26,300 --> 05:47:29,300
ever had to adjust to situations
beyond their Direct Control by 

6380
05:47:29,300 --> 05:47:33,000
the resources, you have 
creativity, relationships 

6381
05:47:33,000 --> 05:47:36,500
Community connections, and the 
collective knowledge of others 

6382
05:47:36,500 --> 05:47:38,600
who have encountered comparable 
difficulties. 

6383
05:47:38,600 --> 05:47:42,500
The fact that people have always
managed to survive, adapt, and 

6384
05:47:42,500 --> 05:47:45,600
even flourish in situations that
at first, glance seemed in some 

6385
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:48,500
mountable, maybe the most 
consoling realization of all. 

6386
05:47:49,600 --> 05:47:53,200
The people of 1929 had no idea 
how their story would turn out, 

6387
05:47:53,200 --> 05:47:57,700
but they handled it with honor 
Ingenuity and camaraderie which 

6388
05:47:57,700 --> 05:48:00,500
enabled them to rise above the 
rubble of what they had lost and

6389
05:48:00,500 --> 05:48:03,800
create something better. 
Your ability to adjust, support 

6390
05:48:03,800 --> 05:48:05,800
and receive support from the 
communities. 

6391
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:10,100
You're a part of is how their 
story lives on in yours. sweet 

6392
05:48:10,100 --> 05:48:13,200
dreams and may you rest in the 
knowledge that we still possess 

6393
05:48:13,200 --> 05:48:17,400
the human ability to bounce back
and the resiliency that kept our

6394
05:48:17,400 --> 05:48:18,100
forebears going