How Classical Education Shaped Early America | Boring History

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Tonight, my peeps were stepping 
into early America, a place, 

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trying very hard to build 
something new using ideas that 

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were already a few thousand 
years old. 

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Through classical education, 
early Americans learned how to 

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think argue and govern by 
studying Greece and Rome mostly 

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trusting the ancient 
philosophers knew what they were

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doing and hoping the rest would 
sort itself out. 

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If slow boring history like this
helps you unwind. 

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You can like the video follow 
and let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is purely out of curiosity, and 

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absolutely not for grading 
purposes. 

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Now, dim the light turn on a fan
or some gentle background noise 

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and let's quietly. 
Set the book down for the night.

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Your settling in for the night 
about to step back into a world 

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where young colonists hunched 
over Latin primers by 

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candlelight where the ghosts of 
ancient Rome walk through 

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Philadelphia's, cobblestone 
streets and where a farmer's son

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might quote Cicero while plowing
his fields. 

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This is the story of how dusty 
old books from a cross. 

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The ocean built the mental 
architecture of a new nation 

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Tale of conjugations and 
rhetoric marble columns and 

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moral warnings, all woven into 
the fabric of early American 

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life in ways, both profound and 
peculiar. 

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The smell hits you first. 
That particular combination of 

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Tallow candles would smoke and 
the musty sweet scent of pages 

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that have crossed an ocean. 
You're standing in a 

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Massachusetts school room in 
1738 and The Morning. 

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Light barely reaches through 
Windows made of oil paper, 

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rather than glass. 
The room is cold enough that you

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can see your breath and the 
wooden bench beneath. 

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You feels like it's stealing 
warmth directly from your bones.

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Your hands are already ink 
stained and it's only Tuesday. 

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Schoolmaster a man whose wig has
gone. 

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Slightly a skew from the 
morning's, exertion is leading 

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you through Latin. 
Declension with the kind of grim

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determination, usually reserved 
for splitting firewood. 

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Where you can't along with the 
other students, your voice 

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joining a chorus that sounds 
like a particularly monotonous 

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religious ceremony, the girl of 
the girl to the girl. 

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The Girl by the girl. 
It's mind-numbing. 

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It's also the foundation of what
people in this time, consider a 

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proper education. 
You might wonder why a colony 

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struggling to clear forests and 
plant crops which care about a 

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language that nobody speaks 
anymore except in churches and 

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courtrooms. 
The answer isn't simple and it 

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certainly isn't obvious when 
you're 10 years old and your 

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fingers are cramping from 
gripping, a quill pen. 

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But the colonists, who 
established these schools 

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brought with them a conviction 
that bordered on Obsession, that

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the best thoughts Humanity had 
ever produced were locked 

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inside, Greek and Latin texts. 
And that the key to those 

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thoughts was grammar, Not just 
any grammar mind you. 

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This is grammar as a kind of 
mental discipline. 

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A training ground for the mind 
that people believed would make 

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you better at everything else. 
Learn to pass a Latin sentence 

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with its elaborate structure. 
Subjects hiding at the end 

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verbs. 
Playing hide and seek in the 

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Middle Ages. 
Wandering far from their nouns 

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and English would seem simple by
comparison more than that. 

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You'd learn to think in a 
particular way, methodically 

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attentively with an eye for how 
pieces fit together. 

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The Schoolmaster Taps, his Rod 
against the desk and you return 

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your attention to cordarius, 
colloquies a Latin textbook. 

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That's been making children 
miserable since the 1500s The 

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dialogues are meant to be 
practical teaching you. 

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How Romans might have discussed 
every day situations. 

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Quid agis hodie. 
What are you doing today? 

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There's if you're going to 
strike up, conversations in 

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Latin at the General Store. 
But here's the thing that nobody

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mentions during these grinding 
hours of memorization the 

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process is actually working. 
Your brain is being rewired, 

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your learning pattern 
recognition, grammatical 

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structure, and logical 
relationships between ideas. 

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When you eventually read the 
Massachusetts Constitution, 

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drafted by men who went through 
this same training you'll 

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recognize its elaborate 
carefully balanced sentences as 

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products of Mines shape by Latin
syntax The morning wears on. 

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Outside. 
You can hear normal Colonial 

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Life proceeding Cart rattling 
passed. 

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Someone calling about fish for 
sale and the rhythmic sound of a

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nearby Cooper hammering Barrel 
hoops. 

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Inside you're in Ancient Rome or
at least in the linguistic 

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fossil record of ancient, Rome 
learning to think like someone 

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from a civilization that fell 
over a thousand years ago. 

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By midday you've moved on to 
Caesar's commentaries and this 

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is where things get slightly 
more interesting. 

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Julius Caesar writing about his 
military campaigns and Gaul has 

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a style that's been described as
elegant Simplicity, which is 

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teacher talk for at least the 
sentences aren't as long as a 

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city block. 
You're reading about bridge 

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building and Battle Tactics 
about Germanic tribes, and 

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galaxies strongholds and 
somewhere. 

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In your mind, a map of Europe is
forming that has nothing to do 

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with the Europe of 1738. 
Student next to you a merchant 

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son named Thomas, who always 
smells faintly of tobacco from 

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his father's shops dumbbells 
over a word. 

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Transient he says, pronouncing 
it like it's English. 

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Transient the Schoolmaster. 
Corrects the weary patients of 

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someone who's had this exact 
conversation 800 times before 

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they cross over from trans 
across an EO ire to go. 

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And there it is. 
Again another tiny piece of the 

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puzzle, clicking into place, 
you're learning, not just Latin 

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but how language itself Works. 
How meaning is built from 

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smaller pieces and how ideas 
travel across time and space 

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embedded in words, trans will 
show up again in translate 

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transport and transcend. 
Every root. 

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You learn becomes a key to 
dozens of English words. 

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The funny thing is nobody here 
will ever speak Latin fluently. 

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That's not the point. 
A few decades from now. 

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When the same students are 
arguing about the structure of 

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government writing constitutions
and debating natural rights. 

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They'll reach for Latin phrases 
like tools from a familiar 

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Workshop. 
A Pluribus, Unum, Novus order 

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seclorum. 
They'll do this. 

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Not to show off, but because 
Latin has become the language 

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their minds. 
Use when grappling with Big 

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Ideas, you practice, writing 
forming, letters that will 

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become progressively less awful 
over the years. 

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The quill keeps splattering and 
you're fairly certain your 

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handwriting. 
Looks like a drunk spider fell 

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into The Inkwell and staggered 
across the page. 

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But you're learning in muscle 
and mind a discipline that will 

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stay with you. 
The afternoon brings Greek which

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makes Latin look like a friendly
cousin. 

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The alphabet alone is an 
adventure and confusion letters 

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that look like they should make 
one sound but make another 

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Symbols, that seem to exist 
solely to trip you up. 

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Sigma looks like it should be 
simple, but it has two different

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forms depending on where it 
appears in a word because 

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apparently ancient Greeks 
enjoyed making things 

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complicated. 
Your introduction to Greek comes

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through the new testament, which
at least has the advantage of 

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familiar stories. 
You've heard these in English 

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every Sunday. 
Now, you'll see them in their 

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original language and it's like 
meeting old friends who suddenly

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have different acts and more 
complex personalities. 

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The Greek word logos gets 
translated as word, but it also 

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means reason principle and the 
underlying Order of Things, 

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John's gospel starts with it and
suddenly that simple English 

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word seems inadequate for what 
the Greek is trying to convey. 

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The teacher explains that 
educated. 

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Romans learned Greek the same 
way you're learning at. 

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Now as a second classical 
language, that opened doors to 

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philosophy science and 
literature. 

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You're following in footsteps 
that are not just centuries, but

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Millennia old, it's dizzying. 
If you think about it too much, 

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this chain of Education reaching
back through time, By the time 

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you stumble out into the late 
afternoon, light your head feels

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stuffed with declensions and 
conjugations, paradigms and 

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particles. 
Other children are playing in 

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the common, their shouts, 
reaching you as your head home 

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through streets. 
That smell of cooking fires and 

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horse manure. 
You've got exercises to complete

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before tomorrow, more 
translations, more memorization 

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and more wrestling with 
languages that have been dead 

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longer than English has been 
alive. 

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Something is happening in your 
mind. 

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Something subtle and Lasting 
You're being taught to see 

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patterns to analyze structure, 
and to understand how complex 

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ideas can be built from simple 
components. 

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The colonial leaders who insist 
on this kind of education. 

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Believe their preserving 
civilization in the wilderness, 

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they're not entirely wrong even 
if their methods sometimes feel 

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like intellectual torture as you
settle in to sleep that night, 

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Latin phrases drift through your
mind, like fragments of Dreams 

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ammo. 
Amos Amat I love you. 

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Love he loves. 
The rhythm of it is almost 

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soothing now a mental lullaby 
built from ancient conjugations.

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You don't know it yet but you're
being shaped into a particular 

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kind of thinker one who will 
approach problems with tools 

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forged In classical education, 
the lamp Burns, low tomorrow, 

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there will be more grammar, more
translation and more ancient 

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wisdom delivered in dead 
languages. 

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But tonight you rest your mind 
quietly organizing everything. 

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You've learned into patterns 
that will last a lifetime, your 

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16 now and the texts of changed.
No more. 

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Simple, dialogues about daily 
life, in Rome, Now, your deep in

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plutarch's lives and the reading
room at Harvard, Feels Like A 

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theater where dead heroes stride
across the stage of your 

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imagination. 
The book is heavy, a thick 

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volume Bound in leather. 
That's gone soft and slightly 

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oily from Decades of student 
hands. 

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Your reading about like her Gus,
the legendary law Giver of 

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Sparta and the story is stranger
and more compelling than any 

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novel. 
You might sneak into your room. 

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Like kurgus, according to 
Plutarch redesigned an entire 

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Society Banning gold and silver.
Currency in favor of iron money,

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that was too heavy and worthless
to horde. 

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He made Spartans eat together in
common messes equalizing, rich 

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and poor he created an education
system. 

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So rigorous it would make your 
Latin grammar lessons. 

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Look like a pleasant afternoon. 
The thing about Plutarch is that

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he's not just telling you what 
happened. 

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He's comparing Greek and Roman 
Heroes setting them side by 

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side, like a shopkeeper 
arranging goods for inspection. 

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Here's like Curtis the Spartan 
law giver and here's newer, the 

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Roman King who founded their 
religious institutions. 

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What do their similarities teach
you? 

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What do their differences reveal
about? 

200
00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:51,500
Their society is your learning 
to think in comparisons to 

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analyze character and to extract
lessons from biography. 

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This is deliberate. 
Plutarch wrote These lives 

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specifically as moral 
instruction as examples to 

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emulate. 
Or avoid He believed that 

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studying great people would make
you better. 

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That virtue could be learned 
through biographical example, 

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The other students in the 
reading room are scattered 

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across centuries. 
One is wrestling with 

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demosthenes the Athenian orator 
who supposedly practiced, 

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speaking with pebbles in his 
mouth to overcome a stutter. 

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Another is deep in the life of 
Cato, the younger. 

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The Roman senator who chose 
death rather than live under 

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Caesar's dictatorship. 
The room is silent except for 

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the scratch of pens and the 
occasional frustrated sigh. 

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Your tutor, a Minister's son, 
who studied at Edinburgh before 

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coming to the colonies 
circulates among the desks he 

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pauses at your shoulder, reading
over your notes on liquor Gus. 

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What strikes you about his 
reforms? 

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00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,700
He asks his voice pitched load 
to avoid. 

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Disturbing others. 
You've learned by now that there

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are no simple answers in 
classical education. 

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He seemed to believe that 
changing laws could change 

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people's nature, you offer? 
That if you control the 

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environment completely enough. 
You could create virtue the 

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tutor nods please and did it 
work. 

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Sparta became powerful. 
You say, slowly thinking it 

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through. 
But Plutarch suggests they 

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00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:25,600
became rigid unable to adapt, 
The Virtue became a kind of 

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brittle. 
Misses the dance of classical 

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education at his higher levels, 
reading thinking discussing and 

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00:13:32,500 --> 00:13:36,000
questioning You're not 
memorizing facts to regurgitate.

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You're entering into a 
conversation with the past 

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treating ancient authors, as 
living interlocutors, who might 

234
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:45,500
be right, might be wrong, but 
are always worth engaging. 

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00:13:46,600 --> 00:13:50,400
You move on to the parallel life
of Numa pompilius, Rome's, 

236
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,400
second king. 
Well, I curse used force and 

237
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:57,000
dramatic reform. 
Numa used religion and gentle 

238
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persuasion. 
He convinced Romans that a 

239
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goddess, counseled him giving 
his laws Divine Authority 

240
00:14:03,200 --> 00:14:05,300
without actually terrorizing 
anyone. 

241
00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:10,300
The contrast is instructive to 
approaches to the same problem 

242
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:14,600
of creating civic virtue. 
Outside colonial, America is 

243
00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,400
busy inventing itself, but in 
this reading room, your 

244
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,400
studying, the instruction 
manual, the collected wisdom of 

245
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:25,300
societies that Rose flourished 
and eventually fell. 

246
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:28,400
The patterns are starting to 
emerge power. 

247
00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:32,600
Corrupts virtue requires, 
practice laws must match, the 

248
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,600
character of the people, simple 
truths may be, but seeing them 

249
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,100
Illustrated across. 
Dozens of lives, makes them 

250
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:41,700
stick in a way that abstract 
statements never could. 

251
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:46,100
You read about also buy Adidas, 
the brilliant charming and 

252
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,900
absolutely unprincipled Athenian
who betrayed his City then 

253
00:14:49,900 --> 00:14:53,600
betrayed Sparta then tried to 
return to Athens in Triumph. 

254
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,500
He's fascinating precisely 
because he's terrible. 

255
00:14:57,500 --> 00:15:01,100
A cautionary tale about Talent 
without character. 

256
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,900
Plutarch tells his story with a 
kind of sorrowful. 

257
00:15:04,900 --> 00:15:08,700
Relish showing you exactly how 
Charisma can be divorced from 

258
00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:13,500
virtue. then there's aristide is
the just who was so boringly on 

259
00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,100
that Athenians ostracized him, 
partly out of sheer irritation 

260
00:15:17,100 --> 00:15:22,400
at his moral consistency, Story 
Goes that an illiterate citizen 

261
00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:27,300
not recognizing, aristides asked
him to write aristides on his 

262
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:32,400
voting Shard for ostracism when 
aristides asked why the citizens

263
00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:36,500
complained I'm tired of hearing 
him called the just Everywhere I

264
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:38,400
Go. 
Eristys. 

265
00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:39,900
Wrote his own name without 
argument. 

266
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:42,900
You find yourself laughing 
quietly at that one. 

267
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:47,500
Such a perfectly human moment 
voting against someone because 

268
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:51,000
their virtue is annoying. 
It cuts through 20th centuries, 

269
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,500
like their nothing. 
The semester wears on and 

270
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:58,800
Pluto's parade continues. 
You meet public Ola who helped 

271
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:02,100
to establish the Roman Republic 
and then voluntarily limited his

272
00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:05,000
own power. 
You encounter Corey Alana whose 

273
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:09,500
Pride destroyed him despite his 
military genius Follow Tiberius 

274
00:16:09,500 --> 00:16:11,400
and Gaius. 
Gracchus brothers. 

275
00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:13,300
Who tried to reform Rome and 
ended up. 

276
00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:16,900
Torn apart by mobs. 
Each life is a lesson but not 

277
00:16:16,900 --> 00:16:19,800
always an obvious one. 
Sometimes the lesson is that 

278
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,500
good intentions Aren't Enough. 
Sometimes it's that timing 

279
00:16:23,500 --> 00:16:27,100
matters as much as virtue. 
Sometimes it's simply that 

280
00:16:27,100 --> 00:16:30,400
history is complicated. 
That Heroes have flaws. 

281
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:34,600
That villains have 
understandable motivations your 

282
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,500
tutor assigned you to write 
comparisons of your own, not 

283
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,900
just regurgitating, Pluto's 
judgments? 

284
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:43,600
But forming your own You spend 
an evening comparing. 

285
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,400
Alexander the Great with Julius 
Caesar, two conquerors who died 

286
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:52,000
young and left unstable Empires.
your thesis is that Alexander 

287
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,500
was drunk on Glory while Caesar 
was calculating and political 

288
00:16:56,200 --> 00:17:00,100
your tutor challenges you on 
this pointing out Alexander's 

289
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:05,300
strategic brilliant's and 
seizures genuine vanity you 

290
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:10,099
revise This back and forth this 
refinement of judgment is what 

291
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:12,900
classical education is really 
about at this level. 

292
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:17,700
Your learning to make arguments 
to defend positions and to 

293
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:20,700
change your mind when presented 
with better evidence. 

294
00:17:21,700 --> 00:17:25,900
The content is ancient history 
and biography, but the skill is 

295
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,400
timeless. 
How to think clearly argue 

296
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:33,500
effectively, and judge wisely. 
you notice something interesting

297
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:37,300
as the year, progresses, your 
classmates quote Plutarch the 

298
00:17:37,308 --> 00:17:41,700
way earlier Generations might 
quote scripture As Plutarch says

299
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:44,800
of Cato. 
Becomes a common preamble to 

300
00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:47,800
arguments about everything from 
college discipline to Colonial 

301
00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:50,700
politics. 
These ancient lives have become 

302
00:17:50,700 --> 00:17:53,800
reference points, shared 
cultural knowledge that allows 

303
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:57,700
for short-hand communication. 
when someone calls a politician,

304
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:01,500
another Clodius, everyone knows,
they mean a demagogue who 

305
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:05,200
manipulates the mob, when 
someone Praises spark and 

306
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:09,800
simplicity there in like herges,
the classical education has 

307
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,300
created a Common Language and a 
shared set of examples and 

308
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:18,200
cautionary tales You read late 
into the night, sometimes can 

309
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,600
handle burning low following 
Pluto's Greeks and Romans 

310
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:23,500
through their triumphs and 
disasters. 

311
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:29,600
The writing itself is Hypnotic 
Detailed opinionated and Vivid. 

312
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:33,900
Pluto has opinions about 
everything from the proper way 

313
00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:37,700
to educate children to the moral
implications of eating meat. 

314
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,800
He includes gossip and 
philosophy in equal measure as 

315
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:44,800
comfortable describing a dinner 
party as discussing the nature 

316
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,400
of the Soul. 
There's a moment in the life of 

317
00:18:47,400 --> 00:18:51,200
Pericles that stops. 
You cold Plutarch describes, how

318
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:53,800
the great Athenian Statesman 
handled the plague that 

319
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,400
devastated Athens during the 
Peloponnesian War, and how he 

320
00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:00,000
maintained order even as 
disease, empty the city. 

321
00:19:00,900 --> 00:19:03,700
You think about your own 
colonies belts with smallpox and

322
00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:07,300
fever about leaders trying to 
hold communities together during

323
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:10,400
crisis? 
The parallel is immediate and 

324
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:13,600
personal, this is what makes 
Plutarch endure. 

325
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,800
The recognition that human 
nature doesn't change much. 

326
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:19,400
Politicians. 
Still play to the crowd 

327
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:23,900
reformers still faced, 
resistance Pride, still precedes

328
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:27,100
fulls. 
The specifics are different. 

329
00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:30,800
The togas have been replaced by 
waistcoats, but the patterns 

330
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:35,500
persist by the end of your time,
with Plutarch, you've absorbed 

331
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:39,300
more than biographical facts. 
You've internalized a way of 

332
00:19:39,300 --> 00:19:43,100
thinking about character 
leadership and civic duty. 

333
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:46,100
When you eventually 
participating Colonial 

334
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:50,500
governance, debate revolutionary
politics or simply vote on Town 

335
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,900
matters, Pluto's Heroes and 
cautionary figures will be there

336
00:19:53,900 --> 00:19:58,400
in your mind providing context 
and comparison. the heavy volume

337
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:02,000
closest you've traveled through 
centuries in its Pages, 

338
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:06,300
witnessed the rise and fall of 
cities and watched heroes and 

339
00:20:06,300 --> 00:20:10,200
villains prayed past Tomorrow, 
there will be other texts and 

340
00:20:10,208 --> 00:20:14,000
other authors, but Pluto's 
lessons will remain lodged 

341
00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:17,500
firmly in your mental Furniture 
as you drift towards sleep. 

342
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:20,800
You find yourself thinking about
how Plutarch chose to end so 

343
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:25,700
many of his lives with judgment,
with comparison with an attempt 

344
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,400
to extract meaning from 
Individual stories, it seems 

345
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,800
fitting We're all living lives 
that might someday. 

346
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:35,500
Teach each other something 
whether we intend to or not. 

347
00:20:36,500 --> 00:20:38,700
The question is what those 
lessons will be. 

348
00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:43,800
The college debate Hall smells 
of wool nervous sweat and the 

349
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:46,500
particular mustiness of a room 
where young men have been 

350
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:50,800
arguing for Generations. 
Your 22 now standing at a Podium

351
00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:54,300
with your carefully prepared, 
speech, trembling slightly in 

352
00:20:54,300 --> 00:20:57,500
your hands. 
Topping where the popular 

353
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,000
government can endure without 
virtue in its citizens. 

354
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:03,700
This is rhetoric the crowning 
achievement of classical 

355
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:06,400
education and you've been 
preparing for this moment. 

356
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,500
Since those first Latin 
declension years ago, 

357
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:14,000
Everything, the grammar, the 
translation, the reading of 

358
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:18,600
ancient texts has been leading 
here to the ability to construct

359
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:20,700
and deliver persuasive 
arguments. 

360
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,500
Your speech follows the 
classical structure, drilled 

361
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:26,300
into you. 
Over countless exercises. 

362
00:21:27,300 --> 00:21:30,500
Exordium the introduction that 
captures attention? 

363
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:36,000
Now ratio the statement of facts
divizio the outline of your 

364
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:41,100
argument confirmation. 
The proof, confutation, the 

365
00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:44,400
refutation of opposing views per
arrayo. 

366
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:48,100
The stirring conclusion, these 
Latin terms have become as 

367
00:21:48,100 --> 00:21:51,100
familiar as your own name. 
A framework for organizing 

368
00:21:51,100 --> 00:21:54,200
thought that feels natural now, 
almost inevitable. 

369
00:21:55,100 --> 00:21:57,800
You begin voice, steadier than 
you expected. 

370
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:01,700
Gentlemen, We Gather in an age 
that fancies itself, 

371
00:22:01,700 --> 00:22:05,300
enlightened, that believes 
reason, alone can guide the ship

372
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:09,700
of state, but let us cast our 
eyes backward to Athens and Rome

373
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:13,900
to republics that Rose in glory 
and fell in corruption and ask 

374
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:15,800
ourselves. 
Whether we have discovered some 

375
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,100
new principal that exempts us 
from history is lessons. 

376
00:22:19,100 --> 00:22:24,400
It's pure Cicero that opening 
the appeal to historical 

377
00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:27,400
precedent. 
The suggestion that contemporary

378
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:31,300
confidence might be misplaced. 
You've read Cicero's speeches 

379
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:34,300
until you could hear their 
rhythms in your sleep until 

380
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:36,200
their techniques became 
instinctive. 

381
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:40,500
Start with common ground. 
Establish your credibility. 

382
00:22:40,500 --> 00:22:43,500
Make the audience. 
Feel the weight of the question.

383
00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:46,900
Your opponent tonight is a 
merchant son from Boston. 

384
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:51,100
Clever and quick-witted who will
argue that institutional checks 

385
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:54,000
and balances can substitute for 
public virtue. 

386
00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:58,300
He's probably right in a limited
way, but your job is to show the

387
00:22:58,300 --> 00:23:01,600
limits of his rightness to 
demonstrate that laws alone 

388
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:06,400
cannot sustain a free Society. 
The audience fellow students 

389
00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:11,300
tutors a few visiting, ministers
watches with the intent Focus 

390
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:15,000
that rhetorical contest command.
This is entertainment. 

391
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:17,200
Yes, but it's also deadly 
serious. 

392
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:21,100
The skills being honed, here are
the same ones that colonial 

393
00:23:21,100 --> 00:23:24,500
leaders in the legislative 
debate Town, meeting's, and 

394
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:27,700
courtroom, arguments rhetoric 
isn't decoration. 

395
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:31,800
It's the engine of public life. 
You move into your narration, 

396
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:36,800
laying out, historical examples 
Sit a row under the late 

397
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:40,400
Republic, when Cicero himself 
stood against Catalina, to 

398
00:23:40,400 --> 00:23:44,200
conspiracy, the laws, remain the
same laws that had governed Rome

399
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:48,300
for centuries, the Senate still 
convened, the courts still 

400
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:51,300
functioned. 
Yet corruption had eaten. 

401
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:55,600
So deep into the body, politic 
that arm conspiracy seemed a 

402
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,200
viable path to power. 
What fails, not Roman law, but 

403
00:23:59,200 --> 00:24:02,500
Roman virtue. 
Your drawing on your Plutarch 

404
00:24:02,500 --> 00:24:06,100
here on your reading of Roman 
history on countless examples 

405
00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:10,100
stored in your memory, like 
ammunition, Trick is to deploy 

406
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:14,200
them effectively, not to 
overwhelm with erudition, but to

407
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:18,400
illustrate with precision. 
The classical rhetorical 

408
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,900
education teaches you to think 
of arguments as architecture. 

409
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:24,700
You need a solid foundation of 
facts. 

410
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:27,600
You need supporting pillars of 
logic. 

411
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:30,900
And example, you need to 
anticipate where the structure 

412
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:34,300
might be weak and reinforce 
those points and you need a 

413
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:37,200
roof, a conclusion. 
That brings everything together 

414
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:41,100
and protects the whole edifice. 
Your confirmation builds through

415
00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:44,500
three main points, each 
supported by historical and 

416
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:48,500
logical argument. 
First that virtue cannot be 

417
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,200
legislated, but must be 
cultivated. 

418
00:24:51,500 --> 00:24:55,200
Second citizens, lacking virtue 
will find ways around. 

419
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,700
Even the cleverest, 
institutional checks, Third, 

420
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:02,600
that the decline of public 
virtue proceeds, and predicts 

421
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:07,400
the decline of free government. 
Between points, you use 

422
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,300
transitions that you've learned 
from quintillions institutio 

423
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:14,500
oratoria that massive 12 book 
guide to rhetoric that nearly 

424
00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:19,300
killed you during your first 
year at college. you object, you

425
00:25:19,300 --> 00:25:22,800
say anticipating 
counterarguments that I paint, 

426
00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,400
two darker picture that I 
underestimate human capacity for

427
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:30,800
self-interest rightly understood
This technique, raising 

428
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:35,000
objections only to answer them 
is called Pro katalepsis and 

429
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:37,300
it's devastatingly effective 
when done. 

430
00:25:37,300 --> 00:25:40,000
Well, you're showing the 
audience that you've thought 

431
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:43,600
through opposing views that your
position has survived scrutiny. 

432
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,700
Your opponent will have his 
turn, and he is good. 

433
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:49,100
He'll point out that Sparta for 
all. 

434
00:25:49,100 --> 00:25:53,500
Its legendary virtue was a rigid
military society that most men 

435
00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:56,400
would find intolerable. 
He'll argue that mixed 

436
00:25:56,400 --> 00:26:00,600
government balancing monarchical
aristocratic and Democratic 

437
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:04,000
elements can create stability 
without requiring Saints for 

438
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,500
Citizens Hill. 
Cite polybius is analysis of the

439
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:11,100
Roman Constitution as proof But 
you've prepared for this. 

440
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,900
Your confrontation addresses, 
these points before he can make 

441
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:18,700
them. 
The Spartan example, so often 

442
00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:23,500
cited proves precisely my point.
The kurgus created a system that

443
00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:26,200
manufactured a kind of virtue 
through compulsion. 

444
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:30,800
And It produced a brittle. 
Unstable state that fell the 

445
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:32,700
moment. 
It encountered forces, it 

446
00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:34,700
couldn't control true. 
Republican. 

447
00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,600
Virtue must be freely. 
Chosen not imposed. 

448
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:43,100
The debate flows back and forth 
a dance of argument and 

449
00:26:43,100 --> 00:26:45,500
counter-argument. 
That would look familiar to 

450
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,800
participants in the Roman Forum 
or the Athenian assembly. 

451
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:53,300
You're speaking English your 
standing in colonial America but

452
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:56,700
the patterns are ancient tested 
across centuries of public 

453
00:26:56,700 --> 00:26:59,600
discourse. 
What strikes, you as you deliver

454
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:03,200
your Paradise? 
Yo, the final emotional appeal 

455
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:07,000
is how alive this? 
All feels, you're not just 

456
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:11,500
reciting memorized speeches, 
you're thinking on your feet and

457
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:14,300
adapting to your opponent's 
arguments and gauging the 

458
00:27:14,300 --> 00:27:17,600
audience's reaction. 
Classical training as giving you

459
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,800
tools but you're the one 
Wheeling them. 

460
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,200
Let us not deceive ourselves 
gentlemen, You can conclude 

461
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,500
voice Rising slightly. 
The question before us is not 

462
00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:31,000
whether we prefer virtue to Vice
that preferences Universal at 

463
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,600
least in profession. 
The question is whether we can 

464
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,900
sustain free government without 
virtue being widely distributed 

465
00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:40,200
among citizens. 
And on this point history speaks

466
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:44,800
with a terrible Clarity. 
We cannot The Applause is polite

467
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,600
and appreciative. 
You've done well though, whether

468
00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:50,700
You've Won is for the judges to 
determine, but winning isn't 

469
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:54,000
really the point of these 
exercises, the point is the 

470
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:56,400
training. 
The development of skills that 

471
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:58,900
will serve you, whether you're 
arguing before, a jury 

472
00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:02,500
persuading a town meeting to 
support a measure or simply 

473
00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:05,000
thinking through complex 
problems in private. 

474
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:09,100
Over the following months, you 
can continue these rhetorical 

475
00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:12,300
exercises. 
Sometimes you argue positions, 

476
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:15,700
you don't actually hold. 
Defending monarchical government

477
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:20,000
attacking representative 
democracy because the ability to

478
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,400
make the weak argument appear. 
Stronger is itself a crucial 

479
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:25,600
skill. 
It teaches you to understand 

480
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,500
opposing viewpoints and to find 
the genuine strengths in 

481
00:28:29,500 --> 00:28:33,400
positions, you reject. 
The classical texts on rhetoric,

482
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,000
make clear that this art can be 
used for good or ill. 

483
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:39,800
Cicero, discusses the ethical 
responsibilities of the orator 

484
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:43,800
quintillion insists that a true.
Orator must be a good man 

485
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,700
skilled in speaking. 
Not just skilled, but good. 

486
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:51,200
Because technique without ethics
is dangerous. 

487
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:56,400
You've read the cautionary 
examples of buyer's swaying 

488
00:28:56,400 --> 00:28:59,100
Athens told the disastrous 
Sicilian Expedition. 

489
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:04,000
Clodius manipulating Roman mobs 
and demagogues throughout 

490
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:07,500
history using rhetorical skill 
to lead people astray. 

491
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:13,000
Tension is real and unresolved 
rhetoric is power and like all 

492
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:17,700
power it poses, moral questions.
Your tutors remind you 

493
00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:20,600
constantly that with these 
skills comes responsibility. 

494
00:29:21,300 --> 00:29:25,300
You're being trained to persuade
to move minds and to shape 

495
00:29:25,300 --> 00:29:28,200
opinion. 
That's not a neutral capability.

496
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:32,700
You practice different styles. 
The plain style for clarity the 

497
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:35,800
middle style for teaching and 
the grand style for moving 

498
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:39,400
emotions. 
You learn when to use each and 

499
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:42,200
how to shift between them within
a single speech. 

500
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:45,900
You study figures of speech 
metaphor. 

501
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:50,800
Simile antithesis parallelism 
not as decoration but as tools 

502
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:54,600
of thought ways of making 
abstract ideas concrete and 

503
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:58,400
memorable, One tutor has you 
practiced in prompto? 

504
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:02,000
Speaking throwing out topics 
randomly and requiring immediate

505
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,700
responses The value of standing 
armies. 

506
00:30:06,700 --> 00:30:09,200
Were the colonies. 
Oh, unlimited obedience to the 

507
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:12,000
mother country? 
The dangers of faction. 

508
00:30:12,800 --> 00:30:16,000
You learn to organize thoughts, 
quickly to find arguments on the

509
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:18,100
Fly and to speak coherently 
under pressure. 

510
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,600
Another exercise involves 
declamation taking famous 

511
00:30:22,600 --> 00:30:25,600
speeches from history and 
delivering them as if they were 

512
00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:29,600
your own. you've thundered 
through Cicero, denunciations of

513
00:30:29,608 --> 00:30:33,200
Catalin, worked your way through
demos the knees philippics 

514
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:36,300
against Philip of Macedon and 
practiced, the Restraint of 

515
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:40,500
Pericles funeral oration, Each 
one teaches something different 

516
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:44,100
about rhetorical strategy. 
The odd thing is, how practical 

517
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,700
all this feels, these aren't 
dead exercises from a relevant 

518
00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:50,600
Antiquity. 
These are skills that colonial 

519
00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:54,900
leaders use constantly. 
When Samuel Adams are using 

520
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:58,800
against British taxation, he's 
using techniques refined In 

521
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:02,100
classical Athens. 
When Patrick Henry delivers 

522
00:31:02,100 --> 00:31:05,400
impassioned, speeches about 
Liberty, he's following patterns

523
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,700
established by Roman orators, 
the American Revolution, when it

524
00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:13,000
comes will be argued in to 
existence partly through 

525
00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:15,200
rhetoric learned from ancient 
texts. 

526
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:20,900
You're all so learning to write 
because rhetoric isn't just 

527
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:24,100
oral. 
You practice different forms 

528
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:29,100
letters essays declarations and 
legal briefs each has its own 

529
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:31,500
conventions and its own 
appropriate Style. 

530
00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:34,600
A letter to a friend. 
Employs, a familiar 

531
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,900
conversational tone. 
A legal argument demands, 

532
00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:42,900
precision and formal structure. 
Political pamphlet needs to be 

533
00:31:42,900 --> 00:31:46,900
both learned and accessible. 
The classical models, provide 

534
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:49,300
templates. 
Cicero's letters. 

535
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:52,500
Show how to maintain friendship 
across distance while also 

536
00:31:52,500 --> 00:31:56,800
discussing serious matters. 
Scenic as essays demonstrate how

537
00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:59,800
to explore philosophical 
questions in readable Pros. 

538
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:04,100
The historical narratives of 
Libby and tacitus teach how to 

539
00:32:04,108 --> 00:32:07,500
make the Past come alive. 
While also extracting lessons, 

540
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:11,600
by the time, you complete your 
rhetorical training, you've 

541
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,800
internalized, an entire system 
for producing an analyzing 

542
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:18,800
persuasive communication. 
You can recognize fallacy when 

543
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:21,700
others use them, you can 
construct arguments that 

544
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:25,600
withstand logical scrutiny. 
You can adapt your approach to 

545
00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:27,300
different audiences and 
occasions. 

546
00:32:27,300 --> 00:32:30,700
Perhaps most importantly. 
You've learned to think 

547
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:34,500
critically about persuasion 
itself to recognize when you're 

548
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:38,200
being manipulated to question 
your own certain teas, and to 

549
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:42,200
demand evidence and logical 
consistency, The classical 

550
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:46,600
rhetorical Tradition at its best
creates, both effective speakers

551
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:50,600
and skeptical listeners. 
As you leave the debate Hall 

552
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:52,800
that evening. 
You overhear two younger 

553
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:54,500
students. 
Discussing your performance, 

554
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:58,400
their analyzing your argument 
structure, critiquing your use 

555
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:02,000
of examples and debating whether
your conclusion was too 

556
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:04,300
emotional. 
You smile slightly. 

557
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:07,300
This is the tradition 
perpetuating itself. 

558
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:11,100
Each generation training. 
The next in arts that stretch 

559
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:14,700
back to Athens and Rome the 
stars of visible tonight. 

560
00:33:14,700 --> 00:33:19,800
The same stars that ancient 
orators saw the thought is oddly

561
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:23,100
comforting. 
That across vast Gulfs, of time 

562
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:26,300
and space. 
People of gathered to argue to 

563
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:29,000
persuade and to think together 
about how to live. 

564
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:32,500
Your part of that long 
conversation, trained in its 

565
00:33:32,500 --> 00:33:35,300
methods and responsible for 
carrying it forward. 

566
00:33:36,400 --> 00:33:38,800
The Virginia Plan Station House 
Rising before. 

567
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:43,600
You is not what you expected, 
your visiting as part of a tour 

568
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:46,700
arranged by the college, 
studying architecture and Civic 

569
00:33:46,700 --> 00:33:48,800
design. 
And you've just arrived at 

570
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,500
Monticello still. 
Under construction under Thomas 

571
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:53,300
Jefferson's wrestlers 
supervision. 

572
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:56,900
The thing that strikes you 
immediately is how Roman 

573
00:33:56,900 --> 00:34:01,700
everything looks not English, 
not Colonial Roman. 

574
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,100
The Portico features. 
A proper triangular pediment 

575
00:34:05,100 --> 00:34:09,000
supported by columns in the 
Doric order, the simplest and 

576
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:10,800
sturdiest of the classical 
styles. 

577
00:34:12,199 --> 00:34:15,699
The proportions are deliberate 
and measured based on ratios. 

578
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:19,199
That Architects have been using 
since the Parthenon Jefferson 

579
00:34:19,199 --> 00:34:22,699
himself, greets, your group. 
Clearly delighted to have an 

580
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:26,600
audience for his architectural 
passions and launches into an 

581
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:29,300
explanation of why he chose 
these particular classical 

582
00:34:29,300 --> 00:34:32,000
elements. 
The orders, he says, gesturing 

583
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,600
toward the columns, represent 
more than aesthetic Preference, 

584
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:39,000
they embodied principles of 
Harmony proportion and Civic 

585
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,800
dignity that traced to the best 
moments of human civilization. 

586
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:46,500
You've studied this in your 
classical education, the three 

587
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:49,900
orders of classical 
architecture, Doric the 

588
00:34:49,900 --> 00:34:55,400
masculine solid unadorned. 
Ionic, more slender and 

589
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:58,800
decorated with its distinctive 
scroll-like volatiles. 

590
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:02,700
Corinthian the most elaborate 
with capitals, carved to 

591
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:06,400
resemble a compass leaves. 
Each has specific proportions 

592
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:10,200
specific applications and 
specific meanings, but you've 

593
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,900
studied them in books. 
Seeing them realized in 

594
00:35:12,900 --> 00:35:14,100
Virginia, red brick is something
else. 

595
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:18,000
Entirely Jefferson walks your 
group through the design and his

596
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:19,600
references are entirely 
classical. 

597
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:24,000
He mentions Palladio, the 16th 
century, Italian architect who 

598
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:28,400
revived Roman principles. 
He cites Vitruvius the ancient 

599
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:31,100
Roman architect, whose Treatise 
has survived as the only 

600
00:35:31,100 --> 00:35:33,300
comprehensive classical texts on
building. 

601
00:35:34,100 --> 00:35:37,700
He's designed Monticello as a 
statement, a declaration that 

602
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:40,300
the new American Republic will 
build in the language of 

603
00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:44,900
classical Republics This isn't 
unique to Jefferson everywhere. 

604
00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:47,400
You look in colonial, America 
building's are beginning to 

605
00:35:47,408 --> 00:35:51,000
speak in classical grammar. 
The State House in Philadelphia,

606
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:54,900
where increasingly important, 
Colonial debates are occurring 

607
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:59,900
features classical symmetry 
proper proportions, and a sense 

608
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:04,200
of dignified restraint that 
consciously evokes, Roman public

609
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:07,200
architecture. 
The message is clear. 

610
00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:11,400
We are building a republic and 
republics look like this. 

611
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:16,100
Your study group visits the 
Capitol building in Williamsburg

612
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:20,200
designed before the Revolution, 
but already showing classical 

613
00:36:20,200 --> 00:36:23,400
influence. 
The facade features symmetry 

614
00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:28,500
regular window spacing, and a 
sense of order and proportion 

615
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:32,400
that contrasts sharply with the 
irregular, organic growth of 

616
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:36,800
medieval European architecture. 
This is architecture as a 

617
00:36:36,808 --> 00:36:41,100
political statement buildings as
arguments about the kind of 

618
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:45,700
society being constructed a 
local architect invited to 

619
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:48,800
lecture your group explains the 
theory behind these choices. 

620
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:53,800
Classical architecture, he says 
expresses certain values and 

621
00:36:53,808 --> 00:36:57,700
physical form symmetry 
represents balance and equality 

622
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:01,600
before the law. 
The orders Doric Ionic and 

623
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:05,500
Corinthian progress from 
strength to refinement much as 

624
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:09,200
we hope Society itself will 
progress, the use of columns 

625
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:12,000
recalls the forums and temples 
of Republic's passed. 

626
00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:16,000
Reminding us of our political 
inheritance, your sketching as 

627
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:19,600
he talks trying to capture the 
proportions of a Doric column 

628
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:22,800
There's a mathematical 
relationship between the columns

629
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:26,500
diameter and its height, roughly
one to eight for dorrick. 

630
00:37:26,500 --> 00:37:30,900
The spacing between columns, 
follows specific rules, the 

631
00:37:30,900 --> 00:37:34,500
Antebellum above the horizontal 
structure of the column support 

632
00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:37,000
has its own proportional 
relationships. 

633
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:40,700
Nothing is arbitrary. 
Every measurement relates to 

634
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:43,500
every other measurement in a 
system that's been refined over 

635
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:48,000
two millennia. 
Funny thing is how seriously 

636
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,800
Americans take this. 
In Europe, classical 

637
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:54,000
architecture is one option among
many. 

638
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:56,400
Here. 
It's becoming the default 

639
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,800
language for important buildings
for structures meant to embody 

640
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:04,100
public values. it's as if the 
colonists lacking a long 

641
00:38:04,100 --> 00:38:07,200
architectural tradition of their
own reached back to Rome and 

642
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:12,900
said this, this is us You visit 
a small town court house, being 

643
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:17,300
built in rural Massachusetts 
even here hundreds of miles from

644
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,300
Virginia's Plantation, 
aristocracy the building 

645
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:22,500
features a classical pediment 
and columns. 

646
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:26,700
Proportions are modest. 
The materials are local Timber 

647
00:38:26,700 --> 00:38:30,300
rather than marble or brick, but
the language is recognizably 

648
00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:33,400
classical. 
Farmer bringing a lawsuit will 

649
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:37,300
Ascend steps passed between 
columns and enter a space. 

650
00:38:37,300 --> 00:38:40,000
That consciously Echoes Roman 
public architecture. 

651
00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:43,400
The symbolism isn't lost on 
anyone. 

652
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:47,500
Classical architecture is 
Republican architecture, it 

653
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:49,800
represents government of laws, 
not men. 

654
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:55,300
Suggests permanent stability and
connection to enduring 

655
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:58,200
principles. 
When you build in this style, 

656
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:01,300
you're making a claim about the 
nature of your Society. 

657
00:39:02,300 --> 00:39:04,900
Your classical education has 
prepared you to read these 

658
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,100
buildings as texts. 
You recognize the orders, you 

659
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:11,200
understand the proportional 
systems? 

660
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:15,000
You know that a Doric column 
suggests strength and simplicity

661
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:18,600
while the Corinthian column 
suggests refinement and well. 

662
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:21,800
You can look at a building's 
facade and understand what 

663
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:23,500
argument it's making about 
itself. 

664
00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:27,000
There's also a practical element
to studying classical 

665
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,500
architecture. 
Your learning drawing geometry, 

666
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:34,000
and proportion skills that have 
applications Beyond building 

667
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:36,600
design. 
The same sense of Harmony and 

668
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,800
balance that governs classical 
architecture can inform 

669
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:44,100
Furniture Design, garden layout 
and even the composition of a 

670
00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:47,400
painting. 
The educational emphasis on 

671
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,300
drawing from classical examples 
means you spent hours. 

672
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:52,600
Copying illustrations, from 
palladio's. 

673
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:56,400
Four books of architecture. 
You measure proportions, draw, 

674
00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:59,200
elevations, and plan imaginary 
buildings. 

675
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:00,700
That follow classical 
principles. 

676
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:05,500
It's tedious, work requiring, 
precision and patience but it's 

677
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:09,000
training your eye teaching you 
to see relationships between 

678
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:13,700
parts and holes Jefferson 
reappears as your group prepares

679
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:16,200
to leave Monticello and someone 
asks him. 

680
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:18,500
Why he's so committed to 
classical forms. 

681
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:23,800
His answer is revealing We are 
attempting, he says to build a 

682
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:27,300
new kind of society. 
A republic that will we hope 

683
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:31,900
avoid the fate of previous 
Republics We look to roam not to

684
00:40:31,900 --> 00:40:36,000
copy its government which fell 
into tyranny, but to adopt its 

685
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:37,800
best expressions of Civic. 
Dignity. 

686
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,700
Architecture is a form of 
Education, every person who sees

687
00:40:42,700 --> 00:40:45,100
these buildings. 
Absorbs, perhaps unconsciously 

688
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:49,400
certain principles about order 
proportion and public virtue. 

689
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,100
You think about this as you 
travel back to college 

690
00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:56,100
architecture as education 
buildings as teachers. 

691
00:40:56,100 --> 00:41:00,300
It's a striking idea that the 
physical environment can shape 

692
00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:03,600
thought that surrounding 
yourself with classical forms, 

693
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:05,900
might actually encourage 
classical virtues. 

694
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:10,800
The college itself is expanding 
adding new buildings and the 

695
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:15,900
designs are all classical. brick
buildings with symmetrical 

696
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:20,800
facade's regular Windows space 
singing and classical pediments 

697
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:24,700
over entrance is Even the 
interior spaces, follow 

698
00:41:24,700 --> 00:41:29,300
classical, proportions room, 
Heights, window sizes, and the 

699
00:41:29,300 --> 00:41:32,700
relationship between width and 
length are all governed by 

700
00:41:32,700 --> 00:41:37,900
mathematical ratios derived from
Roman practice. you attend a 

701
00:41:37,900 --> 00:41:41,000
lecture by a visiting scholar on
the symbolic meanings of 

702
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:45,900
architectural elements, Pediment
that triangular shape above the 

703
00:41:45,900 --> 00:41:48,200
entrance. 
Originally crowned, Greek 

704
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:50,800
temples using it on secular 
buildings. 

705
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:54,000
Transfer some of that sacred 
dignity to Civic purposes. 

706
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:58,500
Columns originally, structural 
necessities and stone buildings 

707
00:41:58,500 --> 00:42:01,600
have become symbols even when 
applied to wooden structures 

708
00:42:01,600 --> 00:42:05,200
where they serve, no load 
bearing function, their pure 

709
00:42:05,200 --> 00:42:09,400
communication visual rhetoric. 
The Scholar describes how 

710
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,900
different orders carry different
associations Tuscan. 

711
00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:18,000
The simplest suggest rusticity 
and strength, adds dignity, 

712
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,600
ionic, implies learning and 
refinement. 

713
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:27,200
Corinthians suggests luxury and 
sophistication composite, which 

714
00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:31,300
combines Ionic and Corinthian 
elements represents a kind of 

715
00:42:31,300 --> 00:42:34,200
culmination. 
Choosing an order for a building

716
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:37,200
is choosing how that building 
will speak about its purpose. 

717
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:41,000
And the value is it embodies 
You're also learning about the 

718
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,100
limitations and contradictions 
built into this classical 

719
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:47,200
adoption. 
These architectural forms, come 

720
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:51,900
from slave societies, Greece and
Rome both depended on slavery. 

721
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,100
Yet colonists building. 
Plantations, worked by enslaved.

722
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:59,100
People use classical 
architecture to celebrate 

723
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:02,600
Republican virtue. 
The irony is not lost on 

724
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:05,400
everyone though. 
It's rarely mentioned directly 

725
00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:08,800
implied company. 
Similarly, the emphasis on 

726
00:43:08,800 --> 00:43:11,600
proportion and order in 
architecture exists alongside 

727
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:14,800
the often chaotic 
improvisational, reality of 

728
00:43:14,808 --> 00:43:17,900
colonial life. 
The idealized classical 

729
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:20,300
building, suggest permanents and
stability. 

730
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:24,200
But the society constructing 
these buildings is fluid 

731
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,900
changing and uncertain about its
future relationship with 

732
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:31,900
Britain. 
Still the buildings rise in 

733
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:34,100
towns and cities across the 
colonies. 

734
00:43:34,100 --> 00:43:37,700
Classical architecture, becomes 
the default for anything meant 

735
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:41,600
to last to impress or to embody 
public values. 

736
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:46,100
Churches, Court, housing's 
colleges and prominent homes. 

737
00:43:46,100 --> 00:43:50,000
All increasingly speaking, the 
language of Doric Ionic and 

738
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,700
Corinthian. 
You sketch obsessively, filling 

739
00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:57,300
notebooks with columns and 
pediments in table lectures and 

740
00:43:57,300 --> 00:44:00,800
architraves. 
The technical vocabulary becomes

741
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:04,500
second nature, you learn to spot
architectural quotes. 

742
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:08,100
This building references. 
The pantheon that one nods to 

743
00:44:08,108 --> 00:44:12,100
the Temple of Vesta. 
Classical education has made you

744
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:15,100
literate in this language of 
form and proportion as you 

745
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:18,000
prepare for sleep on evening. 
You look at the buildings around

746
00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:21,400
you with new eyes. 
Every public structure is making

747
00:44:21,400 --> 00:44:25,400
an argument, claiming Heritage 
and expressing aspirations. 

748
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,500
Classical forms. 
Say, we are the inheritors of 

749
00:44:29,500 --> 00:44:32,300
Republican tradition. 
We value all order and 

750
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,300
proportion. 
We build for permanents and we 

751
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:38,000
can connect our project to the 
best moments of the past. 

752
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:42,100
Whether those claims are 
Justified, whether the forms can

753
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:44,900
bear the weight of meaning 
placed on the remains to be 

754
00:44:44,908 --> 00:44:47,500
seen. 
But for now in the moment of 

755
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:51,200
colonial development classical 
architecture provides a shared 

756
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:54,700
language, a way of expressing 
common hopes, about the kind of 

757
00:44:54,700 --> 00:44:58,400
society being built. 
The buildings will Outlast their

758
00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:01,700
Builders carrying these messages
forward into a future? 

759
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:06,600
Nobody can quite imagine yet. 
For now they stand as 

760
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:08,600
three-dimensional arguments 
about civic. 

761
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:12,700
Identity made in a language that
requires classical education to 

762
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:15,200
fully understand the evenings 
reading. 

763
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:19,200
Assignment is Gibbons Decline 
and fall of the Roman Empire and

764
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:21,700
you're only three chapters in 
before the pattern becomes 

765
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:25,200
uncomfortably clear. 
Rome didn't collapse, suddenly 

766
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:30,100
it rotted slowly from within 
losing the virtues that made it 

767
00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:33,100
great long before barbarians 
toppled its walls. 

768
00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:37,000
Your history tutor seems almost 
gleeful about this. 

769
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:40,800
Pay attention. 
He says taping the heavy volume 

770
00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:44,900
to the causes of decline, note 
them carefully, memorize them 

771
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:48,900
because republics do not die of 
old age gentlemen, they commit 

772
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:51,500
suicide, this is classical. 
Education. 

773
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:54,500
As a cautionary, tale with 
history, studied not for its own

774
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:58,600
sake, but as a warning, You're 
reading Gibbon but also polybius

775
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:03,600
Livy and tacitus historians who 
chronicled the rise and fall of 

776
00:46:03,608 --> 00:46:07,700
republics and Empires. 
The message they deliver over 

777
00:46:07,700 --> 00:46:10,800
100 of pages and countless 
examples is sobering. 

778
00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:14,100
Nothing lasts everything 
declines. 

779
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,200
And the seeds of Destruction are
usually present from the 

780
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:20,200
beginning. 
Polybius is particularly 

781
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:23,600
systematic about this. 
He describes a cycle of 

782
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:27,000
governments, monarchy 
degenerating into tyranny 

783
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:31,900
overthrown by aristocracy, which
becomes oligarchy replaced by 

784
00:46:31,908 --> 00:46:35,700
democracy, which descends into 
mob rule, leading back to 

785
00:46:35,700 --> 00:46:38,700
monarchy. 
Round and round are predictable 

786
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:41,300
pattern that seems to govern all
human societies. 

787
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:44,200
The only question is where in 
the cycle? 

788
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:48,100
You find yourself Rome, 
according to polybius, managed 

789
00:46:48,100 --> 00:46:51,000
to delay, the cycle longer than 
most by creating a mixed 

790
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:55,300
Constitution, combining 
monarchical aristocratic and 

791
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:57,600
Democratic elements in consoles,
Senate. 

792
00:46:57,600 --> 00:47:01,700
And people the balance kept any 
single element from dominating 

793
00:47:01,700 --> 00:47:05,300
and degenerating. but even of 
eventually fell into the 

794
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:08,900
pattern, the balance breaking 
down into Civil War and eventual

795
00:47:08,900 --> 00:47:14,300
Empire your reading this in 1765
and the parallels to Colonial 

796
00:47:14,300 --> 00:47:17,800
concerns are impossible to 
ignore What kind of government 

797
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:21,300
should the colonies have? 
How can republics avoid the fate

798
00:47:21,300 --> 00:47:24,500
of Rome? 
What institutions might delay or

799
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:27,400
prevent decline? 
The Roman historians offer 

800
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:31,400
plenty of warnings Salas 
describes how well and luxury 

801
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:34,600
corrupted, Roman virtue and how 
the destruction of Carthage 

802
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:39,300
ROMs. Great rival removed 
external pressure that had kept 

803
00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:44,400
Roman's focused and disciplined.
Without an enemy to fear, Romans

804
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:47,900
turn their competitive, energies
inward tearing at each other 

805
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:52,500
infection will disputes. 
Citrus Chronicles, the slow 

806
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:56,500
decay of Roman Liberty under the
Emperors showing how tyranny can

807
00:47:56,500 --> 00:48:00,300
arrive gradually in increments. 
Each step seeming reasonable 

808
00:48:00,300 --> 00:48:03,700
until suddenly, you wake up and 
freedom is gone, His 

809
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:07,500
descriptions of informers, 
arbitrary Justice and the 

810
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:12,800
corruption of language itself, 
where peace means submission and

811
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:17,000
Order means tyranny. 
Feel disturbingly relevant. 

812
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:21,300
Your tutor, assigns you to trace
a particular theme through 

813
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:25,600
multiple Roman historians. 
The role of military power in 

814
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:27,400
undermining, Republican 
government. 

815
00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:30,200
You discover a consistent 
pattern. 

816
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:35,000
Mario's, reforms the Army, 
Recruiting from the poorest 

817
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:38,500
citizens and creating soldiers 
loyal to generals rather than 

818
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:43,500
the state. solar March is on 
Rome with his Legions setting a 

819
00:48:43,500 --> 00:48:45,900
precedent for using military 
force to settle political 

820
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:51,400
disputes, Pompey, Caesar and 
Octavian, each commands armies. 

821
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:54,600
That ultimately answer to them 
personally rather than to the 

822
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:57,900
Republic. 
The lesson seems clear. 

823
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:01,500
Standing arm is loyal to 
commanders rather than to the 

824
00:49:01,508 --> 00:49:05,100
state our existential threats to
Republican government. 

825
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:09,000
You file this away. 
Along with countless other 

826
00:49:09,000 --> 00:49:10,900
warnings gleaned from Roman 
history. 

827
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:15,600
But the historians also describe
what worked and what delayed 

828
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:19,100
decline. 
Roman respect for law, the 

829
00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:22,400
tradition of Civilian control 
over the military, the 

830
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:25,200
willingness of leaders to 
voluntarily relinquish power. 

831
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,500
Since a natus leaving his 
dictatorship to return to his 

832
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:32,200
farm, becoming the Eternal 
symbol of Republican virtue. 

833
00:49:33,100 --> 00:49:35,600
Senate's role as a stabilizing 
institution. 

834
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:40,800
Providing continuity and wisdom.
these positive examples matter 

835
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:44,000
as much as the warnings, your 
learning, not just what to 

836
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:48,700
avoid, but what to Aspire to 
what principles might sustain a 

837
00:49:48,700 --> 00:49:52,900
republic if carefully maintained
The Greeks provide their own 

838
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:56,300
cautionary. 
Tales thucydides is history of 

839
00:49:56,300 --> 00:49:59,900
the Peloponnesian War shows, how
Athens the most brilliant 

840
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:03,200
democracy, the world had known 
destroyed itself through 

841
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:08,700
overreach and internal faction. 
The Sicilian Expedition, a 

842
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:12,000
disastrous military Adventure 
driven by ambition and poor 

843
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:15,700
judgment reads like a textbook 
on how democracies make 

844
00:50:15,700 --> 00:50:19,900
catastrophic decisions. 
You spend a week on the city's 

845
00:50:19,900 --> 00:50:23,500
account of the plague. 
In Athens, the disease itself is

846
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:27,100
horrible enough, but facilities 
focuses on what the plague does 

847
00:50:27,100 --> 00:50:30,000
to social order. 
People abandon traditional 

848
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:32,600
Pirates. 
They pursue immediate pleasure 

849
00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:34,700
assuming they'll die soon 
anyway. 

850
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:38,800
They disregard laws knowing 
enforcement has broken down. 

851
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:42,600
Society unravels, not because of
the disease itself. 

852
00:50:42,600 --> 00:50:46,400
But because the disease destroys
the shared beliefs and practices

853
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:51,400
that held Society together, The 
parallel to Colonial experience 

854
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:53,400
is with epidemic diseases 
obvious. 

855
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,200
But the city's is teaching a 
larger lesson about fragility 

856
00:50:57,200 --> 00:51:01,500
about how quickly civilization 
can collapse when the Assumption

857
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:05,600
supporting it or undermined. 
The Athenian debates about the 

858
00:51:05,608 --> 00:51:08,100
Sicilian Expedition or equally 
instructive. 

859
00:51:08,100 --> 00:51:11,700
Also buy these argues for The 
Invasion, with appeals to 

860
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:15,600
ambition and Glory necia. 
The cautious Commander warns 

861
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,600
against overextension. 
The assembly swayed, by also by 

862
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:23,400
his Charisma and their own 
Imperial appetites vote for 

863
00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:25,400
disaster. 
Everything. 

864
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:29,200
This year's predicts comes true.
The Expedition fails 

865
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:33,200
catastrophically, draining 
Athens of men and ships, 

866
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,600
ultimately leading to its defeat
by Sparta. 

867
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:40,900
Your learning to recognize 
patterns, how rhetoric can 

868
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:44,900
mislead how Collective decisions
can be worse than individual 

869
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:48,400
ones, and how success can breed?
The arrogance that leads to 

870
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:51,800
failure. 
The classical historians are 

871
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:56,100
pessimistic teachers but their 
pessimism feels earned built on 

872
00:51:56,108 --> 00:51:59,300
actual observation of how 
societies work and fail. 

873
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:03,100
There's a particular poignancy 
to reading about Rome's Falls, 

874
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:06,300
while living in colonies, that 
are increasingly conscious of 

875
00:52:06,308 --> 00:52:09,300
themselves as potentially 
separate from Britain. 

876
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:13,900
The Roman historians describe 
how periphery is break away from

877
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:16,900
weakening centers. 
How province is begin thinking 

878
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:20,600
of themselves as distinct 
entities with interests separate

879
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:23,500
from the Metropolis? 
It's a gradual process. 

880
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:27,800
Cultural first, then 
administrative and finally 

881
00:52:27,800 --> 00:52:31,500
political your reading 
assignment includes examining 

882
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:34,600
the late Roman practice of 
dividing the empire into eastern

883
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:38,000
and western halves. 
The eastern half centered on 

884
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:41,200
Constantinople survived for 
another Thousand Years. 

885
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,300
The Western half collapsed 
within a century. 

886
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:49,300
Why The historians offer 
multiple explanations better 

887
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:52,700
defensible borders, a more 
vibrant economy and less 

888
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:54,400
pressure from Barbarian 
migrations. 

889
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:57,100
But there's also a cultural 
element. 

890
00:52:57,100 --> 00:53:00,100
The East maintained. 
Administrative coherence while 

891
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:04,300
the West fragmented the class 
discusses, where the Britain and

892
00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:06,800
its colonies might be 
experiencing something similar, 

893
00:53:06,800 --> 00:53:10,500
two, halves of an Empire with 
increasingly Divergent, 

894
00:53:10,500 --> 00:53:14,600
interests and identities. 
Your tutor warns against pushing

895
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:18,200
the parallel too far, but nobody
can entirely ignore it. 

896
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:22,600
You read Pluto's life of Cato, 
the younger, the senator who 

897
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:26,400
opposed sees her to the end and 
chose suicide rather than live 

898
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,000
under tyranny. 
Cato becomes a particular 

899
00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:30,800
Fascination and Colonial 
education. 

900
00:53:31,800 --> 00:53:34,700
The man who preferred death to 
dishonor, who maintained 

901
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:36,800
principle when everyone else was
compromising. 

902
00:53:37,700 --> 00:53:40,800
He's held up as an Exemplar of 
virtue, though. 

903
00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:43,500
Pluto, himself notes, that 
Cato's rigid principles 

904
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:47,200
sometimes made him ineffective, 
that is virtue was too 

905
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:50,000
inflexible for the messy 
realities of politics. 

906
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:53,100
The warning here, Cuts both 
ways. 

907
00:53:53,100 --> 00:53:57,600
Unprincipled compromise, leads 
to tyranny, but inflexible, 

908
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:00,200
principal can prevent the 
Practical measures needed to 

909
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:03,900
preserve freedom. 
The balance is delicate, perhaps

910
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:05,600
impossible to maintain 
indefinitely. 

911
00:54:06,900 --> 00:54:10,200
Your assigned to write an essay 
examining, why Rome fell from 

912
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:13,600
Republic to Empire, the answers 
are multiple and overlapping 

913
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:16,900
Corruption of virtue. 
Growth of inequality, 

914
00:54:16,900 --> 00:54:21,800
concentration of wealth standing
armies, erosion of traditional 

915
00:54:21,800 --> 00:54:26,000
restraints, factional violence, 
external pressures. 

916
00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:28,900
And the impossibility of 
maintaining Republican 

917
00:54:28,900 --> 00:54:31,300
institutions while governing an 
Empire. 

918
00:54:32,200 --> 00:54:36,700
You conclusion is grim perhaps 
republics can't last perhaps 

919
00:54:36,700 --> 00:54:39,900
they contain the seeds of their 
own destruction growing 

920
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:42,100
naturally toward Empire and 
collapse. 

921
00:54:42,100 --> 00:54:46,000
The question isn't how to 
prevent this, but how to delay 

922
00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:49,800
it, how to enjoy Republican 
Liberty for as long as possible 

923
00:54:49,800 --> 00:54:52,100
while accepting its eventual 
end. 

924
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:55,800
Your tutor Returns the essay 
with extensive comments. 

925
00:54:56,800 --> 00:54:59,500
You've learned the lesson to 
well, he writes, yes. 

926
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:02,900
All republics have fail. 
But this does not mean all 

927
00:55:02,900 --> 00:55:06,300
republics must fail. 
The study of history is meant to

928
00:55:06,300 --> 00:55:08,100
warn us. 
But also to equip us. 

929
00:55:08,100 --> 00:55:11,800
We know the dangers we can 
perhaps avoid them. 

930
00:55:11,800 --> 00:55:15,600
It's a more optimistic reading 
than you'd managed, but you're 

931
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:18,800
not entirely convinced. 
The historical records. 

932
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:21,700
Seems pretty clear republics 
die. 

933
00:55:22,400 --> 00:55:26,500
The only question is how. 
And when Still the warnings 

934
00:55:26,500 --> 00:55:30,700
matter your internalizing, a 
catalog of dangers luxury, 

935
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:34,600
inequality, standing armies 
faction corruption loss, of 

936
00:55:34,600 --> 00:55:39,400
virtue Imperial, overreach mob 
Rule and tyranny discussed as 

937
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:42,000
order. 
The classical historians have 

938
00:55:42,008 --> 00:55:45,300
documented these threats 
exhaustively, showing how they 

939
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:49,500
work, how they interact and how 
they ultimately destroy free 

940
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:52,400
government. 
If colonists to eventually 

941
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:55,400
create their own Republic, 
they'll do so With These 

942
00:55:55,400 --> 00:55:58,900
Warnings ringing in their ears, 
whether that knowledge will help

943
00:55:58,900 --> 00:56:02,100
them, avoid Rome's, fate remains
to be seen, but at least they 

944
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:04,900
can't claim ignorance. 
Circle. 

945
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:07,400
Education has made the dangers 
painfully clear. 

946
00:56:08,400 --> 00:56:11,800
As you close Gibbon for the 
evening, one passage sticks with

947
00:56:11,800 --> 00:56:13,700
you. 
The decline of Rome was the 

948
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:17,600
natural inevitable effect of the
moderate greatness Prosperity 

949
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:21,200
ripened the principle of Decay. 
The causes of Destruction 

950
00:56:21,200 --> 00:56:25,400
multiplied with the extent of 
conquest and as soon as time or 

951
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:27,900
accident had removed, the 
artificial supports the 

952
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:31,100
stupendous fabric yielded to the
pressure of its own weight. 

953
00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:34,700
Everything contains the seeds of
its own destruction. 

954
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:39,700
Success breeds the conditions 
for failure, nothing lasts 

955
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:42,200
forever. 
These are the lessons classical 

956
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:48,600
history teachers over and over. 
In example, after example, your 

957
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:52,300
24 years old, you're living 
through what will turn out to be

958
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:56,500
revolutionary times and your 
classical education has equipped

959
00:56:56,500 --> 00:57:00,800
you with a profound skepticism 
about Humanity's capacity to 

960
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:05,100
sustain free government. 
It's not a cheerful conclusion, 

961
00:57:05,100 --> 00:57:09,600
but it feels like wisdom hard 
one from the study of actual 

962
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:11,800
Human Experience across 
centuries. 

963
00:57:13,000 --> 00:57:16,400
The lamp Burns low. 
Tomorrow, there will be more 

964
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:20,400
reading, more warning from the 
past and more attempts to 

965
00:57:20,408 --> 00:57:23,700
extract lessons from the ruins 
of dead civilizations. 

966
00:57:23,700 --> 00:57:27,000
But tonight, you sleep with the 
weight of History heavy on your 

967
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:29,600
mind wandering. 
Whether the patterns are truly 

968
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:33,500
inevitable or whether Somehow, 
knowing the patterns might help 

969
00:57:33,500 --> 00:57:36,900
break them. 
The mornings Latin class 

970
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:41,100
proceeds, normally until Sarah's
question stops, everything cold.

971
00:57:41,100 --> 00:57:44,100
She's been attending classes 
quietly for weeks. 

972
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:47,000
One of the few women, whose 
family could afford private, 

973
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:50,600
classical education, and who 
insisted on actually using it. 

974
00:57:51,500 --> 00:57:54,900
Her question is simple and 
devastating. 

975
00:57:56,200 --> 00:57:58,400
Why haven't we read any women 
authors? 

976
00:57:59,300 --> 00:58:03,200
Silence, that follows is 
profound your tutor. 

977
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:06,800
A minister usually quick, with 
our answers looks genuinely 

978
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:10,700
uncomfortable. 
There are few classical texts by

979
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:14,500
women that survived. 
He finally manages the Ancients 

980
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:19,700
did not generally educate women 
for public life and thus Sappho 

981
00:58:19,700 --> 00:58:24,200
survived Sarah, interrupt, 
quietly fragments anyway, but we

982
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:27,100
haven't read her. 
We've spent months on horses 

983
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:29,300
drinking songs, but nothing on 
sappho's. 

984
00:58:29,300 --> 00:58:31,000
Poetry. 
She's right. 

985
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:35,100
Of course, you've spent years in
classical educational without 

986
00:58:35,100 --> 00:58:38,600
seriously engaging, with women's
perspectives experiences or 

987
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:41,600
contributions. 
It's such a complete absence 

988
00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:44,200
that you barely noticed it until
someone pointed it out. 

989
00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:48,500
The tutor promises to add sappho
to the curriculum and he does, 

990
00:58:48,500 --> 00:58:52,800
but it's a tiny addition to a 
vast edifice built entirely from

991
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:56,600
male perspectives and this is 
just the most obvious Gap. 

992
00:58:57,600 --> 00:59:02,000
You've studied Roman law 
extensively, the 12 tables legal

993
00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:05,500
principles, and the evolution of
jurisprudence, you know, which 

994
00:59:05,500 --> 00:59:09,400
Roman laws, apply to citizens to
non-citizens and to slaves. 

995
00:59:10,300 --> 00:59:12,600
But you've never seriously 
questioned the fundamental 

996
00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:15,500
structure. 
The fact that vast populations 

997
00:59:15,500 --> 00:59:18,100
were excluded from legal 
protections entirely. 

998
00:59:19,100 --> 00:59:21,700
The classical republics, you've 
been taught to admire were 

999
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:25,000
slave. 
Society is Athens, Rome, their 

1000
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:28,500
vaunted freedom rested on 
systemic, unfreedom for others. 

1001
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,700
You've read Aristotle's defense 
of slavery as natural. 

1002
00:59:31,700 --> 00:59:34,700
His claim that some people are 
born to serve others. 

1003
00:59:34,700 --> 00:59:38,400
You've seen how Roman writers 
discuss slaves, as property 

1004
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:43,000
tools that happen to speak. 
Your education has presented 

1005
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:46,100
this as historical fact. 
Without encouraging you to 

1006
00:59:46,100 --> 00:59:50,300
examine its moral implications 
or to recognize its parallel to 

1007
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:54,400
Colonial slavery. 
The same plantation owners who 

1008
00:59:54,400 --> 00:59:57,900
build in classical style and 
quote Cicero hone human beings. 

1009
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:02,600
The irony is rarely discussed. 
You're also starting to notice 

1010
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:06,000
what's missing in the political 
philosophy, you've studied the 

1011
01:00:06,000 --> 01:00:08,800
classical texts Focus almost 
entirely on the governing of 

1012
01:00:08,800 --> 01:00:13,200
cities on small republics where 
citizens know each other and can

1013
01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:17,100
gather in assembly. 
But the colonies of vast spread 

1014
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:20,700
across hundreds of miles. 
The scale is entirely different 

1015
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:23,500
from anything Athens or Rome 
dealt with in their Republican 

1016
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:26,600
periods. 
The classical authors have no 

1017
01:00:26,600 --> 01:00:29,800
good answers for governing large
territories while maintaining 

1018
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:34,300
Republican Liberty, their 
solution Empire is exactly what 

1019
01:00:34,300 --> 01:00:38,000
colonists are trying to avoid. 
There's a real gap between the 

1020
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:40,700
political wisdom, you've been 
taught and the Practical 

1021
01:00:40,700 --> 01:00:44,300
problems you're facing. 
Similarly, the economic thought 

1022
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:47,900
in classical texts is 
pre-commercial in ways that make

1023
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:52,500
it increasingly irrelevant. 
The Ancients despised trade and 

1024
01:00:52,500 --> 01:00:56,100
commerce as corrupting. 
They value agriculture as the 

1025
01:00:56,100 --> 01:01:00,600
only honest, way to earn wealth.
Colonial America is becoming a 

1026
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:06,000
commercial Society dependent on 
trade, increasingly Urban and 

1027
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:09,400
Mercantile. 
The classical prejudice against 

1028
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:12,200
Commerce creates tension with 
Colonial reality. 

1029
01:01:13,100 --> 01:01:16,300
You've been taught to Value, 
rural Simplicity and view 

1030
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:20,200
Merchants with suspicion, but 
the actual economy depends on 

1031
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:23,800
Merchants trade networks and 
Commercial development. 

1032
01:01:24,800 --> 01:01:27,600
Your beginning to recognize 
these limitations, not because 

1033
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,200
you're education, encouraged 
Critical examination of 

1034
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:33,300
classical sources. 
But because reality keeps 

1035
01:01:33,300 --> 01:01:37,100
contradicting, what the texts 
teach the reverence for ancient 

1036
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:39,800
wisdom, sometimes prevents 
questioning the wisdoms 

1037
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,700
applicability. 
There's also the Christianity 

1038
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:45,800
problem rarely stated directly, 
but always present. 

1039
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:50,100
You're being educated in Pagan 
texts, learning from 

1040
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:52,900
philosophers and historians who 
knew nothing of Christian 

1041
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:55,900
revelation. 
The tension between classical 

1042
01:01:55,900 --> 01:02:00,100
and Christian worldviews runs 
through everything. some tutors 

1043
01:02:00,100 --> 01:02:03,400
try to harmonize them arguing 
that classical virtue and 

1044
01:02:03,408 --> 01:02:07,100
Christian virtue aligned, and 
that Plato, anticipated, 

1045
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:10,900
Christian truths, others, 
maintain careful, separation, 

1046
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:15,100
classic for this world 
Christianity for the next But 

1047
01:02:15,100 --> 01:02:19,200
the potential conflict is real. 
Christian teaching emphasizes 

1048
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:22,100
humility forgiveness and other 
worldly Focus. 

1049
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:26,800
Classical teaching emphasizes 
pride in excellence justice as 

1050
01:02:26,800 --> 01:02:30,000
retribution and Civic engagement
in this world. 

1051
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:33,900
You've spent hundreds of hours 
studying Pagan authors, who 

1052
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:36,500
believed in fate, in cyclical 
time. 

1053
01:02:36,500 --> 01:02:39,800
And in the impossibility of 
fundamental progress, 

1054
01:02:39,800 --> 01:02:44,000
Christianity teaches Providence,
linear history, moving toward 

1055
01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:46,800
Redemption, and the possibility 
of transformation. 

1056
01:02:47,500 --> 01:02:51,800
These are not easily reconciled.
The education also has class 

1057
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:54,200
limitations built deep into its 
structure. 

1058
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:58,800
Classical learning requires 
years of study expensive books 

1059
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:04,400
and freedom from manual, labor, 
its education for gentlemen for 

1060
01:03:04,400 --> 01:03:06,100
people with Leisure and 
resources. 

1061
01:03:07,100 --> 01:03:10,800
Content reinforces this. 
Classical authors generally 

1062
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:15,200
despise manual labor, assuming 
that free people don't work with

1063
01:03:15,200 --> 01:03:18,700
their hands. 
This creates a gulf between the 

1064
01:03:18,700 --> 01:03:22,600
classically educated and 
everyone else you can read Latin

1065
01:03:22,600 --> 01:03:26,800
and Greek quotes Cicero and 
recognize architectural orders. 

1066
01:03:27,500 --> 01:03:30,500
Your neighbor a skilled 
Craftsmen and intelligence 

1067
01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:32,900
citizen lacks these 
accomplishments. 

1068
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:35,500
But possesses practical 
knowledge, you lack entirely 

1069
01:03:35,500 --> 01:03:39,700
classical, education has given 
you cultural capital but also a 

1070
01:03:39,700 --> 01:03:42,100
kind of blindness to other forms
of knowledge and worth. 

1071
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:46,400
You're also noticing how the 
focus on ancient texts sometimes

1072
01:03:46,400 --> 01:03:48,600
prevents engagement with 
contemporary thought. 

1073
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:52,100
You've spent years studying what
Greeks and Romans said about 

1074
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:54,300
politics. 
But less time on current 

1075
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:56,300
political philosophy, being 
written in Europe. 

1076
01:03:57,000 --> 01:04:00,200
Classical education looks 
backward with such intensity 

1077
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:04,100
that it can miss important 
present developments the 

1078
01:04:04,100 --> 01:04:07,000
emphasis on rhetoric and 
persuasion while valuable has 

1079
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:10,000
its own dangers. 
You've been trained to argue 

1080
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:13,100
either side of a question to 
make weak arguments appear 

1081
01:04:13,100 --> 01:04:15,800
strong. 
This is powerful intellectual 

1082
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:19,500
training but it can produce a 
kind of cynicism a sense. 

1083
01:04:19,500 --> 01:04:22,400
That truth matters less than 
persuasive presentation. 

1084
01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:26,400
Some students become sophists in
the original scents. 

1085
01:04:27,100 --> 01:04:29,500
People who care more about 
winning arguments than about 

1086
01:04:29,500 --> 01:04:32,000
truth. 
The classical rhetorical 

1087
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:36,000
tradition for all its virtues. 
Sometimes encourages this you've

1088
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:39,300
seen classmates deploy, perfect 
rhetorical techniques and 

1089
01:04:39,300 --> 01:04:41,900
defense of positions. 
They don't actually believe and 

1090
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:45,600
could not rationally justify. 
There's all a geography problem.

1091
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:50,000
Your education focuses intensely
on Mediterranean civilizations. 

1092
01:04:50,000 --> 01:04:53,800
While largely ignoring other 
parts of the world, You know, 

1093
01:04:53,808 --> 01:04:57,200
details of Roman provincial 
Administration, but little about

1094
01:04:57,200 --> 01:05:01,100
Chinese philosophy, Islamic 
contributions to mathematics and

1095
01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:03,900
science or African political 
systems. 

1096
01:05:04,900 --> 01:05:07,600
Classical Focus creates a kind 
of tunnel vision where 

1097
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:12,100
civilization means Greece and 
Rome and everywhere else is 

1098
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:14,800
Darkness. 
You've been taught that 

1099
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:19,700
Civilization declined after Rome
fell entering Dark Ages that 

1100
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:22,200
lasted until classical learning 
was recovered in the 

1101
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:24,800
Renaissance. 
But this is mostly a Western 

1102
01:05:24,800 --> 01:05:28,600
European perspective. 
Other civilizations continued 

1103
01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:31,700
developing throughout this 
period classical education's, 

1104
01:05:31,700 --> 01:05:34,600
focus on Mediterranean 
Antiquities sometimes prevents 

1105
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:38,200
seeing this larger picture. 
The native peoples, whose land 

1106
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:41,600
the colonies occupy are almost 
entirely absent from your 

1107
01:05:41,600 --> 01:05:44,200
education. 
You've learned details history 

1108
01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:47,800
of ancient Gaul but nothing 
systematic about the complex 

1109
01:05:47,800 --> 01:05:51,200
societies and political systems 
of the people being displaced. 

1110
01:05:52,300 --> 01:05:56,200
Classical education provides no 
framework for understanding or 

1111
01:05:56,200 --> 01:06:00,000
engaging with these cultures. 
These limitations are becoming 

1112
01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:04,000
more apparent as you mature, as 
reality insists on being more 

1113
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:05,800
complex than the classical 
texts. 

1114
01:06:05,800 --> 01:06:10,400
Suggest, the education has given
you valuable tools linguistic, 

1115
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:14,400
skill rhetorical training, 
historical, knowledge and 

1116
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:18,900
Architectural literacy. 
But it's also giving you blind 

1117
01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:22,600
spots prejudices and gaps in 
understanding that you're only 

1118
01:06:22,608 --> 01:06:26,500
beginning to recognize. 
The question is whether the next

1119
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:30,000
generation's education will 
address these limitations or 

1120
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:33,900
simply reproduce them will 
classical education evolved or 

1121
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:36,700
will its reverence for ancient 
sources prevent the kind of 

1122
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:39,600
Critical examination that might 
reveal its gaps. 

1123
01:06:40,600 --> 01:06:44,100
You don't have answers only a 
growing awareness that the 

1124
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:47,800
education you've received for 
all its undeniable value is 

1125
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:52,400
partial limited and billed on 
exclusions and assumptions that 

1126
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,600
deserve questioning. 
As you work through another 

1127
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:59,900
translation that evening virgils
are neared that great epic of 

1128
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:04,100
Empire and Destiny. you find 
yourself reading differently, 

1129
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:08,300
You're still appreciating, the 
Poetry still noting the 

1130
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:11,900
rhetorical techniques, still 
absorbing the political lessons?

1131
01:07:13,000 --> 01:07:16,900
but you're also noting what 
absent, what's assumed and 

1132
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:22,600
what's excluded Dido the 
brilliant Queen reduced to a 

1133
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:25,700
tragic love interest. 
Slaves are mentioned casually as

1134
01:07:25,700 --> 01:07:29,200
background. 
Destiny was imagined entirely in

1135
01:07:29,208 --> 01:07:33,600
terms of Roman Conquest. 
Let's go education continues and

1136
01:07:33,600 --> 01:07:36,900
will continue shaping Minds for 
generations to come. 

1137
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:40,800
But you're beginning to see both
its power and its limitations 

1138
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:45,100
its gifts and its costs. 
It's Made You literate in a 

1139
01:07:45,100 --> 01:07:48,700
particular tradition and fluent 
in a certain language of thought

1140
01:07:48,700 --> 01:07:52,300
and expression, it's also 
constrained your vision in ways.

1141
01:07:52,300 --> 01:07:55,400
You're only starting to 
recognize The lamp Burns, 

1142
01:07:55,400 --> 01:08:00,100
later's always tomorrow, more 
Latin more rhetoric and more 

1143
01:08:00,100 --> 01:08:03,400
engagement with texts that are 
both Timeless, and time-bound 

1144
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:08,000
both wisdom and limitation. 
You'll absorb what they offer 

1145
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:10,000
while increasingly aware of what
they don't. 

1146
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:14,900
Your 47 now sitting in 
Philadelphia during the 

1147
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:18,300
Continental Congress debates and
you're watching classical 

1148
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:21,000
education, shape everything 
happening in this room. 

1149
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:25,300
The chamber is thick with 
references to ancient republics 

1150
01:08:25,300 --> 01:08:29,399
someone quote Cato. 
Someone else references, Roman 

1151
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:31,399
president. 
The debates. 

1152
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:34,300
Structure follows classical 
rhetorical patterns you learned 

1153
01:08:34,300 --> 01:08:37,300
decades ago, even the 
architecture of the room, the 

1154
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:40,800
Symmetry the proportions, the 
understated dignity speaks in 

1155
01:08:40,800 --> 01:08:43,899
the grammar of classical design,
but something subtler is 

1156
01:08:43,908 --> 01:08:46,500
happening too. 
The mental habits classical 

1157
01:08:46,500 --> 01:08:48,700
education. 
Instilled are operating at a 

1158
01:08:48,700 --> 01:08:50,500
level deeper than conscious 
reference. 

1159
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:54,200
You can see it in how delegates 
approach problems structure, 

1160
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:58,000
arguments and make decisions. 
First, there's the habit of 

1161
01:08:58,008 --> 01:09:01,300
historical analogy. 
Nobody proposes, something 

1162
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:05,600
entirely new every suggestion is
tested against historical 

1163
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:08,100
precedent. 
Usually classical. 

1164
01:09:09,000 --> 01:09:10,700
Should we create a standing 
army? 

1165
01:09:11,600 --> 01:09:15,800
well, what happened when Rome 
did should we balanced state and

1166
01:09:15,800 --> 01:09:19,399
federal power? 
Let's examine Greeks and Roman 

1167
01:09:19,399 --> 01:09:23,500
provincial Administration. 
The past isn't just reference 

1168
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:25,700
material. 
It's the primary tool for 

1169
01:09:25,700 --> 01:09:29,200
thinking about the future. 
This has advantages and 

1170
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:32,399
limitations. 
Historical grounding prevents 

1171
01:09:32,399 --> 01:09:35,800
wild experimentation and 
encourages learning from others 

1172
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:39,899
mistakes, but it can also 
constrain imagination, making it

1173
01:09:39,899 --> 01:09:42,200
hard to see possibilities that 
have no ancient. 

1174
01:09:43,899 --> 01:09:47,600
Second, there's the habit of 
seeing Politics as moral drama. 

1175
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,800
Classical education, especially 
through Plutarch and the Roman 

1176
01:09:51,800 --> 01:09:55,100
historians talk to you to 
evaluate political actors 

1177
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:56,800
primarily through character 
assessment. 

1178
01:09:57,800 --> 01:10:00,700
Is this lead of virtuous or 
corrupt does. 

1179
01:10:00,700 --> 01:10:03,700
He exemplify civic duty or 
personal ambition? 

1180
01:10:04,700 --> 01:10:07,600
The biographical focus of 
classical education, makes 

1181
01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:10,000
everything about individual 
character. 

1182
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:14,900
You watch this play out 
constantly debates about policy 

1183
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:17,400
become debates about the moral 
qualities of the people 

1184
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:21,000
proposing them. it's not enough 
for an argument to be logical 

1185
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:26,100
the person making, it must also 
demonstrate virtue This is very 

1186
01:10:26,100 --> 01:10:30,800
Roman, very consistent with how 
tacitus and sallust analyze 

1187
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:33,600
politics. 
Whether it's the best framework 

1188
01:10:33,600 --> 01:10:36,900
for evaluating complex policy 
questions is another matter. 

1189
01:10:37,700 --> 01:10:41,100
Third, there's a particular 
relationship to written texts 

1190
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:44,700
that classical education and 
collocated years of translating 

1191
01:10:44,700 --> 01:10:48,200
analyzing and memorizing. 
Authority of works, created a 

1192
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:51,900
deep respect for written 
constitutions, legal documents, 

1193
01:10:51,900 --> 01:10:56,300
and carefully crafted language 
when delegates debate, the exact

1194
01:10:56,300 --> 01:10:59,200
wording of documents when they 
are argue about, whether 

1195
01:10:59,200 --> 01:11:03,300
particular phrasing will bear 
particular interpretations their

1196
01:11:03,300 --> 01:11:07,900
drawing on habits formed through
classical textual study, The 

1197
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:11,400
assumption that written words, 
can constrain power, that proper

1198
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:13,700
phrasing can create stable 
institutions. 

1199
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:18,100
This comes partly from classical
legal tradition from Roman 

1200
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,800
respect for Law and from Greek 
attention to constitutional 

1201
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:25,800
structure, Whether words on 
paper can actually accomplish 

1202
01:11:25,800 --> 01:11:29,400
what classical education 
suggests they can remains to be 

1203
01:11:29,408 --> 01:11:32,800
tested. 
Fourth is the rhetorical habit 

1204
01:11:32,800 --> 01:11:36,200
of our viewing both sides 
classical training and debate. 

1205
01:11:36,200 --> 01:11:39,100
Means everyone here can 
construct plausible Arguments 

1206
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:42,500
for positions. 
They don't hold this creates a 

1207
01:11:42,508 --> 01:11:46,000
particular kind of discourse 
sophisticated measured, but 

1208
01:11:46,000 --> 01:11:49,400
sometimes also slippery, you can
never be quite sure whether 

1209
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,600
someone is expressing genuine 
conviction or simply 

1210
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:56,900
demonstrating rhetorical skill. 
This is made the debates here, 

1211
01:11:56,900 --> 01:12:00,700
remarkably thoughtful. 
People genuinely engage with a 

1212
01:12:00,708 --> 01:12:04,900
posing arguments Steelman rather
than strawman and take, 

1213
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:07,400
seriously, the strongest case 
against their own positions. 

1214
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:13,200
But it also sometimes produces a
kind of paralysis an inability 

1215
01:12:13,200 --> 01:12:17,400
to act decisively because every 
position has been argued. 

1216
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:20,700
So thoroughly that its 
weaknesses seem overwhelming. 

1217
01:12:21,700 --> 01:12:24,500
Fifth. 
There's a subtle classes in to 

1218
01:12:24,500 --> 01:12:27,500
the whole Enterprise. 
Everyone in this room has a 

1219
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:30,200
classical education. 
It's a shared language. 

1220
01:12:30,200 --> 01:12:32,800
A mark of membership in the 
governing class. 

1221
01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:37,900
When someone quotes Cicero in 
Latin, he's not just making a 

1222
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:41,100
rhetorical point, he's 
demonstrating that he belongs 

1223
01:12:41,100 --> 01:12:43,800
that he's qualified to 
participate in this 

1224
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:46,200
conversation. 
Farmers. 

1225
01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:50,000
And Merchants and Artisans, who 
will fight the Revolution, Will 

1226
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:51,900
staff the Army and support 
Independence. 

1227
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:54,900
Don't have this education. 
They're not in this room. 

1228
01:12:54,900 --> 01:12:59,200
Classical learning has created a
kind of aristocracy of education

1229
01:12:59,200 --> 01:13:02,300
and its shaping who gets to 
participate in creating the new 

1230
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:04,900
government. 
You notice how delegates 

1231
01:13:04,900 --> 01:13:08,200
structure their arguments 
exordium narratio. 

1232
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:12,500
Conformity, oh, confronto and 
perra Tio. 

1233
01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:16,600
The classical rhetorical pattern
is so ingrained that people 

1234
01:13:16,600 --> 01:13:20,000
follow it unconsciously, it 
creates a certain kind of 

1235
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:23,500
speech. 
For more structured and building

1236
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:25,600
systematically toward 
conclusions. 

1237
01:13:25,600 --> 01:13:29,300
It's effective for careful 
reasoning, but perhaps less so 

1238
01:13:29,300 --> 01:13:31,900
for emotional appeal or quick 
decision-making. 

1239
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:35,200
The assumption that good 
government requires, learn 

1240
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:37,300
citizens is everywhere in these 
debates. 

1241
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:40,700
Nobody questioned whether 
classical education should be 

1242
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:44,200
expanded or whether other forms 
of knowledge might be equally 

1243
01:13:44,200 --> 01:13:47,100
valuable. 
The model is Republican Rome 

1244
01:13:47,100 --> 01:13:51,100
where educated citizens made 
informed decisions about public 

1245
01:13:51,100 --> 01:13:54,900
affairs that this excluded most 
of Rome's population is 

1246
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:57,800
recognized, but not seen as 
disqualifying the model. 

1247
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:00,900
You're also watching the 
limitations of classical 

1248
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:03,300
political Theory, become 
apparent in practice. 

1249
01:14:04,100 --> 01:14:08,200
The ancient republics were small
direct democracies or close to 

1250
01:14:08,208 --> 01:14:10,600
it. 
Scaling up to Continental 

1251
01:14:10,600 --> 01:14:13,600
governance requires Innovations,
the classics don't provide. 

1252
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:18,100
The delegates are improvising 
using classical principles as 

1253
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:21,300
starting points, but necessarily
going Beyond them. 

1254
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,600
The tension between classical 
admiration and the necessity 

1255
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:29,600
creates interesting results. 
someone proposes, an elected 

1256
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:34,400
executive something Rome notably
faild with Someone else suggests

1257
01:14:34,400 --> 01:14:37,800
a federal structure more complex
than anything in classical and 

1258
01:14:37,800 --> 01:14:42,200
the classical education provides
for capability and Concepts, but

1259
01:14:42,200 --> 01:14:44,200
the actual Solutions have to be 
invented. 

1260
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:47,900
There's also the question of 
virtue that haunts everything. 

1261
01:14:49,100 --> 01:14:51,800
Classical political Theory 
assumes, Republican government 

1262
01:14:51,800 --> 01:14:55,800
requires virtuous citizens but 
how do you ensure virtue 

1263
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:58,200
classical? 
Education is supposed to help 

1264
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:01,700
but it's available only to the 
few the assumption that the 

1265
01:15:01,700 --> 01:15:03,500
educated few can govern on 
behalf. 

1266
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:07,000
The many is very Roman but 
whether it's compatible with 

1267
01:15:07,000 --> 01:15:10,800
Democratic principles as 
questionable, You notice how 

1268
01:15:10,800 --> 01:15:13,400
often delegates reference their 
personal reading. 

1269
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:16,100
As I was reading polybius last 
winter. 

1270
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:19,200
In montesquieu's treatment of 
Roman law. 

1271
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,800
The assumption that governance 
requires continuous study that 

1272
01:15:23,800 --> 01:15:25,400
leaders should be 
simultaneously. 

1273
01:15:25,400 --> 01:15:29,300
Scholars is deeply embedded. 
It comes from the classical idea

1274
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:32,700
of the philosopher Statesman the
leader who is also a thinker 

1275
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:37,400
Whether actual governance works 
this way, is debatable the 

1276
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:41,100
classical texts emphasized 
education and contemplation but 

1277
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:44,400
real politics involves 
compromise Coalition building 

1278
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:46,500
and responding to immediate 
pressures. 

1279
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:51,200
The gap between classical ideals
and practical necessity is 

1280
01:15:51,200 --> 01:15:54,200
widening. 
As the revolution precedes, the 

1281
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:56,700
architectural metaphor keeps 
recurring and debates. 

1282
01:15:56,700 --> 01:16:02,300
Government needs foundations 
structures balance and support. 

1283
01:16:03,400 --> 01:16:06,700
This is partly classical 
rhetorical convention but it 

1284
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:09,500
also reflects how classical 
education taught people to think

1285
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:14,000
through architectural principles
proportion, balanced load 

1286
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:19,000
distribution and stability. 
Political systems are imagined 

1287
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:21,100
as buildings that need to be 
properly designed. 

1288
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:25,300
The habit of looking to First 
principles instilled through 

1289
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:27,400
years of studying, classical 
philosophy. 

1290
01:16:27,400 --> 01:16:29,900
Shapes how delegates approach 
problems? 

1291
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:33,900
Rather than simply addressing 
immediate issues, there's 

1292
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:36,800
constant pressure to derive 
positions from foundational 

1293
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:39,900
principles. 
This creates more coherent 

1294
01:16:39,900 --> 01:16:43,000
political Theory, but also 
sometimes produces 

1295
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:46,700
inflexibility. you're watching 
the classical education, you 

1296
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:49,200
receive decades ago, work 
through an entire generation 

1297
01:16:49,200 --> 01:16:53,600
simultaneously, these aren't 
isolated individuals drawing on 

1298
01:16:53,600 --> 01:16:57,100
Ancient wisdom, it's a 
collective pattern, a shared 

1299
01:16:57,100 --> 01:17:00,500
framework that makes 
communication possible but also 

1300
01:17:00,500 --> 01:17:04,900
constrains what Can Be Imagined 
The debate over representation 

1301
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:10,600
illustrates this perfectly. 
Skull models are limited direct 

1302
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:14,100
democracy in Athens, oligarchic 
Senate in Rome. 

1303
01:17:15,000 --> 01:17:18,000
Representation as we're trying 
to develop it has few good 

1304
01:17:18,000 --> 01:17:21,200
classical precedents yet. 
Delegates keep reaching for 

1305
01:17:21,200 --> 01:17:24,600
Roman analogies and Greek 
examples trying to fit new 

1306
01:17:24,600 --> 01:17:26,700
Solutions into classical 
Frameworks. 

1307
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:30,200
This produces both creativity 
and confusion. 

1308
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:34,600
Classical education provides 
tools but also creates blinders.

1309
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,800
Everyone's looking at the same 
ancient texts which means 

1310
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:41,200
everyone has similar conceptual 
resources. 

1311
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:45,700
But also similar gaps. 
The assumption that history is 

1312
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:50,300
cyclical that republics 
inevitably decline creates a 

1313
01:17:50,300 --> 01:17:53,700
strange fatalism in some 
delegates They're trying to 

1314
01:17:53,700 --> 01:17:56,500
create lasting institutions 
while believing based on 

1315
01:17:56,508 --> 01:17:58,900
classical history that all 
republics fail. 

1316
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:02,200
The classical education has 
taught them to expect decline 

1317
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:05,700
even as they work to prevent it.
You see young men in the 

1318
01:18:05,700 --> 01:18:08,100
gallery. 
Taking notes absorbing these 

1319
01:18:08,100 --> 01:18:09,900
debates as part of their own 
education. 

1320
01:18:09,900 --> 01:18:13,700
The next generation will learn 
Classical Languages and texts 

1321
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:16,500
and will read the same 
historians and philosophers 

1322
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:21,100
habits being formed, here will 
be transmitted forward shaping 

1323
01:18:21,100 --> 01:18:23,000
American political culture for 
Generations. 

1324
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,600
But already, you can see how the
classical framework is being 

1325
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:31,500
adapted, modified and stretched 
beyond what the Ancients 

1326
01:18:31,500 --> 01:18:33,700
imagined. 
The reverence for classical 

1327
01:18:33,700 --> 01:18:37,500
sources, coexist with the 
necessity of innovation, the 

1328
01:18:37,500 --> 01:18:40,400
result is a hybrid. 
Classical in language and 

1329
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,400
reference but American in 
application and aspiration. 

1330
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:46,800
As the session ends and 
delegates file out. 

1331
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:50,900
You over here, snatches of 
conversation in Latin references

1332
01:18:50,900 --> 01:18:54,800
to live in tacitus and 
comparisons to Roman prisoners. 

1333
01:18:55,600 --> 01:18:59,000
Classical education that began 
with tedious grammar exercises. 

1334
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:02,600
In cold School rooms has 
culminated here in a room full 

1335
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:05,600
of men, trying to build a 
Republic that might avoid Rome's

1336
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:07,900
fate. 
Whether they'll succeed is 

1337
01:19:07,900 --> 01:19:11,000
unknown where the classical 
education has truly prepared 

1338
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:15,500
them for this task is debatable.
But the habits Remain the 

1339
01:19:15,500 --> 01:19:18,100
historical, thinking the moral 
framework, the rhetorical 

1340
01:19:18,100 --> 01:19:21,500
patterns, the textual reverence,
and the architectural 

1341
01:19:21,500 --> 01:19:24,100
imagination. 
For better and worse. 

1342
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,100
Classical education has shaped 
the minds attempting to shape a 

1343
01:19:28,100 --> 01:19:31,000
nation. 
The evening settles over 

1344
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:34,900
Philadelphia tomorrow, there 
will be more debates, more 

1345
01:19:34,900 --> 01:19:38,400
classical references and more 
attempts to build something new 

1346
01:19:38,400 --> 01:19:42,100
from ancient materials. 
The lamp of learning lit 

1347
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:44,100
ingredients. 
In Rome tended through 

1348
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:48,100
centuries, brought to cross, the
ocean continues burning. 

1349
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:51,700
In this new world, Illuminating 
efforts to create a republic. 

1350
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:55,500
That might somehow transcend. 
The patterns history suggests 

1351
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:59,000
are inevitable You head to your 
lodgings through streets that 

1352
01:19:59,000 --> 01:20:01,600
are beginning to look more Roman
with each passing year. 

1353
01:20:02,500 --> 01:20:06,200
Classical facade's ordered 
proportions and the visual 

1354
01:20:06,200 --> 01:20:08,200
language of Republican 
aspiration. 

1355
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:12,700
The classical education that 
filled, your youth has filled 

1356
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:17,500
your life shaping, how you think
what you value and how you 

1357
01:20:17,500 --> 01:20:21,700
imagine the possible? 
and now as you prepare for sleep

1358
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:26,000
in a city, that's becoming the 
birthplace of a new nation you 

1359
01:20:26,000 --> 01:20:30,400
reflect on what those long ago, 
grammar exercises, those tedious

1360
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:33,800
translations and those endless 
memorized have ultimately 

1361
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:38,800
produced not just knowledge of 
the ancient world, but habits of

1362
01:20:38,800 --> 01:20:43,200
mind that persist across decades
shaping, not just individual 

1363
01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:46,900
thought, but Collective, 
political culture, That can 

1364
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:49,700
continue students, study Latin, 
and Greek. 

1365
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:53,700
They read the historians and 
philosophers the absorb, the 

1366
01:20:53,700 --> 01:20:56,800
architecture and rhetoric, and 
they emerge with mental 

1367
01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:59,800
Furniture, arranged in 
distinctly classical patents 

1368
01:20:59,800 --> 01:21:04,000
prepared, to think about 
politics virtue and citizenship 

1369
01:21:04,000 --> 01:21:07,300
in ways, that would be 
recognizable to an educated 

1370
01:21:07,300 --> 01:21:11,200
Roman of the late Republic. 
Whether this is entirely, good 

1371
01:21:11,200 --> 01:21:14,000
is a question you've pondered 
for years without resolving. 

1372
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:18,800
The classical education has 
gifts and limitations wisdom and

1373
01:21:18,800 --> 01:21:22,800
blindness enabling insights. 
And constraining vision. 

1374
01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:26,900
Its made the Revolution 
thinkable by providing language 

1375
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:28,900
and Preston for challenging 
monarchy. 

1376
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:33,400
But it's also imported 
assumptions about class slavery 

1377
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:35,200
and virtue. 
That may prove problematic. 

1378
01:21:36,500 --> 01:21:39,800
The habits remain transmitted 
from generation to generation 

1379
01:21:39,800 --> 01:21:43,300
shaping American thought in ways
both profound and subtle. 

1380
01:21:43,300 --> 01:21:47,200
As you drift towards sleep, you 
can still hear those long ago, 

1381
01:21:47,200 --> 01:21:51,500
declensions can still see those 
grammar exercises and can still 

1382
01:21:51,500 --> 01:21:53,900
feel the weight of those heavy 
Latin texts. 

1383
01:21:54,500 --> 01:21:57,200
They're part of you. 
Now, woven into how you think, 

1384
01:21:57,200 --> 01:22:01,700
as permanent as memory itself, 
the classical education of early

1385
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:04,700
America with all its rigor and 
its gaps. 

1386
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,800
Its wisdom and is Blindness, its
gifts. 

1387
01:22:07,800 --> 01:22:12,400
And its costs continue shaping 
Minds building mental 

1388
01:22:12,400 --> 01:22:14,700
architecture, that will 
influence how our Americans 

1389
01:22:14,700 --> 01:22:18,400
think about government citizens,
ship and virtue for generations 

1390
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:21,000
to come. 
The lamp burns on. 

1391
01:22:21,900 --> 01:22:24,700
Fueled by texts that have 
survived Empires and crossed. 

1392
01:22:24,700 --> 01:22:28,200
Oceans casting light. 
That is both Illuminating and 

1393
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:32,100
occasionally casting Shadows 
where perhaps other light might 

1394
01:22:32,100 --> 01:22:40,200
better serve. 
Picture yourself standing at the

1395
01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:42,900
edge of a vast Frozen plane 
somewhere in. 

1396
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:44,800
What will one day be called 
Siberia? 

1397
01:22:45,700 --> 01:22:49,300
The year is approximately 15,000
BCE though. 

1398
01:22:49,300 --> 01:22:51,300
Calendars won't exist for 
thousands of years yet. 

1399
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:55,800
The landscape stretches 
endlessly before you a rolling 

1400
01:22:55,800 --> 01:23:00,500
expanse, of tundra, grass, 
patches of snow and Scattered 

1401
01:23:00,500 --> 01:23:03,700
stands of Hardy pine trees. 
That somehow survived the brutal

1402
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:06,800
cold. 
The air bites at your Exposed 

1403
01:23:06,800 --> 01:23:09,200
Skin with a sharpness that makes
your eyes water. 

1404
01:23:09,200 --> 01:23:13,700
And when you exhale, your breath
crystallizes, instantly into 

1405
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:17,200
tiny, ice particles, that drift 
away, like miniature Stars. 

1406
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:21,600
This is the place to see people 
the great ice age that is 

1407
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:24,100
gripped. 
The Earth for millennia Massive.

1408
01:23:24,100 --> 01:23:27,900
Glaciers some more than a mile, 
thick cover much of the northern

1409
01:23:27,900 --> 01:23:30,500
hemisphere. 
But you're not standing on Ice, 

1410
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:34,200
you're in one of the Refuge 
zones, the areas between the 

1411
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:37,000
glaciers, where life clings 
uponly to existence. 

1412
01:23:37,900 --> 01:23:40,700
The sun, hangs low on the 
horizon and even at midday 

1413
01:23:40,700 --> 01:23:44,000
casting everything, in a 
peculiar amber light. 

1414
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:47,000
That makes the snow Sparkle like
scattered diamonds. 

1415
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:50,900
Clothing is a Masterwork of 
survival technology though. 

1416
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:52,000
You wouldn't think of it that 
way? 

1417
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:56,100
Your wrapped in carefully 
prepared, animal hides reindeer 

1418
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,200
primarily with the fur turned 
inward for warmth. 

1419
01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:03,400
Your boots are stuffed with 
dried grass for insulation and 

1420
01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:05,800
your hands are covered in 
mittens made from the winter 

1421
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:09,800
coat of a woolly mammoth calf. 
Every piece of clothing 

1422
01:24:09,800 --> 01:24:15,100
represents hours of work. 
Scraping tanning and sewing with

1423
01:24:15,100 --> 01:24:19,100
needles made from bird bones and
thread made from animal sinew 

1424
01:24:19,100 --> 01:24:22,100
around. 
You, the Ice Age megafauna go 

1425
01:24:22,100 --> 01:24:24,800
about their business with the 
Casual indifference of creatures

1426
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:26,500
who've never learned to fear 
humans. 

1427
01:24:27,700 --> 01:24:30,900
A small herd of woolly mammoths 
moves slowly across the plain 

1428
01:24:30,900 --> 01:24:35,000
about half a mile away. 
Their Shaggy rust colored coat. 

1429
01:24:35,000 --> 01:24:36,800
Swaying with each ponderous 
step. 

1430
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:40,400
They're smaller than modern 
elephants, actually only about 

1431
01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:44,200
nine feet tall at the shoulder 
but they're enormous curved 

1432
01:24:44,200 --> 01:24:47,500
tusks some reaching 16 ft in 
length. 

1433
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,900
Make them look like creatures 
from a fever dream, The 

1434
01:24:50,900 --> 01:24:54,800
Matriarch uses her trunk to 
sweep away snow exposing the 

1435
01:24:54,800 --> 01:24:57,400
dried grass beneath and the 
others follow. 

1436
01:24:57,400 --> 01:25:01,000
Her lead creating a scattered 
pattern of feeding spots. 

1437
01:25:01,000 --> 01:25:04,400
Across the white expanse. 
Further out, you spot a woolly 

1438
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:07,000
rhinoceros. 
It's two horns, catching the low

1439
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:09,400
sunlight, it's a solitary 
creature. 

1440
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:13,200
This one methodically working 
its way across the tundra in 

1441
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:17,300
search of the Woody shrubs. 
It prefers its wool hangs in 

1442
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:21,400
ragged Stripes, not a sign of 
poor health but simply the 

1443
01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:24,500
normal appearance of an animal 
whose coat is evolved to survive

1444
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,300
temperatures that would kill 
most modern mammals within hours

1445
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:31,600
ahead of Step by son. 
The ancestors of modern American

1446
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:36,100
Bison but larger with horns 
spanning six feet across grazes 

1447
01:25:36,100 --> 01:25:39,400
in the middle distance. 
The darker than the snow around 

1448
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:42,600
them, their breath creating 
small clouds that hang in the 

1449
01:25:42,608 --> 01:25:46,700
still cold air. 
One of them paused at the ground

1450
01:25:46,700 --> 01:25:49,800
breaking through the snow crust,
to reach the vegetation below 

1451
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:53,600
and the sound carries clearly 
across the Frozen landscape. 

1452
01:25:54,500 --> 01:25:57,900
Sharp crack followed by the 
softer sound of ice crystals 

1453
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:01,100
falling but it's not the 
megafauna that you're watching. 

1454
01:26:01,100 --> 01:26:04,700
Most carefully, it's the wolves.
That everywhere in this 

1455
01:26:04,700 --> 01:26:07,500
landscape though you have to 
know how to look for them. 

1456
01:26:07,500 --> 01:26:11,500
Unlike the mega 49 Wolves of 
learn to be cautious around 

1457
01:26:11,500 --> 01:26:13,400
humans. 
They're Not Afraid. 

1458
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,600
Exactly. 
Not yet but they're careful. 

1459
01:26:17,700 --> 01:26:20,500
You spot one. 
Now about 300 yards away, 

1460
01:26:20,500 --> 01:26:24,700
sitting on a small rise. 
It's watching the mammoth heard 

1461
01:26:24,700 --> 01:26:28,300
with professional interests, but
you notice that it occasionally 

1462
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:32,300
glances in your direction, too. 
It's coat is longer and thicker 

1463
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:35,900
than the Wolves of a warmer 
climates a magnificent blend of 

1464
01:26:35,900 --> 01:26:39,600
grey black and white, that makes
it nearly invisible against the 

1465
01:26:39,600 --> 01:26:42,100
mixed landscape of snow and bare
ground. 

1466
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:45,400
These Ice Age walls are slightly
larger than their modern 

1467
01:26:45,400 --> 01:26:49,100
descendants will be. 
More robust built for bringing 

1468
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:51,900
down prey that outweighs them by
thousands of pounds. 

1469
01:26:53,000 --> 01:26:56,700
This particular wolf, probably 
weighs around 120 pounds with 

1470
01:26:56,700 --> 01:26:59,400
massive Jaws, capable of 
crushing bone. 

1471
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:03,200
It's Amber eyes Miss, nothing 
constantly scanning the 

1472
01:27:03,200 --> 01:27:05,200
environment for opportunity or 
danger. 

1473
01:27:05,200 --> 01:27:09,800
You're part of a small band 
about 25 people ranging from 

1474
01:27:09,800 --> 01:27:13,600
infants to Elders in their 
forties that might sound young 

1475
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:17,400
for an elder but in this world 
reaching 40 is an achievement 

1476
01:27:17,400 --> 01:27:20,400
worthy of respect. 
Your people have been following 

1477
01:27:20,400 --> 01:27:23,700
the reindeer herds for weeks now
and you've set up a temporary 

1478
01:27:23,700 --> 01:27:27,000
camp in a sheltered area where a
rocky outcrop provides some 

1479
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:30,000
protection from the wind. 
The campus itself is a 

1480
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:34,000
collection of sturdy structures.
Not quite tense, not quite huts.

1481
01:27:34,800 --> 01:27:38,100
You've created them by setting 
up Frameworks of Mammoth, bones 

1482
01:27:38,100 --> 01:27:41,800
and tusks then covering these 
Frameworks with layers of animal

1483
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:44,200
hide. 
The largest structure. 

1484
01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:48,100
The communal dwelling uses. 
The skull of a mammoth as part 

1485
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,000
of its entrance. 
Inside the temperature is 

1486
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:53,400
bearable, not warm, but 
survivable. 

1487
01:27:53,400 --> 01:27:56,400
Thanks to a carefully maintained
fire at the center. 

1488
01:27:57,400 --> 01:28:00,500
The smoke is escapes through a 
gap at the top and the highs are

1489
01:28:00,508 --> 01:28:03,400
arranged so that the wind 
doesn't blow directly inside. 

1490
01:28:03,400 --> 01:28:06,200
Your band is preparing for a 
hunt though. 

1491
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:09,100
Preparing might be too formal a 
word. 

1492
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:13,200
It's more like a slow practiced 
Gathering of the necessary tools

1493
01:28:13,200 --> 01:28:15,900
and people. 
Several Hunters are checking 

1494
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:18,300
their Spears. 
Not the throwing Spears that 

1495
01:28:18,300 --> 01:28:21,300
will be invented later. 
But heavy thrusting Spears with 

1496
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:25,500
fire hardened wooden tips or for
the lucky few precious stone 

1497
01:28:25,500 --> 01:28:28,300
points that were traded from 
another band two summers ago. 

1498
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,400
One of your cousins is working 
on a new atlatl. 

1499
01:28:32,300 --> 01:28:34,100
Spear thrower, that will 
multiply the force. 

1500
01:28:34,100 --> 01:28:36,900
By the throne, spear its new 
technology. 

1501
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:40,100
This atlatl having been 
invented, just a few Generations

1502
01:28:40,100 --> 01:28:44,200
back. the older Hunters were 
skeptical at first but the young

1503
01:28:44,200 --> 01:28:48,000
people of proven its worth Your 
cousin is shaping the wood with 

1504
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:51,700
a piece of sharp Flint. 
Occasionally pausing to cite 

1505
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:53,900
along its length. 
Checking for straightness. 

1506
01:28:54,700 --> 01:28:58,000
Target today is not the 
mammoths, the two dangerous, and

1507
01:28:58,000 --> 01:29:01,500
two large, requiring more 
planning, and more Hunters than 

1508
01:29:01,500 --> 01:29:05,700
your band can spare right now. 
Instead, your hoping to Ambush a

1509
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:09,900
reindeer that strayed from its 
herd he spotted one yesterday, a

1510
01:29:09,900 --> 01:29:13,300
young buck, that seems to have 
injured, its legs slightly In 

1511
01:29:13,300 --> 01:29:17,400
the harsh mathematics of Ice Age
survival, that slight injury 

1512
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:19,500
marks it as your best chance for
success. 

1513
01:29:19,500 --> 01:29:23,100
But as you move out with the 
hunting party, you notice 

1514
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:26,100
something unusual. 
There are more wolves around the

1515
01:29:26,100 --> 01:29:28,400
normal. 
They're keeping their distance, 

1516
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:32,200
but they're definitely watching.
Count at least six of them 

1517
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:35,100
scattered across the landscape 
in positions. 

1518
01:29:35,100 --> 01:29:38,400
That suggests, they're not 
together, not a pack but 

1519
01:29:38,400 --> 01:29:40,600
individual wolves or small 
family groups. 

1520
01:29:40,600 --> 01:29:44,500
Each pursuing their own Survival
strategy, one wolf in 

1521
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:47,300
particular, catches your 
attention, it's smaller than the

1522
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:49,700
others. 
With a slightly reddish tint to 

1523
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:53,200
its grey coat. 
Unlike the other wolves which 

1524
01:29:53,200 --> 01:29:55,000
are carefully maintaining their 
distance. 

1525
01:29:55,000 --> 01:29:58,500
This one seems less concerned 
with the usual safety, 

1526
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:02,100
protocols. 
It may be 200 yards away. 

1527
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:06,400
Sitting calmly on its haunches, 
watching your hunting party with

1528
01:30:06,400 --> 01:30:09,800
an expression that almost looks 
curious, rather than cautious, 

1529
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:12,400
you've seen wolves. 
Follow hunting parties before. 

1530
01:30:12,400 --> 01:30:15,900
It's not uncommon, They've 
learned that human Hunters 

1531
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:20,700
sometimes, leave behind scraps, 
a gut pile, bones and pieces of 

1532
01:30:20,708 --> 01:30:24,800
hide two damage to be useful. 
In a world where every calorie 

1533
01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:28,100
counts where a harsh, winter can
mean the difference between 

1534
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:32,700
survival and starvation, those 
scraps represent opportunity, 

1535
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:36,500
this feels different somehow. 
This will isn't just following a

1536
01:30:36,500 --> 01:30:40,800
careful distance. 
It's observing learning the hunt

1537
01:30:40,800 --> 01:30:44,100
itself unfolds in the Timeless 
pattern of predator and prey. 

1538
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:48,400
Your party spreads out moving 
slowly up wind toward where the 

1539
01:30:48,400 --> 01:30:52,000
injured reindeer was. 
Last seen the snow muffles your 

1540
01:30:52,008 --> 01:30:55,400
footsteps and you've rubbed your
cells with the leaves of 

1541
01:30:55,400 --> 01:30:59,600
aromatic plants to mask your 
human scent, the cold air helps 

1542
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:03,700
too scent doesn't carry as well.
In extreme cold you spot. 

1543
01:31:03,700 --> 01:31:07,800
The reindeer browsing in a small
Hollow using its broad Hooves to

1544
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:10,200
dig through the snow to reach 
the Loken beneath. 

1545
01:31:10,900 --> 01:31:13,400
His injured leg is indeed 
causing problems. 

1546
01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:16,000
You can see it. 
Favoring the other three legs. 

1547
01:31:16,000 --> 01:31:20,200
Shifting, its weight constantly.
From a distance. 

1548
01:31:20,200 --> 01:31:23,700
It might not seem like much of 
an impairment, but, you know, 

1549
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:26,900
from experience that this slight
imbalance will slow it to escape

1550
01:31:26,900 --> 01:31:29,500
just enough. 
The hunters move into position 

1551
01:31:29,500 --> 01:31:33,700
with practice deficiency. 
No, words are spoke and everyone

1552
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:36,300
knows their role. 
Two hunters will drive the 

1553
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,400
reindeer toward a narrow passage
between two large boulders. 

1554
01:31:40,300 --> 01:31:43,600
Three others, including you are 
positioned at that passage 

1555
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:48,400
Spears ready, the drive Begins 
the reindeers head snaps up and 

1556
01:31:48,400 --> 01:31:51,200
for a moment, it freezes trying 
to identify the threat. 

1557
01:31:51,200 --> 01:31:55,200
Then it bolts, move moving with 
the fluid Grace, that makes 

1558
01:31:55,200 --> 01:31:57,000
these animals so difficult to 
hunt. 

1559
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,900
But the injured leg betrays, its
slightly just a tiny hitch in 

1560
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,900
its stride and the path of least
resistance leads. 

1561
01:32:04,900 --> 01:32:06,900
It exactly where the hunters 
knew it would go. 

1562
01:32:07,700 --> 01:32:09,300
Toward the gap between the 
boulders. 

1563
01:32:09,300 --> 01:32:11,700
Your muscles tense as it 
approaches. 

1564
01:32:11,700 --> 01:32:16,900
Timing is everything too early 
and it will Dodge too late and 

1565
01:32:16,900 --> 01:32:20,500
it will be passed. 
You The reindeer enters the Gap 

1566
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:23,700
and in that moment of 
constriction, three Spears 

1567
01:32:23,700 --> 01:32:28,400
thrust forward simultaneously. 
At least two find their Mark and

1568
01:32:28,400 --> 01:32:32,900
the animal stumbles then Falls. 
There's no celebrating the work 

1569
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:35,700
has only begun. 
Within minutes, the animal is 

1570
01:32:35,700 --> 01:32:39,200
being efficiently, processed. 
The hide is carefully removed, 

1571
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:42,100
it will be needed for clothing 
or shelter repairs. 

1572
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,400
The meat is butchered into 
manageable pieces, the bones and

1573
01:32:46,408 --> 01:32:49,200
antlers are set aside. 
They have a dozen uses. 

1574
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:53,000
Even the sinews are carefully 
extracted for making cordage and

1575
01:32:53,008 --> 01:32:56,200
thread and throughout this 
entire process, you're aware of 

1576
01:32:56,208 --> 01:32:58,700
the Wolves watching. 
The reddish gray. 

1577
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:02,200
One has crept closer. 
Now, maybe 150 yards away. 

1578
01:33:03,000 --> 01:33:06,200
It sits perfectly still, you can
see its nostrils. 

1579
01:33:06,200 --> 01:33:10,500
Flaring sentencing, the fresh 
Blood on the cold air when your 

1580
01:33:10,500 --> 01:33:13,500
party is ready to head back to 
Camp carrying the butchered 

1581
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:16,500
reindeer. 
You notice something The reddish

1582
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:20,200
gray wolf hasn't left. 
Its following maintaining that 

1583
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:23,500
same distance. 
Its eyes fixed not on the meat, 

1584
01:33:23,500 --> 01:33:26,700
you're carrying, but on the gut 
pile, you've left behind the 

1585
01:33:26,700 --> 01:33:30,700
stomach intestines and other 
organs that are too much trouble

1586
01:33:30,700 --> 01:33:33,100
to carry back. 
As soon as your party is about 

1587
01:33:33,108 --> 01:33:36,000
50 yards away, the wolf trots 
down to the gut pile. 

1588
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:39,900
But in stead of the frenzied 
feeding you might expect at each

1589
01:33:39,900 --> 01:33:42,300
quickly and efficiently then 
Retreats again. 

1590
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:46,600
It's being careful but less 
careful than the other walls who

1591
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:49,900
have not approached at all. 
Despite the easy meal that night

1592
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:53,400
in the communal dwelling with 
the fire crackling and the wind 

1593
01:33:53,400 --> 01:33:56,700
howling outside. 
You think about that wolf? 

1594
01:33:57,600 --> 01:33:59,100
There was something different 
about it. 

1595
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:03,000
A quality can't quite name. 
Not tameless. 

1596
01:34:03,000 --> 01:34:06,800
Exactly more like a willingness 
to cross the usual boundaries 

1597
01:34:06,800 --> 01:34:10,400
between species. 
You don't know it yet but you've

1598
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:12,300
just witnessed something 
extraordinary. 

1599
01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:15,800
You've seen one of the first 
Tiny Steps in a relationship 

1600
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:20,400
that will span Millennia that 
wolf with its slightly reduced 

1601
01:34:20,400 --> 01:34:24,600
caution and its observant nature
is on the very edge of something

1602
01:34:24,600 --> 01:34:28,700
entirely new, not just for 
wolves, but for the entire 

1603
01:34:28,700 --> 01:34:32,500
trajectory of human and animal 
life on Earth, outside in the 

1604
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:35,800
darkness, be on the firelight 
the wolf, Circle the camp at a 

1605
01:34:35,800 --> 01:34:39,800
respectful distance, it can 
smell the cooking meat can hear 

1606
01:34:39,808 --> 01:34:43,100
the human voice is and consents 
the warmth of the fire. 

1607
01:34:44,100 --> 01:34:47,600
And unlike every other wolf in 
the region, instead of moving on

1608
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:51,600
to find its own prey, it settles
down in the snow about 100 yards

1609
01:34:51,600 --> 01:34:54,100
from the camp. 
It doesn't know why it's staying

1610
01:34:54,100 --> 01:34:58,700
Instinct mixed with curiosity, 
perhaps, or maybe just the 

1611
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:02,400
simple calculus of survival. 
These humans mean food and in 

1612
01:35:02,400 --> 01:35:06,200
the harsh mathematics of the Ice
Age, any reliable source of 

1613
01:35:06,200 --> 01:35:09,900
calories is worth a slight risk.
The Moon Rises over the Frozen 

1614
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:11,700
landscape Illuminating. 
A world. 

1615
01:35:11,700 --> 01:35:13,400
That is both beautiful and 
brutal. 

1616
01:35:14,400 --> 01:35:16,700
And in that world, a small 
change has begun. 

1617
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:20,400
So subtle, that no one could 
possibly recognize its 

1618
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:23,500
significance. 
A wolf sits watching a human 

1619
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:27,500
Camp, an inside that camp, a 
humanize away, thinking about 

1620
01:35:27,500 --> 01:35:30,600
wolf, King the reddish gray 
wolf, becomes something of a 

1621
01:35:30,608 --> 01:35:34,100
fixture over the following days 
though, fixture implies more 

1622
01:35:34,100 --> 01:35:35,800
permanent than his really 
accurate. 

1623
01:35:36,600 --> 01:35:39,200
It's more like a recurring 
character in your daily life. 

1624
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:43,600
Peering near the camp at dawn 
following hunting parties at a 

1625
01:35:43,600 --> 01:35:46,400
distance, materializing around, 
butchering site. 

1626
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:50,400
You start to recognize it not 
just by its coloring, but By Its

1627
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:53,600
Behavior. 
While other wolves that scavenge

1628
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:55,500
from Human kills Dart, in 
nervously. 

1629
01:35:55,500 --> 01:35:59,000
Snatch. 
What they can and flee this one 

1630
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:00,800
moves with a peculiar 
confidants. 

1631
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:02,800
You're not the only one who's 
noticed. 

1632
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:07,700
One evening as your band gathers
around the fire, your aunt a 

1633
01:36:07,700 --> 01:36:11,700
woman of about 35 who survival 
skills, have earned her enormous

1634
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:15,900
respect in the band. 
Mentions the wolf casually while

1635
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:18,800
working a piece of reindeer hide
with a stone scraper. 

1636
01:36:18,800 --> 01:36:21,500
The red one was at the 
butchering site again, she says 

1637
01:36:21,500 --> 01:36:25,600
her hands never pausing in their
rhythmic scraping motion closer 

1638
01:36:25,600 --> 01:36:29,200
than before maybe 70 Paces, your
uncle sharpening. 

1639
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:32,600
A spear Point grunts 
acknowledgment Good thing or bad

1640
01:36:32,600 --> 01:36:35,300
thing. 
Neither just a thing. 

1641
01:36:36,300 --> 01:36:38,800
You aren't holds the hide up to 
the firelight checking her 

1642
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:41,800
progress. 
It's not aggressive, never 

1643
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:46,300
approaches the kills and till 
we're well away just interested.

1644
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:50,100
This is a typical example of how
your people discuss, the natural

1645
01:36:50,100 --> 01:36:53,900
world matter of factly without 
attributing too much, meaning 

1646
01:36:53,900 --> 01:36:57,600
but also without dismissing 
observations Every piece of 

1647
01:36:57,600 --> 01:37:00,400
information about animal 
behavior, might someday prove 

1648
01:37:00,400 --> 01:37:02,300
useful. 
So it's worth noting and 

1649
01:37:02,300 --> 01:37:04,700
remembering two weeks passed and
three. 

1650
01:37:05,900 --> 01:37:09,600
The Deep cold of winter begins 
its slow grudging transition 

1651
01:37:09,600 --> 01:37:11,500
towards something slightly less 
brutal. 

1652
01:37:12,400 --> 01:37:16,100
The sons are across the sky, 
grows incrementally longer each 

1653
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:18,700
day. 
The change is subtle enough that

1654
01:37:18,700 --> 01:37:21,900
you might not notice it day to 
day, but over weeks it's 

1655
01:37:21,900 --> 01:37:24,400
unmistakable. 
Your band has remained in the 

1656
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,600
same general area. 
Hunting has been decent and the 

1657
01:37:27,600 --> 01:37:29,100
sheltered spot. 
You've chosen off as good 

1658
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:32,200
protection from the wind and 
through all of this the reddish 

1659
01:37:32,200 --> 01:37:34,300
gray wolf remains part of the 
landscape. 

1660
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:39,100
You start to notice patterns The
wolf appears most reliably in 

1661
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:42,600
the early morning shortly after 
Dawn and in the evening around 

1662
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,300
dusk. 
During the brightest part of the

1663
01:37:45,308 --> 01:37:49,700
day is usually nowhere to be 
seen off Hunting its own prey. 

1664
01:37:49,700 --> 01:37:53,700
Presumably But in those liminal 
times, when the light is soft 

1665
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:56,200
and the world, feels suspended 
between day and night. 

1666
01:37:56,200 --> 01:37:59,100
There it is. 
One morning, you're awake early 

1667
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:01,800
than usual sitting outside the 
communal dwelling, and watching 

1668
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:05,700
the sky like in the east. 
Temperature is brutally cold, 

1669
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:08,200
the kind of cold. 
That makes the inside of your 

1670
01:38:08,200 --> 01:38:11,100
nostrils stick together when you
breathe in, but the air is 

1671
01:38:11,100 --> 01:38:14,500
perfectly still and Stillness 
makes cold more bearable. 

1672
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:19,400
Everything is touched with frost
each blade of grass, each Stone 

1673
01:38:19,400 --> 01:38:23,300
outlined in crystal in white, 
you see the wolf, a merge from 

1674
01:38:23,300 --> 01:38:26,100
behind a distant, outcrops 200 
yards away. 

1675
01:38:27,000 --> 01:38:30,300
It's moving in that efficient 
ground covering Trot that wolves

1676
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:34,500
used to travel long distances. 
It's breath creating rhythmic 

1677
01:38:34,500 --> 01:38:39,300
puffs of vapor in the Frigidaire
then it stops sits and looks 

1678
01:38:39,300 --> 01:38:42,000
directly at your camp for 
several long minutes. 

1679
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:45,300
Nothing happened the wolf sits, 
you sit. 

1680
01:38:46,400 --> 01:38:49,500
Sky continues its slow, 
brightening from deep blue to 

1681
01:38:49,500 --> 01:38:52,900
lighter Shades, the hint at the 
eventual arrival of the sun, 

1682
01:38:52,900 --> 01:38:56,400
then acting on an Impulse. 
You don't fully understand. 

1683
01:38:56,400 --> 01:38:59,900
You toss a small piece of dried 
meat in the wolf's general 

1684
01:38:59,900 --> 01:39:03,300
direction. 
Not close to the wolf, you throw

1685
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:05,000
it. 
Maybe 30 yards out from where 

1686
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:08,400
you're sitting leaving at about 
170 yards from the wolf. 

1687
01:39:08,400 --> 01:39:12,200
It's more of a gesture than 
anything else and acknowledgment

1688
01:39:12,200 --> 01:39:15,500
of the wolf's presence, the wolf
watches, the meat Arc, through 

1689
01:39:15,500 --> 01:39:19,200
the air and land in the snow. 
It doesn't move for long 

1690
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:21,600
minutes. 
It simply sits their eyes, 

1691
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:24,000
moving between you and the meat,
then. 

1692
01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:26,700
So smoothly that you almost 
missed the transition. 

1693
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:32,000
It stands trots to the meat, 
picks it up, and Retreats to its

1694
01:39:32,000 --> 01:39:34,500
original distance before lying 
down to eat it. 

1695
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:38,400
Something about this interaction
feels significant though. 

1696
01:39:38,400 --> 01:39:41,700
You couldn't explain why. 
It wasn't fear that made the 

1697
01:39:41,700 --> 01:39:44,300
wolf Retreat. 
It moved to calmly for that. 

1698
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:48,200
It was more like an 
acknowledgment of boundaries a 

1699
01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:51,600
mutual understanding of 
appropriate distances over the 

1700
01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:55,100
following weeks, this becomes an
occasional ritual, not every 

1701
01:39:55,100 --> 01:39:57,300
morning and not with any regular
schedule. 

1702
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,500
But sometimes when you're up 
early, in the wolf appears 

1703
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:04,900
you'll to scrap The wolf begins 
to anticipate this. 

1704
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:09,800
You notice that when it sees you
sitting outside at dawn, it sits

1705
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:13,300
at a particular distance. 
No longer 200 yards but more 

1706
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:16,900
like 150 and waits to see if 
you'll throw anything. 

1707
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:20,500
You're not consciously, trying 
to tame the wolf that word 

1708
01:40:20,500 --> 01:40:23,400
doesn't even exist. 
In your vocabulary, you'll 

1709
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:25,900
simply engaging in a kind of 
pragmatic Exchange. 

1710
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:29,500
The wolf cleans up scraps, that 
would otherwise attract less 

1711
01:40:29,500 --> 01:40:34,000
desirable scavengers hyenas. 
For instance, which are not only

1712
01:40:34,000 --> 01:40:37,700
more dangerous but also much 
less Pleasant to have around in 

1713
01:40:37,700 --> 01:40:41,300
return. 
The wolf gets easy meals, it's a

1714
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:44,700
transaction that benefits both 
parties but something else is 

1715
01:40:44,700 --> 01:40:47,100
happening, too, though. 
It's so gradual that you barely 

1716
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:50,300
notice it. 
The wolf is becoming part of 

1717
01:40:50,300 --> 01:40:53,800
your mental landscape. 
Part of the expected patterns of

1718
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:57,000
daily life. 
When you wake up now, you find 

1719
01:40:57,000 --> 01:40:58,800
yourself wandering. 
If the wolf will be there. 

1720
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:03,000
When you're out hunting and you 
spot it following at a distance 

1721
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:05,800
you feel a tiny flicker of 
recognition. 

1722
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:09,200
Not quite pleasure. 
But something like 

1723
01:41:09,200 --> 01:41:13,100
acknowledgment. 
Hello again, the feeling seems 

1724
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:16,700
to say you're still here one day
during a Hunting Expedition. 

1725
01:41:16,700 --> 01:41:20,600
Something unusual happened. 
Your party is tracking a small 

1726
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,200
herd of horses. 
I Sage horses stocky and robust 

1727
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:27,500
with thick coats that make them 
look almost barely like in the 

1728
01:41:27,508 --> 01:41:30,100
dim light. 
The tracking has been difficult,

1729
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:34,100
the horses are weary, the wind 
keeps shifting and twice you've 

1730
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:36,000
gotten close only to have them 
bolt. 

1731
01:41:36,000 --> 01:41:38,400
At the last moment, you're 
taking a brief rest. 

1732
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:42,000
Assessing the situation when you
notice the reddish gray wolf 

1733
01:41:42,000 --> 01:41:45,200
about 100 yards away. 
It's not looking at you though. 

1734
01:41:45,200 --> 01:41:47,300
It's looking in the same 
direction. 

1735
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:50,700
You've been heading toward where
the horses should be, then the 

1736
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:54,600
wolf to something extraordinary,
it moves forward about 50 yards.

1737
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:58,300
Stops looks back at you. 
Then looks forward again, the 

1738
01:41:58,300 --> 01:42:02,500
gesture is so clear that it 
almost comical this way there 

1739
01:42:02,500 --> 01:42:05,400
this way. 
Now it's entirely possible that 

1740
01:42:05,400 --> 01:42:09,200
the wolf was simply pursuing its
own agenda, that the apparent 

1741
01:42:09,200 --> 01:42:12,700
communication was pure 
incidents. you've survived to 

1742
01:42:12,708 --> 01:42:15,000
adult hood in the Ice Age by 
paying attention to 

1743
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:19,800
environmental cues and this 
feels like a cue You signal to 

1744
01:42:19,800 --> 01:42:22,600
the other hunters and the party 
adjusts, its course, slightly 

1745
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:24,900
moving more. 
In the direction, the wolf 

1746
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:29,100
indicated. 50 minutes later you 
find the horses in a small 

1747
01:42:29,108 --> 01:42:32,000
Hollow perfectly positioned for 
an ambush. 

1748
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:34,900
The Hunt is successful and 
afterward. 

1749
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:37,400
You make sure to leave in a 
specially generous portion of 

1750
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:40,300
the gut pile. 
The wolf as usual, weights until

1751
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:41,800
you're well away before 
approaching. 

1752
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:44,700
But you notice that? 
Before it starts eating, it 

1753
01:42:44,700 --> 01:42:48,008
looks toward where your party is
heading holds that gaze for a 

1754
01:42:48,016 --> 01:42:50,800
moment then begins its meal 
again. 

1755
01:42:50,800 --> 01:42:53,900
You could dismiss this as 
meaningless wolves. 

1756
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:57,300
Look in all directions 
frequently, but you're starting 

1757
01:42:57,300 --> 01:42:59,500
to suspect. 
That something more complex is 

1758
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:02,200
happening. 
The wolf isn't just Scavenging 

1759
01:43:02,200 --> 01:43:05,500
from your kills anymore. 
It's participating in its own 

1760
01:43:05,500 --> 01:43:09,500
way, in the hunting process word
of the wolf begins to spread 

1761
01:43:09,500 --> 01:43:13,600
within your band. 
Children are fascinated by it. 

1762
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:15,900
They've been warned to keep 
their distance. 

1763
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:18,900
It is. 
After all, still a wild Predator

1764
01:43:18,900 --> 01:43:22,800
perfectly capable of dangerous 
Behavior But they watch it from 

1765
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:25,500
the safety of the camp and 
they've given it a name of 

1766
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:28,400
sorts. 
Specific sound that they used to

1767
01:43:28,400 --> 01:43:31,700
refer to it, something between a
whistle and a Yip that's meant 

1768
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:33,600
to approximate a wolf's 
vocalization. 

1769
01:43:33,600 --> 01:43:37,300
One of the children. 
A girl of about seven has become

1770
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:39,400
particularly interested in the 
wolf. 

1771
01:43:39,400 --> 01:43:43,500
She's the one who most reliably 
spots at each day who points out

1772
01:43:43,500 --> 01:43:47,200
its location to anyone who 
listen, who saves little scraps 

1773
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:50,300
from a meals to toss out toward 
where the wolf typically sits. 

1774
01:43:50,900 --> 01:43:54,000
her mother allows this partly 
because it keeps the child 

1775
01:43:54,000 --> 01:43:58,500
engaged in Camp activities and 
partly because, well, the wolf 

1776
01:43:58,500 --> 01:44:02,500
doesn't seem to pose any actual 
threat months pass the season 

1777
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:06,900
continues, its slow wheel 
towards Spring The days grow 

1778
01:44:06,900 --> 01:44:10,600
longer. the snow begins to 
develop a different texture, 

1779
01:44:10,600 --> 01:44:16,300
becoming wetter heavier and more
crystalline The mammoth start 

1780
01:44:16,300 --> 01:44:19,500
moving North following the 
retreating edge of the glaciers 

1781
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:21,100
toward their summer feeding 
grounds. 

1782
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:25,100
The reindeer herds grow Restless
preparing for their own 

1783
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:28,400
migration. 
Your band must decide whether to

1784
01:44:28,400 --> 01:44:31,300
follow the herds or to stay in 
this region and switched to 

1785
01:44:31,300 --> 01:44:34,500
hunting the animals. 
That remain year-round bison, 

1786
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:36,900
horses and the occasional 
Mammoth that bucks, the 

1787
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:40,700
migration Trend in the end. 
The decision is made to stay. 

1788
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:44,300
The camp is good. 
The hunting has been reliable 

1789
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:47,200
and the effort required to pack 
everything and move is 

1790
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:49,900
significant. 
The reddish gray wolf days, too.

1791
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:54,000
This surprises, you slightly, 
You'd assumed the wolf was 

1792
01:44:54,000 --> 01:44:57,400
following the human band because
humans meant food and that, if 

1793
01:44:57,400 --> 01:45:00,400
the major game herds moved on 
the wolf would follow them, but 

1794
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:05,200
it doesn't, it remains in the 
area, hunting its own prey, you 

1795
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:07,200
occasionally? 
See it taking down rabbits with 

1796
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:10,700
impressive efficiency, and 
continuing its habit of 

1797
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:14,000
appearing near the camp at dawn 
and dusk the distance between 

1798
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:17,000
wolves and humans continues to 
shrink incrementally. 

1799
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:21,400
Not in any dramatic way, not on 
any single Leap Forward. 

1800
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:25,700
But in tiny adjustments that 
accumulate over time The wolf 

1801
01:45:25,700 --> 01:45:29,100
now sits about 100 yards from 
camp in stead of 150. 

1802
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:33,800
When someone tosses it food, it 
no longer Retreats as far before

1803
01:45:33,800 --> 01:45:38,500
eating when it follows hunting 
parties, the Gap is perhaps 75 

1804
01:45:38,500 --> 01:45:41,600
yards and stead of 100 one warm 
after noon. 

1805
01:45:41,600 --> 01:45:45,500
Genuinely warm maybe even 
reaching 40 degrees Fahrenheit 

1806
01:45:45,500 --> 01:45:47,500
which feels like summer after 
The Long Winter. 

1807
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:50,300
Your working on repairing your 
boots outside. 

1808
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:53,700
The communal dwelling. 
The wolf is lying in its usual. 

1809
01:45:53,700 --> 01:45:57,100
Spot about 90 yards away, 
apparently drowsing in the Sun, 

1810
01:45:57,100 --> 01:46:00,000
a raven lands, nearby looking 
for scraps. 

1811
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:02,800
It hops close to where your 
working Boulders? 

1812
01:46:02,800 --> 01:46:05,800
Ravens all bizarre cocking its 
head to examine you with one 

1813
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:10,600
bright eye, you ignore it. 
Raven's a harmless mostly if 

1814
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:13,900
occasionally annoying in their 
persistence, then you notice the

1815
01:46:13,900 --> 01:46:16,700
wolf is watching The Raven with 
focused intensity. 

1816
01:46:17,600 --> 01:46:21,500
The wolf Rises to its feet, 
stretches in a very dog-like 

1817
01:46:21,500 --> 01:46:25,600
manner, then trots toward the 
camp, not directly toward you, 

1818
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:29,300
but on an angle that will bring 
it near the Raven, The Raven, 

1819
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:32,700
seeing the wolf approached, 
squawks indignantly and flaps 

1820
01:46:32,700 --> 01:46:36,600
away the wolf watches it go then
instead of retreating to its 

1821
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:40,500
usual spot, lies down maybe 70 
yards from where you'll see the 

1822
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:43,500
message seems clear. 
The Raven was bothering you so I

1823
01:46:43,508 --> 01:46:46,000
chased it off. 
Now we're a bit closer than 

1824
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:48,500
before but that's okay. 
Because I just did you a favor. 

1825
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:52,600
Again, you could argue that this
is anthropomorphization reading 

1826
01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:54,800
human motivations into animal 
behavior. 

1827
01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:58,100
But whether or not your 
interpretation is accurate, the 

1828
01:46:58,100 --> 01:47:01,100
effect is the same, the 
boundaries between human and 

1829
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:04,900
wolf of shifted again, just 
slightly, just enough to notice 

1830
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:08,500
that night lying in the communal
dwelling and listening to the 

1831
01:47:08,500 --> 01:47:10,600
sound of the band settling in 
for sleep. 

1832
01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:14,600
You think about the wolf How 
long has this been going on now?

1833
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:19,500
Six months seven. 
Long enough that it's strange to

1834
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:21,900
remember, a time when the wolf 
wasn't part of the daily 

1835
01:47:21,900 --> 01:47:24,800
routine, you don't know that 
what your witnessing is, the 

1836
01:47:24,800 --> 01:47:28,500
beginning of domestication. 
You have no framework for 

1837
01:47:28,500 --> 01:47:32,000
understanding that concept. 
No way to imagine that this wild

1838
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:35,000
Predators 
great-great-grandchildren will 

1839
01:47:35,000 --> 01:47:36,500
be. 
So thoroughly changed. 

1840
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:40,400
That they'll sit obediently at 
human commands, will guard human

1841
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:44,200
homes and will work alongside 
humans in a 1000 different ways.

1842
01:47:44,200 --> 01:47:48,500
All, you know, is that somewhere
out in the darkness about 90 

1843
01:47:48,500 --> 01:47:50,900
yards from where you're lying, a
wolf is curled up in the snow 

1844
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:53,800
sleeping. 
And for reasons you can't fully 

1845
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,300
articulate, this knowledge feels
comforting rather than 

1846
01:47:57,300 --> 01:48:01,100
threatening spring arrives, not 
with a bang but with a slow 

1847
01:48:01,100 --> 01:48:05,300
soggy whisper, the snow doesn't 
so much melt as gradually, 

1848
01:48:05,300 --> 01:48:09,200
surrendered to Mud, creating a 
landscape of startling, 

1849
01:48:09,200 --> 01:48:12,300
messiness, where everything was 
white and pristine. 

1850
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:16,800
Now, everything is brown and wet
The rivers and streams. 

1851
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:21,100
Frozen solid for months. 
Begin to crack and grow their 

1852
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:23,000
ice. 
Breaking into huge chunks. 

1853
01:48:23,000 --> 01:48:25,900
That pile up against the banks 
with sounds like distant 

1854
01:48:25,900 --> 01:48:28,200
Thunder. 
The world becomes louder. 

1855
01:48:29,200 --> 01:48:32,700
Birds returned from their winter
grounds to the South filling the

1856
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:36,300
air with calls and songs. 
The small mammals that spent 

1857
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,600
winter underground emerge 
blinking in the bright sunlight.

1858
01:48:40,300 --> 01:48:44,400
Everything is waking up shaking 
off, the topper of winter, and 

1859
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:48,100
resuming the Urgent business of 
survival and reproduction, the 

1860
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:50,200
reddish gray wolf disappears for
several weeks. 

1861
01:48:50,200 --> 01:48:53,500
And you find yourself surprised 
by how much you miss its 

1862
01:48:53,500 --> 01:48:55,900
presence. 
The camp feels less complete 

1863
01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:59,900
somehow, as if a regular element
of daily life has been removed. 

1864
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:03,400
He catch yourself looking for 
the wolf at dawn in the evening 

1865
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:05,600
and during hunts. 
Where is it? 

1866
01:49:05,600 --> 01:49:09,100
Is it all right? 
Has it moved on to follow some 

1867
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:11,800
other band of humans or return 
to a fully wild? 

1868
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:15,100
Existence, they're more mourning
as your carrying water from the 

1869
01:49:15,100 --> 01:49:16,600
stream back to Camp. 
You see it? 

1870
01:49:17,500 --> 01:49:19,400
The wolf is sitting in its usual
spot. 

1871
01:49:19,400 --> 01:49:24,500
Well, the spotted occupied two 
months ago about 100 yards from 

1872
01:49:24,500 --> 01:49:26,800
the camp but there's something 
different. 

1873
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:30,000
The wolf looks thinner. 
It's coat rougher. 

1874
01:49:30,700 --> 01:49:33,400
And as you watch it, stands and 
stretches. 

1875
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:37,400
And you see the elongated teats 
of a nursing mother, huh? 

1876
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:40,900
So that's where you've been. 
You think of having puppies, the

1877
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:44,800
wolf doesn't approach closer. 
It seems wary than before more 

1878
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:46,500
careful about maintaining 
distance. 

1879
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,900
This makes perfect sense a 
mother with dependent young has 

1880
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:55,000
every reason to be cautious. 
You respect this new boundary 

1881
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:58,700
making no attempt to approach, 
simply acknowledging. 

1882
01:49:58,700 --> 01:50:02,000
The wolf's returned with a toss 
piece of dried meat over the 

1883
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:04,300
following weeks. 
The wolf's visits become a 

1884
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:08,100
regular, sometimes it appears at
Dawn's, sometimes not, sometimes

1885
01:50:08,100 --> 01:50:11,600
it follows the hunting parties, 
sometimes, it's nowhere to be 

1886
01:50:11,600 --> 01:50:14,600
seen for days at a time. 
You understand that it's 

1887
01:50:14,600 --> 01:50:18,200
dividing its time between its 
den, wherever that is, and the 

1888
01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:20,600
Scavenging opportunities at the 
human Camp. 

1889
01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:23,700
Then one extraordinary morning 
the wolf appears at its usual 

1890
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:27,600
spot and its not alone. 
He count three puppies though 

1891
01:50:27,600 --> 01:50:29,000
there might be more back at the 
den. 

1892
01:50:29,800 --> 01:50:34,000
Perhaps six or seven weeks old 
passed the helpless infant stage

1893
01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:37,500
but still clearly young with 
oversized Paws and ears that 

1894
01:50:37,500 --> 01:50:41,200
seemed too big for their heads. 
Their coats are fluffy than 

1895
01:50:41,200 --> 01:50:43,500
their mothers. 
Giving them a roly poly 

1896
01:50:43,500 --> 01:50:45,400
appearance. 
That's almost commonly cute. 

1897
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:48,700
The mother wolf sits at her 
usual distance but the puppies 

1898
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:52,200
not yet Having learned 
appropriate caution immediately.

1899
01:50:52,200 --> 01:50:55,300
Begin to explore. 
One of them spots, something 

1900
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:59,700
interesting, probably just an 
unusual Rock and pounces on it 

1901
01:50:59,700 --> 01:51:04,600
with exaggerated intensity. 
Another tackles its sibling and 

1902
01:51:04,600 --> 01:51:08,600
they tumble together in a blur 
of Grey fur and wagging tails, 

1903
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:11,400
the entire human Camp stops to 
watch. 

1904
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:15,000
Even the most pragmatic adults, 
find themselves smiling at the 

1905
01:51:15,000 --> 01:51:17,500
puppies. 
Antics the children are 

1906
01:51:17,500 --> 01:51:21,100
entranced sitting at the edge of
camp and watching with barely 

1907
01:51:21,100 --> 01:51:24,500
contained excitement. 
One puppy Boulder or more 

1908
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:26,500
Curious than its siblings 
begins. 

1909
01:51:26,500 --> 01:51:29,600
Wandering toward the camp. 
The mother wolf immediately 

1910
01:51:29,600 --> 01:51:33,200
gives a sharp bark and the puppy
freezes then Retreats but the 

1911
01:51:33,200 --> 01:51:35,800
message is clear. 
A puppy was interested in the 

1912
01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:38,400
camp. 
Curious about the strange two 

1913
01:51:38,400 --> 01:51:41,400
legged creatures, the seven year
old girl, who has been most 

1914
01:51:41,400 --> 01:51:43,300
interested in the wolf. 
Looks at her mother with 

1915
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:45,700
pleading eyes. 
Can I give them food? 

1916
01:51:45,700 --> 01:51:48,800
Her? 
Mother considers this In the Ice

1917
01:51:48,800 --> 01:51:52,200
Age where survival is, never 
guaranteed wasting food on. 

1918
01:51:52,200 --> 01:51:56,300
Wild animals is generally not a 
smart strategy but these are not

1919
01:51:56,300 --> 01:51:59,300
normal times and this is not a 
normal situation. 

1920
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:05,000
Finally, she nods. 
Small piece is, don't go any 

1921
01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:07,100
clothes, sir. 
Let them come to you if they 

1922
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:09,600
want to. 
The girl takes a piece of dried 

1923
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:12,100
meat. 
Breaks it into smaller bits and 

1924
01:52:12,100 --> 01:52:14,800
tosses them about halfway 
between the camp and where the 

1925
01:52:14,800 --> 01:52:18,500
wolf family sits. 
The puppy is watch the meat Arc 

1926
01:52:18,500 --> 01:52:20,200
through the air with intense 
Focus. 

1927
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:24,700
As soon as the piece is land, 
they bound forward all caution 

1928
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:28,000
forgotten in their enthusiasm, 
the mother wolf tenses but 

1929
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:30,600
doesn't call them back. 
She's watching carefully 

1930
01:52:30,600 --> 01:52:33,600
assessing the situation. 
Is this dangerous? 

1931
01:52:34,500 --> 01:52:37,800
Other humans a threat, the 
puppies, reach the meat and 

1932
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:39,400
immediately begins squabbling 
over. 

1933
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:43,200
It play fighting and growling 
with all the ferocity, their 

1934
01:52:43,200 --> 01:52:45,400
Young Voices can muster which 
isn't much. 

1935
01:52:45,400 --> 01:52:49,500
They sound like tiny squeaky 
toys rather than Fierce and 

1936
01:52:49,508 --> 01:52:51,800
predators one puppy have 
secured. 

1937
01:52:51,800 --> 01:52:55,100
A piece of meat larger than it, 
can easily eat, tries to drag it

1938
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:59,100
back toward its mother, but the 
meat is larger than anticipated 

1939
01:52:59,100 --> 01:53:02,600
and the puppy keeps tripping 
over it, somersaulting in the 

1940
01:53:02,600 --> 01:53:05,300
mud and generally making a 
spectacle of itself. 

1941
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:08,500
Human's watching can't help but 
laugh. 

1942
01:53:08,500 --> 01:53:11,700
Quiet. 
Laughs not wanting to startle 

1943
01:53:11,700 --> 01:53:14,200
the animals but genuine 
Amusement nonetheless. 

1944
01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:17,100
The mother wolf watches all of 
this with what seems like 

1945
01:53:17,100 --> 01:53:20,500
resigned patients. 
Welcome to parent Hood her 

1946
01:53:20,500 --> 01:53:23,100
expression. 
Seems to say their idiots but 

1947
01:53:23,100 --> 01:53:27,600
there might idiots this become a
new pattern Every few days, the 

1948
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:30,700
wolf family appears near Camp, 
the puppies are gradually 

1949
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:33,600
learning appropriate caution 
from their mother but their 

1950
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:36,500
Natural Curiosity frequently 
overrides, their developing 

1951
01:53:36,500 --> 01:53:39,500
survival instincts. 
Their endlessly entertaining, 

1952
01:53:39,500 --> 01:53:42,000
tumbling and playing and 
investigating everything with 

1953
01:53:42,000 --> 01:53:43,600
the Boundless Energy of the 
young. 

1954
01:53:43,600 --> 01:53:46,800
The boldest puppy. 
You start to recognize it by 

1955
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:51,000
distinctive marking, a white 
patch on its chest begins 

1956
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:52,900
approaching closer than its 
siblings. 

1957
01:53:53,700 --> 01:53:57,100
It doesn't come all the way to 
the camp but it gets perhaps 50 

1958
01:53:57,100 --> 01:54:00,300
yards away. close enough that 
you can see its individual 

1959
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:03,900
whiskers and the bright Amber of
its eyes one after noon, you're 

1960
01:54:03,900 --> 01:54:06,700
working on fashioning, a new 
spear shaft sitting outside, the

1961
01:54:06,700 --> 01:54:10,300
communal dwelling, The wolf 
family is in the usual spot. 

1962
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,700
The puppy is napping in a furry 
pile, while their mother keeps 

1963
01:54:13,700 --> 01:54:18,300
watch The Bold puppy wakes up, 
looks around spots, you and 

1964
01:54:18,300 --> 01:54:21,700
begins walking toward the camp, 
the mother notices immediately 

1965
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:25,600
and gives a warning bark. 
The puppy stops looks back at 

1966
01:54:25,608 --> 01:54:27,500
its mother and then looks at 
you. 

1967
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,300
You can almost see the decision 
making process happening in its 

1968
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:33,500
young. 
Brain mother says stop. 

1969
01:54:34,400 --> 01:54:37,700
But that human looks 
interesting, but mother says 

1970
01:54:37,700 --> 01:54:42,200
stop, but the puppy compromises 
by lying down about 60 yards 

1971
01:54:42,208 --> 01:54:44,600
away. 
Still closer than its mother 

1972
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:46,800
would prefer but not actively 
disobeying. 

1973
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:50,700
It watches you with intense 
Focus as you work on the spear 

1974
01:54:50,700 --> 01:54:54,500
shaft apparently fascinated, by 
the repetitive motions of your 

1975
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:58,500
hands shaping, the wood you 
decide to test something without

1976
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:00,800
making. 
Any sudden movements you toss a 

1977
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:02,200
small piece of meat toward the 
puppy. 

1978
01:55:02,200 --> 01:55:05,800
Not all the way to it. 
But about halfway between you 

1979
01:55:05,800 --> 01:55:10,100
the puppies head, snaps toward 
the meat, it looks at the meat 

1980
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:13,800
then at its mother. 
Then at you the mother wolf 

1981
01:55:13,800 --> 01:55:17,200
gives another warning bark but 
the puppy is already made it to 

1982
01:55:17,200 --> 01:55:20,600
decision. 
It slinks Forward belly to the 

1983
01:55:20,600 --> 01:55:24,400
ground moving carefully and 
snatches the meat But instead of

1984
01:55:24,408 --> 01:55:27,500
retreating all the way back to 
its mother, it only goes about 

1985
01:55:27,500 --> 01:55:30,900
20 yards away before lying down 
to eat the boundary, just 

1986
01:55:30,900 --> 01:55:35,300
shifted again, 70 yards, became 
60 yards which became 40 yards. 

1987
01:55:35,300 --> 01:55:40,300
You don't push it further 
patience is essential here, not 

1988
01:55:40,300 --> 01:55:43,200
because you're consciously 
trying to tame this animal, but 

1989
01:55:43,200 --> 01:55:46,700
because you understand 
instinctively, that rushing will

1990
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:50,500
ruin, whatever understanding is 
developing Summer progresses. 

1991
01:55:51,300 --> 01:55:54,100
The puppies grow rapidly. 
There are oversized features 

1992
01:55:54,100 --> 01:55:57,600
gradually becoming proportional.
They're learning to hunt. 

1993
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:00,900
Accompanying their mother on 
Expeditions though. 

1994
01:56:00,900 --> 01:56:02,800
They're still comically bad at 
it. 

1995
01:56:03,500 --> 01:56:06,600
You occasionally, see them 
trying to catch rabbits bounding

1996
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:10,400
through the grass with enormous,
enthusiasm and zero technique 

1997
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:14,000
sending their prey fleeing long 
before they get anywhere. 

1998
01:56:14,000 --> 01:56:17,800
Close the Bold puppy with the 
white chest patch continues to 

1999
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:21,700
be the most adventurous. 
It's now regularly coming within

2000
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:24,800
40 yards of the camp close 
enough that the children can 

2001
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:26,200
toss it treats without much 
effort. 

2002
01:56:27,100 --> 01:56:30,000
It hasn't yet allowed anyone to 
touch it, but there's a clear 

2003
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:32,500
sense that it might someday for 
the approach were made 

2004
01:56:32,508 --> 01:56:33,300
carefully. 
Enough. 

2005
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:36,700
The other two puppies are more 
cautious maintaining the 

2006
01:56:36,700 --> 01:56:38,400
distance. 
Their mother seems to prefer, 

2007
01:56:38,400 --> 01:56:42,300
they'll take to tossed food but 
they're not as interested in the

2008
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:45,700
humans themselves their 
following the traditional wolf 

2009
01:56:45,700 --> 01:56:49,400
path, benefiting from Human 
proximity but maintaining their 

2010
01:56:49,400 --> 01:56:52,300
wild Independence, but the Bold 
one is different. 

2011
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:56,900
It's crossing a threshold moving
into territory, that no Wolff 

2012
01:56:56,900 --> 01:56:59,600
has previously occupied not 
quite wild. 

2013
01:56:59,600 --> 01:57:04,300
Not quite tame, but something in
between a hybrid State that's 

2014
01:57:04,300 --> 01:57:08,300
being invented in real time. 
One evening as the sun sets and 

2015
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:10,400
paints the sky in shades of 
orange and pink. 

2016
01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:14,500
You're sitting outside. 
Watching the day, end the Bold 

2017
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:16,700
puppy is laying about 30 yards 
away. 

2018
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:21,400
Also watching the sunset or 
possibly just resting The other 

2019
01:57:21,408 --> 01:57:24,900
members of the wolf family of 
moved off to hunt but this puppy

2020
01:57:24,900 --> 01:57:28,100
has chosen to stay near the 
human camp for a long time. 

2021
01:57:28,100 --> 01:57:32,400
Neither of you moves you'll 
simply sharing the space two 

2022
01:57:32,400 --> 01:57:36,400
different species, both watching
the same sky turn from day to 

2023
01:57:36,400 --> 01:57:38,600
night. 
It's a moment of perfect 

2024
01:57:38,600 --> 01:57:41,400
peaceful co-existence, not 
dramatic. 

2025
01:57:41,400 --> 01:57:45,400
Not particularly significant on 
its own, but part of a larger 

2026
01:57:45,400 --> 01:57:48,400
pattern that slowly quietly 
rewriting the rules of how 

2027
01:57:48,400 --> 01:57:50,200
different species can relate to 
each other. 

2028
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:53,900
A shooting star streaks across 
the sky bright and brief. 

2029
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:57,900
Puppies ears perk up. 
As if it heard something though,

2030
01:57:57,900 --> 01:57:59,400
of course, the star makes no 
sound. 

2031
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:03,100
You find yourself wandering, 
what the puppy thinks of the sky

2032
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:05,800
of the stars of this strange 
world? 

2033
01:58:05,800 --> 01:58:08,100
It's been born into, you'll 
never know. 

2034
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:11,300
Of course, the puppies internal 
life remains a mystery. 

2035
01:58:12,200 --> 01:58:14,400
But in this moment, that doesn't
seem to matter. 

2036
01:58:14,400 --> 01:58:18,000
What matters is the simple fact 
of shared space. 

2037
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:22,700
Shared time and shared 
existence, the stars come out 

2038
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:24,800
one by one. 
Filling the sky with their 

2039
01:58:24,808 --> 01:58:28,300
Ancient Light. 
Somewhere in the darkness, a 

2040
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:32,200
mammoth Trumpets, the sound 
caring for miles across the 

2041
01:58:32,200 --> 01:58:35,100
still air. 
Puppies ears swivel toward the 

2042
01:58:35,100 --> 01:58:37,000
sound but it doesn't move from 
its spot. 

2043
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:39,900
Neither do you. 
You sit together human and 

2044
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:43,900
almost dog as the night deepens 
around you, the Bold puppy which

2045
01:58:43,900 --> 01:58:47,600
you've started thinking of as 
white chest reaches adolescents.

2046
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:52,000
With all the awkwardness that 
implies its paws temporarily too

2047
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:55,700
large for its body, give it a 
clumsy gait, it's voice is 

2048
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:59,500
changing producing. 
Sometimes a puppy yet, sometimes

2049
01:58:59,500 --> 01:59:02,800
an adult bark and occasionally 
an embarrassing crack between 

2050
01:59:02,800 --> 01:59:05,600
the two. 
It goes through a phase where it

2051
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:09,600
seems to trip over its own feet 
at least once per day, usually 

2052
01:59:09,600 --> 01:59:12,300
while trying to impress, the 
watching humans, with some feet 

2053
01:59:12,300 --> 01:59:16,200
of athletic prowess, white chest
is now about seven months old 

2054
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:18,500
and something remarkable as 
happened. 

2055
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:22,200
The distance between the puppy 
and the nearest humans are 

2056
01:59:22,200 --> 01:59:26,500
shrunk to about 20 yards. 
Some mornings white chest is 

2057
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:28,700
waiting near the camp when 
people emerge from their 

2058
01:59:28,700 --> 01:59:32,300
dwellings tail, wagging, and 
greeting that tail. 

2059
01:59:32,300 --> 01:59:36,400
Wagging is itself, noteworthy. 
Adult wolves, do wag their tails

2060
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:39,200
but usually only in specific 
social contexts with other 

2061
01:59:39,200 --> 01:59:43,600
wolves. white chest wags, its 
tail at humans constantly when 

2062
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:47,300
it sees people, when it's given 
food and when someone simply 

2063
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:51,200
looks in its direction, it's as 
if the puppy is repurposed a 

2064
01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:54,800
wolf to Wolf social signal for 
Wolf to human communication, the

2065
01:59:54,800 --> 01:59:57,700
other two puppies from that 
litter are still around but have

2066
01:59:57,700 --> 02:00:01,200
remained more traditionally wolf
like They scavenge from Human 

2067
02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:04,000
kills. 
They tolerate human proximity at

2068
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:07,500
reasonable distance is, but they
show no interest in closer 

2069
02:00:07,500 --> 02:00:10,200
interaction. 
They're becoming normal wolves 

2070
02:00:10,200 --> 02:00:12,700
following the ancient patterns 
of their species. 

2071
02:00:12,700 --> 02:00:16,600
But why chess is becoming 
something else entirely one 

2072
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:18,500
breakthrough morning the seven 
year old girl. 

2073
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:22,500
Her name in the sound, your 
language uses is something that 

2074
02:00:22,500 --> 02:00:26,200
roughly translates to Bright. 
One approaches closer to white 

2075
02:00:26,200 --> 02:00:28,000
chest than anyone has dead 
before. 

2076
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:31,900
She's holding a particularly 
nice piece of smoked meat and 

2077
02:00:31,900 --> 02:00:35,800
she's making soft encouraging 
sounds white chest, watches her 

2078
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:39,700
approach with intense Focus, 
every muscle is tense ready to 

2079
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:44,100
flee, if necessary but the puppy
doesn't flee when bright one 

2080
02:00:44,100 --> 02:00:47,700
gets within about 10 yards, she 
stops kneels down to make 

2081
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:50,800
herself less threatening and 
extend her hand with the meat 

2082
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:53,000
for long moments. 
Nothing happens. 

2083
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:58,000
Then moving slowly hesitantly 
white chest approaches one. 

2084
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:01,600
Step, two steps three. 
The puppy is now close enough 

2085
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:03,100
that bright. 
One could touch it if she 

2086
02:01:03,100 --> 02:01:06,000
reached out. 
White chest stretches, its neck 

2087
02:01:06,000 --> 02:01:09,500
forward, still keeping its body 
at a safe distance ready to 

2088
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:12,700
bolt. 
Its nose Twitches sending them 

2089
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:16,200
the meat. 
Then in one quick motion, it 

2090
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:19,200
snatches the meat from Bright 
ones hand and Retreats about 

2091
02:01:19,200 --> 02:01:22,100
five yards but here's the 
remarkable part. 

2092
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:25,900
In stead of running all the way 
back to the safe distance, white

2093
02:01:25,900 --> 02:01:29,400
chest lies down right there. 
Five yards away and eats the 

2094
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:32,000
meat while watching bright one 
with an expression that seems 

2095
02:01:32,000 --> 02:01:33,900
almost friendly. 
Right? 

2096
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:37,800
One is beaming she stays 
kneeling, not moving. 

2097
02:01:37,800 --> 02:01:40,200
Not trying to push the boundary 
any further. 

2098
02:01:41,200 --> 02:01:44,800
Just watches as white chest 
finishes, the meat licks, its 

2099
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:47,400
chops thoroughly. 
And then in a gesture, that 

2100
02:01:47,400 --> 02:01:51,300
makes bright one glass with 
delight yawns and stretches out 

2101
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:52,200
for a nap. 
Right there. 

2102
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:55,700
Five yards from Human. 
If word, spreads quickly through

2103
02:01:55,700 --> 02:01:57,900
the camp. 
People emerge from their 

2104
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:00,400
dwellings to see this 
extraordinary sight. 

2105
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:05,500
A wolf nearly full-grown now 
sleeping peacefully within easy 

2106
02:02:05,500 --> 02:02:07,300
spear throw of a human 
settlement. 

2107
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:11,500
Over the following weeks, white 
chest becomes Bolder, the puppy 

2108
02:02:11,500 --> 02:02:14,200
starts following bright one 
around when she does her daily 

2109
02:02:14,200 --> 02:02:18,500
tasks collecting firewood, 
hauling water and helping 

2110
02:02:18,500 --> 02:02:21,900
prepare hide. 
Its not always closed some 

2111
02:02:21,900 --> 02:02:24,000
times. 
It's 20 yards behind sometimes 

2112
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:27,900
30 but it's clearly following 
clearly choosing to be near the 

2113
02:02:27,900 --> 02:02:30,700
particular human. 
The relationship develops. 

2114
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:34,200
What you might call reciprocity,
though, you have no word for 

2115
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,600
this concept. 
Brighton shares, food with white

2116
02:02:37,600 --> 02:02:43,400
chest and white chest provides 
companionship and increasingly a

2117
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:47,500
kind of early warning system. 
The puppies ears are sharp of 

2118
02:02:47,500 --> 02:02:51,100
the human ears and its nose is 
infinitely, more sensitive. 

2119
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:55,700
When white chests attention 
suddenly focuses on something 

2120
02:02:55,700 --> 02:02:58,000
distant? 
People have learned to pay 

2121
02:02:58,008 --> 02:03:00,400
attention. 
More than once. 

2122
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:03,200
The puppies alertness has given 
warning of approaching animals. 

2123
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:07,800
Sometimes dangerous, predators 
sometimes potential prey one 

2124
02:03:07,800 --> 02:03:10,400
afternoon. 
White chest is lying near where 

2125
02:03:10,400 --> 02:03:14,000
bright one is working on 
scraping hide The puppy's head 

2126
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:17,600
suddenly lifts ears, pricked 
forward, and body tents. 

2127
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:22,000
It's staring intently towards a 
rocky outcrop about 200 yards 

2128
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:24,500
away, right? 
One follows the puppies gaze, 

2129
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:27,700
but sees nothing still. 
She's learned to trust white 

2130
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:30,400
chest census. 
She calls out of warning to the 

2131
02:03:30,408 --> 02:03:34,200
camp and within seconds, several
adults emerge with spears for 

2132
02:03:34,200 --> 02:03:35,900
several minutes. 
Nothing happened. 

2133
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:39,800
Then a Cave Bear a massive 
creature easily. 

2134
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:43,500
Nine feet tall if it stood on 
its hind legs with a disposition

2135
02:03:43,500 --> 02:03:46,900
that makes modern Grizzly. 
Seemed friendly emerges from 

2136
02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:50,000
behind the rocks. 
It's not approaching the camp 

2137
02:03:50,000 --> 02:03:53,800
just passing through the area 
but Cave, Bears and notoriously 

2138
02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:56,700
unpredictable. 
Having warning of its presence 

2139
02:03:56,700 --> 02:03:59,100
is the difference between safety
and disaster. 

2140
02:03:59,100 --> 02:04:02,900
The bear passes without 
incident, but the humans 

2141
02:04:02,900 --> 02:04:07,600
gratitude toward white chest is 
genuine Extra meter, share that 

2142
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,200
evening. 
And the puppy for the first time

2143
02:04:10,200 --> 02:04:13,200
is allowed to sleep. 
Just outside the entrance to the

2144
02:04:13,200 --> 02:04:17,200
communal dwelling rather than at
its usual more distance bot 

2145
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:20,900
white chest isn't the only young
wolf showing interest in humans 

2146
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:25,400
As your ban moves through its 
seasonal rounds, never strength 

2147
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:28,800
too far from the core territory 
but shifting locations as 

2148
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:31,900
resources. 
Dictate You notice other Wolves 

2149
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:36,000
at different sites, particularly
younger ones that display 

2150
02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:38,300
varying levels of boldness 
around humans. 

2151
02:04:38,300 --> 02:04:42,300
Some are like white chest, 
actively seeking proximity 

2152
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:44,100
others are somewhere in the 
middle. 

2153
02:04:44,100 --> 02:04:47,300
Not avoiding humans, but not 
seeking them out either. 

2154
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:52,100
It's as if there's a spectrum of
personality types and the wolves

2155
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:54,500
on the Bolder end of that 
spectrum of other ones, who keep

2156
02:04:54,500 --> 02:04:58,200
gravitating toward human camps. 
Your beginning to suspect, 

2157
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:01,800
though, you have no framework to
articulate this, that some kind 

2158
02:05:01,800 --> 02:05:05,200
of selection is happening. 
The boldest walls, get the most 

2159
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:07,600
access to easy food from Human 
scraps. 

2160
02:05:07,600 --> 02:05:11,100
The boldest walls of the ones 
learning to cooperate, however, 

2161
02:05:11,100 --> 02:05:14,900
Loosely with human hunting 
activities, the boldest wolves 

2162
02:05:14,900 --> 02:05:18,500
are the one surviving best near 
human settlements and when these

2163
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:22,200
bold wolves eventually, mate as 
white chest will in another year

2164
02:05:22,200 --> 02:05:25,400
or so, they're likely produce 
offspring that inherit this 

2165
02:05:25,400 --> 02:05:30,400
tendency toward boldness, 
Generation by Generation The 

2166
02:05:30,400 --> 02:05:33,400
Wolves, most comfortable around,
humans are the ones most likely 

2167
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:36,000
to thrive. 
In this new ecological niche 

2168
02:05:36,000 --> 02:05:39,700
that humans provide. 
Meanwhile, the Shire more 

2169
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:42,700
traditionally wolf-like 
individuals continue to do fine 

2170
02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:45,000
in the vast Wilderness away from
human settlements. 

2171
02:05:46,000 --> 02:05:47,600
They're not being replaced or 
driven out. 

2172
02:05:48,300 --> 02:05:50,400
It's just that two populations 
are slowly. 

2173
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:54,000
Diverging one remaining purely 
wolf one. 

2174
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:56,800
Beginning, the long journey 
toward becoming something else, 

2175
02:05:56,800 --> 02:06:01,000
white chest reaches full adult 
hood about a year and a half 

2176
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:03,300
old. 
Now, the puppy awkwardness is 

2177
02:06:03,300 --> 02:06:07,200
gone replaced by the lean 
efficiency of a mature predator.

2178
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:12,800
White chest now weighs about 75 
pounds smaller than its mother, 

2179
02:06:12,800 --> 02:06:15,800
but still formidable. 
And while the wolf is clearly 

2180
02:06:15,800 --> 02:06:18,000
bonded, with bright one and the 
rest of the band. 

2181
02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:20,700
It's not in any conventional 
sense. 

2182
02:06:20,700 --> 02:06:24,900
It still hunts his own prey, it 
still maintains some distance, 

2183
02:06:24,900 --> 02:06:28,300
it still makes its own decisions
about when to be near the camp 

2184
02:06:28,300 --> 02:06:31,300
and when to disappear into the 
Wilderness for days at a time, 

2185
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:35,800
but something fundamental has 
changed when white chest returns

2186
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:38,400
from these Wilderness, 
excursions it greets, the 

2187
02:06:38,400 --> 02:06:43,400
humans, Specially bright one 
with obvious, pleasure tail, 

2188
02:06:43,400 --> 02:06:47,800
wagging, and body wiggling. 
In a dance of joy. when the band

2189
02:06:47,800 --> 02:06:53,000
moves Camp, white chest follows,
without hesitation, When 

2190
02:06:53,000 --> 02:06:55,000
Brightman sits by the fire in 
the evening. 

2191
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:58,200
White chest lies nearby, close 
enough to be touched. 

2192
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:01,600
Those still wary of sudden 
movements one evening. 

2193
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:06,000
After a successful hunt, the 
band is in good spirits, there's

2194
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:09,200
meter plenty and someone has 
found a wild berry bush. 

2195
02:07:09,200 --> 02:07:11,600
Still holding fruit, despite the
lateness of the season. 

2196
02:07:12,700 --> 02:07:15,100
The children are playing a game 
that involves running around the

2197
02:07:15,100 --> 02:07:19,400
camps perimeter and white chest 
joins in running, alongside them

2198
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:22,200
with obvious enjoyment. 
The adults watch this with 

2199
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:24,200
Expressions ranging from a 
basement. 

2200
02:07:24,200 --> 02:07:27,600
To Amusement, to something 
approaching on ease, this is 

2201
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:30,600
unprecedented. 
Wild predators don't play with 

2202
02:07:30,600 --> 02:07:34,800
human children but here 
undeniably is a wolf doing 

2203
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:38,500
exactly that. 
Fully without using its teeth. 

2204
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:42,400
Even in play fighting adjusting 
its strength to accommodate the 

2205
02:07:42,408 --> 02:07:46,000
smaller weaker, humans, bright 
ones, mother watches, her 

2206
02:07:46,000 --> 02:07:47,500
daughter and white chess playing
together. 

2207
02:07:48,300 --> 02:07:50,700
And she has a thought that 
she'll later try to express to 

2208
02:07:50,700 --> 02:07:53,200
her partner though. 
The language doesn't quite have 

2209
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:57,400
the words for it yet. something 
like, we're watching something 

2210
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:01,900
new being born, not just this 
wolf, but the idea of wolves and

2211
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:05,700
humans together, what we're 
seeing isn't just unusual. 

2212
02:08:05,700 --> 02:08:08,400
It's never happened before. 
In all of history. 

2213
02:08:08,400 --> 02:08:11,500
She's right though. 
She doesn't know how right. 

2214
02:08:12,300 --> 02:08:14,900
She doesn't know that tens of 
thousands of years in the future

2215
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,800
humans will live alongside 
millions of descendants of 

2216
02:08:17,800 --> 02:08:21,000
wolves like white chess. 
She doesn't know that these 

2217
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:23,200
descendants will come and 
bewildering variety. 

2218
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:28,300
Tiny ones that fit in a pocket. 
Huge ones that stand taller than

2219
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:32,100
wolves ever did. 
Some bred for hunting, some for 

2220
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:34,400
guarding, and some simply for 
companionship. 

2221
02:08:35,600 --> 02:08:37,900
She doesn't know that. 
Humans will develop complex, 

2222
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:41,300
emotional bonds, with these 
animals, treating them as family

2223
02:08:41,300 --> 02:08:45,200
members morning their deaths and
celebrating their lives. 

2224
02:08:45,200 --> 02:08:48,800
All she knows is that right now.
In this moment her daughter is 

2225
02:08:48,800 --> 02:08:52,400
playing with a wolf and both of 
them are clearly absolutely 

2226
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:55,500
happy. 
The fire crackles the Stars 

2227
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,800
wheel overhead in their Eternal 
patterns, a cool breeze. 

2228
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:02,700
Brings the center of the distant
Pine's and in the small corner 

2229
02:09:02,700 --> 02:09:06,200
of the vast Ice Age world. 
Something impossible has become 

2230
02:09:06,200 --> 02:09:09,300
possible. 
White chess stops running sits 

2231
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:11,500
down to catch his breath and 
bright. 

2232
02:09:11,500 --> 02:09:13,400
One. 
Impulsively reaches out to touch

2233
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:17,200
the top of the wolf's head. 
White chest goes very still, 

2234
02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:20,800
this is the first time, a human 
has directly touched it. 

2235
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:24,000
For a moment, the outcome could 
go either way. 

2236
02:09:24,000 --> 02:09:28,200
Then white chest leans, into the
touch, just slightly and bright.

2237
02:09:28,200 --> 02:09:31,500
One begins, gently scratching 
behind the wolf's ears, white 

2238
02:09:31,500 --> 02:09:33,300
chest size, closing, 
contentment. 

2239
02:09:34,200 --> 02:09:38,100
One back leg starts twitching 
involuntarily the way dogs legs 

2240
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:39,600
will twitch. 
When you find just the right 

2241
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:42,800
spot, the bridge between species
has been crossed. 

2242
02:09:42,800 --> 02:09:46,900
There's no going back. 
Now, three years of pasts and 

2243
02:09:46,908 --> 02:09:48,900
white chest. 
First ventured close to the 

2244
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:53,400
human Camp as a bold puppy. 
The wolf though increasingly it 

2245
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:56,400
seems incorrect to call it. 
Simply a wolf is now a mature 

2246
02:09:56,400 --> 02:10:00,000
adult fully integrated into the 
daily life of your band. 

2247
02:10:00,900 --> 02:10:03,600
White chest has become for lack 
of a better term, a member of 

2248
02:10:03,608 --> 02:10:06,500
the family, the wolf's daily 
routine mirrors. 

2249
02:10:06,500 --> 02:10:10,100
The human's own rhythms white, 
chess sleeps, near the camp 

2250
02:10:10,100 --> 02:10:14,700
entrance at night often beside 
bright, one sleeping area in the

2251
02:10:14,700 --> 02:10:17,900
morning, the wolfer company is 
whoever goes to fetch water. 

2252
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:21,700
Trotting alongside them 
investigating, interesting, 

2253
02:10:21,700 --> 02:10:24,800
smells and occasionally pausing 
to Mark territory. 

2254
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:30,500
During the day, white chest 
often joins hunting parties and 

2255
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:33,600
this is where the relationship 
has evolved into something truly

2256
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:36,100
remarkable. 
White chest has learned to 

2257
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:39,900
actively participate in Hunts. 
The wolf understands somehow 

2258
02:10:39,900 --> 02:10:41,000
what the humans are trying to 
do. 

2259
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,200
When the hunting party is 
stalking prey, white chest 

2260
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:49,400
remains silent and stays down 
wind When it's time to drive 

2261
02:10:49,400 --> 02:10:53,300
game, toward waiting Hunters, 
white chest helps with the drive

2262
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:56,300
barking and lunging to push the 
animals in the right direction. 

2263
02:10:57,500 --> 02:11:00,900
And critically white chest as 
learned to wait for its share of

2264
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:03,500
the kill rather than trying to 
claim it immediately. 

2265
02:11:03,500 --> 02:11:08,400
This cooperation isn't perfect. 
Like chest is still a predator 

2266
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:11,600
with predator instincts and 
occasionally those instincts 

2267
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:15,000
override training. 
Once during a particularly 

2268
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:18,800
exciting Chase of a wounded by 
son white chest became over 

2269
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:22,600
eager, and darted into early 
nearly getting trampled for the 

2270
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:24,800
trouble. 
The wolf learned from this 

2271
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:28,300
mistake. 
Painfully limping for several 

2272
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:31,800
days afterward. 
But learned nonetheless, the 

2273
02:11:31,800 --> 02:11:35,200
humans hunting success rate, has
noticeably improved with white 

2274
02:11:35,200 --> 02:11:38,900
chest participation. 
The wolf Superior senses, help 

2275
02:11:38,900 --> 02:11:43,000
locate prey, that humanized 
would miss. white chest 

2276
02:11:43,000 --> 02:11:46,100
presence, makes them prey 
animals nervous, causing them to

2277
02:11:46,100 --> 02:11:48,600
move in ways that make them 
easier for human Hunters to 

2278
02:11:48,608 --> 02:11:52,300
predict And occasionally when 
hunting smaller game like 

2279
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:55,900
rabbits or foxes white chest 
makes kills entirely 

2280
02:11:55,900 --> 02:11:59,900
independently and shares them 
with the band, particularly with

2281
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:02,200
bright one. 
But it's not just practical 

2282
02:12:02,200 --> 02:12:03,800
benefits that Define this 
relationship. 

2283
02:12:03,800 --> 02:12:08,200
There's genuine affection here, 
genuine companionship. 

2284
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:11,000
Bright one. 
Now, approaching 11 years old, 

2285
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:15,000
has formed a bond with white 
chest that goes beyond utility. 

2286
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:20,400
The wolf is a constant 
companion, her Playmate and her 

2287
02:12:20,400 --> 02:12:24,900
confidence. 
When bright one is sad and life.

2288
02:12:24,900 --> 02:12:26,900
In the Ice. 
Age provides plenty of reasons 

2289
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,900
for sadness. 
White chest seems to sense it. 

2290
02:12:30,800 --> 02:12:34,800
Since closed offering physical 
Comfort one, particularly hard, 

2291
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:39,500
winter food becomes scarce. 
The band stored supplies run low

2292
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:42,900
and several difficult weeks 
passed where everyone is hungry.

2293
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:47,400
Most of the time, During this 
period, white chess continues to

2294
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:49,500
hunt independently and bring us 
back. 

2295
02:12:49,500 --> 02:12:53,400
Small game. 
Rabbits Birds even wants a fox 

2296
02:12:53,400 --> 02:12:57,800
and leaves this food near 
Brighton sleeping area. the wolf

2297
02:12:57,800 --> 02:13:01,900
is choosing to share food with a
human even when food is scarce, 

2298
02:13:02,700 --> 02:13:07,100
This behavior is so unusual. 
So contrary to normal Predator 

2299
02:13:07,100 --> 02:13:10,700
behavior that it's immense, 
white chest status within the 

2300
02:13:10,700 --> 02:13:13,300
band. 
This is not just a useful 

2301
02:13:13,300 --> 02:13:16,200
animal. 
This is family, white chest, 

2302
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,400
isn't the only wolf showing this
new pattern of behavior over 

2303
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:20,300
these. 
Three years. 

2304
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:22,800
Several other young wolves. 
Have attached themselves to the 

2305
02:13:22,800 --> 02:13:25,200
band though. 
None as completely, as white 

2306
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:27,900
chest. 
There's a larger shahjeera. 

2307
02:13:30,800 --> 02:13:34,000
Primarily accompanies hunting 
parties but keeps more distant 

2308
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:37,100
than white chest. 
Does There's a younger female 

2309
02:13:37,100 --> 02:13:41,500
with unusual pale coloring light
coat, who seems most interested 

2310
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:44,600
in staying near the camp, and 
getting handouts showing little 

2311
02:13:44,600 --> 02:13:47,600
interest in hunting, these 
different walls, display, 

2312
02:13:47,600 --> 02:13:51,300
different personality traits, 
different preferences, and 

2313
02:13:51,300 --> 02:13:53,900
different degrees of integration
with human society. 

2314
02:13:55,100 --> 02:13:57,900
Becoming clear that not all 
wolves, who associate with 

2315
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:00,900
humans do. 
So in the same way, some are 

2316
02:14:00,900 --> 02:14:04,400
primarily interested in food. 
Some seem to Crave 

2317
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:08,100
companionship, some appear to 
enjoy the Cooperative hunting. 

2318
02:14:08,100 --> 02:14:12,300
Each wolf is an individual with 
its own motivations and 

2319
02:14:12,308 --> 02:14:15,200
temperament gray shoulder. 
For instance, is all business, 

2320
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:18,900
the wolf shows up when there's 
hunting to be done participates 

2321
02:14:18,900 --> 02:14:22,100
efficiently, takes its share of 
the kill and then often 

2322
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:25,900
disappears for days at a time, 
there's no tail wagging know, 

2323
02:14:25,900 --> 02:14:28,500
playing with children and no 
sleeping near the camp. 

2324
02:14:29,500 --> 02:14:33,000
But gray shoulder is reliable. 
When the hunting party sets out,

2325
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:35,600
they can usually count on 
greater appearing within a few 

2326
02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:39,800
hours ready to work like coat. 
Conversely seems to have no 

2327
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:43,900
interest in hunting whatsoever. 
This wolf has perfected, the art

2328
02:14:43,900 --> 02:14:48,200
of looking pathetic, sitting at 
the edge of camp with big sad 

2329
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:50,700
eyes until someone takes pity 
and tosses. 

2330
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:54,100
It food. 
Like coat is gentle enough that 

2331
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:57,400
even the smallest children can 
approach it safely and the Wolf 

2332
02:14:57,400 --> 02:14:59,800
seems to enjoy being petted and 
fostered over. 

2333
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:05,400
If wolves could purr like coat 
would Pearl constantly the 

2334
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:08,100
variety in these walls, 
behaviors is teaching a band. 

2335
02:15:08,100 --> 02:15:11,100
Something important. 
These animals are not all the 

2336
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,700
same, they have personalities 
preferences and individual 

2337
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:18,700
quirks. this seems obvious now 
but it's actually a significant 

2338
02:15:18,700 --> 02:15:22,200
shift in thinking Previously, 
wolves were viewed as a 

2339
02:15:22,200 --> 02:15:25,600
category, dangerous, predators 
to be avoided or killed. 

2340
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:28,800
Now, they're being seen as 
individuals. 

2341
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:31,800
This one is friendly. 
That one is shy. 

2342
02:15:31,800 --> 02:15:35,200
This one is a good Hunter, and 
that one is lazy. 

2343
02:15:35,200 --> 02:15:38,700
But sweet natured. 
One spring, white chest 

2344
02:15:38,700 --> 02:15:41,600
disappears for several weeks at 
first. 

2345
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:43,500
No one is particularly 
concerned. 

2346
02:15:43,500 --> 02:15:46,400
The wolf has always come and 
gone as it pleased. 

2347
02:15:47,200 --> 02:15:50,600
But as the day stretch into 
weeks bright one becomes 

2348
02:15:50,600 --> 02:15:53,700
increasingly worried. 
As something happened to white 

2349
02:15:53,700 --> 02:15:56,900
chest. 
As the wolf been injured killed 

2350
02:15:56,900 --> 02:15:59,600
by a larger predator or fallen 
through thin ice. 

2351
02:15:59,600 --> 02:16:02,700
Then one more morning, white 
chest returns. 

2352
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:04,900
And it's immediately obvious 
what's been happening. 

2353
02:16:05,900 --> 02:16:09,400
The wolf is accompanied by four 
puppies, about six weeks, old 

2354
02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:13,000
tumbling and playing and 
exploring everything with that 

2355
02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:15,600
particular. 
Fearless curiosity of the very 

2356
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:19,800
young band is astonished White 
Chester's reproduced? 

2357
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:21,900
Of course it has that. 
What animals do? 

2358
02:16:22,700 --> 02:16:25,500
But his chosen to bring its 
Offspring to the human Camp 

2359
02:16:25,500 --> 02:16:29,100
rather than keeping them safely 
hidden in a den somewhere far 

2360
02:16:29,100 --> 02:16:31,600
away. 
This decision speaks volumes 

2361
02:16:31,600 --> 02:16:34,000
about how white chest views, the
relationship with humans. 

2362
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:37,400
The camp isn't just a food 
source or a casual Association 

2363
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:39,700
its home. 
It's packed. 

2364
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:42,700
It's the place where white chest
wants to raise its young. 

2365
02:16:42,700 --> 02:16:46,200
The puppies are a mixture of 
traits, two of them. 

2366
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:49,900
Look, almost exactly like 
traditional wolves with typical 

2367
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:54,299
coloring and build but one puppy
is smaller with softer features 

2368
02:16:54,299 --> 02:16:57,200
and a coat that slightly curlier
than normal. 

2369
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:02,500
And one puppy has distinctive 
markings, a white tip tail and a

2370
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:05,299
blaze of white down its face. 
That make it look quite 

2371
02:17:05,299 --> 02:17:08,700
different from any wolf you've 
ever seen these puppies have 

2372
02:17:08,700 --> 02:17:11,100
never experienced the wild the 
way their parent did. 

2373
02:17:11,900 --> 02:17:14,500
From their earliest memories, 
humans are simply part of the 

2374
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,000
landscape. 
No more frightening than trees 

2375
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:19,700
or rocks. 
They approach people with no 

2376
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:23,500
hesitation investigate 
everything, fearlessly and 

2377
02:17:23,500 --> 02:17:26,500
quickly, work out, that humans 
are an excellent source of food 

2378
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:29,200
and entertainment, right? 
One is Enchanted. 

2379
02:17:29,200 --> 02:17:33,100
She spent hours playing with the
puppies, teaching, them simple 

2380
02:17:33,100 --> 02:17:35,400
games and getting them 
accustomed to being handled. 

2381
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:40,400
One puppy in particular, the 
small one with the curly coat 

2382
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:44,200
becomes a specialty attached to 
Bright one following her 

2383
02:17:44,200 --> 02:17:47,799
everywhere sleeping curled 
against her at night, the band 

2384
02:17:47,799 --> 02:17:51,400
decides to call the puppy curl, 
for obvious reasons, and curl 

2385
02:17:51,400 --> 02:17:54,000
represents something even more 
significant than white chest 

2386
02:17:54,000 --> 02:17:56,700
did. 
White chest was a wild wolf that

2387
02:17:56,700 --> 02:18:00,500
chose to associate with humans. 
Curl is being raised from birth 

2388
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:04,100
as part of a human family. 
Curl will never know, a purely 

2389
02:18:04,100 --> 02:18:07,900
wild existence curl is in 
essence, the first truly 

2390
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,200
domestic dog even though that 
word won't exist for thousands 

2391
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:14,100
of years yet. 
As curl grows the differences 

2392
02:18:14,100 --> 02:18:16,000
from a traditional wolf become 
more pronounced. 

2393
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:20,700
Curl is smaller than a full wolf
with shorter legs and a more 

2394
02:18:20,708 --> 02:18:23,299
rounded skulls ears. 
Don't stand up. 

2395
02:18:23,299 --> 02:18:27,200
Quite as a directly curls tail, 
curls, over its back in a way, 

2396
02:18:27,200 --> 02:18:29,799
that would be considered a false
in a wolf, but is somehow 

2397
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:33,500
Charming in this context and 
curls, temperament is gentler 

2398
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:36,100
and more tractable than any 
Wolf's curl. 

2399
02:18:36,100 --> 02:18:38,100
Never goes through the 
Adolescent period of testing 

2400
02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:41,100
boundaries, and asserting 
Independence that wolves 

2401
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:44,900
typically experience. 
Curl simply accepts, human 

2402
02:18:44,900 --> 02:18:49,500
authority as natural, and right?
When bright one gives curl a 

2403
02:18:49,500 --> 02:18:55,299
command sit, stay calm, curler 
Bay's with eager enthusiasm. 

2404
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:59,200
Not because curl fears 
punishment but because pleasing 

2405
02:18:59,200 --> 02:19:01,900
bright one is Carl's primary 
motivation in life. 

2406
02:19:01,900 --> 02:19:05,900
This eager to please quality is 
something new Under the Sun. 

2407
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:09,900
Wolves can be trained to an 
extent but their cooperation 

2408
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:13,200
always feels like a negotiation 
a transaction. 

2409
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:16,200
Curls. 
Obedience feels more like 

2410
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:18,799
devotion. 
It's the key difference between 

2411
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:21,799
a tamed wolf and a truly 
domestic dog. 

2412
02:19:21,799 --> 02:19:24,900
Other puppies, from White 
chests, litter show, varying 

2413
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:28,600
degrees of this new temperament.
One is almost indistinguishable 

2414
02:19:28,600 --> 02:19:32,200
from a wild wolf eventually 
leaving the band to live 

2415
02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:35,400
independently. 
Two are intermediate friendly 

2416
02:19:35,400 --> 02:19:39,100
with humans but retaining 
significant Independence, but 

2417
02:19:39,100 --> 02:19:41,200
curl is fully completely 
domestic. 

2418
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:45,700
The band begins to see the 
possibilities. if wolves can be 

2419
02:19:45,700 --> 02:19:49,000
raised to be this Cooperative, 
this helpful, this 

2420
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:52,400
companionable, then, perhaps 
this relationship could be 

2421
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:56,300
deliberately cultivated Perhaps 
when white chest, or one of the 

2422
02:19:56,300 --> 02:19:59,100
other walls has another litter, 
the band could keep the 

2423
02:19:59,100 --> 02:20:01,400
friendliest puppies and 
encourage them to mate with 

2424
02:20:01,400 --> 02:20:04,200
other friendly wolves. 
This thought represents the 

2425
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:07,700
beginning of conscience 
selection, not just accepting 

2426
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:11,400
wolves that happen to be bold 
enough to approach humans, but 

2427
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:14,600
actively choosing which wolves 
to keep and breed based on 

2428
02:20:14,600 --> 02:20:18,200
desirable traits. 
It's the shift from passive 

2429
02:20:18,200 --> 02:20:21,800
acceptance of a phenomenon to 
active participation in shaping 

2430
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:24,500
it, you don't know that you're 
inventing animal husbandry. 

2431
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:28,000
You don't know that the same 
process will eventually be 

2432
02:20:28,000 --> 02:20:32,100
applied to Wild sheep. 
Wild, cattle, and wild horses. 

2433
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:36,000
Transforming them all into 
domestic animals, you don't even

2434
02:20:36,000 --> 02:20:38,300
really know that what you're 
doing is revolutionary. 

2435
02:20:38,300 --> 02:20:41,200
You just know that having curl 
around makes life better. 

2436
02:20:42,400 --> 02:20:47,200
Peter's cheerful affectionate 
helpful in its small ways and 

2437
02:20:47,200 --> 02:20:51,800
brings Joy to the entire band. 
When you're working on a 

2438
02:20:51,800 --> 02:20:55,400
difficult task and getting 
frustrated, curl seems to sense 

2439
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:59,500
it and comes over tail. 
Wagging inviting you to take a 

2440
02:20:59,500 --> 02:21:03,100
break and play. 
When the camp is quiet and 

2441
02:21:03,100 --> 02:21:05,100
everyone is feeling the weight 
of survivals. 

2442
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:08,300
Constant demands curl does 
something silly. 

2443
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:12,600
Chasing its own tail. 
Play bowing to a shadow barking 

2444
02:21:12,600 --> 02:21:14,800
at a butterfly and makes 
everyone laugh. 

2445
02:21:15,600 --> 02:21:18,400
In the ice ages hard, it's 
dangerous. 

2446
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:22,300
It's unpredictable. 
But with a curly coated, little 

2447
02:21:22,300 --> 02:21:25,700
dog curled up against you at 
night, with a wolf dog, bringing

2448
02:21:25,700 --> 02:21:29,700
you fresh killed rabbits with a 
gentle pale wolf accepting 

2449
02:21:29,700 --> 02:21:33,100
scratches from your children. 
Some of that hardness feels a 

2450
02:21:33,100 --> 02:21:36,300
bit more bearable, the sun sets 
over the tundra, painting 

2451
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:38,000
everything in shades of gold and
Amber. 

2452
02:21:38,800 --> 02:21:41,800
White chest sits on a rise near 
the camp silhouetted against the

2453
02:21:41,800 --> 02:21:44,300
sky. 
Looking out over the landscape. 

2454
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:48,200
Curl sits beside, its parent, 
attempting to match the adults 

2455
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:51,400
dignified pose, but somewhat 
undermining, the effect by 

2456
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:53,900
occasionally, scratching 
vigorously at his ear. 

2457
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:57,000
You watch them from the camp and
you feel something that might be

2458
02:21:57,000 --> 02:21:59,000
the Ice Age equivalent of 
contentment. 

2459
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:04,200
Things change slowly in this 
world, the seasons cycle, the 

2460
02:22:04,200 --> 02:22:08,200
herds migrate life continues in,
its ancient patterns. 

2461
02:22:08,200 --> 02:22:12,200
But here in this small detail of
wolf, dogs sitting peacefully 

2462
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,600
near a human Camp. 
Something genuinely new is 

2463
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:20,000
happening, the future is being 
born one, whacking tail at a 

2464
02:22:20,008 --> 02:22:22,700
time. 
Ten years of passed since white 

2465
02:22:22,700 --> 02:22:25,900
chest first approached, the camp
as a bold puppy and the 

2466
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:29,000
landscape of human wolf 
relationships as transformed in 

2467
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:31,300
ways that would have seemed 
impossible back then. 

2468
02:22:32,100 --> 02:22:36,000
Your band now lives alongside 
not one or two wolf dogs, but an

2469
02:22:36,000 --> 02:22:39,200
entire community of them perhaps
15 in total. 

2470
02:22:39,200 --> 02:22:42,400
Ranging from very wolf, like 
individuals, who maintain 

2471
02:22:42,400 --> 02:22:46,500
significant Independence to 
animals, like curls Offspring, 

2472
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:50,900
who are so thoroughly integrated
into human society that calling 

2473
02:22:50,900 --> 02:22:52,700
them wolves feels completely 
wrong. 

2474
02:22:52,700 --> 02:22:55,400
The terminology is becoming a 
problem actually. 

2475
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:58,700
You need to distinguish between 
the animals that live with you 

2476
02:22:58,700 --> 02:23:01,200
and the wild wolves that still 
roam the tundra. 

2477
02:23:02,300 --> 02:23:05,300
The word your band has settled 
on for the domesticated ones 

2478
02:23:05,300 --> 02:23:09,500
roughly translates to hand-fed 
ones or possibly chosen ones 

2479
02:23:09,500 --> 02:23:13,600
depending on context it's clunky
but it serves its purpose. 

2480
02:23:13,600 --> 02:23:17,900
White chest is now elderly by 
wolf, standards approaching, 11 

2481
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:21,600
years old with a graying muzzle 
and stiff movements that speak 

2482
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:25,200
to arthritis in the hips. 
The wolf, no longer companies, 

2483
02:23:25,200 --> 02:23:28,600
hunting parties, spending most 
days, sleeping near the camps 

2484
02:23:28,600 --> 02:23:32,000
warmest spots. 
But white chest remains deeply 

2485
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:35,300
beloved respected as the 
founding member of this new 

2486
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:38,200
relationship. 
The younger wolfdogs treat white

2487
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:41,100
chest with clear, deference and 
bright one. 

2488
02:23:41,100 --> 02:23:45,400
Now, a woman of 21 with Children
of her own, still sits beside 

2489
02:23:45,400 --> 02:23:48,200
the old wolf in the evening 
stroking, its graying, fur, and 

2490
02:23:48,200 --> 02:23:51,500
talking softly, the wolfdogs 
have become essential to the 

2491
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:53,000
band. 
Survival strategy. 

2492
02:23:53,000 --> 02:23:57,700
Their contributions are multiple
and significant in hunting. 

2493
02:23:57,700 --> 02:24:01,300
A well-trained wolf, dog can be 
worth two human Hunters. 

2494
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,100
The animals can run down prey, 
that would Escape humans. 

2495
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:08,000
And contract wounded animals 
through terrain, too difficult 

2496
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:11,400
for people to navigate and can 
hold a cornered animal until the

2497
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:14,000
hunters arrive. 
But the wolf dogs provide 

2498
02:24:14,000 --> 02:24:17,600
benefits Beyond hunting. 
They serve as an alarm system 

2499
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:22,300
alerting the camp to approaching
Predators or rival human bands. 

2500
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:26,700
They keep scavengers like hyenas
and foxes away from stored food.

2501
02:24:26,700 --> 02:24:30,800
They provide warmth on cold 
nights, several wolf, dogs 

2502
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:32,300
sleeping in the communal 
dwelling. 

2503
02:24:32,300 --> 02:24:35,300
Raise the temperature. 
Noticeably And perhaps most 

2504
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:38,300
importantly in the harsh 
calculus of Ice Age survival, 

2505
02:24:38,300 --> 02:24:40,600
they provide psychological 
comfort. 

2506
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:45,000
Having these animals around 
makes people feel safer and less

2507
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:47,800
alone in a vast and often 
hostile landscape. 

2508
02:24:47,800 --> 02:24:50,700
The different wolf dogs have 
found different roles within the

2509
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,900
human Community playing to their
individual strengths. 

2510
02:24:53,900 --> 02:24:58,800
Their Scout a lean fast female, 
who excels at ranging ahead of 

2511
02:24:58,800 --> 02:25:01,000
traveling groups, alert for 
danger. 

2512
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:05,200
There's Guardian a massive male 
with a protective temperament 

2513
02:25:05,200 --> 02:25:07,900
who has appointed himself 
defender of the children. 

2514
02:25:07,900 --> 02:25:12,200
Even the smallest child can 
toddler around camps safely with

2515
02:25:12,200 --> 02:25:14,900
Guardian following like a 
patient furry shadow. 

2516
02:25:14,900 --> 02:25:19,000
Then there's Hunter descended 
from Gray shoulder, who was 

2517
02:25:19,008 --> 02:25:22,000
inherited its ancestors. 
No not since approached to 

2518
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,300
hunting, Hunter has little 
interest in being petted or 

2519
02:25:25,300 --> 02:25:29,200
playing games, but when the 
hunting party goes out, Hunter 

2520
02:25:29,200 --> 02:25:33,100
is all business. 
Efficient tireless and 

2521
02:25:33,100 --> 02:25:36,500
remarkably skilled at 
anticipating where prey animals 

2522
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:40,000
will run some wolf, dogs have 
discovered entirely, unexpected 

2523
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:43,700
roles warmth. 
A female with unusually thick 

2524
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:46,800
fur has somehow worked out that 
if she lies down, if someone 

2525
02:25:46,808 --> 02:25:49,100
who's sick her body heat helps 
them. 

2526
02:25:49,100 --> 02:25:51,400
Feel better. 
She's become the band. 

2527
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:55,300
Unofficial nurse spending her 
time with anyone who's ill or 

2528
02:25:55,300 --> 02:25:58,900
injured, providing comfort. 
And warmth that may have real 

2529
02:25:58,900 --> 02:26:02,000
therapeutic value. 
The breeding of these animals is

2530
02:26:02,000 --> 02:26:05,700
becoming more deliberate with 
each generation. when a female 

2531
02:26:05,700 --> 02:26:09,100
wolf dog comes into heat, the 
band pays attention to which 

2532
02:26:09,100 --> 02:26:12,600
males she's interested in and 
may actively encourage or 

2533
02:26:12,600 --> 02:26:16,700
discourage certain pairing, 
Friendliest animals are 

2534
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:18,100
encouraged to breed with each 
other. 

2535
02:26:18,100 --> 02:26:22,400
The best hunters appeared with 
other good Hunters animals with 

2536
02:26:22,400 --> 02:26:25,300
health problems or poor. 
Temperaments are discouraged 

2537
02:26:25,300 --> 02:26:28,500
from breeding though. 
This is done mainly, they're 

2538
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:31,200
simply watched carefully and 
potential mates are kept 

2539
02:26:31,200 --> 02:26:32,600
separate during the critical 
time. 

2540
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:35,800
This selective breeding is 
already producing visible 

2541
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:38,900
results. 
The wolf dogs of Carl's lineage 

2542
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:42,700
are consistently smaller than 
full wolves with shorter snouts.

2543
02:26:42,700 --> 02:26:45,900
Smaller teeth and more variable 
coat colors. 

2544
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:50,900
One recent letter produced a 
puppy with floppy ears ears that

2545
02:26:50,908 --> 02:26:54,900
never fully stood erect instead 
hanging down in a way that would

2546
02:26:54,908 --> 02:26:58,700
be a severe disadvantage for a 
wild wolf, but is merely and 

2547
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:03,000
daring in a domestic animal. 
Another litter included a puppy 

2548
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,600
with a coat pattern, never seen 
in wild, wolves black with 

2549
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:09,900
symmetrical, White markings on 
the chest and Paws, these 

2550
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:12,700
physical changes are accompanied
by behavioral ones. 

2551
02:27:12,700 --> 02:27:16,600
The newest generation of wolf 
dogs is even more tractable than

2552
02:27:16,600 --> 02:27:20,500
their parents more eager to 
please and more attuned to human

2553
02:27:20,500 --> 02:27:24,000
communication. 
The human can point, and these 

2554
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:26,200
animals will look where the 
human is pointing. 

2555
02:27:27,200 --> 02:27:30,200
A cognitive skill that wolves 
rarely demonstrate, but that 

2556
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:32,700
these hand fed ones have 
developed to a remarkable 

2557
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:36,300
degree, one of Brighton's 
children, a boy of about seven 

2558
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:39,800
as formed a particularly close 
bond with the young wolf dog 

2559
02:27:39,800 --> 02:27:43,200
named Swift. 
The two are inseparable and 

2560
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:46,600
their relationship demonstrates.
Just how far this human animal 

2561
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:50,200
partnership has evolved. 
Swift sleeps, with the boy, 

2562
02:27:50,200 --> 02:27:54,400
plays with him constantly, and 
seems to understand the child's 

2563
02:27:54,400 --> 02:27:56,700
moods and needs with uncanny 
accuracy. 

2564
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:02,000
When the boy is sad, Swift 
offers Comfort when the boys 

2565
02:28:02,000 --> 02:28:06,100
excited Swift matches that 
excitement, when the boy 

2566
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:10,000
wanders, too far from camps with
gently heard him back using the 

2567
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:13,100
same techniques. 
Swift ancestors used for herding

2568
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:16,400
prey, this level of interspecies
communication would have seen 

2569
02:28:16,400 --> 02:28:18,700
magical to your band just to 
generation ago. 

2570
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:22,900
Now it simply normal. 
Of course, the wolf dogs 

2571
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:26,000
understand pointing, of course, 
they respond to voice commands, 

2572
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:29,500
of course, they integrate 
seamlessly into human social 

2573
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:31,700
structures. 
What else would they do? 

2574
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:35,300
The wolf dogs, have even begun 
to adopt human sleeping patterns

2575
02:28:35,300 --> 02:28:38,600
to some degree. 
While wolves are most active at 

2576
02:28:38,600 --> 02:28:41,800
dawn and dusk resting during the
midday and midnight hours. 

2577
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:45,000
But the hand fed ones, 
increasingly match human 

2578
02:28:45,000 --> 02:28:49,300
activity patterns awake. 
When humans are awake sleeping, 

2579
02:28:49,300 --> 02:28:52,800
when humans sleep, There are 
adapting, not just to living 

2580
02:28:52,800 --> 02:28:55,000
near humans, but to living as 
humans. 

2581
02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:58,800
Do one spring, arrival ban, not 
hostile. 

2582
02:28:58,800 --> 02:29:02,400
Exactly, but competing for the 
same resources camps about two 

2583
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:07,100
days travel from your territory.
Negotiations attempts, both 

2584
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:10,400
bands, need access to the river 
for fishing and the best fishing

2585
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:12,100
spots. 
Can't support both groups 

2586
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:16,400
simultaneously, your band has an
advantage, the Rival, ban lacks 

2587
02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:19,600
the wolf dogs. 
When the Rival band sees, 

2588
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:21,300
guardian and Hunter and the 
others. 

2589
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:25,200
When they see how these animals 
respond to human commands, how 

2590
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:28,100
they coordinate with human 
Hunters, the balance of power 

2591
02:29:28,100 --> 02:29:31,400
shifts. 
A band with wolf dogs, is simply

2592
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:33,200
more familiar than a band 
without them. 

2593
02:29:33,200 --> 02:29:37,700
The Rival bands, leader proposes
a solution, they'll concede the 

2594
02:29:37,700 --> 02:29:41,100
best fishing spots in exchange 
for two wolf dog, puppies, from 

2595
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:43,900
the next litter, It's the first 
time. 

2596
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:47,300
Wolfdogs have been traded. 
First time they've been 

2597
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:50,400
recognized as having concrete 
value that can be exchanged. 

2598
02:29:50,400 --> 02:29:54,600
Your band agrees though their 
significant debate about which 

2599
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:57,600
puppies to give away. 
Should you give them inferior 

2600
02:29:57,600 --> 02:30:00,500
puppies? 
The less friendly less trainable

2601
02:30:00,500 --> 02:30:02,800
ones, or would that be 
dishonorable? 

2602
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:05,900
Eventually a compromises 
reached. 

2603
02:30:05,900 --> 02:30:10,300
You'll give them two good 
puppies from good lineages but 

2604
02:30:10,300 --> 02:30:14,700
not the very best The Rival band
leaves satisfied and when 

2605
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:18,000
breeding season arrives, your 
band carefully, selects two 

2606
02:30:18,000 --> 02:30:19,600
puppies that are friendly and 
healthy. 

2607
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:24,600
But not exceptional, this trade 
opens, a new chapter within a 

2608
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:27,600
few years, other bands in the 
region are also keeping wolf 

2609
02:30:27,600 --> 02:30:31,500
dogs, the animals across the 
landscape, moving from band to 

2610
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:33,400
band through trade and 
gift-giving. 

2611
02:30:34,100 --> 02:30:37,700
And with each trade, with each 
new home, the wolf dogs adapt 

2612
02:30:37,700 --> 02:30:41,000
further to Human Society. 
But something has been lost, 

2613
02:30:41,000 --> 02:30:43,700
too. 
The earliest wolf dogs like 

2614
02:30:43,700 --> 02:30:48,400
white chest retain significant 
Independence, still capable of 

2615
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:50,200
surviving in the wild if 
necessary. 

2616
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:53,000
The newer Generations are losing
this. 

2617
02:30:53,900 --> 02:30:57,300
So, adapted to human society 
that they would struggle to 

2618
02:30:57,300 --> 02:31:01,100
survive alone. 
They've become dependent, not in

2619
02:31:01,100 --> 02:31:04,300
a week or pitiable way, but 
simply as a fact of their 

2620
02:31:04,300 --> 02:31:07,800
Revolution, they've traded 
Independence for partnership 

2621
02:31:07,800 --> 02:31:11,000
Wilderness for home. 
Is this good or bad? 

2622
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:14,500
The question doesn't really 
occur to anyone in your band. 

2623
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:16,600
This is simply how things are 
developing. 

2624
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:20,200
The wolf. 
Dogs are happy, they play, they 

2625
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,800
form bonds and they seem to 
enjoy their lives. 

2626
02:31:23,700 --> 02:31:27,500
Humans are happy, life is easier
and more, secure with Wolfdog 

2627
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:31,800
Partners, what else matters? 
White chest dies, one cold, 

2628
02:31:31,800 --> 02:31:34,200
winter morning, simply failing 
to wake up. 

2629
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:39,000
If there's a constant companion 
in the Ice Age and the band has 

2630
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:40,700
developed rituals for dealing 
with it. 

2631
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:44,600
White chest, body is placed on a
rise, overlooking, the camp 

2632
02:31:44,600 --> 02:31:49,300
position to face the sunrise. 
It's a mark of respect, given to

2633
02:31:49,300 --> 02:31:52,500
honored band members. 
Now extended to this animal, who

2634
02:31:52,500 --> 02:31:56,400
helped create something 
entirely, New Bright ones, sits 

2635
02:31:56,400 --> 02:31:58,500
beside the body for a long time,
crying openly. 

2636
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:00,900
She's mourning, not just an 
animal. 

2637
02:32:00,908 --> 02:32:04,500
But a friend, a companion who's 
been part of her entire life 

2638
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:08,300
from childhood into adulthood 
The other wolf dog seemed to 

2639
02:32:08,308 --> 02:32:11,500
understand that something 
significant has happened, they 

2640
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:14,300
approach white chest. 
Body cautiously sniff, it 

2641
02:32:14,300 --> 02:32:18,400
carefully and several of them in
mid-low, mournful howls, that 

2642
02:32:18,400 --> 02:32:21,100
evening gathered around the 
fire, the band tells stories 

2643
02:32:21,100 --> 02:32:24,100
about white chest. 
How the wolf first approached 

2644
02:32:24,100 --> 02:32:26,900
the camp as a bold puppy. 
How it learned to hunt 

2645
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:30,700
cooperatively with humans, how 
it brought its own puppies to be

2646
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,700
raised alongside human children.
The story served multiple 

2647
02:32:34,700 --> 02:32:38,600
purposes, honoring the dead 
passing knowledge to younger 

2648
02:32:38,600 --> 02:32:42,300
generations, and processing 
grief through narrative one of 

2649
02:32:42,300 --> 02:32:45,300
the elders, speaking slowly, and
thoughtfully says something that

2650
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:48,600
resonates with everyone. 
White chest changed the world, 

2651
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:53,200
not the whole world may be, but 
our world, our lives a different

2652
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:55,500
because of that one Brave, 
curious wolf. 

2653
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:59,600
It's a simple eulogy but it's 
also profoundly true. 

2654
02:33:00,500 --> 02:33:04,200
One individual animal acting on 
instincts toward boldness and 

2655
02:33:04,200 --> 02:33:07,600
curiosity initiated, a 
relationship that has 

2656
02:33:07,600 --> 02:33:10,200
transformed an entire human band
way of life. 

2657
02:33:10,200 --> 02:33:13,300
The wolf dogs, Who Remain the 
partnership? 

2658
02:33:13,300 --> 02:33:16,900
White chess began, they hunt, 
they guard and they provide 

2659
02:33:16,900 --> 02:33:20,300
companionship and warmth. 
And in the spring new puppies 

2660
02:33:20,300 --> 02:33:24,000
are born smaller, friendlier and
more variable in appearance than

2661
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:27,700
their wild ancestors. 
The transformation continues 

2662
02:33:27,700 --> 02:33:32,200
Generation by generation. 
Moving steadily away from Wolf 

2663
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:36,800
and towards something new in the
distance, a wild wolf howls, one

2664
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:40,100
of white chest contemporaries, 
perhaps or a descendant of the 

2665
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:44,300
walls who chose to remain Wild. 
The sound is beautiful and Eerie

2666
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:49,000
echoing across the tundra Under 
the Stars, Guardian lying near 

2667
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:51,400
the fire lift his head and howls
and response. 

2668
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:56,300
But Guardians howl is different 
from the wild Wolf's shorter 

2669
02:33:56,300 --> 02:34:00,300
less sustained and mixed with 
what almost sounds like a bark, 

2670
02:34:00,300 --> 02:34:04,900
two species. 
Once won two Futures, diverging.

2671
02:34:05,600 --> 02:34:09,300
And somewhere in that Divergence
in that space between wild and 

2672
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:11,900
domestic between Independence 
and partnership. 

2673
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:16,300
Something precious has been 
created, the fire crackles, the 

2674
02:34:16,300 --> 02:34:20,300
Stars wheel overhead and the 
next generation of wolf dogs 

2675
02:34:20,300 --> 02:34:24,500
sleeps peacefully, dreaming 
whatever wolfdogs dream in a 

2676
02:34:24,500 --> 02:34:28,100
world that their ancestors 
courage, helped create 50 years 

2677
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:31,400
of past since white chest first 
approached, that camp your 

2678
02:34:31,400 --> 02:34:34,800
band's descendants have moved to
new territories following the 

2679
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:37,400
slowly shifting climate as the 
Ice Age begins. 

2680
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:41,900
Its long gradual retreat. 
The massive Glaciers are 

2681
02:34:41,900 --> 02:34:46,100
melting, imperceptibly slowly, 
creating new Rivers, new lakes, 

2682
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:50,400
and new opportunities for human 
habitation and wherever humans, 

2683
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:53,700
go, the wolf dogs. 
Go with the relationship between

2684
02:34:53,700 --> 02:34:57,700
humans and these Proto dogs has 
become so normalized that it's 

2685
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:00,100
difficult to remember a time 
when it didn't exist. 

2686
02:35:01,000 --> 02:35:04,900
Every human ban in the region. 
Now has wolfdogs, they've become

2687
02:35:04,900 --> 02:35:09,100
as essential to human survival, 
as fire as tools as language 

2688
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:13,300
itself, the wolfdogs of 
continued to diversify some 

2689
02:35:13,300 --> 02:35:16,600
bands, prefer larger more wolf 
like animals for hunting, large 

2690
02:35:16,600 --> 02:35:20,000
game, other bands, favored 
smaller friendly or animals 

2691
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:22,600
better suited to life in 
increasingly settled 

2692
02:35:22,600 --> 02:35:25,200
communities. 
Some bands have wolf dogs that 

2693
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:27,700
specializing guarding stored 
food from pests. 

2694
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:31,700
Others have animals trained to 
help Drive fish into Nets during

2695
02:35:31,708 --> 02:35:33,700
seasonal. 
Salmon runs this 

2696
02:35:33,700 --> 02:35:36,000
diversification, is the 
beginning of what will 

2697
02:35:36,000 --> 02:35:38,700
eventually become distinct 
breeds though? 

2698
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:40,500
That concept is far in the 
future. 

2699
02:35:41,900 --> 02:35:44,500
For now it's simply practical 
adaptation. 

2700
02:35:45,300 --> 02:35:48,400
Different human communities, 
have different needs and there 

2701
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:51,200
are unconsciously selecting for 
the traits that serve those 

2702
02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:53,500
needs best. 
One, particularly interesting 

2703
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:56,800
development is happening in 
coastal communities, where 

2704
02:35:56,800 --> 02:35:59,400
humans are beginning to exploit 
Marine Resources, more 

2705
02:35:59,400 --> 02:36:02,400
systematically. 
The wolf dogs. 

2706
02:36:02,400 --> 02:36:05,400
In these communities have 
learned to be fish something. 

2707
02:36:05,400 --> 02:36:09,000
Wild wolves. 
Rarely do some of even learn to 

2708
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:12,200
help with fishing diving into 
shallow water to drive. 

2709
02:36:12,200 --> 02:36:15,800
Fish toward waiting Nets or even
catching fish independently, 

2710
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:18,700
these Coastal wolf. 
Dogs are developing slightly 

2711
02:36:18,700 --> 02:36:21,200
different. 
Physical characteristics, more 

2712
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:24,500
webbing between their toes and 
slightly oilier coats that shed 

2713
02:36:24,500 --> 02:36:27,000
water better. 
There are adapting to their 

2714
02:36:27,000 --> 02:36:30,600
environment within just a few 
Generations, demonstrating the 

2715
02:36:30,600 --> 02:36:34,300
remarkable, plasticity of the 
wolf dog genome under selective 

2716
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:36,700
pressure. 
Meanwhile, in the interior 

2717
02:36:36,700 --> 02:36:39,600
regions where big game hunting 
Remains the primary survival 

2718
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:43,200
strategy, the wolfdogs remain 
larger and more wolf. 

2719
02:36:43,200 --> 02:36:46,800
Like, These animals need to 
strengthen endurance to help 

2720
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:50,100
bring down mammoths bison, and 
other megafauna. 

2721
02:36:50,900 --> 02:36:53,400
But even these hunting 
Specialists are more tractable 

2722
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:56,600
than their wild ancestors. 
More responsive to human 

2723
02:36:56,600 --> 02:37:00,400
Direction and more integrated 
into human social structures. 

2724
02:37:00,400 --> 02:37:03,300
The trade-in wolf dogs has 
become extensive. 

2725
02:37:04,200 --> 02:37:06,900
Prized animals might be traded 
across territories spanning 

2726
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:10,500
hundreds of miles. 
A particularly good hunting dog.

2727
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:14,800
Might be exchanged for tools for
Furs or for access to prime 

2728
02:37:14,800 --> 02:37:18,100
hunting grounds. 
Female wolf dogs in heat are. 

2729
02:37:18,100 --> 02:37:20,500
Sometimes, take in long 
distance, is to be bred with 

2730
02:37:20,500 --> 02:37:23,800
males from other lineages. 
Preventing inbreeding and 

2731
02:37:23,800 --> 02:37:25,700
introducing new genetic 
variation. 

2732
02:37:25,700 --> 02:37:28,600
This trade, has unexpected 
benefits. 

2733
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:32,700
It creates connections between 
human bands facilitating. 

2734
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:37,500
The exchange of knowledge tools 
and genetic material, both dog 

2735
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,500
and human. 
Bands that might previously have

2736
02:37:40,500 --> 02:37:43,600
been Rivals, find common ground 
in their shared interest in wolf

2737
02:37:43,600 --> 02:37:46,500
dogs. 
A man from one band might travel

2738
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:48,400
to another specifically to 
breed. 

2739
02:37:48,400 --> 02:37:51,700
His female wolf, dog with a male
known for its hunting prowess. 

2740
02:37:51,700 --> 02:37:55,900
And during that visit trade 
other Goods, share stories and 

2741
02:37:55,900 --> 02:37:58,400
perhaps even arranged marriages 
between the bands. 

2742
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:03,100
The wolfdogs are becoming a form
of social glue binding human 

2743
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:07,000
communities together across vast
distances, but the relationship 

2744
02:38:07,000 --> 02:38:11,100
isn't uniformly, positive some 
bands, reject, the wolf dogs 

2745
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:14,400
entirely seeing them as an 
unnecessary, burden in terms of 

2746
02:38:14,400 --> 02:38:19,100
food, resources, these bands. 
Continue the old ways hunting 

2747
02:38:19,100 --> 02:38:21,900
without animal assistance, and 
they do fine. 

2748
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:25,900
Humans are adaptable enough to 
thrive with or without canine 

2749
02:38:25,900 --> 02:38:28,100
Partners. 
There are also occasional 

2750
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:31,400
problems, a wolf dog, might 
revert to more wild Behavior 

2751
02:38:31,400 --> 02:38:35,600
attacking, livestock as humans, 
begin tentative experiments with

2752
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:38,700
keeping other animals captive or
even biting human. 

2753
02:38:39,400 --> 02:38:42,800
These incidents are handled Case
by case, but they serve as 

2754
02:38:42,800 --> 02:38:46,000
reminders that these animals are
still close to their Wild Roots,

2755
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:49,000
still capable of unpredictable 
Behavior. 

2756
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:52,400
One particularly tragic 
incident, involves a wolf dog 

2757
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:54,700
that during a harsh winter. 
With severe food. 

2758
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:58,800
Shortages kills and eats a human
infant left momentarily. 

2759
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:03,300
Unattended, The Wolfdog is 
immediately killed and they're 

2760
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:05,500
serious discussion in the band 
about whether the entire 

2761
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:08,800
experiment with keeping these 
animals is worth the risk, but 

2762
02:39:08,800 --> 02:39:12,300
ultimately the decision is made 
to continue the benefits. 

2763
02:39:12,300 --> 02:39:14,700
Outweigh the risks. 
As long as everyone remains 

2764
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:17,200
Vigilant and realistic about 
what these animals are. 

2765
02:39:18,000 --> 02:39:20,400
Near the fully wild nor fully 
tame. 

2766
02:39:20,400 --> 02:39:24,500
But something in between that 
requires constant awareness as 

2767
02:39:24,500 --> 02:39:27,800
Generations, pass the wolfdogs 
become more and more distinct 

2768
02:39:27,800 --> 02:39:31,300
from their wild ancestors. 
The physical changes accumulate 

2769
02:39:31,300 --> 02:39:35,900
smaller teeth, shorter snouts 
and more variable coat colors 

2770
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:39,500
and patterns floppy. 
Ears appear in multiple lineages

2771
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:44,000
curled, Tails, become common. 
Some wolf dogs, develop spotted 

2772
02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:48,600
coats, or unusual color patterns
or even long silky fur that 

2773
02:39:48,600 --> 02:39:52,400
would be impractical for wild 
wolves but his prized by humans 

2774
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:55,500
for its appearance. 
The behavioral changes are even 

2775
02:39:55,500 --> 02:39:58,500
more pronounced. 
The newest generation of wolf. 

2776
02:39:58,500 --> 02:40:01,500
Dogs are born with a NATO, 
understanding of human social 

2777
02:40:01,500 --> 02:40:05,200
cues, they instinctively defer 
to human authority. 

2778
02:40:06,100 --> 02:40:09,400
If formed strong emotional bonds
with human families showing 

2779
02:40:09,400 --> 02:40:13,700
distress when separated and joy,
when reunited, they've become 

2780
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:16,800
emotionally domesticated. 
In a way that goes beyond me a 

2781
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:20,700
training, scientists far in the 
future will identify this as a 

2782
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:24,200
change in the wolf dog genome 
related to stress, hormones, and

2783
02:40:24,200 --> 02:40:28,400
social bonding, Specific genetic
variations that make these 

2784
02:40:28,400 --> 02:40:32,400
animals, less fearful of humans 
more tolerant of close contact 

2785
02:40:32,400 --> 02:40:36,100
and more capable of reading, 
human emotions and intentions. 

2786
02:40:36,100 --> 02:40:39,600
But your band only knows that 
the puppies, born now are 

2787
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:43,000
somehow sweeter friendlier. 
And more lovable than their 

2788
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:46,300
ancestors were the wolf dogs. 
Have even begun to participate 

2789
02:40:46,300 --> 02:40:50,200
in human spiritual life. when 
the band performs rituals 

2790
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:54,300
thanking the spirits of hunted 
animals celebrating successful 

2791
02:40:54,300 --> 02:40:59,100
births, Mourning the Dead, the 
wolf, dogs are present treated 

2792
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:01,500
as participants rather than mere
Witnesses. 

2793
02:41:02,500 --> 02:41:04,900
Some bands are beginning to 
develop stories about how the 

2794
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:06,900
first wolf dog came to live with
humans. 

2795
02:41:06,900 --> 02:41:11,400
Mythologizing white chests, 
descendants into legendary 

2796
02:41:11,400 --> 02:41:13,300
figures. 
Who Bridge the worlds of human 

2797
02:41:13,300 --> 02:41:16,300
and animal? 
One story told around, countless

2798
02:41:16,300 --> 02:41:19,000
fires across the generations, go
something like this. 

2799
02:41:20,000 --> 02:41:23,200
In the ancient time. 
Wolves and humans, were enemies 

2800
02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:25,600
killing each other for food and 
territory. 

2801
02:41:26,500 --> 02:41:30,400
But one wise wolf saw that 
humans had fire and tools things

2802
02:41:30,400 --> 02:41:33,600
walls could never have. 
And one wise, human saw that 

2803
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:36,400
wolves had sharp sentences and 
Cooperative hunting skills that 

2804
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:41,500
humans lacked These two wolf and
human met in a neutral place and

2805
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:45,400
made an agreement. 
Share with us your Fires at the 

2806
02:41:45,400 --> 02:41:49,500
wolf and we'll share with you 
our hunting skill and from that 

2807
02:41:49,500 --> 02:41:52,300
day forward wolves and humans 
have been Partners. 

2808
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:57,600
Each making the other stronger, 
it's a myth not history but like

2809
02:41:57,600 --> 02:42:00,600
all good myths. 
It contains a kernel of Truth. 

2810
02:42:01,500 --> 02:42:04,700
The relationship between humans 
and wolf, dogs is indeed a form 

2811
02:42:04,700 --> 02:42:08,000
of partnership, a mutual 
exchange of benefits that 

2812
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:12,500
enhances both species chances of
survival as the Ice Age slowly 

2813
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:16,600
wanes as the climate warms and 
the megafauna begin to decline. 

2814
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:19,000
Human societies are changing 
too. 

2815
02:42:20,100 --> 02:42:22,500
People are beginning to stay in 
the same place as for longer 

2816
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:25,700
periods, building more 
substantial shelters and storing

2817
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:27,100
food. 
More systematically. 

2818
02:42:27,900 --> 02:42:30,700
The shift from fully nomadic to 
semi settled existence is 

2819
02:42:30,700 --> 02:42:32,900
beginning. 
And the wolfdogs are part of 

2820
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:36,900
this transition in settled camps
with stored, food, wolf dogs, 

2821
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:40,600
proven valuable as guards 
preventing raids by predators 

2822
02:42:40,600 --> 02:42:44,200
and rival human groups. 
The alert to approaching danger 

2823
02:42:44,200 --> 02:42:48,000
defend territory and provide a 
sense of security that allows 

2824
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:49,900
humans to sleep. 
More soundly at night. 

2825
02:42:49,900 --> 02:42:53,400
The wolf dogs are also helping 
with an entirely new human 

2826
02:42:53,400 --> 02:42:58,300
activity, managing other Proto 
domestic animals as humans. 

2827
02:42:58,300 --> 02:43:01,700
Begin keeping captured young 
megafauna, not quite farming 

2828
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:04,800
them yet, but moving in that 
direction, the wolf dogs help 

2829
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:08,100
control these animals using 
their herding instincts to keep 

2830
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:10,900
young mammoths or bison from 
wandering off. 

2831
02:43:10,900 --> 02:43:13,700
This herding Behavior will 
eventually become one of the 

2832
02:43:13,700 --> 02:43:17,700
most important functions of 
domestic dogs but for now it's a

2833
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:21,400
happy accident. 
The wolfdogs natural prey heard.

2834
02:43:21,400 --> 02:43:26,400
Inks being redirected towards a 
new purpose thous of miles away 

2835
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:30,000
in different parts of the world.
Similar processes are occurring 

2836
02:43:30,000 --> 02:43:33,600
independently. 
Wolves near human settlements in

2837
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:36,500
what will become Europe? 
A beginning, their own journey 

2838
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:40,500
toward domestication, wolves in 
East Asia are developing their 

2839
02:43:40,500 --> 02:43:42,700
own relationships with human 
communities. 

2840
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:46,700
The process isn't uniform, but 
the pattern is recognizable. 

2841
02:43:47,400 --> 02:43:49,500
Wherever humans and wolves 
coexist. 

2842
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:53,100
Some wolves are discovering the 
advantages of cooperation over 

2843
02:43:53,100 --> 02:43:56,000
competition, these 
geographically separated, 

2844
02:43:56,000 --> 02:43:58,800
population of Proto dogs, will 
eventually, give rise to 

2845
02:43:58,800 --> 02:44:01,200
different. 
Lineages different regional 

2846
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:04,800
types that reflect both the 
local wolf population's and the 

2847
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:07,300
specific needs of local human 
communities. 

2848
02:44:08,100 --> 02:44:12,100
But all of them share the same 
fundamental transformation from 

2849
02:44:12,100 --> 02:44:14,300
Wild Predator to domestic 
partner. 

2850
02:44:14,300 --> 02:44:17,900
You don't know any of this. 
Of course your world is limited 

2851
02:44:17,900 --> 02:44:20,900
to your band your territory and 
your direct experience. 

2852
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:23,800
But your great. 
Great grandchildren's 

2853
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:26,600
descendants will spread across 
continents and they'll bring 

2854
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:30,200
their wolf dogs with them. 
When humans eventually cross the

2855
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:34,000
land bridge from Asia, to the 
Americas, wolfdogs will be among

2856
02:44:34,000 --> 02:44:37,300
the first domesticated animals 
to reach the new world. 

2857
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:41,200
When humans develop boats 
capable of Crossing open, ocean 

2858
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:45,200
wolf, dogs will be in those 
boats heading to Ireland and new

2859
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:47,600
continents. 
The partnership that began with 

2860
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:52,400
one curious wolf and one willing
to experiment, human band has 

2861
02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:55,300
become a global phenomenon that 
will persist for millennia. 

2862
02:44:56,200 --> 02:44:59,200
Long after the mammoths and 
woolly, rhinos and Giants. 

2863
02:44:59,200 --> 02:45:03,400
Sloths have gone extinct long. 
After the ice age is faded into 

2864
02:45:03,400 --> 02:45:06,100
geological history. 
This relationship will endure 

2865
02:45:06,100 --> 02:45:08,700
your band's. 
Current generation of wolf dogs.

2866
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:10,600
Includes a young female named 
Echo. 

2867
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:14,400
Descended from curls, lineage 
through multiple Generations. 

2868
02:45:15,600 --> 02:45:21,000
Echo is small barely 60 pounds 
with a curly coat floppy ears, 

2869
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:24,000
and a tail that curls. 
So tightly at almost makes a 

2870
02:45:24,008 --> 02:45:27,500
full circle. 
Echoes temperament is gentle and

2871
02:45:27,508 --> 02:45:29,500
playful. 
The animal has become 

2872
02:45:29,500 --> 02:45:32,500
particularly attached to the 
band's children serving as an 

2873
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:36,500
unofficial guardian and Playmate
one, warm summer evening as the 

2874
02:45:36,500 --> 02:45:39,900
sun sets over a landscape. 
That's noticeably Greener and 

2875
02:45:39,900 --> 02:45:42,500
less harsh than the tundra of 
your ancestors time. 

2876
02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:47,000
Echo lies surrounded by children
their petting, the Wolfdog 

2877
02:45:47,000 --> 02:45:50,600
telling stories and laughing at 
Echoes clownish attempts to 

2878
02:45:50,608 --> 02:45:54,200
catch moths that flutter around 
the fire and Elder watches. 

2879
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:57,400
This scene with satisfaction, 
this elder is the great. 

2880
02:45:57,400 --> 02:46:01,500
Great grandchild of bright one, 
carrier of stories passed down 

2881
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:05,700
through multiple Generations. 
The Elder remembers the tales of

2882
02:46:05,700 --> 02:46:10,100
white chest of curl of the early
days when having a wolf dog near

2883
02:46:10,100 --> 02:46:13,100
the camp was strange. 
And frightening how to imagine 

2884
02:46:13,100 --> 02:46:15,700
being afraid of them. 
Now the elder sister, no one in 

2885
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:18,800
particular speaking softly 
enough, not to disturb the 

2886
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:22,400
children's play and other adult 
sitting nearby, laughs, quietly,

2887
02:46:22,400 --> 02:46:24,700
hard to imagine living without 
them. 

2888
02:46:24,700 --> 02:46:27,700
What did our ancestors do 
without wolfdogs? 

2889
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:30,600
How did they hunt? 
How did they feel safe at night?

2890
02:46:30,600 --> 02:46:34,000
It's a good question. 
The answer, of course, is that 

2891
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,800
human survive for hundreds of 
thousands of years without 

2892
02:46:36,800 --> 02:46:39,800
canine partners. 
But now that the partnership 

2893
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:42,800
exists. 
It's difficult to imagine going 

2894
02:46:42,800 --> 02:46:45,400
back. 
The relationship has become so 

2895
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:48,900
integral to human society. 
That its absence would be felt 

2896
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:51,900
like the loss of a limb Echo 
tired from playing with the 

2897
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:54,400
children. 
Finally, settles down resting 

2898
02:46:54,400 --> 02:46:58,400
its head on a child's lap. 
The child Strokes Echoes curly, 

2899
02:46:58,400 --> 02:47:02,000
fur and the wolf, dogs eyes 
drift closed in contentment 

2900
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:05,900
somewhere in the darkness beyond
the firelight a wild wolf howls.

2901
02:47:06,600 --> 02:47:08,500
Echoes ears perk up and the wolf
dog. 

2902
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:12,400
Lifted its head briefly but 
there's no answering how no urge

2903
02:47:12,400 --> 02:47:14,500
to run off and join that wild 
song. 

2904
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:20,000
Echoes world is here with these 
humans by this fire after a 

2905
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:22,100
moment. 
Echo, settles back down content 

2906
02:47:22,100 --> 02:47:23,600
with its chosen place in the 
world. 

2907
02:47:23,600 --> 02:47:28,400
The stars come out the same 
stars that Sean on white, chest,

2908
02:47:28,400 --> 02:47:31,400
and bright one. 
All those Generations ago The 

2909
02:47:31,400 --> 02:47:35,800
fire crackles and Pops children,
voices mixed with adult laugh. 

2910
02:47:35,800 --> 02:47:39,400
Laughter and beneath it all, the
steady rhythm of echo's 

2911
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:41,000
breathing. 
As the wolf dog sleeps. 

2912
02:47:41,000 --> 02:47:45,100
In this moment peaceful and 
ordinary yet profound. 

2913
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,800
You can see the future taking 
shape. 

2914
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,600
These children growing up with 
Echo, will never know a world 

2915
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:55,000
without wolf dogs. 
Their children won't either nor 

2916
02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:57,700
their children's children for 
hundreds of generations. 

2917
02:47:57,700 --> 02:48:01,100
To come what began as one Wolf's
curiosity. 

2918
02:48:01,100 --> 02:48:03,900
And one humans willingness to 
share has become something 

2919
02:48:03,900 --> 02:48:08,600
Timeless a partnership that will
Outlast Empires survived the 

2920
02:48:08,600 --> 02:48:12,500
collapse of civilizations and 
endure through changes in human 

2921
02:48:12,500 --> 02:48:15,100
society. 
That would be unrecognizable to 

2922
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:17,100
you. 
The wolfdogs will be there when 

2923
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:19,000
humans build their first 
permanent Villages. 

2924
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:22,600
They'll be there when humans 
develop agriculture when they 

2925
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:25,600
domesticate other animals. 
And when they create the first 

2926
02:48:25,600 --> 02:48:30,300
cities, they'll pull sleds 
across Frozen waste, heard sheep

2927
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:34,800
across mountains, guard, palaces
and warm, the laps of empress 

2928
02:48:34,800 --> 02:48:37,900
and peasants alike. 
They'll change of course, 

2929
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:42,000
they'll diverse fly into forms. 
That would seem impossible, tiny

2930
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:45,400
dogs that fit in a pocket. 
Giant dogs larger than wolves 

2931
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:49,300
ever were dogs with pushed in 
phases dogs with legs. 

2932
02:48:49,300 --> 02:48:53,000
So short, they can barely run 
and dogs bred for every 

2933
02:48:53,200 --> 02:48:56,400
conceivable purpose from hunting
rats, to guarding temples to 

2934
02:48:56,400 --> 02:48:59,400
Simply being beautiful. 
But underneath all those changes

2935
02:48:59,400 --> 02:49:02,800
underneath all, that diversity, 
they'll still carry the same 

2936
02:49:02,800 --> 02:49:06,700
essential nature that Echo 
demonstrates to night loyalty, 

2937
02:49:06,700 --> 02:49:11,000
affection, and the deep-rooted 
desire to be part of a human 

2938
02:49:11,000 --> 02:49:14,500
family. 
Fire Burns, low people begin 

2939
02:49:14,500 --> 02:49:19,600
heading to their sleeping areas.
Echo Rises shakes vigorously and

2940
02:49:19,600 --> 02:49:21,800
follows the children to the 
shelter where they sleep. 

2941
02:49:22,600 --> 02:49:26,300
The Wolfdog settles down among 
them and within moments, three 

2942
02:49:26,300 --> 02:49:28,900
children are using Echo as a 
pillow outside. 

2943
02:49:28,900 --> 02:49:30,800
The summer night is mild and 
clear. 

2944
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:34,200
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new work and new 

2945
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:37,000
adventures. 
But tonight there's just this 

2946
02:49:37,900 --> 02:49:42,600
Humans and wolf dogs sleeping 
peacefully together Partners in 

2947
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:47,300
the Grand Adventure of survival.
The Stars wheel slowly overhead 

2948
02:49:48,100 --> 02:49:51,400
The Moon Rises casting 
Silverlight across a world that 

2949
02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:54,100
has changed profoundly. 
Even though, most of those 

2950
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:58,200
changes are too subtle to see 
day-to-day But they're there, 

2951
02:49:58,208 --> 02:50:04,500
accumulating genetic shifts, 
behavioral adaptations, and the 

2952
02:50:04,500 --> 02:50:06,700
slow. 
But next Rubble, transformation 

2953
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:09,900
of wolf into dog. 
And in the morning, when the Sun

2954
02:50:09,900 --> 02:50:14,500
rises Echo will be among the 
first to wake, Tail already, 

2955
02:50:14,500 --> 02:50:16,900
wagging ready to greet the new 
day. 

2956
02:50:16,900 --> 02:50:20,900
Alongside the humans who have 
become in every meaningful 

2957
02:50:20,900 --> 02:50:22,900
sense. 
Echoes pack. 

2958
02:50:23,700 --> 02:50:27,200
Story that began 15,000 years 
ago with a reddish gray, wolf 

2959
02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:31,500
watching a human Camp continues 
generation after generation 

2960
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:34,800
changing slowly but never ending
a partnership. 

2961
02:50:34,800 --> 02:50:38,600
That is enriched both species 
beyond measure and that more 

2962
02:50:38,600 --> 02:50:40,300
than anything else. 
Is the Legacy? 

2963
02:50:40,300 --> 02:50:45,100
Not just that humans tamed 
wolves but that together humans 

2964
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:47,600
and wolves created something 
entirely new. 

2965
02:50:47,600 --> 02:50:52,200
A relationship of mutual 
benefit, Mutual affection and 

2966
02:50:52,200 --> 02:50:55,800
mutual transformation that has 
persisted across Millennia and 

2967
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:58,300
will continue long into whatever
future awaits. 

2968
02:51:06,300 --> 02:51:10,100
Now, if you will imagine that 
your great-great-great times, a 

2969
02:51:10,100 --> 02:51:12,800
thousand grandmother is sitting 
around a fire from 40,000 years 

2970
02:51:12,800 --> 02:51:16,400
ago and she has just created the
most groundbreaking technology 

2971
02:51:16,400 --> 02:51:19,500
of her era know. 
It won't be the wheel for 

2972
02:51:19,500 --> 02:51:23,100
another 35,000 years. 
She's discovered a way to leave 

2973
02:51:23,100 --> 02:51:27,000
meaningful marks on Cave. 
Walls prior to this point, human

2974
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:29,300
knowledge was like water 
attempting to survive, in a 

2975
02:51:29,300 --> 02:51:32,800
sieve entire library of 
knowledge, just vanished into 

2976
02:51:32,800 --> 02:51:35,300
the Smoky. 
Prehistoric are whenever an 

2977
02:51:35,300 --> 02:51:38,100
elder passed away. 
Imagine having no other way to 

2978
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:40,500
transmit that knowledge than 
through the delicate telephone 

2979
02:51:40,500 --> 02:51:43,700
game of human memory. 
Imagine being the one who knew, 

2980
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:45,600
exactly, which berries wouldn't 
kill you. 

2981
02:51:46,300 --> 02:51:49,300
Which animal tracks meant dinner
versus which meant you were 

2982
02:51:49,308 --> 02:51:52,200
about to become dinner or how to
track, Mammoth migration 

2983
02:51:52,200 --> 02:51:55,800
patterns across Seasons. 
Remember, your forefathers were 

2984
02:51:55,800 --> 02:51:59,700
sluggish, their brains were 
identical to ours in every way 

2985
02:51:59,700 --> 02:52:04,100
including their ability to think
abstractly and sold challenging 

2986
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:06,500
problems. 
They simply did not have the 

2987
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:10,100
convenience of filing systems, 
Post-it notes or even the most 

2988
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:13,600
basic written reminder. 
They created extremely complex, 

2989
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:16,600
oral Traditions transforming 
vital survival. 

2990
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:20,500
Knowledge into stories songs and
rituals that could be remembered

2991
02:52:20,500 --> 02:52:23,100
for weeks on end much like 
particularly memorable, 

2992
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:25,800
commercial Jingles. 
These oral Traditions were 

2993
02:52:25,800 --> 02:52:27,800
amazing examples of human 
creativity. 

2994
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:32,000
Epic poetry that masqueraded as 
Heroes Journeys and included 

2995
02:52:32,000 --> 02:52:35,000
intricate Geographic details. 
There were songs that 

2996
02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:38,000
communicated water source 
locations over great distances, 

2997
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:41,300
children were tall which plants 
to stay away from through 

2998
02:52:41,300 --> 02:52:44,300
stories that incorporated the 
knowledge into enduring Tales of

2999
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:46,800
Fantastical animals, and 
perilous Adventures. 

3000
02:52:47,700 --> 02:52:50,400
Each person carried a wealth of 
knowledge, essential to the 

3001
02:52:50,408 --> 02:52:53,800
survival of their Community 
transforming the human mind in 

3002
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:57,000
to a living Library. 
However, even the most talented 

3003
02:52:57,000 --> 02:53:00,100
Storyteller couldn't be 
everywhere at once and memories 

3004
02:53:00,100 --> 02:53:02,200
blessed them. 
Have a way of adding their own 

3005
02:53:02,200 --> 02:53:06,000
artistic flourishes over time. 
To understand the difficulty our

3006
02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:08,700
ancestors faced in preserving 
precise information across 

3007
02:53:08,700 --> 02:53:11,400
Generations. 
Try playing telephone at dinner 

3008
02:53:11,400 --> 02:53:14,300
party over time. 
The recipe for a life-saving 

3009
02:53:14,300 --> 02:53:17,600
medication could evolve into a 
tale of magical medicinal herbs.

3010
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:20,700
That could only be grown during 
a full moon, the first 

3011
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:23,200
breakthrough occurred when 
someone understood that a hand 

3012
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:26,000
print on a cave, wall, could 
mean more than just una was 

3013
02:53:26,000 --> 02:53:28,400
here. 
It could mean a herself even 

3014
02:53:28,400 --> 02:53:31,200
when she wasn't there, let's 
call her owner because history 

3015
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:34,300
forgot to record her name which 
is deliciously ironic when you 

3016
02:53:34,300 --> 02:53:37,100
think about it. 
The ability to make the absent 

3017
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:40,900
present in part permanence to 
the transient and build a bridge

3018
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:42,900
across time. 
So that one moment could speak 

3019
02:53:42,900 --> 02:53:46,900
to another was the Pinnacle of 
magic, consider, the mental leap

3020
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,800
that this signified una needed 
to realize that a static Mark 

3021
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,600
could represent a moving person 
that a flat image could 

3022
02:53:53,600 --> 02:53:56,600
represent a three-dimensional 
person and that a permanent 

3023
02:53:56,600 --> 02:53:59,200
symbol could represent a 
transient human presence. 

3024
02:54:00,300 --> 02:54:03,600
Without any prior examples to 
guide her, she was effectively 

3025
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:06,600
creating the idea of symbolic 
representation from the ground 

3026
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,200
up cave walls. 
Quickly, evolved into the first 

3027
02:54:09,200 --> 02:54:13,600
social media sites ever used by 
humans images of horses bison, 

3028
02:54:13,600 --> 02:54:16,800
and the occasional self-portrait
of a cave artists who was quite 

3029
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:19,800
proud of their hunting skills 
were interspersed with hands 

3030
02:54:19,800 --> 02:54:22,000
stencils. 
But these were just old 

3031
02:54:22,000 --> 02:54:24,500
Instagram posts. 
They were the first attempt by 

3032
02:54:24,500 --> 02:54:27,500
Humanity. 
To say this happened, we were 

3033
02:54:27,500 --> 02:54:31,200
here, this matters. 
Remember us, not only with the 

3034
02:54:31,200 --> 02:54:35,200
caves at lascaux show and Elmyra
galleries, but they also 

3035
02:54:35,200 --> 02:54:37,700
represented the first attempts 
by humans to communicate 

3036
02:54:37,700 --> 02:54:40,400
permanently. 
The painters their realize, 

3037
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:43,700
something profound pictures 
could have deeper meanings than 

3038
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,900
just their visual impact. 
Information about hunting 

3039
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:49,900
methods, seasonal, migration 
patterns, or the religious 

3040
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:52,500
beliefs, that govern, the 
relationship between humans and 

3041
02:54:52,500 --> 02:54:54,800
animals. 
May be included in a painting, 

3042
02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:57,600
depicting a bison hunt. 
This is where things start to 

3043
02:54:57,608 --> 02:55:00,600
get intriguing though. 
Simple representation wasn't 

3044
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:04,100
enough for those early artists, 
they started to symbolize and 

3045
02:55:04,100 --> 02:55:08,800
Abstract, a zigzag line could 
stand for lightning water or a 

3046
02:55:08,800 --> 02:55:13,400
River's course, the Sun, the 
moon or the idea of completeness

3047
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:17,300
could all be represented by a 
circle dots could stand for 

3048
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:20,800
seeds stars or the concept of 
plurality. 

3049
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:24,900
Before you knew it, people are 
discovered the groundbreaking 

3050
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:28,900
notion that symbols could stand 
for Concepts ideas, and Abstract

3051
02:55:28,900 --> 02:55:30,700
relationships. 
In addition, to tangible 

3052
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:34,000
objects, it's similar to when 
your dog discovers that the word

3053
02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:37,800
walk can actually call forth, 
leashes excitement and the 

3054
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:40,600
prospect of Adventure in 
addition, to describing the 

3055
02:55:40,600 --> 02:55:44,900
activity of moving on four legs.
However, our ancestors received 

3056
02:55:44,900 --> 02:55:47,600
the foundation of civilization, 
in stead of tail, wagging. 

3057
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:50,700
These early symbol systems were 
not writing as we know it today 

3058
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:54,000
because they could not capture 
the full complexity of spoken 

3059
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:56,800
language. 
However, this realization by 

3060
02:55:56,800 --> 02:56:00,100
humans was the pivotal First 
Step demonstrating, that 

3061
02:56:00,100 --> 02:56:03,000
meaning, could be permanently 
encoded and decoded by other 

3062
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:07,100
Minds, even though, separated by
great time and space in ancient 

3063
02:56:07,100 --> 02:56:12,500
Mesopotamia around 3,200 BC, the
Sumerians attacking a problem 

3064
02:56:12,500 --> 02:56:14,500
that would make any contemporary
accountant. 

3065
02:56:14,500 --> 02:56:18,000
Cry with recognition, how to 
keep track of, who owes what to 

3066
02:56:18,000 --> 02:56:21,300
whom when your economy is twice 
as dramatic and more complicated

3067
02:56:21,300 --> 02:56:24,300
than A soap opera family, tree 
agriculture, may seem 

3068
02:56:24,300 --> 02:56:27,100
straightforward but it's 
actually a highly intricate 

3069
02:56:27,100 --> 02:56:30,800
system of resource management, 
seasonal planning and economic 

3070
02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:32,500
coordination. 
That the Sumerians had 

3071
02:56:32,500 --> 02:56:35,500
perfected. 
The temples collected offerings 

3072
02:56:35,500 --> 02:56:38,600
from hundreds of worshipers 
provided daily rations to 

3073
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:42,000
priests and workers organized 
labor, gangs for large-scale 

3074
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:45,500
construction projects and 
oversaw cross-continental trade 

3075
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:49,200
networks that brought silver 
from Anatolia, lapis lazuli, 

3076
02:56:49,200 --> 02:56:51,700
from Afghanistan and cedar wood 
from Lebanon. 

3077
02:56:51,700 --> 02:56:54,900
Try using just your memory and a
few knots in string to keep 

3078
02:56:54,908 --> 02:56:58,200
track of all that something had 
to give because the Sumerian 

3079
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:01,100
economy, had expanded Beyond 
human memories ability to 

3080
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:03,800
control. 
They would have to discover a 

3081
02:57:03,800 --> 02:57:06,800
method to expand, human memory 
beyond the confines of the 

3082
02:57:06,800 --> 02:57:10,000
individual mind or they would 
have to reduce their society to 

3083
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:13,400
the level of a small village. 
Protagonist of our tail is an 

3084
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:15,300
anonymous. 
Sumerian bureaucrat, who was 

3085
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:18,000
most likely the archetypal 
counterpart of the person in 

3086
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:21,700
your workplace remember's. 
Everyone's birthdays organizes 

3087
02:57:21,700 --> 02:57:24,800
the Supply Closet without being 
asked, and actually reads the 

3088
02:57:24,800 --> 02:57:28,100
terms and conditions. 
This administrative whiz thought

3089
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:31,400
there has to be a better way. 
After observing the disarray of 

3090
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:34,800
record, keeping the initial 
attempts were exquisitely, basic

3091
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:38,500
tiny tokens made of clay each 
signifying. 

3092
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:40,300
A certain amount of a particular
good. 

3093
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:44,100
Sheep is worth one token. 
A bushel of Bali is worth 

3094
02:57:44,108 --> 02:57:46,500
another and an oil jar is worth 
a third. 

3095
02:57:47,400 --> 02:57:50,100
To represent real transactions. 
These tokens could be 

3096
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:52,800
transferred, counted. 
And stored you could give 

3097
02:57:52,800 --> 02:57:55,900
someone 10 sheep tokens. 
If you owed them 10 sheep and 

3098
02:57:55,900 --> 02:57:59,100
the debt was noted in a way that
was more flexible than engraving

3099
02:57:59,100 --> 02:58:02,200
marks on Stone but more 
permanent than memory tokens, 

3100
02:58:02,200 --> 02:58:05,900
however had their own issues. 
They were tiny challenging to 

3101
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:08,300
store securely and prone to 
being misplaced. 

3102
02:58:08,300 --> 02:58:11,400
The discovery was made that it 
was possible to permanently 

3103
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:13,500
record. 
The meaning of the tokens by 

3104
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:17,000
pressing them into clay tablets 
rather than storing them loose. 

3105
02:58:17,000 --> 02:58:20,400
The tangible tokens turned into 
Clay impressions and writing 

3106
02:58:20,400 --> 02:58:23,400
appeared out of nowhere. 
They developed cuneiform, which 

3107
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:26,500
is a system of wedge-shaped 
marks that are pressed into clay

3108
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:30,500
tablets using a reed stylus. 
The literal meaning of cuneiform

3109
02:58:30,500 --> 02:58:34,400
is wedge-shaped which Reveals 
All About Sumerian priorities. 

3110
02:58:34,400 --> 02:58:37,800
They were pragmatic individuals 
who named their writing system 

3111
02:58:37,800 --> 02:58:41,400
after the marks shape, rather 
than after Cosmic principles or 

3112
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:44,300
Gods, the Sumerians soon 
realized they were onto 

3113
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,000
something more significant than 
livestock inventories even 

3114
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:49,800
though it began. 
Beautifully simple, one sheep 

3115
02:58:49,800 --> 02:58:54,400
equals one Mark 10, sheep equals
10 marks and 50, sheep equals a 

3116
02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:56,100
different Mark that meant many 
sheep. 

3117
02:58:57,000 --> 02:58:58,800
In the future. 
The system could represent the 

3118
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:02,500
sounds of words that refer to 
things in addition to quantities

3119
02:59:02,500 --> 02:59:05,100
of things. 
Imagine the moment when a scribe

3120
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:07,500
likely working through the night
with flickering Lamplight, 

3121
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:11,100
discovered that the symbol for 
Bali could also stand for the 

3122
02:59:11,100 --> 02:59:14,200
sound. 
She because that was how Bali 

3123
02:59:14,200 --> 02:59:17,400
was pronounced in Sumerian. 
It was like learning that Lego 

3124
02:59:17,400 --> 02:59:21,000
blocks could create not just 
spaceships and castles but whole

3125
02:59:21,000 --> 02:59:23,700
worlds of emotion, abstract, 
thought and Imagination. 

3126
02:59:24,900 --> 02:59:28,200
All of a sudden you could write 
abstract Concepts like Shepherd 

3127
02:59:28,200 --> 02:59:31,300
by fusing the symbol for Bali 
for the sound. 

3128
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:35,200
She with the symbol for man? 
After this phonetic Discovery 

3129
02:59:35,200 --> 02:59:38,900
cuneiform evolved from a basic 
accounting system to a complete 

3130
02:59:38,900 --> 02:59:42,000
writing system that could 
represent any spoken idea. 

3131
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:45,500
The ramifications were 
astounding, you could write not 

3132
02:59:45,500 --> 02:59:49,700
just 10 sheep but the shepherd 
who tends sheep is my brother. 

3133
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,300
And he lives beyond the hill 
where the barley grows tall in 

3134
02:59:53,300 --> 02:59:55,900
the spring rains for the first 
time in human history. 

3135
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,200
At First Look, the clay tablets.
That emerged from the discovery 

3136
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:02,400
are delightfully ordinary. 
These old spreadsheets conceal, 

3137
03:00:02,400 --> 03:00:05,000
the seeds of literature, lore 
and human expression. 

3138
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:08,300
But the majority of them read, 
like the most dull, email in box

3139
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:12,000
in the world received three, 
bushels of barley from Manila, 

3140
03:00:12,000 --> 03:00:15,800
Barney due to Sheep, by the new 
moon witnessed by. 

3141
03:00:15,800 --> 03:00:18,900
Unammo one of the most 
prestigious occupations in human

3142
03:00:18,900 --> 03:00:21,600
history, was that of the scribes
who produced these tablets. 

3143
03:00:22,400 --> 03:00:25,500
acquiring knowledge of cuneiform
was akin to mastering an ancient

3144
03:00:25,500 --> 03:00:29,000
language, accounting software 
and artistic technique all at 

3145
03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:32,100
once they were intricate 
grammatical rules to learn 

3146
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:35,500
hundreds of symbols to commit to
memory and Professional 

3147
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:39,000
Standards to uphold These 
individuals knew they were 

3148
03:00:39,000 --> 03:00:41,500
engaging in Magic because they 
were the first to actually 

3149
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:44,900
solidify thoughts and turn 
spoken words into permanent 

3150
03:00:44,900 --> 03:00:47,100
objects. 
Is it understandable that they 

3151
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:49,400
developed a sense of 
Professional Pride that bordered

3152
03:00:49,400 --> 03:00:52,200
on overconfidence? 
They were the Defenders of 

3153
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:56,200
civilization itself contracts 
laws, literature and history 

3154
03:00:56,200 --> 03:00:58,200
would all be impossible without 
scribes. 

3155
03:00:58,200 --> 03:01:01,800
They served as a tangible link 
between their societies memory. 

3156
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:05,200
And Eternity, young men spent 
years copying classical, texts 

3157
03:01:05,200 --> 03:01:08,300
honing their handwriting and 
acquiring the sophisticated 

3158
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:09,700
legal and mathematical 
knowledge. 

3159
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:12,300
Necessary for professional 
administration at Sumerian 

3160
03:01:12,300 --> 03:01:15,400
scribes schools which resembled 
medieval monasteries. 

3161
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:19,300
They preserved this tale of 
friendship mortality and the 

3162
03:01:19,308 --> 03:01:21,400
pursuit of meaning for future 
Generations. 

3163
03:01:21,400 --> 03:01:23,500
By copying the Epic of 
Gilgamesh. 

3164
03:01:23,500 --> 03:01:27,600
Humanity's first, Monumental 
literary Masterpiece, thousands 

3165
03:01:27,600 --> 03:01:30,900
of times the ancient Egyptians 
were creating their own method 

3166
03:01:30,900 --> 03:01:33,800
of permanent communication while
the Sumerians were busy 

3167
03:01:33,800 --> 03:01:37,400
refining, their wedge-shaped 
filing system, And because they 

3168
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:40,000
were Egyptians, they decided to 
make it utterly beautiful. 

3169
03:01:40,900 --> 03:01:42,700
Why settle for something that 
works? 

3170
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,500
When you can make something that
will Amaze for 5,000 years. 

3171
03:01:45,500 --> 03:01:49,000
Around the same time as 
cuneiform hieroglyphics appeared

3172
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:52,700
however Egyptian hieroglyphs, 
resembled the most intricate 

3173
03:01:52,700 --> 03:01:55,500
picture book in the world 
whereas Sumerian writing 

3174
03:01:55,500 --> 03:01:57,800
appeared as though someone had 
been piercing clay with a very 

3175
03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:01,500
methodical Fork. 
Every symbol was a miniature 

3176
03:02:01,500 --> 03:02:05,600
artwork eyes that followed you 
with age-old wisdom, birds that 

3177
03:02:05,600 --> 03:02:08,700
appeared ready to take flight 
and human figures that posed 

3178
03:02:08,700 --> 03:02:11,900
with such dignity that even 
grocery lists of appeared to be 

3179
03:02:11,900 --> 03:02:13,600
statements of cosmic 
significance. 

3180
03:02:13,600 --> 03:02:17,100
The definition of hieroglyph, 
which literally translates to 

3181
03:02:17,100 --> 03:02:19,200
Sacred. 
Carving provides all the 

3182
03:02:19,200 --> 03:02:21,900
information you require about 
the Egyptians perspective on 

3183
03:02:21,900 --> 03:02:24,900
their writing system. 
This was more than just useful 

3184
03:02:24,900 --> 03:02:28,200
communication. 
It was a gift from God, a 

3185
03:02:28,200 --> 03:02:31,400
conduit between the world of the
Gods and the mortal world, a 

3186
03:02:31,400 --> 03:02:33,700
means of engaging with the 
Eternal through writing, 

3187
03:02:33,700 --> 03:02:35,900
according to Egyptian creation 
myths. 

3188
03:02:35,900 --> 03:02:39,800
The Ibis headed god of wisdom, 
Thoth created hieroglyphs after 

3189
03:02:39,800 --> 03:02:42,500
noticing the footprints. 
That birds made in the mud along

3190
03:02:42,500 --> 03:02:45,200
the Nile. 
The idea that writing started 

3191
03:02:45,200 --> 03:02:47,800
because someone noticed that 
movement could leave permanent 

3192
03:02:47,800 --> 03:02:50,100
traces and that life could 
inscribe itself on the 

3193
03:02:50,100 --> 03:02:51,400
landscape. 
Is a lovely one. 

3194
03:02:51,400 --> 03:02:54,400
Regardless of whether you 
believe, in divine inspiration, 

3195
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:57,800
Thoth who is said to have 
invented writing and functioned 

3196
03:02:57,800 --> 03:03:01,600
as the Scribe of the Gods was so
revered by Egyptian scribes that

3197
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:05,600
they had their own Patron deity.
Imagine working in a profession.

3198
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:08,000
So, esteemed that it was 
believed the gods themselves 

3199
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:11,900
practiced it The instruction of 
dwarf from ancient Egypt. 

3200
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:14,200
Asserts that scribes are the 
best at what they do. 

3201
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:17,500
There is no trade without a 
director except that Of The 

3202
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:19,800
Scribe. 
He is the director. 

3203
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:22,500
However, the intricacy of 
hieroglyphs would make 

3204
03:03:22,500 --> 03:03:24,600
contemporary computer, 
programmers cry. 

3205
03:03:25,300 --> 03:03:28,500
Depending on the situation, the 
same symbol May stand for a word

3206
03:03:28,500 --> 03:03:33,600
sound or concept, a picture of a
house could stand for house the 

3207
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:37,600
sound PR or something related to
domestic life in general. 

3208
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:42,500
In addition to literacy reading 
hieroglyphs required, a sort of 

3209
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:45,600
visual puzzle solving that 
required years of practice, and 

3210
03:03:45,600 --> 03:03:48,500
a mine that could suspend 
several possible meanings and 

3211
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:51,900
the context clarified, the 
intended, meaning with typical 

3212
03:03:51,900 --> 03:03:54,600
Egyptian Flair. 
The Egyptians came up with three

3213
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:58,400
distinct writing systems each 
tailored to a particular set of 

3214
03:03:58,400 --> 03:04:02,400
social context and purposes. 
In order to impress the gods and

3215
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:05,500
future Generations. 
Egyptians used hero glyphs for 

3216
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:08,300
important religious or 
Monumental texts. 

3217
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:11,500
For common religious and 
administrative documents 

3218
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:14,600
hierarchic. 
Which means Priestly refers to 

3219
03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:17,400
higher glyphs written in 
cursive, which a quicker to 

3220
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:20,100
write while still retaining the 
dignity required for official 

3221
03:04:20,100 --> 03:04:23,500
business. 
Later Egyptian writing adopted 

3222
03:04:23,500 --> 03:04:27,300
demotic, which means of the 
people for both personal and 

3223
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:30,100
professional correspondence, 
it's similar to using different 

3224
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:33,300
writing systems for grocery 
lists office memos and wedding 

3225
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:37,100
invitations realistic maybe not 
in terms of Effectiveness 

3226
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:40,900
classy. 
Of course the Egyptians realized

3227
03:04:40,900 --> 03:04:42,800
that different forms of 
communication required. 

3228
03:04:42,800 --> 03:04:45,500
Varying degrees of aesthetic 
appeal that the medium was an 

3229
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:48,300
integral part of the message 
that writing was about honoring 

3230
03:04:48,300 --> 03:04:51,500
information rather than merely 
preserving it in ancient Egypt, 

3231
03:04:51,500 --> 03:04:54,100
becoming a scribe was akin to 
joining a sacred order. 

3232
03:04:54,100 --> 03:04:56,900
In addition to learning how to 
write young boys. 

3233
03:04:56,900 --> 03:05:00,100
And sometimes girls, though, 
this was uncommon would spend 

3234
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:02,800
years in scribble schools, 
learning how to mix inks, 

3235
03:05:02,800 --> 03:05:06,600
prepare Papyrus and make the 
Exquisite Reed pens that enabled

3236
03:05:06,600 --> 03:05:09,600
hieroglyphic writing. 
They practiced by learning 

3237
03:05:09,600 --> 03:05:13,700
grammar and Mathematics copying 
classical texts and honing, the 

3238
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:16,700
exact hand eye, coordination 
needed to produce beautiful and 

3239
03:05:16,700 --> 03:05:19,900
readable symbols. 
In addition to writing, Egyptian

3240
03:05:19,900 --> 03:05:24,000
scribes served as the Pharos 
administrators of the Empire 

3241
03:05:24,000 --> 03:05:27,800
Lauren forces and historians. 
They oversaw the intricate 

3242
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:31,600
irrigation systems that enabled 
Egyptian, agriculture plan the 

3243
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:34,500
enormous building projects that 
produce the temples and pyramids

3244
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:37,500
and kept up the Diplomatic 
correspondence that allowed 

3245
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,500
Egypt to remain in touch with 
the outside world Egyptian 

3246
03:05:40,500 --> 03:05:42,900
writing was as beautiful as its 
instruments. 

3247
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:47,300
Papyrus was a smooth flexible 
writing surface, that could be 

3248
03:05:47,308 --> 03:05:49,700
rolled into Scrolls for 
convenient storage and 

3249
03:05:49,700 --> 03:05:52,400
transportation. 
It was made from the pith of 

3250
03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:56,600
Papyrus plants, which grew along
the Nile, the delicate curves 

3251
03:05:56,600 --> 03:05:58,900
and fine lines. 
That characterized hieroglyphic 

3252
03:05:58,900 --> 03:06:02,700
writing were made possible by 
Reed pens which were carved from

3253
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:05,700
Marsh plants and precisely 
shaped to hold ink. 

3254
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,300
Rich blacks and Vivid. 
Reds could be produced with ink 

3255
03:06:09,300 --> 03:06:12,400
made from soot and plant gums, 
which would stay readable and 

3256
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:13,900
clear. 
For Millennia, most 

3257
03:06:13,900 --> 03:06:16,800
significantly, though Egyptian 
writing was intended to be 

3258
03:06:16,800 --> 03:06:19,600
permanent. 
Egyptian hieroglyphs were carved

3259
03:06:19,600 --> 03:06:23,000
into stone temples and tombs 
with the express purpose of 

3260
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:25,800
remaining forever. 
Whereas Sumerian cuneiform 

3261
03:06:25,800 --> 03:06:28,700
tablets were prone to Breaking 
or crumbling and many other 

3262
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:31,100
ancient writing systems have 
completely vanished. 

3263
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,400
The Egyptians held at writing 
could granted mortality. 

3264
03:06:34,400 --> 03:06:37,300
And that a part of oneself 
persisted in the world. 

3265
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:39,900
As long as one's name could be, 
read our story. 

3266
03:06:39,900 --> 03:06:42,900
Now, takes a turn, that would be
proudly featured in any Underdog

3267
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:45,400
Sports film. 
A small group of people in the 

3268
03:06:45,400 --> 03:06:48,100
Eastern Mediterranean, were on 
the verge of unintentionally 

3269
03:06:48,100 --> 03:06:50,200
revolutionizing human 
communication forever. 

3270
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:52,900
While the Egyptians were 
perfecting, their beautiful 

3271
03:06:52,900 --> 03:06:56,700
complexity and the Mesopotamians
were growing their empire based 

3272
03:06:56,700 --> 03:06:59,300
on wedges. 
The Phoenicians were academics. 

3273
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:02,100
They were Traders. 
They were the equivalent of that

3274
03:07:02,100 --> 03:07:04,700
friend who always knows where to
get the best bargains in the 

3275
03:07:04,708 --> 03:07:07,600
ancient world. 
Except instead of selling cheap 

3276
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:10,700
electronics, they dealt in 
purple dye that was worth more 

3277
03:07:10,700 --> 03:07:13,900
than gold Cedar would so fine 
that it was used in Kings 

3278
03:07:13,900 --> 03:07:17,400
temples and silver, so pure that
it became the Benchmark for 

3279
03:07:17,400 --> 03:07:18,800
Value throughout the 
Mediterranean. 

3280
03:07:19,800 --> 03:07:23,200
They required a portable easily 
learned and effective writing 

3281
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:25,400
system. 
Cuneiform required too much. 

3282
03:07:25,408 --> 03:07:28,500
Specialized equipment 
hieroglyphs were too complicated

3283
03:07:28,500 --> 03:07:32,100
for Fast, Business records. 
And to be honest, they had no 

3284
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:34,200
time for either. 
When there were fortunes to be 

3285
03:07:34,200 --> 03:07:38,100
made in every port from Spain, 
to the Black Sea living in a 

3286
03:07:38,100 --> 03:07:40,800
practical era, the Phoenicians 
were pragmatic individuals, 

3287
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:45,700
their cities tire side and 
byblos were erected on Slender, 

3288
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:48,700
coastal plains, with their 
faces, toward the sea, and their

3289
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:51,900
backs to the mountains. 
They had to trade in order to 

3290
03:07:51,900 --> 03:07:54,300
survive because they could not 
produce enough food to sustain 

3291
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:58,200
large populations, additionally,
contracts, correspondence and 

3292
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:01,000
record keeping that were 
comprehensible, despite 

3293
03:08:01,000 --> 03:08:03,800
linguistic, and cultural 
barriers were necessary for 

3294
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:06,700
successful trade. 
Therefore, the most elegant Act 

3295
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:09,400
of simplification in human 
history was carried out by a 

3296
03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:13,400
brilliant Phoenician, Merchants 
around 1200 BCE, let's imagine 

3297
03:08:13,400 --> 03:08:16,400
him as the ancient equivalent of
someone who unintentionally 

3298
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:20,000
revolutionizes storage 
technology and finds a better 

3299
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:23,500
way to organize their garage, 
the Phoenicians produced only 22

3300
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:26,300
symbols Each of which 
represented a single consonant 

3301
03:08:26,300 --> 03:08:30,900
sound as a posed to symbols. 
That represented words, sounds 

3302
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:34,500
and Concepts. 
That's all No, images of birds 

3303
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:38,200
that depending on the context 
could mean bird fly or Freedom. 

3304
03:08:38,200 --> 03:08:41,700
There are no abstract ideas that
take years of study to grasp. 

3305
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:44,800
There was no Divine symbolism, 
that linked writing to Cosmic 

3306
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:47,800
laws any word in their language 
could be represented by 

3307
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:51,700
combining just 22 basic marks. 
It was incredibly useful. 

3308
03:08:52,600 --> 03:08:55,800
Instead of the years needed to 
learn Kenai form or hieroglyphs 

3309
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:59,100
a Merchants child, could learn 
the entire system in months. 

3310
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:02,400
The symbols were easy enough to 
paint onto wooden boards, 

3311
03:09:02,400 --> 03:09:05,700
scratch into Pottery, or swiftly
carve into stone. 

3312
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:09,600
The most revolutionary aspect of
the system was its adaptability 

3313
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:12,900
and logic, which allowed it to 
be, used to write entirely 

3314
03:09:12,900 --> 03:09:15,600
different languages. 
The Phoenician alphabet was 

3315
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,400
straightforward effective and 
highly adaptable. 

3316
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:21,500
Making it comparable to the 
Swiss army knife of writing 

3317
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:24,300
systems. 
Once you mastered, the 22 

3318
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:26,300
letters. 
You could write any word you 

3319
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:29,100
could pronounce because each 
letter stood for a distinct 

3320
03:09:29,100 --> 03:09:32,600
sound, there was no need for 
costly materials, or specialized

3321
03:09:32,600 --> 03:09:34,900
training. 
No, need to memorize hundreds of

3322
03:09:34,900 --> 03:09:37,800
symbols and no need for 
complicated grammar rules. 

3323
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:41,400
Encoded in the writing system 
itself, it's likely that the 

3324
03:09:41,400 --> 03:09:44,000
Phoenicians were unaware that 
they had just given Humanity, 

3325
03:09:44,000 --> 03:09:45,600
the secret to widespread 
literacy. 

3326
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:49,700
There only goals were to improve
business, records, expedite 

3327
03:09:49,700 --> 03:09:52,900
correspondence, and shorten the 
time needed to train new, 

3328
03:09:52,900 --> 03:09:56,600
scribes, however, for nation 
Traders brought their alphabet 

3329
03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:58,400
to every port, where they 
conducted business. 

3330
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:01,900
And it quickly sprayed, like, 
the most popular viral video in 

3331
03:10:01,900 --> 03:10:04,600
the ancient world, the 
Phoenicians system only marked 

3332
03:10:04,600 --> 03:10:07,800
consonant sound leaving Readers 
to infer, the vowels from 

3333
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:12,300
Context, it would be like 
reading vtt's s and knowing it 

3334
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:16,000
means by the house. 
This worked well in submitted 

3335
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:18,800
languages like Phoenicians and 
Hebrew, where the consonants 

3336
03:10:18,800 --> 03:10:21,000
carry, the majority of the 
meaning, but it was problematic 

3337
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,400
for Greek were vowel. 
Sounds were essential for 

3338
03:10:24,400 --> 03:10:27,100
comprehension Greek Traders 
commented. 

3339
03:10:27,100 --> 03:10:30,600
This is brilliant, but it could 
use some improvements, thus the 

3340
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,600
Greeks added vowels to The 
Phoenician alphabet, which may 

3341
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:35,600
be the most significant change 
in writing history. 

3342
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:39,500
The Greeks, use those letters to
stand in for vowel, sounds 

3343
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:42,100
because some Phoenician 
consonants were not present in 

3344
03:10:42,100 --> 03:10:45,000
Greek, the Greek Alpha and our 
letter. 

3345
03:10:45,000 --> 03:10:47,700
A was derived from The 
Phoenician aleph, the Greek 

3346
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:50,200
beta, and our letter b and so 
forth. 

3347
03:10:50,200 --> 03:10:53,600
Vowels were added to the 
alphabet, making it much more 

3348
03:10:53,600 --> 03:10:56,100
accurate and simpler to learn 
readers. 

3349
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,300
Could see the precise 
pronunciation of words rather 

3350
03:10:59,300 --> 03:11:01,600
than having to guess the missing
vowel sound. 

3351
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:05,800
Because of its accuracy. 
The Greek alphabet was ideal for

3352
03:11:05,800 --> 03:11:08,800
recording, not only business 
transactions, but also intricate

3353
03:11:08,800 --> 03:11:11,800
literary works, like poetry and 
philosophy were precise. 

3354
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:14,900
Wording was crucial through 
their interactions with Greek 

3355
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:17,900
colonies in southern Italy. 
The Romans came into contact 

3356
03:11:17,900 --> 03:11:21,400
with the Greek, alphabet and 
recognized its potential for use

3357
03:11:21,400 --> 03:11:23,400
in law and administration right 
away. 

3358
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:27,200
By standardizing the alphabet 
throughout their empire and 

3359
03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:29,400
using it to produce the 
administrative and legal 

3360
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:31,700
documents that bound their 
enormous territories together. 

3361
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:35,000
Roman efficiency, transformed 
the alphabet into an instrument 

3362
03:11:35,000 --> 03:11:40,000
of Empire and that Latin script 
perfected and refined by Roman 

3363
03:11:40,000 --> 03:11:42,300
scribes. 
And bureaucrats it is currently 

3364
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:46,100
being read by you. 
The 26 letters that you see on 

3365
03:11:46,100 --> 03:11:49,100
your keyboard, a direct 
descendant of those 22, 

3366
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:52,500
Phoenician consonants, they were
altered by Greek creativity, and

3367
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:55,500
Roman pragmatism and were passed
down through centuries and 

3368
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:58,100
continents to reach the page or 
screen in front of you. 

3369
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:01,100
The success of the alphabet was 
neither inevitable, nor 

3370
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,900
instantaneous, Coexisted with 
various writing systems for 

3371
03:12:04,900 --> 03:12:07,300
centuries, each with unique 
benefits. 

3372
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:10,400
For more than a millennium 
following, the invention of the 

3373
03:12:10,400 --> 03:12:13,800
alphabet California to be the 
language of scholarship and 

3374
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:17,200
diplomacy in Mesopotamia. 
Up until the Roman era 

3375
03:12:17,200 --> 03:12:20,300
hieroglyphs were still utilized 
in the Egypt for religious and 

3376
03:12:20,300 --> 03:12:23,500
ceremonial purposes. 
The fact that Chinese characters

3377
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:25,800
evolved on their own and are 
still in use today. 

3378
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,100
Shows that there are other 
options for solving the writing 

3379
03:12:28,100 --> 03:12:29,900
problem. 
Besides the alphabet one 

3380
03:12:29,900 --> 03:12:32,800
significant benefit of the 
alphabet however, was that it 

3381
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:35,000
significantly reduced the 
barrier to literacy. 

3382
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:38,700
A person could become 
functionally literate in months 

3383
03:12:38,700 --> 03:12:41,700
as a supposed to years of 
learning, hundreds, or thousands

3384
03:12:41,700 --> 03:12:45,400
of symbols. 
As a result writing, was no 

3385
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:48,100
longer the sole domain of 
affluent Elites and professional

3386
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:52,000
scribes. 
Soldiers, Artisans merchants and

3387
03:12:52,000 --> 03:12:54,100
eventually common. 
People could all learn to read 

3388
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:57,000
and write writing Remain the 
domain of specialist for 

3389
03:12:57,000 --> 03:12:59,300
approximately a millennium, 
following the adoption of the 

3390
03:12:59,308 --> 03:13:01,900
alphabet. 
But these Specialists were far 

3391
03:13:01,900 --> 03:13:06,200
more numerous than in the past. 
Books were rare expensive and 

3392
03:13:06,200 --> 03:13:08,600
handwritten. 
They were like owning an 

3393
03:13:08,600 --> 03:13:11,500
original Picasso except that the
Picasso was a copy of 

3394
03:13:11,508 --> 03:13:15,200
Aristotle's, ethical ideas and 
it took a monk three years to 

3395
03:13:15,200 --> 03:13:18,000
make while surviving in a Cold 
Stone Monastery on bread. 

3396
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:22,000
And we kale based on the Latin 
words, marnus, which means hand 

3397
03:13:22,000 --> 03:13:25,300
and scriptus which means written
this was the era of the 

3398
03:13:25,300 --> 03:13:28,600
manuscript. 
Letter by letter word by word 

3399
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:31,600
Page by Page each book was 
literally written by hand. 

3400
03:13:32,500 --> 03:13:35,500
A single book was worth months 
or years of human labor due to 

3401
03:13:35,500 --> 03:13:38,800
the labor intensive nature of 
the process, making each volume 

3402
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:42,200
extremely valuable the 
improbable stewards of human 

3403
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:44,300
knowledge turned out to be 
medieval monasteries. 

3404
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:48,100
Imagine brother Benedict bent 
over his writing desk in a 

3405
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:51,200
scriptorium, a special room used
for copying manuscripts 

3406
03:13:51,200 --> 03:13:53,800
carefully. 
Copying the writing of ancient 

3407
03:13:53,800 --> 03:13:57,400
philosophers as his back ached 
from hours of painstaking 

3408
03:13:57,400 --> 03:14:00,800
exacting work and his fingers 
gradually turned blue from the 

3409
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:03,400
cold. 
In their meticulously copied 

3410
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:05,900
books. 
These monks preserved everything

3411
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:09,200
from agricultural methods to 
mathematical theorems to 

3412
03:14:09,200 --> 03:14:12,500
theological arguments making 
them more than just scribes. 

3413
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:15,800
They were the first backup hard 
drives of human civilization. 

3414
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:18,800
It was almost Supernatural. 
How much work it took to create 

3415
03:14:18,800 --> 03:14:22,800
a medieval manuscript. initially
you needed parchment or Vellum, 

3416
03:14:22,800 --> 03:14:25,700
which required weeks of 
meticulous, preparation, using 

3417
03:14:25,700 --> 03:14:30,200
the skins of dozens of animals 
such as goats sheep or calves, 

3418
03:14:31,200 --> 03:14:33,700
To produce a smooth, 
long-lasting writing surface, 

3419
03:14:33,700 --> 03:14:38,200
the Skins needed to be soaked 
scraped stretched and lime 

3420
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:42,000
treated. 300 sheep skins could 
be needed for one Bible. 

3421
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:45,200
The creation of inks followed 
some of which called for 

3422
03:14:45,200 --> 03:14:48,100
substances more unusual than 
anything found in a contemporary

3423
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,600
chemistry set. 
Gum arabic, iron, sulfate, and 

3424
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:55,600
Oak Galls growth produced by 
wasp larvae were used to make 

3425
03:14:55,600 --> 03:14:58,500
black ink. 
Cinnabar or red Oaker were used 

3426
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:00,800
to make the reding that was used
for chapter headings and 

3427
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:04,300
significant passages. 
Real gold leaf was ground with 

3428
03:15:04,300 --> 03:15:07,600
gum and honey to create gold 
ink, which was saved for the 

3429
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:11,100
most valuable writing the 
writing itself, necessitated 

3430
03:15:11,100 --> 03:15:14,800
specific instruments and methods
to hold ink and create accurate 

3431
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,700
marks quill pens, which were 
fashioned from the flight 

3432
03:15:17,700 --> 03:15:20,900
feathers of geese or swans. 
Had to be precisely cut and 

3433
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:25,700
shaped Sand was used to block 
excess ink and speed drying and 

3434
03:15:25,700 --> 03:15:28,200
the scribes desk was angled to 
avoiding pooling. 

3435
03:15:28,200 --> 03:15:32,000
However, the illumination the 
addition of ornamental elements 

3436
03:15:32,000 --> 03:15:35,500
that transformed every page into
a work of art was where the true

3437
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:38,800
Artistry was found. 
Detailed initial letters, that 

3438
03:15:38,800 --> 03:15:42,200
could include whole mincha 
Landscapes, marginal decorations

3439
03:15:42,200 --> 03:15:45,300
that told visual stories and 
full page illustrations, that 

3440
03:15:45,300 --> 03:15:49,200
Infuse text with Rich details. 
And vibrant colors were all 

3441
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:52,300
characteristics of illuminated 
manuscripts among the most 

3442
03:15:52,300 --> 03:15:54,700
Exquisite items ever made by 
human hands. 

3443
03:15:54,700 --> 03:15:57,800
Are the most well-known 
illuminated manuscripts such as 

3444
03:15:57,800 --> 03:16:02,500
the Book of Kells or the cherish
Urdu to bury hundreds of hours 

3445
03:16:02,500 --> 03:16:05,200
of Labor by talented artists 
employing methods that took 

3446
03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:07,500
decades to perfect a represented
on each page. 

3447
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:09,700
The pigments were made from 
Vellum. 

3448
03:16:09,700 --> 03:16:11,000
So fine, it was almost 
translucent. 

3449
03:16:11,000 --> 03:16:15,500
Gold Leaf applied with brushes 
made from single hairs and Lapis

3450
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:17,000
Lazuli imported from 
Afghanistan. 

3451
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:20,800
It sounds romantic to say that 
each book was unique, but it 

3452
03:16:20,800 --> 03:16:23,300
also means that each one cost 
enough to wipe out a small 

3453
03:16:23,308 --> 03:16:25,500
Kingdom. 
A complete collection of 

3454
03:16:25,500 --> 03:16:28,300
Aristotle's writings could cost 
more than a small farm. 

3455
03:16:28,300 --> 03:16:32,000
A single Bible could cost as 
much as a house and even basic 

3456
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:34,700
prayer books were luxury items. 
Only the wealthy could afford 

3457
03:16:34,700 --> 03:16:38,200
because of this scarcity. 
The majority of people continue 

3458
03:16:38,200 --> 03:16:41,600
to rely on memory oral tradition
and the occasional helpful 

3459
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:44,600
neighbor who could read while 
the wealthy and the clergy 

3460
03:16:44,600 --> 03:16:46,700
continued to enjoy the privilege
of literacy. 

3461
03:16:46,700 --> 03:16:50,600
However, something significant 
was taking place, even in this, 

3462
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:53,500
secluded realm of handwritten 
books in a way. 

3463
03:16:53,508 --> 03:16:57,400
Never seen before, knowledge was
becoming portable from Monastery

3464
03:16:57,400 --> 03:17:00,700
to Monastery, a manuscript could
spread Concepts across centuries

3465
03:17:00,700 --> 03:17:03,600
and continents. 
These meticulously reproduced 

3466
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:06,700
books brought the writings of 
Greek philosophers who had been 

3467
03:17:06,700 --> 03:17:09,800
preserved by Islamic scholars 
during the Dark Ages in Europe, 

3468
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:13,800
back to Christian Europe. 
through Thomas aquinas's work, 

3469
03:17:13,800 --> 03:17:17,800
Aristotle's physics, which was 
translated from Greek to Arabic,

3470
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:21,100
to Latin, had an impact on 
Christian theology, during the 

3471
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:25,200
Middle Ages, Ptolemy's geography
which has been reproduced and 

3472
03:17:25,200 --> 03:17:27,900
were copied for centuries. 
Served as a guide for the 

3473
03:17:27,900 --> 03:17:30,600
exploration Expeditions that 
brought Europeans to the new 

3474
03:17:30,600 --> 03:17:33,700
world, the scribes and monks who
produced these manuscripts 

3475
03:17:33,700 --> 03:17:36,100
established a culture of 
knowledge preservation of Their 

3476
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:38,300
Own. 
Each book became a dialogue 

3477
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:41,700
across time as a result of the 
marginalia comments and 

3478
03:17:41,700 --> 03:17:43,400
observations in the margins that
they added. 

3479
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:46,800
Reading a medieval manuscript 
today is similar to listening to

3480
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:49,600
a group of academics who are 
centuries apart debate the same 

3481
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:52,700
text adding their own 
interpretations and insights 

3482
03:17:52,700 --> 03:17:54,200
while also agreeing and 
disagreeing. 

3483
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:57,500
While some of these side remarks
are academic and somber. 

3484
03:17:57,500 --> 03:18:00,000
Others are surprisingly, 
relatable and human. 

3485
03:18:00,700 --> 03:18:02,700
The whether it's raining heavily
outside. 

3486
03:18:02,700 --> 03:18:06,800
The scriptorium complaints about
the cold, my hand is numb from 

3487
03:18:06,800 --> 03:18:10,600
writing and even drawings of 
cats which it seems medieval 

3488
03:18:10,600 --> 03:18:12,700
monks found just as adorable as 
we do today. 

3489
03:18:12,700 --> 03:18:16,500
Can all be found in medieval 
manuscripts new types of books 

3490
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:19,200
with distinct functions also 
emerged during the manuscript 

3491
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:23,400
era. both clergy and lay people 
adopted the sultan as they go to

3492
03:18:23,400 --> 03:18:28,300
prayer book because it contained
the 150 biblical Psalms Among 

3493
03:18:28,300 --> 03:18:30,900
the most popular manuscripts for
affluent, people were books of 

3494
03:18:30,908 --> 03:18:34,200
hours which contained prayers 
for various times of the day. 

3495
03:18:35,500 --> 03:18:38,000
Through their descriptions of 
mythical and real animals. 

3496
03:18:38,000 --> 03:18:41,800
Best juries Blended natural 
history with moral teaching in 

3497
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:44,800
ways that were both entertaining
and instructive. 

3498
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:48,500
When you first is first appeared
in the 12th century, they 

3499
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:51,000
brought with the new production 
techniques and demands for 

3500
03:18:51,000 --> 03:18:53,800
books. 
Multiple copies of the same text

3501
03:18:53,800 --> 03:18:57,700
could be produced more quickly. 
Thanks to the PCS system, which 

3502
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:00,800
divided text into sections. 
That could be copied by multiple

3503
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:03,900
scribes at once. 
Although it still took months to

3504
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:07,500
produce a single book, this was 
the Medieval equivalent of mass 

3505
03:19:07,500 --> 03:19:09,600
production. 
China had been subtly 

3506
03:19:09,600 --> 03:19:13,200
transforming, the very medium of
writing while Europe continued 

3507
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:15,900
to treat books as Priceless 
artifacts that needed the 

3508
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:17,600
sacrifice of whole herds of 
sheep. 

3509
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:21,200
Making paper from plant. 
Fibers was a technique that 

3510
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:22,400
would eventually change the 
world. 

3511
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:26,100
And it was perfected by a court,
official named Cai Lun around 

3512
03:19:26,100 --> 03:19:28,600
105 CE during the Huntington 
estate. 

3513
03:19:28,600 --> 03:19:31,400
When you take into account, the 
Alternatives, that dominated 

3514
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:35,000
writing surfaces for centuries. 
This invention may not seem like

3515
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:38,100
a game changer. 
Imagine attempting to transport 

3516
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:41,500
a library of clay tablets on a 
journey, they were both heavy 

3517
03:19:41,500 --> 03:19:43,700
and brittle, though. 
Stone was permanent. 

3518
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:45,400
It was not practical for 
inscriptions. 

3519
03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:47,200
Other than the most significant 
ones. 

3520
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:51,100
The Pirates was costly to make 
and transport and it required 

3521
03:19:51,100 --> 03:19:54,200
particular plants that only 
thrived in particular climates 

3522
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:58,700
parchment was extremely costly 
and required animal Skin's a 

3523
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:02,500
single book could require 
hundreds of animals Rags bark, 

3524
03:20:02,500 --> 03:20:04,700
bamboo mulberry trees and pretty
much. 

3525
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:07,100
Any other plant fiber could be 
used to make paper. 

3526
03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:10,900
This made it possible to produce
writing materials in large 

3527
03:20:10,900 --> 03:20:13,600
quantities locally and at a low 
cost. 

3528
03:20:14,700 --> 03:20:16,700
The cost of the information 
written on the writing. 

3529
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:20,200
Surface became insignificant for
the first time in human history.

3530
03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:24,200
Plant fibers were soaked beaten 
into pulp combined with water 

3531
03:20:24,200 --> 03:20:27,200
and then lifted out on screens 
to form, thin sheets that 

3532
03:20:27,200 --> 03:20:31,400
eventually dried into paper. 
Kailens method was elegantly, 

3533
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:34,700
straightforward, the method 
became so widespread in China. 

3534
03:20:34,700 --> 03:20:36,700
That paper was used for more 
than just writing. 

3535
03:20:36,700 --> 03:20:40,000
It was used for packaging 
decoration and even clothing 

3536
03:20:40,000 --> 03:20:43,600
paper served as a medium for art
decoration and even money for 

3537
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:46,200
the Chinese who used it for more
than just writing. 

3538
03:20:47,100 --> 03:20:49,600
Centuries before the rest of the
world realized that you could 

3539
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:52,300
use something other than pieces 
of metal to represent value, 

3540
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:55,900
they created paper money. 
Chinese Traders were using 

3541
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:59,400
exquisitely designed paper notes
backed by Imperial authority to 

3542
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:02,500
pay for goods while European 
Merchants continued to carry 

3543
03:21:02,500 --> 03:21:06,200
bags of gold and silver coins. 
Additionally, new forms of 

3544
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:08,500
artistic expression were made 
possible by Chinese. 

3545
03:21:08,500 --> 03:21:12,700
Papermaking Writing itself was 
regarded as a visual art form 

3546
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:16,300
when calligraphy the art of 
beautiful writing advance to new

3547
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,100
heights. 
Chinese poets produced versus 

3548
03:21:19,100 --> 03:21:22,100
that were as Exquisite to look 
at, as they were to read with 

3549
03:21:22,100 --> 03:21:25,900
the ink flow and brushwork 
adding to the poems meaning This

3550
03:21:25,900 --> 03:21:27,800
type of creative. 
Experimentation was made 

3551
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:31,300
feasible and affordable by paper
along trade routes the 

3552
03:21:31,300 --> 03:21:35,000
technology gradually spread. 
Thanks to Traders diplomats and 

3553
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:41,100
tourists who saw its potential 
Around 750 CE it made its way to

3554
03:21:41,100 --> 03:21:44,900
the Islamic world. 
Most likely via Chinese pows 

3555
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:46,500
taken during the Battle of 
Talus. 

3556
03:21:47,300 --> 03:21:49,700
With the same further as those 
who had been attempting to 

3557
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:53,300
preserve libraries on pricy 
animal hides, Islamic scholars, 

3558
03:21:53,300 --> 03:21:56,200
and administrators embraced. 
Paper paper books. 

3559
03:21:56,200 --> 03:21:59,100
Flooded The Great Library of 
Baghdad, Cairo and Cordova, 

3560
03:21:59,100 --> 03:22:02,300
establishing educational hubs 
that preserved, in advanced 

3561
03:22:02,300 --> 03:22:06,400
ancient knowledge, Greek, 
Persian, Sanskrit and other 

3562
03:22:06,400 --> 03:22:09,500
works were translated into 
Arabic and printed as paper 

3563
03:22:09,500 --> 03:22:12,800
books at the house of wisdom in 
Baghdad which developed into a 

3564
03:22:12,800 --> 03:22:15,800
translation hub. 
Cheat paper made this enormous 

3565
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:19,200
translation project possible 
saving classical education that 

3566
03:22:19,200 --> 03:22:22,600
might have been lost forever. 
Otherwise Islamic paper makers. 

3567
03:22:22,600 --> 03:22:26,000
Improved upon Chinese processes 
and created new ones that were 

3568
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:29,700
appropriate for various climates
and the materials at hand From 

3569
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,900
Spain to Central Asia, they set 
up paper mills across their 

3570
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:36,200
lands establishing a production 
Network that made books more 

3571
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:38,600
widely available and more 
reasonably priced than ever. 

3572
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:40,900
Before in the 12th century 
paper. 

3573
03:22:40,900 --> 03:22:43,900
Finally made its way to Europe 
where it encountered, the kind 

3574
03:22:43,900 --> 03:22:46,600
of opposition usually reserved 
for National Security threats. 

3575
03:22:47,500 --> 03:22:50,300
To safeguard their business. 
Parchment manufacturers 

3576
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:53,400
organized, strong guilds, and 
pushed policy makers to limit 

3577
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,400
the use of paper. 
Despite the fact that many paper

3578
03:22:56,400 --> 03:22:58,600
manuscripts have fared better 
than parchment ones. 

3579
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:02,000
In terms of survival religious, 
authorities were concerned that 

3580
03:23:02,000 --> 03:23:05,700
paper books might not be robust 
enough to preserve sacred texts 

3581
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:08,400
in certain locations. 
Using paper for official 

3582
03:23:08,400 --> 03:23:11,400
documents is outright 
prohibited, the Holy Roman 

3583
03:23:11,400 --> 03:23:13,400
Emperor. 
Frederick the second insisted 

3584
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:15,700
that only parchment was 
appropriate for significant 

3585
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:19,800
legal records, declaring, in 
1231 That official documents 

3586
03:23:19,800 --> 03:23:21,800
written on paper would be deemed
invalid. 

3587
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:25,700
This opposition to paper was 
partially cultural reflecting 

3588
03:23:25,700 --> 03:23:28,200
long held ideas about the 
appropriate materials for 

3589
03:23:28,200 --> 03:23:31,500
significant writing and 
partially economic as the 

3590
03:23:31,500 --> 03:23:34,000
production of parchment was a 
significant industry. 

3591
03:23:34,000 --> 03:23:37,400
That employed thousands of 
people, however paper had a 

3592
03:23:37,408 --> 03:23:39,700
compelling Advantage it was 
inexpensive. 

3593
03:23:40,600 --> 03:23:43,100
Parchment was unable to keep up 
with the growing number of 

3594
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:46,100
universities in Europe and the 
resulting demand for books. 

3595
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:49,600
Throughout their studies. 
The University student may 

3596
03:23:49,600 --> 03:23:51,800
require access to dozens of 
different texts. 

3597
03:23:52,500 --> 03:23:55,200
More animal, skins were needed 
for even a small Library than 

3598
03:23:55,200 --> 03:23:58,800
most areas could provide in the 
13th and 14th centuries. 

3599
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:01,200
Paper mill started to appear all
over Europe. 

3600
03:24:01,200 --> 03:24:04,400
They were frequently constructed
next to rivers, that could 

3601
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:07,100
Supply electricity for the 
equipment that was used to 

3602
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:08,900
grind. 
Plant fibers into pulp. 

3603
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:12,200
These Mills evolved into hubs of
technological advancement 

3604
03:24:12,200 --> 03:24:15,500
creating novel methods for 
creating various kinds of paper 

3605
03:24:15,500 --> 03:24:18,500
with various uses. 
It would take centuries to fully

3606
03:24:18,500 --> 03:24:21,500
comprehend how the economics of 
knowledge changed as a result of

3607
03:24:21,500 --> 03:24:22,800
the cheap papers of 
availability. 

3608
03:24:23,700 --> 03:24:26,600
For the first time writing 
supplies were reasonably priced 

3609
03:24:26,600 --> 03:24:29,800
allowing people to try out novel
written expressions. 

3610
03:24:30,700 --> 03:24:33,500
Because paper made writing more 
affordable, personal letters 

3611
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:36,400
increased in frequency. 
Business records became more 

3612
03:24:36,400 --> 03:24:39,900
details and governments became 
more bureaucratic Johannes. 

3613
03:24:39,900 --> 03:24:43,300
Gutenberg was arguably the most 
irritated metal work in Minds 

3614
03:24:43,300 --> 03:24:46,400
Germany and perhaps all of 
Europe by the 1440s. 

3615
03:24:47,200 --> 03:24:50,200
He had invested years and a lot 
of money into creating a system 

3616
03:24:50,200 --> 03:24:53,900
of movable type which consisted 
of separate metal letters that 

3617
03:24:53,900 --> 03:24:56,100
could be rearranged to print 
various texts. 

3618
03:24:56,100 --> 03:24:59,700
However, each prototype, he 
created brought with it, new 

3619
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:02,500
problems, that seem to arise 
more quickly than he could 

3620
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:04,800
resolve them. 
The intricacy of the technical 

3621
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:08,400
issues was astounding, the 
printing would be uneven with 

3622
03:25:08,400 --> 03:25:10,500
some letters, pressing harder 
into the paper than others. 

3623
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:14,600
If the letters weren't all 
precisely the same height, To 

3624
03:25:14,600 --> 03:25:17,000
account for the inherent 
proportions of various letters, 

3625
03:25:17,000 --> 03:25:19,600
they also needed to have 
slightly different widths. 

3626
03:25:19,600 --> 03:25:23,900
For example, I should be 
narrower than a w, but both had 

3627
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:26,400
to line up precisely with every 
other letter in the alphabet, 

3628
03:25:26,400 --> 03:25:30,600
the type required, a carefully, 
formulated metal alloy, If it 

3629
03:25:30,608 --> 03:25:33,400
were too soft pressure would 
cause the letters to distort, 

3630
03:25:33,400 --> 03:25:36,000
they would chip or shatter, if 
they were too hard. 

3631
03:25:36,700 --> 03:25:40,200
The alloy needed to be able to 
capture fine details, be robust 

3632
03:25:40,200 --> 03:25:43,300
enough to print thousands of 
copies and be affordable enough 

3633
03:25:43,300 --> 03:25:46,300
to make the system as a whole 
profitable to transfer from 

3634
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:49,800
metal to paper without smearing 
or fading, the ink needed to be 

3635
03:25:49,800 --> 03:25:51,300
precisely the correct 
consistency. 

3636
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:55,500
Metal type on paper, just didn't
work with traditional manuscript

3637
03:25:55,500 --> 03:25:59,200
Inc which was made for quill 
pens on parchment in order to 

3638
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:02,700
stick to metal and transfer 
smoothly to paper Gutenberg had 

3639
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:05,600
to create a completely new kind 
of ink that was oil-based, 

3640
03:26:05,600 --> 03:26:08,500
rather than water. 
Based a Pages whole surface 

3641
03:26:08,500 --> 03:26:11,000
required precisely the correct 
amount of pressure from the 

3642
03:26:11,008 --> 03:26:13,800
Press itself. 
Some letters would print lightly

3643
03:26:13,800 --> 03:26:15,800
or not at all if there was 
insufficient pressure. 

3644
03:26:16,700 --> 03:26:19,900
Successive pressure could cause 
the paper to tear all the type 

3645
03:26:19,900 --> 03:26:21,700
to be pushed. 
So deeply into the paper that 

3646
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,800
holds would form. 
However, the economic issue was 

3647
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:28,700
arguably the most difficult. 
with no Assurance of return, 

3648
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:32,200
starting a printing business 
required, a significant upfront 

3649
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:35,800
investment in supplies, 
machinery and trained labor, 

3650
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:40,500
Single misaligned letter, a 
batch of faulty ink or a paper 

3651
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:43,100
issue could destroy hundreds of 
copies and cause the business to

3652
03:26:43,100 --> 03:26:45,700
go bankrupt. 
Gutenberg's Brilliance lay not 

3653
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:47,900
only in his individual solutions
to these issues. 

3654
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:51,300
But also in his realization, 
that printing was an entirely 

3655
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:55,400
new method of book production. 
Manuscripts were copied one at a

3656
03:26:55,400 --> 03:26:58,600
time by medieval scribes who 
worked for months on each copy. 

3657
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:01,900
After the initial setup was 
finished printing. 

3658
03:27:01,900 --> 03:27:04,400
Produced a template that could 
create hundreds of identical 

3659
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:06,300
copies. 
There was significant. 

3660
03:27:06,300 --> 03:27:09,600
Ramifications of this transition
from artisanal to industrial 

3661
03:27:09,600 --> 03:27:12,300
production that went well beyond
the printing shop. 

3662
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:16,600
Printed books were identical 
rather than distinct each with 

3663
03:27:16,600 --> 03:27:19,800
its own unique qualities and 
possible mistakes because 

3664
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,600
everyone else reading the same 
book would find the same text in

3665
03:27:22,600 --> 03:27:25,000
the same place scholars in 
different cities. 

3666
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:28,400
Could now, refer to particular 
page and lines naturally, the 

3667
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:31,000
Bible was the first book that 
couldn't be decided to print. 

3668
03:27:31,800 --> 03:27:34,600
However this was a wise business
move, as well as a religious 

3669
03:27:34,600 --> 03:27:36,800
one. 
The one book that was sure to 

3670
03:27:36,800 --> 03:27:38,700
have a sizeable and steady 
Market was the Bible. 

3671
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:42,900
Every Church required copies 
affluent, people desired their 

3672
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:45,900
own copies and the text was 
sufficiently uniformed to 

3673
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:48,900
eliminate any doubts regarding 
its veracity or correctness. 

3674
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:52,900
The Gutenberg Bible, which was 
finished around 1455 and is 

3675
03:27:52,900 --> 03:27:55,400
still regarded as one of the 
most Exquisite books ever 

3676
03:27:55,400 --> 03:27:57,800
created. 
Demonstrated that hand 

3677
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:01,400
illumination could compete with 
mechanical reproduction in terms

3678
03:28:01,400 --> 03:28:05,000
of artistic quality Gutenberg 
created books, that fuse the 

3679
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:07,800
Elegance of traditional 
manuscript art with the accuracy

3680
03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:10,700
of printing. 
I hiring talented artists to add

3681
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:13,700
decorative elements to each copy
more significantly though. 

3682
03:28:13,700 --> 03:28:16,100
The good and Berg Bible. 
Proved that books could be 

3683
03:28:16,108 --> 03:28:18,800
produced in large quantities 
without compromising their 

3684
03:28:18,800 --> 03:28:21,900
quality. 
With hand added decorations, 

3685
03:28:21,900 --> 03:28:26,400
each of the 180 copies was 
unique, despite having the same 

3686
03:28:26,400 --> 03:28:30,100
text and layout resulting in a 
hybrid form that connected 

3687
03:28:30,100 --> 03:28:33,100
medieval craftsmanship and 
contemporary industry with the 

3688
03:28:33,100 --> 03:28:35,200
rapidity of a particularly 
potent plague. 

3689
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:38,800
But with far greater advantages,
the printing press spread 

3690
03:28:38,800 --> 03:28:44,400
throughout Europe, By 1500 more 
than 200 56 cities, ranging from

3691
03:28:44,400 --> 03:28:48,200
Stockholm to Naples and Lisbon 
to Moscow had printing presses. 

3692
03:28:49,100 --> 03:28:51,800
Millions of books were being 
produced by these presses every 

3693
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:55,100
year changing, Europe from a 
place where books were rare and 

3694
03:28:55,100 --> 03:28:58,200
valuable to one, where printed 
materials were becoming widely 

3695
03:28:58,200 --> 03:29:00,800
available. 
The ramifications for society, 

3696
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:04,600
were profound, the simultaneous 
existence of identical copies of

3697
03:29:04,608 --> 03:29:07,900
the same text in several 
locations was unprecedented in 

3698
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:10,700
human history. 
With the assurance that their 

3699
03:29:10,700 --> 03:29:13,700
peers would be reading the same 
words academics. 

3700
03:29:13,700 --> 03:29:15,700
Could now participate in 
authentic, intellectual 

3701
03:29:15,700 --> 03:29:18,600
discourse by citing particular 
passages and page numbers. 

3702
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:22,900
Scholarly discourse became more 
cumulative, more collaborative 

3703
03:29:22,900 --> 03:29:26,400
and more precise after being 
nailed to a wooden Berg Church 

3704
03:29:26,400 --> 03:29:30,400
door in 1517. 
Martin Luther's 95 Theses were 

3705
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:32,500
reprinted and disseminated 
throughout Germany. 

3706
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:36,200
In a matter of weeks translated 
into several languages in a 

3707
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:39,100
matter of months, and then 
dispersed throughout Europe in a

3708
03:29:39,100 --> 03:29:41,400
year. 
Luther's accusations of church. 

3709
03:29:41,400 --> 03:29:44,500
Corruption might have remained a
local theological dispute in the

3710
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,300
absence of printing. 
Their invention of printing 

3711
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:50,300
served as the Catalyst for the 
Protestant Reformation, which 

3712
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:52,300
fundamentally altered 
Christianity in Europe. 

3713
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:55,400
Researchers on different 
continents could now instantly 

3714
03:29:55,400 --> 03:29:58,800
share, scientific discoveries, 
Within months of its 

3715
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:00,200
publication. 
In the revolution. 

3716
03:30:00,200 --> 03:30:04,800
Hebrews in 1543, Copernicus is 
groundbreaking theory that the 

3717
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:08,000
Earth revolved around the Sun 
was known to astronomers all 

3718
03:30:08,000 --> 03:30:11,400
over Europe. 
Published in the humani corporis

3719
03:30:11,400 --> 03:30:14,400
Fabrica that same year. 
The salius is precise 

3720
03:30:14,400 --> 03:30:16,700
anatomical. 
Illustrations provided medical 

3721
03:30:16,700 --> 03:30:20,200
students worldwide with access 
to intricate illustrations that 

3722
03:30:20,200 --> 03:30:22,800
were previously limited to a 
small number of hand-drawn 

3723
03:30:22,800 --> 03:30:26,100
manuscripts in both subtle and 
Revolutionary Ways, the printing

3724
03:30:26,100 --> 03:30:30,400
press democratized knowledge 
with less expensive bindings, a 

3725
03:30:30,400 --> 03:30:32,200
farmer's son. 
Could now own the same books as 

3726
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:35,500
a nobleman instead of competing 
based on the wealth of their 

3727
03:30:35,500 --> 03:30:38,300
Patron ideas could do so on 
their own Merit. 

3728
03:30:39,000 --> 03:30:42,300
Simply being able to reproduce 
text at low cost and disseminate

3729
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:45,700
it, widely enabled, the 
Protestant Reformation, the 

3730
03:30:45,700 --> 03:30:49,600
Scientific Revolution and the 
enlightenment, however, printing

3731
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:51,600
gave rise to new kinds of 
control. 

3732
03:30:51,600 --> 03:30:55,400
And inequality, even though the 
cost of books decreased their 

3733
03:30:55,400 --> 03:30:57,400
production still required a 
large investment. 

3734
03:30:58,400 --> 03:31:01,500
By determining which texts were 
worthy of being printed and 

3735
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:03,900
which Concepts merited. 
Widespread dissemination 

3736
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:06,500
Publishers took on the role of 
new information. 

3737
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,800
Gatekeepers Governments 
implemented, license in 

3738
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:12,500
programs, censorship and 
printing, press control. 

3739
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:15,700
After realizing the power of 
printing, the spread of 

3740
03:31:15,708 --> 03:31:18,800
protestant text through printing
prompted the Catholic Church to 

3741
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:22,100
create the index Libra and 
prohibitorum a list of books 

3742
03:31:22,100 --> 03:31:25,800
that Catholics were prohibited 
from reading Realizing that 

3743
03:31:25,800 --> 03:31:29,300
presses, meant controlling the 
information flow governments 

3744
03:31:29,300 --> 03:31:32,200
across Europe, set up official, 
printers and mandated, licenses 

3745
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:34,800
for printing businesses. 
It was impossible to fully 

3746
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:37,400
regulate Printing and spite of 
these controller attempts. 

3747
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:40,900
Smugglers transported, banned 
texts across borders, 

3748
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:44,300
underground, presses produced 
books that were prohibited and 

3749
03:31:44,300 --> 03:31:46,000
the sheer volume of printed 
material. 

3750
03:31:46,000 --> 03:31:49,400
Made complete censorship in 
practicable Since mass 

3751
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:52,400
communication had escaped, it 
would never be able to be reined

3752
03:31:52,400 --> 03:31:55,200
in in the 17th and 18th. 
Centuries, something 

3753
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:58,900
extraordinary occurred, common 
people started reading for 

3754
03:31:58,900 --> 03:32:02,800
enjoyment, not for Religious 
Education, not for work-related 

3755
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,700
reasons, but just because 
reading was now a fun 

3756
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:09,300
inexpensive and socially 
acceptable Pastime. 

3757
03:32:09,300 --> 03:32:12,000
In addition to reflecting 
broader shifts in European 

3758
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:14,300
Society. 
This change was partially 

3759
03:32:14,300 --> 03:32:17,100
brought about by the printing 
press, which made books more 

3760
03:32:17,100 --> 03:32:20,600
affordable and accessible more 
people had free time and 

3761
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,300
disposable income as a result of
growing prosperity. 

3762
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:27,700
A cities grew more populated 
bookshops lending library and 

3763
03:32:27,700 --> 03:32:31,400
literary discussions became 
commonplace has literacy rates. 

3764
03:32:31,400 --> 03:32:34,500
Increased more people were able 
to read the increasingly 

3765
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:37,700
accessible books. 
Most significantly though author

3766
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:39,900
started producing content 
especially for the new 

3767
03:32:39,900 --> 03:32:43,300
readership. 
Published in 1719, Daniel 

3768
03:32:43,300 --> 03:32:46,500
defoe's Robinson. 
Crusoe was Adventure fiction for

3769
03:32:46,500 --> 03:32:51,000
merchants shopkeepers Artisans 
and anybody else with a few free

3770
03:32:51,000 --> 03:32:54,600
hours and the cost of a book It 
was not written for academics or

3771
03:32:54,600 --> 03:32:57,700
Aristocrats written in simple 
terms that anyone could 

3772
03:32:57,700 --> 03:32:59,900
understand. 
And appreciate the book told the

3773
03:32:59,900 --> 03:33:02,300
tale of an average man, dealing 
with extraordinary 

3774
03:33:02,300 --> 03:33:05,700
circumstances, the 18th century.
Social media platforms, were 

3775
03:33:05,708 --> 03:33:09,400
coffee shops, more than 3,000 
coffee shops in London, 

3776
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:12,400
functioned as Gathering spots, 
where people congregated to read

3777
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:16,000
newspapers, talk about pamphlets
and debate, the concepts that 

3778
03:33:16,000 --> 03:33:19,200
were being discussed in print, 
these were places where common 

3779
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:21,700
people could engage in the 
intellectual life of their era, 

3780
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:25,500
debating politics science, 
literature and philosophy, over 

3781
03:33:25,500 --> 03:33:27,500
coffee cups, and Clay tobacco 
pipes. 

3782
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:30,900
They were not official 
educational institutions, every 

3783
03:33:30,900 --> 03:33:32,900
coffee shop. 
Had its own personality and 

3784
03:33:32,900 --> 03:33:36,500
customer base after becoming the
epicenter of Maritime Insurance,

3785
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:39,800
Lloyd's Coffee House changed, 
its name to Lloyds of London, 

3786
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:43,300
Publishers and booksellers came 
to the chapter Coffee House. 

3787
03:33:44,200 --> 03:33:46,800
Jonathan's Coffee House 
developed into a hub for stock 

3788
03:33:46,800 --> 03:33:48,900
trading. 
While Wills was well known for 

3789
03:33:48,900 --> 03:33:52,200
its literary discussions. 
The coffee shop served as a hub 

3790
03:33:52,208 --> 03:33:55,800
for social networks business 
transactions, and the formation 

3791
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:58,900
of public opinion, a literary 
genre that was ideal for this. 

3792
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:02,300
New reading culture, was the 
novel novels told stories about 

3793
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:05,100
people like the readers 
themselves in contrast to 

3794
03:34:05,100 --> 03:34:07,400
philosophical treatises or epic 
poems. 

3795
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:10,800
Which required specialized 
knowledge or classical education

3796
03:34:10,800 --> 03:34:14,600
to fully appreciate They looked 
at the moral dilemmas of daily 

3797
03:34:14,600 --> 03:34:18,500
life, the social dynamics of 
modern society and the inner 

3798
03:34:18,500 --> 03:34:21,100
lives of Regular People, the 
popularity of Samuel, 

3799
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:25,300
Richardson's 1740 novel, Pamela 
was so great that readers wrote 

3800
03:34:25,300 --> 03:34:28,400
fans, letters to the fictional 
heroine sent the author ideas 

3801
03:34:28,400 --> 03:34:31,700
for new plot points and convened
in groups to debate the moral 

3802
03:34:31,700 --> 03:34:33,700
decisions and motivations of the
characters. 

3803
03:34:33,700 --> 03:34:37,100
Individuals were developing 
emotional bonds with fictional 

3804
03:34:37,100 --> 03:34:39,800
characters in ways that any 
contemporary fiction reader 

3805
03:34:39,800 --> 03:34:43,300
would recognize Pamela became a 
literary for phenomenon as a 

3806
03:34:43,300 --> 03:34:47,100
result of its success. 
The 18th century equivalent of 

3807
03:34:47,100 --> 03:34:50,400
appointment, television was 
created by Richardson subsequent

3808
03:34:50,400 --> 03:34:54,000
publication of Clarissa and even
longer novel that was released 

3809
03:34:54,000 --> 03:34:57,300
in installments over a year. 
As each new book, came out 

3810
03:34:57,300 --> 03:34:58,900
readers. 
Scheduled their months in 

3811
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:02,600
advance congregating, in coffee 
shops and private residences to 

3812
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:05,100
talk about the most recent 
events, in Clarissa's 

3813
03:35:05,100 --> 03:35:08,000
heartbreaking, Tale in 
previously, unheard of numbers, 

3814
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:11,100
women began to produce and 
consume this new literary 

3815
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:13,800
culture. 
Because the novel was regarded. 

3816
03:35:13,800 --> 03:35:17,400
As a new literary form, devoid 
of long-standing masculine 

3817
03:35:17,400 --> 03:35:20,200
traditions and because women 
were acknowledged for their 

3818
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:22,900
unique understanding of the 
emotional and domestic themes 

3819
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:26,000
that novels addressed. 
It was one of the few literary 

3820
03:35:26,000 --> 03:35:28,800
genres in which female authors 
could compete on an equal 

3821
03:35:28,800 --> 03:35:33,000
footing with men in the late. 
17th century afraid, often 

3822
03:35:33,000 --> 03:35:34,900
regarded as the first 
professional English woman 

3823
03:35:34,900 --> 03:35:38,000
writer proved that women could 
produce fiction that was 

3824
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,800
profitable. 
Eliza Haywood Fanny, Bernie and 

3825
03:35:41,800 --> 03:35:45,400
Radcliffe and Jane Austen who 
mastered the craft of social 

3826
03:35:45,400 --> 03:35:48,500
comedy and produced some of the 
most enduring characters in 

3827
03:35:48,500 --> 03:35:50,500
English. 
Literature were among the many 

3828
03:35:50,500 --> 03:35:53,200
female novelists who flourished 
in the 18th century. 

3829
03:35:53,200 --> 03:35:57,300
These female writers acknowledge
the Social Challenges, emotional

3830
03:35:57,300 --> 03:36:00,200
complexity and intelligence of 
women while riding for female 

3831
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:02,800
readers. 
Their novels directly addressed.

3832
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:04,900
The issues of their female 
readership by examining 

3833
03:36:04,900 --> 03:36:08,800
marriage, finance's, family, 
Dynamics and social 

3834
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:12,400
expectations. 
Instead of being passive objects

3835
03:36:12,400 --> 03:36:16,000
of male attention, they crafted 
heroines who were active agents 

3836
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:19,000
in their own stories, knowledge 
and entertainment spread more 

3837
03:36:19,000 --> 03:36:21,700
quickly, as a result of feedback
loops produced by the growth of 

3838
03:36:21,708 --> 03:36:25,100
literacy and reading culture. 
Larger, bookmarks. 

3839
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:26,900
Resulted from an increase in 
readers. 

3840
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:30,000
There were more specialized 
Publications in larger markets 

3841
03:36:30,000 --> 03:36:33,200
more specialized Publications, 
allowed for more accurate 

3842
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:35,600
targeting of particular, 
communities and interests 

3843
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:39,100
magazines started to appear with
the purpose of providing 

3844
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:42,000
specific audiences, with 
frequent doses, of opinion, 

3845
03:36:42,000 --> 03:36:46,400
information and entertainment. 
One of the first popular 

3846
03:36:46,400 --> 03:36:50,200
general, interest magazines. 
The gentleman's magazine was 

3847
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:54,500
established in 1731 and combined
news literature science and 

3848
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:58,500
commentary and a monthly format.
Sun after came Magazine's for 

3849
03:36:58,500 --> 03:37:01,600
women kids and people with 
particular interests or 

3850
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:04,900
occupations, reading became even
more accessible and communal 

3851
03:37:04,900 --> 03:37:07,300
with the circulation of 
library's readers. 

3852
03:37:07,300 --> 03:37:08,700
Could check out books from the 
library. 

3853
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:11,900
Return them when they were done 
and choose new ones from the 

3854
03:37:11,900 --> 03:37:16,000
collection for a subscription 
fee, through the creation of 

3855
03:37:16,000 --> 03:37:18,700
reader communities, that 
exchange recommendations and 

3856
03:37:18,700 --> 03:37:22,400
discussed what they had read. 
This system made pricey novels 

3857
03:37:22,400 --> 03:37:25,600
accessible to those who couldn't
afford to buy them, Reading had 

3858
03:37:25,600 --> 03:37:29,100
become so wide-spread by the end
of the 18th century that social 

3859
03:37:29,100 --> 03:37:32,500
critics began to worry that it 
might jeopardize moral order and

3860
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:35,700
social stability. 
Young people were accused of 

3861
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:38,500
reading too much fiction and 
ignoring their practical 

3862
03:37:38,500 --> 03:37:40,600
obligations especially young 
women. 

3863
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:44,200
Novels were accused of fostering
dangerous, Notions of social 

3864
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:48,500
equality fostering, female 
Independence, and generating a 

3865
03:37:48,500 --> 03:37:51,500
rational expectations about 
romance later, panics about 

3866
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:55,500
radio television video games and
social media, or striking 

3867
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:58,100
similarities to these fears 
about the consequences of 

3868
03:37:58,100 --> 03:38:01,500
reading fiction. 
Every new Mass entertainment 

3869
03:38:01,500 --> 03:38:04,100
medium has been charged with 
destroying Traditional Values. 

3870
03:38:04,100 --> 03:38:07,200
Corrupting young people and 
eroding social ties. 

3871
03:38:08,100 --> 03:38:11,000
That's the first instance of 
moral panic over mass media was 

3872
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:14,400
the reading of the 18th century,
which established trends that 

3873
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:17,300
would be replicated with every 
new communication technology 

3874
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:20,900
writing and reading became 
industrial processes in the 19th

3875
03:38:20,900 --> 03:38:23,400
century. 
An information once a limited 

3876
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:26,900
resource accessible, only to the
elite became a mass produced 

3877
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:29,700
good that was accessible to all 
societal levels. 

3878
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:34,100
The same steam engines and 
mechanical advancements, that 

3879
03:38:34,100 --> 03:38:37,800
were transforming Transportation
manufacturing and every other 

3880
03:38:37,800 --> 03:38:41,100
facet of economic life. 
Also drove, this change books 

3881
03:38:41,100 --> 03:38:44,000
and newspapers could be produced
more quickly than anyone had 

3882
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:45,700
thought possible. 
Thanks to steam powered 

3883
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:49,200
printing, presses with skilled 
operators putting in long hours,

3884
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:52,700
the old-fashioned hand operated 
printing press which had hardly 

3885
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:56,600
changed since gutenberg's day, 
could possibly produce 300 pages

3886
03:38:56,600 --> 03:38:59,100
every day. 
With little assistance, from 

3887
03:38:59,100 --> 03:39:02,900
humans steam, powered presses 
could generate 3,000 pages per 

3888
03:39:02,900 --> 03:39:05,200
hour. 
The same need for an expensive 

3889
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:06,800
materials that was 
revolutionizing. 

3890
03:39:06,800 --> 03:39:10,700
Textile production also drove 
the mechanization and efficiency

3891
03:39:10,700 --> 03:39:14,700
of paper making The handmade 
sheets that had restricted paper

3892
03:39:14,700 --> 03:39:17,800
production for centuries. 
Could be replaced by continuous 

3893
03:39:17,800 --> 03:39:21,100
roles of paper of consistent, 
quality and thickness, thanks to

3894
03:39:21,100 --> 03:39:24,600
the foreign air machine, which 
was created in the early 1800s. 

3895
03:39:25,600 --> 03:39:28,500
Rag started to give away to Wood
pulp as the main raw material 

3896
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:31,400
for paper, which increased its 
affordability and availability 

3897
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:33,800
for the first time in human 
history. 

3898
03:39:33,800 --> 03:39:37,000
The dissemination of knowledge 
was not hampered by the physical

3899
03:39:37,000 --> 03:39:40,600
creation of reading materials. 
At prices, lower enough for 

3900
03:39:40,600 --> 03:39:43,000
working class families, to 
afford, books, and newspapers 

3901
03:39:43,000 --> 03:39:46,100
Publishers could print as many 
copies as the market would 

3902
03:39:46,100 --> 03:39:48,400
demand. 
The first real mass media was 

3903
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:51,900
thus produced. 
Newspapers evolved from pricey 

3904
03:39:51,900 --> 03:39:54,500
weekly indulgences that were 
mostly read by professionals and

3905
03:39:54,500 --> 03:39:57,600
Merchants to inexpensive 
everyday essentials that were 

3906
03:39:57,608 --> 03:39:59,400
accessible to all societal 
classes. 

3907
03:40:00,800 --> 03:40:03,900
By the 1830s. 
America's Penny press was 

3908
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:07,300
printing, one cent newspapers 
that were jam-packed with local 

3909
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:11,400
news, Sensational stories, and 
adverts, meant to reach as many 

3910
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:14,100
people as possible. 
Compared to the commercial and 

3911
03:40:14,100 --> 03:40:15,800
political newspapers of the 
previous Century. 

3912
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:19,600
The content of these Penny 
papers was very different, the 

3913
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:23,400
penny press reported on crime 
accidents, human interest, 

3914
03:40:23,400 --> 03:40:26,100
stories, and entertainment, 
rather than politics 

3915
03:40:26,100 --> 03:40:29,800
international trade, and topics 
of interest to affluent readers.

3916
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:33,700
They were the forerunners of 
contemporary tabloid journalism 

3917
03:40:33,700 --> 03:40:36,800
which was created to be 
interesting readable and 

3918
03:40:36,800 --> 03:40:39,400
accessible to those with little 
free time or education. 

3919
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:42,300
When ships arrived with the 
newest edition of the old 

3920
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:46,100
curiosity shop or Great 
Expectations readers on both 

3921
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:49,600
sides of the Atlantic line up at
docks, making Charles Dickens, 

3922
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:51,800
possibly, the first True Media 
celebrity. 

3923
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:56,000
His novels were serialized in 
magazines which created the 19th

3924
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:58,800
century equivalent of 
appointment, television people 

3925
03:40:58,800 --> 03:41:01,400
devoted their entire month to 
learning the fate of their 

3926
03:41:01,400 --> 03:41:04,300
favorite fictional characters. 
And Dickens earnings from 

3927
03:41:04,300 --> 03:41:07,400
writing allowed him to live like
a King novels published in 

3928
03:41:07,400 --> 03:41:10,700
serial form, gave rise to new 
kinds of authorial response and 

3929
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:14,000
reader interaction. 
Dickens is renowned for 

3930
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:16,500
altering, plot points in 
response to read a responses to 

3931
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:20,100
previous chapters. 
Dickens changed his plans for 

3932
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:23,200
other characters in the old 
curiosity, shop after readers, 

3933
03:41:23,200 --> 03:41:25,700
expressed dissatisfaction with 
little nails fate. 

3934
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:29,900
A more responsive and Democratic
form of literature was produced 

3935
03:41:29,900 --> 03:41:33,300
by this direct feedback, loop 
between writers and readers as 

3936
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:36,100
education. 
Grew basically literacy ceased 

3937
03:41:36,100 --> 03:41:38,800
to be an elite achievement. 
And in Stead, became a practical

3938
03:41:38,800 --> 03:41:41,600
necessity. 
Workers who could follow written

3939
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:45,100
instructions, read, simple 
instructions and comprehend, 

3940
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:48,100
basic contracts and legal 
documents were needed during the

3941
03:41:48,100 --> 03:41:51,800
Industrial Revolution. 
Commercial activities, railroad 

3942
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:55,700
operations and factory work all 
required literacy skills that 

3943
03:41:55,700 --> 03:41:59,000
were previously optional for the
majority of people the majority 

3944
03:41:59,000 --> 03:42:01,700
of industrialized nations 
implemented, public education 

3945
03:42:01,700 --> 03:42:04,700
systems in the 19th century, 
with the goal of creating 

3946
03:42:04,700 --> 03:42:07,900
literate workers who could 
navigate an increasingly complex

3947
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:11,500
economy, Using standardized 
techniques that could be used on

3948
03:42:11,500 --> 03:42:14,200
a large scale, children learn to
read, and write quickly. 

3949
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:16,800
And effectively, most 
significantly, though writing 

3950
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:19,500
started to accelerate in ways 
that radically altered, the 

3951
03:42:19,500 --> 03:42:23,100
nature of communication, Written
messages could be sent across 

3952
03:42:23,100 --> 03:42:25,700
continents in a matter of 
minutes, thanks to the telegraph

3953
03:42:25,700 --> 03:42:29,900
which was created in the 1840s 
informational was able to spread

3954
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:32,000
more quickly than its creators 
for the first time. 

3955
03:42:32,000 --> 03:42:35,800
Since humans invented writing 
government journalism and 

3956
03:42:35,800 --> 03:42:39,100
business, were all significantly
impacted by this acceleration. 

3957
03:42:39,900 --> 03:42:42,700
Markets, thousands of miles 
apart, could coordinate their 

3958
03:42:42,700 --> 03:42:45,800
stock prices, nearly 
instantaneous, news reporting 

3959
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:47,600
was possible from remote 
locations. 

3960
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:51,500
In real time military leaders 
could coordinate operations over

3961
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:54,800
large areas. 
By uniting previously, disparate

3962
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:57,000
areas into a cohesive 
Communication System. 

3963
03:42:57,000 --> 03:43:00,800
The telegraph produced the first
genuinely worldwide Information.

3964
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:04,200
Network new writing styles that 
were geared toward economy and 

3965
03:43:04,200 --> 03:43:06,600
speed were necessary for 
telegraph communication. 

3966
03:43:06,600 --> 03:43:10,500
Messages had to be clear and 
succinct because every word cost

3967
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:13,100
money. 
Other writings were impacted by 

3968
03:43:13,100 --> 03:43:16,300
the telegram style, which pushed
for directness and efficiency 

3969
03:43:17,100 --> 03:43:19,900
the headlines of newspapers 
became more witty business 

3970
03:43:19,900 --> 03:43:23,500
letters, became more targeted. 
The clipped cost effective style

3971
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:27,000
originally created for telegraph
communication started to be 

3972
03:43:27,000 --> 03:43:28,600
adopted, even in private 
correspondence. 

3973
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:32,400
The act of writing itself was 
mechanized with the invention of

3974
03:43:32,400 --> 03:43:36,700
the typewriter in the 1870s. 
Expert type is could create more

3975
03:43:36,700 --> 03:43:41,300
readable text used, less space, 
and produce clean, identical 

3976
03:43:41,300 --> 03:43:44,100
copies of documents more quickly
than any handwriter. 

3977
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:47,800
The typewriter gave women their 
first widespread office job 

3978
03:43:47,800 --> 03:43:50,900
opportunity and the sound of 
typing became the background 

3979
03:43:50,900 --> 03:43:52,500
music of contemporary office 
work. 

3980
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,700
Additionally, typewriting 
standardized written documents 

3981
03:43:55,700 --> 03:44:00,100
appearance in ways that had 
unanticipated repercussions, The

3982
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:02,600
handwriting on handwritten 
documents provided insight into 

3983
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:04,800
the author's. 
Social class, educational 

3984
03:44:04,800 --> 03:44:07,900
attainment, emotional state, and
personal traits. 

3985
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,200
Due to the anonymity and 
consistency of type documents. 

3986
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:16,000
Written communication became 
more democratic, an ideas could 

3987
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:18,700
be evaluated without regard to 
the personal traits of their 

3988
03:44:18,700 --> 03:44:22,700
authors writing, was not only 
altered by the 20th century, but

3989
03:44:22,700 --> 03:44:25,900
it was also multiplied, 
exponentially resulting, in an 

3990
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:28,400
information environment. 
So complex and Rich that it 

3991
03:44:28,408 --> 03:44:30,400
would have been overwhelming to 
earlier, centuries. 

3992
03:44:31,300 --> 03:44:34,400
However, each new technology 
seemed to increase the desire 

3993
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:36,900
for more written content, rather
than replace written 

3994
03:44:36,900 --> 03:44:39,800
communication despite their 
apparent threats to written 

3995
03:44:39,800 --> 03:44:43,000
communication radio and 
television, actually increased 

3996
03:44:43,000 --> 03:44:45,900
the demand for written 
materials, people wanted to read

3997
03:44:45,900 --> 03:44:48,600
more in-depth articles in 
newspapers and magazines after 

3998
03:44:48,600 --> 03:44:50,600
hearing fascinating news on the 
radio. 

3999
03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:54,400
Watches of Television looked for
books written by authors they 

4000
03:44:54,400 --> 03:44:57,700
had heard on talk shows. 
Instead of taking the place of 

4001
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:01,400
the others, each new medium seem
to enhance them the development 

4002
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:04,900
of offset printing in, the early
1900s greatly reduced, the cost,

4003
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:08,800
and increase the versatility of 
high-quality reproduction, any 

4004
03:45:08,800 --> 03:45:11,000
image or text that could be 
photographed, could be 

4005
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,100
reproduced using offset printing
as opposed to traditional 

4006
03:45:14,100 --> 03:45:17,000
Letterpress printing which 
required the manual setting of 

4007
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:20,800
individual pieces of metal type.
This allowed Publishers to 

4008
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:24,500
experiment with new layouts and 
visual designs magazines to 

4009
03:45:24,500 --> 03:45:27,700
include photographs, alongside 
texts and books to include 

4010
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:31,100
diagrams and illustrations. 
With magazines, catering to 

4011
03:45:31,108 --> 03:45:34,500
every imaginable interest and 
demographic, their variety and 

4012
03:45:34,500 --> 03:45:38,300
circulation skyrocketed. 
Through breathtaking photography

4013
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:41,300
and readable Pros, about far-off
locales and fascinating 

4014
03:45:41,300 --> 03:45:45,100
cultures, National Geographic 
brought the world into American 

4015
03:45:45,100 --> 03:45:47,800
homes. 
Photojournalism was invented by 

4016
03:45:47,800 --> 03:45:50,800
Life Magazine which used 
pictures and thoughtfully chosen

4017
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:53,900
text to tell stories. 
While Ladies Home Journal 

4018
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:56,500
sparked a national dialogue 
among women about fashion 

4019
03:45:56,500 --> 03:46:00,300
socially issues and domestic 
life, Popular Science helped. 

4020
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:02,700
Make technical advancements 
understandable to a wide 

4021
03:46:02,708 --> 03:46:05,500
audience, Publishers like 
penguin in Britain and 

4022
03:46:05,500 --> 03:46:07,800
pocketbooks in America. 
Led the paperback Revolution, 

4023
03:46:07,800 --> 03:46:11,400
which made books more accessible
and portable than ever before. 

4024
03:46:11,400 --> 03:46:15,200
Complete novels collections of 
poetry, or non-fiction could be 

4025
03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:18,200
published in paperback books, 
that cost, no more than a 

4026
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:20,600
magazine. 
All of a sudden, serious 

4027
03:46:20,600 --> 03:46:23,800
literature was as disposable as 
magazines and as easily 

4028
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:27,200
accessible as newspapers, new 
literary communities and reading

4029
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:30,600
habits were spawned by this 
accessibility in individuals, 

4030
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,400
could afford to gamble on on 
proven writers or Uncharted 

4031
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:36,200
Territory. 
Book stopped being significant 

4032
03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:39,300
Investments and instead became 
impulsive purchases. 

4033
03:46:40,100 --> 03:46:42,500
Millions of people were exposed 
to authors and genres. 

4034
03:46:42,500 --> 03:46:44,900
They might not have otherwise 
come across in traditional 

4035
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:47,500
bookstores. 
Thanks to the paperback Rack in 

4036
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:50,400
pharmacies and airports over the
course of the industrialized 

4037
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:53,200
World typewriters went from 
being a luxury piece of office 

4038
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,300
equipment to become everyday 
household objects, that were 

4039
03:46:56,300 --> 03:46:58,900
used in homes schools and small 
businesses. 

4040
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:02,400
Ordinary people were able to 
create documents that looked 

4041
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:05,600
professional in their homes. 
For the first time in ways that 

4042
03:47:05,600 --> 03:47:07,400
would have astounded medieval 
scribes. 

4043
03:47:07,400 --> 03:47:10,700
Who spent years honing, their 
handwriting, the typewriter 

4044
03:47:10,700 --> 03:47:14,800
democratized neat readable 
writing the nature of private 

4045
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:16,500
correspondence. 
Was also altered by the 

4046
03:47:16,500 --> 03:47:19,800
widespread of availability of 
typewriters for Speed and 

4047
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:22,100
Clarity. 
Letters could be typed while 

4048
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:24,600
retaining the unique writing 
style of each individual. 

4049
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:28,000
Standardized format and 
appearance for business letters,

4050
03:47:28,000 --> 03:47:31,100
led to the development of 
templates and conventions, that 

4051
03:47:31,100 --> 03:47:33,400
continue to shape formal 
correspondence to today. 

4052
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:36,500
The speed and reach of written 
communication, however, were 

4053
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:40,000
undergoing a true Revolution. 
With the Advent of the airmail, 

4054
03:47:40,000 --> 03:47:44,100
service in the 1920s, and 1930s 
letters could now be sent to 

4055
03:47:44,100 --> 03:47:47,000
cross Ocean's in a matter of 
days as a weeks. 

4056
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:50,400
International trade and 
cooperation were made possible 

4057
03:47:50,400 --> 03:47:53,300
at a speed that would have seen 
miraculous to earlier 

4058
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:55,800
Generations. 
A business letter sent from New 

4059
03:47:55,800 --> 03:47:59,100
York on Monday could arrive in 
London, by Thursday newspapers 

4060
03:47:59,100 --> 03:48:01,800
were able to instantly share 
stories across continents. 

4061
03:48:01,800 --> 03:48:06,300
Thanks to telepreneur services. 
A more integrated Global 

4062
03:48:06,300 --> 03:48:08,600
awareness of current events 
could result from the 

4063
03:48:08,600 --> 03:48:12,300
simultaneous, publication of the
same news story in newspapers 

4064
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:15,600
from Tokyo to New York. 
Reports from the front lines, 

4065
03:48:15,600 --> 03:48:17,800
can be filed by War 
correspondents, and published 

4066
03:48:17,800 --> 03:48:20,300
the following day. 
In local newspapers, due to the 

4067
03:48:20,308 --> 03:48:22,900
extraordinary demand for 
communication and information 

4068
03:48:22,900 --> 03:48:26,000
brought about by World War Two. 
Many of these Trends were 

4069
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:29,200
accelerated improvements. 
In information processing, 

4070
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:32,500
Printing and Telecommunications 
were driven by military 

4071
03:48:32,500 --> 03:48:35,200
requirements. 
Markets for new kinds of 

4072
03:48:35,200 --> 03:48:37,900
Publications and Reporting 
techniques were opened by the 

4073
03:48:37,900 --> 03:48:41,000
demand for news. 
Millions of people were exposed 

4074
03:48:41,000 --> 03:48:43,700
to writers and Concepts that 
they might not have otherwise 

4075
03:48:43,700 --> 03:48:46,100
come across. 
Thanks to the pocket sized books

4076
03:48:46,100 --> 03:48:49,400
that soldiers carried perhaps no
single publishing initiative in 

4077
03:48:49,400 --> 03:48:52,100
history has contributed more to 
the democratization of 

4078
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:55,400
literature than the armed 
services editions which were 

4079
03:48:55,400 --> 03:48:57,800
small paperback books, sent to 
American soldiers during World 

4080
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:00,200
War 2. 
These books were printed on 

4081
03:49:00,200 --> 03:49:04,500
inexpensive paper made to fit in
uniform pockets, and given away 

4082
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:06,800
for free to all active military 
personnel. 

4083
03:49:07,400 --> 03:49:10,600
They created a reading program 
that transcended all social and 

4084
03:49:10,600 --> 03:49:13,200
educational boundaries by 
including everything from 

4085
03:49:13,200 --> 03:49:16,200
technical manuals to popular 
novels to classical literature 

4086
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,600
expanded. 
Expectations and tastes in 

4087
03:49:18,608 --> 03:49:21,800
literature were brought back by 
veterans from the war. the 

4088
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:24,600
greatest expansion of higher 
education in American history 

4089
03:49:24,600 --> 03:49:28,200
was made possible by the g bill 
which offered educational 

4090
03:49:28,200 --> 03:49:31,700
benefits to returning veterans, 
The explosion of collagen 

4091
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:34,300
enrollment opened up in almost 
new markets for serious 

4092
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:38,100
nonfiction academic, 
Publications and textbooks the 

4093
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:41,200
first truly Mass literate 
Society in human history was 

4094
03:49:41,200 --> 03:49:43,400
brought about by the post-war 
economic boom. 

4095
03:49:44,300 --> 03:49:47,300
Instead of being exceptional, 
college education, became the 

4096
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:49,900
norm, everyone could now afford 
literature. 

4097
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,300
Thanks to paperback, books 
public, libraries developed into

4098
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:56,100
Community, hubs where anyone 
seeking information from any 

4099
03:49:56,100 --> 03:49:59,300
social or economic background. 
Could obtain it for free, new 

4100
03:49:59,300 --> 03:50:01,900
reading and writing habits were 
brought about by Suburban 

4101
03:50:01,900 --> 03:50:04,300
development. 
On their daily commutes 

4102
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:08,000
commuters used busses and trains
as makeshift reading rooms where

4103
03:50:08,000 --> 03:50:10,400
they read paperback novels, 
periodicals and newspapers. 

4104
03:50:11,800 --> 03:50:14,500
Because most suburban homes had 
a den or family room with 

4105
03:50:14,500 --> 03:50:18,100
built-in bookcases middle-class,
people were accustomed to owning

4106
03:50:18,100 --> 03:50:21,100
and displaying books, social 
critics started to worry about 

4107
03:50:21,100 --> 03:50:23,900
information overload, by the 
1960s because written 

4108
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:28,000
communication had become so 
commonplace books, magazines and

4109
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:30,800
newspapers were all over the 
place with all the written 

4110
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:34,600
material being produced daily, 
how could anyone keep up in his 

4111
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:38,600
1970 book, Future Shock? 
Alvin Toffler made the case that

4112
03:50:38,600 --> 03:50:41,500
the amount of information and 
the rate of change were becoming

4113
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:44,700
too much for the average person 
to handle psychologically, the 

4114
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:48,000
explosion of information in the 
1960s was a gentle Prelude to 

4115
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:50,200
what was to come. 
But no one could have predicted 

4116
03:50:50,200 --> 03:50:52,100
that. 
It was only the beginning in the

4117
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:56,700
1940s and 1950s computers looked
like a normal calculators with 

4118
03:50:56,700 --> 03:50:58,300
text processing as an 
afterthought. 

4119
03:50:59,300 --> 03:51:02,900
These compact devices which were
packed with Magnetic drums and 

4120
03:51:02,908 --> 03:51:06,700
vacuum tubes were made mainly 
for mathematical computations 

4121
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:10,200
used in large-scale data 
processing military applications

4122
03:51:10,200 --> 03:51:13,300
and scientific research. 
The notion that they could 

4123
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:17,000
transform human communication 
seemed as unrealistic as the 

4124
03:51:17,000 --> 03:51:19,700
notion that locomotives might 
one day be employed for space 

4125
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:21,800
travel. 
Punched cards were fed into 

4126
03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:25,200
these devices by early computer 
operators who then had to wait 

4127
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:28,800
hours or even days for the 
results to print compared to 

4128
03:51:28,800 --> 03:51:32,300
typewriters writing on computers
was slower and more difficult. 

4129
03:51:32,300 --> 03:51:35,600
And it took months to acquire 
the specialized knowledge of 

4130
03:51:35,600 --> 03:51:38,000
operating systems and 
programming languages needed. 

4131
03:51:39,000 --> 03:51:42,200
Text processing, was viewed as a
trivial use of computing, power 

4132
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:45,100
by the few individuals who 
worked with computers, who are 

4133
03:51:45,100 --> 03:51:48,400
highly skilled technicians and 
scientists, however, computers 

4134
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,100
had a huge advantage over all 
earlier writing Technologies. 

4135
03:51:51,100 --> 03:51:54,500
They could transmit edit and 
copy text without any physical 

4136
03:51:54,500 --> 03:51:57,600
restrictions. 
A computer-generated document 

4137
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:00,500
was made up of electrical or 
magnetic signal patterns. 

4138
03:52:00,500 --> 03:52:03,400
That could be precisely 
duplicated as many times as 

4139
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:04,800
necessary without losing 
quality. 

4140
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:09,000
It was possible to make changes 
without having to retype whole 

4141
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:12,000
pages. 
Electronically, stored searched 

4142
03:52:12,000 --> 03:52:15,300
and retrieved text could be done
with speed and accuracy, that 

4143
03:52:15,300 --> 03:52:18,000
physical documents could not 
match the Revolutionary. 

4144
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:20,700
Potential of computerized 
writing became apparent in the 

4145
03:52:20,708 --> 03:52:24,900
1960s and 1970s with the 
development of word processing 

4146
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:28,300
software. 
Previously unheard of an 

4147
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:32,200
efficiency, authors could alter 
text on screen rearranging 

4148
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:36,100
paragraphs, fixing mistakes, and
updating content with out, 

4149
03:52:36,100 --> 03:52:38,000
having to retype entire 
documents. 

4150
03:52:39,200 --> 03:52:42,000
By doing away with the tiresome 
mechanical parts of writing, 

4151
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,900
such as retyping rearranging and
proofreading, several drafts. 

4152
03:52:46,500 --> 03:52:49,600
Authors were free to concentrate
on ideas and content rather than

4153
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:52,600
the actual Act of writing this 
power was brought to Common 

4154
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:55,400
desks in homes and offices 
across the developed world in 

4155
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:59,600
the 1980s with the Advent of 
personal computers, in addition 

4156
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:02,300
to being sufficiently powerful, 
to manage complex, word 

4157
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:06,400
processing data management, and 
communication tasks computers, 

4158
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:10,300
such as the Apple 2, Commodore 
64, and IBM PC were reasonably 

4159
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:12,100
priced for individual homes and 
small. 

4160
03:53:12,100 --> 03:53:15,100
Enterprises in addition to 
making editing as simple as 

4161
03:53:15,108 --> 03:53:19,100
typing word processing programs.
Like wordstar wordperfect and 

4162
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:22,300
eventually Microsoft Word added 
capabilities that were 

4163
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:25,400
previously unattainable with 
mechanical writing instruments. 

4164
03:53:26,400 --> 03:53:28,900
Spell checking automatically 
detected typos. 

4165
03:53:29,700 --> 03:53:32,700
Find and replace features could 
instantly make Global changes to

4166
03:53:32,700 --> 03:53:36,100
lengthy documents with the help 
of numerous fonts and formatting

4167
03:53:36,100 --> 03:53:38,700
choices. 
Authors were able to manipulate 

4168
03:53:38,700 --> 03:53:41,500
the text appearance in ways that
were previously exclusive to 

4169
03:53:41,500 --> 03:53:43,900
professional Publishers, 
professional quality. 

4170
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:45,700
Documents could now be produced 
at home. 

4171
03:53:45,700 --> 03:53:49,200
Thanks to personal printers. 
Anyone with a computer could now

4172
03:53:49,200 --> 03:53:51,600
create documents that looked as 
professional as those from 

4173
03:53:51,600 --> 03:53:54,500
specialized print shops. 
Thanks to Doc Matrix printers, 

4174
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:57,300
which were followed by inkjet 
and Laser Printers. 

4175
03:53:57,300 --> 03:54:01,000
As revolutionary as the original
printing invention, the 

4176
03:54:01,000 --> 03:54:03,700
democratization of document 
production made publishing 

4177
03:54:03,700 --> 03:54:07,200
accessible to anyone with a 
computer however networking 

4178
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:10,600
which linked individual PCS in 
to Global Communication networks

4179
03:54:10,600 --> 03:54:15,000
was the true Revolution 
Originally restricted to users 

4180
03:54:15,000 --> 03:54:18,700
of the same computer system. 
Electronic mail developed into a

4181
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,400
Global Communication tool that 
could link anyone with computer 

4182
03:54:21,400 --> 03:54:24,400
access to anybody else. 
Anywhere in the world, written 

4183
03:54:24,400 --> 03:54:27,100
communication became 
instantaneous and interactive 

4184
03:54:27,100 --> 03:54:31,000
with email instead of days or 
weeks, you could compose a 

4185
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:34,300
message, send it to someone on 
the other side of the globe and 

4186
03:54:34,300 --> 03:54:36,400
get a response in a matter of 
minutes or hours. 

4187
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:40,200
While maintaining the accuracy 
and permanence that set writing 

4188
03:54:40,200 --> 03:54:43,400
apart from speech, written 
communication started to catch 

4189
03:54:43,400 --> 03:54:46,500
up to conversational speed, more
sophisticated forms of 

4190
03:54:46,500 --> 03:54:49,700
computer-mediated communication,
were made possible by the 

4191
03:54:49,700 --> 03:54:52,200
protocols and standards that 
made email possible. 

4192
03:54:52,900 --> 03:54:55,700
Anyone with system access could 
read the messages, that users 

4193
03:54:55,700 --> 03:55:00,200
posted on bulletin board systems
BBS, Global discussion forums 

4194
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:02,600
centered on particular, topic of
Interest were established by 

4195
03:55:02,608 --> 03:55:05,800
using Net News groups. 
These early online communities 

4196
03:55:05,800 --> 03:55:09,100
showed that new kinds of social 
interaction that relied solely 

4197
03:55:09,100 --> 03:55:12,000
on written communication could 
be supported by computer 

4198
03:55:12,000 --> 03:55:14,300
networks. 
The largest library in human 

4199
03:55:14,300 --> 03:55:18,100
history was created almost 
instantly after the worldwide. 

4200
03:55:18,100 --> 03:55:20,100
Web was made available to the 
general public. 

4201
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,800
In the early 1990s, you can 
access millions of documents 

4202
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:26,400
from any computer with an 
internet connection. 

4203
03:55:26,400 --> 03:55:29,700
Eliminating, the need to 
physically visit places to find 

4204
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:32,900
information. 
Most of the obstacles that had 

4205
03:55:32,900 --> 03:55:36,300
previously restricted access to 
information and publication were

4206
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:39,600
removed by the internet, which 
turned every computer into a 

4207
03:55:39,600 --> 03:55:41,300
printing press. 
And every person into a 

4208
03:55:41,308 --> 03:55:44,300
potential publisher, the markup 
language used to create web 

4209
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:48,900
pages HTML, was flexible enough 
to support complex multimedia, 

4210
03:55:48,900 --> 03:55:52,100
presentations, while still being
easy enough for anyone to learn 

4211
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:55,800
and publish online, Since the 
majority of early websites were 

4212
03:55:55,800 --> 03:55:58,900
text-based, the internet was 
essentially a huge collection of

4213
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:02,600
links documents that could be 
read searched and linked to one 

4214
03:56:02,600 --> 03:56:05,100
another in ways that were not 
possible with traditional books 

4215
03:56:05,100 --> 03:56:07,600
and papers. 
No one completely foresaw the 

4216
03:56:07,600 --> 03:56:09,900
consequences of this 
democratization of publishing 

4217
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:14,700
Publishers editors Librarians, 
journalists and other 

4218
03:56:14,700 --> 03:56:16,900
traditional information, 
Gatekeepers, suddenly found 

4219
03:56:16,900 --> 03:56:19,900
themselves in competition with 
anyone with an internet 

4220
03:56:19,900 --> 03:56:24,000
connection and something to say.
Information grew exponentially 

4221
03:56:24,000 --> 03:56:27,400
in quantity and accessibility 
but its quality and 

4222
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:29,400
dependability became 
increasingly erratic. 

4223
03:56:29,400 --> 03:56:31,300
The challenge of located 
information. 

4224
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:34,300
In this enormous Digital 
Library, was resolved by search 

4225
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:37,900
engines, web specific search 
engines like Alta Vista, and 

4226
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:41,400
Yahoo replaced early, search 
tools, like Archie, and gopher. 

4227
03:56:41,400 --> 03:56:45,200
And finally, Google The entire 
Corpus of human written 

4228
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:46,900
knowledge. 
Could be searched in a matter of

4229
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:48,800
seconds from any location in the
world. 

4230
03:56:48,800 --> 03:56:52,400
Thanks to Google's page rank 
algorithm, which could sift 

4231
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:55,400
through billions of web pages to
find the most pertinent results 

4232
03:56:55,400 --> 03:56:58,700
for any query Universal. 
Search ability had significant 

4233
03:56:58,700 --> 03:57:02,300
ramifications researchers, could
locate pertinent information, 

4234
03:57:02,300 --> 03:57:05,600
nearly instantly rather than 
spending hours in libraries 

4235
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:07,600
searching through card catalogs 
and indexes. 

4236
03:57:08,600 --> 03:57:11,100
Writers had access to more 
sources than the greatest 

4237
03:57:11,100 --> 03:57:14,200
Scholars of earlier centuries 
could have hoped for rather than

4238
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:16,700
depending on their own 
collections or institutional 

4239
03:57:16,700 --> 03:57:19,300
Holdings. 
Any writing projects, research 

4240
03:57:19,300 --> 03:57:22,200
phase was shortened from weeks 
or months to a few hours or 

4241
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:24,600
days. 
Additionally, digital text 

4242
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:27,400
opened up new Avenue for 
multimedia and interactive 

4243
03:57:27,400 --> 03:57:29,800
writing. 
Authors were able to produce 

4244
03:57:29,800 --> 03:57:32,600
non-linear documents, with 
hypertext links that readers 

4245
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:35,400
could navigate based on their 
own needs and interests. 

4246
03:57:36,200 --> 03:57:39,000
Compared to traditional print 
media websites. 

4247
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:41,800
Could create richer and more 
captivating reading experience 

4248
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:46,700
by fusing text with images, 
audio and video website, email 

4249
03:57:46,700 --> 03:57:49,500
and forums that Mirage 
traditional publishing models 

4250
03:57:49,500 --> 03:57:51,400
were transplanted to digital 
platforms. 

4251
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,300
And the early internet was 
largely used for publishing and 

4252
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:56,500
consuming relatively formal 
written content. 

4253
03:57:56,500 --> 03:57:59,900
However, the emergence of a new 
generation of online platforms, 

4254
03:57:59,900 --> 03:58:03,100
at the turn of the 21st century,
drastically altered. 

4255
03:58:03,100 --> 03:58:06,100
The nature of digital 
communication unexpectedly, 

4256
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:09,400
social media sites, like French 
star, Myspace, and eventually 

4257
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:11,800
Facebook restored. 
Writing as a means of 

4258
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:14,500
communication. 
People started writing, quick 

4259
03:58:14,500 --> 03:58:18,700
concise answers to each other's 
posts comments and updates in 

4260
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:21,100
place of formal documents or 
well-written letters. 

4261
03:58:21,100 --> 03:58:24,300
Instead of publishing 
information, these platforms 

4262
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:27,200
were made to promote social 
interaction and they were 

4263
03:58:27,200 --> 03:58:29,800
successful in developing new 
written communication formats 

4264
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:32,500
that resembled speech more than 
conventional writing. 

4265
03:58:32,500 --> 03:58:35,400
People's use of written 
language, was significantly 

4266
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:37,700
impacted by this return to 
conversational writing. 

4267
03:58:38,500 --> 03:58:41,700
Emotional connection, an 
instantaneous expression, took 

4268
03:58:41,700 --> 03:58:45,500
precedence over formal grammar. 
In ways that traditional texts 

4269
03:58:45,500 --> 03:58:49,100
could not emoticons and acronyms
evolved into a new type of 

4270
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:51,700
written shorthand that could 
express emotion and tone. 

4271
03:58:52,600 --> 03:58:56,500
As people started writing as 
they spoke using slang informal 

4272
03:58:56,500 --> 03:58:59,300
constructions, an interruption 
that would not have been 

4273
03:58:59,300 --> 03:59:01,900
appropriate in more formal, 
written settings, the line 

4274
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:04,400
between spoken and written 
language started to blur. 

4275
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:08,800
When Facebook's timeline feature
was launched in 2011, it gave 

4276
03:59:08,800 --> 03:59:12,100
rise to a new genre of 
autobiographical writing in 

4277
03:59:12,100 --> 03:59:14,900
which users shared brief posts 
with photos of their everyday 

4278
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:17,700
activities. 
This was a more immediate and 

4279
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:20,700
impromptu form of 
self-documentation that captured

4280
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:24,000
everyday moments and cash will 
thoughts in ways that earlier 

4281
03:59:24,000 --> 03:59:27,900
Generations would have deemed to
insignificant record rather than

4282
03:59:27,900 --> 03:59:30,900
the meticulously planned 
self-presentation of traditional

4283
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:35,700
autobiography by restricting 
post to 140 characters later 

4284
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:40,100
increased to 280 Twitter, which 
was launched in 2006 took 

4285
03:59:40,100 --> 03:59:41,900
conversational writing to the 
next level. 

4286
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:45,300
Extreme concision was required 
by this restriction. 

4287
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:49,300
Which prompted the creation of 
new brevity optimized, forms of 

4288
03:59:49,308 --> 03:59:52,200
writing. 
Twitter users developed a poetic

4289
03:59:52,200 --> 03:59:56,000
form that prioritized wit 
insight and emotional impact 

4290
03:59:56,000 --> 03:59:59,000
over conventional literary 
elaboration by learning to 

4291
03:59:59,000 --> 04:00:01,500
convey the most meaning in the 
least amount of space. 

4292
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:04,500
Additionally, the character 
limit altered the Cadence of 

4293
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:07,600
written correspondence. 
Twitter users posted short 

4294
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:10,000
updates throughout the day 
rather than writing long 

4295
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:12,700
messages that were sent 
occasionally resulting, in a 

4296
04:00:12,708 --> 04:00:16,000
constant flow of written content
that was more akin to ongoing 

4297
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:18,100
conversation than traditional 
correspondence. 

4298
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:21,600
Millions of users were able to 
engage in simultaneous 

4299
04:00:21,600 --> 04:00:24,900
conversations about current 
affairs, individual experiences 

4300
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:28,400
and cultural phenomena on the 
platform which evolved into a 

4301
04:00:28,408 --> 04:00:30,800
global chat room. 
Beginning as a straightforward 

4302
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:33,300
method of sending quick 
messages, between mobile phones 

4303
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:37,100
in the 1990s, text messaging, 
Rose to prominence as a written 

4304
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:39,100
communication method in the 
early 2000s. 

4305
04:00:40,000 --> 04:00:43,900
Similar to Twitter SMS. Messages
were restricted to 160 

4306
04:00:43,900 --> 04:00:46,600
characters and emphasized, 
private communication over 

4307
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:49,700
public broadcasting. 
There are linguistic conventions

4308
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:52,800
and abbreviations and cultural 
norms specific to texting. 

4309
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:59,900
The terms, LOL laugh allowed BRB
be right back and TTYL talk to 

4310
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:01,800
you later. 
Became widely used. 

4311
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:04,800
The way people formed written 
thoughts was altered by 

4312
04:01:04,808 --> 04:01:08,300
predictive text and autocorrect 
features which occasionally 

4313
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:11,000
resulted in misunderstandings 
but also made composition 

4314
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:14,100
faster, mobile technology. 
Also changed the physical act of

4315
04:01:14,108 --> 04:01:17,600
writing texting could be done 
with thumbs on small screens 

4316
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:20,300
while walking taking public 
transit or doing other 

4317
04:01:20,300 --> 04:01:23,500
activities, whereas traditional 
writing had been done with pens 

4318
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:27,600
on paper or fingers on keyboards
writing was genuinely portable 

4319
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:30,400
and incorporated into everyday 
life in previously, Unthinkable 

4320
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:34,900
ways with the 2007 release of 
the iPhone smartphone's further 

4321
04:01:34,900 --> 04:01:38,100
expanded the accessibility and 
versatility of mobile writing. 

4322
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:41,500
Every phone became a portable 
writing and Publishing tool. 

4323
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:45,500
Thanks to touchscreen, keyboards
voice to text capabilities and 

4324
04:01:45,500 --> 04:01:49,300
constant internet connectivity. 
The amount and speed of written 

4325
04:01:49,300 --> 04:01:52,300
communication increased 
dramatically, as a result of 

4326
04:01:52,300 --> 04:01:55,200
people being able to create and 
share written content at any 

4327
04:01:55,200 --> 04:01:57,300
time. 
And from any location in 

4328
04:01:57,300 --> 04:02:00,800
Instagram, which debuted in 
2010, created new storytelling 

4329
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:03,700
formats by fusing textual and 
visual communication. 

4330
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:07,500
Users posted pictures with 
captions, that varied from brief

4331
04:02:07,500 --> 04:02:11,000
summaries to in-depth stories. 
People's writing about their 

4332
04:02:11,000 --> 04:02:14,400
experiences was impacted by a 
new, kind of categorization and 

4333
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:17,700
search ability brought about by 
the platform's hashtag system. 

4334
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:21,200
Perhaps most significantly. 
However, social media brought 

4335
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:24,100
writing back into the mainstream
in ways not scenes since 

4336
04:02:24,108 --> 04:02:26,300
prehistoric, cultures, oral 
traditions. 

4337
04:02:27,400 --> 04:02:30,000
Writing had been a solitary act 
for the majority of human 

4338
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,200
history producing a document 
that would be read by others. 

4339
04:02:33,200 --> 04:02:37,400
Writing became instantaneous 
interactive and collaborative 

4340
04:02:37,400 --> 04:02:40,600
with social media. 
Responding to each other's posts

4341
04:02:40,600 --> 04:02:42,800
within minutes or seconds of 
their publication. 

4342
04:02:42,800 --> 04:02:45,900
People could collaborate in real
time, fostering conversations 

4343
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:48,300
across various platforms and 
time zones. 

4344
04:02:48,300 --> 04:02:51,100
New kinds of group 
meaning-making was borned by the

4345
04:02:51,100 --> 04:02:53,900
comments sections that sprang up
beneath news articles, blog 

4346
04:02:53,900 --> 04:02:57,800
entries and social media posts. 
Hundreds of responses to a 

4347
04:02:57,800 --> 04:03:00,900
single post, could challenge 
expand or totally 

4348
04:03:00,900 --> 04:03:04,100
recontextualize. 
The original message as readers 

4349
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:06,500
began to co-create, meaning 
through their responses and 

4350
04:03:06,500 --> 04:03:08,800
interactions. 
The line between author and 

4351
04:03:08,808 --> 04:03:11,500
reader became less. 
Clear, new types of collective 

4352
04:03:11,500 --> 04:03:13,900
authorship were also spawned by 
the collaborative nature of 

4353
04:03:13,900 --> 04:03:16,700
digital writing. 
When Wikipedia was first 

4354
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:20,600
launched in 2001, it showed that
volunteer contributors could 

4355
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:24,100
collaborate online to create and
maintain extensive reference 

4356
04:03:24,100 --> 04:03:26,500
works. 
Through a collaborative writing 

4357
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:29,200
and editing process, that would 
not have been feasible without 

4358
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:32,900
digital technology. 
The encyclopedia expanded to 

4359
04:03:32,900 --> 04:03:35,600
include millions of articles in 
hundreds of languages, 

4360
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:39,000
traditional beliefs regarding 
authorship Authority and quality

4361
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:41,500
control in written work were 
called into question by 

4362
04:03:41,500 --> 04:03:45,400
Wikipedia's success. 
Wikipedia used peer review and 

4363
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:48,300
crowdsourcing to produce content
that was frequently more up to 

4364
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:50,900
date and thorough than 
traditional reference works. 

4365
04:03:50,900 --> 04:03:53,700
Despite occasionally, being less
trustworthy than professional 

4366
04:03:53,700 --> 04:03:57,000
editors and expert, authors, 
social media and digital 

4367
04:03:57,000 --> 04:03:59,900
communication have produced an 
unprecedented amount of writing.

4368
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:03,100
Humans were creating more 
written material every day by 

4369
04:04:03,100 --> 04:04:06,000
the 2010s, that had been 
contained in all of the ancient 

4370
04:04:06,000 --> 04:04:09,500
world's libraries put together. 
Although, the majority of this 

4371
04:04:09,500 --> 04:04:12,200
writing was conversational 
transient and informal. 

4372
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:17,400
Status update, comments text 
messages, tweets, it marked a 

4373
04:04:17,400 --> 04:04:19,400
significant change. 
In the way people use written 

4374
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,500
language, you are living through
the most significant change in 

4375
04:04:22,508 --> 04:04:24,400
writing since the creation of 
the alphabet. 

4376
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:28,100
So, keep this in mind as you 
curl up with your blankets and 

4377
04:04:28,100 --> 04:04:29,600
feel your eyelids getting 
heavier. 

4378
04:04:30,800 --> 04:04:33,800
What is taking place in your 
immediate surroundings is as 

4379
04:04:33,800 --> 04:04:36,200
revolutionary as anything that 
took place in gutenberg's 

4380
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:39,400
printing shop, medieval 
monasteries or ancient Phoenicia

4381
04:04:39,400 --> 04:04:42,400
these days, artificial 
intelligence can produce text, 

4382
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:45,400
that looks human and is 
frequently identical to content 

4383
04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:49,500
written by humans. poetry 
business letters, technical 

4384
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:52,600
documentation, and even 
intricate conversations are all 

4385
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:55,300
possible with large language 
models like GPT and its 

4386
04:04:55,300 --> 04:04:58,400
Offspring, which show an 
awareness of context subtlety 

4387
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:01,900
and emotional nuances, The 
distinction between machine and 

4388
04:05:01,900 --> 04:05:04,200
human writing is becoming more 
and more hazy. 

4389
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:07,700
People can now write by speaking
in stead of typing thanks to 

4390
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:10,600
advancements in voice 
recognition, software, that can 

4391
04:05:10,600 --> 04:05:13,300
now convert speech to text with 
astounding accuracy. 

4392
04:05:14,300 --> 04:05:18,500
While walking driving or doing 
other tasks writers can compose 

4393
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:21,900
text at the speed of speech with
Dragon Naturally Speaking series

4394
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:26,000
dictation, and Google Voice 
typing writing, which involves 

4395
04:05:26,000 --> 04:05:29,100
moving a Penrose paper or 
fingers across a keyboard is 

4396
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,500
becoming a less necessary. 
Activity text can be instantly 

4397
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:35,500
translated between languages 
using real-time translation. 

4398
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:38,600
Algorithms removeing the 
barriers that have divided human

4399
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:42,500
communities for millennia One 
can write in their native tongue

4400
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:45,300
and have it instantly understood
by readers anywhere in the 

4401
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:46,900
world. 
Thanks to Google Translate and 

4402
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:50,000
similar Services which can 
handle dozens of languages with 

4403
04:05:50,000 --> 04:05:53,400
increasing sophistication new 
types of spatial writing in 

4404
04:05:53,400 --> 04:05:55,200
which text is embedded in 
three-dimensional. 

4405
04:05:55,200 --> 04:05:58,500
Environments are starting to be 
made possible by augmented 

4406
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:01,200
reality and virtual reality 
Technologies. 

4407
04:06:02,600 --> 04:06:05,900
Future authors May create text 
that floats in space, reacts to 

4408
04:06:05,900 --> 04:06:08,600
movement and changes. 
Depending on the reader's 

4409
04:06:08,600 --> 04:06:11,400
perspective and interaction as 
an alternative to writing on 

4410
04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:14,800
flat surfaces, although they are
still in the experimental stage 

4411
04:06:14,800 --> 04:06:17,800
brain computer, interfaces 
raised the prospect of direct 

4412
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:21,100
neural control over text 
composition. people may have 

4413
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:23,500
eventually be able to think 
words that are automatically 

4414
04:06:23,500 --> 04:06:26,300
translated into written 
communication rather than 

4415
04:06:26,300 --> 04:06:30,200
speaking typing or writing by 
hand, the permanents and 

4416
04:06:30,200 --> 04:06:32,400
accuracy of writing could be 
paired with the quickness and 

4417
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:35,600
closeness of thought, despite 
all of these technological 

4418
04:06:35,600 --> 04:06:38,900
advancements, writing's primary 
function hasn't changed since 

4419
04:06:38,900 --> 04:06:43,300
the first cave paintings were 
created 40,000 years ago, We 

4420
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:46,700
continue to use writing to leave
behind traces of our existence 

4421
04:06:46,700 --> 04:06:49,400
that will outlive our actual 
physical presence in the world. 

4422
04:06:49,400 --> 04:06:53,800
Preserve thoughts, exchange 
ideas and connect with other 

4423
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:57,800
Minds across time and space. 
The essential human activity of 

4424
04:06:57,808 --> 04:07:01,700
making the absent present, 
giving thoughts, permanence and 

4425
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:03,600
connecting with other people 
through symbols. 

4426
04:07:03,600 --> 04:07:06,500
And meaning, as shared by the 
cave painter, who left a 

4427
04:07:06,500 --> 04:07:10,500
handprint in Chauvet, cave and 
the social media user, who posts

4428
04:07:10,500 --> 04:07:12,300
a status update today in 
reality. 

4429
04:07:12,300 --> 04:07:15,800
The story of writing is the 
story of human connection and 

4430
04:07:15,800 --> 04:07:18,900
the tenacious will to transcend 
the boundaries of personal 

4431
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:21,700
awareness. 
From Sumerian cuneiform to 

4432
04:07:21,700 --> 04:07:25,500
contemporary digital text, every
writing system aims to address 

4433
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:29,000
the same fundamental issue. 
How can we communicate our 

4434
04:07:29,000 --> 04:07:30,800
thoughts to, those who aren't 
there in person? 

4435
04:07:30,800 --> 04:07:34,000
How can we ensure that our 
thoughts endure beyond our own 

4436
04:07:34,000 --> 04:07:36,200
death? 
From those initial symbolic 

4437
04:07:36,200 --> 04:07:38,900
inscriptions on Cave walls? 
We have come along way. 

4438
04:07:39,800 --> 04:07:42,000
The greatest Scholars of 
antiquity could not have 

4439
04:07:42,000 --> 04:07:44,600
predicted, the amount of written
knowledge of available to a 

4440
04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,500
child learning to read today. 
Professional scribes in 

4441
04:07:47,508 --> 04:07:50,300
medieval, monasteries are not as
quick at writing as the teen 

4442
04:07:50,300 --> 04:07:53,800
texting friends compared to the 
most powerful rulers of previous

4443
04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:56,100
centuries. 
The office worker writing an 

4444
04:07:56,100 --> 04:07:58,500
email has greater access to 
information and communication 

4445
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:01,000
tools. 
However, the magic is 

4446
04:08:01,000 --> 04:08:04,900
essentially unchanged the same 
miracle that astounded our 

4447
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:07,900
ancestors and still astounds us 
when we pause to consider. 

4448
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:10,500
It is happening to you as you 
read these words right now, 

4449
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:14,900
ideas generated in one mind of 
being replicated in another mind

4450
04:08:14,900 --> 04:08:18,000
across time. 
And space using only marks on a 

4451
04:08:18,000 --> 04:08:22,000
Surface, be at a printed page, a
digital screen, a Papyrus 

4452
04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:24,500
scroll, a cave wall or a clay 
tablet. 

4453
04:08:24,500 --> 04:08:28,600
The Wonder endures despite 
changes in technology, although 

4454
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:32,100
the particular tools change over
time, the basic human desire to 

4455
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:35,700
connect communicate and share 
Consciousness, never changes. 

4456
04:08:37,300 --> 04:08:40,500
From ancient pictographs to 
contemporary Emoji writing in 

4457
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:43,900
all its forms symbolizes 
Humanity's, continuous effort to

4458
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:46,700
go beyond the confines of 
personal experience and 

4459
04:08:46,700 --> 04:08:49,700
establish a common meaning of 
cross the enormous gaps that. 

4460
04:08:49,700 --> 04:08:53,300
Divide different Minds every 
text message, email and comment 

4461
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:55,700
you send contributes to the 
extensive dialogue. 

4462
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:58,500
That people have been having via
writing for more than 5,000 

4463
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:01,000
years. 
Not only are you utilizing 

4464
04:09:01,000 --> 04:09:04,400
technology but you are also 
engaging in one of the oldest 

4465
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:07,800
and most fundamental human 
Endeavors which has been updated

4466
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:10,600
with contemporary instruments 
while maintaining its Timeless 

4467
04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:13,200
objectives. 
Today's kids will grow up in a 

4468
04:09:13,200 --> 04:09:15,300
world where voice recognition 
replaces typing. 

4469
04:09:15,300 --> 04:09:18,700
Artificial intelligence helps 
with writing real-time 

4470
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:22,100
translation eliminates language 
barriers and new technologies 

4471
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:24,900
that we can hardly fathom will 
continue to revolutionize the 

4472
04:09:24,900 --> 04:09:28,100
way people write and 
communicate, however, they will 

4473
04:09:28,100 --> 04:09:30,400
continue to use writing for the 
same purposes. 

4474
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:33,700
That humans have always used it 
for memory preservation, 

4475
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:37,800
knowledge, exchange creative, 
expression, relationship, 

4476
04:09:37,800 --> 04:09:40,400
building and Bridging the Gap 
between two, different 

4477
04:09:40,400 --> 04:09:42,600
consciousnesses one, word at a 
time. 

4478
04:09:42,608 --> 04:09:45,700
Billions of people worldwide are
writing the future of writing 

4479
04:09:45,700 --> 04:09:48,200
today. 
The great human endeavor of 

4480
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:51,000
making thoughts permanent and 
shareable involves, everyone 

4481
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:54,500
scientist recording. 
New discoveries students taking 

4482
04:09:54,500 --> 04:09:58,000
notes in class. 
Poets, writing verses journalist

4483
04:09:58,000 --> 04:10:00,900
covering current affairs, 
friends communicating over 

4484
04:10:00,900 --> 04:10:03,800
great, distances lovers, 
expressing their feelings, 

4485
04:10:03,800 --> 04:10:07,000
children learning their first 
letters and the elderly 

4486
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:10,000
preserving family stories. 
Remember that you are a part of 

4487
04:10:10,000 --> 04:10:12,300
this amazing. 
Continuous story as you close 

4488
04:10:12,300 --> 04:10:15,500
your eyes to night, and allow 
these thoughts to find a home in

4489
04:10:15,500 --> 04:10:17,900
the Cozy spaces between waking 
and sleeping. 

4490
04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:22,400
You're connected to every human 
being who has ever struggled to 

4491
04:10:22,400 --> 04:10:26,600
share an idea preserve a thought
or reach across time to touch 

4492
04:10:26,600 --> 04:10:29,400
another Mind through the book, 
you are reading the device 

4493
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:32,300
you're using and the act of 
absorbing these ideas through 

4494
04:10:32,300 --> 04:10:35,500
written symbols, the same, or 
that has enthralled people. 

4495
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:38,400
Since we first realized that 
marks could have meaning is 

4496
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:41,600
being felt by a child learning 
to recognize their first letters

4497
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:44,200
somewhere tonight. 
When they learn that, the 

4498
04:10:44,200 --> 04:10:46,900
squiggles on the page can tell 
them stories about far away 

4499
04:10:46,900 --> 04:10:49,400
places and made up friends, 
their eyes, enlarged. 

4500
04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:51,900
From medieval apprentices 
learning to form. 

4501
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:54,400
Letters with quill pens to 
children in one room School 

4502
04:10:54,400 --> 04:10:57,800
houses laboriously copying 
letters on slate boards. 

4503
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:00,800
They are continuing a tradition 
that dates back to ancient. 

4504
04:11:00,800 --> 04:11:03,500
Samaritan school children 
practicing their cuneiform on 

4505
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:06,100
clay tablets. 
A writer is working on a story 

4506
04:11:06,100 --> 04:11:08,300
that could be read for centuries
to come somewhere tonight. 

4507
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:11,900
Picking every word with the same
care that unites all 

4508
04:11:11,900 --> 04:11:15,100
storytellers who have ever 
attempted to permanently depict 

4509
04:11:15,100 --> 04:11:18,100
Human Experience. 
Even though they are writing on 

4510
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:21,400
a computer, they are performing 
the same, fundamental tasks, as 

4511
04:11:21,400 --> 04:11:24,900
the unnamed author of Gilgamesh.
The scribes who documented King,

4512
04:11:24,900 --> 04:11:28,200
Arthur stories, all the 
innumerable bars who turned oral

4513
04:11:28,200 --> 04:11:30,500
Traditions into written works 
tonight. 

4514
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:33,700
A scientist is adding their 
observations to the extensive 

4515
04:11:33,700 --> 04:11:36,300
body of human knowledge that 
started with Mesopotamian 

4516
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,300
astronomers recording the motion
of planets and stars 

4517
04:11:39,300 --> 04:11:41,500
documenting. 
A discovery that has the 

4518
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:44,500
potential to fundamentally alter
our understanding of the world. 

4519
04:11:45,400 --> 04:11:49,000
The lab notebook or digital file
will become part of the Legacy 

4520
04:11:49,000 --> 04:11:51,400
that includes the research notes
of Marie Curie. 

4521
04:11:51,400 --> 04:11:54,600
The sketches of Leonardo da 
Vinci and the Journal of 

4522
04:11:54,600 --> 04:11:57,600
Charles, Darwin from the beagle,
in a tradition that includes. 

4523
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:00,900
Victorian love letters. 
Sent across continents, medieval

4524
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:03,900
courtly letters and wartime 
correspondents that kept 

4525
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:07,000
relationships, strong over years
of separation lovers who are 

4526
04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:10,200
separated by distance, ascending
each other messages, that 

4527
04:12:10,200 --> 04:12:12,400
bridge, the gap between their 
hearts somewhere tonight. 

4528
04:12:13,600 --> 04:12:16,900
Whether the medium is video 
calls or text messages, the 

4529
04:12:16,900 --> 04:12:18,800
impulse is the same for all 
people. 

4530
04:12:18,800 --> 04:12:21,500
Who have ever attempted to stay 
in touch via a written 

4531
04:12:21,500 --> 04:12:24,100
communication. 
In the same spirit that inspired

4532
04:12:24,100 --> 04:12:26,800
ancient Chronicles to document, 
the exploits of kings and 

4533
04:12:26,800 --> 04:12:29,100
heroes. 
A grandparent is somewhere 

4534
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:31,900
tonight recording family. 
Tales for grandchildren who have

4535
04:12:31,908 --> 04:12:36,500
not yet been born conserving, 
memories and wisdom The 

4536
04:12:36,500 --> 04:12:39,400
fundamental purpose of these 
family histories is the same as 

4537
04:12:39,400 --> 04:12:43,400
that of the great historical 
works of Gibbon Herodotus or any

4538
04:12:43,400 --> 04:12:45,200
other Chronicle of Human 
Experience. 

4539
04:12:45,200 --> 04:12:48,100
Even though they may never be 
published or read widely 

4540
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:52,100
somewhere tonight, a student is 
engaged in the same process of 

4541
04:12:52,100 --> 04:12:53,500
acquiring and preserving 
knowledge. 

4542
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,300
That has propelled human 
learning since the founding of 

4543
04:12:56,300 --> 04:12:59,600
the first schools in ancient 
Mesopotamia, taking notes that 

4544
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:01,700
will Aid them in developing 
their understanding of the 

4545
04:13:01,700 --> 04:13:05,000
world, their computer files and 
notebooks represent the most 

4546
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:08,800
recent development in Humanities
continuous Endeavor to transmit 

4547
04:13:08,800 --> 04:13:10,900
Knowledge from one generation to
the next. 

4548
04:13:10,900 --> 04:13:14,400
Someone is writing in a diary 
somewhere tonight, documenting, 

4549
04:13:14,400 --> 04:13:16,900
the minutiae of everyday 
existence that will eventually 

4550
04:13:16,900 --> 04:13:19,600
give historians a better 
understanding of how we lived 

4551
04:13:19,600 --> 04:13:22,100
what we valued and what we were 
concerned about. 

4552
04:13:23,300 --> 04:13:26,200
They are carrying on the 
tradition of Samuel peeps, who 

4553
04:13:26,200 --> 04:13:30,300
chronicled life in London in the
17th century and Frank, who 

4554
04:13:30,300 --> 04:13:33,400
chronicled her experience as 
during World War 2 and in 

4555
04:13:33,400 --> 04:13:36,300
numerable others, who recognize 
that ordinary life. 

4556
04:13:36,300 --> 04:13:39,900
When Faithfully documented 
gradually transforms into the 

4557
04:13:39,900 --> 04:13:44,000
extraordinary somewhere tonight,
a poet is carrying on Humanity's

4558
04:13:44,000 --> 04:13:47,500
oldest literary tradition by 
trying to find the perfect words

4559
04:13:47,500 --> 04:13:50,500
to convey in emotion or 
experience, that has never been 

4560
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:53,800
sufficiently conveyed before. 
They're part of the same 

4561
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:59,100
tradition as Homer sappho Lie by
Rumi Shakespeare and all other 

4562
04:13:59,100 --> 04:14:01,600
poets who have attempted to use 
language to create Beauty. 

4563
04:14:01,600 --> 04:14:04,300
And meaning, even though they 
may share their work on social 

4564
04:14:04,300 --> 04:14:08,000
media, instead of performing it 
in Royal courts, all of these 

4565
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:11,300
individuals along with Millions 
more are contributing their 

4566
04:14:11,300 --> 04:14:13,700
words to the extensive dialogue 
that started. 

4567
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:17,200
When the first human decided 
that thoughts were too valuable 

4568
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:21,500
to rely solely on memory. 
This means that the story of 

4569
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:25,200
writing is not yet complete. 
Every research paper, Love 

4570
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:28,500
Letter grocery list. 
And status update adds to The 

4571
04:14:28,500 --> 04:14:31,500
Continuous, human endeavor of 
making the transient permanent 

4572
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:34,900
and the invisible visible. 
Not only you reading the story, 

4573
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:37,800
dear reader, but you are also 
contributing to its creation. 

4574
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:41,800
Each time you send a message, 
write an email, write a note or 

4575
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,000
Express an idea in writing 
you're taking part in one of the

4576
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:47,200
greatest Cooperative Endeavors 
in human history. 

4577
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:50,700
You are contributing your voice 
to a dialogue that has been 

4578
04:14:50,700 --> 04:14:53,900
going on for thousands of years 
and will continue for thousands 

4579
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:56,900
more just as we can hardly 
imagine what writing 

4580
04:14:56,900 --> 04:14:58,900
Technologies are. 
Great grandchildren will take 

4581
04:14:58,900 --> 04:15:01,400
for granted the Lasko cave 
painters. 

4582
04:15:01,400 --> 04:15:04,100
Could never have imagined 
smartphones and social media. 

4583
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:08,200
However, despite all 
technological advancements, the 

4584
04:15:08,200 --> 04:15:11,600
basic human urges that drive 
writing the need to remember. 

4585
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:15,400
Communicate, share preserve and 
create remain constant. 

4586
04:15:15,400 --> 04:15:19,000
Allow yourself to feel a part of
this enormous human endeavor as 

4587
04:15:19,000 --> 04:15:21,700
you go to sleep tonight, you 
might dream of future 

4588
04:15:21,700 --> 04:15:25,600
Technologies and ancient scribes
of writers are glowing screens 

4589
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:28,800
and storytellers around 
campfires of children, learning 

4590
04:15:28,800 --> 04:15:31,200
their letters and Elders, 
keeping their memories alive. 

4591
04:15:31,200 --> 04:15:34,900
They are a part of your story 
and you are part of theirs. 

4592
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:36,900
Rest. 
Well, and dream of all the 

4593
04:15:36,900 --> 04:15:39,100
stories that have not. 
Yet been told all the 

4594
04:15:39,108 --> 04:15:41,900
discoveries that have not yet 
been documented, all the 

4595
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:45,300
connections that have not yet 
been made and all the ideas that

4596
04:15:45,300 --> 04:15:48,100
have not yet been able to move 
from page to page in your mind. 

4597
04:15:49,100 --> 04:15:53,100
You dear reader, dear writer, 
dear participant in this ancient

4598
04:15:53,100 --> 04:15:56,500
and continuing Human Adventure 
will contribute to the righting 

4599
04:15:56,500 --> 04:15:58,600
of the greatest chapter of the 
writing story. 

4600
04:15:58,600 --> 04:16:00,800
Good night. 
And I hope your words are heard 

4601
04:16:00,800 --> 04:16:09,800
tomorrow. 
Born in 69 BCE Cleopatra. 

4602
04:16:09,800 --> 04:16:13,500
The seventh Philippa came from a
family that had controlled Egypt

4603
04:16:13,500 --> 04:16:16,900
for over three centuries. 
These were the ptolemies who 

4604
04:16:16,900 --> 04:16:19,200
were descended from a general 
under Alexander the Great. 

4605
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:23,000
The ptolemaic empire was a 
peculiar hybrid, by the time 

4606
04:16:23,000 --> 04:16:26,300
Cleopatra was born a 
greek-speaking monarchy 

4607
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:28,400
situated. 
Atop A deeply Egyptian Terrain. 

4608
04:16:29,000 --> 04:16:33,000
The dynasty itself was plagued 
by Family feuds political 

4609
04:16:33,000 --> 04:16:37,100
assassinations and tense truces 
with growing Roman Authority, 

4610
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:41,600
despite the capital Alexandria 
being a global Center of 

4611
04:16:41,608 --> 04:16:44,700
scholarship. 
Tradition frequently, portrays 

4612
04:16:44,700 --> 04:16:48,900
Cleopatra's a captivating, Queen
who captivated influential men. 

4613
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:52,000
However, that portrayal 
disregards, her extensive 

4614
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:55,900
education, linguistic, 
proficiency and strategic Savvy.

4615
04:16:55,900 --> 04:17:00,300
She pursued studies in 
philosophy, astronomy medicine 

4616
04:17:00,300 --> 04:17:03,600
and Mathematics in the renowned 
Library of Alexandria. 

4617
04:17:04,400 --> 04:17:07,800
Cleopatra was raised in society 
that demanded Royals demonstrate

4618
04:17:07,800 --> 04:17:11,700
their abilities. 
As each prospective are face the

4619
04:17:11,700 --> 04:17:16,200
risk of being outwitted by 
cunning family members in a 

4620
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:18,000
quart. 
Notorious for backstabbing 

4621
04:17:18,000 --> 04:17:21,200
mental acuity was just as 
important to survival as 

4622
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:25,400
Birthright for a large portion 
of his rule her father Ptolemy 

4623
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:29,300
the 12th alleys had to balance, 
local unrest, with Roman favor. 

4624
04:17:30,300 --> 04:17:32,600
Spy, the ptolemies claims to 
Divine Heritage. 

4625
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:37,200
Roman power, actually Loom big 
to gain Roman political support 

4626
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:42,000
athletes paid Hefty prices, 
which put Egypt's Finance is in 

4627
04:17:42,000 --> 04:17:45,200
jeopardy. 
She observed, these discussions 

4628
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:48,500
Cleopatra learned early on that 
money could purchase allies but 

4629
04:17:48,500 --> 04:17:52,300
could never ensure true respect.
She also saw how quickly a 

4630
04:17:52,300 --> 04:17:55,200
monarch may lose their position 
of authority if they made a 

4631
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:57,200
mistake that alienated those in 
charge. 

4632
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,400
When Cleopatra was a little 
girl, she traveled to Rome with 

4633
04:18:01,400 --> 04:18:04,400
or letters on diplomatic 
missions and saw civilization on

4634
04:18:04,400 --> 04:18:07,900
the verge of enormous growth. 
She watched the Senate's 

4635
04:18:07,900 --> 04:18:10,400
operations there as well as the 
moves of powerful people like 

4636
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:13,800
Julius, Caesar and Pompey. 
She had a first-hand Insight 

4637
04:18:13,800 --> 04:18:16,400
from these experiences that few 
Egyptian Royals had ever 

4638
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:18,900
experienced. 
Cleopatra's route to the 

4639
04:18:18,908 --> 04:18:21,600
Egyptian. 
Throne was uncertain to maintain

4640
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:24,600
the unity of the bloodline. 
Ptolemaic, Laura encouraged 

4641
04:18:24,600 --> 04:18:27,600
sibling, marriage Partnerships 
and her father had other 

4642
04:18:27,600 --> 04:18:30,600
children. 
An ancient Macedonian custom 

4643
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:32,600
that the ptolemies had taken to 
extremes. 

4644
04:18:32,600 --> 04:18:35,400
This Behavior was startling to 
Modern ears. 

4645
04:18:35,400 --> 04:18:38,400
Has a result. 
Cleopatra's Destiny was 

4646
04:18:38,400 --> 04:18:41,700
intertwined with her. 
Brother's one of whom would at 

4647
04:18:41,700 --> 04:18:43,700
least in theory, share power 
with her. 

4648
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:47,100
Everyone knew that a puppet 
sibling could be used to 

4649
04:18:47,100 --> 04:18:50,200
overthrow a more ambitious 
relative and the tension in the 

4650
04:18:50,200 --> 04:18:53,800
royal family was evident. 
History frequently reduces clear

4651
04:18:53,800 --> 04:18:57,600
Patra to an exotic character. 
Who courted Roman rulers, but 

4652
04:18:57,600 --> 04:18:59,700
she was developing her 
diplomatic abilities from an 

4653
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:02,100
early age. 
She acquired multilingual 

4654
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:04,400
skills. 
In addition to Greek, she 

4655
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:07,800
reportedly knew Aramaic 
Ethiopian and probably Hebrew 

4656
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:11,500
well, as well as an Egyptian, 
which most of her ptolemaic 

4657
04:19:11,500 --> 04:19:13,000
predecessors never tried to 
master. 

4658
04:19:13,000 --> 04:19:16,100
She was able to avoid having her
comments misinterpreted by 

4659
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:19,800
interpreters by speaking to 
courtiers Merchants and foreign 

4660
04:19:19,800 --> 04:19:23,000
envoys in their own tongues. 
Her ability to communicate 

4661
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:26,600
directly became one of her, most
powerful assets enabling her to 

4662
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:29,700
bridge cultural gaps. 
The domestic politics of Egypt 

4663
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:33,100
were very complicated as they 
had done for thousands of years.

4664
04:19:33,100 --> 04:19:37,800
Priests held considerable power.
Careful supervision was required

4665
04:19:37,800 --> 04:19:41,500
of the surrogation system grain 
shipments fuel the Kingdom's 

4666
04:19:41,500 --> 04:19:43,500
economy by feeding, both the 
Egyptians and international 

4667
04:19:43,500 --> 04:19:46,000
markets. 
Cleopatra was aware of the 

4668
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:48,000
fragility, underlying, the 
opulence of the Court, 

4669
04:19:48,000 --> 04:19:52,500
spectacles in ancient times, 
grain was valuable and managing 

4670
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:54,600
the Niles. 
Resources, meant managing the 

4671
04:19:54,600 --> 04:19:58,200
money needed to survive to keep 
the Roman Bankers, happy the 

4672
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:01,600
priest placated and the crops 
steady a wise ruler was 

4673
04:20:01,600 --> 04:20:04,500
required. 
However, when her father passed 

4674
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:08,800
away in 51, BC Cleopatra was 
still a young woman, she and her

4675
04:20:08,808 --> 04:20:11,800
younger brother, Tommy. 
The 13th were designated as 

4676
04:20:11,800 --> 04:20:15,400
joint rulers in the will This 
Arrangement was less about true 

4677
04:20:15,400 --> 04:20:17,400
balance and more about 
ceremonial tradition. 

4678
04:20:18,200 --> 04:20:20,300
Groups in the court. 
Tried to influence the young 

4679
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:23,600
boy, King against his sister. 
Very immediately Cleopatra had 

4680
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,600
to decide whether to submit to 
these power struggles or to 

4681
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:29,500
stand up for herself at the risk
of starting a civil war. 

4682
04:20:30,500 --> 04:20:33,700
Cleopatra's early life prepared,
her for her eventual, decisive 

4683
04:20:33,700 --> 04:20:36,700
actions, even though most people
only recall her later 

4684
04:20:36,700 --> 04:20:38,900
involvements with Mark Antony 
and Julius Caesar. 

4685
04:20:38,900 --> 04:20:42,300
Her background learning at the 
library, observing Roman 

4686
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:45,800
politics and negotiating, a 
contentious Court formed. 

4687
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:49,500
The foundation of her strategic 
perspective, she was adamant 

4688
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:51,800
that ambitious. 
Roman should not use Egypt as a 

4689
04:20:51,808 --> 04:20:54,900
prize or a province. 
All though, the road ahead was 

4690
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:57,800
dangerous Cleopatra. 
Had been well prepared by her 

4691
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:00,300
upbringing. 
She wasn't a passive character. 

4692
04:21:00,300 --> 04:21:03,400
She was already planning ahead 
and prepared to play a political

4693
04:21:03,400 --> 04:21:05,700
chess game, that would decide 
her Kingdom's destiny. 

4694
04:21:06,800 --> 04:21:10,900
Cleopatra who was 18 at the time
of Ptolemy the 12th death found 

4695
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,500
his self sharing the kingdom 
with her brother Ptolemy. 

4696
04:21:13,500 --> 04:21:16,600
The 13th who was only 10 or 11 
years old at the time. 

4697
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:19,300
Well, though they were 
classified as equals in their 

4698
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:22,700
official titles Cleopatra was 
aware of the covert pass 

4699
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:26,500
structures and the Royal Court. 
The young King's advisors saw an

4700
04:21:26,500 --> 04:21:29,400
opportunity to marginalize her 
by portraying her, as an 

4701
04:21:29,400 --> 04:21:32,200
intrusive sister, who posed a 
danger, to the boy's legitimate 

4702
04:21:32,200 --> 04:21:35,400
Authority. 
Political scheming by a flurry 

4703
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:39,200
of courtiers, including the 
powerful region pathena, and a 

4704
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:42,500
general by the name of Achilles 
soon, compelled Cleopatra, to 

4705
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:45,800
leave Alexandria. 
Cleopatra was sent into Exile 

4706
04:21:45,800 --> 04:21:47,400
because she would not concede 
defeat. 

4707
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:52,000
Of Disappearing Into Obscurity. 
She gathered a small troupe and 

4708
04:21:52,000 --> 04:21:53,800
set up camp east of the Nile 
Delta to wait. 

4709
04:21:54,700 --> 04:21:57,100
She made appeals to border 
troops who were devoted to her 

4710
04:21:57,108 --> 04:22:00,400
father's Legacy Merchants, who 
were upset over the Mayhem in 

4711
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:04,400
Alexandria and local allies. 
Cleopatra closely monitored 

4712
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:06,000
Rome's. 
Internal conflicts during this 

4713
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:08,500
period. 
Caesar's previous, Ally, the 

4714
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:11,400
Roman general. 
Ganias Pompey was now losing a 

4715
04:22:11,400 --> 04:22:14,900
civil war against his assured, 
while comrade the alexandrian 

4716
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:16,700
court. 
Made the tragic choice to have 

4717
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:20,200
pompy killed when he landed in 
Egypt in search of resources and

4718
04:22:20,200 --> 04:22:22,700
safety. 
The Killing was likely done to 

4719
04:22:22,700 --> 04:22:25,400
appease Julius Caesar who was 
pursuing Pompeii. 

4720
04:22:25,400 --> 04:22:28,700
However the results of this 
heinous deed were not what they 

4721
04:22:28,700 --> 04:22:31,500
had hoped for. 
Caesar personally landed in 

4722
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:37,000
Alexandria in the fall of 48 BC.
Stable monarchy or at least a 

4723
04:22:37,000 --> 04:22:39,200
compliant Administration that 
would pay for his wartime. 

4724
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:41,400
Expenses was what he hoped to 
discover. 

4725
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,300
Instead, he found himself in a 
country that was embroiled in a 

4726
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:48,200
fraternal war with Ptolemy. 
The 13th Camp fighting for 

4727
04:22:48,200 --> 04:22:50,300
control of the city and 
Cleopatra in Exile. 

4728
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:53,500
Caesar was apparently horrified 
to learn of pompey's 

4729
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:56,200
assassination since he had 
planned to capture Pompey rather

4730
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:58,000
than have him killed by 
Outsiders. 

4731
04:22:58,000 --> 04:23:01,300
Seeing her chance Cleopatra, 
came up with a bold scheme to 

4732
04:23:01,308 --> 04:23:03,100
meet Caesar in private and make 
her case. 

4733
04:23:03,900 --> 04:23:07,800
According to Legend to get past 
ptolemies, guards Cleopatra plan

4734
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:10,600
to be smuggled into the palace 
rolled up in a carpet or bag. 

4735
04:23:11,400 --> 04:23:13,400
Although some historians 
disagree with the precise 

4736
04:23:13,400 --> 04:23:16,600
approach, everyone agrees that 
Cleopatra's first-hand meeting 

4737
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:18,800
with Caesar was a persuasive 
Master stroke. 

4738
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:21,700
She portrayed herself as a 
legitimate Queen whose brothers 

4739
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:24,800
Court had turned treacherous 
rather than as a defenseless 

4740
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:26,700
Exile. 
She knew Latin well enough to 

4741
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:29,600
communicate directly with Cesar.
He was said to be as fascinated 

4742
04:23:29,600 --> 04:23:33,000
by her intelligence and humor as
he was by her royal demeanor. 

4743
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:36,500
Caesar a master strategist. 
Believed that Cleopatra was a 

4744
04:23:36,500 --> 04:23:39,000
better Ally than her younger 
brother, in ensuring Egypt's 

4745
04:23:39,000 --> 04:23:41,400
stability. 
The siblings must get back 

4746
04:23:41,400 --> 04:23:42,600
together and Rule together 
again. 

4747
04:23:42,600 --> 04:23:46,700
He said the counselors to me, 
the 13th refused to obey because

4748
04:23:46,700 --> 04:23:48,400
they felt their Authority was in
jeopardy. 

4749
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:52,300
As tensions increased the 
alexandrian war broke out. 

4750
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:55,900
Alexandria's streets and docks 
became battlefields when 

4751
04:23:55,900 --> 04:23:59,100
Caesar's Army engaged in combat 
with Ptolemy, the 13th 

4752
04:23:59,100 --> 04:24:01,700
supporters. 
Although reports differ on the 

4753
04:24:01,708 --> 04:24:04,400
extent and timing of the 
destruction, the renowned 

4754
04:24:04,400 --> 04:24:06,500
Library itself, may have 
sustained some damage during 

4755
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:09,000
this fight. 
Cleopatra remained. 

4756
04:24:09,000 --> 04:24:12,400
Calm in the face of Chaos. 
He collaborated closely with 

4757
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:15,200
Caesar providing local 
intelligence and resources. 

4758
04:24:15,200 --> 04:24:18,200
She understood that while she 
required Caesar's help. 

4759
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:21,500
She also possessed power because
Caesar wanted a stable monarchy 

4760
04:24:21,500 --> 04:24:25,900
and control over Egypt's grain. 
Supply was vital to Rome, They 

4761
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:28,000
eventually routed Ptolemy, the 
13th Army. 

4762
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:32,300
While attempting to escape, he 
himself perished in the Nile to 

4763
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:35,500
maintain the illusion of a 
dynastic tradition, Cleopatra's 

4764
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:38,800
younger brother, Ptolemy the 
14th was appointed as a nominal 

4765
04:24:38,800 --> 04:24:41,500
co-ruler. 
However, Cleopatra held the real

4766
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:45,000
power, after the Civil War was 
done clear, Patra sided with 

4767
04:24:45,000 --> 04:24:47,400
Caesar. 
And according to many fell in 

4768
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:49,900
love with him, caesarian the 
child, they would have 

4769
04:24:49,908 --> 04:24:53,200
eventually have symbolized the 
marriage of Egyptian ancestry 

4770
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:56,700
with Roman ambition. 
Nevertheless clear Patron. 

4771
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:58,500
Never saw herself as a simple 
consort. 

4772
04:24:58,500 --> 04:25:01,400
Her goal was to bring her 
kingdom back to life. 

4773
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:04,100
While juggling Roman interests 
and preserving some degree of 

4774
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:06,600
autonomy. 
She lavished Caesar with 

4775
04:25:06,600 --> 04:25:09,100
hospitality throwing lavish 
Feast that could only be 

4776
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:12,500
supported by the Niles wealth 
beneath these extravagant 

4777
04:25:12,500 --> 04:25:14,600
outbursts. 
However, she engaged in 

4778
04:25:14,600 --> 04:25:17,900
painstaking negotiations to 
secure her rules continuation 

4779
04:25:17,900 --> 04:25:21,600
after Caesars, inevitable 
departure Alexandria had been 

4780
04:25:21,608 --> 04:25:24,900
returned to Cleopatra at the end
of this turbulent time, she was 

4781
04:25:24,908 --> 04:25:28,700
no longer the helpless fugitive.
Instead, she had become Egypt's 

4782
04:25:28,700 --> 04:25:32,000
Undisputed Monarch albeit one 
who was closely associated with 

4783
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:34,700
Roman Authority. 
She had forged a complicated 

4784
04:25:34,700 --> 04:25:37,400
alliance with the most powerful 
man in the Mediterranean, by 

4785
04:25:37,400 --> 04:25:40,900
navigating war and conspiracies.
There were new obstacles in the 

4786
04:25:40,908 --> 04:25:44,500
way primarily how to balance 
Egypt sovereignty with Rome's 

4787
04:25:44,500 --> 04:25:46,800
demands. 
However, Cleopatra had 

4788
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:49,600
demonstrated that she was more 
than capable of skillfully 

4789
04:25:49,600 --> 04:25:52,100
navigating through situations 
that would shatter a less 

4790
04:25:52,108 --> 04:25:55,100
powerful ruler. 
Following the Alexandria, in war

4791
04:25:55,100 --> 04:25:58,300
Cleopatra, oversaw a court that 
combined Roman and Hellenistic 

4792
04:25:58,300 --> 04:26:02,200
elements with old Egyptian 
customs, she reclaimed trade 

4793
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:04,900
routes, vital to Egypt's growth 
and dispatched, envoys to 

4794
04:26:04,908 --> 04:26:07,900
negotiate border records to 
regain control over areas, lost 

4795
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:12,100
during previous crises. 
Beyond politics Cleopatra, 

4796
04:26:12,100 --> 04:26:16,000
prioritized cultural patronage. 
She provided financial support 

4797
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:19,700
for academic, Pursuits sponsored
building projects and made sure 

4798
04:26:19,700 --> 04:26:23,100
that Egypt temples, particularly
those honoring the Goddess Isis,

4799
04:26:23,100 --> 04:26:26,100
who she came to identifying, 
increasingly with received Royal

4800
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:29,100
backing. 
She and Julius Caesar's 

4801
04:26:29,100 --> 04:26:32,700
relationship kept changing 
Caesar attracted by Cleopatra's 

4802
04:26:32,700 --> 04:26:35,500
companionship as well as 
political motives stayed in 

4803
04:26:35,500 --> 04:26:37,200
Egypt. 
Longer than many Roman Senators 

4804
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:39,900
thought was wise. 
Their well-known Nile Crews, 

4805
04:26:39,900 --> 04:26:43,200
which was later romanticized. 
Served two strategic purposes. 

4806
04:26:44,100 --> 04:26:46,700
Caesar learned about the areas 
resources and fortifications 

4807
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,700
first hand while clear Patrick, 
demonstrated the size of her 

4808
04:26:49,700 --> 04:26:52,300
Dominion. 
Though some alexandrians 

4809
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:55,200
questioned, the expenditure 
Cleopatra, recognized, the 

4810
04:26:55,208 --> 04:26:59,000
importance of spectacle, and her
Tales of sumptuous feasts on 

4811
04:26:59,008 --> 04:27:01,700
Royal boats. 
She wanted the Egyptians, and 

4812
04:27:01,700 --> 04:27:04,400
Romans to understand that the 
ptolemaic throne had not lost. 

4813
04:27:04,400 --> 04:27:07,900
Its Majesty in a time when the 
ability to Dazzle was frequently

4814
04:27:07,900 --> 04:27:12,100
used to gauge one's level of 
authority, Caesar and Cleopatra.

4815
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:14,500
However, were unable to deny 
Rome's restlessness. 

4816
04:27:15,300 --> 04:27:17,900
After defeating pompies allies 
sees a solidified. 

4817
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,400
His hold on Power and his status
as dictator was both admirable 

4818
04:27:21,400 --> 04:27:24,400
and vulnerable. 
He brought Cleopatra back to 

4819
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:27,300
Roman 46, BC but not as a simple
concubine. 

4820
04:27:28,100 --> 04:27:30,800
She successfully positioned 
herself on the Roman stage by 

4821
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:33,500
arriving, with her retinue, 
which included the baby 

4822
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:36,700
cesarean. 
Conservative Romans, who 

4823
04:27:36,700 --> 04:27:40,500
disapproved of her alien status 
and her alleged aspirations were

4824
04:27:40,500 --> 04:27:44,000
scandalized by this. 
Caesar gave Cleopatra privileged

4825
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:45,800
position that no other foreign 
ruler had. 

4826
04:27:45,800 --> 04:27:49,300
However, by letting her remain 
at a villa across the Tiber 

4827
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:53,100
Within the city's political 
circles rumors circulated that 

4828
04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:55,800
Caesar May declare himself King 
and Cleopatra, his Queen. 

4829
04:27:55,800 --> 04:27:59,400
A notion that was unappealing to
Romans who had Vivid memories of

4830
04:27:59,408 --> 04:28:01,000
overthrowing monarchs centuries 
before. 

4831
04:28:01,900 --> 04:28:05,100
Both xenophobic animosity and 
curiosity was stoked by 

4832
04:28:05,108 --> 04:28:08,800
Cleopatra's appearance, her 
attire and her Entourage of 

4833
04:28:08,800 --> 04:28:12,000
Egyptian, courtiers. 
In the meantime, she researched 

4834
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:15,300
the tribunes the Senate and the 
network of patronage that 

4835
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:17,400
connected aristocratic families 
in Rome. 

4836
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:20,700
She realized how shaky roams 
acceptance of her was 

4837
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:24,600
nevertheless she engaged in 
diplomatic Outreach establishing

4838
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:27,400
connections with powerful 
senators and their spouse's 

4839
04:28:27,400 --> 04:28:30,500
giving presents and organising. 
Cultural events that showcase 

4840
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:34,500
Alexandria's refinement 
Cleopatra's primary goal was to 

4841
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:36,000
ensure the future of her 
Dynasty. 

4842
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:39,400
From the Egyptian perspective, 
she desired cesareans 

4843
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,500
recognition as his Heir. 
Even if it wasn't official, 

4844
04:28:43,200 --> 04:28:45,600
Caesar gave cesarean 
preferential treatment, even 

4845
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:48,400
though he never legally declared
him, his son under Roman law, 

4846
04:28:49,400 --> 04:28:51,300
Caesars. 
Continuous success appeared to 

4847
04:28:51,300 --> 04:28:54,500
be the key to the Future. 
However, the tide of Roman 

4848
04:28:54,500 --> 04:28:57,800
politics was shifting and many 
were disturbed by Caesar's 

4849
04:28:57,800 --> 04:28:59,900
acquisition of awards and 
display of monarchical. 

4850
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:02,900
Accoutrements Caesar was 
assassinated on the Ides of 

4851
04:29:02,900 --> 04:29:05,300
March in 44, BCE as a result of 
a conspiracy. 

4852
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:08,900
Cleopatra. 
Shocked and exposed was in a 

4853
04:29:08,900 --> 04:29:11,700
dangerous situation. 
In Rome, she swiftly retreated 

4854
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:15,200
amid, the confusion returning to
Alexandria with cesarean and her

4855
04:29:15,200 --> 04:29:18,700
Entourage. 
According to some accounts, she 

4856
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:21,300
thought about siding with Mark 
Antony or other groups in the 

4857
04:29:21,300 --> 04:29:23,900
ensuing power War. 
Cleopatra, however, was 

4858
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:26,500
realistic. 
She understood that Romans would

4859
04:29:26,500 --> 04:29:29,900
fight for the Republic once more
and before making any dangerous 

4860
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:31,900
agreements, she needed to know 
who would win. 

4861
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:35,900
Securely established in Egypt, 
she concentrated on bolstering 

4862
04:29:35,900 --> 04:29:39,100
the economy and defenses of her 
realm while she waited the next 

4863
04:29:39,100 --> 04:29:42,800
Roman ruler to initiate contact.
She made a deliberate decision 

4864
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:46,600
to stay out of Rome during this 
rough time, if she had stayed, 

4865
04:29:46,600 --> 04:29:52,200
see your mad one side or the 
other might have exploited her 

4866
04:29:52,200 --> 04:29:55,300
as a pawn, rather, she withdrew 
to a world in which she was 

4867
04:29:55,300 --> 04:29:58,000
truly in charge. 
She developed an image of 

4868
04:29:58,008 --> 04:29:59,500
herself at home as a 
conventional. 

4869
04:29:59,500 --> 04:30:03,000
Pharaoh, in addition to being a 
Hellenistic, Queen her picture 

4870
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:06,100
with a diadem occasionally, with
subtle references to Egyptian 

4871
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:08,200
iconography was featured on 
coins. 

4872
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:11,000
Bearing her name To guarantee 
that the priesthood 

4873
04:30:11,000 --> 04:30:14,000
acknowledged, her son caesarian 
as a prince descended from God. 

4874
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:18,500
She funded religious ceremonies 
Cleopatra cemented, her position

4875
04:30:18,500 --> 04:30:21,400
among her subjects by fusing 
traditional Egyptian devotion 

4876
04:30:21,400 --> 04:30:24,600
with classical Greek Elegance. 
Though, she was aware that 

4877
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:27,300
Egypt's, Destiny would 
unavoidably be shaped by the 

4878
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:30,900
next wave of Rome Civil War. 
She never cut off, contact with 

4879
04:30:30,900 --> 04:30:34,400
Roman politicians. 
Cleopatra's top objective amid, 

4880
04:30:34,400 --> 04:30:37,100
the chaos that followed Caesar's
murder, was to maintain her 

4881
04:30:37,100 --> 04:30:39,200
independence to the greatest 
extent feasible. 

4882
04:30:40,100 --> 04:30:43,000
Although she had already 
navigated the maze, the Roman 

4883
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:45,800
stage was about to change. 
Again, bringing new performers 

4884
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,100
who would test her wits She 
would have to carefully consider

4885
04:30:49,100 --> 04:30:51,700
her options now that she could 
no longer rely on season's 

4886
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:55,300
favor, forming alliances and 
battling for time in a game 

4887
04:30:55,308 --> 04:30:58,600
where the outcome could affect 
the mediterranean's future after

4888
04:30:58,600 --> 04:31:01,300
Seasons death. 
Rome fell into Civil War, 

4889
04:31:01,300 --> 04:31:05,600
creating a power vacuum on one 
side with the Assassin's led by 

4890
04:31:05,608 --> 04:31:09,000
Brutus and Cassius advocating 
for a return to Republican 

4891
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:11,500
ideals. 
The second triumvirat brought 

4892
04:31:11,500 --> 04:31:15,100
together three important 
figures, Octavian Caesars 

4893
04:31:15,100 --> 04:31:18,900
adopted son and Heir, Mark 
Antony a season, General and 

4894
04:31:18,900 --> 04:31:22,800
close, all of Caesar and 
lepidus, whose influence quickly

4895
04:31:22,800 --> 04:31:25,200
diminished in the following two 
years. 

4896
04:31:25,200 --> 04:31:28,000
These factions fought for 
dominance from Alexandria 

4897
04:31:28,000 --> 04:31:30,200
Cleopatra. 
Observed knowing Egypt's. 

4898
04:31:30,200 --> 04:31:32,000
Wealth could become a bargaining
chip again. 

4899
04:31:32,900 --> 04:31:36,500
Marc Anthony had previously been
kind to clear Patra, he visited 

4900
04:31:36,500 --> 04:31:39,300
Alexandria during Caesar's time 
and enjoyed the courts 

4901
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:43,500
Hospitality as the triumvirate 
faced Brutus and Cassius Anthony

4902
04:31:43,500 --> 04:31:47,200
required resources grain ships 
and money to strengthen his 

4903
04:31:47,200 --> 04:31:50,400
position. 
He called Cleopatra to Tarsus 

4904
04:31:50,400 --> 04:31:54,800
Asia Minor to negotiate terms. 
The summons was not just a 

4905
04:31:54,800 --> 04:31:57,700
polite request. 
Ignoring it could provoke Roman 

4906
04:31:57,700 --> 04:32:02,000
anger, Cleopatra recognized an 
opportunity negotiating from a 

4907
04:32:02,000 --> 04:32:04,700
strong position, could help her 
gain recognition for cesarean 

4908
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:08,300
and assert her autonomy. 
Her arrival in Tarsus turned 

4909
04:32:08,300 --> 04:32:11,300
into a legendary Tale. 
Rather than seeming like a 

4910
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:14,600
beggar, she glided up the river 
Sydney on an ornate, barge 

4911
04:32:14,600 --> 04:32:19,100
adorned with luxurious fabrics 
and fragrant sales, musicians, 

4912
04:32:19,100 --> 04:32:21,700
played as clear. 
Patra adorned as the goddess, 

4913
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:25,400
Aphrodite or Isis based on the 
source, invited Anthony to 

4914
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:28,200
witness a display of opulence, 
akin to a royal Festival 

4915
04:32:29,100 --> 04:32:31,700
Cleopatra recognized the 
significance of spectacle. 

4916
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:35,600
A dramatic entrance overshadowed
rumors of Egyptian subservience 

4917
04:32:35,600 --> 04:32:38,800
Anthony realized he was not in 
charge of a subordinate, but was

4918
04:32:38,800 --> 04:32:41,000
instead welcoming a king in full
splendor. 

4919
04:32:41,700 --> 04:32:44,500
He was impressed and accepted 
her invitation to die on her 

4920
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:46,700
vessel where her wit and 
cultural sophistication 

4921
04:32:46,700 --> 04:32:50,800
captivated him as much as the 
luxuries and Alliance began 

4922
04:32:50,800 --> 04:32:53,800
political and romantic that 
would shape the Eastern 

4923
04:32:53,800 --> 04:32:57,900
mediterranean's fate. 
The relationship was complex and

4924
04:32:57,900 --> 04:33:00,300
Anthony aimed to gain to gain 
Cleopatra's, loyalty, and 

4925
04:33:00,300 --> 04:33:03,300
resources, to tackle the ongoing
challenges to the triumvirate. 

4926
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:05,500
Cleopatra. 
Demanded, the return of 

4927
04:33:05,508 --> 04:33:08,500
Egyptian, territories lost under
previous ptolemaic rulers. 

4928
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,800
She urged for formal, Roman 
recognition of cesarean 

4929
04:33:11,800 --> 04:33:16,599
significance, at least in Egypt.
What started as a tactical 

4930
04:33:16,599 --> 04:33:20,300
partnership evolved into a 
personal Bond, Anthony spent the

4931
04:33:20,300 --> 04:33:23,300
winter in Alexandria enjoying 
the city's Lively culture. 

4932
04:33:23,300 --> 04:33:27,200
He took part in festivals in 
joyed, hunts along the Nile and 

4933
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:30,800
even created a drinking Society 
with Cleopatra, humorously 

4934
04:33:30,800 --> 04:33:34,800
called the inimitable livers 
Cleopatra remained focused on 

4935
04:33:34,800 --> 04:33:37,400
her political goals despite the 
distractions of revelry. 

4936
04:33:38,200 --> 04:33:40,099
She maneuvered through Court 
intrigues. 

4937
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:43,500
Handled the Egyptian bureaucracy
and protected her throne. 

4938
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:46,500
Despite rumors that Anthony was 
suing to her spell. 

4939
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:49,500
These rumors extended Beyond 
mere gossip. 

4940
04:33:49,500 --> 04:33:54,099
In Rome, Octavian, identities, 
actions, wearily, Octavian ruled

4941
04:33:54,099 --> 04:33:57,400
the West while Anthony managed 
the east as co-rulers of the 

4942
04:33:57,400 --> 04:34:00,500
Roman World. 
Antony is extravagant gestures 

4943
04:34:00,500 --> 04:34:03,500
toward clear, Patra reinforced, 
the idea that he was abandoning 

4944
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:06,500
Roman values for Eastern excess 
Cleopatra. 

4945
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:08,700
Understood the gravity of 
octavian's propaganda. 

4946
04:34:08,700 --> 04:34:11,700
She had encountered Roman 
disdain previously. 

4947
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:15,700
Now, the risks were greater loss
of Anthony's favor and Rome 

4948
04:34:15,700 --> 04:34:17,400
could jeopardize Cleopatra's 
position. 

4949
04:34:18,300 --> 04:34:21,900
Anthony's Early campaigns in the
East, had some success, he 

4950
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:24,599
reaffirmed Roman Authority and 
rebellious areas and granted 

4951
04:34:24,599 --> 04:34:28,800
Cleopatra land in for Benicia 
Cyprus and parts of cretan 

4952
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:30,700
Syria. 
These grants enhanced Egypt's 

4953
04:34:30,700 --> 04:34:32,599
power and filled Cleopatra's 
Treasury. 

4954
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:37,300
At the same time the triumvirate
unraveled lepidus was sidelined,

4955
04:34:37,300 --> 04:34:40,300
intensifying the Rivalry between
Antony and Octavian. 

4956
04:34:41,000 --> 04:34:43,700
Cleopatra and Antony had 
children starting with twins. 

4957
04:34:43,700 --> 04:34:47,300
And then another son who Anthony
acknowledged publicly children 

4958
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:49,500
were given territories 
culminating in the notable 

4959
04:34:49,500 --> 04:34:53,700
donations of Alexandria ceremony
where Cleopatra and her 

4960
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:55,700
children. 
Donned regalia representing 

4961
04:34:55,700 --> 04:34:57,900
their rule over vast regions of 
the near East. 

4962
04:34:58,800 --> 04:35:01,500
Roman observers were shocked, 
the event, resembled the 

4963
04:35:01,508 --> 04:35:05,000
establishment of a new 
Hellenistic Empire at the cost 

4964
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:06,700
of Rome. 
Cleopatra. 

4965
04:35:06,700 --> 04:35:09,500
Understood that her fake 
depended on Anthony's military 

4966
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:11,900
achievements. 
Anthony found himself 

4967
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,599
increasingly conflicted between 
the East where Cleopatra, held 

4968
04:35:15,599 --> 04:35:19,400
Sway and the Roman Heartland 
were Octavian was turning public

4969
04:35:19,400 --> 04:35:22,099
sentiment against him. 
Cleopatra. 

4970
04:35:22,099 --> 04:35:25,599
Employed her diplomatic skills 
to secure local alliances in 

4971
04:35:25,599 --> 04:35:28,900
that if War arose, she could 
gather sufficient Egyptian 

4972
04:35:28,900 --> 04:35:31,300
Manpower and Naval power to be 
taken seriously. 

4973
04:35:32,500 --> 04:35:34,000
She noticed the cracks 
appearing. 

4974
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:37,599
As Anthony embraced his Eastern 
identity by adopting, Greek, 

4975
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:41,300
customs and granting Grand 
titles to clear Patra hostility 

4976
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:43,800
and Roman intensified. 
Octavian. 

4977
04:35:43,800 --> 04:35:47,200
Waited, patiently Gathering 
proof to label Antonia traitor 

4978
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:51,200
influenced by an oriental Queen.
This delicate balance endured 

4979
04:35:51,200 --> 04:35:54,500
for years, lending Cleopatra's 
Reign, a sense of renewed 

4980
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:56,800
Grandeur alongside looming storm
clouds. 

4981
04:35:57,599 --> 04:36:00,200
She had journeyed from uncertain
exile to commanding Queen. 

4982
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:03,800
But the Horizon suggested a 
final confrontation that could 

4983
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:07,599
overshadow all her previous 
struggles, by the mid-30s BCE 

4984
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:10,800
tensions between Antony and 
Octavian, nearly insured. 

4985
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:14,000
Another Roman Civil War to mend,
the Divide Anthony wed. 

4986
04:36:14,000 --> 04:36:17,900
Octavian's sister Octavia, while
still maintaining his affair 

4987
04:36:17,900 --> 04:36:20,500
with clear Patra. 
He attempted to balance these 

4988
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:24,200
conflicting responsibilities. 
However, the political Alliance 

4989
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:28,500
is proved too weak and Octavian 
exploited, Antony's ongoing stay

4990
04:36:28,500 --> 04:36:33,099
in Egypt as proof of treachery 
in 32 BCE after Anthony 

4991
04:36:33,099 --> 04:36:36,700
divorced, Octavia, Octavian 
claimed that Anthony had turned 

4992
04:36:36,700 --> 04:36:40,200
into clear Patrick's puppet 
labeling her as the master 

4993
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:43,400
manipulator. 
Cleopatra, sensing Rome's, 

4994
04:36:43,400 --> 04:36:45,599
growing animosity prepared for 
battle. 

4995
04:36:45,599 --> 04:36:49,800
She strength and the Egyptian 
Coast gathered grain and grew 

4996
04:36:49,800 --> 04:36:52,800
her Navy. 
Despite the strength of Egyptian

4997
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:56,300
forces facing Rome's legionary 
machine, was intimidating 

4998
04:36:56,300 --> 04:36:59,000
Cleopatra. 
Thought that Victory relied on 

4999
04:36:59,008 --> 04:37:02,099
Anthony skill in maintaining the
Loyalty of his Legions and 

5000
04:37:02,099 --> 04:37:04,500
uniting Eastern client states 
under his leadership. 

5001
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:08,200
As War approached, his support 
started to weaken. 

5002
04:37:08,700 --> 04:37:12,099
Several Allied Kings. 
Hesitated, Roman Senators, who 

5003
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:15,099
once supported Anthony switched 
their allegiance to Octavian 

5004
04:37:15,099 --> 04:37:17,800
driven by fear or political 
strategy. 

5005
04:37:18,500 --> 04:37:22,599
The propaganda, War intensified 
Octavian, depicted Cleopatra, as

5006
04:37:22,599 --> 04:37:27,000
a foreign seductress aiming to 
enslave Rome, stoking xenophobia

5007
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:31,700
among the Roman people. 
In 31 BCE the decisive 

5008
04:37:31,700 --> 04:37:35,000
confrontation occurred off 
Greece's western coast near. 

5009
04:37:36,200 --> 04:37:39,700
Hampton Inn Cleopatra gathered, 
a significant Fleet but a 

5010
04:37:39,700 --> 04:37:44,400
gripper Octavian's Admiral and 
supplement rail outsmarted. 

5011
04:37:44,400 --> 04:37:48,300
Them historians may argue over 
specifics but the result is 

5012
04:37:48,300 --> 04:37:52,599
evident Anthony's Navy became 
desperate, lacking supplies, and

5013
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:55,599
troubled by grippers better. 
Naval strategies in the 

5014
04:37:55,608 --> 04:37:57,700
climactic battle Cleopatra. 
Leading. 

5015
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:00,599
Her Squadron suddenly broke away
and fled to Egypt. 

5016
04:38:00,599 --> 04:38:04,200
Antony, realizing she was 
leaving, gave up the fight to 

5017
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:06,599
pursue her the fleet's Fate was 
sealed. 

5018
04:38:06,599 --> 04:38:10,800
Lacking unified leadership. 
Anthony's Naval forces fell 

5019
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:13,300
apart, allowing Octavian to 
achieve a decisive Victory 

5020
04:38:13,300 --> 04:38:16,500
rumors about Cleopatra's Escape 
circulated. 

5021
04:38:16,500 --> 04:38:20,099
Was it Panic strategy or 
pre-arranged plan? 

5022
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:24,300
If the situation were soon some 
accuser of betrayal While others

5023
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:27,099
believe she realized the battle 
was lost and tried to salvage 

5024
04:38:27,099 --> 04:38:30,400
what she could hacked him. 
Delta severe blow to Antony's 

5025
04:38:30,400 --> 04:38:33,500
Kors, afterward Cleopatra 
hurried to strengthen. 

5026
04:38:33,500 --> 04:38:37,000
Egypt hoping to rebuild defenses
and negotiated diplomatic deal 

5027
04:38:37,000 --> 04:38:39,700
Octavian. 
Had the momentum on his side. 

5028
04:38:39,700 --> 04:38:42,900
He Waited patiently 
systematically restructuring, 

5029
04:38:42,900 --> 04:38:45,800
his forces, rejecting 
Cleopatra's, negotiation, 

5030
04:38:45,800 --> 04:38:49,099
proposals, and less, they met 
his conditions and Tiny and 

5031
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:50,599
clear. 
Patrick's relationship wants 

5032
04:38:50,599 --> 04:38:53,599
adorned with Splendor faltered 
under the burden of the Lost 

5033
04:38:53,599 --> 04:38:56,400
Antony experience. 
Shame in front of his troops, 

5034
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:59,900
many of whom abandoned him 
Cleopatra, confronted the truth 

5035
04:38:59,900 --> 04:39:03,200
that her meticulously built 
Eastern Empire was falling apart

5036
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:07,500
she attempted to negotiate once 
more wood Octavian, allow 

5037
04:39:07,500 --> 04:39:10,599
cesarean to rule as co-regent, 
if she surrendered Antony 

5038
04:39:11,300 --> 04:39:14,599
Historical records indicate 
Cleopatra considered various 

5039
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:17,599
Escape options yet. 
Octavian, remained ruthless. 

5040
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:21,200
He viewed Cleopatra as a danger 
to remove her from Power. 

5041
04:39:22,000 --> 04:39:26,200
Cesarean being Caesar's, 
biological son complicated, his 

5042
04:39:26,200 --> 04:39:30,400
claim to Rome's Legacy, removing
both mother, and child would 

5043
04:39:30,400 --> 04:39:33,099
pave the way for octavians 
unchallenged dominance. 

5044
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:38,300
In the summer of 30 BCE Octavian
launched, an invasion of Egypt. 

5045
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:41,900
And his efforts to organize a 
defense crumbled, due to 

5046
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:44,100
desertion and a superior Roman 
Force. 

5047
04:39:44,100 --> 04:39:47,900
According to Legend upon hearing
a false report of Cleopatra's 

5048
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:52,400
death and took his own life by 
stabbing himself mortally 

5049
04:39:52,400 --> 04:39:54,400
wounded. 
He discovered the queen was 

5050
04:39:54,400 --> 04:39:55,900
still alive and was brought to 
her. 

5051
04:39:56,900 --> 04:39:59,600
Their last meeting, marked a sad
end to a once glamorous 

5052
04:39:59,600 --> 04:40:02,200
partnership. 
Anthony passed away in her 

5053
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:05,500
Embrace forcing Cleopatra to 
face Octavian by herself. 

5054
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:09,700
Octavian's victory, was certain 
Cleopatra's final. 

5055
04:40:09,700 --> 04:40:13,200
Hope was to maintain a trace of 
her Dynasty or Escape The Shame 

5056
04:40:13,200 --> 04:40:16,600
of being displayed in Rome. 
She locked herself inside a 

5057
04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:19,700
mausoleum, she had constructed 
filled with her treasures and 

5058
04:40:19,700 --> 04:40:23,600
said to hold, concealed toxins 
Octavian aimed to capture her 

5059
04:40:23,600 --> 04:40:27,200
alive, likely planning to 
Showcase her in his triumphs as 

5060
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:29,300
a trophy representing Rome's 
victory, over the east. 

5061
04:40:30,000 --> 04:40:33,000
Understanding the futility of 
resistance Cleopatra. 

5062
04:40:33,000 --> 04:40:35,700
Readied herself for a final act 
that would echo through history,

5063
04:40:35,700 --> 04:40:39,400
various accounts of her death 
exists, but the most well known 

5064
04:40:39,400 --> 04:40:41,900
as the tale of an asp. 
Sneaked into her Hideout. 

5065
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:44,700
By biting her arm and bringing a
quick though. 

5066
04:40:44,700 --> 04:40:47,600
Painful demise some say she took
poison. 

5067
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:50,900
She made the decision to face 
death on her own terms, rather 

5068
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:52,700
than accepting it as the living 
Conquest. 

5069
04:40:53,500 --> 04:40:56,100
Cleopatra's death marked, the 
end of the ptolemaic dynasty, 

5070
04:40:56,100 --> 04:41:00,400
leading to Egypt become a Roman 
province, cesarean was captured 

5071
04:41:00,400 --> 04:41:02,400
and executed on octavian's 
orders. 

5072
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:05,700
Removing any threat to his rise 
as Rome's first emperor. 

5073
04:41:05,700 --> 04:41:09,900
Augustus. 
Cleopatra's Reign ended, but her

5074
04:41:09,900 --> 04:41:13,500
Legend was just beginning. 
Destined to be recounted in ways

5075
04:41:13,500 --> 04:41:15,700
that often masked the woman 
behind the myth. 

5076
04:41:16,900 --> 04:41:20,400
After Cleopatra's death, Roman 
accounts, depicted her, as a 

5077
04:41:20,408 --> 04:41:23,400
cunning temptress, whose 
Ambitions LED Anthony astray 

5078
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:27,200
from Roman virtue poets, and 
historians aligned with Octavian

5079
04:41:27,200 --> 04:41:30,500
who would become Augustus 
reflected the official narrative

5080
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:32,700
that Cleopatra represented the 
corrupt East. 

5081
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:37,200
Her final stand, the Gilded 
Mausoleum and the tale of the 

5082
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:40,200
ASP became material for 
moralizing treatises and 

5083
04:41:40,200 --> 04:41:43,800
Sensational storytelling. 
Despite the Romans vilification,

5084
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:45,900
they could not deny her 
importance. 

5085
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:50,500
She was the final monarch of a 
once Mighty Dynasty and her full

5086
04:41:50,500 --> 04:41:52,900
signified Rome's, clear. 
Dominance in the Mediterranean, 

5087
04:41:52,900 --> 04:41:56,700
Egypt transformed under Roman 
control, Cleopatra's 

5088
04:41:56,700 --> 04:42:00,100
administrative Frameworks, such 
as tax systems, Land Management,

5089
04:42:00,100 --> 04:42:03,300
and Temple, support remained, 
intact with Roman officials. 

5090
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:06,600
Now at the helm Alexandria 
remained, a significant cultural

5091
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:09,300
Hub, despite no longer being a 
royal capital. 

5092
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:12,900
Cleopatra's memory in Egypt, 
became intertwined with the 

5093
04:42:12,908 --> 04:42:16,300
local folklore over time. 
Some viewed her as a tragic 

5094
04:42:16,300 --> 04:42:19,200
figure aiming to safeguard the 
land from foreign control some 

5095
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:22,800
sued by Roman propaganda held 
her responsible for leading the 

5096
04:42:22,800 --> 04:42:25,600
nation into war. 
The temples showcased images of 

5097
04:42:25,600 --> 04:42:29,200
ptolemaic rulers in fairy, on a 
tire reflecting the hybrid 

5098
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:30,300
World. 
Clear Patra. 

5099
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:33,600
Once ruled, Rome gained a vast 
Province and a compelling 

5100
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:36,400
narrative, the victory of 
Cleopatra, symbolized the 

5101
04:42:36,400 --> 04:42:39,200
Triumph of Roman discipline over
Eastern luxury. 

5102
04:42:40,100 --> 04:42:42,800
Augustus leverage, this 
narrative to consolidate his 

5103
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:44,800
power. 
He erected monuments to 

5104
04:42:44,800 --> 04:42:48,200
commemorate his conquest of 
Egypt minted coins, declaring 

5105
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:51,800
peace restored and influence the
Roman mindset to see clear 

5106
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:56,200
patra's downfall as unavoidable 
Behind the propaganda was an 

5107
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:58,800
acknowledgment that Cleopatra 
was an extraordinary opponent. 

5108
04:42:59,500 --> 04:43:03,000
She matched Roman Statesman in 
diplomacy commanded resources 

5109
04:43:03,000 --> 04:43:05,400
and nearly forged a new 
political reality. 

5110
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:09,000
If actium had unfolded 
differently, The Narrative of 

5111
04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:10,300
Rome could have changed 
significantly. 

5112
04:43:11,500 --> 04:43:14,700
Over the centuries Cleopatra's 
reputation changed, numerous 

5113
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:18,200
times, Roman playwrights 
depicted her, as a witch 

5114
04:43:18,200 --> 04:43:22,200
captivating Antony with his 
potions and spells early 

5115
04:43:22,200 --> 04:43:24,900
Christian writers used her as a 
cautionary, tale of about the 

5116
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:29,000
dangers of lust and power 
emphasizing moral lessons. 

5117
04:43:29,000 --> 04:43:32,300
However, there were all. 
So more, understanding 

5118
04:43:32,300 --> 04:43:35,900
perspectives, chroniclers, 
particularly of Greek descent 

5119
04:43:35,900 --> 04:43:40,100
lauded her intelligence. 
Multilingual, abilities and 

5120
04:43:40,100 --> 04:43:43,500
cultural refinement. 
Alternative accounts, reveal her

5121
04:43:43,500 --> 04:43:47,100
negotiation with local Elites 
philanthropic gestures to the 

5122
04:43:47,100 --> 04:43:50,500
alexandrian poor and efforts to 
maintain Egyptian, autonomy. 

5123
04:43:51,800 --> 04:43:54,500
These insights provided an 
alternative to the prevailing, 

5124
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:58,000
Roman story. 
In the medieval period, much 

5125
04:43:58,000 --> 04:44:00,200
classical literature remained in
monasteries. 

5126
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:05,100
Cleopatra appeared occasionally 
in moral Tales or collections of

5127
04:44:05,100 --> 04:44:08,400
notable women frequently 
overshadowed by biblical 

5128
04:44:08,400 --> 04:44:11,500
figures. 
The Renaissance Revival of 

5129
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:14,400
classical. 
Learning sparked new curiosity. 

5130
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:18,100
Scholars found Greek. 
And Roman texts revealing 

5131
04:44:18,100 --> 04:44:22,100
Cleopatra as a multi-faceted 
figure artists Drew inspiration 

5132
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:26,400
from her dramatic life, creating
paintings plays and poems, 

5133
04:44:26,400 --> 04:44:29,800
Shakespeare's, Antony and 
Cleopatra portrays her with a 

5134
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:32,600
tragic grandeur. 
Shakespeare partly, followed 

5135
04:44:32,600 --> 04:44:36,300
Roman biases, portraying her as 
theatrical and manipulative yet.

5136
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:39,600
He also revealed her depth. 
Showcasing the fiery 

5137
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:41,300
intelligence that fueled her 
earlier. 

5138
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:45,300
Subsequent centuries witnessed 
to additional reinterpretations 

5139
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:47,400
in lighting month, thinkers 
debated. 

5140
04:44:47,400 --> 04:44:51,400
If Cleopatra was an enlightened 
ruler or a reckless Tyrant, the 

5141
04:44:51,400 --> 04:44:54,300
Romantic saw her as a symbol of 
passionate Defiance against a 

5142
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:58,400
cold practical Empire, In the 
19th and early 20th. 

5143
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:02,800
Centuries, European orientalist 
views transformed Cleopatra into

5144
04:45:02,800 --> 04:45:06,900
the symbol of exotically year. 
Painters depicted her in 

5145
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:10,500
extravagant setting, focusing on
her beauty and wealth while 

5146
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:13,200
overlooking her administrative 
skills and political acumen. 

5147
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:17,700
Hollywood Embrace this image 
creating epic films that 

5148
04:45:17,700 --> 04:45:22,500
highlighted spectacle Grand 
sets, intricate costumes and a 

5149
04:45:22,500 --> 04:45:25,200
clear, Patra, who captivated 
famous Romans with alluring 

5150
04:45:25,200 --> 04:45:27,600
glances? 
However, beneath these 

5151
04:45:27,600 --> 04:45:32,600
depictions, historical research,
dismantled the stereotypes, in 

5152
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:36,000
the 20th and 21st, centuries 
Scholars, refocused on 

5153
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:38,400
Cleopatra's intelligence 
Linguistics. 

5154
04:45:38,400 --> 04:45:41,600
Paul's skills her role as a 
living goddess in Egyptian 

5155
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:45,200
tradition and her Adept. 
Ruled during challenging times 

5156
04:45:45,200 --> 04:45:47,900
recent archaeological 
discoveries and fresh 

5157
04:45:47,900 --> 04:45:49,700
interpretations of primary 
sources. 

5158
04:45:49,700 --> 04:45:53,400
Portray her not just as a femme 
fatale but as a state's woman 

5159
04:45:53,400 --> 04:45:57,300
facing the mightiest Empire of 
her time this change in 

5160
04:45:57,308 --> 04:46:00,000
Viewpoint, highlighted, the 
conflict between Cleopatra's 

5161
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:04,200
real governance, managing taxes,
suppressing Uprising directing 

5162
04:46:04,200 --> 04:46:06,800
foreign policy, and the 
narrative crafted by those, who 

5163
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:10,400
aim to rationalize her defeat 
Cleopatra's reputation changed 

5164
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:14,100
with Rosary IRAs agenda's, 
reflecting, cultural fantasies 

5165
04:46:14,100 --> 04:46:17,000
and fears. 
Her True Legacy, her efforts to 

5166
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:20,200
preserve a sovereign Egypt 
against Rome's expansion, in 

5167
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:22,800
jurors as a testament to her 
strategic prowess. 

5168
04:46:22,800 --> 04:46:25,700
Even if overshadowed, by the 
highlights of her, personal 

5169
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:29,600
liaison's Cleopatra is a figure 
that urges us to see on 

5170
04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:32,900
stereotypes highlighting that 
the true complexity of history 

5171
04:46:32,900 --> 04:46:35,600
is often lost in the propaganda 
and entertainment of the era. 

5172
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:39,200
Cleopatra's story still 
captivates in our Modern Age, 

5173
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:41,900
she has become an icon that 
transcends. 

5174
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:46,600
Her time, symbolizing, female, 
power, political skill, cultural

5175
04:46:46,600 --> 04:46:49,400
Fusion, and the tragedy of lost 
sovereignty. 

5176
04:46:50,900 --> 04:46:54,800
To truly appreciate Cleopatra. 
One must view her not as an 

5177
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:58,100
exotic siren or a mere footnote 
in Rome story, but as the 

5178
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:01,400
Pinnacle of a unique Dynasty, 
navigating a rapidly changing 

5179
04:47:01,400 --> 04:47:04,000
world. 
Her important stems from the 

5180
04:47:04,008 --> 04:47:06,400
careful balance. 
She maintained from the moment 

5181
04:47:06,400 --> 04:47:09,700
she assumed power. 
Cleopatra forged alliances with 

5182
04:47:09,700 --> 04:47:11,600
Caesar and negotiated with Mark 
Antony. 

5183
04:47:12,500 --> 04:47:15,600
Expanded her Kingdom's 
territories and maintained the 

5184
04:47:15,608 --> 04:47:19,400
reverence of Egypt's priesthoods
orchestrating a precarious 

5185
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:22,300
dance. 
She encountered a Rome shifting 

5186
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:25,400
from Republic tortoise, a 
superpower, in transition, 

5187
04:47:25,400 --> 04:47:29,300
uncertain of its future 
Cleopatra, understood that to 

5188
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:32,000
protect Egypt. 
She needed to navigate Roman 

5189
04:47:32,000 --> 04:47:35,200
politics while embodying. 
The role of pharaoh, merging 

5190
04:47:35,200 --> 04:47:37,600
Greek and Egyptian Traditions, 
more effectively than her 

5191
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:40,400
predecessors. 
Cleopatra's intellectual 

5192
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:43,900
interests, deserve greater Focus
growing up in Alexandria's 

5193
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:45,400
vibrant. 
Intellectual atmosphere. 

5194
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:49,800
She gained both scholarly and 
practical knowledge. she 

5195
04:47:49,800 --> 04:47:52,500
authored works on medicine 
cosmetics and possibly 

5196
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:56,700
Linguistics, but these writings 
have now vanished, she 

5197
04:47:56,700 --> 04:47:59,300
communicated with the subject 
peoples in their languages and 

5198
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:02,200
ability that granted real 
legitimacy in the eyes of those 

5199
04:48:02,200 --> 04:48:06,100
unfamiliar with greek-speaking, 
ptolemaic rulers, Cleopatra, 

5200
04:48:06,100 --> 04:48:09,000
engages with Roman Elites and 
Greek or Latin and leads 

5201
04:48:09,000 --> 04:48:12,300
Egyptian ceremonies in the local
language, showcasing, her 

5202
04:48:12,300 --> 04:48:16,300
cultural fluency as a political 
asset Story highlights how 

5203
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:20,300
quickly propaganda can distort a
legacy Roman accounts, depicted 

5204
04:48:20,300 --> 04:48:24,100
Cleopatra's, a seductive foreign
Queen overshadowing her 

5205
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:25,600
contributions as a state's 
woman. 

5206
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:30,400
She persisted over the centuries
influencing art and theater 

5207
04:48:30,400 --> 04:48:34,300
while reducing her complexity. 
By piecing together scattered 

5208
04:48:34,300 --> 04:48:37,600
evidence from coins with her 
profile to Greek historians 

5209
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:41,300
descriptions. 
We Glimpse the real Cleopatra, a

5210
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:43,800
determined Monarch making 
Monumental decisions. 

5211
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:46,600
In a time of colliding. 
Global Powers, there are 

5212
04:48:46,600 --> 04:48:49,200
ultimate demise highlights. 
The weaknesses of a smaller 

5213
04:48:49,200 --> 04:48:52,200
State trapped among Roman. 
Factions Cleopatra's 

5214
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:55,000
relationship with Anthony was 
both personal and practical yet 

5215
04:48:55,000 --> 04:48:56,800
in the competitive realm of 
Roman politics. 

5216
04:48:56,800 --> 04:49:00,800
It served as a tool for 
octavians Ambitions, the Empire 

5217
04:49:00,800 --> 04:49:03,900
needed new conquest to solidify 
its political Transformations 

5218
04:49:03,900 --> 04:49:07,500
and the idea of Cleopatra's 
conspiracy with Anthony gave 

5219
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:09,500
Octavian. 
The moral pretext to march on 

5220
04:49:09,500 --> 04:49:13,300
Egypt, However, Cleopatra 
managed to outsmart him, 

5221
04:49:13,300 --> 04:49:17,500
engaging in covert negotiations,
until actium, irreversibly 

5222
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:20,200
shifted. 
The balance even Cleopatra's 

5223
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:24,500
death often recounted, with 
melodramatic Flair, reflects her

5224
04:49:24,508 --> 04:49:27,000
refusal to be paraded as a 
captive in Rome. 

5225
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:31,600
By choosing to die on her terms.
She denied Octavian a triumphant

5226
04:49:31,600 --> 04:49:34,400
display. 
Ensuring her final image was one

5227
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:36,100
of defiance instead of 
submission. 

5228
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:40,600
This act dramatized in art and 
theater embodies a political 

5229
04:49:40,600 --> 04:49:44,600
strategy Cleopatra ensured, she 
was remembered as a queen, not a

5230
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:47,700
captive. 
After that final Act Egypt 

5231
04:49:47,700 --> 04:49:50,300
turned into Rome's. 
Bread Basket supporting an 

5232
04:49:50,300 --> 04:49:53,800
Empire that would rule Europe, 
North Africa, and the near East 

5233
04:49:53,800 --> 04:49:57,200
for centuries Alexandria 
continued to be a center of 

5234
04:49:57,208 --> 04:50:00,500
scholarship and trade 
maintaining Greek and Egyptian 

5235
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:02,600
cultural influences. 
Even during Roman rule, 

5236
04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:06,300
Cleopatra's children with 
Anthony were taken to Rome and 

5237
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:07,600
largely disappeared from 
history. 

5238
04:50:07,600 --> 04:50:10,700
Except for one daughter 
Cleopatra. 

5239
04:50:10,700 --> 04:50:14,100
Selene, who married into another
African Kingdom and preserved a 

5240
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:17,500
fragment of her mother's Legacy.
Cesarean the son of Julius 

5241
04:50:17,500 --> 04:50:21,100
Caesar was executed to eradicate
any rival to Rome. 

5242
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:25,100
Thus the direct line of 
Cleopatra, ended brutally a 

5243
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:27,700
testament to how Roman real 
politic disdained potential 

5244
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:29,900
threats, however, young or 
innocent. 

5245
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:33,600
Interesting Cleopatra continues 
over 2000 years later 

5246
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:37,500
historians, discuss her 
strategies archaeologists 

5247
04:50:37,500 --> 04:50:40,900
searched the Egyptian Coast for 
her burial site and filmmakers 

5248
04:50:40,900 --> 04:50:42,800
recreate her life in ground 
Productions. 

5249
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:47,200
Every retelling reveals as much 
about the Storyteller as it does

5250
04:50:47,200 --> 04:50:51,100
about clear Patra, a character 
reveals, the complexities of 

5251
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:55,400
power, the Dynamics of gender, 
and politics, and the resilience

5252
04:50:55,400 --> 04:51:00,000
of a dynasty facing extinction. 
She Bridges worlds, Greek and 

5253
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:03,800
Egyptian, a female leader and 
Roman Ally a scholar and 

5254
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:06,800
politician. 
Cleopatra emerged as a leader, 

5255
04:51:06,800 --> 04:51:09,700
who would not allow her kingdom 
to be a mere Pawn in Rome 

5256
04:51:09,700 --> 04:51:12,100
strategy. 
She engaged in high stakes 

5257
04:51:12,100 --> 04:51:15,300
gameplay, experiencing both 
spectacular, victories, and 

5258
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:19,000
devastating losses. 
She transcended the character's 

5259
04:51:19,000 --> 04:51:20,600
that defined her post-human 
image. 

5260
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:25,100
The final Queen of the Nile 
remains an enigma who challenges

5261
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:27,000
us to look deeper than simple 
myths. 

5262
04:51:27,000 --> 04:51:30,300
Reminding us that history is 
often shaped by those who wield 

5263
04:51:30,300 --> 04:51:33,500
the pain and the life as 
momentous as hers deserves 

5264
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:45,100
constant re-examination. 
That's the trick. 

5265
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:47,700
You've learned living in your 
mother's household, make 

5266
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:50,800
yourself small, keep your 
opinions quiet and For Heaven's 

5267
04:51:50,800 --> 04:51:53,100
Sake. 
Don't remind anyone that you're 

5268
04:51:53,100 --> 04:51:56,400
technically supposed to inherit 
a kingdom someday Your father is

5269
04:51:56,408 --> 04:51:58,800
still King though. 
Barely anyone takes him 

5270
04:51:58,800 --> 04:52:01,400
seriously anymore. 
Edward, the second has become 

5271
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:04,300
England's, embarrassment, and 
you've learned that being his 

5272
04:52:04,300 --> 04:52:06,800
son means wearing that shame 
like an ill-fitting cloak. 

5273
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:10,100
The castle smells like wet stone
and old rushes today. 

5274
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:13,400
Same as always, someone's 
cooking something with onions 

5275
04:52:13,400 --> 04:52:16,000
down in the kitchens and the 
scent drifted up through the 

5276
04:52:16,000 --> 04:52:19,000
drafty corridors. 
Your city in a window seat. 

5277
04:52:19,000 --> 04:52:22,400
Supposedly studying Latin with 
your tutor but really you're 

5278
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:24,700
watching your mother Pace back 
and forth across the chamber. 

5279
04:52:24,700 --> 04:52:28,400
Isabella of France, doesn't 
taste like normal people, she 

5280
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:32,200
Glides even when she is angry 
and today she is furious about 

5281
04:52:32,200 --> 04:52:33,700
something your father did or 
didn't. 

5282
04:52:33,700 --> 04:52:37,900
Do you've stopped keeping track 
Your tutor clears, his throat. 

5283
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:39,200
Trying to reclaim your 
attention. 

5284
04:52:39,200 --> 04:52:42,200
He's a nervous man with ink 
stained fingers. 

5285
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:43,300
Who always? 
Looks like. 

5286
04:52:43,300 --> 04:52:46,000
He'd rather be anywhere else. 
You don't blame him. 

5287
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:49,200
Your mother's moods. 
Fill a room like smoke. 

5288
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:53,000
And right now, the atmosphere is
suffocating The conjugation my 

5289
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:55,400
Lord. 
He whispers tapping the page you

5290
04:52:55,400 --> 04:52:57,600
recite it due to flee. 
Your voice barely audible. 

5291
04:52:57,600 --> 04:53:00,700
This is another skill. 
You've mastered being present 

5292
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:04,000
without being noticed, your 
mother doesn't acknowledge you 

5293
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:06,700
as she sweeps past. 
Trailing silk and determination.

5294
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:09,200
She's meeting with Roger 
Mortimer later. 

5295
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,100
Everyone knows this though. 
No one says it out loud. 

5296
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:16,800
Mortimer is your father's enemy 
technically but he's also become

5297
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:18,500
the most important man in your 
mother's life. 

5298
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,000
The arrangement is obvious to 
anyone with eyes and deeply 

5299
04:53:22,000 --> 04:53:24,500
uncomfortable for a boy, who is 
supposed to respect both his 

5300
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:27,100
parents. 
The summer heat makes the stone 

5301
04:53:27,100 --> 04:53:30,400
walls, sweat, you can feel 
moisture in the air that 

5302
04:53:30,400 --> 04:53:32,900
particular dampness. 
That medieval buildings, never 

5303
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:35,600
quite shake your tunic sticks to
your back. 

5304
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:39,100
Your growing again, your clothes
never fit properly anymore. 

5305
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:41,900
There's a new tunic being made 
deep blue wool. 

5306
04:53:41,900 --> 04:53:44,600
That will be too warm for summer
and too thin for winter because 

5307
04:53:44,600 --> 04:53:47,300
that's how these things work. 
Your younger siblings are 

5308
04:53:47,300 --> 04:53:49,000
somewhere else. 
In the castle being children, 

5309
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:51,700
you hear their laughter 
occasionally drifting up from 

5310
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,100
the gardens. 
You're not sure when you stopped

5311
04:53:54,100 --> 04:53:56,900
being included in their games, 
but somewhere along the way you 

5312
04:53:56,900 --> 04:54:00,700
became different, the are the 
future, the boy, who can't 

5313
04:54:00,700 --> 04:54:04,600
afford to, just be a boy, My 
Lord, the tutor again, patient. 

5314
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:06,900
But persistent. 
You finish the conjugation. 

5315
04:54:06,900 --> 04:54:10,600
He nods satisfied. 
And assigns, you a passage to 

5316
04:54:10,600 --> 04:54:13,700
translate. 
Something about Roman virtue and

5317
04:54:13,700 --> 04:54:15,900
Duty. 
Everyone's always teaching you 

5318
04:54:15,900 --> 04:54:18,900
about Duty. 
The afternoon, wears on your 

5319
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:21,000
mother leaves. 
Finally, taking her energy with 

5320
04:54:21,000 --> 04:54:23,000
her. 
The room feels larger without 

5321
04:54:23,000 --> 04:54:26,400
her emptier. 
You stretch your legs, feeling 

5322
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,800
your knees. 
Crack, 12 years old and already 

5323
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:32,100
your body feels wrong ganglion. 
Awkward. 

5324
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:35,900
You're going to be tall, people 
say like your grandfather, 

5325
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:40,200
Edward the first long Shanks, 
the king, who conquered Scotland

5326
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:43,400
and terrified his enemies. 
That's a lot to live up to when 

5327
04:54:43,400 --> 04:54:45,300
you can barely get through a 
Latin lesson without 

5328
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:48,100
daydreaming. 
Someone brings you dinner bread 

5329
04:54:48,100 --> 04:54:52,100
cheese and a bit of dried fish. 
You eat alone, which is typical 

5330
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:56,500
Your mother dines with Mortimer 
and the important Nobles your 

5331
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:59,900
important in theory but in 
practice you're just a 

5332
04:54:59,900 --> 04:55:02,900
complication the boy who 
represents the future but gets 

5333
04:55:02,908 --> 04:55:06,800
in the way of the present night 
falls and the castle settles 

5334
04:55:06,800 --> 04:55:11,000
into its evening routine. 
Torches a lit voices echo down 

5335
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:13,500
corridors you lie in your narrow
bed. 

5336
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:16,900
Listening to the distant sounds 
of adult life happening without 

5337
04:55:16,900 --> 04:55:20,000
you somewhere. 
Your father is probably drinking

5338
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:23,600
himself into stupidity with his 
favorites somewhere, your mother

5339
04:55:23,608 --> 04:55:26,400
is plotting, the Kingdom's 
future with her lover and here 

5340
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:29,500
you are suspended between them 
belonging to neither. 

5341
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:32,900
You pull the wool blanket up to 
your chin, it scratches 

5342
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:36,500
everything in medieval life. 
Scratches the clothes the 

5343
04:55:36,500 --> 04:55:40,200
blanket, the very are, sometimes
your cold. 

5344
04:55:40,200 --> 04:55:43,200
Even though it's summer that 
bone deep, chill that comes from

5345
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:47,700
stonewalls and uncertainity. 
This is your childhood not 

5346
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:52,000
Adventure, not pageantry, just 
waiting, waiting to grow up 

5347
04:55:52,000 --> 04:55:55,500
waiting for things to change, 
waiting for a future that 

5348
04:55:55,500 --> 04:55:58,900
everyone promises is glorious, 
but feels mostly heavy. 

5349
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:03,200
You close your eyes and try to 
sleep knowing tomorrow will be 

5350
04:56:03,200 --> 04:56:06,500
exactly the same more Latin more
pacing. 

5351
04:56:06,500 --> 04:56:09,100
More being the heir who doesn't 
quite matter yet. 

5352
04:56:09,800 --> 04:56:13,100
The really funny part someday, 
you'll look back on these years 

5353
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:16,400
as the simple ones, your 14 when
they make you king. 

5354
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:20,000
And the crown is heavier than 
you imagined not physically, 

5355
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:23,300
though it is quite heavy and 
uncomfortable circle of gold, 

5356
04:56:23,300 --> 04:56:26,700
that gives you headaches, but in
all the ways that matter your 

5357
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:30,800
father is dead or deposed and 
then dead or murdered. 

5358
04:56:31,600 --> 04:56:34,100
The details keep changing 
depending on, who's telling the 

5359
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:36,700
story and you've learned not to 
ask too many questions. 

5360
04:56:37,600 --> 04:56:40,500
What matters is that Edward? 
The second is gone and your 

5361
04:56:40,500 --> 04:56:42,500
Edward, the third. 
Now, which sounds impressive 

5362
04:56:42,500 --> 04:56:44,600
Until you realize, what is 
actually means. 

5363
04:56:44,600 --> 04:56:48,200
It means Roger Mortimer. 
Runs everything you're sitting 

5364
04:56:48,200 --> 04:56:50,400
in the Great Hall. 
At Westminster attending yet 

5365
04:56:50,400 --> 04:56:53,100
another council meeting where 
decisions get made around you 

5366
04:56:53,100 --> 04:56:57,400
rather than by you mortimer's 
holding for about taxes, his 

5367
04:56:57,400 --> 04:56:59,800
voice filling the chamber with 
confidence, you certainly don't 

5368
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:03,700
feel, he's a big commanding man.
The kind of person who makes 

5369
04:57:03,700 --> 04:57:05,700
rooms feel smaller just by 
entering them. 

5370
04:57:06,500 --> 04:57:09,500
Your mother sits beside him, 
beautiful, and terrifying 

5371
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:13,800
nodding at all the right moments
your supposed to, not too agree 

5372
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:17,200
sign things either Royal seal of
approval for whatever. 

5373
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:20,200
They've already decided. 
The whole smells like old wood 

5374
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:24,200
and ambition. 50 Nobles are 
packed in here or stencil or 

5375
04:57:24,208 --> 04:57:26,500
subjects actually mortimer's 
audience. 

5376
04:57:26,500 --> 04:57:29,900
They watch you sometimes these 
powerful men and you can see 

5377
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:33,200
them calculating, how long until
the boy becomes a man? 

5378
04:57:33,200 --> 04:57:36,500
How long until he matters? 
Your Grace agrees. 

5379
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:39,000
Of course. 
Mortimer says, not quite making 

5380
04:57:39,000 --> 04:57:41,800
it a question. 
You agree, you always agree. 

5381
04:57:41,800 --> 04:57:44,800
What else can you do? 
Your nights are spent in Royal 

5382
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:46,700
Apartments. 
That feel designed to remind you

5383
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,600
how small you are. 
Vast Chambers with painted 

5384
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:52,900
ceilings and Furniture size, for
Kings, who filled the role 

5385
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:55,300
better. 
Your father's things are mostly 

5386
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:57,700
gone now. 
Cleared away like embarrassing 

5387
04:57:57,700 --> 04:58:01,300
evidence you sleep in his bed 
though and sometimes you wonder 

5388
04:58:01,300 --> 04:58:03,800
if he was scared too like here 
feeling inadequate. 

5389
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:08,500
Probably not your father's 
problem, wasn't fear, it was 

5390
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:11,000
poor judgment. 
He loved the wrong people, 

5391
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:14,600
trusted the wrong allies and 
ignored, the Kingdom's business 

5392
04:58:14,600 --> 04:58:17,700
for personal pleasure. 
Your determine not to make those

5393
04:58:17,700 --> 04:58:20,400
mistakes, which mostly means 
making no decisions at all. 

5394
04:58:20,400 --> 04:58:25,000
Your wife arrives in the spring 
Philippa of haynal, cheerful and

5395
04:58:25,000 --> 04:58:27,900
kind and absolutely terrified 
though. 

5396
04:58:27,900 --> 04:58:30,100
She hides. 
It better than you do your both 

5397
04:58:30,100 --> 04:58:33,000
teenagers playing at marriage 
going through motions that 

5398
04:58:33,000 --> 04:58:36,400
adults have arranged. 
The wedding is elaborate and 

5399
04:58:36,400 --> 04:58:39,200
expensive designed to show 
England that everything's fine. 

5400
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:42,300
The succession is secure and 
there's nothing to worry about. 

5401
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:45,600
Philippa trees. 
You have to give her that. 

5402
04:58:46,500 --> 04:58:49,600
She learns English phrases 
Smiles at the right moments and 

5403
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,300
doesn't complain about the 
drafty English castles after her

5404
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:55,400
comfortable. 
Continental upbringing, At night

5405
04:58:55,400 --> 04:58:59,200
in the massive Royal bed, you 
lie side by side like nervous 

5406
04:58:59,200 --> 04:59:01,500
strangers, which is exactly what
you are. 

5407
04:59:02,900 --> 04:59:06,000
Do you think it gets easier? 
She asks one night her accent, 

5408
04:59:06,000 --> 04:59:09,900
making the words Charming? 
Probably not you admit she 

5409
04:59:09,900 --> 04:59:12,700
laughs surprised by your 
honesty, it's a nice sound in 

5410
04:59:12,700 --> 04:59:15,100
the darkness, maybe you'll be 
friends eventually. 

5411
04:59:15,100 --> 04:59:18,600
His more than many Royal 
marriages manage the seasons 

5412
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:21,500
blur together, some of 
progressed through the kingdom 

5413
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:24,000
you and your mother. 
And Mortimer showing the flag, 

5414
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:27,700
accepting Hospitality from 
Nobles who can't afford it, but 

5415
04:59:27,700 --> 04:59:31,600
can't refuse. 
Autumn in Westminster signing 

5416
04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:35,500
documents, you barely understand
winter at Windsor watching 

5417
04:59:35,500 --> 04:59:38,100
snowfall on the Thames. 
While Mortimer makes decisions 

5418
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:40,300
about your realm. 
You're learning though. 

5419
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:44,100
Slowly quietly you're paying 
attention you notice which 

5420
04:59:44,100 --> 04:59:47,800
Nobles resent mortimer's power. 
You see how money flows through 

5421
04:59:47,800 --> 04:59:51,400
the kingdom, who profits, and 
who loses your developing 

5422
04:59:51,400 --> 04:59:55,600
opinions about things, even if 
you can't express them yet, your

5423
04:59:55,600 --> 04:59:58,200
16th birthday comes and goes 
with ceremony, but little 

5424
04:59:58,200 --> 04:59:59,800
change. 
You're taller. 

5425
04:59:59,808 --> 05:00:03,300
Now, filling out and starting to
look like a king even if you 

5426
05:00:03,308 --> 05:00:07,200
don't feel like one people Bow, 
Low Noble's petition. 

5427
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:09,700
You directly sometimes though, 
everyone knows the real 

5428
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:12,400
decisions happen. 
Elsewhere Mortimer is getting 

5429
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:14,200
comfortable. 
That's his mistake. 

5430
05:00:14,200 --> 05:00:17,800
Probably Stopped being careful 
and stopped pretending that you 

5431
05:00:17,808 --> 05:00:21,000
matter. 
He takes lands, grants titles 

5432
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:23,200
and enriches himself and his 
allies. 

5433
05:00:23,200 --> 05:00:26,400
Your mother seems not to notice,
or, perhaps she doesn't care, 

5434
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:29,400
she's got what she wanted, her 
son on the throne. 

5435
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:33,400
Her lover in power and her hated
husband gone, but you're 

5436
05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:37,800
noticing your 17 now, then 18 
and the boy who learned to make 

5437
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:40,200
himself invisible is watching 
everything. 

5438
05:00:41,000 --> 05:00:44,300
You see, which guards are loyal 
to Mortimer and which ones might

5439
05:00:44,300 --> 05:00:47,900
waver, you understand the 
Castle's rhythms, who goes where

5440
05:00:47,900 --> 05:00:50,600
and when defenses are lacks, 
you're still agreeing to 

5441
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:53,000
everything in Council. 
Still playing the complaint 

5442
05:00:53,000 --> 05:00:55,500
young king. 
But inside, in the parts of 

5443
05:00:55,508 --> 05:00:57,900
yourself, you keep hidden. 
You're getting angry. 

5444
05:00:57,900 --> 05:01:02,500
This is your kingdom, your 
crown, your responsibility, and 

5445
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:04,200
your tired of being a 
decoration. 

5446
05:01:04,200 --> 05:01:07,600
The funny thing about being 
underestimated is how useful it 

5447
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:11,100
becomes Mortimer thinks your 
weak, your mother thinks your 

5448
05:01:11,100 --> 05:01:13,400
manageable, the Noble's think 
you're young. 

5449
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:16,200
They're all so busy, 
congratulating themselves on 

5450
05:01:16,200 --> 05:01:18,300
controlling you that they don't 
notice you growing up. 

5451
05:01:19,100 --> 05:01:22,500
Late at night in those quiet 
hours when the castle sleeps you

5452
05:01:22,500 --> 05:01:26,100
lie, awake planning. 
Not Rebellion, exactly, you're 

5453
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:28,600
not your father prone to 
dramatic gestures. 

5454
05:01:28,600 --> 05:01:33,300
That fail, something quieter 
something certain, you'll still 

5455
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,100
young, still learning, still 
waiting but not for much longer.

5456
05:01:36,100 --> 05:01:39,600
Your 23 actually ruling. 
Now in the work is endless. 

5457
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:43,100
It's barely passed Dawn, and 
you're already in Council 

5458
05:01:43,100 --> 05:01:45,000
listening to your Treasurer 
explain. 

5459
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:49,900
Why the kingdom is broke again. 
The exchequer runs on chaos 

5460
05:01:49,900 --> 05:01:53,800
apparently taxes, that should be
collected, aren't expenses that 

5461
05:01:53,800 --> 05:01:56,900
shouldn't exist. 
Do and somewhere in the model 

5462
05:01:56,900 --> 05:02:00,000
your grandfather's Legacy of 
financial stability as 

5463
05:02:00,000 --> 05:02:04,300
evaporated like Morning Mist. 
The Scottish campaign requires 

5464
05:02:04,300 --> 05:02:06,300
funds. 
Your Grace, the treasurer is 

5465
05:02:06,300 --> 05:02:08,400
saying. 
He's a thin man with worry lines

5466
05:02:08,400 --> 05:02:11,400
etched deep everyone involved in
Royal Finance. 

5467
05:02:11,400 --> 05:02:14,100
Looks like that. 
Eventually Everything requires 

5468
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:17,300
funds, you mutter rubbing your 
temples, the headache that's 

5469
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:19,100
been your constant companion, 
for three years. 

5470
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:22,200
Throbs steadily What do we 
actually have? 

5471
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:26,800
The answer presented in, careful
detail is not enough, never 

5472
05:02:26,800 --> 05:02:28,500
enough. 
You need to pay soldiers, 

5473
05:02:28,500 --> 05:02:31,600
maintain cars, support your 
growing household fund, 

5474
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:33,900
diplomatic missions, and keep 
your Nobles happy. 

5475
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:37,000
The list is infinite. 
The treasury is finite. 

5476
05:02:37,800 --> 05:02:41,300
By mid-morning, your hearing 
petitions a disputed inheritance

5477
05:02:41,300 --> 05:02:45,200
in Yorkshire a merchant. 
Claiming unfair, taxation two, 

5478
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:47,500
Nobles who hate each other are 
arguing about grazing rights 

5479
05:02:47,500 --> 05:02:51,500
your supposed to be wise fair 
and decisive mostly you're just 

5480
05:02:51,508 --> 05:02:54,800
tired. 
Split the difference, you tell 

5481
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:57,500
them Nobles knowing neither will
be satisfied, but at least 

5482
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:00,100
they'll be equally unhappy. 
Next case. 

5483
05:03:01,400 --> 05:03:04,100
Philippa finds you at midday and
interrupts your meeting with the

5484
05:03:04,108 --> 05:03:07,400
Flemish ambassadors to remind 
you that your son needs 

5485
05:03:07,400 --> 05:03:09,400
attention. 
Which son? 

5486
05:03:10,300 --> 05:03:12,800
Edward, the eldest is currently 
having a tantrum about 

5487
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:15,300
something, you're a father four 
times over. 

5488
05:03:15,300 --> 05:03:18,500
Now, with more children, 
probably coming each one, a 

5489
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:21,100
blessing. 
Theoretically also, each one is 

5490
05:03:21,100 --> 05:03:24,200
another responsibility. 
Another line in the budget and 

5491
05:03:24,200 --> 05:03:27,800
another piece of your attention 
divided, the excuse yourself and

5492
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:31,300
follow Philippa to the nursery. 
Little Edward is red-faced and 

5493
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:33,700
Furious about being denied, some
toy or treat. 

5494
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:37,400
He's three years old and already
a stubborn as his grandfather. 

5495
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:40,000
You pick him up. 
Feel him struggle briefly 

5496
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:42,800
before, collapsing against your 
shoulder, and dramatic sobs, 

5497
05:03:43,400 --> 05:03:46,900
They're now you murmur swaying 
slightly fatherhood wasn't 

5498
05:03:46,900 --> 05:03:49,000
covered in your education, but 
your learning. 

5499
05:03:49,000 --> 05:03:52,300
You're all right. 
He sniffles and White's his nose

5500
05:03:52,300 --> 05:03:55,000
on your expensive, tunic 
Philippa hides, a smile. 

5501
05:03:55,000 --> 05:03:57,300
You're getting snot and tears on
cloth of gold. 

5502
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,300
And somehow, this feels more 
real than the council meetings. 

5503
05:04:00,300 --> 05:04:03,300
Better, you asked Edward nods 
already recovering. 

5504
05:04:03,300 --> 05:04:07,200
Children are resilient that way 
he wriggles down and toddles off

5505
05:04:07,200 --> 05:04:09,900
to terrorize his sisters crisis 
resolved. 

5506
05:04:09,900 --> 05:04:13,000
You return to the Flemish 
ambassadors, who pretend not to 

5507
05:04:13,000 --> 05:04:14,500
notice the stains on your 
clothes. 

5508
05:04:15,500 --> 05:04:17,500
Afternoon brings military 
planning. 

5509
05:04:18,200 --> 05:04:20,700
Your Scottish campaign isn't 
going well, shocking, 

5510
05:04:20,700 --> 05:04:23,500
absolutely. 
Nobody since Scottish campaigns 

5511
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:26,000
never go. 
Well, the terrain is impossible,

5512
05:04:26,000 --> 05:04:29,600
the weather worse and the Scots 
have centuries of practice, 

5513
05:04:29,600 --> 05:04:33,600
making English armies miserable,
but you're committed now your 

5514
05:04:33,600 --> 05:04:36,300
pride involved, your 
grandfather's Legacy demanding 

5515
05:04:36,300 --> 05:04:38,300
you succeed, where your father 
failed. 

5516
05:04:39,600 --> 05:04:41,200
Maps are spread across the 
table. 

5517
05:04:41,200 --> 05:04:44,400
Little wooden markers, 
represent, armies, castles and 

5518
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,100
supply lines. 
Your commanders are confident, 

5519
05:04:47,100 --> 05:04:49,600
which worries you confidence 
before. 

5520
05:04:49,600 --> 05:04:52,200
A Scottish campaign, usually 
precedes disaster. 

5521
05:04:53,100 --> 05:04:56,200
We'll Advance here one says 
pointing to terrain, that looks 

5522
05:04:56,200 --> 05:04:58,600
suspiciously difficult. 
Supplies. 

5523
05:04:58,600 --> 05:05:00,700
You are. 
Pause. 

5524
05:05:01,400 --> 05:05:04,500
Being arranged your grace. 
Which means they have not 

5525
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:08,400
figured it out yet. 
You sigh make notes and try to 

5526
05:05:08,400 --> 05:05:11,100
think of solutions to problems 
that might not even be the real 

5527
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:13,300
problems. 
Dinner is a performance. 

5528
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:16,900
He sit at the high table 
Philippa beside you dozens of 

5529
05:05:16,900 --> 05:05:19,500
nobles. 
Watching your every move you're 

5530
05:05:19,500 --> 05:05:23,200
supposed to be kingly dignified,
confident, and inspiring. 

5531
05:05:23,200 --> 05:05:27,400
Actually you're exhausted and 
your back hurts from hours of 

5532
05:05:27,400 --> 05:05:31,500
city in uncomfortable chairs. 
But you smile make conversation 

5533
05:05:31,500 --> 05:05:33,800
and complement the venison. 
That's too tough. 

5534
05:05:33,800 --> 05:05:35,400
And the wine. 
That's too sweet. 

5535
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:40,000
After dinner more work, 
documents to sign letters to 

5536
05:05:40,000 --> 05:05:43,600
dictate disputes to settle, your
secretary reads aloud, while you

5537
05:05:43,600 --> 05:05:46,000
paste the chamber trying to keep
your mind focused. 

5538
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:49,200
A monastery wants confirmation 
of its privileges. 

5539
05:05:49,200 --> 05:05:51,500
A town needs permission for a 
market. 

5540
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:55,000
A noble feels insulted by 
something another Noble said, 

5541
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:59,700
and once you to care, Tell them,
you start then realize you've 

5542
05:05:59,700 --> 05:06:01,800
gotten what? 
The problem was tell them will 

5543
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:04,600
consider it. 
Your secretary makes notes. 

5544
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:06,700
He's diplomatic enough. 
Not to point out. 

5545
05:06:06,700 --> 05:06:08,900
That will consider. 
It is what you say about. 

5546
05:06:08,900 --> 05:06:10,400
Everything you don't want to 
deal with. 

5547
05:06:11,200 --> 05:06:12,900
Midnight comes before you 
finish. 

5548
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:16,300
Philippa is already asleep when 
you finally make it to bed 

5549
05:06:16,300 --> 05:06:19,600
curled on her side breathing 
Softly. 

5550
05:06:20,400 --> 05:06:23,400
You slip in beside her 
carefully, trying not to wake. 

5551
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:27,000
Her, your mind is still racing. 
The Scottish problem, the French

5552
05:06:27,000 --> 05:06:30,600
situation developing the Noble's
plotting the treasury, depleting

5553
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:34,400
the children growing and the 
kingdom demanding. sleep when it

5554
05:06:34,400 --> 05:06:38,700
comes is fractured you, dream 
about documents endless, Scrolls

5555
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:41,900
of parchment, requiring your 
seal You dream about your 

5556
05:06:41,900 --> 05:06:45,200
grandfather watching. 
Disapprovingly you dream about 

5557
05:06:45,200 --> 05:06:48,200
drowning in administrative 
details while everyone expects 

5558
05:06:48,200 --> 05:06:51,400
you to be heroic. 
You wake Before Dawn already 

5559
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:53,200
behind on tomorrow's impossible 
schedule. 

5560
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:57,900
This is kingship your learning, 
not Glory not Adventure just an 

5561
05:06:57,900 --> 05:07:00,500
endless grind of decisions and 
demands. 

5562
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:03,700
Each one important to someone 
all of them, your 

5563
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:07,000
responsibility, you're the 
richest man in England and you 

5564
05:07:07,000 --> 05:07:08,700
haven't had a moment to yourself
in three years. 

5565
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:12,400
You command armies, but can't 
command your own schedule and 

5566
05:07:12,400 --> 05:07:14,900
the funny part and you're 
developing a dark sense of humor

5567
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:17,300
about these things. 
Is that this is still the easy 

5568
05:07:17,300 --> 05:07:19,500
period. 
Before the wars get serious 

5569
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:23,000
before the plague arrives before
everything gets exponentially 

5570
05:07:23,000 --> 05:07:25,100
harder. 
But you don't know that yet 

5571
05:07:25,100 --> 05:07:28,200
right now you just know your 
tired and there's another 

5572
05:07:28,200 --> 05:07:31,400
council meeting in an hour. 
You drag yourself out of bed. 

5573
05:07:31,400 --> 05:07:35,600
Another day, another 100 demand.
At least you're getting good at 

5574
05:07:35,600 --> 05:07:37,800
it. 
Your 30 and something 

5575
05:07:37,800 --> 05:07:41,200
interesting has happened. 
Figured out how to be king. 

5576
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:45,300
Not perfectly, there's no such 
thing but competently which 

5577
05:07:45,300 --> 05:07:48,100
turns out to be enough, you've 
stopped trying to be your 

5578
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:51,000
grandfather and started being 
yourself and surprisingly, it's 

5579
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:53,500
working the morning routine is 
familiar. 

5580
05:07:53,500 --> 05:07:56,900
Now almost comfortable. 
You wake early dressing clothes 

5581
05:07:56,900 --> 05:07:59,500
that actually fit properly, 
you've got tailors, who 

5582
05:07:59,500 --> 05:08:02,500
understand your preferences? 
Now down to the countless 

5583
05:08:02,500 --> 05:08:05,200
chamber, where your advisors, 
wait men, you've chosen 

5584
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:07,600
yourself, people who are loyal 
and mostly competent. 

5585
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:10,200
France. 
You say settling into your 

5586
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:12,800
chair. 
What's the latest your 

5587
05:08:12,800 --> 05:08:14,900
spymaster? 
You have a spy Master now, which

5588
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:17,300
feels very adult reports on 
Philips Court. 

5589
05:08:18,100 --> 05:08:21,000
A French King is your cousin 
technically though that hasn't 

5590
05:08:21,000 --> 05:08:22,800
stopped the two of you from 
being enemies. 

5591
05:08:22,800 --> 05:08:26,100
There's a complicated situation 
developing about your rightful 

5592
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:29,500
inheritance of the French throne
through your mother complicated.

5593
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:33,400
Meaning almost certainly leading
to war but not today today is 

5594
05:08:33,400 --> 05:08:36,900
about preparation, building 
alliances, securing funds, 

5595
05:08:36,900 --> 05:08:39,800
training armies. 
You've learned patience and the 

5596
05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:42,500
value of laying groundwork 
Mortimer. 

5597
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:44,800
Taught you. 
That ironically by showing you 

5598
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:47,200
what happens when someone sees 
his power to quickly. 

5599
05:08:48,100 --> 05:08:50,000
Sustainable control requires a 
foundation. 

5600
05:08:50,000 --> 05:08:54,100
The treasury situation has 
improved not dramatically but 

5601
05:08:54,100 --> 05:08:56,800
you'll no longer constantly. 
Broke you have reorganized, the 

5602
05:08:56,800 --> 05:08:59,900
exchequer replaced the corrupt 
officials and found new Revenue 

5603
05:08:59,900 --> 05:09:04,500
sources, wall taxes, mostly 
England, producers wool Flanders

5604
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:06,900
once wool and you've positioned 
yourself perfectly in the 

5605
05:09:06,900 --> 05:09:08,500
middle. 
It's not exciting. 

5606
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:11,200
But it funds. 
Your Ambitions mid-morning, 

5607
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:14,400
brings your household, your 
children are everywhere suddenly

5608
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:17,400
Edward is 8. 
Now, serious and responsible in 

5609
05:09:17,400 --> 05:09:20,000
that way. 
Eldest, son's become Isabella is

5610
05:09:20,000 --> 05:09:23,700
six clever. 
And willful Joan is for and 

5611
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:25,900
sweet. 
Natured, William is two and 

5612
05:09:25,900 --> 05:09:28,500
chaotic. 
There's another baby coming 

5613
05:09:28,500 --> 05:09:30,900
Philippa. 
Waddles around hugely pregnant 

5614
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:34,100
glowing despite the discomfort. 
They need to see you. 

5615
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:37,000
She insists herding children 
into your chamber, like, 

5616
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:39,900
determined ducklings. 
You're supposed to be reviewing 

5617
05:09:39,900 --> 05:09:42,900
military contracts but instead, 
you're letting William climb on 

5618
05:09:42,908 --> 05:09:46,300
your lap while Edward recites, 
his Latin lessons and the girls 

5619
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:49,500
show you drawings. 
They've made its chaos sticky 

5620
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:52,100
fingered and loud. 
And you're surprised to realize 

5621
05:09:52,100 --> 05:09:55,000
you don't mind. 
These small humans, are yours. 

5622
05:09:55,000 --> 05:09:59,300
Your legacy Beyond crowns, and 
conquests Very good. 

5623
05:09:59,300 --> 05:10:01,900
You tell Edward who's actually 
quite impressive with his 

5624
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:04,400
conjugations. 
Your tutor says, you're ahead of

5625
05:10:04,400 --> 05:10:06,400
schedule. 
Edward beams. 

5626
05:10:06,400 --> 05:10:09,300
He wants your approval 
desperately, this serious little

5627
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:11,700
boy, with your features and his 
grandmother's intensity. 

5628
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:15,300
You ruffle his hair earning a 
dignified squirm. 

5629
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:19,700
Eight years old and already too.
Grown up Philippa rescues. 

5630
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,200
You eventually collecting 
children like scattered sheep. 

5631
05:10:22,800 --> 05:10:24,500
The Ambassador from hennur was 
waiting. 

5632
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:28,900
She reminds you write the 
Ambassador another Alliance to 

5633
05:10:28,900 --> 05:10:32,700
maintain another relationship to
manage, you've got networks now 

5634
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:36,000
spanning Europe, marriage, 
connections trade agreements and

5635
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:38,800
Military packs. 
You'll diplomatic web grows, 

5636
05:10:38,800 --> 05:10:41,900
deadly each Strand and other 
tool for the coming conflict. 

5637
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:46,000
The afternoon is spent with your
commanders planning theoretical 

5638
05:10:46,000 --> 05:10:48,700
campaigns. 
You've been studying Warfare. 

5639
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:51,400
Seriously, reading your 
grandfather's notes and 

5640
05:10:51,400 --> 05:10:54,400
Consulting with experienced, 
Knights, your developing, your 

5641
05:10:54,400 --> 05:10:57,900
own theories about Mobility, 
about combined arms, and about 

5642
05:10:57,900 --> 05:11:01,700
using archers effectively, The 
French fight traditionally you 

5643
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:03,200
explain moving markers on the 
map. 

5644
05:11:03,200 --> 05:11:05,800
Heavy Cavalry Charges Chevelle 
were at combat. 

5645
05:11:05,800 --> 05:11:08,500
What if we don't Your 
commanders. 

5646
05:11:08,500 --> 05:11:10,900
Looks skeptical Your Grace 
proposes. 

5647
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:14,000
Fighting to win rather than 
fighting honorably. 

5648
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:17,800
You say revolutionary, I know. 
Someone laughs nervously. 

5649
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:20,000
You're the king. 
You can make jokes. 

5650
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:22,600
Now it's nice. 
Actually having the authority to

5651
05:11:22,600 --> 05:11:24,500
be slightly irreverent. 
You've earned it. 

5652
05:11:24,500 --> 05:11:28,900
These 10 years of grinding work,
proving yourself capable evening

5653
05:11:28,900 --> 05:11:31,500
finds you in the kennels. 
Checking on your hunting dogs. 

5654
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:34,400
This is your Escape. 
These moments with animals who 

5655
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:36,600
don't want anything except food 
and affection. 

5656
05:11:37,600 --> 05:11:41,000
Your favorite Hound arranged 
deerhound named Thunder presses 

5657
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:42,800
against your leg while you 
scratches his ears. 

5658
05:11:43,600 --> 05:11:45,600
Good boy. 
You might simpler. 

5659
05:11:45,600 --> 05:11:48,700
Isn't it being a dog? 
Thunder doesn't answer. 

5660
05:11:48,700 --> 05:11:51,700
Just leans harder content, you 
envy him. 

5661
05:11:51,708 --> 05:11:55,800
Sometimes this uncomplicated 
creature with uncomplicated 

5662
05:11:55,800 --> 05:11:58,800
needs. 
Dinner is less formal tonight, 

5663
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:02,700
just family and close. 
Advisors Philippa has arranged 

5664
05:12:02,700 --> 05:12:04,700
it that way. 
Understanding you need 

5665
05:12:04,708 --> 05:12:06,600
occasional respite from 
performance. 

5666
05:12:07,300 --> 05:12:10,400
The conversation, flows, easily 
children's stories. 

5667
05:12:10,400 --> 05:12:13,700
Household gossip plans for the 
summer normal things. 

5668
05:12:13,700 --> 05:12:16,400
The kind of evening any 
prosperous family might share 

5669
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:19,600
You're happy Philippa. 
Observes later in bed. 

5670
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:24,500
Am I you consider it? 
I suppose I am is that allowed? 

5671
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:27,900
Why wouldn't it be? 
Kings in the history are usually

5672
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:31,600
miserable, she laughs that 
wonderful sound that's become 

5673
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:34,500
familiar over 12 years of 
marriage, then be different. 

5674
05:12:34,500 --> 05:12:37,200
Be a happy. 
King you kiss her Temple. 

5675
05:12:37,200 --> 05:12:39,300
Feeling the baby kick against 
your side. 

5676
05:12:39,300 --> 05:12:43,000
Through her belly. 
I'll try The kingdom is staple, 

5677
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,900
your family is growing. 
Your plans are developing your 

5678
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:50,700
30 years old experienced enough 
to be confident and young enough

5679
05:12:50,700 --> 05:12:53,400
to be energetic. 
This might be the peak. 

5680
05:12:53,400 --> 05:12:56,400
You think this balanced moment 
before everything gets 

5681
05:12:56,400 --> 05:12:57,300
complicated? 
Again? 

5682
05:12:57,300 --> 05:12:59,500
You're right. 
Of course, but you don't know 

5683
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,400
that yet. 
For now, you're just content, 

5684
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:06,600
building steadily growing into 
your role, becoming the king. 

5685
05:13:06,600 --> 05:13:11,100
You always hoped you'd be It's 
nice while it lasts your 35 

5686
05:13:11,100 --> 05:13:13,100
standing at the edge of 
something enormous. 

5687
05:13:13,100 --> 05:13:15,400
And the whole Kingdom feels 
poised to tip. 

5688
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:20,700
The war with France has started 
not suddenly Wars, never start 

5689
05:13:20,700 --> 05:13:22,700
suddenly despite what the 
Chronicles claim. 

5690
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:27,100
But gradually inevitably like 
water finding its level. 

5691
05:13:27,900 --> 05:13:30,600
Philip of France, has pushed too
far and challenge you wants to 

5692
05:13:30,608 --> 05:13:32,700
offer. 
And now there's no backing down 

5693
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:35,900
without losing everything you've
built your workouts will meet 

5694
05:13:35,900 --> 05:13:38,300
daily. 
Now, the chamber smells like 

5695
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:41,900
parchment and anxiety with maps,
covering every surface. 

5696
05:13:41,900 --> 05:13:45,800
You've assembled the best 
military Minds in England, and 

5697
05:13:45,800 --> 05:13:48,300
they're all telling you slightly
different things about how to 

5698
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:52,800
invade France successfully. 
The Flemish Alliance is key one 

5699
05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:55,300
insists. 
No, we need to secure gascony 

5700
05:13:55,300 --> 05:13:58,300
first and other counters, you 
listen absorb and make 

5701
05:13:58,300 --> 05:13:59,800
decisions. 
That might kill thousands of 

5702
05:13:59,800 --> 05:14:02,700
men. 
It's remarkably abstract moving,

5703
05:14:02,700 --> 05:14:06,200
markers across Maps, discussing 
supply lines, and March times. 

5704
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,800
Real soldiers will suffer these 
theoretical hardships but right 

5705
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:12,800
now they're just numbers 
Logistics and problems to solve 

5706
05:14:12,800 --> 05:14:15,400
the money. 
Required is staggering you've 

5707
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:18,700
been raising funds for three 
years, taxes, loans, and 

5708
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:21,100
Creative Accounting that makes 
your treasure nervous, 

5709
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:25,100
England's, Woolf flows into 
military preparation and your 

5710
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:27,600
subjects are grumbling, but 
compliant for now. 

5711
05:14:28,900 --> 05:14:30,400
Philippa finds you late one 
night. 

5712
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,100
Still bent over Maps. 
She's heavier than she used to 

5713
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:35,200
be seven children. 
Having left their Mark, but 

5714
05:14:35,200 --> 05:14:38,200
still lovely. 
In the candlelight practical 

5715
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:41,600
steady Philippa who's never once
complained about being queen 

5716
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:46,000
during wartime, Come to bed. 
She says, in a moment, you said 

5717
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:48,500
that two hours ago, she comes 
closer examines the maps. 

5718
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:51,000
Can you actually win this? 
I have to. 

5719
05:14:51,000 --> 05:14:55,100
That's not an answer. 
You sigh and straighten up your 

5720
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:57,100
back. 
Aches constantly now, too many 

5721
05:14:57,108 --> 05:15:01,300
hours hunched over planning 
honestly, I don't know, but I 

5722
05:15:01,308 --> 05:15:04,000
have committed us. 
The Nobles are invested and the 

5723
05:15:04,000 --> 05:15:06,200
alliances are arranged 
retreating. 

5724
05:15:06,200 --> 05:15:09,500
Now would be worse than losing. 
She's quiet processing. 

5725
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:11,700
This Philippa understands 
politics. 

5726
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:14,900
Better than she lets on The 
children asked about you today, 

5727
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:18,600
they barely see you anymore. 
Killed stabbed sharp. 

5728
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:21,000
Your children are growing up. 
Edward is 13. 

5729
05:15:21,000 --> 05:15:23,900
Now practically a man and 
already involved in military 

5730
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:25,900
training. 
The others are scattered through

5731
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:28,100
childhood. 
Each one of bright spot, your 

5732
05:15:28,100 --> 05:15:31,800
two busy to properly, appreciate
After the campaign, you promise 

5733
05:15:31,800 --> 05:15:34,400
you, keep saying that she's 
right. 

5734
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:38,700
You've been saying it for years 
after this crisis after that 

5735
05:15:38,700 --> 05:15:42,200
negotiation, after the war 
starts, after the war ends, 

5736
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:45,400
fatherhood keeps getting 
postponed for kingship spring. 

5737
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:49,200
Brings mobilization your army 
assembles thousands of soldiers,

5738
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,500
archers Cavalry and support 
staff, the logistics and 

5739
05:15:52,500 --> 05:15:56,100
nightmarish feeding this many 
men moving them efficiently and 

5740
05:15:56,100 --> 05:15:57,600
keeping them organized and 
equipped. 

5741
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:01,100
You've got good administrators 
handling details, but the scale 

5742
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:04,000
is overwhelming. 
You review the troops personally

5743
05:16:04,000 --> 05:16:07,500
riding along the lines. 
They cheer these men who fight 

5744
05:16:07,500 --> 05:16:11,900
for you possibly die for you. 
You try to look confident kingly

5745
05:16:11,900 --> 05:16:15,600
and worth following inside your 
calculating odds, warring about 

5746
05:16:15,600 --> 05:16:18,100
supply lines and wondering if 
you've prepared adequately. 

5747
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:21,800
The Fleet Sales in July carrying
your army to France. 

5748
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:25,400
You stand on Deck. 
Watching England recede feeling 

5749
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:29,800
history is wait this is it the 
great gamble, everything you've 

5750
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:33,000
built everything, you've planed 
reduced to this moment. 

5751
05:16:33,900 --> 05:16:36,000
Philippa insisted on coming to 
see you off. 

5752
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:39,100
She stood on the dock seven 
children, a raid around her 

5753
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:42,800
waving as your ship to parted 
the image burned into your 

5754
05:16:42,800 --> 05:16:46,200
memory, your family, your anchor
left behind. 

5755
05:16:46,200 --> 05:16:49,400
While you chase glory and 
territory, the sea Crossing is 

5756
05:16:49,400 --> 05:16:51,800
miserable. 
You've never enjoyed sailing and

5757
05:16:51,800 --> 05:16:55,700
this is rough waves tossing. 
The fleet about like toys, men, 

5758
05:16:55,700 --> 05:16:58,700
get sick, horses panic and 
Equipment, shifts Dangerously. 

5759
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:02,300
By the time you reach France, 
you're exhausted before the 

5760
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:05,200
fighting even starts. 
The campaign itself is 

5761
05:17:05,200 --> 05:17:09,500
complicated, you win battles 
which is good your tactics. 

5762
05:17:09,500 --> 05:17:12,400
Work your archers devastate, 
French Cavalry and everything 

5763
05:17:12,400 --> 05:17:15,600
you planned proves effective. 
But winning battles isn't 

5764
05:17:15,600 --> 05:17:18,300
winning wars and the French have
more resources and more depth 

5765
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:22,600
you can hurt them but conquering
them might be impossible months 

5766
05:17:22,600 --> 05:17:27,000
blur into an exhausting grind 
Castle sieges supply shortages 

5767
05:17:27,000 --> 05:17:30,300
and disease in the camps. 
Your living in tents, eating, 

5768
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:33,400
whatever is available and 
constantly moving the glory of 

5769
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:35,900
warfare. 
Your discovering is about 10%, 

5770
05:17:35,900 --> 05:17:40,200
excitement and 90% discomfort 
Letters from England, arrived 

5771
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,900
irregularly, Philip writes about
household matters, children's 

5772
05:17:43,900 --> 05:17:46,400
illnesses and political 
maneuvering at court. 

5773
05:17:47,100 --> 05:17:51,200
Your son Edward is managing well
as nominal region but he is 13. 

5774
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:53,400
Too young for this 
responsibility, though. 

5775
05:17:53,400 --> 05:17:55,800
Doing his best guilt nors at 
you. 

5776
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:59,100
Your family needs you but Duty 
keeps you in France. 

5777
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:04,200
Winter forces, pause your return
to England, briefly just long, 

5778
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:06,800
enough to see how much your 
children have grown, and how 

5779
05:18:06,800 --> 05:18:09,300
tired Philippa looks managing 
everything alone. 

5780
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:13,500
Little Lionel is walking. 
Now Thomas has learned his 

5781
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:15,600
letters. 
The girls have new interests, 

5782
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:19,800
you know, nothing about Tell me 
you asked at dinner, desperate 

5783
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:24,800
to reconnect, they do shy at 
first, then warming up stories, 

5784
05:18:24,800 --> 05:18:28,600
tumble out lessons games, small 
dramas, you've missed. 

5785
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:31,700
You're a stranger at your own 
table, welcome. 

5786
05:18:31,700 --> 05:18:34,900
But separate it hurts more than 
French arrows. 

5787
05:18:36,100 --> 05:18:38,200
You look older Philippe, 
observes privately. 

5788
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:43,500
I feel older your 36 now, but 
you feel 50, the war is aging, 

5789
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:46,800
you rapidly. 
Each campaign adding years gray 

5790
05:18:46,800 --> 05:18:49,600
threads appear in your hair, 
your joints aching the morning. 

5791
05:18:49,600 --> 05:18:51,300
You're not the young king 
anymore. 

5792
05:18:51,300 --> 05:18:54,600
All energy and optimism. 
The kingdom is transitioning. 

5793
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:57,700
You realize from piece to war 
from potential to reality. 

5794
05:18:57,700 --> 05:19:01,100
You've committed England to a 
conflict that might Outlast you 

5795
05:19:01,100 --> 05:19:03,100
and certainly will Outlast your 
youth. 

5796
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:06,200
This is your legacy. 
Now, not the stable rain, you'd 

5797
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:10,800
hope for but endless war Spring 
comes again, the fleet assembles

5798
05:19:10,800 --> 05:19:14,800
again, you board ship again 
leaving family again returning 

5799
05:19:14,800 --> 05:19:17,200
to France. 
Again, it's becoming routine. 

5800
05:19:17,200 --> 05:19:21,000
This cycle of war and absence, 
you're not sure if that's better

5801
05:19:21,000 --> 05:19:25,700
or worse, probably worse your 41
and the war has become your 

5802
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:28,900
entire existence. 
Five years of continuous 

5803
05:19:28,900 --> 05:19:32,700
campaigning have reduced life to
brutal Simplicity, win battles, 

5804
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:34,800
secure territory and keep your 
army fed. 

5805
05:19:34,800 --> 05:19:39,100
Everything else. 
Family comfort, peace exists, in

5806
05:19:39,108 --> 05:19:43,600
some distant memory, a dream. 
You once had your besieging 

5807
05:19:43,600 --> 05:19:47,100
Calais have been for months. 
The city sits stubbornly 

5808
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:50,700
resistant in your two committed 
to withdraw your Army Camps in 

5809
05:19:50,708 --> 05:19:54,200
mud that never quite dries. 
Siege equipment, pounding walls,

5810
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:58,600
that refused to crumble men, Die
daily, mostly of disease, the 

5811
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:02,500
boring death of medieval warfare
dysentery and fever kill more 

5812
05:20:02,500 --> 05:20:06,100
efficiently than French swords. 
The camp smells like unwashed 

5813
05:20:06,100 --> 05:20:09,400
humanity and rotting food. 
Thousands of men packed 

5814
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:10,600
together. 
The trees. 

5815
05:20:10,600 --> 05:20:12,300
Inadequate. 
Hygiene impossible. 

5816
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,500
You've got a proper Pavilion. 
At least Royal quarters 

5817
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,100
separated from the common 
soldiers. 

5818
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:19,600
But luxury is relative your 
tent. 

5819
05:20:19,600 --> 05:20:21,400
Stays marginally drier than 
theirs. 

5820
05:20:21,400 --> 05:20:24,400
That's about it. 
Your commanders report. 

5821
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,100
Regularly bringing problems 
you're supposed to solve 

5822
05:20:27,100 --> 05:20:30,600
supplies are running low 
mercenaries demanding payment 

5823
05:20:30,600 --> 05:20:32,800
Nobles. 
Feuding over presidents. 

5824
05:20:32,800 --> 05:20:34,800
The minutiae of warfare. 
Never stop. 

5825
05:20:35,900 --> 05:20:38,900
And we could assault again. 
One suggests you've already lost

5826
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:42,400
hundreds in previous. 
Assaults know we wait starve 

5827
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:44,600
them out. 
Waiting requires patience. 

5828
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:47,300
You're not sure you have each 
day cost money. 

5829
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,500
England doesn't have straining 
alliances that are growing 

5830
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:54,200
fragile but assault waste lives 
and you're tired of signing 

5831
05:20:54,200 --> 05:20:56,900
condolence letters. 
News from England arrives in 

5832
05:20:56,908 --> 05:21:00,000
batches Philippa writes 
Faithfully though her letters, 

5833
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:02,900
take weeks to reach you, your 
children are growing up in your 

5834
05:21:02,900 --> 05:21:06,600
absence Edward is 18. 
Now knighted and Leading Men 

5835
05:21:06,600 --> 05:21:08,900
himself. 
The girls are becoming women 

5836
05:21:08,900 --> 05:21:12,500
making marriages, your barely 
consulted about, you're missing 

5837
05:21:12,508 --> 05:21:16,500
everything, every Milestone, 
every moment one letter brings 

5838
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:19,400
devastating news. 
Your daughter Joan has died 

5839
05:21:19,400 --> 05:21:22,100
plague in Bordeaux sudden and 
absolute. 

5840
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:27,200
She was 14, you read it twice. 
Unable to process Joan, your 

5841
05:21:27,200 --> 05:21:30,000
sweet nature daughter Who Loved 
music and had your mother's 

5842
05:21:30,000 --> 05:21:33,300
Grace gone. 
And you were there, you were 

5843
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:37,400
here in French mud, the Sieging 
a city for reasons that suddenly

5844
05:21:37,400 --> 05:21:40,300
seemed pointless. 
You dismiss your staff and sit 

5845
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:43,000
alone in your Pavilion. 
Grief hits, delayed and 

5846
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:45,300
overwhelming. 
You've lost soldiers, friends 

5847
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:47,500
and allies but this is 
different. 

5848
05:21:47,500 --> 05:21:51,100
This is your child and you won't
there to comfort her to say 

5849
05:21:51,100 --> 05:21:54,200
goodbye or to do any of the 
things fathers should do night 

5850
05:21:54,200 --> 05:21:57,000
falls. 
You don't like candles, you just

5851
05:21:57,000 --> 05:21:59,000
sit in darkness. 
Feeling the weight. 

5852
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:03,100
Finally exceed your capacity, 
the war the deaths, the endless 

5853
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:08,300
responsibility, Too much, your 
one person, fallible and tired, 

5854
05:22:08,300 --> 05:22:10,400
and everyone expects you to be 
invincible. 

5855
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:13,700
Calais surrenders in August 
Victory. 

5856
05:22:13,700 --> 05:22:16,800
Technically you've won the city 
is yours. 

5857
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:20,200
A strategic prize that cost you 
a year and thousands of lives 

5858
05:22:20,200 --> 05:22:22,300
and a daughter you'll never see 
again. 

5859
05:22:23,200 --> 05:22:27,200
The burgers of Cali can barefoot
in sackcloth begging Mercy, they

5860
05:22:27,200 --> 05:22:29,800
expect execution Siege Customs. 
Allow it. 

5861
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:33,500
Your Nobles certainly want it 
revenge for the stubborn 

5862
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:37,100
resistance, you should order. 
It make an example and show 

5863
05:22:37,100 --> 05:22:38,200
France. 
What happens? 

5864
05:22:38,200 --> 05:22:41,200
When cities defy you? 
Instead, you stare at these 

5865
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:43,300
frightened men and see just more
death. 

5866
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:47,300
More bodies, more widows more 
children without fathers. 

5867
05:22:48,300 --> 05:22:49,600
They live. 
You hear yourself. 

5868
05:22:49,600 --> 05:22:52,600
Say your Nobles protest. 
Philippa. 

5869
05:22:52,600 --> 05:22:54,100
Who's joined you for this 
Victory? 

5870
05:22:54,100 --> 05:22:56,800
She insisted crossing the 
channel specifically to witness 

5871
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:00,200
this moment. 
Intervenes she pleads for the 

5872
05:23:00,208 --> 05:23:01,800
burgers. 
Personally, her pregnancy, 

5873
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:05,100
obvious maternal and merciful 
you let her have it. 

5874
05:23:05,108 --> 05:23:07,200
This Mercy. 
It's the least you can do 

5875
05:23:07,200 --> 05:23:09,000
granting her. 
This small thing when you've 

5876
05:23:09,000 --> 05:23:12,300
taken so much else, the Army 
returns to England for winter, 

5877
05:23:12,300 --> 05:23:15,500
your 42. 
Now, famous Victorious, and 

5878
05:23:15,500 --> 05:23:20,700
absolutely Holloway is one 
territory secured, and you feel 

5879
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:23,900
nothing except tired. 
Your children greet you. 

5880
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:27,400
As a visiting stranger, they're 
polite and proper exactly as 

5881
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:30,400
they've been trained. 
Edward discusses, military 

5882
05:23:30,400 --> 05:23:32,800
matters, like a colleague, the 
younger ones. 

5883
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:35,000
Keep a careful distance. 
You've been gone more than 

5884
05:23:35,000 --> 05:23:38,800
present in their lives and it 
shows Philippa is pregnant again

5885
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:42,200
with your 12th child. 
You lie together in the great 

5886
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:46,600
bed at Westminster bodies 
familiar but somehow distant Are

5887
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:48,900
you? 
Well she asks I won. 

5888
05:23:48,900 --> 05:23:54,300
You say isn't that what matters?
She's quiet, then Joan loved you

5889
05:23:54,300 --> 05:23:56,400
very much. 
She talked about you constantly 

5890
05:23:56,400 --> 05:23:57,600
and wondered when you'd come 
home. 

5891
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:02,500
The knife twist deeper, I know. 
Do you because you were there, 

5892
05:24:02,500 --> 05:24:06,000
you have not been there. 
It's the closest she's come to 

5893
05:24:06,008 --> 05:24:08,000
accusation in 24 years of 
marriage. 

5894
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:10,600
You can't even defend yourself 
because she's right. 

5895
05:24:10,600 --> 05:24:13,800
You've chosen War over family 
and Glory over presents. 

5896
05:24:14,900 --> 05:24:17,900
The victories ring Hollow next 
to Jones empty place at the 

5897
05:24:17,908 --> 05:24:21,000
table, winter passes in 
administrative recovery. 

5898
05:24:21,000 --> 05:24:25,000
Organizing the new territories 
repaying debts and preparing for

5899
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:27,600
the next campaign. 
Because there's always another 

5900
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:31,600
campaign, the war has momentum 
now self-sustaining impossible 

5901
05:24:31,600 --> 05:24:33,800
to stop. 
You catch yourself in mirrors 

5902
05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:38,300
sometimes barely recognizing the
reflection, gray-haired lined 

5903
05:24:38,300 --> 05:24:41,400
and harder than the young king. 
You want were the weight of 

5904
05:24:41,408 --> 05:24:43,800
conflict has remade? 
You into something efficient and

5905
05:24:43,808 --> 05:24:46,900
sad your son. 
Edward is preparing for his own 

5906
05:24:46,900 --> 05:24:49,800
military command. 
He is eager Brave, and 

5907
05:24:49,800 --> 05:24:53,700
everything a prince should be. 
You should be proud, mostly your

5908
05:24:53,700 --> 05:24:56,600
worried having seen too clearly 
what Warfare costs. 

5909
05:24:57,600 --> 05:24:59,400
Careful. 
You tell him knowing it's an 

5910
05:24:59,400 --> 05:25:00,700
adequate. 
I will father. 

5911
05:25:01,400 --> 05:25:04,900
He won't no one is in war, but 
you let him go sending him to 

5912
05:25:04,900 --> 05:25:06,500
France with your blessing in 
your dread. 

5913
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:09,600
Spring comes again. 
Mobilization again. 

5914
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:13,400
The cycle continues grinding 
forward. 

5915
05:25:13,400 --> 05:25:18,500
Pulling you along your two deep?
Now to stop to invested to quit 

5916
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:22,600
the war, owns you completely, 
you board ship one more time. 

5917
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:26,500
Watch England fade, one more 
time and one to one more time, 

5918
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:28,800
if this will be the campaign 
that breaks you entirely, 

5919
05:25:29,700 --> 05:25:33,200
Probably not you're too stubborn
to break but you're definitely 

5920
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,000
cracking your 46 home between 
campaigns. 

5921
05:25:36,000 --> 05:25:39,300
And you're trying to remember 
how to be human, the war 

5922
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:42,300
continues, but you've learned to
delegate your son. 

5923
05:25:42,300 --> 05:25:44,400
Edward, they're calling him, the
black prince. 

5924
05:25:44,400 --> 05:25:47,400
Now for reasons involving either
his armor or his methods 

5925
05:25:47,400 --> 05:25:49,300
campaigns effectively without 
you. 

5926
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:52,800
This should free you up for 
domestic life family time and 

5927
05:25:52,800 --> 05:25:56,900
being present, except you've 
forgotten how you're at Windsor.

5928
05:25:56,900 --> 05:26:00,000
Your favorite castle watching. 
Autumn paint the Thames Valley 

5929
05:26:00,000 --> 05:26:02,700
and goal. 
Philippa sits nearby doing 

5930
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:05,400
needlework, a domestic scene 
that should be comfortable 

5931
05:26:05,400 --> 05:26:08,700
instead your restless and 
anxious without an immediate 

5932
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:11,800
crisis to manage your pacing 
Philippa observes. 

5933
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,500
Am I? 
You stop and notice you've worn 

5934
05:26:14,500 --> 05:26:16,300
a tracking, the rushes. 
Sorry. 

5935
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:20,900
Sit read rest. 
You're allowed. 

5936
05:26:22,100 --> 05:26:23,800
You sit obediently and pick up a
book. 

5937
05:26:23,800 --> 05:26:26,900
Something philosophical someone 
recommended, the words swim 

5938
05:26:26,900 --> 05:26:31,300
meaninglessly your mind wants 
problems to solve decisions to 

5939
05:26:31,300 --> 05:26:36,400
make and enemies to outmaneuver.
Piece feels alien your younger 

5940
05:26:36,400 --> 05:26:40,200
children are here Lionel Jones. 
The second Joe named for her 

5941
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:44,400
loss Sister Margaret and Thomas 
teenagers and children growing 

5942
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:46,300
up large with out you their 
polite. 

5943
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:48,500
Well mannered complete 
strangers. 

5944
05:26:49,300 --> 05:26:52,900
Tell me about your studies. 
You try at dinner, Thomas 13, 

5945
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:56,500
Brighton, I'm learning 
mathematics, father geometry, 

5946
05:26:56,500 --> 05:27:00,700
specifically did you know he 
launches into an enthusiastic 

5947
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:02,400
explanation of triangles and 
angles? 

5948
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:08,100
You try to follow genuinely try 
but your mind drifts Supply 

5949
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:10,700
lines. 
Troop movements diplomatic 

5950
05:27:10,700 --> 05:27:13,300
considerations. 
The habits of warfare don't 

5951
05:27:13,300 --> 05:27:16,200
release easily. 
Isn't that fascinating Thomas 

5952
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:19,100
finishes very you say hoping it 
was the right response. 

5953
05:27:20,200 --> 05:27:22,500
Philippa gives you a look you're
failing again. 

5954
05:27:22,500 --> 05:27:26,500
Even at this simple thing, being
present, physically isn't enough

5955
05:27:26,500 --> 05:27:30,000
when you're absent mentally, the
household runs smoothly without 

5956
05:27:30,000 --> 05:27:32,400
you. 
Philippa has managed everything 

5957
05:27:32,400 --> 05:27:36,200
for years, finance's child, 
rearing and political 

5958
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:40,700
maneuvering. she is competent, 
beloved Everything a queen 

5959
05:27:40,700 --> 05:27:44,100
should be, you're almost 
unnecessary, a ceremonial, 

5960
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:45,500
figure who shows up 
occasionally. 

5961
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:49,000
One afternoon, you find her in 
the Solar surrounded by 

5962
05:27:49,000 --> 05:27:52,000
administrative documents. 
She's handling a state business 

5963
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:55,700
settling disputes and making 
decisions that should be yours. 

5964
05:27:56,900 --> 05:27:58,700
I can take over you offer. 
She looks up. 

5965
05:27:58,700 --> 05:28:02,200
Surprise, do you have time? 
The question Sting's? 

5966
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:06,300
I'm here, aren't I? 
Physically she agrees but you've

5967
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:07,800
been staring out windows for 
three days. 

5968
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:10,600
Your body's in England but your 
mind is still in France. 

5969
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:15,000
She's right, your perpetually 
half elsewhere unable to fully 

5970
05:28:15,000 --> 05:28:18,400
commit to the present moment. 
The war has trained you to think

5971
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:23,200
strategically plan constantly 
and never rest Domesticity 

5972
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:25,900
requires different skills. 
You've let atrophy, you make 

5973
05:28:25,900 --> 05:28:28,200
efforts hunting with your sons, 
teaching them. 

5974
05:28:28,200 --> 05:28:31,700
Falconry, The birds are calming 
their simple needs. 

5975
05:28:31,700 --> 05:28:34,800
Refreshing, Thomas proves 
surprisingly Adept. 

5976
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:38,100
His gentle patient's perfect for
handling the temperamental, 

5977
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:41,400
Hawks your good at this. 
You tell him, he glows at the 

5978
05:28:41,408 --> 05:28:43,600
praise. 
Such a small thing, your 

5979
05:28:43,600 --> 05:28:46,400
attention but he Treasures it. 
Guilt stabs again. 

5980
05:28:46,400 --> 05:28:50,200
How many moments like this have 
you missed evenings you spend 

5981
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:53,600
with Philippa, trying to 
reconnect, 28 years of marriage 

5982
05:28:53,600 --> 05:28:56,500
and your courting her, again, 
relearning her rhythms. 

5983
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,300
She's heavy. 
Now comfortable, in middle age 

5984
05:28:59,300 --> 05:29:01,900
and beautiful in ways. 
Different from youthful, Beauty 

5985
05:29:01,900 --> 05:29:06,500
lines, around her eyes grey and 
her hair evidence of decades 

5986
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:09,100
supporting you. 
Do you ever regret it? 

5987
05:29:09,100 --> 05:29:11,200
You ask one night regret. 
What? 

5988
05:29:11,900 --> 05:29:15,500
This me being married to someone
who's never actually here. 

5989
05:29:16,300 --> 05:29:20,600
She considers honest as always 
sometimes but I knew what I was 

5990
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:22,500
marrying Kings. 
Don't retire. 

5991
05:29:23,400 --> 05:29:26,100
I could be better at it. 
They're being present part. 

5992
05:29:26,700 --> 05:29:30,200
You could she agrees, will you 
be That's the question. 

5993
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:32,300
You want a promise change and 
swear? 

5994
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:36,100
You'll be different but the war 
isn't over, more campaigns are 

5995
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:38,300
planned and you know yourself 
well enough to recognize your 

5996
05:29:38,300 --> 05:29:41,400
limitations. 
You're a king who leads, not a 

5997
05:29:41,408 --> 05:29:45,200
king who stays home. 
I'll try you say finally it's 

5998
05:29:45,200 --> 05:29:48,100
the best you can offer. 
She accepts it because Philippa 

5999
05:29:48,100 --> 05:29:50,800
is practical about 
disappointment, winter brings 

6000
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:52,300
the whole family together for 
Christmas. 

6001
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:54,700
Your children. 
Their spouse's and 

6002
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:57,500
grandchildren, are starting to 
appear the hall. 

6003
05:29:57,500 --> 05:30:00,700
At wins are fills with family 
chaos and your struck by. 

6004
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:03,000
How much you've missed. 
Edward's children. 

6005
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:04,900
Barely know you, the younger 
ones. 

6006
05:30:04,900 --> 05:30:06,500
Treat you like a distinguished 
stranger. 

6007
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:09,400
You hold your infant 
granddaughter, Edwards daughter,

6008
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:13,400
feeling, her tiny weight, She 
stares at you with serious Eyes 

6009
05:30:13,400 --> 05:30:17,400
unimpressed by kingship, just 
another person holding her 

6010
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:21,400
somewhat awkwardly. 
She likes you Edward says 

6011
05:30:21,400 --> 05:30:22,800
smiling. 
Does she? 

6012
05:30:22,800 --> 05:30:27,100
Not sure baby is a mysterious 
but you hold her carefully. 

6013
05:30:27,100 --> 05:30:29,900
This next Generation wandering. 
What world shall inherit? 

6014
05:30:30,600 --> 05:30:33,400
One is still at War. 
Probably the conflict with 

6015
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:37,000
France has become Perpetual 
outlasting your youth likely 

6016
05:30:37,000 --> 05:30:39,600
outlasting. 
You the celebration continues 

6017
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:42,200
around, you Philippa 
orchestrates, everything 

6018
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:47,200
perfectly ensuring, everyone 
feels included your family vast 

6019
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:51,200
and complicated held together by
her competence and your periodic

6020
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:53,900
appearances. 
You catch her eye across the 

6021
05:30:53,900 --> 05:30:56,200
hall. 
She raises her cup slightly and 

6022
05:30:56,200 --> 05:31:01,400
acknowledgment, you're trying is
not enough, never enough, but 

6023
05:31:01,400 --> 05:31:03,800
you're trying, maybe that counts
for something. 

6024
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:07,400
Your 55 and everything. 
Hurts not metaphorically, 

6025
05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:09,600
though. 
Plenty hurts metaphorically too 

6026
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:14,300
but physically constantly Your 
knees ache from Decades of 

6027
05:31:14,300 --> 05:31:16,600
riding your back, complains 
about Army. 

6028
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:20,400
You have not worn in five years,
your hands, cramp around quills.

6029
05:31:20,400 --> 05:31:23,500
When you write joint stiff with 
whatever malady attacks. 

6030
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:29,100
Aging Warriors are again always 
wins a lately, your Refuge the 

6031
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:31,000
campaign. 
Here's a behind, you Edward 

6032
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:33,900
handles military Affairs. 
Now, the black prince proving 

6033
05:31:33,900 --> 05:31:36,900
more than capable, you should 
feel relief from this lesson. 

6034
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:39,700
Responsibility, mostly you feel 
obsolete. 

6035
05:31:39,700 --> 05:31:42,300
The morning routine takes longer
than it used to. 

6036
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:45,700
So servants help you dress, your
fingers are too stiff for 

6037
05:31:45,700 --> 05:31:49,300
complicated fastening. 
Your hair is white now, face 

6038
05:31:49,300 --> 05:31:52,600
heavily lined. 
Mirrors, show, a stranger old 

6039
05:31:52,600 --> 05:31:55,000
and tired. 
Where the vital King used to be.

6040
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:58,600
Philippa appears at breakfast, 
moving slowly herself. 

6041
05:31:58,600 --> 05:32:01,600
She's been sick. 
Lately something in her lungs 

6042
05:32:01,600 --> 05:32:04,100
that won't clear. 
You eat together in 

6043
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:07,400
companionable silence, two 
people worn down by Decades of 

6044
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:11,100
responsibility Council today, 
she asks already knowing the 

6045
05:32:11,100 --> 05:32:12,900
answer. 
They barely need me anymore. 

6046
05:32:13,900 --> 05:32:16,600
They need the crown you're 
wearing it true. 

6047
05:32:16,600 --> 05:32:18,600
Enough. 
Your presence legitimizes 

6048
05:32:18,600 --> 05:32:22,600
decisions your advisors making 
recently without you the council

6049
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:26,000
meetings are a formality. 
Your agreement is assumed the 

6050
05:32:26,000 --> 05:32:29,200
kingdom runs itself with systems
established over 30 years. 

6051
05:32:29,200 --> 05:32:32,900
Functioning automatically 
England is wealthy powerful and 

6052
05:32:32,900 --> 05:32:35,200
respected. 
Your legacy is secure. 

6053
05:32:35,200 --> 05:32:39,600
So why do you feel so empty? 
Edward visits bringing his 

6054
05:32:39,600 --> 05:32:42,200
children. 
Your grandchildren, swarm around

6055
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:45,400
energetic and Loud. 
They're not quite sure who you 

6056
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,800
are the old man in the big 
castle, but their polite about 

6057
05:32:48,800 --> 05:32:52,200
it, Grandfather, your 
granddaughter is a Bella climbs 

6058
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:55,700
into your lap Fearless. 
She sicks all in enthusiasm and 

6059
05:32:55,700 --> 05:32:58,400
questions. 
Careful of Grandfather Edward 

6060
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:00,300
warns, he's not a sturdy as he 
looks. 

6061
05:33:01,000 --> 05:33:03,300
You waive off the concern and 
let Isabella settle. 

6062
05:33:03,900 --> 05:33:07,000
She Chatters about something her
Pony may be and you half listen 

6063
05:33:07,000 --> 05:33:10,300
content with her warm weight. 
This is nice actually, 

6064
05:33:10,300 --> 05:33:12,500
grandchildren, demand less than 
children. 

6065
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,200
Did satisfied with presence, 
rather than perfection. 

6066
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:20,500
Philippa coughs harsh and 
prolonged Edward looks concerned

6067
05:33:20,500 --> 05:33:22,900
but she waves him off, too. 
Just a cold. 

6068
05:33:22,900 --> 05:33:25,500
She insists. 
It's not just a cold. 

6069
05:33:25,500 --> 05:33:28,600
You both know this though. 
Neither says it, she's dying 

6070
05:33:28,600 --> 05:33:32,400
probably slowly uncomfortably 
her lungs filling with something

6071
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:35,200
medicine. 
Can't fix your dying, too. 

6072
05:33:35,200 --> 05:33:38,700
Just slow her old age and 
accumulated damage a catching 

6073
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:40,900
up. 
A funny thing about dying slowly

6074
05:33:40,900 --> 05:33:43,500
is how normal it becomes. 
You're Not Afraid. 

6075
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:45,400
Exactly. 
Just tired. 

6076
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:48,800
You've lived, 55 years 
accomplished, the important 

6077
05:33:48,800 --> 05:33:52,800
things and fail to others. 
At some point that has to be 

6078
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:55,300
enough, your remaining children 
visit throughout the year, 

6079
05:33:55,300 --> 05:34:00,400
Thomas John, and Edmund with 
their own concerns, their 

6080
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:03,300
dutiful concerned about your 
health and probably worried 

6081
05:34:03,300 --> 05:34:06,000
about inheritance. 
You've arranged everything 

6082
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:08,100
carefully but they still circle 
like polite. 

6083
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:11,400
Vultures, I'm not dead yet. 
You tell Thomas during one 

6084
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:14,500
particularly solicitors visit. 
He has the grace to look 

6085
05:34:14,500 --> 05:34:16,900
embarrassed. 
Course not father. 

6086
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:20,100
We're just concerned. 
Be concerned quietly. 

6087
05:34:20,100 --> 05:34:23,400
Then it's an evening's you spend
with Philippa when her breathing

6088
05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:28,000
allows conversation 42 years of 
marriage behind you and you're 

6089
05:34:28,000 --> 05:34:31,200
finally spending time together, 
the irony isn't lost on either 

6090
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:34,400
of you, we should have done this
earlier, you say, one night, 

6091
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:37,700
done, what this sitting quietly 
being together. 

6092
05:34:38,600 --> 05:34:40,700
We were busy. 
She says practical as ever 

6093
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:44,600
raising children running 
kingdoms fighting Wars the 

6094
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,300
usual. 
Still, I miss so much. 

6095
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:50,500
You did she agrees? 
Because Philippa has never been 

6096
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:53,400
one for comforting lies, but you
were here when it mattered 

6097
05:34:53,400 --> 05:34:56,900
mostly That mostly contains 
multitudes. 

6098
05:34:56,900 --> 05:35:00,300
All the absence is the missed 
moments, the times water took 

6099
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:04,200
precedence but all the times you
were present the effort you made

6100
05:35:04,200 --> 05:35:05,700
and the love underneath the 
duty. 

6101
05:35:07,100 --> 05:35:09,100
She coughs again. 
Worse this time. 

6102
05:35:10,000 --> 05:35:13,800
You hold her hand useless but 
present, this is all you can 

6103
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:17,400
offer now. 
Presents witness, sharing the 

6104
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,200
slow decline. 
The kingdom celebrates your 

6105
05:35:20,200 --> 05:35:22,100
military victories. 
Remember his Crescent? 

6106
05:35:22,100 --> 05:35:24,400
Callie, and Praises. 
Your Martial Glory. 

6107
05:35:25,100 --> 05:35:29,600
He remember mud and exhaustion 
Joan dying alone and Decades of 

6108
05:35:29,608 --> 05:35:32,900
absence from family. 
The victories feel hollow 

6109
05:35:32,900 --> 05:35:35,200
against the personal costs but 
you built. 

6110
05:35:35,200 --> 05:35:39,200
Something England is stronger 
richer and more unified than 

6111
05:35:39,200 --> 05:35:41,100
you. 
Inherited your children. 

6112
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:44,700
Survived to adulthood most of 
them, your grandchildren will 

6113
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:47,900
inherit security an opportunity.
It's not nothing. 

6114
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:51,800
Philippa dies in August quietly 
in her sleep. 

6115
05:35:51,800 --> 05:35:55,600
Probably the best way. 
You're with her holding her hand

6116
05:35:55,600 --> 05:35:59,500
as her breathing simply stops. 
After 42 years of marriage, 

6117
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:03,600
you're alone, the grief is 
enormous and strangely familiar.

6118
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:08,800
You've been practicing loss for 
decades Jones friends pieces of 

6119
05:36:08,808 --> 05:36:13,200
yourself left in France, this is
just the final largest loss. 

6120
05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:17,100
The funeral is magnificent 
because she was Queen and that 

6121
05:36:17,100 --> 05:36:20,800
requires pageantry, you attend 
namely going through motions, 

6122
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:25,400
people offer, condolences you 
don't hear Crown is heavy again,

6123
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:29,900
oppressively so afterward you 
returned to Windsor alone, the 

6124
05:36:29,900 --> 05:36:32,900
chambers feel enormous without 
her, her things are everywhere. 

6125
05:36:32,900 --> 05:36:36,400
Needlework correspondence, 
evidence of the life. 

6126
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:37,700
She lived while you were 
elsewhere. 

6127
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:42,500
Your 59 and probably have a few 
years left, maybe more, maybe 

6128
05:36:42,500 --> 05:36:46,000
less, it doesn't much matter. 
The important things are 

6129
05:36:46,000 --> 05:36:48,700
finished the war continues 
without you, the kingdom 

6130
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:51,400
functions and children and 
grandchildren carry forward. 

6131
05:36:51,400 --> 05:36:55,300
You're just waiting now for what
you're not entirely, sure. 

6132
05:36:55,300 --> 05:36:58,400
But whatever comes, you'll face 
it the same way you've faced 

6133
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:01,900
everything with Duty 
determination and that peculiar 

6134
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,700
mix of Pride and regret. 
That defines your entire 

6135
05:37:04,700 --> 05:37:08,300
complicated, life, your 64. 
And you're not sure you're still

6136
05:37:08,300 --> 05:37:12,300
you, some days are clear, you 
wake knowing who you are, where 

6137
05:37:12,300 --> 05:37:15,500
you are, and what the 
responsibilities are other days,

6138
05:37:15,500 --> 05:37:19,000
you surface from sleep, confused
expecting Philippa beside, you 

6139
05:37:19,008 --> 05:37:21,300
wondering why your needs don't 
work properly. 

6140
05:37:21,300 --> 05:37:24,000
And unable, to remember, if 
you're supposed to be fighting 

6141
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:27,400
the French or the Scots, or if 
maybe that was all years ago. 

6142
05:37:28,200 --> 05:37:31,200
Your attendance of patient, 
they've learned your rhythms and

6143
05:37:31,200 --> 05:37:34,200
know which days you're lucid and
which days you need, gentle 

6144
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:37,100
guidance. 
Today's seems clear so far. 

6145
05:37:37,100 --> 05:37:40,700
You remember your name your 
kingdom and the fact that 

6146
05:37:40,708 --> 05:37:42,900
Philippa is dead and has been 
for five years. 

6147
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:47,100
Windsor is quiet in the early 
morning, your Chambers face, 

6148
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:50,800
East sunlight streaming, in 
Illuminating dust, Motes, 

6149
05:37:50,800 --> 05:37:55,500
floating laser, You watch them 
drift mesmerized by their simple

6150
05:37:55,500 --> 05:37:59,100
existence. 
No responsibilities, no weight. 

6151
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:03,100
Just floating Your Grace, your 
grandson is here. 

6152
05:38:04,000 --> 05:38:07,900
Richard Edward's son, ten years 
old, visiting the dying King 

6153
05:38:07,900 --> 05:38:11,400
they bring him periodically. 
Ensuring connection with The 

6154
05:38:11,400 --> 05:38:14,300
Heirs. 
Are the boy is serious polite 

6155
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:16,900
and probably terrified of the 
old man in the big bed. 

6156
05:38:16,900 --> 05:38:20,600
Richard, you greet him, summon 
and Clarity come sit. 

6157
05:38:21,300 --> 05:38:23,300
He approaches carefully and 
purchases on the chair. 

6158
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:26,400
Beside your bed, he has his 
father's features but his 

6159
05:38:26,400 --> 05:38:28,500
mother's coloring dark and 
handsome. 

6160
05:38:28,500 --> 05:38:31,700
He'll be beautiful. 
When he grows up if he grows up.

6161
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:34,300
King ship isn't conducive to 
longevity. 

6162
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:37,800
How are your studies? 
You are asked the traditional 

6163
05:38:37,800 --> 05:38:41,000
grandfather question. 
Well, your grace, I'm learning. 

6164
05:38:41,000 --> 05:38:45,100
Latin and philosophy and call me
grandfather, you interrupt, your

6165
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:47,500
family family, don't your grace 
each other. 

6166
05:38:47,500 --> 05:38:50,500
He relaxes slightly. 
Yes, grandfather. 

6167
05:38:51,300 --> 05:38:52,900
You talk for a while or rather 
he talks. 

6168
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:56,200
While you listen stories about 
his tutors, his siblings and 

6169
05:38:56,200 --> 05:38:59,800
small dramas in a child's life. 
It's Pleasant this window into 

6170
05:38:59,800 --> 05:39:02,300
simple concerns. 
You've spent so long with 

6171
05:39:02,300 --> 05:39:04,000
Kingdom. 
Size problems that childhood 

6172
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:06,200
troubles. 
Feel refreshing when he leaves 

6173
05:39:06,200 --> 05:39:11,200
your tired but satisfied Legacy.
You think that boy will be king 

6174
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:15,100
someday carrying forward. 
Whatever you've built hopefully 

6175
05:39:15,100 --> 05:39:18,000
better than you manage your 
counsel comes later. 

6176
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:19,900
But you barely follow the 
discussion. 

6177
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:23,800
Something about France There's 
always something about France, 

6178
05:39:23,800 --> 05:39:26,800
treaties, maybe, or renewed 
conflict. 

6179
05:39:26,800 --> 05:39:30,500
You've lost track the war. 
Outlasted your interest becoming

6180
05:39:30,500 --> 05:39:34,100
background noise to dying. 
Edward visits less often. 

6181
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:36,600
Now he's busy governing. 
While you fade taking on 

6182
05:39:36,600 --> 05:39:39,900
responsibilities, you can no 
longer manage the black prince, 

6183
05:39:39,900 --> 05:39:44,100
famous and capable everything. 
You hoped he'd be. 

6184
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:47,400
Though, you notice he looks 
tired too worn down the same way

6185
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:50,900
you were kingship takes its toll
regardless of capability. 

6186
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:54,000
French situation requires a 
decision. 

6187
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:56,600
He says carefully, you decide 
you tell him. 

6188
05:39:56,600 --> 05:39:59,300
I trust you. 
Relieve crosses his face. 

6189
05:39:59,300 --> 05:40:01,800
He's been making decisions. 
Anyway, just seeking your 

6190
05:40:01,800 --> 05:40:04,400
blessing for legitimacy. 
You're a signature now. 

6191
05:40:04,400 --> 05:40:08,100
Not a ruler, the crown has 
already passed everything but 

6192
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:12,500
officially Knights are hardest. 
Pain, keeps you awake, your 

6193
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:15,500
joints, your lungs. 
Everything deteriorating 

6194
05:40:15,500 --> 05:40:19,400
servants, bring wine with poppy 
juice, darling, the discomfort 

6195
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:22,900
and blurring your mind further. 
You drift between sleep and 

6196
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:26,300
waking, losing track of, which 
is which you dream about your 

6197
05:40:26,300 --> 05:40:29,600
children, all of them, the 
living and the dead mixed 

6198
05:40:29,600 --> 05:40:33,200
together, Joan and William, and 
Edward, and Isabela different 

6199
05:40:33,200 --> 05:40:36,800
ages different times. 
Sometimes Philippa is there 

6200
05:40:36,808 --> 05:40:39,800
young and laughing? 
Sometimes your mother 

6201
05:40:39,800 --> 05:40:43,700
terrifying, as always, sometimes
you're a child yourself, 

6202
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:47,000
watching your father, make the 
mistakes, you swore you to void.

6203
05:40:47,000 --> 05:40:50,000
Did you avoid them? 
You can't remember anymore, 

6204
05:40:50,000 --> 05:40:54,600
everything blurs together, 
successes and failures, triumphs

6205
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:58,500
and regrets the long life 
reduced to fragments pieces. 

6206
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:02,200
That might not even be real. 
One clear day, you ask for 

6207
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:04,800
accounting. 
Tell me what I accomplished. 

6208
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:07,800
Your secretary lists 
achievements due to Lee 

6209
05:41:07,800 --> 05:41:10,300
territories won battles 
Victorious. 

6210
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:14,200
Economic improvements and legal 
reforms impressive. 

6211
05:41:14,200 --> 05:41:17,700
On paper. 
This list of Royal success, it 

6212
05:41:17,700 --> 05:41:20,900
sounds like someone else's life.
And the costs you are. 

6213
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:25,000
Awkward silence. 
No one wants to discuss costs 

6214
05:41:25,000 --> 05:41:28,500
with dying Kings, but you press 
needing honest to Counting 

6215
05:41:28,500 --> 05:41:31,500
before the end. 
Finally, someone mentioned the 

6216
05:41:31,500 --> 05:41:35,000
deaths soldiers, civilians the 
casualties of Decades of 

6217
05:41:35,008 --> 05:41:39,400
warfare, the debt accumulated, 
the families were destroyed the 

6218
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:41,700
opportunities missed pursuing 
military Glory. 

6219
05:41:42,900 --> 05:41:45,300
Was it worth it? 
You are asked not expecting an 

6220
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:47,900
answer. 
No one speaks because how do you

6221
05:41:47,900 --> 05:41:51,100
measure worth The expanded 
territory against the dead 

6222
05:41:51,100 --> 05:41:54,700
children, The increased Prestige
against the absent decades, the 

6223
05:41:54,700 --> 05:41:57,500
strong Kingdom against the 
weakened King, you don't know 

6224
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:00,100
either. 
You've spent 64 years being, 

6225
05:42:00,100 --> 05:42:02,200
Edward the third and you're 
still not sure if you did it, 

6226
05:42:02,208 --> 05:42:04,800
right. 
Summer, comes your last 

6227
05:42:04,808 --> 05:42:07,600
probably. 
The Gardens at Windsor Bloom 

6228
05:42:07,600 --> 05:42:10,100
magnificently visible from your 
windows. 

6229
05:42:10,100 --> 05:42:14,300
You watch servants, tending, 
flowers, children, playing and 

6230
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:18,300
life, continuing regardless of 
your participation It's oddly 

6231
05:42:18,300 --> 05:42:21,500
comforting, this evidence that 
everything will be fine without 

6232
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:24,100
you. 
Edward brings Richard to visit. 

6233
05:42:24,100 --> 05:42:27,800
Again, your grandson is growing 
quickly, losing his child 

6234
05:42:27,800 --> 05:42:31,600
roundness and becoming the 
person he'll be You try to give 

6235
05:42:31,600 --> 05:42:35,100
advice and share wisdom, but 
words, tangle your mind isn't 

6236
05:42:35,100 --> 05:42:39,700
cooperating anymore. 
Kind you manage finally, the 

6237
05:42:39,700 --> 05:42:42,100
kingdom needs strength but 
kindness matters too. 

6238
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:47,500
Richard nod, seriously, probably
not understanding, he's 10 he 

6239
05:42:47,500 --> 05:42:51,100
barely understood it at 10 and 
you'd been King for years, your 

6240
05:42:51,100 --> 05:42:53,700
attendance and increase the 
poppy dose pain management. 

6241
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:57,500
They call it really. 
It's the final Mercy, easing, 

6242
05:42:57,500 --> 05:43:00,600
you toward the inevitable. 
You don't protest, you're ready.

6243
05:43:00,608 --> 05:43:03,700
You've been ready for a while. 
Just waiting for the body to 

6244
05:43:03,700 --> 05:43:07,500
catch up with the spirit. 
One morning, you wake or think 

6245
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:11,500
you wake and Philippa? 
Is there not old, but young, the

6246
05:43:11,500 --> 05:43:15,900
way she looked 40 years ago. 
She smiling patient waiting. 

6247
05:43:16,900 --> 05:43:19,600
Is it time you ask soon? 
She says, rest. 

6248
05:43:19,600 --> 05:43:23,600
Now you do. 
Rest comes easily finally the 

6249
05:43:23,600 --> 05:43:26,900
burdens lifting, the weight of 
the crown and responsibility 

6250
05:43:26,900 --> 05:43:28,700
dissolving. 
You're just Edward. 

6251
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:32,600
Again not the king, not the 
Conqueror, just a man who tried 

6252
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:35,800
his best and succeeded, 
sometimes, and fail, sometimes 

6253
05:43:35,800 --> 05:43:37,500
and loved him perfectly, but 
truly. 

6254
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:43,700
The room fills with soft light. 
Philippa's hand in yours, warm, 

6255
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:46,000
and real, your children 
Gathering. 

6256
05:43:46,000 --> 05:43:49,800
All of them, living and dead, 
young, and old, the whole 

6257
05:43:49,800 --> 05:43:51,700
impossible, family, you're 
ready? 

6258
05:43:51,700 --> 05:43:56,500
And then quietly without drama 
or Glory or done the kingdom 

6259
05:43:56,500 --> 05:43:59,500
continues. 
It always does, Wars are fought 

6260
05:43:59,500 --> 05:44:04,200
won and lost children become 
King's, make their own mistakes 

6261
05:44:04,200 --> 05:44:08,300
and build their own legacies. 
The great wheel turns in 

6262
05:44:08,300 --> 05:44:12,800
different to any single life. 
For a while for 64 complicated 

6263
05:44:12,800 --> 05:44:14,400
years. 
You were part of it. 

6264
05:44:14,400 --> 05:44:19,400
Edward the third, the hard lived
King, not perfect, not terrible.

6265
05:44:20,300 --> 05:44:23,900
Human trying to balance 
impossible demands succeeding, 

6266
05:44:23,900 --> 05:44:27,600
occasionally failing often and 
loving as well as Duty allowed. 

6267
05:44:27,600 --> 05:44:32,100
Your story ends here in this 
quiet room, surrounded by ghosts

6268
05:44:32,100 --> 05:44:34,200
and memories and the soft light 
of a summer morning. 

6269
05:44:34,200 --> 05:44:36,600
Rest easy. 
Now you've earned it