Fall Asleep Fast To | The Medieval Warm Period: When Europe Unexpectedly Bloomed

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Hey, there. 
You tired. 

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Little pookies. 
I know you guys use these videos

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for sleep. 
So let's snuggle up. 

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And let me tell you another 
story here tonight where we 

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travel to Medieval Europe during
a few centuries, when the 

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climate decided to be unusually 
cooperative and the results were

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crazier than you might ever 
imagine. 

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So if you're new here as always 
joining the community is super 

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quick and easy, just tap 
subscribe and like the video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you now get 
cozy. 

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Turn on your fan for some noise 
and let's start. 

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Imagine nothing not Darkness 
Darkness requires something to 

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be dark, not silent. 
Silence require space for sound 

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to not fill just nothing. 
And then approximately 4.6 

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billion years ago, in a rather 
ordinary corner of an 

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unremarkable Galaxy a cloud of 
dust and gas decided to do 

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something interesting. 
This wasn't a dramatic moment 

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with Cosmic fireworks and 
Celestial Fanfare. 

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It was more like watching cream 
slowly swirl into coffee except 

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the coffee was hydrogen and 
helium. 

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The cream was various elements 
forged in the belly of dead 

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stars and the whole thing was 
happening in the absolute zero 

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of space. 
The cloud began to collapse 

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under its own gravity spinning 
faster as it contracted the way 

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an ice skater spins faster. 
When pulling in their arms at 

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the center of this spinning. 
Cloud material, accumulated and 

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compressed until the pressure, 
and temperature became so 

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intense that hydrogen atoms 
began fusing into helium. 

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Our son flickered to life not 
with a bang but with a gradual 

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brightening like someone slowly 
turning up. 

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A dimmer switch over the course 
of several million years around 

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this newborn star. 
The remaining dust and gas 

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continued to orbit Occasionally 
bumping into other particles 

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sticking together through simple
physics and patient 

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accumulation. 
These Cosmic dust bunnies grew 

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larger their gravity pulling in 
a more material creating bodies 

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that would eventually become 
planets. 

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This process was less like 
construction and more like, very

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slow, very violent pottery. 
With collisions serving as The 

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Potter's Wheel about 4.54 
billion years ago. 

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Give or take 50 million years 
because geological dating isn't 

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an exact science at these 
scales. 

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One of these protoplanets had 
grown large enough to Warrant 

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its own name. 
We call it Earth though. 

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It bought absolutely no 
resemblance to the planet you're

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sitting on right now. 
Imagine taking everything lovely

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about Earth. 
The blue oceans, green forests 

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and breathable atmosphere. 
And replacing it with a ball of 

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molten rocks, spinning through 
the void like an angry Ember. 

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The younger Earth was hot. 
Not summer after noon, hot not 

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even surface of the Sun hot, but
hot enough to melt rock, which 

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is saying something. 
Surface was covered in magma 

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Ocean's. 
Vast expanses of liquid rock. 

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That glowed, red and orange. 
Like some hellish lava lamp 

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stretching from Horizon to 
Horizon. 

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The atmosphere such as it was 
consisted primarily of 

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vaporized, rock some hydrogen 
and various gases. 

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That would have been immediately
fatal to any living thing. 

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Had any living things existed to
be killed by. 

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These was a period of intense 
bombardment when asteroids and 

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comets hilted, the young planet 
with the regularity of rain, 

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each impact added Mass heat and 
occasionally interesting new 

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chemical compounds. 
The larger impacts were 

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spectacular events, that would 
have vaporized entire oceans, if

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oceans had existed. 
Fortunately, no one was around 

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to worry about property values. 
Then roughly 4.5 billion years 

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ago. 
Something significant happened. 

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Another protoplanet about the 
size of Mars was traveling on an

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orbital path that intersected 
with Earths. 

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The Collision that followed was 
by any measure the most 

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important traffic accident in 
planetary history. the impact 

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was so catastrophic that it 
vaporized the impactor and 

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ejected, enormous amounts of 
material, from both bodies into 

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orbit, around Earth, this 
debris, ring spinning around the

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traumatized Planet gradually 
coalesced into our moon, Over 

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millions of years. 
Countless particles came 

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together through the same 
patient gravitational processes 

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that had formed Earth itself. 
Creating a companion that would 

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profoundly influence life on 
Earth in ways. 

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Neither body could have 
anticipated the moon's formation

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had another crucial effect, it 
stabilized, earth rotation, 

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Without this Celestial companion
earthwood wobble chaotically on 

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its axis. 
Like a spinning top losing 

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momentum, making consistent, 
climate patterns, nearly 

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impossible. 
The moon through its 

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gravitational influence, gave 
her the steady rotation that 

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would eventually allow for 
predictable seasons though it 

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would be billions of years 
before anything existed to 

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appreciate spring or Autumn. 
As the bombardment gradually 

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decreased and the surface began 
to cool. 

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The character of earth started 
to change. 

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Instead of a uniform sphere of 
molten rock differentiation 

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began to occur. 
Heavier elements like iron and 

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nickel sank toward the center 
creating Earth's dense core. 

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Lighter materials, Rose toward 
the surface forming the 

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beginning of what would 
eventually become the crossed. 

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It was like watching a cosmic 
separation similar to oil and 

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vinegar settling in salad 
dressing except on a planetary 

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scale and over millions of 
years. 

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The cooling continued the 
cooling is relative when 

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discussing something that starts
as molten rock. 

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The surface temperature dropped 
below the melting point of 

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various minerals, allowing the 
first solid cross to form. 

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This cross was thin unstable and
constantly recycled by the 

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convection current in the mantle
below. 

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But it represented something, 
genuinely new Solid Ground. 

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Yet the planet remained 
profoundly in hospitable, the 

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atmosphere was thick with carbon
dioxide and water vapor creating

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a greenhouse effect that kept 
surface temperatures at levels. 

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That would have felt 
comfortable. 

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Only to the molten rock that 
still occasionally breached the 

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surface through volcanic 
activity, Lightning storms of 

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incredible violence. 
Split the sky caused by the 

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interaction of volcanic, gases 
and Atmospheric turbulence. 

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The landscape was Barren dark 
and dotted with active 

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volcanoes, that regularly 
resurface, the thin crust with 

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fresh lava. 
But within this violence, 

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something remarkable was 
occurring, the volcanic activity

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that made the surface. 
So hostile was also releasing 

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water vapor that had been locked
in the planets, interior. 

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This water vapor Rose into the 
atmosphere, gradually 

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accumulating until the 
atmosphere became saturated with

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it, like a sponge that can hold 
no more liquid. 

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The stage was being set for the 
next great transformation 

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though, it would require 
patience. 

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The kind of patients that only 
geology possesses picked the 

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moment when Earth's atmosphere 
finally called enough for 

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something magical to happen. 
After millions of years of 

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accumulation, the water vapor in
the atmosphere, reached a 

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critical threshold. 
For the first time in planetary 

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history, the surface temperature
dropped below the boiling point 

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of water at atmospheric 
pressure. 

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What happened? 
Next was quite literally, the 

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longest Reign storm in Earth's 
history, it rained, and it 

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rained, and it rained some more,
this wasn't a spring shower, or 

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even a monsoon season. 
This was a Reign event that 

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lasted and here's where geology 
sentence of time becomes almost 

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comical. 
Possibly thousands of years. 

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Imagine setting your watch for 
the beginning of recorded human 

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history and watching it rain 
constantly until today. 

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That gives you a sense of the 
scale were discussing. 

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The water fell on rocks, so hot,
it instantly vaporized shooting 

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back into the atmosphere as 
Steam. 

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But each time this happened, the
rock called slightly Eventually 

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after countless cycle of rain 
evaporation and more rain the 

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surface temperature dropped 
enough for water to remain 

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liquid. 
The first puddles formed, then 

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pulls then sees and finally vast
ocean that covered much of the 

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planet's surface. 
These early oceans were nothing 

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like the sparkling Blue Waters. 
You might visit on vacation. 

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They were hot, perhaps close to 
the boiling point. 

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In many places, they were acidic
and Rich and dissolved minerals 

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and gases from volcanic 
activity. 

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The water was likely greenish 
brown or Gray colored by 

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dissolved iron and other metals.
If you could somehow have stood 

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on the shore of this primordial 
ocean, you would have seen a 

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scene from a science fiction 
nightmare. 

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Steaming Waters under a thick 
orange gray, atmosphere with 

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volcanic islands, dotting The 
Horizon, and lightning 

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constantly, Illuminating the 
clouds. 

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Yet these hostile Waters were 
paradoxically preparing to 

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become the birthplace of all 
life on Earth. 

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The oceans served as a vast 
chemical laboratory mixing 

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minerals from the rocks with 
gases from the atmosphere and 

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energy from volcanic vents 
lightning, and the fierce ultra 

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violet radiation that penetrated
the early atmosphere. 

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In tide pools and near 
hydrothermal vents complex. 

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Chemical reactions began to 
occur. 

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The early Earth had no oxygen in
its atmosphere. 

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At least not molecular oxygen as
we know it. 

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This would have been immediately
fatal to most modern organisms, 

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but it created perfect 
conditions for the chemistry 

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that would eventually lead to 
life. 

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Without oxygen to break down 
organic molecules complex carbon

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compounds. 
Could accumulate and interact in

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ways that wouldn't be possible 
in today's oxidizing atmosphere 

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water itself. 
Was The crucial ingredient water

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is an extraordinary solvent 
capable of dissolving and 

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transporting a remarkable range 
of chemical compounds. 

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It facilitates reactions, that 
would be impossible in dry 

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conditions, its unique 
properties expanding, when 

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Frozen, having high surface 
tension, being most dense at 

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four degrees Celsius, rather 
than its freezing point. 

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Would prove a sensual for life, 
though. 

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This wouldn't become apparent 
for 100s of millions of years. 

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The formation of stable Ocean's 
marked another crucial 

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development. 
The water cycle. 

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Water, evaporated from the 
ocean's formed clouds, fellas, 

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rain on the continents and 
flowed, back to the Seas, 

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through rivers and streams. 
This cycle would eventually 

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become one of Earth's. 
Most important processes for 

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Distributing heat shaping the 
landscape and creating diverse 

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environments where life could 
Thrive. 

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But the early Earth surface was 
still dramatically different 

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from today. there were no 
continents as we understand them

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know, vast land masses with 
diverse geography, Instead 

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volcanic islands and small Proto
continents, Rose above the ocean

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surface, constantly, being 
reshaped by ongoing, volcanic 

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activity and the earliest forms 
of plate tectonics. 

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These land masses were Barren, 
Rock, weathering slowly under 

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the assault of acidic rain and 
being ground down by the 

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mechanical action of waves and 
temperature changes. 

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This weathering process was 
crucial for what came next. 

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As rocks broke down. 
They released minerals into the 

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ocean's in riching the chemical 
soup that filled Earth sees. 

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Essential Elements like 
phosphorus sulfur and various 

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Trace Metals, dissolved into the
water, creating the diverse 

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chemical environment, that life 
would have eventually require 

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the seafloor during this period 
was a landscape of extremes. 

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Hydrothermal vents punctured. 
The ocean floor. 

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Releasing superheated water rich
in dissolved minerals and gases.

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Around these vents, chemical 
gradients created zones where 

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different reactions could occur.
Some scientists believe these 

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vents where hot mineral-rich 
water mixed with cooler seawater

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may have provided the energy and
chemical conditions necessary 

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for the first living things to 
emerge. 

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The atmosphere was gradually 
changing as well as carbon 

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dioxide dissolved in the oceans 
and reacted with minerals to 

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form carbonate. 
Rocks atmospheric, CO2 levels, 

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slowly decreased, this gradually
reduced, the greenhouse effect 

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allowing temperatures to cool 
further, It was a negative 

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feedback loop that would 
eventually help stabilize 

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Earth's climate. 
Though eventually means over 

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100s of millions of years during
this era, the moon was much 

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closer to Earth than it is 
today, perhaps half its current 

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distance. 
This proximity created tides of 

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almost unimaginable power. 
Twice daily. 

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The ocean would surge in Retreat
to cross vast stretches of 

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Shoreline driven by 
gravitational forces far 

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stronger than today's tides. 
These powerful Tides created 

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Dynamic transitional zones 
between ocean and land 

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environments where water air and
rock constantly interacted. 

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These tidal zones may have been 
Crucible for early chemical 

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evolution. 
The repeated cycles of wetting 

236
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:36,000
and drying and heating and 
cooling created conditions, 

237
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:40,400
where complex molecules could 
form concentrate and interact in

238
00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:42,900
ways that might not occur in 
Open Water. 

239
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:47,500
In the pools left behind by 
retreating Tides organic 

240
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:50,700
compounds, could accumulate and 
undergo reactions, driven by 

241
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:55,400
sunlight heat from nearby, 
volcanic activity and the simple

242
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:57,700
mechanics of evaporation and 
concentration. 

243
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:02,900
The stage was set Earth. 
Now, had stable Ocean's a 

244
00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:07,100
recycling water cycle, diverse 
chemical environments and energy

245
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:11,200
sources ranging from volcanic 
heat to ultra-violet radiation. 

246
00:14:12,900 --> 00:14:16,300
In the cosmic sense, the planet 
was ready for its most important

247
00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,500
transition. 
From the world of chemistry to a

248
00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:22,400
world of biology though. 
No one was waiting and nothing 

249
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:25,000
was planned. 
The conditions were right for 

250
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:28,500
something unprecedented in the 
known universe emergence of 

251
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:32,100
Life, somewhere around 3.8 to 4 
billion years ago. 

252
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,300
Please forgive the imprecision, 
but we're trying to date events 

253
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:38,200
that left. 
Barely a chemical whisper in the

254
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:40,300
Rocks. 
Something extraordinary 

255
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:43,500
happened. 
And some warm pool or near some 

256
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:46,800
hydrothermal vent, or in some 
other environment we might never

257
00:14:46,800 --> 00:14:51,100
definitively identify. 
Chemistry became biology. 

258
00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:54,400
We need to be on here. 
We don't know exactly how this 

259
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,300
happened. 
Scientists have proposed various

260
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:00,300
scenarios. 
The primordial soup hypothesis. 

261
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:04,500
The metabolism first Theory and 
the RNA World concept. 

262
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:07,900
But the truth is that the origin
of Life remains, one of 

263
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:12,100
science's Most Fascinating 
Unsolved Mysteries. what we do 

264
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,100
know is that at some point 
chemical systems began to do 

265
00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,400
something they hadn't done 
before, they began to reproduce 

266
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,700
themselves, imagine the first 
living thing, if we can even 

267
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:25,500
call it that, It wasn't to sell 
as we'd recognize one to day 

268
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:28,800
with all the complex Machinery, 
that even the simplest modern 

269
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:32,000
bacteria possess. 
It was probably something much 

270
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:36,200
simpler perhaps just a 
self-replicating molecule in 

271
00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:39,300
closed in some kind of membrane 
that separated it from its 

272
00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,400
environment. 
This humble beginning. 

273
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:46,800
This first tentative, step from 
chemistry to biology, was 

274
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,800
arguably the most important 
moment in Earth's history. 

275
00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:53,400
These first life forms, whatever
they were, would have been 

276
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:55,800
extraordinarily simple by modern
standards. 

277
00:15:55,800 --> 00:16:00,200
They didn't photo synthesize, 
didn't respond oxygen, which 

278
00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:03,400
didn't exist in the atmosphere. 
Anyway, and probably didn't do 

279
00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:06,200
much of anything except the bare
minimum required to maintain 

280
00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:08,500
their existence and occasionally
reproduce. 

281
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:11,700
Yet they possess something that 
no mere chemical. 

282
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:15,800
Reaction has the ability to pass
information to their descendants

283
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:20,200
life even in its most primitive 
form involves information. 

284
00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,900
The first living things carried 
instructions, probably in the 

285
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:28,800
form of RNA or something RNA, 
like that determine their 

286
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:32,000
structure and function. 
When they reproduced, they 

287
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,600
copied these instructions and 
occasionally the copying process

288
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:39,700
introduced errors. 
Most errors were harmful causing

289
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:42,100
The Offspring to function poorly
or not at all. 

290
00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:46,700
But occasionally purely by 
chance, an arrow would produce 

291
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,000
something that works slightly 
better under the existing 

292
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,400
conditions. 
This is evolution in its purest 

293
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:57,700
form random variation combined 
with non-random selection, the 

294
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:00,400
organisms that functioned better
in their environment were more 

295
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:04,200
likely to survive and reproduce 
passing their advantageous 

296
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,700
characteristics to their 
descendants Over millions of 

297
00:17:07,700 --> 00:17:11,300
years, this simple process would
transform simple replicating 

298
00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,900
molecules into the astonishing 
diversity of life. 

299
00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:18,099
We see today, the early 
biosphere, if we can call it 

300
00:17:18,099 --> 00:17:22,200
that was entirely microbial. 
For more than a billion years, 

301
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:25,599
Earth was a planet of 
microscopic organisms living in 

302
00:17:25,599 --> 00:17:29,500
the oceans in rocks and possibly
in the thin film of moisture 

303
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:31,500
that occasionally covered land 
surfaces. 

304
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:36,300
These organisms were all 
prokaryotes cells without a 

305
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:40,000
nucleus, or other membrane-bound
organelles, they were simpler 

306
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,300
than any modern sell yet. 
They were alive metabolizing 

307
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:47,000
reproducing and slowly 
imperceptibly changing these 

308
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,300
early microbes developed various
strategies for obtaining energy.

309
00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:54,300
Some probably fed on organic 
molecules that form through 

310
00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:56,400
non-biological chemical 
reactions. 

311
00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,300
Others might have used chemical 
gradients around hydrothermal 

312
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,500
vents to power their metabolism.
Still others. 

313
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:05,700
Develop the ability to use 
sunlight to drive. 

314
00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:08,300
Chemical reactions though. 
These early forms of 

315
00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:10,800
photosynthesis were quite 
different from the oxygen 

316
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,100
producing version with familiar.
With today, the ocean during 

317
00:18:14,100 --> 00:18:17,700
this era would have looked alien
to modernize the water, had a 

318
00:18:17,708 --> 00:18:21,300
distinctly different color. 
Perhaps greenish, Brown from 

319
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,600
dissolved iron ore tinged with 
other colors from various 

320
00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:27,800
dissolved minerals. 
The atmosphere above was still 

321
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:32,200
dominated by carbon dioxide and 
nitrogen and water vapor with 

322
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:35,900
little or no oxygen. 
Ultraviolet radiation from the 

323
00:18:35,900 --> 00:18:39,100
Sun, Beat Down on the surface 
with an intensity. 

324
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:41,600
That would be lethal to most 
modern organisms. 

325
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:45,500
Since there was no ozone layer 
to filter it out yet, life 

326
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:49,400
persisted and gradually became 
more sophisticated. somewhere 

327
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:53,300
around 3.5 billion years ago, 
microbes began building, 

328
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:57,700
structures called stromatolites 
layered, mounds of sediment and 

329
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:01,400
microbial, mats that we can 
still see fossilized in rocks of

330
00:19:01,408 --> 00:19:05,600
appropriate age, These dramatic 
lights among our best evidence 

331
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:09,000
for early life preserved, 
communities of microorganisms 

332
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:14,500
that grew died and were covered 
by sediment only to be colonized

333
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:17,700
by new generations of microbes 
that repeated the process. 

334
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:22,300
If you'd visited a dramatic 
covered Shore 3.5 billion years 

335
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:25,000
ago, you might have seen low 
rounded. 

336
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:27,000
Mounds rising from the shallow 
water. 

337
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,600
Their surfaces covered with a 
greenish or brownish slime. 

338
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:33,600
Of microbes living in 
communities. 

339
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:37,300
Each species, occupying, its 
preferred depth based on its 

340
00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:41,100
tolerance for light oxygen and 
various chemical compounds. 

341
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:46,000
These were Earth's first, 
ecosystems communities of 

342
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,300
organisms, interacting with each
other and their environment in 

343
00:19:49,300 --> 00:19:53,200
ways that transformed both the 
development of photosynthesis 

344
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,000
was a crucial Milestone. 
Though, it happened gradually 

345
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,900
and in stages Early 
photosynthetic. 

346
00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:02,700
Organisms used hydrogen sulfide 
or other compounds as an 

347
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:04,200
electron Source rather than 
water? 

348
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:08,200
They produce sulfur or other 
byproducts rather than oxygen? 

349
00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,700
these organisms could Harvest 
energy from sunlight, using it 

350
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:17,000
to convert carbon dioxide into 
organic compounds, It was a neat

351
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,200
trick that gave photosynthetic 
organisms a significant 

352
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:24,700
advantage over those that relied
on chemical energy sources but 

353
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:28,900
then probably around 2.7 to 2.5 
billion years ago. 

354
00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:31,100
Something revolutionary 
occurred. 

355
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:37,000
Some microbes probably ancestors
of modern cyanobacteria evolved,

356
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,400
the ability to use water as an 
electron source for 

357
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:43,000
photosynthesis. 
This was a genuine Innovation 

358
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:47,400
because water is abundant unlike
hydrogen sulfide which is 

359
00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:49,400
limited to specific 
environments. 

360
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:53,200
Like hydrothermal vents, there 
was just one small problem with 

361
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:57,400
this new form of photosynthesis.
It produced oxygen as a waste 

362
00:20:57,400 --> 00:20:59,800
product. 
Oxygen is wonderful stuff. 

363
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:02,800
If you're an organism that has 
evolved to use it, it's 

364
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,800
extraordinarily reactive, which 
makes it perfect for extracting 

365
00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:10,600
energy from food molecules 
efficiently, aerobic metabolism,

366
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:14,900
respiration, using oxygen yields
far more energy per glucose 

367
00:21:14,900 --> 00:21:17,400
molecule that any form of 
anaerobic metabolism. 

368
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:21,700
It's the difference between 
getting 15 miles per gallon and 

369
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:24,800
getting 50. 
But oxygen is terrible stuff. 

370
00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:27,700
If you're an organism that 
evolved in an oxygen-free world,

371
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,600
the same reactivity that makes 
oxygen useful for energy 

372
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:33,800
production also makes it 
dangerous. 

373
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:39,600
Oxygen attacks organic molecules
breaking them down causing what 

374
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:42,500
we now recognize as oxidative 
stress. 

375
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:46,500
To the microbes that live for 
billions of years in an 

376
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,300
oxygen-free world. 
The appearance of oxygen in 

377
00:21:49,300 --> 00:21:52,600
their environment was something 
between a catastrophe and an 

378
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:57,100
apocalypse as oxygen producing 
cyanobacteria spread across the 

379
00:21:57,100 --> 00:21:59,900
ocean's. 
They began pumping oxygen into 

380
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:03,500
the water. 
Initially this oxygen reacted 

381
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:07,400
with dissolved, ion forming rust
that precipitated out of the 

382
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:10,000
water and sank to the ocean 
floor. 

383
00:22:11,100 --> 00:22:14,300
Today, we mine these ancient 
deposits as banded. 

384
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:18,300
Iron formations alternating 
layers of iron oxide and other 

385
00:22:18,300 --> 00:22:21,200
sediments that record the 
gradually increasing oxygen 

386
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:24,800
levels in Earth's oceans. 
They're basically fossil rust 

387
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,100
and they represent one of the 
largest ore deposits on the 

388
00:22:28,100 --> 00:22:30,400
planet. 
This process continued for 

389
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:34,700
hundreds of millions of years, 
the ocean's accumulated oxygen 

390
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:38,200
while the atmosphere remained 
relatively oxygen free because 

391
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,300
antioxidant that reached the 
atmosphere quickly reacted with 

392
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:45,100
methane and other gases. 
But eventually around 2.4 

393
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:49,600
billion years ago, the sinks for
oxygen became saturated the iron

394
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:53,600
in the ocean had all rusted, the
atmospheric methane had all 

395
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,300
oxidized and oxygen began to 
accumulate in the atmosphere 

396
00:22:57,300 --> 00:22:59,700
itself. 
This event called the Great 

397
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:03,300
oxidation of end was possibly 
the most dramatic, change in 

398
00:23:03,300 --> 00:23:05,500
Earth's environments since the 
planet formed. 

399
00:23:06,300 --> 00:23:08,400
It was all. 
So from the perspective of most 

400
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:13,000
existing life forms a massive 
Extinction of event, Organisms 

401
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:16,200
that couldn't tolerate oxygen 
retreated to oxygen-free 

402
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:19,600
environments. 
Deep sediments hydrothermal 

403
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,900
vents and the guts of other 
organisms. 

404
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,600
Many probably went extinct 
entirely but the appearance of 

405
00:23:26,608 --> 00:23:30,300
oxygen also created 
opportunities, some organisms 

406
00:23:30,300 --> 00:23:34,500
evolved ways to tolerate oxygen,
a few even learned to use it 

407
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,400
developing aerobic metabolism, 
that could extract far more 

408
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,300
energy from food molecules than 
their anaerobic cousins. 

409
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,900
These oxygen using organisms, 
had a significant Advantage, 

410
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:49,900
more energy meant they could 
grow fast faster, reproduce more

411
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:52,600
quickly and colonize more 
environments. 

412
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:56,700
The accumulation of oxygen had, 
another profound effect, It 

413
00:23:56,708 --> 00:24:00,800
created the ozone. 
Layer ozone, 034 forms, when 

414
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:05,700
ultraviolet, radiation, splits 
oxygen molecules, O2 and the 

415
00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:09,000
resulting free oxygen atoms 
combined with other oxygen 

416
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,100
molecules. 
This ozone concentrated in the 

417
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,800
upper atmosphere or absorbed 
ultraviolet radiation that have 

418
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:17,400
previously reached Earth's 
surface. 

419
00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:20,100
The ozone layer. 
Effectively gave her the 

420
00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:23,500
sunscreen protecting surface 
dwelling organisms from the 

421
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:26,100
genetic damage caused by intense
UV radiation. 

422
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:31,100
But then something strange 
happened, Around 2.4 billion 

423
00:24:31,100 --> 00:24:34,700
years ago, shortly after oxygen 
began accumulating in the 

424
00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:38,200
atmosphere Earth. 
Experienced what geologists call

425
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,400
the heronian glaciation. 
First. 

426
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:47,900
And possibly longest of several 
snowball Earth events. 400 of 

427
00:24:47,908 --> 00:24:49,900
millions of years. 
Ice may have covered. 

428
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:53,400
Most are all of Earth's surface 
from pole to pole, extending, 

429
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,300
even to the equator. 
How does a planet that had been 

430
00:24:56,300 --> 00:24:59,700
warm enough for liquid? 
Oceans suddenly free solid The 

431
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:02,600
culprit was probably the great 
oxidation event itself. 

432
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:06,900
Remember all that methane in the
atmosphere methane is a powerful

433
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:10,700
greenhouse gas. 
When oxygen reacted with and 

434
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:13,900
removed atmospheric methane, it 
dramatically reduced the 

435
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:17,700
greenhouse effect Without 
methane trapping heat, Earth's 

436
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,700
temperature, plummeted the 
transition to an ice-covered 

437
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:23,700
World, probably happened 
gradually, but it was driven by 

438
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:25,700
a powerful positive feedback 
loop. 

439
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,300
As ice and snow covered more of 
Earth's surface. 

440
00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:32,200
There were reflected more 
sunlight back into space. 

441
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:36,600
This cooling led to more ice 
formation, which reflected more 

442
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:39,300
sunlight leading to more Cooling
and so on. 

443
00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:44,700
Eventually Earth may have become
completely Frozen a giant Cosmic

444
00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:48,900
snowball orbiting, the Sun, you 
might reasonably ask, how life 

445
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:51,700
survived this deep freeze. 
The answer involves a 

446
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:55,000
combination of refuge and 
remarkable microbial, resilience

447
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:57,300
life. 
Probably persisted near 

448
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:01,800
hydrothermal vents in volcanic 
hot springs and possibly in 

449
00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:03,500
pockets of liquid, water under 
the ice. 

450
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,500
Microbes can survive remarkably 
hostile conditions when they 

451
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:11,400
need to entering dormant States 
and waiting out unfavorable 

452
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:15,000
periods, the end of snowball 
Earth required, another feedback

453
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:19,000
mechanism, volcanic activity, 
continued even under the ice 

454
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:22,300
steadily, pumping carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere. 

455
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:26,500
Normally, this CO2 would be 
removed by weathering of rocks 

456
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:30,400
and dissolved in the ocean's. 
But with Earth's surface Frozen,

457
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:32,800
these processes essentially 
stopped. 

458
00:26:33,900 --> 00:26:37,300
CO2 accumulated for millions of 
years until the greenhouse 

459
00:26:37,300 --> 00:26:39,000
effect became strong enough to 
begin. 

460
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:42,100
Melting the ice once. 
Melting started the same 

461
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:44,200
feedback loop that had Frozen 
the planet. 

462
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,900
Now worked in reverse. 
Less ice meant, less reflection 

463
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:50,800
of sunlight, which meant 
warming, which meant more 

464
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:55,700
melting, and so on. the 
transition from snowball Earth 

465
00:26:55,700 --> 00:26:58,500
to Greenhouse conditions might 
have been relatively rapid 

466
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,300
perhaps only a few thousand 
years which is the blink of an 

467
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,800
eye in geological terms, when 
the ice melted it revealed a 

468
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,600
planet transformed The long 
freeze had been a severe test 

469
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:11,700
and many lineages, probably 
didn't survive. 

470
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,300
But those that did emerge into a
world with new possibilities. 

471
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:19,900
The stage was being set for the 
next great evolutionary 

472
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:23,900
innovation. 
The complex sell for more than 2

473
00:27:23,900 --> 00:27:27,100
billion years after life. 
First appeared Earth, remained a

474
00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:30,800
planet of prokaryotes, simple 
cells, without internal membrane

475
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:34,400
bound structures, these cells 
accomplished remarkable, things 

476
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:39,200
developing photosynthesis, 
nitrogen fixation and various 

477
00:27:39,200 --> 00:27:42,500
forms of metabolism. 
But they remained fundamentally 

478
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:46,100
simple in their architecture. 
Then somewhere around two 

479
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,900
billion years ago, something 
unprecedented happened a larger,

480
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:53,900
prokaryote engulfed, a smaller 
one perhaps intending to digest 

481
00:27:53,900 --> 00:27:57,900
it for food but in stead of 
being digested the smaller cells

482
00:27:57,900 --> 00:27:59,400
of survived inside the larger 
one. 

483
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,200
Two cells began a partnership 
that would transform life on 

484
00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:05,200
Earth. 
This process called 

485
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:10,200
endosymbiosis, created. 
The first UK cells cells with 

486
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:14,100
the nucleus and other 
membrane-bound organelles The 

487
00:28:14,100 --> 00:28:16,000
engulfed cell became the 
mitochondrion. 

488
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:20,000
Powerhouse of the cell 
responsible for aerobic 

489
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:22,500
respiration. 
This partnership was 

490
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:25,900
spectacularly successful because
it combined the larger cells 

491
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:28,700
ability to move and acquire 
Resources with the smaller 

492
00:28:28,700 --> 00:28:31,100
cells. 
Efficient oxygen-based 

493
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:35,100
metabolism later, some of these 
early eukaryotes engulfed 

494
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:40,100
photosynthetic cyanobacteria, 
which became chloroplasts This 

495
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:43,700
second endosymbiotic event, 
created the first algae and 

496
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:46,500
eventually led to all 
photosynthetic eukaryotes 

497
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:49,900
including the plants that would 
eventually colonize land. 

498
00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:53,500
The eukaryotic cell was like 
upgrading from a studio 

499
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:55,600
apartment. 
To a mansion with multiple 

500
00:28:55,600 --> 00:29:00,200
specialized rooms mitochondria, 
handled energy, production, the 

501
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:03,300
nucleus protected, genetic 
material and control gene 

502
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:05,800
expression. 
Various other organelles 

503
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:09,700
specialized in protein 
synthesis, waste processing and 

504
00:29:09,700 --> 00:29:13,000
other functions. 
This specialization allowed you 

505
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,300
carry out to become much more 
complex than their prokaryotic 

506
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:19,100
ancestors. 
With this new complexity came, 

507
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:22,300
new possibilities. 
Eukaryotic cells could be 

508
00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:26,800
larger, sometimes much larger 
than prokaryotes, they could 

509
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:31,100
develop new structures and 
capabilities and crucially, they

510
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:33,000
could eventually do something 
precarious. 

511
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:37,100
Couldn't they could aggregate 
into multicellular organisms 

512
00:29:37,100 --> 00:29:39,200
where different cells 
specialized in different 

513
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,400
functions. 
The first multicellular yukari 

514
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:45,700
oats probably appeared around 
1.5 to 2 billion years ago 

515
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:48,100
though the exact timing is 
debated. 

516
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,000
These early multi-cellular forms
were simple, perhaps just 

517
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,800
clusters of similar cells that 
offered advantages like 

518
00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,800
increased size and some 
protection from predators. 

519
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,000
But they represented a new 
strategy for life. 

520
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:04,600
One that would eventually lead 
to all the complex organisms. 

521
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:07,900
We see today. 
For a long time, possibly a 

522
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:11,300
billion years or more these are 
early multi-cellular organisms, 

523
00:30:11,300 --> 00:30:15,600
remained relatively simple, Life
during the era sometimes called 

524
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:19,100
the boring billion proceeded 
without dramatic changes. 

525
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:23,500
Dramatized still dominated 
Coastal environments, the 

526
00:30:23,500 --> 00:30:26,700
ocean's contained various 
prokaryotes and simple you carry

527
00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:31,700
outs Life existed evolved and 
diversified but nothing 

528
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:33,600
particularly revolutionary was 
happening. 

529
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:40,500
Then around 720 to 635 million 
years ago, Earth experienced 

530
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:45,000
another series of snowball Earth
events, the sturdy and Marinol 

531
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:49,800
and glaciations Once again, ice 
may have covered most or all of 

532
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:53,100
the planet's surface. 
These freezers were severe 

533
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:56,300
enough that geologists find 
evidence of glacial deposits at 

534
00:30:56,300 --> 00:30:59,600
Tropical latitudes, suggesting 
ice existed. 

535
00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:03,100
Even at the equator, these 
dramatic climate swings may have

536
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:06,700
driven evolutionary Innovation 
by creating extreme selective 

537
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,400
pressure. 
Organisms, that could survive 

538
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:14,200
rapid environmental changes that
had flexible metabolisms that 

539
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:18,200
could enter dormant States had 
better survival odds. when the 

540
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:21,600
ice finally melted as it always 
did, thanks to the buildup of 

541
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:25,300
volcanic CO2, life, rebounded, 
into a world of New 

542
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:29,200
Opportunities, and then almost 
immediately after the last 

543
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:32,500
snowball Earth event, something 
remarkable appeared in the 

544
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:37,600
fossil record the ediacaran 
biota Named after the Eddie 

545
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:40,500
Acura Hills in Australia where 
they were first discovered, 

546
00:31:40,500 --> 00:31:44,500
these organisms were Earth's, 
first large complex 

547
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:48,500
multi-cellular creatures the 
Eddie Accra in organisms, were 

548
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:50,700
strange by modern standards 
many. 

549
00:31:50,700 --> 00:31:54,400
Resembled quilted air mattresses
with bodies divided into 

550
00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:58,100
repeated segments. 
Some look like fronds others 

551
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:01,500
like discs and still others. 
Like three-sided Frisbees. 

552
00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:06,300
Most were soft-bodied lacking 
the hard shells or skeletons 

553
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:10,000
that would become common later. 
They lived on or in the 

554
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,800
seafloor, possibly feeding by 
absorbing nutrients from the 

555
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:17,000
water, or perhaps hosting 
photosynthetic symbionts for 

556
00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:20,000
about 40 million years. 
These odd creatures dominated 

557
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:23,400
the sea floor, representing 
Earth's, first experiment with 

558
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:28,000
large complex body forms. 
They ranged in size from a few 

559
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:30,100
centimeters to over a metre in 
length. 

560
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:32,900
Absolutely. 
Enormous compared to anything 

561
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:37,900
that had existed before then 
around 541 million years ago, 

562
00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:41,500
most DJ Akron organisms 
disappeared from the fossil 

563
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,000
record, What caused their 
decline? 

564
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:47,500
The answer may be related to the
next great revolution in the 

565
00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:49,900
history of life. 
The Cambrian explosion. 

566
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:53,200
If you could take a time machine
back to the early Cambrian 

567
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:58,800
Period about 5441 million years 
ago, and put on a diving suit to

568
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:01,900
explore the sea floor. 
You'd witness one of the most 

569
00:33:01,900 --> 00:33:05,000
spectacular displays of 
evolutionary innovation in 

570
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,500
Earth's history. 
Within a relatively brief period

571
00:33:08,500 --> 00:33:13,600
perhaps 20 to 25 million years 
which is briefed by geological 

572
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:18,400
standards life, exploded into a 
bewildering array of new forms. 

573
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:21,900
Many of them completely, unlike 
anything that had existed 

574
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:26,000
before, this was the Cambrian 
explosion and it marked the 

575
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:28,600
appearance of almost all the 
major animal phyla. 

576
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:33,200
We see today, Arthropods 
mollusks, a kind of terms 

577
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:36,900
chordates and worms of various 
sorts all appeared in the 

578
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,700
Cambrian Seas within a 
relatively short time window. 

579
00:33:39,700 --> 00:33:43,000
It was as if life had been 
experimenting for billions of 

580
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:47,200
years and suddenly decided to 
try every possible body plan all

581
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:51,500
at once what triggered this 
explosion of diversity, The 

582
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:53,900
answer probably involves 
multiple factors coming 

583
00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:56,700
together. 
Oxygen levels had risen to the 

584
00:33:56,700 --> 00:33:59,500
point where active mobile 
animals could be supported. 

585
00:34:00,300 --> 00:34:03,300
The evolution of predation 
created an evolutionary arms 

586
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:07,200
race where prey animals, evolved
defense's and predators of old 

587
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:09,000
ways to overcome those 
defense's. 

588
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:16,400
The development of hard Parts, 
shells spine's teeth provided 

589
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:20,199
both protection and new tools. 
While also making animals much 

590
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:23,500
more likely to fossilize giving 
us a better fossil record. 

591
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:27,699
The Cambrian sees were dominated
by our reports particularly 

592
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:30,800
trial bites. 
These creatures distant 

593
00:34:30,800 --> 00:34:34,400
relatives of modern, insects and
Crustaceans had segmented, 

594
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:38,400
bodies, jointed, legs and hard 
exoskeletons. 

595
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:41,699
They could walk along the 
seafloor swim in the water 

596
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:44,300
column and filter feed or hunt 
for food. 

597
00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:50,000
Trilobites were spectacularly 
successful diversifying into 

598
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:53,400
thousands of species that 
occupied almost every marine 

599
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:57,000
environment but the Cambrian 
Seas also hosted stranger 

600
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,400
creatures. 
Anomalocaris, whose name means 

601
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,600
abnormal shrimp. 
Was one of the camera in top, 

602
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:07,200
predators with grasping 
appendages for catching prey, 

603
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:09,700
and a circular mouth line with 
plates. 

604
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:14,900
Upper Binya had five eyes and a 
proboscis with a grass pink tip 

605
00:35:14,900 --> 00:35:16,700
that it used to catch smaller 
animals. 

606
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:20,600
Hallucigenia was so bizarre. 
When first discovered that 

607
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:24,000
paleontologists could not tell 
which end was the head or which 

608
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,100
side was up. 
It had spines on one side and 

609
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:30,000
legs on the other. 
These weird Cambrian creatures 

610
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,500
lived in a world that was alien 
by modern standards. 

611
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,200
The continents were Barren Rock,
not a single plant or animal. 

612
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:40,400
Lived on land yet. 
The ocean's were rich with life,

613
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:42,700
but different from today's 
Ocean's. 

614
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:45,500
There were no fish yet. 
No sharks, no. 

615
00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:49,500
Whales the largest Predators 
were arthropods and odd 

616
00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:51,900
creatures. 
Like, anomalocaris, but among 

617
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:54,900
the many strange creatures of 
the Cambrian one group would 

618
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:58,900
prove, particularly significant 
The chordates animals with a 

619
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:02,500
stiffening rod. 
Notore chord running down their 

620
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:05,600
backs. 
Early chordates like pikaia. 

621
00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:09,500
And I quit this with small 
fish-like creatures that swam 

622
00:36:09,500 --> 00:36:13,000
through the Cambrian Seas. 
They weren't impressive compared

623
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,400
to the armored trailer bites. 
All the grass being anomaly 

624
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:18,800
carriages. 
Yet They Carried within their 

625
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:21,100
body plan. 
The basic architecture that 

626
00:36:21,100 --> 00:36:25,700
would eventually give rise to 
fish and phibian reptiles birds,

627
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:30,000
mammals and eventually you the 
Cambrian Period established 

628
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:32,800
patterns that would shape life 
for the next half billion years.

629
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:37,000
Predator, prey relationships, 
drove evolutionary, Innovation, 

630
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,600
hard Parts, became the norm 
providing protection and 

631
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:44,200
structure. 
Animals developed increasingly 

632
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:49,000
sophisticated sensory systems 
eyes became common allowing 

633
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,200
creatures to see their prey or 
spot Predators from a distance. 

634
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,300
The basic body plans of modern 
animals were established 

635
00:36:56,300 --> 00:37:00,100
creating templates, that would 
be modified and adapted for 

636
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,800
countless different environments
as the Cambrian gave way to the 

637
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:08,100
order Vision period around 485 
million years ago, life 

638
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:12,200
continued to diversify. 
The first true fish appeared, 

639
00:37:12,200 --> 00:37:16,300
jawless creatures that filtered 
food from the water or scraped 

640
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:20,000
it off rocks. 
Cephalopods relatives of modern 

641
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:24,400
squid and octopuses evolved into
efficient, Predators some with 

642
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:29,200
straight shells meters long. 
Reefs built by various organisms

643
00:37:29,200 --> 00:37:33,600
began to dominate shallow Seas, 
creating complex, habitats that 

644
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:37,100
supported diverse communities, 
but life remained entirely 

645
00:37:37,100 --> 00:37:40,000
aquatic. 
The land was still Barren 

646
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:43,000
waiting for the organisms. 
That would eventually colonize 

647
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:46,000
it. 
That transition was coming but 

648
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,000
it would require some of the 
most dramatic adaptations in the

649
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,300
history of life. 
Stand on a silurian, sea shore 

650
00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:56,100
around 440 million years ago and
you'd see a stark contrast 

651
00:37:56,100 --> 00:37:58,900
between two worlds. 
Behind you. 

652
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:03,700
The ocean teemed with life fish.
Arthropods mollusks. 

653
00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:06,600
And the keno Dirhams all going 
about their business in the 

654
00:38:06,608 --> 00:38:09,100
water. 
Before you stretched the land 

655
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:12,500
Rocky. 
Baron, lifeless the most 

656
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:16,400
advanced terrestrial, ecosystem,
consisted of microbial, mats in 

657
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:20,200
wet areas and possibly some like
a beginning to colonize the 

658
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,200
rocks. 
There were no trees, no grass, 

659
00:38:23,200 --> 00:38:26,900
no flowers. 
No insects, no birds. 

660
00:38:26,900 --> 00:38:31,400
And no mammals just bare rock. 
Weathering Under the Sun but in 

661
00:38:31,408 --> 00:38:34,900
the shallow Waters and titles 
zones, something revolutionary 

662
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:37,900
was beginning. 
Plants descended from green 

663
00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:40,400
algae, were starting to venture 
onto land. 

664
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:44,500
This wasn't a sudden Conquest, 
but a gradual process that 

665
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:49,500
probably took millions of years.
First land plants were tiny 

666
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:53,400
perhaps only a few centimeters 
tall and they required very 

667
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:57,600
moist conditions. 
They had no true Roots leaves or

668
00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:01,600
stems as we'd recognize them to 
day just simple structures. 

669
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,300
That barely qualified as plants 
the challenge of living on land 

670
00:39:05,300 --> 00:39:08,800
was immense. 
In the water organisms are 

671
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:12,500
supported by buoyancy, 
surrounded by moisture and 

672
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:14,200
protected from temperature 
extremes. 

673
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,600
On land, gravity. 
Pulls harder the areas, dry 

674
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:22,900
temperatures, fluctuate, wildly 
and UV radiation is more 

675
00:39:22,900 --> 00:39:26,100
intense. 
To survive on land organisms 

676
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:27,900
needed to solve all these 
problems. 

677
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:31,700
Simultaneously early land plants
developed, several crucial 

678
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:34,500
Innovations. 
They evolved a waxy coating 

679
00:39:34,500 --> 00:39:36,700
called a cuticle to prevent 
water loss. 

680
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,900
The developed simple conducting 
tissues to transport water from 

681
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:42,700
the ground to their growing 
tips. 

682
00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:46,600
They formed associations with 
fungi that help them extract 

683
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:49,900
nutrients from the thin soils 
developing on weathered rock. 

684
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:55,000
These plant fungal Partnerships 
called mycorrhizae was so 

685
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:59,100
successful that they persist in 
most modern plants today by the 

686
00:39:59,100 --> 00:40:02,800
devonian period around 420 
million years ago. 

687
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:07,500
Land plants are Diversified 
dramatically Some developed true

688
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:10,800
roots, that could penetrate 
deeper into the soil, anchoring 

689
00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:12,700
larger plants and accessing more
water. 

690
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:18,200
Others evolved vascular tissue. 
Specialized cells conducting 

691
00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:21,100
water and nutrients that allowed
them to grow taller. 

692
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:26,000
The race for sunlight had begun 
and plants responded by reaching

693
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:28,400
upward. 
The first forests appeared 

694
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,000
during the middle devonian 
though, they would have looked 

695
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,900
alien to modernize. 
They were dominated by treesize 

696
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:39,300
Club, mosses, horsetails, and 
ferns groups that today are 

697
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:42,200
mostly small plants. 
These are early trees, could 

698
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,300
reach Heights of over, 30 
meters, creating the first 

699
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:49,500
complex terrestrial, ecosystems 
their Roots, broke up, Rock, 

700
00:40:49,500 --> 00:40:52,000
accelerating weathering, and 
soil formation. 

701
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,500
When they died and fell, they 
created habitats, for other 

702
00:40:56,500 --> 00:41:01,000
organisms, life was transforming
the landscape but plants didn't 

703
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:04,300
colonize land alone. 
They were followed or perhaps 

704
00:41:04,300 --> 00:41:07,900
accompanied by animals. 
The first terrestrial animals 

705
00:41:07,900 --> 00:41:11,900
were probably arthropods 
millipedes and centipedes and 

706
00:41:11,900 --> 00:41:15,700
possibly earlier arachnids. 
These creatures likely began as 

707
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:19,500
Coastal or semiaquatic organisms
that gradually adapted to 

708
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:22,700
terrestrial life. 
They had advantages for land 

709
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:25,500
living. 
Their exoskeletons, provided 

710
00:41:25,500 --> 00:41:29,100
structural support and 
protection from drying and their

711
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:32,100
jointed legs worked well for 
walking on a regular surface's, 

712
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:35,800
by the late. 
Devonian around 375 million 

713
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:39,600
years ago, insects had appeared 
and were beginning to diversify.

714
00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:44,600
Some of old Wing's becoming the 
first animals capable of powered

715
00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:47,200
flight. 
This Innovation opened New 

716
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:51,200
Dimensions of terrestrial space.
Allowing insects to disperse. 

717
00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:56,300
Widely Escape predators and 
eventually pollinate plants, but

718
00:41:56,300 --> 00:41:59,300
the most dramatic transition to 
land was being made by a group 

719
00:41:59,308 --> 00:42:02,500
of fish. 
In the shallow Waters and swamps

720
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:06,000
of the devonian. 
Some fish had evolved muscular 

721
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:09,700
Lopez that could support their 
weight and lungs that could 

722
00:42:09,700 --> 00:42:13,800
extract oxygen from Air. 
These lobe-finned fish could 

723
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:17,300
hold themselves out of the water
and move across land, possibly 

724
00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:19,100
to reach new. 
Water bodies or Escape. 

725
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:23,100
Predators creatures like tiktok 
represented an intermediate 

726
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:26,400
stage between fish and tetrapods
four-legged vertebrates. 

727
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,300
They had fins with bones that 
corresponded to our upper arm 

728
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:32,300
forearm and something resembling
a wrist. 

729
00:42:33,100 --> 00:42:36,200
They had lungs and gills, a flat
head that could support. 

730
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:38,500
The weight went out of water and
flexible neck. 

731
00:42:39,400 --> 00:42:42,100
Tiktok could do push-ups with 
its front fins. 

732
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:46,000
Lifting its head above water to 
breathe air or look around over 

733
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:48,200
millions of years. 
These fish like creatures gave 

734
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:52,400
rise to true tetrapods Animals 
with four limbs rather than 

735
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:56,800
Finns early tetrapods like a 
cantal Steiger still spent most 

736
00:42:56,800 --> 00:43:00,500
of their time in water, but they
had digits fingers and toes 

737
00:43:00,500 --> 00:43:04,500
rather than Finn rays. 
They represented a commitment to

738
00:43:04,500 --> 00:43:07,200
the New Life Style, that land 
offered, even though they were 

739
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:12,000
yet fully tourists Real by the 
Carboniferous period around 350 

740
00:43:12,100 --> 00:43:16,700
million years ago tetrapods had 
fully transitioned to land And 

741
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:20,200
Philippians Diversified into 
numerous forms from small 

742
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,700
salamander like creatures to 
massive beasts. 

743
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:26,200
Several meters long. 
These early amphibians still 

744
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:30,400
required water for reproduction,
the eggs had no shell and would 

745
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:33,800
dry out in air, but they could 
live entirely on land as adults.

746
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:36,800
The Carboniferous world would 
have been a strange place to 

747
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:39,600
visit. 
Forests were dominated by 

748
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,800
enormous Club mosses and 
horsetails. 

749
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:45,400
Creating swampy environments 
where dead plant material 

750
00:43:45,400 --> 00:43:47,700
accumulated faster than it could
decay. 

751
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:51,000
This plant material would 
eventually become the cold 

752
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,200
deposits. 
That gave the Carboniferous, its

753
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,600
name and powered. 
The Industrial Revolution 100s 

754
00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:00,100
of millions of years later 
insects thrived in these forests

755
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:02,800
growing to sizes that seem 
impossible to today. 

756
00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:08,300
Dragonflies with wingspans of 70
centimeters about the size of a 

757
00:44:08,300 --> 00:44:10,800
hawk. 
Hunted smaller insects through 

758
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:14,000
the forest, canopy millipedes 
over two meters. 

759
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:18,300
Longed through the leaf litter. 
The high oxygen content of the 

760
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:22,200
Carboniferous atmosphere. 
Perhaps 35% compared to today's 

761
00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:26,200
21% allowed, these arthropods to
reach sizes that their 

762
00:44:26,200 --> 00:44:29,000
respiratory systems could not 
support in today's atmosphere, 

763
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,000
but the most significant 
evolutionary innovation of this 

764
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:34,700
era was happening quietly among 
certain amphibians. 

765
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:39,300
Some lineages were developing 
eggs with shells eggs, that 

766
00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:41,400
could be laid on land rather 
than in water. 

767
00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:46,400
This amniotic egg, with its 
protective shell and internal 

768
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:50,200
membrane freed vertebrates from 
their dependence on water for 

769
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,200
reproduction. 
The animals that develop this 

770
00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:57,000
Innovation would give rise to 
all reptiles birds and mammals 

771
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:00,200
as the Carboniferous. 
Gave way to the Permian period 

772
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:04,300
around 299 million years ago, 
Earth entered a new phase. 

773
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:08,400
The continents which have been 
scattered during early periods, 

774
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:12,000
were gradually colliding to form
a supercontinent called Pangea, 

775
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:17,500
Greek for all Earth. 
This massive land mass stretched

776
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:20,200
from pole to pole surrounded by 
a single vast. 

777
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:23,700
Ocean called Panther the 
formation of Pangea, had 

778
00:45:23,700 --> 00:45:25,800
profound effects on climate and 
life. 

779
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:29,600
With one giant continent. 
The interior regions Were Far 

780
00:45:29,600 --> 00:45:32,700
From Any ocean. 
Creating extensive deserts with 

781
00:45:32,700 --> 00:45:36,700
extreme temperature, ranges, 
Coastal regions, experienced 

782
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:40,300
Monsoon patterns with wet and 
dry seasons of unusual, 

783
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:43,500
intensity. 
Climate overall was becoming 

784
00:45:43,500 --> 00:45:47,600
drier and more seasonal, amnio, 
oats animals with shelled eggs, 

785
00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:52,400
Diversified into two main 
groups. the synapsids, which 

786
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,300
would eventually give rise to 
mammals, became the dominant 

787
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:59,300
large land animals of the 
Permian, Many were spectacular, 

788
00:45:59,300 --> 00:46:04,500
creatures dimetrodon, often 
mistakenly called a dinosaur had

789
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:07,600
a huge sale on its back. 
That probably helped regulate 

790
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:10,600
its body temperature. 
Their apps of evolved 

791
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:13,400
increasingly mammal-like 
features, including 

792
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:17,200
differentiated teeth more 
efficient, Locomotion, and 

793
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:19,800
possibly even whiskers and body 
hair in some species. 

794
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:23,800
The other major group, The 
sauropsids included, all modern 

795
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:26,500
reptiles, and would eventually 
give rise to dinosaurs and 

796
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:29,100
birds. 
These creatures were exploring 

797
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:32,000
different solutions to the 
challenges of terrestrial life, 

798
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,200
particularly the problem of 
regulating body temperature, 

799
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:37,700
without the constant presence of
water for cooling. 

800
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:42,700
But then 2502 million years ago,
Earth experienced the most 

801
00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:45,100
catastrophic Extinction of event
in its history. 

802
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:49,500
The Permian Triassic Extinction,
sometimes called the Great 

803
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:52,000
dying. 
Over a period that might have 

804
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:54,900
lasted from 10 of thousands to 
hundreds of thousands of years 

805
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:59,800
approximately 96% of all marine 
species and 70% of terrestrial 

806
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:03,300
vertebrate species went extinct.
The calls of this Extinction is 

807
00:47:03,300 --> 00:47:07,200
still debated but the leading 
suspect is massive volcanic 

808
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:10,800
eruptions in Siberia that 
released enormous quantities of 

809
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,200
lava and gases. 
These eruptions created, the 

810
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:18,400
Siberian traps vast fields of 
Basalt that still cover much of 

811
00:47:18,400 --> 00:47:21,900
Siberia today. 
The volcanic activity released 

812
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:25,200
carbon dioxide and other gases 
that warm the planet 

813
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:28,800
dramatically. 
Ocean temperatures Rose and the 

814
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:32,500
warmer water couldn't hold as 
much, dissolved oxygen, creating

815
00:47:32,500 --> 00:47:38,400
vast dead zones. acid, rain fell
on land and ocean are like, it 

816
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:41,600
was a planetary disaster that 
came closer than any other event

817
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:46,100
to wiping out complex life 
entirely yet life persisted In 

818
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:47,800
the aftermath of the Permian 
Extinction. 

819
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:51,600
Surviving species rapidly 
Diversified to fill the 

820
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,600
ecological roles left empty by 
the mass die-off. 

821
00:47:55,300 --> 00:47:58,300
The Triassic period that 
followed was a time of recovery 

822
00:47:58,300 --> 00:48:01,000
in Innovation. 
When many modern groups first 

823
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,500
appeared among the survivors, 
with the ancestors of dinosaurs 

824
00:48:04,500 --> 00:48:08,500
a group of archosaurs ruling 
reptiles that had been 

825
00:48:08,500 --> 00:48:12,400
relatively minor players in 
Permian, ecosystems In the 

826
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,400
Triassic, these creatures began 
to evolve some remarkable 

827
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:19,100
features they developed an 
upright posture with Lakes 

828
00:48:19,100 --> 00:48:21,800
directly under their bodies 
rather than sprawling to the 

829
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:25,700
sides, like early reptiles. 
This more efficient Locomotion 

830
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:29,000
allowed them to be more active 
and cover more ground with less 

831
00:48:29,000 --> 00:48:33,000
energy by the late Triassic. 
The first true dinosaurs had 

832
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:36,500
appeared relatively small 
bipedal creatures. 

833
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:39,500
That ran on their hind legs, 
They weren't immediately 

834
00:48:39,500 --> 00:48:42,000
dominant. 
They shared the landscape with 

835
00:48:42,008 --> 00:48:46,400
various other reptiles early, 
crocodile relatives, and large 

836
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:48,900
amphibians. 
But they were successful enough 

837
00:48:48,900 --> 00:48:52,500
to survive the next catastrophe.
At the end of the Triassic 

838
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:57,000
around. 201 million years ago, 
another mass extinction event, 

839
00:48:57,000 --> 00:49:01,000
probably caused by more massive,
volcanic, eruptions eliminated. 

840
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:03,800
Many of the groups that had been
competing with Dinosaurs. 

841
00:49:04,900 --> 00:49:09,300
The dinosaur survived and in the
Jurassic period that followed it

842
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:13,200
exploded into remarkable 
diversity, the Jurassic and 

843
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:18,000
Cretaceous periods to iron to 66
million years ago with the age 

844
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:20,300
of dinosaurs. 
When these creatures came to 

845
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:24,100
dominate terrestrial ecosystems 
in ways, no group had before or 

846
00:49:24,100 --> 00:49:29,400
has since they ranged in size 
from chicken-sized predators to 

847
00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:31,200
the largest land animals that 
ever lived. 

848
00:49:31,200 --> 00:49:35,300
Surah pods like Argentina Soros.
That may have weighed over 70 

849
00:49:35,300 --> 00:49:37,400
tons. 
The equivalent of about 12 

850
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:40,800
elephants, dinosaurs evolved 
into every conceivable 

851
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:44,600
ecological role, They were 
predators, like, Allosaurus and 

852
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:48,200
Tyrannosaurus, Rex herbivores, 
like stegosaurus, and 

853
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:53,300
Triceratops omnivores, 
insectivores, and possibly even 

854
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:55,800
some that fed primarily on fish 
or carrion. 

855
00:49:56,600 --> 00:49:59,100
Some ran on two legs, others on 
four. 

856
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:03,300
Some were armored with plates 
and spikes, others, relied on 

857
00:50:03,300 --> 00:50:06,800
speed or size for defense. 
Some were solitary. 

858
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:08,400
Others lived. 
In herds. 

859
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,000
They adapted to environments 
ranging from Polar Forest to 

860
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:15,000
deserts to swamps. 
But dinosaurs were the only 

861
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:16,600
remarkable creatures of this 
era. 

862
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:21,100
In the Jurassic one group of 
small feather, dinosaurs evolved

863
00:50:21,100 --> 00:50:24,000
the ability to fly giving rise 
to birds. 

864
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:28,000
First birds like Archaeopteryx 
retained. 

865
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:32,300
Many dinosaurs in features 
teeth, bony Tails, clawed 

866
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:36,200
fingers, but they could fly 
opening new ecological 

867
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:40,100
opportunities in the ocean's 
reptiles had returned to Aquatic

868
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:42,700
Life. 
Ichthyosaurs shaped like 

869
00:50:42,708 --> 00:50:46,100
dolphins were fast swimming. 
Predators that gave birth to 

870
00:50:46,100 --> 00:50:49,200
live young in the water. 
Please see a saws with their 

871
00:50:49,200 --> 00:50:52,500
long necks and flippers hunted 
fish and Squid. 

872
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,700
Mosasaurs which appeared in the 
Cretaceous? 

873
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:59,100
Grew to length of over 15 meters
and were apex. 

874
00:50:59,100 --> 00:51:03,400
Predators of the Seas. 
Meanwhile, mammals descendants 

875
00:51:03,400 --> 00:51:06,300
of those mammal-like. 
Synapsids from the Permian, were

876
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:09,500
present throughout the Mesozoic 
Era, but remained relatively 

877
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:13,600
small and mostly nocturnal. 
They had evolved fur 

878
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:18,200
warm-blooded and sophisticated 
teeth, but they couldn't compete

879
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:21,100
with Dinosaurs for the dominant 
ecological roles. 

880
00:51:22,500 --> 00:51:26,400
For over 150 million years 
mammals remained in the shadows 

881
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:30,700
living in the margins of a 
world, ruled by reptiles, the 

882
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:34,500
flowering plants and Joe sperms 
appeared in the Cretaceous 

883
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:38,700
around 130 million years ago and
quickly became the dominant land

884
00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:41,000
plants. 
These plants have evolved, 

885
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:44,900
flowers and fruits structures 
designed to attract pollinators 

886
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:47,900
and Seed dispersers. 
The partnership between 

887
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:51,100
flowering plants and insects and
eventually birds. 

888
00:51:51,100 --> 00:51:54,300
And mammals created new 
complexity and terrestrial 

889
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:58,200
ecosystems. 
Butterflies and bees evolved to 

890
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:02,400
pollinate specific flowers 
trees, evolved fruits to entice 

891
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:07,000
animals to disperse their seeds 
by the late Cretaceous Earth's. 

892
00:52:07,000 --> 00:52:10,200
Ecosystems had reached a level 
of complexity comparable to 

893
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:14,700
todays That were diverse 
forests, grasslands, wetlands 

894
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:18,200
and deserts. 
Food webs were intricate with 

895
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:20,900
multiple trophic levels and 
specialized relationships 

896
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:24,100
between species. 
The planet was teeming with 

897
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:28,800
life, from microscopic Plankton 
to enormous dinosaurs from 

898
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:33,700
flowering plants to social 
insects and then 66 million 

899
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:36,000
years ago. 
Something fell from the sky and 

900
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:39,600
imagine being in what's now the 
Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico on a

901
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:44,600
day. 66 million years ago. 
The morning is warm and humid 

902
00:52:44,600 --> 00:52:46,900
typical for this tropical 
coastline. 

903
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:50,800
In the Inland forests dinosaurs 
are going about their daily 

904
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:54,100
business herbivores. 
Browsing small, Predators 

905
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:58,000
hunting, and birds, singing from
the trees, then moving at about 

906
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:01,100
20 kilometers per second fast, 
and you could track with your 

907
00:53:01,108 --> 00:53:03,400
eyes. 
If you could see it coming, a 

908
00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:06,200
rock about 10 kilometers in 
diameter enters the atmosphere. 

909
00:53:07,300 --> 00:53:09,800
The air in front of it, can't 
get out of the way, fast enough.

910
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:13,200
So it compresses and heats to 
temperatures hotter than the 

911
00:53:13,200 --> 00:53:17,200
surface of the Sun. 
The asteroid technically it 

912
00:53:17,200 --> 00:53:19,200
might have been a comet but will
call it an asteroid. 

913
00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:23,200
His briefly surrounded by a 
bubble of superheated gas that 

914
00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:26,800
radiates enough thermal energy 
to ignite forests hundreds of 

915
00:53:26,800 --> 00:53:28,900
kilometers away the impact 
itself. 

916
00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:32,200
Releases energy equivalent to 
about 10 billion Hiroshima. 

917
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:36,500
Bombs the asteroid vaporizes 
instantly along with a vast 

918
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:40,700
amount of the Earth's crust. 
A crater on 150 kilometers in 

919
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:44,700
diameter forms in seconds. 
Rock liquefied by the impact 

920
00:53:44,700 --> 00:53:47,800
splashes upward in a ring 
creating mountains in minutes. 

921
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:51,900
Shock waves race through the 
Earth's crust, like ripples in a

922
00:53:51,908 --> 00:53:53,700
pond. 
Except these ripples are 

923
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:58,100
earthquakes of magnitude 11 or 
higher far beyond anything and 

924
00:53:58,100 --> 00:54:00,900
recorded human history. 
The debris from the impact 

925
00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:04,400
vaporized Rock, bits of 
asteroid, fragments of crust, 

926
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:07,100
shoots upward into the 
atmosphere and Beyond. 

927
00:54:08,200 --> 00:54:11,100
Some material reaches escape, 
velocity, and actually leaves 

928
00:54:11,100 --> 00:54:14,100
Earth entirely. 
Other material falls back 

929
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:16,300
re-entering, the atmosphere all 
over the planet. 

930
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:19,900
As this material re-enters at 
Hypersonic. 

931
00:54:19,900 --> 00:54:23,600
Speeds it heats, the atmosphere 
to other than like temperatures.

932
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:28,800
Forests across the planet burst 
into flame animals without 

933
00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:32,900
shelter a literally baked alive 
within minutes of the impact. 

934
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:35,500
Huge tsunamis Race Across the 
ocean's. 

935
00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:39,600
Some perhaps hundreds of meters 
high obliterating, Coastal 

936
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:42,200
ecosystems around the Gulf of 
Mexico and Beyond. 

937
00:54:43,300 --> 00:54:46,200
Sutton from the burning forests 
mixes, with dust, from the 

938
00:54:46,208 --> 00:54:49,700
impact, creating a thick shroud 
that blocks sunlight 

939
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:53,500
temperatures plummet as the 
planet is plunged into an impact

940
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:55,800
winter. 
That could last months or years 

941
00:54:55,800 --> 00:54:59,700
photo synthesis. 
Essentially stops plants die 

942
00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:01,900
from lack of sunlight 
herbivores. 

943
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:05,100
Die from lack of plants, 
carnivals die, from lack of 

944
00:55:05,108 --> 00:55:08,100
prey. 
The food chain supporting 

945
00:55:08,100 --> 00:55:10,900
complex, ecosystems collapse, 
like dominoes. 

946
00:55:11,600 --> 00:55:14,200
In the oceans. 
Plankton the base of marine 

947
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:18,400
food, webs die, in massive 
numbers, causing cascading 

948
00:55:18,400 --> 00:55:21,800
extinctions up the food chain, 
the extinction event that 

949
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:24,900
followed was the 5th, major mass
extinction in Earth's history 

950
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:29,900
and the one that finally ended 
the age of dinosaurs Non-avian 

951
00:55:29,900 --> 00:55:33,000
dinosaurs, which had ruled 
terrestrial ecosystems for over 

952
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:36,500
150 million years. 
Completely disappeared. 

953
00:55:37,300 --> 00:55:41,200
So did pterosaurs the flying 
reptiles that had dominated the 

954
00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:45,000
skies marine reptiles like 
mosasaurs and plesiosaurs 

955
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:50,400
vanished from the ocean's in 
total about 75% of all species 

956
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:55,500
went extinct but some creatures 
survived Birds technically 

957
00:55:55,500 --> 00:55:58,400
flying dinosaurs. 
Made it through though. 

958
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:02,800
Many lineages were lost. 
Mammal survived probably because

959
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:07,000
they were small 800 foods and 
many lived in Burrows that 

960
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:09,800
provided shelter from the 
immediate effects of the impact.

961
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:14,200
Crocodiles and turtle survived 
possibly because they could go 

962
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:19,100
long periods without food. 
Snakes survived, many groups of 

963
00:56:19,100 --> 00:56:22,500
fish made it through in, the 
aftermath the planet was a 

964
00:56:22,500 --> 00:56:26,900
devastated place, the forest 
were gone by vast expanses of 

965
00:56:26,900 --> 00:56:30,100
dead trees and Ash. 
The oceans were depleted of 

966
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:32,600
life. 
The survivors found themselves 

967
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:35,900
in a world with empty 
ecological, niches and reduced 

968
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,100
competition. 
Evolution as it always does 

969
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:42,000
began to fill. 
The gaps mammals which had spent

970
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:45,400
150 million years. 
A small nocturnal creatures, 

971
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:48,700
suddenly had opportunities. 
They'd never had before. 

972
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:52,400
Within a few million years, a 
blink of an eye. 

973
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:56,400
In geological time they had 
Diversified into 100s of new 

974
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,400
forms. 
Some remained small but others 

975
00:56:59,400 --> 00:57:02,500
grew, larger filling the 
ecological roles, previously 

976
00:57:02,500 --> 00:57:06,700
occupied by dinosaurs by 50 
million years ago, mammals had 

977
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:08,800
become the dominant large 
animals on land. 

978
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:12,900
There were massive herbivores, 
Fierce and predators and 

979
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:16,200
creatures adapted for every 
environment from deserts to 

980
00:57:16,200 --> 00:57:19,800
Forest to Ocean's. 
Some mammals even returned to 

981
00:57:19,808 --> 00:57:22,200
the Sea. 
Giving rise to whales and 

982
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:25,100
dolphins. 
Others took to the are evolving 

983
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:28,300
into bats. 
The age of mammals had begun as 

984
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:31,200
mammals Diversified throughout 
the cenozoic era. 

985
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:35,100
One particular group, The 
primates was evolving in ways 

986
00:57:35,100 --> 00:57:36,700
that would eventually change the
planet. 

987
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:40,200
As profoundly as the evolution 
of photosynthesis, all the 

988
00:57:40,208 --> 00:57:44,400
colonization of land early 
primates were small tree 

989
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:47,700
dwelling creatures that appeared
around. 55 million years ago, 

990
00:57:47,700 --> 00:57:52,200
they had grasping hands and feet
forward facing eyes for depth 

991
00:57:52,200 --> 00:57:55,900
perception, and relatively large
brains for their body size. 

992
00:57:56,700 --> 00:57:59,400
These features help them 
navigate the three-dimensional 

993
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:01,000
environment of the forest 
canopy. 

994
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:06,700
Over millions of years primates 
Diversified into lemurs monkeys 

995
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:10,900
and apes around. 7 million years
ago in Africa, something 

996
00:58:10,900 --> 00:58:13,000
significant happened in the ape 
lineage. 

997
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:16,600
Some Apes began spending more 
time on the ground and walking 

998
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:20,100
upright on two legs. 
This bipedalism freed their 

999
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:22,400
hands for carrying objects and 
using tools. 

1000
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:26,000
It also changed their anatomy in
ways that would prove crucial 

1001
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:30,500
their pelvis shifted to support.
Upright walking their spine 

1002
00:58:30,500 --> 00:58:34,700
curved in an S shape, and their 
skull balance directly on top of

1003
00:58:34,700 --> 00:58:38,300
their spine, rather than jutting
forward, these early hominins, 

1004
00:58:38,300 --> 00:58:41,400
or human ancestors. 
Weren't dramatically different 

1005
00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:44,100
from other Apes. 
Initially, they had brains about

1006
00:58:44,100 --> 00:58:47,900
the size of modern, chimpanzees 
and probably lived in small 

1007
00:58:47,900 --> 00:58:50,500
social groups in Woodland and 
Savannah invents. 

1008
00:58:51,500 --> 00:58:53,600
But they were starting down a 
path that would lead to 

1009
00:58:53,608 --> 00:58:55,800
something unprecedented over the
next. 

1010
00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:59,300
Several million years, various 
hominin species appeared 

1011
00:58:59,300 --> 00:59:03,300
experimented with different 
strategies for survival and 

1012
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:06,600
mostly went extinct 
Australopithecus. 

1013
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:10,700
Afarensis the species that 
includes the Famous Fossil. 

1014
00:59:10,700 --> 00:59:14,500
Lucy walked upright but still 
climb trees, and had a 

1015
00:59:14,508 --> 00:59:18,000
relatively small brain. 
Parents were species have 

1016
00:59:18,000 --> 00:59:20,700
massive Jaws for processing. 
Tough plant material. 

1017
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:25,100
Various species of early, homo 
began making more sophisticated,

1018
00:59:25,100 --> 00:59:28,300
stone tools, and eating more 
meat around. 2 million years 

1019
00:59:28,300 --> 00:59:32,600
ago, one lineage are direct 
ancestors, began of evolving 

1020
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:36,900
larger, brains This required, 
significant energy investment, 

1021
00:59:36,900 --> 00:59:40,900
brains are metabolically, 
expensive and created a problem.

1022
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:44,600
Infants needed to be born 
earlier in their development 

1023
00:59:44,600 --> 00:59:46,900
because their large heads 
wouldn't fit through the birth 

1024
00:59:46,900 --> 00:59:48,200
canal. 
If they waited much longer, 

1025
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,600
Human infants are remarkably 
helpless compared to other 

1026
00:59:52,600 --> 00:59:55,800
mammals requiring extended 
parental care. 

1027
00:59:56,600 --> 00:59:59,000
This helplessness may have 
driven increase social 

1028
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:02,200
cooperation and learning 
creating a feedback loop where 

1029
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:05,500
social species with big brains 
had more successful Offspring 

1030
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:08,500
leading to even more. 
So social species with even 

1031
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:11,800
bigger brains by 300,000 years 
ago. 

1032
01:00:11,800 --> 01:00:15,700
Homo sapiens modern humans 
anatomically. 

1033
01:00:15,700 --> 01:00:20,100
Indistinguishable from you had 
appeared in Africa We went 

1034
01:00:20,100 --> 01:00:24,100
alone, several other human 
species existed, including 

1035
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:27,200
neanderthals in Europe and 
denisovans in Asia. 

1036
01:00:28,300 --> 01:00:31,500
These are the species were 
intelligent used tools had 

1037
01:00:31,500 --> 01:00:34,100
culture and art and probably had
a language. 

1038
01:00:35,300 --> 01:00:38,400
For reasons still debated. 
They eventually went extinct 

1039
01:00:38,400 --> 01:00:42,400
leaving Homo sapiens, as the 
only surviving human species 

1040
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:46,400
around 70,000 years ago. 
Modern humans began migrating 

1041
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:50,700
Out of Africa, spreading across 
Asia, Europe, Australia, and 

1042
01:00:50,700 --> 01:00:55,300
eventually, the Americas they 
adapted every environment from 

1043
01:00:55,300 --> 01:00:59,500
Arctic tundra to tropical 
rainforests from deserts to 

1044
01:00:59,500 --> 01:01:02,800
Ireland's. 
Unlike other animals that adapt 

1045
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,500
to new environments through 
biological evolution. humans 

1046
01:01:06,500 --> 01:01:10,100
adapted largely through, 
cultural Evolution, learning new

1047
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:13,500
skills, inventing new 
technologies, and passing 

1048
01:01:13,500 --> 01:01:17,700
knowledge between Generations 
about 12,000 years ago, humans 

1049
01:01:17,700 --> 01:01:21,600
began, domesticating plants and 
animals, inventing agriculture, 

1050
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:25,300
This was a turning point in 
human history and Earth's 

1051
01:01:25,300 --> 01:01:27,600
history. 
Farming allowed humans to 

1052
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:31,300
produce more food support, 
larger populations and create 

1053
01:01:31,300 --> 01:01:35,500
permanent settlements. 
But it also tied human societies

1054
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:40,000
to particular piece of land. 
Created social hierarchies and 

1055
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:43,000
began the process of 
transforming natural landscapes 

1056
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:47,500
in to agricultural ones cities 
appeared, civilization's Rose 

1057
01:01:47,500 --> 01:01:52,400
and fell and Technologies 
advanced Humans began changing 

1058
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:55,400
the planet, at scales, that 
would have been unimaginable to 

1059
01:01:55,400 --> 01:01:58,300
their ancestors. 
They cleared forests for 

1060
01:01:58,300 --> 01:02:01,800
agriculture. 
Redirected Rivers built massive 

1061
01:02:01,800 --> 01:02:05,400
structures and eventually began 
burning fossil fuels. 

1062
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:09,400
Those ancient Carboniferous 
forests transformed by heat and 

1063
01:02:09,400 --> 01:02:12,600
pressure into coal oil and gas 
today. 

1064
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:16,300
Earth's surface has been 
profoundly reshaped by human 

1065
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,900
activity. 
We've converted about 40% of the

1066
01:02:19,900 --> 01:02:23,500
planet's ice-free land. 
To agriculture, we've built 

1067
01:02:23,500 --> 01:02:25,500
cities that house billions of 
people. 

1068
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:30,000
We've driven many species to 
Extinction while deliberately 

1069
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:31,400
spreading others around the 
world. 

1070
01:02:32,500 --> 01:02:35,600
We've altered the chemistry of 
the atmosphere by burning fossil

1071
01:02:35,600 --> 01:02:39,400
fuels, increasing carbon dioxide
levels to Heights. 

1072
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:43,300
Not seen for millions of years. 
Yet, Earth remains fundamentally

1073
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:46,700
a living planet. 
The ocean still team with life 

1074
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:49,600
from microscopic Plankton to 
enormous. 

1075
01:02:49,600 --> 01:02:54,200
Whales forests still grow, 
photosynthesizing and producing 

1076
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:58,600
oxygen microbes still processed 
nutrients and decomposed dead 

1077
01:02:58,600 --> 01:03:04,000
material. the rock cycle 
continues slowly button, x-ray, 

1078
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:07,600
recycling, Earth's crust, Plate,
tectonic, still move, 

1079
01:03:07,600 --> 01:03:11,900
continents, build a mountains 
and create new oceanic crust. 

1080
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:16,200
If you could somehow see Earth 
from space right now, you'd see 

1081
01:03:16,200 --> 01:03:19,200
the same basic features that 
have characterized the planet 

1082
01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:23,700
for hundreds of millions of 
years, blue Ocean's white clouds

1083
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:27,000
and Greenland masses. 
The differences from the 

1084
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:30,600
Cretaceous or Jurassic would be 
subtle from orbit, different 

1085
01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:34,100
configurations, of continents, 
perhaps different patterns of 

1086
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:37,800
vegetation that still 
recognizably Earth yet. 

1087
01:03:37,800 --> 01:03:39,900
The planet is constantly 
changing. 

1088
01:03:40,800 --> 01:03:45,000
As it always has. 
Climate shifts, continents drift

1089
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:47,800
and species evolved and go 
extinct. 

1090
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:51,500
The Earth you're sitting on 
right now is not the same as the

1091
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:54,100
Earth of a million years ago or 
a million years. 

1092
01:03:54,100 --> 01:03:57,500
Hence change is the only 
constant in Earth's long 

1093
01:03:57,500 --> 01:03:59,700
history. 
As you prepare for Sleep, 

1094
01:03:59,700 --> 01:04:01,400
consider the extraordinary 
Journey. 

1095
01:04:01,400 --> 01:04:05,400
We've traced tonight. from a 
molten ball of rock to a living 

1096
01:04:05,400 --> 01:04:10,000
planet teeming with complexity, 
Four and a half billion years is

1097
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:12,700
a span of time that defies human
comprehension. 

1098
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:16,900
If Earth's entire history were 
compressed into a single year 

1099
01:04:16,900 --> 01:04:20,400
with Earth forming on January 
1st, the first life would appear

1100
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:23,600
in February but complex animals 
wouldn't show up until 

1101
01:04:23,600 --> 01:04:30,700
mid-november. 
Of human history from the first 

1102
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:34,200
civilizations to today, would 
occur in the last few minutes 

1103
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:36,200
before midnight on December 
31st. 

1104
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:39,600
This perspective can make our 
individual lives seem 

1105
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:42,400
insignificant But perhaps that's
not quite right. 

1106
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,400
Every atom in your body was 
forged in the heart of a star or

1107
01:04:46,400 --> 01:04:50,000
in the violent Collision of the 
neutron stars, the calcium in 

1108
01:04:50,000 --> 01:04:53,200
your bones, the iron, in your 
blood and the oxygen. 

1109
01:04:53,200 --> 01:04:56,700
You breathe all have Cosmic 
Origins, stretching back 

1110
01:04:56,700 --> 01:05:00,100
billions of years. 
You're quite literally made of 

1111
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:03,700
Stardust assembled through 
processes that have taken the 

1112
01:05:03,700 --> 01:05:08,200
entire age of the universe to 
unfold the water you drank today

1113
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:11,500
might have fallen as rain on 
Jurassic dinosaurs flowed 

1114
01:05:11,500 --> 01:05:14,200
through Carboniferous forests or
existed. 

1115
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:17,700
In the first oceans that formed 
when Earth's surface cooled. 

1116
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:22,600
Water cycles through Earth 
Systems evaporating condensing 

1117
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:25,400
and flowing, being recycled 
endlessly. 

1118
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:29,700
Every class of water contains 
molecules that have been part of

1119
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:32,000
countless living things 
throughout Earth's history. 

1120
01:05:32,000 --> 01:05:35,400
The air you breathe, is the 
product of billions of years of 

1121
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:37,600
biological and geological 
processes. 

1122
01:05:37,600 --> 01:05:41,800
The nitrogen came from volcanic 
out, gasping, and Cosmic dust 

1123
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:46,000
The oxygen was produced by 
cyanobacteria and plants over 

1124
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:49,200
billions of years. 
The trace of carbon dioxide 

1125
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:52,600
connects you to every plant 
currently photosynthesizing 

1126
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:55,400
every animal. 
Currently breathing every 

1127
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:59,100
volcano, currently erupting, and
every vehicle currently running 

1128
01:05:59,100 --> 01:06:02,800
you exist because of an unbroken
chain of survival and 

1129
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:07,000
reproduction back to those first
replicating molecules in Earth's

1130
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,000
primordial. 
Oceans. every one of your 

1131
01:06:10,008 --> 01:06:14,300
ancestors from bacteria to fish 
to mammals to primates 

1132
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:18,800
successfully survived long 
enough to reproduce, You are the

1133
01:06:18,800 --> 01:06:21,500
product of 4 billion years of 
evolutionary success. 

1134
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:25,600
The latest chapter in The 
Greatest Story Ever Told, but 

1135
01:06:25,600 --> 01:06:28,000
you're also part of something 
larger than your individual 

1136
01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:30,300
Story. 
You're a temporary arrangement 

1137
01:06:30,300 --> 01:06:33,500
of atoms that Earth has 
assembled atoms, that will 

1138
01:06:33,500 --> 01:06:35,600
eventually return to the 
planet's Cycles. 

1139
01:06:35,600 --> 01:06:38,300
When you die. 
Your body will decompose 

1140
01:06:38,300 --> 01:06:41,300
releasing nutrients. 
That will be taken up by plants 

1141
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:44,800
and microbes continuing the 
great recycling that has 

1142
01:06:44,800 --> 01:06:46,800
characterized Earth for billions
of years. 

1143
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:51,300
Nothing is truly lost. 
Everything is transformed and 

1144
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:54,000
reused this perspective on deep 
time. 

1145
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:57,400
Can be oddly comforting. 
Your worries and stresses the 

1146
01:06:57,400 --> 01:07:00,100
things that keep you awake at 
night, a real, and valid in the 

1147
01:07:00,108 --> 01:07:02,500
moment. 
But there are also temporary 

1148
01:07:02,500 --> 01:07:06,100
fleeting concerns in the 
vastness of geological time 

1149
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:11,600
mountains, rise and erode 
Ocean's open and close and 

1150
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,500
continents drift, life, 
persists, adapts and changes. 

1151
01:07:15,500 --> 01:07:19,200
Earth endures. 
The planet beneath you a 

1152
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:21,300
survived asteroid impacts 
volcanic. 

1153
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:24,800
Super eruptions. 
Snowball glaciations and mass 

1154
01:07:24,800 --> 01:07:27,800
extinctions. 
It has transformed from a 

1155
01:07:27,800 --> 01:07:31,000
lifeless ball of rock to a world
where microscopic organisms can 

1156
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:35,200
evolve over billions of years 
into creatures capable of 

1157
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:37,500
understanding their own 
evolutionary history. 

1158
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:42,200
That's perhaps the most 
remarkable thing of all that the

1159
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:45,800
Universe can through processes 
were still working to understand

1160
01:07:45,800 --> 01:07:49,800
create entities capable of 
contemplating the universe 

1161
01:07:49,800 --> 01:07:51,500
itself. 
Tomorrow morning. 

1162
01:07:51,500 --> 01:07:54,000
When you wake up, you'll be one 
day older. 

1163
01:07:54,800 --> 01:07:58,200
But Earth will be older by a Day
Too a day in which is 

1164
01:07:58,200 --> 01:08:00,400
continents. 
Will have drifted fractions of a

1165
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,900
millimeter a day in which 
millions of organisms will have 

1166
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,800
been born and died a day in 
which rock weather and soil, 

1167
01:08:07,800 --> 01:08:10,400
formed and water cycles and life
continued. 

1168
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:14,100
You're a participant in this 
ongoing story contributing your 

1169
01:08:14,100 --> 01:08:16,300
own small chapter to Earth's 
biography. 

1170
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:20,600
The choice is you make the 
things you create and the people

1171
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:23,399
you influence all become part of
the planet's history. 

1172
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:27,200
However, briefly You're not just
living on Earth. 

1173
01:08:27,899 --> 01:08:31,200
Your part of Earth, a temperate 
expression of the planets 

1174
01:08:31,200 --> 01:08:35,700
capacity to organize matter, in 
to self-aware forms sleep now 

1175
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:40,100
and dream of deep time. 
If you wish Dream of ancient 

1176
01:08:40,100 --> 01:08:43,899
oceans and Cambrian. 
Seas of forests, that became 

1177
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:49,300
coal of continents drifting like
slow ships on the mantle Dream 

1178
01:08:49,300 --> 01:08:51,800
of your ancestors, stretching 
back through mammals and 

1179
01:08:51,808 --> 01:08:55,600
reptiles and fish. 
And simple cells to the very 

1180
01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:59,300
beginning of life itself. 
Dream of a planet that has been 

1181
01:08:59,308 --> 01:09:04,800
patient for 4.5 billion years 
slowly, becoming a world where 

1182
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:07,200
creatures like, you could exist 
to tell its story. 

1183
01:09:07,200 --> 01:09:10,500
And when you wake tomorrow, 
remember that you're living on 

1184
01:09:10,500 --> 01:09:14,200
the surface of a living planet, 
one day in a story that began 

1185
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:18,000
billions of years ago and will 
continue long after your gone. 

1186
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:21,500
That's not diminishing, its 
connecting. 

1187
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:26,800
Your part of something, vast and
ancient and ongoing a 

1188
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:28,300
participant in the grandest 
story. 

1189
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:31,399
Ever told rest, well, child of 
Stardust. 

1190
01:09:32,399 --> 01:09:36,800
Send to the first replicating 
molecules beneficiary of 4 

1191
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:40,300
billion years of evolution. 
Earth will still be here when 

1192
01:09:40,300 --> 01:09:43,600
you wake continuing its slow 
dance through space. 

1193
01:09:43,600 --> 01:09:47,300
Carrying you and billions of 
other organisms through another 

1194
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:49,300
day of the longest Story Ever 
Told. 

1195
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:58,100
Picture it, if you will, the 
year 1847. 

1196
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:02,100
Comfortably perched on her 
throne Queen Victoria remains 

1197
01:10:02,100 --> 01:10:04,900
oblivious to the spectacular. 
Death occurring among her 

1198
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:08,100
subjects as though attempt to 
bake her Daily Bread. as she 

1199
01:10:08,108 --> 01:10:10,600
delicately nibbles on Crumpets 
in the safety of Buckingham 

1200
01:10:10,600 --> 01:10:15,000
Palace, her Bakers are engrossed
in an industrial scale of flour,

1201
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:18,400
roulette You might assume quite 
reasonably that the most 

1202
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:20,300
dangerous. 
Victorian profession involved, 

1203
01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:24,100
coal mines, where men descended 
into stitch in debts to wrestle.

1204
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:26,100
Black diamonds from the Earth's 
reluctant grip. 

1205
01:10:27,400 --> 01:10:30,500
Or perhaps you'd wager on 
Chimney Sweeps, those City 

1206
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:33,400
Sprites who squeezed through 
flus and narrower than a 

1207
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:36,500
respectable woman's waist. 
Perhaps Factory workers 

1208
01:10:36,500 --> 01:10:39,400
performed their risky routines, 
amidst unprotected, Machinery, 

1209
01:10:39,400 --> 01:10:44,300
considering human limbs as mere 
extras, but no, the seemingly 

1210
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:47,400
innocent art of baking bread was
the Victorian occupation, most 

1211
01:10:47,400 --> 01:10:50,400
likely to send you on your way. 
this Revelation would 

1212
01:10:50,400 --> 01:10:53,400
undoubtedly surprise modern 
individuals who consider their 

1213
01:10:53,400 --> 01:10:56,200
greatest kitchen Peril to be 
burning toast or discovering, 

1214
01:10:56,200 --> 01:11:00,200
they've run out of sourdough 
starter The Victorian Bakehouse 

1215
01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:02,800
was not the Cozy flour. 
Dusted, sanctuary of 

1216
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:06,500
contemporary imagination 
populated by Rosie cheek 

1217
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:07,900
daughters and humming while they
need. 

1218
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:12,800
It was quite literally a deadly 
trap masquerading as a place of 

1219
01:11:12,800 --> 01:11:16,400
sustenance, the statistics 
compiled by diligent Victorian 

1220
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:18,900
bureaucrats, who love nothing 
more than categorizing 

1221
01:11:18,900 --> 01:11:21,500
catastrophe. 
Revealed that Bakers died at 

1222
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:23,800
rates that would make even the 
most hardened, coal miner 

1223
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:27,400
Blanche beneath his Perpetual 
coating of dust. consider the 

1224
01:11:27,400 --> 01:11:31,000
irony, the very profession 
dedicated to sustaining life was

1225
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:34,900
remarkably efficient at ending 
it Baker's those Stallworth 

1226
01:11:34,900 --> 01:11:38,700
providers of civilization's most
fundamental food, stuff face, 

1227
01:11:38,700 --> 01:11:41,800
mortality rates that transformed
their daily routine in to a 

1228
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,400
Macabre Lottery where winning 
meant merely surviving until tea

1229
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:47,600
time. 
The reasons for this alarming. 

1230
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:50,100
State of Affairs were as varied 
as they were absurd. 

1231
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,300
Explosions featured prominently 
naturally. 

1232
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:56,700
When you combine highly 
combustible flour dust with open

1233
01:11:56,700 --> 01:11:59,900
flames and Victorian era, safety
standards, which could 

1234
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:02,900
charitably be described as 
suggestions and create 

1235
01:12:02,908 --> 01:12:05,500
conditions, right? 
For spectacular disaster. 

1236
01:12:06,600 --> 01:12:09,100
Imagine walking into work each 
morning knowing that your 

1237
01:12:09,100 --> 01:12:11,900
workplace contained all the 
essential ingredients for a bomb

1238
01:12:11,900 --> 01:12:14,400
and your job required you to 
provide the spark. 

1239
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:18,000
But explosions were merely the 
most dramatic of the baker's 

1240
01:12:18,000 --> 01:12:20,100
occupational. 
Hazards, the professional 

1241
01:12:20,100 --> 01:12:22,900
provided a diverse range of 
opportunities to escape death. 

1242
01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:25,100
Heat. 
Stroke claimed victims with 

1243
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:27,100
ruthless efficiency during 
summer months. 

1244
01:12:27,100 --> 01:12:30,100
When Bakehouse temperatures 
soared to levels that would make

1245
01:12:30,100 --> 01:12:32,300
Hades himself reach for a 
cooling compress. 

1246
01:12:33,500 --> 01:12:36,600
Spiritual ailments flourished in
environments, thick with flour 

1247
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:39,400
dust, creating breathing 
conditions, comparable to 

1248
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:42,000
working inside a particularly 
malevolent snow globe. 

1249
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:45,300
Then there were more pedestrian 
dangers that accumulated like 

1250
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:49,000
interest on debt ovens radiated 
heat with the intensity of 

1251
01:12:49,000 --> 01:12:53,400
miniature Suns, causing burns 
the Machinery, which operated on

1252
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:56,600
the principle that safety guards
were for the weak willed caused 

1253
01:12:56,600 --> 01:12:59,300
injuries. 
Poorly, ventilated ovens 

1254
01:12:59,300 --> 01:13:01,200
silently. 
Releasing their deadly breathe 

1255
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:06,200
in to confined spaces. 
Cause carbon monoxide poisoning.

1256
01:13:07,700 --> 01:13:10,700
The Victorian Baker began each 
day, not with a cheerful whistle

1257
01:13:10,700 --> 01:13:12,900
but with what a mounted to a 
death wish. 

1258
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:16,600
And a prayer to whichever deity 
supervised bread, making they 

1259
01:13:16,600 --> 01:13:19,300
entered their domain of doe and 
danger knowing that they chose 

1260
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:20,700
and professional viewed 
longevity. 

1261
01:13:20,700 --> 01:13:23,300
As a character flaw to be 
corrected with extreme prejudice

1262
01:13:23,300 --> 01:13:25,900
yet. 
They persevered he's brave 

1263
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:28,900
souls, who transformed grain 
into sustenance while risking 

1264
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,200
life and limb, they Rose Before 
Dawn, literally and figuratively

1265
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:35,400
to feed a nation that consumed 
bread with the enthusiasm of 

1266
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:39,300
locusts blissfully unaware, that
each loaf represented a small 

1267
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:42,300
victory over the forces of 
Occupational obliteration. 

1268
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:46,400
The tale of Victorian baking 
mortality is not merely one of 

1269
01:13:46,408 --> 01:13:50,000
industrial Hazard but of human 
determination in the face of 

1270
01:13:50,008 --> 01:13:52,900
absurd. 
Adversity, it speaks to our 

1271
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:56,100
species, remarkable ability to 
pursue even the most lethal 

1272
01:13:56,100 --> 01:13:59,300
vocations, when driven by 
necessity Pride or simple 

1273
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:01,700
stubbornness. 
Now, then let us get into the 

1274
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:05,100
particular Genius of Victorian 
flower, a substance that 

1275
01:14:05,100 --> 01:14:08,100
possessed the Dual personality 
of being both a life-sustaining 

1276
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:11,000
staple and enthusiastic 
explosive. 

1277
01:14:11,700 --> 01:14:15,200
Modern Bakers, coddled by health
and safety regulations, can 

1278
01:14:15,200 --> 01:14:17,400
scarcely. 
Imagine working with a primary 

1279
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:21,300
ingredient that Harvard such 
violent tendency is Flour dust. 

1280
01:14:21,300 --> 01:14:24,100
You see is not merely the 
innocent by product of Milling 

1281
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:26,900
grain in the proper 
concentrations and conditions. 

1282
01:14:26,900 --> 01:14:29,600
It becomes what pirate 
technicians would recognize as 

1283
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:33,200
an exceptional accelerant The 
Victorian Bakehouse with its 

1284
01:14:33,200 --> 01:14:36,000
primitive ventilation and 
Cavalier attitude toward dust 

1285
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:38,800
control created ideal 
conditions, for what we might 

1286
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:42,000
politely term, spontaneous 
architectural rearrangement. 

1287
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:46,000
The science behind flower 
explosions is elegantly simple 

1288
01:14:46,000 --> 01:14:49,800
and terrifyingly effective 
suspend fine particles of any 

1289
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:52,200
combustible material in are at 
the correct concentration. 

1290
01:14:53,200 --> 01:14:56,800
Typically between 40 and 4,000 
grams per cubic meter for flour.

1291
01:14:56,800 --> 01:14:59,600
Add an ignition source and 
observe as your workplace 

1292
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:01,500
transforms into a temporary 
volcano. 

1293
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:05,500
The explosion occurs when the 
suspended particles, burned 

1294
01:15:05,500 --> 01:15:09,100
simultaneously creating a rapid 
expansion of gases that 

1295
01:15:09,100 --> 01:15:11,700
expresses itself through the 
inconvenient, destruction of 

1296
01:15:11,700 --> 01:15:13,500
whatever structure happened to 
be containing it. 

1297
01:15:13,500 --> 01:15:17,100
Victorian Baker's worked in 
environments where flour dust 

1298
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:20,100
hung in the air, like a 
Perpetual London Fog, coating 

1299
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,100
every surface and creating what 
amounted to a three-dimensional 

1300
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:25,300
bomb waiting for someone to 
strike a match. 

1301
01:15:26,100 --> 01:15:28,800
Victorian health and safety 
experts apparently overlooked. 

1302
01:15:28,800 --> 01:15:31,600
The irony that their profession 
required Bakers to work with 

1303
01:15:31,600 --> 01:15:34,700
open Flames while surrounded by 
explosive material. 

1304
01:15:35,500 --> 01:15:38,700
Assuming such individuals 
existed, which remains a matter 

1305
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:41,900
of historical debate. 
The gateshead mill. 

1306
01:15:41,900 --> 01:15:45,300
Explosion of 1857 serves as a 
particularly, Illuminating 

1307
01:15:45,300 --> 01:15:47,500
example of flowers volatile 
nature. 

1308
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:51,500
What began as a routine day of 
Milling, grain concluded with an

1309
01:15:51,508 --> 01:15:53,500
explosion. 
That could be heard 15 miles 

1310
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:56,800
away, and left a crater, where a
substantial building had stood 

1311
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:01,100
me a moments before. 205, Souls 
perished in that particular 

1312
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:04,700
demonstration of flowers, 
explosive enthusiasm, including 

1313
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:07,200
several Bakers who had simply 
been collecting their daily 

1314
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:11,400
supplies But Mill explosions 
spectacular though, they were 

1315
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:14,600
represented only one aspect of 
the flower related. 

1316
01:16:14,600 --> 01:16:16,700
Mortality that plagued Victorian
Vapors. 

1317
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:20,000
The daily buildup of dust in 
baked houses created, 

1318
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:23,200
consistently dangerous 
conditions, a baker lighting is 

1319
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:26,100
oven in the morning, faced odds,
comparable to a Munitions, 

1320
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:29,000
worker conducting fuse tests. 
The difference was that the 

1321
01:16:29,000 --> 01:16:32,000
Munitions were at least expected
his materials to explode. 

1322
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:35,700
Victorian ventilation systems 
designed by individuals, who 

1323
01:16:35,700 --> 01:16:38,700
apparently believed that fresh 
air was overrated in short that 

1324
01:16:38,708 --> 01:16:41,800
flour dust remained suspended in
Bakehouse atmospheres for 

1325
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:45,300
extended periods. 
Opening Windows was often in 

1326
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:47,300
Practical due to weather 
conditions or the need to 

1327
01:16:47,300 --> 01:16:49,600
maintain specific temperatures 
for the bread production. 

1328
01:16:49,600 --> 01:16:53,400
Such systems created and closed,
environments were flour, 

1329
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:55,000
particles. 
Dance through the air like 

1330
01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:58,600
microscopic time bombs awaiting 
their moment of Glory. 

1331
01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:02,200
The concentration of flour dust 
varied throughout the baking 

1332
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:06,800
process. 
Reaching particularly dangerous 

1333
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:09,100
levels during mixing and 
kneading operations. 

1334
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:12,300
Baker's working with large 
quantities of flour. 

1335
01:17:12,300 --> 01:17:13,800
Essentially performed their 
duties. 

1336
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:17,200
While swimming through a sea of 
potential explosives, that more 

1337
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:20,500
baked houses, didn't explode on 
a daily basis speaks. 

1338
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:22,900
Either to remarkable luck or to 
the intervention of Divine 

1339
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:25,300
Providence. 
With a particular fondness for 

1340
01:17:25,300 --> 01:17:27,900
bread, consider the typical 
Victorian Baker's morning. 

1341
01:17:27,908 --> 01:17:31,500
Routine arrived before dawn, 
like the ovens while. 

1342
01:17:31,500 --> 01:17:34,900
Surrounded by combustible dust 
begin, mixing flour, in 

1343
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:38,100
quantities, sufficient to 
supply, a small army all while 

1344
01:17:38,100 --> 01:17:41,200
maintaining the kind of casual 
attitude toward personal safety,

1345
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:43,900
that would give modern 
Occupational, Health Specialists

1346
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:47,500
apoplexy, The tools of the trade
contributed to the hazard. 

1347
01:17:47,500 --> 01:17:51,100
Wooden paddles striking mixing 
bowls could generate static 

1348
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:55,100
electricity sufficient to ignite
suspended flour particles. metal

1349
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:58,100
implements scraping against 
Stone, Surfaces Produce Sparks 

1350
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:01,500
with the reliability of 
Victorian Clockwork, Even the 

1351
01:18:01,500 --> 01:18:04,100
humble Act of sifting flour, 
through wire mesh created 

1352
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:07,800
opportunities for electrostatic 
discharge, he could transform a 

1353
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:11,400
routine tasks into an explosive 
finale yet, Baker's adapted to 

1354
01:18:11,400 --> 01:18:13,700
these conditions, with the 
pragmatic acceptance that 

1355
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:16,500
characterized Victorian 
attitudes toward occupational 

1356
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:19,100
hazards. 
They developed techniques for 

1357
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:22,100
minimizing dust clouds, learned 
to recognize dangerous, 

1358
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:25,200
accumulation of flour, particles
and acquired, an almost 

1359
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:27,400
Supernatural awareness of the 
ignition sources. 

1360
01:18:28,400 --> 01:18:30,800
The workplace might have been a 
powder keg but they were 

1361
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:33,400
determined to extract bread from
it, regardless of the personal 

1362
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,100
cost. 
The explosive nature of flour, 

1363
01:18:36,100 --> 01:18:38,200
dust wasn't limited to dramatic 
Mill. 

1364
01:18:38,200 --> 01:18:41,100
Disasters, smaller, explosions 
occurred with distressing 

1365
01:18:41,100 --> 01:18:44,800
regularity in individual bake 
houses often resulting in severe

1366
01:18:44,800 --> 01:18:48,100
burns, structural damage and the
occasional Baker launched 

1367
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:50,600
through a wall like a flour, 
dusted, Cannonball. 

1368
01:18:51,300 --> 01:18:54,300
These incidents rarely made 
headlines, being considered 

1369
01:18:54,300 --> 01:18:57,000
occupational hazards. 
Rather than use the events 

1370
01:18:57,000 --> 01:18:59,900
having established that 
Victorian Baker's worked with 

1371
01:18:59,900 --> 01:19:02,100
explosives to Skies, as baking 
ingredients. 

1372
01:19:02,100 --> 01:19:05,900
Let us now, examine their 
working environment, a realm 

1373
01:19:05,900 --> 01:19:08,200
where temperatures soared to 
levels that would challenge the 

1374
01:19:08,200 --> 01:19:12,000
constitution of a salamander and
make even the most dedicated Sun

1375
01:19:12,000 --> 01:19:14,400
worshiper reconsider their 
Devotion to warmth. 

1376
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:18,200
The Victorian Bakehouse oven 
stood as a testament to 

1377
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:21,400
Humanity's ongoing dedication to
transforming roaring ingredients

1378
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:25,100
into edible form, regardless of 
personal Comfort or survival 

1379
01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:27,700
prospects. 
These massive brick and stone 

1380
01:19:27,700 --> 01:19:29,500
constructions operated on the 
principle. 

1381
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:32,500
That if some heat was good for 
baking, then temperatures 

1382
01:19:32,500 --> 01:19:34,900
capable of smelting copper were 
obviously Superior. 

1383
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:38,600
Imagine if you will, stepping 
into a room where the ambient 

1384
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:42,400
temperature, regulates exceeded,
120 degrees Fahrenheit, Where 

1385
01:19:42,400 --> 01:19:46,000
Metal surfaces glowed with heat 
and where the air itself seemed 

1386
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:47,500
to Shimmer with malevolent 
energy. 

1387
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:50,300
This space was the baker's Daily
Office. 

1388
01:19:51,100 --> 01:19:53,800
This workspace would have 
impressed Dante as a 

1389
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:55,900
particularly creative 
interpretation of infernal 

1390
01:19:55,900 --> 01:19:58,700
punishment. 
The ovens themselves, reached 

1391
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:01,800
internal temperatures of 500 to 
800 degrees Fahrenheit, 

1392
01:20:01,800 --> 01:20:05,900
radiating heat, that transform 
the surrounding area into what 

1393
01:20:05,900 --> 01:20:08,700
could generously be described as
a preview of the afterlife. 

1394
01:20:09,800 --> 01:20:12,000
Baker's labor. 
Just a few feet away from these 

1395
01:20:12,000 --> 01:20:16,500
colossal ovens meticulously 
loading and unloading bread clad

1396
01:20:16,500 --> 01:20:18,900
in clothing that provided the 
same level of protection as a 

1397
01:20:18,908 --> 01:20:21,600
gentleman's evening attire from 
a dragon snarl. 

1398
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:26,200
During summer months, conditions
became genuinely murderous, the 

1399
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:28,600
combination of external 
heatwaves and internal oven 

1400
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:31,500
temperatures, created 
environments that challenge to 

1401
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:34,800
human physiologies ability to 
maintain basic functions heat, 

1402
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:37,400
stroke to victims, with the 
efficiency of a well-organized. 

1403
01:20:37,400 --> 01:20:40,300
Plague dropping Bakers mid tasks
like wheat. 

1404
01:20:40,300 --> 01:20:43,200
Before the Size, Victoria, 
medical understanding of 

1405
01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:46,300
heat-related illness was shall 
we say primitive? 

1406
01:20:47,700 --> 01:20:50,500
The prevailing wisdom suggested 
that heat stroke resulted from 

1407
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:53,100
moral weakness rather than 
physiological limits. 

1408
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:56,300
These assumptions meant that 
Bakers suffering from heat 

1409
01:20:56,300 --> 01:20:59,200
exhaustion were often encouraged
to demonstrate greater 

1410
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:01,900
fortitude, rather than seek 
medical attention or heaven 

1411
01:21:01,900 --> 01:21:03,900
forbid, take a break from their 
duties. 

1412
01:21:04,900 --> 01:21:07,800
The irony of dying from heat 
while producing food for a 

1413
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:09,600
nation that complained 
constantly about cold. 

1414
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:12,200
Weather was not lost on 
contemporary observers. 

1415
01:21:12,200 --> 01:21:14,700
Though, it provided little 
Comfort to the families of 

1416
01:21:14,708 --> 01:21:17,900
Bakers who had literally cooked 
themselves to death in service 

1417
01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:21,300
of their craft. 
Water was often scarce in baked 

1418
01:21:21,300 --> 01:21:23,200
houses as the combination of 
flour. 

1419
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,300
Dust and moisture created paste.
That interfered with operations.

1420
01:21:27,100 --> 01:21:29,800
Such conditions meant that 
Bakers, worked through scorching

1421
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:32,900
shifts with minimal hydration, 
their bodies fighting a losing 

1422
01:21:32,900 --> 01:21:35,700
battle against dehydration while
their profession demanded 

1423
01:21:35,700 --> 01:21:39,500
exposure to temperatures that 
would fell a camel, the clothing

1424
01:21:39,500 --> 01:21:42,600
of the era compounded, the 
problem heavy wool garments 

1425
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:46,200
designed for Britain's typically
cool climate became instruments 

1426
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:48,000
of torture in Bakehouse 
conditions. 

1427
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:51,700
Changing clothes was considered 
in proper and lighter Fabrics, 

1428
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:53,500
were expensive and impractical 
for manual. 

1429
01:21:53,500 --> 01:21:56,800
Laborer Baker's essentially 
worked while wearing portable 

1430
01:21:56,800 --> 01:21:59,700
saunas that trapped heat and 
moisture with the ruthless 

1431
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:02,800
efficiency. 
Ventilation systems where they 

1432
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,900
existed at all would designed by
individuals who apparently 

1433
01:22:05,900 --> 01:22:09,100
believed that are circulation 
was a luxury rather than a 

1434
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:12,600
necessity for human survival. 
To maintain oven temperatures 

1435
01:22:12,600 --> 01:22:14,100
and prevent flower 
contamination. 

1436
01:22:14,100 --> 01:22:17,800
Baker's often, kept windows 
closed creating sealed in 

1437
01:22:17,808 --> 01:22:19,200
environments. 
That would have impressed. 

1438
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:22,800
Ancient Egyptian tomb. 
Builders The psychological 

1439
01:22:22,800 --> 01:22:26,400
effects of working in such 
conditions were profound, many 

1440
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:28,400
Bakers developed a peculiar 
gaze. 

1441
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,200
The kin to someone who has 
stared too long at industrial 

1442
01:22:31,200 --> 01:22:34,500
strength heat only to find it, 
staring back with interest. 

1443
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:38,300
They moved with the deliberate 
pace of people conserving energy

1444
01:22:38,300 --> 01:22:40,700
for mere, survival rather than 
efficient productivity. 

1445
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:43,300
Yet they adapted with 
remarkable. 

1446
01:22:43,300 --> 01:22:47,500
Ingenuity experience, Bakers, 
learned to work in brief bursts 

1447
01:22:47,500 --> 01:22:49,700
timing. 
Their activities to coincide 

1448
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:52,700
with marginally cooler periods. 
They developed techniques for 

1449
01:22:52,700 --> 01:22:55,200
manipulating oven doors and 
loading bread that minimize 

1450
01:22:55,200 --> 01:22:58,900
exposure to direct heat. 
Some pioneered early versions of

1451
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:01,700
cooling strategies though. 
These rarely involved anything 

1452
01:23:01,700 --> 01:23:04,200
more sophisticated than 
strategic positioning near the 

1453
01:23:04,200 --> 01:23:08,000
rare draft or the occasional 
splash of precious water. the 

1454
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:10,900
relationship between Baker and 
resembled a dangerous courtship 

1455
01:23:10,900 --> 01:23:14,300
where familiarity bred not 
contempt, but a healthy respect 

1456
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:17,000
for an entity capable of ending 
the relationship permanently 

1457
01:23:17,000 --> 01:23:20,800
Baker's learned to read their 
ovens moods, to anticipate 

1458
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:24,400
temperature fluctuations, and to
recognize the subtle signs that 

1459
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:27,800
indicated when their workplace 
had achieved particularly lethal

1460
01:23:27,800 --> 01:23:31,200
levels of thermal enthusiasm, 
Burns were so common. 

1461
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:33,900
They were considered part of the
baker's uniform rather than 

1462
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:37,400
injuries requiring attention. 
Arms, ball scars like military 

1463
01:23:37,400 --> 01:23:40,000
decorations. 
Each mark telling the story of a

1464
01:23:40,000 --> 01:23:42,900
close encounter with surfaces, 
hot enough to Brand cattle. 

1465
01:23:42,900 --> 01:23:46,500
The successful Baker was not one
who avoided Burns, but one who 

1466
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:49,700
had learned to function, despite
them while explosions provided 

1467
01:23:49,700 --> 01:23:52,500
the dramatic, spectacle and heat
stroke offered the theatrical. 

1468
01:23:52,500 --> 01:23:55,600
Flourish The Humble flour dust 
pursued, its victims with the 

1469
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:59,000
patient Persistence of a 
particularly dedicated assassin.

1470
01:23:59,800 --> 01:24:02,400
Unlike its more flamboyant 
cousins in the pantheon of 

1471
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:05,000
Occupational, hazards, flour, 
dust preferred. 

1472
01:24:05,000 --> 01:24:08,000
The slower approach. 
Accumulating in lungs, with the 

1473
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:10,200
methodical, thoroughness of 
compound interest. 

1474
01:24:10,200 --> 01:24:13,900
The Victorian Bakehouse 
atmosphere contained flour, 

1475
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:16,800
particles and concentrations. 
That would make modern air 

1476
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:19,500
quality inspectors reach for 
their emergency inhalers. 

1477
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:23,400
Every movement stirred clouds of
dust that transformed breathing 

1478
01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:26,800
from an automatic bodily 
function into a conscious 

1479
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:29,900
decision required, careful 
consideration of risk versus 

1480
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:32,700
necessity. 
Picture the typical morning seen

1481
01:24:32,700 --> 01:24:36,700
a baker enters, his domain of 
doe and danger and immediately 

1482
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:40,100
encounters are thick enough to 
chew measuring flour, sense. 

1483
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:43,600
Particles dancing through, the 
atmosphere, akin to Tiny ballet.

1484
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:45,500
Dancers, performing a deadly, 
Spyro. 

1485
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:48,900
Needing operations create dust 
clouds that would rival the 

1486
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:52,700
Sahara during a particularly 
enthusiastic soundstorm by 

1487
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:54,700
mid-morning the air in a busy 
Bakehouse. 

1488
01:24:54,700 --> 01:24:57,600
Resembled a London, Fog, 
composed entirely of potential 

1489
01:24:57,600 --> 01:25:00,500
bread ingredients. 
The victorians had a rudimentary

1490
01:25:00,500 --> 01:25:02,100
understanding of respiratory 
Health. 

1491
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:05,100
The prevailing medical wisdom 
held that strong lungs could 

1492
01:25:05,108 --> 01:25:07,700
process any substance with 
sufficient determination. 

1493
01:25:08,600 --> 01:25:10,900
These beliefs meant that Bakers 
experiencing breathing 

1494
01:25:10,900 --> 01:25:13,200
difficulties were often advised 
to demonstrate greater 

1495
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:16,200
respiratory fortitude, rather 
than consider the possibility 

1496
01:25:16,200 --> 01:25:18,500
that their workplace atmosphere 
might be attempting to kill 

1497
01:25:18,500 --> 01:25:20,900
them. 
The cumulative effect of 

1498
01:25:20,900 --> 01:25:23,200
inhaling flour dust day after 
day created. 

1499
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:25,300
What we might now recognized as 
occupational. 

1500
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:28,300
Lung disease, though. 
Victorian terminology preferred 

1501
01:25:28,300 --> 01:25:32,100
more creative descriptions. 
Baker's lung became a recognized

1502
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:35,500
condition characterized by 
persistent coughing shortness of

1503
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:38,300
breath and the gradual 
transformation of healthy lung 

1504
01:25:38,300 --> 01:25:41,100
tissue into something resembling
poorly mixed pastry. 

1505
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:44,400
The flour dust was merely the 
headline act in the respiratory 

1506
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:46,300
horror show. 
That was the Victorian Bakehouse

1507
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:50,200
coldest from heating systems, 
mingled with flour, particles to

1508
01:25:50,200 --> 01:25:53,000
create a toxic cocktail 
challenge, even the most robust 

1509
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:56,800
Constitution yeast, spores added
their contribution to the 

1510
01:25:56,800 --> 01:25:59,500
atmospheric suit while smoke 
from others. 

1511
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:01,500
Provided a finishing touch. 
That would have impressed. 

1512
01:26:01,500 --> 01:26:05,400
The most dedicated tobacco 
enthusiast The lack of 

1513
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:07,800
ventilation meant that these 
Airborne hasards accumulated 

1514
01:26:07,800 --> 01:26:10,800
throughout the Working Day. 
Reaching concentrations that 

1515
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:13,400
transform simple breathing into 
an extreme sport. 

1516
01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:17,400
Baker's developed the peculiar 
ability to work while taking 

1517
01:26:17,400 --> 01:26:19,700
shallow measured breaths and 
consciously. 

1518
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:22,200
Rationing their air intake to 
minimize the ingestion of 

1519
01:26:22,208 --> 01:26:24,900
particular matter. 
Some Bakers attempted to protect

1520
01:26:24,900 --> 01:26:28,300
themselves by wrapping cloth 
around their faces creating 

1521
01:26:28,300 --> 01:26:30,500
primitive masks. 
That filter the worst of the 

1522
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:33,100
atmospheric sold. 
However, these impromptu 

1523
01:26:33,100 --> 01:26:35,700
breathing protection devices, 
often interfered with their 

1524
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:38,800
ability to taste and smell their
products which was considered 

1525
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:40,500
essential to producing quality 
bread. 

1526
01:26:41,400 --> 01:26:44,000
Professional Standards resolve 
the choice between breathing 

1527
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:47,500
safely and baking competently 
with predictable consequences 

1528
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:50,700
for longevity. 
The seasonal nature of breathing

1529
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:53,000
problems added. 
Another layer of complexity to 

1530
01:26:53,000 --> 01:26:56,600
the baker's survival strategy. 
Summer brought additional dust 

1531
01:26:56,600 --> 01:26:59,600
from grain harvests while winter
sealed, bake, houses against 

1532
01:26:59,600 --> 01:27:03,000
fresh air circulation. 
Spring cleaning operations when 

1533
01:27:03,000 --> 01:27:06,400
a accumulated dust was Disturbed
and redistributed created 

1534
01:27:06,400 --> 01:27:09,500
temporary atmospheric conditions
that resembled working inside a 

1535
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:10,600
flower Shaker during an 
earthquake. 

1536
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:13,500
Children. 
Apprentice to Baker's face 

1537
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:16,700
particular challenges as their 
developing breathing systems 

1538
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:19,200
were less equipped to handle the
constant assault of Airborne 

1539
01:27:19,200 --> 01:27:21,800
particles. 
Many young apprentices developed

1540
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:24,200
chronic coughs. 
That mark them as surely as any 

1541
01:27:24,200 --> 01:27:26,800
Guild membership. 
The wheezing signature that 

1542
01:27:26,808 --> 01:27:29,600
announced their profession from 
considerable distances. 

1543
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:34,000
Contemporary observers did not 
entirely miss the irony, that 

1544
01:27:34,000 --> 01:27:37,400
bred a symbol of life and 
sustenance was produced in 

1545
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:40,200
environments that systematically
destroyed, the health of its 

1546
01:27:40,200 --> 01:27:43,000
creators. 
However, Victorian society, 

1547
01:27:43,000 --> 01:27:46,300
exhibited a remarkable ability 
to overlook uncomfortable 

1548
01:27:46,300 --> 01:27:48,800
realities. 
The contradiction was classified

1549
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:53,000
as an occupational necessity, 
rather than a systemic problem, 

1550
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:56,800
requiring attention. 
Experience Bakers developed an 

1551
01:27:56,800 --> 01:27:59,000
almost Supernatural. 
Awareness of air, quality 

1552
01:27:59,000 --> 01:28:02,600
learning to detect dangerous. 
Concentrations of dust by subtle

1553
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:05,000
changes in light, refraction and
Atmospheric density. 

1554
01:28:06,100 --> 01:28:08,500
They could navigate their 
workplaces during Peak dusk 

1555
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:11,700
conditions with the skill of 
blind navigation, Guided by 

1556
01:28:11,700 --> 01:28:14,800
Instinct and hard one experience
rather than Clear Vision. 

1557
01:28:16,200 --> 01:28:18,600
The cleanup operations that 
concluded each Working Day 

1558
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:20,300
created their own breathing 
challenges. 

1559
01:28:21,200 --> 01:28:24,900
Sweeping accumulated flour dust 
merely, redistributed to see it 

1560
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:27,700
into the air. 
Creating temporary dust storms 

1561
01:28:27,700 --> 01:28:30,400
that transformed routine 
maintenance into a hazardous 

1562
01:28:30,400 --> 01:28:32,100
activity. 
Requiring careful timing and 

1563
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,200
strategic breath-holding. 
Some Bakers discovered that 

1564
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:37,900
alcohol consumption seemed to 
provide temporary relief from 

1565
01:28:37,900 --> 01:28:40,500
breathing, irritations, leading 
to the development of 

1566
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:43,000
professional drinking Customs 
that were Justified as medical 

1567
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:45,900
necessity rather than 
recreational activity. 

1568
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:50,200
Whether these practices actually
improved breathing function or 

1569
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:53,100
merely made the symptoms, more 
tolerable remains a matter of 

1570
01:28:53,100 --> 01:28:56,200
historical speculation having 
examined the environmental 

1571
01:28:56,200 --> 01:28:58,900
hazards that transformed 
Victorian bake houses into 

1572
01:28:58,900 --> 01:29:02,100
inadvertent death traps. 
We must now turn our attention 

1573
01:29:02,100 --> 01:29:03,900
to the Machinery. 
Employed in bread production 

1574
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:06,700
devices that appear to have been
designed, by individuals 

1575
01:29:06,700 --> 01:29:09,400
harboring, a personal grudge 
against anyone, foolish enough 

1576
01:29:09,400 --> 01:29:13,000
to pursue a career in baking. 
The Victorian erased to 

1577
01:29:13,000 --> 01:29:15,500
Industrial safety could be 
generously described as 

1578
01:29:15,500 --> 01:29:19,300
optimistic or more accurately 
characterized as non-existent 

1579
01:29:20,300 --> 01:29:23,100
The prevailing philosophy seemed
to suggest that safety equipment

1580
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:25,600
was only for individuals who 
lacked sufficient moral 

1581
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:28,100
character to prevent injury 
through sheer willpower. 

1582
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:32,100
This attitude was particularly 
evident in Bakehouse Machinery 

1583
01:29:32,100 --> 01:29:35,800
where moving Parts operated with
the exposed in enthusiasm of 

1584
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:39,000
mechanical Predators. 
Eager to sample, human anatomy. 

1585
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:42,700
consider the dough, mixing 
apparatus a Marvel of 

1586
01:29:42,700 --> 01:29:46,100
engineering that combined 
Effectiveness with lethality in 

1587
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:48,300
proportions that would have 
impressed medieval torture 

1588
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:51,800
device designers These machines 
featured rotating paddles and 

1589
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:55,000
gears that operated without the 
inconvenience of safety guards, 

1590
01:29:55,000 --> 01:29:58,300
creating opportunities for 
Bakers to become inadvertently 

1591
01:29:58,300 --> 01:29:59,800
incorporated into their 
products. 

1592
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:03,600
The Machinery is moving parts 
were positioned at precisely the

1593
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,700
right height to catch sleeves 
aprons and the occasional arm of

1594
01:30:06,708 --> 01:30:09,100
anyone foolish enough to 
approach too closely during 

1595
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:12,100
operation. 
The mixing machines operated on 

1596
01:30:12,100 --> 01:30:14,500
the principle that human 
reflexes were sufficiently quick

1597
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:17,200
to avoid entanglement with 
rotating metal components. 

1598
01:30:17,200 --> 01:30:20,800
This assumption proved overly 
optimistic with distressing 

1599
01:30:20,800 --> 01:30:24,400
regularity, leading to injuries,
that range from minor Flesh 

1600
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:28,300
Wounds to complete limb removal.
The machine is indifference to 

1601
01:30:28,300 --> 01:30:31,200
human anatomy was matched only 
by its efficiency at processing 

1602
01:30:31,200 --> 01:30:33,500
dough. 
Creating a workplace environment

1603
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:36,800
where productivity and personal 
safety existed in inverse 

1604
01:30:36,800 --> 01:30:39,700
proportion. 
Doe rollers presented their own 

1605
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:41,600
unique challenges. 
To bake a survival. 

1606
01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:44,200
These devices consisted of heavy
metal. 

1607
01:30:44,200 --> 01:30:46,900
Cylinders that rotated with 
sufficient Force to flatten, 

1608
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:49,600
bread dough, and the occasional 
Baker who fail to maintain 

1609
01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:52,900
appropriate distance. 
The lack of emergency stop 

1610
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:56,300
mechanisms meant that once the 
role is a victim, the extraction

1611
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:59,500
process involved manual, labor, 
and creative problem, solving, 

1612
01:30:59,500 --> 01:31:01,200
rather than simple Machinery 
shutdown. 

1613
01:31:02,100 --> 01:31:05,100
The positioning of these rollers
often required Bakers to lean 

1614
01:31:05,100 --> 01:31:06,600
over or reach across moving 
parts. 

1615
01:31:06,600 --> 01:31:09,800
During normal operation, 
creating scenarios that would 

1616
01:31:09,800 --> 01:31:12,300
challenge the agility of 
professional acrobats. 

1617
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:16,500
Loading dough required careful 
timing and spatial awareness as 

1618
01:31:16,500 --> 01:31:20,700
miscalculation could result in 
fingers hands or entire arms, 

1619
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:23,200
joining the bread ingredients in
their Journey between metal 

1620
01:31:23,200 --> 01:31:26,400
cylinders, slicing Machinery 
contributed to the list of 

1621
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:29,600
Occupational. 
Hazards, large unguarded blades 

1622
01:31:29,600 --> 01:31:32,800
operated with the reliability of
Victorian Clockwork and the 

1623
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:35,300
safety consciousness of a 
medieval executioner. 

1624
01:31:36,100 --> 01:31:38,800
The positioning of bread for 
slicing required Bakers to work 

1625
01:31:38,800 --> 01:31:41,100
near moving blades. 
That could separate fingers from

1626
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:44,500
hands with surgical precision 
and considerably less medical 

1627
01:31:44,500 --> 01:31:46,800
supervision. 
The maintenance of this 

1628
01:31:46,800 --> 01:31:48,600
Machinery. 
Fell to the baker's themselves 

1629
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:52,400
who were expected to clean oil 
and repair equipment without the

1630
01:31:52,400 --> 01:31:54,600
benefit of proper tools or 
safety procedures. 

1631
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,000
Cleaning operations often 
required reaching into spaces 

1632
01:31:58,000 --> 01:32:01,600
occupied by gears belts and 
other moving components that 

1633
01:32:01,600 --> 01:32:03,700
viewed human fingers as foreign 
objects. 

1634
01:32:03,700 --> 01:32:07,000
Requiring immediate removal 
Conveyor Systems where they 

1635
01:32:07,008 --> 01:32:10,800
existed operated at Heights and 
peeds that transformed routine 

1636
01:32:10,800 --> 01:32:12,600
bread. 
Loading into exercises in 

1637
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,700
precision timing. 
Baker's worked beneath moving 

1638
01:32:15,700 --> 01:32:18,700
mechanical systems, that 
occasionally shed components or 

1639
01:32:18,700 --> 01:32:22,200
entire assemblies onto the 
workspace, below the Victorian 

1640
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:25,000
engineering philosophy that if 
it's working, don't fix it. 

1641
01:32:25,000 --> 01:32:28,600
Meant that Machinery operated 
until catastrophic failure 

1642
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:30,900
rather than being maintained 
preventively. 

1643
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:34,500
Steam systems used for other 
operation created additional 

1644
01:32:34,500 --> 01:32:37,000
hazards, through their 
combination of high pressure and

1645
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,000
primitive safety valves. 
Steam leaks occurred with 

1646
01:32:40,008 --> 01:32:43,900
predictable regularity, creating
Jets of superheated vapor, that 

1647
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:46,300
could cook human flesh with the 
efficiency of the ovens. 

1648
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:48,700
They were meant to serve 
pressure gauge failures, 

1649
01:32:48,700 --> 01:32:51,600
transformed routine of an 
operation into exercises in 

1650
01:32:51,600 --> 01:32:54,700
mechanical roulette. 
Power transmission systems 

1651
01:32:54,700 --> 01:32:57,600
featured exposed belts and 
pulleys that operated at eye 

1652
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:00,200
level and within easy reach of 
anyone working nearby. 

1653
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:03,100
These systems were designed on 
the assumption. 

1654
01:33:03,100 --> 01:33:06,400
That Bakers possess Supernatural
spatial awareness and would 

1655
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:08,900
never accidentally contact 
moving Machinery during their 

1656
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:11,500
duties. 
The reality proved somewhat 

1657
01:33:11,500 --> 01:33:14,200
different leading to 
entanglement injuries that 

1658
01:33:14,200 --> 01:33:16,700
preview fight at harsh lessons 
in mechanical physics. 

1659
01:33:17,700 --> 01:33:20,500
The noise levels generated by 
this machine created additional 

1660
01:33:20,500 --> 01:33:24,200
safety hazards by masking 
warnings sounds and preventing 

1661
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:28,300
communication between workers. 
Baker's developed a form of sign

1662
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:31,300
language to communicate over. 
The mechanical dim though this 

1663
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:33,800
system, proved inadequate for 
conveying urgent, safety, 

1664
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:37,000
warnings or cries for assistance
during the Machinery related 

1665
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:40,300
emergencies. 
Emergency procedures, consisted 

1666
01:33:40,300 --> 01:33:43,000
primarily of shouting for help 
and hoping that someone would 

1667
01:33:43,000 --> 01:33:45,700
hear over the mechanical noise 
and respond before the situation

1668
01:33:45,700 --> 01:33:47,300
progressed from dangerous to 
fatal. 

1669
01:33:48,300 --> 01:33:51,800
The concept of emergency stops, 
safety switches or other 

1670
01:33:51,800 --> 01:33:54,800
protective measures, and not 
occurred to the designers of 

1671
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:57,900
Victorian Bay Council equipment.
Now that we have catalogued the 

1672
01:33:57,900 --> 01:34:00,700
impressive array of hazards that
made Victorian baking, such an 

1673
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:04,700
enthusiastic professional. 
We must examine how it compared 

1674
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:07,600
to other occupations in the 
grand competition for workplace.

1675
01:34:07,600 --> 01:34:11,100
Mortality the results May 
surprise those who assumed that 

1676
01:34:11,100 --> 01:34:14,900
coal mining or factory work held
Undisputed claims to 

1677
01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:18,100
occupational danger, coal, 
mining, that traditional 

1678
01:34:18,100 --> 01:34:22,200
champion of workplace fatality, 
certainly offered impressive 

1679
01:34:22,200 --> 01:34:26,300
mortality statistics miners 
faced cave-ins explosions 

1680
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:28,700
flooding and the slow death of 
black lung disease. 

1681
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:33,000
The depths of British coal mines
lives with mechanical regularity

1682
01:34:33,000 --> 01:34:36,100
creating widows and orphans at 
rights that impressed even 

1683
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:37,700
Victorian. 
Observers as a custom to 

1684
01:34:37,700 --> 01:34:41,400
Industrial Carnage. 
Yet despite these formidable 

1685
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:44,400
credentials, coal mining ranked 
second to baking in 

1686
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:47,000
occupational. 
Mortality rates a distinction 

1687
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:50,100
that would have surprised both 
Miners and Bakers had they been 

1688
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:51,900
informed of this particular 
competition. 

1689
01:34:52,800 --> 01:34:55,300
The key difference, lay in 
volume and exposure. 

1690
01:34:55,300 --> 01:34:58,200
While mining disasters were 
spectacular and well, 

1691
01:34:58,200 --> 01:35:00,300
documented. 
They were also relatively 

1692
01:35:00,300 --> 01:35:03,100
infrequent events, affecting 
limited numbers of workers. 

1693
01:35:03,900 --> 01:35:07,800
Baking hazards by contrast, 
operated continuously and 

1694
01:35:07,800 --> 01:35:09,900
affected virtually. 
Every individual in the 

1695
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:13,600
profession, every Baker faced, 
daily exposure to explosive 

1696
01:35:13,600 --> 01:35:17,400
flour, dust lethal, heat, 
respiratory hazards, and 

1697
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:21,300
dangerous Machinery, creating 
cumulative, risks that exceeded,

1698
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,700
even the considerable dangers of
underground mining. 

1699
01:35:24,500 --> 01:35:27,300
Factory work and other 
traditional Contender for most 

1700
01:35:27,300 --> 01:35:30,100
dangerous occupation. 
Offered its own impressive, 

1701
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:34,100
array of Hazards. textile mills 
featured unguarded Machinery, 

1702
01:35:34,100 --> 01:35:37,100
that viewed human limbs as 
Expendable components, while 

1703
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:39,600
Chemical Works produced 
atmospheric conditions that 

1704
01:35:39,600 --> 01:35:43,100
challenge basic human 
physiology, Steel production, 

1705
01:35:43,100 --> 01:35:46,100
combined extreme heat with 
molten metal and toxic gases 

1706
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:49,600
creating working environments 
that resembled elaborate methods

1707
01:35:49,600 --> 01:35:53,700
of execution more than places of
employment Factory workers. 

1708
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:57,000
Despite their impressive, 
mortality rates benefited from 

1709
01:35:57,000 --> 01:36:01,300
certain advantages unavailable 
to Bakers Factory shifts were 

1710
01:36:01,308 --> 01:36:05,400
often limited to 12 or 14 hours,
while Baker's regularly worked, 

1711
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:07,700
18 hour days to meet demand for 
fresh bread. 

1712
01:36:07,700 --> 01:36:11,200
Factory workers typically 
specialize in single operations 

1713
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:13,400
while Bakers. 
Face multiple simultaneous 

1714
01:36:13,400 --> 01:36:15,000
hazards throughout their working
day. 

1715
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:18,600
Most significantly Factory 
accidents were often discrete 

1716
01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:22,700
events while Bakehouse hazards, 
operated continuously Railway 

1717
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:23,900
work. 
Earned recognition for 

1718
01:36:23,900 --> 01:36:27,200
spectacular fatality rates. 
Particularly among those 

1719
01:36:27,200 --> 01:36:30,600
responsible for coupling cars or
operating signals the 

1720
01:36:30,600 --> 01:36:33,800
combination of massive moving, 
Machinery, primitive, safety 

1721
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:36,300
equipment and time. 
Pressure created conditions, 

1722
01:36:36,300 --> 01:36:40,100
right for dramatic accidents. 
Railway workers face the 

1723
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,800
constant possibility of being 
crushed severed or simply 

1724
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:45,600
disappearing beneath the wheels 
of progress. 

1725
01:36:45,600 --> 01:36:49,600
However, while Railway mortality
was impressive, your primarily 

1726
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:52,300
occurred during specific 
high-risk operations, and stead 

1727
01:36:52,300 --> 01:36:55,700
of throughout the entire working
day, Construction work offered 

1728
01:36:55,700 --> 01:36:59,200
its catalogue of creative 
fatality methods from Falls to 

1729
01:36:59,200 --> 01:37:01,700
crushing injuries to 
electrocution as Power Systems 

1730
01:37:01,700 --> 01:37:04,000
developed. 
The construction of Victorian 

1731
01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:06,400
Britain's architectural, 
achievements required workers to

1732
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:08,900
perform dangerous operations at 
considerable Heights with 

1733
01:37:08,900 --> 01:37:12,600
primitive safety equipment. 
Scaffolding collapse, structural

1734
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,000
failure and Tool related 
injuries created, steady streams

1735
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:19,200
of construction casualties. 
However, construction workers 

1736
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:22,100
enjoyed certain advantages in 
their competition with Bakers 

1737
01:37:22,100 --> 01:37:25,700
For Occupational mortality. 
Construction projects were 

1738
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:28,500
temporary offering workers 
periods of relative safety 

1739
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:31,700
between dangerous assignments. 
Where the conditions often 

1740
01:37:31,700 --> 01:37:36,000
suspended operations, providing 
involuntary, safety breaks. most

1741
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:38,400
importantly, construction, 
hazards, were generally visible,

1742
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:42,300
and immediate Allowing workers 
to develop specific strategies 

1743
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:45,400
for avoiding particular dangers,
chimney sweeps. 

1744
01:37:45,400 --> 01:37:48,300
Those cities Sprites of 
Victorian industrial society 

1745
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:51,400
faced their own unique 
collection of Hazards. 

1746
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:55,000
Working in confined space is 
filled with toxic gases and 

1747
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:58,100
navigating fluids barely wide 
enough for human passage and 

1748
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:00,700
dealing with structural collapse
created mortality rates. 

1749
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:03,900
That impressed even hardened 
Victoria and Observers The 

1750
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,300
combination of Suffocation, 
toxic exposure and the 

1751
01:38:07,308 --> 01:38:10,500
occasional dramatic plunge from 
significant Heights, made 

1752
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:12,400
chimney. 
Sweeping a professional with 

1753
01:38:12,400 --> 01:38:16,000
limited retirement prospects. 
Yet chimney sweeps worked 

1754
01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:19,300
intermittently rather than 
continuously moving between 

1755
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:22,000
locations and spending 
significant periods in 

1756
01:38:22,008 --> 01:38:26,500
relatively safe environments. 
Their exposure to lethal. the 

1757
01:38:26,500 --> 01:38:30,400
hazards in this context were 
intense, but brief unlike those 

1758
01:38:30,400 --> 01:38:33,700
faced by Bakers, who encountered
constant danger during their 

1759
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:36,900
extended working days, The 
maritime trades offered 

1760
01:38:36,900 --> 01:38:40,000
spectacular opportunities for 
sudden death through drowning 

1761
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:43,900
shipwreck and weather-related 
disasters, Sailors face storms, 

1762
01:38:43,900 --> 01:38:46,800
Pirates, disease, and the 
general hostility of oceanic 

1763
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:48,400
environments toward human 
survival. 

1764
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:51,800
Fishing Crews, dealt with 
dangerous equipment, and stable 

1765
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:55,200
vessels, and seized that viewed 
humans as unwelcoming Traders 

1766
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:59,000
immediate removal. 
Maritime mortality statistics 

1767
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:02,200
were impressive that they 
reflected episodic rather than 

1768
01:39:02,200 --> 01:39:05,500
continuous Danger. 
Sailors, spent significant time 

1769
01:39:05,500 --> 01:39:08,500
in port or during calm weather 
when risks were minimal. 

1770
01:39:09,100 --> 01:39:12,000
Even the most dangerous voyages 
included periods of relative 

1771
01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:14,400
safety. 
Unlike the continuous Hazard 

1772
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:16,500
exposure that characterized 
Victorian baking. 

1773
01:39:17,500 --> 01:39:20,800
The superiority of baking as a 
lethal occupation resulted from 

1774
01:39:20,800 --> 01:39:23,200
the combination of multiple 
simultaneous hazards. 

1775
01:39:23,200 --> 01:39:26,300
Operating continuously 
throughout extended working 

1776
01:39:26,300 --> 01:39:28,900
periods, while other 
professionals might excel in 

1777
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:31,700
particular categories of danger.
None matched. 

1778
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:34,000
Baking's comprehensive 
approached occupational. 

1779
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:37,600
Mortality Baker's faced 
explosion heat stroke, 

1780
01:39:37,600 --> 01:39:41,500
respiratory disease, Machinery 
injuries and toxic exposure 

1781
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:44,800
simultaneously, creating 
cumulative risks that exceeded 

1782
01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:47,400
the sum of individual hazards, 
as our journey through the 

1783
01:39:47,400 --> 01:39:50,400
channel House of Victorian 
baking draws to its conclusion. 

1784
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:54,200
We must address the most 
perplexing question of all given

1785
01:39:54,200 --> 01:39:57,300
that producing bread was more 
dangerous than mining coal or 

1786
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,700
sailing storm tossed Seas. 
How did Humanity managed to 

1787
01:40:00,700 --> 01:40:03,400
maintain its bread Supply 
without completely exhausting 

1788
01:40:03,400 --> 01:40:06,100
the supply of individuals 
willing to risk their lives for 

1789
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:09,600
the sake of a decent loaf. 
The answer lies in the peculiar 

1790
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:13,100
combination of human strength, 
economic necessity and the 

1791
01:40:13,100 --> 01:40:15,300
remarkable capacity of our 
species to adapt. 

1792
01:40:15,300 --> 01:40:19,200
Even the most unreasonable 
circumstances, Victorian society

1793
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:22,000
managed to maintain its bread 
production through a combination

1794
01:40:22,000 --> 01:40:25,700
of factors that would have 
impressed survival experts and a

1795
01:40:25,700 --> 01:40:27,800
pulled modern safety regulators 
and equal measure. 

1796
01:40:28,700 --> 01:40:31,600
Economic desperation played a 
significant role in maintaining 

1797
01:40:31,600 --> 01:40:35,200
Bakehouse Staffing levels. 
The Victorian economy offered 

1798
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:37,900
limited opportunities for 
individuals lacking substantial 

1799
01:40:37,900 --> 01:40:41,200
educational, Capital making 
dangerous occupations attractive

1800
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:44,100
by default rather than design 
baking. 

1801
01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:48,000
Despite its impressive mortality
statistics provided steady 

1802
01:40:48,000 --> 01:40:50,900
employment and relatively good 
wages for those Brave or 

1803
01:40:50,900 --> 01:40:54,700
desperate enough to pursue it. 
The professions High turnover 

1804
01:40:54,700 --> 01:40:57,300
rate due to factors both 
voluntary and involuntary. 

1805
01:40:57,300 --> 01:41:00,200
Create a continuous 
opportunities for advancement 

1806
01:41:00,200 --> 01:41:02,700
that attracted workers. 
Despite the obvious risks. 

1807
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:06,300
Geographic concentration, 
contributed to the professional 

1808
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:10,000
sustainability, urban and rural 
communities distributed baking, 

1809
01:41:10,000 --> 01:41:13,200
ensuring that local disasters, 
rarely affected the entire 

1810
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,900
industry simultaneously. 
Although a mill explosion might 

1811
01:41:16,900 --> 01:41:18,900
eliminate several experienced 
Bakers. 

1812
01:41:18,900 --> 01:41:22,200
The overall baking profession 
continued to operate, due to the

1813
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:24,100
survival of practitioners in 
other locations. 

1814
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:28,100
This distributes distributed 
risk model ensured continuity of

1815
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:30,700
bread production. 
Even as individual bake houses, 

1816
01:41:30,700 --> 01:41:33,800
demonstrated flowers, explosive 
potential, with distressing 

1817
01:41:33,800 --> 01:41:36,600
regularity The Apprentice ship 
system. 

1818
01:41:36,600 --> 01:41:39,100
Provided a continuous. 
Supply of young workers who 

1819
01:41:39,100 --> 01:41:41,900
possess the combination of 
energy and inexperience 

1820
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:44,000
necessary to enter such a 
dangerous profession. 

1821
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:48,300
Young apprentices blessed, with 
the optimism of Youth and 

1822
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:50,200
lacking detail. 
Knowledge of Occupational. 

1823
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:54,300
Mortality statistics entered 
baking with enthusiasm undimmed 

1824
01:41:54,300 --> 01:41:57,800
by realistic assessment. 
By the time they gained 

1825
01:41:57,800 --> 01:42:00,400
sufficient experience to 
understand the true dangers of 

1826
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:03,300
their chosen profession. 
They had also developed the 

1827
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:07,000
skills necessary to survive if 
they had survived to develop 

1828
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:10,700
them. 
Technological improvements while

1829
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:12,700
slow to arrive and slow to be 
implemented. 

1830
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:16,100
Gradually reduce some of the 
more spectacular hazards 

1831
01:42:16,100 --> 01:42:19,600
associated with baking, better 
oven designs improved, heat 

1832
01:42:19,600 --> 01:42:22,700
management, while primitive 
ventilation systems began to 

1833
01:42:22,700 --> 01:42:26,500
address the worst accumulations 
of flour dust Safety equipment 

1834
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:30,000
when it existed at all provided 
marginal improvements and 

1835
01:42:30,000 --> 01:42:33,200
survival prospects. 
These advances occurred at a 

1836
01:42:33,200 --> 01:42:36,000
pace that would have impressed 
geological formations, but they 

1837
01:42:36,000 --> 01:42:38,500
did eventually contribute to 
reducing the professions 

1838
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:42,300
astronomical mortality rates. 
The development of Professional 

1839
01:42:42,300 --> 01:42:45,100
Knowledge and survival 
techniques allowed experience. 

1840
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,300
Bakers to accumulate wisdom 
about navigating their house to 

1841
01:42:48,300 --> 01:42:50,900
environment? 
Veterans of the flower wars, 

1842
01:42:50,900 --> 01:42:53,500
developed almost Supernatural, 
awareness of dangerous, 

1843
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:57,300
conditions learning to recognize
the subtle signs that indicated 

1844
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:00,700
imminent, explosion heat stroke 
or Machinery malfunction. 

1845
01:43:00,700 --> 01:43:04,300
This accumulated expertise was 
passed to apprentices through a 

1846
01:43:04,300 --> 01:43:07,500
combination of formal 
instruction and dramatic object,

1847
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:10,100
lessons provided by those who 
had to master survival 

1848
01:43:10,100 --> 01:43:13,300
techniques. 
Social adaptation played a 

1849
01:43:13,300 --> 01:43:15,500
crucial role in maintaining the 
baking professionals. 

1850
01:43:15,500 --> 01:43:19,800
Viability community's support 
systems for the family of Bakers

1851
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:23,200
killed in the line of duty 
creating social safety nets that

1852
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:25,800
made the professionals risks 
more bearable for those 

1853
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:29,100
considering entry. 
Professional organizations where

1854
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:32,400
they existed provided Mutual Aid
and shared knowledge about 

1855
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:35,100
survival techniques, the 
development of Professional 

1856
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:37,900
Pride and identity helped 
maintain morale, despite the 

1857
01:43:37,900 --> 01:43:41,100
obvious hazards, the gradual 
recognition of Occupational 

1858
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:43,400
hazards, led to incremental 
improvements in working 

1859
01:43:43,400 --> 01:43:46,400
conditions, despite the slow, 
pace of Victorian industrial 

1860
01:43:46,400 --> 01:43:49,700
safety progress, some 
acknowledgment of workplace 

1861
01:43:49,700 --> 01:43:51,500
dangers. 
Eventually led to Marginal 

1862
01:43:51,500 --> 01:43:55,100
improvements, better, building 
ventilation improved Machinery, 

1863
01:43:55,100 --> 01:43:58,100
guards and basic first aid 
knowledge, gradually decreased 

1864
01:43:58,100 --> 01:44:00,800
the number of preventable 
fatalities although the overall 

1865
01:44:00,800 --> 01:44:04,100
mortality rate, remained 
impressively High, perhaps most 

1866
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:06,900
importantly, human adaptation to
extreme conditions. 

1867
01:44:06,900 --> 01:44:10,000
Demonstrated our species, 
remarkable ability to normalize.

1868
01:44:10,000 --> 01:44:13,200
Even the most abnormal 
circumstances, Bakers 

1869
01:44:13,200 --> 01:44:16,100
developmental Frameworks that 
allow them to function despite 

1870
01:44:16,100 --> 01:44:19,000
daily exposure to potentially 
lethal hazards. 

1871
01:44:19,000 --> 01:44:22,100
They created professional 
cultures that celebrated 

1872
01:44:22,100 --> 01:44:25,900
survival rather than dwelling on
mortality developing humor. 

1873
01:44:25,900 --> 01:44:28,500
And traditions, that made their 
Dangerous occupations, 

1874
01:44:28,500 --> 01:44:32,100
psychologically sustainable. 
The Victorian baking profession 

1875
01:44:32,100 --> 01:44:35,700
ultimately survived due to the 
same combination of factors that

1876
01:44:35,700 --> 01:44:38,800
has enabled Humanity to endure. 
Countless other challenges, 

1877
01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:43,600
necessity adaptation, and the 
remarkable human capacity to 

1878
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:46,500
keep functioning. 
Even in circumstances that might

1879
01:44:46,500 --> 01:44:49,900
seem impossible to outside 
observers Bakers, continue to 

1880
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:53,200
rise Before Dawn light, their 
dangerous ovens and transform 

1881
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:56,000
explosive flour into 
life-sustaining bread because 

1882
01:44:56,000 --> 01:44:57,600
civilization required them to 
do. 

1883
01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:01,300
So, the legacy of Victorian 
baking mortality serves as a 

1884
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:04,200
reminder of how far we have 
progressed in workplace safety 

1885
01:45:04,200 --> 01:45:07,300
while simultaneously 
illustrating Humanities capacity

1886
01:45:07,300 --> 01:45:10,500
to persevere under, even the 
most challenging circumstances, 

1887
01:45:11,600 --> 01:45:15,000
Modern Bakers protected by 
safety regulations, ventilation 

1888
01:45:15,000 --> 01:45:17,400
systems and manned Machinery 
guards. 

1889
01:45:17,400 --> 01:45:20,700
Owed to their Victorian 
predecessors who quite literally

1890
01:45:20,700 --> 01:45:22,700
died to Perfect The Art of bread
production. 

1891
01:45:23,800 --> 01:45:26,600
In the end, the story of 
Victorian baking mortality is 

1892
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:30,200
not merely a tale of industrial 
Hazard, but a testament to human

1893
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:34,000
determination and adaptability. 
It reminds us that even the most

1894
01:45:34,000 --> 01:45:37,100
fundamental aspects of 
civilization including something

1895
01:45:37,100 --> 01:45:40,900
as basic as Daily Bread. 
Often come at cost that are 

1896
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:42,400
hidden from those who benefit 
from them. 

1897
01:45:42,400 --> 01:45:45,800
The Victorian Bakers, who risk 
their lives to feed their 

1898
01:45:45,800 --> 01:45:49,700
communities deserve recognition.
Not only for their courage, but 

1899
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:52,200
also for their contribution to 
the gradual development of 

1900
01:45:52,200 --> 01:45:53,900
safer. 
Working conditions that we now 

1901
01:45:53,900 --> 01:45:57,000
take for granted. 
They're sacrifice measured in 

1902
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:00,800
explosion, survived heat Strokes
endured and respiratory systems.

1903
01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:03,900
Gradually destroyed helped, 
create the foundation upon which

1904
01:46:03,900 --> 01:46:08,500
modern food production, stands, 
We owe them quite literally, our

1905
01:46:08,500 --> 01:46:10,700
daily bread and the 
acknowledgment that 

1906
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:13,700
civilizations, most basic 
necessities often require the 

1907
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:16,100
greatest personal courage from 
those who provide them. 

1908
01:46:22,000 --> 01:46:25,800
Imagine Rome in 100 BCE when the
main concern was not your 

1909
01:46:25,800 --> 01:46:28,700
cholesterol or your mortgage but
rather whether or not The 

1910
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:30,200
Barbarians would storm your 
city. 

1911
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:33,900
Gates Gaius Julius, Caesar was 
born into this world but 

1912
01:46:33,900 --> 01:46:36,600
everyone just called him Julius 
because Romans loved their 

1913
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:39,400
nickname's, almost as much as 
they loved conquering things. 

1914
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:44,400
Now, you may picture a golden 
cradle with a baby Julius, born 

1915
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:46,500
to be great. 
The problem with the season 

1916
01:46:46,500 --> 01:46:49,500
family though is that they were 
similar to that relative of 

1917
01:46:49,500 --> 01:46:53,000
yours who constantly talks about
how great they were, but never 

1918
01:46:53,000 --> 01:46:54,500
quite lives up to their 
expectations. 

1919
01:46:54,500 --> 01:46:59,000
When you consider that half of 
Rome Divine ancestry, their 

1920
01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:01,700
claimed to be descended from. 
Venus herself seems impressive. 

1921
01:47:01,700 --> 01:47:04,800
Everybody seemed to have a well 
known ancestor listed on their 

1922
01:47:04,800 --> 01:47:08,400
LinkedIn profile. 
Subura the neighborhood where 

1923
01:47:08,400 --> 01:47:11,100
Julius grew up was essentially 
the archetypal equivalent of a 

1924
01:47:11,100 --> 01:47:14,800
rough area of town with its 
winding streets, dubious odors. 

1925
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:17,500
And the kind of nightlife your 
parents warned you about. 

1926
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:21,400
Imagine it as Rome's equivalent 
of the wrong side of the tracks.

1927
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:25,200
However, for a young man with 
lofty aspirations it was the 

1928
01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:28,200
ideal setting for learning about
real people and real issues. 

1929
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:32,000
Skills that would come in handy 
later when he had to interact 

1930
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:35,200
with regular soldiers and 
civilians when he was younger, 

1931
01:47:35,200 --> 01:47:38,600
Julius was what we might kindly 
refer to as academically gifted.

1932
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:42,100
But physically unimpressive 
Other Roman boys were learning 

1933
01:47:42,100 --> 01:47:45,500
to wrestle and swing swords. 
Julius was more interested in 

1934
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:48,000
words and Concepts after too 
much wine. 

1935
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:51,300
He could debate philosophy like 
a college professor and recite 

1936
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:55,000
poetry like a medieval Bard. 
His family likely questioned, 

1937
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:57,000
whether they had 
unintentionally, brought up a 

1938
01:47:57,000 --> 01:48:00,000
Greek scholar rather than a 
legitimate Roman soldier. 

1939
01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:02,700
This is where the story becomes 
intriguing though. 

1940
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,600
Think of julius's. 
Uncle Mario's, as the family's 

1941
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:08,000
first true success story, he 
passed away. 

1942
01:48:08,000 --> 01:48:11,500
When Julia was only 16 and the 
political climate in Rome, 

1943
01:48:11,500 --> 01:48:13,800
abruptly changed like a volatile
weather system. 

1944
01:48:14,600 --> 01:48:18,500
Solar Rome's, newest strongman 
had all the charm of attacks 

1945
01:48:18,500 --> 01:48:21,700
auditor and twice, the 
ruthlessness of the young Caesar

1946
01:48:21,700 --> 01:48:25,000
after observing this scrawny 
adolescent from a dubious family

1947
01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:28,100
so looking concluded that Julius
might cause trouble in the 

1948
01:48:28,100 --> 01:48:31,200
future. 
When Julius obediently refused 

1949
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,400
solar placed him on what was 
effectively Rome's first Wanted 

1950
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:37,400
list, he had ordered the young 
man to divorce his wife. 

1951
01:48:37,400 --> 01:48:41,300
Yes, Caesar was already married 
at 16 because Romans didn't mess

1952
01:48:41,300 --> 01:48:44,700
around, Julius, Caesar, who was 
18 at the time was hiding in the

1953
01:48:44,708 --> 01:48:47,500
Italian Countryside, like a 
participant in an Antiquated 

1954
01:48:47,500 --> 01:48:51,000
Witness Protection Program. 
The majority of teenagers would 

1955
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:53,300
have called their parents in a 
panic and pleaded for the them 

1956
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:56,200
to come home. 
Julius though, he took advantage

1957
01:48:56,200 --> 01:48:59,800
of this time to reflect make 
plans and come to the crucial 

1958
01:48:59,800 --> 01:49:01,500
realization that you must 
outplay. 

1959
01:49:01,500 --> 01:49:03,800
Everyone else in the game. 
If you want to survive in Rome 

1960
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:07,200
after Saul's death, which the 
Romans commemorated with nearly 

1961
01:49:07,200 --> 01:49:10,900
the same further as births. 
Caesar came out of hiding with a

1962
01:49:10,908 --> 01:49:13,900
fresh perspective on power. 
He had discovered that you were 

1963
01:49:13,900 --> 01:49:17,000
either prey or predator in Rome 
and he had no desire to be 

1964
01:49:17,008 --> 01:49:19,800
anyone's dinner. 
You've probably experienced the 

1965
01:49:19,800 --> 01:49:22,400
realization that office politics
are more complex than 

1966
01:49:22,400 --> 01:49:25,700
International diplomacy. 
When you start a new job for 

1967
01:49:25,700 --> 01:49:29,600
young Julius Caesar, that was 
Rome, except the Gladiators were

1968
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:32,100
used at office parties and the 
stakes were life and death. 

1969
01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:35,600
In ancient Rome, being a 
prosecutor was akin to being a 

1970
01:49:35,600 --> 01:49:37,000
district attorney and a game 
show. 

1971
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:41,200
Host, this was Caesar's first, 
real job, Roman trial served as 

1972
01:49:41,208 --> 01:49:44,700
public entertainment and a young
attorney could gain notoriety by

1973
01:49:44,700 --> 01:49:47,400
putting on a strong front and 
damaging the reputation of his 

1974
01:49:47,400 --> 01:49:50,300
rival, Caesar proved to have a 
natural talent for this. 

1975
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:53,600
He could transform across 
examination into a performance 

1976
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:57,600
piece and make arguing sound 
poetic Caesar, however, stood 

1977
01:49:57,600 --> 01:50:00,100
out from other aspirational 
young Romans because he 

1978
01:50:00,108 --> 01:50:02,000
genuinely cared about his 
abilities. 

1979
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:05,200
Caesar studied rhetoric like a 
doctoral student studying for 

1980
01:50:05,200 --> 01:50:07,300
finals. 
While his peers were happy to 

1981
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:10,600
rely on inherited wealth, and 
Family Ties, even future 

1982
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:13,500
dictators require a good 
education, which is why he went 

1983
01:50:13,500 --> 01:50:15,800
to Rhodes to study under the 
best instructors. 

1984
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,900
Something happened during this 
learning experience that 

1985
01:50:18,900 --> 01:50:22,100
exemplifies, Caesar's 
personality, his ship was taken 

1986
01:50:22,100 --> 01:50:24,900
by Pirates. 
At the time Mediterranean 

1987
01:50:24,900 --> 01:50:28,200
Pirates were a highly organized 
Maritime, criminal organization.

1988
01:50:29,000 --> 01:50:32,100
Caesar chuckled when they asked 
for 20 Talent of silver to free 

1989
01:50:32,100 --> 01:50:34,700
him. 
He was offended, not because he 

1990
01:50:34,700 --> 01:50:39,500
founded amusing, he allegedly 
asked 20 talents, I'm worth at 

1991
01:50:39,500 --> 01:50:42,100
least 50. 
Don't you know who I am? 

1992
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:45,100
The Pirates increase their price
likely believing. 

1993
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:47,200
They had captured either a 
Madman or a high-ranking 

1994
01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:50,400
official during his captivity 
sees a treated, the Pirates, 

1995
01:50:50,400 --> 01:50:52,400
more like dim house guests than 
captors. 

1996
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:56,500
He worked out wrote poetry and 
told them to quiet down if they 

1997
01:50:56,508 --> 01:50:59,700
were making too much noise for 
his afternoon snooze, the 

1998
01:50:59,700 --> 01:51:02,500
Pirates, founded amusing that he
even vowed to return and crucify

1999
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:04,100
them. 
All Caesar wasn't kidding 

2000
01:51:04,100 --> 01:51:06,100
though. 
After being set free, he 

2001
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:09,200
promptly gathered a fleet found 
the Pirates and had them 

2002
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,400
crucified though he was lenient 
and had them killed first. 

2003
01:51:13,400 --> 01:51:16,300
It was a precursor to Seasons 
unusual charm and ruthless 

2004
01:51:16,300 --> 01:51:19,600
practicality, Caesar returned to
Rome and started moving up the 

2005
01:51:19,600 --> 01:51:22,900
political office ladder or 
cursor Nora as the Romans called

2006
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:25,200
it. 
Imagine it as a medieval video 

2007
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:28,400
game, where every level opens 
up, new tasks and opportunities 

2008
01:51:28,400 --> 01:51:32,600
to either make friends or deadly
foes as he Advanced through the 

2009
01:51:32,600 --> 01:51:36,800
ranks, Cuesta, edel and Prater 
Caesar learn new things about 

2010
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:40,200
the inner workings of row. 
Cesar was essentially in charge 

2011
01:51:40,200 --> 01:51:43,600
of Rome's entertainment as 
needle, overseeing public games 

2012
01:51:43,600 --> 01:51:46,000
and festivals. 
The majority of politicians 

2013
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:49,000
attempted to cut costs because 
they believed that this was an 

2014
01:51:49,000 --> 01:51:51,600
essential expense. 
Caesar believed it to be the 

2015
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:53,800
greatest marketing opportunity 
ever created. 

2016
01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:57,100
He organized gladiatorial fights
that left people talking for 

2017
01:51:57,100 --> 01:52:00,700
months hosted parties that made 
Super Bowl half-time seem 

2018
01:52:00,700 --> 01:52:04,500
insignificant and somehow 
managed to accrue enormous debt 

2019
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:07,100
while rising to the position of 
most popular politician. 

2020
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:09,800
In Rome season. 
New something is creditors, did 

2021
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:14,100
not In politics popularity is 
the most valuable asset is 

2022
01:52:14,100 --> 01:52:15,800
creditors. 
Were likely having Collective 

2023
01:52:15,800 --> 01:52:18,700
heart attacks. 
If your loved, you can always 

2024
01:52:18,700 --> 01:52:21,400
find money. 
But if you're hated no amount of

2025
01:52:21,400 --> 01:52:24,500
money can help Rome had a 
problem by the time Caesar was 

2026
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,300
in his 40s. 
The Republic was like an old car

2027
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:30,000
held together with duct tape and
Wishful Thinking, which was 

2028
01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:31,800
actually the largest of Rome's 
problems. 

2029
01:52:31,800 --> 01:52:34,800
Now, that Rome ruled over the 
majority of the Known World. 

2030
01:52:34,800 --> 01:52:38,100
The system that had functioned, 
when it was a tiny city-state 

2031
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:41,400
was disintegrating. 
After realizing the situation 

2032
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:44,300
three men, made the decision to 
take action. 

2033
01:52:44,300 --> 01:52:46,900
The most renowned General in 
Rome Pompey. 

2034
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:49,700
The great had conquered more 
land than most people could find

2035
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:53,000
on a map. 
Kresses was so wealthy that he 

2036
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:55,300
gave the impression that 
contemporary billionaires were 

2037
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:58,500
barely scraping by a 
contemporary nation state would 

2038
01:52:58,500 --> 01:53:01,400
have been impressed by Caesar's 
charm intelligence and deaths. 

2039
01:53:02,100 --> 01:53:04,900
Despite never using that term 
themselves, these three 

2040
01:53:04,900 --> 01:53:07,700
comprised what historians refer 
to as the first triumvirate. 

2041
01:53:07,700 --> 01:53:11,100
It was more akin to a casual 
gentleman's agreement to support

2042
01:53:11,100 --> 01:53:14,100
one another in achieving their 
goals Pompey. 

2043
01:53:14,100 --> 01:53:17,300
Wanted his conquests in the East
to be formally acknowledged and 

2044
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:20,200
his veterans to be fairly 
rewarded to go along with his 

2045
01:53:20,200 --> 01:53:22,500
wealth. 
Crassus desired respect and 

2046
01:53:22,500 --> 01:53:25,900
possibly a military position. 
See the desired, a prominent 

2047
01:53:25,900 --> 01:53:29,700
provincial position where he 
could gain notoriety and ideally

2048
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:32,300
enough cash to settle his 
massive debts. 

2049
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:35,700
You have to imagine that this 
partnership was similar to three

2050
01:53:35,700 --> 01:53:38,600
CEOs from separate businesses 
coming together with the covert 

2051
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,000
intention of eventually 
acquiring the others 

2052
01:53:41,000 --> 01:53:44,200
professionally respectful, but 
always waiting for someone to 

2053
01:53:44,200 --> 01:53:47,700
show weakness, they were friends
in the same way that sharks are 

2054
01:53:47,700 --> 01:53:51,100
friends with other sharks. 
By splitting up, Roman politics,

2055
01:53:51,100 --> 01:53:54,600
like a pizza, the three managed 
to make their Arrangement work 

2056
01:53:54,600 --> 01:53:59,000
in 59 BC was made a console, 
which was a one year term as 

2057
01:53:59,000 --> 01:54:02,600
president with a few extra togas
often using tactics that made 

2058
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:05,200
his fellow Senators, clutch 
their pearls and mutter about 

2059
01:54:05,200 --> 01:54:07,900
the good old days. 
He used this position to push 

2060
01:54:07,900 --> 01:54:10,400
through legislation that gave 
his Partners, what they wanted, 

2061
01:54:10,400 --> 01:54:13,600
witnessing a master chess 
player, defeat a poems, who were

2062
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:15,700
still learning, how to move. 
The pieces was like being 

2063
01:54:15,700 --> 01:54:18,900
Caesar's, Consul, Caesar had the
other console locked in his 

2064
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:22,100
house and pelted with trash when
he attempted to oppose him, 

2065
01:54:22,100 --> 01:54:25,300
Caesar cheerfully disregarded, 
centuries of Preston and 

2066
01:54:25,300 --> 01:54:27,400
declared that the gods were 
clearly on his side. 

2067
01:54:27,400 --> 01:54:30,200
When Senators attempted to use 
religious technicalities to 

2068
01:54:30,200 --> 01:54:33,300
block his legislation with the 
same sense of horror, you might 

2069
01:54:33,300 --> 01:54:35,900
have, when you see someone 
reorganize, your meticulously 

2070
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,400
arranged spice cabinet, the 
traditional Roman establishment,

2071
01:54:39,400 --> 01:54:43,300
observed all of this season was 
accomplishing his goals but he 

2072
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:46,100
was also violating numerous 
unspoken laws, that had 

2073
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:48,000
maintained Roman governance for 
centuries. 

2074
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:51,200
Caesar was dangerous though 
because he wasn't merely 

2075
01:54:51,200 --> 01:54:54,600
breaking the law for fun. 
He was resolving actual issues 

2076
01:54:54,600 --> 01:54:56,800
that the conventional system was
unable to manage. 

2077
01:54:57,600 --> 01:55:00,800
The provinces needed to be 
properly administered, veterans 

2078
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,200
needed land and Rome needed 
leaders who could make decisions

2079
01:55:04,200 --> 01:55:05,900
rather than arguing over 
protocol. 

2080
01:55:05,900 --> 01:55:08,600
All the time. 
Caesar had a, his ultimate goal 

2081
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:12,200
by the end of his console ship 
control of Gaul, the enormous 

2082
01:55:12,200 --> 01:55:15,400
region of Italy that was home to
numerous tribes that the Romans 

2083
01:55:15,400 --> 01:55:18,500
regarded as only marginally more
civilized than Untamed animals. 

2084
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:22,500
It was an opportunity to achieve
great wealth, military, success,

2085
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:25,800
and enough political standing to
be considered one of Rome's. 

2086
01:55:25,800 --> 01:55:28,700
Most powerful men when he 
returned by sending him to 

2087
01:55:28,708 --> 01:55:31,400
battle Barbarians in the 
wilderness is enemies. 

2088
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:33,300
Most likely believed they were 
getting rid of him. 

2089
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:36,200
They were unaware that they were
going to produce the most 

2090
01:55:36,200 --> 01:55:38,200
powerful military leader in 
Roman history. 

2091
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:41,600
Consider yourself a travel 
writer tasked with covering what

2092
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:44,300
the Romans referred to as Gaul 
which includes parts of 

2093
01:55:44,308 --> 01:55:46,400
Switzerland Belgium and modern 
de France. 

2094
01:55:46,400 --> 01:55:49,200
The following is likely what 
your guide book would say. 

2095
01:55:49,200 --> 01:55:52,800
Bring sturdy boots and a good 
sword seen Scenic forests 

2096
01:55:52,800 --> 01:55:55,800
Rolling Hills and fascinating, 
local tribes who enjoy painting 

2097
01:55:55,800 --> 01:55:58,500
themselves blue. 
And Collecting enemy heads as 

2098
01:55:58,500 --> 01:56:02,400
decorative items. 
Caesar's new task was likely to 

2099
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:04,500
be to suppress small uprisings 
for a few years. 

2100
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:08,400
Perhaps extend the boundaries a 
bit and then returned home with 

2101
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:10,000
enough treasure to settle his 
debts. 

2102
01:56:10,000 --> 01:56:12,600
Caesar, on the other hand was 
going to spend eight years 

2103
01:56:12,600 --> 01:56:16,000
essentially, rewriting the 
European map and establishing a 

2104
01:56:16,000 --> 01:56:19,300
military myth that would live on
for generations to come Caesar 

2105
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:22,100
found himself in a situation. 
That was a combination of Crisis

2106
01:56:22,100 --> 01:56:25,300
opportunity and Adventure movie,
waiting to happen when he 

2107
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:26,700
arrived in. 
Gaul in 58. 

2108
01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:29,700
BCE the Swiss tribe known as the
helvetiorum. 

2109
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:04,200
Least expected him in contrast 
to other Roman generals who 

2110
01:57:04,200 --> 01:57:06,700
relied on brute force and 
conventional formations. 

2111
01:57:06,700 --> 01:57:09,800
The helvetii discovered, the 
hard way that this middle-aged 

2112
01:57:09,800 --> 01:57:12,800
Roman politician had somehow 
become one of the greatest 

2113
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:16,200
military thinkers in history. 
Caesar sent them home to rebuild

2114
01:57:16,200 --> 01:57:18,800
their former lands and reflect 
on their life decisions rather 

2115
01:57:18,800 --> 01:57:22,400
than simply defeating them. 
However, Gaul was similar to a 

2116
01:57:22,400 --> 01:57:25,800
huge puzzle with 10, new issues 
revealed, when one piece was 

2117
01:57:25,800 --> 01:57:28,700
sold, other gallic, tribes began
approaching Caesar For 

2118
01:57:28,708 --> 01:57:31,100
assistance with their neighbors.
As soon as he had dealt with the

2119
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:34,200
helvetii usually because someone
was doing something that they 

2120
01:57:34,200 --> 01:57:37,200
didn't like though the couples 
were entire tribes and the 

2121
01:57:37,200 --> 01:57:40,400
counseling sessions involved. 
Cavalry Charges it was similar 

2122
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:43,000
to serving as a marriage 
counselor for warrior societies.

2123
01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:47,000
Caesar had a talent for turning 
these tribal disputes to Rome's 

2124
01:57:47,000 --> 01:57:50,000
Advantage, Caesar established 
himself as the protector of 

2125
01:57:50,008 --> 01:57:53,000
gallic Independence, while 
extending Roman Authority. 

2126
01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:56,500
When the Germanic King Ariel 
Vista began to establish himself

2127
01:57:56,500 --> 01:57:59,800
in gallic territory, using your 
opponent strength against them. 

2128
01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:02,300
While appearing to be the 
reasonable party was the epitome

2129
01:58:02,300 --> 01:58:06,000
of political Jiu Jitsu when 
Caesar insisted on a meeting, 

2130
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:08,400
the German King. 
Most likely assumed he was 

2131
01:58:08,400 --> 01:58:10,500
merely interacting with another 
Roman official. 

2132
01:58:10,500 --> 01:58:13,300
Instead he had to contend with a
person who was both 

2133
01:58:13,300 --> 01:58:16,200
diplomatically charming and 
subtly threatening to use 

2134
01:58:16,200 --> 01:58:19,500
extreme violence, when talks 
broke down area. 

2135
01:58:19,500 --> 01:58:22,200
Vista learned from Caesar's 
Legions that professional Roman 

2136
01:58:22,200 --> 01:58:24,800
military engineering differs, 
greatly from raiding parties, 

2137
01:58:25,600 --> 01:58:28,000
Caesar's campaigns were 
consistent from year to year. 

2138
01:58:28,000 --> 01:58:31,400
Caesar would March his Legions 
across impossible Terrain in 

2139
01:58:31,400 --> 01:58:35,400
impossible time arrived when no 
one was expecting him and then 

2140
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:38,500
proceeded to show why Roman 
military Doctrine had conquered 

2141
01:58:38,500 --> 01:58:41,100
most of the known world after 
some gallic tribe called 

2142
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:43,500
trouble, he played against 
opponents who were still 

2143
01:58:43,508 --> 01:58:47,400
learning Checkers, much like a 
chess Grandmaster Caesar was 

2144
01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:49,300
changing the way the Romans 
viewed War though. 

2145
01:58:49,300 --> 01:58:52,800
In addition to winning battles, 
his Legions were able to march 

2146
01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:55,600
distances that left their 
enemies gasping in their wake 

2147
01:58:55,600 --> 01:58:59,000
build Siege works. 
That resembled tiny cities and 

2148
01:58:59,000 --> 01:59:01,700
build Bridges across Raging 
Rivers in a matter of days. 

2149
01:59:01,700 --> 01:59:05,000
More significantly. 
Cesar was demonstrating that 

2150
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:07,800
Roman engineering and discipline
could conquer any challenge 

2151
01:59:07,800 --> 01:59:11,000
human or natural. 
The gallic tribes started to 

2152
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:13,400
understand that they were up 
against more than just another 

2153
01:59:13,400 --> 01:59:16,300
Roman politicians seeking a 
short-term military Victory. 

2154
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:19,400
They were up against a man who 
was a combination of logistical 

2155
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:23,900
genius, strategic genius, and a 
total refusal to concede defeat,

2156
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:26,400
while teaching a whole 
generation of Roman soldiers. 

2157
01:59:26,400 --> 01:59:28,700
That impossible was just another
word for Tuesday. 

2158
01:59:28,700 --> 01:59:31,500
Caesar was also rewriting, the 
rules of warfare. 

2159
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:35,300
If This Were a film passenger 
Torx would be the charismatic 

2160
01:59:35,300 --> 01:59:37,700
Rebel leader, who finally 
learned how to fight the Empire 

2161
01:59:37,700 --> 01:59:40,700
and Caesar would be the 
intelligent but increasingly 

2162
01:59:40,700 --> 01:59:43,900
dangerous, General, who success 
is beginning to worry his own 

2163
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:46,000
government. 
Every great story needs, a 

2164
01:59:46,000 --> 01:59:48,800
worthy opponent. 
And Caesar found his in a young 

2165
01:59:48,800 --> 01:59:51,700
gallic Chieftain named verse in 
geter X whose name roughly 

2166
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:53,500
translates to Great king of 
warriors. 

2167
01:59:54,300 --> 01:59:57,500
By 52 BCE. 
Caesar had systematically 

2168
01:59:57,500 --> 02:00:00,600
conquered Gaul for six years, 
using the same level of 

2169
02:00:00,608 --> 02:00:03,700
efficiency as someone setting up
a massive bloody filing system. 

2170
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:07,800
However, the gallic tribes had 
been observing learning and 

2171
02:00:07,800 --> 02:00:09,000
gradually coming to the 
conclusion. 

2172
02:00:09,000 --> 02:00:12,200
That Roman military Precision 
was outperforming their old 

2173
02:00:12,200 --> 02:00:15,800
style of combat which involved 
numerous individual heroics and 

2174
02:00:15,800 --> 02:00:19,200
dramatic charges the signature 
stood for something novel. 

2175
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:22,700
A garlic leader who recognized 
the advantages of his own people

2176
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:25,000
as well as the shortcomings of 
the Romans. 

2177
02:00:25,000 --> 02:00:27,300
He planned. 
What is now known as a guerrilla

2178
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:30,100
campaign rather than engaging 
Caesar's Legions in direct 

2179
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:33,000
combat, his soldiers were 
attacked Roman Supply Route, 

2180
02:00:33,000 --> 02:00:37,100
stay out of direct combat and 
withdraw to fortified areas that

2181
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:39,900
would be expensive for the 
Romans to attack for the first 

2182
02:00:39,900 --> 02:00:43,500
time in his gallic, campaign 
seesaw, was truly challenged and

2183
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:45,500
it was like witnessing a 
medieval Insurgency. 

2184
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:49,300
He was being forced by the sun, 
gets to fight the kind of war. 

2185
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:52,800
That the Romans detested one in 
which local expertise and 

2186
02:00:52,800 --> 02:00:55,600
popular support were more. 
And Superior planning and 

2187
02:00:55,600 --> 02:00:58,100
Equipment. 
The ensuing campaign, resembled 

2188
02:00:58,100 --> 02:01:00,400
a lethal game of cat and mouse, 
that was played throughout 

2189
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:03,200
Gould's Countryside. 
First century X would show up 

2190
02:01:03,200 --> 02:01:06,300
with his Warriors, Slaughter, 
Roman soldiers, and then 

2191
02:01:06,300 --> 02:01:08,700
disappear into forests. 
That his people were familiar 

2192
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:11,900
with like their own backyards. 
Caesar was always on the 

2193
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:14,400
defensive as he pursued an 
adversary that would not remain 

2194
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:16,200
motionless. 
Long enough for a true Roman 

2195
02:01:16,200 --> 02:01:20,300
style conflict Caesar's years of
military command had taught him 

2196
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:23,500
that every strategy had a 
counter strategy, Caesar would 

2197
02:01:23,500 --> 02:01:26,400
put first and get in a situation
that the gallic leader could not

2198
02:01:26,400 --> 02:01:28,600
ignore forcing him into a 
pitched battle. 

2199
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:31,300
If he wished to avoid one, 
Elisea. 

2200
02:01:31,300 --> 02:01:34,700
A Hilltop Fortress that verse in
Jeter selected as his stronghold

2201
02:01:34,700 --> 02:01:38,800
provided, the opportunity with 
its high walls, steep approaches

2202
02:01:38,800 --> 02:01:41,600
and enough supplies to last a 
long Siege, the position 

2203
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:45,600
appeared in pregnancy. 
After seeing Alicia the majority

2204
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:48,300
of Roman generals would have 
chosen to pursue a simpler 

2205
02:01:48,300 --> 02:01:51,300
Target, Caesar chose to try 
something that went against all 

2206
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:52,500
military. 
Common Sense. 

2207
02:01:52,500 --> 02:01:57,000
After taking a look at alizea, 
he would construct, not one but 

2208
02:01:57,000 --> 02:02:00,800
two full sets of fortifications 
to enclose the Fortress one 

2209
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:04,000
facing Alicia to keep the 
Defenders inside and another 

2210
02:02:04,000 --> 02:02:06,600
facing outward to prevent The 
Siege from being broken by 

2211
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:10,100
gallic relief forces, the scale 
of the engineering made building

2212
02:02:10,100 --> 02:02:12,600
Roman Bridges seem like a 
do-it-yourself weekend project 

2213
02:02:12,600 --> 02:02:15,700
in addition to maintaining a 
Siege and preparing for a tax 

2214
02:02:15,700 --> 02:02:19,200
from various angles Caesar's 
Legions constructed miles of 

2215
02:02:19,200 --> 02:02:22,000
walls, ditches traps and 
defensive positions. 

2216
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:25,100
It was similar to attempting to 
construct a house while Fender 

2217
02:02:25,100 --> 02:02:28,000
off Intruders and getting ready 
for a dinner party but with more

2218
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:31,200
stabbing Seasons, knowledge of 
Roman military engineering 

2219
02:02:31,200 --> 02:02:34,100
leadership, and warfare was put 
to the ultimate test during the 

2220
02:02:34,100 --> 02:02:37,700
Sea of Elysia, versing, jurich. 
And his soldiers were starving 

2221
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:40,500
inside the Fortress. 
As they observed Caesar's 

2222
02:02:40,500 --> 02:02:43,500
impossibly strong defenses, 
gaining strength every day. 

2223
02:02:43,500 --> 02:02:47,200
The kind of great battle that 
had made Roman Legions, famous 

2224
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:50,900
was created outside as gallic 
relief armies assembled to break

2225
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:54,400
the seed with desperate 
Defenders, overcoming odds, 

2226
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:57,400
Cavalry Charges and the fate of 
Gaul hanging in the balance. 

2227
02:02:58,300 --> 02:03:01,100
The final assault had all the 
makings of a Hollywood film 

2228
02:03:01,100 --> 02:03:04,100
Caesar demonstrated that 
military Brilliance involves 

2229
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:07,400
more than just strategy. 
It also involves the capacity to

2230
02:03:07,400 --> 02:03:10,500
control chaos. 
He was everywhere at once 

2231
02:03:10,500 --> 02:03:13,900
organizing attacks on his inner 
walls and leading the defense of

2232
02:03:13,908 --> 02:03:16,400
his outer ones. 
Thus injects walked out of 

2233
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:19,400
Elysia to throw his weapons at 
Caesar's feet in a gesture of 

2234
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:22,800
both defeat and dignity. 
Thereby saving his people from 

2235
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:25,500
complete destruction and ending 
the battle. 

2236
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:28,500
It was the event that 
essentially put an end to Gaelic

2237
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:31,600
Independence for the following 
five centuries and immortalized,

2238
02:03:31,600 --> 02:03:34,500
Caesar's reputation, Caesar's 
accomplishments and Gaul were 

2239
02:03:34,508 --> 02:03:36,900
causing the kind of political 
issues that contemporary Spin 

2240
02:03:36,900 --> 02:03:40,300
Doctors dread back in Rome. 
He had on the one hand, brought 

2241
02:03:40,300 --> 02:03:43,200
vast wealth, into Rome's. 
Treasury conquered territory, 

2242
02:03:43,200 --> 02:03:46,200
roughly the size of modern 
France and demonstrated that 

2243
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:47,800
Roman arms could Prevail 
anywhere. 

2244
02:03:47,800 --> 02:03:51,700
However, he had an army of 
seasoned soldiers, who were 

2245
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:54,400
personally, loyal to seize her 
and didn't care much about what 

2246
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:57,300
other people thought. 
Consider this, suppose your 

2247
02:03:57,308 --> 02:03:59,500
colleague went on a brief 
business trip and returned. 

2248
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:02,300
Eight years later with a private
Army, a multi-national 

2249
02:04:02,300 --> 02:04:05,500
corporation and enough cash to 
purchase your entire business. 

2250
02:04:05,500 --> 02:04:09,000
Cesar had effectively done that 
and his fellow politicians. 

2251
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:12,200
Were beginning to feel as though
they had unintentionally created

2252
02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:15,200
a monster in particular. 
The Roman senate was concerned. 

2253
02:04:15,200 --> 02:04:19,300
Imagine a chamber full of men in
togas who argued about precedent

2254
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:22,000
and procedure. 
Most of the time as Consul they 

2255
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:24,300
had witnessed Caesar defied 
political conventions. 

2256
02:04:24,300 --> 02:04:27,300
And now he had returned with a 
military reputation that made 

2257
02:04:27,300 --> 02:04:30,700
Pompey, the great appear like a 
weekend, warrior even worse. 

2258
02:04:30,700 --> 02:04:33,700
Caesar was still legally 
protected from prosecution as 

2259
02:04:33,700 --> 02:04:35,900
long as he was in office because
he was still a governor. 

2260
02:04:36,600 --> 02:04:39,800
Caesar's adversaries, recognized
a chance they could prosecute 

2261
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:42,100
him for all those constitutional
irregularities from his 

2262
02:04:42,100 --> 02:04:44,200
consulship. 
If they could make him return to

2263
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:47,300
Rome as a private citizen. 
It would be akin to compelling a

2264
02:04:47,300 --> 02:04:50,200
prosperous, but morally dubious 
entrepreneur to Forfeit, his 

2265
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:52,500
corporate safeguards and 
confronted a group of 

2266
02:04:52,500 --> 02:04:56,800
prosecutors who had spent eight 
years crafting their case The 

2267
02:04:56,800 --> 02:04:59,900
Trap was simple but elegant, 
Caesar's political survival 

2268
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:03,100
required him to either remain in
Gaul or return to Rome with 

2269
02:05:03,100 --> 02:05:06,700
sufficient power to defend 
himself while Roman law mandated

2270
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:09,200
that he must disband his armies 
before entering Italy. 

2271
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:12,500
In essence, his adversaries were
pressuring him to decide between

2272
02:05:12,500 --> 02:05:15,100
abiding by the law and 
committing political suicide, 

2273
02:05:15,100 --> 02:05:19,600
negotiations, dragged on for 
months, much like a high stakes 

2274
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:23,000
divorce, mediation. 
Caesar's opponents insisted on a

2275
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:25,800
gap that would expose him. 
While his supporters in Rome 

2276
02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:28,000
sort of compromise that would 
allow him to go straight. 

2277
02:05:28,000 --> 02:05:31,600
From Governor to Consul Caesar 
and his Legions, sat in Gaul. 

2278
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:34,700
In the meantime watching Roman 
politics Splinter over how to 

2279
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,600
handle him being asked to 
mediate between two former 

2280
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:40,900
friends who both believe you 
should take side put pompy the 

2281
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:42,100
great in the middle of this 
mess. 

2282
02:05:42,100 --> 02:05:45,500
Caesar had been partnered with 
Pompey in the triumvirate, but 

2283
02:05:45,500 --> 02:05:48,200
Pompey was uncomfortably 
powerful after Caesar's success 

2284
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:50,700
in Gaul. 
In essence pompy was being asked

2285
02:05:50,700 --> 02:05:53,500
to decide between his 
long-standing Alliance and their

2286
02:05:53,500 --> 02:05:57,500
apprehension about Caesar's 
aspirations when the Past what 

2287
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:00,800
amounted to a martial law 
declaration in January of 49 BCE

2288
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:04,800
the crisis reached a Breaking 
Point and Pompey was granted 

2289
02:06:04,800 --> 02:06:08,300
emergency powers to protect the 
Republic from Caesar everyone. 

2290
02:06:08,300 --> 02:06:10,400
In Rome knew that it was the 
political equivalent of 

2291
02:06:10,400 --> 02:06:13,100
declaring war. 
At the banks of the Rubicon 

2292
02:06:13,100 --> 02:06:15,600
River which has historically 
served as the border between 

2293
02:06:15,600 --> 02:06:18,300
Gaul and Italy. 
Caesar was informed of this 

2294
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:20,900
development. 
This River was the ultimate Red 

2295
02:06:20,900 --> 02:06:23,900
Line in Roman politics because 
it was forbidden by Roman law 

2296
02:06:23,900 --> 02:06:26,700
for any general to cross it with
troops standing there. 

2297
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,100
With his seasoned Legions, 
Caesar had to make a decision 

2298
02:06:29,100 --> 02:06:32,400
that would affect not only his 
own destiny, but the course of 

2299
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:35,200
the Roman Republic. 
Caesar reportedly stopped at the

2300
02:06:35,200 --> 02:06:37,300
riverbank and uttered the words 
that would reverberate 

2301
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:41,900
throughout history Aaliyah actor
SST, the die is cast. 

2302
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:45,700
He then LED his army across the 
Rubicon changing, from a Roman 

2303
02:06:45,700 --> 02:06:47,300
Governor, to a rebel against the
state. 

2304
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,900
He had spent his entire 
professional life serving, it 

2305
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:53,600
was a time when historical, 
inevitability political 

2306
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:56,700
necessity of personal ambition 
came together to form a single 

2307
02:06:56,700 --> 02:06:59,600
decision. 
Caesar was not merely crossing a

2308
02:06:59,608 --> 02:07:01,600
river. 
He was also crossing the 

2309
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:05,000
boundary between the Roman 
Republic and the future Caesars 

2310
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:07,300
crossing of the Rubicon sparked.
A civil war that the most 

2311
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:09,700
skilled military in the world 
would be engaged in against 

2312
02:07:09,700 --> 02:07:12,100
itself. 
Something the Romans had feared 

2313
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:14,600
for Generations. 
It was similar to witnessing a 

2314
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:17,700
family business disintegrate. 
Except that the family business,

2315
02:07:17,700 --> 02:07:20,700
controlled the majority of the 
Mediterranean region and the 

2316
02:07:20,700 --> 02:07:22,500
disputes were resolved with 
swords. 

2317
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,900
The Romans had never witnessed 
anything like Caesar's march 

2318
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:28,700
across Italy Caesar launched, 
what may have been the first 

2319
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:31,600
charm offensive in history 
rather than the ruthless 

2320
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:33,900
Conquest. 
They had anticipated he showed 

2321
02:07:33,900 --> 02:07:36,800
unusual clemency to the citizens
of the cities that welcome to 

2322
02:07:36,800 --> 02:07:38,900
him. 
He offered them positions in his

2323
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:41,300
army and pardon the enemy 
soldiers who turned themselves 

2324
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:44,900
in he released Roman officials, 
he had captured with courtesy 

2325
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:47,300
notes implying. 
They might want to reevaluate 

2326
02:07:47,300 --> 02:07:50,900
their political affiliation, it 
was the best kind of cycle 

2327
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:53,900
Warfare. 
Caesar was proving that he was a

2328
02:07:53,900 --> 02:07:55,500
Roman Statesman. 
Attempting to rescue the 

2329
02:07:55,500 --> 02:07:57,400
Republic from his own political 
dysfunction. 

2330
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:00,900
Not just another ambitious 
General looking to plunder Rome,

2331
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:04,600
Caesar's policy of Clemente, was
both genuine Lee compassionate 

2332
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:09,000
and Incredibly well thought out.
Each enemy he pardoned served as

2333
02:08:09,000 --> 02:08:10,700
a living example of his 
reasonableness. 

2334
02:08:10,700 --> 02:08:13,800
Meanwhile Pompey and the Senate 
were learning that Civil War. 

2335
02:08:13,800 --> 02:08:16,300
Preparation is far more 
difficult than Conquest 

2336
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:19,100
preparation abroad. 
Their plan was to leave Italy 

2337
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:22,600
assembled troops in the Eastern 
Mediterranean and then returned 

2338
02:08:22,600 --> 02:08:25,400
with a massive Force, to put an 
end to Caesar's Uprising. 

2339
02:08:25,400 --> 02:08:28,300
The political realities of the 
situation were totally 

2340
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:30,700
disregarded in favor of sound 
military reasoning. 

2341
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,100
Pompey gave Caesar the ultimate 
propaganda Triumph by leaving 

2342
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:37,900
Rome now that his enemies had 
fled like cowards Caesar could 

2343
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:40,500
say he was protecting the city. 
Even as he methodically 

2344
02:08:40,500 --> 02:08:43,000
destroyed, the political 
structure of the stood in his 

2345
02:08:43,008 --> 02:08:46,700
way, Caesar made a point to 
uphold Republican traditions and

2346
02:08:46,700 --> 02:08:49,300
established institutions. 
When he arrived in Rome. 

2347
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:52,600
The ensuing Civil War, spread 
like a deadly reality show 

2348
02:08:52,600 --> 02:08:55,700
throughout the Mediterranean 
region, the greatest armies in 

2349
02:08:55,700 --> 02:08:58,800
history were commanded by Caesar
and Pompey and they were 

2350
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:01,300
commanded by officers who are 
dedicated their professional 

2351
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:03,100
lives to honing their military 
skills. 

2352
02:09:03,100 --> 02:09:06,700
These kinds of colliding, forces
produced, amazing and 

2353
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:09,500
destructive results. 
Sees approved during his 

2354
02:09:09,500 --> 02:09:12,400
campaign in Spain that he could 
outmaneuver opponents without 

2355
02:09:12,400 --> 02:09:15,900
necessarily destroying them sees
a gained control of the Iberian 

2356
02:09:15,900 --> 02:09:18,900
Peninsula, through Superior 
Logistics rather than Superior 

2357
02:09:18,900 --> 02:09:21,800
violence after he encircled 
pompey's allies. 

2358
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:24,300
So thoroughly that they 
surrendered without a 

2359
02:09:24,300 --> 02:09:27,200
significant conflict military. 
Theorists were impressed by this

2360
02:09:27,200 --> 02:09:30,100
type of victory, for centuries 
to come the real battle. 

2361
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:33,800
However took place at Dirham in 
present-day Albania, where 

2362
02:09:33,800 --> 02:09:37,000
pompey's Army first outwitted, 
Caesar in what turned out to be 

2363
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:40,700
one of Caesar's few decisive 
losses for an instant pompeya 

2364
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:42,900
appeared to have discovered the 
secret to defeating the most 

2365
02:09:42,908 --> 02:09:46,300
successful General, in Rome 
Caesars reaction to this. 

2366
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:49,200
Setback provided important 
insight into his personality 

2367
02:09:49,200 --> 02:09:51,200
instead with the patience of 
one. 

2368
02:09:51,200 --> 02:09:53,800
Who knew that individual battles
do not decide Wars. 

2369
02:09:53,800 --> 02:09:55,700
He examined. 
What had gone wrong. 

2370
02:09:55,700 --> 02:09:59,000
Modified his strategy and 
readied himself for the next 

2371
02:09:59,000 --> 02:10:02,700
engagement, Cesar and pompies 
larger Army engaged in a fierce 

2372
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:06,100
battle at fossilis Greece, which
was the pivotal moment for which

2373
02:10:06,100 --> 02:10:08,100
Roman military Doctrine was 
created. 

2374
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:11,600
Pompey's Army was great, but 
predictable and Caesar had 

2375
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:13,200
learned to improvise during his 
eight years. 

2376
02:10:13,200 --> 02:10:15,600
In Gaul, the actual battle was a
tactical. 

2377
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:19,200
Flexibility masterclass Caesar 
used his reserves in a 

2378
02:10:19,200 --> 02:10:21,500
surprising formation. 
That turned the strength of the 

2379
02:10:21,508 --> 02:10:24,400
enemy into weakness. 
When pompey's Cavalry threatened

2380
02:10:24,400 --> 02:10:27,200
to outflank seizures forces, 
watching a chess, Grandmaster 

2381
02:10:27,200 --> 02:10:30,500
sacrifice a piece to reach 
Checkmate, three moves later was

2382
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:34,000
like that the Republic's ability
to oppose Caesar was essentially

2383
02:10:34,000 --> 02:10:37,800
destroyed by pompey's defeat at 
fastest, but it also signaled to

2384
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:40,600
Caesar that a military Triumph 
was just the start of his 

2385
02:10:40,600 --> 02:10:42,700
troubles. 
Overcoming adversaries is 

2386
02:10:42,700 --> 02:10:46,000
comparatively easy. 
Managing an Empire Shattered by 

2387
02:10:46,000 --> 02:10:48,100
Civil War as a completely 
different matter. 

2388
02:10:48,100 --> 02:10:51,300
Caesar was in the unique 
position of winning a civil war 

2389
02:10:51,300 --> 02:10:54,400
after fossilis, but he wasn't 
entirely sure what to do next. 

2390
02:10:54,400 --> 02:10:57,700
In one of the biggest blunders 
in history, the Egyptians chose 

2391
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:00,900
to win Caesar over by killing 
Pompey and giving his head as a 

2392
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:03,500
present. 
Pompey, had fled to Egypt, 

2393
02:11:03,500 --> 02:11:06,900
seeking Refuge from Rome's 
long-standing Ally the Egyptians

2394
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:09,000
likely didn't anticipate. 
Season's response. 

2395
02:11:09,000 --> 02:11:12,300
When he saw the severed head of 
his former rival, Caesar 

2396
02:11:12,300 --> 02:11:15,300
reportedly wept whether out of 
true grief or political 

2397
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:18,300
calculation. 
Instead of gratitude the man 

2398
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:20,100
whose opposition had given 
Caesar's own. 

2399
02:11:20,108 --> 02:11:22,400
Positional legitimacy was no 
longer his most credible 

2400
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:25,800
opponent, he was now merely a 
Roman general occupying, a 

2401
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:28,700
foreign land with no obvious 
adversary to engage in combat 

2402
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:33,000
with however, Egypt provided 
restitution chiefly in the form 

2403
02:11:33,000 --> 02:11:35,400
of Cleopatra. 
The seventh Egypt's, final 

2404
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,500
pharaoh, and perhaps, the most 
cultured woman sees her had ever

2405
02:11:38,500 --> 02:11:40,600
met. 
Here was a person who ruled one 

2406
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:43,400
of the richest kingdoms in 
Antiquity spoken. 

2407
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:46,900
Nine languages and had received 
his education from the finest 

2408
02:11:46,900 --> 02:11:50,100
alexandrian Scholars, she 
resembled a cross between a 

2409
02:11:50,100 --> 02:11:54,400
Fortune 500, CEO and a Harvard 
MBA who happened to have 

2410
02:11:54,400 --> 02:11:57,300
ancestry dating back to 
Alexander the Great rather than 

2411
02:11:57,300 --> 02:12:00,900
a Disney princess Caesar. 
And Cleopatra's relationship was

2412
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:04,100
a combination of mutual 
recognition, political Alliance 

2413
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:07,400
and personal attraction between 
two of the most Brilliant Minds 

2414
02:12:07,400 --> 02:12:11,200
in Antiquity, the 52 year old 
Caesar had lived his entire life

2415
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:13,800
surrounded. 
By Roman politicians who believe

2416
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,500
that tactical maneuvering meant 
slightly, different forms of 

2417
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:19,400
bribery managing a kingdom. 
That was essentially a 

2418
02:12:19,400 --> 02:12:23,400
multinational corporation with 
pyramids. 21 year old Cleopatra 

2419
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:25,600
had been dealing with court 
Intrigue since she was a young 

2420
02:12:25,608 --> 02:12:29,000
girl Alexandria, the greatest 
center of learning and culture 

2421
02:12:29,000 --> 02:12:31,900
and Antiquity, served as the 
backdrop for their romance. 

2422
02:12:31,900 --> 02:12:34,900
Caesar found himself in a city 
with the largest library in the 

2423
02:12:34,900 --> 02:12:36,300
world. 
The most sophisticated 

2424
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:39,800
engineering and intellectual 
Traditions that made Rome appear

2425
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:43,100
like a promising startup while, 
Roman senators were debating 

2426
02:12:43,100 --> 02:12:46,700
precedent, and procedure Caesar 
was captivated by Egyptian 

2427
02:12:46,700 --> 02:12:49,200
governance, and partially 
enamored with Cleopatra, during 

2428
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:50,700
his month-long. 
Stay in Egypt. 

2429
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:53,700
While Rome was still learning 
how to rule over land outside of

2430
02:12:53,700 --> 02:12:55,900
Italy. 
This Kingdom had been handling 

2431
02:12:55,900 --> 02:12:58,300
intricate bureaucracy for 
thousands of years. 

2432
02:12:59,200 --> 02:13:02,700
Seasoned Imperial Administration
lessons from the experience that

2433
02:13:02,700 --> 02:13:06,300
shape his subsequent reforms. 
However, this ancient sabbatical

2434
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:08,700
romance was eventually 
overshadowed by political 

2435
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:12,100
reality, Caesar couldn't afford 
to ignore the opportunities for 

2436
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:15,400
opposition that his extended 
absence from Roman politics was 

2437
02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:18,200
creating and his enemies were 
regrouping throughout the 

2438
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:21,900
Mediterranean upon his return. 
To Rome Caesar encountered the 

2439
02:13:21,900 --> 02:13:24,600
same problem as plague. 
Successful revolutionaries for 

2440
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,800
centuries, how to 
institutionalize change, without

2441
02:13:27,800 --> 02:13:30,000
destroying the system. 
You are attempting to reform. 

2442
02:13:30,000 --> 02:13:32,500
Caesar's solution was 
characteristically. 

2443
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:36,300
Bold he would establish himself 
as a dictator but one who would 

2444
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:39,100
fortify rather than undermine 
Roman institutions. 

2445
02:13:40,000 --> 02:13:43,400
The Romans had never known a 
dictatorship like Caesars in the

2446
02:13:43,400 --> 02:13:46,300
past, dictators had been 
appointed for particular crises 

2447
02:13:46,300 --> 02:13:50,000
and were supposed to step down 
after the crisis was over Caesar

2448
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:52,700
appeared to have a longer-term 
vision of a reformed Roman 

2449
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:56,100
state, with himself as its 
permanent executive fusing, the 

2450
02:13:56,108 --> 02:13:59,000
effectiveness of monarchical 
decision-making with the 

2451
02:13:59,000 --> 02:14:02,100
traditions of Republican 
institutions, the breadth and 

2452
02:14:02,100 --> 02:14:04,300
usefulness of his reforms were 
astounding. 

2453
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:07,200
Caesar changed the Roman 
Calendar, to the Julian 

2454
02:14:07,200 --> 02:14:10,700
calendar, which is still in use 
today with a few tweaks, he 

2455
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:12,400
started large-scale Public 
Works. 

2456
02:14:12,400 --> 02:14:16,400
Projects changed the debt law 
increased citizenship and 

2457
02:14:16,400 --> 02:14:19,500
started organizing colonies for 
Rome's expanding populace. 

2458
02:14:20,200 --> 02:14:22,400
It was similar to witnessing 
someone manage a whole 

2459
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:26,200
civilization and restructure. 
It sees a success however, was 

2460
02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:27,800
setting the stage for his 
demise. 

2461
02:14:28,700 --> 02:14:31,900
A Caesar accumulated powers that
made him effectively a king and 

2462
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:34,600
all that name. 
Roman Senators who had dedicated

2463
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:37,600
their professional lives to the 
Republican system of governance.

2464
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:40,800
Watched the man who had said he 
was saving, the Republic was now

2465
02:14:40,800 --> 02:14:42,100
threatening to destroy it 
completely. 

2466
02:14:42,900 --> 02:14:45,600
Both former foes and 
disillusioned friends were part 

2467
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:48,200
of the plot against Caesar 
because Caesar had treated 

2468
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:50,700
Brutus. 
Almost like a son, men, like him

2469
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:53,500
started to think that the only 
way to preserve Roman Liberty 

2470
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:56,300
was to kill Caesar. 
This Choice was a combination of

2471
02:14:56,308 --> 02:14:59,600
personal animosity, true 
patriotism and likely some 

2472
02:14:59,600 --> 02:15:01,300
concern about Caesar's next 
move. 

2473
02:15:01,300 --> 02:15:05,000
Despite fortune, tellers 
cautions his wife's dreams and 

2474
02:15:05,000 --> 02:15:06,800
most likely his own political 
instincts. 

2475
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:12,300
Caesar entered, the Roman senate
building on March 1544, BCE also

2476
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:15,300
known as The Ides of March 
following that dozens of 

2477
02:15:15,308 --> 02:15:18,100
senators, alternated stabbing, 
the man who had rebuilt, the 

2478
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:21,200
Roman World, which was less 
like, an assassination than a 

2479
02:15:21,200 --> 02:15:22,700
group therapy session with 
knives. 

2480
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:26,600
Caesar's life and death were 
equally, dramatic, his final 

2481
02:15:26,600 --> 02:15:29,600
words according to Legend, when 
he saw Brutus among his 

2482
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:34,600
murderers were two brute. 
And You Brutus, it was the 

2483
02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:37,400
ultimate betrayal by someone. 
He had trusted and it 

2484
02:15:37,400 --> 02:15:39,900
encapsulated the tragedy of a 
man whose greatest 

2485
02:15:39,900 --> 02:15:42,500
accomplishments had set the 
stage for his own downfall. 

2486
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:45,300
Sometimes the Cure is worse than
the illness. 

2487
02:15:45,300 --> 02:15:48,000
Don't, you know, that's 
basically what happened when 

2488
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:50,500
Caesar was assassinated by the 
Roman Senators. 

2489
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:53,200
They believed they were 
preserving the Republic but in 

2490
02:15:53,200 --> 02:15:56,600
reality the insured, its demise 
and paved the way for a civil 

2491
02:15:56,608 --> 02:15:58,900
war that would make Caesar's 
dispute with Pompey. 

2492
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:01,900
Seem like a local quarrel 
Caesar's death had been 

2493
02:16:01,900 --> 02:16:04,700
carefully planned by the 
conspirators, but it seems, they

2494
02:16:04,708 --> 02:16:07,000
had neglected to plan for what 
would happen next? 

2495
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:10,300
It became evident within hours 
of the assassination that they 

2496
02:16:10,300 --> 02:16:12,400
had killed Rome's. 
Most well-liked, Man, without 

2497
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:15,300
knowing how to handle the power 
vacuum, they had caused the 

2498
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:17,000
company. 
In question happened to control 

2499
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:19,600
the majority of the known world.
So it was similar to 

2500
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:22,900
successfully ousting a CEO 
without a succession plan. 

2501
02:16:22,900 --> 02:16:26,100
When Mark Antony sees his 
faithful left tenant, came out 

2502
02:16:26,100 --> 02:16:28,000
of hiding to give Caesar's 
funeral oration. 

2503
02:16:28,000 --> 02:16:31,100
He quickly transformed it into 
the most potent political 

2504
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:34,700
theater in Antiquity by reading 
Caesars will, which left money 

2505
02:16:34,700 --> 02:16:38,100
to all Roman citizens and 
displaying his bloodied Togo? 

2506
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:41,400
While explaining each wound 
Antony turned Caesar's funeral 

2507
02:16:41,400 --> 02:16:43,200
into a masterclass in emotional,
man. 

2508
02:16:43,299 --> 02:16:47,100
Rather than the straightforward 
ceremony, the conspirators at 

2509
02:16:47,100 --> 02:16:49,500
anticipated. 
The response from the crowd, was

2510
02:16:49,500 --> 02:16:52,900
exactly what Antony had hoped 
for, and what the conspirators 

2511
02:16:52,900 --> 02:16:56,200
should have been afraid of in 
search of anyone involved in the

2512
02:16:56,208 --> 02:17:00,200
assassination, Roman's rioted 
throughout the city protected, 

2513
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:01,700
by the very government 
buildings. 

2514
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:02,900
They had claimed to be 
defending. 

2515
02:17:02,900 --> 02:17:06,400
The conspirators ended up 
barricaded on capitalone Hill 

2516
02:17:07,100 --> 02:17:09,900
However, the true drama was only
getting started. 

2517
02:17:09,900 --> 02:17:13,500
Caesar had adopted his 18 year 
old grand-nephew Octavius, as 

2518
02:17:13,500 --> 02:17:16,400
his son and Heir, the surprise 
that would change the course of 

2519
02:17:16,407 --> 02:17:19,000
Roman history. 
According to his will suddenly 

2520
02:17:19,000 --> 02:17:22,700
this young man who would go on 
to become, Augustus was the heir

2521
02:17:22,700 --> 02:17:25,799
to the most illustrious name in 
Roman politics and the son of a 

2522
02:17:25,799 --> 02:17:30,100
god Caesar had been posthumously
deified young octavius's 

2523
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:32,500
transitioned into a political 
figure was similar to witnessing

2524
02:17:32,500 --> 02:17:34,700
someone. 
Go from intern to CEO in a 

2525
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:37,100
single day. 
He was studying philosophy at a 

2526
02:17:37,100 --> 02:17:40,000
Greek College one day and then 
he was heading back to Rome to 

2527
02:17:40,000 --> 02:17:43,299
claim an inheritance that 
included immense wealth a well 

2528
02:17:43,299 --> 02:17:45,799
known name and the allegiance of
Caesar's seasoned. 

2529
02:17:45,799 --> 02:17:48,500
Legions Octavius was inheriting 
a revolution. 

2530
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:52,200
Whereas most teenagers would 
have been overwhelming a family 

2531
02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:55,299
business in the years after 
season's death, Mark, Antony 

2532
02:17:55,299 --> 02:17:58,500
Octavius and a politician by the
name of leopardus formed what 

2533
02:17:58,500 --> 02:18:01,500
historians refer to as the 
second triumphant, this 

2534
02:18:01,500 --> 02:18:05,600
triumvirate was formal lawful 
and specifically created to find

2535
02:18:05,600 --> 02:18:08,100
Caesar's Killers while. 
Lighting, the Roman World among 

2536
02:18:08,100 --> 02:18:11,900
themselves in contrast to The 
Unofficial agreement Caesar had 

2537
02:18:11,900 --> 02:18:15,100
made with Pompeii and Crassus. 
Caesar's policy of clemency, was

2538
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:16,900
rendered obsolete by the 
ensuing. 

2539
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:19,799
Systematic campaign of 
retaliation by publishing 

2540
02:18:19,799 --> 02:18:22,400
proscription lists which were 
essentially death warrants for 

2541
02:18:22,400 --> 02:18:25,700
their political Rivals. 
The Triumph was transformed Rome

2542
02:18:25,700 --> 02:18:28,500
into a place where slandering 
neighbors could bring in large 

2543
02:18:28,500 --> 02:18:31,299
sums of money and where 
political connections were 

2544
02:18:31,299 --> 02:18:34,799
essential to one survival, the 
conspirators who had killed 

2545
02:18:34,799 --> 02:18:37,100
Caesar were now dispersed 
throughout the Mediterranean 

2546
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:40,600
frantically attempting to 
assemble armies, while being 

2547
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:43,700
methodically pursued by men who 
combined Caesar's military 

2548
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:47,299
prowess with none of his 
compassion at Philippi, where 

2549
02:18:47,299 --> 02:18:49,600
Brutus and cashless LED 
Republican, forces against 

2550
02:18:49,600 --> 02:18:52,799
Antony and Octavius. 
Armies, the final battle took 

2551
02:18:52,799 --> 02:18:55,100
place. 
The Roman Republic came to an 

2552
02:18:55,100 --> 02:18:58,200
end at the Battle of Philippi 
but it also served as a sneak 

2553
02:18:58,200 --> 02:19:00,400
peek at the Imperial structure 
that would take its place. 

2554
02:19:00,400 --> 02:19:04,000
The Roman world was split 
between Antony and Octavius like

2555
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:06,700
a particularly valuable piece of
real estate being split by 

2556
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:10,799
Partners who didn't fully trust 
each other, after Caesar's 

2557
02:19:10,799 --> 02:19:13,600
assassins were killed. 
However, even this Arrangement 

2558
02:19:13,600 --> 02:19:17,000
was not sustainable Octavius. 
Had the ideal opportunity to 

2559
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:20,299
portray himself as the protector
of Roman values against foreign 

2560
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:24,000
corruption because of Antony and
Cleopatra's relationship, which 

2561
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:26,900
started as a political Alliance 
and eventually turned into a 

2562
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:31,299
True Romance in the ensuing, 
propaganda War, Anthony a Roman 

2563
02:19:31,299 --> 02:19:34,799
who had left his native land for
Egyptian luxury was transformed 

2564
02:19:34,799 --> 02:19:37,400
from Caesar's. 
Avenger to Caesar's traitor. 

2565
02:19:38,400 --> 02:19:41,799
The Roman Republic's last Civil 
War unfolded like a battleship 

2566
02:19:41,799 --> 02:19:44,400
soap, opera Octavius. 
Stood for Republican 

2567
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:47,799
institutions, due to the state 
and traditional Roman values. 

2568
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:51,700
The threat of foreign dominance 
personal Indulgence, in eastern 

2569
02:19:51,700 --> 02:19:56,700
luxury, were all symbolized by 
Antony and Cleopatra in 31, BCE 

2570
02:19:56,700 --> 02:20:00,400
their fleets clashed attacked. 
Him deciding not only who would 

2571
02:20:00,400 --> 02:20:02,800
govern Rome but all the nature 
of the city-state. 

2572
02:20:03,700 --> 02:20:06,700
The Roman Republic came to an 
end with octavius's victory at 

2573
02:20:06,700 --> 02:20:09,800
the Roman Empire. 
Began Rome was the only 

2574
02:20:09,800 --> 02:20:12,800
superpower in the ancient 
Mediterranean after Antony and 

2575
02:20:12,800 --> 02:20:15,400
Cleopatra. 
Committed suicide in Alexandria 

2576
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:19,100
ending the Hellenistic era that 
had lasted since Alexander the 

2577
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:20,600
Great. 
Let's talk about something 

2578
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:22,500
amazing. 
As you curl up with your blanket

2579
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:26,200
and maybe refill that teacup How
a man who passed away more than 

2580
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:29,900
2,000 years ago, continues to 
have an impact on your life. 

2581
02:20:29,900 --> 02:20:33,700
In ways, you probably aren't 
even aware of Caesar's handiwork

2582
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:35,200
is visible. 
Every time you look at a 

2583
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:40,600
calendar that Julian calendar, 
he made in 46 BCE with leap 

2584
02:20:40,600 --> 02:20:44,100
days, every four years and a 
year with 365 days. 

2585
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,400
We still use a slightly altered 
version of it today because it 

2586
02:20:47,400 --> 02:20:49,800
was so. 
Well designed Julius, Caesar 

2587
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:52,600
decided that Roman time keeping 
needed to be better organized 

2588
02:20:52,600 --> 02:20:56,700
which is why December 31st 
exists today you are adhering to

2589
02:20:56,700 --> 02:20:59,500
a System created by a man who 
has never seen a car or an 

2590
02:20:59,500 --> 02:21:02,100
airplane when you schedule your 
birthday or some of vacation. 

2591
02:21:02,800 --> 02:21:06,700
However, Cesar's impact extends,
far beyond, calendar reform 

2592
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:09,800
season's title. 
Imperata is where the word 

2593
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:13,000
Emperor originates, German and 
Russian rulers, who wish to 

2594
02:21:13,008 --> 02:21:16,500
inherit season's name used the 
variations Kaiser and Kazar. 

2595
02:21:17,100 --> 02:21:19,300
Ambitious leaders have been 
attempting to emulate. 

2596
02:21:19,300 --> 02:21:22,000
Julius Caesar with regional 
traits for more than two 

2597
02:21:22,000 --> 02:21:25,000
Millennia, Caesar invented a 
number of political ideas that 

2598
02:21:25,000 --> 02:21:27,800
have reverberated throughout 
history and both inspiring and 

2599
02:21:27,800 --> 02:21:31,000
terrifying ways. 
These ideas include the notion 

2600
02:21:31,000 --> 02:21:33,700
that popular support could 
legitimize radical change. 

2601
02:21:33,700 --> 02:21:36,700
That military success could 
translate into civilian 

2602
02:21:36,700 --> 02:21:39,200
Authority. 
And that charismatic leadership 

2603
02:21:39,200 --> 02:21:43,000
could transcend traditional 
institutional limits, Caesar's 

2604
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:45,800
strategy is being used by every 
populist politician who says 

2605
02:21:45,800 --> 02:21:48,200
they are speaking for the people
against the ruling class, 

2606
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:50,800
consider the expression Crossing
the Rubicon. 

2607
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:54,400
When someone says their crossing
their Rubicon, their referring 

2608
02:21:54,400 --> 02:21:57,600
to a decision that will alter 
everything forever sees to 

2609
02:21:57,600 --> 02:22:01,400
decision-making moment on that. 
River Bank in 49, BC is the 

2610
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:03,900
direct source of that metaphor 
historians. 

2611
02:22:03,900 --> 02:22:07,300
Use it to explain times when 
societies change couples. 

2612
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:10,700
Use it to talk about significant
life, Transitions and corporate 

2613
02:22:10,700 --> 02:22:13,800
Executives, use it in board, 
meetings Seasons, military 

2614
02:22:13,800 --> 02:22:16,700
advancements, impacted Warfare 
for centuries and persisted 

2615
02:22:16,700 --> 02:22:17,800
through. 
The Roman Empire. 

2616
02:22:18,700 --> 02:22:22,800
Roman Doctrine adopted his 
emphasis on agility speed and 

2617
02:22:22,800 --> 02:22:26,000
Engineering solutions to 
Tactical issues in order to 

2618
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:27,600
move. 
Swiftly through Gaul, his 

2619
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:31,000
Legions constructed roads, which
later, served as the basis for 

2620
02:22:31,000 --> 02:22:33,900
European transportation systems 
that persisted well into the 

2621
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:37,300
modern era, the roots that 
Caesar's Engineers surveyed more

2622
02:22:37,300 --> 02:22:40,200
than 2,000 years ago are still 
used by some European highways 

2623
02:22:40,200 --> 02:22:43,300
Caesar's demonstration that the 
political structures of the 

2624
02:22:43,300 --> 02:22:45,600
ancient world were not static or
unalterable. 

2625
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:48,500
However, may have been his most 
enduring contribution. 

2626
02:22:49,300 --> 02:22:52,400
Before Caesar the majority of 
people believe that things had 

2627
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:55,400
to be the way they were Caesar 
proved that anyone with enough 

2628
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:58,400
Vision talent and willpower 
could rebuild entire 

2629
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:00,800
civilizations institutions and 
Customs. 

2630
02:23:00,800 --> 02:23:04,700
This was dangerous as well as 
liberating Caesar demonstrated 

2631
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:08,200
the ability of human societies 
to change and adapt and 

2632
02:23:08,200 --> 02:23:11,200
advanced. 
From debt relief for struggling 

2633
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:13,800
Farmers to citizenship for 
formerly marginalized 

2634
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:16,600
communities. 
His reforms truly improve the 

2635
02:23:16,600 --> 02:23:20,200
lives of millions of Romans. 
However, he also demonstrated, 

2636
02:23:20,200 --> 02:23:23,100
how easily Democratic 
institutions could be overthrown

2637
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:25,500
by someone, who was more aware 
of their flaws than their 

2638
02:23:25,500 --> 02:23:29,000
supporters Seasons Revolution, 
gave rise to the centuries long,

2639
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:32,000
Roman Empire, which Served as a 
model for structuring and 

2640
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:36,000
governing vast heterogeneous 
societies, Caesar contributed to

2641
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:39,000
the development of Roman law 
which served as the basis for 

2642
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,300
legal systems across Europe and 
ultimately impacted legal 

2643
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:45,500
Traditions across the globe. 
You benefit from ideas, that 

2644
02:23:45,500 --> 02:23:48,200
developed from Roman precedence.
When you have the presumption of

2645
02:23:48,200 --> 02:23:51,800
innocence, the right to a trial 
and legal safeguards against 

2646
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:55,100
capricious government, action 
aspiring leaders have even 

2647
02:23:55,100 --> 02:23:58,700
attempted to emulate, Caesar's 
Personal Style, For thousands of

2648
02:23:58,700 --> 02:24:01,100
years, people have been 
captivated by his leadership 

2649
02:24:01,100 --> 02:24:04,400
style, which combines military 
skill, intellectual 

2650
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:08,100
sophistication, and public 
appeal by bringing a biography 

2651
02:24:08,100 --> 02:24:10,300
of the Roman General on his 
military Expeditions. 

2652
02:24:10,300 --> 02:24:14,400
Napoleon purposefully modeled 
himself after Caesar, Caesar's 

2653
02:24:14,400 --> 02:24:17,200
speeches are still studied by 
contemporary politicians as a 

2654
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:18,900
source of rhetorical and 
persuasive lessons. 

2655
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:22,600
Caesar's memory has endured 
through literature and drama in 

2656
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:25,400
ways that were impossible for 
purely historical, research 

2657
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:28,900
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar 
created dialogue that has become

2658
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:32,100
ingrained in our common cultural
vocabulary while making the 

2659
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:34,600
story understandable to 
audiences, who are ignorant of 

2660
02:24:34,608 --> 02:24:37,800
Roman politics. 
The Phrase Friends Romans 

2661
02:24:37,800 --> 02:24:40,000
countrymen, lend me. 
Your ears is likely more well 

2662
02:24:40,000 --> 02:24:43,200
known than anything that the 
real Anthony said Caesars life. 

2663
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:46,000
Poses issues that are just as 
pertinent today, as they were 

2664
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:49,500
two Millennia ago, including 
ambition leadership, and the 

2665
02:24:49,500 --> 02:24:52,900
nature of political change was 
Caesar and ambitious autocrat, 

2666
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:55,400
who overthrew the Republican 
government for his own benefit. 

2667
02:24:55,400 --> 02:24:59,200
Was he a Visionary reformer who 
prevented political dysfunction 

2668
02:24:59,200 --> 02:25:01,200
in Rome. 
His story will always be 

2669
02:25:01,200 --> 02:25:04,300
fascinating because the truthful
response is most likely both. 

2670
02:25:05,300 --> 02:25:08,300
Same conflicts that shattered, 
the Roman Republic, still played

2671
02:25:08,300 --> 02:25:10,900
contemporary democracies. 
How can Democratic 

2672
02:25:10,900 --> 02:25:13,300
accountability and effectively 
leadership be balanced. 

2673
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:17,400
How can outmoded institutions be
reformed without jeopardizing? 

2674
02:25:17,400 --> 02:25:20,200
The stability? 
They offer, When leaders assert 

2675
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:22,600
that they speak for the people's
will against established 

2676
02:25:22,600 --> 02:25:24,500
institutions. 
How do you react? 

2677
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:28,100
These are issues that every 
Democratic Society must deal 

2678
02:25:28,100 --> 02:25:32,400
with not just historical ones as
we draw to a close, it's 

2679
02:25:32,400 --> 02:25:34,900
important to take a moment to 
reflect on Caesar's character 

2680
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:38,000
outside of his political 
scheming and Military triumphs 

2681
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:40,600
because despite his historical 
significance. 

2682
02:25:40,600 --> 02:25:44,500
Julius Caesar was just a regular
person with the same wants needs

2683
02:25:44,500 --> 02:25:48,200
and anxieties as everyone else. 
According to reports, Caesar had

2684
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:50,900
a great deal of personal charm 
and could make anyone feel like 

2685
02:25:50,900 --> 02:25:52,500
the most important person in the
room. 

2686
02:25:52,500 --> 02:25:56,200
He was tall and pale with dark 
eyes, and a receding hairline 

2687
02:25:56,200 --> 02:25:59,100
that apparently bothered him so 
much, that he frequently covered

2688
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:01,600
it with Laurels. 
According to Roman sources. 

2689
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:04,900
The fact that even the most 
influential people in history 

2690
02:26:04,900 --> 02:26:08,400
were self-conscious about their 
appearance and experimented with

2691
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:10,600
unconventional, hair loss, 
remedies is strangely 

2692
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:13,000
reassuring. 
His political Rivals, 

2693
02:26:13,000 --> 02:26:15,500
occasionally made fun of him for
being a feminine because he was 

2694
02:26:15,500 --> 02:26:17,700
infamously. 
Conceited about his appearance 

2695
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:21,000
and lavished a lot of time and 
money on personal grooming, 

2696
02:26:21,000 --> 02:26:24,300
Caesar's focus on style and 
appearance was viewed as 

2697
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:27,300
somewhat scandalous in A society
that valued masculine military 

2698
02:26:27,300 --> 02:26:30,000
virtues. 
However, this same as stentley, 

2699
02:26:30,000 --> 02:26:33,200
gentle politician was able to 
personally lead, Cavalry Charges

2700
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:36,300
against Germanic Warriors and 
out, maneuver soldiers, half his

2701
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:39,200
age, even by Roman standards 
Seasons. 

2702
02:26:39,200 --> 02:26:42,100
Intellectual curiosity was 
legendary during his gallic 

2703
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:44,300
campaigns. 
He wrote poetry studied 

2704
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:47,300
philosophy and supposedly wrote 
a treated on grammar while 

2705
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:50,700
traveling across the Alps. 
Imagine having such a Restless 

2706
02:26:50,700 --> 02:26:53,700
mind that you take advantage of 
military marches to write 

2707
02:26:53,700 --> 02:26:56,700
academically. 
In addition, he penned in-depth 

2708
02:26:56,700 --> 02:26:59,300
analysis of his own military 
operations, which are still 

2709
02:26:59,308 --> 02:27:01,000
studied today as historical 
documents. 

2710
02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:05,100
And as examples of persuasive 
political propaganda, a more 

2711
02:27:05,100 --> 02:27:07,800
intimate aspect of Caesar's 
personality is shown through his

2712
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:11,200
relationship with his daughter. 
Julia, he reportedly loved her 

2713
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:13,900
and a union with Pompey, was one
of the few occasions. 

2714
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:16,500
When Caesar appeared to put 
political gain ahead of the 

2715
02:27:16,500 --> 02:27:19,600
happiness of his family. 
Both Caesar and Pompey were said

2716
02:27:19,600 --> 02:27:22,200
to have been devastated. 
When Julia died in childbirth, 

2717
02:27:22,200 --> 02:27:26,000
and some historians contend that
her passing aided in the 

2718
02:27:26,008 --> 02:27:29,400
dissolution of their political 
partnership in the end, even the

2719
02:27:29,400 --> 02:27:32,300
most prosperous politicians are 
just fathers who miss their kids

2720
02:27:32,300 --> 02:27:35,400
sees as well. 
Known Clemente toward vanquished

2721
02:27:35,400 --> 02:27:37,400
adversaries. 
Appears to have been motivated 

2722
02:27:37,400 --> 02:27:39,500
by more than just political 
expediency. 

2723
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:44,000
Rather it appears to have been a
sincere conviction that kindness

2724
02:27:44,000 --> 02:27:47,900
worked better than brutality in 
a time when enslavement and mass

2725
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:50,600
executioners were common. 
Following military triumphs. 

2726
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:53,100
This was unusual, Caesar saw 
that. 

2727
02:27:53,100 --> 02:27:55,700
How you handled defeated 
opponents often determines 

2728
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:58,100
whether they become future 
allies or lifelong enemies? 

2729
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:00,600
Something that many leaders fail
to recognize. 

2730
02:28:00,600 --> 02:28:04,700
However, Caesar was also capable
of being brutal when he felt the

2731
02:28:04,700 --> 02:28:06,600
need to do. 
So his willingness to use 

2732
02:28:06,600 --> 02:28:09,400
political violence. 
When other options failed, his 

2733
02:28:09,400 --> 02:28:13,100
systematic destruction of towns 
that resisted his forces and his

2734
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:15,900
Massacre of German tribes, who 
broke their agreements with 

2735
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,200
Rome. 
All demonstrate his ability to 

2736
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:22,100
put strategic necessity ahead of
personal preferences, his 

2737
02:28:22,100 --> 02:28:24,900
relationships with women, or 
reflected his complexity. 

2738
02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:28,400
In an era when such views were 
rare, Caesar appears to have 

2739
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:31,400
truly respected intelligent 
women, even Beyond his 

2740
02:28:31,400 --> 02:28:33,600
well-known liaison's with clear 
Patra and others. 

2741
02:28:33,600 --> 02:28:36,700
According to his correspondence,
he regarded, women, as 

2742
02:28:36,700 --> 02:28:40,200
intellectual allies, rather than
merely, as romantic conquests or

2743
02:28:40,200 --> 02:28:43,500
political instruments. 
In a culture that typically 

2744
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:47,600
treated women as property. 
This was Radical thinking Caesar

2745
02:28:47,600 --> 02:28:49,700
was either psychologically 
incapable of accepting 

2746
02:28:49,700 --> 02:28:53,000
limitations or extremely 
confident in his abilities as 

2747
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:54,500
evidenced by his gambling 
addiction. 

2748
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,600
It is important to note that his
willingness to stake everything 

2749
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:00,400
on a single political or 
military move was essentially 

2750
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:03,700
high-stakes gambling. 
Most likely both throughout his 

2751
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:05,600
career. 
He took a number of calculated 

2752
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:08,600
risks that would have destroyed 
someone with less skill but they

2753
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:11,600
continue to pay off for him 
until they didn't historical 

2754
02:29:11,600 --> 02:29:13,900
sources. 
Paint a picture of a person who 

2755
02:29:13,900 --> 02:29:16,600
Blended intellectual 
sophistication with real world 

2756
02:29:16,600 --> 02:29:20,900
application genuine, brilliant 
with great ambition and personal

2757
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:22,600
charm with occasional 
ruthlessness. 

2758
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:25,900
He was the type of person who 
had planned military campaigns 

2759
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:29,200
in the afternoon and engage in 
philosophical discussion with 

2760
02:29:29,200 --> 02:29:31,400
academics in the morning. 
Then stay up. 

2761
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:35,000
Late writing poetry about both 
experiences, Caesar appears to 

2762
02:29:35,008 --> 02:29:37,300
have fascinated and frustrated 
his contemporaries. 

2763
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:40,200
At the same time, even his 
adversaries lamented, his 

2764
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:43,900
aspirations, while recognizing 
his AB Politically opposed to 

2765
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:46,900
Caesar Cicero acknowledge that 
Caesar was likely the most 

2766
02:29:46,900 --> 02:29:50,300
talented orator of their time, 
even as he sought to ruin 

2767
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:53,800
Caesar's career Cato who saw 
Caesar, as a danger to 

2768
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:57,100
Republican rule respected. 
His intelligence, most 

2769
02:29:57,100 --> 02:29:59,800
astonishing of all Caesar 
appears to have kept his sense 

2770
02:29:59,800 --> 02:30:01,400
of humor. 
Throughout his Ascent, power 

2771
02:30:01,400 --> 02:30:04,900
examples of his wit practical 
jokes and capacity for 

2772
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:06,800
self-loathing abound in Roman 
sources. 

2773
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:10,400
Roman custom dictated that a 
slave Whisperer reminders of 

2774
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:13,200
mortality in the Victor's ear 
during his Triumph celebrations.

2775
02:30:14,100 --> 02:30:16,400
Caesar is said to have joked 
that he didn't really need the 

2776
02:30:16,400 --> 02:30:19,200
reminder, because he had plenty 
from his political Rivals, 

2777
02:30:19,200 --> 02:30:23,700
Brilliance ambition, charm, 
ruthlessness intellectual 

2778
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,800
curiosity, and humor were all 
combined to create a person who 

2779
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:29,300
is uniquely suited to deal with 
the challenges of late 

2780
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:32,500
Republican Rome. 
However, it also produced a 

2781
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:35,600
person who was ultimately too 
big for any system, including 

2782
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:38,800
the one, he attempted to design 
for himself as our time, with 

2783
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:41,700
Julius, Caesar comes to an end, 
it's important to consider what 

2784
02:30:41,700 --> 02:30:45,600
we can learn from his remarkable
life, about ambition leadership,

2785
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:48,700
and the delicate balance that 
every society must maintain 

2786
02:30:48,700 --> 02:30:52,400
between change and stability. 
Season's life provides a 

2787
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:54,900
brilliant example of how a 
single person's ability and 

2788
02:30:54,900 --> 02:30:57,100
drive can transform entire 
Society. 

2789
02:30:57,100 --> 02:31:00,600
He demonstrated that even 
institutions that were supposed 

2790
02:31:00,600 --> 02:31:04,400
to be permanent like the Roman 
Republic which had endured for 

2791
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:07,500
centuries could be changed by 
someone who knew their floors 

2792
02:31:07,500 --> 02:31:09,000
better than their supporters 
did. 

2793
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:11,300
This is sobering as well as 
inspiring. 

2794
02:31:11,300 --> 02:31:14,000
It is sobering because it 
demonstrates how easily. 

2795
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,000
Treasured Customs can vanish. 
When they become disconnected 

2796
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:20,300
from the realities of the modern
world and inspiring because it 

2797
02:31:20,300 --> 02:31:23,000
implies that human societies can
change and grow. 

2798
02:31:23,000 --> 02:31:25,800
There were real issues with the 
Roman Republic that Caesar 

2799
02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:28,100
overthrew. 
It was a system of governance 

2800
02:31:28,100 --> 02:31:31,400
created for a tiny city-state 
attempting to run an empire. 

2801
02:31:31,400 --> 02:31:34,700
In the Mediterranean effective 
governance was hampered by its 

2802
02:31:34,700 --> 02:31:37,500
institutions, growing inability 
to make critical decisions. 

2803
02:31:37,500 --> 02:31:40,800
Its politicians preference for 
self-interest over public 

2804
02:31:40,800 --> 02:31:44,500
service and its traditional 
checks and balances Caesar 

2805
02:31:44,500 --> 02:31:46,100
dealt. 
The last blow to a dying system 

2806
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:49,700
rather than destroying a robust 
one, Caesar's solution, however,

2807
02:31:49,700 --> 02:31:53,500
which concentrated power in the 
hands of a single extremely 

2808
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:57,000
competent person, brought about 
new issues, what occurs? 

2809
02:31:57,000 --> 02:31:59,900
If the competent person passes 
away, what occurs if 

2810
02:31:59,900 --> 02:32:03,600
concentrated power is inherited 
by a less competent person, even

2811
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:06,500
though personal rule may be 
effective at first, it can lead 

2812
02:32:06,500 --> 02:32:09,800
to instability that lasts for 
Generations as the Civil Wars 

2813
02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:11,700
that followed Caesar's 
assassination showed. 

2814
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:15,900
Throughout history, this pattern
has recurred, charismatic 

2815
02:32:15,900 --> 02:32:18,700
leaders who promised to overcome
bureaucratic inefficiencies and 

2816
02:32:18,700 --> 02:32:21,000
accomplish goals are frequently 
sought. 

2817
02:32:21,000 --> 02:32:24,300
After by societies, with 
dysfunctional institutions, as 

2818
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:27,300
Caesar did with his changes to 
Roman law government and 

2819
02:32:27,300 --> 02:32:30,300
citizenship these leaders can 
occasionally actually make 

2820
02:32:30,300 --> 02:32:32,700
things better. 
However, the concentration of 

2821
02:32:32,708 --> 02:32:34,500
power that enables these 
advancements. 

2822
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:36,600
Also, makes power abuse 
inevitable. 

2823
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:40,500
Either by the original leader, 
or by their successes Caesars 

2824
02:32:40,500 --> 02:32:42,100
relationship. 
With his soldiers provides 

2825
02:32:42,100 --> 02:32:44,400
Leadership Lessons that are 
still applicable to day. 

2826
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:47,100
He was successful because he 
shared the struggles of his 

2827
02:32:47,100 --> 02:32:50,200
followers, genuinely cared about
their well-being and 

2828
02:32:50,200 --> 02:32:54,000
continuously, valued hard work, 
over political Connections, In 

2829
02:32:54,000 --> 02:32:57,000
addition to his success, his 
Legions followed him because 

2830
02:32:57,000 --> 02:32:58,900
they believed he would protect 
their interests. 

2831
02:32:59,600 --> 02:33:02,200
Caesar showed that service is 
the ultimate goal of leadership.

2832
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:06,000
Even if that service, furthers 
your personal goals Seasons 

2833
02:33:06,000 --> 02:33:09,100
rapid transformation from Roman 
Patriot to destroyer of the 

2834
02:33:09,100 --> 02:33:12,500
Republic, razors significant 
questions about the failure of 

2835
02:33:12,508 --> 02:33:15,500
political systems, in addition 
to becoming an effectual 

2836
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:18,600
institutions that are unable to 
adjust to changing conditions 

2837
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:20,600
Foster. 
An environment that rewards 

2838
02:33:20,600 --> 02:33:24,500
people who are prepared to work 
against or outside of them sees 

2839
02:33:24,500 --> 02:33:27,200
a first attempted to operate 
within the Republic structures 

2840
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:28,700
rather than trying to overthrow 
it. 

2841
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:33,000
He only made the decision to 
complete the systems when they 

2842
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:35,400
continuously prevented him from 
making the necessary 

2843
02:33:35,400 --> 02:33:39,300
adjustments, this affects 
contemporary democracies, those 

2844
02:33:39,300 --> 02:33:41,700
who are willing to employ. 
Illegal means have more 

2845
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,200
opportunities when legitimate 
institutions become. 

2846
02:33:44,200 --> 02:33:47,400
So clogged up, that they are 
unable to solve actual issues, 

2847
02:33:47,400 --> 02:33:50,900
making sure that Democratic 
institutions can continue to 

2848
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:54,200
develop and reform, is the 
answer not accepting deadlock as

2849
02:33:54,208 --> 02:33:56,700
unavoidable Caesars clemency 
policy. 

2850
02:33:56,700 --> 02:33:59,300
His practice of pardoning 
defeated enemies rather than 

2851
02:33:59,300 --> 02:34:02,500
executing them represented. 
A revolutionary approach to 

2852
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:05,700
political conflict, Caesar 
approached Politics as a process

2853
02:34:05,700 --> 02:34:08,100
in which to today's adversaries 
could turn into tomorrow's 

2854
02:34:08,100 --> 02:34:11,900
allies rather than as a zero sum
game in which Rivals must be 

2855
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:15,600
destroyed this strategy, which 
proved remarkably successful. 

2856
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:19,100
During his lifetime implies that
political reconciliation 

2857
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:21,900
frequently yields greater 
results than political 

2858
02:34:21,900 --> 02:34:25,100
retaliation. 
Caesar's murder serves as a 

2859
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:27,200
reminder that clemency has its 
bounds though. 

2860
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:29,600
Some opponents? 
Consider your powers very 

2861
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:31,800
existence to be. 
Illegitimate making it 

2862
02:34:31,800 --> 02:34:35,200
impossible to make amends 
Caesar's killers were driven by 

2863
02:34:35,200 --> 02:34:38,800
constitutional ideals rather 
than personal grievances, they 

2864
02:34:38,800 --> 02:34:41,100
killed him because they thought 
his continued existence 

2865
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:43,900
threatened, Roman Liberty. 
Not because he had hurt them. 

2866
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:47,300
This implies that, despite its 
desire, political 

2867
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:50,100
reconciliation, occasionally 
necessitates, concessions, that 

2868
02:34:50,100 --> 02:34:51,500
core values. 
Cannot support. 

2869
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,400
An important Point regarding 
political succession is 

2870
02:34:54,400 --> 02:34:56,300
illustrated by octavius's 
transition. 

2871
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:59,800
From teenager to Augustus, 
although people can change 

2872
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:02,300
institutions in ways that 
Outlast their own lives 

2873
02:35:02,300 --> 02:35:05,300
institutions are more important 
than in individuals. 

2874
02:35:05,300 --> 02:35:09,200
Caesar created the conditions 
for Imperial rule but Augustus 

2875
02:35:09,200 --> 02:35:12,300
created the imperial system that
would govern Rome for centuries,

2876
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:15,500
institutional structure with out
Vision, rarely inspires 

2877
02:35:15,500 --> 02:35:18,800
enduring, loyalty and vision 
without institutional structure,

2878
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:22,200
rarely survives its creator, 
Caesar's interest in everything 

2879
02:35:22,200 --> 02:35:25,800
from grammatical the To military
engineering demonstrates his 

2880
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:28,900
intellectual curiosity and 
implies that effective 

2881
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:32,100
leadership, calls for a wide 
range of knowledge, rather than 

2882
02:35:32,100 --> 02:35:35,000
specialized knowledge. 
Every society faces 

2883
02:35:35,000 --> 02:35:37,700
interconnected problems. 
And solving one often 

2884
02:35:37,700 --> 02:35:40,200
necessitates knowledge of 
seemingly unrelated Fields, 

2885
02:35:40,200 --> 02:35:43,500
Caesar was successful in part 
because he took a multifaceted 

2886
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:47,200
approach to issues fusing 
political, social military, and 

2887
02:35:47,200 --> 02:35:50,300
economic viewpoints in ways that
more specialized Specialists 

2888
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:53,400
might Overlook. 
Lastly, Caesar's tale serves. 

2889
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:55,700
As a reminder, that the 
interplay between structural 

2890
02:35:55,700 --> 02:35:58,100
forces and personal 
decision-making drives 

2891
02:35:58,100 --> 02:36:00,900
historical change. 
Although Caesar did not cause 

2892
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:03,800
the issues that led to the fall 
of the Roman Republic, his 

2893
02:36:03,800 --> 02:36:06,100
solutions, to those issues 
influenced, the course of the 

2894
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:08,500
Empire's transition. 
Perhaps a more violent 

2895
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,300
transition in stead of the 
comparatively peaceful one that 

2896
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:15,000
Augustus oversaw or perhaps a 
reformed Republic, in stead of a

2897
02:36:15,000 --> 02:36:17,600
new Empire could have resulted 
from different decisions. 

2898
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:20,600
We can better navigate our own 
historical moment if we 

2899
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:23,500
comprehend this into play 
between circumstance and Choice.

2900
02:36:24,500 --> 02:36:27,600
Although the structural forces 
forming our world beyond our 

2901
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:30,700
control, we do have some control
over how we react to them, 

2902
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:34,200
Caesar's life demonstrates, how 
one person's actions, even when 

2903
02:36:34,200 --> 02:36:37,800
limited by external factors have
the capacity to influence the 

2904
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:40,700
course of history in ways that 
lasts for centuries, as you 

2905
02:36:40,708 --> 02:36:43,100
finish your tea and get ready 
for bed, think about this 

2906
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:46,500
Caesar's commentaries on the 
gallic wars, which contain 

2907
02:36:46,500 --> 02:36:49,400
leadership and strategy lessons 
that are just as applicable 

2908
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:53,200
today, as they were 2000 years 
ago are being read by someone 

2909
02:36:53,200 --> 02:36:56,500
somewhere tonight somewhere. 
A student is learning the 

2910
02:36:56,500 --> 02:36:59,600
funeral oration of Antony from 
Shakespeare's play by heart. 

2911
02:36:59,600 --> 02:37:02,500
They are absorbing concepts 
related to political 

2912
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:06,100
manipulation and rhetoric that 
will shape their future thoughts

2913
02:37:06,100 --> 02:37:09,000
on public speaking. 
He sees his tail in dues because

2914
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:11,300
it is timeless rather than 
because it is ancient. 

2915
02:37:12,100 --> 02:37:15,200
The same basic issues that the 
Romans face in the first century

2916
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:19,200
for face by all generations. 
How can one strike a balance 

2917
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:23,100
between freedom and security? 
How can outmoded institutions be

2918
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,000
changed without jeopardizing 
social order? 

2919
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:27,500
How can you tell the difference 
between leaders? 

2920
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:29,200
Who truly work for the public 
good? 

2921
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:32,200
And those who are just 
interested in the cells, the 

2922
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:34,800
inability of the Roman Republic 
to adequately address these 

2923
02:37:34,800 --> 02:37:38,400
issues led to its downfall. 
Caesar Rose to power because he 

2924
02:37:38,400 --> 02:37:41,400
could offer Solutions. 
Even if those Solutions turned 

2925
02:37:41,400 --> 02:37:44,400
out to be untenable, his life 
serves as a reminder, that 

2926
02:37:44,400 --> 02:37:47,300
political structures are human 
inventions that need ongoing 

2927
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:51,600
care, attention, and adaptation 
in order to thrive, even in the 

2928
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:53,800
face of seemingly, 
insurmountable structural 

2929
02:37:53,800 --> 02:37:57,100
forces, individual people can 
still have an impact on the path

2930
02:37:57,100 --> 02:37:59,900
of History, which is perhaps the
most significant lesson to be 

2931
02:37:59,908 --> 02:38:03,000
learned from Caesar's life. 
The fall of the Roman Republic 

2932
02:38:03,000 --> 02:38:06,000
Caesar and the ensuing Empire 
was not inevitable. 

2933
02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:09,800
Numerous individual decisions 
made by people who like us 

2934
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:14,000
today, had to deal with fear 
uncertainty and challenging, 

2935
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:17,300
trade-offs of shape history. 
Caesar had the option to choose,

2936
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:20,100
not to cross the Rubicon. 
Although, they had other 

2937
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:22,300
options, his adversaries decided
to kill him. 

2938
02:38:23,200 --> 02:38:26,100
Other outcomes were possible, 
but Augustus decided to 

2939
02:38:26,100 --> 02:38:28,100
establish a stable imperial 
system. 

2940
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:31,400
The world, we inherited was 
shaped by the decisions made by 

2941
02:38:31,400 --> 02:38:33,900
imperfect people in unfeasible 
situations. 

2942
02:38:33,900 --> 02:38:37,400
This implies that our decisions 
are all so important, though, we

2943
02:38:37,400 --> 02:38:39,800
cannot foresee their long-term 
effects season. 

2944
02:38:39,800 --> 02:38:42,200
For example, could not have 
predicted that, his invasion of 

2945
02:38:42,208 --> 02:38:44,700
Gaul would ultimately result in 
the fall of the Roman Republic. 

2946
02:38:45,500 --> 02:38:48,400
We can make them carefully, 
taking into account, both their 

2947
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:51,000
possible effects. 
And their, moral implications, 

2948
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:54,300
you may dream about senators in 
togas, discussing the future of 

2949
02:38:54,300 --> 02:38:56,900
their Republic. 
Roman Legions marching through 

2950
02:38:56,900 --> 02:39:00,700
gallic forests or an ambitious 
young man standing at the banks 

2951
02:39:00,700 --> 02:39:03,700
of a small River contemplating 
whether or not to alter the 

2952
02:39:03,708 --> 02:39:07,400
course of history, you are drawn
into an ongoing human narrative 

2953
02:39:07,400 --> 02:39:10,900
through these dreams, one that 
started long before Caesar and 

2954
02:39:10,900 --> 02:39:13,000
goes on long. 
After remember that you're 

2955
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:15,600
taking part in that same 
Continuing Story, when you wake 

2956
02:39:15,600 --> 02:39:19,300
up tomorrow and look at your 
calendar sees his calendar to 

2957
02:39:19,300 --> 02:39:22,500
make plans for the day. 
Future Generations, world is 

2958
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:25,200
shape by the decisions. 
You make the organization's you 

2959
02:39:25,208 --> 02:39:28,400
uphold or oppose and the way you
treat both allies and 

2960
02:39:28,400 --> 02:39:31,000
adversaries? 
Well though Julius Caesar live 

2961
02:39:31,000 --> 02:39:34,000
two Millennia ago, his tail 
ultimately speaks to Universal, 

2962
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:38,300
human emotions aspiration, and 
accomplishment, love and loss, 

2963
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,200
success and failure. 
And the nuanced interplay 

2964
02:39:41,200 --> 02:39:43,800
between personal preference and 
historical context. 

2965
02:39:43,800 --> 02:39:46,800
These encounters allow Us to 
connect with individuals who 

2966
02:39:46,800 --> 02:39:50,000
face essentially similar 
difficulties despite living in 

2967
02:39:50,000 --> 02:39:53,400
very different worlds, over the 
ages, rest easy, knowing that 

2968
02:39:53,400 --> 02:39:55,800
you are a part of a human story 
that is still being written. 

2969
02:39:55,800 --> 02:39:59,800
And that your chapter no matter 
how small had to a story, that 

2970
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:03,400
will be told long after we all 
just names in history books, we 

2971
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:06,400
can affect what we leave behind,
but like, Caesar, we have no 

2972
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:09,500
control over, how we will be 
remembered and maybe that's 

2973
02:40:09,500 --> 02:40:19,100
sufficient, that might be all. 
Picture. 

2974
02:40:19,100 --> 02:40:22,500
This, you're living in ancient 
Rome around 58d. 

2975
02:40:22,500 --> 02:40:25,400
You've got your Toga press your 
sandals polished and you think 

2976
02:40:25,408 --> 02:40:28,300
life is pretty good. 
Then you discover your spouse 

2977
02:40:28,300 --> 02:40:31,400
has been spending that afternoon
with someone else and suddenly 

2978
02:40:31,400 --> 02:40:33,800
you're carefully. 
Ordered World feels about a 

2979
02:40:33,800 --> 02:40:35,500
stable as a house of cards in a 
windstorm. 

2980
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:39,800
Now, if you are just any regular
Roman citizen, you might have 

2981
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:41,300
done what most people did back 
then. 

2982
02:40:41,300 --> 02:40:45,000
Maybe thrown some pottery 
started, a public shouting match

2983
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:48,000
or plotted, some elaborate 
Revenge involving questionable 

2984
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:51,300
Seafood left in strategic 
locations, but you're different.

2985
02:40:51,308 --> 02:40:55,200
You've been studying this new 
philosophy called stoicism and 

2986
02:40:55,200 --> 02:40:57,600
you're about to find out whether
all those hours spent reading 

2987
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:02,000
epic Titus were worth it. 
Stoics proposed the radical 

2988
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:05,100
notion that you could master 
your reaction, to betrayal, the 

2989
02:41:05,100 --> 02:41:07,700
Betrayal itself had already 
occurred, like, likely while you

2990
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:11,000
were occupied with rearranging 
your collection of Scrolls, but 

2991
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:13,100
your reaction that was entirely 
up to you. 

2992
02:41:13,100 --> 02:41:15,900
And the issue wasn't just 
theoretical philosophy class 

2993
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:18,000
nonsense. 
These were practical people. 

2994
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:20,800
Dealing, with real problems, 
just like you are right now, 

2995
02:41:20,800 --> 02:41:25,100
thousands of years later Marcus 
Aurelius, who spent his days, 

2996
02:41:25,100 --> 02:41:27,100
running an Empire. 
And his Knights writing, what 

2997
02:41:27,100 --> 02:41:30,200
essentially amounted to diary 
entries about not losing his 

2998
02:41:30,200 --> 02:41:33,400
mind, understood the 
circumstances better than most 

2999
02:41:34,200 --> 02:41:36,000
He knew that people would do 
what they wanted. 

3000
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:39,700
No matter what you wanted or 
expected your spouse choosing to

3001
02:41:39,700 --> 02:41:41,200
be. 
Unfaithful wasn't really about 

3002
02:41:41,200 --> 02:41:44,300
you controlling them. 
It was about you controlling you

3003
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:48,300
Taking a deep breath and asking 
yourself a simple question. 

3004
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:50,900
What exactly can you control in 
this situation? 

3005
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,500
Is the first thing, a stoic 
would advise. 

3006
02:41:53,500 --> 02:41:56,200
You can't control what your 
partner did yesterday. 

3007
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:58,800
You can't control whether 
they'll do it again. 

3008
02:41:58,800 --> 02:42:02,000
You cannot influence the actions
of your partner from yesterday. 

3009
02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:04,900
Nor can you determine if they 
will repeat those actions? 

3010
02:42:04,900 --> 02:42:08,000
Additionally, you have no 
control over whether the 

3011
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:09,600
individual with whom they were 
Unfaithful. 

3012
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,100
Possesses more appealing hair 
than you. 

3013
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:16,000
However, you do have the power 
to decide how you will think 

3014
02:42:16,000 --> 02:42:19,800
about the situation, how you 
will respond and what actions 

3015
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:23,300
you will take moving forward. 
This may seem almost overly 

3016
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:25,900
simplistic but the stoics held a
strong belief. 

3017
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:29,100
In the value of straightforward 
truths that you can control your

3018
02:42:29,100 --> 02:42:33,600
thoughts reactions. 
And next steps, these principles

3019
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:36,900
might sound almost ridiculously 
simple, but the stoics were big 

3020
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:40,000
Believers in simple truths. 
They figure that most of human 

3021
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:42,300
suffering came from trying to 
control things that were 

3022
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:43,900
completely outside our 
influence. 

3023
02:42:43,900 --> 02:42:46,800
While ignoring the things that 
were actually within our power, 

3024
02:42:46,800 --> 02:42:49,200
it's like spending all your 
energy, trying to change the 

3025
02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:50,800
weather while forgetting to grab
an umbrella. 

3026
02:42:51,800 --> 02:42:53,700
Seneca. 
Another famous stoic who had 

3027
02:42:53,708 --> 02:42:55,700
plenty of experience with life's
unexpected. 

3028
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:59,000
Curveballs would probably remind
you that betrayal hurts, 

3029
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:01,800
precisely because we had 
expectations about how other 

3030
02:43:01,800 --> 02:43:04,900
people should behave. 
Create these elaborate mental 

3031
02:43:04,900 --> 02:43:08,300
contracts with the people in our
lives unspoken agreements about 

3032
02:43:08,300 --> 02:43:11,800
loyalty honesty and not sneaking
around behind our backs. 

3033
02:43:12,500 --> 02:43:15,600
When someone breaks that 
contract, we feel violated not 

3034
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:18,500
just by their actions but also 
by the shattering of our 

3035
02:43:18,500 --> 02:43:20,600
assumptions about how the world 
should work. 

3036
02:43:21,400 --> 02:43:22,600
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

3037
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:27,000
The stoics would suggest that 
those expectations were the real

3038
02:43:27,000 --> 02:43:29,700
problem all along. 
It's not that your desire for 

3039
02:43:29,708 --> 02:43:31,600
faithfulness and honesty was 
incorrect. 

3040
02:43:31,600 --> 02:43:36,000
Those are entirely valid 
desires, rather, it's because 

3041
02:43:36,000 --> 02:43:38,700
you mistakenly believe that 
you're strong, desire for face 

3042
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:40,800
and honesty could ensure their 
fulfillment. 

3043
02:43:41,800 --> 02:43:44,800
So there you are standing in 
your Roman villa or your modern 

3044
02:43:44,800 --> 02:43:48,100
apartment holding the pieces of 
what you thought was your life. 

3045
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,100
And some ancient philosopher is 
essentially telling you that 

3046
02:43:51,100 --> 02:43:54,600
this moment, this exact moment 
of discovering betrayal is 

3047
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:58,000
actually an opportunity. 
An opportunity to practice the 

3048
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:01,600
most important skill, any human 
can develop the ability to 

3049
02:44:01,600 --> 02:44:03,600
respond rather than simply 
react. 

3050
02:44:03,600 --> 02:44:06,500
You know what's amusing about 
finding out you've been cheated 

3051
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:09,100
on your brain. 
Immediately starts working 

3052
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:13,100
overtime, like a detective who's
had way too much coffee and has 

3053
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:14,400
convinced. 
They're about to crack the case 

3054
02:44:14,400 --> 02:44:17,000
of the century. 
You start remembering every 

3055
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:20,000
little detail how they seem to 
distracted last Tuesday. 

3056
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:23,900
Why they suddenly needed to work
late on Fridays and what that 

3057
02:44:23,900 --> 02:44:27,200
weird smile meant when they 
looked at their phone, your mind

3058
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:29,600
becomes this Relentless 
investigation machine. 

3059
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:33,300
And honestly, it's exhausting 
the ancient stoics would have 

3060
02:44:33,300 --> 02:44:35,500
recognized this mental spiral 
immediately. 

3061
02:44:36,300 --> 02:44:39,000
The ancient stoics referred to 
this mental spiral as getting 

3062
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:42,100
carried away by your initial 
Impressions and they offered 

3063
02:44:42,100 --> 02:44:44,700
some surprisingly practical, 
advice for addressing it. 

3064
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:47,900
Epictetus, who understood a 
thing or two about life. 

3065
02:44:47,900 --> 02:44:50,200
Not going. 
According to plan, would suggest

3066
02:44:50,200 --> 02:44:53,200
starting by separating facts. 
From the stories, you tell 

3067
02:44:53,200 --> 02:44:56,200
yourself about those facts. 
Here's what he meant. 

3068
02:44:57,100 --> 02:44:58,900
Fact, is that your partner was 
unfaithful? 

3069
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:02,100
That's it. 
That's the actual event that 

3070
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:05,200
happened in the world. 
But then your mind starts adding

3071
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,300
layers to this fact. 
Stories about what it means 

3072
02:45:08,300 --> 02:45:11,200
about. 
You about your worth about your 

3073
02:45:11,200 --> 02:45:14,200
future about whether you're 
attractive enough or interesting

3074
02:45:14,200 --> 02:45:16,600
enough or whether you should 
have seen it coming. 

3075
02:45:17,400 --> 02:45:18,700
What do all those additions 
mean? 

3076
02:45:19,600 --> 02:45:22,800
Those aren't facts. 
These are interpretations and 

3077
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:25,600
interpretations are something 
you can effectively work with 

3078
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:27,300
this. 
Does not imply. 

3079
02:45:27,300 --> 02:45:30,000
That one should disregard the 
pain or minimize the 

3080
02:45:30,008 --> 02:45:33,500
significance of betrayal. 
The stowitts weren't advocating 

3081
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:36,700
for becoming emotionally numb. 
They were way too smart for 

3082
02:45:36,700 --> 02:45:40,200
that, they understood that pain 
is a natural human response to 

3083
02:45:40,200 --> 02:45:43,100
loss and disappointment, but 
they all understood, the 

3084
02:45:43,100 --> 02:45:46,500
difference between pain and 
suffering pain is what happens 

3085
02:45:46,500 --> 02:45:48,300
when something undesirable 
occurs. 

3086
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:51,400
Suffering a curse. 
When you take that pain and 

3087
02:45:51,400 --> 02:45:54,700
amplify it with narrative about 
how terrible everything is, how 

3088
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:57,900
things will never improve and 
how this validates all your 

3089
02:45:57,900 --> 02:46:01,600
deepest fears about yourself. 
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 

3090
02:46:01,600 --> 02:46:03,600
himself little reminders about 
the distinction. 

3091
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:06,900
He'd note that when something 
unpleasant happened, he had 

3092
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:10,500
Choice, he could experience it 
as just, that one unpleasant 

3093
02:46:10,500 --> 02:46:12,000
thing. 
Well, he could let it 

3094
02:46:12,000 --> 02:46:14,000
contaminate everything else in 
his life. 

3095
02:46:14,700 --> 02:46:16,700
Getting cheated on could be one 
of the worst things that 

3096
02:46:16,700 --> 02:46:20,200
happened or it could prove that 
love is impossible that you're 

3097
02:46:20,200 --> 02:46:23,300
unlovable that you can't trust 
anyone and that you should just 

3098
02:46:23,300 --> 02:46:25,800
get 17 cats and give up on human
relationships. 

3099
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:29,100
The stoics were all. 
So, surprisingly practical about

3100
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:30,800
the whole others are going to 
do. 

3101
02:46:30,800 --> 02:46:33,800
What other people do thing. 
They weren't naive about human 

3102
02:46:33,800 --> 02:46:36,900
nature, Seneca, who lived 
through some pretty dramatic 

3103
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:39,300
political times. 
And so plenty of betrayal up, 

3104
02:46:39,300 --> 02:46:42,700
close wrote extensively about 
how people often act out of 

3105
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:47,000
their pain, confusion or 
weakness rather than out of some

3106
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:49,100
calculated. 
Desire to hurt you specifically.

3107
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:52,800
This view doesn't lessen the 
pain or Justify the Betrayal, 

3108
02:46:52,800 --> 02:46:55,900
but it does take you out of the 
center of someone else's bad 

3109
02:46:55,900 --> 02:46:58,200
choices. 
Maybe your partner cheated, 

3110
02:46:58,200 --> 02:47:00,300
because they're going through 
something, you don't understand,

3111
02:47:00,300 --> 02:47:03,600
maybe they cheated, because they
never learned healthy ways to 

3112
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:05,000
resolve problems in 
relationships. 

3113
02:47:05,000 --> 02:47:08,600
Maybe they cheated because their
fundamentally selfish or scared 

3114
02:47:08,600 --> 02:47:11,300
or they just make really poor 
choices when they're feeling 

3115
02:47:11,300 --> 02:47:14,000
overwhelmed. 
These reasons don't justify the 

3116
02:47:14,000 --> 02:47:18,000
Betrayal, but they do lessen its
impact on your humanity and 

3117
02:47:18,000 --> 02:47:21,500
that's vital, as infidelity can 
make you doubt everything about 

3118
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:24,500
yourself. 
The stoics would remind you that

3119
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:26,600
someone else's. 
Poor choices are information 

3120
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:30,800
about them, not about you. 
The really revolutionary part of

3121
02:47:30,800 --> 02:47:34,400
stoic thinking is how they 
approach the whole question of 

3122
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:36,300
what you deserve from other 
people. 

3123
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:40,200
Most of us operate with the 
underlying assumption that if 

3124
02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:44,200
we're good partners loyal loving
and supportive, then we've 

3125
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:46,900
somehow earned the right to be 
treated the same way in return. 

3126
02:47:46,900 --> 02:47:49,600
The universe owes us 
faithfulness because we've been 

3127
02:47:49,600 --> 02:47:53,700
faithful But the stoics would 
gently suggest that this entire 

3128
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:56,100
framework is based on a 
misunderstanding of how the 

3129
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:59,200
world actually works. 
Even the best partner can be 

3130
02:47:59,208 --> 02:48:03,400
betrayed, this isn't due to your
deservingness or inadequacy, but

3131
02:48:03,400 --> 02:48:05,900
rather because individuals 
possess their own free will 

3132
02:48:05,900 --> 02:48:09,300
intricate in our lives and the 
ability to make Dreadful 

3133
02:48:09,300 --> 02:48:10,900
choices. 
Let's clarify. 

3134
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:13,600
That acceptance does not equate 
to being a doormat. 

3135
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:16,600
This principle is probably one 
of the most misunderstood 

3136
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:20,000
aspects of stoic philosophy and 
it's particularly important when

3137
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:23,300
you're dealing with betrayal. 
When epic Titus talked about 

3138
02:48:23,300 --> 02:48:24,900
accepting what you cannot 
control. 

3139
02:48:24,900 --> 02:48:27,900
He wasn't suggesting that you 
should just smile and Nod when 

3140
02:48:27,900 --> 02:48:30,600
someone treats you badly. 
He was emphasizing a more 

3141
02:48:30,608 --> 02:48:34,000
practical Point. 
Resisting reality is a futile 

3142
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:36,600
struggle that depletes your 
energy and leaves you feeling 

3143
02:48:36,600 --> 02:48:39,400
helpless. 
But how do you accept reality? 

3144
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:42,700
That's actually the first step 
toward figuring out what you can

3145
02:48:42,700 --> 02:48:45,400
do about your situation. 
Think about it this way? 

3146
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:48,300
As long as you're spending all 
your mental energy being 

3147
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:49,900
outraged that this thing 
happened. 

3148
02:48:49,900 --> 02:48:53,200
Trying to figure out how to make
it not happen or spinning. 

3149
02:48:53,200 --> 02:48:55,800
Elaborate fantasies about what 
you should have done differently

3150
02:48:55,800 --> 02:48:58,400
to prevent it. 
You're not available to deal 

3151
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:00,300
with what's actually in front of
you right now. 

3152
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:04,100
You resemble an individual 
standing in the rain, shaking 

3153
02:49:04,100 --> 02:49:07,400
your fist at the clouds and 
insisting that they see being 

3154
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:11,000
wet rather than seeking shelter,
or obtaining an umbrella. 

3155
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:14,400
The stoics understood that 
acceptance is actually a form of

3156
02:49:14,400 --> 02:49:16,300
power. 
When you accept that your 

3157
02:49:16,300 --> 02:49:19,400
partner cheated, not that it was
okay, not that. 

3158
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:22,100
You have to like it that simply 
that it happened and you can't 

3159
02:49:22,100 --> 02:49:23,400
change the fact that it 
happened. 

3160
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:27,300
Suddenly you free up all that 
energy you were using to fight 

3161
02:49:27,300 --> 02:49:31,300
reality and now you can use that
energy for something useful like

3162
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:32,800
figuring out what you want to do
next. 

3163
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:37,000
This is where the stoic approach
gets intriguing because they 

3164
02:49:37,000 --> 02:49:39,700
were big Believers and focusing 
on the future rather than the 

3165
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:41,300
past. 
Marcus. 

3166
02:49:41,300 --> 02:49:43,900
Aurelius used to remind himself 
that he couldn't change what 

3167
02:49:43,900 --> 02:49:47,200
happened yesterday, but he had 
complete control over what he 

3168
02:49:47,200 --> 02:49:49,800
chose to do today. 
And when you're dealing with 

3169
02:49:49,800 --> 02:49:52,200
infidelity, this perspective can
be liberating. 

3170
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:56,300
You can't make your partner, not
have cheated, but you can decide

3171
02:49:56,300 --> 02:49:58,100
whether you want to try to work 
things out. 

3172
02:49:58,100 --> 02:50:01,400
Or in the relationship, you 
can't control whether they'll be

3173
02:50:01,400 --> 02:50:04,600
faithful in the future. 
But you can decide what your 

3174
02:50:04,600 --> 02:50:06,900
boundaries are and what you're 
willing to accept going forward.

3175
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:10,200
You can't erase the hurt and 
betrayal your feeling. 

3176
02:50:11,100 --> 02:50:13,700
You can choose how to process 
your feelings and what to learn 

3177
02:50:13,700 --> 02:50:15,500
about yourself and your 
relationships. 

3178
02:50:16,200 --> 02:50:19,100
The stoics were also remarkably 
practical about the whole 

3179
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:21,900
forgiveness question. 
They didn't think you owed. 

3180
02:50:21,900 --> 02:50:24,900
Anyone forgiveness, especially 
not on someone else's timeline, 

3181
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:28,000
but they did understand that 
carrying around anger, and 

3182
02:50:28,000 --> 02:50:31,400
resentment is exhausting and 
ultimately self-destructive. 

3183
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:35,400
Seneca wrote about how anger is 
like, picking up a hot cold to 

3184
02:50:35,400 --> 02:50:38,000
throw at someone else. 
You're the one who receives 

3185
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,200
burned. 
This doesn't mean you have to 

3186
02:50:40,200 --> 02:50:42,400
forgive and forget and pretend 
nothing happened. 

3187
02:50:42,400 --> 02:50:46,000
It means that at some point, for
your own well-being, you might 

3188
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:49,100
choose to let go of the anger, 
not because the person who hurt,

3189
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:52,300
you deserves it but because you 
deserve to not carry around that

3190
02:50:52,300 --> 02:50:55,700
burden in any more, it's less 
about them and more about you 

3191
02:50:55,700 --> 02:50:59,300
reclaiming, your peace of mind, 
the ancient stoics also had some

3192
02:50:59,300 --> 02:51:00,900
Modern insights about 
self-worth. 

3193
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:04,000
They understood that basing, 
your sense of value on how other

3194
02:51:04,000 --> 02:51:07,100
people treat you is essentially 
giving other people control over

3195
02:51:07,100 --> 02:51:10,200
your emotional well-being. 
If you're worth depends on your 

3196
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:13,400
partner being faithful, then 
their infidelity doesn't just 

3197
02:51:13,400 --> 02:51:16,300
betray the relationship. 
It attacks, your fundamental 

3198
02:51:16,300 --> 02:51:19,100
sense of self. 
But what if you're worth was 

3199
02:51:19,100 --> 02:51:22,100
based on something more stable? 
What if it was based on your 

3200
02:51:22,108 --> 02:51:26,500
character, your values, your 
choices, and your growth as a 

3201
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:28,700
person. 
What if it was based on how you 

3202
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:31,900
treat others, how you handle 
difficulties, and how you show 

3203
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:35,100
up in the world? 
These are all things that belong

3204
02:51:35,100 --> 02:51:38,200
to you, regardless of what 
anyone else does or doesn't do. 

3205
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:41,700
Epic Titus, who would live as a 
slave before? 

3206
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:44,400
Becoming a philosopher. 
Understood better than most that

3207
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,400
other people might control your 
circumstances, but they couldn't

3208
02:51:47,400 --> 02:51:50,400
control your character unless 
you let them, your partners 

3209
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:53,100
betrayal, might change your 
relationship status but it 

3210
02:51:53,108 --> 02:51:56,000
doesn't have to change who you 
are or what your capable of or 

3211
02:51:56,000 --> 02:51:58,700
what you deserve in life. 
Here's something the stoics 

3212
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:00,400
understood that we're still 
figuring out today. 

3213
02:52:01,200 --> 02:52:03,600
Emotions are a lot more like 
weather than we usually admit 

3214
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:07,800
emotions, fluctuate in 
frequency, and intensity, and 

3215
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:09,800
attempting. 
Direct Control is akin to 

3216
02:52:09,800 --> 02:52:13,000
attempting to Halt, the rain. 
Just as you can learn to read 

3217
02:52:13,000 --> 02:52:14,800
weather patterns and prepare for
storms. 

3218
02:52:14,800 --> 02:52:17,000
You can also learn to work with 
your emotions. 

3219
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:21,400
Instead of being completely at 
their Mercy, When you first 

3220
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:24,300
discover infidelity, the 
emotional storm is usually 

3221
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:26,900
pretty intense. 
You might feel angry one minute 

3222
02:52:26,900 --> 02:52:29,700
devastated, the next, then maybe
numb and Furious again. 

3223
02:52:30,400 --> 02:52:33,000
If you're anything like most 
people, you probably also feel 

3224
02:52:33,000 --> 02:52:34,800
guilty about feeling so many 
different things. 

3225
02:52:35,700 --> 02:52:37,900
Shouldn't you just be angry or 
just be sad? 

3226
02:52:38,700 --> 02:52:41,200
while you cycling through 
emotions, like your trying on 

3227
02:52:41,208 --> 02:52:44,300
different outfits, The stoics 
would tell you that this 

3228
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,500
emotional chaos is completely 
normal and actually kind of 

3229
02:52:47,500 --> 02:52:51,100
useful information epic Titus 
taught that emotions are 

3230
02:52:51,100 --> 02:52:53,300
signals. 
They tell you something about 

3231
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:56,400
how you're interpreting, what's 
happening to you your anger 

3232
02:52:56,400 --> 02:52:58,900
might be telling you that an 
important boundary was crossed 

3233
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:01,500
your sadness. 
Might be telling you that you've

3234
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:02,900
lost something that matters to 
you. 

3235
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:05,600
Your fear might be telling you 
that you're worrying about. 

3236
02:53:05,600 --> 02:53:08,600
What comes next? 
None of these emotions are wrong

3237
02:53:08,600 --> 02:53:12,000
or bad. 
They are just information, the 

3238
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:14,000
issue arises. 
When you either let them make 

3239
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:15,900
all your decisions or try to 
shut them down. 

3240
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:19,500
Stoic approach is more like 
being a weather forecaster for 

3241
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:21,900
your own in a climate. 
You observe, what's happening? 

3242
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:25,500
You acknowledge it and then you 
make conscious choices about how

3243
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:28,900
you want to respond Marcus. 
Aurelius used to practice this 

3244
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,900
kind of emotional observation 
he'd notice when he was feeling 

3245
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:35,300
frustrated or disappointed or 
hurt and in stead of immediately

3246
02:53:35,300 --> 02:53:38,300
reacting he'd pause and ask 
himself what story he was 

3247
02:53:38,300 --> 02:53:41,700
telling about the situation. 
Was he making it worse by adding

3248
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:45,000
layers of interpretation? 
Was he catastrophizing about the

3249
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:47,100
future? 
Was he taking someone else's 

3250
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,600
Behavior more personally than he
needed to such Behavior. 

3251
02:53:50,600 --> 02:53:53,000
Doesn't mean you should talk 
yourself out of legitimate 

3252
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:55,300
feelings. 
When someone betrays you, it's 

3253
02:53:55,300 --> 02:53:57,100
understandable to feel hurt and 
angry. 

3254
02:53:57,100 --> 02:54:00,500
But there's a difference between
feeling hurt and angry and 

3255
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:03,600
deciding that being hurt and 
angry means your life is ruined,

3256
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:06,800
and you'll never be happy again.
And you should probably start 

3257
02:54:06,800 --> 02:54:10,500
collecting ceramic cats and 
become suspicious of everyone 

3258
02:54:10,500 --> 02:54:11,900
you meet for the rest of your 
life. 

3259
02:54:12,800 --> 02:54:15,900
The stoics were particularly 
Adept at distinguishing between 

3260
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:19,400
what they called First 
Impressions and judgments. 

3261
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:22,700
Your first impression when you 
discover infidelity might be 

3262
02:54:22,700 --> 02:54:25,100
something like this is terrible 
and painful. 

3263
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:27,400
That's a pretty accurate first 
impression. 

3264
02:54:27,400 --> 02:54:29,800
But then your mind might add 
judgments. 

3265
02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:33,500
Like this means, I'm not lovable
or this proves that all 

3266
02:54:33,500 --> 02:54:36,900
relationships are doomed, or I 
should have known better. 

3267
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:39,500
Those judgments are where you 
have some choice. 

3268
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:43,900
You can examine Them Questions 
them and decide whether they're 

3269
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:47,600
actually beneficial or true. 
Maybe the Betrayal does indicate

3270
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:49,600
some problems with this 
particular relationship. 

3271
02:54:49,600 --> 02:54:53,100
But does it really proved that 
all relationships are doomed? 

3272
02:54:53,100 --> 02:54:56,700
You may wish you had seen some 
red flags, but does that mean 

3273
02:54:56,700 --> 02:54:59,600
you should have known better or 
just that your partner got good 

3274
02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:03,500
at hiding things. 
Seneca wrote about this process 

3275
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:05,700
as being like a judge in your 
own mental Court. 

3276
02:55:05,700 --> 02:55:08,600
You can listen to all the 
different arguments your mind. 

3277
02:55:08,600 --> 02:55:11,700
Presents a prosecutor who 
insists that this proves your 

3278
02:55:11,700 --> 02:55:14,800
fundamentally flawed, the 
defense attorney who argues 

3279
02:55:14,800 --> 02:55:16,700
that. 
None of this is your fault and 

3280
02:55:16,700 --> 02:55:19,400
the witness who just wants to go
over every detail again. 

3281
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:23,200
And again, But ultimately, you 
get to decide which arguments 

3282
02:55:23,200 --> 02:55:25,900
are convincing and which ones 
are just your pain and fear 

3283
02:55:25,900 --> 02:55:27,900
talks. 
This stoic approach. 

3284
02:55:27,900 --> 02:55:30,800
Truly liberates, You by 
restoring your control, over 

3285
02:55:30,800 --> 02:55:33,600
your emotional life. 
You're not just a victim of 

3286
02:55:33,600 --> 02:55:35,200
whatever feelings happen to wash
over. 

3287
02:55:35,200 --> 02:55:38,300
You, you're an active 
participant in deciding what 

3288
02:55:38,300 --> 02:55:41,900
these feelings mean and how much
power you want to exercise them,

3289
02:55:41,900 --> 02:55:44,300
over your choices. 
You know, what is weird about 

3290
02:55:44,300 --> 02:55:47,200
major life crises, they have 
this uncomfortable way of 

3291
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:49,800
showing you who you actually are
underneath all the roles you 

3292
02:55:49,800 --> 02:55:51,500
play. 
And the image, you try to 

3293
02:55:51,500 --> 02:55:55,100
maintain when your world becomes
turned upside down by betrayal, 

3294
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:58,500
all your usual coping, 
mechanisms and social masks tend

3295
02:55:58,500 --> 02:56:01,600
to fall away and your left face 
to face with your raw unfiltered

3296
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:04,700
self. 
The stoics actually thought that

3297
02:56:04,700 --> 02:56:07,400
such vulnerability was one of 
the most valuable things about 

3298
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:10,700
difficult. 
Experience is Epic Titus used to

3299
02:56:10,700 --> 02:56:13,300
tell his students that every 
challenge was an opportunity to 

3300
02:56:13,300 --> 02:56:16,200
practice virtue. 
He did this not in a preach, 

3301
02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:20,500
your sanctimonious manner, but 
rather in a practical sense when

3302
02:56:20,500 --> 02:56:23,500
everything is going well, it's 
easy to think your patient for 

3303
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:27,300
giving resilient and wise but 
when someone you love betrays 

3304
02:56:27,300 --> 02:56:30,900
you, that's when you find out 
what you're actually made of and

3305
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:33,900
more importantly, that's when 
you begin to decide who you want

3306
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:38,800
to become The stoics identified 
four main virtues wisdom 

3307
02:56:38,800 --> 02:56:44,100
Justice, courage and temperance.
These weren't abstract ideals 

3308
02:56:44,100 --> 02:56:46,000
floating around in some 
philosophical Cloud. 

3309
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:48,700
They were practical skills. 
You could develop through 

3310
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:52,200
practice, especially during 
difficult times and dealing with

3311
02:56:52,200 --> 02:56:54,100
infidelity. 
It turns out provides your 

3312
02:56:54,100 --> 02:56:55,600
opportunities to practice all 
four. 

3313
02:56:56,600 --> 02:56:59,800
Wisdom involves seeing 
situations clearly without the 

3314
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:02,500
Distortion of wishful thinking 
or catastrophic fear. 

3315
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:06,500
When you've experienced 
infidelity wisdom requires you 

3316
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:09,300
to be truthful about the events 
without exaggerating or 

3317
02:57:09,300 --> 02:57:12,500
downplaying them, it means 
recognizing the difference 

3318
02:57:12,500 --> 02:57:14,000
between what, you know, for 
sure. 

3319
02:57:14,000 --> 02:57:17,100
And what you're assuming, it 
means acknowledging your 

3320
02:57:17,100 --> 02:57:19,800
feelings without letting them 
completely Cloud your judgment. 

3321
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:24,400
Justice in the stoic sense. 
Wasn't about revenge or 

3322
02:57:24,400 --> 02:57:26,700
punishment. 
It was about treating people 

3323
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:30,400
fairly, including yourself. 
Justice Means holding your 

3324
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:32,800
partner accountable for their 
choices without turning them 

3325
02:57:32,800 --> 02:57:35,800
into a cartoon villain. 
It means protecting yourself 

3326
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:39,100
from further harm, without 
unnecessarily inflicting it on 

3327
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:41,400
others. 
It means being fair to yourself 

3328
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:43,700
about what you deserve and what 
you're willing to accept. 

3329
02:57:44,600 --> 02:57:47,400
Courage, doesn't just mean being
brave in the face of physical 

3330
02:57:47,400 --> 02:57:49,700
danger. 
It means being willing to face 

3331
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:53,100
difficult truths to have hard 
conversations and to make 

3332
02:57:53,100 --> 02:57:57,400
changes that scare you When you 
discover infidelity courage, 

3333
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:00,500
might mean confronting your 
partner, even though you're 

3334
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:03,400
afraid of what you might learn. 
It might mean ending a 

3335
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:07,100
relationship, even though you're
terrified of being alone, it may

3336
02:58:07,100 --> 02:58:09,300
involve remaining in the 
relationship and striving to 

3337
02:58:09,300 --> 02:58:12,300
resolve issues, despite 
uncertainties regarding your 

3338
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:15,200
ability to trust. 
Once more Temperance is about 

3339
02:58:15,200 --> 02:58:19,300
moderation and self-control. 
It's probably the most relevant 

3340
02:58:19,300 --> 02:58:22,000
virtue when you're dealing with 
the intense emotions that come 

3341
02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:24,700
with betrayal. 
Temperance means feeling your 

3342
02:58:24,700 --> 02:58:26,400
anger without letting it. 
Consume you. 

3343
02:58:26,400 --> 02:58:29,800
It means acknowledging your hurt
without drowning in self-pity, 

3344
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:33,100
it involves taking care of 
yourself without completely 

3345
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:35,300
shutting down, or going 
completely out of control. 

3346
02:58:35,300 --> 02:58:38,800
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
about how every difficult 

3347
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:41,400
situation was like a training 
ground for these virtues. 

3348
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:44,300
He'd remind himself that he 
couldn't control what other 

3349
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,000
people did, but he could control
whether he responded with 

3350
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:50,200
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 
Temperance. 

3351
02:58:50,200 --> 02:58:53,300
And the more he practiced these 
responses the stronger. 

3352
02:58:53,300 --> 02:58:56,700
His qualities became, this 
perspective can be incredibly 

3353
02:58:56,700 --> 02:58:59,900
empowering when you're dealing 
with infidelity rather than 

3354
02:58:59,900 --> 02:59:02,100
viewing yourself. 
As merely a victim of someone 

3355
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:05,000
else's poor decisions, you can 
perceive yourself as an 

3356
02:59:05,000 --> 02:59:07,900
individual undergoing, a 
comprehensive education in 

3357
02:59:07,900 --> 02:59:11,200
essential life skills. 
Your learning, how to maintain 

3358
02:59:11,200 --> 02:59:13,900
your integrity under pressure. 
Your learning how to make 

3359
02:59:13,900 --> 02:59:16,000
difficult decisions with 
incomplete information. 

3360
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,400
Your learning how to take care 
of yourself while still treating

3361
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:24,100
others with basic human decency.
Stoics also recognize that 

3362
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:26,900
character development involves 
more than just persevering 

3363
02:59:26,900 --> 02:59:29,900
through challenging time. 
It's about consciously choosing 

3364
02:59:29,900 --> 02:59:33,200
to use those challenging times 
as opportunities to become the 

3365
02:59:33,200 --> 02:59:36,500
kind of person you want to be. 
Every time you choose to respond

3366
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:39,500
thoughtfully, instead of just 
reacting emotionally, your 

3367
02:59:39,500 --> 02:59:41,700
strengthening, your capacity for
thoughtful responses. 

3368
02:59:42,700 --> 02:59:46,400
Every time you choose self-care 
over self-destruction, you're 

3369
02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:48,200
building your ability to take 
care of yourself. 

3370
02:59:48,200 --> 02:59:51,400
This doesn't mean you have to be
perfect or that you won't make 

3371
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:53,700
mistakes. 
The stoics were compassionate 

3372
02:59:53,700 --> 02:59:56,800
about human imperfection, they 
understood that developing 

3373
02:59:56,800 --> 02:59:58,600
wisdom. 
And virtue is a lifelong process

3374
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:01,700
and that setbacks and failures 
are part of that process. 

3375
03:00:02,600 --> 03:00:05,800
What matters isn't being 
Flawless, it's been committed to

3376
03:00:05,800 --> 03:00:08,300
learning and growing from what 
ever life throws at you. 

3377
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:12,400
There's something almost magical
about perspective how the same 

3378
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:15,700
situation can look completely 
different, depending on how far 

3379
03:00:15,700 --> 03:00:18,800
back you step and how much of 
the bigger picture you can see. 

3380
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:23,100
the ancient stoics were masters 
of this kind of mental zooing 

3381
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:25,500
out, and they applied it to 
everything, including 

3382
03:00:25,500 --> 03:00:29,200
heartbreak, and betrayal Marcus 
were really us, but plenty of 

3383
03:00:29,208 --> 03:00:32,300
experience with both personal 
loss, and the broader challenges

3384
03:00:32,300 --> 03:00:35,200
of human existence used to 
practice, what we might call, 

3385
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:38,800
the view from above He'd 
imagined looking at his problems

3386
03:00:38,800 --> 03:00:41,700
from a great height. 
First from a cross, the city, 

3387
03:00:41,700 --> 03:00:45,000
then from high above the Earth 
and finally, from the 

3388
03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:48,600
perspective of years decades or 
even centuries. 

3389
03:00:49,500 --> 03:00:53,400
He aimed to contextualize his 
problems, not to downplay his 

3390
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:55,000
pain, or deny their 
significance. 

3391
03:00:55,800 --> 03:00:58,400
When you're in the immediate 
aftermath of discovering and 

3392
03:00:58,400 --> 03:01:02,500
Fidelity, Everything feels 
enormous and permanent the hurt 

3393
03:01:02,500 --> 03:01:06,000
feels like it will never end the
anger feels Justified and 

3394
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,700
necessary the whole situation. 
Feels like it defines everything

3395
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:13,600
about your life and your future.
But the stoics would generally 

3396
03:01:13,600 --> 03:01:16,200
encourage you to experiment with
different time perspectives. 

3397
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:20,100
What if you imagine looking back
at this situation from five 

3398
03:01:20,100 --> 03:01:22,900
years in the future? 
What would matter most to you 

3399
03:01:22,908 --> 03:01:26,400
then the fact that this painful 
thing happened or how you chose 

3400
03:01:26,400 --> 03:01:28,700
to handle it. 
What would you want to tell your

3401
03:01:28,700 --> 03:01:30,800
current self about getting 
through this period? 

3402
03:01:31,600 --> 03:01:34,100
What would you be proud of 
yourself for doing or not doing?

3403
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:37,300
what if you zoomed out even 
further and imagine the view 

3404
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:40,600
from the end of your life, When 
you're old and looking back, how

3405
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,600
much of your life story will 
this betrayal, take up what 

3406
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:46,300
other chapters will there be? 
What will you have learned? 

3407
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:49,200
How will this difficult 
experience of contributed to 

3408
03:01:49,200 --> 03:01:52,400
your growth as a person? 
This isn't about minimizing the 

3409
03:01:52,400 --> 03:01:54,100
real pain, your experience in 
right now. 

3410
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:56,600
It's about remembering that this
moment. 

3411
03:01:56,600 --> 03:02:00,200
However, intense and 
overwhelming, it feels is just 

3412
03:02:00,200 --> 03:02:04,700
one in a much larger life. 
The stoics understood that we 

3413
03:02:04,700 --> 03:02:07,200
suffer more. 
When we lose perspective, when 

3414
03:02:07,200 --> 03:02:10,200
we let one painful experience of
Clips, everything else about our

3415
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:13,800
existence, Seneca wrote 
extensively about the temporary 

3416
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:16,800
nature of all human experiences,
both good and bad. 

3417
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:20,100
He reminded himself that periods
of Happiness, don't last forever

3418
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:24,200
but neither do periods of pain, 
everything passes, Everything 

3419
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:27,000
Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

3420
03:02:27,000 --> 03:02:29,800
You feel right after discovering
betrayal, will not feel the same

3421
03:02:29,808 --> 03:02:32,900
six months from now, even if the
situation hasn't resolved 

3422
03:02:32,900 --> 03:02:36,700
completely The stoics also had a
sophisticated understanding of 

3423
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:38,200
how relationships work over 
time. 

3424
03:02:38,200 --> 03:02:41,500
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

3425
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:43,600
changes. 
And that expecting any 

3426
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:47,200
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

3427
03:02:48,100 --> 03:02:51,200
This understanding doesn't 
excuse, betrayal or suggest that

3428
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:54,100
you should accept poor 
treatment, but it does suggest 

3429
03:02:54,100 --> 03:02:55,800
that maybe some of our suffering
around. 

3430
03:02:55,800 --> 03:02:59,700
Relationship problems comes from
unrealistic expectations about 

3431
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:03,700
permanence and control consider 
this, you are likely not the 

3432
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:05,500
same individual. 
You were at the onset of your 

3433
03:03:05,508 --> 03:03:08,400
relationship, you've grown 
changed. 

3434
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:12,300
Learned new things developed, 
new interests, and maybe even 

3435
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:15,800
discovered parts of yourself. 
You didn't know existed, your 

3436
03:03:15,800 --> 03:03:17,200
partner has probably changed 
too. 

3437
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:19,800
Sometimes people change 
incompatible ways. 

3438
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:23,400
And sometimes they don't, 
sometimes people change in ways 

3439
03:03:23,400 --> 03:03:26,500
that make them better partners 
and sometimes they change in 

3440
03:03:26,500 --> 03:03:29,900
ways that make them worse 
Partners, the stoic approach 

3441
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:32,500
would be to acknowledge these 
changes without necessarily 

3442
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:35,300
taking them personally. 
It is possible that your 

3443
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:37,300
partner's infidelity reflects 
changes. 

3444
03:03:37,300 --> 03:03:41,000
They have undergone or 
challenges their facing Maybe it

3445
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:43,500
says something about problems in
your relationship that neither 

3446
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:45,100
of you knew how to address 
directly. 

3447
03:03:46,000 --> 03:03:48,600
Maybe it doesn't say anything 
particularly meaningful about 

3448
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:49,100
you. 
At all. 

3449
03:03:49,108 --> 03:03:51,700
This perspective can be oddly 
freeing. 

3450
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:54,900
You can view the Betrayal as 
information about where things 

3451
03:03:54,900 --> 03:03:57,300
stand right now. 
Rather than as proof of some 

3452
03:03:57,300 --> 03:04:00,800
fundamental flaw in your self 
your relationship or love in 

3453
03:04:00,800 --> 03:04:04,100
general. 
And right now is just one point,

3454
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:07,100
not a permanent verdict on your 
worth, or your future. 

3455
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,000
The stoics were also realistic 
about the fact that some 

3456
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:12,700
relationships simply run their 
course. 

3457
03:04:12,700 --> 03:04:16,200
It's not because someone 
committed a heinous act or love 

3458
03:04:16,200 --> 03:04:18,900
faltered, but rather, because 
individuals and situations 

3459
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:22,300
undergo Transformations that 
render the continuation of a 

3460
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:25,100
relationship more detrimental 
than beneficial sometimes 

3461
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:27,900
betrayal, is a symptom of a 
relationship that has already 

3462
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:31,100
ended emotionally, even if 
nobody has been willing to admit

3463
03:04:31,100 --> 03:04:33,800
it yet, you may think the 
ancient stoics had useful 

3464
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:36,600
insights on betrayal. 
But you may also wonder how to 

3465
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:39,800
apply this to your own 
situation. the beautiful thing 

3466
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:42,500
about stoic philosophy is that 
it was always meant to be 

3467
03:04:42,508 --> 03:04:46,600
practical, not just intellectual
ideas to contemplate but actual 

3468
03:04:46,600 --> 03:04:50,400
technique you could use in daily
life The stowitts developed, 

3469
03:04:50,400 --> 03:04:53,200
what they called. 
Spiritual exercises, regular 

3470
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:55,900
practices designed to train your
mind the same way, you might 

3471
03:04:55,900 --> 03:04:59,300
train your body, These work 
religious, or mystical practices

3472
03:04:59,300 --> 03:05:02,500
but practical mental habits that
could help you respond to 

3473
03:05:02,500 --> 03:05:06,000
difficult situations with more 
wisdom, courage, and peace of 

3474
03:05:06,000 --> 03:05:08,300
mind. 
One of the most fundamental 

3475
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:11,800
practices is what epic Titus 
call the dichotomy of control 

3476
03:05:11,800 --> 03:05:14,200
every morning. 
Or whenever you're feeling 

3477
03:05:14,208 --> 03:05:17,400
overwhelmed, you can take a few 
minutes to sort your concerns 

3478
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:20,600
into two categories. 
Things you can control and 

3479
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:23,500
things, you can't control. 
When you're dealing with 

3480
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:26,800
infidelity, your approach might 
look like acknowledging that you

3481
03:05:26,808 --> 03:05:29,800
can't control what your partner 
did, what they're feeling now, 

3482
03:05:29,800 --> 03:05:33,400
or what, they'll choose to do in
the future, but you can choose 

3483
03:05:33,400 --> 03:05:36,000
how to care for yourself set, 
boundaries Converse and 

3484
03:05:36,008 --> 03:05:39,300
interpret events. 
Another useful practice is what 

3485
03:05:39,300 --> 03:05:42,900
Marcus Aurelius called, 
objective representation, trying

3486
03:05:42,900 --> 03:05:44,900
to see situations as clearly as 
possible. 

3487
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:47,900
Without the emotional coloring 
that can make everything seem 

3488
03:05:47,900 --> 03:05:51,100
worse than it actually is. 
Instead of thinking my life is 

3489
03:05:51,100 --> 03:05:53,700
ruined, you might practice 
thinking, my partner was 

3490
03:05:53,700 --> 03:05:56,400
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 
and angry about it. 

3491
03:05:56,400 --> 03:06:00,000
Instead of saying I'll never be 
able to trust anyone. 

3492
03:06:00,000 --> 03:06:03,300
Again, you might think right 
now, I'm having trouble trusting

3493
03:06:03,300 --> 03:06:06,600
and that makes sense. 
Given what I've just learned the

3494
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:09,200
stoics also practice something. 
We might call negative 

3495
03:06:09,200 --> 03:06:12,800
visualization, not to make 
themselves miserable, but to 

3496
03:06:12,800 --> 03:06:16,400
build resilience and gratitude, 
Imagine what it would be like if

3497
03:06:16,400 --> 03:06:19,700
the relationship ended 
completely instead of persuading

3498
03:06:19,700 --> 03:06:22,800
yourself that the relationship 
should end, you should reassure 

3499
03:06:22,800 --> 03:06:24,700
yourself that you could endure 
it, if it did. 

3500
03:06:25,700 --> 03:06:29,000
Often, when we're terrified of a
particular outcome, half of our 

3501
03:06:29,000 --> 03:06:31,800
suffering comes from the fear 
itself rather than the actual 

3502
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,800
situation. 
Seneca recommended keeping what 

3503
03:06:34,800 --> 03:06:38,400
he called a philosophical 
Journal, a regular practice of 

3504
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:41,100
writing about your experiences 
and examining your thoughts and 

3505
03:06:41,100 --> 03:06:43,300
reactions. 
When you're dealing with 

3506
03:06:43,300 --> 03:06:46,800
betrayal writing, can help you 
sort through the complicated mix

3507
03:06:46,800 --> 03:06:49,600
of feelings and thoughts that 
tend to swirl around in your 

3508
03:06:49,608 --> 03:06:51,500
head. 
You might write about what 

3509
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:55,100
happened, how you're feeling, 
what you're afraid of what 

3510
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:57,400
you're learning, and what you 
want to do next? 

3511
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:01,400
A key to all of these practices 
is consistency, rather than 

3512
03:07:01,400 --> 03:07:05,000
Perfection you don't have to 
become a perfectly wise, calm 

3513
03:07:05,000 --> 03:07:07,900
rational person overnight, you 
just have to be willing to 

3514
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:11,100
practice responding thoughtfully
rather than just reacting 

3515
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:13,500
emotionally. 
And every time you choose to 

3516
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:16,900
pause and think before you act, 
every time you focus on what you

3517
03:07:16,900 --> 03:07:20,100
can control rather than what you
can't and every time you treat 

3518
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:22,900
yourself and others with basic 
decent, see despite being hurt 

3519
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:27,200
your strengthening, those mental
muscles, the ancient stoics, 

3520
03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:29,700
understood something that we 
sometimes forget in our modern 

3521
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:32,800
world, wisdom, isn't something 
you either have or don't have. 

3522
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:35,900
It's something you develop 
through practice, especially 

3523
03:07:35,900 --> 03:07:39,000
through practicing during 
difficult times, your current 

3524
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:42,300
situation painful as it is, is 
actually an opportunity to 

3525
03:07:42,300 --> 03:07:44,300
develop some of the most 
valuable life skills. 

3526
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:48,100
There are The ability to stay 
grounded during a crisis, to 

3527
03:07:48,100 --> 03:07:50,500
make good decisions Under 
Pressure to maintain your 

3528
03:07:50,500 --> 03:07:52,900
integrity. 
When you've been wronged and to 

3529
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:54,800
take care of yourself while 
still treating others with 

3530
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:57,600
compassion. 
These skills will serve you well

3531
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,700
beyond your current relationship
drama, they'll help you navigate

3532
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:03,400
future challenges with more 
confidence and less suffering. 

3533
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:06,300
They'll help you build better 
relationships because you'll 

3534
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:08,800
know better what you need and 
what you're willing to give. 

3535
03:08:08,800 --> 03:08:12,400
They will assist you in 
cultivating self-trust as you 

3536
03:08:12,400 --> 03:08:15,100
will recognize your ability to 
manage whatever challenges life 

3537
03:08:15,100 --> 03:08:17,800
presents. 
The stoics believed that the 

3538
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:20,500
goal of philosophy wasn't to 
eliminate all problems from 

3539
03:08:20,500 --> 03:08:22,800
life. 
That would be impossible and 

3540
03:08:22,800 --> 03:08:26,100
probably boring anyway. 
The goal was to develop the 

3541
03:08:26,100 --> 03:08:28,700
inner resources to meet whatever
problems arise with wisdom, 

3542
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:31,900
courage, and Grace. 
In that sense, dealing with 

3543
03:08:31,900 --> 03:08:34,100
betrayal isn't just about 
getting through a difficult 

3544
03:08:34,100 --> 03:08:36,100
time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

3545
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:39,300
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

3546
03:08:39,300 --> 03:08:47,600
grow stronger in the process. 
It is quite intriguing to 

3547
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:50,200
consider that you are likely 
resting on a meticulously 

3548
03:08:50,200 --> 03:08:53,400
designed mattress. 
Composed of foam and spring 

3549
03:08:53,400 --> 03:08:57,100
while listening to a narrative 
about how your ancestors, slept 

3550
03:08:57,100 --> 03:08:58,700
on much less comfortable 
surfaces. 

3551
03:08:59,600 --> 03:09:01,600
Well, not literally on rocks 
though. 

3552
03:09:01,600 --> 03:09:03,000
We will address that aspect 
shortly. 

3553
03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:06,100
This evening, we will Journey 
back in time to explore the 

3554
03:09:06,100 --> 03:09:08,900
sleeping Arrangements of those 
who lived before the Innovative 

3555
03:09:08,900 --> 03:09:12,900
concept of filling a fabric sack
with soft materials, to create a

3556
03:09:12,908 --> 03:09:16,400
mattress was conceived. 
Well, they didn't actually sleep

3557
03:09:16,400 --> 03:09:18,800
on rocks though. 
We'll discuss that part soon. 

3558
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:21,600
Enough tonight. 
We're going back in time to 

3559
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,600
discover what people did before.
Someone had the brilliant idea 

3560
03:09:24,600 --> 03:09:28,200
to stuff a fabric sack with soft
things and call it a mattress. 

3561
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:32,900
Picture this. 
It's 200,000 years ago and your 

3562
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:35,100
great, great. 
Great, great times about 10,000,

3563
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:36,600
grandmother is getting ready for
bed. 

3564
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:39,600
She's not scrolling through her 
phone or adjusting her memory 

3565
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:42,300
foam pillow. 
She's not even wearing pajamas 

3566
03:09:42,300 --> 03:09:45,400
because pajamas haven't been 
invented yet, neither has the 

3567
03:09:45,400 --> 03:09:46,600
bed. 
She's about to Sleep Inn. 

3568
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:50,800
In fact the idea of having a 
specific sleeping area rather 

3569
03:09:50,800 --> 03:09:53,900
than just collapsing, wherever 
exhaustion takes, you has not 

3570
03:09:53,900 --> 03:09:56,900
been developed either. 
The earliest humans were 

3571
03:09:56,900 --> 03:09:58,600
remarkably practical about 
sleep. 

3572
03:09:58,600 --> 03:10:00,700
They found a spot that wasn't 
too Rocky. 

3573
03:10:00,700 --> 03:10:04,100
Hopefully not too muddy and 
definitely not occupied by 

3574
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:05,700
something with more teeth than 
they had. 

3575
03:10:06,600 --> 03:10:08,200
Then they curled up and hoped 
for the best. 

3576
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:11,600
You might think this scenario 
sounds uncomfortable, but 

3577
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:14,600
remember these people had never 
experienced a Tempur Pedic 

3578
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:17,200
mattress, so they had no idea 
what they were missing. 

3579
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:22,800
Ignorance was Bliss, literally 
However, as is typical of 

3580
03:10:22,800 --> 03:10:25,100
humans, they quickly began to 
get creative. 

3581
03:10:25,800 --> 03:10:29,500
Archaeological evidence shows 
that around 77,000 years ago. 

3582
03:10:29,500 --> 03:10:32,800
People in South Africa were 
making the world's first beds 

3583
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:34,700
out of sedge grass and aromatic 
leaves. 

3584
03:10:34,700 --> 03:10:38,200
They'd layer these materials in 
caves creating what was 

3585
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:40,700
essentially nature's. 
First mattress, prototype. 

3586
03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:45,000
The aromatic leaves weren't just
for Comfort, they helped repel 

3587
03:10:45,000 --> 03:10:47,000
insects. 
So technically these ancient 

3588
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:49,200
beds were also the world's first
bug zappers. 

3589
03:10:49,200 --> 03:10:51,300
You have to admire their 
ingenuity. 

3590
03:10:52,100 --> 03:10:54,900
They figured out that certain 
plants when dried and layered 

3591
03:10:54,900 --> 03:10:58,000
created a relatively soft 
surface, that was infinitely 

3592
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:01,800
better than bare rock or dirt. 
They even discovered that some 

3593
03:11:01,800 --> 03:11:05,600
leaves when crushed released 
natural insect repellents. 

3594
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:09,200
Your ancestors were basically 
running a prehistoric bed and 

3595
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:11,200
bath store complete with a Roma 
therapy. 

3596
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:14,700
The Intriguing thing about these
early beds is that they weren't 

3597
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:18,100
permanent fixtures when the 
tribe moved the bed. 

3598
03:11:18,100 --> 03:11:21,500
Stayed behind this meant that 
every night someone had to 

3599
03:11:21,500 --> 03:11:24,300
gather fresh materials and 
essentially build a new bed. 

3600
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:28,100
Imagine if you had to 
reconstruct your entire sleeping

3601
03:11:28,100 --> 03:11:31,700
Arrangement every single day. 
You'd probably develop some 

3602
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:34,400
serious appreciation for your 
current setup pretty quickly. 

3603
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:37,900
These grass beds weren't just 
about Comfort, though. 

3604
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:41,000
They represented, one of 
Humanity's first attempts to 

3605
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:43,900
control their environment rather
than simply adapt to it. 

3606
03:11:45,100 --> 03:11:48,000
People began to reject the idea 
that sleep had to mean lying on,

3607
03:11:48,008 --> 03:11:50,300
whatever surface was available 
saying, you know what? 

3608
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:54,200
I think I can do better than 
this and that drive to improve 

3609
03:11:54,200 --> 03:11:56,600
their sleeping situation. 
Would continue for thousands of 

3610
03:11:56,600 --> 03:11:59,000
years. 
The construction of these early 

3611
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:02,100
beds was surprisingly. 
Sophisticated people would 

3612
03:12:02,100 --> 03:12:05,000
gather fresh grass, and leaves 
carefully, layer them for 

3613
03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:08,200
maximum softness and insulation 
and arrange them in. 

3614
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:10,700
Shapes that followed the natural
curves of the human body. 

3615
03:12:11,500 --> 03:12:13,900
They understood Concepts like, 
moisture management and 

3616
03:12:13,900 --> 03:12:17,100
temperature regulation long 
before anyone gave those ideas 

3617
03:12:17,100 --> 03:12:20,100
fancy names. 
What's particularly fascinating 

3618
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:23,900
is that these beds were often 
communal projects everyone? 

3619
03:12:23,900 --> 03:12:26,500
In the group would help gather 
materials and the beds were 

3620
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:28,600
usually large enough for 
multiple people to share. 

3621
03:12:29,500 --> 03:12:31,500
Privacy, as we know, it didn't 
exist yet. 

3622
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:34,400
So sleeping Arrangements were 
more about survival and warmth 

3623
03:12:34,400 --> 03:12:37,400
and personal space 
archaeological site. 

3624
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:40,700
Containing these beds provide 
evidence of consistent, upkeep 

3625
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:44,300
and rejuvenation. people would 
periodically burn old bedding, 

3626
03:12:44,300 --> 03:12:48,000
materials possibly to eliminate 
pests and parasites before 

3627
03:12:48,000 --> 03:12:51,500
starting a new Such Behavior 
makes them possibly the first 

3628
03:12:51,500 --> 03:12:54,200
people in history to actually 
change their sheets regularly. 

3629
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:56,800
Something that would make your 
mother proud. 

3630
03:12:57,700 --> 03:13:00,500
As you settle into your bed 
tonight, take a moment to 

3631
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,100
appreciate the long journey that
brought us from those first 

3632
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:05,300
grass beds to whatever you're 
lying on now. 

3633
03:13:06,000 --> 03:13:08,500
Those ancient people sleeping on
their carefully. 

3634
03:13:08,500 --> 03:13:11,900
Constructed piles of aromatic 
leaves had no idea. 

3635
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:14,600
They were starting a tradition 
that would eventually lead to 

3636
03:13:14,600 --> 03:13:17,400
Memory Foam, adjustable bases, 
and heated blankets. 

3637
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:19,700
You want to sleep. 
Well, just like they did 

3638
03:13:19,700 --> 03:13:23,800
fast-forward about 70,000 years 
and suddenly we're in ancient 

3639
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:26,400
Egypt where people had figured 
out some pretty impressive 

3640
03:13:26,400 --> 03:13:28,100
tricks for getting comfortable 
at night. 

3641
03:13:29,000 --> 03:13:31,200
You might think the Egyptians 
were all about pyramids and 

3642
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:34,000
mummies but they were all so 
surprisingly good at sleeping. 

3643
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:37,600
In fact, they basically invented
the concept of having a real bed

3644
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:41,200
that you could use more than one
the Egyptians thought, this is 

3645
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:43,000
nice. 
But what if we could make 

3646
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:45,100
something that didn't need to be
rebuilt every night? 

3647
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:49,400
So they started making bed 
frames out of wood usually Palm 

3648
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:51,400
Sycamore or Cedar, if they could
afford it. 

3649
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:53,900
These work. 
Just simple platforms, either. 

3650
03:13:54,600 --> 03:13:57,300
Egyptian beds were often 
elaborate affairs with carved 

3651
03:13:57,300 --> 03:13:59,800
legs that looked like animal 
feet decorative. 

3652
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:02,100
Headboards and even built-in 
storage. 

3653
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:05,000
Now, here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

3654
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:08,000
The Egyptians didn't put 
mattresses on these beds 

3655
03:14:08,000 --> 03:14:12,800
instead, they used a system of 
woven Reed mats or leather strip

3656
03:14:12,800 --> 03:14:14,100
stretched across the wooden 
frame. 

3657
03:14:14,800 --> 03:14:18,700
Imagine it as the world's first 
box spring with reeds or leather

3658
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:22,000
taking on the role of Springs. 
The wealthy would add layers of 

3659
03:14:22,008 --> 03:14:24,900
linen, sheets and pillows 
stuffed with feathers or straw, 

3660
03:14:24,900 --> 03:14:28,500
but the basic sleeping surface 
was still pretty much a fancy 

3661
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:31,600
hammock. the Egyptian 
approached, a pillows was 

3662
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:35,500
particularly creative and by 
creative I mean potentially 

3663
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:41,000
painful the Egyptians used 
headrests made of wood stone or 

3664
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:45,100
Ivory instead of the soft fluffy
pillows your accustomed to These

3665
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:47,900
were pillows at all, really? 
They were more like necks 

3666
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:50,500
supports that kept your head 
elevated while you slept on your

3667
03:14:50,500 --> 03:14:53,100
side. 
The idea was to protect your 

3668
03:14:53,100 --> 03:14:55,800
elaborate hairstyles and keep 
your head cool in the desert 

3669
03:14:55,800 --> 03:14:57,900
heat. 
You're probably thinking the 

3670
03:14:57,900 --> 03:15:00,600
idea sounds incredibly 
uncomfortable and you'd be 

3671
03:15:00,608 --> 03:15:03,100
right. 
But the Egyptians had their 

3672
03:15:03,100 --> 03:15:06,300
reasons, those wooden headrests 
were just practical. 

3673
03:15:06,300 --> 03:15:09,800
They were also spiritual. 
They believed that elevating the

3674
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:12,900
head helped, protect the sleeper
from evil spirits and allowed 

3675
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:14,900
the soul to travel more freely 
during dreams. 

3676
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,900
So while you might wake up with 
a stiff neck, at least your soul

3677
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:21,800
was well traveled. 
The truly affluent Egyptians 

3678
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:23,900
achieved, remarkable levels of 
bed Comfort. 

3679
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:27,100
They had servants whose job was 
to fam them while they slept 

3680
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:29,700
ensuring a cool breeze 
throughout the night. 

3681
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:33,300
Some beds, even had built-in 
mosquito Nets, made a fine 

3682
03:15:33,300 --> 03:15:36,300
linen, which was probably the 
most practical Innovation since 

3683
03:15:36,300 --> 03:15:39,500
the aromatic leaves. 
Nothing ruins, a good night's. 

3684
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:42,400
Sleep like mosquitoes. 
Whether you're in ancient Egypt,

3685
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:45,100
or modern Florida. 
Egyptian beds were all. 

3686
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:48,100
So status symbols, the more 
elaborate your bed, the more 

3687
03:15:48,100 --> 03:15:51,800
important you were Pharaohs had 
beds made with gold inlays, 

3688
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:55,400
precious stones, and intricate 
carvings, these beds are often 

3689
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:57,500
so ornate that they were 
probably more comfortable to 

3690
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:01,900
look at than to sleep on. 
But when you're a fairer Comfort

3691
03:16:01,900 --> 03:16:04,400
is sometimes less important than
making sure everyone knows 

3692
03:16:04,400 --> 03:16:06,900
you're the fair. 
Oh, The construction of these 

3693
03:16:06,900 --> 03:16:10,700
beds was remarkably 
sophisticated Egyptian Craftsmen

3694
03:16:10,700 --> 03:16:13,100
understood Concepts like weight 
distribution and Joint 

3695
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:15,600
flexibility. 
They created beds that could 

3696
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:18,900
support significant weight while
still providing some give and 

3697
03:16:18,908 --> 03:16:22,600
flexibility the leather or read 
sleeping, surfaces were 

3698
03:16:22,600 --> 03:16:25,800
carefully, tensioned to provide 
optimal support and the bed 

3699
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:27,500
frames were designed to last for
decades. 

3700
03:16:28,700 --> 03:16:31,500
One, particularly ingenious 
feature of Egyptian beds, was 

3701
03:16:31,500 --> 03:16:34,000
their height. 
They were typically quite tall. 

3702
03:16:34,000 --> 03:16:37,100
Sometimes, requiring a small 
step or stool to climb into. 

3703
03:16:37,700 --> 03:16:41,000
This wasn't just for show it 
helped protect sleepers from 

3704
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:44,700
scorpions snakes and other 
ground dwelling creatures, that 

3705
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:48,100
might want to share the bed. 
It also improved air circulation

3706
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:52,100
which was crucial in Egypt, hot 
climate, the Egyptians also 

3707
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:53,600
developed, some of the first 
bed. 

3708
03:16:53,600 --> 03:16:56,700
Linens, they made sheets from 
linen, which was cooler than 

3709
03:16:56,700 --> 03:16:58,900
wool and softer than the Reed 
mats. 

3710
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,400
Wealthy Egyptians would have 
multiple sets of Lynch sheets 

3711
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:05,300
and they were often buried with 
their favorite bedding to ensure

3712
03:17:05,300 --> 03:17:08,500
comfort in the afterlife. 
This gives a whole new meaning 

3713
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:13,000
to the phrase, Eternal rest. 
What's particularly amusing is 

3714
03:17:13,000 --> 03:17:16,400
that Egyptian beds often had a 
slight incline with the head, 

3715
03:17:16,400 --> 03:17:20,000
end higher than the foot end. 
This feature was supposed to a 

3716
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:21,900
digestion and improved 
circulation. 

3717
03:17:21,900 --> 03:17:25,800
So basically, the Egyptians 
invented the adjustable bed 

3718
03:17:25,800 --> 03:17:29,600
about 4,000 years before anyone 
thought to add Motors and remote

3719
03:17:29,600 --> 03:17:33,100
controls. 
The legacy of Egyptian bedding. 

3720
03:17:33,100 --> 03:17:34,900
Extended far beyond Egypt 
itself. 

3721
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:38,500
Their techniques and designs in 
Florence bedding throughout the 

3722
03:17:38,500 --> 03:17:42,200
Mediterranean world and many of 
their Innovations like elevated 

3723
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:45,300
beds and little sheets became 
standard features that we still 

3724
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:48,000
used today. 
When you adjust your pillows 

3725
03:17:48,000 --> 03:17:51,300
tonight your participating in a 
tradition that started with 

3726
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:53,200
those wooden. 
Headrests along the Nile. 

3727
03:17:53,200 --> 03:17:57,300
The Greeks and Romans embrace 
the Egyptian bed concept a 

3728
03:17:57,300 --> 03:17:59,800
characteristic of cultures 
adapted, elevating others, good 

3729
03:17:59,800 --> 03:18:03,300
ideas to a higher level. 
By the time, we reach classical 

3730
03:18:03,300 --> 03:18:07,300
Antiquity bid to devolved into a
serious business, complete with 

3731
03:18:07,308 --> 03:18:11,000
social etiquette philosophical 
implications, and a level of 

3732
03:18:11,000 --> 03:18:13,200
luxury, that would make a modern
Hotel jealous. 

3733
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:17,100
Greek beds were called Kleins 
and they weren't just for 

3734
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:19,600
sleeping. 
These were multipurpose pieces 

3735
03:18:19,600 --> 03:18:23,100
of furniture used for sleeping 
eating and lounging around. 

3736
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:26,300
Looking philosophical the Greeks
basically invented. 

3737
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:29,700
The concept of the couch, except
their version was also your bed,

3738
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:32,300
your dining table and your 
thinking spot. 

3739
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:35,100
Talk about efficient use of 
space. 

3740
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:38,200
The construction of a Greek 
climb was quite sophisticated. 

3741
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:43,000
The frame was typically made of 
wood often decorated with inlays

3742
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:44,900
of ivory silver or precious 
metals. 

3743
03:18:46,000 --> 03:18:49,100
The sleeping surface consisted 
of a network of cords or leather

3744
03:18:49,100 --> 03:18:52,200
straps stretched across the 
frame, like the Egyptian system,

3745
03:18:52,200 --> 03:18:56,300
but with much more attention to 
comfort and Aesthetics on top of

3746
03:18:56,308 --> 03:18:59,800
this, they'd pile layers of 
Woolen blankets, linen, sheets 

3747
03:18:59,800 --> 03:19:03,700
and stuffed. 
Cushions, Now, the Greeks had 

3748
03:19:03,700 --> 03:19:06,500
some intriguing ideas about 
pillows, instead of just one 

3749
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:09,400
pillow for your head, they use 
multiple cushions of different 

3750
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:12,800
sizes and firmness levels. 
You'd have firm cushions for 

3751
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:16,100
support and soft ones for 
Comfort arranged in various 

3752
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:18,100
combinations. 
Depending on whether you were 

3753
03:19:18,100 --> 03:19:21,100
sleeping eating or just lounging
around contemplating, the nature

3754
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:23,700
of existence. 
It was basically the ancient 

3755
03:19:23,700 --> 03:19:27,200
equivalent of those people who 
have 17 pillows on their bed and

3756
03:19:27,200 --> 03:19:29,100
spend 10 minutes, arranging them
every night. 

3757
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:33,600
Not to be outdone the Romans 
took Greek bed, technology and 

3758
03:19:33,600 --> 03:19:35,200
added their own Flair for 
excess. 

3759
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:39,600
Roman beds or Lecter massive 
Affairs. 

3760
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:41,100
That could accommodate multiple 
people. 

3761
03:19:41,100 --> 03:19:43,900
This wasn't necessarily for 
romantic reasons. 

3762
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:47,300
Roman dining culture involved, 
reclining on beds, while eating 

3763
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:50,500
So a family meal might involve 
several people sharing the same 

3764
03:19:50,500 --> 03:19:53,900
sleeping surface while consuming
elaborate multi-course dinners. 

3765
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:58,100
Roman beds were all the first to
feature anything resembling a 

3766
03:19:58,100 --> 03:20:01,200
real mattress. 
They stuffed large fabric sacks 

3767
03:20:01,200 --> 03:20:04,900
with wool, feathers or even rose
petals for the extremely 

3768
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:06,500
wealthy. 
These work. 

3769
03:20:06,500 --> 03:20:09,600
Quite the mattresses we know 
today, but they were definitely 

3770
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:12,700
a step up from stretched 
leather, and wooden headrests 

3771
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:16,000
The Romans had discovered that 
if you stuff enough, soft things

3772
03:20:16,000 --> 03:20:18,700
into a bag, it becomes 
surprisingly comfortable to 

3773
03:20:18,700 --> 03:20:22,000
sleep on the Romans were 
particularly proud of their bed 

3774
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:25,700
linens, the imported fine silks 
from China and cotton from India

3775
03:20:25,700 --> 03:20:29,200
creating sheets that were softer
and more luxurious than anything

3776
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:33,100
that had come before Roman beds 
often featured elaborate bedding

3777
03:20:33,100 --> 03:20:35,300
sets with matching, pillows, 
blankets, and curtains. 

3778
03:20:36,300 --> 03:20:39,000
They basically invented the 
concept of bedroom decor 

3779
03:20:39,000 --> 03:20:42,400
complete with color coordination
and seasonal changes. 

3780
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:45,300
One. 
Particularly Roman Innovation 

3781
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:48,000
was the canopy bed. 
They discovered that hanging 

3782
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:51,400
curtains around the bed, 
created, privacy blocked, drafts

3783
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:52,800
and helped. 
Keep insects at Bay. 

3784
03:20:53,600 --> 03:20:56,800
These bed curtains were often 
made of expensive fabrics and 

3785
03:20:56,800 --> 03:20:59,500
were as much about showing off 
well, as they were about 

3786
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:03,600
practical comfort. if you've 
ever wondered why canopy bed 

3787
03:21:03,600 --> 03:21:06,900
seem so fancy, you can thank the
Romans for establishing that 

3788
03:21:06,900 --> 03:21:09,900
tradition. 
The Romans also developed heated

3789
03:21:09,900 --> 03:21:12,300
Beds, which is pretty 
impressive, considering the 

3790
03:21:12,300 --> 03:21:15,500
didn't have electricity, they 
used to system called hyper 

3791
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:17,400
course. 
That circulated warm air from 

3792
03:21:17,400 --> 03:21:20,000
furnaces through Hollow spaces 
in the walls and Floors. 

3793
03:21:20,000 --> 03:21:23,100
Some wealthy, Romans at heated 
sleeping chambers that 

3794
03:21:23,100 --> 03:21:24,900
maintained comfortable 
temperatures throughout the 

3795
03:21:24,900 --> 03:21:27,200
night. 
This method was probably the 

3796
03:21:27,200 --> 03:21:30,200
ancient equivalent of those 
heated mattress pads that make 

3797
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:32,500
getting out of bed, even more 
difficult than it already. 

3798
03:21:32,500 --> 03:21:37,000
Is Roman beds, often featured, 
adjustable elements, they had 

3799
03:21:37,000 --> 03:21:39,500
mechanisms for raising or 
lowering different parts of the 

3800
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:42,400
bed allowing sleepers to find 
their optimal position. 

3801
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:45,600
Some Roman beds could be 
converted from sleeping 

3802
03:21:45,600 --> 03:21:48,900
configuration to dining 
configuration with a few simple 

3803
03:21:48,900 --> 03:21:52,000
adjustments. 
This flexibility was regarded as

3804
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:53,900
the Pinnacle of luxury and 
practicality. 

3805
03:21:54,700 --> 03:21:57,400
The social aspects of Roman 
bedding were complex and 

3806
03:21:57,400 --> 03:21:59,800
fascinating. 
There were strict rules about 

3807
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:02,800
who could sleep where, what type
of bedding was appropriate for 

3808
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,300
different, social classes and 
how bad should be arranged in 

3809
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:08,900
different rooms. 
The master bedroom or cubicle 

3810
03:22:08,900 --> 03:22:12,300
and was considered a semi-public
space where important guests 

3811
03:22:12,300 --> 03:22:15,000
might be received. 
So the bed had to be impressive 

3812
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:18,600
enough to reflect the owners 
State as The Romans developed 

3813
03:22:18,600 --> 03:22:21,600
the first real understanding of 
sleep hygiene, which is 

3814
03:22:21,600 --> 03:22:24,600
particularly interesting. 
They thought that the quality of

3815
03:22:24,600 --> 03:22:27,300
your bedding, affected your 
sleep, which affected your 

3816
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:30,100
health. 
This belief led to innovation in

3817
03:22:30,100 --> 03:22:33,000
mattress materials bed, 
positioning, and even the 

3818
03:22:33,000 --> 03:22:35,800
orientation of sleeping Chambers
to catch optimal, breezes. 

3819
03:22:36,800 --> 03:22:39,600
The decline of the Roman Empire 
marked, the end of this golden 

3820
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:43,000
age of bed luxury, but many 
Roman Innovation, survived and 

3821
03:22:43,000 --> 03:22:45,600
influenced bedding. 
For centuries to come the idea 

3822
03:22:45,600 --> 03:22:49,600
of stuffed mattresses, elaborate
bed, linens, and beds as status,

3823
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:52,800
symbols all traces, back to 
Roman innovations, that were far

3824
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:55,100
ahead of their time after the 
fall of Rome. 

3825
03:22:55,100 --> 03:22:58,100
Bed technology took a bit of a 
nosedive which is probably what 

3826
03:22:58,100 --> 03:23:00,400
you'd expect during a period 
called the Dark Ages. 

3827
03:23:01,200 --> 03:23:04,400
Medieval Europeans basically 
forgot most of what the Romans 

3828
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:07,000
had figured out about 
comfortable sleeping and went 

3829
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:08,600
back to much simpler 
Arrangements. 

3830
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:12,700
But don't worry, they made up 
for it with creativity, communal

3831
03:23:12,700 --> 03:23:15,400
sleeping, and some pretty 
intriguing solutions to the 

3832
03:23:15,400 --> 03:23:19,200
problem of staying warm in 
drafty Stone Castle's Medieval 

3833
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:23,600
peasants who made up about 90% 
of the population slept on what 

3834
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,700
were essentially, piles of straw
covered with rough and blankets.

3835
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:30,400
Their beds were usually just 
wooden platforms or even 

3836
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:33,200
hollowed out sections of the 
floor, filled with straw or hay,

3837
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:36,600
the straw served as both 
mattress and pillow and it was 

3838
03:23:36,600 --> 03:23:39,500
changed when it got too smelly 
or bug infested tolerate. 

3839
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:42,500
This scenario happened more 
often than you might think 

3840
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:44,900
because medieval hygiene 
standards were. 

3841
03:23:44,900 --> 03:23:47,900
Shall we say relaxed? 
The really interesting part 

3842
03:23:47,900 --> 03:23:49,900
about medieval sleeping 
Arrangements is that almost 

3843
03:23:49,900 --> 03:23:53,500
nobody slept alone. 
Families would pile into one big

3844
03:23:53,500 --> 03:23:57,800
bed often with parents children 
and sometimes even servants all 

3845
03:23:57,800 --> 03:24:01,100
sharing the same sleeping space.
This wasn't just about saving 

3846
03:24:01,100 --> 03:24:03,000
space. 
It was about staying warm 

3847
03:24:03,800 --> 03:24:07,800
Medieval houses were cold drafty
places and body heat was often 

3848
03:24:07,800 --> 03:24:09,900
the only reliable source of 
warmth of available during 

3849
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,300
winter months, even wealthy, 
medieval Nobles didn't have 

3850
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:15,200
private bedrooms as we 
understand them today. 

3851
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:18,600
The enormous Hall of a castle or
manor house would be filled with

3852
03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:20,400
beds. 
And everyone from the Lord's 

3853
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,100
family to visiting guests to 
household, servants would sleep 

3854
03:24:23,100 --> 03:24:26,400
in the same room. 
Privacy was a luxury that simply

3855
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:28,800
didn't exist. 
You learned to sleep through 

3856
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:32,100
other people's snoring, talking 
and various nocturnal activities

3857
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:36,300
or you didn't sleep at all. 
The wealthy did have better 

3858
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:39,600
sleeping Arrangements. 
Of course, Noble beds were often

3859
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:42,600
large elaborate affairs with 
carved, wooden frames and thick 

3860
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:45,200
curtains, that could be drawn 
for privacy and warmth. 

3861
03:24:46,000 --> 03:24:48,700
These bed curtains were crucial 
because they created a 

3862
03:24:48,700 --> 03:24:52,300
microclimate around the sleeper 
trapping body heat and blocking 

3863
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:55,000
drafts. 
Medieval beds were essentially 

3864
03:24:55,000 --> 03:24:59,400
small portable rooms within the 
largest sleeping space devil 

3865
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:01,700
mattresses when they existed at 
all. 

3866
03:25:01,700 --> 03:25:05,700
Were usually, large fabric sacks
stuffed with straw feathers or 

3867
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:08,200
wool? 
The wealthy often possessed 

3868
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:11,400
mattresses filled with down 
feathers regarded as the epitome

3869
03:25:11,400 --> 03:25:14,600
of luxury. 
Wills and inheritance documents 

3870
03:25:14,600 --> 03:25:17,600
often specifically mention, 
these feather mattresses due to 

3871
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:20,700
their high value. 
Imagine being so excited about 

3872
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:22,900
your mattress that you want to 
ensure it goes to the right 

3873
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:26,700
person after you die. 
Medieval people also developed 

3874
03:25:26,700 --> 03:25:28,900
some Creative Solutions to 
common sleeping problems. 

3875
03:25:28,900 --> 03:25:32,600
They discovered that certain 
herbs when mixed with straw 

3876
03:25:32,600 --> 03:25:35,400
helped repel insects and 
provided Pleasant sense. 

3877
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:38,900
Lavender, mint and rosemary, 
were popular choices. 

3878
03:25:38,900 --> 03:25:41,600
So, medieval beds were 
essentially aromatherapy 

3879
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:43,500
stations long before anyone 
called them. 

3880
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:46,600
That one important medieval 
Innovation was the trundle bed. 

3881
03:25:46,600 --> 03:25:49,700
These were low beds that could 
be rolled under larger beds 

3882
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:51,200
during the day and pulled out at
night. 

3883
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:54,800
Servants children or guests 
would sleep on trundle beds 

3884
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:58,000
which saved space and allowed 
for flexible sleeping 

3885
03:25:58,000 --> 03:26:00,500
Arrangements. 
It was basically the medieval 

3886
03:26:00,500 --> 03:26:04,000
equivalent of a pull-out couch 
except much less comfortable. 

3887
03:26:04,900 --> 03:26:07,700
The concept of changing sheets 
was pretty foreign to Medieval 

3888
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:10,100
people. 
Bed linens when they existed 

3889
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:12,300
were expensive and difficult to 
clean. 

3890
03:26:13,100 --> 03:26:15,600
Most people slept directly on 
their mattresses or under 

3891
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:19,000
Rothwell and blankets that were 
washed in frequently if at all. 

3892
03:26:19,900 --> 03:26:22,600
The wealthy might have linen 
sheets, but even these were 

3893
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:25,700
changed only occasionally. 
Medieval people had a much 

3894
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:28,300
higher tolerance for what we 
would consider unsanitary 

3895
03:26:28,300 --> 03:26:31,300
conditions, medieval beds were 
also surprisingly. 

3896
03:26:31,300 --> 03:26:34,700
Portable wealthy Nobles, 
traveled frequently, and they 

3897
03:26:34,700 --> 03:26:38,000
often took their beds with them.
A proper medieval bed. 

3898
03:26:38,000 --> 03:26:41,800
Could be disassembled packed 
onto wagons and reassembled at 

3899
03:26:41,808 --> 03:26:43,400
the next car slaw. 
Manor house. 

3900
03:26:44,200 --> 03:26:46,700
This meant that your bed was 
literally your most important 

3901
03:26:46,700 --> 03:26:49,300
piece of furniture because it 
went everywhere. 

3902
03:26:49,300 --> 03:26:52,800
You did the height of medieval 
bed luxury, was the state bed 

3903
03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:54,800
used by royalty and the highest 
nobility. 

3904
03:26:55,600 --> 03:26:59,100
These beds were enormous. 
Elaborate constructions that 

3905
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:01,200
resembled architecture, more 
than furniture. 

3906
03:27:02,000 --> 03:27:05,500
They'd carved posts in curtains 
and sometimes even small 

3907
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:08,100
Chambers built into the 
headboard for storing valuable 

3908
03:27:08,100 --> 03:27:10,900
items. 
These beds were so impressive 

3909
03:27:10,900 --> 03:27:13,600
that they were often considered 
works of art in their own right.

3910
03:27:14,500 --> 03:27:17,100
What's particularly fascinating 
about medieval sleeping 

3911
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:19,900
Arrangements is how they 
reflected social hierarchy. 

3912
03:27:19,900 --> 03:27:23,700
The closer you slept to the lord
of the castle, the higher your 

3913
03:27:23,700 --> 03:27:27,600
social status The most important
guests would sleep in the same 

3914
03:27:27,600 --> 03:27:31,100
room as the Lord while servants 
and lesser Nobles would sleep in

3915
03:27:31,100 --> 03:27:33,000
progressively more distant 
locations. 

3916
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:36,600
Your sleeping spot was a direct 
reflection of your place. 

3917
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:40,200
In society, medieval people also
had some intriguing beliefs 

3918
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,000
about sleep and dreams. 
They thought that sleeping with 

3919
03:27:43,000 --> 03:27:45,900
your head pointing East was 
healthiest and that certain 

3920
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:48,300
materials in your mattress could
influence your dreams. 

3921
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:51,700
They believed that sleeping on a
mattress stuffed with particular

3922
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:55,200
herbs, could promote prophetic 
dreams or ward off nightmares? 

3923
03:27:55,200 --> 03:27:57,800
Whether or not this approach 
actually worked. 

3924
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:00,200
It certainly made bedtime more 
interesting. 

3925
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:03,100
The Renaissance brought a 
revolution in sleeping comfort. 

3926
03:28:03,100 --> 03:28:05,500
That would have made medieval 
peasants, weep With Envy. 

3927
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:09,700
Suddenly people rediscovered, 
the Roman love of luxury and 

3928
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:13,800
comfort, but with medieval 
practicality and some genuinely 

3929
03:28:13,800 --> 03:28:16,500
new Innovations. 
This was the period when 

3930
03:28:16,500 --> 03:28:20,400
sleeping went from being a basic
survival necessity to something,

3931
03:28:20,400 --> 03:28:22,000
that could actually be 
enjoyable. 

3932
03:28:23,000 --> 03:28:25,500
Renaissance Italians were 
particularly obsessed with 

3933
03:28:25,500 --> 03:28:28,600
comfortable sleeping. 
They developed the first real 

3934
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:31,200
mattresses, that would be 
recognizable to Modern sleepers,

3935
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:35,600
large fabric cases stuffed with 
combinations of wool, cotton and

3936
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:38,100
Feathers. 
So in to sections to prevent the

3937
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:41,600
stuffing from clumping, These 
mattresses were placed on top of

3938
03:28:41,600 --> 03:28:45,200
rope or wooden slap bed frames, 
creating a sleeping surface that

3939
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:46,600
was both supportive and 
comfortable. 

3940
03:28:47,700 --> 03:28:50,000
The Rope bed frame was a 
Renaissance Innovation, that 

3941
03:28:50,000 --> 03:28:53,200
deserves special mention. 
Instead of the solid wooden 

3942
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:57,100
platforms of medieval times 
Renaissance beds, used networks 

3943
03:28:57,100 --> 03:28:59,400
of ropes threaded through holes 
in the bed frame. 

3944
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:02,500
These ropes could be tightened 
or loosened to adjust the 

3945
03:29:02,500 --> 03:29:04,100
firmness of the sleeping 
surface. 

3946
03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:07,600
This is where the phrase sleep 
tight comes from. 

3947
03:29:07,600 --> 03:29:10,900
It literally meant to tighten 
the ropes on your bed to ensure 

3948
03:29:10,900 --> 03:29:13,400
a firm comfortable sleeping 
surface. 

3949
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:17,500
Renaissance beds were also the 
first to feature multiple layers

3950
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:19,700
of bedding. 
Instead of just throwing a 

3951
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:22,700
blanket over a straw mattress, 
people began using systems of 

3952
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:26,500
sheets blankets and coverlets 
that could be added or removed, 

3953
03:29:26,500 --> 03:29:28,500
depending on the weather and 
personal preference. 

3954
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:31,600
This layered approach allowed 
for much more precise, 

3955
03:29:31,600 --> 03:29:33,700
temperature control and comfort,
customization. 

3956
03:29:34,500 --> 03:29:37,000
The Renaissance also saw the 
development of the first real 

3957
03:29:37,000 --> 03:29:40,500
pillows as we know them today 
instead of wooden headrests or 

3958
03:29:40,500 --> 03:29:42,900
simple cloth. 
Bundles Renaissance, pillows 

3959
03:29:42,900 --> 03:29:45,800
were carefully, constructed 
fabric cases, stuffed with down 

3960
03:29:45,800 --> 03:29:49,300
feathers or fine wool. 
These pillows were designed 

3961
03:29:49,300 --> 03:29:51,100
specifically for comfort and 
support. 

3962
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:54,100
And Wealthy households, would 
have multiple pillows of 

3963
03:29:54,100 --> 03:29:57,100
different sizes and firmness 
levels for different sleeping 

3964
03:29:57,100 --> 03:30:00,600
positions. privacy became 
increasingly important during 

3965
03:30:00,600 --> 03:30:03,900
the Renaissance and this led to 
Innovations in bed, curtains, 

3966
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:07,400
and canopies Renaissance bed 
curtains were often made of 

3967
03:30:07,400 --> 03:30:10,900
expensive Fabrics like Silk or 
velvet and they were designed to

3968
03:30:10,900 --> 03:30:13,900
create a private intimate space 
within the larger bedroom. 

3969
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:17,000
These curtains served practical 
purposes too. 

3970
03:30:17,000 --> 03:30:21,000
They blocked drafts provided 
insulation and helped to keep 

3971
03:30:21,000 --> 03:30:24,800
out insects and Light. 
The Renaissance bed was also 

3972
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:27,600
when furniture makers began 
treating beds as serious pieces 

3973
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:30,600
of craftsmanship. 
Renaissance beds featured, 

3974
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:34,500
elaborate carvings inlays and 
decorative elements that made 

3975
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:36,600
them works of art, as well as 
functional furniture. 

3976
03:30:37,600 --> 03:30:40,400
These beds were often family. 
Heirlooms passed down through 

3977
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:42,800
generations and becoming more 
valuable over time. 

3978
03:30:42,800 --> 03:30:46,000
Once specific Renaissance 
Innovation was the development 

3979
03:30:46,000 --> 03:30:48,000
of specialized bedding for 
different seasons. 

3980
03:30:49,000 --> 03:30:51,500
Wealthy households would have 
lightweight linen bedding for 

3981
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:53,700
summer and heavy Woolen bedding 
for winter. 

3982
03:30:54,400 --> 03:30:57,300
They also developed the first 
washable bed, linens, which 

3983
03:30:57,300 --> 03:31:00,000
represented a significant 
advance in high Gene and 

3984
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,600
comfort. 
The ability to regularly clean, 

3985
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:05,300
your bedding was a luxury that 
previous generations could not 

3986
03:31:05,300 --> 03:31:07,800
imagine. 
Renaissance beds also became 

3987
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:09,900
much larger than their medieval 
predecessors. 

3988
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:13,700
The great bed became a status 
symbol among the wealthy with 

3989
03:31:13,700 --> 03:31:15,900
some beds, measuring 8 feet 
square, or larger. 

3990
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:18,500
These enormous beds weren't just
for sleeping. 

3991
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:22,200
They were used for conducting 
business, receiving guests, and 

3992
03:31:22,200 --> 03:31:25,900
displaying wealth and status. 
The bed became the centerpiece 

3993
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:28,600
of the bedroom, which itself 
became an important room in the 

3994
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:30,900
house. 
The Renaissance period also saw 

3995
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:33,100
the development of the first 
adjustable beds. 

3996
03:31:33,800 --> 03:31:36,800
Some Renaissance beds featured 
mechanisms that allowed sleepers

3997
03:31:36,800 --> 03:31:38,500
to raise or lower their heads 
and feet. 

3998
03:31:38,500 --> 03:31:41,500
Providing comfort for people 
with medical conditions or 

3999
03:31:41,500 --> 03:31:43,900
simply allowing, for more 
comfortable reading or dining in

4000
03:31:43,900 --> 03:31:46,200
bed. 
These adjustable beds were 

4001
03:31:46,200 --> 03:31:47,800
complex. 
Mechanical devices, that 

4002
03:31:47,800 --> 03:31:50,400
demonstrated the periods 
growing, understanding of 

4003
03:31:50,400 --> 03:31:53,400
engineering and comfort. 
Renaissance sleeping 

4004
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:55,600
Arrangements. 
Also reflected changing social 

4005
03:31:55,600 --> 03:31:58,100
attitudes. 
While many evil people saw 

4006
03:31:58,100 --> 03:32:00,500
nothing wrong with communal, 
sleeping Renaissance 

4007
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:03,300
sensibilities, increasingly 
valued privacy and individual 

4008
03:32:03,300 --> 03:32:06,000
comfort. 
Married couples began sleeping 

4009
03:32:06,000 --> 03:32:08,600
in their rooms and children 
would give them their beds 

4010
03:32:08,600 --> 03:32:10,600
rather than sharing with parents
or siblings. 

4011
03:32:11,500 --> 03:32:14,300
This shift toward individual 
sleeping spaces was a 

4012
03:32:14,300 --> 03:32:17,100
significant cultural change that
would continue into the modern 

4013
03:32:17,100 --> 03:32:19,900
era. 
The Renaissance also saw the 

4014
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:22,300
development of the first 
specialized children's beds, 

4015
03:32:22,300 --> 03:32:25,600
instead of just making smaller 
versions of adult beds. 

4016
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:29,400
Furniture makers began creating 
beds specifically designed for 

4017
03:32:29,400 --> 03:32:32,200
children children's needs. 
These beds were lowered to the 

4018
03:32:32,208 --> 03:32:35,800
ground, had protective railings 
and were designed to be safe and

4019
03:32:35,800 --> 03:32:38,900
comfortable for young sleepers. 
The idea that children might 

4020
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:41,600
have different sleeping needs 
than adults was revolutionary. 

4021
03:32:42,500 --> 03:32:45,200
Renaissance beds were also the 
first to feature Storage 

4022
03:32:45,200 --> 03:32:49,200
Solutions, many Renaissance beds
had built-in chests or drawers 

4023
03:32:49,200 --> 03:32:52,600
underneath the sleeping surface.
Providing storage for bed, 

4024
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:54,100
linens, clothing, and personal 
items. 

4025
03:32:55,100 --> 03:32:58,000
This Innovation held significant
importance during a period when 

4026
03:32:58,000 --> 03:33:01,300
closets were scarce and storage 
space was highly valued. 

4027
03:33:02,200 --> 03:33:04,500
The Renaissance period 
established, many of the basic 

4028
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:06,800
principles of comfortable 
sleeping that we still use 

4029
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:09,300
today. 
The idea of layered bedding. 

4030
03:33:09,300 --> 03:33:12,100
Supportive, mattresses 
comfortable, pillows and private

4031
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:14,600
sleeping spaces. 
All Trace back to Renaissance in

4032
03:33:14,600 --> 03:33:17,100
Innovations. 
During this period we 

4033
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:19,800
essentially figured out what 
makes a good bed despite the 

4034
03:33:19,800 --> 03:33:21,600
dramatic improvements in 
technology. 

4035
03:33:21,600 --> 03:33:24,800
The Industrial Revolution 
fundamentally transformed the 

4036
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:27,700
way people slept with most of 
the changes occurring more 

4037
03:33:27,700 --> 03:33:31,400
quickly than you could say. 
Factory made mattress, suddenly 

4038
03:33:31,400 --> 03:33:34,700
beds that had been luxury items 
for the wealthy became available

4039
03:33:34,700 --> 03:33:37,000
to Ordinary People and 
innovations. 

4040
03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:39,800
That had taken centuries to 
develop were being improved upon

4041
03:33:39,800 --> 03:33:44,000
every few years. 
The 1850s saw the development of

4042
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:46,200
the coil spring mattress 
marking. 

4043
03:33:46,200 --> 03:33:49,600
The first major change this 
breakthrough was revolutionary 

4044
03:33:49,600 --> 03:33:51,500
because it provided support and 
comfort. 

4045
03:33:51,500 --> 03:33:54,300
That was far superior to 
anything that had come before. 

4046
03:33:54,300 --> 03:33:57,800
Instead of sleeping on stuffed 
fabric sacks, that gradually 

4047
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:00,900
compressed and lost their shape.
People could now sleep on 

4048
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:04,100
mattresses that maintain their 
support and bounce back night 

4049
03:34:04,100 --> 03:34:06,700
after night. 
The coil spring mattress, 

4050
03:34:06,700 --> 03:34:10,200
quickly established itself as 
the standard width variation 

4051
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:13,100
still in use today. 
Mass production meant that 

4052
03:34:13,100 --> 03:34:15,400
mattresses could be made 
consistently and affordably. 

4053
03:34:15,400 --> 03:34:18,500
Instead of having to commission,
a custom mattress from a local 

4054
03:34:18,500 --> 03:34:21,500
crafts person, people could buy 
ready-made mattresses from 

4055
03:34:21,500 --> 03:34:25,400
stores, this democratization of 
comfort meant that working 

4056
03:34:25,400 --> 03:34:26,900
class. 
Families could have sleeping 

4057
03:34:26,900 --> 03:34:29,400
Arrangements that were 
comparable to what, only the 

4058
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:31,400
wealthy had enjoyed in previous 
centuries. 

4059
03:34:32,200 --> 03:34:34,700
The Industrial Age also brought 
significant improvements in 

4060
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:36,600
Bedding. 
Materials, the development of 

4061
03:34:36,600 --> 03:34:39,600
cotton Mills made cotton sheets 
and pillowcases widely available

4062
03:34:39,600 --> 03:34:42,400
and affordable. 
Cotton was softer more 

4063
03:34:42,400 --> 03:34:45,800
breathable and easier to clean 
than the rough linen or wool 

4064
03:34:45,800 --> 03:34:47,800
bedding. 
Most used the ability to have 

4065
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:50,600
soft washable, sheets 
represented a major advance in 

4066
03:34:50,600 --> 03:34:54,300
both comfort and hygiene Iron 
and Steel bed frames became 

4067
03:34:54,300 --> 03:34:57,400
popular during this period. 
Replacing wooden frames for many

4068
03:34:57,400 --> 03:34:59,800
people. 
These Metal Frames were stronger

4069
03:34:59,800 --> 03:35:03,100
more durable, and less likely to
Harbor, insects than wooden 

4070
03:35:03,100 --> 03:35:05,400
frames. 
They were also much easier to 

4071
03:35:05,400 --> 03:35:07,100
mass produce which made them 
more affordable. 

4072
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:11,100
The classic iron bed frame with 
its distinctive vertical bars 

4073
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:15,000
and simple design became a 
symbol of the Industrial Age in 

4074
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:17,200
Industrial Revolution. 
Also brought the first real 

4075
03:35:17,200 --> 03:35:19,100
understanding of sleep, hygiene 
and health. 

4076
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:22,800
Medical professionals began 
studying sleep, in its effects 

4077
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:25,500
on health leading to 
recommendations about mattress 

4078
03:35:25,500 --> 03:35:28,900
firmness room ventilation and 
sleeping positions. 

4079
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:32,300
This scientific approach to 
sleep was a departure from the 

4080
03:35:32,300 --> 03:35:35,400
folk wisdom and superstitions 
that had guided sleeping 

4081
03:35:35,400 --> 03:35:38,700
arrangements for centuries. 
One particularly important in 

4082
03:35:38,700 --> 03:35:41,100
Innovation, was the development 
of the box springs. 

4083
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:45,100
Instead of placing mattresses 
directly on rope, or wooden slat

4084
03:35:45,100 --> 03:35:48,700
frame's, manufacturers began 
creating specialized Foundation 

4085
03:35:48,700 --> 03:35:52,400
Systems that provided additional
support in extended mattress, 

4086
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:54,900
life. 
The box spring combined with the

4087
03:35:54,908 --> 03:35:58,500
coil spring mattress, created a 
sleeping system that was far, 

4088
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:00,400
superior to anything that had 
existed before. 

4089
03:36:01,400 --> 03:36:04,100
The Industrial Age also saw the 
development of specialized 

4090
03:36:04,100 --> 03:36:07,400
bedding for different needs. 
Manufacturers began producing 

4091
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:10,300
mattresses for children for 
people with medical conditions 

4092
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:14,000
and for different climates. 
This specialization represented 

4093
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:17,000
a recognition, that different 
people had different sleeping 

4094
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:20,400
needs and that technology could 
be adapted to meet those needs. 

4095
03:36:21,200 --> 03:36:23,200
Department stores, 
revolutionized, how people 

4096
03:36:23,200 --> 03:36:26,100
bought bedding? 
Instead of visiting specialized 

4097
03:36:26,100 --> 03:36:29,300
crafts people or commissioning 
custom work, people could see 

4098
03:36:29,300 --> 03:36:32,600
and compare different mattresses
sheets and pillows in large 

4099
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:35,800
retail spaces. 
This gave consumers much more 

4100
03:36:35,800 --> 03:36:39,400
choice and helped Drive 
Innovation as manufacturers 

4101
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:42,800
competed for customers, the 
development of reliable indoor 

4102
03:36:42,800 --> 03:36:44,300
heating. 
Also changed sleeping 

4103
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:47,500
Arrangement, significantly, 
People no longer needed to share

4104
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:50,100
beds for warmth. 
And bedrooms could be set from 

4105
03:36:50,100 --> 03:36:52,700
Living Spaces. 
This led to the development of 

4106
03:36:52,700 --> 03:36:55,600
the modern bedroom, as a private
individual space designed 

4107
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:59,100
specifically for sleeping. 
The Industrial Age brought the 

4108
03:36:59,100 --> 03:37:01,100
first real advertising for Sleep
Products. 

4109
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:04,600
Mattress manufacturers began 
making claims about the health 

4110
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:07,800
benefits of their products, the 
superiority of their materials 

4111
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:11,800
and the importance of Excellence
sleep, This was the beginning of

4112
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:14,800
the modern sleep industry, which
would eventually become a 

4113
03:37:14,800 --> 03:37:18,100
multi-billion Dollar business. 
Mail, order catalogs, made it 

4114
03:37:18,100 --> 03:37:21,000
possible for people in rural 
areas to buy the same quality 

4115
03:37:21,000 --> 03:37:24,200
bedding as City dwellers. 
Companies, like Sears and 

4116
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:26,600
Montgomery Ward, offered 
mattresses bed frames and 

4117
03:37:26,608 --> 03:37:29,600
bedding through their catalogs, 
bringing Industrial Age. 

4118
03:37:29,600 --> 03:37:32,200
Comfort people who had 
previously been limited to local

4119
03:37:32,200 --> 03:37:34,300
products, The Industrial 
Revolution. 

4120
03:37:34,300 --> 03:37:37,500
Also led the initial 
standardization of bed sizes 

4121
03:37:37,500 --> 03:37:41,300
instead of custom-made beds that
varied depending on the crafts 

4122
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:43,900
person and customer 
manufacturers began producing 

4123
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:46,900
beds in standard sizes. 
This made it easier to buy 

4124
03:37:46,900 --> 03:37:49,800
bedding, and meant that a 
mattress port in one city would 

4125
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:53,100
fit a bed frame bought in 
another Working conditions 

4126
03:37:53,100 --> 03:37:55,700
during the Industrial Age. 
Also highlighted the important 

4127
03:37:55,700 --> 03:37:58,700
of good sleep. 
Factory workers who had to wake 

4128
03:37:58,700 --> 03:38:01,300
up early and work long hours 
needed better sleep than had 

4129
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:03,500
been necessary and agricultural 
societies. 

4130
03:38:04,300 --> 03:38:07,300
This created demand for more 
comfortable bedding and led to 

4131
03:38:07,300 --> 03:38:10,100
Innovations designed to help 
people fall asleep, faster, and 

4132
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:13,200
sleep, more soundly. 
The Industrial Age of the 

4133
03:38:13,200 --> 03:38:15,200
foundation for modern sleep 
technology. 

4134
03:38:15,200 --> 03:38:19,300
The basic concept of the coil, 
spring mattress, the box spring 

4135
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:22,900
foundation and mass-produced 
bedding, all originated during 

4136
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:25,700
this period. 
The Industrial Revolution 

4137
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:28,500
established, the fundamental 
approach to creating comfortable

4138
03:38:28,500 --> 03:38:31,800
beds, despite dramatic 
improvements in materials and 

4139
03:38:31,800 --> 03:38:35,000
construction techniques. 
And here we are in the modern 

4140
03:38:35,000 --> 03:38:38,200
era where your bed is probably 
more technologically advanced 

4141
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:40,300
than the computers that sent 
people to the Moon. 

4142
03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:44,600
The 20th and 21st centuries have
brought an explosion of 

4143
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:47,300
innovation in sleep technology. 
That would have seemed like 

4144
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:49,900
science fiction to people just a
few Generations ago. 

4145
03:38:51,000 --> 03:38:53,700
The development of synthetic 
materials, revolutionized 

4146
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:57,500
mattress Construction. 
Memory foam originally developed

4147
03:38:57,500 --> 03:38:59,900
by NASA to improve crash 
protection for astronauts. 

4148
03:38:59,900 --> 03:39:03,400
Became the foundation for a new 
generation of mattresses that 

4149
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:07,000
could conform to individual body
shapes and provide personalized 

4150
03:39:07,000 --> 03:39:09,400
support. 
The idea that your mattress 

4151
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:12,600
could remember your body's 
Contours and adapt accordingly 

4152
03:39:12,600 --> 03:39:15,600
was a concept that previous 
generations could have imagined 

4153
03:39:15,600 --> 03:39:19,100
latex mattresses brought 
natural, elasticity and 

4154
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:22,000
durability that surpassed 
traditional coil springs. 

4155
03:39:22,000 --> 03:39:25,400
These mattresses could provide 
Firm support while still 

4156
03:39:25,400 --> 03:39:28,400
conforming to body shapes and 
they lasted much longer than 

4157
03:39:28,400 --> 03:39:31,600
previous mattress types. 
The development of synthetic 

4158
03:39:31,600 --> 03:39:33,700
latex made. 
These benefits available at 

4159
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:37,200
reasonable prices, democratizing
comfort in ways that would have 

4160
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:40,200
amazed earlier Generations. 
The introduction of adjustable 

4161
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:42,300
beds, brought hospital-level, 
Comfort to home. 

4162
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:44,800
Bedrooms. 
These beds could be adjusted to 

4163
03:39:44,800 --> 03:39:47,800
provide optimal positioning for 
sleeping reading watching 

4164
03:39:47,800 --> 03:39:50,100
television or dealing with 
medical conditions. 

4165
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:53,800
The ability to adjust your bed's
position with the touch of a 

4166
03:39:53,800 --> 03:39:57,400
button represented, a level of 
convenience and customization 

4167
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,500
that surpassed anything in 
history. 

4168
03:40:00,900 --> 03:40:03,800
Temperature controlled became a 
major focus of modern sleep 

4169
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:07,700
technology, gel infused Foams, 
phase, change materials. 

4170
03:40:07,700 --> 03:40:10,700
And even water called mattresses
were developed to help people 

4171
03:40:10,700 --> 03:40:12,600
maintain optimal sleeping 
temperatures. 

4172
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:16,800
The recognition that temperature
regulation was crucial for good 

4173
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:19,600
sleep led to innovations that 
actively managed to Heaton 

4174
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:23,200
moisture throughout the night. 
Modern bedding materials have 

4175
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:26,200
achieved levels of softness and 
performance that would have been

4176
03:40:26,200 --> 03:40:28,300
impossible with natural 
materials alone. 

4177
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:32,100
Microfiber sheets can be softer 
than silk, while being more 

4178
03:40:32,100 --> 03:40:35,700
durable and easier to care for. 
Moisture wicking Fabrics, help 

4179
03:40:35,700 --> 03:40:38,700
regulate temperature and 
humidity creating optimal 

4180
03:40:38,700 --> 03:40:40,900
sleeping conditions regardless 
of seasonal. 

4181
03:40:40,900 --> 03:40:44,100
Climate The development of the 
Sleep industry is a major 

4182
03:40:44,108 --> 03:40:46,700
economic Force. 
Has driven continuous innovation

4183
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:49,800
companies spend millions of 
dollars, researching sleep 

4184
03:40:49,800 --> 03:40:53,500
patterns, testing new materials 
and developing products that 

4185
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,600
promise better rest. 
This competition has led to 

4186
03:40:56,600 --> 03:41:00,000
Rapid advances in mattress. 
Technology bedding, materials 

4187
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:03,500
and sleep accessories. 
Sleep tracking technology has 

4188
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:06,500
given people unprecedented 
insight into their sleep 

4189
03:41:06,500 --> 03:41:10,500
patterns devices that monitor 
movement, heart rate and sleep 

4190
03:41:10,500 --> 03:41:12,200
stages. 
Provide detailed information 

4191
03:41:12,200 --> 03:41:13,900
about Sleep Quality and 
duration. 

4192
03:41:14,700 --> 03:41:17,500
This data-driven approach to 
sleep represents a return to the

4193
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:20,500
scientific study of sleep that 
began during the Industrial Age.

4194
03:41:20,500 --> 03:41:24,500
But with far more sophisticated 
tools and understanding, the 

4195
03:41:24,500 --> 03:41:27,000
internet has revolutionized, how
people buy mattresses and 

4196
03:41:27,000 --> 03:41:30,000
bedding online retailers, 
offered details product 

4197
03:41:30,000 --> 03:41:33,800
information, customer reviews. 
And even sleep trials that allow

4198
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:35,800
people to test mattresses in 
their homes. 

4199
03:41:36,600 --> 03:41:39,100
The internet has made it easier 
for people to find products that

4200
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:41,000
meet their specific needs and 
preferences. 

4201
03:41:41,000 --> 03:41:44,400
Modern, understanding of sleep 
science as led to products 

4202
03:41:44,400 --> 03:41:48,000
designed for specific sleep 
positions, body types, and 

4203
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:50,900
medical conditions. 
Side sleepers, combine 

4204
03:41:50,900 --> 03:41:52,800
mattresses optimized for their 
sleeping position. 

4205
03:41:52,800 --> 03:41:56,300
While people with back problems,
can find products specifically 

4206
03:41:56,300 --> 03:41:58,400
designed to provide proper 
spinal alignment. 

4207
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:02,400
This level of customization 
represents a sophisticated 

4208
03:42:02,400 --> 03:42:05,300
understanding of how different 
people have different sleep 

4209
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:08,000
needs. 
The development of organic and 

4210
03:42:08,000 --> 03:42:09,700
natural bedding. 
Materials is brought together 

4211
03:42:09,700 --> 03:42:13,600
Modern Performance with 
traditional materials, organic 

4212
03:42:13,600 --> 03:42:16,200
cotton natural latex and wool 
bedding. 

4213
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:19,600
Provide the benefits of natural 
materials while meeting modern 

4214
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:21,300
standards for comfort and 
durability. 

4215
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:25,800
This trend represents a return 
to Natural materials, but with 

4216
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:29,100
the benefit of modern 
manufacturing techniques, smart 

4217
03:42:29,100 --> 03:42:31,200
beds are at the Forefront of 
sleep technology. 

4218
03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:34,900
These beds can automatically 
adjust firmness temperature and 

4219
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:37,800
position based on sleep patterns
and preferences. 

4220
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:41,900
Some can even track Sleep 
Quality and make recommendations

4221
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:44,800
for improvement. 
A bed that actively Works to 

4222
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:46,100
improve. 
Your sleep would have seemed 

4223
03:42:46,100 --> 03:42:48,300
like Pure Fantasy to previous 
generation. 

4224
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:52,700
The modern Sleep Revolution has 
also brought an understanding of

4225
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:55,500
the importance of sleep for 
overall health and well-being. 

4226
03:42:56,500 --> 03:42:59,500
Researchers shown that adequate 
sleep is crucial for physical 

4227
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,700
health, mental performance and 
emotional stability. 

4228
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:06,200
This awareness has led to 
increase investment in sleep 

4229
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:09,200
technology and a recognition. 
That good bedding is an 

4230
03:43:09,200 --> 03:43:11,600
investment in health, not just 
comfort. 

4231
03:43:12,600 --> 03:43:15,700
As you settle into your modern 
bed tonight, with its carefully 

4232
03:43:15,700 --> 03:43:19,100
engineered support system, 
temperature regulating materials

4233
03:43:19,100 --> 03:43:23,300
and precisely designed Comfort 
layers, your participating in a 

4234
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:24,600
tradition that stretches back to
those. 

4235
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:27,800
First grass, beds in South 
African caves the drive. 

4236
03:43:27,800 --> 03:43:30,100
To create better. 
Sleeping conditions has been a 

4237
03:43:30,100 --> 03:43:31,300
constant throughout human 
history. 

4238
03:43:31,300 --> 03:43:34,400
Leading us from simple. 
Piles of aromatic leaves to the 

4239
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:36,600
sophisticated sleep systems we 
have today. 

4240
03:43:37,700 --> 03:43:40,300
The journey from sleeping on the
ground to sleeping on memory 

4241
03:43:40,300 --> 03:43:43,000
foam has been long and 
fascinating filled with 

4242
03:43:43,008 --> 03:43:46,200
Innovations setbacks and gradual
improvements. 

4243
03:43:46,200 --> 03:43:49,500
Each generation has built upon 
the discoveries of the previous 

4244
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:52,600
one creating better and more 
comfortable ways to get a good 

4245
03:43:52,608 --> 03:43:56,500
night's rest and who knows the 
bed your sleeping on tonight 

4246
03:43:56,500 --> 03:43:58,200
might seem primitive to Future 
Generations. 

4247
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:01,500
Who will undoubtedly find even 
better ways to achieve the 

4248
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:05,900
perfect night's sleep. 
Sweet dreams and remember your 

4249
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:10,500
sleeping better than 99.9% of 
all humans who have ever lived. 

4250
03:44:11,300 --> 03:44:14,000
That's worth appreciating as you
drift off to sleep, on your 

4251
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:16,200
modern Miracle of comfort and 
engineering. 

4252
03:44:17,300 --> 03:44:19,900
But if that insomnia is still 
kicking, don't worry. 

4253
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:23,400
I will always have other stories
of mine told here from the past 

4254
03:44:23,400 --> 03:44:27,100
to help you get that rest, no 
matter what it takes sleep. 

4255
03:44:27,100 --> 03:44:30,500
Well, my friends and I will 
catch you later as I always do. 

4256
03:44:37,400 --> 03:44:40,300
Picture this. 
It's a crisp morning in May 16 

4257
03:44:40,300 --> 03:44:43,100
and you're a respectable citizen
of Salem, Massachusetts. 

4258
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,800
Maybe you're a farmer, a 
merchant or a Craftsman. 

4259
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:49,900
Someone who's managed to stay 
out of trouble and earn a decent

4260
03:44:49,908 --> 03:44:51,400
living. 
In this Puritan Community, 

4261
03:44:51,400 --> 03:44:55,200
you're probably thinking about 
the day ahead, but wondering if 

4262
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:57,900
your crops Will Survive the late
spring Frost when there's a 

4263
03:44:57,908 --> 03:45:00,800
knock at your door. 
Standing on your threshold is 

4264
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:03,000
the town. 
Constable looking unusually 

4265
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:05,100
serious. 
He's not here about your 

4266
03:45:05,100 --> 03:45:08,100
neighbor's wandering pig, or a 
dispute over property lines 

4267
03:45:08,100 --> 03:45:10,500
know. 
Today, he's carrying a list of 

4268
03:45:10,508 --> 03:45:13,800
names and unfortunately, for 
you, yours is on it. 

4269
03:45:13,800 --> 03:45:17,400
You've been selected to serve on
a special court jury to hear 

4270
03:45:17,400 --> 03:45:20,300
cases involving witchcraft, 
congratulations. 

4271
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:23,300
You've just won the colonial 
equivalent of the world's worst 

4272
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:26,000
Lottery. 
Now, you might think jury duty 

4273
03:45:26,000 --> 03:45:28,800
sounds like a Civic honor, a 
chance to serve your community 

4274
03:45:28,800 --> 03:45:32,100
and uphold Justice after all, 
you're a God fearing person who 

4275
03:45:32,100 --> 03:45:35,600
believes in doing what's right? 
But as the Constable explains 

4276
03:45:35,600 --> 03:45:38,800
your duties and not begins 
forming in your stomach, this 

4277
03:45:38,800 --> 03:45:41,500
isn't going to be like deciding 
whether someone stole a chicken 

4278
03:45:41,500 --> 03:45:45,000
or fail to pay their debts. 
You're going to be determining 

4279
03:45:45,000 --> 03:45:48,500
whether your neighbor's people, 
you've known for years are in 

4280
03:45:48,500 --> 03:45:51,800
League with the Devil Himself. 
The weight of this 

4281
03:45:51,800 --> 03:45:54,900
responsibility, settles on your 
shoulders, like a heavy, Woolen 

4282
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:58,400
cloak in your Puritan World, 
which craft isn't just a crime. 

4283
03:45:58,400 --> 03:46:02,400
It's the ultimate sin, a 
betrayal of God that threatens 

4284
03:46:02,400 --> 03:46:04,200
the very fabric of your 
community. 

4285
03:46:05,000 --> 03:46:08,400
The Bible is clear, Thou shalt 
not suffer a witch to live. 

4286
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:12,400
If you find someone guilty, 
you're essentially signing their

4287
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:15,000
death warrant. 
If you find them innocent, when 

4288
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:17,900
they're actually guilty, you 
might be allowing Satan's 

4289
03:46:17,900 --> 03:46:20,300
influence to spread through your
town, like a plague. 

4290
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:22,800
As you stand there in your 
doorway. 

4291
03:46:22,800 --> 03:46:26,500
Listening to the Constable's 
words, you realize your peaceful

4292
03:46:26,500 --> 03:46:29,100
life is about to become 
incredibly complicated. 

4293
03:46:29,100 --> 03:46:33,000
You can't. 
Exactly refuse jury service is 

4294
03:46:33,000 --> 03:46:35,500
mandatory. 
And besides, what would people 

4295
03:46:35,500 --> 03:46:38,400
think if you try to get out of 
it, would they wonder if you had

4296
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:42,400
something to hide in Salem, 
suspicions, faster than gossip 

4297
03:46:42,400 --> 03:46:44,400
and gossips spreads faster than 
fire. 

4298
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:47,300
The Constable hands. 
You a notice with the date and 

4299
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:50,400
time of the first trial, you'll 
be joining eight other men of 

4300
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:53,300
good standing to form. 
The jury, the trials will be 

4301
03:46:53,300 --> 03:46:56,400
held at the Salem townhouse in 
your expected to be there, 

4302
03:46:56,400 --> 03:47:00,000
bright and early. 
As he walks away you can't help 

4303
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,100
but notice how his shoulders 
seem tense, how he avoids, 

4304
03:47:03,100 --> 03:47:05,400
making eye contact with the 
neighbor's who peek out from 

4305
03:47:05,400 --> 03:47:08,900
behind their curtains. 
You close the door and lean 

4306
03:47:08,900 --> 03:47:11,700
against it trying to process 
what just happened? 

4307
03:47:12,400 --> 03:47:15,100
Your wife looks at you with 
concern and you have to break 

4308
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:16,900
the news that your summer is 
about to become. 

4309
03:47:16,900 --> 03:47:20,700
Very, very interesting, She 
doesn't say much but you can see

4310
03:47:20,700 --> 03:47:23,800
the worry in her eyes. 
Everyone in Salem knows that 

4311
03:47:23,800 --> 03:47:25,000
strange things have been 
happening. 

4312
03:47:25,000 --> 03:47:29,200
Young girls having fits 
accusations flying arrests being

4313
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:31,500
made. 
What started, as Whispers has 

4314
03:47:31,500 --> 03:47:34,800
grown into a full-blown crisis, 
the irony isn't lost on you. 

4315
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:37,800
Here, you are chosen to help, 
determine the truth about 

4316
03:47:37,800 --> 03:47:40,300
Witchcraft and you're not even 
entirely sure what which craft 

4317
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:42,900
looks like. 
Sure, you've heard the stories 

4318
03:47:42,900 --> 03:47:45,900
people flying through the air 
turning into animals making 

4319
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:48,600
pacts with the Devil. 
But you've never actually seen 

4320
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:51,800
any of this yourself. 
Most of what, you know comes 

4321
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:54,400
from sermon's. 
Gossip and the occasional 

4322
03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:57,300
pamphlet that makes its way to 
Salem from Boston or Europe. 

4323
03:47:58,100 --> 03:48:00,900
As you prepare for bed that 
night, you can't shake the 

4324
03:48:00,900 --> 03:48:03,800
feeling that your life has just 
taken a turn into Uncharted 

4325
03:48:03,800 --> 03:48:07,000
Territory tomorrow. 
You'll begin a journey that will

4326
03:48:07,000 --> 03:48:11,000
test, not just your judgment, 
but your courage, your faith and

4327
03:48:11,000 --> 03:48:12,900
your ability to sleep soundly at
night. 

4328
03:48:13,800 --> 03:48:16,200
Because, once you've looked into
the eyes of an accused witch and

4329
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:20,000
decided their fate, there's no 
going back to the simpletons of 

4330
03:48:20,000 --> 03:48:22,300
your old life. 
The morning of your first trial 

4331
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:25,000
arrives with an unseasonable 
chill, that seems to seep into 

4332
03:48:25,000 --> 03:48:28,100
your bones. 
You've barely slept tossing and 

4333
03:48:28,108 --> 03:48:29,900
turning as you wondered what the
day would bring. 

4334
03:48:31,000 --> 03:48:34,200
As you walk toward the Salem, 
townhouse, you notice other jury

4335
03:48:34,200 --> 03:48:35,900
members making their way through
the streets. 

4336
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:39,500
Some walk with purpose, others 
seem to drag their feet. 

4337
03:48:40,200 --> 03:48:42,900
Everyone looks a bit pale and 
you wonder if you look as 

4338
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:46,500
nervous as they do. 
The townhouse is buzzing with 

4339
03:48:46,500 --> 03:48:48,800
activity. 
When you arrive people have 

4340
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:52,200
gathered from all over Salem and
the surrounding areas drawn by a

4341
03:48:52,200 --> 03:48:55,700
mixture of curiosity fear and 
that peculiar human fascination 

4342
03:48:55,700 --> 03:48:58,700
with witnessing someone else's 
potential downfall. 

4343
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:02,900
The atmosphere is Electric in 
the worst possible way like the 

4344
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:06,500
air before a thunderstorm heavy 
with anticipation and Dread. 

4345
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,300
You take your place in the jury 
box and that's when you first 

4346
03:49:10,300 --> 03:49:12,300
notice, just how many eyes are 
on you. 

4347
03:49:13,200 --> 03:49:16,800
It's not just the spectators, 
it's the judges, the ministers, 

4348
03:49:16,800 --> 03:49:20,400
the town of officials and most 
unnerving of all the accusers 

4349
03:49:20,400 --> 03:49:22,900
themselves. 
These are the young women and 

4350
03:49:22,900 --> 03:49:26,100
girls who stranger fiction, 
started this whole mess and 

4351
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:27,500
they're watching you with an 
intensity. 

4352
03:49:27,500 --> 03:49:31,000
That makes your skin crawl. 
The first case is called your 

4353
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:34,600
shocked to see it. 
Someone, you know, Sarah Goode a

4354
03:49:34,600 --> 03:49:35,700
woman? 
You've seen around town for 

4355
03:49:35,700 --> 03:49:37,600
years? 
She's never been popular. 

4356
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:40,600
Admittedly, she's poor. 
She begs for food and she has a 

4357
03:49:40,608 --> 03:49:45,100
sharp tongue when people refuse 
her but a witch The accusation 

4358
03:49:45,100 --> 03:49:47,600
seems almost surreal as you 
watch her being led into the 

4359
03:49:47,600 --> 03:49:50,700
courtroom in Chains. 
What strikes you immediately is 

4360
03:49:50,700 --> 03:49:52,600
how the whole process feels like
theater. 

4361
03:49:52,600 --> 03:49:55,700
But theater, where the audience 
participation might get you 

4362
03:49:55,700 --> 03:49:59,900
killed The accusers, begin their
performance and it really does 

4363
03:49:59,900 --> 03:50:03,600
feel like a performance. 
They arrived, they scream and 

4364
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,600
they came to see good Specter, 
tormenting them right there in 

4365
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:09,400
the courtroom. 
The judges nod Gravely, the 

4366
03:50:09,400 --> 03:50:12,900
ministers quotes, scripture and 
the crowd murmurs with a mixture

4367
03:50:12,900 --> 03:50:15,900
of horror and Fascination. 
You find yourself in an 

4368
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:19,200
impossible position on one hand,
you're supposed to be an 

4369
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:22,400
impartial juror, weighing 
evidence and seeking truth. 

4370
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:25,800
On the other hand, everyone in 
that courtroom seems to have 

4371
03:50:25,800 --> 03:50:29,000
already decided that witchcraft 
is real, that these accusers are

4372
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:32,300
legitimate victims and that your
job is simply to confirm what 

4373
03:50:32,300 --> 03:50:35,900
everyone already believes. 
The pressure is suffocating, the

4374
03:50:35,900 --> 03:50:38,400
worst part is the way the 
accusers react to your very 

4375
03:50:38,400 --> 03:50:41,200
presents. 
When you shift in your seat or 

4376
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:44,500
lean forward to hear testimony 
better, they sometimes cry out 

4377
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:47,100
that you're affecting them. 
Somehow, are you in League with 

4378
03:50:47,100 --> 03:50:49,000
the accused? 
Are you a witch yourself? 

4379
03:50:50,000 --> 03:50:53,200
The paranoia in the room is so 
thick, you could cut it with a 

4380
03:50:53,200 --> 03:50:56,800
knife and you realize that even 
as a juror you're not safe from 

4381
03:50:56,800 --> 03:50:59,200
suspicion. 
As the day wears on. 

4382
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:02,200
You begin to understand that 
this isn't really about evidence

4383
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:05,700
in any conventional sense. 
The main proof being offered is 

4384
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:09,500
spectral evidence testimony that
the accused person's Spirit or 

4385
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:11,800
Specter was seen committing 
malicious Acts. 

4386
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:15,900
But here's the problem only the 
accusers can see these specters 

4387
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:19,200
you're being asked to convict 
someone based on testimony about

4388
03:51:19,200 --> 03:51:21,900
invisible actions, that only 
certain people claimed to 

4389
03:51:21,908 --> 03:51:24,300
witness. 
The judges seemed convinced that

4390
03:51:24,300 --> 03:51:28,000
spectral evidence is valid 
citing learned trees and 

4391
03:51:28,000 --> 03:51:31,300
Theological arguments. 
But you can't shake the feeling 

4392
03:51:31,300 --> 03:51:33,700
that something is fundamentally 
wrong with this logic. 

4393
03:51:34,500 --> 03:51:37,500
If only the accusers can see the
evidence, how can you verify it?

4394
03:51:37,500 --> 03:51:40,900
How can you cross examine a 
ghost, how can you determine if 

4395
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:42,800
what they're seeing is real or 
imagined? 

4396
03:51:43,500 --> 03:51:45,500
Making matters worse your 
beginning. 

4397
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:47,800
To notice patterns in the 
accusations that trouble. 

4398
03:51:47,800 --> 03:51:50,800
You the accused tend to be 
people who don't fit and well, 

4399
03:51:50,800 --> 03:51:54,800
the poor, the argumentative, the
eccentric, Meanwhile the 

4400
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:57,700
accusers are mostly young women 
from prominent families and 

4401
03:51:57,700 --> 03:51:59,700
their accusations carry a normal
weight. 

4402
03:51:59,700 --> 03:52:02,700
You start to wonder if there 
might be social and economic 

4403
03:52:02,700 --> 03:52:05,000
factors at play here that have 
nothing to do with the 

4404
03:52:05,000 --> 03:52:08,000
supernatural. 
But expressing these doubts 

4405
03:52:08,000 --> 03:52:11,400
would be incredibly dangerous, 
the judges ministers and 

4406
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:14,000
Community leaders. 
All seem United in their belief 

4407
03:52:14,000 --> 03:52:16,400
that Salem is under attack by 
Satan himself. 

4408
03:52:17,500 --> 03:52:20,000
To question the proceedings 
might be seen as questioning 

4409
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:24,400
God's will or worse as evidence 
that you yourself are influenced

4410
03:52:24,400 --> 03:52:27,100
by dark Forces. 
You're trapped between your 

4411
03:52:27,100 --> 03:52:30,300
growing skepticism and you'll 
need to appear as a faithful 

4412
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:32,000
Orthodox member of the 
community. 

4413
03:52:33,000 --> 03:52:36,300
As the first day ends and you 
walk home through the Twilight. 

4414
03:52:36,300 --> 03:52:38,900
You realize that being on this 
jury isn't just about 

4415
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:42,500
determining guilt or innocence. 
It's about navigating a social 

4416
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,600
and political Minefield where 
one wrong step could make you 

4417
03:52:45,600 --> 03:52:48,700
the next Target. 
The comfortable certainty of 

4418
03:52:48,700 --> 03:52:51,600
your old life, feel like a 
distant memory, replaced by the 

4419
03:52:51,600 --> 03:52:54,300
constant stress of trying to do 
the right thing, when you're not

4420
03:52:54,300 --> 03:52:55,900
even sure what the right thing 
is anymore. 

4421
03:52:55,900 --> 03:52:58,200
By your third day. 
In the jury box, you've 

4422
03:52:58,200 --> 03:53:00,400
developed what you privately 
call the Salem. 

4423
03:53:00,400 --> 03:53:04,100
Stair, that hallowed look of 
someone who seemed too much and 

4424
03:53:04,100 --> 03:53:08,200
slept to little the accusers of 
elevated to the status of stars 

4425
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:10,800
in this somber theater. 
Allowing you to witness their 

4426
03:53:10,800 --> 03:53:12,300
increasingly? 
Dramatic performance. 

4427
03:53:12,300 --> 03:53:16,400
Is up close. 
Today's main accuser is Abigail 

4428
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:18,800
Williams. 
Reverend Parris is 11 year old 

4429
03:53:18,800 --> 03:53:21,900
niece. 
She small for her age with sharp

4430
03:53:21,900 --> 03:53:24,400
features and eyes that seemed to
take in everything. 

4431
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:28,200
When Abigail points at the 
accused and screams that she can

4432
03:53:28,200 --> 03:53:31,200
see their Specter pinching and 
choking her, the entire 

4433
03:53:31,200 --> 03:53:34,500
courtroom becomes silent. 
You find yourself studying her 

4434
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:38,200
face, trying to determine if her
terror is genuine or performed 

4435
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:42,800
and the fact that you can't tell
makes your stomach churn What's 

4436
03:53:42,800 --> 03:53:45,700
particularly unsettling, is how 
the accusers seem to feed off 

4437
03:53:45,700 --> 03:53:48,800
each other's energy. 
When one girl starts having fits

4438
03:53:48,800 --> 03:53:52,100
the others quickly, follow suit.
As if Supernatural Affliction 

4439
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,400
were contagious, they convulse. 
They shriek and they claimed to 

4440
03:53:55,400 --> 03:53:58,800
see yellow birds perched on the 
accused fingers or black dogs 

4441
03:53:58,800 --> 03:54:00,400
lurking in the corners of the 
courtroom. 

4442
03:54:01,500 --> 03:54:05,100
The judges treat each Outburst 
as crucial evidence scribbling 

4443
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:07,800
notes furiously and asking 
probing questions about the 

4444
03:54:07,800 --> 03:54:10,300
exact nature of what the girls 
are experiencing. 

4445
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:13,700
You notice that the accusers 
never seem to be afflicted when 

4446
03:54:13,700 --> 03:54:17,100
there are outside the courtroom.
They walk in looking perfectly 

4447
03:54:17,100 --> 03:54:20,300
normal chat quietly with their 
families and even smile 

4448
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:23,900
occasionally But the moment, the
proceedings begin, they 

4449
03:54:23,900 --> 03:54:26,600
transform into tortured victims 
of Supernatural? 

4450
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:29,000
Assault. 
It's like watching someone flip 

4451
03:54:29,000 --> 03:54:32,200
a switch and you can't help but 
wonder if that's exactly what's 

4452
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:35,200
happening. 
The social dynamics in the 

4453
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:37,700
courtroom of becoming clearer to
you with each passing day. 

4454
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,300
The accusers come from families 
within fluence and standing in 

4455
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:46,200
the community when they speak in
listen, when they cry out in 

4456
03:54:46,200 --> 03:54:48,800
pain, those same men spring into
action. 

4457
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:51,800
You're watching young women 
wield, a kind of power that 

4458
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:55,400
would normally be Unthinkable in
puritan society and they seem to

4459
03:54:55,400 --> 03:54:57,200
understand exactly how to use 
it. 

4460
03:54:58,100 --> 03:55:00,900
Meanwhile, the accused were 
almost always marginalized 

4461
03:55:00,900 --> 03:55:04,400
individuals, the impoverished, 
the argumentative and the 

4462
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,900
unconventional. often after 
spending weeks in the miserable 

4463
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:11,100
conditions of Salem jail, their 
arrive looking Haggard and 

4464
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,200
frightened, They're given little
opportunity to defend 

4465
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:17,400
themselves, effectively, and 
when they do speak, their words 

4466
03:55:17,408 --> 03:55:19,300
are often twisted and used 
against them. 

4467
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:22,000
If they maintained their 
innocence, their accused of 

4468
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:25,100
lying, if they confess 
authorities, asked them to 

4469
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:28,400
identify their accomplices, 
you're starting to realize that 

4470
03:55:28,400 --> 03:55:31,600
confession might actually be the
safest route for the accused 

4471
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:35,200
even if their innocent, those 
who can confess are often spared

4472
03:55:35,200 --> 03:55:37,300
execution. 
While those who maintain their 

4473
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:40,600
innocence are more likely to 
face the Gallows, It's a 

4474
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,200
perverse system that seems to 
reward false confessions while 

4475
03:55:43,200 --> 03:55:45,200
punishing truthful, Declaration 
of Innocence. 

4476
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:49,800
Pressure on you, as a juror is 
intensified after each day's 

4477
03:55:49,800 --> 03:55:51,700
testimony. 
You're expected to discuss the 

4478
03:55:51,700 --> 03:55:54,600
case with your fellow jurors, 
but these conversations feel 

4479
03:55:54,600 --> 03:55:57,500
more like exercises in group 
Conformity than genuine, 

4480
03:55:57,500 --> 03:56:01,500
deliberation anyone who 
expresses too much skepticism is

4481
03:56:01,500 --> 03:56:04,200
met with sharp looks and pointed
questions about their own 

4482
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,800
spiritual state. 
The message is clear on us, 

4483
03:56:07,800 --> 03:56:10,100
Christians believe in the 
reality of which craft and The 

4484
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:13,000
credibility of the accusers. 
What's making you lose? 

4485
03:56:13,000 --> 03:56:14,900
Sleep? 
Is the growing realization that 

4486
03:56:14,900 --> 03:56:18,100
your part of system that seems 
designed to produce guilty 

4487
03:56:18,100 --> 03:56:20,500
verdicts regardless of actual 
guilt or innocence. 

4488
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:24,800
The Rules of Evidence favor, the
accusers, the judges are clearly

4489
03:56:24,800 --> 03:56:27,700
biased and the community 
pressure is enormous. 

4490
03:56:27,700 --> 03:56:31,600
You're supposed to be seeking 
truth and justice but it feels 

4491
03:56:31,600 --> 03:56:34,100
more like your participating in 
a ritual that is already 

4492
03:56:34,100 --> 03:56:35,500
predetermined. 
Its outcome. 

4493
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:38,800
The worst part is when you catch
yourself getting caught up in 

4494
03:56:38,800 --> 03:56:42,000
the Hysteria, During 
particularly dramatic testimony,

4495
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:45,800
you sometimes find yourself 
believing or at least wanting to

4496
03:56:45,808 --> 03:56:48,800
believe that, what your 
witnessing is real Supernatural,

4497
03:56:48,800 --> 03:56:53,200
activity, the alternative that 
this is all elaborate deception 

4498
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:56,400
or Master delusion is almost too
disturbing to contemplate. 

4499
03:56:56,400 --> 03:56:58,900
It would mean that your 
community has lost its 

4500
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:01,900
Collective mind and that your 
complicit in a series of 

4501
03:57:01,908 --> 03:57:05,800
terrible, Injustice is As you 
walk home after another day of 

4502
03:57:05,800 --> 03:57:09,300
accusation and Supernatural 
claims you can't help but notice

4503
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:12,400
how the town has changed. 
People view each other with 

4504
03:57:12,400 --> 03:57:16,000
suspicion conversations halt, 
when strangers approach and 

4505
03:57:16,000 --> 03:57:19,900
everyone appears to be cautious 
The sense of community that once

4506
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:23,400
held Salem together, is 
dissolving replaced by fear and 

4507
03:57:23,400 --> 03:57:26,700
mistrust. 
And you as a member of the jury 

4508
03:57:26,700 --> 03:57:29,900
a right in the middle of it all 
trying to maintain your sanity 

4509
03:57:29,900 --> 03:57:33,200
and your conscience in a world 
seems to have lost both three 

4510
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:35,800
weeks in to your jury service. 
You've learned to recognize the 

4511
03:57:35,800 --> 03:57:38,200
sound of accusations before, 
they are even spoken. 

4512
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:41,800
There's a particular rustling in
the courtroom a collective 

4513
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:44,800
intake of breath and then the 
pointed finger that could seal 

4514
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:48,200
someone's fate. 
Today that finger is pointing at

4515
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:50,900
someone who makes your blood run
cold Martha. 

4516
03:57:50,900 --> 03:57:53,300
Corey, a woman you've known for 
over a decade. 

4517
03:57:53,300 --> 03:57:55,600
Martha has always been a bit 
outspoken. 

4518
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:58,400
Questioning, certain aspects of 
the witch trials from the 

4519
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:00,200
beginning. 
She's made the mistake of 

4520
03:58:00,208 --> 03:58:02,900
suggesting that the accusers 
might not be entirely reliable. 

4521
03:58:02,900 --> 03:58:05,800
That perhaps the community was 
getting carried away with 

4522
03:58:05,800 --> 03:58:08,300
Supernatural explanations. 
For what might have natural 

4523
03:58:08,300 --> 03:58:12,200
causes now, she standing in the 
dock accused of the very 

4524
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:15,200
witchcraft, she questioned and 
you can see the cruel irony 

4525
03:58:15,200 --> 03:58:18,100
isn't lost on her. 
The accusers are in fine formed 

4526
03:58:18,100 --> 03:58:21,500
today rising and screaming as 
they claim Martha's Specter as 

4527
03:58:21,508 --> 03:58:23,600
attacking them. 
But you remember Martha from 

4528
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:26,900
church from Community Gatherings
and from the time she's helped 

4529
03:58:26,900 --> 03:58:28,700
neighbors during illness or 
hardship. 

4530
03:58:28,700 --> 03:58:30,400
She sharp tongued. 
Yes. 

4531
03:58:30,400 --> 03:58:34,900
And not always diplomatic but 
evil a servant of Satan, the 

4532
03:58:34,900 --> 03:58:37,100
disconnect between the woman you
know and the monster being 

4533
03:58:37,100 --> 03:58:38,700
described in court is so 
jarring. 

4534
03:58:38,700 --> 03:58:41,400
It makes you dizzy. 
What's particularly disturbing 

4535
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:44,400
is how the accusers seem to know
exactly which buttons to push. 

4536
03:58:45,300 --> 03:58:47,600
They claim Martha's Specter 
appear to them in clothing. 

4537
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:50,400
That matches what she's wearing 
in court details. 

4538
03:58:50,400 --> 03:58:52,600
They couldn't possibly have 
known unless they'd seen her 

4539
03:58:52,600 --> 03:58:56,200
that morning, they described her
house, a habits, and her 

4540
03:58:56,200 --> 03:58:59,400
relationships with neighbors. 
You're also noticing how the 

4541
03:58:59,400 --> 03:59:01,700
accusations seem to follow 
patterns of social tension. 

4542
03:59:02,700 --> 03:59:04,400
Martha. 
Corey had disagreements with 

4543
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:06,600
some of the accusers families 
over Church matters. 

4544
03:59:06,600 --> 03:59:10,000
She'd been critical of Reverend 
Parris questioning, his salary, 

4545
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:12,500
and his methods. 
She'd spoken out against the 

4546
03:59:12,500 --> 03:59:15,500
witch trials themselves. 
Now, she's being accused by the 

4547
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:19,100
very people, she criticized. 
The Coincidence is too 

4548
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:21,200
convenient to ignore but 
pointing it out, would be 

4549
03:59:21,208 --> 03:59:24,400
incredibly dangerous, the 
evidence against Martha is the 

4550
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:27,500
same spectral testimony, you've 
been hearing for weeks, but 

4551
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,200
today it feels different. 
Maybe it's because, you know, 

4552
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:32,800
her personally, or maybe it's 
because you've been watching 

4553
03:59:32,800 --> 03:59:35,900
this process long enough to see 
the patterns, but the whole 

4554
03:59:35,900 --> 03:59:38,500
thing feels like, an elaborate 
performance designed to 

4555
03:59:38,500 --> 03:59:40,300
eliminate someone who has 
becoming convenient. 

4556
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:44,400
During the lunch break, you 
overhear conversations Among The

4557
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:46,000
Spectators that kill you to the 
bone. 

4558
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:48,200
People are discussing Martha's 
guilt. 

4559
03:59:48,200 --> 03:59:51,100
As if it's already been proven 
debating whether she should be 

4560
03:59:51,100 --> 03:59:54,300
hanging or pressed to death. 
summer, even wandering allowed 

4561
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:57,100
about her family members 
suggesting that witchcraft might

4562
03:59:57,100 --> 04:00:00,700
run in bloodlines The 
presumption of Innocents, a 

4563
04:00:00,700 --> 04:00:03,800
Cornerstone of Justice seems to 
have been completely abandoned. 

4564
04:00:04,800 --> 04:00:07,600
When Court resumes, you watch 
Martha attempted to defend 

4565
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:11,400
herself and it's heartbreaking. 
Every word she says is Twisted 

4566
04:00:11,400 --> 04:00:13,700
against her. 
When she maintains her 

4567
04:00:13,700 --> 04:00:16,900
innocence, She's accused of 
lying when she questions The 

4568
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:19,500
accusers, credibility. 
She's accused of trying to 

4569
04:00:19,500 --> 04:00:22,600
undermine God's work. 
When she grows frustrated with 

4570
04:00:22,600 --> 04:00:25,400
the proceedings, her anger is 
cited as evidence of her evil 

4571
04:00:25,400 --> 04:00:28,600
nature, it's like watching 
someone drown while being told 

4572
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:30,300
their struggles are proof. 
They can't swim. 

4573
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,300
The other jurors are watching 
you as much as they're watching 

4574
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:36,400
the proceedings, you can feel 
their eyes on you during the 

4575
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:39,300
most dramatic moments. 
Gauging your reactions. 

4576
04:00:39,300 --> 04:00:42,000
Checking to see if you're 
displaying the proper level of 

4577
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:46,100
horror and conviction. 
The social pressure is enormous 

4578
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,900
not just to find defendants 
guilty, but to be seen as 

4579
04:00:49,900 --> 04:00:52,900
someone who finds them guilty 
for the right reasons with the 

4580
04:00:52,908 --> 04:00:56,100
right level of religious fervor.
Your beginning to understand 

4581
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,100
that the witch trials aren't 
really about witchcraft at all. 

4582
04:00:59,100 --> 04:01:02,400
There are about power, social 
control, and the settling of old

4583
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:05,400
scores. 
The accusers of stumbled onto a 

4584
04:01:05,400 --> 04:01:08,200
method of wielding enormous 
influence and the community 

4585
04:01:08,200 --> 04:01:11,300
leaders are using the crisis to 
reinforce their Authority and 

4586
04:01:11,300 --> 04:01:14,500
eliminate troublemakers. 
The supernatural elements. 

4587
04:01:14,500 --> 04:01:16,000
Provide perfect. 
Cover for what? 

4588
04:01:16,000 --> 04:01:20,400
Essentially, a political Purge. 
As Martha is Led away to a white

4589
04:01:20,400 --> 04:01:22,500
sentencing. 
You catch her eye for just a 

4590
04:01:22,500 --> 04:01:24,400
moment. 
There's no evil there. 

4591
04:01:24,400 --> 04:01:27,100
No Malice just confusion and 
sadness. 

4592
04:01:28,200 --> 04:01:31,400
She looks like what she is. 
A middle-aged woman who spoke 

4593
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:34,500
her mind once too often and now 
faces death for it. 

4594
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:38,200
The weight of your 
responsibility as a juror feels 

4595
04:01:38,208 --> 04:01:40,800
crushing. 
You Hold This Woman's life in 

4596
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:43,300
your hands and you're beginning 
to realize that the system 

4597
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,700
you're part of is designed to 
take that life regardless of her

4598
04:01:46,700 --> 04:01:50,200
actual guilt or innocence. 
Walking home that evening. 

4599
04:01:50,200 --> 04:01:53,100
You can't shake the feeling that
Salem has become a place where 

4600
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:56,600
being different being outspoken 
or simply being unlucky. 

4601
04:01:56,600 --> 04:02:00,300
Can be a death sentence and you 
whether you like it or not or 

4602
04:02:00,300 --> 04:02:03,500
one of the people making those 
sentences possible fast-forward 

4603
04:02:03,500 --> 04:02:05,500
five weeks. 
In you've now developed a 

4604
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:07,100
nervous habit of checking your 
own behavior. 

4605
04:02:07,100 --> 04:02:10,600
For anything that might be 
construed a suspicious, do you 

4606
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:13,000
react appropriately when the 
accusers have their fits? 

4607
04:02:13,000 --> 04:02:14,800
Are you asking the wrong 
questions? 

4608
04:02:14,800 --> 04:02:17,600
Have you engaged in any 
questionable conversations? 

4609
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:20,000
Celebs paranoia is beginning to 
consume. 

4610
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,000
You a realization nearly as 
terrifying as the trials 

4611
04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:25,800
themselves. 
Today's case involves a man 

4612
04:02:25,800 --> 04:02:29,100
named John Proctor and his 
situation perfectly illustrates 

4613
04:02:29,100 --> 04:02:31,700
The Impossible logic that's 
taken over your community. 

4614
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:34,800
Proctor made the mistake of 
publicly criticizing the 

4615
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:38,400
accusers, calling them frauds 
and suggesting that they should 

4616
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:42,100
be whipped for their lives. 
His wife, Elizabeth has already 

4617
04:02:42,100 --> 04:02:45,700
been accused and arrested now. 
John himself is in the dock and 

4618
04:02:45,700 --> 04:02:47,500
the accusers. 
Acclaim, he's been tormenting 

4619
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:50,400
them for months. 
The evidence against Procter is 

4620
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:54,300
particularly absurd, even buy 
Salem standards the accusers 

4621
04:02:54,300 --> 04:02:55,600
claim. 
His Specter has been visiting 

4622
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:58,700
them, forcing them to sign the 
devil's book and torturing them 

4623
04:02:58,700 --> 04:03:01,000
when they refused. 
But here's the thing, that makes

4624
04:03:01,000 --> 04:03:03,700
your head spin Proctor has been 
in jail for weeks. 

4625
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:07,500
If the accusers are still being 
tormented by his Specter and 

4626
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:10,500
he's locked in a Cell. 
What exactly is preventing this 

4627
04:03:10,500 --> 04:03:14,600
alleged Supernatural activity. 
The judges seem untroubled by 

4628
04:03:14,600 --> 04:03:18,100
this logical inconsistency, but 
it's keeping you awake at night.

4629
04:03:18,900 --> 04:03:21,600
What's worse is watching, how 
Proctors attempts to defend 

4630
04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:24,300
himself a twisted into evidence 
of his guilt? 

4631
04:03:25,100 --> 04:03:27,400
When he points out the 
contradiction in the accuser's 

4632
04:03:27,400 --> 04:03:30,200
testimony, he is accused of 
trying to confuse the court with

4633
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:32,900
Satan's logic. 
When he maintains his innocence,

4634
04:03:32,900 --> 04:03:36,100
he's accused of prideful 
stubbornness when he shows 

4635
04:03:36,100 --> 04:03:38,300
anger, the Injustice of the 
preceding. 

4636
04:03:38,300 --> 04:03:41,600
His anger is cited as evidence 
of his evil nature. 

4637
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:45,000
It's like watching someone try 
to prove their not wet while 

4638
04:03:45,000 --> 04:03:48,500
being pushed deeper underwater, 
the accusers, have refined their

4639
04:03:48,500 --> 04:03:51,600
performance to an art form. 
They've learned exactly how to 

4640
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:53,700
time their Outburst for maximum 
effect. 

4641
04:03:53,700 --> 04:03:56,700
How to coordinate their 
afflictions to support each 

4642
04:03:56,700 --> 04:03:59,900
others claims and how to direct 
their accusations toward the 

4643
04:03:59,900 --> 04:04:03,500
most vulnerable targets. 
Today, they're putting on a 

4644
04:04:03,500 --> 04:04:06,600
particularly elaborate show. 
Claiming to see Proctor's 

4645
04:04:06,600 --> 04:04:09,100
Specter right there in the 
courtroom mimicking, their 

4646
04:04:09,100 --> 04:04:10,800
movements and mocking their 
pain. 

4647
04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:14,900
You find yourself studying the 
faces of the other jurors trying

4648
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:18,500
to read their thoughts. 
Some seem genuinely convinced by

4649
04:04:18,500 --> 04:04:21,700
what they're seeing others. 
Look troubled, but stay silent. 

4650
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:25,300
A few appear to be going through
the motions saying what they 

4651
04:04:25,300 --> 04:04:27,600
think they're supposed to say 
while keeping their real 

4652
04:04:27,600 --> 04:04:30,300
thoughts hidden. 
The atmosphere of fear and 

4653
04:04:30,300 --> 04:04:32,700
suspicion has made honest 
communication. 

4654
04:04:32,700 --> 04:04:36,100
Almost impossible, the judges 
continue to treat spectral 

4655
04:04:36,100 --> 04:04:39,000
evidence as if it were as 
reliable as fingerprints or DNA.

4656
04:04:39,000 --> 04:04:41,900
They ask details. 
Questions about the appearance 

4657
04:04:41,900 --> 04:04:44,600
and behavior of, specters that 
only the accusers can see 

4658
04:04:44,600 --> 04:04:47,500
recording their answers as if 
they were documenting 

4659
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:50,400
observable, facts. 
You keep wanting to ask the 

4660
04:04:50,400 --> 04:04:53,400
obvious question. 
If the devil can create false 

4661
04:04:53,400 --> 04:04:56,400
Spectators to deceive people, 
how do we know these Visions are

4662
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:58,900
real? 
But asking that question would 

4663
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:01,100
be tantamount to confessing your
own lack of faith. 

4664
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:05,700
During a particularly intense 
moment of testimony, one of the 

4665
04:05:05,700 --> 04:05:09,200
accusers suddenly points 
directly at you and screams that

4666
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:13,000
she can see your Specter 
whispering to the accused, the 

4667
04:05:13,000 --> 04:05:15,500
courtroom Falls silent and you 
feel every eye in the room 

4668
04:05:15,500 --> 04:05:19,000
focusing on you your heart 
pounds so hard your short, 

4669
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:22,000
everyone can hear it. 
For terrifying moment, you 

4670
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:25,200
realize you could be next that 
your position as a juror 

4671
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:28,600
provides, no protection against 
the Machinery of accusation, the

4672
04:05:28,600 --> 04:05:31,700
judge quickly, intervenes 
suggesting that the accuser must

4673
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:34,500
be mistaken that the devil is 
trying to confuse her by 

4674
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:38,300
creating false Visions, but the 
moment has shaken you to your 

4675
04:05:38,300 --> 04:05:40,600
core. 
If you are a member of the jury 

4676
04:05:40,600 --> 04:05:43,300
can be accused, then literally 
No One Is Safe. 

4677
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:46,400
The realization that you're 
sitting in Judgment of others 

4678
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:49,700
while being potentially one 
accusation away from the dock 

4679
04:05:49,700 --> 04:05:51,700
yourself is almost too much to 
bear. 

4680
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:55,200
The worst part is that you're 
starting to understand why some 

4681
04:05:55,200 --> 04:05:58,100
people confess to, which craft 
even when they're in a sentient.

4682
04:05:58,800 --> 04:06:02,300
The pressure is so intense, the 
logic so twisted and the 

4683
04:06:02,300 --> 04:06:04,700
alternative. 
So terrible that false 

4684
04:06:04,700 --> 04:06:07,100
confession, begins to seem like 
the only rational choice. 

4685
04:06:07,100 --> 04:06:10,700
If maintaining your innocence 
means facing death while 

4686
04:06:10,700 --> 04:06:14,600
confessing mean survival what 
would you choose the question 

4687
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:16,400
haunts you? 
Because you don't know the 

4688
04:06:16,400 --> 04:06:18,400
answer. 
You Glimpse Elizabeth in the 

4689
04:06:18,408 --> 04:06:20,900
gallery as they lead Procter 
away to await his verdict. 

4690
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:24,000
She is pregnant which is 
temporarily saved her from 

4691
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:27,100
execution but you can see the 
desperation in her eyes. 

4692
04:06:27,100 --> 04:06:30,600
Her husband is probably going to
die for the crime of speaking, 

4693
04:06:30,600 --> 04:06:33,600
truth to power and there's 
nothing she can do to save him. 

4694
04:06:34,600 --> 04:06:37,500
You're part of the system that's
destroying this family and that 

4695
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:40,600
knowledge sits in your stomach, 
like a stone two months, into 

4696
04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:42,800
your service, you've stopped 
counting the number of people 

4697
04:06:42,800 --> 04:06:46,000
you've helped condemned the 
exact number feels less 

4698
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:48,700
important than the weight of 
their Collective presence, which

4699
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:51,900
seems to follow you everywhere. 
You see their faces when you 

4700
04:06:51,900 --> 04:06:54,900
close your eyes, hear their 
final words when the house is 

4701
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:58,000
quiet. 
Feel their absence in the spaces

4702
04:06:58,000 --> 04:07:02,000
they used to occupy around town.
Today brings a particularly 

4703
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:05,200
difficult case, Rebecca nurse a 
woman. 

4704
04:07:05,208 --> 04:07:08,200
So universally respected that 
her accusation has sent 

4705
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:09,500
shockwaves through the 
community. 

4706
04:07:10,500 --> 04:07:13,900
She's 71 years, old deeply 
religious and known for her 

4707
04:07:13,900 --> 04:07:17,500
charitable works and gentle 
nature. if Rebecca nurse can be 

4708
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:22,000
a witch, the logic goes then 
anyone can be The accusation has

4709
04:07:22,000 --> 04:07:24,800
Force Salem to confront the 
possibility that evil can hide 

4710
04:07:24,800 --> 04:07:28,100
behind the most innocent faces, 
which somehow makes everyone 

4711
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:31,300
seemed more dangerous. 
The accusers seem to understand 

4712
04:07:31,300 --> 04:07:34,300
the significance of this case 
and they're pulling out all the 

4713
04:07:34,308 --> 04:07:36,300
stops. 
Their performance is a more 

4714
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:38,800
dramatic than usual. 
Their claims more outrageous. 

4715
04:07:38,800 --> 04:07:42,100
They're saying Rebecca Specter 
has been tormenting them for 

4716
04:07:42,100 --> 04:07:45,400
months appearing in their 
bedrooms at night pinching and 

4717
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:48,400
trying to force them to sign the
devil's book. 

4718
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:52,100
Watching this frail elderly 
woman being accused of such 

4719
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:54,900
energetic, Supernatural, 
terrorism would be almost 

4720
04:07:54,908 --> 04:07:57,700
comical if the consequences 
weren't so deadly serious. 

4721
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,400
What's particularly disturbing 
is how the community is split. 

4722
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:04,100
Over Rebecca's case her family 
and close friends. 

4723
04:08:04,100 --> 04:08:06,500
Maintained her innocence 
passionately, While others 

4724
04:08:06,500 --> 04:08:09,100
seemed relieved to finally have 
an explanation for various 

4725
04:08:09,100 --> 04:08:13,000
misfortunes, they've attributed 
to Supernatural causes Old 

4726
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:15,900
grudges and property disputes 
are being reframed as evidence 

4727
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:19,300
of malevolent witchcraft. 
You're watching Salem's social 

4728
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:23,200
fabric tear itself, apart one 
accusation at a time the 

4729
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:25,400
evidence against Rebecca is the 
same spectral. 

4730
04:08:25,400 --> 04:08:28,300
Testimony, you've been hearing 
for weeks but her case 

4731
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:30,400
highlights. 
The fundamental absurdity of the

4732
04:08:30,408 --> 04:08:33,500
entire system. 
If this woman who has spent her 

4733
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:36,800
entire life, serving God and 
helping others can be credibly 

4734
04:08:36,800 --> 04:08:40,000
accused of serving Satan, then 
the accusations have become 

4735
04:08:40,000 --> 04:08:44,400
meaningless, either the accusers
lying or the entire concept of 

4736
04:08:44,400 --> 04:08:46,500
judging people by their 
character and actions is 

4737
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:49,300
worthless. 
During deliberations, you find 

4738
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,300
yourself in the uncomfortable 
position of being one of the few

4739
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:55,600
jurors who seems troubled by the
case, the other seem convinced 

4740
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:57,200
that the accusers wouldn't lie 
about something. 

4741
04:08:57,200 --> 04:09:00,900
So serious, that the consistency
of their testimony proves its 

4742
04:09:00,900 --> 04:09:02,700
truth. 
And that Rebecca's very 

4743
04:09:02,700 --> 04:09:05,500
respectability, might be a 
cunning to skies for her evil 

4744
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:08,200
nature. 
The logic is so Twisted that it 

4745
04:09:08,208 --> 04:09:11,200
makes your head spin but 
questioning it to openly would 

4746
04:09:11,200 --> 04:09:13,300
be dangerous. 
You're also dealing with the 

4747
04:09:13,300 --> 04:09:15,100
personal cost of your jury 
service. 

4748
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:18,200
Your family is suffering from 
your constant stress and 

4749
04:09:18,200 --> 04:09:21,100
distraction your wife looks at 
you with increasing concern. 

4750
04:09:21,100 --> 04:09:24,700
Your children seem afraid of 
your dark moods, and your work 

4751
04:09:24,708 --> 04:09:26,600
is suffering from your inability
to concentrate. 

4752
04:09:26,600 --> 04:09:30,700
The Witch Trials aren't just 
destroying the accused, they're 

4753
04:09:30,700 --> 04:09:32,600
taking a toll on everyone 
involved in the process. 

4754
04:09:32,600 --> 04:09:36,000
The worst part is that you're 
beginning to see how the trials 

4755
04:09:36,000 --> 04:09:39,600
have become, self-perpetuating 
each conviction validates, the 

4756
04:09:39,600 --> 04:09:43,500
accusers credibility, making the
next accusation more likely to 

4757
04:09:43,500 --> 04:09:47,000
be believed each execution, 
demonstrates the community's 

4758
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:50,100
commitment to fighting Satan, 
making it harder to admit. 

4759
04:09:50,100 --> 04:09:53,400
That mistakes might have been 
made the system has gained a 

4760
04:09:53,400 --> 04:09:56,300
momentum of its own and you're 
not sure anyone has the power to

4761
04:09:56,300 --> 04:09:59,400
stop it anymore. 
When the jury finally reaches 

4762
04:09:59,400 --> 04:10:02,600
its verdict in Rebecca's case, 
you feel something inside you 

4763
04:10:02,600 --> 04:10:06,000
break, you've just helped 
condemn a woman whose only crime

4764
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:09,000
was being vulnerable to 
accusation in a community that 

4765
04:10:09,000 --> 04:10:12,500
has lost its moral compass. 
The weight of that decision will

4766
04:10:12,500 --> 04:10:14,600
stay with you for the rest of 
your life and you know, it 

4767
04:10:14,608 --> 04:10:17,800
you've crossed a line that can 
never be uncrossed and 

4768
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:20,700
participated in an injustice 
that can never be undone. 

4769
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:23,900
As you watch Rebecca, receive 
her sentence. 

4770
04:10:23,900 --> 04:10:26,800
You see something in her eyes 
that will haunt you forever. 

4771
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:32,300
Not anger, or fear but pity She 
gazes at you and the other 

4772
04:10:32,300 --> 04:10:35,400
jurors with the same compassion,
she might show to Lost Children 

4773
04:10:35,400 --> 04:10:37,500
and you realize she knows 
something. 

4774
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:42,000
You're just starting to grasp 
The Witch Trials haven't just 

4775
04:10:42,000 --> 04:10:44,800
claimed innocent victims. 
They've corrupted, everyone 

4776
04:10:44,800 --> 04:10:47,800
involved in them. 
You came into this believing you

4777
04:10:47,800 --> 04:10:50,600
were serving justice but you've 
become complicit in its 

4778
04:10:50,600 --> 04:10:53,500
opposite. 
Walking home through the Salem 

4779
04:10:53,500 --> 04:10:55,900
streets, you notice how empty 
they've become. 

4780
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:59,000
People hurry, passed each other 
without making eye contact. 

4781
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:02,100
Afraid that any interaction 
might be misinterpreted. 

4782
04:11:02,100 --> 04:11:05,000
Any conversation might provide 
ammunition for future 

4783
04:11:05,000 --> 04:11:08,000
accusations. 
The community that once held you

4784
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:10,100
together has dissolved into a 
collection of frightened 

4785
04:11:10,100 --> 04:11:12,500
individuals. 
Each trying to avoid becoming 

4786
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:15,500
the next Target and you've 
helped create this atmosphere of

4787
04:11:15,500 --> 04:11:19,600
Terror one verdict at a time. 
Three months of passed since you

4788
04:11:19,600 --> 04:11:21,100
first. 
Took your seat in the jury box 

4789
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:24,100
and Salem barely resembles. 
The town you want new. 

4790
04:11:24,900 --> 04:11:28,000
Witch Trials have transformed 
into a mechanism that consumes 

4791
04:11:28,000 --> 04:11:32,000
individuals relationships and 
Sanity with equal efficiency, 

4792
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:35,700
You've lost count of how many 
verdicts you've delivered, but 

4793
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:37,900
your body keeps score and 
sleepless nights. 

4794
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:41,600
Stress-induced headaches and a 
persistent knot in your stomach.

4795
04:11:41,600 --> 04:11:45,900
That never seems to loosen. 
The most recent case, concerns 

4796
04:11:45,900 --> 04:11:48,800
Mary easty, the sister of 
Rebecca nurse. 

4797
04:11:48,800 --> 04:11:52,000
Who circumstances encapsulate? 
All the negative aspects of the 

4798
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:54,600
trials. 
Mary has maintained her 

4799
04:11:54,600 --> 04:11:57,500
innocence throughout the 
proceedings, but she's also done

4800
04:11:57,500 --> 04:11:59,800
something that shows remarkable 
courage and wisdom. 

4801
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:01,800
She's written a petition to the 
court. 

4802
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:04,700
Not asking for her life, but 
pleading for the trials, to be 

4803
04:12:04,708 --> 04:12:08,900
conducted more carefully to 
prevent future and Justice's her

4804
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:10,900
petition Hans you. 
Because it's so reasonable. 

4805
04:12:10,900 --> 04:12:15,200
Measured and obviously correct. 
Mary acknowledges that 

4806
04:12:15,200 --> 04:12:17,800
witchcraft exists, but 
questions, whether the current 

4807
04:12:17,800 --> 04:12:20,900
methods of detecting it are 
reliable, She points out the 

4808
04:12:20,900 --> 04:12:24,300
inconsistencies in spectral 
evidence, the dangers of mass 

4809
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:27,500
hysteria, and the possibility 
that innocent people are dying 

4810
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:28,700
for crime. 
They didn't commit. 

4811
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:32,100
It's everything you've been 
thinking, but haven't dared to 

4812
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:35,700
say aloud reading her petition. 
You realize you've been 

4813
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:37,600
witnessing the destruction of 
everything. 

4814
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:41,100
You want to believed about, 
Justice, community and Truth. 

4815
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:45,300
The trials have not shielded 
Salem from Evil instead. 

4816
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:47,300
They've Unleashed a distinct 
form of evil. 

4817
04:12:47,300 --> 04:12:50,700
One, that divides neighbors and 
uses accusations as a weapon of 

4818
04:12:50,708 --> 04:12:54,000
mass Devastation, the very 
people who are supposed to be 

4819
04:12:54,000 --> 04:12:56,500
fighting. 
Satan have become instruments of

4820
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,700
a different kind of Darkness. 
You're not the only one who is 

4821
04:12:59,700 --> 04:13:02,500
beginning to see the truth. 
Some of the other jurors are 

4822
04:13:02,500 --> 04:13:04,500
showing signs of Doubt, though. 
They're careful. 

4823
04:13:04,500 --> 04:13:07,300
Not to express it openly. 
There are whispered 

4824
04:13:07,300 --> 04:13:09,700
conversations about the growing 
implausibility of the 

4825
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:13,600
accusations, quiet concerns 
about the accuser's motivations 

4826
04:13:13,600 --> 04:13:16,900
and troubled questions about the
reliability of spectral 

4827
04:13:16,900 --> 04:13:19,600
evidence. 
But by now, you're all so deep 

4828
04:13:19,600 --> 04:13:21,700
in the system that backing out 
seems impossible. 

4829
04:13:21,700 --> 04:13:25,000
The social cost of changing 
course, would be enormous 

4830
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:27,900
admitting the trials are wrong. 
Would mean acknowledging, that 

4831
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:31,300
innocent people have died that 
the community has been deceived 

4832
04:13:31,300 --> 04:13:33,900
and that everyone involved in 
the proceedings has been 

4833
04:13:33,900 --> 04:13:35,700
complicit in a massive 
Injustice. 

4834
04:13:35,700 --> 04:13:39,500
It's easier to keep moving 
forward to maintain the fiction 

4835
04:13:39,500 --> 04:13:42,600
that what you're doing is 
necessary and right than to 

4836
04:13:42,608 --> 04:13:45,500
confront the alternative. 
But Mary East is petition has 

4837
04:13:45,500 --> 04:13:47,500
forced you to confront that 
alternative. 

4838
04:13:47,500 --> 04:13:50,700
She's going to die. 
You can see it in the judges 

4839
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:54,200
faces, hear it in the accusers 
testimony and feel it in the 

4840
04:13:54,200 --> 04:13:57,100
courtrooms atmosphere. 
But she is using her final 

4841
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,200
moments to try to prevent others
from suffering. 

4842
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:02,800
The same fate, her courage makes
your complicity feel even more 

4843
04:14:02,800 --> 04:14:06,000
shameful. 
As you deliberate Mary's case 

4844
04:14:06,000 --> 04:14:09,300
your struck by the realization 
that you've become part of a 

4845
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:13,600
system that values can form a 
over truth, fear over Justice 

4846
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:17,800
and accusation over evidence. 
You came into this believing, 

4847
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:19,900
you were serving, God in 
community. 

4848
04:14:20,700 --> 04:14:23,300
But you've instead served the 
darker, impulses of human 

4849
04:14:23,300 --> 04:14:27,300
nature, the desire to blame 
others for our problems to find 

4850
04:14:27,300 --> 04:14:31,000
simple explanations for complex 
issues, and to maintain social 

4851
04:14:31,000 --> 04:14:33,500
order through fear rather than 
Justice. 

4852
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:36,800
The verdict in Mary's cases, 
predetermined, just like all the

4853
04:14:36,800 --> 04:14:40,800
others, the jury's role has 
become purely ceremonial a way 

4854
04:14:40,808 --> 04:14:44,000
of legitimizing decisions that 
have already been made by judges

4855
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:47,100
who believe in the accusers 
infallibility and the reality of

4856
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:49,700
spectral evidence. 
You're not engaging in a 

4857
04:14:49,708 --> 04:14:53,900
deliberative process instead 
your merely validating A system 

4858
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:56,400
that has completely disconnected
from actual Justice. 

4859
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:00,700
When Mary Easter is finally 
executed something in Salem's 

4860
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:02,200
Collective, Consciousness seems 
to shift. 

4861
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:06,500
Her dignity and death, her 
reasoned petition, and the 

4862
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:09,300
growing implausibility of the 
accusations begin to create 

4863
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:12,500
cracks in the certainty that has
driven the trials. 

4864
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:15,700
People start asking questions, 
they should have asked months 

4865
04:15:15,700 --> 04:15:18,800
ago noticing and consistence is 
they should have seen from the 

4866
04:15:18,800 --> 04:15:20,700
beginning. 
However, you come to this 

4867
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:23,500
realization too late. 
You've already been part of 

4868
04:15:23,500 --> 04:15:26,900
condemning at least 20 people to
death and no amount of later 

4869
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:29,700
wisdom can undo. 
That fact, you'll spend the rest

4870
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:32,500
of your life knowing that when 
your community lost its mind, 

4871
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:36,700
you went along with the madness.
When Justice needed Defenders, 

4872
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:38,400
you were too frightened to speak
up. 

4873
04:15:38,400 --> 04:15:42,300
When innocent people needed your
courage, you chose your safety. 

4874
04:15:42,300 --> 04:15:46,200
Instead, The Witch Trials will 
eventually end discredited and 

4875
04:15:46,208 --> 04:15:48,900
abandoned by the same people who
once supported them 

4876
04:15:48,900 --> 04:15:53,200
enthusiastically, The accusers 
will recant or be forgotten, the

4877
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:56,000
judges will quietly distance 
themselves from the proceedings 

4878
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:58,900
and the community will try to 
move on as if nothing happened. 

4879
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:01,900
But for you, there will be no 
moving on. 

4880
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:04,600
You'll carry the weight of those
verdicts forever. 

4881
04:16:04,600 --> 04:16:07,800
A reminder of how easily 
Ordinary People can become 

4882
04:16:07,800 --> 04:16:09,900
complicit in extraordinary. 
Evil. 

4883
04:16:11,000 --> 04:16:13,500
Years later. 
When historians study the Salem,

4884
04:16:13,500 --> 04:16:17,400
Witch Trials, they'll focus on 
the accusers, the judges and the

4885
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:20,000
victims. 
But, you know, the real story 

4886
04:16:20,000 --> 04:16:22,800
includes people like you 
ordinary citizens, who were 

4887
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:25,900
swept up in events beyond their 
control and forced to make 

4888
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:28,800
impossible choices. 
You were just trying to do your 

4889
04:16:28,800 --> 04:16:32,100
civic duty to serve your 
community and uphold Justice. 

4890
04:16:32,800 --> 04:16:35,700
Instead, you found yourself 
embroiled in one of the most 

4891
04:16:35,708 --> 04:16:39,600
tumultuous periods in American 
history, serving as a stark 

4892
04:16:39,600 --> 04:16:42,300
reminder, that. 
Good intentions can lead to dire

4893
04:16:42,300 --> 04:16:45,200
consequences. 
The trials taught you, that 

4894
04:16:45,200 --> 04:16:47,700
courage isn't just about facing 
physical danger. 

4895
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:49,600
It's about standing up for 
truth. 

4896
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:53,100
When everyone around you is 
abandoned, it justice isn't just

4897
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:55,900
about following procedures. 
It's about questioning those 

4898
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:58,200
procedures when they produce 
unjust results. 

4899
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:02,200
Community is about protecting 
the vulnerable, even when it's 

4900
04:17:02,200 --> 04:17:06,300
inconvenient or dangerous, you 
fail those tests and Salem 

4901
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:09,000
failed them too. 
The witch trials, succeeded in 

4902
04:17:09,000 --> 04:17:11,900
their stated goal of rooting 
out, evil that the evil. 

4903
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:14,800
They found was in the hearts of 
the accusers and the complicity 

4904
04:17:14,800 --> 04:17:17,300
of people like you. 
That's a lesson worth 

4905
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:20,400
remembering even if it's one. 
You learned too late to do any 

4906
04:17:20,400 --> 04:17:28,600
good. 
Let's slip quietly into the past

4907
04:17:28,600 --> 04:17:31,600
and find ourselves among ink 
stained fingertips. 

4908
04:17:31,600 --> 04:17:35,000
And the whispered Russell of 
papyrus, This is what it was 

4909
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:37,400
like to be a librarian in 
ancient Alexandria. 

4910
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:40,800
You wake up Before Dawn in your 
small quarters Behind The Great 

4911
04:17:40,800 --> 04:17:43,500
Library of Alexandria. 
And the first thing you notice 

4912
04:17:43,500 --> 04:17:47,600
is that Mediterranean humidity. 
Cling to everything, your simple

4913
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:50,700
tunic feels dample ready and you
haven't even stepped outside 

4914
04:17:50,700 --> 04:17:53,100
yet. 
This is your life. 

4915
04:17:53,100 --> 04:17:56,400
Now you're the chief librarian 
of the most important collection

4916
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:59,400
of knowledge in the known world.
Yet you find yourself worried 

4917
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:02,700
about sweaty clothes, The 
Roosters are doing their thing 

4918
04:18:02,700 --> 04:18:05,600
across the city, but you've got 
bigger concerns than poultry 

4919
04:18:05,600 --> 04:18:07,900
today. 
Like every day for the past 

4920
04:18:07,900 --> 04:18:10,700
three years, you need to figure 
out how to organize roughly 

4921
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:13,900
400,000 Scrolls, without losing 
your mind. 

4922
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:18,000
And trust me some days that 
second part feels harder than 

4923
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:20,400
the first. 
You flash water on your face 

4924
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:23,400
from the base and by your bed, 
the water has been sitting there

4925
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:26,400
since yesterday, but it'll have 
to do Palace. 

4926
04:18:26,400 --> 04:18:28,800
Like this isn't You're more like
a very educated. 

4927
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:32,200
Custodian who happens to know 
seven languages and can debate 

4928
04:18:32,200 --> 04:18:33,500
philosophy with the best of 
them. 

4929
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,300
Your mother back in Athen. 
Still doesn't quite understand 

4930
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:40,300
what you do for a living. 
You read Scrolls all day she 

4931
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:44,300
asks in her letters. 
Well yes but also no, it's 

4932
04:18:44,300 --> 04:18:47,000
complicated. 
The Morning, Light filters 

4933
04:18:47,000 --> 04:18:49,200
through the small window, 
creating Long Shadows, that 

4934
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:51,900
cover your workspace. 
You've got three Scrolls. 

4935
04:18:51,900 --> 04:18:54,500
Open on your desk from last 
night's cataloging session. 

4936
04:18:55,500 --> 04:18:58,400
One scroll is A Treatise on 
astronomy written by a fellow 

4937
04:18:58,400 --> 04:19:00,800
from Babylon. 
Another contains a collection of

4938
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:04,100
medical procedures that could 
make your stomach turn and the 

4939
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:06,900
third is a philosophical work. 
That is either brilliant or 

4940
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:11,400
complete nonsense you'll still 
deciding Your assistant Markus 

4941
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:14,400
won't arrive for another hour. 
He's a talented kid and 

4942
04:19:14,400 --> 04:19:17,600
enthusiastic about learning, but
he has this unfortunate habit of

4943
04:19:17,600 --> 04:19:19,700
dropping things in Portland 
things. 

4944
04:19:21,100 --> 04:19:24,000
Last week, it was a scroll about
engineering principles that took

4945
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:25,600
two scribes three months to 
copy. 

4946
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:28,400
You heard it. 
Hit the floor from three rooms 

4947
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:31,200
away and felt your soul. 
Leave your body for a moment. 

4948
04:19:31,200 --> 04:19:34,300
You pull on your sandals and 
head toward the main hall. 

4949
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:39,200
The library at this hour is 
peaceful almost sacred know, 

4950
04:19:39,200 --> 04:19:41,900
Scholars arguing about whether 
Homer was one person or seven 

4951
04:19:41,900 --> 04:19:45,200
know politicians demanding to 
see maps of territories their 

4952
04:19:45,200 --> 04:19:48,200
planning to conquer and no 
Physicians debating whether the 

4953
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:52,200
heart or the brain controls 
human emotion, it's just you the

4954
04:19:52,200 --> 04:19:55,700
Scrolls and the gentle sound of 
your footsteps on the marble. 

4955
04:19:55,700 --> 04:20:00,200
The smell hits you first Papyrus
Inc, and that particular 

4956
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:01,900
mustiness that comes from 
housing. 

4957
04:20:01,900 --> 04:20:04,600
Hundreds of thousands of written
works in a building near the 

4958
04:20:04,608 --> 04:20:07,200
sea. 
It's not unpleasant exactly. 

4959
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:11,100
It's become the smell of home. 
Your friends back in Athens, 

4960
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:14,000
think your crazy for leaving a 
perfectly good teaching position

4961
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:17,400
to come manage a library but 
they don't understand the magic 

4962
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:20,400
of having all these knowledge in
one place, you'd like the oil 

4963
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:23,000
lamps in your section and start 
your daily routine. 

4964
04:20:24,100 --> 04:20:27,400
First check for any Scrolls that
might have been damaged, causes 

4965
04:20:27,400 --> 04:20:30,700
significant damage to Papyrus 
and you have honed your ability 

4966
04:20:30,700 --> 04:20:32,500
to identify. 
You've learned to spot. 

4967
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:35,700
The early signs of 
deterioration, a scroll, that's 

4968
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:37,900
perfectly fine. 
One day can be crumbling the 

4969
04:20:37,900 --> 04:20:40,900
next if you're not careful, 
you've developed what you call 

4970
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:43,700
Papyrus. 
Paranoia constantly checking 

4971
04:20:43,700 --> 04:20:47,800
touching and adjusting Next, you
review the requests that came in

4972
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:50,100
yesterday. 
Scholar from Rome wants 

4973
04:20:50,100 --> 04:20:53,600
everything you have on Egyptian,
burial practices, a merchant 

4974
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:57,500
from Syria needs maps of trade, 
routes to India, a young student

4975
04:20:57,500 --> 04:20:59,400
is looking for anything about 
mathematics. 

4976
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,400
That doesn't make his head hurt.
You make notes about where to 

4977
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:05,800
find these materials knowing 
that the finding part is often 

4978
04:21:05,800 --> 04:21:07,700
more challenging than the 
knowing part. 

4979
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:11,700
The library's organization 
system is your invention born 

4980
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:14,200
from necessity and refined 
through trial and error. 

4981
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:17,500
If you're being honest, it's 
mostly through trial and error. 

4982
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:21,200
You have organized the items by 
subject, then by region, and 

4983
04:21:21,200 --> 04:21:24,400
finally, by author, but only 
when you know, the authorship of

4984
04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:26,700
each item, it works most of the 
time. 

4985
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,800
But sometimes you'll spend half 
a day looking for a scroll that 

4986
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:31,100
turns out to be, where it should
be. 

4987
04:21:31,100 --> 04:21:34,700
Just not where you thought by 
the time, the sun is properly up

4988
04:21:34,700 --> 04:21:38,300
your first visitors. 
Start arriving. today's crowd is

4989
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:42,500
typical a mix of serious 
Scholars, curious Travelers and 

4990
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:45,300
the occasional person whose 
clearly just trying to get out 

4991
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:48,500
of the Heat, You've learned to 
distinguish between them pretty 

4992
04:21:48,500 --> 04:21:51,200
quickly. 
The serious Scholars arrived 

4993
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:53,300
with specific questions and 
infinite patience. 

4994
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:57,200
They'll spend hours reading 
taking notes and asking 

4995
04:21:57,200 --> 04:22:00,200
thoughtful questions you enjoy 
working with them. 

4996
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:03,300
Even when their questions, send 
you scrambling through sections,

4997
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,400
you haven't visited in months. 
Today's first scholar is a 

4998
04:22:06,408 --> 04:22:09,300
middle-aged woman from Crete. 
Whose researching ancient 

4999
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:12,100
cooking methods. 
She's particularly interested in

5000
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:15,600
how different cultures preserved
meat, which sounds mundane Until

5001
04:22:15,600 --> 04:22:18,300
you realize, she's trying to 
solve practical problems for sea

5002
04:22:18,300 --> 04:22:20,800
voyages. 
You guide her to the domestic 

5003
04:22:20,800 --> 04:22:23,900
arts section which is tucked 
between Agriculture and animal 

5004
04:22:23,900 --> 04:22:26,500
husbandry. 
She settles in with stack of 

5005
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:29,300
Scrolls and a wax tablet for 
notes and you know you won't 

5006
04:22:29,300 --> 04:22:31,300
hear from her again until the 
Sun starts setting. 

5007
04:22:32,300 --> 04:22:35,400
Scholars like her are a 
Librarians dream, they know what

5008
04:22:35,400 --> 04:22:38,000
they want, their careful with 
the materials, and they clean up

5009
04:22:38,000 --> 04:22:40,800
after themselves. 
Curious Travelers are more 

5010
04:22:40,808 --> 04:22:44,400
challenging they want to see the
famous library, but don't have 

5011
04:22:44,400 --> 04:22:47,700
specific research needs. 
They are essentially tourists 

5012
04:22:47,700 --> 04:22:50,900
even though the term tourist has
not yet been coined. 

5013
04:22:51,800 --> 04:22:54,000
You've developed a standard tour
that covers the highlights 

5014
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:56,900
without getting too deep into 
the organizational details, that

5015
04:22:56,900 --> 04:22:58,600
would bore them. 
You show them. 

5016
04:22:58,600 --> 04:23:01,300
The astronomy section point out 
some of the more impressive 

5017
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,200
medical texts and always end 
with the Poetry collection 

5018
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:08,200
because people seem to like 
that, Today's tourist is a 

5019
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:11,000
merchant from Gaul who's heard 
about Alexandria's reputation 

5020
04:23:11,000 --> 04:23:13,600
for learning. 
He speaks possible, Greek and 

5021
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:16,800
appears genuinely interested as 
he asks questions about how you 

5022
04:23:16,800 --> 04:23:18,800
acquire new texts. 
And if you have any from his 

5023
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:22,200
homeland, you don't, 
unfortunately, but you make a 

5024
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,300
note to ask the next Trader from
that region to bring back 

5025
04:23:24,300 --> 04:23:27,400
anything written building a 
universal collection means being

5026
04:23:27,400 --> 04:23:30,700
opportunistic about sources. 
Then there are the heat Seekers 

5027
04:23:30,700 --> 04:23:34,000
Alexandria. 
Summer is brutally hot and the 

5028
04:23:34,000 --> 04:23:36,400
library is one of the few places
in the city that stays 

5029
04:23:36,400 --> 04:23:39,200
relatively cool. 
The thick walls and high 

5030
04:23:39,200 --> 04:23:42,400
ceilings, create natural refuge.
And you've learned to tolerate 

5031
04:23:42,400 --> 04:23:45,400
the people who come in just to 
escape the Sun, as long as 

5032
04:23:45,408 --> 04:23:48,500
they're quiet and don't touch 
anything, you let them stay. 

5033
04:23:49,300 --> 04:23:51,900
Around midday, you get a 
visitor, who doesn't fit any of 

5034
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:55,100
your usual categories. 
He's well-dressed speaks with 

5035
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:58,000
the accent of the educated 
classes and claims to be 

5036
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:00,100
researching the nature of 
knowledge itself. 

5037
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:03,400
His claim sounds impressive 
Until you realize he's one of 

5038
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:05,900
those philosophers who like to 
ask questions that don't have 

5039
04:24:05,900 --> 04:24:08,300
answers. 
What is the difference between 

5040
04:24:08,300 --> 04:24:10,400
knowing something and 
understanding it? 

5041
04:24:10,400 --> 04:24:13,100
He asks you want to tell him 
that right now? 

5042
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:15,800
The difference is that you 
understand he's going to make 

5043
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:17,800
your day more complicated than 
it needs to be. 

5044
04:24:18,700 --> 04:24:20,600
You set him up in the 
philosophy, section with some 

5045
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:24,000
basic texts, and hope he'll get 
absorbed in Reading instead of 

5046
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:26,100
pestering you with unanswerable 
questions. 

5047
04:24:26,700 --> 04:24:30,000
Philosophies important, you know
that but you've got practical 

5048
04:24:30,000 --> 04:24:32,700
problems to solve. 
The confusion between your 

5049
04:24:32,700 --> 04:24:35,200
astronomy and Mathematics 
Scrolls arises from the 

5050
04:24:35,200 --> 04:24:37,900
apparent, inability of ancient 
Scholars to differentiate 

5051
04:24:37,900 --> 04:24:41,700
between the two disciplines. 
Marcus arrives during the lunch 

5052
04:24:41,700 --> 04:24:44,800
hour, apologetic about being 
late but carrying news from the 

5053
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:47,400
harbor. 
The ship from Rhodes has arrived

5054
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:50,000
with a cargo that includes 
several Scrolls, the captain is 

5055
04:24:50,000 --> 04:24:52,800
willing to trade. 
This is how you acquire a lot of

5056
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:56,400
your collection through trade 
purchase and the occasional 

5057
04:24:56,400 --> 04:24:59,300
generous donation from Scholars 
who want their work preserved. 

5058
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:02,600
You send Marcus to negotiate 
with the ship's Captain. 

5059
04:25:02,600 --> 04:25:05,800
While you handle the afternoon, 
crowd the afternoon, people are 

5060
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:08,400
different from the morning 
people, there are often local 

5061
04:25:08,400 --> 04:25:11,000
residents who finish their daily
work and want to spend time. 

5062
04:25:11,000 --> 04:25:13,400
Reading for pleasure. 
You've got a regular crowd of 

5063
04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:16,500
aleksandra residents who come in
to read, poetry browse the 

5064
04:25:16,508 --> 04:25:19,700
historical texts or just sit 
quietly with the scroll of about

5065
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:22,800
Garden's or cooking. 
One of your regulars is an 

5066
04:25:22,800 --> 04:25:26,000
elderly man named Demetrius. 
Who worked as scribe before his 

5067
04:25:26,000 --> 04:25:27,900
hands. 
Got two shaky for details work. 

5068
04:25:27,900 --> 04:25:30,900
He comes in most afternoons to 
read military history. 

5069
04:25:30,900 --> 04:25:34,200
Particularly accounts of 
Alexander the Great's campaigns.

5070
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:37,700
He fought in some of those 
battles as a young man, and he 

5071
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:40,200
enjoys comparing his memories 
with the official accounts. 

5072
04:25:41,200 --> 04:25:44,200
Sometimes he'll mutter 
corrections to the Scrolls which

5073
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:46,300
would be amusing if you weren't 
worried about other people 

5074
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:49,400
overhearing and thinking your 
collection contained errors, the

5075
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:51,800
afternoon brings one of your 
favorite parts of the job 

5076
04:25:51,800 --> 04:25:53,300
though. 
It's also one of the most 

5077
04:25:53,300 --> 04:25:56,000
stressful. 
Marcus returns from the harbor 

5078
04:25:56,000 --> 04:25:59,000
with news about the road 
Scrolls, and you must decide 

5079
04:25:59,000 --> 04:26:02,700
what to buy and how much to pay 
This stage is where your job 

5080
04:26:02,708 --> 04:26:05,400
becomes part. 
Scholarship part negotiation and

5081
04:26:05,400 --> 04:26:08,600
part detective work. 
The captain has brought five 

5082
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:11,600
Scrolls and he's willing to let 
you examine them before, making 

5083
04:26:11,600 --> 04:26:14,000
an offer. 
Three of the scrolls are copies 

5084
04:26:14,000 --> 04:26:16,000
of works. 
You already possess but this 

5085
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:19,500
isn't necessarily a problem. 
Multiple copies of valuable 

5086
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:23,300
especially when your existing 
versions are showing where but 

5087
04:26:23,300 --> 04:26:26,300
you need to compare them to see 
if these new copies, might have 

5088
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:29,800
different versions of the text 
additional passages or 

5089
04:26:29,800 --> 04:26:31,800
Corrections that make them worth
acquire in. 

5090
04:26:33,300 --> 04:26:35,700
The fourth scroll is something 
you've never seen before. 

5091
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:39,200
Treat is on navigation. 
Technique used by Egyptian 

5092
04:26:39,200 --> 04:26:41,900
sailors. 
This material is potentially 

5093
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:44,500
valuable since your collection 
has very little practical 

5094
04:26:44,500 --> 04:26:48,100
Maritime knowledge. 
The 5th scroll is the real prize

5095
04:26:48,100 --> 04:26:51,400
a collection of mathematical 
problems and solutions, that 

5096
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,800
appears to be original work by a
scholar from Rhodes whose name 

5097
04:26:54,808 --> 04:26:58,400
you recognize from other texts, 
you spend an hour examining each

5098
04:26:58,400 --> 04:27:01,500
scroll checking for damage 
authenticity and content 

5099
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:04,200
quality. 
The navigation scroll has some 

5100
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:05,800
water damage but is still 
readable. 

5101
04:27:05,800 --> 04:27:08,800
The mathematics scroll is in 
excellent condition but 

5102
04:27:08,800 --> 04:27:12,700
expensive the captain knows what
he has and isn't going to let it

5103
04:27:12,700 --> 04:27:15,800
go cheaply. 
Negotiating for Scrolls requires

5104
04:27:15,800 --> 04:27:19,400
a delicate balance, you can't 
appear to eager or the price 

5105
04:27:19,408 --> 04:27:22,800
will go up but you can't be too 
casual either or you might lose 

5106
04:27:22,800 --> 04:27:25,600
the opportunity entirely. 
You've learned to ask questions 

5107
04:27:25,600 --> 04:27:28,500
that demonstrate your knowledge 
without revealing exactly how 

5108
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:32,100
interested you are. 
Interesting approach to star 

5109
04:27:32,100 --> 04:27:34,300
navigation. 
You might say while examining a 

5110
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:37,400
scroll Though, I noticed the 
author doesn't address the 

5111
04:27:37,400 --> 04:27:40,900
seasonal variations that most 
Sailors consider essential the 

5112
04:27:40,900 --> 04:27:43,000
captain is experienced at this 
game too. 

5113
04:27:43,000 --> 04:27:46,700
He mentions casually that 
another library in pergamon has 

5114
04:27:46,700 --> 04:27:49,700
expressed interest in the 
mathematics scroll the statement

5115
04:27:49,700 --> 04:27:52,500
might be true or it might be a 
negotiating tactic. 

5116
04:27:52,500 --> 04:27:56,300
Either way it adds pressure to 
your decision making process, 

5117
04:27:56,300 --> 04:27:59,200
you end up purchasing the 
navigation, Scroll of the 

5118
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:01,900
mathematics, scroll plus one of 
the duplicates because it 

5119
04:28:01,908 --> 04:28:04,400
contains marginalia that might 
be interesting to Scholars. 

5120
04:28:04,400 --> 04:28:08,200
The total cost will put a dent 
in your quarterly budget but 

5121
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:09,500
good materials are worth the 
investment. 

5122
04:28:10,700 --> 04:28:12,900
You arrange for the Scrolls to 
be delivered, to the library, 

5123
04:28:12,900 --> 04:28:15,400
the next morning. 
After you've had time to prepare

5124
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:18,400
proper storage for them. 
While you're handling, the 

5125
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:21,100
acquisition Marcus is dealing 
with a different kind of 

5126
04:28:21,100 --> 04:28:24,600
challenge a group of visiting 
Scholars from pergamon has 

5127
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:26,800
arrived and they're not here for
friendly research. 

5128
04:28:26,800 --> 04:28:28,400
They're conducting? 
What? 

5129
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:30,500
Amounts to competitive 
intelligence trying? 

5130
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:32,800
To determine what Alexandria has
that they don't? 

5131
04:28:33,700 --> 04:28:36,300
Libraries in the ancient world 
are Prestige projects for their 

5132
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:38,600
cities. 
And there's definitely rivalry 

5133
04:28:38,600 --> 04:28:41,900
between major collections, the 
pergamon scholars are polite, 

5134
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:44,200
but persistent. 
They want to know about your 

5135
04:28:44,200 --> 04:28:47,400
acquisition practices, your 
cataloging methods, and 

5136
04:28:47,400 --> 04:28:49,400
particularly your sources for 
rare texts. 

5137
04:28:49,400 --> 04:28:53,300
You can't be openly hostile. 
Scholarly cooperation is 

5138
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:56,000
important, and you might need 
favors from them someday. 

5139
04:28:57,000 --> 04:28:59,200
But you also can't give away 
information that might 

5140
04:28:59,200 --> 04:29:02,700
compromise Alexandria's. 
Competitive advantages, you 

5141
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:06,000
decide to give them the standard
tour, emphasizing the size and 

5142
04:29:06,008 --> 04:29:09,100
scope of your collection without
getting into specifics about 

5143
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:12,700
rare or unique items. 
You show them impressive but not

5144
04:29:12,700 --> 04:29:15,000
Irreplaceable texts. 
And you, make sure they 

5145
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:17,700
understand that. 
Alexander is real strength is 

5146
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:20,500
the comprehensive of the 
collection rather than any 

5147
04:29:20,500 --> 04:29:23,600
particular Treasures. 
One of the visiting Scholars 

5148
04:29:23,600 --> 04:29:26,200
asks about your medical texts 
which makes you nervous. 

5149
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:29,300
Alexandria has the best medical 
collection in the world, 

5150
04:29:29,300 --> 04:29:32,600
including some unique surgical 
procedures and anatomical 

5151
04:29:32,600 --> 04:29:35,000
observations. 
You show them some of the more 

5152
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:37,800
common medical Works while 
staring them away from the truly

5153
04:29:37,800 --> 04:29:41,200
valuable items. 
The visit ends cordially with 

5154
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:44,500
polite expressions of mutual 
respect and vague promises to 

5155
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:47,900
share information in the future.
You're sure they learned more 

5156
04:29:47,900 --> 04:29:49,900
than you wanted but less than 
they hoped. 

5157
04:29:50,800 --> 04:29:53,100
This kind of diplomatic 
Balancing Act, is part of the 

5158
04:29:53,100 --> 04:29:55,300
job you never expected when you 
took the position. 

5159
04:29:56,300 --> 04:29:59,300
As the pergamon delegation 
leaves, you notice that one of 

5160
04:29:59,300 --> 04:30:01,700
them, spent a lot of time, 
looking at your organizational 

5161
04:30:01,700 --> 04:30:04,300
system. 
Libraries are starting to copy 

5162
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:07,400
each other's methods, which is 
flattering, but also concerning 

5163
04:30:07,400 --> 04:30:11,200
you've put a lot of thought into
your cataloging approach and you

5164
04:30:11,200 --> 04:30:13,800
prefer to keep some of those 
Innovations in Alexandria. 

5165
04:30:13,800 --> 04:30:16,700
As the day, winds down, you 
face, one of the constant 

5166
04:30:16,700 --> 04:30:19,500
challenges of Library 
management, the scholars who 

5167
04:30:19,500 --> 04:30:20,900
want to work late Into the 
Night. 

5168
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:25,000
Oil for lamps is expensive and 
keeping the building properly 

5169
04:30:25,000 --> 04:30:26,900
lit. 
After Sunset requires careful 

5170
04:30:26,900 --> 04:30:29,500
planning. 
But serious research, often 

5171
04:30:29,500 --> 04:30:32,500
requires extended hours and 
turning away, dedicated 

5172
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:35,000
Scholars, would damage 
Alexandria's reputation. 

5173
04:30:35,800 --> 04:30:38,100
You've developed an informal 
system for late-night. 

5174
04:30:38,100 --> 04:30:40,800
Access Scholars. 
Who demonstrate serious 

5175
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:42,800
research? 
Needs can request permission to 

5176
04:30:42,800 --> 04:30:45,900
work after normal hours, but 
they need to provide their oil 

5177
04:30:45,900 --> 04:30:48,000
and commit to following strict 
safety procedures. 

5178
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:52,500
Fire is your greatest fear. 
One careless moment with a lamp 

5179
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:54,600
could destroy centuries of 
accumulated knowledge. 

5180
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:58,900
Tonight's late night scholar is 
a physician from Syria, whose 

5181
04:30:58,900 --> 04:31:01,900
researching eye diseases. 
He's been working on A Treatise 

5182
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:04,200
about surgical procedures for 
treating cataracts. 

5183
04:31:04,200 --> 04:31:07,300
He needs to compare different 
approaches described in your 

5184
04:31:07,300 --> 04:31:10,500
medical collection. 
This is exactly the kind of work

5185
04:31:10,500 --> 04:31:14,100
that justifies extended hours, 
practical research that could 

5186
04:31:14,100 --> 04:31:16,600
help people. 
You set him up in a corner of 

5187
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,000
the medical section, with clear 
instructions, about lamps 

5188
04:31:19,000 --> 04:31:22,200
safety, and scroll handling. 
He's worked here before so you 

5189
04:31:22,200 --> 04:31:25,200
trust him to be careful. 
Still, you'll check on him 

5190
04:31:25,200 --> 04:31:27,200
periodically throughout the 
evening to make sure 

5191
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:30,700
everything's going smoothly. 
While he settles in with his 

5192
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:33,600
research, you tackle one of your
least favorite, but most 

5193
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:36,300
necessary tasks Inventory 
management. 

5194
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:40,000
Every few months, you need to 
conduct a systematic review of 

5195
04:31:40,000 --> 04:31:42,400
The Collection. 
Checking for damage Scrolls, 

5196
04:31:42,400 --> 04:31:45,300
missing items, and 
organizational problems. 

5197
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:49,100
Tedious work but essential for 
maintaining the collections 

5198
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:51,600
integrity. 
Tonight, you're working on the 

5199
04:31:51,600 --> 04:31:54,300
astronomy section, which has 
been growing rapidly. 

5200
04:31:54,300 --> 04:31:56,700
Thanks to active scholarly 
interest in Celestial 

5201
04:31:56,700 --> 04:31:59,200
observations. 
The problem is that astronomy 

5202
04:31:59,200 --> 04:32:02,400
overlaps with mathematics 
navigation and even medicine. 

5203
04:32:02,400 --> 04:32:05,300
So you're constantly deciding 
whether Scrolls belong in this 

5204
04:32:05,308 --> 04:32:08,900
section or somewhere else. 
You discover three missed 

5205
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:11,700
shelved Scrolls, likely the 
result of well-intentioned 

5206
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:14,500
Scholars, attempting to reassign
materials to the incorrect 

5207
04:32:14,500 --> 04:32:17,000
locations. 
This is an ongoing challenge 

5208
04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:19,300
individuals. 
Often believe that placing 

5209
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:22,700
Scrolls in roughly the correct 
areas beneficial but it actually

5210
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:25,700
increases your workload. 
You've learned to check the most

5211
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:28,300
obvious wrong locations. 
When you can't find something 

5212
04:32:28,300 --> 04:32:32,500
where it should be, The real 
Discovery tonight is a scroll 

5213
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:35,500
that you thought was lost. 
Its A Treatise on predicting 

5214
04:32:35,500 --> 04:32:38,200
eclipses that disappeared from 
the astronomy section three 

5215
04:32:38,200 --> 04:32:41,600
months ago you finally find it 
wedged behind some mathematical 

5216
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:45,900
texts, probably not back there. 
Accidentally Finding it brings 

5217
04:32:45,900 --> 04:32:48,500
immense relief as the loss of 
Irreplaceable. 

5218
04:32:48,500 --> 04:32:51,400
Materials is a librarian's 
greatest concern. 

5219
04:32:52,300 --> 04:32:55,200
Around midnight, you take a 
break to check on the Syrian 

5220
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:58,600
physician, he's made excellent 
progress and has several wax 

5221
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:01,600
tablets covered with notes. 
More importantly, he's been 

5222
04:33:01,600 --> 04:33:04,200
careful with the lamp and has 
kept his workspace organized. 

5223
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,700
You bring him some water and a 
small meal, partly out of 

5224
04:33:07,700 --> 04:33:10,200
hospitality. 
And partly to give yourself an 

5225
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:13,099
excuse to verify that everything
still under control. 

5226
04:33:13,099 --> 04:33:16,300
He's excited about his research 
and wants to share his findings.

5227
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:19,500
Apparently, he's discovered that
three different medical 

5228
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,500
Traditions have developed 
similar but slightly different 

5229
04:33:22,500 --> 04:33:26,900
approaches to cataract surgery. 
By comparing them, he thinks he 

5230
04:33:26,900 --> 04:33:28,400
can develop an improve 
technique. 

5231
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:30,400
That combines the best elements 
of each approach. 

5232
04:33:30,400 --> 04:33:34,599
This is why the library matters.
It's not just about preserving 

5233
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:37,500
knowledge but about enabling new
discoveries through the 

5234
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:39,000
combination of different 
sources. 

5235
04:33:39,900 --> 04:33:43,099
You listen to him intently but 
part of your focus is on the 

5236
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:45,200
lamp flame and the Scrolls 
around his desk. 

5237
04:33:46,099 --> 04:33:49,400
Scholarly enthusiasm is 
wonderful but it can make people

5238
04:33:49,400 --> 04:33:51,700
careless about practical safety 
concerns. 

5239
04:33:51,700 --> 04:33:54,300
You've learned to balance 
encouragement with gentle 

5240
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:57,599
reminders about being careful, 
As you return to your inventory 

5241
04:33:57,599 --> 04:34:00,800
work, you reflect on how much 
your job has changed since you 

5242
04:34:00,800 --> 04:34:03,500
started. 
Initially, you thought you'd 

5243
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:06,300
spend your time reading and 
discussing ideas with visiting 

5244
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:09,800
Scholars, the reality involves 
much more practical management 

5245
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:14,200
tracking materials, negotiating 
Acquisitions maintaining 

5246
04:34:14,200 --> 04:34:17,599
building security and dealing 
with the endless Logistics of 

5247
04:34:17,599 --> 04:34:20,300
keeping a large collection 
accessible to researchers. 

5248
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,500
But nights like this remind you 
why the work matters. 

5249
04:34:23,500 --> 04:34:27,300
The Syrian physician will return
home with new knowledge that 

5250
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:29,400
could improve medical treatment 
for his patients. 

5251
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:32,400
The Scholar from Crete will 
develop better food preservation

5252
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:34,599
techniques that could make sea 
voyages safer. 

5253
04:34:35,300 --> 04:34:37,800
The mathematics scroll, you 
acquired today might contain 

5254
04:34:37,800 --> 04:34:40,800
insights that Inspire new 
discoveries, you're not just 

5255
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:43,500
managing a collection, your 
supporting a network of 

5256
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:45,400
knowledge that spams the Known 
World. 

5257
04:34:45,400 --> 04:34:47,500
The next morning, brings a 
challenge. 

5258
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,500
You've been dreading a visit 
from government officials who 

5259
04:34:50,500 --> 04:34:53,700
want to discuss the library's 
role in supporting Alexandria's 

5260
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:57,000
political interests. 
This is the delicate dance. 

5261
04:34:57,000 --> 04:34:59,400
You perform, regularly 
maintaining the library's 

5262
04:34:59,400 --> 04:35:01,900
scholarly Independence while 
satisfying, the political 

5263
04:35:01,900 --> 04:35:03,700
authorities, who fund your 
operations. 

5264
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:06,599
The delegation includes a 
representative from the Royal 

5265
04:35:06,599 --> 04:35:10,700
Court, a military officer, and a
trade official their polite. 

5266
04:35:10,700 --> 04:35:14,300
But clearly have an agenda, The 
Royal representative explains 

5267
04:35:14,300 --> 04:35:17,000
that Alexandria is negotiating a
treaty with a neighboring 

5268
04:35:17,000 --> 04:35:19,000
Kingdom. 
And they need information about 

5269
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:22,099
that, Region's military 
capabilities, natural resources,

5270
04:35:22,099 --> 04:35:25,000
and trade relationships. 
This puts you in an awkward 

5271
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:28,599
position. 
The library contains exactly the

5272
04:35:28,599 --> 04:35:32,000
information, they're seeking 
military, histories geographical

5273
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:36,000
surveys, an economic analyzes. 
But providing this information 

5274
04:35:36,000 --> 04:35:39,099
for political purposes, feels 
like a betrayal of the scholarly

5275
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:40,200
trust. 
That makes your collection, 

5276
04:35:40,200 --> 04:35:43,200
possible Scholars, share their 
knowledge with you because they 

5277
04:35:43,200 --> 04:35:45,800
believe it will be used for 
learning, not for political 

5278
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:48,200
Advantage. 
You navigate this carefully 

5279
04:35:48,200 --> 04:35:51,300
explaining that you can provide 
access to publicly available 

5280
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:54,900
information but cannot conduct 
targeted intelligence research. 

5281
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:58,099
You offer to show them relevant 
materials and let them draw 

5282
04:35:58,099 --> 04:36:01,000
their own conclusions. 
But you won't compile reports or

5283
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:03,200
make recommendations this 
Arrangement. 

5284
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:06,099
Satisfies their immediate needs 
while preserving your scholarly 

5285
04:36:06,099 --> 04:36:09,099
neutrality. 
The military officer is 

5286
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:12,300
particularly interested in your 
maps and geographical texts. 

5287
04:36:12,300 --> 04:36:15,200
You show him some general 
materials about the region in 

5288
04:36:15,207 --> 04:36:18,200
question, but you avoid 
mentioning the details military 

5289
04:36:18,200 --> 04:36:20,200
surveys that are kept in a 
Restricted Section. 

5290
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:22,599
You know, to be careful about 
what you share. 

5291
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,400
A some information is too 
sensitive for the public. 

5292
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:29,200
Trade official wants information
about commercial routes and 

5293
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:32,400
market conditions. 
This is easier to provide since 

5294
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:35,400
much of this information is 
contained in travel accounts and

5295
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:38,099
Merchants records that are 
genuinely scholarly in nature. 

5296
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:42,200
You spend an hour, helping him, 
locate relevant materials and he

5297
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:43,900
seems satisfied with what he 
finds. 

5298
04:36:44,599 --> 04:36:47,400
After the officials leave you 
deal with a different kind of 

5299
04:36:47,400 --> 04:36:50,800
political challenge, a group of 
local, religious leaders has 

5300
04:36:50,800 --> 04:36:53,400
requested, a meeting to discuss 
some of the materials in your 

5301
04:36:53,400 --> 04:36:55,700
collection. 
They're concerned about texts. 

5302
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:58,200
That present, alternative 
religious viewpoints, or 

5303
04:36:58,200 --> 04:37:01,599
challenged traditional beliefs. 
This is all ways a sensitive 

5304
04:37:01,599 --> 04:37:04,400
issue in a diversity like 
Alexandria, where different 

5305
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:06,599
cultural and religious 
Traditions coexist. 

5306
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,200
You meet with them in your 
office serving wine and trying 

5307
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:11,500
to keep the conversation 
friendly. 

5308
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:14,700
Their leader explains that 
they're not asking you to remove

5309
04:37:14,700 --> 04:37:17,200
materials, but they want to 
ensure that potentially 

5310
04:37:17,200 --> 04:37:20,700
controversial texts are clearly 
identified so the people can 

5311
04:37:20,700 --> 04:37:22,599
make informed decisions about 
what to read. 

5312
04:37:23,400 --> 04:37:26,099
The request seems reasonable on 
the surface but you're wary of 

5313
04:37:26,108 --> 04:37:28,700
anything that might lead to 
censorship or restricted access.

5314
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:32,500
You explain that the library's 
mission is to preserve Knowledge

5315
04:37:32,500 --> 04:37:35,900
from all sources and traditions.
And that scholarly inquiry 

5316
04:37:35,900 --> 04:37:37,900
requires exposure to different 
viewpoints. 

5317
04:37:37,900 --> 04:37:41,000
You offered a work with them to 
develop better descriptions of 

5318
04:37:41,000 --> 04:37:43,700
controversial materials. 
But you stress that you won't 

5319
04:37:43,700 --> 04:37:46,200
restrict access to legitimate 
scholarly resources? 

5320
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:50,300
The conversation remains cordial
but you can sense, underlying 

5321
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:52,800
tensions. 
Some of the religious leaders 

5322
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:55,200
are clearly uncomfortable with 
the idea that their beliefs 

5323
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:58,200
might be challenged by 
alternative viewpoints others 

5324
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:00,700
appear more concerned with 
accurately representing their 

5325
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:02,200
own Traditions within the 
collection. 

5326
04:38:03,000 --> 04:38:05,599
You pledged to scrutinize the 
descriptions of various 

5327
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:08,099
religious, and philosophical 
traditions in your catalogs, 

5328
04:38:08,099 --> 04:38:10,800
seeking to offer more impartial 
and precise information. 

5329
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:14,400
Meanwhile, Marcus is dealing 
with a practical political 

5330
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:18,000
problem, a wealthy Merchant has 
offered to donate a significant 

5331
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:21,000
collection of Scrolls to the 
library, but he wants his name 

5332
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:24,200
prominently, displayed and 
expect special recognition for 

5333
04:38:24,200 --> 04:38:26,900
his generosity. 
This kind of patronage is 

5334
04:38:26,900 --> 04:38:30,000
important for your funding but 
it creates complications when 

5335
04:38:30,000 --> 04:38:32,599
donors try to influence how 
their contributions are used. 

5336
04:38:32,599 --> 04:38:36,000
You review, the proposed 
donation with Markus, the 

5337
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:39,000
Scrolls of valuable, mostly 
historical and literary works, 

5338
04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:40,300
that would enhance your 
collection. 

5339
04:38:40,300 --> 04:38:44,200
But the merchants terms include 
rules on how to display the 

5340
04:38:44,200 --> 04:38:45,599
materials and who can access 
them. 

5341
04:38:45,599 --> 04:38:49,099
You're willing to acknowledge 
his generosity publicly, but you

5342
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:53,200
can't accept limitations on 
scholarly access your meeting 

5343
04:38:53,200 --> 04:38:54,700
with the merchant for the 
following week. 

5344
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:58,000
Planning to negotiate terms, 
that satisfy his desire for 

5345
04:38:58,000 --> 04:39:01,000
recognition, while preserving 
the library's principles. 

5346
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:04,500
This kind of diplomacy is an 
increasingly important part of 

5347
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:08,099
your job as the library's 
reputation grows and attracts 

5348
04:39:08,099 --> 04:39:12,099
more high-profile supporters. 
The afternoon brings a different

5349
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:15,500
kind of political challenge when
two rival, Scholars arrive to 

5350
04:39:15,500 --> 04:39:18,000
research the same topic. 
They're both working on 

5351
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:21,099
histories of recent military 
campaigns and they clearly see 

5352
04:39:21,099 --> 04:39:23,400
each other as competitors rather
than colleagues. 

5353
04:39:24,000 --> 04:39:27,400
You need to provide equal access
to both while preventing their 

5354
04:39:27,400 --> 04:39:29,700
rivalry from disrupting other 
Scholars work. 

5355
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:32,700
You set them up in different 
sections of the historical 

5356
04:39:32,700 --> 04:39:36,099
materials and showing that each 
has access to the resources, 

5357
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:39,500
they need without forcing them 
to work in close proximity. 

5358
04:39:40,300 --> 04:39:42,900
Additionally, you ensure that 
they comprehend the importance 

5359
04:39:42,900 --> 04:39:45,700
of resolving, any disputes 
regarding interpretation or 

5360
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:49,100
methodology outside the library.
You dedicate your space to 

5361
04:39:49,100 --> 04:39:52,900
research not to scholarly 
dispute late in the afternoon 

5362
04:39:52,900 --> 04:39:55,900
your cataloging a recently, 
acquired collection, when you 

5363
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:58,400
make a discovery that reminds 
you, why you love this work? 

5364
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:02,400
Hidden among a stack of routine.
Administrative documents is a 

5365
04:40:02,400 --> 04:40:05,600
scroll that contains what 
appears to be a lost work by a 

5366
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:07,100
philosopher? 
You've studied for years. 

5367
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:11,200
The text is fragmentary and the 
Papyrus is badly damaged. 

5368
04:40:11,200 --> 04:40:14,500
But enough remains to suggest 
that this could be a significant

5369
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:17,600
fine. 
Your hands Shake slightly as you

5370
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:20,700
examine the scroll, if this is 
authentic, it could change 

5371
04:40:20,700 --> 04:40:23,100
scholarly understanding of this 
philosophers work. 

5372
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:27,200
But authenticating, ancient 
texts as complex, requiring 

5373
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:31,300
careful, analysis of writing 
styles, material composition and

5374
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:34,400
historical context. 
You'll need to consult experts 

5375
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:37,700
and compare this text with other
known Works before making any 

5376
04:40:37,700 --> 04:40:41,300
claims about its significance. 
You carefully wrap the scroll in

5377
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:44,300
protective cloth and place it in
a secure storage area. 

5378
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:47,700
Tomorrow, you'll begin the 
process of detailed examination.

5379
04:40:47,700 --> 04:40:50,600
But tonight, you want to save 
the excitement of discovery? 

5380
04:40:51,400 --> 04:40:54,500
These moments are rare, most of 
your Acquisitions are routine 

5381
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:57,000
additions, to existing 
knowledge, rather than genuine 

5382
04:40:57,000 --> 04:41:00,300
surprises. 
The discovery reminds you of why

5383
04:41:00,300 --> 04:41:02,400
Scholars are willing to travel, 
hundreds of miles to work in 

5384
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:05,100
Alexandria? 
Your collection contains, not 

5385
04:41:05,100 --> 04:41:08,400
just the well known works that 
exists in multiple copies, but 

5386
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:11,100
also unique materials that can't
be found anywhere else. 

5387
04:41:11,100 --> 04:41:14,100
Some of these items arrive 
through careful acquisition. 

5388
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,300
But others are accidental, 
discoveries like tonight's fine.

5389
04:41:18,200 --> 04:41:21,400
As your securing, the scroll 
markers approaches with news 

5390
04:41:21,400 --> 04:41:23,700
about the Syrian physician who 
worked late last night. 

5391
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:27,300
He's completed, his research and
wants to leave a copy of his 

5392
04:41:27,300 --> 04:41:30,200
notes for future Scholars, 
working on similar problems. 

5393
04:41:31,200 --> 04:41:34,300
This is one of the ways, your 
collection, grows Scholars 

5394
04:41:34,300 --> 04:41:37,000
contribute, their own research 
findings to supplement, the 

5395
04:41:37,000 --> 04:41:40,800
existing materials you review, 
his notes, which are details and

5396
04:41:40,808 --> 04:41:43,700
well-organized. 
He's documented his sources 

5397
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:45,300
carefully and explained his 
reasoning. 

5398
04:41:45,300 --> 04:41:47,800
Clearly. 
This kind of contribution is 

5399
04:41:47,800 --> 04:41:50,300
valuable because it shows how 
existing knowledge can be 

5400
04:41:50,300 --> 04:41:52,400
synthesized and applied to 
practical problems. 

5401
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:55,600
You'll add his notes to the 
medical section with proper 

5402
04:41:55,600 --> 04:41:57,200
attribution. 
The evening. 

5403
04:41:57,200 --> 04:41:59,800
Brings your weekly meeting with 
the other senior staff members. 

5404
04:41:59,800 --> 04:42:02,200
There are four of you 
responsible for different 

5405
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,900
aspects of Library, operations 
collections, Building 

5406
04:42:05,900 --> 04:42:09,100
Maintenance, security, and 
external relations. 

5407
04:42:09,100 --> 04:42:12,700
These meetings help coordinate 
your activities and address 

5408
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:14,800
problems before they become 
serious issues. 

5409
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:17,900
Tonight's main topic is the 
growing space problem. 

5410
04:42:17,900 --> 04:42:21,100
The Collection is expanding 
faster than the building can 

5411
04:42:21,100 --> 04:42:23,100
accommodate it. 
You're running out of room for 

5412
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:25,700
new acquisitions. 
Several Solutions are under 

5413
04:42:25,700 --> 04:42:28,900
consideration including 
expanding the existing structure

5414
04:42:28,900 --> 04:42:32,300
establishing satellite 
collections or implementing more

5415
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:36,300
selective acquisition policies. 
Each option has advantages and 

5416
04:42:36,300 --> 04:42:39,700
drawbacks Its expansion would be
expensive and disruptive to 

5417
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:40,700
ongoing. 
Operation's. 

5418
04:42:40,700 --> 04:42:43,500
Satellite collections would 
reduce the library's 

5419
04:42:43,500 --> 04:42:46,500
Effectiveness by scattering 
related materials across 

5420
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:50,200
multiple locations. 
More selective acquisition would

5421
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:52,700
limit the collections 
comprehensiveness which is one 

5422
04:42:52,700 --> 04:42:56,400
of Alexandria's main competitive
advantages, you advocate for 

5423
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:59,800
expansion arguing that the 
short-term costs are justified 

5424
04:42:59,800 --> 04:43:03,200
by the long-term benefits of 
maintaining a comprehensive 

5425
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:05,500
collection. 
The building maintenance 

5426
04:43:05,500 --> 04:43:08,200
supervisor worries about the 
structural challenges of adding 

5427
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:09,800
new Wings to the existing 
structure. 

5428
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:13,300
The security Chief is concerned 
about protecting a larger 

5429
04:43:13,300 --> 04:43:17,500
facility with the same number of
guards, the external relations 

5430
04:43:17,500 --> 04:43:20,400
manager, reports that several 
wealthy patrons have expressed 

5431
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:24,200
interest in funding expansion 
projects in exchange for naming 

5432
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:27,700
rights to new sections. the 
arrangement could solve the 

5433
04:43:27,700 --> 04:43:30,200
funding problem while creating 
new political complications, 

5434
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:34,000
you'll need to balance donor 
recognition with scholarly 

5435
04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:36,600
Independence. 
No decisions are made to night, 

5436
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,500
but you agree to develop 
detailed proposals for each 

5437
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:41,700
option. 
These will be presented to the 

5438
04:43:41,708 --> 04:43:44,900
Royal Court for final approval. 
Since major changes to the 

5439
04:43:44,900 --> 04:43:46,500
library required governmental 
support. 

5440
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:49,800
You hope the decision-makers 
understand that the library's 

5441
04:43:49,800 --> 04:43:53,400
value to Alexandria depends on 
its ability to continue growing 

5442
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:58,100
and adapting to scholarly needs.
After the meeting you spend time

5443
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,800
reviewing acquisition requests 
that have accumulated during the

5444
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:02,400
day. 
Scholars. 

5445
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:04,100
And collectors. 
Regularly contact you about 

5446
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:07,200
materials, they're willing to 
sell or donate each request 

5447
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:10,700
requires evaluation of the 
materials quality relevance to 

5448
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:12,400
your collection and 
authenticity. 

5449
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:15,700
As your day, winds down, you 
find yourself in the quiet, 

5450
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:19,300
astronomy section, surrounded by
Scrolls, that map, the movements

5451
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:22,600
of stars and planets. 
The evening light filtering 

5452
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:25,500
through the high Windows creates
Long Shadows across the reading 

5453
04:44:25,500 --> 04:44:28,900
tables and you can hear the 
distant sounds of Alexandria 

5454
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:31,900
settling into night. 
Merchants closing, their shops, 

5455
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:35,400
families gathering for dinner 
ships, creaking in the harbor. 

5456
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:38,500
Your checking on a scroll, 
that's been giving you trouble. 

5457
04:44:38,500 --> 04:44:41,400
It's A Treatise on planetary 
movements that arrived last 

5458
04:44:41,400 --> 04:44:43,900
month from a scholar in Babylon,
but the mathematical 

5459
04:44:43,900 --> 04:44:46,700
calculations don't match. 
Other works on the same subject.

5460
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:50,300
Either this scholar has made 
errors or he's discovered 

5461
04:44:50,300 --> 04:44:53,000
something that challenges 
existing astronomical Theory. 

5462
04:44:53,800 --> 04:44:56,500
Determining, which is the case 
requires, careful, comparison 

5463
04:44:56,500 --> 04:44:59,200
with other sources, and possibly
consultation with 

5464
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:03,000
mathematicians, this is the kind
of problem that makes your job 

5465
04:45:03,000 --> 04:45:06,700
intellectually satisfying. 
You're not just organizing and 

5466
04:45:06,700 --> 04:45:09,600
preserving knowledge, your 
helping to advance it by 

5467
04:45:09,600 --> 04:45:13,200
identifying inconsistencies 
comparing, different approaches 

5468
04:45:13,200 --> 04:45:16,500
and facilitating, the scholarly 
discussions that lead to new 

5469
04:45:16,500 --> 04:45:19,300
discoveries. 
The library isn't just a 

5470
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:22,100
repository, it's an active 
participant in the creation of 

5471
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:24,800
knowledge. 
As you work, you notice that the

5472
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:27,700
astronomer section has become 
popular with a new type of 

5473
04:45:27,700 --> 04:45:31,600
visitor practical Navigators who
use star positions for sea 

5474
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:33,800
travel. 
They're less interested in 

5475
04:45:33,800 --> 04:45:36,200
theoretical astronomy than 
inaccurate. 

5476
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:38,200
Usable information about 
Celestial navigation. 

5477
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:42,000
This scenario creates an 
interesting challenge for your 

5478
04:45:42,000 --> 04:45:45,200
organization System since the 
same information serves both 

5479
04:45:45,200 --> 04:45:47,000
scholarly and practical 
purposes. 

5480
04:45:48,300 --> 04:45:50,400
You plan to discuss this with 
Marcus tomorrow. 

5481
04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:53,400
Perhaps you need to create 
cross-references that help 

5482
04:45:53,400 --> 04:45:56,000
different types of users, find 
relevant materials without 

5483
04:45:56,000 --> 04:45:58,300
disrupting The Logical 
organization of the collection. 

5484
04:45:59,400 --> 04:46:02,400
The library success depends on 
its ability to serve diverse 

5485
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:04,700
needs while maintaining 
scholarly integrity. 

5486
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:09,000
The building grows quieter as 
evening approaches most 

5487
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:11,600
Scholars, have finished their 
work for the day and the few 

5488
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:14,200
remaining researchers are 
settling into focused study. 

5489
04:46:15,000 --> 04:46:17,700
You enjoy these peaceful hours 
when the library feels most 

5490
04:46:17,700 --> 04:46:20,600
sacred. 
Temple to human curiosity and 

5491
04:46:20,600 --> 04:46:23,000
learning. 
You think about the scroll you 

5492
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:25,200
discovered early? 
The one that might be a lost 

5493
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:28,500
philosophical work tomorrow. 
You'll begin the careful process

5494
04:46:28,500 --> 04:46:31,400
of authentication. 
But tonight your content to know

5495
04:46:31,400 --> 04:46:34,400
that it's safe, safely, stored 
and waiting for proper 

5496
04:46:34,400 --> 04:46:37,700
examination. 
Whether it proves to be a 

5497
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:40,800
significant Discovery or just an
interesting curiosity, it 

5498
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:43,700
represents the ongoing adventure
of scholarly exploration. 

5499
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:47,300
Your work continues long after 
the sunsets. 

5500
04:46:47,900 --> 04:46:50,900
By Lamplight, you review the 
day's activities and plan, 

5501
04:46:50,900 --> 04:46:54,100
tomorrow's priorities, the 
Syrian physician has left 

5502
04:46:54,100 --> 04:46:57,500
detailed notes about his 
research, the visiting Scholars 

5503
04:46:57,500 --> 04:46:59,300
from pergamon have departed with
polite. 

5504
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:02,400
Expressions of gratitude, The 
government officials have the 

5505
04:47:02,400 --> 04:47:04,900
information they needed. 
The religious leaders have 

5506
04:47:04,900 --> 04:47:08,300
received your promise to review 
the catalog, descriptions the 

5507
04:47:08,300 --> 04:47:10,000
wealthy. 
Merchants donation, awaits 

5508
04:47:10,000 --> 04:47:13,800
negotiation, Each interaction 
represents a different aspect of

5509
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:16,000
your role as keeper of 
Alexandria's intellectual 

5510
04:47:16,000 --> 04:47:19,700
Treasures, your simultaneously, 
a scholar, a diplomat, and 

5511
04:47:19,700 --> 04:47:23,100
negotiator, and a guardian. 
The work is more complex than 

5512
04:47:23,100 --> 04:47:25,100
you anticipated when you 
accepted the position. 

5513
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:29,200
But it's also more rewarding the
new imagined as you prepare to 

5514
04:47:29,200 --> 04:47:30,500
lock up the library for the 
night. 

5515
04:47:30,500 --> 04:47:34,100
You walk through the main hall 
one more time, the oil lamps 

5516
04:47:34,100 --> 04:47:37,800
casting Shadows on the walls 
lined with Scrolls creating an 

5517
04:47:37,800 --> 04:47:39,700
atmosphere of mystery and 
possibility. 

5518
04:47:40,500 --> 04:47:43,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

5519
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:46,900
new opportunities to support the
advancement of human knowledge. 

5520
04:47:46,900 --> 04:47:50,400
You've learned that being a 
librarian in ancient Alexandria 

5521
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:52,000
isn't just about organizing 
information. 

5522
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:55,000
It's about nurturing. 
The intellectual curiosity that 

5523
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:58,900
drives human progress. 
Every scroll, you acquire, every

5524
04:47:58,900 --> 04:48:02,000
scholar you assist and every 
problem you solve contributes to

5525
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,700
the vast network of learning 
that connects thinkers across 

5526
04:48:04,700 --> 04:48:08,200
cultures and centuries. 
The work will continue as long 

5527
04:48:08,200 --> 04:48:10,800
as humans are curious about the 
world tonight. 

5528
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:13,900
Your satisfied knowing that 
you've played a small, but 

5529
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:15,900
important role in keeping the 
flame of knowledge. 

5530
04:48:15,900 --> 04:48:18,600
Burning Brightly in this. 
Remarkable City by the Sea. 

5531
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:22,400
You blow out the last lamp, 
secure the doors and head to 

5532
04:48:22,400 --> 04:48:26,800
your quarters. 
Outside Alexandria sleeps, under

5533
04:48:26,800 --> 04:48:29,800
a canopy of stars that your 
astronomical Scrolls of helped 

5534
04:48:29,800 --> 04:48:31,400
humans. 
Understand just a little bit 

5535
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:33,400
better. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

5536
04:48:33,400 --> 04:48:36,400
questions, new discoveries and 
new opportunities to serve the 

5537
04:48:36,400 --> 04:48:38,600
endless human quest, for 
knowledge and understanding 

5538
04:48:44,300 --> 04:48:49,600
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 
April 15th, 1452 or 1452 by the 

5539
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:54,500
Florentine calendar. 1452 to 
1453 by modern Reckoning, in the

5540
04:48:54,508 --> 04:48:57,400
Tuscan Hamlet of anciano near 
the town of Vinci. 

5541
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,900
Came into a world undergoing 
seismic changes Florence was a 

5542
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,900
republic brimming with artistic 
energy and Europe was on the 

5543
04:49:04,900 --> 04:49:08,700
cusp of the renaissance's, full 
flowering, his father, Ser Piero

5544
04:49:08,700 --> 04:49:12,000
Da, Vinci was a notary of 
moderate Renown while his mother

5545
04:49:12,000 --> 04:49:15,300
Katarina is believed to have 
been a local woman of humble 

5546
04:49:15,300 --> 04:49:18,100
background. 
The boys illegitimacy meant he 

5547
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:21,000
was never part of the upper 
echelons yet, it freed him from 

5548
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:24,000
certain constraints that might 
have Shackled, a legitimate son 

5549
04:49:24,000 --> 04:49:27,200
to family business. 
Even as a child, Leonardo is 

5550
04:49:27,200 --> 04:49:30,300
said to have displayed an 
intense curiosity, wandering 

5551
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:34,400
fields and streams sketching. 
Plants small creatures, or 

5552
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:38,000
swirling Eddies in the water. 
At this time, many children in 

5553
04:49:38,000 --> 04:49:41,700
Tuscany received minimal formal 
education, but Leonardo's father

5554
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,600
recognized the boys precautious,
mine records. 

5555
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:48,500
Suggest that around h14 Leonardo
began an apprenticeship in 

5556
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:50,500
Florence with Andrea Del 
verrocchio. 

5557
04:49:50,500 --> 04:49:55,000
A master known for sculpture 
metal work, and painting the 

5558
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:59,400
workshop bustled with talented 
pupils and assistance, forging a

5559
04:49:59,400 --> 04:50:02,400
collaborative environment. 
Apprentices learned to prepare 

5560
04:50:02,400 --> 04:50:06,100
pigments, craft details, and 
replicate the Master's Style. 

5561
04:50:07,100 --> 04:50:10,900
Leonardo's innate knack for 
observation set him apart his 

5562
04:50:10,900 --> 04:50:14,600
notebooks from that era, though.
Mostly lost would have contained

5563
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:17,900
anatomical. 
Sketches mechanical Doodles and 

5564
04:50:17,900 --> 04:50:21,800
fleeting notes on Geometry while
other students memorize standard

5565
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:26,000
forms, Leonardo probe, the 
underlying structures dissecting

5566
04:50:26,000 --> 04:50:30,100
how limbs attached or how light 
refracted on glossy surfaces an 

5567
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:32,900
early Turning Point arrived. 
When Rocky, oh assigned him to 

5568
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:37,000
paint a small angel in the 
corner of the baptism of Christ.

5569
04:50:38,100 --> 04:50:41,700
Legend has it that upon seeing 
Leonardo's contribution for 

5570
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:43,900
Rocky. 
Felt overshadowed, and vowed. 

5571
04:50:43,900 --> 04:50:47,200
Never to paint again, though. 
That story might be apocryphal. 

5572
04:50:47,200 --> 04:50:50,200
It underscores how swiftly, 
Leonardo's skill gained 

5573
04:50:50,200 --> 04:50:52,700
recognition? 
He brought a Fresh Approach to 

5574
04:50:52,700 --> 04:50:55,400
shading. 
Employing what we now call Kiera

5575
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:58,100
to infuse figures with tangible 
volume. 

5576
04:50:58,800 --> 04:51:02,600
While older Masters, often use 
linear outlines, Leonardo 

5577
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:06,000
Blended tones, so that forms 
emerged gracefully from Shadow 

5578
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:09,800
despite his promise, Leonardo's 
early years, in Florence, 

5579
04:51:09,800 --> 04:51:12,900
carried, frustrations, some 
commissions fizzled due to 

5580
04:51:12,908 --> 04:51:15,000
political upheavals, or Patron, 
shifts. 

5581
04:51:15,000 --> 04:51:18,900
Eager to expand his reach 
Leonardo sought new Vistas 

5582
04:51:18,900 --> 04:51:23,400
around 1482. 
He journeyed to Milan offering 

5583
04:51:23,400 --> 04:51:26,400
his services to ludovico's Forza
the ruling Duke. 

5584
04:51:26,400 --> 04:51:30,500
He wrote a letter extolling, his
engineering prowess, listing 

5585
04:51:30,500 --> 04:51:33,500
designs for Bridges, cannons and
war machines. 

5586
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:37,700
Only concluding with a mention 
that he could paint, This detail

5587
04:51:37,700 --> 04:51:41,000
reveals how Leonardo viewed 
himself, not merely an artist 

5588
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:43,800
but a multi-faceted engineer who
happened to paint. 

5589
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:46,700
Sportster intrigued by such 
potential. 

5590
04:51:46,700 --> 04:51:50,700
Welcome to him. 
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 

5591
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:54,400
The ducal court was a center of 
intellectual Pursuits blending 

5592
04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:56,900
Politics, the Arts and emerging 
science's. 

5593
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:00,600
He tackled a massive equestrian 
statue project for ludovico, 

5594
04:52:00,600 --> 04:52:03,900
intending to cast a colossal, 
bronze horse to honor, the 

5595
04:52:03,908 --> 04:52:07,300
Duke's, father for years, 
Leonardo studied horses, 

5596
04:52:07,300 --> 04:52:10,800
musculature sketched them in 
various Gates and designed 

5597
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:14,900
elaborate Foundry, technique's. 
Ultimately political Strife 

5598
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:18,400
disrupted the project. 
French armies, invaded and the 

5599
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:20,500
raw bronze. 
Allocated for the statue was 

5600
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:23,900
repurposed into cannons. 
The uncompleted clay model 

5601
04:52:23,908 --> 04:52:28,100
became a casualty of War 
shattered as Milan fell, This 

5602
04:52:28,100 --> 04:52:31,800
Fiasco, however did not dampen 
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 

5603
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:34,500
challenges. 
During his Milanese phase 

5604
04:52:34,500 --> 04:52:36,600
Leonardo, also produced the 
virgin of the Rocks. 

5605
04:52:36,600 --> 04:52:39,800
A painting that showcased his 
Mastery of atmospheric 

5606
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:43,500
perspective experimented with 
layered glazes and gentle 

5607
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:45,800
transitions. 
Making the rocky Grotto and 

5608
04:52:45,808 --> 04:52:47,800
figures radiator and other 
worldly. 

5609
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:51,000
Hush simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

5610
04:52:51,000 --> 04:52:54,200
investigation's dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

5611
04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:56,800
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

5612
04:52:56,800 --> 04:53:00,500
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

5613
04:53:00,500 --> 04:53:04,200
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan's, environment 

5614
04:53:04,200 --> 04:53:07,600
gave him the space to roam 
intellectually bridging Artistry

5615
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:10,500
with scientific speculation in a
manner, rarely seen before. 

5616
04:53:11,200 --> 04:53:14,600
Yet, these Pursuits co-existed 
with real world demands. 

5617
04:53:15,300 --> 04:53:17,300
The sport to court needed 
fortifications. 

5618
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:21,600
Festival designs and mechanical 
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 

5619
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,800
Penning trees on Geometry. 
Building stage sets for 

5620
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:27,400
pageants, an engineering of 
ephemeral wonders. 

5621
04:53:27,400 --> 04:53:30,900
Some found him eccentric, 
especially as he scribbled notes

5622
04:53:30,900 --> 04:53:33,700
in Mira writing others, 
recognized him, as an 

5623
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:36,900
exhaustible thinker who might at
any moment produced the next 

5624
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:39,800
stroke of Genius. 
By the late 15th century 

5625
04:53:39,800 --> 04:53:43,000
Leonardo had established himself
as a leading figure of the 

5626
04:53:43,000 --> 04:53:45,800
Renaissance though, his Restless
mind, kept him. 

5627
04:53:45,800 --> 04:53:48,600
Pushing forward, always hungry 
for the next Frontier of 

5628
04:53:48,608 --> 04:53:51,700
knowledge. 
Leonardo's life in Milan was 

5629
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,500
bustling yet. 
Destiny had other terms in store

5630
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:57,900
in 1499. 
French forces under King Louis, 

5631
04:53:57,900 --> 04:54:01,400
the 12th Concord Milan. 
The once powerful sports are 

5632
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:04,100
Dynasty collapsed, leaving 
Leonardo and his Patron 

5633
04:54:04,100 --> 04:54:06,700
scrambling. 
With the city's Patron gone, 

5634
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:10,900
Leonardo lost his secure base. 
He departed Milan, traveling to 

5635
04:54:10,900 --> 04:54:14,800
Venice, then briefly to Mantua 
carrying an uneven portfolio of 

5636
04:54:14,800 --> 04:54:17,000
half-finished, commission's and 
a head brimming with 

5637
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:19,700
experiments. 
The aftermath was a tumultuous 

5638
04:54:19,700 --> 04:54:23,600
period marked by shifting 
alliances across Italy city 

5639
04:54:23,600 --> 04:54:28,100
states in manchur the Martians. 
Isabella desky welcome, Tim 

5640
04:54:28,100 --> 04:54:32,300
seeking a portrait. 
She was a formidable Patron but 

5641
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:34,000
Leonardo's restlessness 
prevailed. 

5642
04:54:34,700 --> 04:54:38,000
He quickly moved on, he possibly
uninterested in the standard 

5643
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:40,700
portrait tasks, by the 
mid-1500s. 

5644
04:54:40,700 --> 04:54:43,600
He found his way back to 
Florence after two decades away.

5645
04:54:44,400 --> 04:54:47,800
The city had changed. 
It was now under the sway of the

5646
04:54:47,800 --> 04:54:51,100
Republican government briefly 
influenced by the fiery 

5647
04:54:51,100 --> 04:54:55,300
preacher, savonarola tension 
simmered and art commissions had

5648
04:54:55,300 --> 04:54:58,900
a new flavor patriotic or 
moralistic yet. 

5649
04:54:58,900 --> 04:55:02,500
Florence remembered Leonardo's 
early promise he was invited to 

5650
04:55:02,500 --> 04:55:05,100
paint a major Altarpiece though 
negotiations. 

5651
04:55:05,100 --> 04:55:10,000
Stalled instead he seized on a 
more prestigious assignment a 

5652
04:55:10,000 --> 04:55:13,200
mural in the Palazzo, Della 
signoria the seat of Florence's 

5653
04:55:13,200 --> 04:55:16,400
government. 
This mural project known as the 

5654
04:55:16,408 --> 04:55:20,400
Battle of anghiari was meant to 
commemorate a 1440, Florentine 

5655
04:55:20,400 --> 04:55:23,400
victory. 
Across town, Michelangelo was 

5656
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:26,000
commissioned to do a different 
battle scene in the same Hall. 

5657
04:55:26,800 --> 04:55:29,500
The city braced for a 
competition between two towering

5658
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:33,500
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 
The mural with an experimental 

5659
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:37,400
technique he planned to use a 
wax based paint to speed drying.

5660
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:41,200
He built a giant scaffold and 
devised Advanced heating systems

5661
04:55:41,200 --> 04:55:44,800
to help the paint set, but the 
Innovation backfired parts of 

5662
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:48,900
the mural drip or refused to 
adhere despite partial success. 

5663
04:55:48,900 --> 04:55:52,300
In, to picking dramatic, Cavalry
Charges the painting never 

5664
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:54,700
reached its final form over 
time. 

5665
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:57,600
The incomplete mural decayed or 
was covered by later. 

5666
04:55:57,600 --> 04:56:01,100
Renovations, still the surviving
sketches and copies hint that it

5667
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:04,200
was a dynamic. 
Swirling composition of men and 

5668
04:56:04,208 --> 04:56:06,500
horses locked in ferocious 
combat. 

5669
04:56:07,300 --> 04:56:10,200
During the same stretch, 
Leonardo painted, the Mona Lisa 

5670
04:56:10,200 --> 04:56:13,900
commissioned by Francesco Del 
giocondo for his wife Lisa, it 

5671
04:56:13,900 --> 04:56:17,200
was initially a private portrait
yet, Leonardo spent years 

5672
04:56:17,200 --> 04:56:20,300
refining, it working and 
reworking, subtle glazes. 

5673
04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:24,300
The faces elusive smile and 
luminous complexion resulted 

5674
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:28,500
from layering translucent. 
Paint each layer diffused light.

5675
04:56:29,500 --> 04:56:32,600
The paintings mysterious Aura 
also came from Leonardo's habit 

5676
04:56:32,600 --> 04:56:36,000
of constantly altering details, 
while smaller than some Grand 

5677
04:56:36,000 --> 04:56:38,200
frescoes. 
The peace represented, a 

5678
04:56:38,200 --> 04:56:39,900
culmination of his few motto 
technique. 

5679
04:56:40,800 --> 04:56:43,800
The background hazy mountains 
and winding roads, miracle, and 

5680
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:47,600
Ians fascination with geology 
and fluid dynamics over time. 

5681
04:56:47,600 --> 04:56:50,600
He kept the painting with him. 
Never delivering it to the 

5682
04:56:50,608 --> 04:56:53,000
patron. 
Possibly, he saw it as a 

5683
04:56:53,000 --> 04:56:55,300
personal Testament to 
portraitures Pinnacle. 

5684
04:56:56,200 --> 04:56:59,500
Parallel to these artistic 
Feats, Leonardo Advanced his 

5685
04:56:59,500 --> 04:57:03,300
scientific exploration. 
He dissected human kader, as in 

5686
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:06,300
hospitals, outside Florence 
sketching, cross-sections of 

5687
04:57:06,300 --> 04:57:09,500
muscles and bones. 
Though, dissection was sensitive

5688
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:12,600
certain hospitals allowed it for
educational ends. 

5689
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:16,200
His anatomical drawing some 
discovered centuries later 

5690
04:57:16,200 --> 04:57:19,900
revealed in near modern. 
Understanding of the spine, the 

5691
04:57:19,900 --> 04:57:22,800
arrangement of internal organs 
and the skeletons mechanics. 

5692
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,000
He planted an extensive treaters
on Anatomy. 

5693
04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:28,800
Combining text with the 
diagrammatic Precision, 

5694
04:57:28,800 --> 04:57:32,300
anticipating the modern concept 
of Illustrated, medical 

5695
04:57:32,300 --> 04:57:35,800
textbooks, however, like many 
Leonardo projects. 

5696
04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:38,100
It was never formally published 
in his lifetime. 

5697
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:42,200
Politics. 
Roiled again, in 1503 to 1504 

5698
04:57:42,200 --> 04:57:45,700
when Pisa threatened Florence. 
Leonardo contributed to 

5699
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:48,800
engineering Solutions 
brainstorming ways to divert the

5700
04:57:48,808 --> 04:57:52,900
Arno River to hamper pisa's, 
supply lines, he drafted, canals

5701
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:55,700
levies and even considered 
flooding tactics. 

5702
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:59,300
The plan was bold but face 
practical obstacles in Tuscany 

5703
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:02,500
terrain, although partially 
attempted the scheme, never 

5704
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:05,000
fully materialized. 
The episode's highlight 

5705
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:07,400
Leonardo's, willingness to 
tackle large-scale, engineering 

5706
04:58:07,400 --> 04:58:10,400
challenges, blending 
topographical studies with 

5707
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,500
strategic Insight. 
The lessons gleaned would echo 

5708
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:15,600
in his future city. 
Planning sketches and Water 

5709
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:19,000
Management. 
Designs by 1506 French rules 

5710
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:21,200
stabilized in Milan opening the 
city. 

5711
04:58:21,200 --> 04:58:24,800
Once more long gone was 
ludovico's Forte but the new 

5712
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:28,700
French government Leonardo. 
Eager to revisit uncompleted 

5713
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:32,700
ideas like the giant horse 
statue, he returned, Florence, 

5714
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:35,900
parted ways with him under a 
cloud of frustration as the 

5715
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:38,200
Battle of anghiari, lingard 
unfinished. 

5716
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:41,400
Yet Leonardo's departure 
signaled, that loyalty to a 

5717
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:42,900
single city. 
Was never his style. 

5718
04:58:42,900 --> 04:58:46,400
He roamed following whichever 
environment, let him Chase 

5719
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:50,300
multiple intellectual Pursuits, 
in returning to Milan, he sought

5720
04:58:50,300 --> 04:58:53,100
continuity for the scientific 
and artistic projects left 

5721
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:58,300
behind a decade prior. 
Thus, by the mid-1500s Leonardo 

5722
04:58:58,300 --> 04:59:01,700
had become an artist engineer. 
Bridging city-states forging. 

5723
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:04,000
A pattern of partial 
achievements and unfinished. 

5724
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:06,200
Marvels. 
Some critics found him 

5725
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:10,400
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 
yet few denied His Brilliant. 

5726
04:59:11,200 --> 04:59:13,900
He left Florence have, 
revolutionized, portraiture in 

5727
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,400
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

5728
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:20,900
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

5729
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:24,600
The stage was set for further 
Meandering in Milan, and 

5730
04:59:24,600 --> 04:59:27,800
eventually Beyond as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

5731
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,600
singular figure. 
Estimate to the Renaissance is 

5732
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:34,300
Union of Art and Science. 
Leonardo's second stint in Milan

5733
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:38,200
began around 1506, under the 
patronage of, Charles DMV was 

5734
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:41,900
the French governor this time. 
The city was controlled by the 

5735
04:59:41,900 --> 04:59:45,800
French Crown, not the sports, a 
family The environment was 

5736
04:59:45,800 --> 04:59:50,000
different less personal loyalty,
more bureaucratic oversight. 

5737
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:54,300
But Leonardo's Fame had grown. 
He was recognized as a 

5738
04:59:54,300 --> 04:59:57,900
renaissance man whose counsel 
was prized for everything from 

5739
04:59:57,900 --> 05:00:01,200
architecture to Geometry. 
Some records indicate. 

5740
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:04,000
He was granted a Workshop near 
the port of virtually District 

5741
05:00:04,000 --> 05:00:07,700
where he resumed anatomical 
mechanical and Artistic 

5742
05:00:07,700 --> 05:00:10,500
Endeavors. 
One ongoing Obsession was the 

5743
05:00:10,500 --> 05:00:13,600
equestrian Monument, he had once
played for ludovicus Forte, 

5744
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:15,800
though. 
The bronze had been lost to war,

5745
05:00:15,800 --> 05:00:18,800
Leonardo still dreamed of 
building the largest horse, 

5746
05:00:18,800 --> 05:00:22,800
statue known, he refined the 
design, adjusting how a rearing 

5747
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,300
stallion might balance on hind 
legs, he sketched Innovative 

5748
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,400
casting methods, hoping to 
circumvent early meltdown 

5749
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:31,900
issues. 
However, the politics had 

5750
05:00:31,900 --> 05:00:34,800
shifted with ludovico. 
Deposed the impetus for a 

5751
05:00:34,808 --> 05:00:38,400
fortune Memorial dissipated 
Leonardo might have pitched the 

5752
05:00:38,400 --> 05:00:40,800
idea to the French 
Administration, but it never 

5753
05:00:40,800 --> 05:00:43,400
crystallized. 
You remained Resolute in 

5754
05:00:43,400 --> 05:00:44,800
exploring? 
Equine Anatomy. 

5755
05:00:45,600 --> 05:00:50,900
Capturing every sinew and tender
in fresh Skechers during this 

5756
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:53,300
period. 
Leonardo welcome to youthful. 

5757
05:00:53,300 --> 05:00:56,200
Apprentice named Francesco melty
who would become his most 

5758
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:59,000
devoted disciple and eventually 
executor of his estate. 

5759
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:04,700
Melty from a noble Milanese 
family, offered loyalty scribing

5760
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:07,100
capabilities and stable 
finances. 

5761
05:01:07,800 --> 05:01:11,200
He accompanied Leonardo on trips
helped, organize notes, and 

5762
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:14,700
became the Masters confidant. 
The presence of a stem were 

5763
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:16,500
respectful. 
Apprentice might have provided 

5764
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:18,700
Leonardo, the continuity. 
He long sought. 

5765
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:22,200
Actually after dealing with 
earlier assistance who sometimes

5766
05:01:22,200 --> 05:01:26,700
parted on mixed terms, meanwhile
glimpses of his scientific Mania

5767
05:01:26,700 --> 05:01:31,200
multiplied, dissected more of us
filming notebooks with nuanced, 

5768
05:01:31,200 --> 05:01:36,000
drawings of hearts muscles, the 
bronchial system, observing that

5769
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:37,700
heart, valves directed, blood 
flow. 

5770
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:41,300
He speculated about circulation 
decades, before William Harvey's

5771
05:01:41,300 --> 05:01:45,200
formal discovery, Studied the 
vitreous humor in an ox's. 

5772
05:01:45,200 --> 05:01:49,600
I investigating how images 
formed while the Catholic church

5773
05:01:49,600 --> 05:01:52,200
mostly tolerated such 
dissections for medical 

5774
05:01:52,200 --> 05:01:55,800
progress. 
Certain clergy frowned on it so 

5775
05:01:55,800 --> 05:01:58,500
Leonardo often performed them 
discreetly or at night. 

5776
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:02,000
Had he published these findings.
He might have revolutionized 

5777
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:05,600
medicine, centuries earlier, but
perfectionism and continuous. 

5778
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:09,600
Revision meant his data State 
personal locked in cramped 

5779
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:13,900
notebooks and penned in a mirror
script in parallel Leonardo 

5780
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:17,600
authored treatises on flight. 
Fascinated by birds Wing 

5781
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:20,100
structures. 
He dissected Wings to decode the

5782
05:02:20,108 --> 05:02:23,000
interplay of feathers, he built 
mechanical prototypes 

5783
05:02:23,000 --> 05:02:25,800
ornithopters aiming to replicate
flapping flight. 

5784
05:02:25,800 --> 05:02:27,800
They never tested on a large 
scale. 

5785
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:30,800
These Contraptions preceded 
modern, Aviation Concepts. 

5786
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:34,000
He recognized that pure flapping
wouldn't suffice for human 

5787
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:36,400
flight. 
He studied gliding surfaces, 

5788
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:40,200
suspecting the air currents 
could keep acrossed Aloft yet 

5789
05:02:40,200 --> 05:02:43,300
the technology of the era no 
engine's or suitable materials 

5790
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:48,300
curb these ambitions Even so the
sketches reveal an acute 

5791
05:02:48,300 --> 05:02:53,200
understanding of aerodynamics. 
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron, 

5792
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:56,400
Charles dunbar's died prompting.
Another shift in Milan's, 

5793
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,900
political Circle, still the 
French King Louis, the 12th 

5794
05:02:59,900 --> 05:03:03,800
value and I don't know. 
Another momentous figure emerged

5795
05:03:03,800 --> 05:03:07,300
the newly ascendant. 
Julianne de Medici, brother of 

5796
05:03:07,300 --> 05:03:10,600
Pope Leo, the 10th vited, 
Leonardo to return to the 

5797
05:03:10,608 --> 05:03:14,200
Florentine orbit or possibly 
move to Rome where the papacy 

5798
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:16,000
was fueling Grand building 
projects. 

5799
05:03:17,300 --> 05:03:20,400
Leonardo. 
Now in his late 50s, weighed 

5800
05:03:20,400 --> 05:03:23,600
these overtures carefully, The 
Lure of Rome's architectural 

5801
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:26,800
expansions and advanced 
scientific resources might prove

5802
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:31,700
irresistible. 
Eventually around 1513 Leonardo 

5803
05:03:31,700 --> 05:03:35,400
departed Milan for Rome with an 
Entourage that included melts 

5804
05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:39,400
and some assistance in Rome 
under Pope Leo, the 10th, the 

5805
05:03:39,400 --> 05:03:42,800
artistic scene, sword, 
Michelangelo and Raphael, 

5806
05:03:42,800 --> 05:03:44,600
dominated the city's 
commission's. 

5807
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:49,100
Sistine Chapel expansions, 
Grandpa Apartments Leonardo 

5808
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:51,600
expected a role in major 
architectural or hydraulic 

5809
05:03:51,600 --> 05:03:54,000
projects. 
Instead he found himself 

5810
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:58,100
overshadowed by younger Rivals. 
Michelangelo known for Moody 

5811
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:01,700
brilliant's had little patience 
for Leonardo's diversion while 

5812
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:04,500
Raphael's rising star in the 
papal Court. 

5813
05:04:05,300 --> 05:04:07,000
Leonardo was offered small 
tasks. 

5814
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,800
For instance, the pope asked him
to devise mechanical amusements,

5815
05:04:10,800 --> 05:04:14,400
or stage designs, but no major 
papal commission emerged, 

5816
05:04:14,400 --> 05:04:18,100
despite the frustration, 
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 

5817
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:22,400
library's continuing anatomical 
dissections, he took advantage 

5818
05:04:22,400 --> 05:04:24,300
of more cadava Supply from local
hospitals. 

5819
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:28,600
Some rumors suggest friction 
with the Vatican curia. 

5820
05:04:29,400 --> 05:04:32,000
Specially after a cardinal 
supposedly saw dismembered 

5821
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:36,600
bodies in Leonardo's quarters. 
The environment felt stifling He

5822
05:04:36,600 --> 05:04:39,100
wrote letters, implying that the
papal, Circle, favored, 

5823
05:04:39,100 --> 05:04:41,200
spectacle over more profound 
research. 

5824
05:04:42,000 --> 05:04:44,200
With insufficient official 
support for his large-scale 

5825
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:47,200
experiments, Leonardo grew 
Restless again. 

5826
05:04:47,800 --> 05:04:50,100
Yet, he found fleeting 
satisfaction exploring the 

5827
05:04:50,108 --> 05:04:53,300
Belvedere, Gardens measuring 
ruins of ancient Roman 

5828
05:04:53,300 --> 05:04:55,600
structures. 
He studied geometry with 

5829
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:59,100
Scholars, exchanging ideas about
perspective and the ptolemaic 

5830
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:02,800
universe Perhaps a quieter dream
to unify art and Mathematics 

5831
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:06,700
kept him going. 
Still the Unstoppable politics 

5832
05:05:06,700 --> 05:05:08,800
of Italy soon. 
Overshadowed, local tasks. 

5833
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:12,900
Shifting alliance's in 1516 
catapulted France into 

5834
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:15,300
dominance. 
Once more France is the first 

5835
05:05:15,300 --> 05:05:18,700
became king, Italy, hungrily for
Leonardo. 

5836
05:05:18,700 --> 05:05:22,500
The swirling Intrigue spelled an
opportunity to Pivot yet again. 

5837
05:05:23,300 --> 05:05:25,600
The next invitation from the 
French Crown would Beckham 

5838
05:05:25,600 --> 05:05:27,300
cross. 
The Alps for what would become 

5839
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:29,500
the final chapter of his life's 
remarkable Journey. 

5840
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:34,100
In 1516, King Francis. 
The first of France, a young 

5841
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:37,900
monk in by Art and Technology. 
Extended an invitation to 

5842
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:41,200
Leonardo da Vinci. 
Tired of Roman politics and 

5843
05:05:41,200 --> 05:05:43,100
seeing limited scope for big 
projects there. 

5844
05:05:43,100 --> 05:05:47,800
Leonardo accepted He traveled 
north crossing, the Alps at an 

5845
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:50,000
advanced age. 
Bearing, precious paintings and 

5846
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:53,800
volumes of notes among them, the
Mona, Lisa and likely Saint, 

5847
05:05:53,800 --> 05:05:56,900
John, the Baptist. 
Francis offered him the manor 

5848
05:05:56,900 --> 05:06:00,200
house of Closet near the Royal 
Chateau dumb was in the Loire. 

5849
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:02,400
Valley. 
This Arrangement put Leonardo 

5850
05:06:02,400 --> 05:06:06,400
under Royal patronage granting 
him comfort and a platform for 

5851
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:09,700
his creative urges. 
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 

5852
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:13,300
relative calm gone with a fierce
rivalries of Florence and the 

5853
05:06:13,300 --> 05:06:16,300
ephemeral commission's of Milan.
Francis. 

5854
05:06:16,300 --> 05:06:20,200
The first often, strolled over 
discussing fortifications Canal 

5855
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:22,700
systems or mechanical 
contraptions. 

5856
05:06:23,600 --> 05:06:26,600
The king revered. 
Leonardo is a living legend, a 

5857
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:28,300
reservoir of Renaissance 
Brilliance. 

5858
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:32,400
The older man reciprocated with 
sketches of improved Weaponry or

5859
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:36,000
designs for a Grand Palace. 
However, age and ill health, 

5860
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:39,600
limited the impetus for new 
large-scale Ventures. some 

5861
05:06:39,600 --> 05:06:42,300
accounts claim Leonardo tried to
outline an ideal city for 

5862
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:45,800
France's merging symmetrical, 
layouts with official waterways 

5863
05:06:45,800 --> 05:06:50,100
but no direct implementation 
followed Amid this peaceful 

5864
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:52,800
setting Leonardo's, healthy 
shoes worse. 

5865
05:06:52,800 --> 05:06:56,700
And he wrote fewer lines in his 
notebooks and his once dexterous

5866
05:06:56,700 --> 05:06:59,600
hand might have trembled from 
possible Strokes or nerve 

5867
05:06:59,600 --> 05:07:01,300
troubles. 
Yet his mind remained 

5868
05:07:01,300 --> 05:07:04,200
inquisitive, he refined old 
anatomical, drawings 

5869
05:07:04,200 --> 05:07:08,500
re-examining them in the quiet 
orchard near his manner, Melsi 

5870
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:11,700
ever faithful organized. 
The piles of manuscripts and 

5871
05:07:11,700 --> 05:07:15,800
showing references to Geometry. 
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 

5872
05:07:15,800 --> 05:07:19,500
vanish into chaos, the older 
assistance Elie, who had begun 

5873
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:21,400
as a teenage model with a 
mischievous streak. 

5874
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:24,700
Also lived there though rumored 
tensions, occasionally fled 

5875
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:27,800
between him and melty. 
A highlight of this period was 

5876
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:31,300
visits by French courtiers who 
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 

5877
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:35,000
They admired her half smile 
rumored to be a representation 

5878
05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:38,700
of intangible Grace. 
Francis, the first himself is 

5879
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:41,400
said to have purchased the 
painting directly from Leonardo 

5880
05:07:41,400 --> 05:07:45,600
or inherited it after the artist
death, eventually placing it in 

5881
05:07:45,608 --> 05:07:48,700
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 
to the Louvre centuries later. 

5882
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:51,400
Another puzzle. 
Saint John. 

5883
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,900
The Baptist a moody half-lit 
figure pointing heavenward. 

5884
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:59,500
Also accompanied him to France. 
It swirling, hair and ambiguous 

5885
05:07:59,500 --> 05:08:02,700
expression, invited speculation.
That it was a deeply personal 

5886
05:08:02,700 --> 05:08:04,400
reflection on spiritual 
transformation. 

5887
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:08,400
Though, slowed, physically 
Leonardo sometimes. 

5888
05:08:08,400 --> 05:08:10,500
Produced a femoral amusements 
for the court. 

5889
05:08:11,100 --> 05:08:14,800
France's might request a 
mechanical lion that roared or a

5890
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:17,000
winged Contraption to amuse 
guests. 

5891
05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:20,800
These ephemeral wonders were 
reminiscent of his younger days 

5892
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:23,900
planning festivals for the 
Milanese Dukes in letters, 

5893
05:08:23,900 --> 05:08:26,000
Watchers described him as 
gracious. 

5894
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:29,500
But occasionally melancholic 
lamenting the ephemeral nature 

5895
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:32,900
of grand project. 
He never completed. the once 

5896
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:35,600
Unstoppable polymath was 
contending with the reality that

5897
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:39,300
time was finite, He also penned 
Reflections on theology, 

5898
05:08:39,300 --> 05:08:42,000
bridging, Catholic doctrines 
with his own scientific 

5899
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:45,300
viewpoint. 
While devout in belief, he had 

5900
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:47,000
long championed rational 
inquiry. 

5901
05:08:47,000 --> 05:08:49,800
Sometimes rattling clergy with 
statements about Earth's 

5902
05:08:49,800 --> 05:08:53,000
position or the universal laws 
of nature in France. 

5903
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:55,800
The monarchy had a slightly more
flexible attitude toward 

5904
05:08:55,800 --> 05:08:59,400
intellectual exploration. so 
long as loyalties to church, 

5905
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:03,200
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged,
this gave Leonardo's space to 

5906
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:07,400
fuse, spiritual musics with 
scientific Wonder, Few cryptic 

5907
05:09:07,400 --> 05:09:10,200
lines in his notebooks hint that
he believed the study of anatomy

5908
05:09:10,200 --> 05:09:12,400
and nature. 
Only deepened, reverence for a 

5909
05:09:12,400 --> 05:09:17,100
Divine creator, socially the 
small circle at Chloe was cozy. 

5910
05:09:17,700 --> 05:09:21,400
Francis, the first occasionally 
dined with Leonardo absorbing 

5911
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:23,700
Tall Tales From Italy's golden 
cities. 

5912
05:09:24,600 --> 05:09:26,900
Melty recorded these dialogues 
though. 

5913
05:09:26,900 --> 05:09:29,100
Few transcripts remain. 
Meanwhile. 

5914
05:09:29,100 --> 05:09:31,600
Rumors circulated about 
Leonardo's final. 

5915
05:09:31,600 --> 05:09:34,700
Unseen manuscripts. 
Some believed he was Penning a 

5916
05:09:34,700 --> 05:09:37,400
definitive Treatise on flight or
universal theory of water. 

5917
05:09:37,400 --> 05:09:41,300
Currents in truth, he likely 
polished segments of older notes

5918
05:09:41,300 --> 05:09:45,200
rather than forging a single 
cohesive magnum opus The 

5919
05:09:45,200 --> 05:09:47,200
scattered nature of his archive.
Meant the future. 

5920
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:50,900
Would discover his Brilliance 
piecemeal During the winter of 

5921
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:54,100
1518 to the 1519 Leonardo's 
condition. 

5922
05:09:54,100 --> 05:09:58,200
Deteriorated chronic arm, pains 
possibly from a stroke, forced 

5923
05:09:58,200 --> 05:10:00,400
him to rely heavily on melt sea 
for everyday tasks. 

5924
05:10:01,000 --> 05:10:05,200
Francis hearing of the decline 
visited more often hoping for 

5925
05:10:05,200 --> 05:10:09,100
final insights from the Master 
Legend, has it that the King was

5926
05:10:09,100 --> 05:10:13,500
at Leonardo's side as he passed 
on May, the 2nd 1519 while 

5927
05:10:13,500 --> 05:10:16,000
romanticized accounts, 
typically, Leonardo dying in 

5928
05:10:16,008 --> 05:10:18,900
France's arms. 
This historical veracity is 

5929
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,700
uncertain. 
Still the bond between them was 

5930
05:10:21,700 --> 05:10:24,500
genuine. 
The Deep mutual respect between 

5931
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:28,100
an aging Renaissance, Titan and 
a monarch hungry for cultural 

5932
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:30,900
ascendancy. 
Thus ended, Leonardo's mortal 

5933
05:10:30,900 --> 05:10:34,400
Journey far from the Tuscan 
Hills of his birth in a French 

5934
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:36,200
man of brightened by orchard 
blooms. 

5935
05:10:37,000 --> 05:10:40,700
This final French chapter was 
quieter reflective yet, still 

5936
05:10:40,700 --> 05:10:42,300
brimming with Sparks of 
creativity. 

5937
05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:46,300
From building a femoral 
mechanical Lions to preserving 

5938
05:10:46,300 --> 05:10:49,700
the greatest paintings. 
Human Kinder known Leonardo's 

5939
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:53,700
culminating years embodied, a 
spirit that refused to go dim. 

5940
05:10:54,400 --> 05:10:57,300
he might not have erected a 
final Monument, but he left 

5941
05:10:57,300 --> 05:11:01,000
behind a personal realm of 
knowledge, bridging art, science

5942
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:05,000
and Imagination, a legacy that 
would endure for centuries to 

5943
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:09,000
come In the immediate aftermath 
of Leonardo da Vinci dying. 

5944
05:11:09,000 --> 05:11:13,100
The question arose, what would 
become of his manuscripts and 

5945
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:15,500
personal effects? 
According to some accounts 

5946
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:20,200
Francesco melts emerged as the 
designated heir Entrusted with 

5947
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:23,100
safeguarding the thousands of 
pages brimming with sketches 

5948
05:11:23,100 --> 05:11:28,300
notes and drafts salary. 
An earlier companion, received 

5949
05:11:28,300 --> 05:11:32,000
certain paintings and minor 
possessions Yet the sheer volume

5950
05:11:32,000 --> 05:11:35,900
of Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melts, dedicated years

5951
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:39,100
trying to organize them, hoping 
to publish coherent treatises 

5952
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:41,900
that the scale was daunting over
time. 

5953
05:11:41,900 --> 05:11:45,300
Bits of the collection were 
dispersed sold or gifted by 

5954
05:11:45,300 --> 05:11:49,000
melts across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

5955
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:52,800
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

5956
05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:55,500
Royal Library to British 
aristocratic collections. 

5957
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:59,900
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals, Europe of the 16th 

5958
05:11:59,900 --> 05:12:03,400
century recognized Leonardo's 
artistic Brilliance, the Last 

5959
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:06,000
Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

5960
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:09,400
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

5961
05:12:09,400 --> 05:12:12,900
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

5962
05:12:12,900 --> 05:12:15,900
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her horny 

5963
05:12:15,900 --> 05:12:18,700
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

5964
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:21,800
genius. 
Engineering drawings anatomical,

5965
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:24,100
plates were treatises on 
Geometry. 

5966
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:27,300
Remained largely hidden the slow
trickle of discovered. 

5967
05:12:27,300 --> 05:12:29,700
Manuscripts fueled centuries of 
fascination. 

5968
05:12:30,400 --> 05:12:33,700
In the 17th century, a few 
scientists glimpsed, certain 

5969
05:12:33,700 --> 05:12:38,000
sketches marveling at advanced 
concepts of gear systems or 

5970
05:12:38,008 --> 05:12:41,200
diving apparatus but it wasn't 
until the 19th century that 

5971
05:12:41,200 --> 05:12:43,600
broader scholarship, 
systematically studied his 

5972
05:12:43,600 --> 05:12:47,000
codices unveiling a mind. 
Centuries ahead of his era. 

5973
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:50,500
Leonardo's immediate Legacy and 
art was clearer. 

5974
05:12:50,500 --> 05:12:53,900
His painting style influenced 
degeneration of mannerists, who 

5975
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:57,600
admired his Smoky transitions 
for matter and Atmospheric 

5976
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:00,000
depth. 
Milanese artists though 

5977
05:13:00,000 --> 05:13:03,300
overshadowed by the city's 
shifting political fortunes, 

5978
05:13:03,300 --> 05:13:06,800
carried forward, elements of his
approach in Florence. 

5979
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:10,700
Students, who had glimpsed the 
aborted Battle of anghiari mural

5980
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:14,300
adapted some compositional 
ideas, but the direct lineage 

5981
05:13:14,300 --> 05:13:17,500
was complicated. 
Leonardo left, no formal 

5982
05:13:17,500 --> 05:13:19,900
Academy. 
He taught a few pupils of 

5983
05:13:19,908 --> 05:13:23,000
Thoroughly except for melty and 
a handful of others. 

5984
05:13:23,700 --> 05:13:27,000
The intangible Aura of Leonard 
painting permeated the late 

5985
05:13:27,000 --> 05:13:30,600
Renaissance with its softness of
edges and subtle into play of 

5986
05:13:30,608 --> 05:13:32,800
light. 
Over the next centuries. 

5987
05:13:32,800 --> 05:13:37,100
As Baroque flamboyant, Rose 
certainly Leonardo's Works fell 

5988
05:13:37,100 --> 05:13:40,100
out of style others recognize 
them as Timeless. 

5989
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:43,300
The last supper. 
For example underwent multiple 

5990
05:13:43,300 --> 05:13:46,700
Restorations each attempt often 
introducing fresh problems, 

5991
05:13:46,700 --> 05:13:49,900
leading to controversies about 
how much of Leonardo's original 

5992
05:13:49,900 --> 05:13:53,300
brush Strokes survived. 
Meanwhile in the 19th century, 

5993
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:56,400
romantic and Victorian Scholars.
Resurrected, The Cult of the 

5994
05:13:56,400 --> 05:13:59,700
Renaissance genius Leonardo 
emerged as a symbol of the 

5995
05:13:59,708 --> 05:14:02,800
solitary Visionary. 
An introspective figure bridging

5996
05:14:02,800 --> 05:14:06,400
reason and art Writers Like 
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 

5997
05:14:06,400 --> 05:14:10,200
essays on the Mona Lisa, 
describing her as an enigma 

5998
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:14,200
embodying centuries of emotion. 
Such a fusions etched, the 

5999
05:14:14,200 --> 05:14:16,600
painting's fame, deep into 
Western cultural consciousness. 

6000
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:20,500
Only in the modern age. 
Did the scale of Leonardo's 

6001
05:14:20,500 --> 05:14:24,300
scientific Legacy become widely 
recognized as more codices were 

6002
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:27,500
catalogued like the Codex 
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 

6003
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:30,900
historians realized that he had 
conceptualized flying machines, 

6004
05:14:30,900 --> 05:14:34,300
armored vehicles and tension 
based Mechanical Devices. 

6005
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:38,500
He'd studied wave patterns 
sketched gear diff brenchels and

6006
05:14:38,500 --> 05:14:41,300
dissected the human body with an
exactitude unmatched. 

6007
05:14:41,300 --> 05:14:44,900
For centuries art historians 
Marvel, that how the same man, 

6008
05:14:44,900 --> 05:14:46,600
who painted the lady with an 
ermine. 

6009
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:49,100
Had also measured the 
mathematical proportions of 

6010
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:52,900
reflection angles, the Synergy 
of Aesthetics and logic rendered

6011
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:54,200
him. 
The archetype of the Renaissance

6012
05:14:54,200 --> 05:14:57,900
Man, modern Architects gleaned 
from his City Planning Concepts 

6013
05:14:57,900 --> 05:15:00,500
while robotic Engineers. 
Found Prelude to Modern 

6014
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:02,900
mechanical linkages in his 
swirling diagrams. 

6015
05:15:03,900 --> 05:15:07,100
For a Time many described 
Leonardo as a man out of time, 

6016
05:15:07,100 --> 05:15:09,700
but recent scholarship refines 
that narrative. 

6017
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:14,100
He was indeed extraordinary, but
also a product of a vibrant 

6018
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:18,100
milieu Italian city-states 
teamed with cross-pollination 

6019
05:15:18,100 --> 05:15:20,500
from Greek, Roman, and his 
knowledge. 

6020
05:15:21,400 --> 05:15:24,400
Leonardo built on the 
achievements of early maths from

6021
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:27,400
the classical treatises of our 
committees to the reintroduced 

6022
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:31,500
works of Al Hazen on Optics. 
Recognizing that Synergy, 

6023
05:15:31,500 --> 05:15:34,400
doesn't lessen his Brilliance, 
it situates him in the network 

6024
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:37,800
that made such leaps feasible. 
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 

6025
05:15:37,800 --> 05:15:40,100
Leonardo occasionally 
overshadowed more grounded, 

6026
05:15:40,100 --> 05:15:44,000
truths, Tales of him, finishing 
Commissions in a single burst or

6027
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:46,200
Conjuring. 
Bizarre Contraptions for stage 

6028
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:48,300
Illusions became embroidered 
over time. 

6029
05:15:48,300 --> 05:15:52,600
The reality was that he left 
many tasks in complete struggled

6030
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:55,900
with perfectionism and juggled 
ephemeral Court demands. 

6031
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:59,500
This tension between the 
Unstoppable imagination and the 

6032
05:15:59,500 --> 05:16:03,300
Practical burden of day-to-day 
labor, infuses his story with a 

6033
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:06,400
human dimension. 
He wasn't some aloof superhuman 

6034
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,600
but an individual forging 
through the same complexities 

6035
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:12,800
and distractions, we all face, 
all be it with an incandescent 

6036
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:15,300
spark. 
If you could rival thus 

6037
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:19,500
centuries after his passing 
Leonardo's name, resonates as 

6038
05:16:19,500 --> 05:16:22,300
the embodiment of creative 
ambition, whether in art 

6039
05:16:22,300 --> 05:16:26,500
galleries, engineering Labs or 
philosophical debates references

6040
05:16:26,500 --> 05:16:31,700
to his Fusion of the imagination
and observation about People see

6041
05:16:31,700 --> 05:16:35,600
in him, the ideal of curiosity, 
Unshackled Bridging the 

6042
05:16:35,600 --> 05:16:37,900
intangible Rifts between Arts 
science. 

6043
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:42,700
Beauty, and data that intangible
Legacy more than any single 

6044
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:46,000
painting or device might stand 
as the core reason. 

6045
05:16:46,000 --> 05:16:49,100
We Revere him. 
He left behind not just objects 

6046
05:16:49,100 --> 05:16:52,300
but a testament that the Quest 
for knowledge and Mastery can in

6047
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:56,500
the right hands rewrite, the 
boundaries of possibility in 

6048
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:58,600
contemporary times, Leonardo's 
Legacy. 

6049
05:16:58,600 --> 05:17:01,100
Permeates cultural and 
scientific discourse in ways, 

6050
05:17:01,100 --> 05:17:04,900
both lofty and mundane the Mona.
Lisa has become a pop icon 

6051
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:07,800
reproduced endlessly, on posters
and Novelty items. 

6052
05:17:07,800 --> 05:17:11,500
It's Rye smile, fueling 
conspiracy theories about hidden

6053
05:17:11,500 --> 05:17:16,200
identities or coded messages. 
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 

6054
05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:18,800
continues to Captivate pilgrims 
and tourists. 

6055
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:22,400
In Milan though, Advanced ticket
reservations are required to see

6056
05:17:22,400 --> 05:17:25,700
the heavily conserved mural. 
Documentary is dissect. 

6057
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:29,100
Each brushstroke offering 
competing theories about cryptic

6058
05:17:29,100 --> 05:17:31,500
symbolism in the arrangement of 
bread loaves or Apostolic 

6059
05:17:31,500 --> 05:17:35,800
gestures Beyond these famous 
works Leonardo's name adorns 

6060
05:17:35,800 --> 05:17:38,900
everything from children's 
educational kits about invention

6061
05:17:38,900 --> 05:17:43,300
to NASA references to lunar 
craters named in his honor Tek 

6062
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:46,100
innovators, sometimes cite him 
as a paragon of design thinking,

6063
05:17:46,100 --> 05:17:50,600
Aesthetics and function. 
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 

6064
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:52,600
denote someone Unbound by single
domain. 

6065
05:17:53,400 --> 05:17:57,000
Museum stage Blockbuster, 
exhibitions assembling scattered

6066
05:17:57,000 --> 05:17:59,000
folios of his codices Under One 
Roof. 

6067
05:17:59,700 --> 05:18:02,700
Visitors queue for hours to 
climb the delicate sketches of a

6068
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:05,700
fetus in utero or a swirling 
aerial screw. 

6069
05:18:06,300 --> 05:18:09,400
In such Gatherings, viewers 
witnessed, the raw lines of a 

6070
05:18:09,400 --> 05:18:11,900
man who wrestled with Nature's 
secrets on scraps of paper 

6071
05:18:11,900 --> 05:18:14,400
unknowing. 
They'd be revered centuries 

6072
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:17,800
later. 
Yet the question arises, what 

6073
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:20,500
would Leonardo have done with 
modern resources? 

6074
05:18:21,400 --> 05:18:24,700
Some imagine him thriving in an 
era of 3D printers and digital 

6075
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:27,200
imaging or leading biotech 
startups. 

6076
05:18:27,200 --> 05:18:30,100
Others caution that the 
intangible Synergy of 

6077
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:33,700
Renaissance, Italy, a World open
to invention but also Bound by 

6078
05:18:33,708 --> 05:18:37,800
Kraft Traditions shape him. 
A modern environment might 

6079
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:40,700
hamper that slow observational 
approach. 

6080
05:18:40,700 --> 05:18:43,900
He thrived in a realm where 
forging your pigments and 

6081
05:18:43,900 --> 05:18:47,100
detecting cadavers in candlelit 
Corners built a holistic sense 

6082
05:18:47,100 --> 05:18:50,000
of wonder. 
Today is rapid data flow might 

6083
05:18:50,000 --> 05:18:52,200
overshadow. 
The meticulous wonder that fuel 

6084
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:54,700
his slow revelation. 
Scholars. 

6085
05:18:54,700 --> 05:18:57,300
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 
notebooks for overlooked. 

6086
05:18:57,300 --> 05:19:00,400
Insights one might find a newly,
deciphered margin note, 

6087
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:03,100
revealing how he played water 
lifting devices for Farmland 

6088
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:05,900
irrigation. 
Another might unearth of 

6089
05:19:05,900 --> 05:19:09,000
fragment referencing a missing 
treaties on mirror, making each 

6090
05:19:09,000 --> 05:19:12,000
fresh Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete our 

6091
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:14,300
knowledge remains? 
Because his notebooks were so 

6092
05:19:14,300 --> 05:19:17,100
scattered lines, vanished and 
private collections. 

6093
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:20,400
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

6094
05:19:20,400 --> 05:19:23,900
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

6095
05:19:23,900 --> 05:19:28,000
Leicester in 1994, digitizing 
Pages, for public curiosity. 

6096
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:31,600
This interplay of private 
ownership and public thirst. 

6097
05:19:31,600 --> 05:19:34,800
For knowledge, epitomizes 
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 

6098
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:38,800
One-dimension of modern interest
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 

6099
05:19:38,800 --> 05:19:41,700
life. 
The few references to Intimate 

6100
05:19:41,700 --> 05:19:43,900
Relationships or sexuality 
remain ambiguous. 

6101
05:19:44,700 --> 05:19:47,900
Some interpret, his heavy focus 
on male assistance as indicative

6102
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:50,200
of hidden personal aspects 
others. 

6103
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:52,600
See, no direct evidence of 
romance in his notes. 

6104
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:56,500
He rarely wrote about personal 
feelings, preferring coded, 

6105
05:19:56,500 --> 05:19:58,100
references, or allegorical 
musings. 

6106
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:01,800
The aura of secrecy around his 
private life parallels, the 

6107
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:05,000
guarded manner in which he 
protected his scientific methods

6108
05:20:05,000 --> 05:20:09,300
fueling endless speculation at 
the same time the notion of the 

6109
05:20:09,300 --> 05:20:12,700
incomplete genius, resonates 
with modern anxieties about 

6110
05:20:12,700 --> 05:20:15,600
productivity. 
Leonardo's many half finished 

6111
05:20:15,600 --> 05:20:17,900
paintings, and ephemeral designs
illustrate. 

6112
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:21,100
The challenge of reconciling 
curiosity with the finality of 

6113
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:25,000
deadlines in an age, obsessed 
with completion and output. 

6114
05:20:25,000 --> 05:20:29,200
His story hints that the path of
exploration, though, Meandering.

6115
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:33,700
Can yield intangible but 
profound insights that he never 

6116
05:20:33,700 --> 05:20:36,500
published his anatomical volumes
didn't negate their Brilliance. 

6117
05:20:36,500 --> 05:20:40,300
Their posture humans influence, 
shaped fields from architecture 

6118
05:20:40,300 --> 05:20:43,600
to fluid dynamics. 
Many contemporary creatives draw

6119
05:20:43,600 --> 05:20:47,000
solace in Leonardo's example, 
creation can be iterative 

6120
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,100
perpetually and fluffs and still
crucial to progress. 

6121
05:20:51,100 --> 05:20:54,100
Even so some critics note, that 
praising Leonardo can 

6122
05:20:54,100 --> 05:20:56,900
overshadow, other Renaissance 
figures like Filippo 

6123
05:20:56,900 --> 05:21:00,700
Brunelleschi, who concretely 
built the Florence Dome, or Luca

6124
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:02,800
pacioli whose mathematics 
influence him. 

6125
05:21:03,700 --> 05:21:06,600
They argue that the Leonardo 
Legend occasionally 

6126
05:21:06,600 --> 05:21:10,300
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 
while that Synergy was real. 

6127
05:21:10,300 --> 05:21:13,700
Credit goes to many. 
Leonardo's singular star 

6128
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:16,100
shouldn't blind us to the 
collective Genius of the period 

6129
05:21:16,100 --> 05:21:19,200
but precisely because he 
integrated so many fields. 

6130
05:21:19,200 --> 05:21:22,200
Art science, engineering and 
Anatomy. 

6131
05:21:22,200 --> 05:21:25,900
He became an enduring symbol for
the entire an Essence moment. 

6132
05:21:25,900 --> 05:21:29,400
Capturing the further of 
bridging knowledge, domains. 

6133
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:34,600
Hence, in the 21st century, 
Leonardo da Vinci remains less a

6134
05:21:34,600 --> 05:21:37,900
static historical figure than a 
living metaphor for potential. 

6135
05:21:38,700 --> 05:21:42,100
Each generation reinterprets him
plugging his name into the 

6136
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:46,800
contexts as varied as Steam, 
education, cultural diplomacy or

6137
05:21:46,800 --> 05:21:49,700
brand marketing. 
The friction between the legend 

6138
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:51,900
and the historical details keeps
him relevant. 

6139
05:21:51,900 --> 05:21:55,500
People yearn for the secret of 
how a single mind could roam. 

6140
05:21:55,500 --> 05:21:59,700
So broadly producing both 
Timeless artistic wonders and 

6141
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:02,400
notebooks brimming with half 
realized Marvels. 

6142
05:22:03,300 --> 05:22:05,800
That tension between the 
completed and the fragmentary 

6143
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:09,500
May well be Leonardo's. 
Final gift spurring us to 

6144
05:22:09,500 --> 05:22:11,300
question. 
How far our curiosity might take

6145
05:22:11,300 --> 05:22:13,900
us if we refuse to erect 
barriers between the Arts and 

6146
05:22:13,900 --> 05:22:17,900
Sciences the story of Leonardo 
da Vinci serves as the lens on 

6147
05:22:17,900 --> 05:22:21,500
lifelong reinvention, Born in a 
modest Tuscan setting. 

6148
05:22:22,100 --> 05:22:25,800
He navigated uneven patronage 
system accepted partial 

6149
05:22:25,800 --> 05:22:28,900
successes and found resilience 
In Perpetual learning. 

6150
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:33,500
Each City he lived in Florence, 
millon, Rome, and ultimately 

6151
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:35,800
France, offered fresh, Vantage 
points. 

6152
05:22:35,800 --> 05:22:39,400
Reminding us that Mobility can 
spark renewal at any stage in 

6153
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:41,900
life, though. 
He occasionally lamented in 

6154
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:43,800
complete tasks. 
He pressed forward. 

6155
05:22:43,800 --> 05:22:45,900
Bridging discipline. 
After discipline. 

6156
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:49,600
It's worth extracting lessons 
from his approach. 

6157
05:22:50,300 --> 05:22:53,300
He cultivated Town. 
An insatiable observational 

6158
05:22:53,300 --> 05:22:55,600
habit. 
Scrutinizing, swirling water. 

6159
05:22:55,600 --> 05:22:59,800
The geometry of a flower's 
petal. or the subtle shift of a 

6160
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:03,900
faces muscles, even in an era 
lacking cameras or modern labs, 

6161
05:23:04,600 --> 05:23:07,300
He gleaned Universal patterns by
focusing on the details. 

6162
05:23:08,300 --> 05:23:11,800
As midlife adults we too can 
regain that sense of direct 

6163
05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:14,900
observation whether it's 
noticing minor changes in a 

6164
05:23:14,908 --> 05:23:18,200
friend's demeanor or analyzing 
complexities at work. 

6165
05:23:18,200 --> 05:23:22,300
Alana desk perspective 
encourages seeing a new not 

6166
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:26,000
coasting on assumptions. 
Another facet resonates with 

6167
05:23:26,000 --> 05:23:29,000
modern times the Synergy of 
creative expression and 

6168
05:23:29,000 --> 05:23:32,300
methodical research. 
Leonardo was no Carefree 

6169
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:35,200
Dreamer. 
He systematically tested ideas, 

6170
05:23:35,200 --> 05:23:40,100
building prototypes, dissecting 
bodies and refining pigments. 

6171
05:23:40,900 --> 05:23:44,500
He let imagination drive him but
insisted on verifying theories 

6172
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:47,600
with experiments. 
For those in middle, adulthood 

6173
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:52,400
managing teams, families or 
personal projects balancing 

6174
05:23:52,400 --> 05:23:56,000
Vision with practicality. 
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 

6175
05:23:56,000 --> 05:23:59,900
bristle with micro failures, a 
water lifting device that jammed

6176
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:03,500
a mural technique that peeled 
yet, each misstep taught him 

6177
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:07,500
something this iterative mindset
Fosters resilience and yields 

6178
05:24:07,500 --> 05:24:10,800
deeper expertise, moreover, 
Leonardo's, story, under 

6179
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:12,000
schools, the role of 
collaboration. 

6180
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,900
He sawed highest not in 
isolation but in Synergy with 

6181
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:20,500
Patron's mentors and assistance.
The swords are in French courts,

6182
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:24,200
gave him resources to dream big.
Skilled Workshop, members helped

6183
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:27,200
realize or test Concepts even 
his competition with 

6184
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:30,100
Michelangelo and Raphael will be
at fraught with tension. 

6185
05:24:30,100 --> 05:24:34,500
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 
present life Synergy across 

6186
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:37,800
skill sets can amplify outcomes.
We see parallels and 

6187
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:40,700
cross-functional corporate teams
or community coalitions that 

6188
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:42,900
blend varied talents to achieve 
breakthroughs. 

6189
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:46,000
However, we also need to address
the negative aspect. 

6190
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:50,600
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 
potential, many of Leonardo's 

6191
05:24:50,600 --> 05:24:53,500
Grand designs such as the 
sports, a horse or the treaters 

6192
05:24:53,500 --> 05:24:57,500
on flight remained incomplete. 
Some might interpret him as a 

6193
05:24:57,500 --> 05:24:58,800
cautionary tale about 
perfectionism. 

6194
05:24:58,800 --> 05:25:02,800
Indeed, he sometimes spent years
later in glazes on a single 

6195
05:25:02,800 --> 05:25:05,200
painting or rewriting the same 
mechanical design. 

6196
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:08,800
For busy modern adults. 
It can be a nudge to find 

6197
05:25:08,800 --> 05:25:11,300
closure. 
Not every idea demands in 

6198
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:14,500
definite polishing, finishing 
and sharing can unlock new 

6199
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:17,900
phases of growth. 
Still Leonardo's income complete

6200
05:25:17,900 --> 05:25:20,200
wanders. 
Remind us that partial efforts 

6201
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:23,900
can spark future revolution's, 
even if we are cells, never see 

6202
05:25:23,900 --> 05:25:27,200
them fully bloom. 
His final years in the French 

6203
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:29,800
Quarter, so highlight that one 
can remain relevant even in 

6204
05:25:29,800 --> 05:25:32,800
advanced stage by building a 
lifelong reputation for 

6205
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:35,400
innovation. 
He found fresh patrons who 

6206
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:38,700
treasured his wisdom. 
He might not have executed large

6207
05:25:38,700 --> 05:25:41,600
Public Works then but he 
contributed to strategic 

6208
05:25:41,600 --> 05:25:44,400
discussions and shaped cultural 
enrichment at the French Court. 

6209
05:25:45,200 --> 05:25:47,500
Similarly, for those 
transitioning out of intense, 

6210
05:25:47,500 --> 05:25:50,200
early career phases, there is a 
reminder that mentorship 

6211
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:53,100
idea-sharing or specializes 
consultancy. 

6212
05:25:53,100 --> 05:25:57,100
Can be equally impactful. 
Leonardo's Twilight wasn't about

6213
05:25:57,100 --> 05:26:00,300
retirement in a quiet sense, but
about integrating Decades of 

6214
05:26:00,308 --> 05:26:02,200
experience into a culminating 
sphere. 

6215
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,200
Another essential angle is how 
Leonardo balanced religious 

6216
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:07,900
sentiments with rational 
inquiry. 

6217
05:26:08,600 --> 05:26:10,500
Deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

6218
05:26:11,300 --> 05:26:13,900
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

6219
05:26:13,900 --> 05:26:15,900
mechanisms. 
He believed understanding, 

6220
05:26:15,900 --> 05:26:19,900
creation's intricacies on the 
Creator in an era where faith 

6221
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:24,200
and science sometimes, clashed 
navigated a personal path from a

6222
05:26:24,200 --> 05:26:26,300
modern audience frequently. 
Contending with polarized 

6223
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:28,600
debates. 
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 

6224
05:26:28,600 --> 05:26:30,700
model. 
Rational, exploration can 

6225
05:26:30,700 --> 05:26:34,400
coexist with spiritual depth, 
each fueling gratitude for 

6226
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:37,500
existence of. 
Marvel's ultimately, the life of

6227
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:40,600
Leonardo da Vinci stands as an 
emblem of boundless curiosity. 

6228
05:26:41,700 --> 05:26:43,900
Be bridging disciplines that 
many treaters separate. 

6229
05:26:44,600 --> 05:26:47,600
Embraced incremental knowledge 
acknowledging that each 

6230
05:26:47,600 --> 05:26:50,000
Discovery planted the Seas for 
further Mysteries. 

6231
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:54,200
His notebook though scattered 
and partial reveal a mind 

6232
05:26:54,200 --> 05:26:57,900
enthralled by the interplay of 
form motion and Cosmic design. 

6233
05:26:58,600 --> 05:27:00,700
Five centuries on, we still 
glean from him. 

6234
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:04,500
The power of Wonder the value of
dogged experimentation and the 

6235
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:07,400
humility to accept that Mastery 
is a continual Journey. 

6236
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:11,400
Never fully complete. 
In a world that yearns for 

6237
05:27:11,400 --> 05:27:14,600
Innovation and empathy. 
He remains a shining example of 

6238
05:27:14,600 --> 05:27:17,400
what a single human can 
accomplish when Guided by the 

6239
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:21,700
persistent or at the world's 
complexities and that perhaps is

6240
05:27:21,700 --> 05:27:25,400
Leonardo's Ultimate gift to 
remind us that even the simplest

6241
05:27:25,400 --> 05:27:29,100
observation like a swirl of 
water in a basement can unravel 

6242
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:32,400
entire universes of insight of. 
We only debt to look closely 

6243
05:27:32,400 --> 05:27:40,100
enough. 
With clothing, you owned held. 

6244
05:27:40,100 --> 05:27:42,200
The belief that the human body 
was merely a suggestion. 

6245
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:46,500
Welcome to Victoria and fashion 
like Comfort became Obsolete and

6246
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:49,300
Common Sense took a long Hiatus 
picture. 

6247
05:27:49,300 --> 05:27:53,100
This it's 1850 and you're a 
well-to-do lady preparing for 

6248
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:56,100
your day. 
But first, you need to put on 

6249
05:27:56,100 --> 05:27:58,100
approximately 17 different 
garments. 

6250
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:00,500
Each one more bewildering than 
the last. 

6251
05:28:01,400 --> 05:28:03,300
Your morning routine, doesn't 
start with coffee. 

6252
05:28:03,300 --> 05:28:06,600
It starts with an engineering 
degree in the patience of a 

6253
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:09,600
saint. 
The victorians had this peculiar

6254
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:11,000
relationship with the human 
form. 

6255
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,500
They believed that nature had 
created significant design 

6256
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:17,800
floors, and they were determined
to rectify these floors using 

6257
05:28:17,800 --> 05:28:21,400
materials such as whale bone. 
Steel, and unwavering 

6258
05:28:21,400 --> 05:28:24,200
determination. 
It was like, they looked at the 

6259
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:27,800
human body and said, you know 
what, this individual needs more

6260
05:28:27,800 --> 05:28:30,100
geometric shapes and less 
ability to breathe. 

6261
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:33,100
But here's the thing that makes 
Victorian fashion so 

6262
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:36,500
fascinatingly absurd. 
None of these changes happened 

6263
05:28:36,500 --> 05:28:38,800
overnight. 
It will not like someone woke up

6264
05:28:38,800 --> 05:28:42,500
one morning in 1837 and declared
from now on women's waist. 

6265
05:28:42,500 --> 05:28:44,000
Shall be the circumference of a 
coffee mug. 

6266
05:28:44,000 --> 05:28:48,200
Know, the outcome was a gradual 
slide into sartorial Madness 

6267
05:28:48,200 --> 05:28:52,700
that took decades to perfect. 
Truly surprising aspect is that 

6268
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:55,000
people at the time believed they
were acting completely 

6269
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:57,300
rationally. 
They had elaborate 

6270
05:28:57,300 --> 05:28:59,600
justifications for every 
ridiculous element. 

6271
05:29:00,400 --> 05:29:04,100
Tight corsets needless to say, 
they were beneficial for posture

6272
05:29:04,100 --> 05:29:07,400
for the skirts so why that they 
can't fit through doorways? 

6273
05:29:08,100 --> 05:29:11,600
Undoubtedly, they are essential 
for maintaining modesty to 

6274
05:29:11,600 --> 05:29:14,600
sleeves need their own unique. 
Zip code, simply fashionable, 

6275
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:16,500
darling. 
You have to admire the 

6276
05:29:16,500 --> 05:29:19,500
dedication really. 
These want people who have 

6277
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:22,800
committed to anything when 
victorians decided to complicate

6278
05:29:22,800 --> 05:29:26,000
fashion, they went all in like 
they were trying to win an 

6279
05:29:26,000 --> 05:29:28,800
Olympic medal in most 
impractical clothing design. 

6280
05:29:29,500 --> 05:29:32,300
They approached fashion the way 
modern people approach extreme 

6281
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:35,400
sports with enthusiasm that 
bordered on the Reckless. 

6282
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:38,700
Men were not exempt from this 
madness though. 

6283
05:29:38,700 --> 05:29:40,500
Their version was more subtly 
ridiculous. 

6284
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,200
While women were being 
transformed into human, 

6285
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:46,400
geometric shapes men were busy 
perfecting the art of looking 

6286
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:49,500
like very serious Penguins. 
They were top hats, that 

6287
05:29:49,500 --> 05:29:53,200
accentuated their height coats 
with useless tales and enough 

6288
05:29:53,200 --> 05:29:55,700
starch in their collars to 
construct a miniature boat. 

6289
05:29:56,800 --> 05:29:59,500
Sneaking thing is how this all 
started with genuine intentions.

6290
05:29:59,500 --> 05:30:03,100
The early victorians weren't 
trying to create a fashion 

6291
05:30:03,100 --> 05:30:06,600
nightmare, they were responding 
to real social and economic 

6292
05:30:06,600 --> 05:30:09,200
changes. 
The industrial revolution had 

6293
05:30:09,200 --> 05:30:11,600
created New Wealth, new social 
classes. 

6294
05:30:11,600 --> 05:30:13,700
New anxiety is about 
respectability. 

6295
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:17,600
Fashion became a language a way 
to communicate your place in 

6296
05:30:17,600 --> 05:30:21,600
this rapidly changing world. 
But somewhere along the way that

6297
05:30:21,600 --> 05:30:25,500
language became increasingly 
complex, like a secret code that

6298
05:30:25,500 --> 05:30:28,800
only the initiated could 
understand what started as 

6299
05:30:28,800 --> 05:30:32,200
dressed nicely to show your 
respectable the valved into 

6300
05:30:32,200 --> 05:30:36,000
transform yourself into a 
walking architectural, Marvel or

6301
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:39,600
risk social Extinction, The 
irony is delicious when you 

6302
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:42,800
contemplate it. 
Here was an ERA obsessed with 

6303
05:30:42,800 --> 05:30:44,500
moral virtue and proper 
behavior. 

6304
05:30:44,500 --> 05:30:48,000
Yet they created clothing that 
made simple human activities 

6305
05:30:48,000 --> 05:30:51,100
like sitting walking or 
breathing into minor athletic 

6306
05:30:51,100 --> 05:30:54,300
achievements. it was as if they 
believed that suffering for 

6307
05:30:54,300 --> 05:30:58,800
beauty was not just acceptable 
but actually virtuous, As we 

6308
05:30:58,808 --> 05:31:02,600
drift into this story together, 
imagine the rustling of silk, 

6309
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:06,200
the creaking of whale bone and 
the gentle chaos of an era when 

6310
05:31:06,200 --> 05:31:09,800
getting dressed was an adventure
and staying dressed was an 

6311
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:12,800
endurance test. 
The victorians may have been 

6312
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:15,500
many things, but boring wasn't 
one of them. 

6313
05:31:15,500 --> 05:31:17,700
Let's talk about the corset, 
shall we? 

6314
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:20,800
If Victorian fashion were a 
movie, The corset would be the 

6315
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:22,300
villain. 
Everyone loves to hate. 

6316
05:31:23,000 --> 05:31:26,700
Simultaneously fascinating and 
horrifying like a beautifully 

6317
05:31:26,700 --> 05:31:29,700
crafted instrument of torture 
that someone decided to wear to 

6318
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:31,800
afternoon tea. 
You've probably heard the 

6319
05:31:31,800 --> 05:31:34,600
stories about women fainting 
left and right their organs 

6320
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:36,800
rearranged like Furniture in a 
studio apartment. 

6321
05:31:36,800 --> 05:31:40,900
However, the truth about corset 
wearing was not as dramatic as 

6322
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:43,700
the legend portray. 
It's like that friend, who tells

6323
05:31:43,700 --> 05:31:47,100
fish stories, the basic facts 
are there, but they've grown 

6324
05:31:47,100 --> 05:31:51,200
considerably in the telling 
Let's first, tackle the issue of

6325
05:31:51,208 --> 05:31:54,800
the 18 inch waist in The Parlor.
Do you notice the remarkably 

6326
05:31:54,800 --> 05:31:57,300
small waists and fashion plates 
and photos? 

6327
05:31:58,000 --> 05:32:00,800
Many of them were about as real,
as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 

6328
05:32:01,500 --> 05:32:04,500
Victorian photographers, and 
illustrators were just as fond 

6329
05:32:04,500 --> 05:32:07,900
of creative editing, as modern 
Instagram, users, they pinch in 

6330
05:32:07,908 --> 05:32:10,900
wastes, enhance curves and 
generally present an idealized 

6331
05:32:10,900 --> 05:32:14,000
version that was, as achievable 
as becoming a professional 

6332
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:16,600
mermaid. 
But that doesn't mean corsets 

6333
05:32:16,600 --> 05:32:18,500
were just gentle supportive 
garments either. 

6334
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:20,800
These were indeed serious 
business. 

6335
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:23,900
A well-made Victorian. 
Corset was like wearing an 

6336
05:32:23,900 --> 05:32:26,600
architectural support system 
designed by someone. 

6337
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:30,200
Who never actually met a human 
spine, they were marvels of 

6338
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,300
engineering really dozens of 
pieces of whale bone or steal 

6339
05:32:33,300 --> 05:32:36,600
carefully shaped and sown into 
what was essentially a wearable 

6340
05:32:36,600 --> 05:32:39,100
cage. 
The thing is, most women didn't 

6341
05:32:39,100 --> 05:32:40,700
tight lace to the extreme 
degrees. 

6342
05:32:40,700 --> 05:32:43,800
You might imagine your average, 
Victorian lady laced, her 

6343
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:46,400
courses snugly, indeed. 
But, not to the extent that she 

6344
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:49,200
required smelling salts, each 
time she sended a staircase. 

6345
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:53,000
The fainting epidemic was more 
about the combination of tight 

6346
05:32:53,000 --> 05:32:55,800
lacing, heavy clothing, 
overheated rooms. 

6347
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:59,200
And the Victorian ladies 
delicate Constitution, which was

6348
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:02,100
often more performed, in 
January, think of it this way. 

6349
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:05,200
If women were really fainting on
Mass from their undergarments, 

6350
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:08,400
the Victorian era would have 
been remarkably unproductive. 

6351
05:33:09,300 --> 05:33:12,000
Yet somehow the same courses did
women? 

6352
05:33:12,000 --> 05:33:15,500
Managed to run households? 
Raise children engage in social 

6353
05:33:15,500 --> 05:33:17,600
causes and even work in 
factories. 

6354
05:33:18,400 --> 05:33:21,700
They weren't delicate flowers. 
They were surprisingly Hardy 

6355
05:33:21,700 --> 05:33:23,800
individuals who happen to dress 
like they were preparing for 

6356
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:27,200
battle with their bodies. 
The corset also served purposes 

6357
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,900
beyond the aesthetic in an era 
before bras were invented, it 

6358
05:33:30,900 --> 05:33:33,300
provided necessary support for 
women's busts. 

6359
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,400
It also helped distribute the 
weight of those massive skirts 

6360
05:33:36,400 --> 05:33:39,600
will talk about shortly. 
Imagine carrying a small tent 

6361
05:33:39,600 --> 05:33:42,300
around your waist all day. 
You'd want some structural 

6362
05:33:42,300 --> 05:33:45,100
support too. 
But here's where the corsets 

6363
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:48,700
story gets really interesting. 
It became a symbol of women's 

6364
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:51,300
oppression and Liberation 
simultaneously. 

6365
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,800
Critics argued that tight lacing
represented societies. 

6366
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:59,000
Control over women's bodies. 
Forcing them into unnatural 

6367
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:01,100
shapes to please. 
Male ideals of beauty. 

6368
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:04,800
supporters countered that the 
corset gave women an hourglass, 

6369
05:34:04,800 --> 05:34:07,900
figure that emphasized, their 
femininity and Power, The 

6370
05:34:07,900 --> 05:34:10,900
medical establishment never want
to miss an opportunity to have 

6371
05:34:10,908 --> 05:34:13,100
opinions. 
About women's bodies weighed in 

6372
05:34:13,100 --> 05:34:15,900
with dial warnings about the 
dangers of tight lacing. 

6373
05:34:16,700 --> 05:34:20,500
Doctors wrote lengthy treatises 
about corset liver and Corset 

6374
05:34:20,500 --> 05:34:22,900
lung conditions. 
That sound like they were 

6375
05:34:22,900 --> 05:34:25,900
invented by someone who'd never 
actually examined a corseted 

6376
05:34:25,900 --> 05:34:28,300
woman but had profound feelings 
about fashion. 

6377
05:34:28,300 --> 05:34:31,300
Meanwhile the women actually 
wearing these garments had more 

6378
05:34:31,300 --> 05:34:34,300
nuanced views, many found their 
corsets comfortable and 

6379
05:34:34,300 --> 05:34:38,100
supportive when properly fitted 
others endured silent suffering 

6380
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:41,500
for the sake of fashion, some 
rebelled entirely and joined the

6381
05:34:41,500 --> 05:34:44,500
dress Reform movement, which 
sounds much more exciting than 

6382
05:34:44,500 --> 05:34:47,000
it. 
Actually was imagine a group of 

6383
05:34:47,000 --> 05:34:49,900
very Earnest women campaigning 
for the right to wear clothing, 

6384
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:53,600
that didn't require an 
engineering degree to put on The

6385
05:34:53,600 --> 05:34:56,800
corset industry itself. 
Was fascinating a complex 

6386
05:34:56,800 --> 05:35:00,000
network of Manufacturers from 
high-end Corsa tears, who 

6387
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:03,700
created custom pieces, that fit 
like a second skin to mass 

6388
05:35:03,700 --> 05:35:05,200
Market. 
Producers who churned out 

6389
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:08,500
ready-made versions for the 
growing middle class, getting a 

6390
05:35:08,500 --> 05:35:10,600
corset properly. 
Fitted was like visiting a very 

6391
05:35:10,608 --> 05:35:13,400
specialized architect, who 
worked exclusively in human 

6392
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:16,300
modification. 
As you settled deeper into your 

6393
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:19,700
comfortable uncorporated 
evening, remember that for 

6394
05:35:19,700 --> 05:35:23,200
Victorian women, this daily 
ritual of lacing and lacing was 

6395
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:25,900
simply part of life. 
They adapted to their 

6396
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:29,500
constraints with remarkable 
Ingenuity developing technique 

6397
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:33,300
for movement, breathing and even
dancing while wearing, what was 

6398
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:35,000
essentially a fabric covered 
cage. 

6399
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:38,500
The human capacity for 
adaptation is truly remarkable. 

6400
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:42,800
Even when adapting to something,
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 

6401
05:35:42,800 --> 05:35:45,300
here while you adjust your 
position on the couch something.

6402
05:35:45,300 --> 05:35:47,800
Victorian women couldn't do 
quite so easily. 

6403
05:35:48,600 --> 05:35:52,300
If corsets were Foundation of 
Victorian fashion Madness, then 

6404
05:35:52,300 --> 05:35:55,800
skirts with a magnificent 
impractical superstructure built

6405
05:35:55,800 --> 05:35:58,800
on top. we're talking about 
garments that required their own

6406
05:35:58,800 --> 05:36:01,900
transportation planning, and had
a carbon footprint larger than 

6407
05:36:01,900 --> 05:36:05,300
some small countries, picture 
yourself, getting ready for a 

6408
05:36:05,300 --> 05:36:09,500
simple trip to the market in 
1860 First you need to consider 

6409
05:36:09,500 --> 05:36:12,900
your skirts diameter. 
Typically, anywhere from six to 

6410
05:36:12,900 --> 05:36:15,200
12 feet across, that's not a 
typo. 

6411
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:18,300
We're talking about wearing a 
fabric tent that could house a 

6412
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:20,600
small family. 
You couldn't just walk out the 

6413
05:36:20,600 --> 05:36:22,800
door. 
You had to strategize your exit,

6414
05:36:22,800 --> 05:36:24,200
like you were launching a space 
mission. 

6415
05:36:25,800 --> 05:36:28,400
The evolution of the Victorian 
skirt can be compared to a 

6416
05:36:28,408 --> 05:36:32,300
person gradually, losing their 
sense of reality, albeit in a 

6417
05:36:32,300 --> 05:36:36,700
methodical manner, it started 
reasonably enough in the 1840s 

6418
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:38,100
full skirts. 
Yes. 

6419
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:40,800
But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

6420
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,100
Then something happened. 
Maybe it was competition. 

6421
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:47,700
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

6422
05:36:47,700 --> 05:36:49,900
wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics 

6423
05:36:49,900 --> 05:36:53,200
intervened by the 1850s. 
The crinoline had become 

6424
05:36:53,200 --> 05:36:57,000
ubiquitous and irreversible. 
The crinoline was essentially a 

6425
05:36:57,000 --> 05:37:00,400
cage you wore under your skirt. 
Whoops of steel or whale bone 

6426
05:37:00,400 --> 05:37:02,000
that created a bell-shaped 
Foundation. 

6427
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:05,900
It was like wearing a personal 
tent frame, except the tent was 

6428
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:08,200
made of silk and you were 
expected to walk in it. 

6429
05:37:09,000 --> 05:37:12,700
The logistics of crinoline life 
was staggering doorways, became 

6430
05:37:12,700 --> 05:37:16,300
navigation, challenges sitting 
required, careful calculation 

6431
05:37:16,300 --> 05:37:18,100
and preferably a chair without 
arms. 

6432
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:21,400
Getting into a carriage was like
solving a three-dimensional 

6433
05:37:21,400 --> 05:37:24,800
puzzle while wearing a small 
building Victoria women 

6434
05:37:24,800 --> 05:37:27,600
developed skills that would have
made, NASA Engineers, weep with 

6435
05:37:27,600 --> 05:37:29,900
admiration and yet they made it 
look. 

6436
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:33,700
Effortless photos from the era 
show, women gliding around in 

6437
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:36,000
these massive skirts as if they 
were Perfectly Natural. 

6438
05:37:36,000 --> 05:37:39,800
However a complex science 
underlay, the management of 

6439
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:43,000
criminals women learned to 
compress their skirts, by 

6440
05:37:43,000 --> 05:37:46,300
pressing down on the Hoops to 
navigate stairs, by lifting the 

6441
05:37:46,300 --> 05:37:48,900
front of their skirts. 
Just so and to sit by 

6442
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:52,500
effortlessly collapsing, their 
criminals The really magnificent

6443
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:55,300
part was how the fashion 
industry supported this madness.

6444
05:37:56,000 --> 05:37:59,000
Crinoline manufacturers competed
on engineering principles. 

6445
05:37:59,000 --> 05:38:02,900
Some criminals had collapsible 
sections for sitting others. 

6446
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:06,100
Featured graduated Hoops, that 
created the perfect Bell shape, 

6447
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:09,200
the advertisements read like, 
technical manuals for personal 

6448
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:12,900
Transportation devices. 
But crinolines had their dangers

6449
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:16,000
and not just the obvious ones 
like getting stuck in doorways 

6450
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:18,200
or accidentally sweeping objects
off tables. 

6451
05:38:18,900 --> 05:38:22,900
Fire was a genuine Hazard, all 
that fabric often treated with 

6452
05:38:22,900 --> 05:38:26,700
flammable starches and dies 
combined with open Flames for 

6453
05:38:26,700 --> 05:38:30,000
lighting and Heating. 
Victorian newspapers are full of

6454
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:33,700
tragic stories of women, who 
skirts caught fire and the width

6455
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:36,000
of their crinolines made it 
difficult to extinguish the 

6456
05:38:36,000 --> 05:38:38,600
Flames quickly. 
Then there were the weather 

6457
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:42,900
related challenges winded 
criminal in into a sale which 

6458
05:38:42,900 --> 05:38:45,200
sounds poetic Until you realize 
it meant women could be 

6459
05:38:45,208 --> 05:38:47,200
literally blown off. 
Course, during their daily 

6460
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:49,900
walks. 
Rain was particularly 

6461
05:38:49,900 --> 05:38:53,000
problematic, imagine trying to 
dry a tent that you'd been 

6462
05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:55,700
wearing all day. 
The social implications were 

6463
05:38:55,700 --> 05:39:00,300
equally complex a wide crinoline
was a status symbol proof that 

6464
05:39:00,300 --> 05:39:02,600
you could afford not just the 
Garment itself, but the 

6465
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:06,100
lifestyle that accommodated it, 
if you could wear a six foot 

6466
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:09,400
wide skirt, he didn't need to 
work cook clean or engage in any

6467
05:39:09,400 --> 05:39:12,600
practical activity. 
It was conspicuous consumption 

6468
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:16,200
in its most literal form. 
You were conspicuously consuming

6469
05:39:16,200 --> 05:39:19,100
space. 
Here's what makes the crinoline 

6470
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:20,700
error. 
So endearing in retrospect 

6471
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:24,200
Victorian, women took these 
absurd constraints and somehow 

6472
05:39:24,200 --> 05:39:26,700
made them work. 
They developed elaborate 

6473
05:39:26,700 --> 05:39:29,700
etiquettes for criminal in 
navigation techniques for 

6474
05:39:29,700 --> 05:39:33,300
managing their skirts in various
social situations and even 

6475
05:39:33,308 --> 05:39:36,000
Sports modified for women 
wearing personal tents. 

6476
05:39:36,700 --> 05:39:39,400
Croquet became popular partly 
because it was one of the few 

6477
05:39:39,400 --> 05:39:42,500
activities were a criminal. 
In wasn't a complete impediment 

6478
05:39:42,500 --> 05:39:44,800
dancing. 
Required choreography. 

6479
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:46,600
That accounted for each 
partner's. 

6480
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:49,700
Circumference, even something. 
As simple as walking with a 

6481
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:53,700
friend became an exercise in 
spatial coordination, The 

6482
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:58,200
crinoline reached its peak 
absurdity in the 1860s when 

6483
05:39:58,200 --> 05:40:02,000
skirts, achieve their maximum 
circumference, it was as if 

6484
05:40:02,000 --> 05:40:04,600
Victorian fashion had been 
steadily expanding, like a 

6485
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:08,000
balloon and everyone was waiting
to see who would be brave enough

6486
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:11,200
to suggest. 
That may be just may be, this 

6487
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:15,300
was getting a bit ridiculous. 
Little did they know the next 

6488
05:40:15,300 --> 05:40:17,400
chapter? 
Would involve bustles because 

6489
05:40:17,400 --> 05:40:20,200
apparently making skirts 
impossibly wide was wasn't quite

6490
05:40:20,200 --> 05:40:22,500
enough. 
Victorians were just getting 

6491
05:40:22,500 --> 05:40:24,400
warmed up. 
Just when you think the 

6492
05:40:24,400 --> 05:40:27,000
victorians could not possibly 
make clothing, more complicated 

6493
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:30,600
Along Came the bus Lair to prove
that human Ingenuity in the 

6494
05:40:30,608 --> 05:40:32,900
service of impracticality knows 
no bounds. 

6495
05:40:33,800 --> 05:40:36,500
If the crinoline was like 
wearing a bell, the bustle was 

6496
05:40:36,508 --> 05:40:39,200
like strapping a small shelf to 
your posterior and pretending 

6497
05:40:39,200 --> 05:40:40,700
your posture was perfectly 
normal. 

6498
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:45,200
The transition from crinoline to
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 

6499
05:40:45,200 --> 05:40:47,400
gradual. 
It was like watching a balloon 

6500
05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:50,400
deflate and then re-inflate in a
completely different shape. 

6501
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:53,800
One day, women were navigating 
doorways sideways because of 

6502
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:56,800
their width and the next they 
were backing into rooms because 

6503
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:59,100
their skirts projected three 
feet behind them. 

6504
05:40:59,700 --> 05:41:02,400
It was, as if Victorian fashion 
designers had gotten bored with 

6505
05:41:02,408 --> 05:41:05,200
horizontal challenges and 
decided to explore vertical 

6506
05:41:05,200 --> 05:41:08,700
possibilities. 
The bustle itself was a Marvel 

6507
05:41:08,700 --> 05:41:11,100
of engineering that would have 
made Bridge Builders jealous. 

6508
05:41:11,100 --> 05:41:14,600
Early bustles were essentially 
wire cages designed to create 

6509
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:16,700
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

6510
05:41:17,600 --> 05:41:20,700
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate, some had

6511
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:22,800
Springs. 
Others featured adjustable 

6512
05:41:22,800 --> 05:41:26,400
Frameworks and the most advanced
models included collapsible 

6513
05:41:26,400 --> 05:41:30,300
sections for sitting Imagine 
attempting to sit down while 

6514
05:41:30,300 --> 05:41:32,800
wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

6515
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:35,200
bending at the waist. 
It required a carefully 

6516
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:38,200
choreographed sequence of 
movements You'd approach the 

6517
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:41,000
chair from the side, collapse, 
your bustle by pressing down on 

6518
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:43,000
it. 
Lower yourself carefully while 

6519
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:46,400
managing several layers of skirt
and then somehow arrange all 

6520
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:48,200
that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

6521
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:49,400
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

6522
05:41:50,200 --> 05:41:53,100
The logistics of bustle. 
Life were even more complex than

6523
05:41:53,100 --> 05:41:55,900
crinoline management. 
At least with the crinoline. 

6524
05:41:55,900 --> 05:41:58,500
You needed extra space in all 
directions. 

6525
05:41:58,500 --> 05:42:01,300
You never know what's going on 
behind you, and there's a 

6526
05:42:01,300 --> 05:42:03,600
bustle. 
Victorian women developed a kind

6527
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:06,000
of spatial awareness, that 
modern people can't imagine. 

6528
05:42:06,000 --> 05:42:09,400
They could sense exactly how 
much room their rear projection 

6529
05:42:09,400 --> 05:42:11,400
required and navigate 
accordingly. 

6530
05:42:12,600 --> 05:42:16,300
Always remain challenging. 
But in new ways instead of 

6531
05:42:16,300 --> 05:42:19,200
squeezing through sideways 
bustled women had to judge, 

6532
05:42:19,200 --> 05:42:21,800
angles carefully. 
If you're approached was too 

6533
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:24,200
steep, your skirt, might snag on
the door frame. 

6534
05:42:25,000 --> 05:42:27,600
If the approach was too shallow,
you wouldn't be able to pass. 

6535
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:31,000
It was like parking a car, 
except the car was attached to 

6536
05:42:31,008 --> 05:42:35,300
your body, and made of silk, The
bustle also created intriguing, 

6537
05:42:35,300 --> 05:42:39,500
social dynamics, conversations 
became exercises in Geometry. 

6538
05:42:39,500 --> 05:42:42,000
Her clothes, could you stand to 
someone when you were both 

6539
05:42:42,000 --> 05:42:45,000
wearing rear projections? 
Dancing required, new 

6540
05:42:45,000 --> 05:42:48,000
technique's and something as 
simple as walking arm and arm 

6541
05:42:48,000 --> 05:42:49,900
with a friend, became a 
coordination challenge. 

6542
05:42:49,900 --> 05:42:54,500
Worthy of synchronized swimmers.
The most remarkable thing about 

6543
05:42:54,500 --> 05:42:57,500
the bustle era was how it 
demonstrated Victorian societies

6544
05:42:57,500 --> 05:42:59,700
ability to adapt to absolutely 
anything. 

6545
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:02,500
Furniture makers, began 
designing chairs. 

6546
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:06,000
That accommodated bustles 
architecture started accounting 

6547
05:43:06,000 --> 05:43:07,600
for the extra space women 
required. 

6548
05:43:08,300 --> 05:43:09,900
Social Customs evolved to 
handle. 

6549
05:43:09,908 --> 05:43:12,200
The new spatial requirements of 
female fashion. 

6550
05:43:12,200 --> 05:43:15,200
The fashion plates of the era 
show, women looking perfectly 

6551
05:43:15,200 --> 05:43:18,500
composed in their bustled gowns,
But the reality behind the 

6552
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:21,300
scenes was a constant comedy of 
spatial miscalculation. 

6553
05:43:22,300 --> 05:43:24,900
Victorian literature is full of 
subtle references to the 

6554
05:43:24,900 --> 05:43:27,900
challenges of bustled life. 
Women getting stuck in 

6555
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:31,000
carriages, skirts, caught 
indoors, and the general chaos 

6556
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:33,800
of trying to live normally while
wearing architectural elements 

6557
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:36,400
yet. 
Somehow Victorian women made it 

6558
05:43:36,400 --> 05:43:39,300
work they developed techniques 
for bustle maintenance 

6559
05:43:39,300 --> 05:43:43,600
strategies for navigation and 
even created new forms of social

6560
05:43:43,600 --> 05:43:46,500
interaction that accommodated, 
their enhanced silhouette's, 

6561
05:43:47,500 --> 05:43:50,400
Human ability to normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

6562
05:43:50,400 --> 05:43:53,900
The bustle went through several 
iterations during its Reign. 

6563
05:43:53,900 --> 05:43:57,300
The first bustle are of featured
relatively modest projections, 

6564
05:43:57,300 --> 05:43:59,900
consider it to be training 
wheels for posterior 

6565
05:43:59,900 --> 05:44:03,300
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

6566
05:44:03,300 --> 05:44:06,600
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined, like Lee bringing a

6567
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:10,400
sense of relief to everyone. 
But Victorian fashion wasn't 

6568
05:44:10,400 --> 05:44:14,700
done yet the second bustle era 
beginning in the mid-1880s 

6569
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:18,200
brought projections, that defy 
not just Comfort, but basic 

6570
05:44:18,200 --> 05:44:20,600
physics. 
These weren't just bustles. 

6571
05:44:20,600 --> 05:44:23,500
They were engineering Marvels, 
that critic Silhouettes. 

6572
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:26,800
So extreme, they look like 
costume designs for a play about

6573
05:44:26,800 --> 05:44:30,000
furniture. 
Final bustle designs were so 

6574
05:44:30,000 --> 05:44:32,900
elaborate, they came with their 
instruction manuals, some 

6575
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:36,700
featured, multiple tiers, others
had adjustable angles, and the 

6576
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:40,000
most advanced models included 
patented mechanisms for collapse

6577
05:44:40,000 --> 05:44:43,000
and expansion. 
It was as if Victorian women 

6578
05:44:43,000 --> 05:44:46,400
were wearing Transformer robots.
Except instead of turning into 

6579
05:44:46,400 --> 05:44:50,500
cars, they turned into chairs As
we move through this fashion 

6580
05:44:50,500 --> 05:44:53,900
timeline, remember that each of 
these Trends lasted for years. 

6581
05:44:55,000 --> 05:44:58,400
This wasn't a brief moment of 
collective Madness, entire 

6582
05:44:58,400 --> 05:45:00,500
generations of women lived. 
Their daily lives. 

6583
05:45:00,500 --> 05:45:03,800
In these Contraptions adapting 
with remarkable Grace to 

6584
05:45:03,800 --> 05:45:05,100
constraints that seem 
impossible. 

6585
05:45:05,100 --> 05:45:08,500
From our modern perspective, if 
you thought, Victorian fashion 

6586
05:45:08,500 --> 05:45:10,300
was done. 
Surprising us after corsets 

6587
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:13,700
crinolines and bustles. 
You clearly underestimated their

6588
05:45:13,700 --> 05:45:16,000
commitment to making every part 
of the human body and 

6589
05:45:16,000 --> 05:45:20,700
engineering challenge, enter the
1890s sleeve or known as the leg

6590
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:23,700
of mutton sleeve though. 
That name doesn't quite capture.

6591
05:45:23,700 --> 05:45:26,700
The full absurdity of wearing 
water mounted to small hot air 

6592
05:45:26,700 --> 05:45:28,200
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

6593
05:45:29,300 --> 05:45:31,100
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

6594
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:33,500
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

6595
05:45:33,500 --> 05:45:36,100
movement. 
However, as the century 

6596
05:45:36,100 --> 05:45:39,300
progressed slaves, began to 
expand, as if they were 

6597
05:45:39,300 --> 05:45:42,800
competing with skirts for the 
title of most impractical 

6598
05:45:42,800 --> 05:45:47,000
garment component. 
By the 1890s sleeves had 

6599
05:45:47,000 --> 05:45:48,800
achieved such Monumental 
proportions. 

6600
05:45:48,800 --> 05:45:51,200
That women needed to turn 
sideways to fit through 

6601
05:45:51,200 --> 05:45:54,600
doorways, not because of their 
skirts this time but because 

6602
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:57,100
their shoulders are effectively 
doubled in width. 

6603
05:45:57,800 --> 05:45:59,800
These garments were not. 
Merely sleeves. 

6604
05:45:59,800 --> 05:46:02,700
They resembled fabric 
architecture with arms hidden 

6605
05:46:02,700 --> 05:46:05,800
inside them. 
The construction of a proper leg

6606
05:46:05,800 --> 05:46:07,500
of mutton. 
Sleeve was an engineering 

6607
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:10,600
Marvel, that required more 
planning than most modern home 

6608
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:13,700
renovations. 
Sleeve had to be supported from 

6609
05:46:13,700 --> 05:46:17,800
within using various Frameworks 
wire, whalebone or even cotton 

6610
05:46:17,800 --> 05:46:20,400
padding arranged in precise 
configurations to maintain the 

6611
05:46:20,400 --> 05:46:22,700
proper shape, getting dressed 
involved. 

6612
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:25,400
Not just putting on clothing, 
but assembling a complex 

6613
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:29,000
structural system. 
In imagine trying to eat dinner 

6614
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:30,600
while wearing sleeves that 
extended. 

6615
05:46:30,600 --> 05:46:34,400
Well beyond your actual arms 
band, Victorian women of eating 

6616
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:36,500
techniques that would have 
impressed contortionists. 

6617
05:46:36,500 --> 05:46:40,300
They learned to approach their 
plate at specific angles to cut 

6618
05:46:40,300 --> 05:46:43,200
food using carefully. 
Calculated our movements and to 

6619
05:46:43,200 --> 05:46:46,000
drink tea without completely 
obscuring, their faces behind 

6620
05:46:46,000 --> 05:46:49,100
walls of fabric. 
The Practical challenges were 

6621
05:46:49,100 --> 05:46:51,500
endless. 
Embracing someone required 

6622
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:54,800
strategic planning, getting into
a carriage, meant compressing, 

6623
05:46:54,800 --> 05:46:58,100
your sleeves like accordions, 
even something as simple as 

6624
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:01,500
reaching for an object on a 
shelf, became an exercise in 

6625
05:47:01,500 --> 05:47:04,400
spatial mathematics. 
Victorian. 

6626
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:06,800
Women lived in a world where 
their clothing had a larger 

6627
05:47:06,800 --> 05:47:08,300
footprint than their actual 
bodies. 

6628
05:47:09,100 --> 05:47:12,300
But the sleeves were just large,
they were elaborately decorated 

6629
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:17,000
the puffed, pleated gathered. 
And trimmed with every 

6630
05:47:17,000 --> 05:47:19,900
conceivable ornament they were 
like, wearing two small 

6631
05:47:19,900 --> 05:47:22,800
ballrooms complete with their 
interior design schemes. 

6632
05:47:23,700 --> 05:47:27,300
Some sleeves featured multiple 
tiers of fabric creating layered

6633
05:47:27,300 --> 05:47:29,800
architectural effects. 
That would have made wedding 

6634
05:47:29,800 --> 05:47:31,800
cake. 
Decorators weep With Envy. 

6635
05:47:31,800 --> 05:47:34,000
The maintenance requirements 
were staggering. 

6636
05:47:34,000 --> 05:47:37,300
These sleeves needed to be 
pressed into shape regularly, 

6637
05:47:37,300 --> 05:47:40,400
their internal structures are 
just dusted and repairs and 

6638
05:47:40,400 --> 05:47:42,400
their elaborate decorations kept
pristine. 

6639
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:46,800
Victoria women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours 

6640
05:47:46,800 --> 05:47:48,900
themselves maintaining their 
sleeve architecture. 

6641
05:47:48,900 --> 05:47:52,300
It was like, owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you water 

6642
05:47:52,300 --> 05:47:56,200
social events. then there were 
the seasonal challenges, some 

6643
05:47:56,200 --> 05:47:59,200
are sleeves in heavy, Fabrics 
created, portable saunas, around

6644
05:47:59,200 --> 05:48:02,400
women's arms Winter mint. 
Adding even more layers to 

6645
05:48:02,400 --> 05:48:04,200
already Monumental 
constructions. 

6646
05:48:05,000 --> 05:48:09,500
Rain posed, a significant 
challenge to dry two fabric 

6647
05:48:09,500 --> 05:48:12,200
Pavilions, fastened to your 
shoulders, the social 

6648
05:48:12,200 --> 05:48:14,700
implications of extreme sleeves 
were fascinating. 

6649
05:48:14,700 --> 05:48:17,900
They were clear indicators of 
Leisure Class status. 

6650
05:48:17,900 --> 05:48:21,000
If you could wear sleeves that 
made practical work impossible, 

6651
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:24,700
you obviously didn't need to 
engage in any, they were an 

6652
05:48:24,700 --> 05:48:27,900
extreme form of conspicuous 
consumption demonstrating that 

6653
05:48:27,900 --> 05:48:29,900
one could afford to be 
completely impractical. 

6654
05:48:31,000 --> 05:48:34,000
But Victorian fashion wasn't 
finished with extremities yet 

6655
05:48:34,000 --> 05:48:37,900
hats during this era became 
increasingly elaborate often 

6656
05:48:37,900 --> 05:48:40,100
featuring entire Garden, Gardens
of artificial flowers, 

6657
05:48:40,100 --> 05:48:43,000
preserved, birds, and decorative
elements. 

6658
05:48:43,000 --> 05:48:44,800
That would have been impressive 
on a parade float. 

6659
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,600
These worked hats. 
They were portable ecosystems 

6660
05:48:48,600 --> 05:48:50,400
that happened to sit on people's
heads. 

6661
05:48:51,800 --> 05:48:54,600
The millenary Arts reached new 
heights of complexity during the

6662
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:57,400
Victorian era. 
Hat construction involved. 

6663
05:48:57,400 --> 05:49:00,500
Multiple Specialists one person.
Might create the basic 

6664
05:49:00,500 --> 05:49:02,300
structure. 
Another would handle the 

6665
05:49:02,300 --> 05:49:05,100
flowers, and a third would add 
the birds and ornamental 

6666
05:49:05,100 --> 05:49:07,600
elements. 
Some Victorian hats required 

6667
05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:09,900
their own Structural Engineering
consultations. 

6668
05:49:09,900 --> 05:49:13,500
Gloves too became exercises in 
extremity and enhancement. 

6669
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:16,800
Victoria and gloves were often 
so long they disappeared 

6670
05:49:16,800 --> 05:49:18,400
entirely under those enormous 
sleeves. 

6671
05:49:18,400 --> 05:49:21,300
Creating the impression that 
women's arms simply ended in 

6672
05:49:21,300 --> 05:49:23,000
Fabrics somewhere around the 
elbow. 

6673
05:49:23,800 --> 05:49:27,200
The longest gloves extended past
the elbow requiring complex 

6674
05:49:27,200 --> 05:49:29,300
systems of buttons and hooks for
removal. 

6675
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,300
Even shoes. 
Join the extremity enhancement 

6676
05:49:32,300 --> 05:49:34,900
project. 
Victorian boots often featured 

6677
05:49:34,900 --> 05:49:38,300
dozens of tiny buttons or an 
elaborate lacing system that 

6678
05:49:38,300 --> 05:49:40,300
required special tools to 
fasten. 

6679
05:49:40,900 --> 05:49:44,400
Getting dressed from head to toe
could take hours and often 

6680
05:49:44,400 --> 05:49:46,900
required assistance from 
servants or family members. 

6681
05:49:46,900 --> 05:49:51,100
The cumulative effect of all 
these extremity enhancements was

6682
05:49:51,100 --> 05:49:53,900
that Victorian, women became 
walking demonstrations of their 

6683
05:49:53,900 --> 05:49:56,100
societies relationship with 
practicality. 

6684
05:49:56,900 --> 05:50:00,400
Which was to say they broken up 
entirely and on speaking terms 

6685
05:50:00,400 --> 05:50:03,400
now, settle in for this part of 
our story, because we're about 

6686
05:50:03,400 --> 05:50:06,900
to explore how Victorian fashion
became more complex than quantum

6687
05:50:06,900 --> 05:50:09,000
physics. 
But with more rules about 

6688
05:50:09,000 --> 05:50:13,100
appropriate necklines Behind all
this sartorial Madness was a 

6689
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:15,500
scientific approach to 
respectability that would have 

6690
05:50:15,500 --> 05:50:17,000
impressed laboratory 
researchers. 

6691
05:50:17,800 --> 05:50:20,400
The victorians didn't just 
randomly decide to make clothing

6692
05:50:20,400 --> 05:50:23,700
complicated, they developed, 
elaborate systems of social 

6693
05:50:23,700 --> 05:50:27,000
communication through fabric, 
creating a language. 

6694
05:50:27,000 --> 05:50:30,000
So complex, that anthropologists
are still trying to decode it. 

6695
05:50:30,900 --> 05:50:33,300
The Victorian dress code wasn't 
just about looking nice. 

6696
05:50:33,300 --> 05:50:37,500
It was about broadcasting your 
moral character, social status 

6697
05:50:37,500 --> 05:50:42,000
economic situation marital 
availability and probably your 

6698
05:50:42,000 --> 05:50:44,200
opinion on the weather. 
All through carefully, 

6699
05:50:44,200 --> 05:50:47,500
calculated costume choices. 
It was like, wearing a social 

6700
05:50:47,500 --> 05:50:51,800
media profile, except in posting
updates, you change your outfit 

6701
05:50:51,800 --> 05:50:55,700
morning, dress after noon, 
dress, evening dress, calling 

6702
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:58,900
dress, walking dress, traveling 
dress, Victorian. 

6703
05:50:58,900 --> 05:51:01,500
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

6704
05:51:01,500 --> 05:51:04,900
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

6705
05:51:04,900 --> 05:51:08,300
an incredibly elaborate play, 
where the costumes changed every

6706
05:51:08,300 --> 05:51:11,600
few hours and forgetting your 
lines meant social death. 

6707
05:51:12,600 --> 05:51:15,200
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

6708
05:51:15,200 --> 05:51:18,300
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

6709
05:51:18,300 --> 05:51:21,600
of mourning, precise, neckline 
depths for various social 

6710
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:25,300
occasions and exact sleighs that
communicated, whether you were 

6711
05:51:25,300 --> 05:51:29,400
available for courtship or 
properly chaperone Getting it 

6712
05:51:29,400 --> 05:51:31,600
wrong, wasn't just a fashion 
floppa. 

6713
05:51:31,600 --> 05:51:34,700
It was a social catastrophe that
could affect your family's 

6714
05:51:34,700 --> 05:51:37,700
reputation for Generations. 
Take more mourning dress for 

6715
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:40,400
example. 
Victorian society had developed 

6716
05:51:40,400 --> 05:51:43,400
morning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

6717
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:45,900
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

6718
05:51:45,908 --> 05:51:49,200
production Full morning, 
required, completely black 

6719
05:51:49,200 --> 05:51:51,400
clothing, with no ornamentation 
for the first year. 

6720
05:51:52,200 --> 05:51:55,200
Then came half morning, which 
allowed for touches of white, 

6721
05:51:55,200 --> 05:51:58,800
gray or purple. 
The gradations were so specific 

6722
05:51:58,800 --> 05:52:01,900
that there were etiquette books 
devoted entirely to appropriate 

6723
05:52:01,900 --> 05:52:05,100
mourning attire, The fabric 
choices alone were a science. 

6724
05:52:05,100 --> 05:52:08,000
Certain materials were 
appropriate for certain Seasons 

6725
05:52:08,000 --> 05:52:11,800
social classes and life stages. 
Silk was appropriate for formal 

6726
05:52:11,800 --> 05:52:16,400
occasions cotton for everyday 
wear wool for winter and linen 

6727
05:52:16,400 --> 05:52:19,000
for summer. 
But not just any type of silk, 

6728
05:52:19,000 --> 05:52:23,700
cotton, wool or linen. 
There were dozens of varieties 

6729
05:52:23,700 --> 05:52:27,200
of each and choosing the wrong 
type, could broadcast ignorance 

6730
05:52:27,200 --> 05:52:29,800
of social codes, more 
effectively than wearing a sign.

6731
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:32,300
Color. 
Symbolism reached levels of 

6732
05:52:32,308 --> 05:52:35,500
complexity that would have 
challenged medieval Scholars. 

6733
05:52:36,300 --> 05:52:38,100
White symbolizes, Purity and 
youth. 

6734
05:52:38,100 --> 05:52:41,800
But this symbolism is limited to
unmarried, women specific 

6735
05:52:41,800 --> 05:52:45,400
fabrics and Specific Seas 
Seasons, black signifies 

6736
05:52:45,400 --> 05:52:47,600
respectability and Authority 
yet. 

6737
05:52:47,600 --> 05:52:51,500
It significance fairies on 
factors such as age marital 

6738
05:52:51,500 --> 05:52:56,200
status and the particular shade 
of black Purple was mourning but

6739
05:52:56,200 --> 05:53:00,200
also royalty but also dangerous.
If worn by the wrong person at 

6740
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:03,400
the wrong time, the trimming and
decoration systems were equally.

6741
05:53:03,400 --> 05:53:07,300
Elaborate ribbons lace 
embroidery Buttons and Bows 

6742
05:53:07,300 --> 05:53:08,800
weren't just decorative 
elements. 

6743
05:53:08,800 --> 05:53:11,600
They were parts of a complex 
Communication System. 

6744
05:53:11,600 --> 05:53:15,100
The amount of ornamentation 
appropriate for your age social 

6745
05:53:15,100 --> 05:53:17,900
status and the occasion, 
required calculations more 

6746
05:53:17,900 --> 05:53:21,900
complex than filing tax returns.
Even undergarments were part of 

6747
05:53:21,900 --> 05:53:23,400
this social communication 
system. 

6748
05:53:23,400 --> 05:53:27,300
The right corset, shamise 
drawers and petticoats weren't 

6749
05:53:27,300 --> 05:53:28,700
just about creating the proper 
silhouette. 

6750
05:53:28,700 --> 05:53:31,500
They were about demonstrating 
that you understood and could 

6751
05:53:31,500 --> 05:53:34,400
afford to participate in the 
full complexity of Victorian 

6752
05:53:34,400 --> 05:53:37,700
culture. 
The economic implications were 

6753
05:53:37,700 --> 05:53:40,000
staggering. 
A proper, Victorian ladies 

6754
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:42,900
wardrobe, required a fortune, 
not just to acquire, but to 

6755
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:47,100
maintain the cleaning pressing 
mending and updating needed to 

6756
05:53:47,100 --> 05:53:50,700
keep Pace with fashion changes. 
Meant that clothing consumed a 

6757
05:53:50,700 --> 05:53:53,600
significant portion of middle 
and upper class household 

6758
05:53:53,600 --> 05:53:57,600
budgets dressmakers became 
crucial figures in Victorian 

6759
05:53:57,600 --> 05:54:01,100
society, not just as crafts 
people, but as cultural 

6760
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:05,700
interpreters, A competent 
dressmaker didn't just so she 

6761
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:08,800
guided her clients through the 
complex social codes in bedded, 

6762
05:54:08,800 --> 05:54:12,100
in fashion choices. 
She was part counselor part 

6763
05:54:12,100 --> 05:54:16,300
artist part, social strategist 
and part structural engineer. 

6764
05:54:17,100 --> 05:54:19,900
The seasonal transitions were 
particularly complex. 

6765
05:54:19,900 --> 05:54:22,500
Sprinkling wasn't just about 
houses. 

6766
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:25,200
It was about wardrobes summer 
and winter. 

6767
05:54:25,200 --> 05:54:28,300
Wardrobes were stored separately
with elaborate systems for 

6768
05:54:28,300 --> 05:54:32,200
preservation moth prevention and
maintaining the shape of complex

6769
05:54:32,200 --> 05:54:35,600
garments during storage. 
Fashion magazines became 

6770
05:54:35,600 --> 05:54:38,700
essential reading, not for 
inspiration, but for survival. 

6771
05:54:39,400 --> 05:54:42,500
They provided the constantly 
updated information necessary to

6772
05:54:42,500 --> 05:54:44,900
navigate the changing rules of 
appropriate dress. 

6773
05:54:46,200 --> 05:54:48,300
Reading. 
Go to his book or Peter's 

6774
05:54:48,300 --> 05:54:51,500
magazine wasn't Leisure. 
It was continuing education in 

6775
05:54:51,508 --> 05:54:53,200
the science of social 
acceptability. 

6776
05:54:54,100 --> 05:54:57,000
The really remarkable thing is, 
how Victorian women managed to 

6777
05:54:57,000 --> 05:55:00,400
internalize all these rules 
while making their complexion 

6778
05:55:00,400 --> 05:55:02,200
choices appear effortless and 
natural. 

6779
05:55:03,000 --> 05:55:05,800
Behind every graceful. 
Victorian lady gliding through a

6780
05:55:05,800 --> 05:55:08,300
social Gathering. 
Was someone who had mastered a 

6781
05:55:08,300 --> 05:55:11,300
system of cultural 
communication, more complex than

6782
05:55:11,300 --> 05:55:13,400
most modern professional 
training programs. 

6783
05:55:13,400 --> 05:55:16,600
By the 1890s, something crazy 
was happening in the world of 

6784
05:55:16,600 --> 05:55:19,200
the Victorian fashion. 
People were beginning to realize

6785
05:55:19,200 --> 05:55:21,800
that clothing should allow for 
basic human functions like 

6786
05:55:21,800 --> 05:55:24,800
breathing sitting and moving 
ones arms. 

6787
05:55:25,500 --> 05:55:28,700
It took several decades for this
revolutionary concept to gain 

6788
05:55:28,700 --> 05:55:32,500
traction, women's freedom, and 
move was a significant Catalyst 

6789
05:55:32,500 --> 05:55:35,400
for change. 
The dress Reform movement had 

6790
05:55:35,400 --> 05:55:39,100
been percolating throughout the 
Victorian era, led by brave, 

6791
05:55:39,100 --> 05:55:41,800
souls who dared to suggest that 
perhaps women's clothing 

6792
05:55:41,800 --> 05:55:45,400
shouldn't require engineering 
degrees to operate these fashion

6793
05:55:45,400 --> 05:55:48,800
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 
like, skirts that didn't require

6794
05:55:48,800 --> 05:55:52,000
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 
that acknowledge the existence 

6795
05:55:52,000 --> 05:55:55,900
of human arms. 
Dr. Gustav Yager introduced the 

6796
05:55:55,908 --> 05:55:59,000
world to Woolen undergarments 
that prioritized health over 

6797
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:02,200
silhouette manipulation. 
The rational dress movement 

6798
05:56:02,200 --> 05:56:05,000
promoted clothing that allowed 
for actual physical activity. 

6799
05:56:06,000 --> 05:56:08,600
As casual clothing, that valued 
Comfort over structural 

6800
05:56:08,600 --> 05:56:11,300
soundness tea, gowns gained 
popularity. 

6801
05:56:11,300 --> 05:56:14,100
It was like watching 
civilization slowly. 

6802
05:56:14,100 --> 05:56:17,000
Remember that humans had bodies 
underneath all that 

6803
05:56:17,000 --> 05:56:21,500
architectural clothing? 
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 

6804
05:56:21,500 --> 05:56:24,000
delivered, a particularly 
effective blow to impractical 

6805
05:56:24,000 --> 05:56:27,700
fashion, you simply cannot ride 
a bicycle while wearing a bustle

6806
05:56:27,700 --> 05:56:29,900
and Victorian. 
Women were not about to give up 

6807
05:56:29,900 --> 05:56:32,500
this exciting new form of 
transportation just to maintain 

6808
05:56:32,500 --> 05:56:36,600
their rear projections. 
Cycling costumes, featured a 

6809
05:56:36,600 --> 05:56:39,900
revolutionary concept, divided 
skirts, that allowed women to 

6810
05:56:39,900 --> 05:56:41,400
actually move their legs 
independently. 

6811
05:56:42,600 --> 05:56:45,700
Sports in general began to 
influence fashion in ways that 

6812
05:56:45,700 --> 05:56:49,500
prioritized function over form. 
Tennis required clothing that 

6813
05:56:49,500 --> 05:56:52,700
allowed arm movement, golf 
needed skirts, that didn't 

6814
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:56,700
interfere with swing mechanics 
even croquet that most Victorian

6815
05:56:56,700 --> 05:56:59,300
of games worked better. 
When players could actually see 

6816
05:56:59,300 --> 05:57:02,100
their feet and move without 
strategic planning. 

6817
05:57:02,900 --> 05:57:05,900
The influence of artistic 
movement cannot be understated. 

6818
05:57:05,900 --> 05:57:11,000
The aesthetic movement promoted,
artistic dress, that prioritized

6819
05:57:11,000 --> 05:57:15,100
Beauty and comfort over rigid 
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 

6820
05:57:15,100 --> 05:57:17,300
artists painted women in flowing
gowns. 

6821
05:57:17,300 --> 05:57:20,300
That actually followed the lines
of the human body rather than 

6822
05:57:20,300 --> 05:57:22,200
imposing geometric shapes upon 
it. 

6823
05:57:23,000 --> 05:57:25,700
It was as if artists were 
reminding Society, what people 

6824
05:57:25,700 --> 05:57:28,100
actually looked like under all 
that Structural Engineering, 

6825
05:57:29,100 --> 05:57:32,000
World War one would ultimately 
bring an end to the excesses of 

6826
05:57:32,008 --> 05:57:36,400
Victorian fashion but by 1900, 
the seeds of change had already 

6827
05:57:36,400 --> 05:57:38,900
begun to emerge. 
Women were entering the 

6828
05:57:38,900 --> 05:57:42,800
workforce, increasing numbers 
pursuing, higher education, and 

6829
05:57:42,800 --> 05:57:46,600
engaging in social causes that 
required practical clothing, you

6830
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:49,300
can't effectively advocate for 
social change, while wearing a 

6831
05:57:49,300 --> 05:57:51,400
garment. 
That requires two people and a 

6832
05:57:51,400 --> 05:57:54,700
manual to put on. 
The corset began its long, slow 

6833
05:57:54,700 --> 05:57:58,200
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 
The s-curve silhouette of the 

6834
05:57:58,200 --> 05:58:01,000
early 1900s while still 
involving serious. 

6835
05:58:01,000 --> 05:58:03,500
Foundation. 
Garments allowed for a more 

6836
05:58:03,500 --> 05:58:04,500
natural. 
Waste placement. 

6837
05:58:05,400 --> 05:58:08,300
Skirts began to narrow sleeves 
returned to more reasonable 

6838
05:58:08,300 --> 05:58:11,400
proportions and hat stopped. 
Requiring their own postal 

6839
05:58:11,400 --> 05:58:13,700
codes. 
Fashion magazines, began 

6840
05:58:13,700 --> 05:58:17,000
featuring articles about 
healthful dress and rational 

6841
05:58:17,000 --> 05:58:20,500
clothing choices. 
Doctors who had warned for 

6842
05:58:20,500 --> 05:58:23,000
decades about the dangers of 
tight lacing were finally 

6843
05:58:23,000 --> 05:58:26,100
receiving attention. 
Social pressure for impossible 

6844
05:58:26,100 --> 05:58:28,200
Silhouettes was beginning to 
give way to the medical 

6845
05:58:28,200 --> 05:58:30,900
establishments concerned, about 
corset liver and compressed 

6846
05:58:30,900 --> 05:58:33,600
organs. 
Perhaps, most importantly, women

6847
05:58:33,600 --> 05:58:35,900
in the cells, were beginning to 
question, why? 

6848
05:58:35,900 --> 05:58:38,700
Their clothing should be more 
complex than their education. 

6849
05:58:40,400 --> 05:58:43,800
The new woman of the 1890s and 
early 1900s wanted clothing, 

6850
05:58:43,800 --> 05:58:46,100
that matched her expanded role 
in society. 

6851
05:58:46,100 --> 05:58:49,800
Practical enough for work 
comfortable enough for an active

6852
05:58:49,800 --> 05:58:52,700
lifestyle and sensible enough to
allow for the full range of 

6853
05:58:52,700 --> 05:58:56,400
human activities. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

6854
05:58:56,400 --> 05:58:59,200
or complete. 
Many Victorian fashion elements 

6855
05:58:59,200 --> 05:59:02,800
persisted well into the 20th 
century and some never entirely 

6856
05:59:02,800 --> 05:59:06,800
disappeared. 
But by 1910, the era of truly 

6857
05:59:06,800 --> 05:59:09,100
extreme fashion, construction 
was winding down. 

6858
05:59:10,200 --> 05:59:13,100
Women were beginning to dress 
like human beings rather than 

6859
05:59:13,100 --> 05:59:16,300
walking demonstrations of their 
families economic status and 

6860
05:59:16,300 --> 05:59:18,000
their tolerance for physical 
discomfort. 

6861
05:59:18,700 --> 05:59:21,100
Looking back at Victorian 
fashion from our comfortable, 

6862
05:59:21,100 --> 05:59:23,700
modern perspective. 
It's easy to laugh at the 

6863
05:59:23,708 --> 05:59:27,100
absurdity of it all, but there's
something admirable about the 

6864
05:59:27,100 --> 05:59:30,800
sheer human adaptability. 
It represented Victoria and 

6865
05:59:30,800 --> 05:59:33,500
women took clothing, that seems 
impossible to live in and 

6866
05:59:33,500 --> 05:59:35,400
somehow built entire lives 
around it. 

6867
05:59:36,100 --> 05:59:39,700
They developed skills techniques
and social systems that allowed 

6868
05:59:39,700 --> 05:59:42,400
them to function despite wearing
architectural elements. 

6869
05:59:43,400 --> 05:59:46,000
The Victorian fashion area 
teaches a something important 

6870
05:59:46,000 --> 05:59:49,100
about human nature. 
We can adapt to almost anything 

6871
05:59:49,100 --> 05:59:53,000
but that doesn't mean we should 
have to Admitting that something

6872
05:59:53,000 --> 05:59:55,700
widely accepted is actually 
ridiculous. 

6873
05:59:55,700 --> 05:59:58,500
And needs change. 
Can often be the most 

6874
05:59:58,500 --> 06:00:01,700
revolutionary Act. 
As you settle in, for a 

6875
06:00:01,700 --> 06:00:03,800
comfortable night's sleep in 
your practical breathable 

6876
06:00:03,800 --> 06:00:06,100
pajamas. 
Spare, a thought for those 

6877
06:00:06,100 --> 06:00:09,700
Victorian women who managed to 
build Rich complex lives while 

6878
06:00:09,700 --> 06:00:12,300
wearing clothing that defied 
both physics and Common Sense. 

6879
06:00:13,300 --> 06:00:15,300
They may not have been 
comfortable but they were 

6880
06:00:15,300 --> 06:00:18,600
certainly never boring. 
And with that we can conclude 

6881
06:00:18,600 --> 06:00:20,700
one of history's. 
Most intricate attempts to 

6882
06:00:20,700 --> 06:00:23,000
overly complicate daily life 
through fashion. 

6883
06:00:23,900 --> 06:00:27,200
Sweet dreams and be grateful for
elastic, waistbands.