The ENTIRE Story of Earth’s 4.5-Billion-Year Evolution Fast | Deep History For Sleep

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How are we doing my tired little
dumplings today? 

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Wasn't the best but that's how 
life goes. 

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So let's snuggle up, let me tell
you another story here tonight, 

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where we travel back forth on 
high billion years to witness, 

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how a spinning ball of cosmic 
debris, became the only place in

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the known universe where you can
get a decent cup of coffee. 

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This is the story of Earth told 
slowly enough that you might 

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drift off somewhere around the 
devonian period and that's 

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perfectly fine. 
So if you're new here, as 

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always, joining the community is
super quick and easy, just tap 

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subscribe and like the video. 
And let me know where in the 

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world you're watching from and 
what time it is for you now get 

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comfortable, and let's start. 
Imagine nothing not Darkness 

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Darkness requires something to 
be dark, not silent. 

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Silence require space for sound 
to not fill just nothing. 

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And then approximately 4.6 
billion years ago, in a rather 

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ordinary corner of an 
unremarkable Galaxy a cloud of 

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dust and gas decided to do 
something interesting. 

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This wasn't a dramatic moment 
with Cosmic fireworks and 

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Celestial Fanfare. 
It was more like watching creams

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slowly swirl into coffee except 
the coffee was hydrogen and heal

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him. 
The cream was various elements 

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forged in the belly of dead 
stars and the whole thing was 

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happening in the absolute zero 
of space. 

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The cloud began to collapse 
under its own gravity spinning 

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faster as it contracted the way 
an ice skater spins faster. 

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When pulling in their arms at 
the center of this spinning. 

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Cloud material, accumulated and 
compressed until the pressure, 

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and temperature became so 
intense that hydrogen atoms 

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began fusing into helium. 
Our son flickered to life. 

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Not with a bang but with a 
gradual brightening like someone

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slowly turning up. 
A dimmer switch over the course 

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of several million years around 
this newborn star. 

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The remaining dust and gas 
continued to orbit. 

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Occasionally bumping into other 
particles sticking together 

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through simple physics and 
patient accumulation. 

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These Cosmic dust bunnies grew 
larger their gravity pulling in 

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a more material creating bodies 
that would eventually become 

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planets. 
This process was less like 

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construction and more like, very
slow, very violent pottery. 

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With collisions serving as The 
Potter's Wheel about 4.54 

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billion years ago. 
Give or take 50 million years 

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because geological dating isn't 
an exact science at these 

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scales. 
One of these protoplanets had 

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grown large enough to Warrant 
its own name. 

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We call it Earth though. 
It bore absolutely, no 

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resemblance to the planet you're
sitting on right now. 

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Imagine taking everything lovely
about Earth. 

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The blue oceans, green forests 
and breathable atmosphere. 

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And replacing it with a ball of 
molten rocks, spinning through 

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the void like an angry Ember. 
The younger Earth was hot. 

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Not summer after noon, hot not 
even surface of the Sun hot, but

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hot enough to melt rock, which 
is saying something. 

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Surface was covered in magma 
Ocean's. 

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Vast expanses of liquid rock. 
That glowed, red and orange. 

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Like some hellish lava lamp 
stretching from Horizon to 

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Horizon. 
The atmosphere such as it was 

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consisted primarily of 
vaporized, rock some hydrogen 

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and various gases. 
That would have been immediately

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fatal to any living thing. 
Had any living things existed to

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be killed by. 
These was a period of intense 

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bombardment when asteroids and 
comets hilted, the young planet 

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with the regularity of rain, 
each impact added Mass heat and 

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occasionally interesting new 
chemical compounds. 

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The larger impacts were 
spectacular events, that would 

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have vaporized entire oceans, if
oceans had existed. 

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Fortunately, no one was around 
to worry about property values. 

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Then roughly 4.5 billion years 
ago. 

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Something significant happened. 
Another protoplanet about the 

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size of Mars was traveling on an
orbital path that intersected 

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with Earths. 
The Collision that followed was 

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by any measure the most 
important traffic accident in 

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planetary history. the impact 
was so catastrophic that it 

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vaporized the impactor and 
ejected, enormous amounts of 

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material, from both bodies into 
orbit, around Earth, this 

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debris, ring spinning around the
traumatized Planet gradually 

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coalesced into our moon, Over 
millions of years. 

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Countless particles came 
together through the same 

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patient gravitational processes 
that had formed Earth itself, 

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creating a companion that would 
profoundly influence life on 

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Earth in ways. 
Neither body could have 

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anticipated the moon's formation
had another crucial effect, it 

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stabilized, Earth rotation, 
Without this Celestial companion

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Earth would wobble chaotically 
on its axis. 

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Like a spinning top losing 
momentum, making consistent, 

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climate patterns, nearly 
impossible. 

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The moon through its 
gravitational influence, gave 

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Earth, the steady rotation that 
would eventually allow for 

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predictable seasons though it 
would be billions of years 

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before anything existed to 
appreciate spring or Autumn as 

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the bombardment gradually 
decreased and the surface began 

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to cool. 
The character of earth started 

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to change. 
Instead of a uniform sphere of 

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molten rock differentiation 
began to occur. 

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Heavier elements like iron and 
nickel sank toward the center 

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creating Earth's dense core. 
Lighter materials, Rose toward 

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the surface forming the 
beginning of what would 

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eventually become the crossed. 
It was like watching a cosmic 

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separation similar to oil and 
vinegar settling in salad 

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dressing except on a planetary 
scale and over millions of 

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years. 
The cooling continued the 

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cooling is relative when 
discussing something that starts

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as molten rock. 
The surface temperature dropped 

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below the melting point of 
various minerals, allowing the 

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first solid cross to form. 
This crossed was thin unstable 

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and constantly recycled by the 
convection currents in the 

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mantle below. 
But it represented something, 

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genuinely new Solid Ground. 
Yet the planet remained 

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profoundly inhospitable, The 
atmosphere was thick with carbon

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dioxide and water vapor creating
a greenhouse effect that kept 

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surface temperatures at levels. 
That would have felt 

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comfortable. 
Only to the molten rock that 

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still occasionally breached the 
surface through volcanic 

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activity, Lightning storms of 
incredible violence. 

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Split the sky caused by the 
interaction of volcanic, gases 

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and Atmospheric turbulence. 
The landscape was Barren dark 

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and dotted with active 
volcanoes, that regularly 

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resurface, the thin crust with 
fresh lava. 

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But within this violence, 
something remarkable was 

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occurring, the volcanic activity
that made the surface. 

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So hostile was also releasing 
water vapor that had been locked

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in the planet's interior. 
This water vapor Rose into the 

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atmosphere, gradually 
accumulating until the 

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atmosphere became saturated with
it, like a sponge that can hold 

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no more liquid. 
The stage was being set for the 

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next great transformation 
though, it would require 

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patience. 
The kind of patients that only 

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geology possesses pick the 
moment when Earth's atmosphere 

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finally called enough, for 
something magical to happen. 

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After millions of years of 
accumulation, the water vapor in

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the atmosphere, reached a 
critical threshold. 

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For the first time in planetary 
history, the surface temperature

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dropped below the boiling point 
of water at atmospheric 

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pressure. 
What happened? 

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Next was quite literally, the 
longest Reign storm in Earth's 

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history, it rained, and it 
rained, and it rained some more,

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this wasn't a spring shower, or 
even a monsoon season. 

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This was a rain event that 
lasted and here's where geology 

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sense of time. 
Becomes almost comical. 

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Possibly thousands of years. 
Imagine setting your watch for 

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the beginning of recorded human 
history and watching it rain 

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constantly until today. 
That gives you a sense of the 

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scale. 
We're discussing. 

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The water fell on rocks, so hot,
it instantly vaporized shooting 

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back into the atmosphere as 
Steam. 

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But each time this happened, the
rock called slightly Eventually 

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after countless cycles of rain 
of evaporation and more rain, 

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the surface temperature dropped 
enough for water to remain 

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liquid. 
The first puddles formed, then 

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pulls then sees and finally vast
ocean that covered much of the 

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planet's surface. 
He's early Ocean's were nothing 

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like the sparkling Blue Waters, 
you might visit on vacation. 

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They were hot, perhaps close to 
the boiling point. 

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In many places, they were acidic
and Rich and dissolved minerals 

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and gases from volcanic 
activity. 

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The water was likely greenish 
brown or Gray colored by 

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dissolved iron and other metals.
If you could somehow have stood 

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on the shore of this primordial 
ocean, you would have seen a 

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scene from a science fiction 
nightmare. 

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Steaming Waters under a thick 
orange gray, atmosphere with 

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volcanic islands, dotting The 
Horizon, and lightning 

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constantly, Illuminating the 
clouds. 

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Yet these hostile Waters, were 
paradoxical preparing to become 

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the birthplace of all life on 
Earth. 

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The ocean served as a vast 
chemical laboratory mixing 

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minerals from the rocks with 
gases from the atmosphere and 

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energy from volcanic vents 
lightning, and the fierce ultra 

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violet radiation that penetrated
the early atmosphere. 

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In tide pools near hydrothermal 
vents complex, chemical 

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reactions began to occur the 
early Earth had no oxygen in its

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atmosphere. 
At least not molecular oxygen as

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we know it. 
This would have been immediately

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fatal to most modern organisms, 
but it created perfect 

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conditions for the chemistry 
that would eventually lead to 

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life. 
Without oxygen to break down 

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organic molecules complex carbon
compounds. 

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Could accumulate and interact in
ways that wouldn't be possible 

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in today's oxidizing atmosphere 
water itself. 

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Was The crucial ingredient water
is an extraordinary solvent 

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capable of dissolving and 
transporting a remarkable range 

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of chemical compounds. 
It facilitates reactions, that 

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would be impossible in dry 
conditions, its unique 

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properties. 
Expanding when Frozen having 

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high surface tension, being most
dense at four degrees Celsius, 

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rather than its freezing point. 
Would prove a sensual for life, 

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though. 
This wouldn't become apparent 

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for hundreds of millions of 
years. 

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The formation of stable Ocean's 
marked another crucial 

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development, the water cycle. 
Water, evaporated from the 

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ocean's formed clouds, fellas, 
rain on the continents and 

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flowed, back to the Seas, 
through rivers and streams. 

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This cycle would eventually 
become one of Earth's. 

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Most important processes for 
Distributing heat shaping the 

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landscape and creating diverse 
environments where life could 

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Thrive. 
But the early Earth surface was 

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still dramatically different 
from today. there were no 

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continents as we understand them
know, vast land masses with 

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diverse geography, Instead 
volcanic islands and small Proto

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continents, Rose above the ocean
surface, constantly, being 

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reshaped by ongoing, volcanic 
activity and the earliest forms 

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of plate tectonics. 
These land masses were Barren, 

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Rock, weathering slowly under 
the assault of acidic rain and 

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being ground down by the 
mechanical action of waves and 

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temperature changes. 
This weathering process was 

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crucial for what came next. 
As rocks broke down. 

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They released minerals into the 
ocean's in Richmond the chemical

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soup that filled Earth sees. 
Essential Elements like 

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phosphorus sulfur and various 
Trace Metals, dissolved into the

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water, creating the diverse 
chemical environment that life 

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would eventually, require the 
seafloor during this period was 

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a landscape of extremes. 
Hydrothermal vents punctured. 

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The ocean floor. 
Releasing superheated water rich

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in dissolved, minerals and 
gases. 

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Around these vents, chemical 
gradients created zones where 

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different reactions could occur.
Some scientists believe these 

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vents where hot mineral-rich 
water mixed with cooler seawater

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may have provided the energy and
chemical conditions necessary 

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for the first living things to 
emerge. 

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The atmosphere was gradually 
changing as well as carbon 

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dioxide dissolved in the oceans 
and reacted with minerals to 

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form carbonate. 
Rocks atmospheric, CO2 levels, 

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slowly decreased This gradually 
reduce the greenhouse effect 

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allowing temperatures to cool 
further. 

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It was a negative feedback loop 
that would eventually help 

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stabilize earth's climate. 
Though eventually means over 

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100s of millions of years during
this era, the moon was much 

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closer to Earth than it is 
today, perhaps half its current 

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distance. 
This proximity created tides of 

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almost unimaginable power. 
Twice daily. 

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The ocean would Surge and 
Retreat to cross vast stretches 

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of Shoreline driven by 
gravitational forces fast 

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stronger than today's tides. 
These powerful Tides created, 

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Dynamic transitional zone 
between ocean and land in 

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environments where water air and
rock constantly interacted. 

235
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:35,600
These tidal zones may have been 
Crucible for early chemical 

236
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,700
evolution. 
The repeated cycles of wetting 

237
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,900
and drying and heating and 
cooling created conditions, 

238
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:46,400
where complex molecules could 
form concentrate and interact in

239
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:48,800
ways that might not occur in 
Open Water. 

240
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:53,400
In the pools left behind by 
retreating Tides organic 

241
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,700
compounds, could accumulate and 
undergo reactions, driven by 

242
00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:01,400
sunlight heat from nearby, 
volcanic activity and the simple

243
00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:03,700
mechanics of evaporation and 
concentration. 

244
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:08,900
The stage was set Earth. 
Now, had stable Ocean's a 

245
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:13,100
recycling water cycle, diverse 
chemical environments and energy

246
00:14:13,100 --> 00:14:17,300
sources ranging from volcanic 
heat to ultraviolet radiation. 

247
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,300
In the cosmic sense, the planet 
was ready for its most important

248
00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:25,500
transition. 
From a world of chemistry to a 

249
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:28,400
world of biology though. 
No one was waiting, and nothing 

250
00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:31,000
was planned. 
The conditions were right for 

251
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,500
something unprecedented in the 
known universe, the emergence of

252
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:38,100
Life somewhere around 3.8 to 4 
billion years ago. 

253
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:42,300
Please forgive the imprecision 
but were trying to date events 

254
00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:44,600
that left barely A chemical 
whisper in the Rocks. 

255
00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:46,800
Something extraordinary 
happened. 

256
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:51,400
And some warm pool or near some 
hydrothermal vent, or in some 

257
00:14:51,408 --> 00:14:54,400
other environment we might never
definitively identify. 

258
00:14:55,300 --> 00:14:58,500
Chemistry became biology. 
We need to be on here. 

259
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:00,700
We don't know exactly how this 
happened. 

260
00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:03,900
Scientists have proposed various
scenarios. 

261
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:08,800
The primordial soup hypothesis. 
The metabolism first Theory and 

262
00:15:08,800 --> 00:15:12,800
the RNA World concept. 
But the truth is that the origin

263
00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,400
of Life remains, one of 
science's Most Fascinating 

264
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:19,400
Unsolved Mysteries. what we do 
know is that at some point 

265
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,100
chemical systems began to do 
something they hadn't done 

266
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:26,500
before, they began to reproduce 
themselves, imagine the first 

267
00:15:26,500 --> 00:15:30,000
living thing, if we can even 
call it that, It wasn't to sell 

268
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,500
as we recognize one to day with 
all the complex Machinery, that 

269
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:36,000
even the simplest modern 
bacteria possess. 

270
00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:39,900
It was probably something much 
simpler perhaps just a 

271
00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:43,900
self-replicating molecule in 
closed in some kind of membrane 

272
00:15:43,900 --> 00:15:45,800
that separated it from its 
environment. 

273
00:15:47,300 --> 00:15:50,600
This humble beginning. 
This first tentative, step from 

274
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:54,500
chemistry to biology was 
arguably the most important 

275
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:57,900
moment in Earth's history. 
These first life forms, whatever

276
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:01,400
they were, would have been 
extraordinarily simple by modern

277
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,100
standards. 
They didn't photosynthesize 

278
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:07,400
didn't respite oxygen, which 
didn't exist in the atmosphere. 

279
00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,900
Anyway, and probably didn't do 
much of anything except the bare

280
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:13,800
minimum required to maintain 
their existence and occasionally

281
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,600
reproduce. 
Yet they possess something that 

282
00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,200
no mere chemical. 
Reaction has the ability to pass

283
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:24,600
information to their descendants
life even in its most primitive 

284
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:28,800
form involves information. 
The first living things carried 

285
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:33,100
instructions, probably in the 
form of RNA or something RNA, 

286
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:35,700
like that determine their 
structure and function. 

287
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,900
When they reproduced, they 
copied these instructions and 

288
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:42,700
occasionally the copying process
introduced errors. 

289
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:47,200
Most errors were harmful causing
The Offspring to function poorly

290
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:50,500
or not at all. 
But occasionally purely by 

291
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,800
chance and error would produce 
something that worked slightly 

292
00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:55,900
better under the existing 
conditions. 

293
00:16:55,900 --> 00:17:01,300
This is evolution in its purest 
form random variation combined 

294
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:05,200
with non-random selection, the 
organisms that functioned better

295
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,200
in their environment were more 
likely to survive and reproduce 

296
00:17:08,200 --> 00:17:11,400
passing their advantageous 
characteristics to their 

297
00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:15,500
descendants Over millions of 
years, this simple process would

298
00:17:15,500 --> 00:17:19,700
transform simple replicating 
molecules into the astonishing 

299
00:17:19,700 --> 00:17:22,500
diversity of life. 
We see today, the early 

300
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:25,800
biosphere, if we can call it 
that was entirely microbial. 

301
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:29,500
For more than a billion years, 
Earth was a planet of 

302
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:34,100
microscopic organisms living in 
the oceans in rocks and possibly

303
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:36,900
in the thin film of moisture 
that occasionally covered land 

304
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:39,800
surfaces. 
These organisms were all 

305
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:43,400
prokaryotes cells without a 
nucleus, or other membrane-bound

306
00:17:43,400 --> 00:17:47,100
organelles, they were simpler 
than any modern sell yet. 

307
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,800
They were alive metabolizing 
reproducing and slowly 

308
00:17:50,800 --> 00:17:54,600
imperceptibly changing these 
early microbes developed various

309
00:17:54,600 --> 00:17:58,700
strategies for obtaining energy.
Some probably fed on organic 

310
00:17:58,700 --> 00:18:01,800
molecules that form through 
non-biological chemical 

311
00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:04,800
reactions. 
Others might have used chemical 

312
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,000
gradients around hydrothermal 
vents to power their metabolism.

313
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,800
Still others. 
Develop the ability to use 

314
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:13,400
sunlight to drive. 
Chemical reactions though. 

315
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:15,600
These early forms of 
photosynthesis were quite 

316
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:18,200
different from the oxygen 
producing version with familiar.

317
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,700
With today, the ocean during the
era would have looked alien to 

318
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:25,000
modernize the water, had a 
distinctly different color. 

319
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:29,200
Perhaps greenish, Brown from 
dissolved iron ore tinged with 

320
00:18:29,208 --> 00:18:31,500
other colors from various 
dissolved minerals. 

321
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:35,700
The atmosphere of was still 
dominated by carbon dioxide 

322
00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:39,100
nitrogen and water vapor with 
little or no oxygen. 

323
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,600
Ultraviolet radiation from the 
Sun, Beat Down on the surface 

324
00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:46,600
with an intensity. 
That would be lethal to most 

325
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:49,700
modern organisms. 
Since there was no ozone layer 

326
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:53,100
to filter it out yet, life 
persisted and gradually became 

327
00:18:53,100 --> 00:18:56,900
more sophisticated. 
Somewhere around 3.5 billion 

328
00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:00,000
years ago, microbes began 
building, structures called 

329
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,700
stromatolites. 
Layered mounds of sediment and 

330
00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:07,400
microbial, mats that we can 
still see fossilized in rocks of

331
00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:10,900
appropriate age. 
These dramatic lights among our 

332
00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:14,200
best evidence for early life 
preserved, communities of 

333
00:19:14,208 --> 00:19:18,700
microorganisms that grew died 
and were covered by sediment 

334
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:22,600
only to be colonized by new 
generations of microbes that 

335
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:26,300
repeat the process if you'd 
visited a dramatic covered 

336
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:31,000
Shore. 3.5 billion years ago, 
you might have seen low rounded.

337
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:32,900
Mounds rising from the shallow 
water. 

338
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:37,700
Their surfaces covered with a 
greenish or brownish slide Mats 

339
00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:40,700
of microbes living in 
communities, each species, 

340
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:44,100
occupying, its preferred depth 
based on its tolerance for light

341
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:47,100
oxygen and various chemical 
compounds. 

342
00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:52,000
These were Earth's first 
ecosystems Communities of 

343
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:55,500
organisms interacting with each 
other and their environment in 

344
00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:59,200
ways that transformed both the 
development of photosynthesis 

345
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,000
was a crucial Milestone. 
Though, it happened gradually 

346
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,900
and in stages Early 
photosynthetic. 

347
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:08,700
Organisms used hydrogen sulfide 
or other compounds as an 

348
00:20:08,700 --> 00:20:10,200
electron Source rather than 
water? 

349
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:14,200
They produce sulfur or other 
byproducts rather than oxygen? 

350
00:20:15,100 --> 00:20:18,700
these organisms could Harvest 
energy from sunlight, using it 

351
00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:23,200
to convert carbon dioxide into 
organic compounds, It was a neat

352
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:26,200
trick that gave photosynthetic 
organisms are significant 

353
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:30,600
advantage over those that relied
on chemical energy sources but 

354
00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:34,800
then probably around 2.7 to 2.5 
billion years ago. 

355
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,100
Something revolutionary 
occurred. 

356
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:42,900
Some microbes probably ancestors
of modern cyanobacteria evolved,

357
00:20:42,900 --> 00:20:45,400
the ability to use water as an 
electron source for 

358
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,900
photosynthesis. 
This was a genuine Innovation 

359
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:53,300
because water is abundant. 
Unlike hydrogen sulfide, which 

360
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:56,300
is limited to specific 
environments like, hydrothermal 

361
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:59,900
vents, there was just one small 
problem with this new form of 

362
00:20:59,908 --> 00:21:03,400
photosynthesis. 
It produced oxygen as a waste 

363
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:05,700
product. 
Oxygen is wonderful stuff. 

364
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:08,800
If you're an organism that has 
evolved to use it, it's 

365
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,800
extraordinarily reactive, which 
makes it perfect for extracting 

366
00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:16,700
energy from food molecules 
efficiently, aerobic metabolism,

367
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:20,900
respiration, using oxygen yields
far, more energy per glucose 

368
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:23,400
molecule than any form of 
anaerobic metabolism. 

369
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:27,600
It's the difference between 
getting 15 miles per gallon and 

370
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,800
getting 50. 
But oxygen is terrible stuff. 

371
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:33,600
If you're an organism that 
evolved in an oxygen-free world,

372
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,600
the same reactivity that makes 
oxygen useful for energy 

373
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:39,700
production also makes it 
dangerous. 

374
00:21:40,700 --> 00:21:45,300
Oxygen attacks organic molecules
breaking them down causing. 

375
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:50,400
What we'd now recognized as 
oxidative stress to the microbes

376
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:53,300
that live for billions of years 
in an oxygen-free world. 

377
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:56,500
The appearance of oxygen in 
their environment was something 

378
00:21:56,500 --> 00:22:01,100
between a catastrophe and an 
apocalypse as oxygen producing 

379
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:03,700
cyanobacteria spread across the 
ocean's. 

380
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:06,200
They began pumping oxygen into 
the water. 

381
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:12,000
Initially this oxygen reacted 
with dissolved, ion forming rust

382
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:15,400
that precipitated out of the 
water and sank to the ocean 

383
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:19,000
floor. 
Today, we mine these ancient 

384
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:23,100
deposits as banded, iron 
formations alternating layers of

385
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:26,100
iron oxide and other sediments 
that record the gradually 

386
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:28,400
increasing oxygen levels in a 
Solutions. 

387
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:32,600
They're basically fossil rust 
and they represent one of the 

388
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,300
largest ore deposits on the 
planet. 

389
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:37,900
This process continued for 
hundreds of millions of years, 

390
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,800
the ocean's accumulated oxygen 
while the atmosphere remained 

391
00:22:41,800 --> 00:22:45,500
relatively oxygen free because 
antioxidant that reach the 

392
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:48,300
atmosphere quickly reacted with 
methane and other gases. 

393
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,800
But eventually around 2.4 
billion years ago, the sinks for

394
00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:56,700
oxygen became saturated, the 
iron in the ocean's had all 

395
00:22:56,708 --> 00:23:01,600
rusted, the atmospheric methane 
had all oxidized and oxygen 

396
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:03,700
began to accumulate in the 
atmosphere itself. 

397
00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:07,800
This event called the Great 
oxidation of end was possibly 

398
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,600
the most dramatic, change in 
Earth's environments since the 

399
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:12,600
planet formed. 
It was all. 

400
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:16,400
So from the perspective of most 
existing life forms a massive 

401
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,300
Extinction event, Organisms that
couldn't tolerate oxygen 

402
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:22,800
retreated to oxygen-free 
environments. 

403
00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:27,400
Deep sediments hydrothermal 
vents and the guts of other 

404
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:30,800
organisms. 
Many probably went extinct 

405
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:34,000
entirely, but the appearance of 
oxygen also created 

406
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:38,100
opportunities, some organisms 
evolved ways to tolerate oxygen.

407
00:23:39,100 --> 00:23:42,800
Few even learn to use, it 
developing aerobic metabolism, 

408
00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:46,000
that could extract far more 
energy from food molecules than 

409
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:50,300
their anaerobic cousins. 
These oxygen using organisms, 

410
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:53,800
had a significant Advantage, 
more energy meant they could 

411
00:23:53,808 --> 00:23:57,700
grow fast faster, reproduce more
quickly and colonize more 

412
00:23:57,700 --> 00:24:00,700
environments. 
The accumulation of oxygen had, 

413
00:24:00,700 --> 00:24:03,700
another profound effect, It 
created the ozone. 

414
00:24:03,700 --> 00:24:08,600
Layer ozone, 034 forms, when 
ultraviolet, radiation, splits 

415
00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:13,500
oxygen molecules, O2 and the 
resulting free oxygen atoms 

416
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:17,100
combined with other oxygen 
molecules. this ozone, 

417
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:20,200
concentrated in the upper 
atmosphere, where it absorbed 

418
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,200
ultraviolet, radiation that a 
previously reached Earth's 

419
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,000
surface, the ozone layer. 
Effectively gave her the 

420
00:24:26,008 --> 00:24:29,400
sunscreen protecting surface 
dwelling organisms from the 

421
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,000
genetic damage caused by intense
UV radiation. 

422
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:37,000
But then something strange 
happened, Around 2.4 billion 

423
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:40,700
years ago shortly after oxygen 
began accumulating in the 

424
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:43,400
atmosphere Earth. 
Experienced what? 

425
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,200
Geologists call the heronian 
glaciation. 

426
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:51,700
The first And possibly longest 
of several snowball Earth 

427
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:54,400
events. 
For hundreds of millions of 

428
00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,700
years, ice may have covered most
of all of Earth's surface from 

429
00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,400
pole to pole, extending, even to
the equator. 

430
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:03,200
How does a planet that had been 
warm enough for liquid? 

431
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:07,100
Oceans suddenly free solid The 
culprit was probably the great 

432
00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:10,708
oxidation event itself. 
Remember all that methane in the

433
00:25:10,716 --> 00:25:13,900
atmosphere methane is a powerful
greenhouse gas. 

434
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:18,500
When oxygen reacted with an 
removed atmospheric methane, it 

435
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:21,900
dramatically reduced the 
greenhouse effect Without 

436
00:25:21,900 --> 00:25:25,400
methane trapping heat, Earth's 
temperature, plummeted the 

437
00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:27,900
transition to an ice-covered 
World, probably happened 

438
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:31,300
gradually, but it was driven by 
a powerful positive feedback 

439
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:34,500
loop. 
As ice and snow covered more of 

440
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:38,200
Earth's surface, there reflected
more sunlight back in to space. 

441
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,600
This cooling led to more ice 
formation, which reflected more 

442
00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:47,300
sunlight leading to more Cooling
and so on eventually Earth may 

443
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:52,100
have become completely Frozen a 
giant Cosmic snowball orbiting, 

444
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:55,600
the Sun, you might reasonably 
ask, how life survived this deep

445
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:57,700
freeze. 
The answer involves a 

446
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:01,000
combination of refuge and 
remarkable microbial, resilience

447
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,300
life. 
Probably persisted near 

448
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:07,800
hydrothermal vents in volcanic 
hot springs and possibly in 

449
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,500
pockets of liquid, water under 
the ice. 

450
00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:13,500
Microbes can survive remarkably 
hostile conditions when they 

451
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:17,400
need to entering dormant State 
and waiting out unfavorable 

452
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:19,600
periods. 
The end of snowball Earth 

453
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:23,400
required, another feedback 
mechanism, volcanic activity, 

454
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:27,300
continued even under the ice 
steadily, pumping carbon dioxide

455
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:30,800
into the atmosphere. 
Normally, this CO2 would be 

456
00:26:30,800 --> 00:26:33,700
removed by weathering of rocks 
and dissolved in the ocean's. 

457
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:38,300
But with Earth's surface Frozen,
these processes essentially 

458
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:41,900
stopped. 
C02 accumulated for millions of 

459
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:44,600
years until the greenhouse 
effect became strong enough to 

460
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:47,100
begin. 
Melting the ice once melting 

461
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:50,200
started the same feedback loop 
that had Frozen the planet. 

462
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,800
Now worked in reverse. 
Less ice meant, less reflection 

463
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:56,800
of sunlight, which meant 
warming, which meant more 

464
00:26:56,800 --> 00:27:01,600
melting, and so on. the 
transition from snowball Earth 

465
00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:04,500
to Greenhouse conditions might 
have been relatively rapid 

466
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,200
perhaps only a few thousand 
years which is the blink of an 

467
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,800
eye in geological terms, when 
the ice melted it revealed a 

468
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:15,600
planet transformed The long 
freeze had been a severe test 

469
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:17,700
and many lineages, probably 
didn't survive. 

470
00:27:18,500 --> 00:27:21,300
But those that did emerge into a
world with new possibilities. 

471
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,900
The stage was being set for the 
next great evolutionary 

472
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:30,200
Innovation, the complex sell for
more than two billion years 

473
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:33,000
after life. 
First appeared Earth, remained a

474
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:36,800
planet of prokaryotes, simple 
cells, without internal membrane

475
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:40,400
bound structures, these cells 
accomplished remarkable, things 

476
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:45,200
developing photosynthesis, 
nitrogen fixation and various 

477
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:48,400
forms of metabolism. 
But they remained fundamentally 

478
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,100
simple in their architecture. 
Then somewhere around two 

479
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:55,800
billion years ago, something 
unprecedented happened a larger,

480
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:59,900
prokaryote engulfed, a smaller 
one perhaps intending to digest 

481
00:27:59,900 --> 00:28:03,900
it for food but in stead of 
being digested the smaller cells

482
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:05,400
of survived inside the larger 
one. 

483
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:09,100
Two cells began a partnership 
that were transformed life on 

484
00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:11,200
Earth. 
This process called 

485
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:16,500
endosymbiosis, created the first
eukaryotic cells cells with a 

486
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:20,700
nucleus and other membrane-bound
organelles The engulfed cell 

487
00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:24,000
became the mitochondrion. 
Powerhouse of the cell 

488
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:26,200
responsible for aerobic 
respiration. 

489
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,500
This partnership was 
spectacularly successful because

490
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,400
it combined the larger cells 
ability to move and acquire 

491
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:35,000
Resources with the smaller 
cells. 

492
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:39,400
Efficient oxygen based 
metabolism later, some of these 

493
00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,500
early UK's engulfed 
photosynthetic cyanobacteria 

494
00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:48,200
which became Clorox, This second
endosymbiotic event, created the

495
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:52,400
first algae and eventually led 
to all photosynthetic eukaryotes

496
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:55,900
including the plants that would 
eventually colonize land. 

497
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:59,500
The eukaryotic cells was like 
upgrading from a studio 

498
00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:02,500
apartment to a mansion with 
multiple specialized rooms 

499
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:06,700
mitochondria, handled energy 
production, the nucleus 

500
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:09,600
protected genetic material, and 
controlled gene expression. 

501
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:12,900
Various other organelles 
specialized in protein 

502
00:29:12,900 --> 00:29:16,500
synthesis, waste processing and 
other functions. 

503
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,300
This specialization allowed, you
carry outs to become much more 

504
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:22,900
complex than their prokaryotic 
ancestors. 

505
00:29:22,900 --> 00:29:26,200
With this new complexity came 
new possibilities. 

506
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:31,000
Eukaryotic cells could be larger
sometimes much larger than 

507
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:35,000
prokaryotes, they could develop 
new structures and capabilities 

508
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,900
and crucially. 
They could eventually do 

509
00:29:37,900 --> 00:29:41,000
something precarious. 
Couldn't they could aggregate 

510
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,100
into multi-cellular organisms 
where different cells 

511
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:45,700
specialized in different 
functions. 

512
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:49,400
The first multicellular 
eukaryotes probably appeared 

513
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:53,500
around 1.5 to 2 billion years 
ago though the exact timing is 

514
00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:56,500
debated. 
These early multi-cellular forms

515
00:29:56,500 --> 00:29:59,600
were simple, perhaps just 
clusters of similar cells that 

516
00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:02,500
offered advantages like 
increased size and some 

517
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:06,000
protection from predators. 
But they represented in new 

518
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,400
strategy for life one that would
eventually lead to all the 

519
00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:12,500
complex organisms. 
We see today for a long time, 

520
00:30:12,500 --> 00:30:14,500
possibly a billion years or 
more. 

521
00:30:14,500 --> 00:30:18,200
These are early multi cellular 
organisms, remained relatively 

522
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:22,200
simple, Life during this era 
sometimes called the boring 

523
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,100
billion proceeded without 
dramatic changes. 

524
00:30:25,900 --> 00:30:29,600
Dramatized still dominated 
Coastal environments, the 

525
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,900
ocean's contained, various 
prokaryotes and simple UK oats. 

526
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:37,700
Life existed evolved and 
diversified but nothing 

527
00:30:37,700 --> 00:30:39,600
particularly revolutionary was 
happening. 

528
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:46,500
Then around 720 to 635 million 
years ago, Earth experienced 

529
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:51,000
another series of snowball Earth
events, the sturdy and Marinaro 

530
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:55,800
and glaciations Once again, ice 
may have covered most, or all of

531
00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:59,100
the planet surface. 
These freezers were severe 

532
00:30:59,100 --> 00:31:02,200
enough that geologists find 
evidence of glacial deposits at 

533
00:31:02,208 --> 00:31:05,600
Tropical latitudes, suggesting 
ice existed. 

534
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:09,000
Even at the equator, these 
dramatic climate swings may have

535
00:31:09,008 --> 00:31:12,700
driven evolutionary Innovation 
by creating extreme selective 

536
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:14,700
pressure. 
Organisms. 

537
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:17,900
That could survive rapid 
environmental changes that had 

538
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:21,700
flexible metabolisms or that 
could enter dormant States had 

539
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:26,200
better survival odds. when the 
ice finally melted as it always 

540
00:31:26,208 --> 00:31:30,200
did, thanks to the buildup of 
volcanic CO2, life, rebounded, 

541
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,800
into a world of New 
Opportunities, and then almost 

542
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:37,000
immediately after the last 
snowball Earth event, something 

543
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:40,900
remarkable appeared in the 
fossil record the ediacaran 

544
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:45,500
biota Named after the Eddie 
Acura Hills in Australia where 

545
00:31:45,500 --> 00:31:48,600
they were first discovered, 
these organisms were Earth's, 

546
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,800
first large complex 
multi-cellular creatures the 

547
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,500
Eddie Akron organisms, were 
strange by modern standards 

548
00:31:55,500 --> 00:31:58,500
many. 
Resembled quilted air mattresses

549
00:31:58,500 --> 00:32:01,400
with bodies divided into 
repeated segments. 

550
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:06,000
Some look like fronds others 
like discs and still others. 

551
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:10,700
Like three-sided Frisbees. 
Most were soft-bodied, lacking 

552
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,900
the hard, shells or skeletons? 
That would become common later, 

553
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:17,500
they lived on, or in the sea 
floor, possibly feeding by 

554
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:20,600
absorbing nutrients from the 
water, or perhaps hosting 

555
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:24,300
photosynthetic symbionts for 
about 40 million years. 

556
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,800
These odd creatures dominated. 
The sea floor, representing 

557
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:31,400
Earth's, first experiment with 
large complex body forms. 

558
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:35,600
They ranged in size from a few 
centimeters to over a metre in 

559
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:37,300
length. 
Absolutely. 

560
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:41,300
Enormous compared to anything 
that had existed before then 

561
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:46,200
around 541 million years ago, 
most DX Akron organisms 

562
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:49,500
disappeared from the fossil 
record, What caused their 

563
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,200
decline? 
The answer may be related to the

564
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:54,200
next great revolution in the 
history of Life. 

565
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,000
The Cambrian explosion. 
If you could take a time machine

566
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:02,500
back to the early Cambrian, 
Period about 50041 million years

567
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,900
ago and put on a diving suit to 
explore the sea floor. 

568
00:33:06,700 --> 00:33:09,400
He'd witness one of the most 
spectacular displays of 

569
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:11,600
evolutionary innovation in 
Earth's history. 

570
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:17,500
Within a relatively brief period
perhaps 20 to 25 million years 

571
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:22,200
which is briefed by geological 
standards life, exploded into a 

572
00:33:22,208 --> 00:33:26,600
bewildering array of new forms. 
Many of them completely, unlike 

573
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:30,100
anything that had existed 
before, this was the Cambrian 

574
00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:33,300
explosion and it marked the 
appearance of almost all the 

575
00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:36,900
major animal phyla. 
We see today, Arthropods 

576
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:41,600
mollusks, a kind of derms 
chordates and worms of various 

577
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:44,100
sorts all appeared in the 
Cambrian Seas within a 

578
00:33:44,108 --> 00:33:47,400
relatively short time window. 
It was as if life had been 

579
00:33:47,408 --> 00:33:51,200
experimenting for billions of 
years and suddenly decided to 

580
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:55,100
try every possible body plan all
at once what triggered this 

581
00:33:55,100 --> 00:33:58,700
explosion of diversity, The 
answer probably involves 

582
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:00,200
multiple factors coming 
together. 

583
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,100
Oxygen levels had risen to the 
point where active mobile 

584
00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:07,500
animals could be supported. 
The evolution of predation 

585
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:11,600
created in evolutionary arms, 
race where prey animals, evolved

586
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:14,199
defense's and predators of old 
ways to overcome those 

587
00:34:14,199 --> 00:34:17,800
defense's. 
The development of hard Parts, 

588
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:24,100
shells, spines teeth, provided 
both protection, and new tools. 

589
00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:28,100
While also making animals much 
more likely to fossilize giving 

590
00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:31,699
us a better fossil record. 
The Cambrian sees were dominated

591
00:34:31,699 --> 00:34:34,400
by arthropods particularly trial
bites. 

592
00:34:35,199 --> 00:34:38,400
These creatures distant 
relatives of modern, insects and

593
00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:43,199
Crustaceans had segmented, 
bodies, jointed, legs and hard 

594
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:45,900
exoskeletons. 
They could walk along the 

595
00:34:45,900 --> 00:34:49,800
seafloor swim in the water 
column and filter feed or hunt 

596
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:53,699
for food. 
Trilobites were spectacularly 

597
00:34:53,699 --> 00:34:57,400
successful diversifying into 
thousands of species that 

598
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:01,100
occupied almost every marine 
environment but the Cambrian 

599
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:03,500
Seas also hosted stranger 
creatures. 

600
00:35:03,500 --> 00:35:07,900
Anomalocaris, whose name means 
abnormal shrimp. 

601
00:35:07,900 --> 00:35:11,400
Was one of the camera and top 
predators with grasping 

602
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:15,100
appendages for catching prey, 
and a circular mouth line with 

603
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:19,200
plates. 
Upper Binya had five eyes and a 

604
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:22,200
proboscis with a grass being tip
that it used to catch smaller 

605
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:25,500
animals. 
Hallucigenia was so bizarre. 

606
00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:28,200
When first discovered that 
paleontologists could not tell 

607
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:30,600
which end was the head or which 
side was up. 

608
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:33,800
It had spines on one side and 
legs on the other. 

609
00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:37,500
These weird Cambrian creatures 
lived in a world that was alien 

610
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:41,000
by modern standards. 
The continents were Barren Rock,

611
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,100
not a single plant or animal. 
Lived on land yet. 

612
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:48,100
The ocean's were rich with life,
but different from today's 

613
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:50,200
Ocean's. 
There were no fish yet. 

614
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:55,100
No sharks, no ways. the largest 
Predators were arthropods and 

615
00:35:55,108 --> 00:35:58,300
odd creatures, like, 
anomalocaris, but among the many

616
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:01,100
strange creatures of the 
Cambrian one group would prove, 

617
00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:04,800
particularly significant The 
chordates animals with a 

618
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:08,600
stiffening rod. 
Notre chord running down their 

619
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,700
backs. 
Early chordates like pikaia and 

620
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:14,400
I quit. 
This was small fish-like 

621
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:16,400
creatures. 
That swam through the Cambrian 

622
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,000
Seas. 
They weren't impressive compared

623
00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:22,700
to the armored trilobites or the
grass being anomaly carriages. 

624
00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:25,700
Yet They Carried within their 
body, planned. 

625
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:28,300
The basic architecture that 
would eventually give rise to 

626
00:36:28,300 --> 00:36:35,000
fish and fibs and mammals, and 
eventually you the Cambrian 

627
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,900
Period established patterns that
would shape life for the next 

628
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:41,400
half billion years. 
Predator, prey relationships, 

629
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:45,100
drove evolutionary, Innovation, 
hard part became the norm 

630
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:47,200
providing protection and 
structure. 

631
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:52,400
Animals developed increasingly 
sophisticated sensory systems 

632
00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:56,400
eyes became common allowing 
creatures to see their prey or 

633
00:36:56,400 --> 00:37:01,000
spot Predators from a distance. 
The basic body plans of modern 

634
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:04,100
animals were established 
creating templates, that would 

635
00:37:04,100 --> 00:37:07,900
be modified and adapted for 
countless different environments

636
00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:12,600
as the Cambrian gave way to the 
order Vision period around 485 

637
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,500
million years ago, life 
continued to diversify. 

638
00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:19,700
The first true fish appeared 
journalist creatures that 

639
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:22,900
filtered food from the water or 
scraped it off rocks. 

640
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:27,200
Full of PODS, relatives of 
modern squid and octopuses 

641
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,800
evolved into efficient, 
Predators some with straight 

642
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:35,200
shells meters long. 
Reefs built by various organisms

643
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:39,600
began to dominate shallow Seas, 
creating complex, habitats that 

644
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:43,100
supported diverse communities, 
but life remained entirely 

645
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:45,900
aquatic. 
The land was still Barren 

646
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:48,900
waiting for the organisms. 
That would eventually colonize 

647
00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:52,000
it. 
That transition was coming, but 

648
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,000
it would require some of the 
most dramatic adaptations in the

649
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:58,200
history of Life. 
Stand on a silurian, seashore 

650
00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:02,100
around 440, million years ago 
and you'd see a stark contrast 

651
00:38:02,100 --> 00:38:06,100
between two worlds. 
Behind you, the ocean teemed 

652
00:38:06,100 --> 00:38:10,400
with life fish. 
Arthropods mollusks and Aquino 

653
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:12,900
Dirhams all going about their 
business in the water. 

654
00:38:13,700 --> 00:38:16,200
Before you stretch the land 
Rocky. 

655
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:20,200
Barren, lifeless the most 
advanced terrestrial, ecosystem,

656
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:24,700
consisted of microbial mats in 
wet areas and possibly some like

657
00:38:24,700 --> 00:38:26,500
him's beginning to colonize the 
rocks. 

658
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:30,400
There were no trees, no grass, 
no flowers. 

659
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:35,800
No insects, no birds. 
And no mammals just bare rock. 

660
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:38,900
Weathering Under the Sun but in 
the shallow Waters and titles 

661
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:41,400
zones, something revolutionary 
was beginning. 

662
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,800
Plants descended from green 
algae, were starting to venture 

663
00:38:45,800 --> 00:38:48,900
onto land. 
This wasn't a sudden Conquest, 

664
00:38:48,900 --> 00:38:52,300
but a gradual process that 
probably took millions of years.

665
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:57,300
First land plants were tiny, 
perhaps only a few centimeters 

666
00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:00,400
tall and they required very 
moist conditions. 

667
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:05,400
They had no true Roots leaves or
stems as we'd recognize them 

668
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:07,600
today. 
Just simple structures. 

669
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:11,300
That barely qualified as plants 
the challenge of living on land 

670
00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:14,800
was immense. 
In the water organisms are 

671
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:18,500
supported by buoyancy, 
surrounded by moisture and 

672
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:20,200
protected from temperature 
extremes. 

673
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:24,600
On land, gravity. 
Pulls harder the areas, dry 

674
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:28,900
temperatures, fluctuate, wildly 
and UV radiation is more 

675
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:32,100
intense. 
To survive on land organisms 

676
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:33,900
needed to solve all these 
problems. 

677
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:37,700
Simultaneously early land plants
developed, several crucial 

678
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:40,500
Innovations. 
They evolved a waxy coating 

679
00:39:40,500 --> 00:39:42,600
called a cuticle to prevent 
water loss. 

680
00:39:43,500 --> 00:39:46,900
They developed simple conducting
tissues to transport water from 

681
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:48,700
the ground to their growing 
tips. 

682
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:52,500
They formed associations with 
fungi that help them extract 

683
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:55,900
nutrients from the thin soils 
developing on weathered rock. 

684
00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:01,000
These plant fungal Partnerships 
called mycorrhizae was so 

685
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:05,100
successful that they persist in 
most modern plants today by the 

686
00:40:05,100 --> 00:40:08,800
devonian period around 420 
million years ago. 

687
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:13,400
Land plants are Diversified 
dramatically Some developed true

688
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:16,700
roots, that could penetrate 
deeper into the soil, anchoring 

689
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:18,600
larger plants and accessing more
water. 

690
00:40:19,700 --> 00:40:24,200
Others evolved vascular tissue, 
specialized cells for conducting

691
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:27,100
water and nutrients that allowed
them to grow taller. 

692
00:40:28,300 --> 00:40:32,000
The race for sunlight had begun 
and plants responded by reaching

693
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,300
upward. 
The first forests appeared 

694
00:40:34,300 --> 00:40:37,000
during the middle devonian 
though, they would have looked 

695
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,900
alien to modernize. 
They were dominated by treesize 

696
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:45,300
Club, mosses, horsetails, and 
ferns groups that today are 

697
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:48,100
mostly small plants. 
These are early trees, could 

698
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:51,300
reach Heights of over, 30 
meters, creating the first 

699
00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:55,500
complex terrestrial, ecosystems 
their Roots, broke up, Rock, 

700
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:58,000
accelerating weathering, and 
soil formation. 

701
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:02,500
When they died and fell, they 
created habitats, for other 

702
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:06,900
organisms, life was transforming
the landscape but plants didn't 

703
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:10,300
colonize land alone. 
They were followed or perhaps 

704
00:41:10,300 --> 00:41:13,900
accompanied by animals. 
The first terrestrial animals 

705
00:41:13,900 --> 00:41:17,800
were probably arthropods 
millipedes and centipedes and 

706
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,700
possibly earlier arachnids. 
These creatures likely began as 

707
00:41:21,700 --> 00:41:25,500
Coastal or semiaquatic organisms
that gradually adapted to 

708
00:41:25,500 --> 00:41:28,600
terrestrial life. 
They had advantages for land 

709
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:31,500
living. 
Their exoskeletons, provided 

710
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:34,900
structural support, and 
protection from drying and their

711
00:41:34,900 --> 00:41:37,400
jointed legs worked. 
Well for walking on a regular 

712
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:42,300
surfaces by the late devonian 
around 375 million years ago, 

713
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:45,500
insects had appeared and would 
begin to diversify. 

714
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:50,500
Some of old Wing's becoming the 
first animals capable of powered

715
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,100
flight. 
This Innovation opened New 

716
00:41:53,100 --> 00:41:57,200
Dimensions of terrestrial space.
Allowing insects to disperse. 

717
00:41:57,200 --> 00:42:02,300
Widely Escape predators and 
eventually pollinate plants, but

718
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:05,300
the most dramatic transition to 
land was being made by a group 

719
00:42:05,308 --> 00:42:08,500
of fish. 
In the shallow Waters and swamps

720
00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:12,000
of the devonian. 
Some fish had evolved muscular 

721
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,600
lobed fins, that could support 
their weight and lungs that 

722
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:19,800
could extract oxygen from Air. 
These lobe-finned fish could 

723
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,200
hold themselves out of the water
and move across land, possibly 

724
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:25,500
to reach new. 
Water bodies or Escape Predators

725
00:42:25,500 --> 00:42:29,100
creatures like Tic, Turlock. 
Represented an intermediate 

726
00:42:29,100 --> 00:42:32,400
stage between fish and tetrapods
four-legged vertebrates. 

727
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:36,300
They had fins with bones that 
corresponded to our upper arm 

728
00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:38,300
forearm and something resembling
a wrist. 

729
00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:42,200
They had lungs and gills, a flat
head that could support. 

730
00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:44,500
The weight went out of water and
flexible neck. 

731
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:48,000
Tiktok could do push-ups with 
its front fins. 

732
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:52,000
Lifting its head above water to 
breathe air or look around over 

733
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,200
millions of years. 
These fish like creatures gave 

734
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:58,400
rise to true tetrapods animals 
with four limbs rather than 

735
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:02,500
Finns early tetrapods like a 
Kanthal Steiger, still spent 

736
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:06,500
most of their time in water, but
they had digits fingers and toes

737
00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:10,400
rather than Finn rays. 
They represented a commitment to

738
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:13,200
the new lifestyle that land 
offered even though they were 

739
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:17,000
not yet fully tourists Real by 
the Carboniferous period around 

740
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:21,200
350 million years ago tetrapods 
had fully transitioned to land 

741
00:43:22,300 --> 00:43:26,200
Amphibians Diversified into 
numerous forms from small 

742
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:28,600
salamander like creatures to 
massive beasts. 

743
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:32,100
Several meters long. 
These early amphibians still 

744
00:43:32,100 --> 00:43:36,400
required water for reproduction,
the eggs had no shell and would 

745
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:39,800
dry out in air, but they could 
live entirely on land as adults.

746
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:42,800
The Carboniferous world would 
have been a strange place to 

747
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,500
visit. 
Forests were dominated by 

748
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:47,800
enormous Club mosses and 
horsetails. 

749
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:51,300
Creating swampy environments 
where dead plant material 

750
00:43:51,300 --> 00:43:53,700
accumulated faster than it could
decay. 

751
00:43:54,700 --> 00:43:57,000
This plant material would 
eventually become the cold 

752
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:59,200
deposits. 
That gave the Carboniferous, its

753
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:02,600
name and powered. 
The Industrial Revolution 100s 

754
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:06,200
of millions of years later 
insects thrived in these forests

755
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:08,800
growing to sizes that seem 
impossible to today. 

756
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:14,200
Dragonflies with wingspans of 70
centimeters about the size of a 

757
00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:16,800
hawk. 
Hunted smaller insects through 

758
00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:19,900
the forest. 
Canopy millipedes over 2 meters.

759
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:21,700
Long cruel through the leaf 
litter. 

760
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:25,500
The high oxygen content of the 
Carboniferous atmosphere. 

761
00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:31,100
Perhaps 35% compared to today's 
21% allowed, these arthropods to

762
00:44:31,100 --> 00:44:33,600
reach sizes that their 
respiratory systems could not 

763
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:36,500
support in today's atmosphere, 
but the most significant 

764
00:44:36,500 --> 00:44:39,500
evolutionary innovation of this 
era was happening quietly among 

765
00:44:39,500 --> 00:44:43,000
certain amphibians. 
Some lineages were developing 

766
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:46,600
eggs with shells eggs, that 
could be laid on land rather 

767
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:50,500
than in water. 
This amniotic egg with its 

768
00:44:50,500 --> 00:44:54,600
protective shell and internal 
membrane freed vertebrates from 

769
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:56,700
their dependence on water for 
reproduction. 

770
00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:00,900
The animals that develop this 
Innovation would give rise to 

771
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:04,700
all reptiles birds and mammals 
as the Carboniferous. 

772
00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:08,300
Gave way to the Permian period 
around 299 million years ago, 

773
00:45:08,300 --> 00:45:12,700
Earth entered a new phase. 
The continents which had been 

774
00:45:12,708 --> 00:45:16,300
scattered during early periods, 
were gradually colliding to form

775
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:20,800
a supercontinent called Pangea, 
Greek for all Earth. 

776
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:25,200
This massive land mass stretched
from pole to pole surrounded by 

777
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:28,300
a single vast. 
Ocean called Panther the 

778
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:31,500
formation of Pangea, had 
profound effects on climate and 

779
00:45:31,500 --> 00:45:33,900
life. 
With one giant continent. 

780
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:36,200
The interior regions Were Far 
From Any ocean. 

781
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:40,400
Creating extensive deserts with 
extreme temperature, ranges, 

782
00:45:41,300 --> 00:45:44,800
Coastal regions, experienced 
Monsoon patterns with wet and 

783
00:45:44,800 --> 00:45:47,000
dry seasons of unusual, 
intensity. 

784
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:51,800
Climate overall was becoming 
drier and more seasonal, amnio, 

785
00:45:51,800 --> 00:45:55,500
oats animals with shelled eggs, 
Diversified into two main 

786
00:45:55,500 --> 00:45:59,500
groups. the synapsids, which 
would eventually give rise to 

787
00:45:59,500 --> 00:46:02,700
mammals, became the dominant 
large land animals of the 

788
00:46:02,700 --> 00:46:08,200
Permian, Many were spectacular, 
creatures dimetrodon, often 

789
00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:12,100
mistakenly called a dinosaur had
a huge sale on its back. 

790
00:46:12,100 --> 00:46:14,500
That probably helped regulate 
its body temperature. 

791
00:46:15,300 --> 00:46:17,900
Their absence of evolved 
increasingly mammal like 

792
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:21,400
features, including 
differentiated teeth, more 

793
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:24,800
efficient, Locomotion and 
possibly even whiskers and body 

794
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:28,300
hair in some species. 
The other major group therapsids

795
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:31,700
included all modern reptiles and
would eventually give rise to 

796
00:46:31,700 --> 00:46:35,100
dinosaurs and birds. 
These creatures were exploring 

797
00:46:35,100 --> 00:46:38,000
different solutions to the 
challenges of terrestrial life, 

798
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:41,100
particularly the problem of 
regulating body temperature 

799
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:43,600
without the constant presence of
water for cooling. 

800
00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:48,700
But then 2502 million years ago,
Earth experience the most 

801
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:51,000
catastrophic Extinction of event
in its history. 

802
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,500
The Permian Triassic Extinction,
sometimes called the Great 

803
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:57,900
dying. 
Over appeared that might have 

804
00:46:57,900 --> 00:47:00,900
lasted from 10 of thousands to 
hundreds of thousands of years 

805
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:05,700
approximately, 96% of all marine
species and 70% of terrestrial. 

806
00:47:05,700 --> 00:47:08,600
Vertebrates, species went 
extinct, the calls of this 

807
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:12,500
Extinction is still debated but 
the leading suspect is massive 

808
00:47:12,500 --> 00:47:16,000
volcanic eruptions in Siberia 
that released enormous 

809
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:20,100
quantities of lava and gases. 
These eruptions created, the 

810
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:24,300
Siberian traps vast fields of 
Basalt that still cover much of 

811
00:47:24,308 --> 00:47:27,800
Siberia today. 
The volcanic activity released 

812
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:31,200
carbon dioxide and other gases 
that warm the planet 

813
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,700
dramatically. 
Ocean temperatures Rose and the 

814
00:47:34,708 --> 00:47:38,400
warmer water couldn't hold as 
much, dissolved oxygen, creating

815
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:44,400
vast dead zones. acid, rain fell
on land and ocean are like, it 

816
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:47,500
was a planetary disaster that 
came closer than any other event

817
00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:52,000
to wiping out complex life 
entirely yet life persisted In 

818
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:55,300
the aftermath of the Permian 
Extinction, surviving species 

819
00:47:55,300 --> 00:47:59,600
rapidly diversify to fill the 
ecological roles left empty by 

820
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:03,600
the mass die-off. the Triassic 
period that followed was a time 

821
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:07,100
of recovery in Innovation when 
many modern groups first 

822
00:48:07,100 --> 00:48:10,400
appeared among the survivors, 
were the ancestors of dinosaurs 

823
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:14,500
a group of archosaurs ruling 
reptiles that had been 

824
00:48:14,508 --> 00:48:18,400
relatively minor players in 
Permian, ecosystems In the 

825
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:20,600
Triassic. 
These creatures began to evolve 

826
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:25,200
some remarkable features an 
upright posture with legs 

827
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,700
directly under their bodies 
rather than sprawling to the 

828
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:31,700
side's like early reptiles. 
This more efficient Locomotion 

829
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:35,000
allowed them to be more active 
and cover more ground with less 

830
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:39,000
energy by the late Triassic. 
The first true dinosaurs had 

831
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:42,500
appeared relatively small 
bipedal creatures. 

832
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:45,400
That ran on their hind legs, 
They weren't immediately 

833
00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:48,000
dominant. 
They shared the landscape with 

834
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:52,200
various other reptiles early, 
crocodile relatives, and large, 

835
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:55,500
amphibians that they were 
successful enough to survive the

836
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,400
next catastrophe. 
At the end of the Triassic 

837
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:02,900
around. 201 million years ago, 
another mass extinction event, 

838
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:07,000
probably caused by more massive,
volcanic, eruptions eliminated. 

839
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,700
Many of the groups that have 
been competing with Dinosaurs, 

840
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:14,100
The dinosaurs survived and in 
the Jurassic period that 

841
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:18,500
followed it exploded into 
remarkable diversity, the 

842
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:22,900
Jurassic and Cretaceous periods 
to iron to 66 million years ago 

843
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:26,300
with the age of dinosaurs. 
And these creatures came to 

844
00:49:26,300 --> 00:49:30,100
dominate terrestrial ecosystems 
in ways, no group had before or 

845
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:35,400
has since They ranged in size 
from chicken-sized predators to 

846
00:49:35,400 --> 00:49:37,200
the largest land animals that 
ever lived. 

847
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:41,300
Surah pods like Argentina Soros.
That may have weighed over 70 

848
00:49:41,300 --> 00:49:43,400
tons. 
The equivalent of about 12 

849
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:46,800
elephants, dinosaurs evolved 
into every conceivable 

850
00:49:46,800 --> 00:49:50,600
ecological role, They were 
predators, like, Allosaurus and 

851
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:54,200
Tyrannosaurus, Rex herbivores, 
like stegosaurus, and 

852
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:59,300
Triceratops omnivores, 
insectivores, and possibly even 

853
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:01,800
some that fed primarily on fish 
or carrion. 

854
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:04,900
Some ran on two legs, others on 
four. 

855
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:09,300
Some were armored with plates 
and spikes, others, relied on 

856
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,700
speed or size for defense. 
Some were solitary. 

857
00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:14,300
Others lived. 
In herds. 

858
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,000
They adapted to environments 
ranging from Polar Forest to 

859
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,000
deserts to swamps. 
But dinosaurs were the only 

860
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:22,600
remarkable creatures of this 
era. 

861
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:27,000
In the Jurassic one group of 
small feather, dinosaurs evolved

862
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:30,000
the ability to fly giving rise 
to birds. 

863
00:50:31,100 --> 00:50:33,900
First birds like Archaeopteryx, 
retained. 

864
00:50:33,900 --> 00:50:39,500
Many dinosaur in features teeth,
bony Tails, clawed fingers, but 

865
00:50:39,500 --> 00:50:43,700
they could fly opening new 
ecological opportunities in the 

866
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:46,400
ocean's reptiles had returned to
Aquatic Life. 

867
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:50,700
Ichthyosaurs shaped like 
dolphins were fast swimming. 

868
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:53,000
Predators that gave birth to 
live young in the water. 

869
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:57,600
Plesiosaurs with their long 
necks and flippers hunted fish 

870
00:50:57,600 --> 00:51:01,000
and Squid. 
Mosasaurs which appeared in the 

871
00:51:01,008 --> 00:51:04,200
Cretaceous? 
Grew to length of over 15 meters

872
00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:06,400
and were apex. 
Predators of the Seas. 

873
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:10,300
Meanwhile, mammals descendants 
of those mammal-like. 

874
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:13,400
Synapsids from the Permian, were
present throughout the Mesozoic 

875
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:17,200
Era, but remained relatively 
small and mostly nocturnal. 

876
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:22,100
They had evolved fur 
warm-blooded and sophisticated 

877
00:51:22,100 --> 00:51:25,800
teeth, but they couldn't compete
with Dinosaurs for the dominant 

878
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:30,500
ecological roles. 
To over 150 million years 

879
00:51:30,500 --> 00:51:34,600
mammals remained in the shadows 
living in the margins of a 

880
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:38,600
world, ruled by reptiles. 
The flowering plants and josper 

881
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:43,200
appeared in the Cretaceous 
around 130 million years ago and

882
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:45,100
quickly became the dominant land
plants. 

883
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:49,200
These plants have evolved, 
flowers and fruits structures 

884
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:51,700
designed to attract pollinators 
and Seed dispersers. 

885
00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:56,200
The partnership between 
flowering plants and insects and

886
00:51:56,200 --> 00:51:58,700
eventually birds. 
And mammals created new 

887
00:51:58,700 --> 00:52:03,300
complexity in terrestrial 
ecosystems Butterflies and bees 

888
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:08,000
evolved to pollinate specific 
flowers trees, evolved fruits to

889
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,900
entice animals to disperse their
seeds by the late Cretaceous 

890
00:52:11,900 --> 00:52:14,600
Earth's. 
Ecosystems had reached a level 

891
00:52:14,608 --> 00:52:19,100
of complexity comparable to 
todays It would diverse forests,

892
00:52:19,100 --> 00:52:24,200
grasslands wetlands and deserts.
Food webs were intricate with 

893
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:26,800
multiple trophic levels and 
specialized relationships 

894
00:52:26,800 --> 00:52:30,100
between species. 
The planet was teeming with 

895
00:52:30,100 --> 00:52:34,700
life, from microscopic Plankton 
to enormous dinosaurs from 

896
00:52:34,700 --> 00:52:39,700
flowering plants to social 
insects and then 66 million 

897
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:41,900
years ago. 
Something fell from the sky and 

898
00:52:41,900 --> 00:52:45,500
imagine being in what's now the 
Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico on a

899
00:52:45,508 --> 00:52:50,500
day. 66 million years ago. 
Morning is warm and humid 

900
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:52,900
typical for this tropical 
coastline. 

901
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:56,700
In the Inland forests dinosaurs 
are going about their daily 

902
00:52:56,700 --> 00:53:00,000
business herbivores. 
Browsing small, Predators 

903
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:03,900
hunting, and birds, singing from
the trees, then moving at about 

904
00:53:03,900 --> 00:53:07,100
20 kilometers per second faster 
than you could track with your 

905
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:09,400
eyes. 
If you could see it coming, a 

906
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:12,200
rock about 10 kilometers in 
diameter enters the atmosphere. 

907
00:53:13,300 --> 00:53:15,800
The Aaron front of it, can't get
out of the way, fast enough. 

908
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:19,200
So it compresses and heats to 
temperatures hotter than the 

909
00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:23,200
surface of the Sun. 
The asteroid technically it 

910
00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:25,200
might have been a comet but will
call it an asteroid. 

911
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:29,100
His briefly surrounded by a 
bubble of superheated gas that 

912
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:32,700
radiates enough thermal energy 
to ignite forests hundreds of 

913
00:53:32,700 --> 00:53:34,800
kilometers away the impact 
itself. 

914
00:53:34,800 --> 00:53:38,300
Releases energy equivalent to 
about 10 billion Hiroshima 

915
00:53:38,300 --> 00:53:42,400
bombs, the asteroid vaporizes 
incidentally along with a vast 

916
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:46,600
amount of the Earth's crust. 
Crater, 150 kilometers in 

917
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:50,700
diameter forms in seconds. 
Rock liquefied by the impact. 

918
00:53:50,700 --> 00:53:53,700
Splashes upward in a ring 
creating mountains in minutes. 

919
00:53:54,500 --> 00:53:57,900
Shock waves race through the 
Earth's crust, like ripples in a

920
00:53:57,900 --> 00:53:59,700
pond. 
Except these ripples are 

921
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:04,100
earthquakes of magnitude 11 or 
higher far beyond anything and 

922
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:06,900
recorded human history. 
The debris from the impact 

923
00:54:06,900 --> 00:54:10,400
vaporized Rock, bits of 
asteroid, fragments of crust, 

924
00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:13,000
shoots upward into the 
atmosphere and Beyond. 

925
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:17,100
Some material reaches escape, 
velocity, and actually leaves 

926
00:54:17,100 --> 00:54:20,100
Earth entirely. 
Other materials back 

927
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:22,300
re-entering, the atmosphere all 
over the planet. 

928
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:25,900
As this material re-enters at 
Hypersonic. 

929
00:54:25,900 --> 00:54:29,700
Speeds it heats, the atmosphere 
to other than like temperatures.

930
00:54:30,500 --> 00:54:34,800
Forests across the planet burst 
into flame animals without 

931
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:38,900
shelter a literally baked alive 
within minutes of the impact. 

932
00:54:38,900 --> 00:54:41,500
Huge tsunamis Race Across the 
ocean's. 

933
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:46,500
Somehow hundreds of meters high 
obliterating Coastal ecosystems 

934
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:48,200
around the Gulf of Mexico and 
Beyond. 

935
00:54:49,300 --> 00:54:52,200
Sutton from the burning forests 
mixes, with dust from the 

936
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:55,700
impact, creating a thick shroud 
that blocks sunlight 

937
00:54:55,700 --> 00:54:59,400
temperatures plummet as the 
planet is plunged into an impact

938
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:01,800
winter. 
That could last months, or years

939
00:55:01,800 --> 00:55:06,300
photosynthesis, essentially 
stops plants die from lack of 

940
00:55:06,300 --> 00:55:09,300
sunlight herbivores. 
Die from lack of plants, 

941
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:11,600
carnivals die, from lack of 
prey. 

942
00:55:12,600 --> 00:55:16,200
The food chain supporting 
complex, ecosystems collapse, 

943
00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:18,500
like dominoes. 
In the oceans. 

944
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:22,200
Plankton the base of marine 
food, webs die, in massive 

945
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:26,100
numbers, causing cascading 
extinctions up the food chain, 

946
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:29,600
the extinction event that 
followed was the 5th, major mass

947
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:33,000
extinction in Earth's history 
and the one that finally ended 

948
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:37,200
the age of dinosaurs Non-avian 
dinosaurs, which had ruled 

949
00:55:37,200 --> 00:55:41,700
terrestrial ecosystems for over 
150 million years completely 

950
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:45,400
disappeared. 
So did pterosaurs the flying 

951
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:49,600
reptiles that had dominated the 
skies marine reptiles like 

952
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:53,500
mosasaurs and plesiosaurs 
vanished from the ocean's in 

953
00:55:53,500 --> 00:55:58,800
total about 75% of all species 
went extinct but some creatures 

954
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:02,700
survived Birds technically 
flying dinosaurs. 

955
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:05,700
Made it through though. 
Many lineages were lost. 

956
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:11,000
Mammal survived probably because
they were small, 8, divers foods

957
00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:14,200
and many lived in Burrows that 
provided shelter from the 

958
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:18,600
immediate effects of the impact.
Crocodiles and turtle survived 

959
00:56:18,600 --> 00:56:21,700
possibly because they could go 
long periods without food. 

960
00:56:22,700 --> 00:56:26,800
Snakes survived, many groups of 
fish made it through in, the 

961
00:56:26,800 --> 00:56:30,500
aftermath the planet was a 
devastated place, the forest 

962
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:34,200
were gone by vast expanses of 
dead trees and Ash. 

963
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:36,400
The oceans were depleted of 
life. 

964
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:39,900
The survivors found themselves 
in a world with empty 

965
00:56:39,900 --> 00:56:42,300
ecological, niches and reduced 
competition. 

966
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:45,700
Evolution as it always does 
began to fill. 

967
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:49,600
The gaps mammals which had spent
150 million years. 

968
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:53,400
A small nocturnal creatures, 
suddenly had opportunities. 

969
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:57,800
They'd never had before. 
Within a few million years, a 

970
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:00,400
blink of an eye. 
In geological time they had 

971
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:02,900
Diversified into 100 of new 
forms. 

972
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:05,900
Some remained small but others 
grew larger. 

973
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:09,900
Filling the ecological roles. 
Previously occupied by dinosaurs

974
00:57:09,900 --> 00:57:13,800
by 50 million years ago, mammals
had become the dominant large 

975
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:16,700
animals on land. 
There were massive herbivores, 

976
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:20,600
Fierce and predators and 
creatures adapted for every 

977
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:23,500
environment from deserts to 
Forest to Ocean's. 

978
00:57:24,200 --> 00:57:28,100
Some mammals even returned to 
the Sea, giving rise to whales 

979
00:57:28,100 --> 00:57:31,700
and dolphins, others took to the
air evolving into bats. 

980
00:57:31,700 --> 00:57:35,600
The age of mammals had begun as 
mammals Diversified throughout 

981
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:39,000
the cenozoic era. 
One particular group, The 

982
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:42,300
primates was evolving in ways 
that would eventually change the

983
00:57:42,300 --> 00:57:46,200
planet as profoundly as the 
evolution of photosynthesis, or 

984
00:57:46,200 --> 00:57:50,300
the colonization of land early 
primates were small tree 

985
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:53,600
dwelling creatures that appeared
around. 55 million years ago, 

986
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:58,200
they had grasping hands and feet
forward facing eyes for depth 

987
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:01,800
perception, and relatively large
brains for their body size. 

988
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:05,300
These features help them 
navigate the three-dimensional 

989
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:07,000
environment of the forest 
canopy. 

990
00:58:07,900 --> 00:58:12,600
Over millions of years primates 
Diversified into lemurs monkeys 

991
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:16,900
and eight Apes around. 7 million
years ago in Africa, something 

992
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:18,900
significant happened in the ape 
lineage. 

993
00:58:19,800 --> 00:58:22,500
Some Apes began spending more 
time on the ground and walking 

994
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:26,100
upright on two legs. 
This bipedalism freed their 

995
00:58:26,100 --> 00:58:28,300
hands for carrying objects and 
using tools. 

996
00:58:28,300 --> 00:58:32,000
It also changed their anatomy in
ways that would prove crucial 

997
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:36,400
their pelvis shifted to support.
Upright walking their spine 

998
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:40,600
curved in an S shape and their 
skull balanced directly on top 

999
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:42,600
of their spine, rather than 
jutting forward. 

1000
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,600
These early hominins are human 
ancestors. 

1001
00:58:45,600 --> 00:58:48,000
Weren't dramatically different 
from other Apes. 

1002
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:52,000
Initially, they had brains about
the size of modern chimpanzees 

1003
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:55,300
and probably lived in small 
social groups in Woodland and 

1004
00:58:55,300 --> 00:58:59,000
Savannah and environments. 
But they were starting down a 

1005
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:01,600
path that would lead to 
something unprecedented over the

1006
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:03,900
next. 
Several million years, various 

1007
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:07,300
hominin species appeared 
experimented with different 

1008
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:10,600
strategies for survival and 
mostly went extinct. 

1009
00:59:11,400 --> 00:59:16,000
Australopithecus, afferents the 
species that includes the Famous

1010
00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:19,300
Fossil. 
Lucy walked upright, but still 

1011
00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:21,800
climb trees, and had a 
relatively small brain. 

1012
00:59:22,700 --> 00:59:25,700
Parents rapper, species had 
massive Jaws for processing. 

1013
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:29,400
Tough plant material. 
Various species of early, homo 

1014
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:32,400
began making more sophisticated,
stone tools, and eating more 

1015
00:59:32,400 --> 00:59:36,500
meat around. 2 million years 
ago, one lineage are direct 

1016
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:41,100
ancestors, began of evolving 
larger, brains This required, 

1017
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:44,500
significant energy investment, 
brains are metabolically, 

1018
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:49,200
expensive and created a problem.
Infants needed to be born 

1019
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:51,800
earlier in their development 
because their large heads 

1020
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:53,300
wouldn't fit through the birth 
canal. 

1021
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:57,300
If they waited much longer, 
Human infants are remarkably 

1022
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:00,800
helpless compared to other 
mammals requiring extended 

1023
01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:03,800
parental care. 
This helplessness may have 

1024
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:06,200
driven increased social 
cooperation and learning 

1025
01:00:06,200 --> 01:00:10,100
creating a feedback loop where 
social species with big brains 

1026
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:13,600
have more successful Offspring 
leading to even more social 

1027
01:00:13,600 --> 01:00:18,700
species with even bigger brains 
by 300,000 years ago, Homo 

1028
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:21,700
sapiens modern humans 
anatomically. 

1029
01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:26,100
Indistinguishable from you had 
appeared in Africa We went 

1030
01:00:26,100 --> 01:00:30,000
alone, several other human 
species existed, including 

1031
01:00:30,000 --> 01:00:33,200
neanderthals in Europe and 
denisovans in Asia. 

1032
01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:37,500
These are the species were 
intelligent used tools had 

1033
01:00:37,500 --> 01:00:40,000
culture and art and probably had
language. 

1034
01:00:41,100 --> 01:00:44,400
But for reasons, still debated, 
their eventually went extinct 

1035
01:00:44,400 --> 01:00:48,400
leaving Homo sapiens, as the 
only surviving human species 

1036
01:00:48,400 --> 01:00:52,400
around 70,000 years ago. 
Modern humans began migrating 

1037
01:00:52,400 --> 01:00:56,700
Out of Africa, spreading across 
Asia, Europe, Australia, and 

1038
01:00:56,700 --> 01:01:00,500
eventually the Americas. 
They adapted every environment 

1039
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:05,500
from Arctic tundra to tropical 
rainforests from deserts to 

1040
01:01:05,500 --> 01:01:08,800
Islands. 
Unlike other animals that adapt 

1041
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:12,400
to new environments through 
biological evolution. humans 

1042
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:16,100
adapted largely through, 
cultural Evolution, learning new

1043
01:01:16,100 --> 01:01:19,500
skills, inventing new 
technologies, and passing 

1044
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:23,700
knowledge between Generations 
about 12,000 years ago, humans 

1045
01:01:23,700 --> 01:01:27,600
began, domesticating plants and 
animals, inventing agriculture, 

1046
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:31,300
This was a turning point in 
human history and Earth's 

1047
01:01:31,300 --> 01:01:33,600
history. 
Farming allowed humans to 

1048
01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:37,900
produce more food support larger
population and create permanent 

1049
01:01:37,900 --> 01:01:41,400
settlements. 
But it also tied human societies

1050
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:45,900
to particular pieces of land. 
Created social hierarchies and 

1051
01:01:45,900 --> 01:01:49,000
began the process of 
transforming natural landscapes 

1052
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:53,700
into agricultural ones cities, 
appeared civilizations, Rose and

1053
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:58,400
fell and Technologies. 
Advanced Humans began changing 

1054
01:01:58,400 --> 01:02:01,400
the planet, at scales, that 
would have been unimaginable to 

1055
01:02:01,400 --> 01:02:04,300
their ancestors. 
They cleared forests for 

1056
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:07,800
agriculture. 
Redirected Rivers built massive 

1057
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:11,400
structures and eventually began 
burning fossil fuels. 

1058
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:15,400
Those ancient Carboniferous 
forests transformed by heat and 

1059
01:02:15,400 --> 01:02:18,500
pressure into coal oil and gas 
today. 

1060
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:22,300
Earth's surface has been 
profoundly reshaped by human 

1061
01:02:22,300 --> 01:02:26,000
activity. 
We've converted about 40% of the

1062
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:28,200
planet's ice-free land to 
agriculture. 

1063
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:31,500
We've built cities that house 
billions of people. 

1064
01:02:32,300 --> 01:02:35,900
We've driven many species to 
Extinction while deliberately 

1065
01:02:35,900 --> 01:02:37,400
spreading others around the 
world. 

1066
01:02:38,400 --> 01:02:41,600
We've altered the chemistry of 
the atmosphere by burning fossil

1067
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:45,400
fuels, increasing carbon dioxide
levels to Heights. 

1068
01:02:45,400 --> 01:02:49,200
Not seen for millions of years. 
Yet, Earth remains fundamentally

1069
01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:52,600
a living planet. 
The ocean still Teem with life, 

1070
01:02:52,600 --> 01:02:55,600
from microscopic Plankton to 
enormous. 

1071
01:02:55,600 --> 01:03:00,200
Whales forests still grow, 
photosynthesizing and producing 

1072
01:03:00,200 --> 01:03:04,600
oxygen microbes still process, 
nutrients and decomposed dead 

1073
01:03:04,600 --> 01:03:09,000
material. 
The rock cycle continues slowly 

1074
01:03:09,000 --> 01:03:11,400
button, nextly recycling, 
Earth's crust. 

1075
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:14,300
Plate. 
Tectonics still move continents,

1076
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:17,800
build mountains, and create new 
oceanic crust. 

1077
01:03:17,800 --> 01:03:22,100
If you could somehow see Earth 
from space right now, you'd see 

1078
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:25,200
the same basic features that 
have characterized the planet 

1079
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:29,700
for hundreds of millions of 
years, blue Ocean's white clouds

1080
01:03:29,700 --> 01:03:33,000
and Greenland masses. 
The differences from the 

1081
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:36,600
Cretaceous or Jurassic would be 
subtle from orbit, different 

1082
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:40,000
configurations, of continents, 
perhaps different patterns of 

1083
01:03:40,008 --> 01:03:43,800
vegetation that still 
recognizably Earth yet. 

1084
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:47,500
The planet is constantly 
changing as it always has. 

1085
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:53,000
Climate shifts, continents drift
and species evolved and go 

1086
01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:55,700
extinct. 
The Earth you're sitting on 

1087
01:03:55,708 --> 01:03:59,300
right now is not the same as the
Earth of a million years ago or 

1088
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:02,100
a million years. 
Hence, Change is the only 

1089
01:04:02,100 --> 01:04:03,900
constant in Earth's long 
history. 

1090
01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:07,000
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider the extraordinary 

1091
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:09,300
Journey. 
We've traced tonight. from a 

1092
01:04:09,308 --> 01:04:13,300
molten ball of rock to a living 
planet teeming with complexity, 

1093
01:04:14,200 --> 01:04:18,000
Four and a half billion years is
a span of time that defies human

1094
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:21,200
comprehension. 
If Earth's entire history were 

1095
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,700
compressed into a single year 
with Earth forming on January 

1096
01:04:24,700 --> 01:04:28,700
1st, the first life would appear
in February but complex animals 

1097
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:30,200
wouldn't show up until 
mid-november. 

1098
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:38,800
Of human history from the first 
civilizations to today, would 

1099
01:04:38,800 --> 01:04:41,600
occur in the last few minutes 
before midnight on December 

1100
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:44,300
31st. 
This perspective can make our 

1101
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:47,700
individual lives seem 
insignificant But perhaps that's

1102
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:50,500
not quite right. 
Every atom in your body was 

1103
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,700
forged in the heart of a star or
in the violent Collision of the 

1104
01:04:53,700 --> 01:04:57,900
neutron stars, the calcium in 
your bones, the iron, in your 

1105
01:04:57,908 --> 01:05:01,500
blood and the oxygen. 
You breathe all have Cosmic 

1106
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:03,800
Origins, stretching back 
billions of years. 

1107
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:08,200
You're quite literally made of 
Stardust assembled through 

1108
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:11,700
processes that have taken the 
entire age of the universe to 

1109
01:05:11,700 --> 01:05:15,500
unfold the water you drank today
might have fallen as rain on 

1110
01:05:15,500 --> 01:05:19,600
Jurassic dinosaurs flowed 
through Carboniferous forests or

1111
01:05:19,600 --> 01:05:22,100
existed. 
In the first oceans that formed 

1112
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:25,900
when Earth's surface cooled. 
Water cycles through Earth 

1113
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:30,700
Systems evaporating condensing 
and flowing, being recycled 

1114
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:34,100
endlessly. 
Every class of water contains 

1115
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:36,900
molecules that have been part of
countless living things 

1116
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:39,600
throughout Earth's history. 
The air you breathe, is the 

1117
01:05:39,600 --> 01:05:42,700
product of billions of years of 
biological and geological 

1118
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:46,100
processes. 
The nitrogen came from volcanic 

1119
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:50,000
out, gasping, and Cosmic dust 
The oxygen was produced by 

1120
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,000
cyanobacteria and plants over 
billions of years. 

1121
01:05:53,000 --> 01:05:56,900
The trace of carbon dioxide 
connects you to every plant 

1122
01:05:56,900 --> 01:06:00,200
currently photosynthesizing 
every animal, currently 

1123
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:03,900
breathing every volcano, 
currently erupting, and every 

1124
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:07,400
vehicle currently running you 
exist because of an unbroken 

1125
01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:10,400
chain of survival and 
reproduction stretching back. 

1126
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:13,500
These first replicating 
molecules in Earth's primordial 

1127
01:06:13,500 --> 01:06:18,600
Ocean's. every one of your 
ancestors from bacteria to fish 

1128
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:22,300
to mammals to primates 
successfully survived long 

1129
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:26,300
enough to reproduce, You are the
product of 4 billion years of 

1130
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:29,400
evolutionary success. 
The latest chapter in The 

1131
01:06:29,408 --> 01:06:32,600
Greatest Story Ever Told, but 
you're also part of something 

1132
01:06:32,600 --> 01:06:34,600
larger than your individual 
Story. 

1133
01:06:34,600 --> 01:06:37,900
You're a temporary arrangement 
of atoms that Earth has 

1134
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,600
assembled atoms, that will 
eventually return to the 

1135
01:06:40,600 --> 01:06:42,200
planet's Cycles. 
When you die. 

1136
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:45,900
Your body will decompose 
releasing nutrients. 

1137
01:06:45,900 --> 01:06:49,400
That will be taken up by plants 
and microbes continuing the 

1138
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:52,300
great recycling that has 
characterized Earth for billions

1139
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:55,200
of years. 
Nothing is truly lost. 

1140
01:06:55,200 --> 01:06:59,700
Everything is transformed and 
reused this perspective on deep 

1141
01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:01,200
time. 
Can be oddly comforting. 

1142
01:07:01,900 --> 01:07:04,600
Your worries and stresses the 
things that keep you awake at 

1143
01:07:04,600 --> 01:07:06,400
night, a real, and valid in the 
moment. 

1144
01:07:07,300 --> 01:07:10,200
But there are also temporary 
fleeting concerned in the 

1145
01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:14,600
vastness of geological time, 
mountains, rise and erode 

1146
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:18,500
Ocean's open and close 
continents drift. 

1147
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,500
Life, persists, adapt and 
changes. 

1148
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:24,800
Earth endures. 
The planet beneath you a 

1149
01:07:24,808 --> 01:07:28,300
survived asteroid impacts 
volcanic, super eruptions 

1150
01:07:28,300 --> 01:07:33,300
snowball glaciation, and mass 
extinctions, It is transformed 

1151
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:36,200
from a lifeless ball of rock to 
a world where microscopic 

1152
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:40,400
organisms can evolve over 
billions of years into creatures

1153
01:07:40,400 --> 01:07:43,500
capable of understanding their 
all evolutionary history. 

1154
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:48,200
That's perhaps the most 
remarkable thing of all that the

1155
01:07:48,200 --> 01:07:51,800
Universe can through processes 
were still working to understand

1156
01:07:51,800 --> 01:07:55,800
create entities capable of 
contemplating the universe 

1157
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:57,400
itself. 
Tomorrow morning. 

1158
01:07:57,400 --> 01:08:00,000
When you wake up, you'll be one 
day older. 

1159
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:04,400
But Earth will be older by a day
two a day in which, its 

1160
01:08:04,400 --> 01:08:08,000
continents will have drifted 
fractions of a millimeter a day 

1161
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:11,800
in which millions of organisms 
will have been born and died a 

1162
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:15,400
day in which rock weather and 
soil, formed and water, cycled 

1163
01:08:15,400 --> 01:08:17,899
and life continued. 
You're a participant in this 

1164
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:21,800
ongoing story contributing your 
own small chapter to Earth's 

1165
01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:25,000
biography. 
The choices you make the things 

1166
01:08:25,000 --> 01:08:28,600
you create and the people you 
influence all become part of the

1167
01:08:28,600 --> 01:08:32,600
planet's history. 
However, briefly You're not just

1168
01:08:32,600 --> 01:08:36,000
living on Earth. 
Your part of Earth, a temperate 

1169
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:39,000
expression of the planet's 
capacity to organize matter in 

1170
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:43,600
to self-aware, forms sleep now 
and dream of deep time. 

1171
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:47,399
If you wish Dream of ancient 
oceans and Cambrian. 

1172
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:52,500
Seas of forests, that became 
coal of continents drifting like

1173
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:56,700
slow ships on the mantle Dream 
of your ancestors, stretching 

1174
01:08:56,700 --> 01:09:00,399
back through mammals and 
reptiles and fish and simple 

1175
01:09:00,399 --> 01:09:02,800
cells to the very beginning of 
life itself. 

1176
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:08,200
Dream of a planet that has been 
patient for 4.5 billion years. 

1177
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,300
Slowly becoming a world where 
creatures like you could exist 

1178
01:09:12,300 --> 01:09:15,899
to tell its story and when you 
wait tomorrow, remember that 

1179
01:09:15,899 --> 01:09:18,000
you're living on the surface of 
a living planet. 

1180
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:22,200
One day in a story that began 
billions of years ago and will 

1181
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:26,700
continue long after your gone. 
That's not diminishing, its 

1182
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:30,200
connecting. 
Your part of something, vast and

1183
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:34,100
ancient and ongoing a 
participant in the grandest 

1184
01:09:34,100 --> 01:09:36,700
story. 
Ever told rest, well, child of 

1185
01:09:36,700 --> 01:09:40,200
Stardust. 
Sender of the first replicating 

1186
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:43,399
molecule's. 
Beneficiary of 4 billion years 

1187
01:09:43,399 --> 01:09:46,300
of evolution. 
Earth will still be here when 

1188
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:49,600
you wake continuing its slow 
dance through space. 

1189
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:53,300
Carrying you and billions of 
other organisms through another 

1190
01:09:53,300 --> 01:09:55,300
day of the longest Story Ever 
Told. 

1191
01:10:01,100 --> 01:10:05,100
Variety, let's drift back to 
1720 my favorite time period 

1192
01:10:05,100 --> 01:10:06,900
somewhere in the hills of 
Massachusetts. 

1193
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:10,600
You wake up one, December 
morning and your breath creates 

1194
01:10:10,600 --> 01:10:12,500
little puffs of fog inside your 
own bedroom. 

1195
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:15,800
The water in your wash basin has
a thin skin of ice that 

1196
01:10:15,800 --> 01:10:18,500
crackles. 
When you touch it outside, snow 

1197
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,300
has been falling for three days 
straight and the wind sounds 

1198
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:23,300
like it's having a heated 
argument with your house. 

1199
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:26,100
Your modern self might panic, 
but Colonial. 

1200
01:10:26,100 --> 01:10:29,200
You've got this figured out in 
ways that would surprise even 

1201
01:10:29,200 --> 01:10:31,500
yourself. 
The secret wasn't just one, 

1202
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:33,400
Brilliant, Invention, or 
technique. 

1203
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:37,100
It was a whole Symphony of small
clever adaptations. 

1204
01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:40,700
That Colonial families 
orchestrated together, Think of 

1205
01:10:40,700 --> 01:10:44,100
it like a recipe where every 
ingredient mattered from the way

1206
01:10:44,100 --> 01:10:46,500
they build their homes to the 
undergarments, they wore. 

1207
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:50,000
From the foods, they ate to the 
very way they arrange their 

1208
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,000
daily lives around. 
The rhythm of staying warm, your

1209
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:55,700
Colonial House wasn't trying to 
win any beauty contests. 

1210
01:10:55,700 --> 01:10:59,400
It was built like a fortress 
against winter with every beam 

1211
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:01,300
and board placed with survival 
in mind. 

1212
01:11:01,300 --> 01:11:05,100
The first thing you'd notice 
about Colonial architecture is 

1213
01:11:05,100 --> 01:11:08,200
how these homes seem to huddle 
into the cells, like, people 

1214
01:11:08,200 --> 01:11:10,200
pulling their coats, tight 
against the cold. 

1215
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:13,700
Those thick wooden walls, were 
just for show Colonial. 

1216
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:16,500
Builders understood something 
that gets lost in our age of 

1217
01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:21,100
perfect insulation thermal Mass.
Your walls were often filled 

1218
01:11:21,100 --> 01:11:24,100
with a mixture of clay, straw 
and sometimes even seaweed. 

1219
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:27,700
Yes, seaweed that created a 
natural barrier. 

1220
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:31,000
Against the cold. 
The walls breathe just enough to

1221
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:33,300
prevent moisture, build up but 
held heat like a grandmother 

1222
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:36,800
holds onto Family Recipes, the 
windows were small and you might

1223
01:11:36,808 --> 01:11:39,800
think that made the houses dark 
and gloomy, but Colonial 

1224
01:11:39,800 --> 01:11:43,100
families knew that large windows
were just expensive ways to let 

1225
01:11:43,100 --> 01:11:47,300
heat Escape. 
Those tiny panes of glass often 

1226
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,300
no bigger than your hand were 
practical gems. 

1227
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,300
They let in enough light during 
the short winter days while 

1228
01:11:53,300 --> 01:11:56,900
keeping the warmth where it 
belonged inside with you but 

1229
01:11:56,900 --> 01:12:00,200
here's where Colonial Ingenuity 
really shines the way they 

1230
01:12:00,200 --> 01:12:03,600
position their rooms your 
kitchen the heart of Winter 

1231
01:12:03,600 --> 01:12:07,000
warmth sat at the center of the 
house like a beating heart 

1232
01:12:07,000 --> 01:12:09,700
pumping, heat through the 
arteries of hallways and 

1233
01:12:09,700 --> 01:12:12,200
doorways. 
The bedrooms clustered around 

1234
01:12:12,200 --> 01:12:16,000
this Central warmth and the 
coldest rooms like storage areas

1235
01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:19,400
or workshops got pushed to the 
edges where they acted as 

1236
01:12:19,400 --> 01:12:21,400
buffers owned against the Winter
Winds. 

1237
01:12:21,400 --> 01:12:24,800
Those famously low ceilings that
make tall modern visitors bump 

1238
01:12:24,800 --> 01:12:29,400
their heads, pure genius, heat 
rises and Colonial. 

1239
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:32,300
Builders knew that an 8 foot 
ceiling meant your heat stayed 

1240
01:12:32,300 --> 01:12:35,200
where you could feel it. 
Not floating uselessly above 

1241
01:12:35,200 --> 01:12:37,700
your head like hot air balloons 
of warmth drifting away. 

1242
01:12:37,700 --> 01:12:41,300
The colonial fireplace was the 
crown jewel of Home Heating but 

1243
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:44,700
not in the way you might expect.
These were the decorative fire. 

1244
01:12:44,900 --> 01:12:47,800
Places of later eras. 
They were massive practical 

1245
01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:50,700
beasts that could swallow whole 
logs and radiate heat like 

1246
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:54,000
miniature Suns. 
Your fireplace opening might be 

1247
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:56,000
four feet wide and three feet 
tall. 

1248
01:12:56,000 --> 01:12:58,100
Big enough to roast an entire 
Pig. 

1249
01:12:58,100 --> 01:13:01,500
If the mood struck you the thick
stone or brick construction, 

1250
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:04,800
absorbed heat during the day and
released it slowly through the 

1251
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:08,300
night turning off fireplace into
a thermal battery, that kept 

1252
01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:10,300
giving long after the Flames 
died down. 

1253
01:13:10,300 --> 01:13:13,700
Some colonial homes featured, 
what were called, beehive ovens,

1254
01:13:13,700 --> 01:13:16,700
dome-shaped Chambers built into 
the side of the main fireplace. 

1255
01:13:16,700 --> 01:13:20,000
You'd heat these by Building A 
Fire, right inside the Dome, 

1256
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:23,500
then rake out the coals and 
sliding in your bread your stew 

1257
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:25,700
or whatever needed slow even 
cooking. 

1258
01:13:25,700 --> 01:13:29,700
The thick walls of these ovens 
held heat for hours turning them

1259
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:32,500
into auxiliary heaters that warm
the kitchen long after dinner 

1260
01:13:32,500 --> 01:13:35,900
was done your relationship with 
fire in colonial times was 

1261
01:13:35,900 --> 01:13:39,800
intimate in a way that modern 
people can barely imagine Fire 

1262
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:41,800
wasn't just something you turned
on with a switch. 

1263
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:45,500
It was a living thing that you 
fed tended and coaxed Through 

1264
01:13:45,500 --> 01:13:48,900
The Long Winter months. 
Letting your fire die was like 

1265
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:52,100
letting her beloved pet starve. 
Except the consequences were 

1266
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:55,500
much more dire the art of fire 
maintenance began before winter,

1267
01:13:55,500 --> 01:13:58,100
even arrived in late summer and 
early fall. 

1268
01:13:58,100 --> 01:14:01,000
You and your family would spend 
weeks Gathering cutting and 

1269
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,700
splitting firewood. 
A typical Colonial Family needed

1270
01:14:04,700 --> 01:14:08,100
somewhere between 15 and 25 
cords of wood to make it through

1271
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:10,400
winter. 
That's enough wood to fill a 

1272
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:14,900
modern two-car garage floor to 
ceiling twice over Every tree 

1273
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:18,900
that came down was evaluated 
like a job candidate Hardwoods 

1274
01:14:18,900 --> 01:14:22,600
like Oaken Maple for long, 
steady burns, softwoods, like, 

1275
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:25,600
Pine for Quick, Heat and 
kindling and different Woods for

1276
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:28,600
different purposes. 
Hickory burned, hot and long. 

1277
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:31,100
Perfect for those bitter, 
January nights. 

1278
01:14:31,100 --> 01:14:34,600
When the cold seemed to seep 
through solid walls Applewood 

1279
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:37,500
gave off a sweet scent, that 
made the whole house smell like 

1280
01:14:37,500 --> 01:14:41,300
a bakery birch bark appealed off
in perfect strips that caught 

1281
01:14:41,300 --> 01:14:45,100
fire faster than modern paper, 
making it precious as kindling. 

1282
01:14:45,100 --> 01:14:49,200
You learned to read would like a
book The Grain, the moisture 

1283
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,700
content and the way it split all
telling you how it would burn 

1284
01:14:52,700 --> 01:14:55,000
and went to use it. 
But here's something that might 

1285
01:14:55,000 --> 01:14:57,800
surprise you. 
Colonial families rarely let 

1286
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:01,100
their fires burn out completely 
even in summer. 

1287
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:06,100
Instead, they banked their fires
covering the coals with Ash to 

1288
01:15:06,100 --> 01:15:08,000
slow the burning to almost 
nothing. 

1289
01:15:08,800 --> 01:15:11,800
Preserving a seed of fire, that 
could be coaxed back to life 

1290
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:14,500
when needed. 
Banking, a fire was an art form,

1291
01:15:14,508 --> 01:15:18,100
too much Ash, and you'd smother 
it too little and you'd waste 

1292
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,300
precious fuel, get it right? 
And your fire would sleep 

1293
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:23,100
peacefully under its blanket of 
Ash. 

1294
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:26,100
Ready to wake up with just a 
gentle stirring and some fresh 

1295
01:15:26,100 --> 01:15:28,300
kindling. 
The fireplace tools weren't just

1296
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:31,000
functional, they were the 
surgical instruments of winter 

1297
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:36,000
survival, Long-handled shovels 
for moving, coals for breathing 

1298
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:38,600
life, into dying Embers and iron
dogs. 

1299
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:42,100
Those metal stands that held 
logs that were positioned, just 

1300
01:15:42,100 --> 01:15:43,900
so to create the perfect 
airflow. 

1301
01:15:44,600 --> 01:15:47,700
Your poker wasn't just for 
stirring, it was for creating 

1302
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:51,100
the architecture of your fire 
building, little log cabins, and

1303
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:53,200
TPS that would burn efficiently 
and safely. 

1304
01:15:53,200 --> 01:15:56,700
Colonial families developed an 
almost mystical understanding of

1305
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:59,600
fire Behavior. 
Then that a fire needed to 

1306
01:15:59,600 --> 01:16:03,200
breathe that Flames, like to 
dance upward and outward and 

1307
01:16:03,200 --> 01:16:05,900
that different Arrangements of 
logs created different types of 

1308
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:08,600
heat. 
A tight stack burned slow and 

1309
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:12,500
steady a looser rangement 
burned, hot and fast and 

1310
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:15,100
Greenwood hissed, and spotted 
and filled the house with smoke.

1311
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:18,100
While seasoned wood caught 
quickly and burned clean. 

1312
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:20,800
The most skilled fire. 
Tenders, could keep a fire 

1313
01:16:20,800 --> 01:16:24,400
burning for days with minimal 
attention banking it at night 

1314
01:16:24,400 --> 01:16:27,500
and coaxing, it back to life 
each morning like conducting a 

1315
01:16:27,500 --> 01:16:30,800
daily Resurrection. 
They understood the personality 

1316
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:34,400
of their particular fireplace 
knew how their chimney Drew are,

1317
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:37,500
and could read the color and 
behavior of flames like weather 

1318
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:40,800
forecasters red clouds. 
When you think about Colonial 

1319
01:16:40,800 --> 01:16:43,600
winter clothing, forget 
everything you've seen in movies

1320
01:16:43,600 --> 01:16:47,500
about people, shivering in thin 
Cotton shirts, Colonial clothing

1321
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:51,200
was engineering and fabric form 
a layered defense system that 

1322
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:53,100
would make modern outdoor gear 
companies. 

1323
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:56,400
Weep With Envy, you weren't just
getting dressed in the morning. 

1324
01:16:56,400 --> 01:16:59,300
You were constructing a personal
environment that would keep you 

1325
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:01,000
alive and comfortable in 
temperatures. 

1326
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:03,200
That would send Modern people 
running for their cars. 

1327
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:06,500
The foundation of your winter 
wardrobe was in undergarments 

1328
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:09,500
and before you wrinkle your nose
at the thought of scratchy old 

1329
01:17:09,500 --> 01:17:13,100
fabric, understand that Colonial
linen was often softer than 

1330
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:16,400
modern cotton These base layers 
weren't just underwear. 

1331
01:17:16,400 --> 01:17:19,300
They were your first line of 
defense against moisture and 

1332
01:17:19,300 --> 01:17:21,900
cold. 
Linen has this remarkable 

1333
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:25,000
property of wicking moisture 
away from your skin while still 

1334
01:17:25,000 --> 01:17:27,800
providing insulation and it got 
soft softer and more 

1335
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:30,100
comfortable. 
With every washing over your 

1336
01:17:30,100 --> 01:17:32,900
linen Foundation. 
You'd add layers like building a

1337
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:36,400
textile Fortress wool was your 
best friend but not the Itchy 

1338
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:39,300
harsh wall. 
You might imagine Colonial wool 

1339
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:41,200
specially when it was. 
Well processed. 

1340
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:43,100
Could be incredibly soft and 
warm. 

1341
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:46,200
Your wool stockings came up to 
your knees and were often 

1342
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:48,200
knitted with patterns. 
That weren't just decorative. 

1343
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:51,500
Different stitch patterns, 
created different levels of 

1344
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:55,500
thickness and insulation, where 
you needed the most women wore 

1345
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:58,400
multiple petticoats, sometimes 
three or four layers, deep, 

1346
01:17:58,400 --> 01:18:01,700
creating a sort of textile 
balloon that trapped warm air 

1347
01:18:01,708 --> 01:18:04,400
around their legs. 
These weren't the dainty 

1348
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:07,500
petticoats of later, eras. 
They were serious winter gear 

1349
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,800
often made from wool or heavy 
linen designed to create 

1350
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:14,500
insulating air pockets while 
still allowing for movement, The

1351
01:18:14,500 --> 01:18:17,300
outermost Petticoat might be 
made from a tightly woven wall 

1352
01:18:17,300 --> 01:18:19,000
that shed water and blocked 
wind. 

1353
01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:22,800
Your stays what we might call. 
A corset weren't just about 

1354
01:18:22,800 --> 01:18:25,200
fashion. 
They provided crucial support 

1355
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:27,200
for your back during heavy work 
and created. 

1356
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,400
Another layer of insulation 
around your torso made from 

1357
01:18:30,400 --> 01:18:32,900
sturdy linen, or leather, and 
often line with Wolves. 

1358
01:18:32,900 --> 01:18:35,500
Stays were like wearing a warm 
supportive hug all day long. 

1359
01:18:35,500 --> 01:18:38,600
Men's clothing, followed similar
principles but with different 

1360
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:43,000
execution, your shirt was long 
extending down to mid-thigh 

1361
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:45,300
providing extra coverage and 
warmth. 

1362
01:18:46,100 --> 01:18:49,600
Over this came, your waistcoat 
essentially, a sleeveless jacket

1363
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:52,300
that provided another insulating
layer around your core. 

1364
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:55,900
Your breeches were often made 
from leather or heavy wall and 

1365
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:59,200
they fit snugly to prevent heat 
loss while allowing for the 

1366
01:18:59,200 --> 01:19:02,400
physical work that winter 
demanded but the Real Genius of 

1367
01:19:02,400 --> 01:19:04,400
colonial winter clothing was in 
the extreme. 

1368
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:07,600
Its your hands and feet were far
from your hearts warming 

1369
01:19:07,600 --> 01:19:11,000
influence in colonial clothing 
makers, new that, keeping these 

1370
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:13,000
warm was crucial for overall 
comfort. 

1371
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:16,700
Mittens, were preferred over 
gloves because keeping your 

1372
01:19:16,700 --> 01:19:18,900
fingers together shared, warmth 
more efficiently. 

1373
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:23,000
These weren't the thin mittens. 
You see today they were often 

1374
01:19:23,000 --> 01:19:24,900
made from thick wool or even 
fur. 

1375
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,800
Sometimes with leather palms for
durability, Colonial stockings 

1376
01:19:28,800 --> 01:19:30,800
were architectural Marvels in 
their own, right? 

1377
01:19:31,400 --> 01:19:33,700
Hand knitted from wool. 
They were designed with 

1378
01:19:33,700 --> 01:19:37,100
reinforced heels and toes, and 
the best ones were knitted in 

1379
01:19:37,100 --> 01:19:40,300
patterns, that created thicker, 
insulation over the areas, that 

1380
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:43,600
needed it. 
Most The tops of the stockings 

1381
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:45,700
were often knitted with 
patterns, that help them grip 

1382
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:48,100
your leg. 
Preventing the cold drafts that 

1383
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:51,300
would sneak in if your stocking 
slip down, your outer, garments 

1384
01:19:51,300 --> 01:19:52,400
will wear Colonial. 
Clothing. 

1385
01:19:52,400 --> 01:19:55,900
Really showed off Cloaks and 
great Coats were just large. 

1386
01:19:55,900 --> 01:19:59,100
They were designed to create a 
personal microclimate around 

1387
01:19:59,100 --> 01:20:02,200
your entire body. 
A properly made cloak could wrap

1388
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:05,800
around you completely creating a
tent like space that held your 

1389
01:20:05,800 --> 01:20:08,700
body heat. 
Some cloaks had hoods lined with

1390
01:20:08,708 --> 01:20:12,500
fur or soft wool that could seal
around your head and the best 

1391
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,700
ones were made from tightly 
woven wool that shed water and 

1392
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:18,300
blocked wind while still 
allowing your body to breathe. 

1393
01:20:18,300 --> 01:20:21,300
The materials themselves were 
chosen with scientific 

1394
01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:24,300
Precision, wool from different 
animals had different 

1395
01:20:24,300 --> 01:20:26,700
properties. 
Sheeps wool for General use 

1396
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:29,700
rabbit fur for extreme warmth 
and beaver. 

1397
01:20:29,700 --> 01:20:33,300
Fur for water resistance. 
Colonial families knew that a 

1398
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:35,800
rabbit fur lining in your hat. 
Could make the difference 

1399
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:39,100
between comfort and misery 
during a Long Winter Walk and 

1400
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:42,200
that beaver fur trim on your 
cloak, which shed snow and sleet

1401
01:20:42,200 --> 01:20:44,800
like armor. 
Your Colonial Kitchen in Winter 

1402
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:48,200
wasn't just about cooking. 
It was about strategic fuel 

1403
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:50,300
management for your body's 
internal furnace. 

1404
01:20:51,100 --> 01:20:53,500
Colonial families understood 
something that modern 

1405
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:56,500
nutritionists are just 
rediscovering, that food isn't 

1406
01:20:56,500 --> 01:21:00,000
just about nutrients, it's about
providing the specific type of 

1407
01:21:00,000 --> 01:21:03,600
energy or body needs to generate
heat and maintain warmth and 

1408
01:21:03,600 --> 01:21:07,600
challenging conditions, winter 
meals were Rich, hearty Affairs,

1409
01:21:07,600 --> 01:21:09,600
that would make modern 
dietitians clutch their 

1410
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:12,900
calculators in horror, but every
calorie had a purpose. 

1411
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:16,500
Fat wasn't the enemy. 
It was your body's most 

1412
01:21:16,500 --> 01:21:19,500
efficient heating fuel. 
Providing more than twice, the 

1413
01:21:19,500 --> 01:21:22,000
energy per gram as protein or 
carbohydrates. 

1414
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:25,400
Your winter, diet included, 
generous amounts of butter 

1415
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:30,000
cream, salt pork and beef fat, 
all carefully preserved and 

1416
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:33,000
stored to provide the high 
energy fuel your body craved in 

1417
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:35,300
cold weather. 
But Colonial Cooks were too 

1418
01:21:35,300 --> 01:21:37,200
smart to just pile on the fat 
randomly. 

1419
01:21:37,800 --> 01:21:40,800
They understood food combining 
in ways that created sustained 

1420
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:43,000
energy released throughout Long 
Cold days. 

1421
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:46,200
Your typical winter, breakfast 
might include cornmeal. 

1422
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:47,700
Mush cooked with milk and 
butter. 

1423
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:51,100
Providing quick carbohydrates 
for immediate energy and fats 

1424
01:21:51,100 --> 01:21:54,400
for long-term fuel. 
Add some maple syrup or molasses

1425
01:21:54,400 --> 01:21:57,300
and you have a meal that will 
keep your internal fires burning

1426
01:21:57,300 --> 01:21:59,700
for hours. 
The preparation methods were as 

1427
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:01,300
important as the ingredients 
themselves. 

1428
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:04,700
Slow cooked, stews and soups 
weren't just convenient. 

1429
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,400
They were perfectly designed for
cold weather nutrition. 

1430
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:11,200
When you slowly simmer meat, 
bones and vegetables together 

1431
01:22:11,200 --> 01:22:14,400
for hours, you break down tough 
fibers and extract nutrients 

1432
01:22:14,400 --> 01:22:16,700
that your body can easily absorb
and convert to heat. 

1433
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:20,800
The gelatin from bone broths, 
provided protein that your body 

1434
01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:24,000
could quickly convert to energy.
While the fat that Rose to the 

1435
01:22:24,000 --> 01:22:27,000
surface, created a protective 
layer that helped retain heat in

1436
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:29,900
both the pot and your stomach 
root vegetables. 

1437
01:22:29,900 --> 01:22:32,300
Were the unsung heroes of 
colonial winter nutrition 

1438
01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:36,500
potatoes, turn its parsnips and 
carrots weren't just filling. 

1439
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:39,600
They were packed with complex 
carbohydrates that provided 

1440
01:22:39,600 --> 01:22:41,400
steady sustained energy, 
release. 

1441
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:43,800
When stored properly and root 
Cellars. 

1442
01:22:43,800 --> 01:22:46,400
These vegetables, actually got 
sweeter over the winter. 

1443
01:22:46,400 --> 01:22:49,400
As their starch, is converted to
sugars, making them more 

1444
01:22:49,400 --> 01:22:52,300
palatable and easier for your 
body to convert quick energy. 

1445
01:22:52,300 --> 01:22:56,000
Colonial families were masters 
of food preservation and their 

1446
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:58,700
winter ladders were carefully 
orchestrated systems of stored 

1447
01:22:58,700 --> 01:23:01,300
energy. 
Salt pork and beef weren't just 

1448
01:23:01,300 --> 01:23:03,900
preserved meat. 
They were concentrated calorie 

1449
01:23:03,900 --> 01:23:06,900
bombs that could provide the fat
and protein needed to maintain 

1450
01:23:06,900 --> 01:23:08,400
body heat during the coldest 
weather. 

1451
01:23:09,200 --> 01:23:11,900
A few strips of salt pork added 
to a pot of beans or vegetables.

1452
01:23:11,900 --> 01:23:15,000
Could transform a simple meal 
into a high energy, winter, 

1453
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:18,600
Feast dried fruits and nuts, 
provided concentrated nutrition 

1454
01:23:18,600 --> 01:23:23,300
and calories in small packages. 
A handful of dried apples or a 

1455
01:23:23,300 --> 01:23:25,900
small portion of walnuts, could 
provide the quick energy needed 

1456
01:23:25,900 --> 01:23:28,300
for outdoor chores. 
While also supplying, the 

1457
01:23:28,300 --> 01:23:30,700
vitamins needed to prevent 
scurvy and other winter, 

1458
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:34,000
ailments Colonial families knew 
that Variety in their diet 

1459
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:37,000
wasn't just about taste. 
It was about providing all the 

1460
01:23:37,000 --> 01:23:39,500
different types of fuel and 
nutrients, their body's needed 

1461
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:43,000
to function in harsh conditions.
The beverages of colonial winter

1462
01:23:43,000 --> 01:23:46,400
were strategic, too hotside are 
wasn't just a tasty drink. 

1463
01:23:46,400 --> 01:23:49,400
It provided quick sugars for 
energy and warmth from the 

1464
01:23:49,400 --> 01:23:52,400
inside out. 
Milk was rich in fats and 

1465
01:23:52,408 --> 01:23:55,600
proteins, that helped maintain 
body heat and it was often 

1466
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:57,600
consumed. 
Warm adding to its heating 

1467
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:00,600
effects, even alcoholic 
beverages served a purpose, 

1468
01:24:00,600 --> 01:24:04,900
Beyond social lubrication. 
Rum Brandy and hard cider 

1469
01:24:04,900 --> 01:24:08,500
provided concentrated calories 
and helped dilate blood vessels,

1470
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:11,600
to improve circulation to 
extremities cooking methods. 

1471
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:14,000
Themselves contributed to 
Winter, warmth strategies, 

1472
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:17,900
roasting baking and slow cooking
weren't just about Flavor. 

1473
01:24:17,900 --> 01:24:20,800
They were about maximizing, the 
heat production from your 

1474
01:24:20,800 --> 01:24:23,200
kitchen fire. 
While creating foods that would 

1475
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:26,800
provide sustained energy, a pot 
roast, that simmered all day, 

1476
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:30,200
not only created a hearty meal 
but also radiated heat 

1477
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:33,100
throughout the kitchen. 
Making efficient use of precious

1478
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:35,100
fuel. 
The timing of meals was 

1479
01:24:35,100 --> 01:24:38,300
strategic too. 
Your largest most calorie-dense 

1480
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:39,800
meal. 
Often came in the middle of the 

1481
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:42,800
day, providing fuel for the 
afternoon's work and helping 

1482
01:24:42,800 --> 01:24:44,700
maintain body. 
Temperature through the coldest 

1483
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:47,700
part of the day. 
Evening meals, might be lighter 

1484
01:24:47,700 --> 01:24:50,900
but still warm and nourishing 
designed to provide the steady 

1485
01:24:50,900 --> 01:24:53,500
energy needed to maintain body 
heat through The Long Winter 

1486
01:24:53,500 --> 01:24:55,700
night. 
Your Colonial bedroom in Winter 

1487
01:24:55,700 --> 01:24:58,900
was a battlefield, where Comfort
met survival, and losing this 

1488
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:00,600
battle meant shivering through 
long. 

1489
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:04,100
Miserable nights that left, you 
exhausted and vulnerable to 

1490
01:25:04,100 --> 01:25:07,500
illness. 
But Colonial Family said an 

1491
01:25:07,500 --> 01:25:10,700
arsenal of strategies that 
turned even unheated bedrooms 

1492
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:14,300
into surprise League comfortable
sleeping spaces, the bed itself 

1493
01:25:14,300 --> 01:25:17,200
was the command center of your 
nighttime warmth strategy. 

1494
01:25:18,000 --> 01:25:19,600
Colonial beds weren't just 
furniture. 

1495
01:25:19,600 --> 01:25:22,700
They were elaborate heating 
systems disguised as sleeping 

1496
01:25:22,700 --> 01:25:25,600
platforms. 
The foundation was often a rope 

1497
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:28,700
bed, where thick ropes were 
woven in a grid pattern across 

1498
01:25:28,700 --> 01:25:31,300
the bed frame. 
These ropes could be tightened 

1499
01:25:31,300 --> 01:25:34,100
or loosened to adjust the 
firmness of the sleeping surface

1500
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,300
and they provided excellent 
support, while allowing air to 

1501
01:25:37,300 --> 01:25:38,700
circulate underneath the 
mattress. 

1502
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:42,000
Preventing moisture, build up, 
that could lead to cold clammy 

1503
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:44,100
sleeping. 
Conditions, your mattress wasn't

1504
01:25:44,100 --> 01:25:46,700
the simpler. 
You might imagine The best 

1505
01:25:46,700 --> 01:25:49,900
Colonial mattresses were layered
systems that created insulation 

1506
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:53,300
while providing Comfort the 
bottom layer might be straw or 

1507
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:57,200
corn husks for basic support an 
insulation from the cold roads 

1508
01:25:57,200 --> 01:26:00,000
below. 
Above this came a layer of wool 

1509
01:26:00,000 --> 01:26:02,100
batting or down feathers for 
warmth and cushioning. 

1510
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:06,500
The top layer was often fine 
linen or cotton ticking filled 

1511
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:09,900
with the softest down or wool 
creating a sleeping surface that

1512
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,100
was both comfortable and warm. 
But the Real Genius of colonial 

1513
01:26:13,100 --> 01:26:16,000
bed warmth was in the warming 
systems bed warmers weren't 

1514
01:26:16,000 --> 01:26:18,200
luxuries. 
They were essential tools for 

1515
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:20,900
survival. 
Your bed warmer was typically a 

1516
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:23,500
long-handled brass or copper pan
that you filled with hot coals 

1517
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:25,600
from the fire. 
You'd slide this under the 

1518
01:26:25,600 --> 01:26:28,600
covers for 10 or 15 minutes 
before bed time, moving it 

1519
01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:30,400
around to warm the entire 
sleeping area. 

1520
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:34,900
The metal pan distributed heat 
evenly and the long handled kept

1521
01:26:34,900 --> 01:26:36,900
your hands. 
Safe from both the Heat and the 

1522
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:40,100
coals, some families used heated
bricks in cloth. 

1523
01:26:40,100 --> 01:26:43,600
Instead of dedicated bed, 
warmers These held heat longer 

1524
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:46,500
than metal pans and could be 
positioned, strategically around

1525
01:26:46,500 --> 01:26:48,300
the bed to create zones of 
warmth. 

1526
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:52,300
A heated brick at your feet. 
Another at your back and one 

1527
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:53,700
morning, or hands. 
Could turn. 

1528
01:26:53,700 --> 01:26:56,200
Even the coldest bedroom into a 
comfortable sleeping space. 

1529
01:26:56,200 --> 01:26:58,900
Your bedding was a layered 
defense system that would 

1530
01:26:58,900 --> 01:27:00,900
impress modern camping gear 
designers. 

1531
01:27:00,900 --> 01:27:04,800
The bottom sheet was usually 
linen, which Wicked moisture 

1532
01:27:04,800 --> 01:27:07,800
away from your body while 
providing a smooth comfortable, 

1533
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:11,200
sleeping surface. 
Above this came wool blankets 

1534
01:27:11,200 --> 01:27:14,500
often multiple layers each 
serving a different purpose. 

1535
01:27:15,400 --> 01:27:18,100
A lighter wool blanket next to 
your body provided warmth 

1536
01:27:18,100 --> 01:27:21,400
without weight while heavy 
blankets on top trapped, heat 

1537
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:24,300
and blocked. 
Cold drafts, the top layer of 

1538
01:27:24,300 --> 01:27:27,200
your bedding was often a thick 
comforter or coverlet filled 

1539
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:30,400
with down or wool. 
These won't just warm they were 

1540
01:27:30,408 --> 01:27:32,700
designed to create a 
microclimate around your body 

1541
01:27:32,700 --> 01:27:35,800
that held heat while allowing 
enough air circulation to 

1542
01:27:35,800 --> 01:27:38,600
prevent stuffiness. 
The best comforters had 

1543
01:27:38,600 --> 01:27:41,500
removable covers that could be 
washed regularly, keeping your 

1544
01:27:41,500 --> 01:27:44,200
bedding fresh and hygienic, even
during the months when bathing 

1545
01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:47,100
was in frequent bed, curtains 
weren't just for privacy. 

1546
01:27:47,100 --> 01:27:49,000
They were essential heating 
equipment. 

1547
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:52,800
Heavy curtains drawn around your
bed, created a smaller space. 

1548
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:55,500
That was easier to warm and 
harder for cold at penetrate. 

1549
01:27:56,300 --> 01:27:59,700
These curtains were often made 
from thick wool or heavy linen, 

1550
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:02,800
sometimes lined with additional 
fabric for extra insulation. 

1551
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:06,800
Drawing your bed curtains was 
like, creating a tent within 

1552
01:28:06,800 --> 01:28:09,200
your bedroom. 
A private space that held your 

1553
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:12,200
body heat and blocked, cold 
drafts from the rest of the 

1554
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:14,600
room, your nightgown or sleeping
shirt. 

1555
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:17,600
Wasn't just sleepwear. 
It was part of your thermal 

1556
01:28:17,600 --> 01:28:20,700
defense system. 
Colonial nightgowns were long. 

1557
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:23,900
Often reaching to the ankles and
made from soft. 

1558
01:28:23,900 --> 01:28:26,600
But warm materials like flannel 
or brushed linen. 

1559
01:28:27,700 --> 01:28:30,600
The long sleeves and high neck 
lines prevented heat loss from 

1560
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:34,000
your extremity and torso. 
While the loose fit allowed for 

1561
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:36,500
air circulation that prevented 
overheating and moisture 

1562
01:28:36,500 --> 01:28:38,500
buildup. 
Like, caps weren't fashion 

1563
01:28:38,500 --> 01:28:41,500
statements, they were essential 
for preventing heat loss from 

1564
01:28:41,500 --> 01:28:44,600
your head where a significant 
amount of body heat can escape. 

1565
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:48,700
These were often made from soft 
wall or cotton sometimes lined 

1566
01:28:48,700 --> 01:28:51,700
with silk or fine linen for 
Comfort against your hair and 

1567
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:54,600
scalp. 
A well-made nightcap could make 

1568
01:28:54,600 --> 01:28:56,700
the difference between a 
comfortable night sleep and 

1569
01:28:56,700 --> 01:28:59,800
hours of shivering wakefulness. 
The positioning of your bed 

1570
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:02,400
within the room was strategic 
too Colonial. 

1571
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:05,100
Bedrooms often placed the bed 
away from exterior walls and 

1572
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:07,900
windows were cold. 
Air could seep through gaps and 

1573
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:11,000
construction. 
Instead beds were positioned 

1574
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:14,200
near interior walls that shared 
heat from the kitchen or main 

1575
01:29:14,200 --> 01:29:17,200
fireplace. 
Some colonial homes had bedrooms

1576
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:20,000
directly above the kitchen, 
taking advantage of the heat 

1577
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:21,600
that Rose from the cooking fires
below. 

1578
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:24,700
One of the most ingenious 
aspects of colonial, Winter 

1579
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:28,400
survival was the way families 
use social dynamics and communal

1580
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:31,400
living as heating. 
Strategies your Colonial home 

1581
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:33,900
wasn't just a building. 
It was a carefully orchestrated 

1582
01:29:33,900 --> 01:29:38,400
system of human cooperation 
designed to maximize warmth and 

1583
01:29:38,400 --> 01:29:42,700
minimize fuel consumption. 
Privacy was a luxury that few 

1584
01:29:42,700 --> 01:29:45,500
could afford when survival 
depended on sharing body heat 

1585
01:29:45,500 --> 01:29:48,100
and resources. 
Family sleeping Arrangements in 

1586
01:29:48,100 --> 01:29:50,000
Winter were practical rather 
than prudent. 

1587
01:29:50,700 --> 01:29:54,300
Children often, shared beds, not
just to save space, but because 

1588
01:29:54,300 --> 01:29:57,500
two or three small bodies could 
generate and share warmth far 

1589
01:29:57,500 --> 01:29:59,200
more efficiently than each 
sleeping alone. 

1590
01:30:00,000 --> 01:30:02,600
Parents might bring the youngest
children into their own bed. 

1591
01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:05,800
During the coldest nights 
creating a family warming system

1592
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:08,600
that kept everyone comfortable 
while conserving precious 

1593
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:13,100
heating fuel, the concept of 
bundling According couples would

1594
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:15,800
share a bed while fully clothed 
and sometimes with a board 

1595
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:18,700
between them wasn't just about 
supervised romance. 

1596
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:22,300
It was a practical heating 
solution that allowed families 

1597
01:30:22,300 --> 01:30:25,400
to provide guest accommodation 
without the expense of heating 

1598
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:28,000
additional rooms or providing 
extra bedding and warming 

1599
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:30,700
equipment. 
Your body heat was a valuable 

1600
01:30:30,700 --> 01:30:34,200
commodity and sharing it wisely 
was a mark of good household 

1601
01:30:34,200 --> 01:30:36,700
management. 
Common rooms served as Gathering

1602
01:30:36,700 --> 01:30:40,100
spaces where the entire family's
body heat contributed to overall

1603
01:30:40,100 --> 01:30:42,300
warmth. 
During the coldest weather, 

1604
01:30:42,300 --> 01:30:45,500
Normal, privacy, and individual 
space, gave way to practical 

1605
01:30:45,500 --> 01:30:48,900
communal, living your family, 
might spend entire days in the 

1606
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:52,400
kitchen and main room, working 
eating and socializing in the 

1607
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:55,100
warmest part of the house. 
While letting the peripheral 

1608
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:58,600
rooms go, cold, work, parties, 
and social Gatherings weren't 

1609
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:01,500
just about Community bonding. 
They were strategic heating 

1610
01:31:01,500 --> 01:31:04,800
events, a barn raising or 
quilting bee brought together 

1611
01:31:04,800 --> 01:31:08,700
dozens of people whose combined 
body heat could warm even lard 

1612
01:31:08,700 --> 01:31:11,300
spaces. 
Smart Colonial, families, 

1613
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:13,700
scheduled their social events 
during the coldest parts of 

1614
01:31:13,708 --> 01:31:16,700
winter turning necessary 
Community work into 

1615
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:19,500
opportunities for everyone to 
stay warm while accomplishing 

1616
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,300
important tasks. 
The kitchen Hearth became the 

1617
01:31:22,300 --> 01:31:25,800
social Center of winter life. 
In colonial families, arranged 

1618
01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:28,800
their activities to take maximum
advantage of its warmth. 

1619
01:31:29,500 --> 01:31:32,700
Women would do their spinning 
knitting and mending near the 

1620
01:31:32,700 --> 01:31:35,000
fire. 
While men might repair tools or 

1621
01:31:35,000 --> 01:31:38,700
work on woodworking projects. 
Children played games and did 

1622
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:41,000
their lessons in the warm circle
around the half. 

1623
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,800
This wasn't just about Comfort, 
it was about making efficient 

1624
01:31:44,800 --> 01:31:47,300
use of heating fuel. 
While maintaining the social 

1625
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:49,800
bonds that held communities 
together through the harsh 

1626
01:31:49,800 --> 01:31:52,500
winter months evening, 
entertainment was designed 

1627
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:56,700
around warmth conservation. 
Storytelling singing and games. 

1628
01:31:56,700 --> 01:31:59,200
That could be enjoyed while City
close together near the fire 

1629
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:01,900
became the primary forms of 
winter Recreation. 

1630
01:32:03,400 --> 01:32:07,500
These activities served multiple
purposes, they provided mental 

1631
01:32:07,500 --> 01:32:09,800
stimulation. 
During The Long Dark evenings, 

1632
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:13,500
they kept people setting Tree in
close to heat sources and they 

1633
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:16,200
reinforced the social 
connections that were essential 

1634
01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:19,600
for Community survival, even 
religious practices adapted to 

1635
01:32:19,608 --> 01:32:21,700
win. 
Heating reality's church 

1636
01:32:21,700 --> 01:32:25,500
services in Winter were often 
short of Summer services in 

1637
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:29,400
churches developed strategies 
like foot warmers small portable

1638
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:32,400
braziers that could be filled 
with coals from home and carried

1639
01:32:32,400 --> 01:32:35,100
to church to provide personal 
heating during long services. 

1640
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:38,600
Some congregations would pack 
into smaller spaces during 

1641
01:32:38,600 --> 01:32:42,000
winter, using their combined 
body, heat to make worship more 

1642
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:45,100
comfortable community resource 
sharing was another form of 

1643
01:32:45,108 --> 01:32:47,800
social Heating. 
Families would coordinate their 

1644
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:50,700
Heating and cooking schedules to
maximize efficiency. 

1645
01:32:50,700 --> 01:32:54,400
Perhaps taking turns hosting 
large meals, that could feed 

1646
01:32:54,400 --> 01:32:57,400
multiple families while, 
requiring only one fire or 

1647
01:32:57,400 --> 01:33:00,100
sharing the use of large ovens 
for baking bread or roasting 

1648
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:02,500
meat. 
These Arrangements saved fuel 

1649
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:05,300
while strengthening Community 
bonds, the concept of 

1650
01:33:05,300 --> 01:33:07,800
neighboring helping nearby 
families with tasks that were 

1651
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:10,000
easier. 
Done in groups became a 

1652
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:11,200
specially important during 
winter. 

1653
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:15,300
Butchering would cutting and 
food preservation were often 

1654
01:33:15,300 --> 01:33:17,500
community activities, that 
brought people together for 

1655
01:33:17,500 --> 01:33:21,900
warmth efficiency and safety. 
These work parties provided 

1656
01:33:21,900 --> 01:33:24,500
opportunities for social 
interaction during isolated 

1657
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:26,900
winter months. 
While accomplishing necessary 

1658
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:29,800
tasks more efficiently than 
individual families. 

1659
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:32,500
Could manage alone. 
Colonial families were Master 

1660
01:33:32,500 --> 01:33:35,700
practitioners of microclimate 
management, understanding how to

1661
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:39,200
create warm zones within larger,
cold spaces and how to use the 

1662
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:42,700
physics of heat air circulation 
and thermal Mass to their 

1663
01:33:42,700 --> 01:33:45,700
advantage. 
Your Colonial home, wasn't 

1664
01:33:45,700 --> 01:33:48,900
uniformly, heated, instead it 
was a collection of carefully, 

1665
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:52,200
managed thermal zones, the 
prioritized warmth where it was 

1666
01:33:52,200 --> 01:33:54,100
needed. 
Most while allowing less 

1667
01:33:54,100 --> 01:33:58,000
critical areas to remain cold. 
The concept of heat layering in 

1668
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:00,400
colonial. 
Homes was sophisticated in ways 

1669
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:03,800
that modern heating system 
sometimes Miss Heat from your 

1670
01:34:03,808 --> 01:34:06,000
central fireplace. 
Didn't just radiates outward 

1671
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:08,300
randomly. 
It was channeled and directed 

1672
01:34:08,300 --> 01:34:10,200
through strategic architectural 
choices. 

1673
01:34:11,000 --> 01:34:14,000
Interior doors, were positioned 
to allow warm air to flow from 

1674
01:34:14,000 --> 01:34:17,100
heated, rooms to adjacent spaces
while exterior. 

1675
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:20,200
Doors were often double layered 
with small vestibules that 

1676
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:23,200
prevented cold air from rushing 
directly into warm spaces, 

1677
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:25,800
thermal Mass was used, 
strategically throughout 

1678
01:34:25,800 --> 01:34:28,400
colonial homes. 
Large stone, or brick 

1679
01:34:28,400 --> 01:34:30,400
fireplaces. 
Absorbed heat during active, 

1680
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:34,400
burning and released its slowly 
over hours acting like massive 

1681
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:37,500
batteries that stored and 
distributed warmth long after 

1682
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:40,900
the fire died down. 
Some colonial homes featured, 

1683
01:34:40,900 --> 01:34:44,500
Stone floors near the half that 
absorbed heat during the day and

1684
01:34:44,500 --> 01:34:46,200
radiated it back during the 
night. 

1685
01:34:46,200 --> 01:34:48,800
Creating Comfort zones that 
remained warm. 

1686
01:34:48,800 --> 01:34:52,500
Even when the fire was banked 
window management was a precise 

1687
01:34:52,500 --> 01:34:55,900
science in colonial homes during
sunny winter days. 

1688
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:59,400
Even small Windows, could 
contribute significant Heat game

1689
01:34:59,400 --> 01:35:02,800
when positioned correctly? 
Colonial families understood, 

1690
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:06,600
which Windows would catch 
Morning Sun after noon sun or 

1691
01:35:06,600 --> 01:35:08,900
were positioned to avoid cold 
Northern exposures? 

1692
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:12,400
They would open these windows 
during warm daylight hours to 

1693
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:15,500
capture solar heat, then cover 
them with thick, curtains or 

1694
01:35:15,500 --> 01:35:17,300
shutters. 
As soon as the Sun moved on or 

1695
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:21,100
set, trapping the captured, 
warmth inside air circulation, 

1696
01:35:21,100 --> 01:35:23,300
management, prevented the 
stuffiness that could make 

1697
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:26,500
heated spaces uncomfortable 
while avoiding the drafts that 

1698
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:30,100
could steal precious warmth. 
Colonial Builders understood 

1699
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:33,400
that still are was insulating 
air and they designed their 

1700
01:35:33,400 --> 01:35:37,200
homes to minimize unwanted air 
movement while allowing for the 

1701
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:40,900
gentle circulation needed to 
distribute heat from fires and 

1702
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:44,100
prevent moisture buildup that 
could lead to cold clammy 

1703
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:46,800
conditions. 
The Strategic use of textiles, 

1704
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:49,300
turned colonial homes into 
adjustable, thermal 

1705
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:52,600
environments, heavy curtains 
tapestries and wall hangings. 

1706
01:35:52,600 --> 01:35:55,900
Weren't just decorative, they 
were movable insulation. 

1707
01:35:55,900 --> 01:35:57,700
That could be deployed when 
needed most. 

1708
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:00,800
During the coldest weather, 
families would hang extra, 

1709
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:04,600
blankets, or quilts to subdivide
large rooms into smaller more 

1710
01:36:04,600 --> 01:36:06,800
easily. 
Heated spaces or to block off, 

1711
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:09,500
unused areas that would 
otherwise steal heat from Living

1712
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:11,700
Spaces. 
Furniture placement, was another

1713
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:15,900
tool in the colonial management,
toolkit chairs benches and 

1714
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:19,100
tables were positioned to create
windbreaks around seating areas 

1715
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,900
near fires, while also serving 
as platforms for warming Stones 

1716
01:36:22,900 --> 01:36:26,100
bricks or other thermal Mass 
objects that could store and 

1717
01:36:26,100 --> 01:36:29,200
distribute Heat. 
High back chairs and settles 

1718
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:32,200
were just about Comfort. 
They created personal heat 

1719
01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:35,000
reflecting zones. 
The concentrated warmth around 

1720
01:36:35,000 --> 01:36:38,300
individual family members. 
The timing of daily activities 

1721
01:36:38,300 --> 01:36:41,800
was coordinated with thermal 
management, strategies, cooking 

1722
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:44,800
baking, and other heat, 
generating activities were 

1723
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:47,400
shared to provide maximum 
warming benefit during the 

1724
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:50,700
coldest parts of the day. 
Laundry might be done during the

1725
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:54,400
warmest part of winter days, 
taking advantage of both solar 

1726
01:36:54,400 --> 01:36:57,200
heat gain and the warmth 
generated by hot water and 

1727
01:36:57,200 --> 01:37:01,000
steam. while also providing 
humidity that made cold air feel

1728
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:03,700
more comfortable, even personal 
thermal management was 

1729
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:07,200
sophisticated Colonial families,
understood that, keeping your 

1730
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:09,900
core body temperature. 
Warm was more efficient than 

1731
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:11,600
trying to heat extremities 
directly. 

1732
01:37:12,400 --> 01:37:15,300
They wore layers that trapped 
warm air close to their torsos 

1733
01:37:15,300 --> 01:37:17,800
and major blood vessels, 
allowing their circulatory 

1734
01:37:17,800 --> 01:37:21,500
systems to carry this warmth to 
hands and feet more efficiently 

1735
01:37:21,500 --> 01:37:23,800
than trying to heat these 
extremities externally. 

1736
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:27,000
The management of humidity 
levels was crucial for winter 

1737
01:37:27,000 --> 01:37:28,500
comfort. 
Too. 

1738
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:31,800
Little humidity made cold air 
feel even colder and could lead 

1739
01:37:31,800 --> 01:37:34,100
to respiratory problems and dry 
cracked skin. 

1740
01:37:34,900 --> 01:37:38,300
Too much, humidity May spaces 
feel clammy and cold while 

1741
01:37:38,300 --> 01:37:41,300
promoting the growth of mold and
mildew that could cause illness.

1742
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:45,700
Colonial families used cooking 
breathing and strategic 

1743
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:48,000
ventilation to maintain humidity
levels. 

1744
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:50,800
That made their heated spaces, 
feel comfortable and healthy. 

1745
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:54,600
When winter weather turned truly
dangerous, Colonial families had

1746
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:56,400
a emergency. 
Protocols, that could mean the 

1747
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:58,300
difference between survival and 
disaster. 

1748
01:37:59,400 --> 01:38:02,200
Your Colonial ancestors were 
just prepared for normal winter 

1749
01:38:02,200 --> 01:38:06,400
whether they had strategies for 
blizzards ice storms, and the 

1750
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:09,500
kind of bitter cold that could 
kill unprepared people in hours 

1751
01:38:09,500 --> 01:38:12,700
rather than days the most 
critical emergencies protocol 

1752
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:15,700
was firing Insurance, 
maintaining multiple heat 

1753
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:17,700
sources and backup ignition 
systems. 

1754
01:38:17,700 --> 01:38:20,700
Your main fireplace might be 
your primary heat Source. 

1755
01:38:20,700 --> 01:38:24,700
But Colonial families, always 
maintained, secondary fires or 

1756
01:38:24,700 --> 01:38:27,600
heating systems that could take 
over if the main fired. 

1757
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,800
This might mean keeping a small 
fire going in a bedroom 

1758
01:38:30,800 --> 01:38:35,000
fireplace maintaining banked 
coals in a kitchen fire pot or 

1759
01:38:35,000 --> 01:38:38,000
keeping emergency. 
Fire starting materials, dry and

1760
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:39,800
accessible. 
In multiple locations throughout

1761
01:38:39,800 --> 01:38:42,800
the house, emergency food, 
protocols were equally 

1762
01:38:42,800 --> 01:38:47,000
sophisticated Beyond your normal
winter, food storage, Colonial 

1763
01:38:47,000 --> 01:38:50,500
families maintained, emergency 
food, caches high energy, 

1764
01:38:50,500 --> 01:38:53,900
long-lasting foods that could 
sustain life during extended 

1765
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:56,300
periods when normal cooking 
wasn't possible. 

1766
01:38:56,300 --> 01:39:00,800
These might include parched, 
corn, dried meat, nuts, and 

1767
01:39:00,800 --> 01:39:04,500
preserve fruits that required. 
No cooking and provided maximum 

1768
01:39:04,500 --> 01:39:08,700
nutrition in small quantities. 
Some families kept emergencies 

1769
01:39:08,700 --> 01:39:12,000
Food Supplies in route sellers 
or other cold storage areas 

1770
01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:15,400
separate from their main Larder.
Protecting these reserves from 

1771
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:18,500
both spoilage and the temptation
to consume them during normal 

1772
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:22,200
times water security during 
extreme weather was a constant 

1773
01:39:22,200 --> 01:39:25,300
concern. 
Wells could freeze and 

1774
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:28,100
collecting water from streams or
Springs might become impossible.

1775
01:39:28,100 --> 01:39:31,700
During severe storms, Colonial 
families, stored water in 

1776
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:33,500
multiple containers throughout 
their homes. 

1777
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,700
Often keeping some near heat 
sources to prevent freezing 

1778
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:39,400
while storing larger quantities.
In areas that stayed cool enough

1779
01:39:39,400 --> 01:39:42,900
to prevent spoilage Emergency 
water included, not just 

1780
01:39:42,900 --> 01:39:45,800
drinking water, but also 
supplies for cooking, basic 

1781
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:48,800
hygiene, and firefighting of 
chimney fires or other heating 

1782
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:52,100
related, disasters, occurred 
shelter reinforcement, protocols

1783
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:53,800
prepared. 
Colonial homes for extreme 

1784
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:57,300
weather conditions this included
securing shutters and storm. 

1785
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,400
Coverings for Windows, 
reinforcing doors against wind 

1786
01:40:00,400 --> 01:40:03,000
and snow loads and preparing 
temporary shelter. 

1787
01:40:03,000 --> 01:40:05,900
Spaces within the home of normal
heating areas became unusable 

1788
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:09,100
Some Colonial, families 
prepared, interior rooms, that 

1789
01:40:09,100 --> 01:40:11,400
could be quickly, converted into
survival spaces. 

1790
01:40:11,400 --> 01:40:14,900
Complete with, emergency 
bedding, food water, and Heating

1791
01:40:14,900 --> 01:40:17,300
Supplies. 
Personal emergency preparation 

1792
01:40:17,300 --> 01:40:20,000
included, maintaining emergency 
clothing and bedding that could 

1793
01:40:20,000 --> 01:40:22,500
provide extra warmth during 
extreme conditions. 

1794
01:40:22,500 --> 01:40:26,600
This meant keeping extra 
blankets, warm clothing and 

1795
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:30,000
emergency supplies dry and 
accessible even if other parts 

1796
01:40:30,000 --> 01:40:33,500
of the home became unusable, 
Colonial families, often 

1797
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:36,400
maintained emergencies clothing,
supplies in multiple locations. 

1798
01:40:37,400 --> 01:40:41,300
that family members could access
warm dry clothing, even if they 

1799
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:44,800
became separated from their 
primary belongings communication

1800
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:48,100
and Community, emergency, 
protocols connected individual 

1801
01:40:48,100 --> 01:40:51,200
family survival strategies with 
broader Community Support 

1802
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:55,200
Systems Colonial communities 
developed systems for checking 

1803
01:40:55,200 --> 01:40:58,600
on isolated families. 
During extreme weather sharing 

1804
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:02,300
resources during emergencies and
coordinating rescue efforts when

1805
01:41:02,300 --> 01:41:05,700
families became stranded or 
endangered These systems 

1806
01:41:05,700 --> 01:41:09,900
included pre-arranged signals 
shared emergency supplies and 

1807
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:12,500
Community spaces that could 
serve as warming centers. 

1808
01:41:12,500 --> 01:41:16,400
If individual homes became 
uninhabitable medical emergency,

1809
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:19,100
protocols address the health 
crises that extreme cold could 

1810
01:41:19,100 --> 01:41:22,500
create Colonial families, 
maintain supplies and knowledge 

1811
01:41:22,500 --> 01:41:25,500
for treating frostbite 
hypothermia and the respiratory 

1812
01:41:25,500 --> 01:41:29,500
problems that cold dry air could
cause They understood that 

1813
01:41:29,500 --> 01:41:32,400
maintaining body temperature was
crucial for fighting off illness

1814
01:41:32,400 --> 01:41:34,800
and they had strategies for 
caring for sick. 

1815
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:38,100
Family members that prioritized 
warmth while providing 

1816
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:41,200
necessary, medical attention 
recovery, protocols helped 

1817
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:43,300
families. 
Restore normal operations after 

1818
01:41:43,300 --> 01:41:46,900
Extreme weather events, this 
included procedures for safely 

1819
01:41:46,900 --> 01:41:50,200
assessing and repairing weather 
damage restoring normal Heating 

1820
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,100
and cooking operations. 
And replenishing, emergency 

1821
01:41:53,100 --> 01:41:55,500
supplies that had been consumed 
during the crisis. 

1822
01:41:56,200 --> 01:41:58,300
Colonial families. 
Understood that surviving one. 

1823
01:41:58,300 --> 01:42:01,000
Emergency was only valuable if 
you were prepared for the next 

1824
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:03,800
one winter warmth. 
In colonial times wasn't just 

1825
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:07,300
about comfort and survival. 
It was about careful resource 

1826
01:42:07,300 --> 01:42:10,300
management and economic 
strategy, every piece of 

1827
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:14,100
firewood, every calorie of food,
and every hour of Labor spent on

1828
01:42:14,100 --> 01:42:17,100
heating had to be balanced 
against other needs of the 

1829
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:19,800
limited resources that had to 
last through the entire winter 

1830
01:42:19,800 --> 01:42:22,600
season fueled budgeting was as 
important as food. 

1831
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:26,300
Budgeting for Colonial families,
your wood supply wasn't just a 

1832
01:42:26,300 --> 01:42:28,100
pile of logs. 
It was a carefully. 

1833
01:42:28,100 --> 01:42:30,800
Calculated resource that had to 
be managed with the same 

1834
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:32,300
precision as money in a bank 
account. 

1835
01:42:33,200 --> 01:42:36,000
Families tracked, their would 
consumption adjusted their 

1836
01:42:36,000 --> 01:42:38,700
burning practices based on 
weather forecasts and remaining 

1837
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:42,100
supplies and made strategic 
decisions about when to burn 

1838
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:45,100
premium Hardwoods versus when to
make do with less efficient 

1839
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:47,400
fuel. 
The labor economics of staying 

1840
01:42:47,400 --> 01:42:50,500
warm were equally complex. 
Every hour spent cutting 

1841
01:42:50,500 --> 01:42:54,100
splitting and stacking firewood 
was an hour that could be spent 

1842
01:42:54,100 --> 01:42:58,000
on other necessary tasks. 
Colonial families had to balance

1843
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:01,600
the immediate need for heating 
fuel against the long-term need 

1844
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:04,500
for food production, Home 
Maintenance, and income 

1845
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:08,500
generating activities. 
This led to sophisticated time 

1846
01:43:08,500 --> 01:43:11,500
management strategies, that 
maximize the efficiency of 

1847
01:43:11,500 --> 01:43:14,800
heating related work resource 
sharing and bartering created 

1848
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:18,600
Community economies of warmth. 
families might trade surplus 

1849
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:22,500
firewood for food exchange, 
labor for heating supplies, or 

1850
01:43:22,500 --> 01:43:25,000
share specialized tools and 
equipment that made heating more

1851
01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:28,500
efficient Family with Superior 
would cutting tools. 

1852
01:43:28,500 --> 01:43:30,800
Might provide firewood 
preparation services and 

1853
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:34,000
exchanged for other Goods, while
families with large ovens, might

1854
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:36,700
do community baking, and 
exchange for fuel to heat their 

1855
01:43:36,700 --> 01:43:39,000
ovens. 
The cost benefit analysis of 

1856
01:43:39,000 --> 01:43:41,000
different heating. 
Strategies was constantly 

1857
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:42,500
evolving throughout the winter 
season. 

1858
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:46,800
Early in winter, when fuel 
supplies were abundant families,

1859
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:50,200
might heat more rooms and 
maintain higher temperatures a 

1860
01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:52,300
supply to Wendell and the 
coldest weather approached. 

1861
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:55,500
They would Retreat to smaller 
more efficiently, heated space 

1862
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:58,800
and lower their overall heating 
standards to stretch remaining 

1863
01:43:58,800 --> 01:44:01,700
fuel through the end of winter 
investment in heating 

1864
01:44:01,700 --> 01:44:03,700
efficiency. 
Paid long-term dividends for 

1865
01:44:03,700 --> 01:44:07,200
Colonial families. 
Better Built fireplaces, improve

1866
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:09,800
chimney, design, and 
high-quality heating tools, 

1867
01:44:09,800 --> 01:44:13,000
might require significant 
upfront investment but they 

1868
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:15,900
could reduce fuel consumption 
and labor requirements. 

1869
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:19,600
Over multiple winter seasons. 
Families, that could afford 

1870
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:22,300
these improvements often found 
that they could maintain comfort

1871
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:26,100
with less fuel while having 
Surplus resources to trade, or 

1872
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:29,400
to provide security against 
particularly harsh Winters, the 

1873
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:31,800
economics of clothing and 
textiles for winter warmth 

1874
01:44:31,800 --> 01:44:35,400
involved similar, calculations 
high quality, wool clothing and 

1875
01:44:35,400 --> 01:44:37,300
bedding. 
Required significant investment 

1876
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:40,500
in materials and labor but 
providers Superior warmth and 

1877
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:42,600
durability compared to cheaper 
alternatives. 

1878
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:46,200
Colonial families had to decide 
whether to invest time and money

1879
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,900
in premium winter clothing, that
would last for many seasons or 

1880
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:51,700
to make do with less expensive 
options. 

1881
01:44:51,700 --> 01:44:53,100
That might need frequent 
replacement. 

1882
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:56,500
Foodie economics is intertwined 
with heating, economics and 

1883
01:44:56,500 --> 01:44:59,700
complex ways. 
High Cal winter Foods, provided 

1884
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,800
the energy needed to maintain 
body heat, but they were often 

1885
01:45:02,800 --> 01:45:05,700
expensive or required 
significant resources to produce

1886
01:45:05,700 --> 01:45:08,700
and preserve families. 
Had to balance the cost of 

1887
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:10,500
heating their homes. 
Against the cost of eating 

1888
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:13,000
foods, that would help their 
bodies generate internal heat 

1889
01:45:13,000 --> 01:45:16,900
often finding that strategic 
combination of both approaches 

1890
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:20,200
provided the most Economical 
winter, survival strategy. 

1891
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,100
Colonial families just following
ancient Traditions. 

1892
01:45:23,100 --> 01:45:26,400
They were constantly innovating 
adapting and improving their 

1893
01:45:26,400 --> 01:45:30,200
winter survival strategies. 
Your Colonial ancestors were 

1894
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,500
inventors and experimenters who 
face the daily challenge of 

1895
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,800
staying warm with limited 
resources and Technology leading

1896
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:40,000
to remarkable innovations that 
often surpassed modern solutions

1897
01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:43,100
in efficiency and sustainability
fireplace design. 

1898
01:45:43,100 --> 01:45:46,600
Evolved continuously throughout 
the colonial period as families 

1899
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:49,700
experimented with ways to 
extract more heat from their 

1900
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:52,600
precious fuel. 
Some Colonials developed 

1901
01:45:52,600 --> 01:45:55,900
fireplace inserts and heat 
exchangers that captured heat 

1902
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,500
that would otherwise Escape up 
the chimney others experimented 

1903
01:45:59,500 --> 01:46:02,500
with fireplace positioning 
angling and airflow patterns 

1904
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:05,600
that maximized heat distribution
throughout their homes. 

1905
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:08,700
These Innovations were often 
shared between families and 

1906
01:46:08,700 --> 01:46:12,000
communities, spreading effective
improvements throughout entire 

1907
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:16,000
regions, insulation Innovations,
used locally available materials

1908
01:46:16,000 --> 01:46:18,100
and creative ways. 
Families. 

1909
01:46:18,100 --> 01:46:20,500
Experimented with different 
combinations of natural, 

1910
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:24,600
insulation, materials, mixing 
straw with Clay layering 

1911
01:46:24,600 --> 01:46:28,200
different types of animal fur or
using collected bird down in 

1912
01:46:28,200 --> 01:46:30,500
ways, that provided maximum 
insulation value. 

1913
01:46:30,500 --> 01:46:34,400
Some Colonial families developed
sophisticated understanding of 

1914
01:46:34,400 --> 01:46:36,800
how different insulation 
materials performed under 

1915
01:46:36,800 --> 01:46:40,500
various conditions, leading to 
custom insulation solutions for 

1916
01:46:40,500 --> 01:46:43,300
different parts of their homes, 
clothing and textile 

1917
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:45,900
Innovations, address specific 
heating challenges through 

1918
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:47,700
Creative Design and material 
use. 

1919
01:46:48,600 --> 01:46:51,400
Colonial seamstresses developed 
techniques for creating 

1920
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:54,900
garments, that maximized warmth 
while allowing for the physical 

1921
01:46:54,900 --> 01:46:56,800
activity, that winter survival 
demanded. 

1922
01:46:57,600 --> 01:47:00,900
This included Innovations in 
layering systems, strategic 

1923
01:47:00,900 --> 01:47:03,900
reinforcement of Highway areas 
and the development of 

1924
01:47:03,900 --> 01:47:05,500
specialized garments for 
specific. 

1925
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:09,300
Winter activities, like ice 
fishing would cutting or outdoor

1926
01:47:09,300 --> 01:47:11,200
Animal. 
Care food preservation and 

1927
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:13,800
preparation, Innovations 
extended the effectiveness of 

1928
01:47:13,800 --> 01:47:17,200
winter nutrition strategies. 
Colonial Cooks developed new 

1929
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:20,100
techniques for preserving 
high-energy Foods, creating 

1930
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:23,100
concentrated nutrition sources. 
And preparing foods that 

1931
01:47:23,100 --> 01:47:26,900
provided maximum heating benefit
these Innovations often 

1932
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:28,500
involved. 
Creative combinations, of 

1933
01:47:28,500 --> 01:47:30,900
traditional preservation 
techniques with new 

1934
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:34,600
understanding of nutrition and 
energy requirements, heating 

1935
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:37,600
tool Innovations, improve the 
efficiency and safety of fire 

1936
01:47:37,600 --> 01:47:41,200
management, Colonial blacksmiths
and Metal Workers developed 

1937
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:44,800
improved fireplace tools, more 
efficient bed warmers and 

1938
01:47:44,800 --> 01:47:47,800
specialized implements that made
fire management easier and more 

1939
01:47:47,800 --> 01:47:50,400
effective. 
Some families created their own 

1940
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:53,500
heating Innovations, using 
available materials copper 

1941
01:47:53,500 --> 01:47:55,600
warming. 
Pans that distributed heat more 

1942
01:47:55,600 --> 01:47:59,100
evenly iron firedogs that could 
be adjusted for different logs 

1943
01:47:59,100 --> 01:48:01,500
sizes. 
And specialized Cole containers 

1944
01:48:01,500 --> 01:48:04,400
that held heat longer, while 
being safe at handle building 

1945
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:07,400
technique Innovations, address 
specific thermal challenges that

1946
01:48:07,400 --> 01:48:09,500
Colonial families discovered 
through experience. 

1947
01:48:10,400 --> 01:48:13,700
Some families experimented with 
double wool construction that 

1948
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:16,800
created insulating airspaces. 
While others developed 

1949
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:19,600
Innovative chimney designs that 
captured more heat before 

1950
01:48:19,600 --> 01:48:22,900
escaped Outdoors. 
These building Innovations were 

1951
01:48:22,900 --> 01:48:26,300
often region-specific adapting 
to local climate conditions 

1952
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:28,900
available materials and specific
heating challenges. 

1953
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:31,700
Behavioral Innovations were 
perhaps the most important 

1954
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:34,700
category of colonial, winter 
adaptations families, 

1955
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:38,000
continuously refine their daily 
routines, work schedules and 

1956
01:48:38,000 --> 01:48:41,600
living patterns to maximize 
warmth while minimizing fuel 

1957
01:48:41,600 --> 01:48:44,300
consumption. 
This might include Innovations 

1958
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:46,900
in family coordination that 
ensured fires were tended. 

1959
01:48:46,900 --> 01:48:50,100
Efficiently, new approaches to 
task scheduling that took 

1960
01:48:50,100 --> 01:48:53,000
advantage of natural heat 
sources or Creative Solutions 

1961
01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:55,300
for maintaining social 
connections during isolated 

1962
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:58,100
winter months Community 
Innovations in heating 

1963
01:48:58,100 --> 01:49:00,800
strategies, often provided 
solutions that individual 

1964
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:04,200
families couldn't achieve alone.
Some communities developed 

1965
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:07,100
shared heating resources, like 
communal, ovens, or warming 

1966
01:49:07,100 --> 01:49:10,800
houses that could serve multiple
families efficiently. others 

1967
01:49:10,800 --> 01:49:14,000
created Community fuel sharing 
systems that helped ensure that 

1968
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:16,800
no family ran out of heating 
fuel during extreme weather, 

1969
01:49:17,900 --> 01:49:20,500
These Community Innovations 
required cooperation and 

1970
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:23,800
coordination, but they often 
provided heating solutions that 

1971
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:26,800
were more efficient and reliable
than individual family efforts, 

1972
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:29,800
the most successful Colonial 
Innovations with those that 

1973
01:49:29,800 --> 01:49:31,700
addressed multiple challenges 
simultaneously. 

1974
01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:35,200
The design Improvement that made
a fireplace burn more 

1975
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:38,900
efficiently while also making it
safer to operate or a food 

1976
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:41,800
preservation technique that 
created high-energy winter Foods

1977
01:49:41,800 --> 01:49:44,400
while also reducing storage 
space requirements. 

1978
01:49:45,100 --> 01:49:48,300
These multi-benefit Innovations 
were especially valuable because

1979
01:49:48,300 --> 01:49:50,800
they provided improvements 
without requiring additional 

1980
01:49:50,800 --> 01:49:54,000
resources or labor. 
Colonial America wasn't uniform 

1981
01:49:54,000 --> 01:49:57,000
in its climate or resources and 
neither were the winters 

1982
01:49:57,000 --> 01:50:00,200
survival strategies that 
families developed Your 

1983
01:50:00,200 --> 01:50:01,700
experience, staying warm in 
colonial. 

1984
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:04,400
Massachusetts would be quite 
different from what you'd 

1985
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:07,300
encounter in Virginia, 
Pennsylvania or the Carolinas 

1986
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:10,500
each region developed 
specialized approaches to Winter

1987
01:50:10,500 --> 01:50:14,100
warmth that took advantage of 
local resources climate patterns

1988
01:50:14,100 --> 01:50:17,600
and cultural Traditions New 
England families facing the 

1989
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:20,500
longest and coldest winters 
developed some of the most 

1990
01:50:20,500 --> 01:50:23,200
sophisticated heating strategies
in colonial America. 

1991
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:25,600
The combination of harsh 
weather. 

1992
01:50:25,600 --> 01:50:29,400
Abundant forests and strong 
Community, Traditions created 

1993
01:50:29,400 --> 01:50:32,500
Innovations like the famous New 
England, saltbox, house design. 

1994
01:50:33,400 --> 01:50:36,400
Where the long sloping rear roof
provided excellent win 

1995
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:38,600
protection. 
While the compact interior 

1996
01:50:38,600 --> 01:50:40,300
layout maximized heating 
efficiency. 

1997
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:43,900
New England families also 
developed complex systems from 

1998
01:50:43,900 --> 01:50:46,700
managing multiple fireplaces and
heat sources throughout their 

1999
01:50:46,700 --> 01:50:50,000
homes, creating thermal zones 
that could be adjusted based on 

2000
01:50:50,000 --> 01:50:53,000
weather conditions and fuel. 
Availability the Mid-Atlantic 

2001
01:50:53,000 --> 01:50:55,700
colonies with their more 
moderate Winters and diverse, 

2002
01:50:55,700 --> 01:50:59,100
immigrant populations created 
heating systems, that Blended 

2003
01:50:59,100 --> 01:51:01,500
techniques from multiple 
European traditions. 

2004
01:51:02,300 --> 01:51:05,100
German colonists brought 
knowledge of efficient, stove, 

2005
01:51:05,100 --> 01:51:08,600
designs and thermal Mass heating
systems while Dutch families 

2006
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:11,400
contributed Innovations in home 
layout, and insulation 

2007
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:14,100
techniques. 
These Regional adaptations, 

2008
01:51:14,100 --> 01:51:17,400
often combine, the best features
of different approaches creating

2009
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:20,100
heating systems that were more 
sophisticated than what any 

2010
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:22,700
single tradition might have 
produced a loan, southern 

2011
01:51:22,700 --> 01:51:25,700
colonies faced different 
challenges with shorter, but 

2012
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:28,500
sometimes surprisingly harsh 
Winters that could catch 

2013
01:51:28,500 --> 01:51:32,300
unprepared families off guard. 
Southern Colonial families 

2014
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,200
developed heating strategies, 
that could be quickly deployed 

2015
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:37,800
when needed, but didn't require 
the massive year-round 

2016
01:51:37,800 --> 01:51:40,800
investment in fuel and heating 
infrastructure that Northern 

2017
01:51:40,800 --> 01:51:43,700
families needed. 
This led to Innovations like 

2018
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:47,200
portable heating systems, 
flexible rumor rangements that 

2019
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:49,800
could be quickly adapted for 
cold weather and heating 

2020
01:51:49,800 --> 01:51:52,600
strategies that took advantage 
of the thermal mass of Southern 

2021
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:55,700
building materials, like brick 
and stone Coastal families 

2022
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:58,600
regardless of their latitude had
to deal with the unique 

2023
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:02,700
challenges of Maritime winter, 
weather high, winds Salt Air 

2024
01:52:02,700 --> 01:52:05,700
that could corrode heating 
equipment and the humidity that 

2025
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:09,500
made cold air feel even colder. 
Coastal Colonial families 

2026
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:12,800
developed specialized approaches
to win protection corrosion 

2027
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:16,100
resistant, heating tools, and 
humidity management that kept 

2028
01:52:16,100 --> 01:52:18,000
their home's comfortable. 
Despite challenging weather 

2029
01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,500
conditions. 
Mountain and Frontier families 

2030
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:24,100
face, the challenge of extreme 
weather combined with limited 

2031
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:26,800
access to specialized heating 
equipment and supplies. 

2032
01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:31,400
These families became masters of
improvisation and local resource

2033
01:52:31,400 --> 01:52:35,100
utilization developing heating 
systems, that could be built and

2034
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:37,800
maintained using only materials 
available in their immediate 

2035
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,700
environment. 
Frontier Innovations, often 

2036
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:44,100
focused on durability and 
repairability, creating heating 

2037
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:47,300
systems that could function 
reliably even when replacement 

2038
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:50,500
parts and professional repair 
services were unavailable Urban,

2039
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:53,500
Colonial families, dealt with 
different constraints, including

2040
01:52:53,500 --> 01:52:57,300
limited space for fuel storage. 
Restrictions on certain types of

2041
01:52:57,300 --> 01:53:00,400
heating due to fire regulations,
and the need to coordinate 

2042
01:53:00,400 --> 01:53:02,900
heating systems with Neighbors 
in close proximity. 

2043
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:06,800
Urban Innovations often focused 
on Space efficiency and fuel 

2044
01:53:06,800 --> 01:53:09,300
economy. 
Creating heating solutions that 

2045
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:12,800
provided maximum warmth in 
minimal space while using 

2046
01:53:12,800 --> 01:53:14,900
expensive. 
Urban fuel supplies, as 

2047
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,600
efficiently as possible. 
Rural families had different 

2048
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:20,900
advantages and challenges with 
greater access to fuel and 

2049
01:53:20,900 --> 01:53:22,600
space. 
But also greater isolation 

2050
01:53:22,600 --> 01:53:26,400
during extreme weather Rural 
heating, Innovations often 

2051
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:30,600
focused on self-sufficiently an 
emergency preparedness creating 

2052
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:33,000
heating systems that could 
function independently for 

2053
01:53:33,000 --> 01:53:36,400
extended periods without outside
support or Supply's the 

2054
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:38,600
interaction between different 
Regional approaches. 

2055
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,400
Created, continuous innovation 
and Improvement in colonial 

2056
01:53:41,400 --> 01:53:45,200
heating strategies Families 
moving between regions, brought 

2057
01:53:45,200 --> 01:53:47,400
their heating knowledge, with 
them leading to 

2058
01:53:47,400 --> 01:53:50,500
cross-pollination of techniques 
and the development of hybrid 

2059
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:53,400
approaches that combine the best
features of different Regional 

2060
01:53:53,400 --> 01:53:56,500
Traditions, your daily life in a
colonial winter, followed 

2061
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:59,500
rhythms that were dictated as 
much by thermal management as by

2062
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:01,400
daylight or traditional 
schedules. 

2063
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:05,100
The need to maintain warmth 
created a choreography of daily 

2064
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:07,600
activities, that was both 
practical and surprisingly 

2065
01:54:07,600 --> 01:54:10,400
elegant in its efficiency your 
winter day began. 

2066
01:54:10,400 --> 01:54:13,500
Before Dawn, not because you 
were an early rise by choice, 

2067
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:16,500
but because the fires banked 
overnight needed attention 

2068
01:54:16,500 --> 01:54:21,400
before they died completely, In 
the pre-dawn darkness, you'd 

2069
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:23,900
slip from your warm bed, into 
the shocking cold of the 

2070
01:54:23,908 --> 01:54:26,400
unheated bedroom, quickly, 
pulling on clothes, that had 

2071
01:54:26,400 --> 01:54:28,700
been warmed by being kept under 
the covers with you overnight. 

2072
01:54:29,600 --> 01:54:34,200
Your first task was always fire 
management, stirring the banked 

2073
01:54:34,200 --> 01:54:37,600
coals in the kitchen fireplace, 
adding kindling and fresh wood, 

2074
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:40,500
and coaxing, the sleeping fire 
back to active life. 

2075
01:54:40,500 --> 01:54:43,800
The kitchen became your morning 
Command Center and breakfast 

2076
01:54:43,800 --> 01:54:46,500
wasn't just about nutrition. 
It was about warming yourself 

2077
01:54:46,500 --> 01:54:48,400
from the inside. 
While the house fires began to 

2078
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:50,000
take the edge off the indoor 
coal. 

2079
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:55,000
Hot porridge warm bread and 
steaming cider or milk weren't 

2080
01:54:55,000 --> 01:54:57,100
luxuries. 
They were essential tools for 

2081
01:54:57,100 --> 01:54:59,200
raising your body temperature to
the point where you could 

2082
01:54:59,200 --> 01:55:01,200
function. 
Effectively in cold conditions 

2083
01:55:01,200 --> 01:55:04,100
morning work was planned around 
the gradual warming of your 

2084
01:55:04,100 --> 01:55:07,600
living spaces tasks, that could 
be done near the kitchen fire, 

2085
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:12,000
took priority meal, preparation 
mending and planning the day's 

2086
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:14,900
activities. 
As other rooms slowly warmed up 

2087
01:55:14,900 --> 01:55:18,200
or as outdoor temperatures rose 
with the winter sun, you could 

2088
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:21,600
expand your activities to other 
parts of the house or Venture 

2089
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:24,900
Outdoors for essential chores. 
The midday period when the 

2090
01:55:24,900 --> 01:55:27,600
winter sun provided whatever 
wants was available from the 

2091
01:55:27,600 --> 01:55:30,900
outside, became the time for 
activities that required leaving

2092
01:55:30,900 --> 01:55:34,400
the warm interior spaces. 
This was when you'd venture out 

2093
01:55:34,400 --> 01:55:38,500
to 10 animals, collect firewood,
check on stored supplies or 

2094
01:55:38,500 --> 01:55:41,400
visit Neighbors. 
He was timing, these outdoor 

2095
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:44,100
activities to take advantage of 
whatever natural wants was 

2096
01:55:44,100 --> 01:55:47,000
available while ensuring you 
could return to warm spaces 

2097
01:55:47,000 --> 01:55:50,200
before the afternoon cold 
setting after noon activities 

2098
01:55:50,200 --> 01:55:52,800
centered around preparation for 
the evening and night ahead. 

2099
01:55:53,600 --> 01:55:55,900
This was when you'd prepare 
evening meals that would provide

2100
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:59,000
warming nutrition through the 
cold night Bank, additional 

2101
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:02,000
fires in bedrooms, if fuel 
supplies allowed and prepare the

2102
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:05,600
warming equipment heated bricks 
bed warmers or warmed clothing, 

2103
01:56:05,600 --> 01:56:07,300
that would make nighttime 
comfortable. 

2104
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:10,200
Evening, routines were designed 
around conservation of both 

2105
01:56:10,200 --> 01:56:13,500
warmth and fuel. 
As daylight faded and outdoor 

2106
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:16,400
temperatures dropped, your 
family would consolidate into 

2107
01:56:16,400 --> 01:56:20,100
the warmest spaces of your home.
This was the time for activities

2108
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:22,500
that could be done while sitting
close together near the fire 

2109
01:56:22,500 --> 01:56:26,500
storytelling music games hand 
work or simply quiet 

2110
01:56:26,500 --> 01:56:29,500
conversation that reinforced 
family bonds while conserving 

2111
01:56:29,500 --> 01:56:33,000
body heat and heating fuel the 
transition to sleep involved, 

2112
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:35,700
careful thermal management that 
could determine whether you'd 

2113
01:56:35,700 --> 01:56:38,000
sleep comfortably or shiver 
through a miserable night. 

2114
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:41,200
Bed preparation wasn't just 
about clean sheets. 

2115
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:44,300
It was about ensuring that your 
sleeping space would retain the 

2116
01:56:44,300 --> 01:56:47,600
warmth generated by heated 
bricks or bed warmers and that 

2117
01:56:47,608 --> 01:56:49,500
your bedding. 
Layers were arranged to trap 

2118
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:52,300
body heat while preventing 
moisture build-up that could 

2119
01:56:52,300 --> 01:56:55,100
make you cold and clammy. 
Nighttime brought its own 

2120
01:56:55,100 --> 01:56:56,700
thermal challenges and 
opportunities. 

2121
01:56:56,700 --> 01:56:59,800
Your banked fires needed to 
provide enough heat to prevent 

2122
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,100
interior temperatures from 
dropping to dangerous levels, 

2123
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:04,900
while also conserving enough 
fuel to make it through to 

2124
01:57:04,900 --> 01:57:08,100
morning. 
Some families maintained watch 

2125
01:57:08,100 --> 01:57:09,600
schedules during the coldest 
nights. 

2126
01:57:09,600 --> 01:57:13,600
Ensuring that someone was awake 
to 10 fires and address any 

2127
01:57:13,600 --> 01:57:16,700
heating emergencies that might 
arise weekly and seasonal 

2128
01:57:16,700 --> 01:57:18,800
rhythms also revolved around 
thermal management. 

2129
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:23,200
Certain tasks like major cooking
projects, laundry or craft work 

2130
01:57:23,200 --> 01:57:26,500
was scheduled for the warmest 
days or times when heating 

2131
01:57:26,500 --> 01:57:28,600
systems were already operating 
at full capacity. 

2132
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:32,500
Community activities and social 
Gatherings were planned to take 

2133
01:57:32,508 --> 01:57:35,600
advantage of shared body heat, 
while accomplishing necessary 

2134
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:37,600
work or maintaining social 
connections. 

2135
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,500
Whether prediction became a 
crucial skill for managing these

2136
01:57:40,500 --> 01:57:43,700
thermal rhythms Colonial, 
families developed sophisticated

2137
01:57:43,700 --> 01:57:47,000
abilities, to read weather 
signs, and predict temperature, 

2138
01:57:47,000 --> 01:57:50,000
changes, allowing them to adjust
their heating strategies 

2139
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:53,200
activity, schedules and fuel 
consumption patterns in 

2140
01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:55,100
anticipation of changing 
conditions. 

2141
01:57:55,800 --> 01:57:58,500
A family that could accurately 
predict a cold snap could 

2142
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:01,400
prepare their heating systems 
and adjust their routines to 

2143
01:58:01,400 --> 01:58:03,000
whether the temperature drop 
comfortably. 

2144
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:06,000
While a family caught off guard,
might struggle through several 

2145
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:07,800
miserable days of adequate 
warmth. 

2146
01:58:07,800 --> 01:58:10,200
Colonial children weren't just 
smaller adults. 

2147
01:58:10,200 --> 01:58:13,100
When it came to Winter survival,
they required specialized 

2148
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:15,600
heating strategies that took 
into account their higher 

2149
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:19,800
surface area to body mass ratio 
their tendency to lose heat more

2150
01:58:19,800 --> 01:58:22,600
quickly than adults and their 
need for protection while still 

2151
01:58:22,600 --> 01:58:24,700
learning the skills. 
Necessary for winter survival, 

2152
01:58:24,700 --> 01:58:28,100
your Colonial children clothing 
was engineering designed for 

2153
01:58:28,100 --> 01:58:30,900
small bodies with different 
thermal needs children. 

2154
01:58:30,900 --> 01:58:34,100
Winter clothing, often included 
extra layers around the Torso 

2155
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:36,300
where vital organs needed 
protection. 

2156
01:58:36,300 --> 01:58:39,400
While allowing for the active 
movement that children required,

2157
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:43,400
small hands, and feet being 
farthest from the hearts warming

2158
01:58:43,400 --> 01:58:46,700
circulation received special 
attention with multiple layers 

2159
01:58:46,700 --> 01:58:50,300
of mittens, and stockings often 
made from the softest and 

2160
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:53,100
warmest materials, available 
sleeping arrangements for 

2161
01:58:53,100 --> 01:58:55,300
children prioritized warmth over
privacy. 

2162
01:58:56,100 --> 01:58:58,600
Small children, often, shared 
beds, not just for space 

2163
01:58:58,600 --> 01:59:01,900
efficiency, but because they're 
combined body heat provided 

2164
01:59:01,900 --> 01:59:04,600
better warmth than individual 
sleeping spaces. 

2165
01:59:05,500 --> 01:59:07,800
Parents would position 
children's beds near heat 

2166
01:59:07,800 --> 01:59:10,900
sources when possible or bring 
small children into the master 

2167
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:13,100
bed. 
During the coldest nights using 

2168
01:59:13,100 --> 01:59:15,400
parental body. 
Heat, to ensure that developing 

2169
01:59:15,400 --> 01:59:18,900
body stayed warm enough to grow.
And Thrive children's daily 

2170
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:21,500
routines were modified to 
minimize their exposure, to 

2171
01:59:21,500 --> 01:59:24,600
extreme cold while still 
allowing them to learn essential

2172
01:59:24,600 --> 01:59:27,400
skills. 
Young children might be kept in 

2173
01:59:27,400 --> 01:59:29,600
the kitchen and Main rooms. 
During the coldest weather 

2174
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:32,600
learning domestic skills near 
the warmth of fires. 

2175
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:35,200
While older children gradually 
took on outdoor 

2176
01:59:35,200 --> 01:59:38,000
responsibilities, as their 
body's developed, the ability to

2177
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:41,400
handle cold exposure safely, 
educational activities were 

2178
01:59:41,400 --> 01:59:44,500
adapted to Winter heating 
realities children, learned 

2179
01:59:44,500 --> 01:59:48,200
Reading Writing and arithmetic. 
While sitting close to fires and

2180
01:59:48,200 --> 01:59:50,800
many traditional children's 
games and activities were 

2181
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:54,700
designed to be played in warm 
confined spaces, storytelling, 

2182
01:59:54,700 --> 01:59:57,200
singing and memory games. 
Were just entertainment. 

2183
01:59:57,200 --> 02:00:00,300
They were Educational Tools. 
That could be used while the 

2184
02:00:00,300 --> 02:00:03,800
entire family huddled together 
for warmth food, requirements 

2185
02:00:03,800 --> 02:00:06,300
for Colonial children during 
winter reflected, their need for

2186
02:00:06,300 --> 02:00:08,400
energy to fuel, both growth and 
heat production. 

2187
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:12,000
Children's winter. 
Diets, often included extra fats

2188
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:14,700
and high energy foods and 
parents would ensure that 

2189
02:00:14,708 --> 02:00:17,200
children had access to warm 
foods and drinks throughout the 

2190
02:00:17,200 --> 02:00:20,200
day to help maintain their body 
temperature and provide the 

2191
02:00:20,200 --> 02:00:21,900
calories needed for proper 
development. 

2192
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:25,400
Child, safety around heating 
systems, required constant 

2193
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:27,000
vigilance and specialized 
equipment. 

2194
02:00:27,900 --> 02:00:31,200
Fireguards specialized clothing 
that couldn't easily catch fire 

2195
02:00:31,200 --> 02:00:34,500
and careful supervision ensure 
that children could benefit from

2196
02:00:34,500 --> 02:00:37,200
heating systems without being in
danger by them. 

2197
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:41,000
Children learned fire safety and
heating system management is 

2198
02:00:41,000 --> 02:00:43,600
essential life skills, but 
always under closer adult 

2199
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:45,500
supervision. 
The development of winter 

2200
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:47,400
survival skills. 
In children was a gradual 

2201
02:00:47,400 --> 02:00:49,700
process. 
That began early and progressed 

2202
02:00:49,700 --> 02:00:51,700
through increasingly complex 
responsibilities. 

2203
02:00:52,800 --> 02:00:55,600
Young children might Begin by 
learning to bank fires or 

2204
02:00:55,600 --> 02:00:58,400
arrange kindling. 
While older children took on 

2205
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:01,300
more complex tasks like managing
fuel supplies or maintaining 

2206
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:04,100
heating equipment. 
This skill development was 

2207
02:01:04,100 --> 02:01:07,000
essential for preparing children
to eventually manage their own 

2208
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:09,600
Winter survival. 
As adults Community Support 

2209
02:01:09,600 --> 02:01:12,400
Systems often provided 
additional resources for keeping

2210
02:01:12,400 --> 02:01:14,200
children warm during extreme 
weather. 

2211
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:17,600
Neighbors might take in children
from families facing heating 

2212
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:20,900
emergencies, and Community 
warming spaces could provide 

2213
02:01:20,900 --> 02:01:23,400
backup heating for families 
within adequate resources. 

2214
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:26,900
These Community, safety nets 
were especially important for 

2215
02:01:26,900 --> 02:01:30,000
ensuring that children, who are 
most vulnerable to cold exposure

2216
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:33,600
had access to adequate warmth, 
even during the most challenging

2217
02:01:33,600 --> 02:01:36,700
weather winter Health Management
in colonial times was 

2218
02:01:36,700 --> 02:01:39,000
Inseparable from Heating and 
warmth maintenance. 

2219
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,500
Your Colonial ancestors 
understood that staying warm 

2220
02:01:42,500 --> 02:01:45,500
wasn't just about Comfort. 
It was about preventing illness,

2221
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:49,700
maintaining the immune systems 
to fight disease and ensuring 

2222
02:01:49,700 --> 02:01:52,100
that existing health conditions 
didn't become life threatening 

2223
02:01:52,100 --> 02:01:54,800
during cold weather. 
Respiratory, Health was a 

2224
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:58,100
primary concern during colonial 
Winters and heating strategies 

2225
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:01,300
were designed to address the dry
cold air that could damage lungs

2226
02:02:01,300 --> 02:02:04,200
and Airways. 
Colonial families used humidity 

2227
02:02:04,200 --> 02:02:06,900
management techniques steaming 
pots of water. 

2228
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:10,500
Wet cloths, hung near fires, and
breathing, warm moist air from 

2229
02:02:10,500 --> 02:02:13,600
heated beverages to protect 
their respiratory systems from 

2230
02:02:13,600 --> 02:02:16,900
the harsh dry air. 
That heating fires could create 

2231
02:02:16,900 --> 02:02:20,000
circulation problems. 
Caused by cold, exposure were 

2232
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:23,100
addressed through both external 
warming, techs, and internal 

2233
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:26,600
warming, foods, and beverages. 
Colonial families understood 

2234
02:02:26,600 --> 02:02:28,900
that maintaining good 
circulation was essential for 

2235
02:02:28,900 --> 02:02:32,600
overall health and they used 
warming Foods, gentle, exercise 

2236
02:02:32,600 --> 02:02:35,100
and strategic heating to ensure 
that blood flow reached 

2237
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:38,300
extremities, and vital, organs 
effectively, cold-related 

2238
02:02:38,300 --> 02:02:41,300
injuries like frostbite and 
hypothermia were serious 

2239
02:02:41,300 --> 02:02:43,400
concerns. 
That Colonial families addressed

2240
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:47,200
through both prevention and 
treatment strategies prevention 

2241
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:50,700
focused on proper clothing, 
limited exposure times and 

2242
02:02:50,700 --> 02:02:54,100
recognition of early warning 
signs treatment involved. 

2243
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:56,700
Gradual rewarding techniques 
that could restore circulation 

2244
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:58,700
without causing additional 
tissue damage. 

2245
02:02:58,700 --> 02:03:02,000
Chronic health, conditions were 
often exacerbated by cold 

2246
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:05,500
weather and Colonial families 
developed specialized heating 

2247
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:07,900
strategies for family members 
with arthritis. 

2248
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:11,400
Respiratory problems, or other 
conditions that cold weather 

2249
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:14,700
could worse than This might 
include dedicated, heating 

2250
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:16,600
equipment for specific family 
members. 

2251
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:20,700
Specialized clothing or bedding,
or modified, daily routines that

2252
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:24,200
minimize cold, exposure for 
vulnerable individuals, herbal 

2253
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:26,700
medicine, and home remedies were
adapted for winter Health 

2254
02:03:26,700 --> 02:03:29,500
maintenance. 
Colonial families used warming 

2255
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:32,300
herbs and spices, not just for 
flavor, but for their 

2256
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:35,200
therapeutic properties in 
maintaining body heat and 

2257
02:03:35,200 --> 02:03:39,400
supporting immune function. 
Hot herbal, teas warming spice 

2258
02:03:39,400 --> 02:03:41,800
combinations, and topical 
treatments made from warming. 

2259
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:44,300
Plants help, support, health 
during the challenging, winter 

2260
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:47,000
months nutrition for winter 
Health, went beyond simple 

2261
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:50,200
calorie management to include 
foods and supplements that 

2262
02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:53,300
supported immune function and 
cold resistance, Colonial 

2263
02:03:53,300 --> 02:03:56,200
families, understood which foods
provided the vitamins and 

2264
02:03:56,200 --> 02:03:58,600
minerals needed to maintain 
health during limited nutrition 

2265
02:03:58,600 --> 02:04:01,700
winter months, and they planned 
their preserved Food Supplies to

2266
02:04:01,700 --> 02:04:04,100
ensure adequate nutrition 
throughout the winter season. 

2267
02:04:04,100 --> 02:04:07,000
Mental health considerations 
were important aspects of 

2268
02:04:07,008 --> 02:04:11,300
colonial, Winter survival. 
The isolation limited daylight 

2269
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:14,900
and constant focus on Survival, 
could create mental health 

2270
02:04:14,900 --> 02:04:17,100
challenges, that Colonial, 
families addressed through 

2271
02:04:17,100 --> 02:04:20,900
social connections, meaningful 
activities, and Community 

2272
02:04:20,900 --> 02:04:24,100
Support Systems. 
Maintaining mental health was 

2273
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:27,500
understood to be essential for 
physical survival, as depression

2274
02:04:27,500 --> 02:04:30,000
or anxiety, could impair 
judgment and decision-making, 

2275
02:04:30,000 --> 02:04:33,800
abilities needed, for Effective 
winter management, sleep health,

2276
02:04:33,800 --> 02:04:36,200
during winter required, 
specialized approaches that 

2277
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:38,800
ensured adequate rest while 
maintaining safe body 

2278
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:41,100
temperature throughout Long Cold
Nights. 

2279
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:44,900
Colonial families developed 
sophisticated understanding of 

2280
02:04:44,900 --> 02:04:47,900
how to create sleeping 
conditions that promoted healthy

2281
02:04:47,900 --> 02:04:49,500
sleep while preventing the 
temperature. 

2282
02:04:49,500 --> 02:04:52,100
Drops that could interrupt rest 
or create health risks, 

2283
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:55,100
emergencies Medical Care during 
winter presented unique 

2284
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:57,000
challenges. 
When professional medical help 

2285
02:04:57,000 --> 02:05:00,400
might be unavailable due to 
weather conditions, Colonial 

2286
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:03,300
families, maintained medical 
supplies and knowledge for 

2287
02:05:03,300 --> 02:05:06,100
treating common winter health 
problems and they developed 

2288
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:09,100
emergency protocols for 
addressing serious health crises

2289
02:05:09,100 --> 02:05:11,800
when outside help wasn't 
accessible as winter. 

2290
02:05:11,800 --> 02:05:14,400
Gradually loosened its grip and 
the first signs of spring 

2291
02:05:14,400 --> 02:05:17,600
appeared, Colonial families, 
didn't simply celebrate the end 

2292
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:20,100
of cold weather. 
They began the process of 

2293
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:21,800
evaluating their Winter 
survival. 

2294
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:25,200
Strategies replenishing 
depleted, resources and 

2295
02:05:25,200 --> 02:05:27,100
preparing for the next year's 
cold season. 

2296
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:31,900
The end of winter was both a 
relief and a beginning marking 

2297
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:34,500
the start of preparations that 
would determine how well the 

2298
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:36,200
family would survive the next 
winter. 

2299
02:05:36,200 --> 02:05:39,500
Your Colonial families post, 
winter assessment was thorough 

2300
02:05:39,500 --> 02:05:43,200
and practical Which heating 
strategies had worked well, and 

2301
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:46,800
which had proven inadequate. 
How much fuel had been consumed 

2302
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:50,000
and what did that suggest about 
next year's fuel requirements? 

2303
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:53,900
What equipment to warn out or 
broken and what replacment or 

2304
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:57,500
repairs would be needed? 
This evaluation process was 

2305
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:00,300
crucial for continuous 
Improvement in Winter survival 

2306
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:03,600
capabilities, spring cleaning. 
In colonial homes, wasn't just 

2307
02:06:03,600 --> 02:06:06,100
about Aesthetics. 
It was about restoring heating 

2308
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:09,100
systems and living space is 
after months of intensive use. 

2309
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:13,400
Fireplaces and chimneys needed 
thorough cleaning to remove soot

2310
02:06:13,400 --> 02:06:16,000
and creosote buildup. 
That could create fire hazards, 

2311
02:06:16,000 --> 02:06:19,000
clothing and bedding. 
That had provided winter warmth 

2312
02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:20,900
needed. 
Careful cleaning and storage to 

2313
02:06:20,900 --> 02:06:24,100
ensure they'd be ready for next 
year's cold weather resource 

2314
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:26,300
replenishment began. 
As soon as weather permitted 

2315
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:30,200
firewood cutting and processing 
started early in Spring taking 

2316
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:33,100
advantage of favorable weather 
and the full growing season to 

2317
02:06:33,100 --> 02:06:35,800
ensure adequate fuel supplies 
for the following winter. 

2318
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,400
Food preservation and storage 
systems were evaluated and 

2319
02:06:39,400 --> 02:06:42,800
repaired and planning began for 
the crops and preserved foods 

2320
02:06:42,800 --> 02:06:45,600
that would provide winter 
nutrition, equipment maintenance

2321
02:06:45,600 --> 02:06:48,300
and replacement addressed the 
wear and tear that intensive 

2322
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:51,600
winter, use placed on heating, 
tools, clothing, and household 

2323
02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:54,800
equipment. 
This was the time to repair or 

2324
02:06:54,800 --> 02:06:57,900
replace worn out bed warmers 
damaged fireplace tools and 

2325
02:06:57,900 --> 02:07:00,100
clothing that had worn thin 
during the winter months 

2326
02:07:00,100 --> 02:07:03,200
investing in equipment 
maintenance, during spring, 

2327
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:05,900
ensure that heating systems 
would function reliably when 

2328
02:07:05,900 --> 02:07:08,300
they were needed, again, 
Community debriefing and 

2329
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:09,800
knowledge. 
Sharing allowed families to 

2330
02:07:09,800 --> 02:07:12,800
learn from each other's. 
Winter experience is which 

2331
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:16,100
families had developed new 
technique for Innovations what 

2332
02:07:16,100 --> 02:07:19,400
Community Resources had proven. 
Most valuable, how could 

2333
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:22,000
Community cooperation be 
improved for the next winter 

2334
02:07:22,000 --> 02:07:24,300
season? 
This knowledge sharing was 

2335
02:07:24,300 --> 02:07:27,200
essential for continuous 
Improvement in community-wide 

2336
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:30,700
Winter survival capabilities. 
The psychological transition 

2337
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:34,000
from Winter survival mode to 
Spring productivity was as 

2338
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:35,900
important as the Practical 
preparations. 

2339
02:07:36,600 --> 02:07:39,500
Colonial families had to shift 
from the conservation and 

2340
02:07:39,500 --> 02:07:43,500
endurance mindset of winter to 
the growth and expansion mindset

2341
02:07:43,500 --> 02:07:46,400
of spring and summer. 
This transition involved, both 

2342
02:07:46,400 --> 02:07:49,400
celebration of survival and 
preparation for the active. 

2343
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:52,700
Season ahead long-term planning 
Incorporated Lessons Learned 

2344
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:56,900
From the winter just survived 
Climate patterns, family needs 

2345
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:01,000
Community Resources and economic
conditions, all factored into 

2346
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:02,700
planing for future winter 
seasons. 

2347
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:07,000
Families that learn from each 
Winter's experience's were 

2348
02:08:07,000 --> 02:08:09,800
better prepared for future 
challenges and more likely to 

2349
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:13,500
thrive despite harsh weather 
conditions as you reflect on the

2350
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:16,800
Ingenuity resilience and 
Community, cooperation that 

2351
02:08:16,800 --> 02:08:20,100
enabled Colonial families to 
survive, harsh Winters with 

2352
02:08:20,100 --> 02:08:22,800
limited technology and 
resources, you might find 

2353
02:08:22,800 --> 02:08:24,600
inspiration for modern 
challenges. 

2354
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:29,700
The principles they used careful
Resource Management Community. 

2355
02:08:29,700 --> 02:08:33,600
Cooperation continuous 
innovation and adaptation to 

2356
02:08:33,600 --> 02:08:36,400
changing conditions, remain 
relevant for anyone. 

2357
02:08:36,400 --> 02:08:39,200
Facing difficult circumstances 
with limited resources. 

2358
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:42,000
The colonial approached to 
Winter survival wasn't just 

2359
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,200
about enduring harsh conditions.
It was about creating 

2360
02:08:45,200 --> 02:08:48,300
sustainable systems that could 
provide comfort and security 

2361
02:08:48,300 --> 02:08:52,400
year after year. 
Their success came not from any 

2362
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:55,500
single brilliant solution. 
But from the integration of many

2363
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:58,800
small Innovations and 
adaptations into comprehensive 

2364
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:02,000
survival strategies that 
addressed every aspect of winter

2365
02:09:02,000 --> 02:09:05,400
living, their Legacy isn't just 
in the historical record of how 

2366
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:08,100
they survived. 
It's in the demonstration that 

2367
02:09:08,100 --> 02:09:11,900
human Ingenuity cooperation and 
determination can overcome 

2368
02:09:11,900 --> 02:09:15,700
seemingly impossible challenges.
Colonial families. 

2369
02:09:15,700 --> 02:09:19,200
Proved that with careful 
planning community support and 

2370
02:09:19,200 --> 02:09:20,700
willingness to adapt and 
innovate. 

2371
02:09:20,700 --> 02:09:24,700
People could not just survive 
but thrive thrive in conditions 

2372
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:27,900
that might seem insurmountable 
to Modern observers as you 

2373
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:29,800
settle back into your warm 
comfortable. 

2374
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:33,500
Modern home, perhaps you can 
appreciate both how far heating 

2375
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:36,800
technology has advanced and how 
much wisdom there is in the 

2376
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:40,300
simple, sustainable approaches 
that our ancestors developed. 

2377
02:09:41,300 --> 02:09:44,000
Their strategies for staying 
warm through winter were more 

2378
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:47,000
than survival techniques. 
They were expressions of human 

2379
02:09:47,000 --> 02:09:50,200
adaptability Community 
cooperation and the 

2380
02:09:50,200 --> 02:09:53,100
determination to not just 
survive but to create comfort 

2381
02:09:53,100 --> 02:09:56,400
and security, even in the face 
of Nature's harshest, 

2382
02:09:56,400 --> 02:09:58,600
challenges. 
The next time, you adjust your 

2383
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:02,000
thermostat with the flip of a 
switch or slip into a warm bed. 

2384
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:04,400
Without thinking about heated 
bricks or bed, warmers. 

2385
02:10:04,400 --> 02:10:07,400
You might remember the colonial 
families who turned the 

2386
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:09,900
challenge of staying warm into 
an art form of survival 

2387
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:13,500
Innovation, and Community 
cooperation that sustained them 

2388
02:10:13,500 --> 02:10:15,700
through. 
Countless harsh Winters and 

2389
02:10:15,700 --> 02:10:18,300
created the foundation for the 
communities, we know today, 

2390
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:21,500
their story reminds us that 
human comfort and security, 

2391
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:23,800
don't depend solely on advanced 
technology. 

2392
02:10:23,800 --> 02:10:27,300
They depend on Ingenuity, 
preparation Community 

2393
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:30,700
cooperation and the willingness 
to adapt our methods to meet our

2394
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:33,700
challenges. 
In their success at creating 

2395
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:36,800
warmth and comfort with simple 
tools and natural resources. 

2396
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:41,300
Colonial families left as a 
legacy of practical wisdom, that

2397
02:10:41,300 --> 02:10:43,900
remains relevant whenever we 
Face the challenge of creating 

2398
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:47,400
security and comfort with 
limited resources and as winter,

2399
02:10:47,400 --> 02:10:48,800
settles around your own home 
tonight. 

2400
02:10:48,800 --> 02:10:51,900
You drift off to sleep in the 
warmth and security that Modern 

2401
02:10:51,900 --> 02:10:55,400
Heating provides you can do. 
So with appreciation for both 

2402
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,400
the comfort that you enjoy and 
the Ingenuity of those who came 

2403
02:10:58,400 --> 02:11:01,700
before, who proved that with 
determination cooperation. 

2404
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:05,600
And creativity humans can create
warmth and Security even in the 

2405
02:11:05,600 --> 02:11:16,200
coldest circumstances. in 1158 a
seven year old Noble boy, named 

2406
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:19,900
Conrad leaves, his family, Manor
to serve as a page in the castle

2407
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:23,600
of Duke, Otto in the Holy Roman 
Empire, This experience is the 

2408
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:27,100
beginning of his path to 
Knighthood wide-eyed and anxious

2409
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:30,000
Conrad enters. 
The Castle's enormous Hall and 

2410
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:31,700
quickly become immersed in 
Castle life. 

2411
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:35,400
As a page, he has kept busy from
dawn until dusk. 

2412
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,800
He must learn to sing hymns 
serve at table with proper 

2413
02:11:38,800 --> 02:11:42,000
etiquette and even assist in the
Castle's hunts, and falconry 

2414
02:11:42,000 --> 02:11:44,600
sessions. 
Under the tutelage of the Master

2415
02:11:44,600 --> 02:11:48,000
at Arms Conrad and the other 
Pages, Practice Sword, play with

2416
02:11:48,000 --> 02:11:50,000
wooden weapons and learn to ride
ponies. 

2417
02:11:50,800 --> 02:11:53,300
The castle in guides their 
spiritual upbringing. 

2418
02:11:53,300 --> 02:11:56,300
So Conrad grows in piety 
alongside prowess. 

2419
02:11:57,300 --> 02:11:59,800
Nothing is wasted even playtime 
in the courtyard. 

2420
02:11:59,800 --> 02:12:02,600
Mock battles on stick horses. 
And playful jousts with 

2421
02:12:02,600 --> 02:12:05,500
broomsticks, his training and 
disguise building the boys 

2422
02:12:05,500 --> 02:12:08,400
strength and coordination. 
Conrad idolizes. 

2423
02:12:08,400 --> 02:12:10,800
The knights. 
He serves one friendly Knight 

2424
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:13,000
Arnold. 
Sometimes shares Tales from the 

2425
02:12:13,000 --> 02:12:15,000
halves of legendary Warriors and
battles. 

2426
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:17,100
Fueling Conrad's dreams of 
Valor. 

2427
02:12:18,300 --> 02:12:21,300
Through hard work and key 
observation Conrad grows in both

2428
02:12:21,308 --> 02:12:24,500
body and character. 
By age 14, he graduates to the 

2429
02:12:24,500 --> 02:12:27,400
rank of Squire. 
He is now assigned as Sir, 

2430
02:12:27,400 --> 02:12:31,400
reinhard's personal attendance 
tent, and protege, his duties 

2431
02:12:31,400 --> 02:12:35,600
intensify Conrad Rises at dawn 
to helps her Reinhard Dawn. 

2432
02:12:35,600 --> 02:12:40,400
His male armor and Spurs, tends 
to the knights horse and a 

2433
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:43,600
company's him everywhere, being 
a squire resembles, an 

2434
02:12:43,600 --> 02:12:47,900
apprenticeship Conrad learns by 
doing cleaning armor, sharpening

2435
02:12:47,900 --> 02:12:51,200
swords and practicing jousts 
with real answers under sir, 

2436
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:54,500
reinhard's guidance in the 
afternoon, he practices falconry

2437
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:57,600
were joined sir, Reinhardt in 
weapons, training, aiming his 

2438
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:00,800
Lance, at the quintain, a 
spinning Target to hone his 

2439
02:13:00,800 --> 02:13:04,300
accuracy on horseback. 
Mistakes, earn Stone correction.

2440
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:07,600
But also patient instruction in 
Quiet Moments. 

2441
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:09,800
So Reinhard stresses the code of
chivalry. 

2442
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:14,800
A knight must be brave but also 
just and merciful Conrad takes 

2443
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:16,900
these lessons to Heart determine
to one day. 

2444
02:13:16,900 --> 02:13:20,800
Embody those ideals. 
His first taste of real conflict

2445
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:30,600
comes at 1 6. 0 0, Conrad's 
heart pounds as he sticks. 

2446
02:13:30,600 --> 02:13:34,400
Close to his mentor. 
Amid the chaos, he uses his 

2447
02:13:34,400 --> 02:13:38,300
training reflexively at one 
point, even knocks abandoned off

2448
02:13:38,308 --> 02:13:40,700
a horse with a well-timed. 
Lance thrust. 

2449
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:44,200
So, Reinhart proudly collapse 
Conrad's shoulder after driving 

2450
02:13:44,200 --> 02:13:48,000
the bandits off the young Squire
has demonstrated his bravery in 

2451
02:13:48,000 --> 02:13:50,800
the face of danger. 
This brief, Skirmish shows 

2452
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:54,600
Conrad the Stark reality of 
combat terrifying and brutal. 

2453
02:13:54,600 --> 02:13:56,900
Yet his duty as to face it with 
courage. 

2454
02:13:57,700 --> 02:14:01,900
By age, 21 Conrad has spent 
years in service, learning the 

2455
02:14:01,900 --> 02:14:04,400
Arts of Knight Hood and the 
responsibilities that come with 

2456
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:06,900
it. 
He has tended to Sir Ryan hard 

2457
02:14:06,900 --> 02:14:10,100
in tournaments, and on minor 
campaigns steadily growing in 

2458
02:14:10,100 --> 02:14:13,200
maturity. 
Now he stands on the brink of 

2459
02:14:13,200 --> 02:14:16,100
achieving his lifelong dream. 
All the years of training, 

2460
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:19,400
mastering horsemanship honing, 
his sword arm and learning's 

2461
02:14:19,400 --> 02:14:22,400
courtesy and strategy have 
shaped Conrad into a worthy 

2462
02:14:22,400 --> 02:14:25,400
candidate for Knight Hood. 
As he helps her, Reinhard 

2463
02:14:25,400 --> 02:14:28,400
prepare for a winter Feast where
several Squires will be onward, 

2464
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:32,200
Conrad cannot help, but feel a 
mix of excitement and nerves the

2465
02:14:32,200 --> 02:14:34,900
dawn of his Knight Hood 
approaches and with it, the life

2466
02:14:34,900 --> 02:14:36,800
of honor and Adventure that he 
has envisioned it. 

2467
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:39,800
Since that day, he first arrived
at Duke Otto's Castle. 

2468
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:44,200
As a wide-eyed boy, the winter 
of 11 to 75 brings Conrad to a 

2469
02:14:44,208 --> 02:14:46,400
grand celebration at Duke Otto's
Castle. 

2470
02:14:46,400 --> 02:14:49,800
A 21 after years of training, he
is to be knighted. 

2471
02:14:49,800 --> 02:14:53,500
The Magnificent Hall is decked 
with Evergreen boughs and with 

2472
02:14:53,500 --> 02:14:56,400
hundreds of candles in honor of 
Christmas and the knighting 

2473
02:14:56,400 --> 02:14:59,100
ceremony. 
Dressed in a simple white tunic 

2474
02:14:59,100 --> 02:15:03,400
symbolizing Purity Conrad stands
alongside other Squires awaiting

2475
02:15:03,400 --> 02:15:06,200
the right he feels his heart 
pounding with a mix of 

2476
02:15:06,208 --> 02:15:09,300
excitement and nerves. 
Sir, Reinhart squeezes his 

2477
02:15:09,300 --> 02:15:12,200
shoulder and support recalling 
his Knighthood and assuring 

2478
02:15:12,200 --> 02:15:15,200
Conrad that he is ready. 
On the eve of the ceremony 

2479
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:17,600
Conrad undergoes, the 
traditional vigil of arms. 

2480
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:21,100
He bathes and owns a clean white
robe and a Red Cloak for the 

2481
02:15:21,100 --> 02:15:23,600
blood of Martyrs and courage of 
a night all night. 

2482
02:15:23,600 --> 02:15:26,800
He kneels in the castle Chapel, 
his sword and armor placed on 

2483
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:29,600
the altar before him. 
By flickering Candlelight he 

2484
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:33,000
prays reflecting on the solemn, 
vows, he will take a dawn. 

2485
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:36,800
Despite aching knees and little 
sleep Conrad remains focused, 

2486
02:15:36,800 --> 02:15:41,200
this vigil is a spiritual 
purification. a time to seek 

2487
02:15:41,200 --> 02:15:43,900
God's blessing and contemplate 
the Chevalier at code, he must 

2488
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:48,600
uphold He promises himself to be
a just loyal and pious night 

2489
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:51,800
devoted to protecting the weak 
and serving the church. 

2490
02:15:52,900 --> 02:15:56,700
At first light masses celebrated
the squires confess their sins 

2491
02:15:56,700 --> 02:15:59,400
and hear a final blessing. 
Then comes the oath. 

2492
02:15:59,400 --> 02:16:03,100
Swearing one by one each Squires
stands before the gathered 

2493
02:16:03,100 --> 02:16:06,100
Nobles in the chapel when 
Conrad's turn arrives, he 

2494
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:10,200
declares his nightly vowels in a
clear voice He will speak truth.

2495
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:16,000
Uphold the faith obey his Lord 
defend the helpless and be 

2496
02:16:16,000 --> 02:16:21,100
honorable in all their things. 
Each promise rings out in the 

2497
02:16:21,108 --> 02:16:23,900
cold morning, air, sealing 
Conrad's commitment to the 

2498
02:16:23,900 --> 02:16:27,200
ideals of Knighthood. 
Even before the sword touches 

2499
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,300
his shoulders, he feels the 
weight of responsibility settle 

2500
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,799
on his shoulders that evening, a
formal knighting ceremony, the 

2501
02:16:33,799 --> 02:16:38,200
Accolade takes place in the 
Great Hall Duke, Otto respondent

2502
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:40,799
in firmed robes calls Conrad 
forward. 

2503
02:16:42,100 --> 02:16:44,000
Conrad kneels on the rush, soon 
floor. 

2504
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:46,700
Before his Lord. 
In the hushed, hold the Duke. 

2505
02:16:46,700 --> 02:16:50,000
Gently Taps Conrad shoulders, 
with the flat of a sword and 

2506
02:16:50,000 --> 02:16:54,700
proclaims in French soyuz 
Chevalier be a night. 

2507
02:16:56,100 --> 02:16:59,100
Conrad bows, his head overcome 
with emotion as those words. 

2508
02:16:59,100 --> 02:17:01,200
Transformed him from Squire to 
Sir Conrad. 

2509
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:06,000
Applause breaks out among this 
assembled Lords and Ladies so 

2510
02:17:06,000 --> 02:17:09,299
Conrad Rises heart, swelling 
with pride and humility. 

2511
02:17:10,200 --> 02:17:12,400
All his years of hard work of 
led to this moment. 

2512
02:17:12,400 --> 02:17:16,700
He is now a knight of the realm 
following the Accolade Conrad is

2513
02:17:16,708 --> 02:17:18,400
Benedict in the symbols of 
Knighthood. 

2514
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:21,600
So Reinhart Fasteners gilded 
Spurs to his boots. 

2515
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:25,100
The sign that Conrad is now a 
night of the spur, another 

2516
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:27,600
attendant buckles on a sword. 
Belt holding a finely crafted 

2517
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:30,700
sword. 
Conrad Dante's family's coat of 

2518
02:17:30,708 --> 02:17:33,500
arms, over his male and a 
Herald, announces his new title,

2519
02:17:33,500 --> 02:17:37,500
so Conrad of dornburg. 
Cheers, echo in the hall. 

2520
02:17:37,500 --> 02:17:41,400
Conrad's father, who traveled 
here for the occasion, wipes, 

2521
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:45,000
proud tears, from his eyes. 
Duke, Otto, then presents Conrad

2522
02:17:45,000 --> 02:17:49,100
with the final of Knighthood, a 
heavy sword belted at his side 

2523
02:17:49,100 --> 02:17:53,000
fully clad in male and armed. 
So Conrad mounts a waiting 

2524
02:17:53,000 --> 02:17:56,700
charger, in the courtyard for 
the padam, a ritual display of 

2525
02:17:56,700 --> 02:17:59,900
Martial skill. 
It is customary that after being

2526
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:02,100
dubbed, the new nights 
demonstrate their prowess in 

2527
02:18:02,100 --> 02:18:06,100
jousts, or mock combat Conrad 
guide, the horse feeling the 

2528
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:08,299
stranger yet, empowering weight 
of his armor. 

2529
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:12,400
He suits the crowding, the yard 
together with the other fresh 

2530
02:18:12,400 --> 02:18:14,900
Knights, he participates in a 
friendly joust. 

2531
02:18:15,700 --> 02:18:18,600
His Lance shattered against 
another night shield in a 

2532
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:21,500
thunderous hit. 
And all though, unhorsed in a 

2533
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:23,700
later round, he remounts amid 
Applause. 

2534
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:28,299
The exercises proof to all that,
these young men have the skill 

2535
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:29,900
and courage befitting their new 
station. 

2536
02:18:31,299 --> 02:18:34,500
Conrad's face flushes with joy 
beneath his eyes as he realizes.

2537
02:18:34,500 --> 02:18:37,900
His achievement is not training 
or pretend it is real Knight 

2538
02:18:37,900 --> 02:18:41,900
Hood his Knight Hood, one by 
Merit and blessed by God and 

2539
02:18:41,900 --> 02:18:45,500
Lord. 
That night, the castle is a 

2540
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:48,799
light with the celebration. 
At the banquet in the hall. 

2541
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:50,500
So Conrad sits in a place of 
honor. 

2542
02:18:50,500 --> 02:18:54,299
At sir reinhardt's side. 
No longer does he serve instead 

2543
02:18:54,299 --> 02:18:56,799
Pages, poor wine for him and the
other nights. 

2544
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:00,700
He toasts his mentors and shares
in the camera of the chivalric 

2545
02:19:00,700 --> 02:19:02,700
Brotherhood. 
Gifts are bestowed. 

2546
02:19:02,700 --> 02:19:05,799
The Duke grants Conrad a fine 
destroyer warhorse from his 

2547
02:19:05,799 --> 02:19:07,900
stables and a new sword of 
Toledo Steel. 

2548
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:11,500
Minstrels compose a few witty 
Rhymes in honor of the newly 

2549
02:19:11,500 --> 02:19:13,100
dubbed, Knights eliciting 
laughter. 

2550
02:19:14,200 --> 02:19:16,700
Amidst, the revelry Conrad 
remains humble and grateful. 

2551
02:19:16,700 --> 02:19:20,600
He recalls the sacred vows from 
that morning and steals himself 

2552
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:23,299
to live by them. 
When the Duke Steward offers him

2553
02:19:23,299 --> 02:19:26,700
a purse of coins as the 
traditional nightly gift, Conrad

2554
02:19:26,700 --> 02:19:29,400
quietly resolved to use some of 
it in arms for the poor, his 

2555
02:19:29,400 --> 02:19:34,100
First Act of Charity as a night.
Late at night Conrad reflects on

2556
02:19:34,100 --> 02:19:37,000
the transformation of this day. 
As he dof's, his armor and 

2557
02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:39,900
prepares to rest in a guest 
chamber, feeling strange, 

2558
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:43,200
without his usual, place by 
Ryan's door, he entered the 

2559
02:19:43,200 --> 02:19:46,600
morning as a squire, and now 
retires as a night with all the 

2560
02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:48,600
Privileges and responsibilities 
that entails. 

2561
02:19:49,700 --> 02:19:52,000
With Knight Hood, come 
privileges, the right to wear 

2562
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:54,800
our armor, and bear arms 
publicly to hold land in fifth 

2563
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:56,800
and to sit at the high table 
with Lourdes. 

2564
02:19:56,800 --> 02:20:01,100
However, there are also duties 
Leading Men in battle if called 

2565
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:04,300
dispensing Justice on one's land
and serving loyally. 

2566
02:20:05,000 --> 02:20:07,800
The weight of his sword on the 
bedside rack is a reminder of 

2567
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:10,600
both. 
So Conrad sleeps deeply that 

2568
02:20:10,600 --> 02:20:14,900
night, the Vigilant excitement, 
having exhausted him, unaware of

2569
02:20:14,900 --> 02:20:17,900
just how soon his nightly ideals
will be tested in the harsh 

2570
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:21,500
reality of medieval warfare and 
politics by 1177. 

2571
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:24,400
So, Conrad is serving at the 
Imperial Court of Emperor. 

2572
02:20:24,400 --> 02:20:27,900
Frederick Barbarossa here amidst
glittering, Banquets and 

2573
02:20:27,900 --> 02:20:29,900
tournaments. 
He experiences the Pinnacle of 

2574
02:20:29,900 --> 02:20:33,600
courtly chivalry, minstrels sing
of Brave, Knights, and pure 

2575
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:37,200
ladies and Conrad strives to 
exemplify those ideals. 

2576
02:20:38,000 --> 02:20:41,300
He is unfailingly courteous 
Rising when Noble, women enter 

2577
02:20:41,300 --> 02:20:44,300
speaking. 
Only with respectful words and 

2578
02:20:44,300 --> 02:20:48,000
behaving as the perfect night in
every social setting, The older 

2579
02:20:48,000 --> 02:20:50,600
courtiers sometimes, chuckle 
that so Conrad still sees the 

2580
02:20:50,600 --> 02:20:53,900
world through rose-colored 
lenses of chivalry, but they 

2581
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:57,400
admire his earnestness. at a 
grand tournament held in 

2582
02:20:57,400 --> 02:21:01,800
Wurzburg Conrad has a chance to 
prove his Valor clad in shining 

2583
02:21:01,800 --> 02:21:03,700
armor. 
He rides into the lists under 

2584
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:05,900
Duke. 
Otto's Banner in one joust. 

2585
02:21:05,900 --> 02:21:07,600
He on horses. 
A seasoned opponent with a 

2586
02:21:07,608 --> 02:21:10,500
well-placed lance strike. 
Earning cheers from the crowd 

2587
02:21:10,500 --> 02:21:12,600
later. 
He restrains himself in the 

2588
02:21:12,600 --> 02:21:15,100
melee. 
The mock battle showing Mercy by

2589
02:21:15,100 --> 02:21:18,600
not striking a fall on opponent.
His skill and honor, when him 

2590
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:21,400
recognition, the presiding 
Duchess Awards, him a silk 

2591
02:21:21,408 --> 02:21:24,300
favor, tying a ribbon on his arm
as a token of esteem. 

2592
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:29,600
Flushed with pride Conrad feels,
he is living the very romances 

2593
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:32,900
he heard as a boy. 
Yet beneath the pageantry Conrad

2594
02:21:32,900 --> 02:21:35,400
begins to notice troubling 
cracks in nightly behavior. 

2595
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:38,400
In whispered corners of the 
hall, he overhears Petty 

2596
02:21:38,400 --> 02:21:41,800
jealousies, Knights arguing over
who deserves more credit for a 

2597
02:21:41,800 --> 02:21:44,300
minor Skirmish or who should sit
closer to the emperor. 

2598
02:21:45,000 --> 02:21:47,700
One night, he Witnesses, two 
renowned Knights nearly draw 

2599
02:21:47,700 --> 02:21:49,300
swords at a banquet over an 
insult. 

2600
02:21:49,300 --> 02:21:52,800
Only stopping when the emperor 
himself intervenes, This 

2601
02:21:52,800 --> 02:21:56,200
bickering disappoints Conrad 
were, they not all sworn to 

2602
02:21:56,200 --> 02:21:59,300
Brotherhood and honor worse 
Conrad, learns of outright 

2603
02:21:59,300 --> 02:22:01,000
violations of the chivalric 
code. 

2604
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:04,700
A lady in waiting, can fights 
that a famous knight who 

2605
02:22:04,700 --> 02:22:08,700
publicly boasts of defending, 
the innocent once forced himself

2606
02:22:08,700 --> 02:22:10,800
on a peasant girl during a past 
campaign. 

2607
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:15,200
Conrad is horrified. 
He realizes that not all nights 

2608
02:22:15,200 --> 02:22:18,000
live up to the high ideals, they
Proclaim chivalry. 

2609
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:21,800
He sees his often more praise 
than practiced, this realization

2610
02:22:21,800 --> 02:22:24,000
hits hardest on a journey 
through the countryside. 

2611
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:28,700
Riding between Imperial Castle's
Conrad's party passes through of

2612
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:31,600
Village recently. 
Raided by Robert Knights, the 

2613
02:22:31,600 --> 02:22:34,700
houses are charred and The 
Villages mostly peasants a 

2614
02:22:34,700 --> 02:22:37,900
destitute and terrified. 
Conrad is moved to compassion 

2615
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:40,800
and urges immediate help. 
But one of his fellow, Knights 

2616
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:44,400
merely scoffs this is none of 
our concern and suggests the 

2617
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:47,400
peasants likely provoke. 
The attack by withholding taxes.

2618
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:51,400
Another night, tosses a few 
coins and rides on in different 

2619
02:22:51,400 --> 02:22:54,600
Conrad cannot fathom such 
callousness. 

2620
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:58,100
He lingers to distribute food 
from his pack and Promises The 

2621
02:22:58,100 --> 02:22:59,800
Villages. 
He will report this outrage 

2622
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:02,700
Catching up. 
He challenges the other nights. 

2623
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:05,300
How can they ignore their duty 
to protect the defenseless? 

2624
02:23:05,300 --> 02:23:09,000
They struggle off his idealism 
saying a knight's first loyalty 

2625
02:23:09,000 --> 02:23:12,600
as to his prophet and Lord 
Conrad rides on in angry 

2626
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:14,500
silence. 
His faith in the Brotherhood of 

2627
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:18,400
nights deeply shaken. 
Back at court Conrad confides, 

2628
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:21,800
his worries to his mentor. 
Reinhard the old Knight now 

2629
02:23:21,800 --> 02:23:25,200
retired from Battle Smiles. 
Sadly and says, the world is 

2630
02:23:25,200 --> 02:23:28,700
flawed lad be the night that 
others fail to be, hold yourself

2631
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:30,500
to the code even if others fall 
short. 

2632
02:23:31,600 --> 02:23:34,700
Taking this advice to Heart 
Conrad intensified his virtue, 

2633
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:37,900
he gains a quiet reputation as a
true and gentle night. 

2634
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:42,200
When other nights mock a servant
or a gesture Conrad intervenes 

2635
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:45,500
to stop the bullying. 
When a dispute arises over a 

2636
02:23:45,500 --> 02:23:48,900
contested inheritance, he speaks
up for a fair compromise rather 

2637
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:51,100
than signing blindly with a 
powerful Lord. 

2638
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:54,800
Summit Court, respect him for 
his actions While others mock 

2639
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:58,700
his Scruples, but Conrad is 
unaffected by popularity his 

2640
02:23:58,700 --> 02:24:01,500
determined to practice what 
appears only preached during 

2641
02:24:01,500 --> 02:24:03,700
this time. 
Conrad also experiences, the 

2642
02:24:03,700 --> 02:24:06,700
tenderness of courtly love, he 
becomes enamored of Lady 

2643
02:24:06,700 --> 02:24:09,500
adalinda, a kind and gracious 
noblewoman. 

2644
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:12,200
There are affection is never 
openly declared. 

2645
02:24:12,200 --> 02:24:15,700
She has promised to another but 
through exchanged glances and 

2646
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:18,900
secret Smiles. 
Conrad finds inspiration in her 

2647
02:24:18,908 --> 02:24:21,600
presence. 
He carries her silk favor on his

2648
02:24:21,600 --> 02:24:25,700
arm during jousts and imagined 
himself her Champion though, 

2649
02:24:25,700 --> 02:24:29,300
their Love Remains chased and 
unfulfilled it deepens Conrad's 

2650
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:32,200
resolved to uphold the Knightly 
virtues as that lady Adeline 

2651
02:24:32,200 --> 02:24:36,100
admirers in him. 
The drums of War inevitably 

2652
02:24:36,100 --> 02:24:37,900
replaced the songs and dances of
court. 

2653
02:24:38,900 --> 02:24:42,900
By the later 1170s Emperor. 
Barbarossa calls his vassals to 

2654
02:24:42,900 --> 02:24:46,300
march in to Italy aiming to 
subdue, rebellious city-states. 

2655
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:49,300
So Conrad must leave. 
The comfort of court and test 

2656
02:24:49,300 --> 02:24:50,600
his principles on the 
battlefield. 

2657
02:24:51,700 --> 02:24:54,900
On the eve of departure lady 
Adeline quietly ties. 

2658
02:24:54,900 --> 02:24:58,800
A small embroidered token to his
arm for luck Conrad Bowles and 

2659
02:24:58,800 --> 02:25:02,100
Promises to return with honor. 
As he rides South with the 

2660
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:05,400
Imperial host, he braces himself
for real Siege and battle. 

2661
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:09,700
A place where many Knights 
ideals crumble Conrad prays, 

2662
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:12,100
that he can carry the light of 
chivalry with him, into the 

2663
02:25:12,100 --> 02:25:15,500
coming storm, not knowing how 
severely those ideals will be 

2664
02:25:15,500 --> 02:25:19,600
tried in The Crucible of war. 
The year 1178, finds the Conrad 

2665
02:25:19,600 --> 02:25:21,900
and Gulf in the brutal reality 
of warfare. 

2666
02:25:22,600 --> 02:25:25,700
Emperor, Barbara Ross's campaign
in Northern Italy, drags on in 

2667
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:28,400
Conrad experiences, Siege 
Warfare first-hand. 

2668
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:32,100
The Imperial Army lays Siege to 
a rebellious Lombard City. 

2669
02:25:32,100 --> 02:25:34,900
One of the many fortified towns 
defying. 

2670
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:38,500
The emperor Conrad stands for 
hours in mud and blood before 

2671
02:25:38,500 --> 02:25:43,000
the city walls ducking arrows 
and dodging Stones hurled by sea

2672
02:25:43,000 --> 02:25:45,500
engines. 
He is exchanged the silk and 

2673
02:25:45,500 --> 02:25:48,400
songs of court for the iron and 
screams of the battlefield, 

2674
02:25:48,400 --> 02:25:51,900
nothing in his training, fully 
prepared him for the brutality 

2675
02:25:51,900 --> 02:25:56,200
of her, protracted Siege. 
The Defenders, desperate and 

2676
02:25:56,200 --> 02:26:00,100
fears rained down bolts and 
boiling water, Conrad Witnesses,

2677
02:26:00,100 --> 02:26:03,500
Conrad, struck down beside him. 
One night falls with a crossbow 

2678
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:07,000
bolt through his eye and another
is crushed by a holder. 

2679
02:26:07,800 --> 02:26:11,300
Each day brings new Horrors 
under orders Conrad takes his 

2680
02:26:11,300 --> 02:26:14,000
turn in the assault rotation's 
in one attack. 

2681
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:17,400
He climbs a lady amid, a storm 
of arrows and briefly, breaches 

2682
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:21,000
The battlements Sword in hair 
and face to face with an enemy 

2683
02:26:21,000 --> 02:26:23,300
militiamen Conrad, parry's, a 
blow. 

2684
02:26:23,300 --> 02:26:26,400
And we Flex born of years of 
training drives his sword, into 

2685
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:30,600
the man's side, the militiamen 
crumples, so Conrad as killed, 

2686
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:32,300
his first phone in single 
combat. 

2687
02:26:33,100 --> 02:26:36,700
There is no glory in it. 
Only a numb shock as the dying 

2688
02:26:36,700 --> 02:26:40,700
man's blood spills on his male. 
Conrad remembers his vows of 

2689
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:43,500
Mercy, but in the frenzy of 
battle there is little chance to

2690
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:45,100
spare opponents who fight to the
death. 

2691
02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:48,900
He fights on to survive and 
protect his fellow Knights all 

2692
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:53,300
while praying quietly for the 
souls lost on both sides. after 

2693
02:26:53,300 --> 02:26:57,700
months of Siege, the starving 
City finally surrenders, But in 

2694
02:26:57,700 --> 02:27:01,900
stead of chivalrous clemency, a 
grim spectacle unfolds? 

2695
02:27:02,500 --> 02:27:06,300
Despite Promises of Mercy, the 
Victorious Imperial troops Loot 

2696
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:08,300
and raise the city in a frenzy 
of vengeance. 

2697
02:27:09,400 --> 02:27:12,900
Conrad watches in dismay as 
discipline breaks down soldiers,

2698
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,300
Rampage through the streets, 
looting tormenting and burning 

2699
02:27:16,300 --> 02:27:18,500
everything in their path 
civilians. 

2700
02:27:18,500 --> 02:27:22,900
The very people Conrad swatted 
and not spared Conrad does what 

2701
02:27:22,900 --> 02:27:26,000
little he can he struck down a 
moral order who was about to 

2702
02:27:26,000 --> 02:27:28,600
hurt her? 
Trembling old man, he Shields a 

2703
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:30,000
terrified. 
Young woman is ushering. 

2704
02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:32,500
Someone into a church but so 
Conrad alone. 

2705
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:35,700
Cannot halt, the tide of 
Cruelty, the site's pierce, his 

2706
02:27:35,700 --> 02:27:40,400
soul family in doorways, Holmes 
in flames, and wounded 

2707
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:42,400
individuals, Desperately Seeking
water. 

2708
02:27:42,400 --> 02:27:45,800
The scene is not the noble 
combat of nightly romance's, 

2709
02:27:45,800 --> 02:27:49,800
it's a vision, no one should see
Conrad's over the corpses of 

2710
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:52,800
both soldiers and townsfolk the 
City of smoking ruin. 

2711
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:56,000
He Witnesses some Imperial 
Knights executing captive 

2712
02:27:56,000 --> 02:28:00,300
townspeople under the pretext of
teaching a lesson Conrad feels 

2713
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:02,600
more kinship with the frightened
survivors than with these 

2714
02:28:02,600 --> 02:28:06,200
rampaging victors. 
That night Conrad tends to the 

2715
02:28:06,200 --> 02:28:09,500
wounded enemy and friend alike 
in a makeshift Camp Hospital. 

2716
02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:13,200
He offers water to a dying 
Italian footman, who clasps, 

2717
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:16,300
Conrad's hand, weekly, and 
Whispers a graze before passing 

2718
02:28:16,300 --> 02:28:19,100
away. 
Conrad ensures the man receives 

2719
02:28:19,100 --> 02:28:22,900
last rites treating him as a 
fellow human soul, rather than a

2720
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:25,200
foe. 
Such acts of compassion, stand 

2721
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:29,100
in stark contrast in the 
savagery he witnessed By the end

2722
02:28:29,100 --> 02:28:31,300
of this campaign. 
So Conrad is undergone a 

2723
02:28:31,300 --> 02:28:33,900
transformation. 
His once polished armor is 

2724
02:28:33,908 --> 02:28:36,900
dented and scarred. 
He himself Bears, a deep cut on 

2725
02:28:36,900 --> 02:28:40,500
his thigh and a burn scar on his
forearm, lasting reminders of 

2726
02:28:40,500 --> 02:28:43,500
these brutal campaigns. 
More profoundly. 

2727
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:46,800
A sober understanding of the 
true nature of War has tempered 

2728
02:28:46,800 --> 02:28:51,100
the idealism of his youth even. 
So Conrad's core values persist 

2729
02:28:51,900 --> 02:28:53,700
He did not descend into wanton 
cruelty. 

2730
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:57,700
He maintained honor where he 
could sparing those who yielded 

2731
02:28:57,700 --> 02:28:59,800
and aiding the helpless amid 
chaos. 

2732
02:29:00,600 --> 02:29:02,300
Among the Knights Inn Barbara 
Ross was host. 

2733
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:05,300
He becomes known sometimes 
mockingly, sometimes admirably 

2734
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:08,400
as the one who will treat a 
wounded enemy or protect a 

2735
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:10,900
peasant child. 
In an age of Terror. 

2736
02:29:10,900 --> 02:29:13,600
So Conrad manages to keep a 
spark of chivalry alive. 

2737
02:29:14,300 --> 02:29:17,000
When Barbarossa finally makes 
peace with the Lombard League 

2738
02:29:17,000 --> 02:29:20,700
Conrad is relieved. 
He survives the Italian Wars but

2739
02:29:20,700 --> 02:29:24,200
at enormous cost to his spirit. 
Returning to Camp after the 

2740
02:29:24,208 --> 02:29:27,000
final Siege Conrad Niels in 
private prayer. 

2741
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:30,300
He asked God to forgive the 
atrocities committed and to 

2742
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:33,700
guide him moving forward. 
He realizes that being a true 

2743
02:29:33,708 --> 02:29:36,400
Knight in Wartime is far more 
difficult than he ever imagined.

2744
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:39,400
It means doing what is right. 
Even when surrounded by 

2745
02:29:39,400 --> 02:29:43,400
Darkness, And though he is 
scarred and weary Conrad's 

2746
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:46,200
silently, vows that he will not 
let the brutality of War 

2747
02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:49,300
extinguish, the values that 
Define his Knight Hood, the 

2748
02:29:49,300 --> 02:29:51,900
third Crusades soon, gives a 
Conrad a chance to seek 

2749
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:54,000
spiritual Redemption for the 
bloodiest shed. 

2750
02:29:55,100 --> 02:30:00,000
In 1188 newsletter, Jerusalem 
has fallen to Saladin calls for 

2751
02:30:00,000 --> 02:30:01,500
Crusade echo through 
Christendom. 

2752
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:05,700
Despite his exhaustion from 
Decades of fighting Conrad takes

2753
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:09,000
the cross, swaying to Journey to
the Holy Land to liberate the 

2754
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:12,300
sacred sites, his both the duty 
and a deeply personal 

2755
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:16,000
pilgrimage. 
Like many nights Conrad hopes 

2756
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:18,400
this holy Endeavor will atone 
for pass sins. 

2757
02:30:18,400 --> 02:30:20,700
The pope promises remission of 
sins. 

2758
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:24,400
For those who crusade in Conrad,
haunted by the S of the Lombard.

2759
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:27,900
City craves forgiveness and 
inner peace, he joins Emperor, 

2760
02:30:27,900 --> 02:30:31,100
Frederick Barbara's, Mighty Army
of Crusaders tracking Overland 

2761
02:30:31,100 --> 02:30:34,300
toward Jerusalem. 
The journey is arduous but Also 

2762
02:30:34,300 --> 02:30:37,200
spiritually. 
Uplifting, the Crusaders into 

2763
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:39,300
your hunger. 
Harsh, desert heat and 

2764
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:42,700
skirmishes with hostile forces 
which creates a challenging 

2765
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:46,200
environment. 
Through it all Conrad acts as a 

2766
02:30:46,200 --> 02:30:49,500
model of nightly piety. 
He leads evening prayers in Camp

2767
02:30:49,500 --> 02:30:52,400
shares his water with those 
thirstier than he and keeps the 

2768
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:54,200
Crusades holy purpose in his 
heart. 

2769
02:30:55,400 --> 02:30:59,500
Tragedy strikes in June 11 to 90
when Emperor Barbarossa himself,

2770
02:30:59,500 --> 02:31:03,800
drowns while crossing a river in
cilicia the shock of losing 

2771
02:31:03,800 --> 02:31:06,800
their legendary leader sends 
ripples of Despair through the 

2772
02:31:06,800 --> 02:31:09,300
army. 
Conrad Mourns the emperor. 

2773
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:12,000
Deeply, this was the same 
Frederick who had knighted him 

2774
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:13,600
and led him through so many 
battles. 

2775
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:18,300
Many disheartened Crusaders turn
back after Barbara's death, but 

2776
02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:20,500
Conrad resolves to continue, on 
to the Holy Land. 

2777
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:23,700
He has sworn a sacred vow and 
will not abandon it. 

2778
02:31:24,400 --> 02:31:26,100
Taking up the banner of his 
Fallen Emperor. 

2779
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:29,500
He presses on with the remaining
German Knights and they finally 

2780
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:33,700
reach the walls of Accra on the 
coast of Palestine in mid 1191, 

2781
02:31:33,700 --> 02:31:37,100
in the sea of AKA Conrad faces 
battle again. 

2782
02:31:37,100 --> 02:31:41,100
But this time in a distinctly 
religious context, the 

2783
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:43,100
atmosphere among the Crusaders 
is penitential. 

2784
02:31:43,100 --> 02:31:47,000
They fight not for Conquest, but
in their view, for God's 

2785
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:49,100
justice. 
Conrad. 

2786
02:31:49,100 --> 02:31:51,700
Now one of the older Knights 
distinguishes himself by both 

2787
02:31:51,700 --> 02:31:55,500
courage and compassion during 
assaults on actress walls, he 

2788
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:58,900
protects unarmed camp followers 
from enemy arrows and lifts a 

2789
02:31:58,900 --> 02:32:00,800
wounded. 
Fellow Crusade onto his horse to

2790
02:32:00,800 --> 02:32:03,800
carry him out of danger. 
He also shows Mercy to defeated 

2791
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:08,000
foes, after acara capitulates, 
you prevent some vengeful 

2792
02:32:08,000 --> 02:32:11,900
Crusaders from massacre in 
captive Muslim soldiers, arguing

2793
02:32:11,900 --> 02:32:14,500
that killing prisoners would 
dishonor their Christian, cause 

2794
02:32:15,200 --> 02:32:18,600
Some nights near at Conrad's 
leniency but others, including a

2795
02:32:18,600 --> 02:32:21,900
devout Hospital, a brother 
Praises consistency with the 

2796
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:25,100
Chevelle, Rick, and Christian 
ideal of Mercy, with acre taken 

2797
02:32:25,100 --> 02:32:28,600
in 1191, The Crusade largely 
succeeds in re-establishing 

2798
02:32:28,600 --> 02:32:30,800
Christian control of coastal 
strongholds. 

2799
02:32:31,500 --> 02:32:34,000
Conrad finally has the 
opportunity to fulfill his 

2800
02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:37,500
pilgrims vow to visit the holy 
city of Jerusalem, which through

2801
02:32:37,500 --> 02:32:40,400
diplomacy is open to Christian 
pilgrims, even though it remains

2802
02:32:40,400 --> 02:32:44,600
under Muslim control, Distance 
humble Pilgrim, robes rather 

2803
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:47,200
than armor. 
So Conrad travels to Jerusalem. 

2804
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:51,000
Alongside other Knights turned 
pilgrims entering the Church of 

2805
02:32:51,000 --> 02:32:53,800
the Holy Sepulchre. 
He falls to his knees before the

2806
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:56,900
tomb of Christ. 
All the violence and hardship of

2807
02:32:56,900 --> 02:33:00,000
his life, seemed to melt away in
that Sacred Space tears. 

2808
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:01,900
Streamed down his face as he 
prays for forgiveness. 

2809
02:33:01,900 --> 02:33:05,400
For any innocent bloody spilled 
and for all the comrades and 

2810
02:33:05,400 --> 02:33:08,700
even enemies who lost their 
lives, he feels a profound sense

2811
02:33:08,700 --> 02:33:11,500
of Peace wash over him. 
The burden of guilt that he has 

2812
02:33:11,500 --> 02:33:14,800
carried Lightning's. 
Conrad reverently touches what 

2813
02:33:14,800 --> 02:33:18,300
is believed to be the Nativity 
site in Bethlehem each holy 

2814
02:33:18,300 --> 02:33:20,100
place. 
He visits is like bomb on his 

2815
02:33:20,100 --> 02:33:21,500
Warrior's Soul. 
Assuring him. 

2816
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:23,100
That God's grace is still 
attainable. 

2817
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:27,000
Throughout his time in the Holy 
Land Conrad also interacts with 

2818
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:28,900
the church's, clergy and 
Military orders. 

2819
02:33:29,600 --> 02:33:32,600
He befriends a Franciscan Friar 
who serves as a Chaplain for the

2820
02:33:32,600 --> 02:33:35,700
Crusaders confessing to him the 
nightmares, that still haunt his

2821
02:33:35,708 --> 02:33:38,300
Knights. 
The friar in turn gives Conrad 

2822
02:33:38,300 --> 02:33:42,400
Absolution and Council violence.
Leaves scars on the soul tonight

2823
02:33:42,400 --> 02:33:45,300
but acts of love and Penance 
will heal them. 

2824
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:49,400
Conrad reflects deeply on these 
words, he spends part of his 

2825
02:33:49,400 --> 02:33:51,800
Crusader days helping us at a 
field Hospital, run by the 

2826
02:33:51,800 --> 02:33:54,500
knights, hospitaler tending Sikh
pilgrims. 

2827
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,100
Although this humble service of 
washing wounds and distributing 

2828
02:33:58,100 --> 02:34:01,400
bread is far from the glory of 
battle Conrad finds. 

2829
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:04,200
It deeply fulfilling in caring 
for others. 

2830
02:34:04,200 --> 02:34:07,000
He reconnects with the core 
Christian virtues of Charity and

2831
02:34:07,000 --> 02:34:09,500
humility that are sometimes lost
in a night scythe. 

2832
02:34:10,100 --> 02:34:13,700
By 1192 so Conrad begins his 
journey home to Germany 

2833
02:34:13,700 --> 02:34:17,500
spiritually, renewed. 
He returns with a few keepsakes 

2834
02:34:17,500 --> 02:34:20,200
from the holy land and more 
importantly with a heart that 

2835
02:34:20,200 --> 02:34:23,700
feels cleansed Through the 
trials of crusade and pilgrimage

2836
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:27,100
he believes, God has granted him
forgiveness and a chance to live

2837
02:34:27,100 --> 02:34:29,500
in you. 
The Aging Knight rides back to 

2838
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:32,300
his homeland, not in Triumph, 
but in quiet, contemplation 

2839
02:34:32,300 --> 02:34:35,300
determined to spend his 
remaining years living out the 

2840
02:34:35,300 --> 02:34:38,500
lessons of mercy and devotion. 
He learned on this, holy Journey

2841
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:41,000
returning home to Germany in the
1190s. 

2842
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:44,800
So Conrad finds a realm in 
political turmoil, Emperor. 

2843
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:47,500
Barbara Ross's death has been 
followed by disputes over the 

2844
02:34:47,508 --> 02:34:50,400
crown rival. 
Factions of Noble support 

2845
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:53,900
different claimants, one side 
backs, Barber of his son, the 

2846
02:34:53,900 --> 02:34:56,900
hohenstein are and another backs
are wealth Prince. 

2847
02:34:56,900 --> 02:35:01,300
The once United Empire fractures
into camps as a knight, who 

2848
02:35:01,300 --> 02:35:04,400
serve the Empire Faithfully for 
decades Conrad is dismayed to 

2849
02:35:04,408 --> 02:35:06,700
see former comrades prepared to 
fight each other for power 

2850
02:35:06,700 --> 02:35:10,200
Conrad's loyalty as tested when 
his Lord pressures him to 

2851
02:35:10,200 --> 02:35:13,100
support rival, claimant Conrad 
refuses. 

2852
02:35:13,100 --> 02:35:16,000
He will not betray the oath he 
swore to what he sees as the 

2853
02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:18,700
rightful King. 
His principled, Stan, nearly 

2854
02:35:18,700 --> 02:35:21,900
cost him his lands and makes him
powerful enemies, but Conrad 

2855
02:35:21,900 --> 02:35:23,800
holds fast. 
While men are other Knights 

2856
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:27,800
compromised, their owner. 
The conflict that ensues a brief

2857
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:30,300
Civil War plungers, the land 
into chaos. 

2858
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:34,100
Without a strong central 
Authority, Robert Barron spring 

2859
02:35:34,100 --> 02:35:37,900
up across Germany, taking 
advantage of the disorder, bands

2860
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:41,100
of Rogue Knights fortified 
castle and extort Travelers. 

2861
02:35:41,100 --> 02:35:44,900
And peasant's People say that 
Germany descends into a state of

2862
02:35:44,900 --> 02:35:47,800
near Anarchy, where Robert 
Barron's operate without 

2863
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:51,200
opposition. 
So Conrad, now, in his 50s can 

2864
02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:52,900
do little to influence Imperial 
politics. 

2865
02:35:52,900 --> 02:35:55,700
But he becomes a pillar of 
stability in his district. 

2866
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:59,500
When local Knights viewed or 
prey on Merchant, Caravans 

2867
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:03,500
Conrad intervenes as a mediator,
his reputation for honesty as 

2868
02:36:03,500 --> 02:36:06,900
well established, by this point,
both commoners and Nobles trust 

2869
02:36:06,900 --> 02:36:09,900
his counsel. 
On more than one occasion Conrad

2870
02:36:09,900 --> 02:36:11,500
rides out to confront a 
marauding. 

2871
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:15,600
Rao Brita, Robert Knight, who 
has been terrorizing villages on

2872
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:17,700
one occasion a rush young. 
Robin Knight challenges. 

2873
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:21,300
Him only to be swiftly disarmed 
and shamed into repentance by 

2874
02:36:21,300 --> 02:36:24,400
the veteran. 
Word of Sir, Conrad's Fearless 

2875
02:36:24,400 --> 02:36:27,300
stand against lawlessness, 
spreads to peasants. 

2876
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:30,900
He becomes something of a folk 
hero, the Aging night to still 

2877
02:36:30,900 --> 02:36:34,200
protects them, when others 
exploit them, despite the chaos 

2878
02:36:34,200 --> 02:36:37,100
Conrad never loses sight of the 
chivalric code. 

2879
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:41,100
He advises the local Abbey and 
Town Council on how to fortify 

2880
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:44,400
against Brigham's without 
themselves committing excess. 

2881
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:48,600
He hosts, peace talks between 
quarreling minor Lords invoking.

2882
02:36:48,600 --> 02:36:51,400
The old ideals of Knight Hood to
shame them for shedding the 

2883
02:36:51,400 --> 02:36:54,300
blood of fellow Christians. 
While hems, nearly conquered the

2884
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:57,700
Holy Land, not long ago. 
Some heed his words of others, 

2885
02:36:57,700 --> 02:37:01,700
do not Nevertheless Conrad's 
presence is a stabilizing Force.

2886
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:05,300
So Conrad's conduct shines. 
All the more brightly in an era 

2887
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:08,300
where many nights tarnish their 
name with Creed or cruelty, 

2888
02:37:08,300 --> 02:37:12,200
civil Strife, subsides by 12:00 
marking, the recognition of a 

2889
02:37:12,200 --> 02:37:14,100
new emperor. 
The young Frederick the second 

2890
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,900
tired of war and intrigues a 
Conrad finally retires from 

2891
02:37:17,900 --> 02:37:20,600
Royal Service. 
He formally resigned his command

2892
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:23,000
turning over his duties to 
younger Knights. 

2893
02:37:23,000 --> 02:37:25,100
Many of those younger men grew 
up. 

2894
02:37:25,100 --> 02:37:27,800
Idolizing Conrad's Deeds. 
He spends. 

2895
02:37:27,800 --> 02:37:30,100
Time, teaching them. 
The true Knight hood is not 

2896
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:34,400
about ambition or ruthlessness 
but about loyalty Justice and 

2897
02:37:34,400 --> 02:37:38,200
restraint. 
Now in his early 60s, an old man

2898
02:37:38,200 --> 02:37:42,400
by medieval standards Conrad 
feels the weight of years, his 

2899
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:44,800
joints a from Old Wounds and 
long rides. 

2900
02:37:44,800 --> 02:37:48,800
He walks with a slight limp. 
A crusader Turks Arrow owned 

2901
02:37:48,800 --> 02:37:52,100
that never fully healed. 
Yet his mind remained sharp, and

2902
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:54,700
his Spirit Resolute in these 
Twilight years. 

2903
02:37:54,700 --> 02:37:58,900
Conrad focuses on his legacy. 
He strengthens the management of

2904
02:37:58,900 --> 02:38:01,400
his estate to ensure his 
peasants are protected and 

2905
02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:04,300
prosperous. 
He quietly find answers the 

2906
02:38:04,300 --> 02:38:06,900
rebuilding of a village church. 
That was burned by Raiders 

2907
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:09,200
during the dark times, 
considering it an act of 

2908
02:38:09,208 --> 02:38:12,900
Thanksgiving for his survival. 
With Imperial peace, restored, 

2909
02:38:12,900 --> 02:38:15,000
Conrad can at last laid down his
sword. 

2910
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:18,000
He spends his days. 
Quietly, overseeing his lands 

2911
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:20,800
defending the weak in his 
jurisdiction and Advising his 

2912
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:22,200
neighbor's in matters of 
Justice. 

2913
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:25,300
The younger knights in the 
region often seek his counsel 

2914
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:28,800
and many saluting respectfully 
whenever he appears a living 

2915
02:38:28,800 --> 02:38:30,800
legend of integrin in their 
midst. 

2916
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:33,300
Looking back. 
So Conrad, realizes that his 

2917
02:38:33,300 --> 02:38:35,900
life's true battles. 
Were often not determined by 

2918
02:38:35,900 --> 02:38:38,600
swords, but by the moral 
decisions he made. 

2919
02:38:39,400 --> 02:38:41,600
He is outlived most of his 
contemporaries and witnessed the

2920
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,900
worst and best of Knight Hood. 
Though, the Holy Roman Empire 

2921
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,800
will always have its Strife, 
Conrad steadfast example as 

2922
02:38:48,800 --> 02:38:51,100
influenced a generation in his 
corner of the world. 

2923
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:53,800
And as he settles in to a 
well-deserved. 

2924
02:38:53,800 --> 02:38:56,600
Retirement, he does. 
So with his honor intact and his

2925
02:38:56,600 --> 02:38:59,800
conscience, clear, having 
navigated, the shifting tides of

2926
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:02,900
politics and War without 
compromising the Knightly 

2927
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:06,300
virtues that Define his very 
being in the year 1215. 

2928
02:39:06,300 --> 02:39:09,900
So Conrad of venerable night of 
about 76 by the half of his 

2929
02:39:09,900 --> 02:39:12,400
manner. 
His hair is white and His Hands 

2930
02:39:12,400 --> 02:39:15,200
tremble slightly but his gazes 
warm and clear. 

2931
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:18,900
He spent his days and peaceful 
routine walking among his 

2932
02:39:18,900 --> 02:39:22,500
Fields, praying in the small 
Chapel Hill years ago and 

2933
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:24,900
sharing stories with his 
grandchildren and Squires. 

2934
02:39:24,900 --> 02:39:29,200
He has become a beloved 
patriarch in his community, With

2935
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:32,500
his legacy in mind Conrad makes 
sure to transmit the values he 

2936
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,400
upheld. 
He has trained his only son now 

2937
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:38,000
a night in his prime to be just 
and compassionate. 

2938
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:42,100
In a small private ceremony 
Conrad even had the honor of 

2939
02:39:42,108 --> 02:39:45,000
dubbing his son a night tapping.
The young man's shoulder with 

2940
02:39:45,000 --> 02:39:48,600
the same sword Duke Otto had 
once placed on him, the circle 

2941
02:39:48,600 --> 02:39:51,600
of Knighthood, from father to 
son gives Conrad immense 

2942
02:39:51,600 --> 02:39:54,700
satisfaction. 
As the years press on Conrad 

2943
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:57,800
feels his strength. 
Fading one winter, a persistent 

2944
02:39:57,800 --> 02:40:00,700
cough, lays him low. 
He takes a bed in the sun where 

2945
02:40:00,700 --> 02:40:03,600
sunlight Falls, gently on 
tapestries depicting, saintly 

2946
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:07,200
nights, sensing that his final 
days are near Conrad arranges 

2947
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:10,900
his affairs with calm Clarity. 
He sends messages of farewell 

2948
02:40:10,900 --> 02:40:13,100
and forgiveness to his old 
friends and even to his old 

2949
02:40:13,100 --> 02:40:15,700
rivals, wishing that. 
No bitterness remain. 

2950
02:40:15,700 --> 02:40:19,800
A fryer, comes to administer. 
The last rites Conrad confesses,

2951
02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:23,400
whatever ways on his soul 
mercifully, little for his lived

2952
02:40:23,400 --> 02:40:25,400
up rightly and receives 
absolution. 

2953
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:30,800
His family and a few Brothers in
Arms gather at his bedside son. 

2954
02:40:30,800 --> 02:40:35,500
Now an Old Knight himself is 
there holding Conrad's hand in 

2955
02:40:35,500 --> 02:40:37,800
his last hours a Conrad 
addresses. 

2956
02:40:37,800 --> 02:40:41,500
His son and the young Squires 
present His voice is weak but 

2957
02:40:41,500 --> 02:40:45,300
Resolute, he reminds them that 
Knighthood is not about Glory, 

2958
02:40:45,300 --> 02:40:49,600
but Duty. 
Remember, he asked softly, a 

2959
02:40:49,600 --> 02:40:51,200
knight's honor is worth more 
than his sword. 

2960
02:40:51,200 --> 02:40:55,400
Protect the innocent be devout 
and true, and you will have a 

2961
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:59,500
life worthy of praise Tears 
glistening many eyes as the 

2962
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:02,700
dying night in Parts. 
This wisdom with a faint smile 

2963
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:05,900
Conrad asks his son to bring him
his old sword and shield one 

2964
02:41:05,900 --> 02:41:08,900
last time. 
Despite his inability to lift 

2965
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,800
them Conrad gazes proudly at The
Familiar arms in his hands. 

2966
02:41:13,700 --> 02:41:15,700
These battered pieces of Steel 
and wood. 

2967
02:41:15,700 --> 02:41:17,600
Other Witnesses of his long 
journey. 

2968
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:20,900
From the eager page, who first 
polished that Shield to the 

2969
02:41:20,908 --> 02:41:23,400
seasoned Warrior, Who Bore it 
through, countless trials. 

2970
02:41:24,300 --> 02:41:26,100
So Conrad breathes, a final 
prayer. 

2971
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:29,500
He thanks. 
God for guiding him and humbly 

2972
02:41:29,500 --> 02:41:31,400
prays that he might be welcomed 
into heaven. 

2973
02:41:31,400 --> 02:41:34,700
Not by my Deeds Lord. 
By thy mercy. 

2974
02:41:36,200 --> 02:41:40,200
As his family Mermaid, as a man 
Conrad closes, his eyes, a final

2975
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:43,200
breath escapes, his lips, and 
the life of this good night, 

2976
02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:47,200
quietly ends, he passes away 
surrounded by love and respect 

2977
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:49,500
with his sword still resting in 
his hand. 

2978
02:41:49,500 --> 02:41:52,700
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 
Spreads through the region 

2979
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:54,800
though. 
He was not a prince or famous 

2980
02:41:54,800 --> 02:41:56,500
General. 
The morning is white, spread 

2981
02:41:56,500 --> 02:41:59,500
peasants liked handles for the 
night to defended them. 

2982
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,000
The local Abbott ordered the 
church bells. 

2983
02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:07,200
Hold it midday in Conrad's on a 
at his modest funeral Villages 

2984
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:10,100
and Nobles stand side, by side 
in the small church, he helped 

2985
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:13,700
rebuild The choir's, final 
Requiem leaves, no one unmoved 

2986
02:42:13,700 --> 02:42:17,400
as his custom Conrad shield, 
emblazoned with his coat of 

2987
02:42:17,400 --> 02:42:20,400
arms, is hung high on a pillow 
inside the church to commemorate

2988
02:42:20,400 --> 02:42:22,500
him. 
Those who attend the service 

2989
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:25,300
whisper that the world feels 
poorer without sir, Conrad 

2990
02:42:25,300 --> 02:42:28,000
steady presence. 
Yet his legacy lives on in the 

2991
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:30,100
lives. 
He touched his son carries 

2992
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:31,600
forward, his lineage and his 
principles. 

2993
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:36,300
Governing their lands kindly. 
The squires trained under Conrad

2994
02:42:36,300 --> 02:42:39,300
were called his teachings. 
When they themselves face moral 

2995
02:42:39,300 --> 02:42:42,400
dilemmas in taverns and great 
Halls alike. 

2996
02:42:42,400 --> 02:42:46,400
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse
about Conrad the constant, the 

2997
02:42:46,400 --> 02:42:49,600
gentle night, who remain true 
from youth to old age? 

2998
02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:53,300
The tale of his life full of 
hardship and triumphed out and 

2999
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:55,800
Faith War and Peace becomes an 
example to others. 

3000
02:42:55,800 --> 02:43:00,100
Thus ends, sir Conrad's story he
journeyed from a bright-eyed 

3001
02:43:00,100 --> 02:43:01,700
page to an old Knight full of 
wisdom. 

3002
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:05,600
Navigating a changing world 
without forsaking his ideals, in

3003
02:43:05,600 --> 02:43:07,200
an age of violence and 
uncertainty. 

3004
02:43:07,200 --> 02:43:09,700
He proved that a knight's true. 
Greatness lies, not in the 

3005
02:43:09,700 --> 02:43:12,500
battles, he wins. 
But in the honor, compassion, 

3006
02:43:12,500 --> 02:43:16,400
and faithfulness with which he 
lives and dies in the year 1215.

3007
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:20,100
So Conrad a venerable night of 
about 76 by the half of his 

3008
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:22,600
manner. 
His hair is white and His Hands 

3009
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,400
tremble slightly but his gazes 
warm and clear. 

3010
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,700
He spent his days and peaceful 
routine walking among his Fields

3011
02:43:29,700 --> 02:43:33,500
praying in the small Chapel Hill
years ago and sharing stories 

3012
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:35,100
with his grandchildren and 
Squires. 

3013
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:38,000
He has become a beloved 
patriarch in his community. 

3014
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:42,300
With his legacy and mine Conrad,
make sure to transmit the values

3015
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:45,500
he upheld. 
He has trained his only son, now

3016
02:43:45,500 --> 02:43:48,200
a night in his prime to be just 
and compassionate. 

3017
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:52,300
In a small private ceremony 
Conrad even had the honor of 

3018
02:43:52,308 --> 02:43:54,100
dubbing his son and night 
taping. 

3019
02:43:54,100 --> 02:43:56,800
The young man shoulder with the 
same sword Duke Otto had. 

3020
02:43:56,800 --> 02:44:00,200
Once placed on him, the circle 
of Knight Hood from father to 

3021
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:02,000
son, gives Conrad immense 
satisfaction. 

3022
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:05,800
As the years press on Conrad 
feels his strength. 

3023
02:44:05,800 --> 02:44:09,100
Fading one winter, a persistent 
cough, lays him low. 

3024
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:12,300
He takes a bed in the sun where 
sunlight Falls, gently on 

3025
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:15,500
tapestries depicting. 
Saintly, Knights sensing that 

3026
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:18,000
his final days are near Conrad 
arranges his affairs. 

3027
02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:21,200
With calm Clarity. 
He sends messages of farewell 

3028
02:44:21,200 --> 02:44:23,300
and forgiveness to his old 
friends and even to his old 

3029
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:25,900
rivals, wishing that. 
No bitterness remain. 

3030
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:30,000
A fryer, comes to administer. 
The last rites Conrad confesses,

3031
02:44:30,000 --> 02:44:33,500
whatever ways on his soul 
mercifully, little for his lived

3032
02:44:33,500 --> 02:44:35,600
uprightly and receives 
absolution. 

3033
02:44:36,700 --> 02:44:39,400
His family and a few Brothers in
Arms gather at his bedside. 

3034
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:44,000
So reinhardt's son now an Old 
Knight himself is there holding 

3035
02:44:44,000 --> 02:44:48,000
Conrad's hand in his last hours.
So Conrad addresses. 

3036
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:51,600
His son and the young Squires 
present His voice is weak but 

3037
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:55,400
Resolute he reminds them that 
night hood is not about Glory, 

3038
02:44:55,400 --> 02:44:59,600
but Duty. 
Remember you asked softly, a 

3039
02:44:59,600 --> 02:45:01,400
knight's honor is worth more 
than his sword? 

3040
02:45:01,400 --> 02:45:05,400
Protect the innocent be devout 
and true, and you will have a 

3041
02:45:05,400 --> 02:45:09,700
life worthy of praise Tears 
glistening in many eyes as the 

3042
02:45:09,700 --> 02:45:12,800
dying Knight in Parts. 
This wisdom with a faint smile 

3043
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,000
Conrad asks his son to bring him
his old sword and shield one 

3044
02:45:16,000 --> 02:45:19,100
last time. 
Despite his inability to lift 

3045
02:45:19,100 --> 02:45:23,100
them Conrad gazes proudly at The
Familiar arms in his hands. 

3046
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:27,100
These battered pieces of Steel 
and wood are the witnesses of 

3047
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:29,700
his long journey. 
From the eager page, who first 

3048
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:32,500
polished that Shield to the 
seasoned Warrior Who Bore it 

3049
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:36,000
through countless trials. 
So Conrad breathes, a final 

3050
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:37,500
prayer. 
He thanks. 

3051
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:41,200
God for guiding him and humbly 
prays that he might be welcomed 

3052
02:45:41,200 --> 02:45:43,300
into heaven. 
Not by my Deeds Lord. 

3053
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:47,800
But by thy mercy. 
As his family, murmurs amen, 

3054
02:45:47,800 --> 02:45:52,300
Conrad closes his eyes, a final 
breath escapes, his lips, and 

3055
02:45:52,300 --> 02:45:55,900
the life of this good night, 
quietly ends, he passes away 

3056
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,200
surrounded by love and respect 
with his sword still resting in 

3057
02:45:59,208 --> 02:46:01,800
his hand. 
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 

3058
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:03,600
Spreads through the region 
though. 

3059
02:46:03,600 --> 02:46:05,400
He was not a prince or famous 
General. 

3060
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:08,700
The morning is white, spread 
peasants liked candles for the 

3061
02:46:08,700 --> 02:46:11,600
night to defended them. 
The local Abbott ordered the 

3062
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:14,200
church bells, hold it at midday 
in Conrad's on her. 

3063
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:19,200
At his modest funeral villagers 
and Nobles stand side by side in

3064
02:46:19,200 --> 02:46:21,800
the small church. 
He helped rebuild the quiet 

3065
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:25,100
final Requiem leaves. 
No one on moved as his custom 

3066
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:27,500
Conrad shield in blazoned with 
his coat of arms. 

3067
02:46:27,508 --> 02:46:30,800
His hung high on a pillow inside
the church to commemorate him. 

3068
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:34,000
Those who attend the service 
whisper that the world feels 

3069
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:36,200
poorer without sir, Conrad 
steady presence. 

3070
02:46:36,200 --> 02:46:38,600
Yet his legacy lives on in the 
lives. 

3071
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:41,500
He touched his son carries 
forward, his lineage and his 

3072
02:46:41,500 --> 02:46:43,900
principles. 
Governing their lands kindly. 

3073
02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:47,500
The squires trained under Conrad
recalled his teachings. 

3074
02:46:47,500 --> 02:46:51,900
When they themselves face moral 
dilemmas, In taverns and great 

3075
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:54,700
Halls alike. 
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse

3076
02:46:54,700 --> 02:46:57,300
about Conrad. 
The constant, the gentle night, 

3077
02:46:57,300 --> 02:46:59,900
who remained true from youth to 
old age? 

3078
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:03,200
The tale of his life full of 
hardship and Triumph doubt and 

3079
02:47:03,208 --> 02:47:06,000
Faith War and Peace becomes an 
example to others. 

3080
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:10,200
Thus ends are Conrad story he 
journeyed from a bright-eyed 

3081
02:47:10,200 --> 02:47:11,900
page to an old Knight full of 
wisdom. 

3082
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:15,700
Navigating a changing world 
without forsaking his ideals, in

3083
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:17,300
an age of violence and 
uncertainty. 

3084
02:47:17,300 --> 02:47:19,900
He proved that a knight's true. 
Greatness lies, not in the 

3085
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:24,000
battles, he wins, but in the 
honor compassion, and with which

3086
02:47:24,000 --> 02:47:33,400
he lives and dies, Picture this.
your settling in with your 

3087
02:47:33,400 --> 02:47:36,800
evening tea maybe wandering what
life was really like, for women 

3088
02:47:36,800 --> 02:47:41,100
in one of history's, most 
mysterious Empires Well, grab 

3089
02:47:41,100 --> 02:47:44,100
that blanket a little tighter 
because the truth about ottoman 

3090
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:48,600
women is far more fascinating 
than any Hollywood movie ever 

3091
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,300
suggested. 
Let's start by throwing out 

3092
02:47:51,300 --> 02:47:53,500
everything. 
You think you know about harems 

3093
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:57,700
could you imagine those Gauzy 
perfume Chambers filled with 

3094
02:47:57,708 --> 02:48:00,800
languishing Beauties? 
This is Pure Fantasy. 

3095
02:48:00,800 --> 02:48:03,100
My friend. 
The reality was more like a 

3096
02:48:03,108 --> 02:48:06,000
cross between a boarding school,
a finishing Academy. 

3097
02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:10,000
And if we're being honest, a 
very exclusive sorority house 

3098
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:13,900
with serious political clout. 
You see the ottoman Imperial 

3099
02:48:13,900 --> 02:48:16,300
hair and wasn't just where the 
salt and kept his wives. 

3100
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:19,400
It was the nerve center of 
female power in an Empire that 

3101
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:22,800
stretched from Hungary to Yemen.
Think of it as the Ultimate 

3102
02:48:22,800 --> 02:48:25,400
Women's networking event that 
lasted for centuries. 

3103
02:48:26,200 --> 02:48:28,400
The women there were just 
sitting around eating Turkish 

3104
02:48:28,400 --> 02:48:31,100
Delight in fanning themselves. 
They were running businesses 

3105
02:48:31,100 --> 02:48:34,700
influencing politics and quite 
literally shaping the future of 

3106
02:48:34,700 --> 02:48:38,600
three continents take her home 
to for instance you might know 

3107
02:48:38,600 --> 02:48:41,000
her as rocks Salon if you've 
watched any Turkish dramas 

3108
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:43,500
lately. 
This Ukrainian woman didn't just

3109
02:48:43,500 --> 02:48:45,100
catch the eye of Suleiman the 
Magnificent. 

3110
02:48:45,100 --> 02:48:48,700
She completely revolutionized, 
how Imperial marriages worked 

3111
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:51,800
before her Sultan's. 
Didn't marry their concubines 

3112
02:48:51,800 --> 02:48:55,200
after her. 
Well, let's just say she rewrote

3113
02:48:55,200 --> 02:48:56,200
the rules while having 
breakfast. 

3114
02:48:57,200 --> 02:48:59,000
But here's what really tickles 
me about ottoman. 

3115
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:01,900
Women's history while European 
ladies were still asking 

3116
02:49:01,900 --> 02:49:04,600
permission to read books. 
Ottoman women were founding 

3117
02:49:04,600 --> 02:49:08,100
libraries commissioning mosques 
and running International Trade 

3118
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:10,200
Networks. 
Vileda. 

3119
02:49:10,200 --> 02:49:13,000
Sultan the mother of the 
reigning Sultan wielded more 

3120
02:49:13,000 --> 02:49:16,400
real political power than most 
Kings in Europe, she controlled 

3121
02:49:16,400 --> 02:49:19,600
her, own Court, budget, and 
intelligence Network surpassing 

3122
02:49:19,600 --> 02:49:21,800
the capabilities of any modern 
diplomat. 

3123
02:49:22,700 --> 02:49:25,300
The morning routine in the Harem
would put your yoga class to 

3124
02:49:25,300 --> 02:49:26,600
shame. 
These. 

3125
02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:29,000
Women started their days in 
communal baths that were 

3126
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:32,700
architectural Marvels. 
Imagine soaking in warm marble 

3127
02:49:32,700 --> 02:49:35,000
pools, while discussing the 
latest political developments 

3128
02:49:35,000 --> 02:49:39,500
and planning, which Public Works
projects to fund next The Hammam

3129
02:49:39,500 --> 02:49:42,500
wasn't just about getting clean.
It was where deals were made 

3130
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:46,200
alliances formed and the 
Empire's future quietly decided 

3131
02:49:46,200 --> 02:49:49,500
over rows centered Steam. 
And speaking of morning 

3132
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:51,400
routines, let's talk about 
coffee. 

3133
02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:55,500
Yes, coffee. 
Ottoman women were among the 

3134
02:49:55,500 --> 02:49:57,100
first to embrace this 
revolutionary. 

3135
02:49:57,100 --> 02:50:00,500
Beverage turning coffee houses, 
in to informal centers, of 

3136
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:03,400
female Social Power. 
While the men were off, 

3137
02:50:03,400 --> 02:50:06,200
conquering territories, the 
women were conquering hearts and

3138
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:08,400
Minds over perfectly brewed, 
Turkish coffee. 

3139
02:50:09,100 --> 02:50:11,500
They even developed a labyrinth 
coffee, fortune telling 

3140
02:50:11,500 --> 02:50:13,200
Traditions that still exists 
today. 

3141
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:17,100
Because apparently reading the 
future and coffee grounds as 

3142
02:50:17,100 --> 02:50:21,100
both practical and entertaining.
the clothing, these women wore 

3143
02:50:21,100 --> 02:50:24,600
would make modern fashion 
designers, weep With Envy Forget

3144
02:50:24,600 --> 02:50:27,000
those flimsy hair and pants from
costume shops. 

3145
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:31,100
Real ottoman women dressed in 
layers of silk and velvet that 

3146
02:50:31,100 --> 02:50:35,400
cost more than small kingdoms. 
Their caftans were walking, art,

3147
02:50:35,400 --> 02:50:38,400
galleries, embroidered with 
Golden Threads that told stories

3148
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:41,400
of Their Own. 
Single sleeve might feature, 

3149
02:50:41,400 --> 02:50:44,700
motifs representing their 
Hometown, their achievements, 

3150
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:48,400
and their hopes for the future. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

3151
02:50:48,400 --> 02:50:50,600
thing about these women was 
their education. 

3152
02:50:51,400 --> 02:50:53,900
While European women were 
considered well-educated, if 

3153
02:50:53,900 --> 02:50:56,800
they could embroider nicely 
ottoman, women were studying 

3154
02:50:56,800 --> 02:51:00,300
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and theology. 

3155
02:51:01,200 --> 02:51:03,500
They wrote poetry that 
influenced entire literary 

3156
02:51:03,500 --> 02:51:07,300
movements composed music that 
echoed through Palace halls and 

3157
02:51:07,300 --> 02:51:09,600
engaged in philosophical 
debates, that would challenge 

3158
02:51:09,600 --> 02:51:12,900
any modern academic. 
The evening entertainment in the

3159
02:51:12,908 --> 02:51:14,500
Harem wasn't what you'd expect 
either. 

3160
02:51:15,300 --> 02:51:17,800
Instead of belly dance dancing, 
which by the way, wasn't even 

3161
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:20,900
particularly ottoman, these 
women organized sophisticated 

3162
02:51:20,900 --> 02:51:23,700
salons, where they discussed 
everything from architecture to 

3163
02:51:23,700 --> 02:51:26,600
military strategy. 
They were patron of the Arts who

3164
02:51:26,600 --> 02:51:29,400
discovered and supported some of
the Empire's greatest talents. 

3165
02:51:29,400 --> 02:51:33,400
So as you drift off tonight, 
remember this, the next time, 

3166
02:51:33,400 --> 02:51:36,400
someone mentioned ottoman women.
You'll know, they weren't just 

3167
02:51:36,400 --> 02:51:38,400
beautiful ornaments in a 
sentence collection. 

3168
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:40,800
They were the backbone of an 
Empire. 

3169
02:51:40,800 --> 02:51:44,400
The power behind the throne and 
quite possibly having more fun 

3170
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,200
than anyone gives them credit. 
For now that you're comfortable,

3171
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:50,000
let's slip into the silk 
slippers of the most powerful 

3172
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:54,500
woman in the Ottoman Empire. 
The validity sultan Imagine 

3173
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:56,800
waking up each morning knowing 
that your decisions could 

3174
02:51:56,800 --> 02:51:59,300
literally reshape the map of the
world before lunch. 

3175
02:51:59,300 --> 02:52:04,100
There's no pressure, right? 
The Valle de Sultans day started

3176
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:07,400
Before Sunrise, not due to her 
preference for early mornings, 

3177
02:52:07,400 --> 02:52:10,100
but due to the unpredictable 
nature of running a 

3178
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:13,400
transcontinental Empire Her 
morning briefing would make any 

3179
02:52:13,400 --> 02:52:16,800
modern CEOs head. 
Spin reports from provincial 

3180
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:20,600
Governors update on Military 
campaigns intelligence from the 

3181
02:52:20,600 --> 02:52:23,900
Venetian Ambassador. 
And oh yes, making sure her son 

3182
02:52:23,900 --> 02:52:26,200
the sultan. 
Remember to eat something 

3183
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,000
besides dates and honey for 
breakfast. 

3184
02:52:29,100 --> 02:52:32,300
These women were just fig heads 
with fancy titles, they can 

3185
02:52:32,300 --> 02:52:35,500
control the enormous, budgets 
manage vast, real estate, 

3186
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:38,500
portfolios, and maintained 
diplomatic correspondence with 

3187
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:40,200
Queen's and empresses across 
Europe. 

3188
02:52:41,100 --> 02:52:44,800
Safiya Sultan mother of mehmed. 
The third once casually decided 

3189
02:52:44,800 --> 02:52:47,300
to fund the construction of a 
massive mosque complex in 

3190
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:50,300
Istanbul. 
In response to the treasurer's 

3191
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:54,300
concerns about the cost. 
She said, well building anyway, 

3192
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:58,100
the Empire can afford it and if 
it can't, we'll just conquer 

3193
02:52:58,100 --> 02:53:01,600
somewhere wealthy. 
Talk about confidence in your 

3194
02:53:01,608 --> 02:53:03,900
family business. 
The bureaucracy. 

3195
02:53:03,900 --> 02:53:07,000
These women had to navigate on a
daily basis would cause modern 

3196
02:53:07,000 --> 02:53:11,200
politicians, immense anxiety, 
every morning brought a parade 

3197
02:53:11,200 --> 02:53:14,200
of officials each with their 
agenda, their problems and their

3198
02:53:14,200 --> 02:53:16,600
own, very creative 
interpretations of the truth. 

3199
02:53:17,500 --> 02:53:21,100
The valid as-sultan had to be 
part Diplomat, part detective 

3200
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:24,200
and part mother. 
Hen often all before her morning

3201
02:53:24,200 --> 02:53:25,600
coffee had a chance to cool 
down. 

3202
02:53:26,600 --> 02:53:29,600
Interestingly, these women 
established their own informal. 

3203
02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:32,700
Communication, networks 
surpassing the capabilities of 

3204
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:36,200
any modern social media platform
through a system of loyal 

3205
02:53:36,200 --> 02:53:38,400
servants, strategic, marriages 
and carefully. 

3206
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:41,600
Placed allies of valide Sultan 
could have information from the 

3207
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:44,600
father's corners of the Empire 
on her desk fast of the 

3208
02:53:44,608 --> 02:53:47,300
beneficial government reports. 
They practically invented 

3209
02:53:47,308 --> 02:53:51,000
crowdsourcing except instead of 
entertaining cat videos, they 

3210
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:53,400
were sharing intelligence about 
trade routes and Military 

3211
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:55,900
movements. 
The midday meal in the village. 

3212
02:53:55,900 --> 02:53:57,800
Assault and quarters wasn't just
lunch. 

3213
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,300
It was a diplomatic Summit 
discussed as a social Gathering 

3214
02:54:01,300 --> 02:54:04,500
picture. 
This You're trying to enjoy your

3215
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:07,400
stuffed grape leaves while 
simultaneously mediating, a 

3216
02:54:07,400 --> 02:54:10,100
dispute between two provincial 
Governors, planing your 

3217
02:54:10,100 --> 02:54:13,000
daughter's wedding to strengthen
an alliance with crime in 

3218
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:16,200
nobility and deciding whether to
support your son's latest 

3219
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:20,200
military Adventure. 
It was just another Tuesday in 

3220
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:22,500
the life of the most powerful 
woman in the Empire. 

3221
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:27,300
The real magic unfolded during 
afternoon audiences petitioners 

3222
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,500
would line up Merchant seeking 
trade, privileges Scholars, 

3223
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:33,900
requesting patronage and mothers
asking for their sons release 

3224
02:54:33,900 --> 02:54:37,000
from military service. 
The valley, they Sultan had to 

3225
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:40,500
be Solomon and Mother Teresa 
rolled into one dispensing, 

3226
02:54:40,500 --> 02:54:42,200
Justice, and mercy, and equal 
measure. 

3227
02:54:42,900 --> 02:54:45,800
And she had to do it all while 
wearing about 15 pounds of 

3228
02:54:45,800 --> 02:54:48,900
ceremonial robes and a headdress
that required its own 

3229
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:52,300
architectural support system. 
The paperwork alone would 

3230
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,600
terrify, modern administrator. 
Every decision had to be 

3231
02:54:55,608 --> 02:54:59,000
documented every favor, 
carefully recorded and every 

3232
02:54:59,000 --> 02:55:02,500
Alliance meticulously tracked. 
These women were managing 

3233
02:55:02,500 --> 02:55:05,500
complex political relationships 
across, dozens of cultures and 

3234
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:07,500
languages. 
All while maintaining the 

3235
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:11,400
delicate balance between Islamic
law in Imperial tradition and 

3236
02:55:11,400 --> 02:55:14,900
practical necessity. 
But perhaps the most exhausting 

3237
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:17,500
part of the lead Sultan's day 
was managing the family 

3238
02:55:17,500 --> 02:55:20,300
Dynamics. 
Imagine trying to keep peace 

3239
02:55:20,300 --> 02:55:21,800
between multiple daughters in 
law. 

3240
02:55:21,800 --> 02:55:24,100
We each think their son should 
be the next Salt. 

3241
02:55:24,100 --> 02:55:26,900
And while also making sure your 
own son doesn't make any 

3242
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:30,400
catastrophically bad decisions. 
It was like, running family 

3243
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:33,100
therapy sessions for people who 
had armies at their disposal. 

3244
02:55:33,700 --> 02:55:36,600
The evening hours, brought a 
different kind of work, the 

3245
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:38,700
meticulous, cultivation of 
culture and learning that 

3246
02:55:38,700 --> 02:55:41,600
elevated, the ottoman Court to a
position of European Envy. 

3247
02:55:42,200 --> 02:55:45,600
These women were patrons of 
poets, Architects, musicians, 

3248
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:48,300
and Scholars. 
They commissioned breathtaking. 

3249
02:55:48,300 --> 02:55:51,200
Works of art funded. 
Scientific Expeditions that 

3250
02:55:51,200 --> 02:55:54,400
enriched human knowledge and 
supported literary salons that 

3251
02:55:54,400 --> 02:55:56,400
produce some of the world's 
greatest poetry. 

3252
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:00,200
And through it all, they 
maintained their Grace, their 

3253
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:02,100
dignity, and their sense of 
humor. 

3254
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:05,200
Managing an Empire. 
Spanning three continents 

3255
02:56:05,200 --> 02:56:08,700
requires one to either embrace 
the absurdity of the situation 

3256
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:12,900
or succumb to complete Insanity.
Thankfully, the majority of the 

3257
02:56:12,900 --> 02:56:16,200
opted for laughter, which likely
explains why their legacy 

3258
02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:18,700
endures today. 
Despite the collapse of many 

3259
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:21,800
other, powerful dynasties, pull 
that blanket up a little higher 

3260
02:56:21,800 --> 02:56:25,100
because we're about to dive into
the most misunderstood aspect of

3261
02:56:25,100 --> 02:56:28,000
Ottoman. 
Women's lives Love and Marriage.

3262
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:31,800
And trust me, it's nothing like 
what you've seen in those 

3263
02:56:31,800 --> 02:56:34,900
dramatic television series where
everyone seems to spend their 

3264
02:56:34,900 --> 02:56:37,600
entire day, gazing longingly 
through lattest windows. 

3265
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:42,400
firstly, let's tackle the most 
significant issue the Sultan in 

3266
02:56:42,400 --> 02:56:45,400
the hair of Ottoman. 
Marriage politics was so 

3267
02:56:45,408 --> 02:56:47,900
complex, they'd make modern 
dating apps look simple. 

3268
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,200
These were not merely romantic 
Arrangements. 

3269
02:56:50,200 --> 02:56:53,400
They were International treaties
accompanied by a wedding cake. 

3270
02:56:54,000 --> 02:56:56,900
Entire regions, awaited, the 
marriage of an ottoman princess 

3271
02:56:56,900 --> 02:56:59,700
as the alliance had the 
potential to shift the balance 

3272
02:56:59,700 --> 02:57:02,000
of power from the Adriatic to 
the Black Sea. 

3273
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:05,300
Take princess Miramar daughter 
of sleiman the Magnificent. 

3274
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:08,900
Princess mishima's marriage to 
grand vizier. 

3275
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:12,700
Rusten Pasha was not merely a 
romantic Union despite their 

3276
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:16,300
Mutual fondness but a strategic 
maneuver that solidified power 

3277
02:57:16,300 --> 02:57:20,100
ensured loyalty and extended her
influence beyond the traditional

3278
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:23,500
realm of a wife. 
She basically became the 

3279
02:57:23,500 --> 02:57:26,600
Empire's unofficial foreign 
minister except with better 

3280
02:57:26,600 --> 02:57:29,600
jewelry and significantly more 
dramatic family dinners. 

3281
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:33,100
But here's what is truly 
fascinating ottoman? 

3282
02:57:33,100 --> 02:57:35,800
Women had far more say in their 
marriages than their European 

3283
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:39,100
counterparts. 
While English and French ladies 

3284
02:57:39,100 --> 02:57:41,800
were being traded like poker 
chips, ottoman, women, 

3285
02:57:41,800 --> 02:57:45,400
especially those of higher rank.
Could negotiate their marriage 

3286
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:48,700
contracts, specify their rights 
and even include divorce 

3287
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:51,600
clauses. 
Before prenuptial agreements, 

3288
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:54,800
gained popularity, ottoman. 
Women were crafting prenuptial 

3289
02:57:54,800 --> 02:57:57,900
agreements that would leave 
modern lawyers, envious The 

3290
02:57:57,900 --> 02:58:00,700
whole concubine system. 
While obviously problematic by. 

3291
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:03,600
Today's standards was actually 
more nuanced than most people 

3292
02:58:03,600 --> 02:58:06,400
realize. 
Many of these women wielded 

3293
02:58:06,400 --> 02:58:10,700
enormous influence accumulated, 
vast personal wealth and 

3294
02:58:10,700 --> 02:58:13,300
maintained their households 
after their formal relationships

3295
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:15,700
ended. 
Some became powerful business, 

3296
02:58:15,700 --> 02:58:19,800
women others, devoted themselves
to charitable works and quite a 

3297
02:58:19,800 --> 02:58:22,200
few, became the power behind 
various political movements. 

3298
02:58:23,100 --> 02:58:24,800
Rather than being passive 
victims. 

3299
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:27,500
These women actively 
participated in the process 

3300
02:58:27,500 --> 02:58:30,300
often outperforming their male 
counterparts. 

3301
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:33,400
The marriage ceremony is in the 
ottoman, Court, passed the 

3302
02:58:33,400 --> 02:58:35,100
Grandeur of modern Royal 
weddings. 

3303
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:38,300
We're talking weeklong 
celebrations, that involved the 

3304
02:58:38,308 --> 02:58:42,100
entire city, with processions, 
fireworks, and enough food to 

3305
02:58:42,100 --> 02:58:44,400
feed a small army. 
The bride's true. 

3306
02:58:44,400 --> 02:58:46,500
So alone could fund a military 
campaign. 

3307
02:58:46,500 --> 02:58:48,900
Featuring textiles from across 
the Empire. 

3308
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,700
Jewelry that required its 
security detail and household 

3309
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:55,800
items crafted by the finest 
artists in the known world. 

3310
02:58:56,900 --> 02:58:59,400
But the real drama happened 
after the wedding, when these 

3311
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:02,100
women had to navigate the 
intricate social hierarchies of 

3312
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:05,200
their new home's. 
An ottoman bride wasn't just 

3313
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:08,200
marrying a man. 
She was entering a complex web 

3314
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:12,600
of relationships with other 
wives children and extended 

3315
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:16,000
family members. 
Success, necessitated The 

3316
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,000
Diplomatic abilities of an 
ambassador, the forbearance of a

3317
02:59:19,008 --> 02:59:23,100
saint and the Strategic Acumen 
of a chess Grandmaster, the love

3318
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:26,500
letters that survive from this 
period are absolutely delicious.

3319
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:31,700
These women wrote with passion 
wit and sometimes a delightfully

3320
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:34,900
cutting sense of humor. 
One princess wrote to her 

3321
02:59:34,908 --> 02:59:36,500
husband during a military 
campaign. 

3322
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:39,700
The roses in our garden are 
blooming beautifully. 

3323
02:59:39,700 --> 02:59:42,200
Much like my affection for you 
though. 

3324
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:44,900
The roses require less 
maintenance and complained far 

3325
02:59:44,900 --> 02:59:48,000
less about the weather. 
Apparently, even Royal romance 

3326
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:49,500
came with a side of gentle 
teasing. 

3327
02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:53,500
Divorce while not common was 
possible and sometimes, 

3328
02:59:53,500 --> 02:59:56,700
surprisingly, amicable ottoman, 
women could retain their 

3329
02:59:56,700 --> 02:59:59,600
property their titles and often 
their influence. 

3330
02:59:59,600 --> 03:00:03,200
Some divorced Imperial wives 
went on to become major patron 

3331
03:00:03,200 --> 03:00:07,000
of the Arts, funding mosque's 
schools and charitable 

3332
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:10,100
foundations, They basically 
invented the concept of 

3333
03:00:10,100 --> 03:00:13,200
independent wealth and social 
influence after marriage, which 

3334
03:00:13,200 --> 03:00:15,200
wasn't exactly trending in 16th 
century. 

3335
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:18,800
Europe, the children from these 
marriages often became Bridges 

3336
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:20,600
between different cultures, and 
traditions. 

3337
03:00:21,500 --> 03:00:24,600
Ottoman princesses, who married 
into noble families across the 

3338
03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:27,900
Empire didn't just bring 
political alliances, they 

3339
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:32,100
brought language's, Customs 
artistic traditions in culinary 

3340
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:34,800
preferences that enrich the 
already diverse, ottoman, 

3341
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:37,300
cultural landscape. 
They were walking cultural 

3342
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:40,400
exchange programs. 
Minus the awkward Icebreaker 

3343
03:00:40,400 --> 03:00:42,800
activities. 
And let's not forget the 

3344
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:45,500
grandmothers. 
The former wives and mothers who

3345
03:00:45,500 --> 03:00:48,500
had successfully navigated 
Decades of Imperial politics. 

3346
03:00:49,500 --> 03:00:52,500
These women became the 
unofficial advisors the keepers 

3347
03:00:52,500 --> 03:00:56,100
of institutional memory and the 
ones who could gently or not. 

3348
03:00:56,100 --> 03:00:59,300
So gently remind everyone how 
things were supposed to work. 

3349
03:00:59,300 --> 03:01:02,800
They were living libraries of 
political wisdom relationship 

3350
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:06,300
advice and probably some truly 
spectacular gossip. 

3351
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:11,300
So tonight, as you're drifting 
off to sleep, remember that 

3352
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:14,200
ottoman love stories weren't 
just about passion and romance 

3353
03:01:14,200 --> 03:01:16,200
though. 
There was certainly plenty of 

3354
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:18,600
both. 
They were about women, who knew 

3355
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:22,100
that, love and politics could 
co-exist that the heart and mind

3356
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:24,800
could work together, and that 
writing your own rules about 

3357
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:26,200
relationships, could be 
revolutionary. 

3358
03:01:27,100 --> 03:01:28,500
That's one. 
Wander away from the palace now 

3359
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:30,700
and into the bustling heart of 
Ottoman Commodus. 

3360
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:33,300
A women were quietly, 
revolutionizing business 

3361
03:01:33,300 --> 03:01:36,300
practices while everyone else 
was arguing about trade routes 

3362
03:01:37,100 --> 03:01:39,700
grab your imaginary Market 
Basket because we're about to 

3363
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:41,900
discover that ottoman women 
basically invented on 

3364
03:01:41,908 --> 03:01:44,900
entrepreneurship centuries 
before anyone thought to call it

3365
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:47,300
that. 
The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul 

3366
03:01:47,300 --> 03:01:48,700
wasn't just a shopping 
destination. 

3367
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:52,000
It was the New York Stock 
Exchange, Silicon Valley and 

3368
03:01:52,000 --> 03:01:54,100
Wall Street. 
All rolled into one magnificent,

3369
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:58,700
aromatic Maze, and surprise. 
Women weren't just shopping 

3370
03:01:58,700 --> 03:02:00,400
there. 
They were running the show from 

3371
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:02,900
behind the scenes. 
Pulling strings like Master 

3372
03:02:02,900 --> 03:02:05,900
puppeteers, who happened to have
excellent taste in textiles, 

3373
03:02:05,900 --> 03:02:09,000
meet the two car hanim, the 
merchant women, who operated 

3374
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:11,800
trading networks, that spanned 
from Cairo to Crimea. 

3375
03:02:12,500 --> 03:02:15,000
These weren't small-time, 
shopkeepers selling trinkets to 

3376
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:18,200
tourists were talking about 
women who financed entire 

3377
03:02:18,200 --> 03:02:22,100
Caravans maintained warehouses 
across multiple continents and 

3378
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:25,000
could crash local economies 
simply by deciding, not to buy 

3379
03:02:25,000 --> 03:02:27,900
silk That season. 
They were the original Power 

3380
03:02:27,900 --> 03:02:31,000
Shoppers except they were 
shopping wholesale and their 

3381
03:02:31,000 --> 03:02:33,600
purchasing decisions affected in
international trade. 

3382
03:02:34,300 --> 03:02:37,100
The textile business was 
particularly dominated by women 

3383
03:02:37,100 --> 03:02:40,500
which makes perfect sense. 
When you think about it, who 

3384
03:02:40,500 --> 03:02:43,300
better to judge the quality of 
silk and someone who has been 

3385
03:02:43,308 --> 03:02:47,200
wearing it since childhood These
women developed quality control 

3386
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:49,400
standards that European guilds 
could not match. 

3387
03:02:49,400 --> 03:02:52,700
They could determine the origin 
of a piece of fabric by touch 

3388
03:02:52,700 --> 03:02:56,700
alone, spot in theory dies from 
across a crowded bizarre and 

3389
03:02:56,700 --> 03:02:59,600
negotiate prices that would make
modern corporate lawyers proud 

3390
03:03:00,700 --> 03:03:02,200
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

3391
03:03:02,200 --> 03:03:05,200
Many of these business, women 
were also major creditors. 

3392
03:03:05,200 --> 03:03:08,400
They loaned money to everyone 
from Village Merchants to 

3393
03:03:08,400 --> 03:03:11,500
provincial Governors and their 
record, keeping systems were so 

3394
03:03:11,500 --> 03:03:14,500
sophisticated that European 
banking houses, eventually 

3395
03:03:14,500 --> 03:03:17,800
adopted similar practices. 
They basically invented 

3396
03:03:17,800 --> 03:03:21,000
Commercial Banking, except with 
better customer service and 

3397
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:24,100
considerably more Style. 
The spice trade was another 

3398
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:27,400
female dominated Arena, which 
honestly makes perfect sense. 

3399
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:30,800
These women were knowledgeable 
about the freshness of cardamom 

3400
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:34,700
pods, the value of saffron, and 
the Art of blending spices to 

3401
03:03:34,700 --> 03:03:37,200
elevate ordinary meals into 
coloring masterpieces. 

3402
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:41,200
They created preservation 
techniques shipping methods and 

3403
03:03:41,200 --> 03:03:43,600
quality grading systems that 
remain in use today. 

3404
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:47,700
An ottoman spice Merchants could
track a products from a village 

3405
03:03:47,700 --> 03:03:51,100
in India to a kitchen, in Prague
surpassing the capabilities of 

3406
03:03:51,100 --> 03:03:54,700
modern Supply Chain management. 
The jewelry business was 

3407
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:58,800
practically a female Monopoly 
and for good reason, Ottoman. 

3408
03:03:58,800 --> 03:04:01,800
Women understood gems, not just 
as decorative objects, but as 

3409
03:04:01,800 --> 03:04:05,300
portable wealth, investment 
vehicles and insurance policies 

3410
03:04:05,300 --> 03:04:07,100
all rolled into one sparkly 
package. 

3411
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:10,700
They could appraise a ruby 
faster than modern gemologists 

3412
03:04:10,700 --> 03:04:13,900
create demand for specific 
Stones through strategic wearing

3413
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:17,000
at social events and time their 
sales to Market fluctuations 

3414
03:04:17,000 --> 03:04:19,300
with an accuracy that would 
impress. 

3415
03:04:19,300 --> 03:04:22,700
Any modern day trader. 
What's truly remarkable is how 

3416
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:24,800
these women balance their 
business Empires with their 

3417
03:04:24,800 --> 03:04:28,600
family responsibilities. 
Imagine managing import export 

3418
03:04:28,600 --> 03:04:31,400
operations across three 
continents, ensuring your 

3419
03:04:31,400 --> 03:04:34,400
daughter's wedding is adorned, 
with the finest Linens, your 

3420
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:37,600
son's education incorporates, 
the latest mathematical Concepts

3421
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:40,600
and your household functions 
smoothly enough to host 

3422
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:42,300
diplomatic dinners on short 
notice. 

3423
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:46,100
These women were the original 
multitaskers juggling 

3424
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:48,500
responsibilities that would 
overwhelm most modern 

3425
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:50,800
Executives. 
These business women's 

3426
03:04:50,800 --> 03:04:53,600
networking capabilities surpass.
Those of modern professional 

3427
03:04:53,600 --> 03:04:57,000
organizations, they maintained 
correspondents with female 

3428
03:04:57,000 --> 03:05:00,000
Merchants from Morocco to 
Malaysia sharing Market 

3429
03:05:00,000 --> 03:05:02,600
intelligence warning. 
Each other about dishonest 

3430
03:05:02,600 --> 03:05:05,900
dealers and coordinating prices 
to maintain profitable margins. 

3431
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:09,300
They had created an informal 
International Chamber of 

3432
03:05:09,300 --> 03:05:11,300
Commerce centuries. 
Before anyone thought to 

3433
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:14,900
formalize such organizations. 
Many of these women also became 

3434
03:05:14,900 --> 03:05:18,400
incredible philanthropists using
their wealth, to fund Public 

3435
03:05:18,400 --> 03:05:22,900
Works projects that benefited 
entire community's fountains 

3436
03:05:22,900 --> 03:05:26,300
that provided free water to 
Travelers established karavan. 

3437
03:05:26,300 --> 03:05:29,600
Sarai that offered safe lodging 
for merchants and funded schools

3438
03:05:29,600 --> 03:05:32,000
that educated children, 
regardless of their family's 

3439
03:05:32,000 --> 03:05:35,200
ability to pay They understood 
that successful business, 

3440
03:05:35,200 --> 03:05:38,500
required Healthy Communities, a 
concept that modern Corporate 

3441
03:05:38,500 --> 03:05:40,900
social responsibility. 
Programs are just beginning to 

3442
03:05:40,900 --> 03:05:43,500
ReDiscover. 
The ottoman system of private 

3443
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:46,100
property rights for women was 
revolutionary for its time, 

3444
03:05:46,100 --> 03:05:49,800
women could own businesses, 
outright inherit commercial 

3445
03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:52,800
properties, and pass their 
Enterprises to their daughters 

3446
03:05:52,800 --> 03:05:57,500
without male interference. 
This created dynasties of female

3447
03:05:57,500 --> 03:06:00,600
entrepreneurs that spanned 
generations with business 

3448
03:06:00,600 --> 03:06:03,300
knowledge and Trade Secrets 
passed down through maternal 

3449
03:06:03,300 --> 03:06:07,200
lines like family recipes and 
perhaps, most importantly, these

3450
03:06:07,200 --> 03:06:09,700
women proved that Commerce and 
culture weren't separate 

3451
03:06:09,700 --> 03:06:12,200
spheres. 
They were patrons of the Arts 

3452
03:06:12,200 --> 03:06:14,300
who commissioned beautiful 
objects that were all, so 

3453
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:17,400
functional trade goods. 
They understood that beauty and 

3454
03:06:17,400 --> 03:06:21,000
practicality could co-exist the 
successful business, could 

3455
03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:24,400
support cultural advancement and
that profit and principal were 

3456
03:06:24,400 --> 03:06:28,100
mutually exclusive. so as you're
settling in for the night, take 

3457
03:06:28,100 --> 03:06:30,500
a moment to appreciate these 
forgotten, pioneers of 

3458
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:33,800
international Commerce, They 
were building Global businesses 

3459
03:06:33,800 --> 03:06:37,100
while wearing fabulous clothes, 
maintaining loving families, and

3460
03:06:37,100 --> 03:06:39,600
contributing to their 
communities, all without a 

3461
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:42,200
single PowerPoint presentation 
or quarterly earnings call. 

3462
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:45,200
Now that's what I call work-life
balance. 

3463
03:06:45,200 --> 03:06:48,600
Let's dim the light a little and
settle into the literary salons 

3464
03:06:48,600 --> 03:06:51,700
and artistic workshops where 
ottoman women were quietly. 

3465
03:06:51,700 --> 03:06:54,500
Creating some of the most 
beautiful and influential Works 

3466
03:06:54,500 --> 03:06:57,900
in Islamic civilization, pour 
yourself another cup of tea 

3467
03:06:57,900 --> 03:07:00,800
because we're about to meet some
women who wielded brushes and 

3468
03:07:00,800 --> 03:07:02,800
pens like other people wielded 
swords. 

3469
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:07,300
Imagine walking into a room 
where poetry flows like wine 

3470
03:07:07,300 --> 03:07:10,500
where mathematical equations are
discussed with the same passion 

3471
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:13,800
as love sonnets and where the 
latest architectural plans are 

3472
03:07:13,800 --> 03:07:15,900
debated alongside philosophical 
treatises. 

3473
03:07:16,800 --> 03:07:19,000
This wasn't some fantasy 
literary Society. 

3474
03:07:19,000 --> 03:07:22,700
This was just Tuesday evening in
the household of any educated 

3475
03:07:22,700 --> 03:07:25,800
ottoman woman worth her 
embroidered, silk take Mary 

3476
03:07:25,800 --> 03:07:28,800
Houghton a 15th century poet, 
who wrote verses, so beautiful 

3477
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:31,400
that they're still quoted in 
Turkish literature classes 

3478
03:07:31,400 --> 03:07:34,100
today. 
However, it's important to note 

3479
03:07:34,100 --> 03:07:36,500
that she wasn't limited to 
writing about flowers and 

3480
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:38,700
unrequited love. 
Unlike a European 

3481
03:07:38,700 --> 03:07:42,000
contemporaries. 
She wrote sharp witty, social 

3482
03:07:42,000 --> 03:07:44,800
commentary that could slice 
through pretension, like a 

3483
03:07:44,800 --> 03:07:49,200
wellshop and cimatario. 
Poetry was so influential that 

3484
03:07:49,200 --> 03:07:51,900
it shaped literary movements 
across the ottoman territories 

3485
03:07:51,900 --> 03:07:55,100
and her love poems, were so 
steamy they probably made the 

3486
03:07:55,100 --> 03:07:57,900
sense as blush. 
But poetry was just the 

3487
03:07:57,900 --> 03:08:00,500
beginning. 
Ottoman women were accomplished 

3488
03:08:00,500 --> 03:08:03,500
calligraphers at a time when 
beautiful handwriting was 

3489
03:08:03,500 --> 03:08:05,500
considered. 
One of the highest art forms. 

3490
03:08:05,500 --> 03:08:09,200
They didn't just copy texts. 
They transformed them into 

3491
03:08:09,200 --> 03:08:11,800
visual masterpieces, where the 
words themselves became 

3492
03:08:11,800 --> 03:08:14,800
decorative elements. 
A single page of their work 

3493
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:17,300
could take months to complete 
with each letter. 

3494
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,200
Carefully crafted to create 
patterns that were both readable

3495
03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:23,900
and breathtakingly beautiful. 
The manuscripts, these women 

3496
03:08:23,900 --> 03:08:25,600
illuminated weren't just lovely 
books. 

3497
03:08:25,600 --> 03:08:28,200
They were the Medieval 
equivalent of multimedia 

3498
03:08:28,200 --> 03:08:31,600
presentations. 
They combined text illustration,

3499
03:08:31,600 --> 03:08:34,700
decorative elements, and 
sometimes even mathematical, 

3500
03:08:34,700 --> 03:08:36,800
diagrams into cohesive works of 
art. 

3501
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:40,500
Use women were essentially 
graphic designers working with 

3502
03:08:40,500 --> 03:08:44,300
gold leaf and crushed gemstones 
instead of Photoshop and their 

3503
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:46,200
Creations have survived 
centuries. 

3504
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:49,700
While most digital art from 20 
years ago, is already obsolete. 

3505
03:08:49,700 --> 03:08:53,600
Music was another realm where 
ottoman excelled though? 

3506
03:08:53,600 --> 03:08:56,200
They face the Intriguing 
challenge of performing in a 

3507
03:08:56,208 --> 03:08:58,800
culture that valued privacy. 
So what did they do? 

3508
03:08:58,800 --> 03:09:02,200
They created intimate musical 
Traditions that flourished in 

3509
03:09:02,200 --> 03:09:05,800
private spaces, they composed 
pieces, specifically for small, 

3510
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:09,100
Gatherings developed, new 
instrumental techniques suited 

3511
03:09:09,100 --> 03:09:12,200
to domestic setting and passed 
down, musical knowledge through 

3512
03:09:12,200 --> 03:09:14,900
female only networks that 
preserve traditions for 

3513
03:09:14,900 --> 03:09:18,000
centuries. 
The mathematical achievements of

3514
03:09:18,000 --> 03:09:20,900
Ottoman women are particularly 
impressive, mainly because 

3515
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:23,300
nobody expected them to be 
interested in numbers. 

3516
03:09:23,300 --> 03:09:26,500
These women, studied astronomy, 
not just for intellectual 

3517
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:28,700
curiosity. 
But, because understanding 

3518
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:32,500
Celestial movements was crucial 
for everything from agricultural

3519
03:09:32,500 --> 03:09:35,900
planning to navigation, Some 
became skilled enough to 

3520
03:09:35,900 --> 03:09:38,200
calculate prayer times for their
entire regions. 

3521
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:41,700
Create accurate calendars, and 
even predict eclipses with 

3522
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:45,300
remarkable Precision, despite 
the apparent male dominance in 

3523
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:48,200
the field of architecture, 
ottoman, women were responsible 

3524
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:50,800
for commissioning and designing 
buildings that continue to 

3525
03:09:50,800 --> 03:09:53,800
astonish today. 
They didn't just hire Architects

3526
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:57,400
and say, make it pretty. 
They were intimately involved in

3527
03:09:57,400 --> 03:10:00,600
every detail from the 
mathematical proportions that 

3528
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:03,200
created perfect. 
Acoustics to the decorative 

3529
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:05,500
programs that told complex 
symbolic stories. 

3530
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:09,500
The Miramar, Sultan mosque in 
Istanbul, for example, was 

3531
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:12,300
designed to align with the Sun. 
So that on the anniversary of 

3532
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:15,400
The Sultans birth, daylight 
would illuminate the interior in

3533
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:18,500
a specific pattern, that's not 
just architecture. 

3534
03:10:18,500 --> 03:10:21,700
That's poetry written in stone 
and sunlight. 

3535
03:10:22,600 --> 03:10:25,600
The textile Arts reached levels 
of sophistication under ottoman 

3536
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:28,300
women, that modern factories 
still struggle to match. 

3537
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:32,000
They developed weaving 
techniques that created Fabrics.

3538
03:10:32,000 --> 03:10:34,800
So fine, they seem to float 
dying methods. 

3539
03:10:34,800 --> 03:10:37,900
That produced colors of 
impossible, vibrancy an 

3540
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:40,700
embroidery patterns so complex, 
they required mathematical 

3541
03:10:40,700 --> 03:10:42,500
understanding to execute 
properly. 

3542
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:47,000
A single ottoman Court kaftan, 
might contain more artistic and 

3543
03:10:47,000 --> 03:10:50,400
Technical Innovation than most 
Contemporary Art installations. 

3544
03:10:50,400 --> 03:10:54,400
But perhaps most remarkably, 
these women understood that art 

3545
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:56,200
and learning weren't separate 
from daily life. 

3546
03:10:56,200 --> 03:10:59,800
They were integral to it. 
They taught their children to 

3547
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:02,800
appreciate Beauty alongside 
practical skills. 

3548
03:11:02,800 --> 03:11:06,600
Integrated artistic elements 
into everyday objects and 

3549
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:09,300
created environments, where 
creative, and intellectual 

3550
03:11:09,300 --> 03:11:13,400
curiosity was simply part of the
family culture, the library, 

3551
03:11:13,400 --> 03:11:16,100
these women established weren't 
just collections of books. 

3552
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:18,800
They were community centers 
where knowledge was shared 

3553
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:22,100
across social boundaries. 
They funded copying projects 

3554
03:11:22,100 --> 03:11:25,700
that preserved, ancient texts 
sponsored translations that made

3555
03:11:25,700 --> 03:11:28,800
foreign knowledge accessible and
maintained correspondence with 

3556
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:32,700
Scholars across the known world.
They were essentially running 

3557
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:36,100
early version of research 
universities, except with better

3558
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:38,200
food and more comfortable 
seating. 

3559
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:41,700
Many of these women also became 
accomplished Physicians, 

3560
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:44,900
combining traditional knowledge 
with new medical discoveries. 

3561
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:48,400
They maintain detailed records 
of their treatments developed 

3562
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:51,400
new remedies and trained other 
women in Medical Arts. 

3563
03:11:51,400 --> 03:11:55,100
Some specialized in women's 
health, others in Pediatrics. 

3564
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:57,800
And a few became renowned for 
their surgical skills. 

3565
03:11:57,800 --> 03:12:01,400
They understood that healing was
both an art and a science. 

3566
03:12:01,400 --> 03:12:05,000
Requiring, not just technical 
knowledge, but also intuitive 

3567
03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:08,700
understanding of human nature. 
What strikes me most about these

3568
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:11,300
ottoman women artists and 
Scholars is their confidence. 

3569
03:12:12,000 --> 03:12:14,500
They didn't apologize for their 
intelligence or hide their 

3570
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:18,000
accomplishments. 
They sign their Works engaged in

3571
03:12:18,000 --> 03:12:21,500
public debates and claimed their
place intellectual Traditions 

3572
03:12:21,500 --> 03:12:24,000
with the kind of bold assurance 
that modern women are still 

3573
03:12:24,000 --> 03:12:27,400
fighting to achieve. 
So tonight, as your drifting 

3574
03:12:27,400 --> 03:12:30,400
towards sleep, remember these 
women who understood that beauty

3575
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:34,400
and knowledge were not luxuries,
but Necessities that creativity 

3576
03:12:34,400 --> 03:12:36,000
and intellect could flourish 
together. 

3577
03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:39,200
And that the most lasting 
revolution's are often fought 

3578
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:43,000
with brushes pens and the 
radical Act of refusing to be 

3579
03:12:43,000 --> 03:12:46,500
anything less than brilliant. 
Now, recline comfortably as we 

3580
03:12:46,500 --> 03:12:49,400
delve into the ways, ottoman 
women transform their religious 

3581
03:12:49,400 --> 03:12:53,900
devotion into a potent Force for
social transformation, fostering

3582
03:12:53,900 --> 03:12:57,200
communities, and providing 
support to the vulnerable with a

3583
03:12:57,200 --> 03:12:58,400
refinement. 
That would impress any 

3584
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:00,300
contemporary nonprofit 
organization. 

3585
03:13:01,100 --> 03:13:03,800
These women, understood that 
faith without action was like 

3586
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:07,900
tea without warmth. 
Technically still tea but 

3587
03:13:07,900 --> 03:13:11,800
missing the whole point. the 
concept of charitable giving in 

3588
03:13:11,800 --> 03:13:15,100
Islamic tradition, provided 
ottoman, women, with a unique 

3589
03:13:15,100 --> 03:13:18,300
opportunity to exercise public 
influence while maintaining 

3590
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:21,300
their religious and social 
standing They took this 

3591
03:13:21,300 --> 03:13:24,500
opportunity and ran with it. 
Like marathon runners who happen

3592
03:13:24,500 --> 03:13:26,700
to be carrying purses full of 
gold coins. 

3593
03:13:26,700 --> 03:13:29,800
The scale of their charitable 
Works was staggering. 

3594
03:13:29,800 --> 03:13:32,700
We're talking about social 
programs that supported entire 

3595
03:13:32,700 --> 03:13:37,400
communities for Generations. 
Consider goulash Sultan who in 

3596
03:13:37,408 --> 03:13:39,300
the early 18th century 
established. 

3597
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:41,900
One of the most comprehensive 
charitable foundations in 

3598
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:45,500
ottoman history. 
Hercules, a charitable complex 

3599
03:13:45,500 --> 03:13:49,700
included, a mosque, a school, a 
hospital, a caravan Sarah for 

3600
03:13:49,700 --> 03:13:53,000
travelers kitchens for the poor 
and workshops for artists. 

3601
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:57,200
It was basically a One-Stop 
Social Services Center that 

3602
03:13:57,200 --> 03:14:00,000
provided everything from 
emergency medical care to job. 

3603
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:02,300
Training all funded and managed 
by one. 

3604
03:14:02,300 --> 03:14:05,600
Remarkably organized woman who 
apparently never met a social 

3605
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:07,300
problem. 
She couldn't solve with careful 

3606
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:10,900
planning and generous funding. 
The hospital system, these women

3607
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:14,200
developed was revolutionary for 
its time, these women were not 

3608
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:16,900
merely constructing a place for 
the sick to lie down and hope 

3609
03:14:16,900 --> 03:14:19,500
for Recovery. 
Instead, they were establishing 

3610
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:22,300
medical institutions equipped 
with specialized departments 

3611
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:25,600
skilled staff and Cutting Edge 
treatment methods. 

3612
03:14:26,300 --> 03:14:28,700
Some of these hospitals had 
separate wings for different, 

3613
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:32,600
ailments libraries for medical 
research and even music therapy 

3614
03:14:32,600 --> 03:14:34,300
programs. 
Because these women understood 

3615
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:36,500
that healing involved more than 
just physical treatment. 

3616
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:39,700
But here's what's really 
impressive, the financial 

3617
03:14:39,700 --> 03:14:42,900
management systems they created 
to sustain these charitable 

3618
03:14:42,900 --> 03:14:45,300
works. 
These weren't just one time 

3619
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:47,900
donations. 
They were endowments designed to

3620
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:51,500
generate income in perpetuity 
these women were essentially 

3621
03:14:51,500 --> 03:14:54,400
creating sustainable funding 
models for social programs. 

3622
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,400
Complete with Diversified 
investment portfolios, 

3623
03:14:57,400 --> 03:15:00,600
Professional Management 
structures and accountability. 

3624
03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:03,600
Measures that ensure their 
charitable intentions will be 

3625
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:06,600
carried out long after they were
gone, the educational 

3626
03:15:06,600 --> 03:15:08,500
institutions. 
They founded were particularly 

3627
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:11,200
groundbreaking while Europe was 
still debating. 

3628
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:13,900
Whether women should learn to 
read ottoman women were 

3629
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:16,900
establishing schools that taught
everything from basic literacy, 

3630
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:20,500
to advanced mathematics, often 
to students regardless of their 

3631
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:23,800
ability to pay. 
They understood that educational

3632
03:15:23,800 --> 03:15:26,800
was the most effective form of 
Charity because it gave people 

3633
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:29,500
tools to improve their 
circumstances rather than just 

3634
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:32,300
temporary relief. 
Many of these charitable 

3635
03:15:32,300 --> 03:15:35,000
foundations, specifically 
focused on supporting other 

3636
03:15:35,000 --> 03:15:37,700
women and children. 
They provided dowries, for 

3637
03:15:37,708 --> 03:15:41,700
orphaned girls job, training for
widows childcare for working, 

3638
03:15:41,700 --> 03:15:44,500
mothers and safe. 
Shelter for women, fleeing 

3639
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:47,700
difficult situations, they 
created support networks, that 

3640
03:15:47,700 --> 03:15:51,400
function like early versions of 
social safety nets, except these

3641
03:15:51,400 --> 03:15:54,000
were funded by voluntary 
contributions and managed by 

3642
03:15:54,008 --> 03:15:56,500
people who actually understood 
the needs of their communities. 

3643
03:15:56,500 --> 03:16:00,000
The soup kitchens called 
Emirates that these women 

3644
03:16:00,000 --> 03:16:03,000
established weren't just places 
where hungry people could get a 

3645
03:16:03,000 --> 03:16:05,200
meal. 
They were community centers that

3646
03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:08,500
served hot food to anyone who 
showed up regardless of their 

3647
03:16:08,500 --> 03:16:10,900
religion, ethnicity or social 
status. 

3648
03:16:11,700 --> 03:16:15,600
Some served thousands of meals 
daily with menus that varied 

3649
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:17,100
according to season and 
availability. 

3650
03:16:18,000 --> 03:16:20,700
These women understood that 
dignity was as important as 

3651
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:23,300
nutrition. 
So they created spaces that 

3652
03:16:23,300 --> 03:16:25,600
treated every visitor with 
respect and care. 

3653
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:29,700
The Public Works projects funded
by ottoman, women's charitable 

3654
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:31,900
foundation's transformed entire 
cities. 

3655
03:16:31,900 --> 03:16:34,800
They built fountains that 
provided clean water to 

3656
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:38,200
neighborhoods bridges, that 
connected communities roads, 

3657
03:16:38,200 --> 03:16:41,500
that facilitated trade and 
public baths that promoted 

3658
03:16:41,500 --> 03:16:44,300
health and hygiene They 
understood that individual 

3659
03:16:44,300 --> 03:16:47,300
charity was important, but 
systemic improvements could 

3660
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:49,100
benefit everyone for 
Generations. 

3661
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,200
What's particularly remarkable 
is how these women balance their

3662
03:16:53,200 --> 03:16:56,200
charitable works with their 
family responsibilities and 

3663
03:16:56,200 --> 03:16:59,200
social obligations. 
They weren't choosing between 

3664
03:16:59,200 --> 03:17:01,200
personal happiness and public 
service. 

3665
03:17:01,200 --> 03:17:04,800
They were integrating both into 
lives that were remarkably full 

3666
03:17:04,800 --> 03:17:07,300
and purposeful. 
They manage charitable 

3667
03:17:07,300 --> 03:17:09,000
foundations. 
While raising children 

3668
03:17:09,000 --> 03:17:12,600
maintained social relationships,
while overseeing construction 

3669
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:15,800
projects and fulfilled religious
obligations while 

3670
03:17:15,800 --> 03:17:18,000
revolutionizing community 
supports systems. 

3671
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:21,500
The pilgrimage facilities, these
women established deserves 

3672
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,600
special mention. 
They built Caravan stories along

3673
03:17:24,600 --> 03:17:27,700
pilgrimage routes that provided 
free lodging meals and medical 

3674
03:17:27,700 --> 03:17:29,700
care to Travelers making the 
Hajj to Mecca. 

3675
03:17:30,500 --> 03:17:33,400
These weren't just hostels. 
They were full-service Travel 

3676
03:17:33,400 --> 03:17:36,400
Centers with Veterinary, Care 
for Animals, Securities for 

3677
03:17:36,400 --> 03:17:39,600
valuable goods and guides 
familiar with local conditions. 

3678
03:17:40,500 --> 03:17:42,400
They understood that 
facilitating religious 

3679
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:44,500
obligation was itself, a form of
worship. 

3680
03:17:45,500 --> 03:17:47,900
Many of these women also became 
renowned for their personal 

3681
03:17:47,900 --> 03:17:51,400
accessibility to people in need.
They maintained regular 

3682
03:17:51,400 --> 03:17:54,700
audience's, where anyone could 
petition for help advice or 

3683
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:58,000
intervention? 
They listen to family disputes 

3684
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:01,500
mediated business conflicts and 
provided Counsel on everything 

3685
03:18:01,500 --> 03:18:03,900
from marriage problems to Career
decisions. 

3686
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:07,400
They were essentially serving as
informal social workers 

3687
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:11,300
therapists and career counselors
for their entire communities. 

3688
03:18:12,800 --> 03:18:14,600
The Interfaith cooperation 
fostered. 

3689
03:18:14,600 --> 03:18:17,400
By these charitable Works was 
remarkable for any era. 

3690
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:20,000
Ottoman. 
Women's Foundation served people

3691
03:18:20,000 --> 03:18:23,300
of all religious, backgrounds 
employed staff from diverse 

3692
03:18:23,300 --> 03:18:26,800
communities and created spaces, 
where different Traditions could

3693
03:18:26,800 --> 03:18:30,300
co-exist peacefully. 
They understood that effective, 

3694
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:34,000
charity required setting aside 
theological differences in favor

3695
03:18:34,000 --> 03:18:37,800
of shared Humanity. 
Perhaps most importantly, these 

3696
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,300
women created models of 
leadership that emphasize 

3697
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:43,300
service rather than power 
collaboration, rather than 

3698
03:18:43,300 --> 03:18:46,700
competition and long-term 
Community benefit rather than 

3699
03:18:46,700 --> 03:18:50,200
short-term personal gain. 
They proved that religious 

3700
03:18:50,200 --> 03:18:53,300
devotion and social action could
work together to create positive

3701
03:18:53,300 --> 03:18:55,200
change. 
That wealth came with 

3702
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:57,200
responsibilities, as well as 
Privileges. 

3703
03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,100
And that the most lasting 
monuments are often the ones 

3704
03:19:00,100 --> 03:19:02,100
that improve daily life for 
ordinary people. 

3705
03:19:02,100 --> 03:19:05,500
So as you're preparing for sleep
tonight, take comfort in knowing

3706
03:19:05,500 --> 03:19:08,900
that centuries ago, women were 
working tirelessly to create 

3707
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:12,600
communities where everyone had 
access to food, shelter, 

3708
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:16,300
education and medical care. 
They understood that Faith, 

3709
03:19:16,300 --> 03:19:19,200
required action that privileged 
demanded service. 

3710
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,200
And that the best way to honor 
Divine blessings was to share 

3711
03:19:22,200 --> 03:19:25,200
them generously with others as 
we reach the end of our journey 

3712
03:19:25,200 --> 03:19:27,300
through the remarkable world of 
Ottoman women. 

3713
03:19:27,300 --> 03:19:31,200
Let's pull back the curtains on 
history is Grand estate and see 

3714
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:34,300
how these extraordinary women 
influence not just their own 

3715
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:38,500
time but ours as well. 
Pour yourself one last cup of 

3716
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:42,000
that evening tea because their 
legacy is far more present in 

3717
03:19:42,000 --> 03:19:43,600
our modern world than you might 
imagine. 

3718
03:19:44,800 --> 03:19:47,900
The Diplomatic networks, these 
women created didn't disappear 

3719
03:19:47,900 --> 03:19:51,500
when the Ottoman Empire ended. 
They evolved into the informal 

3720
03:19:51,500 --> 03:19:54,200
cultural exchanges that still 
connect communities across 

3721
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:55,700
former ottoman territories 
today. 

3722
03:19:56,800 --> 03:19:59,300
When you taste authentic, 
Turkish coffee in a Bosnian 

3723
03:19:59,300 --> 03:20:03,900
Cafe, admire geometric patterns 
in Moroccan tile work or hear 

3724
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:07,200
certain melodic structures in 
Greek folk music your 

3725
03:20:07,200 --> 03:20:09,000
experiencing the lasting 
influence of women, who 

3726
03:20:09,000 --> 03:20:12,100
understood that culture travels 
along relationship networks more

3727
03:20:12,100 --> 03:20:14,600
effectively than through. 
Any official channels. 

3728
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:18,000
The business practices pioneered
by ottoman Merchants. 

3729
03:20:18,000 --> 03:20:20,700
Women became foundational 
elements of international 

3730
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:24,700
Commerce, their understanding of
quality control customer service

3731
03:20:24,700 --> 03:20:28,500
and Market diversification 
influence trading practices 

3732
03:20:28,500 --> 03:20:31,800
across the Mediterranean and 
Beyond some of the commercial 

3733
03:20:31,800 --> 03:20:34,200
families, they established 
continued operating for 

3734
03:20:34,200 --> 03:20:38,200
centuries adapting to changing 
political circumstances while 

3735
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:41,700
maintaining the core principles 
of ethical dealing and Community

3736
03:20:41,700 --> 03:20:43,200
investment. 
That, these women had 

3737
03:20:43,200 --> 03:20:47,200
established Modern feminism was 
more to these ottoman women than

3738
03:20:47,200 --> 03:20:50,100
most people realize, though, the
connections aren't always 

3739
03:20:50,100 --> 03:20:52,400
obvious. 
There are assumption that women 

3740
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:55,300
could own property management 
businesses influence politics 

3741
03:20:55,300 --> 03:20:57,900
and contribute to intellectual 
life created presidents. 

3742
03:20:57,900 --> 03:21:00,900
That later reformers could point
to when our argue for women's 

3743
03:21:00,900 --> 03:21:03,400
rights. 
They proved that female 

3744
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:07,100
intelligence and capability, 
were Radical new Concepts, they 

3745
03:21:07,100 --> 03:21:09,800
were historical realities that 
had been temporarily forgotten 

3746
03:21:09,800 --> 03:21:14,600
rather than recently discovered.
The educational institutions, 

3747
03:21:14,600 --> 03:21:17,600
they founded evolved into some 
of the most prestigious schools 

3748
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:21,100
and universities in the modern 
Middle East and Balkans the 

3749
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:23,000
libraries. 
They established safeguarded 

3750
03:21:23,000 --> 03:21:25,900
manuscripts and knowledge that 
the political upheavals of the 

3751
03:21:25,900 --> 03:21:30,000
19th and 20th, centuries might 
have otherwise erased their 

3752
03:21:30,000 --> 03:21:32,300
understanding that education 
should be accessible, regardless

3753
03:21:32,300 --> 03:21:36,300
of family background influenced 
later, educational reforms the 

3754
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:39,800
region, But perhaps most 
importantly, these women 

3755
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:42,700
demonstrated that power could be
exercised with grace. 

3756
03:21:42,700 --> 03:21:46,100
That wealth could be managed 
with generosity and that 

3757
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:48,800
influence could be used for 
Community benefit rather than 

3758
03:21:48,800 --> 03:21:52,200
personal aggrandizement. 
In an era when political 

3759
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:55,700
leadership, often seems divorced
from moral consideration, their 

3760
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:58,400
example of combining Authority 
with the responsibility. 

3761
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:01,600
Feels remarkably relevant, the 
architectural Legacy is 

3762
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:04,300
impossible to ignore. 
Building's commissioned by 

3763
03:22:04,300 --> 03:22:07,500
ottoman, still dominate skylines
from Istanbul to Damascus. 

3764
03:22:07,500 --> 03:22:10,900
The elegant dome's and graceful,
minarets serving as daily 

3765
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:13,900
reminders, that beauty and 
function can co-exist perfectly.

3766
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:17,900
Modern Architects, still study 
their use of light space and 

3767
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:20,300
proportion. 
Finding inspiration in design 

3768
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,300
principles developed by women. 
Who understood that building 

3769
03:22:23,300 --> 03:22:26,000
should nurture the human Spirit 
as well as serve practical 

3770
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:28,500
needs. 
The charitable foundations, they

3771
03:22:28,500 --> 03:22:31,400
established created models that 
influenced later development of 

3772
03:22:31,400 --> 03:22:34,200
Social Services throughout the 
former ottoman territories. 

3773
03:22:34,200 --> 03:22:37,400
Their understanding that 
effective charity, required 

3774
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:40,500
sustainable funding professional
management and Community input 

3775
03:22:40,500 --> 03:22:44,900
helped shape modern approaches 
to non-profit organizations Some

3776
03:22:44,900 --> 03:22:47,300
of their original foundations 
are still operating today. 

3777
03:22:47,300 --> 03:22:51,100
Nearly half a millennium after 
their establishment, a testament

3778
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:52,600
to the foresight of their 
founders. 

3779
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:56,900
What most profoundly impresses 
me about these women is their 

3780
03:22:56,900 --> 03:22:59,300
ability to be both contemporary 
and innovative. 

3781
03:23:00,000 --> 03:23:02,400
They worked within the 
constraints and opportunities of

3782
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:05,300
their historical moment while 
consistently pushing boundaries 

3783
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:08,800
and expanding possibilities. 
They understood that change, 

3784
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:11,700
often happens, gradually through
the accumulation of small 

3785
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:14,700
Innovations, and incremental 
expansions of what, considered 

3786
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:17,900
normal or acceptable. 
There are problem, solving 

3787
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:21,100
remains remarkably relevant. 
They combined practical 

3788
03:23:21,100 --> 03:23:23,800
intelligence with creative 
thinking used available 

3789
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:27,000
resources efficiently while 
maintaining high standards and 

3790
03:23:27,000 --> 03:23:28,600
understood that lasting 
Solutions. 

3791
03:23:28,600 --> 03:23:31,500
Usually required building 
consensus rather than imposing 

3792
03:23:31,500 --> 03:23:34,400
change through fourth. 
They were natural systems 

3793
03:23:34,400 --> 03:23:36,700
thinkers, who could seek 
connections and long-term 

3794
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:40,200
consequences that others missed 
The cultural synthesis. 

3795
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:43,500
They fostered blending 
influences from a Empire while 

3796
03:23:43,500 --> 03:23:45,700
maintaining distinctive local 
characteristics. 

3797
03:23:45,700 --> 03:23:48,800
Offers lessons for our 
increasingly connected, but 

3798
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:51,900
culturally anxious world. 
They proved that diversity, 

3799
03:23:51,900 --> 03:23:54,500
could be a source of strength 
rather than division that 

3800
03:23:54,500 --> 03:23:56,600
different Traditions. 
Could enrich each other without 

3801
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:59,300
losing their essential 
characteristics and that 

3802
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:02,500
Cosmopolitan sophistication 
could co-exist with deep local 

3803
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:05,600
roots. 
Perhaps most encouragingly these

3804
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:08,300
women remind us that individual 
action can have far-reaching 

3805
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:11,700
historical consequences. 
They didn't wait for permission 

3806
03:24:11,700 --> 03:24:15,300
to build hospitals established 
schools or create businesses. 

3807
03:24:15,300 --> 03:24:19,100
They are identified needs 
developed Solutions and 

3808
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:21,600
implemented changes. 
Using what ever resources and 

3809
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:25,300
Authority they could access They
understood that history is made 

3810
03:24:25,300 --> 03:24:28,000
by people who decide to act 
rather than wait for ideal 

3811
03:24:28,000 --> 03:24:30,200
circumstances. 
Their lives. 

3812
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:32,400
Also demonstrate, that 
fulfillment comes from using 

3813
03:24:32,400 --> 03:24:33,700
whatever talents and 
opportunities. 

3814
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:37,100
You have to contribute something
meaningful to the world around 

3815
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:39,000
you. 
Whether they were writing, 

3816
03:24:39,000 --> 03:24:42,600
poetry managing, trade networks 
designing buildings or caring 

3817
03:24:42,600 --> 03:24:44,700
for the sick. 
They approach their work with 

3818
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:48,600
dedication intelligence and a 
deep sense of purpose that made 

3819
03:24:48,600 --> 03:24:50,900
their activities feel 
significant rather than merely 

3820
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:53,000
busy. 
So, as you're drifting off to 

3821
03:24:53,000 --> 03:24:56,200
sleep tonight, carry with you, 
the knowledge that centuries 

3822
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:59,700
ago, women were living fully 
realized lives, building 

3823
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:04,000
businesses, creating art shaping
politics and caring for their 

3824
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:06,600
communities with a confidence 
and competence that still 

3825
03:25:06,600 --> 03:25:09,900
inspires they face different 
challenges than we do. 

3826
03:25:09,900 --> 03:25:13,500
But their fundamental approach 
to life, combining ambition, 

3827
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:16,800
with compassion intelligence, 
with wisdom and personal 

3828
03:25:16,800 --> 03:25:20,400
fulfillment with social 
contribution remains as relevant

3829
03:25:20,400 --> 03:25:23,000
today. 
As it was 500 years ago, their 

3830
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:27,400
legacy Whispers that you too can
live boldly think creatively and

3831
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:30,800
leave the world a little better 
than you found it. and really, 

3832
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:34,900
What better thought, could there
be to carry into your dreams and

3833
03:25:34,900 --> 03:25:37,500
that Timeless reminder, that 
extraordinary lives are built 

3834
03:25:37,508 --> 03:25:41,300
from ordinary days, lived, with 
purpose Grace, and just enough 

3835
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:43,900
for DACA to believe that changes
always possible. 

3836
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:53,300
Imagine yourself standing on a 
frozen ocean that stretches 

3837
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:56,800
Beyond the Horizon in every 
direction with the sun on a 

3838
03:25:56,800 --> 03:26:00,300
four-month vacation. 
There is no gentle Dawn to wake 

3839
03:26:00,300 --> 03:26:02,600
you up. 
No Sunset to Signal bedtime. 

3840
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:05,900
Just an endless Twilight that 
leaves you questioning whether 

3841
03:26:05,900 --> 03:26:09,200
you've accidentally broke in 
time itself, welcome to the 

3842
03:26:09,200 --> 03:26:12,600
polar night, where Arctic 
explorers from the 1800s and 

3843
03:26:12,600 --> 03:26:15,700
early 1900s. 
Learned that surviving winter 

3844
03:26:15,700 --> 03:26:18,900
meant mastering the art of 
sleeping when your body had 

3845
03:26:18,900 --> 03:26:21,900
absolutely no idea what time it 
was supposed to be. 

3846
03:26:21,900 --> 03:26:24,800
These were not your typical 
camping trips where you could 

3847
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:27,300
just check your phone for the 
weather, forecast and head home.

3848
03:26:27,300 --> 03:26:30,800
If things got dicey once the ice
locked, their ships in place, 

3849
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:33,700
they were committed to riding 
out the darkness like passengers

3850
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:35,700
on the world's most 
uncomfortable cruise ship. 

3851
03:26:36,500 --> 03:26:39,300
The thing about Poland is that 
it doesn't just mean dark. 

3852
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,000
It means your circadian rhythm 
that. 

3853
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:45,600
Internal clock, that tells you 
when to feel sleepy gets tossed 

3854
03:26:45,600 --> 03:26:49,100
around like a snow globe in a 
blizzard, imagine trying to 

3855
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:50,600
maintain a normal sleep 
schedule. 

3856
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:54,000
When your brain keeps insisting,
it's either perpetually Dawn or 

3857
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,800
perpetually midnight, depending 
on its mood, that day. 

3858
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:00,100
However, this is where the 
situation becomes intriguing. 

3859
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:03,900
These explorers did not simply 
Retreat to a corner and wait the

3860
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:07,100
arrival of spring. 
They developed a labret routines

3861
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:09,600
and rituals around sleep. 
That would make a luxury hotel 

3862
03:27:09,600 --> 03:27:13,500
concierge jealous. 
They had to because proper rest 

3863
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:15,900
met the difference between 
waking up refreshed and ready to

3864
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:19,200
chip ice off the ship's, Hull or
waking up so disoriented, you 

3865
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:22,600
might try to put your boots on 
your hands, take the crew of HMS

3866
03:27:22,600 --> 03:27:25,400
Erebus and Terror during 
Franklin's Expedition all the 

3867
03:27:25,408 --> 03:27:29,200
men, aboard announcements Fram. 
They discovered that creating 

3868
03:27:29,200 --> 03:27:32,000
artificial rhythms was like 
teaching your body a new dance 

3869
03:27:32,000 --> 03:27:36,200
awkward at first but eventually 
it would catch on ships. 

3870
03:27:36,200 --> 03:27:39,500
Bells became their metronome, 
marking time in a world where 

3871
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:41,600
natural time a temporarily 
ceased to exist. 

3872
03:27:42,500 --> 03:27:45,200
The sleeping quarters themselves
were marvels of cramped 

3873
03:27:45,200 --> 03:27:47,900
Ingenuity picture. 
Trying to design a bedroom 

3874
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:51,200
inside, a wooden ice box that's 
constantly creaking and groaning

3875
03:27:51,200 --> 03:27:54,900
as ice precious squeezes, the 
hull your bedroom might be a 

3876
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,100
space, no, bigger than a modern 
walking closet shared with two 

3877
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:00,600
or three other, explorers who 
probably hadn't had a proper 

3878
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:04,600
bath in months. 
Romance was not in the are more 

3879
03:28:04,600 --> 03:28:07,900
like a mixed of unwashed wool, 
seal oil and that particular 

3880
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:10,900
mustiness that develops, when 
damp things never quite have the

3881
03:28:10,900 --> 03:28:14,200
chance to dry out. 
The beds themselves were often 

3882
03:28:14,200 --> 03:28:17,200
just wooden frames with rope or 
canvas stretched across them 

3883
03:28:17,200 --> 03:28:19,700
layered, with whatever they 
could acquire for padding. 

3884
03:28:20,500 --> 03:28:23,100
Some Expeditions were lucky 
enough to have proper mattresses

3885
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:26,000
stuffed, with horse, hero 
cotton, but more often than not,

3886
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:28,600
you were sleeping on a 
collection of Blanket's Furs and

3887
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:30,800
what ever you won't currently 
wearing. 

3888
03:28:31,600 --> 03:28:33,700
It was like playing Tetris with 
your comfort level. 

3889
03:28:33,700 --> 03:28:36,600
How many layers could you add 
before you couldn't actually 

3890
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:39,500
move? 
Speaking of layers, the clothing

3891
03:28:39,500 --> 03:28:42,700
situation presented, its own 
unique challenges, you couldn't 

3892
03:28:42,700 --> 03:28:45,200
just strip down to your pajamas 
when the temperature inside your

3893
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:47,800
shelter, hovered around freezing
on a good day. 

3894
03:28:47,800 --> 03:28:51,800
Instead explorers developed a 
complex system of removing just 

3895
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:53,400
enough clothing to avoid 
overheating. 

3896
03:28:53,400 --> 03:28:56,300
While keeping enough on to 
prevent becoming a popsicle. 

3897
03:28:56,300 --> 03:29:00,900
If the heat Source failed during
the night, The unexpected thing,

3898
03:29:00,900 --> 03:29:03,600
about all these discomfort is 
that it created a strange kind 

3899
03:29:03,600 --> 03:29:06,100
of camaraderie. 
When everyone is equally 

3900
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:09,500
miserable and equally determined
to survive, you develop a shared

3901
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:12,300
sense of humor about the 
absurdity of your situation. 

3902
03:29:13,000 --> 03:29:15,300
These men would write in their 
journals about the particular 

3903
03:29:15,300 --> 03:29:18,500
Art of Getting comfortable. 
When comfortable was purely a 

3904
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:21,500
relative term, like being the 
warmest person in a meat 

3905
03:29:21,500 --> 03:29:24,900
freezer, Now let's discuss the 
evening routine of an Arctic 

3906
03:29:24,900 --> 03:29:28,200
Explorer because getting ready 
for bed in the polar night was 

3907
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:31,400
less like your modern ritual of 
brushing teeth and more like 

3908
03:29:31,400 --> 03:29:33,800
preparing for a delicate, 
scientific experiment. 

3909
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:37,900
First there was the question of 
when exactly bed time occurred 

3910
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:41,300
without the sun's reliable 
schedule ship captains. 

3911
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:44,500
Had to impose artificial 
structure usually maintaining 

3912
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,000
the same watch schedules. 
They'd used during normal 

3913
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:49,500
sailing this meant that 
somewhere around. 

3914
03:29:49,500 --> 03:29:51,700
What would have been the evening
in the Civilized World? 

3915
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:54,400
You'd hear the call for the 
evening watch change. 

3916
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:57,400
And, you know, it was time to 
begin the elaborate process of 

3917
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,500
transforming yourself from a 
working Explorer into something.

3918
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:02,800
Vaguely resembling a personal 
ready for sleep. 

3919
03:30:03,700 --> 03:30:06,900
The first challenge was heat 
management throughout the day, 

3920
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:09,700
you'd be an active which 
generated body heat from your 

3921
03:30:09,700 --> 03:30:11,900
movements. 
The initial challenge was 

3922
03:30:11,900 --> 03:30:14,900
managing heat throughout the 
day, you'd be an active 

3923
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:17,400
generating body heat through 
your movements. 

3924
03:30:18,000 --> 03:30:21,100
Now, you needed to devise a 
method to maintain warmth while 

3925
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:25,000
remaining still for 8 hours. 
This necessitated a strategy 

3926
03:30:25,000 --> 03:30:28,600
that would impress even a chess 
Grandmaster utilizing too many 

3927
03:30:28,608 --> 03:30:32,600
blankets would result in waking 
up sweating, which in Sub-Zero 

3928
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:34,900
temperatures would lead to a 
chilling experience. 

3929
03:30:34,900 --> 03:30:38,100
As that moisture, transformed 
into your personal ice sculpture

3930
03:30:38,900 --> 03:30:41,800
The above scenario, required a 
strategy that would make a chest

3931
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:44,200
Grandmaster proud. 
Too many blankets. 

3932
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:47,700
And you'd wake up sweating which
in Sub-Zero temperatures meant 

3933
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:50,700
you'd then wake up freezing. 
As that moisture, turned into 

3934
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:54,500
your personal ice sculpture. 
Insufficient blankets would 

3935
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:57,900
result in a night spent 
shivering, akin to achieve War 

3936
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:01,000
caught in a snowstorm. 
Smart explorers learned to 

3937
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:03,900
create a layering system that 
they could adjust throughout the

3938
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:06,100
night. 
They'd start with their base 

3939
03:31:06,100 --> 03:31:09,300
layer of wool undergarments. 
And yes, they slept in the 

3940
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:12,800
because taking them off meant 
losing precious body heat, and 

3941
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:15,500
then having to warm up freezing 
fabric against your skin in the 

3942
03:31:15,508 --> 03:31:17,900
morning which was about as 
pleasant as it sounds. 

3943
03:31:18,900 --> 03:31:21,400
Over this they'd add a flannel 
shirt or wool sweater. 

3944
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:24,800
Then they're outer layer, might 
be a thick wool, coat or fur 

3945
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:27,900
Parker that could be opened or 
closed depending on how the 

3946
03:31:27,900 --> 03:31:31,600
night was treating them. 
The really experienced to Arctic

3947
03:31:31,600 --> 03:31:33,500
sleepers. 
Learn to position extra clothing

3948
03:31:33,500 --> 03:31:36,600
within Arm's Reach, creating a 
buffet of warmth options. 

3949
03:31:36,600 --> 03:31:38,400
They could grab without fully 
waking up. 

3950
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:42,000
Then came the delicate art of 
sharing body heat without 

3951
03:31:42,000 --> 03:31:44,600
driving your bunk mates. 
Absolutely insane. 

3952
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,100
In the smaller shelters and 
ships, you might be sleeping 

3953
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:51,000
close enough to your companions 
that you could hear every snore,

3954
03:31:51,000 --> 03:31:54,100
every toss and turn and every 
muttered dream of about warm 

3955
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:57,400
beds back home. 
Some explorers became legendary 

3956
03:31:57,400 --> 03:31:59,100
for their ability to sleep 
through anything. 

3957
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:02,900
A skill that probably saved more
friendships than any amount of 

3958
03:32:02,900 --> 03:32:05,700
Good Intentions. 
The bedding situation itself was

3959
03:32:05,700 --> 03:32:08,800
like solving a daily puzzle. 
Firstly, sleeping bags when 

3960
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:10,300
available were prized 
possessions. 

3961
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:13,800
Reindeer hide was particularly 
covered in because it provided 

3962
03:32:13,800 --> 03:32:17,300
insulation, even when damped and
staying dry was often more of a 

3963
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:21,700
hope than a reality But most 
Expeditions had to make do with 

3964
03:32:21,700 --> 03:32:25,700
wall blankets, which worked 
well, until they got wet at 

3965
03:32:25,700 --> 03:32:28,500
which point they became about as
useful for warmth as a wet 

3966
03:32:28,500 --> 03:32:31,900
towel. 
Some clever explorers figured 

3967
03:32:31,900 --> 03:32:34,300
out that creating a small tent, 
within their larger shelter, 

3968
03:32:34,300 --> 03:32:37,700
could trap their body heat more 
effectively, they'd rig up, 

3969
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,000
Canvas, OR extra blankets to 
create a personal cocoon, like 

3970
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:43,700
building a fort as a child. 
Except this fort might literally

3971
03:32:43,700 --> 03:32:46,800
save your life. 
The mental preparation for sleep

3972
03:32:46,800 --> 03:32:50,400
was just as important as the 
physical preparation, you had to

3973
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:53,900
train your mind to ignore the 
constant sounds of the ice the 

3974
03:32:53,900 --> 03:32:56,900
grinding cracking and groaning, 
that could sound like the world 

3975
03:32:56,900 --> 03:33:00,300
was slowly tearing itself, apart
just outside your thin walls. 

3976
03:33:01,000 --> 03:33:04,500
Experienced Arctic, explorers 
learn to consider these sounds 

3977
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:08,500
almost comforting, like a very 
strange form of white noise that

3978
03:33:08,500 --> 03:33:11,500
meant the ice was moving, but 
not necessarily threatening 

3979
03:33:11,500 --> 03:33:14,700
their immediate survival. 
Here's something that might 

3980
03:33:14,700 --> 03:33:17,900
surprise you eating in, the 
Arctic wasn't just about staying

3981
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:21,600
fed, it was about staying sane. 
When you're trapped in Endless, 

3982
03:33:21,600 --> 03:33:24,600
Darkness with the same handful 
of people, for months, on end. 

3983
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:28,100
Mealtime becomes the highlight 
of your day, Your Entertainment,

3984
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,500
your social hour and 
occasionally, your only reminded

3985
03:33:31,500 --> 03:33:33,000
that you're still part of the 
human race. 

3986
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:36,200
But let's start with the 
Practical side, because Arctic 

3987
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:38,900
nutrition was like trying to 
fuel a car, with whatever you 

3988
03:33:38,900 --> 03:33:42,500
could find in your garage. 
These explorers needed massive 

3989
03:33:42,500 --> 03:33:45,200
amounts of calories to keep 
their bodies generating Heat. 

3990
03:33:45,800 --> 03:33:48,200
but they were working with 
preserved foods that had been 

3991
03:33:48,200 --> 03:33:51,800
packed months, or even years 
earlier, back when someone was 

3992
03:33:51,800 --> 03:33:55,000
optimistically assuming they'd 
still be edible by the time they

3993
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:58,700
were needed, The Staples 
included items such as salt pork

3994
03:33:58,700 --> 03:34:02,400
hardtack, and pemmican, and 
Incredibly nutritious and 

3995
03:34:02,400 --> 03:34:06,000
appetizing combination of dried 
meat, fat and berries. 

3996
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:09,500
Imagine trying to get excited 
about dinner, when your options 

3997
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:11,200
are leathery, meet brick, or 
crackers. 

3998
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:14,000
That require soaking in hot 
water before they won't break 

3999
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:16,500
your teeth. 
But here's where human Ingenuity

4000
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:18,900
kicks in. 
These men became surprisingly 

4001
03:34:18,900 --> 03:34:22,800
creative with their limited 
ingredients, ship's Cooks, who 

4002
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:24,900
are often just regular crew 
members with slightly. 

4003
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:26,500
More enthusiasm for not 
poisoning. 

4004
03:34:26,500 --> 03:34:29,900
Everyone learn to stretch their 
supplies with elaborate stews 

4005
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:32,300
and soups that could make a 
small piece of preserved meat. 

4006
03:34:32,300 --> 03:34:34,800
Feel like a feast. 
When padded out with whatever 

4007
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:37,200
vegetables, they'd managed to 
keep from freezing solid. 

4008
03:34:37,200 --> 03:34:40,500
The preservation methods 
themselves were fascinating and 

4009
03:34:40,500 --> 03:34:43,900
slightly terrified. 
Before Refrigeration, they 

4010
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:46,800
relied on salt smoking and the 
arctic's. 

4011
03:34:46,800 --> 03:34:48,900
Natural freezer. 
Temperatures to keep food safe. 

4012
03:34:48,900 --> 03:34:51,300
This meant that opening a barrel
of salt. 

4013
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:54,600
Pork was like, unwrapping, a 
present UI never knew whether I 

4014
03:34:54,600 --> 03:34:57,500
would find perfectly preserved, 
meat or something that had 

4015
03:34:57,500 --> 03:34:59,600
developed its own ecosystem 
during the journey. 

4016
03:35:00,600 --> 03:35:03,900
Fresh food became the subject of
dreams and intricate planning. 

4017
03:35:04,500 --> 03:35:08,200
Some Expeditions brought live 
animals, chickens pigs, even 

4018
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:13,300
cows which provided fresh eggs, 
milk or meat for as long as they

4019
03:35:13,300 --> 03:35:16,400
could be kept alive in the 
freezing conditions, but keeping

4020
03:35:16,400 --> 03:35:19,100
livestock alive in the Arctic 
was like, trying to run a farm 

4021
03:35:19,100 --> 03:35:22,500
inside a freezer and it required
constant attention and 

4022
03:35:22,500 --> 03:35:25,500
creativity. 
Hunting became both the 

4023
03:35:25,500 --> 03:35:27,200
necessity and a psychological 
lifeline. 

4024
03:35:28,000 --> 03:35:31,200
Fresh seal walrus or polar bear.
Meat, wasn't just nutrition. 

4025
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:34,100
It was proof that you could 
still interact with the world 

4026
03:35:34,100 --> 03:35:35,600
beyond your floating, ice 
prison. 

4027
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:39,400
The taste of fresh meat after 
weeks of preserved, rationals 

4028
03:35:39,400 --> 03:35:42,900
was apparently transformative. 
Akin to discovering color after 

4029
03:35:42,900 --> 03:35:46,700
living in a world of black and 
white The cooking facilities 

4030
03:35:46,700 --> 03:35:49,100
range from ingenious to barely 
functional. 

4031
03:35:49,100 --> 03:35:52,500
Small Expeditions might have 
just a single oil lamp or 

4032
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:55,100
alcohol stove, that served 
double duty for cooking and 

4033
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:57,700
Heating. 
Larger ships were equipped with 

4034
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:01,100
functional Galley stoves but 
maintaining their fuel supply 

4035
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:04,600
required constant balancing 
between maintaining warmth and 

4036
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:07,200
ensuring sufficient energy to 
prepare hot meals. 

4037
03:36:07,900 --> 03:36:11,500
Hot beverages became almost 
sacred tea coffee and hot 

4038
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:14,200
chocolate weren't just drinks. 
They were liquid Comfort, 

4039
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:17,100
warmth, you could hold in your 
hands and feel spreading through

4040
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,000
your chest. 
Many explorers wrote about the 

4041
03:36:20,000 --> 03:36:22,100
ritual of their morning. 
Hot drink with an almost 

4042
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:25,700
religious reverence Describing 
how that first sip could 

4043
03:36:25,700 --> 03:36:28,600
transform their mood and energy 
for the entire day. 

4044
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:32,700
Water itself was often an 
adventure, you couldn't just 

4045
03:36:32,700 --> 03:36:35,500
turn on a tap. 
You had to melt ice or snow, 

4046
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:38,600
which sounds simple Until you 
realize that snow can contain. 

4047
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,600
All sorts of interesting things 
from wind-blown. 

4048
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,600
Dirt to organic matter, you'd 
rather not think about too hard.

4049
03:36:45,500 --> 03:36:48,000
Some Expeditions set up 
elaborate systems for collecting

4050
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:50,300
and melting. 
Clean ice While others just 

4051
03:36:50,300 --> 03:36:52,400
grabbed whatever was handy and 
hoped for the best. 

4052
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:55,400
Mealtime in the Arctic wasn't 
just about nutrition. 

4053
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:58,400
It was about maintaining your 
Humanity in a place that seemed 

4054
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:01,900
designed to strip it away. 
When you're living in a space 

4055
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:04,500
smaller than most modern 
apartments with a group of men 

4056
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:05,900
who have not had privacy in 
months. 

4057
03:37:05,900 --> 03:37:10,200
Sharing food becomes a delicate 
social dance that could make or 

4058
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:14,200
break the expedition's morale. 
The dinner hour was often the 

4059
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:16,500
only time when the entire crew 
would Gather in one place. 

4060
03:37:17,300 --> 03:37:20,500
Creating a temporary sense of 
community that helped combat the

4061
03:37:20,508 --> 03:37:24,200
isolation and claustrophobia of 
the situation picture trying to 

4062
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:26,800
have a civilized conversation, 
while balancing a tin plate on 

4063
03:37:26,800 --> 03:37:30,000
your lap, sitting on a wooden 
crate in a room that swaying 

4064
03:37:30,000 --> 03:37:31,900
slightly as the ice shifts 
around your ship. 

4065
03:37:32,700 --> 03:37:35,200
With the temperature, just warm 
enough that your breath doesn't 

4066
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:37,900
fog, but cold enough that your 
food starts cooling the moment, 

4067
03:37:37,900 --> 03:37:41,400
it hits your plate. 
But these men develop their own 

4068
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:43,000
etiquette. 
For these strange circumstances 

4069
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:47,100
there were unspoken rules about 
portion sharing about who got 

4070
03:37:47,100 --> 03:37:50,200
first access to the warmest spot
near the stove and about how to 

4071
03:37:50,208 --> 03:37:52,500
politely ignore it when 
someone's table manners, 

4072
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:56,300
deteriorated under the stress of
extreme conditions, The 

4073
03:37:56,300 --> 03:37:58,600
successful Expeditions were 
often the ones where the social 

4074
03:37:58,600 --> 03:38:04,000
boundaries were respected even 
when everyone was tired cold and

4075
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:07,300
probably a little bit crazy. 
Some ship captains, understood 

4076
03:38:07,300 --> 03:38:09,100
the importance of maintaining 
ceremony. 

4077
03:38:09,100 --> 03:38:12,500
Even in the wilderness, they'd 
insist on certain formalities 

4078
03:38:12,500 --> 03:38:16,100
saying grace waiting for 
everyone to be served before 

4079
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:19,200
starting attempting to maintain 
conversation that went beyond 

4080
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,400
the days work tasks. 
These small rituals helped 

4081
03:38:22,400 --> 03:38:25,000
preserve the feeling that they 
were still civilized human 

4082
03:38:25,000 --> 03:38:29,000
beings temporarily visiting the 
Arctic rather than slowly 

4083
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:30,400
transforming into something 
else. 

4084
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:33,800
Entirely the menu planning was 
often a source of both 

4085
03:38:33,800 --> 03:38:37,600
creativity and frustration. 
Cooks had to balance nutritional

4086
03:38:37,600 --> 03:38:40,200
with morale, which meant 
Sometimes using precious 

4087
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:43,000
supplies to create special meals
for holidays or celebrations. 

4088
03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:47,200
Christmas dinner in the Arctic 
was an exercise in making Magic.

4089
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:50,700
From mundane ingredients, 
transforming salt, pork and 

4090
03:38:50,700 --> 03:38:53,900
hardtack into something that 
could at least remind every one 

4091
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:55,700
of home. 
Even if it didn't actually 

4092
03:38:55,700 --> 03:38:58,300
tastes like it. 
Trade and bartering became 

4093
03:38:58,300 --> 03:39:01,300
common within the crew. 
Someone might trade their ration

4094
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:04,200
of sugar for extra tobacco or 
exchange a portion of their 

4095
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:06,400
meat, allocation for someone 
else's dried fruit. 

4096
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,200
These small economies helped, 
people feel like they still had 

4097
03:39:10,200 --> 03:39:13,300
some control over their 
circumstances, some ability to 

4098
03:39:13,300 --> 03:39:16,800
make choices about their daily 
experience. the conversation 

4099
03:39:16,800 --> 03:39:19,600
during meals range from 
practical discussions about the 

4100
03:39:19,608 --> 03:39:23,100
next days, work to elaborate 
storytelling sessions where crew

4101
03:39:23,100 --> 03:39:26,700
members would share Tales From 
the Past Adventures, their 

4102
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:29,800
homes, and their plans, for when
they return to civilization, 

4103
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:33,300
These stories served multiple 
purposes. 

4104
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:36,300
They were entertainment. 
They were a way to share 

4105
03:39:36,300 --> 03:39:38,700
knowledge and experience. 
And they were a method of 

4106
03:39:38,708 --> 03:39:41,300
keeping memory of the outside 
world alive during the long 

4107
03:39:41,300 --> 03:39:44,000
isolation. 
Some Expeditions develop 

4108
03:39:44,000 --> 03:39:46,900
Traditions around food that 
helped Mark the passage of time,

4109
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:49,800
special meals for Sundays 
birthday. 

4110
03:39:49,800 --> 03:39:52,600
Celebrations, with whatever 
small luxuries could be spared 

4111
03:39:52,600 --> 03:39:54,900
and competitions to see who 
could create the most 

4112
03:39:54,900 --> 03:39:56,900
interesting dish from standard 
rations. 

4113
03:39:56,900 --> 03:40:01,000
These Traditions created 
structure and anticipation in a 

4114
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:03,400
world where every day could 
otherwise feel exactly the same.

4115
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,400
The cleanup after meals was its 
own challenge washing dishes, 

4116
03:40:08,400 --> 03:40:11,400
when water has to be heated from
Ice and then disposed of 

4117
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:13,700
carefully. 
You can't just dump dirty 

4118
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:15,100
dishwater. 
Anywhere, when you're trying to 

4119
03:40:15,108 --> 03:40:18,300
keep your living space, sanitary
meant that every pot and plate 

4120
03:40:18,300 --> 03:40:21,100
represented, a significant 
investment of time and fuel. 

4121
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:25,300
Food storage became a constant 
concern and occasional source of

4122
03:40:25,308 --> 03:40:27,800
drama. 
Supplies had to be carefully 

4123
03:40:27,800 --> 03:40:29,800
rationed and protected from both
spoilage. 

4124
03:40:29,800 --> 03:40:32,900
And the occasional crew member 
who might be tempted to help 

4125
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:35,400
themselves to extra rations 
during a moment of weakness. 

4126
03:40:37,300 --> 03:40:39,800
The person in charge of the Food
Supplies held, one of the most 

4127
03:40:39,800 --> 03:40:43,100
important, and sometimes most 
unpopular positions on the 

4128
03:40:43,108 --> 03:40:47,400
expedition Let's get back to the
sleeping situation, because the 

4129
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:50,500
relationship between Arctic 
explorers and their beds was 

4130
03:40:50,500 --> 03:40:55,100
complicated, intimate and often 
frustrating like a romance novel

4131
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:58,000
written in a freezer. 
Your sleeping area wasn't just 

4132
03:40:58,000 --> 03:41:00,900
where you rested. 
It was your private space your 

4133
03:41:00,900 --> 03:41:03,900
sanctuary and sometimes your 
only escape from the constant 

4134
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:05,400
company of your fellow 
explorers. 

4135
03:41:06,500 --> 03:41:09,100
The architecture of Arctic 
sleeping was an art form. 

4136
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,800
Born from necessity in larger 
Expeditions with proper ships. 

4137
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:14,800
You might have a hammock strung 
in the crew. 

4138
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:18,200
Quarters swaying gently with the
movement of ice pressing against

4139
03:41:18,200 --> 03:41:20,600
the hull. 
The Rhythm could be soothing 

4140
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:24,600
like being rocked to sleep until
the ice decided to shift more 

4141
03:41:24,600 --> 03:41:27,700
dramatically and suddenly you're
experiencing what felt like 

4142
03:41:27,700 --> 03:41:31,400
sleeping in a paint mixer. 
Smaller Expeditions or those who

4143
03:41:31,408 --> 03:41:33,900
had to abandon their ships, 
created sleeping Arrangements, 

4144
03:41:33,900 --> 03:41:37,000
that would challenge even the 
most creative interior designer.

4145
03:41:37,800 --> 03:41:41,300
Snow houses when properly built 
could actually be quite cozy. 

4146
03:41:41,300 --> 03:41:45,000
The snow provided insulation and
body heat could warm the 

4147
03:41:45,000 --> 03:41:46,900
interior to almost comfortable 
temperatures. 

4148
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:50,700
But almost comfortable, when 
you're talking about sleeping in

4149
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:54,200
a snow house, still means your 
basically camping inside of very

4150
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:57,100
elaborate Ice Cube the bed time 
routine in these conditions, 

4151
03:41:57,100 --> 03:41:59,900
required strategic thinking, 
that would impress a military 

4152
03:41:59,900 --> 03:42:02,300
logistics officer? 
You had to time your 

4153
03:42:02,300 --> 03:42:06,200
preparation, just write, two 
early and you'd lie awake in 

4154
03:42:06,200 --> 03:42:09,800
your confined space getting 
claustrophobic too late and 

4155
03:42:09,800 --> 03:42:12,200
you'd be fumbling with frozen 
buckles and ties in the dark 

4156
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:14,300
while your body heat disappeared
into the Arctic air. 

4157
03:42:15,300 --> 03:42:18,100
Getting undressed for sleep was 
like performing a magic trick. 

4158
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:21,100
In Reverse, you had to remove 
layers without losing the 

4159
03:42:21,100 --> 03:42:22,800
warmth. 
Those layers have been trapping 

4160
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:25,700
then quickly burrow into your 
sleeping arrangements before 

4161
03:42:25,700 --> 03:42:28,800
your body temperature, could 
drop some explorers became 

4162
03:42:28,800 --> 03:42:32,200
remarkably skilled at this 
process able to transition from 

4163
03:42:32,200 --> 03:42:36,000
Fully Dressed to properly bedded
down in just a few minutes, the 

4164
03:42:36,000 --> 03:42:38,600
sharing of sleeping spaces, 
created its own etiquette and 

4165
03:42:38,608 --> 03:42:41,400
occasional comedy. 
When your press close enough to 

4166
03:42:41,400 --> 03:42:44,200
your fellow explorer that you 
can feel their breathing and 

4167
03:42:44,200 --> 03:42:46,100
hear every shift they make 
during the night. 

4168
03:42:46,100 --> 03:42:49,000
You develop, a heightened, 
awareness of personal habits 

4169
03:42:49,000 --> 03:42:51,200
that you probably never want to 
know about. 

4170
03:42:52,300 --> 03:42:56,100
Some men like human icebergs 
seem to absorb warmth from the 

4171
03:42:56,100 --> 03:43:00,000
air around them While others 
like natural furnaces generated 

4172
03:43:00,000 --> 03:43:01,500
heat that could warm their 
neighbors. 

4173
03:43:02,300 --> 03:43:04,900
Snoring became both a blessing 
and a curse in these tight 

4174
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:07,700
Quarters on one hand steady 
snoring. 

4175
03:43:07,700 --> 03:43:10,100
Could provide a rhythmic 
backdrop that helped mask other 

4176
03:43:10,100 --> 03:43:13,800
disturbing sounds from outside 
on the other hand when you're 

4177
03:43:13,800 --> 03:43:16,000
already struggling to sleep in 
uncomfortable conditions, 

4178
03:43:16,000 --> 03:43:19,600
listening to someone sawing logs
to feet from your ear, could 

4179
03:43:19,600 --> 03:43:23,400
drive you to the edge of sanity.
The dreams that came in Arctic 

4180
03:43:23,400 --> 03:43:26,200
sleep, were often more Vivid and
strange than normal dreams. 

4181
03:43:26,200 --> 03:43:28,500
Probably due to the combination 
of stress. 

4182
03:43:28,500 --> 03:43:31,300
Unusual sleeping conditions and 
diet changes. 

4183
03:43:31,300 --> 03:43:35,100
Many explorers wrote about 
remarkably detailed dreams of 

4184
03:43:35,100 --> 03:43:39,300
home of warm beds of foods. 
They missed of summer days. 

4185
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:43,100
That felt impossibly distant. 
These dreams could be either a 

4186
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:45,700
blessing, providing mental 
escape from their harsh reality 

4187
03:43:45,700 --> 03:43:48,600
or torture making the morning 
Awakening. 

4188
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:51,700
Even more difficult. 
Waking up in Arctic conditions 

4189
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:55,500
required its own set of survival
skills, the transition from 

4190
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:58,400
whatever warmth you'd managed to
accumulate during the night to 

4191
03:43:58,400 --> 03:44:02,500
the reality of Sub-Zero are was 
like jumping into a cold pool 

4192
03:44:02,500 --> 03:44:05,500
except the pool was your entire 
living environment. 

4193
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:09,300
Some explorers learn to keep 
essential items Within Reach. 

4194
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,200
So they could partially dress 
while still under their covers 

4195
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:14,500
extending the warmth as long as 
possible. 

4196
03:44:14,500 --> 03:44:17,400
The condition of your bedding 
became crucial to your 

4197
03:44:17,408 --> 03:44:21,100
well-being and morale Damp 
blankets or sleeping Furs, could

4198
03:44:21,100 --> 03:44:24,500
become frozen solid overnight 
creating a choice between 

4199
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:28,300
sleeping with frozen bedding or 
taking the time and fuel to Thor

4200
03:44:28,300 --> 03:44:31,600
and dry everything before sleep.
Assuming you have the resources 

4201
03:44:31,600 --> 03:44:33,700
to do. 
So personal sleeping 

4202
03:44:33,700 --> 03:44:37,100
accessories, became precious 
possessions a comfortable pillow

4203
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:39,900
made from extra clothing, or 
whatever, soft materials were 

4204
03:44:39,900 --> 03:44:41,600
available. 
Could mean the difference 

4205
03:44:41,600 --> 03:44:43,500
between rest and a night of neck
pain. 

4206
03:44:44,400 --> 03:44:47,200
Some explorers fashioned wooden 
supports or repurpose their 

4207
03:44:47,200 --> 03:44:49,500
boots. 
As makeshift pillows, resulting 

4208
03:44:49,500 --> 03:44:53,100
in inventive solutions, that may
amuse modern campers, but were 

4209
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:54,700
crucial for their comfort in 
those harsh. 

4210
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:58,200
Conditions, living through the 
polar night meant developing an 

4211
03:44:58,200 --> 03:45:01,800
entirely new relationship with 
time Consciousness and what it 

4212
03:45:01,800 --> 03:45:05,500
means to be awake or sleep. 
When the sun disappears for 

4213
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:08,000
months, your body's natural 
rhythms, don't just get 

4214
03:45:08,000 --> 03:45:11,200
confused, they staged a full 
Rebellion, that would make a 

4215
03:45:11,200 --> 03:45:12,700
toddler's. 
Tantrum look like a model of 

4216
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:16,100
emotional regulation. 
The psychological effects of 

4217
03:45:16,108 --> 03:45:18,800
endless Darkness was something 
these early explorers had to 

4218
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:22,000
navigate without any of the 
scientific understanding we have

4219
03:45:22,000 --> 03:45:26,100
today about seasonal affective 
disorder or circadian, rhythm 

4220
03:45:26,100 --> 03:45:28,200
disruption. 
They just need that. 

4221
03:45:28,200 --> 03:45:31,700
After a few weeks of continuous 
Twilight, their mind started 

4222
03:45:31,700 --> 03:45:34,100
playing tricks on them. 
In ways that range from mildly 

4223
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:38,500
annoying to genuinely concerning
some men found themselves 

4224
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:41,900
sleeping at odd hours wide awake
when they should have been worn 

4225
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:45,200
out or sleeping for much longer 
or shorter periods than normal. 

4226
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:49,900
Others experience to kind of 
dreamy wakefulness where the 

4227
03:45:49,900 --> 03:45:53,600
boundaries between sleeping and 
waking became blurred like 

4228
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:56,600
living in a constant state of 
just having awakened from a nap 

4229
03:45:56,608 --> 03:46:00,900
but never feeling fully alert. 
The smart Expedition leaders 

4230
03:46:00,900 --> 03:46:03,500
learned to create artificial 
rhythms to help their Crews 

4231
03:46:03,500 --> 03:46:05,900
maintain some semblance of 
normal sleep patterns. 

4232
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:08,900
This might mean maintaining 
strict watch schedules, 

4233
03:46:08,900 --> 03:46:12,800
requiring everyone to be present
for meals at specific times or 

4234
03:46:12,800 --> 03:46:15,600
creating evening activities that
helped signal to the brain that 

4235
03:46:15,600 --> 03:46:18,300
bed time was approaching even 
when the light outside hadn't 

4236
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:21,400
changed in weeks. 
Reading became both a blessing 

4237
03:46:21,400 --> 03:46:23,300
and a challenge during these 
long nights. 

4238
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:26,800
Those Expeditions lucky enough 
to have brought books found that

4239
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:30,000
reading could help pass the time
and provide mental stimulation. 

4240
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:33,800
But reading by oil lamp or 
candle light in cold conditions 

4241
03:46:33,800 --> 03:46:37,200
was demanding on the eyes and 
required careful management of 

4242
03:46:37,200 --> 03:46:40,300
precious fuel supplies. 
Some men would save their 

4243
03:46:40,300 --> 03:46:44,000
reading for just before sleep 
using it as a mental transition 

4244
03:46:44,000 --> 03:46:46,300
activity. 
While others found that reading 

4245
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:48,800
made them more alert when they 
needed to be winding down. 

4246
03:46:49,900 --> 03:46:52,800
The development of indoor games 
and activities became crucial 

4247
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:55,800
for mental health. 
During the long Darkness, Card 

4248
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:58,200
games storytelling sessions and 
music. 

4249
03:46:58,200 --> 03:47:01,300
If anyone had brought 
instruments served, a dual 

4250
03:47:01,300 --> 03:47:04,500
purpose as both entertainment 
and markers of the passage of 

4251
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,000
time. 
Knowing that every evening after

4252
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:09,900
dinner, there would be a card 
game or story session helped 

4253
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:12,200
create the Rhythm that the 
missing son could no longer 

4254
03:47:12,208 --> 03:47:14,800
provide. 
Personal hygiene during these 

4255
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:17,800
extended periods, became both 
more challenging and more 

4256
03:47:17,800 --> 03:47:21,300
important than you might expect.
When you're living in close 

4257
03:47:21,300 --> 03:47:24,600
quarters with the same people 
for months, small issues can 

4258
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:27,600
become major problems. 
But washing in Sub-Zero 

4259
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:30,500
temperatures with limited Water 
Supplies, required planning and 

4260
03:47:30,500 --> 03:47:33,600
motivation, there could be 
difficult to maintain when you 

4261
03:47:33,600 --> 03:47:35,900
were already struggling with the
psychological effects of 

4262
03:47:35,900 --> 03:47:39,000
isolation and darkness. 
Some explorers found that 

4263
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:41,700
maintaining small personal 
rituals help them cope with the 

4264
03:47:41,708 --> 03:47:45,400
disorientation of Endless Night.
This might mean keeping a 

4265
03:47:45,400 --> 03:47:48,400
detailed Journal maintaining a 
specific morning routine, 

4266
03:47:48,400 --> 03:47:51,600
regardless of what the light 
outside looked like, or 

4267
03:47:51,600 --> 03:47:54,400
dedicating time, each day to 
some form of physical exercise 

4268
03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:56,500
within the confined spaces of 
their shelter. 

4269
03:47:57,200 --> 03:47:59,900
The quality of sleep during 
polar night often differed from 

4270
03:47:59,908 --> 03:48:03,200
that of normal sleep. 
Many explorers reported more 

4271
03:48:03,200 --> 03:48:06,800
vivid dreams, more frequent 
waking during the night and a 

4272
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:09,600
general sense that their sleep 
was less restful even when they 

4273
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:11,700
managed to receive adequate 
hours of rest. 

4274
03:48:12,500 --> 03:48:15,800
This change was probably due to 
the combination of stress, the 

4275
03:48:15,800 --> 03:48:19,400
unfamiliar environment, and the 
disruption of normal light dark 

4276
03:48:19,400 --> 03:48:21,400
cycles, that help regulate deep 
sleep. 

4277
03:48:22,200 --> 03:48:25,200
Temperature regulation during 
sleep, became a complex dance. 

4278
03:48:25,200 --> 03:48:26,800
That required constant 
adjustment. 

4279
03:48:27,600 --> 03:48:30,100
The inside of shelters could 
vary dramatically and 

4280
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:32,800
temperature depending on wind 
conditions, the effectiveness of

4281
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:35,700
heating sources, and how well, 
the structure was insulated 

4282
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,400
learning to sleep comfortably, 
despite these fluctuations was a

4283
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:42,800
skill that separated the 
successful Arctic sleepers from 

4284
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:44,700
those, who spent their nights 
tossing and turning. 

4285
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:48,000
The sounds of the Arctic night, 
created their own sound track 

4286
03:48:48,000 --> 03:48:50,300
for sleep. 
Beyond the ice sound, we 

4287
03:48:50,300 --> 03:48:53,600
mentioned earlier, there were 
wind patterns, the sounds of 

4288
03:48:53,600 --> 03:48:54,900
other crew members move moving 
around. 

4289
03:48:54,900 --> 03:48:58,600
The occasional animal noise from
outside and the various creeks 

4290
03:48:58,600 --> 03:49:00,100
and settling sounds of their 
shelter. 

4291
03:49:01,000 --> 03:49:03,800
Learning to identify which 
sounds were normal and which 

4292
03:49:03,800 --> 03:49:07,000
might indicate a problem became 
part of the Bedtime mental 

4293
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:09,700
routine. 
Eventually, every Arctic 

4294
03:49:09,700 --> 03:49:12,700
Explorer had to master the art 
of waking up when morning was 

4295
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:16,300
purely a theoretical concept 
without, the sun's gentle 

4296
03:49:16,300 --> 03:49:19,500
nudging, or even the promise of 
daylight to motivate getting out

4297
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:23,000
of your warm cocoon starting 
each day, became an act of pure 

4298
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:25,600
willpower, that would challenge 
even the most disciplined 

4299
03:49:25,600 --> 03:49:28,200
person. 
The Wake Up Call in Arctic 

4300
03:49:28,200 --> 03:49:29,900
Expeditions was usually 
artificial. 

4301
03:49:30,600 --> 03:49:33,800
A ship's Bell, someone calling 
out or simply the gradually 

4302
03:49:33,800 --> 03:49:36,300
increase in activity of other 
crew members starting their day.

4303
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:40,500
But responding to these queues 
when your body had no natural 

4304
03:49:40,500 --> 03:49:42,900
reason to believe. 
It was morning, required 

4305
03:49:42,900 --> 03:49:45,600
developing mental tricks. 
That modern shift workers would 

4306
03:49:45,600 --> 03:49:49,400
recognize and appreciate. 
Smart explorers learn to prepare

4307
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:51,900
for more morning, the night 
before, laying out clothes in 

4308
03:49:51,900 --> 03:49:54,700
order, keeping essential items 
within easy reach. 

4309
03:49:54,700 --> 03:49:58,300
And most importantly, have a 
plan for the first few minutes 

4310
03:49:58,300 --> 03:50:01,200
after waking, that would get the
moving before, the cold could 

4311
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:04,400
fully register and convinced 
them to borrow back under their 

4312
03:50:04,400 --> 03:50:06,700
covers. 
For just five more minutes that 

4313
03:50:06,700 --> 03:50:10,500
could easily stretch into hours.
The first task of the Arctic 

4314
03:50:10,500 --> 03:50:13,400
morning was usually rekindling 
or tending to heating sources 

4315
03:50:13,400 --> 03:50:16,700
that had been banked overnight. 
This meant someone had to be 

4316
03:50:16,700 --> 03:50:20,000
brave enough to leave their warm
sleeping area and Venture into 

4317
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:23,000
the coldest part, of the shelter
to coax fires back to life or 

4318
03:50:23,000 --> 03:50:26,000
light oil lamps. 
This thankless, but crucial job 

4319
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:30,000
often rotated among crew members
or was taken on by early risers 

4320
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:32,700
who found it easier to get 
moving once they were already up

4321
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:34,100
and active. 
Breakfast. 

4322
03:50:34,100 --> 03:50:36,600
In the Arctic wasn't just the 
first meal of the day. 

4323
03:50:36,600 --> 03:50:39,800
It was proof that you had 
successfully survived another 

4324
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:42,300
night and were ready to face 
whatever challenges. 

4325
03:50:42,300 --> 03:50:46,300
The endless, Twilight might 
bring Hot drinks were important 

4326
03:50:46,300 --> 03:50:49,100
in the morning, providing 
internal warmth that helped 

4327
03:50:49,100 --> 03:50:52,200
motivate the body to continue 
functioning when external 

4328
03:50:52,200 --> 03:50:54,000
conditions were consistently 
hostile. 

4329
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:57,800
Getting dressed in Arctic 
conditions was like putting on 

4330
03:50:57,800 --> 03:50:59,500
Armor for battle against the 
elements. 

4331
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:03,000
The process had to be done 
efficiently to avoid losing body

4332
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:06,000
heat, but also carefully to 
ensure that all layers were 

4333
03:51:06,000 --> 03:51:08,100
properly arranged and that 
nothing was forgotten. 

4334
03:51:09,000 --> 03:51:11,500
Wet or improperly worn clothing,
could be dangerous. 

4335
03:51:11,500 --> 03:51:14,900
So the morning dressing routine 
became a practice sequence that 

4336
03:51:14,900 --> 03:51:19,100
each Explorer perfected through 
experience Personal grooming in 

4337
03:51:19,100 --> 03:51:21,800
the Arctic morning was often 
reduced to the absolute Basics 

4338
03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:25,000
but maintaining some standards 
helped preserve morale and 

4339
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:27,900
dignity. 
A quick wash with melted snow 

4340
03:51:27,900 --> 03:51:31,500
water combing, hair and tending 
to any minor injuries or 

4341
03:51:31,500 --> 03:51:34,600
frostbite concerns. 
These small acts of self-care 

4342
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:36,800
helped maintain the 
psychological boundary between 

4343
03:51:36,800 --> 03:51:40,200
survival mode and simply giving 
up on civilization entirely. 

4344
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:44,500
The transition from the relative
shelter of sleeping areas to the

4345
03:51:44,500 --> 03:51:47,300
full reality of Arctic 
conditions was always a shock. 

4346
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:51,200
No matter how many times you'd 
experienced it stepping outside 

4347
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:53,900
for necessary, tasks meant 
facing are that could literally 

4348
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:56,700
take your breath away. 
Wind that felt like it was 

4349
03:51:56,700 --> 03:51:59,800
trying to strip the warmth from 
your body and a landscape that 

4350
03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:02,200
remained unforgiving, beautiful 
and hostile. 

4351
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:06,700
But here's the remarkable thing 
about these arcade, explorers 

4352
03:52:06,700 --> 03:52:09,500
they developed, not just the 
skills to survive these 

4353
03:52:09,500 --> 03:52:12,200
conditions. 
But often a strange appreciation

4354
03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:16,500
for the unique experience, they 
were living Many wrote about 

4355
03:52:16,500 --> 03:52:20,100
moments of unexpected Beauty, 
the play of a roar across the 

4356
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:23,100
sky during clear nights, the 
intricate patterns of ice 

4357
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:25,100
formation and the profound 
silence. 

4358
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:28,200
That could only be found in 
places far from civilization. 

4359
03:52:29,200 --> 03:52:32,200
As you settle into your own warm
bed tonight in a room with 

4360
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:34,900
electric lights and central 
heating with the promise of 

4361
03:52:34,908 --> 03:52:38,900
dawn, just hours away, you can 
appreciate both how far we've 

4362
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:42,500
come and how a remarkable those 
early Arctic explorers truly 

4363
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,000
were. 
They faced months of darkness 

4364
03:52:45,000 --> 03:52:48,500
and cold with nothing but wool, 
oil lamps and human 

4365
03:52:48,500 --> 03:52:51,700
determination? 
They turned survival into an art

4366
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:54,900
form and somehow managed to 
maintain their Humanity in 

4367
03:52:54,900 --> 03:52:56,600
conditions. 
That seem designed to strip it 

4368
03:52:56,600 --> 03:52:58,700
away. 
Their Legacy isn't just the 

4369
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:01,000
geographical knowledge, they 
gained, or the roots, they 

4370
03:53:01,000 --> 03:53:05,100
mapped, but the proof that human
beings can adapt almost anything

4371
03:53:05,100 --> 03:53:07,800
when they have to. 
And that sometimes the most 

4372
03:53:07,800 --> 03:53:10,900
important survival tool is the 
ability to find humor and 

4373
03:53:10,900 --> 03:53:13,900
camaraderie, even when you're 
sleeping in what amounts to a 

4374
03:53:13,900 --> 03:53:17,000
very expensive Ice Cube. 
So as you drift off to sleep, in

4375
03:53:17,000 --> 03:53:20,000
your comfortable bed, perhaps, 
you'll spare a thought for those

4376
03:53:20,000 --> 03:53:22,700
brave souls who spent their 
nights, in the endless, Arctic 

4377
03:53:22,700 --> 03:53:26,700
Darkness sharing, warmth and 
stories, and the simple comfort 

4378
03:53:26,700 --> 03:53:29,900
of knowing that morning would 
come eventually, even if the sun

4379
03:53:29,900 --> 03:53:39,800
had temporarily forgotten how to
rise. imagine, if you will the 

4380
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:42,400
realm of Asgard on a winter 
morning, when the world feels 

4381
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:46,200
raped and cotton wool, The 
golden Halls of the Gods stand. 

4382
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:49,900
Silent their walls reflecting 
the pale light of a son that 

4383
03:53:49,900 --> 03:53:51,500
never quite seems to warm the 
air. 

4384
03:53:52,500 --> 03:53:55,200
This is the kind of Stillness 
that makes you hold your breath 

4385
03:53:55,200 --> 03:53:59,100
without realizing it the sort of
piece that Whispers of its own 

4386
03:53:59,100 --> 03:54:02,900
fragility in these days before 
the great prophecy took Route in

4387
03:54:02,900 --> 03:54:06,600
every Divine heart, the gods 
went about their business with a

4388
03:54:06,600 --> 03:54:09,800
confidence that now seems almost
Charming in its innocence. 

4389
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,700
Odin sat upon his high seat, 
watching the nine, worlds, with 

4390
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:21,300
eyes that saw everything except 
perhaps What mattered most Thor 

4391
03:54:21,300 --> 03:54:24,000
practiced with his hammer, in 
the courtyard, each swing 

4392
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:27,500
sending Tremors through the 
ground that the other gods had 

4393
03:54:27,500 --> 03:54:29,900
learned to ignore like familiar 
background noise. 

4394
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:33,700
Frey attended, her cats and 
contemplated Beauty and all its 

4395
03:54:33,700 --> 03:54:37,600
forms from the delicate Frost 
patterns on window glass to the 

4396
03:54:37,600 --> 03:54:41,200
terrible Elegance of a 
well-crafted sword life in 

4397
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:44,000
Asgard followed rhythms as old 
as the world tree itself. 

4398
03:54:44,900 --> 03:54:48,400
Feasts rolled into councils. 
Councils dissolved into hunts 

4399
03:54:48,400 --> 03:54:50,800
and hunts gave away to more 
Feasts. 

4400
03:54:51,600 --> 03:54:55,200
The Mead flowed like rivers and 
laughed after echoed through 

4401
03:54:55,208 --> 03:54:58,400
Halls to last until the end of 
days, though. 

4402
03:54:58,400 --> 03:55:00,300
None of them truly believed 
those days would ever come. 

4403
03:55:01,100 --> 03:55:04,500
Endings with things that 
happened to Mortals to the brief

4404
03:55:04,500 --> 03:55:08,300
lives of humans who flickered 
and faded like candle flames in 

4405
03:55:08,300 --> 03:55:11,100
a drafty room. 
Gods was supposed to be 

4406
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,500
different but even in those 
peaceful times, there were signs

4407
03:55:14,500 --> 03:55:18,400
if you knew how to read them. 
The Norms, those three ancient 

4408
03:55:18,400 --> 03:55:22,400
sisters who wove, the fate of 
Gods and Men alike worked, their

4409
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:25,400
Loom with Expressions that 
suggested, they knew something 

4410
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:29,100
everyone else had missed. 
Their fingers move through 

4411
03:55:29,100 --> 03:55:32,500
threads of past present and 
future with a speed. 

4412
03:55:32,500 --> 03:55:35,500
That spoke of urgency though 
they never rushed. 

4413
03:55:36,900 --> 03:55:39,100
Rushing implied. 
There was still time to make a 

4414
03:55:39,108 --> 03:55:43,100
difference and the norns knew 
better than anyone that some 

4415
03:55:43,100 --> 03:55:45,000
things were already written in 
the Deep structure of the 

4416
03:55:45,000 --> 03:55:49,100
universe itself, the Ravens 
hugin and munin returned each 

4417
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:51,700
evening to whisper their 
findings into Odin's ears. 

4418
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:55,100
Thought and memory they were 
called and between them, they 

4419
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:57,300
saw everything that happened 
under the sky. 

4420
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:02,000
But lately, their reports had 
taken on a quality that Odin 

4421
03:56:02,000 --> 03:56:03,700
didn't care to examine, too 
closely. 

4422
03:56:04,500 --> 03:56:08,100
Attention a sense of gathering 
momentum towards something 

4423
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:11,000
inevitable. 
He would not and thank them. 

4424
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:14,500
Then pour another cup of Mead 
and try to focus on problems. 

4425
03:56:14,500 --> 03:56:18,900
That seemed more immediate and 
therefore more solvable down in 

4426
03:56:18,908 --> 03:56:21,800
midgard, the realm of humans. 
Life continued with its own 

4427
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:25,000
particular rhythms. 
Farmers planted and harvested 

4428
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:29,300
Warriors fought and feasted and 
everyone told stories around 

4429
03:56:29,300 --> 03:56:33,100
fires on cold nights. 
Many of these stories concerned 

4430
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:36,200
the gods naturally because 
humans have always found comfort

4431
03:56:36,200 --> 03:56:37,400
in believing that their 
struggles. 

4432
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:41,500
Mirror, larger Cosmic patterns 
They spoke of Odin's wisdom, 

4433
03:56:41,500 --> 03:56:48,100
Thor's strength, freya's Beauty.
And yes even of Loki Loki Though

4434
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:50,800
those stories were always told 
with a mixture of amusement and 

4435
03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:54,300
unease occupied A peculiar 
position in the Divine 

4436
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:57,100
hierarchy. 
He was counted among the easier 

4437
03:56:57,100 --> 03:56:59,800
Gods yet. 
Everyone knew he was actually a 

4438
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:02,400
giant by birth. 
One of the jotun who was 

4439
03:57:02,400 --> 03:57:03,800
supposed to be enemies of the 
Gods. 

4440
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:07,700
It was the kind of complicated 
family situation that makes 

4441
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:10,500
modern Thanksgiving dinners look
simple by comparison. 

4442
03:57:11,900 --> 03:57:14,700
Odin had made him a blood 
brother in some ancient ceremony

4443
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:18,800
that no one quite remembered the
details of any more binding them

4444
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:21,500
together with Oaths, that even 
Gods could not break without 

4445
03:57:21,500 --> 03:57:24,300
consequence. 
Is in those quiet days before 

4446
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:26,100
the prophecy became impossible 
to ignore. 

4447
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:30,200
I moved through Asgard like a 
cat in a house where it knows, 

4448
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:33,600
it's not entirely welcome, but 
tolerated for his usefulness in 

4449
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:36,400
dealing with mice, he was 
clever. 

4450
03:57:37,300 --> 03:57:40,900
Perhaps two clever as the other 
God sometimes muttered when they

4451
03:57:40,908 --> 03:57:44,100
thought he couldn't hear. 
His solutions to problems. 

4452
03:57:44,100 --> 03:57:48,400
Often created new problems like 
a home repair job, that fixes 

4453
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:51,200
the leak that somehow damages 
the foundation. 

4454
03:57:52,200 --> 03:57:54,700
Yet time. 
And again, when the gods found 

4455
03:57:54,700 --> 03:57:58,400
themselves and truly impossible 
situations, it was they who 

4456
03:57:58,400 --> 03:58:01,700
turned to because, sometimes you
need someone willing to think in

4457
03:58:01,700 --> 03:58:03,800
directions that would never 
occur to the properly. 

4458
03:58:03,800 --> 03:58:07,400
Moral mind, he was beautiful in 
the way that dangerous things 

4459
03:58:07,400 --> 03:58:11,100
often are sharp featured with 
eyes that suggested. 

4460
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:13,500
He was always three steps ahead 
in a conversation. 

4461
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:17,500
You didn't know you were having 
his smile had edges to it and 

4462
03:58:17,500 --> 03:58:20,200
his laughter could sound like 
either Delight or mockery 

4463
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:22,300
depending on how you happen to 
be feeling that day. 

4464
03:58:23,600 --> 03:58:27,100
The gods never entirely trusted 
him but they never entirely 

4465
03:58:27,100 --> 03:58:30,500
distrusted him either, which was
exactly the balance. 

4466
03:58:30,500 --> 03:58:34,700
He seemed to prefer. 
Trust was a cage, distrust was 

4467
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:37,400
Exile. 
But this liminal space between 

4468
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:40,600
the two offered freedom of A 
Sort during this period of 

4469
03:58:40,600 --> 03:58:43,600
Stillness. 
I would often wander Beyond as 

4470
03:58:43,600 --> 03:58:47,200
God's gold and walls out into 
the Wild Spaces where the 

4471
03:58:47,208 --> 03:58:50,300
world's brushed against each 
other like pages in a book not 

4472
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:54,100
quite properly closed. 
He said he was exploring 

4473
03:58:54,100 --> 03:58:58,100
learning the secrets of creation
that the more respectable gods 

4474
03:58:58,100 --> 03:59:00,000
were too dignified to seek out 
themselves. 

4475
03:59:00,900 --> 03:59:03,000
In fact, that was even true in 
its own way. 

4476
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:08,200
Exploration can take many forms 
and not all of them, involve 

4477
03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:11,400
maps and careful notes. 
The other gods probably should 

4478
03:59:11,400 --> 03:59:13,300
have paid more attention to 
these wanderings. 

4479
03:59:14,100 --> 03:59:17,900
But as God was comfortable Meade
was plentiful, and it's always 

4480
03:59:17,900 --> 03:59:20,500
easier to assume that tomorrow 
will be much like today, 

4481
03:59:20,500 --> 03:59:24,800
especially when today's Pleasant
enough, They assumed, she would 

4482
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:27,700
always be. 
Sometimes helpful sometimes 

4483
03:59:27,700 --> 03:59:32,300
annoying but ultimately one of 
them Bound by the same rules and

4484
03:59:32,300 --> 03:59:34,700
expectations that governed all 
their lives. 

4485
03:59:34,700 --> 03:59:39,100
They were right about the first 
part would always be Where they 

4486
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:41,400
went wrong was in assuming that 
meant anything like 

4487
03:59:41,400 --> 03:59:45,400
predictability or safety beyond 
the walls of Asgard Beyond. 

4488
03:59:45,400 --> 03:59:48,600
Even the relatively tamed 
wildness of midgard, lay out, 

4489
03:59:48,600 --> 03:59:51,100
and high the realm of the 
Giants. 

4490
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,900
This was not a place where God's
typically vacationed, the Giants

4491
03:59:55,900 --> 03:59:59,900
were older than the gods 
themselves by some accounts and 

4492
03:59:59,900 --> 04:00:03,900
they remembered every slight, 
every battle, every drop of 

4493
04:00:03,900 --> 04:00:07,000
blood spilled in the Eternal 
conflict between Order and 

4494
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:10,500
Chaos. 
Your ternheim was a landscape of

4495
04:00:10,500 --> 04:00:14,100
contractions icefields that 
burned with colds. 

4496
04:00:14,100 --> 04:00:17,300
So intense it felt like fire 
mountains. 

4497
04:00:17,300 --> 04:00:20,100
That seemed to shift when you 
were not looking directly at 

4498
04:00:20,100 --> 04:00:22,800
them. 
Forests where the trees had 

4499
04:00:22,800 --> 04:00:24,700
witnessed the birth of the 
world's and remained 

4500
04:00:24,700 --> 04:00:27,400
unimpressed. 
It was to this unwelcoming realm

4501
04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:30,100
that he found himself drawn 
pulled by something. 

4502
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:32,400
He couldn't quite name and 
wouldn't have admitted if he 

4503
04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:36,200
could maybe it was boredom with 
asgard's golden Perfection, 

4504
04:00:36,200 --> 04:00:38,300
where everything was always 
beautiful. 

4505
04:00:38,300 --> 04:00:41,700
And therefore in its way 
monotonous Maybe it was a 

4506
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:44,500
longing for the wild magic, that
the giant still practiced. 

4507
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:48,200
The old chaos that had existed 
before the gods, imposed their 

4508
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:51,100
orderly structures on creation. 
Or maybe. 

4509
04:00:51,100 --> 04:00:54,700
And this is what he would never 
have confessed to Odin or any of

4510
04:00:54,708 --> 04:00:57,300
the others. 
It was a desire to be somewhere.

4511
04:00:57,300 --> 04:00:59,600
He didn't have to constantly 
perform the role of the 

4512
04:00:59,600 --> 04:01:03,200
trickster where he could simply 
be in high. 

4513
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:07,400
He met Angora the giantess. 
Her name meant, she who brings 

4514
04:01:07,400 --> 04:01:10,800
grief, which should have been 
his first warning, but intrigued

4515
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:13,300
him the way danger, always 
intrigued him. 

4516
04:01:13,300 --> 04:01:17,300
She was not beautiful by the 
standards of Asgard where Beauty

4517
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,400
meant gold and hair and perfect 
features that never showed the 

4518
04:01:20,400 --> 04:01:24,900
weight of years or experience. 
Anger, bodas Beauty was of a 

4519
04:01:24,900 --> 04:01:28,900
different sort entirely. 
The beauty of a winter storm of 

4520
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:32,200
ancient stone of things that 
endure, not through Perfection. 

4521
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:36,600
But through sheer uncompromising
existence, she lived alone in a 

4522
04:01:36,600 --> 04:01:40,100
part of your aim where even 
other Giants rarely ventured in 

4523
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:43,300
a haul from the bones of some 
creature that had died when the 

4524
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,400
world was young. 
It should have been Grim but 

4525
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:49,200
somehow it wasn't. 
She had made it comfortable in 

4526
04:01:49,200 --> 04:01:53,100
her own way with Furs that 
actually provided warmth and a 

4527
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:56,100
fire that burned with colors. 
I had never seen in asgard's 

4528
04:01:56,100 --> 04:01:57,500
carefully. 
Tended halves. 

4529
04:01:58,500 --> 04:02:01,900
The first time he visited, he 
told himself, he was gathering 

4530
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:05,300
information, learning giant 
secrets that might prove useful 

4531
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:07,800
to the god. 
Someday the second visit was 

4532
04:02:07,800 --> 04:02:11,700
harder to justify by the third. 
He had stopped trying anchor. 

4533
04:02:11,700 --> 04:02:13,800
Boda saw through him. 
Immediately of course. 

4534
04:02:14,600 --> 04:02:17,500
She saw the performance, he put 
on for everyone else and 

4535
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,800
underneath it, she saw something
that she had even half forgotten

4536
04:02:20,800 --> 04:02:24,100
was there. 
A person who was tired of always

4537
04:02:24,100 --> 04:02:28,100
being clever, always having the 
perfect response and always 

4538
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:29,800
playing the role that everyone 
expected. 

4539
04:02:30,900 --> 04:02:34,000
With her, he could occasionally 
be quiet with her. 

4540
04:02:34,000 --> 04:02:35,700
He could have admit on 
certainly. 

4541
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:40,100
With her he discovered that not 
every moment needed to be filled

4542
04:02:40,100 --> 04:02:43,700
with words or tricks or 
carefully, calculated moves in 

4543
04:02:43,700 --> 04:02:47,100
some Invisible game. 
This relationship was by any 

4544
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:50,500
reasonable standard, a 
catastrophically bad idea? 

4545
04:02:51,500 --> 04:02:55,600
Was bound by oath to the gods, 
Bound by his peculiar position 

4546
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,800
as both Insider and Outsider in 
asgard's higher Rocky. 

4547
04:03:00,700 --> 04:03:05,600
Hanger Boda was a giant one of 
the ancient enemies and her very

4548
04:03:05,600 --> 04:03:08,900
name suggested that she carried 
Doom in her wake, like a cloak. 

4549
04:03:08,900 --> 04:03:11,300
Nothing good, could come from 
this Union. 

4550
04:03:11,300 --> 04:03:15,400
Anyone with sense could have 
told them that but since has 

4551
04:03:15,400 --> 04:03:18,300
never been the primary motivator
of those who fall into, whatever

4552
04:03:18,300 --> 04:03:21,000
you want to call the thing that 
grew between them. 

4553
04:03:22,000 --> 04:03:25,600
Love is too simple, a word and 
too complicated at the same 

4554
04:03:25,608 --> 04:03:29,300
time. 
Call it recognition, perhaps the

4555
04:03:29,300 --> 04:03:31,900
way, two people who have always 
been slightly out of step with 

4556
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:34,900
everyone around them might 
recognize that quality in each 

4557
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:39,000
other and feel something like 
relief time in yot and high 

4558
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:40,600
moved differently than in 
Asgard. 

4559
04:03:41,500 --> 04:03:45,300
Days could stretch or compress 
and Seasons followed rules. 

4560
04:03:45,300 --> 04:03:47,200
That would have given 
meteorologists nervous 

4561
04:03:47,200 --> 04:03:50,100
breakdowns. 
During one of these temporally 

4562
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:53,000
ambiguous periods anger. 
Boda discovered, she was 

4563
04:03:53,008 --> 04:03:55,900
pregnant. 
Not with one child but with 

4564
04:03:55,900 --> 04:03:59,100
three because apparently even 
reproduction couldn't be 

4565
04:03:59,100 --> 04:04:01,500
straightforward. 
When I was involved, this should

4566
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:04,500
have been the moment when he 
returned to Asgard resumed. 

4567
04:04:04,500 --> 04:04:08,300
His proper role and pretended 
this entire episode had never 

4568
04:04:08,300 --> 04:04:11,100
happened. 
The gods were skilled at 

4569
04:04:11,100 --> 04:04:14,900
ignoring uncomfortable truths 
and one more gods in discretion 

4570
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:17,400
could have been added to a list 
that was already impressively 

4571
04:04:17,400 --> 04:04:19,800
long. 
But something kept him in your 

4572
04:04:19,808 --> 04:04:22,200
tunheim through. 
Anger, bodas pregnancy. 

4573
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:25,800
Watching her belly swell with 
new life feeling. 

4574
04:04:25,800 --> 04:04:28,500
Something he couldn't quite name
and didn't entirely trust. 

4575
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:30,900
Perhaps it was fear of what was 
coming. 

4576
04:04:31,700 --> 04:04:34,900
Perhaps it was fascination with 
the sheer or death of creating 

4577
04:04:34,900 --> 04:04:38,100
life when your own existence 
felt so uncertain. 

4578
04:04:39,300 --> 04:04:42,400
Or perhaps and this is the most 
generous interpretation. 

4579
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:46,200
It was a genuine desire to be 
present for the birth of his 

4580
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:49,300
children, to be something other 
than the trickster. 

4581
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:53,100
For once to be simply a father 
to beings, who might not yet 

4582
04:04:53,100 --> 04:04:54,900
know enough to be disappointed 
in him. 

4583
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:58,600
The births, when they came will,
like nothing in the usual order 

4584
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:01,000
of things. 
The first child came into the 

4585
04:05:01,000 --> 04:05:04,600
world as winter deepened, over 
your turn, Haim when the cold 

4586
04:05:04,600 --> 04:05:07,800
pressed down, like a physical 
weight and the Stars seemed 

4587
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:11,900
close enough to touch Hangar 
Boda labored in her Hall of bone

4588
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:15,400
and fur and discovered that all 
his cleverness was useless in 

4589
04:05:15,400 --> 04:05:18,100
the face of this most ancient 
ordinary of processes. 

4590
04:05:19,100 --> 04:05:22,800
He could do nothing but wait and
waiting had never been something

4591
04:05:22,800 --> 04:05:26,900
he excelled at when the baby 
finally emerged wrapped in caul 

4592
04:05:26,900 --> 04:05:30,400
and blood and possibility. 
He looked down at his firstborn 

4593
04:05:30,400 --> 04:05:33,900
son and felt his heart constrict
in a way that should have been 

4594
04:05:33,900 --> 04:05:37,400
impossible for someone who 
prided himself on emotional 

4595
04:05:37,400 --> 04:05:42,700
detachment. 
Child was perfect. small and 

4596
04:05:42,700 --> 04:05:47,900
helpless in the whale, newborns 
are The tiny fists that clenched

4597
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:51,700
and unclenched, as if already 
learning to hold on to things in

4598
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:53,300
a world that would try to take 
everything away. 

4599
04:05:53,300 --> 04:05:57,700
They named him fenrir fenrir. 
And in the beginning, he was 

4600
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:00,700
simply a baby. 
He cried when he was hungry, 

4601
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:04,800
slept when he was tired and 
regarded the world with a solemn

4602
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:08,800
curiosity of all new, arrivals 
trying to understand the strange

4603
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:09,800
Place. 
They've landed in. 

4604
04:06:10,600 --> 04:06:13,300
But even from the start there 
were signs for those who knew 

4605
04:06:13,300 --> 04:06:15,900
how to read them. 
His eyes were too knowing for an

4606
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:18,700
infant's, his grip on your 
finger stronger than it should 

4607
04:06:18,700 --> 04:06:21,100
have been. 
And when he looked at you, it 

4608
04:06:21,100 --> 04:06:23,400
felt like being assessed by 
something that was already 

4609
04:06:23,400 --> 04:06:26,800
deciding whether you were friend
or food, he grew fast faster 

4610
04:06:26,800 --> 04:06:30,300
than any normal child. 
His baby fat melting away within

4611
04:06:30,300 --> 04:06:34,100
weeks to reveal, lean muscle, 
and a coat of fur that shouldn't

4612
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:37,400
have emerged for months if he'd 
been a normal wolf, which he 

4613
04:06:37,400 --> 04:06:41,100
very clearly wasn't. 
By the time fenrir was, what 

4614
04:06:41,100 --> 04:06:42,200
should have been three months 
old? 

4615
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:47,400
He was the size of a large dog. 
And by six months, he was larger

4616
04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:51,100
than any wolf that had ever run 
through the forests of any 

4617
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:54,800
world. 
His teeth when he yawned were 

4618
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:58,900
already the size of daggers and 
his howls echoed across yacht 

4619
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:02,400
and high in ways that made even 
Giants, pause in their work and 

4620
04:07:02,400 --> 04:07:05,400
looked toward the Horizon with 
expressions of unease. 

4621
04:07:05,400 --> 04:07:07,100
But here's what you need to 
understand. 

4622
04:07:07,100 --> 04:07:11,200
Despite all this fenrir was 
still just a child. 

4623
04:07:11,200 --> 04:07:16,000
He wanted to play to be petted 
and to curl up next to his 

4624
04:07:16,000 --> 04:07:19,500
mother and listen to her voice. 
She told him stories about the 

4625
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:23,100
world before his birth. 
He was gentle with the smaller 

4626
04:07:23,100 --> 04:07:25,200
creatures, that lived around 
angora's Hall. 

4627
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:29,900
And once I watched him, spend an
entire afternoon carefully, not 

4628
04:07:29,908 --> 04:07:32,500
squashing a mouse that had 
wandered into his paws. 

4629
04:07:33,400 --> 04:07:36,400
The wolf child's tail would wag 
when either parent, came near 

4630
04:07:36,400 --> 04:07:40,300
and his greatest joy seemed to 
be the simple moments of Family 

4631
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:42,900
togetherness. 
This second birth came, only 

4632
04:07:42,900 --> 04:07:46,400
months later the time in your 
high made such measurements 

4633
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:49,800
almost meaningless. 
This child emerged, even more 

4634
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,100
impossible than the first and 
when anger border laid him 

4635
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:54,500
against her chest for the first 
time. 

4636
04:07:54,500 --> 04:07:58,300
She looked up at him with eyes 
that held equal parts, love and 

4637
04:07:58,300 --> 04:08:00,500
Terror Yeoman gandur. 
They named him. 

4638
04:08:00,500 --> 04:08:04,600
The world's serpent, though. 
He started out small enough to 

4639
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:07,900
fit in cupped Palms. 
He was beautiful in the way that

4640
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:10,900
reptiles can be. 
Beautiful perfectly designed for

4641
04:08:10,900 --> 04:08:15,000
his purpose with scales that 
caught the light like Opals and 

4642
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:17,700
eyes that were older than 
anything had a right to be. 

4643
04:08:18,700 --> 04:08:22,600
Unlike fenrir who was warm and 
Madeleine in his affections 

4644
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:27,500
German, gun Dua was cool to the 
touch contemplative with a 

4645
04:08:27,508 --> 04:08:31,500
Stillness, that suggested depths
beneath, depths he grew even 

4646
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:35,400
faster than his brother, his 
body length, and coils that soon

4647
04:08:35,400 --> 04:08:38,600
filled the hall and then Spilled
Out side, wrapping around the 

4648
04:08:38,600 --> 04:08:40,800
foundation, like a living 
boundary marker. 

4649
04:08:41,900 --> 04:08:44,200
Within a year or what passed for
a year. 

4650
04:08:45,000 --> 04:08:49,000
He was longer than any snake or 
dragon in mythology his body 

4651
04:08:49,000 --> 04:08:52,200
stretching so far that you could
see the beginning but never 

4652
04:08:52,200 --> 04:08:56,300
quite follow him to his end. 
He moved like water when he 

4653
04:08:56,308 --> 04:08:59,800
wanted to with a Grace that 
made, you forget how utterly 

4654
04:08:59,800 --> 04:09:04,400
alien he was, and when he was 
still, he might mistake him for 

4655
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:07,900
a peculiar rock formation, until
one of those opal. 

4656
04:09:07,900 --> 04:09:12,400
Eyes opened to regard you, with 
cool interest in play like 

4657
04:09:12,408 --> 04:09:15,500
fenrir did, but he had his own 
way of showing affection. 

4658
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:19,200
He would rest his massive head 
on anger Boulders lap, as she 

4659
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:23,900
sat by the fire, his breath slow
and even radiating, a sense of 

4660
04:09:23,900 --> 04:09:26,500
peace that seemed to spread 
through the entire Hall. 

4661
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,100
He liked it when she would Trace
patterns on his scales and tell 

4662
04:09:30,100 --> 04:09:34,700
him stories, not the grand sagas
of gods and heroes, but smaller 

4663
04:09:34,700 --> 04:09:37,700
choir to tales about observation
and patience. 

4664
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:42,200
And the Long View that serpents 
naturally, understood the third 

4665
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:46,300
child came last and her birth 
was the strangest of all the 

4666
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:49,300
labor was long and difficult. 
And there were moments when I 

4667
04:09:49,300 --> 04:09:52,900
wondered if anger Boda would 
survive it, But finally, the 

4668
04:09:52,900 --> 04:09:56,500
baby emerged, and when they 
cleaned her and raped her and 

4669
04:09:56,500 --> 04:09:59,400
Furs, they saw that she was 
split perfectly down the middle,

4670
04:09:59,400 --> 04:10:02,700
one side living and lovely. 
The other side, showing the 

4671
04:10:02,700 --> 04:10:06,300
marks of death and Decay that 
usually only came after a life 

4672
04:10:06,308 --> 04:10:08,400
had ended. 
They named her hell. 

4673
04:10:08,400 --> 04:10:11,500
And she was perhaps the most 
remarkable of all the children 

4674
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:12,900
though. 
The least obviously. 

4675
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:17,100
Monstrous Her living side was as
beautiful as her mother was 

4676
04:10:17,100 --> 04:10:21,300
beautiful, strong featured and 
fierce with eyes that saw 

4677
04:10:21,300 --> 04:10:23,600
straight through pretense to the
truth underneath. 

4678
04:10:24,600 --> 04:10:27,600
Her death touch side was not 
grotesque in the way you might 

4679
04:10:27,600 --> 04:10:32,800
imagine but rather peaceful like
a person sleeping deeply with 

4680
04:10:32,800 --> 04:10:37,400
skin, the color of old parchment
and an eye that saw into Realms.

4681
04:10:37,400 --> 04:10:40,400
No living person. 
Should perceive unlike her 

4682
04:10:40,400 --> 04:10:42,500
brothers. 
Hell grew at a normal Pace, 

4683
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:44,500
though. 
What was normal about anything 

4684
04:10:44,500 --> 04:10:47,300
concerning? 
This family was debatable. but 

4685
04:10:47,308 --> 04:10:51,000
she aged like a human child 
would, which meant she stayed 

4686
04:10:51,000 --> 04:10:56,800
small and vulnerable far longer 
than fenrir or this seemed to 

4687
04:10:56,808 --> 04:10:59,200
bring out protective instincts 
in her brothers that you 

4688
04:10:59,200 --> 04:11:02,200
wouldn't expect from being who 
were already becoming Legends 

4689
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:06,800
even in their infancy. fenrir 
would curl his enormous body 

4690
04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:10,500
around her when she slept, 
Providing warmth and security. 

4691
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:14,700
Human door would create living 
walls with his coils. 

4692
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:18,000
Keeping anything potentially 
dangerous away from his sister 

4693
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:21,200
for a short time and it was 
heartbreakingly short. 

4694
04:11:21,200 --> 04:11:24,900
There was simply a family 
unconventional, certainly 

4695
04:11:24,900 --> 04:11:27,200
Impossible by any reasonable 
standard. 

4696
04:11:28,600 --> 04:11:32,500
But a family nonetheless finding
joy, in each other's company in 

4697
04:11:32,500 --> 04:11:35,100
a halt at the edge of 
civilization, where the rules 

4698
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:36,800
that governed everyone else's 
lives. 

4699
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,100
Didn't quite seem to apply 
hanger. 

4700
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:41,000
Boda would sit by the fire in 
the evenings. 

4701
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:44,400
Helen her lap while fenrir 
sprawled nearby and human 

4702
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:47,000
gandur, coiled around them all 
like a living Fortress. 

4703
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:50,400
Would tell stories he was always
good with stories. 

4704
04:11:50,400 --> 04:11:53,500
And for those moments, he could 
almost forget that this could 

4705
04:11:53,500 --> 04:11:57,100
not last, but the world beyond 
their Hall was watching and 

4706
04:11:57,100 --> 04:12:00,500
worrying and preparing to take 
action, but she'd always been 

4707
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:04,200
too clever not to know the truth
and anger, Boda was too wise to 

4708
04:12:04,200 --> 04:12:06,600
protect otherwise, these 
children. 

4709
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:11,200
However, beloved however, in Ace
in the cells were prophecy made 

4710
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:14,000
flesh. 
They're very existence, was a 

4711
04:12:14,000 --> 04:12:18,100
threat to the order of things 
and Order, especially divine 

4712
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:20,300
order has never been kind to 
threats. 

4713
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:23,200
The gods learned about the 
children, the way God's always 

4714
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:26,100
learn about things. 
They prefer not to know through 

4715
04:12:26,100 --> 04:12:29,300
Ravens and rumors through 
prophecies that emerged in 

4716
04:12:29,308 --> 04:12:32,900
dreams, through the Norms 
weaving with expression, that 

4717
04:12:32,900 --> 04:12:34,600
grew Grimmer with each passing 
day. 

4718
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:38,300
At first, the news was met with 
disbelief. 

4719
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:42,800
Had gotten himself into awkward 
situations before but this 

4720
04:12:42,800 --> 04:12:47,000
seemed excessive even for him. 
Three children, each more 

4721
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:50,700
impossible than the last born of
a union that should never have 

4722
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:53,700
happened in the first place, 
then the disbelief turned to 

4723
04:12:53,700 --> 04:12:57,100
concern and concern ripened into
fear. 

4724
04:12:58,100 --> 04:13:01,700
Because prophecy has began to 
surface old predictions that 

4725
04:13:01,700 --> 04:13:04,000
suddenly made new and terrible 
sense. 

4726
04:13:04,700 --> 04:13:06,900
The wolf who would Devour the 
Sun? 

4727
04:13:07,500 --> 04:13:09,700
The serpent, who would poison 
the sky? 

4728
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:13,400
The maiden, who would receive 
the dead when the final battle 

4729
04:13:13,400 --> 04:13:16,500
came. 
These were just children, they 

4730
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:21,000
were ending form and breathe. 
Walking proof that Ragnarok 

4731
04:13:21,000 --> 04:13:26,400
Ragnarok was not some distant 
theoretical event, but an 

4732
04:13:26,400 --> 04:13:29,100
approaching reality with baby 
teeth and scales. 

4733
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:32,100
Odin called a council, which was
never a good sign. 

4734
04:13:32,100 --> 04:13:36,200
But when God's gather formerly 
to discuss problems, it usually 

4735
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:39,000
means someone's life is about to
get significantly worse. 

4736
04:13:40,000 --> 04:13:43,100
Thor, argued for immediate 
action, because Thor solution to

4737
04:13:43,100 --> 04:13:45,600
most problems involved, hitting 
them with his hammer until they 

4738
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:48,800
stopped being problems. 
Freya Council compassion 

4739
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:51,700
suggesting that children, 
shouldn't be punished for 

4740
04:13:51,700 --> 04:13:53,600
prophecies about things they 
hadn't done yet. 

4741
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:57,200
Tyr. 
The God of Justice pointed out 

4742
04:13:57,200 --> 04:13:59,500
the justice and prevention made 
uncomfortable. 

4743
04:13:59,500 --> 04:14:03,700
Bedfellows, this was a situation
where they needed to choose 

4744
04:14:03,700 --> 04:14:07,600
which principle mattered more 
they sent for him and he came 

4745
04:14:07,608 --> 04:14:11,300
reluctantly leaving his family. 
In jotunheim with promises, he 

4746
04:14:11,300 --> 04:14:14,700
must have known. 
Even then he couldn't keep In 

4747
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:17,100
asgard's. 
Great Hall with all the gods 

4748
04:14:17,100 --> 04:14:20,600
assembled in judgment. 
He faced questions, he had no 

4749
04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:24,300
good answers for yes. 
The children existed. 

4750
04:14:25,100 --> 04:14:28,900
Yes, they were growing powerful.
Yes, he supposed the prophecies 

4751
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:32,600
might apply to them though. 
Prophecies were notoriously open

4752
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:35,400
to interpretation. 
And perhaps everyone was 

4753
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:38,200
overreacting. 
This argument went about as well

4754
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:40,600
as you'd expect when you're 
trying to convince people that 

4755
04:14:40,600 --> 04:14:43,800
their existential Terror. 
Might be premature Odin 

4756
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:46,200
pronounced judgment with the 
weight of someone who had 

4757
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:49,100
foreseen this moment and hated 
every part of it. 

4758
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:53,700
The children could not remain in
your High free and growing 

4759
04:14:53,700 --> 04:14:56,000
stronger. 
They had to be separated 

4760
04:14:56,000 --> 04:15:00,400
contained and placed where they 
could not fulfill the prophecies

4761
04:15:00,400 --> 04:15:04,800
that everyone now agreed, hung 
over them like storm clouds over

4762
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:09,400
a picnic. it was for the good of
all the worlds, Odin said, and 

4763
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:13,200
maybe he even believed it gods 
are very good at convincing 

4764
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:15,000
themselves. 
That terrible things are 

4765
04:15:15,000 --> 04:15:17,600
necessary. 
The separation happened on a 

4766
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:19,500
gray morning. 
When the sky seemed to reflect 

4767
04:15:19,500 --> 04:15:23,900
the mood of everyone involved 
Gods came to jotunheim, enforce 

4768
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:28,000
not quite an army, but not quite
not an army, either led by Odin 

4769
04:15:28,000 --> 04:15:30,700
himself because some orders 
can't be delegated without 

4770
04:15:30,700 --> 04:15:33,400
seeming cowardly anger. 
Buddha fought them. 

4771
04:15:33,400 --> 04:15:37,000
Of course, she was a giant Heist
and a mother, which made her 

4772
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:40,000
approximately as dangerous as 
anything in creation when 

4773
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:43,800
protecting her children. 
But there were many gods and 

4774
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:46,900
only one of her and they had 
come prepared with bindings and 

4775
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:50,000
spells and the kind of 
overwhelming force that leaves 

4776
04:15:50,000 --> 04:15:54,100
no room for defiance to matter. 
Fenrir fought too though. 

4777
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:56,900
He was still young enough that 
fighting mostly meant biting and

4778
04:15:56,900 --> 04:15:59,600
Howling and trying to position 
himself between his family in 

4779
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:02,600
the Invaders. 
He managed to bloody a few minor

4780
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:05,900
Gods before they got magical 
chains, around him chains. 

4781
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:08,600
That wouldn't have held a normal
wolf for more than moments. 

4782
04:16:08,600 --> 04:16:12,500
But that had been forged 
specifically for him, woven with

4783
04:16:12,508 --> 04:16:16,900
magic and prophecy and the kind 
of desperate Ingenuity that 

4784
04:16:16,900 --> 04:16:21,800
comes from Fear. 
Even bound, fenrir struggled his

4785
04:16:21,800 --> 04:16:25,500
eyes, finding his mothers across
the chaos, seeing something in 

4786
04:16:25,500 --> 04:16:28,200
her expression that broke what 
remained of his puppy heart. 

4787
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:31,000
They took him first dragging him
away. 

4788
04:16:31,000 --> 04:16:34,400
Still bound, still fighting 
howling, and a voice, that 

4789
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:38,600
carried across all of jotunheim 
and made, even the Giants, Paws 

4790
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:40,100
in whatever they were doing to 
listen. 

4791
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:44,300
And remember, The gods brought 
him to a place called Ling. 

4792
04:16:44,300 --> 04:16:48,300
V an island in the middle of a 
lake called amphi near where 

4793
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:50,500
Waters. 
So dark, it looked like liquid 

4794
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:55,000
knighted Shores that nothing 
living visited There they 

4795
04:16:55,000 --> 04:16:57,300
chained him with bonds called 
light near. 

4796
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:01,600
Thenis silk and strong as the 
roots of mountains made from 

4797
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:05,400
impossible things. 
The sound of a cat's footfall, 

4798
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:10,000
the beard of a woman, the roots 
of a mountain, the sinews of a 

4799
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:14,800
bear, the breath of a fish, and 
the spittle of a bird fenrir 

4800
04:17:14,800 --> 04:17:17,700
would live there on that Lonely 
Island bound and isolated 

4801
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:20,200
growing larger and more bitter 
as the years passed. 

4802
04:17:20,900 --> 04:17:22,800
The gods told themselves. 
This was Mercy. 

4803
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:24,900
They could have killed him after
all. 

4804
04:17:24,900 --> 04:17:27,700
They told themselves, he would 
be well cared for that. 

4805
04:17:27,700 --> 04:17:29,400
Someone would bring him food and
water. 

4806
04:17:30,600 --> 04:17:32,900
Well, they didn't tell 
themselves was what it might do,

4807
04:17:32,900 --> 04:17:36,600
to a social creature to live 
entirely alone without touch or 

4808
04:17:36,600 --> 04:17:40,600
companionship with nothing but 
chains and prophecy for company.

4809
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:45,200
Your mungan Dior they handled it
differently though. 

4810
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:49,500
No more kindly the serpent had 
grown so large that transporting

4811
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:53,200
him anywhere seemed impossible. 
So instead, they threw him into 

4812
04:17:53,200 --> 04:17:57,000
the sea, cast him from The 
Cliffs of Asgard down into the 

4813
04:17:57,000 --> 04:17:59,400
Waters of midgard. 
Like something broken being 

4814
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:03,000
tossed away. 
He fell through clouds and are 

4815
04:18:03,000 --> 04:18:06,600
that never felt anything like 
him, pass through before, and 

4816
04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:10,200
hit the ocean with an impact 
that created waves, that reached

4817
04:18:10,200 --> 04:18:14,600
Shores, hundreds of miles away 
the serpents sank into the cold 

4818
04:18:14,600 --> 04:18:18,000
deep where sunlight had never 
quite figured out how to reach 

4819
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:22,000
and there he continued to grow. 
He grew until his body and 

4820
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:25,900
circled all of midgard grew, 
until he held his own tail, in 

4821
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:30,300
his mouth, in an endless loop of
scale and muscle and patient 

4822
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:33,400
rage. 
Sailors would sometimes Glimpse 

4823
04:18:33,400 --> 04:18:36,200
him When Storms turned the sea 
transparent for brief moments. 

4824
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:40,000
They would tell stories about 
the world serpent who waited in 

4825
04:18:40,000 --> 04:18:43,400
the depths for a day when the 
prophecies would finally come 

4826
04:18:43,400 --> 04:18:45,000
true and he could rise to meet 
them. 

4827
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:50,000
She took last and packed her 
fate was strangest of all. she 

4828
04:18:50,000 --> 04:18:53,900
was still a child small and 
frightened clutching at anger, 

4829
04:18:53,900 --> 04:18:56,700
Boda skirts as the gods 
deliberated, what to do with a 

4830
04:18:56,700 --> 04:19:00,900
girl who was half alive and half
dead an entirely too close to 

4831
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:05,200
the Mysteries that separated one
state from the other Odin looked

4832
04:19:05,200 --> 04:19:08,700
at her for a long time his one I
seeing things that others 

4833
04:19:08,700 --> 04:19:12,200
couldn't seeing possibilities 
and problems and prophecies yet 

4834
04:19:12,200 --> 04:19:16,100
Unwritten finally he made his 
decision. she would not be 

4835
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:19,800
imprisoned like her brother, or 
Exile like the other Instead, 

4836
04:19:19,800 --> 04:19:21,600
she would be given a realm to 
rule. 

4837
04:19:22,500 --> 04:19:26,100
Niplheim, the realm of the Dead.
Were those who died of illness 

4838
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:30,400
or old age would come to rest. 
It sounded like a gift the way 

4839
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:33,800
Odin presented it like they were
giving her purpose and Authority

4840
04:19:33,800 --> 04:19:36,100
beyond what any child her age 
should expect. 

4841
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:41,000
Hell was already wise Beyond her
years Splitters? 

4842
04:19:41,000 --> 04:19:44,400
She was between life and death 
and she understood what they 

4843
04:19:44,400 --> 04:19:47,400
were really doing. 
Isolating her from the living. 

4844
04:19:48,100 --> 04:19:51,700
Placing her where her strange 
nature would be appropriate in 

4845
04:19:51,700 --> 04:19:54,200
keeping her contained through 
responsibility rather than 

4846
04:19:54,200 --> 04:19:56,400
chains. 
She went without fighting 

4847
04:19:56,400 --> 04:20:00,200
because what would fighting have
accomplished She looked back 

4848
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:03,100
once at her mother and anger 
bodus saw in. 

4849
04:20:03,108 --> 04:20:05,500
That, look, all the future. 
Hell would have without her 

4850
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:08,700
family around her. 
All the centuries of ruling over

4851
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:11,400
the dead while being neither, 
quite living or quite dead 

4852
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:13,700
herself. 
And all the loneliness that 

4853
04:20:13,700 --> 04:20:17,200
awaited in those gray Halls 
beneath the Earth watched all of

4854
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:21,100
this happened. 
Bound by his oath to Odin unable

4855
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:24,400
to intervene without breaking 
bonds, that held the very fabric

4856
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:29,400
of divine Society together. his 
children were taken scattered to

4857
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:33,200
Wind and Sea and underworld 
separated from each other and 

4858
04:20:33,200 --> 04:20:36,500
from the family that loved them,
despite every prophecy that said

4859
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:40,400
they shouldn't Stood there in 
his golden Halls of Asgard. 

4860
04:20:41,200 --> 04:20:44,600
Still technically one of the 
Gods still technically honored 

4861
04:20:44,600 --> 04:20:48,500
and respected and felt something
inside him cracking ways that 

4862
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:51,700
would have consequences. 
No one could yet imagine anger 

4863
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:53,400
boder. 
They left alone in her Hall of 

4864
04:20:53,408 --> 04:20:55,500
Bones because what more could 
they take from her? 

4865
04:20:56,200 --> 04:20:59,000
She sat by her fire, which 
should always burn with strange 

4866
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:02,200
colors, and she wept tears that 
froze before they hit the 

4867
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:04,900
ground. 
The gods had taken her children,

4868
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:09,500
the prophecies remained. 
somewhere in the fabric of Fate 

4869
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:14,200
itself, something shifted like a
lot tumbling into place like a 

4870
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:18,100
story finally finding its proper
tragic shape after the 

4871
04:21:18,100 --> 04:21:21,600
separation Asgard tried to 
return to its previous rhythm of

4872
04:21:21,608 --> 04:21:26,200
Feasts and hunts and comfortable
certainly But something had 

4873
04:21:26,200 --> 04:21:29,700
changed in the golden Halls. 
Attention that wouldn't quite 

4874
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:31,900
dissipate like Morning, Mist 
under sunlight. 

4875
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,800
The gods had done what they 
thought necessary and they tried

4876
04:21:35,800 --> 04:21:38,900
very hard to convince themselves
this meant, they had prevented 

4877
04:21:38,900 --> 04:21:41,500
disaster. 
They were very good at 

4878
04:21:41,500 --> 04:21:45,400
self-deception when they needed 
to be, it's practically a 

4879
04:21:45,400 --> 04:21:49,300
requirement for divine status, 
but the norns continue weaving 

4880
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:53,200
and their expressions never 
softened and in the world treats

4881
04:21:53,200 --> 04:21:56,900
itself, which connected all the 
Realms in its vast structure of 

4882
04:21:56,908 --> 04:22:00,100
trunk and branch and root. 
There was a sense of 

4883
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:04,000
anticipation as if the tree that
held everything, together was 

4884
04:22:04,000 --> 04:22:07,900
bracing itself for what would 
inevitably come the prophecy is 

4885
04:22:07,908 --> 04:22:11,400
about Ragnarok, were older than 
most of the Gods themselves. 

4886
04:22:11,400 --> 04:22:15,200
They spoke of a final battle 
when everything that held the 

4887
04:22:15,208 --> 04:22:18,400
world together would come apart,
like a tapestry pulled its 

4888
04:22:18,400 --> 04:22:22,200
threads. 
Fire and Ice would meet the 

4889
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:25,500
dead, would rise. 
The bonds that held monsters 

4890
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:29,100
would snap and the carefully 
maintained order that the gods 

4891
04:22:29,100 --> 04:22:31,700
had spent ages. 
Building would collapse into 

4892
04:22:31,700 --> 04:22:35,500
chaos and violence. 
It was the Norse version of the 

4893
04:22:35,500 --> 04:22:38,200
apocalypse and what made it 
particularly unsettling. 

4894
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:41,900
Was it specificity? 
This wasn't vague religious 

4895
04:22:41,900 --> 04:22:45,000
speculation. 
It was a detailed roadmap of 

4896
04:22:45,000 --> 04:22:46,500
exactly how everything would 
end. 

4897
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:49,100
The wolf would break his chains 
on that day. 

4898
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:53,600
Fenrir grown massive with 
isolation and rage, which shake 

4899
04:22:53,600 --> 04:22:56,900
off the bonds of grape near like
they were spider silk and run 

4900
04:22:56,900 --> 04:23:00,700
free for the first time since 
his imprisonment He would chase 

4901
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:04,500
the sun across the sky. 
And this time, there would be no

4902
04:23:04,500 --> 04:23:07,800
Escape for that bright. 
Orb, that had risen Faithfully 

4903
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:11,300
every morning. 
Since the dawn of time, the wolf

4904
04:23:11,300 --> 04:23:14,700
would swallow the sun and the 
world would fall into darkness. 

4905
04:23:14,700 --> 04:23:18,900
That no torch could penetrate, 
the serpent would rise from the 

4906
04:23:18,900 --> 04:23:22,200
ocean. 
Depths your Munga having grown. 

4907
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,200
So, large that he literally 
encompassed. 

4908
04:23:24,200 --> 04:23:27,900
The world would release his own 
tail from his mouth and surged 

4909
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:31,000
upwards through Waters that had 
contained him for so long. 

4910
04:23:32,100 --> 04:23:33,800
He would spew Venom that would 
poison. 

4911
04:23:33,800 --> 04:23:37,200
The very are creating a toxic 
fog that would spread across all

4912
04:23:37,200 --> 04:23:40,500
the lands. 
The sky itself would turn green 

4913
04:23:40,500 --> 04:23:43,900
with his poison and things would
die simply from breathing. 

4914
04:23:43,900 --> 04:23:46,400
The dead would March under 
hell's command. 

4915
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:51,400
From niflheim that gray realm 
beneath the Earth would come an 

4916
04:23:51,400 --> 04:23:53,900
army of those who had passed 
from the world of the living. 

4917
04:23:53,900 --> 04:23:58,300
Not the Glorious Dead, who dwelt
in Valhalla, but the ordinary 

4918
04:23:58,300 --> 04:24:00,800
dead. 
Those who had died in their beds

4919
04:24:00,800 --> 04:24:04,500
of age or sickness. 
Those who had never held weapons

4920
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:08,500
or sought battle, they would 
rise at hell's coal because even

4921
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:10,600
the boundary between life and 
death would fail. 

4922
04:24:10,600 --> 04:24:14,200
When Ragnarok came on that day, 
he would break free from a 

4923
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:16,100
punishment. 
The gods would later impose on 

4924
04:24:16,108 --> 04:24:18,500
him for his role in another 
God's death. 

4925
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:23,000
He would be bound in a cave with
Venom dripping onto his face 

4926
04:24:23,000 --> 04:24:27,000
reternity or at least until the 
end of everything whichever came

4927
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:32,200
first as it turned out, When a 
Ragnarok began those bonds, two 

4928
04:24:32,200 --> 04:24:36,000
would snap and he would lead an 
army of Giants against the gods 

4929
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:39,800
who had once called him friend. 
Fighting alongside the children,

4930
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:42,900
they had taken from him, the 
prophecies described the battle 

4931
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:45,700
in detail which would have been 
impressive if it weren't. 

4932
04:24:45,700 --> 04:24:50,500
So utterly depressing Thor would
face your own in their final 

4933
04:24:50,500 --> 04:24:53,700
confrontation and though the 
Thunder God would manage to kill

4934
04:24:53,700 --> 04:24:56,700
the serpent. 
He would only take nine steps 

4935
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:59,100
before the Venom finally killed 
him in turn. 

4936
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:04,200
Odin would face fenrir in single
combat and the Wolf would do 

4937
04:25:04,200 --> 04:25:07,100
what he'd been prophesied to do 
since before he was born. 

4938
04:25:08,000 --> 04:25:11,900
He would Devour the old father, 
swallowing the king of the Gods 

4939
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:15,700
as Darkness swallowed, the Sun, 
the fires of muspelheim, would 

4940
04:25:15,700 --> 04:25:19,100
consume what remained burning 
through all the worlds like a 

4941
04:25:19,108 --> 04:25:22,900
fever that couldn't be broken. 
The world tree itself would burn

4942
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:27,000
and when it finally fell nothing
would remain but a waste of Ash 

4943
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:31,200
and regret it was by any 
standard a deeply unpleasant set

4944
04:25:31,200 --> 04:25:34,400
of predictions and the gods 
spent considerable time and 

4945
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:37,200
energy trying to figure out if 
there was any way around them. 

4946
04:25:37,200 --> 04:25:40,300
This is where things got 
philosophically, interesting. 

4947
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:44,400
If you cared about such things 
which most of the Gods didn't 

4948
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:47,000
because philosophy had never 
stopped anyone from getting 

4949
04:25:47,000 --> 04:25:49,900
eaten by a wolf or poisoned by a
serpent. 

4950
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:54,500
The problem was this by taking 
action to prevent the prophecies

4951
04:25:54,500 --> 04:25:57,600
were the gods actually ensuring 
they came true. 

4952
04:25:58,600 --> 04:26:02,000
If they hadn't imprisoned 
fenrir, would he have any reason

4953
04:26:02,000 --> 04:26:03,800
to hate them enough to devour 
Odin? 

4954
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:07,000
If they hadn't thrown your 
mundane into the sea? 

4955
04:26:07,000 --> 04:26:10,000
Would he have grown larger 
enough to threaten the world? 

4956
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:13,100
If they hadn't given hell 
dominion over the dead. 

4957
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:17,300
Would you have an army to raise 
when the final battle came and 

4958
04:26:17,300 --> 04:26:20,200
if they hadn't taken his 
children away, would he have any

4959
04:26:20,200 --> 04:26:22,300
motivation to lead Giants 
against them when the world 

4960
04:26:22,300 --> 04:26:24,700
ended? 
But it was too late now for such

4961
04:26:24,700 --> 04:26:27,300
questions. 
The children were separated 

4962
04:26:27,300 --> 04:26:30,900
growing in their isolation and 
with each passing year they were

4963
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,200
becoming less like the innocent 
beings they had been and more 

4964
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:36,800
like the monsters, the 
professors required, them to be,

4965
04:26:36,800 --> 04:26:41,100
it was like a self-fulfilling 
prophecy speedrun and everyone 

4966
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:43,400
was trapped in roles. 
They couldn't escape even if 

4967
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:45,600
they wanted to. 
You might wonder what the 

4968
04:26:45,608 --> 04:26:47,700
children themselves thought 
about all this. 

4969
04:26:48,500 --> 04:26:51,400
Whether they had any choice in 
the matter, whether they might 

4970
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:53,300
have chosen differently if given
the option. 

4971
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:56,200
But prophecy doesn't care much 
about choice. 

4972
04:26:57,000 --> 04:26:58,700
That's the terrible thing about 
it. 

4973
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:02,100
The aspect that makes it 
fundamentally unfair in ways 

4974
04:27:02,100 --> 04:27:06,300
that even Gods couldn't quite 
address The future was already 

4975
04:27:06,300 --> 04:27:09,400
written and all any of them 
could do as move toward it, like

4976
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:11,400
actors hitting their marks in a 
play. 

4977
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:14,900
Whose ending had been determined
before, the first line was spoke

4978
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:18,500
and then rear loan on his 
Island, grew large and bitter. 

4979
04:27:18,500 --> 04:27:23,100
He had loved his family once had
been gentle with that Mouse and 

4980
04:27:23,100 --> 04:27:25,900
his tail. 
When his father came home, but 

4981
04:27:25,900 --> 04:27:29,900
isolation is poison of its own 
sort and Chains, leave marks 

4982
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:33,800
that go deeper than flesh. 
He thought about Prophecy in the

4983
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:36,600
long hours of his imprisonment 
and about the role everyone 

4984
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:40,500
assumed he would play. 
And perhaps part of him began to

4985
04:27:40,500 --> 04:27:43,400
think. 
If everyone believes, I'm a 

4986
04:27:43,400 --> 04:27:45,400
monster. 
If they've treated me like a 

4987
04:27:45,400 --> 04:27:48,600
monster, since I was a child, if
they've imprisoned me for 

4988
04:27:48,600 --> 04:27:52,300
crimes, I haven't committed yet.
Well, maybe when the chains 

4989
04:27:52,300 --> 04:27:55,400
finally break, I'll give them 
exactly the monster. 

4990
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:58,500
They expected human gone to a 
circled. 

4991
04:27:58,500 --> 04:28:02,100
The world in his endless loop 
growing larger with each passing

4992
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:04,000
century. 
Patient. 

4993
04:28:04,000 --> 04:28:06,900
In the way that only truly cold 
blooded creatures can be 

4994
04:28:06,900 --> 04:28:10,100
patient. 
He remembered his mother's Hall 

4995
04:28:10,100 --> 04:28:14,300
remembered his sister small hand
touching his scales and 

4996
04:28:14,300 --> 04:28:16,200
remembered his brothers 
protective warmth. 

4997
04:28:16,900 --> 04:28:21,000
He remembered and he waited and 
his waiting had the quality of 

4998
04:28:21,000 --> 04:28:25,100
something inevitable. 
Not eager exactly but ready. 

4999
04:28:26,000 --> 04:28:28,300
When the time came, he would 
rise. 

5000
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:33,100
The prophecy said, so, and for a
being who've been cast into the 

5001
04:28:33,100 --> 04:28:36,000
ocean like garbage, there was 
something almost comforting 

5002
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:39,800
about certainly, even if that 
certainty was about Universal 

5003
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:43,500
destruction, hell in her gray, 
Hall's, learn the art of ruling 

5004
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:46,700
the dead and it changed her in 
ways that would have concerned. 

5005
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:49,700
Anyone who cared enough to 
visit, which no one did. 

5006
04:28:50,500 --> 04:28:53,700
The living were afraid of death 
and the dead went much for 

5007
04:28:53,700 --> 04:28:56,900
conversation. 
She existed between states, 

5008
04:28:56,900 --> 04:29:00,000
governing a realm where nothing 
ever really changed. 

5009
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,200
Whether there was no joy but 
also no suffering. 

5010
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:06,900
Just an endless grey 
continuation that wasn't quite 

5011
04:29:06,900 --> 04:29:09,900
anything at all. 
She thought of her mother 

5012
04:29:09,900 --> 04:29:13,600
sometimes and wondered if anger,
Boda still lived in her Hall of 

5013
04:29:13,608 --> 04:29:17,600
bones in jotunheim. she thought 
of her brothers and wondered if 

5014
04:29:17,600 --> 04:29:21,200
they remembered her or if time 
and isolation had erased, even 

5015
04:29:21,200 --> 04:29:24,400
though those memories Mostly 
though, she prepared. 

5016
04:29:25,200 --> 04:29:28,500
Because the prophecy said the 
dead would March and Hell had 

5017
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:31,200
learned that being prepared was 
the only form of control of 

5018
04:29:31,200 --> 04:29:34,500
available to her time passed in 
the nine worlds, the way it 

5019
04:29:34,500 --> 04:29:37,300
always does. 
Steadily in differently like 

5020
04:29:37,300 --> 04:29:41,200
water wearing away Stone years 
became decade's. 

5021
04:29:41,900 --> 04:29:45,400
Decades stretched into centuries
and the gods grew comfortable 

5022
04:29:45,400 --> 04:29:48,000
with their solutions to the 
problem of Prophecy. 

5023
04:29:48,700 --> 04:29:52,700
Fenrir was bound. 
Your mungan Duo was in the sea. 

5024
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:57,300
hell presided over the dead and 
Ragnarok remained firmly in the 

5025
04:29:57,300 --> 04:30:01,300
category of future problems, 
will worry about later except 

5026
04:30:01,300 --> 04:30:05,100
the Norms kept weaving and their
thread was running out the signs

5027
04:30:05,100 --> 04:30:09,900
began subtly the way ending's 
often do Winter's grew longer 

5028
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:13,000
and harsher stretching beyond 
their traditional boundaries 

5029
04:30:13,000 --> 04:30:16,300
until spring seemed like a 
memory rather than something 

5030
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:20,400
that would actually return. 
The Norse called it, thimble 

5031
04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:23,600
winter. 
The great winter, three years of

5032
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:27,700
cold with no summer between them
where snow fell even in, what 

5033
04:30:27,700 --> 04:30:30,400
should have been the warmest 
months and the sun seemed to 

5034
04:30:30,408 --> 04:30:33,600
have forgotten how to provide 
warmth even when it appeared in 

5035
04:30:33,600 --> 04:30:37,200
midgard, humans huddled around 
fires and watched their supplies

5036
04:30:37,200 --> 04:30:39,900
dwindle wandering. 
What they had done to anger the 

5037
04:30:39,908 --> 04:30:43,200
gods, they didn't know that the 
gods had nothing to do with it. 

5038
04:30:43,200 --> 04:30:46,300
That this was simply the 
universe preparing itself for 

5039
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:50,800
transitional way a body Shivers 
before a fever, breaks crops 

5040
04:30:50,800 --> 04:30:54,500
fails animals, disappeared into 
forests and didn't return 

5041
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:58,900
families turned on each other as
resources became scarce and the 

5042
04:30:58,908 --> 04:31:01,200
social bonds that held 
communities together. 

5043
04:31:01,200 --> 04:31:04,900
Began to fray like old rope 
under too much strain, wolves 

5044
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:07,800
appeared in unusual numbers more
than anyone could remember 

5045
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:11,100
seeing and they were bold in 
ways that normal wolves never 

5046
04:31:11,100 --> 04:31:15,600
were They came close to Villages
watching with eyes that seem to 

5047
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:20,100
understand too much as if they 
were waiting for something. some

5048
04:31:20,100 --> 04:31:22,700
people swore they could hear 
howling in the distance every 

5049
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:27,400
night a sound that came from no 
direction and every direction at

5050
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:32,000
once, Call that their own dogs 
would answer with whimpers of 

5051
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,700
fear, rather than challenge. 
The ocean grew Restless in ways 

5052
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:40,000
that confused even experienced 
Sailors waves rose without wind 

5053
04:31:40,000 --> 04:31:42,800
to drive them and the water 
itself seemed to be shifting. 

5054
04:31:42,800 --> 04:31:46,400
Moving with patterns that 
suggested something massive was 

5055
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:49,300
stirring in depths no human had 
ever plumbed. 

5056
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:51,800
Ships. 
That ventured too far from 

5057
04:31:51,800 --> 04:31:54,400
Shore. 
Sometimes reported seeing coils 

5058
04:31:54,400 --> 04:31:58,300
breaking the surface coils too. 
Large to belong to any known 

5059
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:01,900
creature covered in scales, that
caught the Dying Light. 

5060
04:32:01,900 --> 04:32:06,500
Like disease, Jewels initial 
Health, the change before anyone

5061
04:32:06,500 --> 04:32:08,900
else. 
The dead who came to her realm 

5062
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:12,700
arrived with stories of the 
world of falling apart of chaos,

5063
04:32:12,700 --> 04:32:16,800
spreading like infection through
societies that had seemed stable

5064
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:20,900
for Generations. 
She stood in her haul of Grace 

5065
04:32:20,900 --> 04:32:25,100
and felt the boundaries between 
her realm and the world above 

5066
04:32:25,100 --> 04:32:29,500
thining weakening and becoming 
permeable in ways they had never

5067
04:32:29,500 --> 04:32:32,000
been before. 
It would be easy. 

5068
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:35,600
Now to send the dead back up 
into the light easy to March, 

5069
04:32:35,600 --> 04:32:38,700
them across the boundary, that 
had always seemed so absolute. 

5070
04:32:38,700 --> 04:32:42,200
She thought of her brothers whom
she hadn't seen since childhood 

5071
04:32:42,200 --> 04:32:46,100
and wondered. 
If they felt it too, this sense 

5072
04:32:46,100 --> 04:32:48,600
of something approaching the 
story. 

5073
04:32:48,600 --> 04:32:52,200
Finally, moving towards its 
climax, after an impossibly long

5074
04:32:52,200 --> 04:32:56,000
middle section on the island of 
Ling Vie, fenrir felt the bonds 

5075
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:57,500
that held him beginning to 
weaken. 

5076
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:00,700
Light near that thin ribbon that
had held him for. 

5077
04:33:00,708 --> 04:33:05,000
So, long was starting to stretch
in ways, it never had before, it

5078
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:08,099
was still strong, the magic 
woven into, it was old and 

5079
04:33:08,099 --> 04:33:11,500
Powerful. 
But even old magic eventually 

5080
04:33:11,500 --> 04:33:13,300
wears down under constant 
pressure. 

5081
04:33:14,099 --> 04:33:16,800
He had been pulling against 
these bonds every day for 

5082
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:22,800
centuries and now, finally, he 
could feel them responding feel 

5083
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:25,800
the giving them that suggested 
Freedom might actually be 

5084
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:28,500
possible. 
He lifted his massive head, and 

5085
04:33:28,500 --> 04:33:32,200
howled, a sound that carried 
across water, and land through 

5086
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:36,099
Realms and dimensions reaching 
ears that had been waiting to 

5087
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:39,800
hear it. 
It was a howl of anticipation of

5088
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:42,099
Rage that had been building for 
so long. 

5089
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:44,800
It had become something almost 
pure and of something else, too.

5090
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:48,300
A kind of terrible Joy at 
finally being able to move 

5091
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:50,599
toward the desks near. 
Everyone had always said, was 

5092
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:55,300
his in the ocean door, released 
his tail from his mouth for the 

5093
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:57,800
first time since he had been 
enough to catch it? 

5094
04:33:58,500 --> 04:34:02,200
The world serpent on coiled. 
And as he did, the Seas began to

5095
04:34:02,200 --> 04:34:05,000
rise. 
Tsunamis formed spontaneously, 

5096
04:34:05,000 --> 04:34:08,900
rushing towards Shores, that had
no warning and no time to 

5097
04:34:08,900 --> 04:34:12,900
prepare The Serpent's massive 
body created currents that 

5098
04:34:12,908 --> 04:34:15,900
disrupted weather patterns 
across the entire world. 

5099
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:21,000
And when he finally surfaced 
truly surfaced bringing his full

5100
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:23,599
length up with sky and cement 
Sailors. 

5101
04:34:23,599 --> 04:34:26,700
Who saw him went mad from the 
sheer impossibility of his size.

5102
04:34:26,700 --> 04:34:30,800
He rose toward Asgard toward the
home of the Gods who had thrown 

5103
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:34,800
him away and as he rose, Venom 
dripped from fangs the size of 

5104
04:34:34,808 --> 04:34:39,800
towers. where it fell into the 
water fish died instantly and 

5105
04:34:39,800 --> 04:34:45,200
floated to the surface in vast 
carpets of silver death Where it

5106
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:49,599
touched land vegetation with 
winter at compressed itself into

5107
04:34:49,599 --> 04:34:53,900
single devastating moments. 
The air itself began to Taste of

5108
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:59,300
Poison metallic and wrong, 
making every breath a risk in 

5109
04:34:59,300 --> 04:35:01,900
Asgard, the gods finally. 
Had to acknowledge what? 

5110
04:35:01,900 --> 04:35:05,400
They'd been trying to ignore for
months or years or centuries. 

5111
04:35:06,300 --> 04:35:08,400
Depending on how you measured 
Divine denial. 

5112
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:12,300
The prophecy wasn't something, 
they had prevented or postponed.

5113
04:35:12,300 --> 04:35:16,900
It was here. 
Now inevitable as gravity or 

5114
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,900
grief. 
Heimdall, The Watchmen of the 

5115
04:35:19,908 --> 04:35:23,700
Gods, lifted the Galant to his 
lips and blue sending out a 

5116
04:35:23,707 --> 04:35:25,599
sound. 
That reached every corner of 

5117
04:35:25,599 --> 04:35:30,700
every realm, a warning, a call 
to arms, and an admission that 

5118
04:35:30,707 --> 04:35:32,900
everything they tried to prevent
was happening. 

5119
04:35:32,900 --> 04:35:36,099
Anyway, Odin sat on his throne 
and felt something. 

5120
04:35:36,099 --> 04:35:41,400
He hadn't felt in ages. 
Genuine fear, not the mild 

5121
04:35:41,400 --> 04:35:44,700
concern that a company is minor 
problems that the Deep 

5122
04:35:44,700 --> 04:35:47,500
existential Terror of knowing 
that your own end is 

5123
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:49,400
approaching. 
And there's nothing left to do 

5124
04:35:49,400 --> 04:35:53,099
but meet with whatever dignity 
you can muster He had seen this 

5125
04:35:53,108 --> 04:35:56,599
moment in his vision's, 
countless times and a played out

5126
04:35:56,599 --> 04:35:59,599
in his mind, trying to find some
way to change the outcome. 

5127
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:03,500
And he had failed. 
All his wisdom, all his 

5128
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:06,599
sacrifices. 
He had a knife and knowledge and

5129
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:10,300
hung himself from the world and 
nine days to learn the runes. 

5130
04:36:11,000 --> 04:36:14,500
None of it had been enough to 
change what was coming Thor 

5131
04:36:14,500 --> 04:36:18,000
stood in the courtyard of Asgard
the ulnar in his hand and for 

5132
04:36:18,000 --> 04:36:22,000
once he wasn't confident. 
He was Brave certainly and he 

5133
04:36:22,000 --> 04:36:25,500
would fight because fighting was
what he did, but even Thor could

5134
04:36:25,508 --> 04:36:28,400
sense that this was different 
from every battle lead ever 

5135
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:30,700
fought before. 
This wasn't about winning. 

5136
04:36:30,700 --> 04:36:33,700
This was about meeting your fate
head-on because there was 

5137
04:36:33,707 --> 04:36:37,500
literally no other option 
available. fires of muspelheim, 

5138
04:36:37,500 --> 04:36:41,300
that realm of primordial flame 
that existed at the edge of 

5139
04:36:41,308 --> 04:36:46,300
creation, began to spread The 
fire giant Serta, who had been 

5140
04:36:46,308 --> 04:36:50,099
waiting since the beginning of 
time for this exact moment, LED 

5141
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:53,500
his forces across the Rainbow 
Bridge by Frost and the 

5142
04:36:53,500 --> 04:36:56,400
Beautiful art that connected 
Asgard to the other Realms 

5143
04:36:56,400 --> 04:37:00,000
burned under their feet. 
Collapsing into nothing like a 

5144
04:37:00,000 --> 04:37:03,700
dream at morning, from 
jotunheim, the frost giant 

5145
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:07,700
ancient enemies of the Gods 
marching in formation that 

5146
04:37:07,700 --> 04:37:10,800
suggested this had been planned 
for longer than anyone wanted to

5147
04:37:10,800 --> 04:37:13,099
contemplate. 
They had waited through 

5148
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:16,300
centuries of uneasy peace and 
now the waiting was over. 

5149
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:21,300
They came across the broken 
remains of by Frost climbing 

5150
04:37:21,300 --> 04:37:24,300
through spaces between worlds 
that should have been impossible

5151
04:37:24,300 --> 04:37:29,099
driven by old hatreds and older 
promises and from a cave, where 

5152
04:37:29,099 --> 04:37:31,599
he'd been bound as punishment 
for crimes that seemed almost 

5153
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:33,300
Petty. 
Now, in comparison to what was 

5154
04:37:33,300 --> 04:37:37,099
happening, he emerged, The 
Bindings that had held him 

5155
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:40,800
snapped like dead Vines and he 
stood in the light for the first

5156
04:37:40,800 --> 04:37:43,200
time in years, that had felt 
like eternities. 

5157
04:37:44,099 --> 04:37:45,800
His wife had stayed with him 
through it. 

5158
04:37:45,800 --> 04:37:48,800
All catching the Venom that 
would have dripped onto his face

5159
04:37:48,800 --> 04:37:52,900
in a bowl emptying it when it 
grew full and returning to catch

5160
04:37:52,900 --> 04:37:55,599
more. 
Now she stood beside him as he 

5161
04:37:55,599 --> 04:37:59,400
looked towards Asgard toward the
realm that had once included him

5162
04:37:59,400 --> 04:38:02,900
and then cast him out. 
And his expression was 

5163
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:06,800
unreadable, he thought of his 
children, scattered across the 

5164
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:10,900
nine, worlds filming prophecies 
that might never have come true.

5165
04:38:10,900 --> 04:38:15,599
If the gods had simply left them
alone, He thought of anger, Boda

5166
04:38:15,599 --> 04:38:19,599
probably still alone in her Hall
in your turn, High having lost 

5167
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:24,000
everything to fear and prophecy.
He thought of all the times he 

5168
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:27,900
tried to fit in with the gods to
be accepted as one of them, only

5169
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:32,200
to be reminded again, and again,
that he was other different not 

5170
04:38:32,200 --> 04:38:35,400
quite trustworthy. 
And then he began walking toward

5171
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:38,400
the final battle because 
prophecy pulled him forward like

5172
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:41,900
a current and because sometimes 
being a father means honoring 

5173
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:46,099
your children, even when 
Especially when everyone else 

5174
04:38:46,099 --> 04:38:49,599
has turned them into monsters. 
The armies met on a plane called

5175
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:53,000
vigrid. 
A vast empty, space that existed

5176
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:55,800
for no other purpose than to 
hold the ending of all things. 

5177
04:38:56,700 --> 04:39:00,800
On one side, stood the gods and 
the einherjar those Warriors who

5178
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:03,800
had died gloriously in battle 
and spent their afterlife 

5179
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:06,099
training in Valhalla for exactly
this moment. 

5180
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:09,500
They were Brave and skilled and 
utterly doomed. 

5181
04:39:10,300 --> 04:39:13,300
But they formed ranks anyway 
because what else do you do when

5182
04:39:13,300 --> 04:39:16,200
the world is ending except stand
in the place where you're 

5183
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:18,099
supposed to stand on the other 
side? 

5184
04:39:18,099 --> 04:39:19,800
Stood everyone and everything 
else. 

5185
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:24,500
Giants of frost and fire. 
The dead raised from hell's 

5186
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:29,200
realm monsters freed from their 
prisons and beings that had 

5187
04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:32,300
crawled out from the space is 
Between Worlds where even Gods 

5188
04:39:32,300 --> 04:39:36,300
didn't like to look too closely.
And somewhere in that massive 

5189
04:39:36,300 --> 04:39:40,100
chaos and old hatred, three 
figures, stood out, then rear 

5190
04:39:40,100 --> 04:39:44,800
finally free larger than 
mountains with further that 

5191
04:39:44,800 --> 04:39:47,100
seemed to absorb a light rather 
than reflect it. 

5192
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:52,600
His mouth hung open wide enough 
to stretch from Earth to Sky and

5193
04:39:52,600 --> 04:39:55,600
in his eyes was the accumulated 
Rage of centuries of 

5194
04:39:55,608 --> 04:39:59,200
imprisonment your Munga coiled, 
the edge of the battlefield. 

5195
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:02,800
So large that he seemed less 
like a creature and more like a 

5196
04:40:02,800 --> 04:40:07,400
feature of the landscape itself.
His Venom creating a toxic fog 

5197
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:10,600
that drifted across the plane, 
and made everything it touched 

5198
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:14,600
wither and Hell smaller than her
brothers leading an army of the 

5199
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:17,000
Dead with an expression. 
That was neither cruel, nor 

5200
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:20,000
kind. 
But simply determined a ruler 

5201
04:40:20,000 --> 04:40:22,500
doing what she had always known.
She would have to do when this 

5202
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:26,800
day, finally came the battle 
when it began was everything. 

5203
04:40:26,800 --> 04:40:31,100
The prophecies had promised and 
worse Thought charged German 

5204
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:34,600
Gunder with my owner raised high
and their Collision sent 

5205
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,400
shockwaves that cracked the 
Earth and shattered the sky. 

5206
04:40:38,800 --> 04:40:43,400
They had fought before in dreams
and Visions, but this was real 

5207
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:46,400
and final. 
Each blow, carrying the weight 

5208
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:51,100
of Destiny and determination, 
the Thunder Gods Hammer struck 

5209
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:55,200
scales that had never known 
vulnerability and the serpent 

5210
04:40:55,200 --> 04:40:59,700
fangs drove toward flesh, that 
had always been too strong to 

5211
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:03,900
pierce Odin face to fenrir and 
all his wisdom met nothing 

5212
04:41:03,900 --> 04:41:06,000
against the simple fact of the 
wolf's hunger. 

5213
04:41:06,800 --> 04:41:11,500
Not hunger for food, but for 
justice for recognition for all 

5214
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:16,900
the years stolen from him. 
The wolf charged and owed in 

5215
04:41:16,900 --> 04:41:19,200
fought with spear and spell and 
desperate courage. 

5216
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:22,800
But the prophecy was very 
specific about how this 

5217
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:25,000
encounter would end and 
prophecy. 

5218
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:28,900
It turned out was stronger than 
any weapon across the 

5219
04:41:28,900 --> 04:41:33,200
battlefield. 
God's fell giant fell Warriors 

5220
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:37,000
from Valhalla fell, and the dead
raised from hell's realm fell. 

5221
04:41:37,000 --> 04:41:40,000
Again, returning to the Oblivion
they briefly left. 

5222
04:41:40,800 --> 04:41:43,100
FaceTime doll. 
The Watchmen who had first 

5223
04:41:43,100 --> 04:41:46,600
spotted him sneaking into Asgard
all those ages ago and they 

5224
04:41:46,600 --> 04:41:48,600
killed each other in a mutual 
Annihilation. 

5225
04:41:48,600 --> 04:41:52,400
That felt somehow appropriate 
for two beings who had always 

5226
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:54,400
been defined by their opposition
to each other. 

5227
04:41:55,200 --> 04:41:59,900
The fires Fred certain blade cut
through reality itself, and 

5228
04:41:59,900 --> 04:42:02,200
everything. 
It touched burned with flames, 

5229
04:42:02,200 --> 04:42:05,000
that couldn't be quenched 
because they were burning the 

5230
04:42:05,000 --> 04:42:08,900
concept of things rather than 
just their physical forms, the 

5231
04:42:08,900 --> 04:42:12,500
world tree agley, which had 
stood since the beginning and 

5232
04:42:12,500 --> 04:42:15,800
connected all the Realms in its 
vast structure, began to burn. 

5233
04:42:15,800 --> 04:42:19,600
And as it burned, the world's 
themselves started to come 

5234
04:42:19,600 --> 04:42:25,000
apart, Thor struck, human Dura, 
final blow and the serpent died.

5235
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:28,500
His massive body collapsing 
across the battlefield like a 

5236
04:42:28,500 --> 04:42:30,900
mountain range suddenly deciding
to lie down. 

5237
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:35,300
But the Venom in those last 
moments, pour out in quantities.

5238
04:42:35,300 --> 04:42:38,600
That even Thor's legendary 
Constitution, couldn't withstand

5239
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:41,900
Thunder. 
God, took nine steps away from 

5240
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:44,300
his dead enemy and then he too 
fell. 

5241
04:42:44,300 --> 04:42:48,600
Poisoned Beyond even Divine 
Healing fenrir devoured, Odin, 

5242
04:42:48,600 --> 04:42:52,400
and then Odin's son Vidar in a 
moment of grief driven, Fury 

5243
04:42:52,400 --> 04:42:54,800
drove a blade. 
Through the wolf's heart. 

5244
04:42:55,700 --> 04:42:59,600
The great Beast fell and in his 
last moments perhaps he thought 

5245
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:03,300
of his mother's Hall. 
Playing with his siblings of a 

5246
04:43:03,300 --> 04:43:05,700
time before prophecy. 
Had determined that he would be 

5247
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:09,700
a monster or perhaps he thought 
nothing at all and simply went 

5248
04:43:09,700 --> 04:43:13,200
into the darkness that all 
creatures even prophesied. 

5249
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:17,500
Ones must finally face the fire 
consumed, everything that 

5250
04:43:17,500 --> 04:43:22,300
remained gods and Giant's 
Heroes, a monster's, all the 

5251
04:43:22,308 --> 04:43:25,700
elaborate structures of meaning 
and purpose that had held the 

5252
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:29,500
nine worlds together. 
All of it burned till there was 

5253
04:43:29,500 --> 04:43:34,700
nothing left but Ash and silents
and the memory of things that 

5254
04:43:34,700 --> 04:43:38,000
would never be a game. 
It was by any measure a 

5255
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:39,500
thoroughly successful 
apocalypse. 

5256
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,400
The prophecy had been fulfilled 
in every detail. 

5257
04:43:43,300 --> 04:43:45,300
The ending had come exactly as 
predicted. 

5258
04:43:46,100 --> 04:43:48,600
Everything that the gods had 
tried to prevent had happened 

5259
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:53,100
anyway, right on schedule, like 
a train that arrives, precisely,

5260
04:43:53,100 --> 04:43:56,600
when the timetable says it will,
regardless of how desperately 

5261
04:43:56,600 --> 04:44:00,100
you wish it would be delayed. 
And then, in the silence after 

5262
04:44:00,100 --> 04:44:01,900
everything had ended something 
new began. 

5263
04:44:01,900 --> 04:44:04,700
Here's something the prophecies 
didn't emphasize though. 

5264
04:44:04,700 --> 04:44:07,800
It was always there. 
If you read carefully Ragnarok, 

5265
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:12,100
wasn't just an ending. 
It was also a clearing away a 

5266
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:14,600
burning off of Old growth to 
make room for what would come 

5267
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:17,400
after. 
The Norse understood something 

5268
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:19,900
that many apocalyptic 
Traditions, forgot. 

5269
04:44:20,700 --> 04:44:24,000
That destruction and creation 
are two sides of the same 

5270
04:44:24,000 --> 04:44:28,000
process like breathing in and 
breathing out the fires 

5271
04:44:28,000 --> 04:44:31,500
eventually burn themselves out 
because even magical Flames, run

5272
04:44:31,500 --> 04:44:33,600
out of fuel when they've 
consumed everything. 

5273
04:44:33,600 --> 04:44:37,500
Combustible. 
The Venom dissipated its potency

5274
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:39,600
fading. 
Once there was nothing left to 

5275
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:42,600
poison. 
The darkness that had swallowed 

5276
04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:46,600
the sun began slowly to thin 
from beneath the waves that are 

5277
04:44:46,600 --> 04:44:50,200
drowned so much of the old 
world, new land began to emerge.

5278
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:56,200
It Rose slowly incrementally 
like bread rising in an oven or 

5279
04:44:56,200 --> 04:44:58,500
like hope returning to people 
who would give up on it. 

5280
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:01,400
This land was different from 
what had been before. 

5281
04:45:02,300 --> 04:45:06,600
Softer somehow more gentle as if
the Earth itself had learned 

5282
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:08,100
something. 
From watching everything burn, 

5283
04:45:08,100 --> 04:45:12,100
and decided to try a different 
approach, the sun, which fenrir 

5284
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:16,900
had swallowed was gone. but the 
sun had a daughter and she 

5285
04:45:16,908 --> 04:45:20,600
emerged into the new Sky 
tentatively like a child 

5286
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:23,500
stepping into a room where 
something terrible had happened 

5287
04:45:23,500 --> 04:45:27,900
and isn't sure if it's safe yet,
Her liked, was gentle than her. 

5288
04:45:27,900 --> 04:45:32,600
Mother's had been less harsh. 
Kind of sunlight that makes you 

5289
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:35,800
want to lie in grass and watch 
clouds rather than accomplish 

5290
04:45:35,800 --> 04:45:37,400
anything, particularly 
ambitious. 

5291
04:45:37,400 --> 04:45:41,000
And here's where the story gets 
interesting, where it stops 

5292
04:45:41,000 --> 04:45:44,600
being about ending's and starts 
being about the peculiar 

5293
04:45:44,600 --> 04:45:48,800
resilience of existence itself. 
Not all the gods died at 

5294
04:45:48,800 --> 04:45:52,400
Ragnarok, some survived the 
younger ones. 

5295
04:45:52,400 --> 04:45:55,700
Mostly the ones who had been 
smart enough to hide rather than

5296
04:45:55,700 --> 04:45:59,200
fight or lucky enough to be in 
the right place when the fires 

5297
04:45:59,200 --> 04:46:03,100
came through. 
Vidar in Valley, sons of Odin 

5298
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:06,000
emerged from wherever they'd 
sheltered to see a world. 

5299
04:46:06,000 --> 04:46:08,500
That was utterly changed from 
the one they'd known. 

5300
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:13,200
Modi and magni Thor's Sons found
their father's Hammer lying in 

5301
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:15,500
the ash where nothing should 
have survived. 

5302
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:18,800
And they lifted it together, 
because neither was quite strong

5303
04:46:18,800 --> 04:46:21,900
enough alone, these survivors 
looked at the new land with 

5304
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:25,200
mixed feelings. 
Relief at being alive. 

5305
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:28,300
Certainly grief for everyone who
hadn't made it. 

5306
04:46:29,100 --> 04:46:33,200
But also something else. 
The sense of possibility of 

5307
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:36,900
freedom from the old prophecies 
and old patterns that had bound 

5308
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:39,000
everyone into roles, they 
couldn't escape. 

5309
04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:44,200
The great story had ended, which
meant new stories could begin 

5310
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:47,300
stories that weren't already 
written in the weaving of the 

5311
04:46:47,300 --> 04:46:50,000
Norms. 
Two humans survived as well. 

5312
04:46:50,000 --> 04:46:52,500
Having hidden themselves in the 
trunk of Idris El. 

5313
04:46:52,500 --> 04:46:55,400
During the worst of the 
destruction sheltered by the 

5314
04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:59,600
tree even as it burned. 
Their names were lift and lift 

5315
04:46:59,600 --> 04:47:03,100
Tressa, which meant life. 
And eager for life. 

5316
04:47:03,900 --> 04:47:07,300
And they emerge into the new 
world hungry and frightened but 

5317
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:09,300
alive. 
Which was more than could be 

5318
04:47:09,308 --> 04:47:12,600
said, for most of creation. 
They found that the new Earth 

5319
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:15,300
grew food without needing to be 
planted or tended. 

5320
04:47:15,300 --> 04:47:18,900
That water was clean and 
plentiful and that the harsh 

5321
04:47:18,900 --> 04:47:22,500
requirements of survival, that 
had dominated the old world 

5322
04:47:22,500 --> 04:47:25,500
didn't apply here with the same 
cruel intensity. 

5323
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:29,900
It was as if the universe had 
decided to be kind of this time 

5324
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:33,200
around to give life a better 
chance than it, had received 

5325
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:37,200
before the surviving gods and 
the surviving humans met on a 

5326
04:47:37,200 --> 04:47:40,100
Green Field where as guarded 
once stood and they looked at 

5327
04:47:40,100 --> 04:47:43,200
each other, with none of the old
hierarchies or expectations in 

5328
04:47:43,200 --> 04:47:45,900
place. 
The gods weren't quite Gods 

5329
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:49,400
anymore, not in the old sense, 
not with all their power and 

5330
04:47:49,400 --> 04:47:52,600
certainty. 
Humans weren't quite the same 

5331
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:55,700
humans who had huddled in fear 
before Divine judgment. 

5332
04:47:56,600 --> 04:47:59,500
They were all survivors now, all
trying to figure out what came 

5333
04:47:59,500 --> 04:48:01,900
next in a world where the old 
rules have been burned away. 

5334
04:48:01,900 --> 04:48:06,200
They talked actually talked 
rather than the gods proclaiming

5335
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:10,100
and humans obeying, they shared 
the food that grew wild and 

5336
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:13,500
plentiful in the new Earth. 
They told stories about what had

5337
04:48:13,500 --> 04:48:16,900
been lost, not trying to 
resurrect it, but honoring it 

5338
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:19,100
the way you want to memory 
acknowledging. 

5339
04:48:19,100 --> 04:48:20,900
That it mattered even though it 
was gone. 

5340
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:24,400
And in the talking, a question 
emerged, that no one wanted to 

5341
04:48:24,400 --> 04:48:28,100
ask, but the eventually had to 
be voiced What about s's 

5342
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:29,900
children? 
Because here's the thing about 

5343
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:33,600
prophecy once. 
It's fulfilled it over. 

5344
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:36,500
Fenri had devoured. 
Odin. 

5345
04:48:36,500 --> 04:48:39,500
Exactly. 
As predicted, your Munga had 

5346
04:48:39,500 --> 04:48:41,800
risen and poisoned the sky right
on schedule. 

5347
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:45,900
Helen commanded the dead 
Ragnarok just as foretold. 

5348
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:49,200
They had done everything that 
prophecy required of them 

5349
04:48:49,200 --> 04:48:52,100
playing their parts in the 
ending of all things with 

5350
04:48:52,100 --> 04:48:54,900
devastating accuracy. 
So what happened to them? 

5351
04:48:54,900 --> 04:48:59,400
Now fenrir was dead. 
Killed by vidar's blade and his 

5352
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:01,400
body had burned with everything 
else. 

5353
04:49:02,400 --> 04:49:05,900
But in the new world in the 
forest That Grew without anyone,

5354
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:10,300
planting them wolves ran free, 
and sometimes when you looked at

5355
04:49:10,308 --> 04:49:13,600
them carefully, you'd see eyes 
that seemed more knowing than 

5356
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:14,600
animal eyes. 
Should be. 

5357
04:49:15,600 --> 04:49:17,700
Consciousness. 
That suggested something more 

5358
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:21,600
than simple Beast. perhaps 
fenrir lived on in his children 

5359
04:49:21,600 --> 04:49:27,000
or perhaps the idea of fenrir 
Freedom from chains, recognition

5360
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:31,100
after isolation had become part 
of the new world's fabric human 

5361
04:49:31,100 --> 04:49:35,000
gandas body had been too large 
to burn completely and his bones

5362
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:37,500
formed, new mountain ranges in 
the fresh Earth. 

5363
04:49:38,200 --> 04:49:40,700
Creating geography where none 
had existed before? 

5364
04:49:41,800 --> 04:49:45,300
his Venom had soaked into the 
ground, but instead of poisoning

5365
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:49,500
it it's somehow enriched the 
soil, making things grow with 

5366
04:49:49,500 --> 04:49:53,800
unusual, vigor, Sailors on the 
new Seas reported seeing 

5367
04:49:53,800 --> 04:49:57,000
serpents, sometimes much smaller
than the world. 

5368
04:49:57,000 --> 04:50:00,900
Serpent had been, but with the 
same opal scales and the same 

5369
04:50:00,900 --> 04:50:05,100
patient knowing gays, Perhaps 
the serpent had survived in some

5370
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:08,700
diminished form, or perhaps his 
Essence, a divided into 

5371
04:50:08,700 --> 04:50:13,200
countless smaller versions of 
himself, no single one, large 

5372
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:16,100
enough to threaten the world, 
but all of them, carrying his 

5373
04:50:16,100 --> 04:50:18,900
memory forward. 
Hell was the most mysterious 

5374
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:21,400
case. 
Her Realm of the Dead had been 

5375
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:23,200
emptied. 
When the dead marched at 

5376
04:50:23,200 --> 04:50:27,500
Ragnarok, a niplheim itself, had
been transformed by the fires 

5377
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:31,900
and the renewal Some said she 
still existed somewhere still 

5378
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:34,800
ruling over, whatever remained 
of death, in this new world 

5379
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:37,300
where everything seemed brighter
and More Alive. 

5380
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:41,600
Others said she had been 
released from her duty free 

5381
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:45,900
finally, to be simply herself 
rather than the goddess of the 

5382
04:50:45,900 --> 04:50:49,300
Dead living somewhere in the new
lands under a name. 

5383
04:50:49,308 --> 04:50:52,800
No one would recognize. 
But sometimes in the evening 

5384
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:56,000
when the sun's daughter was 
setting and the world fell into 

5385
04:50:56,000 --> 04:50:58,400
that peculiar Twilight between 
day and night. 

5386
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:02,800
People would see a figure 
walking alone half in light and 

5387
04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:07,100
half in Shadow half seemingly 
alive and half seemingly 

5388
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:11,200
something else. the figure never
approached anyone never spoke 

5389
04:51:11,200 --> 04:51:15,000
and just walked through the new 
world observing it with an 

5390
04:51:15,008 --> 04:51:19,100
expression that suggested both 
familiarity and wonder Like 

5391
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:21,800
someone returning to a place, 
they lived in childhood and 

5392
04:51:21,800 --> 04:51:25,700
finding it both changed and 
somehow the same as fate was 

5393
04:51:25,700 --> 04:51:29,400
equally unclear. 
He had died in his battle with 

5394
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:33,100
Heimdall but death in the old 
world, didn't necessarily mean 

5395
04:51:33,100 --> 04:51:36,600
death in the new. some claim to 
see him in the faces of 

5396
04:51:36,600 --> 04:51:40,000
tricksters, and shapeshifters in
the clever solutions to 

5397
04:51:40,000 --> 04:51:43,200
Impossible problems and in the 
laughter that erupts when 

5398
04:51:43,208 --> 04:51:48,200
someone manages to find humor in
Desperate situations, Perhaps, 

5399
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:51,800
he too had survived in some 
form, or perhaps the idea of him

5400
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:56,900
change, complexity the refusal 
to fit neatly into expected 

5401
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:01,100
categories, had become part of 
the new world's Foundation anger

5402
04:52:01,100 --> 04:52:03,500
border who had lost everything, 
when the gods, took her 

5403
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:05,800
children, who had lived alone in
her haul. 

5404
04:52:05,800 --> 04:52:09,300
Through all the years of waiting
and prophecy, no one knew what 

5405
04:52:09,300 --> 04:52:12,100
had happened to her. 
Yacht and he had been 

5406
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:14,700
transformed. 
Like everywhere else and her 

5407
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:19,600
Hall of Bones was probably gone 
burned or transformed or simply 

5408
04:52:19,600 --> 04:52:24,500
reclaimed by whatever wild magic
now shaped the realms. but 

5409
04:52:24,500 --> 04:52:28,500
sometimes in Wild places where 
the New Order hadn't quite taken

5410
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:32,900
hold Travelers reported meeting 
a giant test who asked often 

5411
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:36,000
news of three children 
describing them as they had been

5412
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:39,300
in infancy rather than as the 
legendary beings they'd become 

5413
04:52:40,300 --> 04:52:43,000
Those who encountered her said, 
she seemed simultaneously 

5414
04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:46,900
grieving and at peace? 
As if she'd finally accepted a 

5415
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:49,000
loss that a defined her 
existence for so long. 

5416
04:52:49,000 --> 04:52:51,900
The survivors built new 
settlements in the new world, 

5417
04:52:51,900 --> 04:52:54,200
but they built them differently 
this time. 

5418
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:58,200
Instead of the great halls and 
elaborate hierarchies of the old

5419
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:02,600
world, they created communities 
that were smaller more flexible 

5420
04:53:02,600 --> 04:53:05,500
and more focused on cooperation 
than competition. 

5421
04:53:06,500 --> 04:53:09,300
They remembered how the old 
order had ended and decided to 

5422
04:53:09,300 --> 04:53:12,200
try something else. 
Something that didn't require 

5423
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:15,700
prophecies about destruction to 
keep everyone moving forward, 

5424
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:19,100
the gods who survived didn't try
to recreate Asgard. 

5425
04:53:19,100 --> 04:53:22,900
What would be the point, the old
Asgard had been built on 

5426
04:53:22,900 --> 04:53:26,800
certainty that no longer existed
on the assumption that divine 

5427
04:53:26,800 --> 04:53:28,700
order was Superior to all other 
possibilities. 

5428
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:32,400
The new Gods. 
If you could even call them that

5429
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:35,900
anymore, lived among the humans 
contributing what they could, 

5430
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:38,000
but not claiming authority over 
everything. 

5431
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:42,800
It was a more modest approach to
Divinity but also perhaps a more

5432
04:53:42,800 --> 04:53:46,800
honest, one magic, still existed
in the new world but it was 

5433
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:50,300
gentler and more integrated into
daily life rather than being 

5434
04:53:50,300 --> 04:53:53,400
something rare and dramatic that
only Heroes and gods could 

5435
04:53:53,400 --> 04:53:56,700
access. 
Children learned small spells 

5436
04:53:56,700 --> 04:54:00,300
alongside their letters useful 
magic for growing things or 

5437
04:54:00,300 --> 04:54:02,700
finding lost items or comforting
fears. 

5438
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:06,800
It was Democratic magic 
accessible to anyone willing to 

5439
04:54:06,800 --> 04:54:10,000
learn and it changed the 
fundamental nature of what was 

5440
04:54:10,000 --> 04:54:12,300
possible. 
The new world had problems. 

5441
04:54:12,300 --> 04:54:17,000
Of course, existence always does
But they were different problems

5442
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:19,100
smaller in scale more 
manageable. 

5443
04:54:19,800 --> 04:54:21,300
There were no prophecies hanging
over. 

5444
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,800
Everyone's heads, no sense that 
everything was building toward 

5445
04:54:24,800 --> 04:54:28,500
inevitable catastrophe. 
People could make mistakes 

5446
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:30,600
without it leading to Universal 
destruction. 

5447
04:54:31,500 --> 04:54:33,400
Gods could be wrong without its 
shattering. 

5448
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:37,700
The foundations of reality. 
It was uncertain in ways, the 

5449
04:54:37,700 --> 04:54:41,200
old world had never been, but 
that uncertain tools meant 

5450
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:45,900
Freedom meant possibility and 
meant that tomorrow didn't have 

5451
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:48,200
to be just like today unless you
chose to make it. 

5452
04:54:48,200 --> 04:54:51,700
So as the first generation of 
the new world grew old and 

5453
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:54,700
prepared to pass on their 
memories to their children, they

5454
04:54:54,700 --> 04:54:56,600
told stories about what had been
lost. 

5455
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:01,400
They spoke of great halls and 
mighty gods of prophecies and 

5456
04:55:01,400 --> 04:55:03,800
battles of monsters who were 
all. 

5457
04:55:03,800 --> 04:55:06,600
So children, who had never been 
given a fair chance. 

5458
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:10,500
They told these stories not to 
make their descendants long for 

5459
04:55:10,500 --> 04:55:13,100
what had been. 
But to help them understand how 

5460
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:16,100
they'd arrived at where they 
were to honor the cost of 

5461
04:55:16,108 --> 04:55:19,400
renewal to remember that 
creation requires destruction, 

5462
04:55:19,400 --> 04:55:22,500
that new growth needs old things
to burn away first. 

5463
04:55:22,500 --> 04:55:26,600
And sometimes on particularly 
quiet nights when the wind 

5464
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:30,300
carried voices from far away, 
people thought they could hear 

5465
04:55:30,300 --> 04:55:33,800
three sounds. 
A wolf howling somewhere in the 

5466
04:55:33,800 --> 04:55:37,300
distant forests. 
A Serpent's hiss from Deep 

5467
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:40,100
beneath. 
The waves and quiet footsteps of

5468
04:55:40,100 --> 04:55:41,500
someone. 
Walking alone through the 

5469
04:55:41,500 --> 04:55:44,300
Twilight. 
Observing the new world with 

5470
04:55:44,300 --> 04:55:46,700
eyes that had seen both life and
death. 

5471
04:55:47,400 --> 04:55:51,000
And found wisdom in the space 
between the prophecy of Ragnarok

5472
04:55:51,000 --> 04:55:54,700
had come true exactly. 
As foretold, the world had 

5473
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:58,500
ended, and then because ending's
are never quite as final as they

5474
04:55:58,500 --> 04:56:01,600
seem the world had begun again, 
different. 

5475
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:06,100
But, somehow familiar carrying 
forward the best of what had 

5476
04:56:06,100 --> 04:56:07,700
been while leaving behind the 
worst. 

5477
04:56:08,400 --> 04:56:11,300
It was in its own way. 
The happiest ending possible for

5478
04:56:11,300 --> 04:56:14,500
a story about apocalypse, not 
because nothing was lost. 

5479
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:18,000
But because what came after made
the Lost means, something other 

5480
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:22,100
than simple tragedy, as you lie 
here in your own warm bed in a 

5481
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:24,900
world that hasn't ended and 
probably won't anytime soon. 

5482
04:56:24,900 --> 04:56:28,400
You might think about the 
strange comfort of the Old Norse

5483
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:30,700
myths. 
They didn't promise that 

5484
04:56:30,700 --> 04:56:32,200
everything would be fine 
forever. 

5485
04:56:32,200 --> 04:56:35,800
They didn't pretend that holding
onto the past was possible or 

5486
04:56:35,800 --> 04:56:39,100
even desirable they look 
straight at the reality that all

5487
04:56:39,100 --> 04:56:43,200
things, end gods, and worlds 
Empires uncertainties. 

5488
04:56:43,200 --> 04:56:46,100
Even the stories we tell 
ourselves about Who We Are. 

5489
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:49,000
And they found a way to make 
peace with that. 

5490
04:56:49,000 --> 04:56:53,000
Truth Ragnarok wasn't really 
about a battle or a wolf, or a 

5491
04:56:53,000 --> 04:56:56,000
serpent. 
It was about change about the 

5492
04:56:56,000 --> 04:56:58,500
way old orders eventually 
collapse under their own 

5493
04:56:58,500 --> 04:57:01,900
contradictions and about how 
attempts to prevent change. 

5494
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:04,508
Often create the very 
catastrophes, they're trying to 

5495
04:57:04,516 --> 04:57:08,500
avoid The gods took away our 
children to prevent a prophecy 

5496
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:11,200
and in doing. 
So they guaranteed that prophecy

5497
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:13,900
would come true. 
They created the monster's. 

5498
04:57:13,900 --> 04:57:16,600
They feared by treating innocent
children, as if they were 

5499
04:57:16,600 --> 04:57:20,500
already monstrous. 
A story doesn't end there, which

5500
04:57:20,500 --> 04:57:22,600
is perhaps its most important 
lesson. 

5501
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:25,600
After the destruction came 
something new. 

5502
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:29,200
Something that incorporated 
lessons from what had failed 

5503
04:57:29,200 --> 04:57:31,900
while trying approaches that had
never been attempted before. 

5504
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:35,900
The new world wasn't perfect. 
The stories, make that clear. 

5505
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:40,400
but it was possible in ways the 
old world had stopped, being you

5506
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,500
live in your own time of change 
where old certain teas are 

5507
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:46,400
crumbling and new possibilities 
are emerging in ways that can 

5508
04:57:46,400 --> 04:57:51,600
feel both exciting and 
terrifying The Norse who told 

5509
04:57:51,600 --> 04:57:54,800
these stories would have 
understood your anxiety, your 

5510
04:57:54,800 --> 04:57:57,200
sense of being caught between 
what was and what might be. 

5511
04:57:58,100 --> 04:58:00,700
They would have told you, that 
this is how transitional always 

5512
04:58:00,700 --> 04:58:02,800
feels that the pause between one
world. 

5513
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:05,200
And the next is always 
uncomfortable and that 

5514
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:08,000
discomfort is not a sign, you're
doing something wrong, but 

5515
04:58:08,000 --> 04:58:11,000
simply a sign that you're alive 
during interesting times. 

5516
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,900
They might also have told you 
that trying to hold onto the 

5517
04:58:13,908 --> 04:58:17,600
past two tightly trying to 
prevent change through force or 

5518
04:58:17,600 --> 04:58:19,900
fear. 
Usually, just makes the eventual

5519
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:22,500
transformation more violent when
it finally comes. 

5520
04:58:23,600 --> 04:58:26,400
That the children we Exile out 
of fear of what they might 

5521
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:31,500
become often do become exactly 
what we feared, not because it 

5522
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:34,300
was inevitable. 
But because isolation and chains

5523
04:58:34,300 --> 04:58:38,200
create rage, that wouldn't have 
existed otherwise and they would

5524
04:58:38,200 --> 04:58:40,600
have assured you that even after
Everything Burns. 

5525
04:58:40,600 --> 04:58:44,000
Even after the prophecies come 
true in the world, you knew ends

5526
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:48,700
life finds a Way Forward. 
Not back to what was that's 

5527
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:51,400
never possible. 
But towards something new, that 

5528
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:54,400
carries the memory of what came 
before while also being 

5529
04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:58,900
genuinely, different, genuinely 
fresh and genuinely alive with 

5530
04:58:58,900 --> 04:59:01,700
possibility. 
So rest easy in your comfortable

5531
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:05,100
bed in your warm room in your 
continuing world. 

5532
04:59:06,000 --> 04:59:07,700
The wolves are just wolves 
tonight. 

5533
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:12,200
The serpents are safely, small 
and far away, and death remains 

5534
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:14,900
in its proper place rather than 
walking among the living. 

5535
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:18,200
Tomorrow will come as it always 
does. 

5536
04:59:18,200 --> 04:59:22,100
And it will bring its own 
challenges and changes, its own 

5537
04:59:22,100 --> 04:59:25,400
small endings, and New 
Beginnings, but for now, in this

5538
04:59:25,400 --> 04:59:30,600
moment, you can simply be still.
You can let go of the days 

5539
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:33,900
worries and the future's 
uncertainties, you can breathe 

5540
04:59:33,900 --> 04:59:37,900
slowly and deeply feeling your 
body, sinking into the mattress.

5541
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:40,900
Feeling sleep. 
Begin to gather at the edge of 

5542
04:59:40,900 --> 04:59:44,100
your Consciousness like a gentle
tide coming in. 

5543
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:46,400
Of sea of Ragnarok. 
Came true. 

5544
04:59:46,400 --> 04:59:49,900
And the world was remade. 
But that's not your story 

5545
04:59:49,900 --> 04:59:51,500
tonight. 
To night. 

5546
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:55,700
Your story is simply about rest 
about letting Consciousness Fade

5547
04:59:55,700 --> 04:59:59,200
Into dreams about trusting that 
you'll wake again to a world 

5548
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:02,500
that's still here. 
Still turning still full of 

5549
05:00:02,508 --> 05:00:05,200
possibilities. 
You haven't imagined yet sleep. 

5550
05:00:05,200 --> 05:00:09,600
Well, Dream of new worlds, 
growing from old ashes of 

5551
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:13,800
children, who are loved rather 
than feared of chains breaking 

5552
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:17,700
not into violence, but into 
freedom of endings that are 

5553
05:00:17,700 --> 05:00:20,600
really beginning wearing a 
particularly dramatic costume. 

5554
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:23,100
And when you wake tomorrow, 
you'll find the world. 

5555
05:00:23,100 --> 05:00:26,900
Still here waiting for whatever 
story you choose to add to its 

5556
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:30,600
ongoing narrative. 
A narrative that like all the 

5557
05:00:30,600 --> 05:00:32,600
best stories is still being 
written. 

5558
05:00:32,600 --> 05:00:36,400
Still being reimagined, still 
discovering what it might become

5559
05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:47,300
Now shut your eyes and visualize
yourself floating slowly through

5560
05:00:47,300 --> 05:00:50,200
centuries of History, until you 
gently land in. 

5561
05:00:50,200 --> 05:00:53,800
What is now erect. 
Circa 2000 BCE. 

5562
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:56,100
The smell is what hits you 
first. 

5563
05:00:56,100 --> 05:01:00,400
Not the sight. 
Baking bread river water, and 

5564
05:01:00,400 --> 05:01:04,000
yes, a lot of livestock. 
Welcome to the first real 

5565
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:07,000
neighborhood in Civilization 
where people made the decision 

5566
05:01:07,000 --> 05:01:09,800
to settle down and stop 
aimlessly wandering around like 

5567
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:11,800
lost tourists. 
Tigris. 

5568
05:01:11,800 --> 05:01:15,000
New Freight is a two rivers that
would make any real estate agent

5569
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:18,400
cry with delight. 
These rivers are not just any 

5570
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:20,400
rivers. 
They are the ancient worlds 

5571
05:01:20,400 --> 05:01:22,800
version of having fresh 
groceries, delivered to your 

5572
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:26,400
door and Amazon delivery. 
This area was known to the 

5573
05:01:26,400 --> 05:01:29,800
Mesopotamians as the land 
between Rivers, which sounds far

5574
05:01:29,800 --> 05:01:31,500
more poetic in their language 
than it does. 

5575
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,600
When you're trying to explain it
to a dinner party guests, you 

5576
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:37,000
may be asking yourself. 
Why anyone would decide to live 

5577
05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:38,400
in? 
What is effectively a massive 

5578
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,200
flood plain? 
Imagine having soil, that is so 

5579
05:01:41,208 --> 05:01:43,300
dark and Rich that with a little
encouragement. 

5580
05:01:43,300 --> 05:01:47,400
You could probably grow tomatoes
every year when these Rivers 

5581
05:01:47,400 --> 05:01:50,600
flood, they leave behind a thick
layer of the most Fertile Mud on

5582
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:53,400
the planet. 
It took the rest of a millennia 

5583
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:55,200
to realize what the locals are 
discovered. 

5584
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:58,600
Sometimes the greatest things in
life, have a small mess 

5585
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:01,200
associated with them. 
You wouldn't recognize the 

5586
05:02:01,200 --> 05:02:03,800
cities that arising all around 
you from contemporary urban 

5587
05:02:03,800 --> 05:02:06,600
planning. 
This place lacks tidy Suburban 

5588
05:02:06,600 --> 05:02:10,900
grids and straight lines, rather
visualize organic growth. 

5589
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:15,800
Akin to a coral reef composed of
human ambition and mud bricks 

5590
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:19,600
narrow streets, wind between 
houses like old hiking trails 

5591
05:02:19,600 --> 05:02:22,500
and houses clustered together as
if they are having a 

5592
05:02:22,500 --> 05:02:23,900
never-ending neighborhood. 
Conversation. 

5593
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:27,100
Another thing that strikes you 
as being very Antiquated, is the

5594
05:02:27,100 --> 05:02:30,900
lack of electrical hums, the 
quiet of engines and the absence

5595
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:32,400
of any traffic that resembles 
Russia. 

5596
05:02:32,400 --> 05:02:36,700
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

5597
05:02:36,700 --> 05:02:40,200
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

5598
05:02:40,200 --> 05:02:42,000
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

5599
05:02:42,000 --> 05:02:45,100
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

5600
05:02:45,100 --> 05:02:47,700
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

5601
05:02:47,700 --> 05:02:51,400
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

5602
05:02:52,200 --> 05:02:55,200
First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history is what 

5603
05:02:55,208 --> 05:02:58,300
you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

5604
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:01,000
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

5605
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:04,200
encountered by any human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

5606
05:03:04,200 --> 05:03:07,300
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

5607
05:03:07,300 --> 05:03:10,700
eats When your neighbor's goat 
keeps eating your Bali? 

5608
05:03:10,700 --> 05:03:12,300
How do you keep things from 
going? 

5609
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:15,500
Completely out of control? 
As you will see, the answer 

5610
05:03:15,500 --> 05:03:19,100
combines a remarkable amount of 
Ingenuity practicality and what 

5611
05:03:19,100 --> 05:03:21,700
can only be called the first 
bureaucracy in history? 

5612
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:25,900
Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

5613
05:03:25,900 --> 05:03:27,400
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

5614
05:03:27,400 --> 05:03:30,100
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

5615
05:03:30,100 --> 05:03:32,900
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

5616
05:03:32,900 --> 05:03:35,900
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

5617
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:39,200
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

5618
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,900
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

5619
05:03:42,900 --> 05:03:45,700
comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

5620
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:48,900
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system, which is the most 

5621
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:52,000
amazing engineering achievement,
you will ever witness that does 

5622
05:03:52,000 --> 05:03:55,800
not require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

5623
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:59,700
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

5624
05:03:59,700 --> 05:04:03,900
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what, instead of just 

5625
05:04:03,900 --> 05:04:06,900
accepting this water when you 
feel like giving it to us, we're

5626
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:08,900
going to convince you to share 
it on our schedule. 

5627
05:04:08,900 --> 05:04:11,900
The Mesopotamian said glancing 
at their rushing Rivers. 

5628
05:04:11,900 --> 05:04:15,200
The end effect is a network of 
watery highways that would make 

5629
05:04:15,200 --> 05:04:17,300
the roads of ancient Rome appear
straightforward. 

5630
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:21,200
Individual fields are directly 
irrigated by water flowing. 

5631
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:24,500
From the main rivers into 
primary canals secondary 

5632
05:04:24,500 --> 05:04:28,100
channels and smaller ditches. 
It's similar to having running 

5633
05:04:28,100 --> 05:04:31,000
water but it goes to your barley
patch rather than your kitchen 

5634
05:04:31,000 --> 05:04:34,400
sink in addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing. 

5635
05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:37,900
If this system fails, the city 
is a hole, loses lunch. 

5636
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:41,000
In addition to water pressure, 
massive collaboration is needed 

5637
05:04:41,000 --> 05:04:44,400
to manage this liquid life line,
which is never been done before 

5638
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,600
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

5639
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:50,600
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbor's crops are 

5640
05:04:50,600 --> 05:04:52,600
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

5641
05:04:52,600 --> 05:04:55,200
Upstream to construct a damn 
without taking Downstream 

5642
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:58,200
residents into account. 
People must look beyond their 

5643
05:04:58,200 --> 05:05:00,600
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

5644
05:05:00,600 --> 05:05:02,300
For the first time in human 
history. 

5645
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:04,500
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

5646
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:08,000
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

5647
05:05:08,000 --> 05:05:12,400
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B insists

5648
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:15,700
is irrigation ditch was their 
first and farmer, a accuses 

5649
05:05:15,700 --> 05:05:18,600
farmer, B of stealing water. 
Someone has to resolve. 

5650
05:05:18,600 --> 05:05:21,600
The inevitable conflicts 
presenting, the first middle 

5651
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:24,500
management in history since 
clipboards, won't be invented 

5652
05:05:24,500 --> 05:05:27,500
for several thousand years. 
These water managers are more 

5653
05:05:27,500 --> 05:05:30,600
than just bureaucrats with 
clipboards they combine elements

5654
05:05:30,600 --> 05:05:33,400
of weather, forecasting, 
engineering diplomacy and 

5655
05:05:33,400 --> 05:05:37,000
refereeing they must comprehend.
Not only the flow of water but 

5656
05:05:37,000 --> 05:05:40,600
also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

5657
05:05:40,600 --> 05:05:44,400
igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

5658
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:47,900
work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully arranging

5659
05:05:47,900 --> 05:05:51,400
their daily scheduled around. 
Common resources, every year, 

5660
05:05:51,400 --> 05:05:55,000
the Harvest arrives, the fields,
turn green at the appropriate 

5661
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:57,400
times and the irrigation ditches
run. 

5662
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:00,300
According to plan, when the 
irrigation schedule becomes 

5663
05:06:00,300 --> 05:06:04,000
complicated, everyone is 
contributing labor water rights 

5664
05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:06,500
and a willingness to not 
strangle their neighbors. 

5665
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:09,600
It's like watching a huge 
Antiquated version of a 

5666
05:06:09,600 --> 05:06:11,700
neighborhood potluck. 
Accepting of bringing 

5667
05:06:11,700 --> 05:06:14,200
casserole's. 
This system's success has a 

5668
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:16,300
significant impact on human 
society. 

5669
05:06:17,200 --> 05:06:19,200
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

5670
05:06:19,200 --> 05:06:21,600
consistently produce more food 
than they were required for 

5671
05:06:21,600 --> 05:06:24,300
survival. 
Additionally, some people can 

5672
05:06:24,300 --> 05:06:26,400
start doing other things, once 
they are able to stop 

5673
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:30,400
cultivating food full-time, 
interesting things revolutionary

5674
05:06:30,400 --> 05:06:33,100
actions. 
This is how your first devoted 

5675
05:06:33,100 --> 05:06:36,400
priests your first full-time 
artists, and your first 

5676
05:06:36,400 --> 05:06:40,200
qualified administrators come to
be It's how you get people who 

5677
05:06:40,200 --> 05:06:42,300
don't have to worry about 
whether there will be enough 

5678
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:45,100
grain for the next Harvest to 
spend their days thinking about 

5679
05:06:45,100 --> 05:06:48,400
astronomy mathematics, or how to
make better beer. 

5680
05:06:48,400 --> 05:06:50,900
You're seeing the emergence of 
expertise along with 

5681
05:06:50,908 --> 05:06:54,600
specialization people, can now 
become exceptionally skilled at 

5682
05:06:54,600 --> 05:06:56,400
one thing for the first time in 
human history. 

5683
05:06:56,400 --> 05:06:59,500
As they are no longer forced to 
be mediocre at everything. 

5684
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:02,500
In order to survive, you might 
be surprised to learn that. 

5685
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:05,300
These Mesopotamians are born 
business people as you continue 

5686
05:07:05,300 --> 05:07:07,400
your leisurely, exploration of 
this ancient world. 

5687
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:10,500
They have established. 
What may be the first startup 

5688
05:07:10,500 --> 05:07:14,700
culture in history, complete 
with competition creativity and 

5689
05:07:14,700 --> 05:07:17,200
the occasional spectacular 
failure from which everyone 

5690
05:07:17,200 --> 05:07:20,100
gains knowledge, for example, 
metalworking. 

5691
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:22,900
You see people who have 
discovered that they can create 

5692
05:07:22,900 --> 05:07:26,400
bronze, a more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

5693
05:07:26,400 --> 05:07:29,900
they have ever used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

5694
05:07:29,900 --> 05:07:32,600
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

5695
05:07:32,600 --> 05:07:36,100
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

5696
05:07:36,100 --> 05:07:39,300
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

5697
05:07:39,300 --> 05:07:41,800
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

5698
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:45,200
transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

5699
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:48,000
they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

5700
05:07:48,000 --> 05:07:51,000
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

5701
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:54,700
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

5702
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:57,800
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

5703
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:01,200
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

5704
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:04,200
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

5705
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:07,600
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

5706
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:10,200
best metal. 
Is build reputations and people 

5707
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,000
begin to request tools made by 
particular Artisans. 

5708
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:17,000
So you have brand recognition, 
it's the Antiquated version of 

5709
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:19,900
Yelp, reviews, except of posting
them online. 

5710
05:08:19,900 --> 05:08:22,600
People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

5711
05:08:22,600 --> 05:08:24,200
harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

5712
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:28,200
However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

5713
05:08:28,200 --> 05:08:31,700
rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

5714
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:33,300
is being created by these 
individuals. 

5715
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:37,000
They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

5716
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:38,700
between people who have 
different needs. 

5717
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:41,700
How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

5718
05:08:41,700 --> 05:08:45,100
resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

5719
05:08:45,100 --> 05:08:48,600
Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

5720
05:08:48,600 --> 05:08:51,300
grow barley. 
The toolmaker needs copper for 

5721
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:53,500
his next project. 
Not barley, but he wants 

5722
05:08:53,500 --> 05:08:56,400
payment. 
In order to trade up north, the 

5723
05:08:56,400 --> 05:08:58,500
copper Trader needs wool. 
Not barley. 

5724
05:08:58,500 --> 05:09:01,000
The shepherd needs barley, but 
he has wool. 

5725
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:04,300
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

5726
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:06,800
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

5727
05:09:06,800 --> 05:09:08,200
through their irrigation 
channels. 

5728
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,300
They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

5729
05:09:11,300 --> 05:09:12,900
value to move throughout the 
community. 

5730
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:16,800
In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

5731
05:09:16,800 --> 05:09:19,500
Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

5732
05:09:19,500 --> 05:09:21,000
next project with the copper 
Trader. 

5733
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,100
The toolmaker agrees to make 
your plow right away. 

5734
05:09:24,100 --> 05:09:27,700
It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

5735
05:09:27,700 --> 05:09:31,900
And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

5736
05:09:31,900 --> 05:09:34,200
straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

5737
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:36,500
this system, not just any 
writing. 

5738
05:09:36,500 --> 05:09:39,600
But every day, useful, writing, 
that can document who is 

5739
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:43,300
responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

5740
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:46,800
when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, Your

5741
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:49,100
witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

5742
05:09:49,108 --> 05:09:52,300
contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

5743
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,300
The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

5744
05:09:55,300 --> 05:09:59,000
earliest business documents ever
created purchase orders. 

5745
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:03,100
Tax records, loan agreements, 
employment contracts, and 

5746
05:10:03,100 --> 05:10:07,200
inventory lists All of it is 
here compressed into clay, with 

5747
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:09,800
marks in the shape of wedges 
that symbolize the beginning of 

5748
05:10:09,808 --> 05:10:12,800
bureaucracy, indeed. 
You're also witnessing the 

5749
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:15,800
development of accounting. 
All of these promises 

5750
05:10:15,800 --> 05:10:18,700
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

5751
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:21,000
community must be monitored by 
someone. 

5752
05:10:21,000 --> 05:10:25,300
Even though the early accountant
worked by Lamplight with clay, 

5753
05:10:25,300 --> 05:10:29,000
tablets and Reed styluses rather
than in contemporary offices 

5754
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:31,800
with computers, they were 
addressing the same issues that 

5755
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,500
accountants do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

5756
05:10:34,500 --> 05:10:38,200
Solutions is astounding They're 
creating economic systems from 

5757
05:10:38,200 --> 05:10:40,800
the ground up and learning by 
trial and error. 

5758
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:44,400
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

5759
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,200
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

5760
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:49,700
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

5761
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:51,500
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

5762
05:10:51,500 --> 05:10:55,000
exploration of this ancient 
world, These Mesopotamians 

5763
05:10:55,000 --> 05:10:57,700
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

5764
05:10:57,700 --> 05:11:00,600
issues like trade and 
irrigation, they're aiming for 

5765
05:11:00,608 --> 05:11:03,900
something greater something that
appeals to the basic human need 

5766
05:11:03,900 --> 05:11:07,300
to build monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

5767
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:10,700
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

5768
05:11:10,700 --> 05:11:14,200
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

5769
05:11:14,200 --> 05:11:17,300
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

5770
05:11:17,300 --> 05:11:20,400
buildings is an understatement. 
These are assertions 

5771
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:23,800
proclamations and Architectural 
justifications for human 

5772
05:11:23,800 --> 05:11:26,700
potential. 
People say, we can move 

5773
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:29,700
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

5774
05:11:29,700 --> 05:11:33,200
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

5775
05:11:33,200 --> 05:11:35,900
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks must be 

5776
05:11:35,900 --> 05:11:39,200
made dry and transported to the 
construction site for a large 

5777
05:11:39,200 --> 05:11:43,700
ziggurat, no trucks, cranes or 
mechanized equipment to present.

5778
05:11:43,700 --> 05:11:47,300
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

5779
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:50,900
power, a complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

5780
05:11:50,900 --> 05:11:55,500
willpower, The planning however 
is what really sets it apart to 

5781
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:58,500
prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

5782
05:11:58,500 --> 05:12:00,600
debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

5783
05:12:00,600 --> 05:12:03,900
bricks they will need where to 
obtain the raw materials, how 

5784
05:12:03,900 --> 05:12:07,600
many workers are needed, how to 
feed all of those workers where 

5785
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:10,600
they will sleep and how to 
coordinate their efforts, your 

5786
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:12,800
witnessing a level of project 
management that won't be seen. 

5787
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:15,800
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

5788
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:19,700
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

5789
05:12:19,700 --> 05:12:23,600
Chains spanning the entire Known
World, the ziggurat Builders are

5790
05:12:23,600 --> 05:12:26,300
effectively managing the biggest
construction company in the 

5791
05:12:26,300 --> 05:12:29,300
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you, 

5792
05:12:29,300 --> 05:12:32,800
the workers themselves are not 
slaves, considerate, the most 

5793
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:36,200
complex community service 
project in the world, they are 

5794
05:12:36,200 --> 05:12:39,200
citizens carrying out. 
Their civic duties seasonal 

5795
05:12:39,200 --> 05:12:43,100
workers and skilled artists. 
People don't donate their time 

5796
05:12:43,100 --> 05:12:45,500
to building projects that 
benefit everyone during the 

5797
05:12:45,500 --> 05:12:48,600
agricultural offseason when the 
fields don't need to be tended. 

5798
05:12:48,600 --> 05:12:51,800
This desire to create something 
greater than anyone person. 

5799
05:12:52,000 --> 05:12:54,000
Could on their own has a very 
human quality. 

5800
05:12:54,800 --> 05:12:57,700
In addition to their utilitarian
functions as temples. 

5801
05:12:57,700 --> 05:13:01,100
Administrative hubs and grain 
storage facilities, the 

5802
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:04,900
ziggurats are all, so symbolic 
Look what we can do when we work

5803
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:07,000
together. 
How high we can reach. 

5804
05:13:07,000 --> 05:13:10,800
They say, surprisingly, complex 
engineering is needed, the 

5805
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:13,900
builders must comprehend, the 
structural Integrity weight 

5806
05:13:13,900 --> 05:13:17,400
distribution, and composition of
the soil, they create methods 

5807
05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:20,900
for building sturdy foundations.
In muddy, ground avoiding water 

5808
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:24,000
damage and guaranteeing that the
structure will endure for many 

5809
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:26,600
generations. 
These are not archaic 

5810
05:13:26,600 --> 05:13:30,100
individuals, fumbling through 
building projects rather they 

5811
05:13:30,100 --> 05:13:32,800
are demonstrating. 
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 

5812
05:13:32,800 --> 05:13:34,800
resolving intricate engineering 
problems. 

5813
05:13:34,800 --> 05:13:37,700
Consider the challenge of 
producing millions of identical 

5814
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:40,800
bricks to guarantee. 
Uniformity throughout large 

5815
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:44,400
production runs they create 
standardized molds, quality 

5816
05:13:44,400 --> 05:13:46,900
assurance, protocols, and drying
methods. 

5817
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:49,400
They determine the ideal brick 
size. 

5818
05:13:49,400 --> 05:13:52,200
Is that strike a balance between
handling ease and structural 

5819
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:54,300
strength? 
They develop production 

5820
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:56,800
techniques for assembly lines. 
That will not be used again 

5821
05:13:56,800 --> 05:13:59,900
until the Industrial Revolution.
Even more impressive than the 

5822
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:01,900
engineering is the coordination.
That is needed. 

5823
05:14:01,900 --> 05:14:05,300
Consider overseeing a project in
which some employees are 

5824
05:14:05,300 --> 05:14:07,600
producing bricks. 
Others are moving them and 

5825
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:09,100
still. 
Others are arranging them in 

5826
05:14:09,100 --> 05:14:11,000
progressively. 
Intricate designs as the 

5827
05:14:11,000 --> 05:14:15,300
building Rises, everyone needs 
to be motivated, supervised and 

5828
05:14:15,300 --> 05:14:18,900
in sync, it's similar to 
conducting an orchestra except 

5829
05:14:18,900 --> 05:14:21,300
that hundreds of construction 
workers are used in place of 

5830
05:14:21,300 --> 05:14:24,900
musicians and architecture that 
will Outlast Empires is used in 

5831
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:27,200
place of music. 
You come across something that 

5832
05:14:27,200 --> 05:14:30,200
may appear less dramatic than 
enormous construction projects 

5833
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,300
that is actually far more 
revolutionary as you can 

5834
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:35,700
continue your peaceful journey 
through this amazing 

5835
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:38,300
civilization. 
You're seeing the beginning of 

5836
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:43,000
formal education mathematics and
what we might call science the 

5837
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:45,500
point at which humans started to
think methodically about 

5838
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:48,000
thinking itself. 
Something extraordinary is 

5839
05:14:48,000 --> 05:14:51,700
taking place in tiny buildings 
dotted across the city's young 

5840
05:14:51,700 --> 05:14:53,300
adults and children are 
congregating. 

5841
05:14:53,400 --> 05:14:56,000
To learn rather than to labor 
and workshops or fields. 

5842
05:14:56,700 --> 05:14:59,000
The lessons they are learning at
the first schools in history 

5843
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:01,400
will have a lasting impact on 
human civilization. 

5844
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,400
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

5845
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:06,800
children. 
This is formal education, 

5846
05:15:06,800 --> 05:15:09,500
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

5847
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:11,100
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

5848
05:15:12,100 --> 05:15:14,300
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

5849
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,500
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

5850
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:19,600
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

5851
05:15:20,100 --> 05:15:22,600
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

5852
05:15:22,600 --> 05:15:24,600
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

5853
05:15:24,600 --> 05:15:27,900
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

5854
05:15:27,900 --> 05:15:29,400
mathematics being developed 
here. 

5855
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:32,600
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

5856
05:15:32,600 --> 05:15:36,400
nearly contemporary, geometric 
principles, place value, 

5857
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,400
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

5858
05:15:39,408 --> 05:15:42,600
utilized by architects today, 
their finding abstract 

5859
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:45,400
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

5860
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:47,800
applications, not just counting 
things. 

5861
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:51,500
What's amazing though is that 
their using a number system 

5862
05:15:51,500 --> 05:15:56,100
based on 60 rather than 10 
They're thinking in basic 60 

5863
05:15:56,100 --> 05:15:58,400
while you're counting on your 
fingers and working with powers 

5864
05:15:58,400 --> 05:16:01,200
of 10. 
This sounds really strange and 

5865
05:16:01,200 --> 05:16:04,600
you realize that 60 is more 
divisible by numbers than 10 is 

5866
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:06,700
for many mathematical 
operations. 

5867
05:16:06,700 --> 05:16:08,700
Their system is actually more 
adaptable. 

5868
05:16:08,700 --> 05:16:12,300
It's similar to learning that a 
better wheel was created a 

5869
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:14,900
thousands of years later were 
still using the subpar one. 

5870
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:17,900
There is more to this, 
mathematical sophistication than

5871
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:20,600
meets the eye. 
The same individuals who divided

5872
05:16:20,600 --> 05:16:24,600
circles into 360 Degrees. 
Yes, that's where that 

5873
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,100
originates are. 
Also conducting astronomical 

5874
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:29,600
observations which call for 
exact measurement and 

5875
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:33,200
documentation They're making 
calendars that line agricultural

5876
05:16:33,200 --> 05:16:36,500
activities with astronomical 
events, tracking the Motions of 

5877
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:40,400
planets and forecasting. 
Eclipses, it is truly astounding

5878
05:16:40,400 --> 05:16:42,900
how much astronomical knowledge 
is being amassed here. 

5879
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:45,900
These observers have discovered 
that there are recurring 

5880
05:16:45,900 --> 05:16:49,300
patterns in the movements of the
planets, they can predict, when 

5881
05:16:49,300 --> 05:16:53,300
Venus will show up as An Evening
Star, as a Morning Star, they 

5882
05:16:53,300 --> 05:16:56,200
have developed mathematical 
models to forecast, astronomical

5883
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:59,100
events, an identified as a diet 
called constellations. 

5884
05:16:59,100 --> 05:17:02,900
Most impressive though is the 
way their tackling these issues.

5885
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:06,100
They are searching for 
underlying patterns, formulating

5886
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:08,900
hypotheses and testing 
predictions in addition to 

5887
05:17:08,900 --> 05:17:12,500
merely Gathering observations. 
For another few thousand years, 

5888
05:17:12,500 --> 05:17:15,100
they would not refer to what 
they are doing as science. 

5889
05:17:15,100 --> 05:17:18,400
But they are this methodical 
approach to knowledge is not 

5890
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:19,900
limited to astronomy and 
Mathematics. 

5891
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:23,900
Students are learning how to 
evaluate court cases write 

5892
05:17:23,900 --> 05:17:27,500
poetry in accordance with formal
guidelines and comprehend 

5893
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:29,400
historical precedence. 
In the classroom. 

5894
05:17:29,400 --> 05:17:32,100
They are discovering that 
knowledge itself can be 

5895
05:17:32,100 --> 05:17:35,100
methodically arranged classified
and passed down from one 

5896
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:38,100
generation to the next. 
Your witnessing, the creation of

5897
05:17:38,100 --> 05:17:40,000
intellectual Life as we know it 
today. 

5898
05:17:41,100 --> 05:17:44,100
For the first time in history, 
some people are able to devote 

5899
05:17:44,100 --> 05:17:47,000
their lives to comprehending the
fundamentals of the world's 

5900
05:17:47,000 --> 05:17:50,400
functioning rather than just 
finding solutions to pressing 

5901
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:53,300
practical issues. 
What are numbers really? 

5902
05:17:53,300 --> 05:17:55,600
Why do the planets move the way 
they do? 

5903
05:17:55,600 --> 05:17:58,700
And what makes a good law 
different from a bad one? 

5904
05:17:59,300 --> 05:18:02,600
Or some of the questions they 
can pose, the ramifications are 

5905
05:18:02,600 --> 05:18:05,300
astounding. 
People whose job it is to think 

5906
05:18:05,300 --> 05:18:08,100
about abstract problems, begin 
to draw connections between 

5907
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,700
various fields of knowledge. 
The mathematician understands 

5908
05:18:11,700 --> 05:18:14,300
that architecture is governed by
geometric principles. 

5909
05:18:15,000 --> 05:18:17,600
The astronomer learns that 
natural events can be predicted 

5910
05:18:17,600 --> 05:18:21,000
by mathematical models. 
The legal scholar is aware that 

5911
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:23,500
using reason to settle 
disagreements is a more 

5912
05:18:23,508 --> 05:18:26,500
Equitable approach than merely 
adhering to custom. 

5913
05:18:26,500 --> 05:18:29,400
Let's take a break from our 
travels and become a custom to 

5914
05:18:29,400 --> 05:18:31,600
the mild routine of this amazing
Society. 

5915
05:18:31,600 --> 05:18:34,000
You're about to learn that 
Revolution. 

5916
05:18:34,000 --> 05:18:37,000
Can sometimes be whispered 
through the everyday moments 

5917
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:40,200
that comprise human existence, 
rather than always being 

5918
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:43,600
announced with great Fanfare, a 
typical Mesopotamian, family 

5919
05:18:43,600 --> 05:18:47,000
wakes up as the small high 
Windows of their house, letting 

5920
05:18:47,000 --> 05:18:50,500
the first of the day, First 
thing that strikes you is how 

5921
05:18:50,500 --> 05:18:53,200
different their everyday worries
are from yours yet. 

5922
05:18:53,200 --> 05:18:56,800
They feel surprisingly. 
The mother is organizing meals 

5923
05:18:56,800 --> 05:18:59,000
that will stretch resources 
throughout the week and keeping 

5924
05:18:59,000 --> 05:19:00,800
an eye on the household's grain 
supplies. 

5925
05:19:01,500 --> 05:19:04,700
The father is going over his to 
do list in his head, including, 

5926
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:07,500
which irrigation channels 
require upkeep, which tools 

5927
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:10,500
require repair and which 
neighbors he needs to work with.

5928
05:19:10,500 --> 05:19:13,500
In preparation for the Harvest, 
their kids are getting ready for

5929
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:16,700
school and yes, they probably 
whine about it as much as kids 

5930
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:18,700
do. 
Young and little claims. 

5931
05:19:18,700 --> 05:19:20,800
He already knows enough 
mathematics to assist with the 

5932
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:24,100
family business and little 
shamat refuses to practice her 

5933
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:28,100
knee form writing exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

5934
05:19:28,100 --> 05:19:29,900
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

5935
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:33,400
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

5936
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:35,400
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

5937
05:19:36,200 --> 05:19:39,200
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

5938
05:19:39,200 --> 05:19:41,500
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

5939
05:19:41,500 --> 05:19:45,300
grain for breakfast. 
Father uses a filing system that

5940
05:19:45,300 --> 05:19:48,200
arranges data in ways that any 
contemporary office worker would

5941
05:19:48,200 --> 05:19:49,800
recognize when he looks through 
his business. 

5942
05:19:49,800 --> 05:19:52,700
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

5943
05:19:52,700 --> 05:19:57,300
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

5944
05:19:57,300 --> 05:19:59,600
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

5945
05:19:59,600 --> 05:20:01,800
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

5946
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:04,800
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

5947
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:07,200
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

5948
05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:09,900
Yes, they have beer for 
breakfast, which makes sense, 

5949
05:20:09,900 --> 05:20:12,300
given the dubious quality of 
ancient Water Supplies. 

5950
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,600
Represents fermentation 
processes that call for exact 

5951
05:20:15,600 --> 05:20:18,000
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

5952
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:20,800
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

5953
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:24,500
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

5954
05:20:24,500 --> 05:20:27,200
served by the distribution 
system, that provides them with 

5955
05:20:27,200 --> 05:20:30,800
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

5956
05:20:30,800 --> 05:20:32,700
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

5957
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:36,400
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

5958
05:20:36,400 --> 05:20:39,200
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

5959
05:20:39,200 --> 05:20:41,200
fields are the source of the 
food. 

5960
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:44,400
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship, when the 

5961
05:20:44,400 --> 05:20:47,500
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

5962
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:51,400
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

5963
05:20:51,400 --> 05:20:53,400
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

5964
05:20:53,400 --> 05:20:56,800
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

5965
05:20:56,800 --> 05:20:59,700
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

5966
05:20:59,700 --> 05:21:01,500
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

5967
05:21:01,500 --> 05:21:03,600
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

5968
05:21:03,600 --> 05:21:06,900
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both a place of 

5969
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:10,400
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

5970
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,700
preserving social ties that have
the foundation of community, 

5971
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:16,200
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

5972
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:19,700
She is teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

5973
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:22,900
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

5974
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:24,900
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

5975
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:27,700
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

5976
05:21:27,700 --> 05:21:30,600
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

5977
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:34,000
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

5978
05:21:34,000 --> 05:21:37,200
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

5979
05:21:37,208 --> 05:21:41,100
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

5980
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:43,900
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

5981
05:21:43,900 --> 05:21:46,900
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

5982
05:21:46,900 --> 05:21:49,600
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

5983
05:21:49,600 --> 05:21:52,600
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

5984
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:56,100
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

5985
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:58,100
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

5986
05:21:58,100 --> 05:22:01,000
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

5987
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,400
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

5988
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:06,000
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

5989
05:22:06,000 --> 05:22:09,400
agriculture, Commerce, and 
social organization, there may 

5990
05:22:09,400 --> 05:22:12,500
be games storytelling or music 
after supper. 

5991
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:16,200
Another revolutionary idea is 
that people have Leisure Time. 

5992
05:22:16,900 --> 05:22:19,800
Human culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

5993
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:22,800
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

5994
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:25,500
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

5995
05:22:25,500 --> 05:22:27,900
In addition, to sleeping off the
day's labor. 

5996
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:30,400
The family is refueling for 
tomorrow's involvement, in 

5997
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:33,000
Humanity's first complex Urban 
living experiment. 

5998
05:22:34,100 --> 05:22:36,900
They will awaken to Morrow. 
And once more play a part in 

5999
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:40,000
preserving, the systems that 
enable thousands of people to 

6000
05:22:40,000 --> 05:22:43,900
coexist in harmony prosperity 
and productivity, one of the 

6001
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:47,700
most remarkable accomplishments 
of Mesopotamian civilization is 

6002
05:22:47,700 --> 05:22:51,200
revealed, as you delve deeper 
into this ancient world, they 

6003
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:54,100
managed to manage sizeable 
diverse populations without 

6004
05:22:54,100 --> 05:22:55,800
everything. 
Collapsing in Anarchy and 

6005
05:22:55,808 --> 05:22:58,600
conflict. 
And they accomplished this by 

6006
05:22:58,600 --> 05:23:01,900
combining religious Authority, 
common sense and what can only 

6007
05:23:01,900 --> 05:23:04,500
be called the first 
all-encompassing legal system in

6008
05:23:04,500 --> 05:23:06,400
history. 
Imagine the difficulties. 

6009
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:09,900
These people encountered, there 
are thousands of people each 

6010
05:23:09,900 --> 05:23:12,800
with their own goals, passions, 
and unavoidable conflicts with 

6011
05:23:12,800 --> 05:23:15,300
their neighbors. 
You have competing religious, 

6012
05:23:15,300 --> 05:23:19,500
Traditions diverse ethnic 
groups, economic classes and the

6013
05:23:19,500 --> 05:23:22,100
inherent human propensity for 
short-sightedness and 

6014
05:23:22,100 --> 05:23:25,200
selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

6015
05:23:25,200 --> 05:23:27,800
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

6016
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:30,400
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

6017
05:23:30,400 --> 05:23:34,000
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the top is a king who

6018
05:23:34,000 --> 05:23:36,000
represents both religion and 
politics. 

6019
05:23:36,000 --> 05:23:39,900
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

6020
05:23:39,900 --> 05:23:43,800
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

6021
05:23:43,800 --> 05:23:45,900
is also channeling, the will of 
the Gods. 

6022
05:23:45,900 --> 05:23:49,400
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a law, not 

6023
05:23:49,400 --> 05:23:52,700
just his own preferences. 
However, this is not a tyrants 

6024
05:23:52,700 --> 05:23:55,400
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

6025
05:23:55,400 --> 05:23:59,400
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

6026
05:23:59,400 --> 05:24:02,100
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

6027
05:24:03,100 --> 05:24:06,600
Priests Merchants Artisans and 
farmers, who, truly govern, the 

6028
05:24:06,608 --> 05:24:10,000
society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

6029
05:24:10,000 --> 05:24:12,400
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

6030
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:14,200
for long. 
You have an advanced 

6031
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,200
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

6032
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:20,700
contemporary bureaucrat tax 
collection, irrigation 

6033
05:24:20,700 --> 05:24:25,100
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

6034
05:24:25,100 --> 05:24:27,000
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

6035
05:24:27,800 --> 05:24:30,300
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

6036
05:24:30,300 --> 05:24:32,900
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

6037
05:24:32,900 --> 05:24:36,300
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

6038
05:24:36,300 --> 05:24:39,000
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

6039
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:42,200
draft thorough, legal codes that
aim to cover every potential 

6040
05:24:42,200 --> 05:24:45,200
conflict or offense, nearly 300 
laws. 

6041
05:24:45,200 --> 05:24:48,300
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

6042
05:24:48,300 --> 05:24:51,700
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

6043
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:54,300
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

6044
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:56,300
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

6045
05:24:56,300 --> 05:24:59,300
comprehensive nurse. 
They distinguish between various

6046
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:00,900
property types and social 
classes. 

6047
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:04,500
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

6048
05:25:04,500 --> 05:25:08,000
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, they offer 

6049
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:10,400
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

6050
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:12,600
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

6051
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:15,900
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

6052
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,100
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

6053
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,800
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

6054
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:26,300
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

6055
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,400
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and corporate 

6056
05:25:29,400 --> 05:25:31,000
procedures that guarantee Fair 
hearing. 

6057
05:25:31,800 --> 05:25:35,000
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

6058
05:25:35,000 --> 05:25:38,600
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

6059
05:25:38,600 --> 05:25:41,700
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

6060
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:43,800
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

6061
05:25:43,800 --> 05:25:46,900
legal system is open to the 
public, the laws are visible to 

6062
05:25:46,900 --> 05:25:49,100
everyone because they are 
engraved in stone. 

6063
05:25:49,100 --> 05:25:51,500
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights 

6064
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:54,800
expectations, and the 
repercussions of different 

6065
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:57,900
behaviors law, ceases to be 
arbitrary and becomes 

6066
05:25:57,900 --> 05:25:59,500
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

6067
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:02,600
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

6068
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:05,300
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

6069
05:26:05,300 --> 05:26:09,000
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

6070
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:11,700
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king wants. 

6071
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:15,100
People are aware of their 
obligations when they are due 

6072
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:18,400
and what they get in return 
including Public Works, projects

6073
05:26:18,400 --> 05:26:21,200
military protection, 
infrastructure, upkeep and 

6074
05:26:21,200 --> 05:26:24,000
judicial Services. 
The result is something that can

6075
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:25,800
be identified as the rule of 
law. 

6076
05:26:25,800 --> 05:26:28,800
A system that treats people 
fairly in accordance with 

6077
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:31,800
established standards offers 
procedures for settling 

6078
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:35,800
conflicts amicably and fosters 
incentives for collaboration 

6079
05:26:35,800 --> 05:26:38,900
rather than conflict is probably
more desirable than perfect 

6080
05:26:38,900 --> 05:26:42,700
Justice, which is probably 
unachievable stability, is the 

6081
05:26:42,700 --> 05:26:45,900
outcome due to their reasonable 
confidence in the stability of 

6082
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:48,600
the legal and social framework. 
People are able to make 

6083
05:26:48,600 --> 05:26:51,500
long-term plans. 
Because they believe they will 

6084
05:26:51,500 --> 05:26:54,600
be able to reap the rewards when
those projects mature, they are 

6085
05:26:54,608 --> 05:26:57,300
willing to put time and effort 
into Endeavors that won't yield 

6086
05:26:57,300 --> 05:27:00,400
results, right away. 
The intricate irrigation systems

6087
05:27:00,400 --> 05:27:04,300
intricate trade networks, 
educational institutions and 

6088
05:27:04,300 --> 05:27:06,800
Architectural projects. 
That take generations to 

6089
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:10,800
complete are all made possible 
by this stability, which in 

6090
05:27:10,800 --> 05:27:13,000
turns the groundwork for 
everything else we've been 

6091
05:27:13,000 --> 05:27:16,000
investigating. 
Without governmental structures 

6092
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:19,400
that can uphold continuity and 
Order over decades or even 

6093
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:21,700
centuries. 
None of these would be feasible.

6094
05:27:21,700 --> 05:27:24,100
As you continue, your 
exploration of ancient 

6095
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:26,400
Mesopotamia. 
You may be surprised to learn 

6096
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:29,500
that these pragmatic engineering
minded, individuals are 

6097
05:27:29,500 --> 05:27:33,600
profoundly spiritual but not in 
a way that separates the sacred 

6098
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:35,800
from the secular. 
They don't practice their 

6099
05:27:35,800 --> 05:27:38,400
religion during special 
ceremonies or on the weekends. 

6100
05:27:38,400 --> 05:27:42,200
It permeates every part of their
lives from how they plan their 

6101
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:44,600
cities, to how they go about 
their jobs. 

6102
05:27:45,400 --> 05:27:50,200
However, this is a sanctifies 
practical activity and finds the

6103
05:27:50,200 --> 05:27:53,800
Divine in human achievement, not
the kind of spirituality that 

6104
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:57,100
demands people, reject the 
material, world Mesopotamian 

6105
05:27:57,100 --> 05:28:00,600
gods are strikingly human-like 
but in the most positive sense, 

6106
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:04,400
they are individuals with 
preferences knowledge and 

6107
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:08,000
continuous engagement in worldly
matters rather than impersonal 

6108
05:28:08,000 --> 05:28:12,000
abstract ideals. 
Enlil is in charge of the wind 

6109
05:28:12,000 --> 05:28:14,200
and storms, which bring 
fertility as well as 

6110
05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:17,500
destruction. 
For those who civilization 

6111
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:21,100
relies on both intelligence and 
irrigation enki's, rule over 

6112
05:28:21,100 --> 05:28:23,300
fresh water, and wisdom makes 
perfect sense. 

6113
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,600
Since passion and conflict are 
essential components of The 

6114
05:28:26,600 --> 05:28:30,400
Human Experience, enormous 
stands for both Love and War. 

6115
05:28:30,400 --> 05:28:33,500
The most fascinating thing. 
About these Gods though is how 

6116
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:36,200
they serve as examples of the 
kind of collaboration that 

6117
05:28:36,200 --> 05:28:39,800
enables civilized life. 
The myths, describe God's 

6118
05:28:39,800 --> 05:28:43,200
cooperating, on Cosmic building 
projects, exchanging resources 

6119
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:46,700
and expertise, and reaching 
mutually beneficial agreements. 

6120
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:50,000
People who take part in 
religious rituals are not only 

6121
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:52,400
worshiping. 
They are so honing, the social 

6122
05:28:52,400 --> 05:28:55,400
skills necessary to maintain the
smooth operation of their own 

6123
05:28:55,400 --> 05:28:58,000
communities. 
Each city is dominated by 

6124
05:28:58,000 --> 05:28:59,700
temples. 
That are much more than just 

6125
05:28:59,700 --> 05:29:02,400
places of worship. 
There are combination of social 

6126
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:06,600
service agencies educational 
institutions and economic hubs. 

6127
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:10,400
In addition, to carrying out 
rituals the priest who work in 

6128
05:29:10,400 --> 05:29:12,800
these temples also oversee 
agricultural. 

6129
05:29:12,800 --> 05:29:16,700
Estates on educational 
institutions, careful libraries 

6130
05:29:16,700 --> 05:29:19,900
and offer welfare assistance to 
members of the community who are

6131
05:29:19,900 --> 05:29:23,200
struggling a society where 
religious life supports rather 

6132
05:29:23,200 --> 05:29:25,100
than contradicts the value's 
required. 

6133
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:28,300
For successful, Urban living is 
the result of this remarkable 

6134
05:29:28,300 --> 05:29:30,500
Fusion of spiritual and 
practical functions. 

6135
05:29:31,600 --> 05:29:34,100
A good worshiper. 
Possesses the same qualities as 

6136
05:29:34,100 --> 05:29:37,000
a good neighbor. 
Such as honesty, dependability 

6137
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:39,900
and a willingness to help out 
with Community projects. 

6138
05:29:40,700 --> 05:29:43,200
There is no conflict between 
serving the community and the 

6139
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:47,300
gods, or between being Pious and
succeeding in business, the 

6140
05:29:47,300 --> 05:29:50,100
religious calendar organizes 
daily life in ways that promote 

6141
05:29:50,100 --> 05:29:54,300
economic activity, rather than 
interfere with it. religious 

6142
05:29:54,300 --> 05:29:57,700
celebrations, take place during 
agricultural Seasons, offering 

6143
05:29:57,700 --> 05:30:00,600
opportunities for communal, 
Gatherings, when people have the

6144
05:30:00,600 --> 05:30:04,400
means and Leisure to take part, 
In addition to providing funds 

6145
05:30:04,400 --> 05:30:07,100
for Public Works projects. 
The religious mandate to 

6146
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:09,900
support. 
Temple operations, establishes a

6147
05:30:09,900 --> 05:30:11,900
social safety. 
Net that supports people during 

6148
05:30:11,900 --> 05:30:15,300
trying times, most 
significantly, this religious 

6149
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,500
system offers purpose and 
meaning that transcends Personal

6150
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:22,200
Achievement or failure, 
Contributors to the construction

6151
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:25,000
of a ziggurat are not merely 
taking part in a building 

6152
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:27,200
project. 
There are also helping to 

6153
05:30:27,200 --> 05:30:30,300
construct a monument that will 
benefit their Community for many

6154
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:32,900
generations and a place of 
worship for the Gods. 

6155
05:30:33,600 --> 05:30:36,100
Maintaining the irrigation 
channels is more than just 

6156
05:30:36,100 --> 05:30:38,800
routine maintenance. 
It's a way to contribute to the 

6157
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:42,700
divine order that sustains life 
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 

6158
05:30:42,700 --> 05:30:45,400
When it has this sense of 
purpose, The merchant 

6159
05:30:45,400 --> 05:30:48,700
facilitating trade between 
distant cities, the farmer 

6160
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:51,500
producing food, that feeds the 
community, and the Craftsman. 

6161
05:30:51,500 --> 05:30:54,600
Crafting beautiful objects are 
all part of the divine plan, 

6162
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:57,700
that creates civilization out of
wilderness, abundance out of 

6163
05:30:57,708 --> 05:31:02,100
scarcity and order out of chaos.
However, this spirituality is 

6164
05:31:02,100 --> 05:31:05,200
also incredibly useful. 
Though, the methods of 

6165
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:09,100
consultation reading Omens 
interpreting dreams and 

6166
05:31:09,100 --> 05:31:12,300
examining the patterns of oil on
water require careful 

6167
05:31:12,300 --> 05:31:13,900
observation and logical 
analysis. 

6168
05:31:13,900 --> 05:31:16,900
The gods are consulted on 
everything from military 

6169
05:31:16,900 --> 05:31:20,200
campaigns to business, Endeavors
to marriage decisions. 

6170
05:31:21,000 --> 05:31:23,700
Practical intelligence and 
religious wisdom complement 

6171
05:31:23,700 --> 05:31:27,000
rather than contradict one. 
Another, the end result is a 

6172
05:31:27,000 --> 05:31:29,100
society in which individuals 
accept personal responsibility 

6173
05:31:29,100 --> 05:31:32,700
for their contributions to the 
welfare of the community while 

6174
05:31:32,700 --> 05:31:35,200
feeling supported by forces 
greater than themselves. 

6175
05:31:36,500 --> 05:31:39,400
Despite staying rooted in the 
pragmatic demands of everyday 

6176
05:31:39,400 --> 05:31:40,900
life. 
They feel that their work has 

6177
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:44,700
Cosmic significant spirituality 
is not an escape from Human 

6178
05:31:44,700 --> 05:31:48,000
achievement, but rather an 
enhancement of it, you start to 

6179
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,400
understand how all of these 
inventions work together to form

6180
05:31:51,400 --> 05:31:54,100
something far greater than the 
summer of their individual 

6181
05:31:54,100 --> 05:31:55,800
Parts. 
As you carry on your cozy, 

6182
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:57,800
exploration of this amazing 
civilization. 

6183
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:02,500
You'll seeing the emergence of 
networking effects which are the

6184
05:32:02,500 --> 05:32:05,500
processes by, which various 
developments reinforce one 

6185
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:08,200
another to cause a sharp 
acceleration of human progress. 

6186
05:32:08,200 --> 05:32:11,900
Think about how Mesopotamian 
Society Has Changed by writing 

6187
05:32:11,900 --> 05:32:14,800
in every other way. 
Because Engineers can document 

6188
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:17,200
effective techniques and learn 
from past mistakes. 

6189
05:32:17,200 --> 05:32:20,900
The irrigation system becomes 
much more sophisticated, once 

6190
05:32:20,900 --> 05:32:24,500
information can be permanently 
recorded because precedence can 

6191
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:27,700
be documented and consulted 
legal systems become more 

6192
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:31,200
Equitable and consistent. 
Because contracts can specify 

6193
05:32:31,200 --> 05:32:34,000
precise terms and conditions 
trade becomes more. 

6194
05:32:34,000 --> 05:32:37,100
Complicated because knowledge 
can be systematically 

6195
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:40,300
transmitted and preserved. 
Education becomes more effective

6196
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:44,700
however writing all so, opens up
new possibilities that no one 

6197
05:32:44,700 --> 05:32:47,300
had foreseen. 
You can learn mathematics. 

6198
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:50,600
Once you can record numbers, 
astronomical science can be 

6199
05:32:50,600 --> 05:32:53,900
produced when observations can 
be preserved, chemistry and 

6200
05:32:53,900 --> 05:32:56,700
medicine can be developed. 
Once experiments are documented,

6201
05:32:57,400 --> 05:33:00,100
Every advancement creates 
opportunities for even more 

6202
05:33:00,100 --> 05:33:03,100
advanced movements in 
unpredictable ways in the realm 

6203
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:05,200
of Economics. 
The networking effect is the 

6204
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:08,900
same once who production is 
stable, some people can focus on

6205
05:33:08,900 --> 05:33:11,400
crafts. 
You can create better tools and 

6206
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:13,300
methods. 
Once you have talented Artisans 

6207
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:16,500
with improved tools, 
agricultural productivity can be

6208
05:33:16,508 --> 05:33:19,900
increased freeing up, even more 
workers for specialized labor. 

6209
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:23,500
Every Improvement increases the 
likelihood and ease of the 

6210
05:33:23,500 --> 05:33:26,500
subsequent Improvement the 
social Innovations, have an 

6211
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:29,600
equally strong Network. 
You can start projects that need

6212
05:33:29,600 --> 05:33:31,300
long-term planning and 
coordination. 

6213
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:35,000
Once you have an efficient 
governance system, People gain 

6214
05:33:35,000 --> 05:33:38,400
confidence in group action, 
after large-scale, projects are 

6215
05:33:38,400 --> 05:33:41,400
completed successfully, people 
are willing to invest in, even 

6216
05:33:41,400 --> 05:33:44,100
more ambitious projects, once 
they have faith in group efforts

6217
05:33:44,100 --> 05:33:49,200
in ways that exponentially speed
up progress, success, breeds 

6218
05:33:49,200 --> 05:33:51,300
success. 
The Mesopotamians are 

6219
05:33:51,300 --> 05:33:53,700
experiencing the fascinating 
discovery that human 

6220
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:55,800
communities. 
Can generate value that far, 

6221
05:33:55,800 --> 05:33:58,400
surpasses, what individuals 
could produce working alone. 

6222
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:01,600
Your witnessing, what? 
Contemporary economists, refer 

6223
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:03,500
to as increasing returns to 
scale. 

6224
05:34:04,300 --> 05:34:06,600
Every new member of society 
increases the productivity 

6225
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:09,700
security, and ability of 
everyone else to accomplish 

6226
05:34:09,700 --> 05:34:12,800
their objectives, the networking
of technology is equally 

6227
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:15,400
impressive. 
Mining transportation and trade 

6228
05:34:15,400 --> 05:34:17,800
networks, are all necessary for 
the production of bronze. 

6229
05:34:17,800 --> 05:34:21,200
In addition, to metallurgy The 
effectiveness of the entire 

6230
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:23,800
system increases with each 
advancement in any of these 

6231
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:26,800
areas mining is more productive 
with better tools. 

6232
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:28,900
Raw materials are less 
expensive. 

6233
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:32,300
When transportation is more 
efficient access to better 

6234
05:34:32,300 --> 05:34:35,300
quality inputs, is made possible
by expanded trade networks. 

6235
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:38,700
However, the cultural networking
effect may be the most 

6236
05:34:38,700 --> 05:34:41,800
significant, People start to 
have bigger dreams after 

6237
05:34:41,800 --> 05:34:45,100
realizing that prosperity and 
security can be achieved through

6238
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:47,900
human effort. 
They are more inclined to trust 

6239
05:34:47,900 --> 05:34:50,500
strangers and engage in larger 
communities. 

6240
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:52,500
Once they realize that 
collaboration can produce 

6241
05:34:52,500 --> 05:34:55,400
outcomes that are impossible for
individuals to accomplish alone.

6242
05:34:56,200 --> 05:34:58,500
They are more inclined to rely 
on others for products and 

6243
05:34:58,500 --> 05:35:00,800
services that they could 
potentially produce themselves. 

6244
05:35:00,800 --> 05:35:03,100
Once they have seen the 
advantages of specialization, 

6245
05:35:03,100 --> 05:35:06,200
this is a revolutionary change 
in culture. 

6246
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:09,500
People are choosing to become 
interdependent in stead of 

6247
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:11,800
self-sufficient for the first 
time in human history. 

6248
05:35:11,800 --> 05:35:15,200
They're coming to the conclusion
that working together is more 

6249
05:35:15,200 --> 05:35:17,100
advantageous than relying on 
other people. 

6250
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:20,600
They're risking everything that 
humans societies can be more 

6251
05:35:20,600 --> 05:35:22,300
than short-term convenience 
alliances. 

6252
05:35:22,300 --> 05:35:25,600
You're seeing networking effects
that extend beyond the borders 

6253
05:35:25,600 --> 05:35:27,800
of specific cities or 
geographical areas. 

6254
05:35:28,900 --> 05:35:31,600
Mesopotamian Innovations in 
Florence events throughout the 

6255
05:35:31,600 --> 05:35:35,200
ancient world, by way of trade 
routes, diplomatic contacts, 

6256
05:35:35,200 --> 05:35:38,900
migration patterns. 
Greek philosophy is shaped by 

6257
05:35:38,908 --> 05:35:41,100
the mathematical ideas created 
in Babylon. 

6258
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:44,500
Roman law is influenced by the 
legal precepts developed in 

6259
05:35:44,500 --> 05:35:47,300
Ouray. 
From Egypt to India, population 

6260
05:35:47,300 --> 05:35:49,900
growth is made possible by 
Mesopotamian agricultural, 

6261
05:35:49,900 --> 05:35:52,800
Innovations, your witnessing. 
The emergence of what 

6262
05:35:52,800 --> 05:35:56,700
contemporary academics refer to 
as World Systems networks of 

6263
05:35:56,708 --> 05:36:00,500
influence and interaction that 
link, far-flung societies and 

6264
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,200
enable Innovations to 
proliferate well beyond their 

6265
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:07,300
original locations. 
For the first time, human 

6266
05:36:07,300 --> 05:36:09,600
advancement turns into a 
Cooperative Endeavor in which 

6267
05:36:09,600 --> 05:36:13,700
several civilizations, cooperate
often, unknowingly to address 

6268
05:36:13,700 --> 05:36:16,800
shared problems, you are left 
with a deep respect for the 

6269
05:36:16,808 --> 05:36:19,800
accomplishments of these 
extraordinary people, as our 

6270
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:21,400
leisurely tour of Ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

6271
05:36:21,400 --> 05:36:25,200
Comes to an end You return to 
the Comforts of the present with

6272
05:36:25,200 --> 05:36:28,500
a fresh perspective on how much 
we owe these pioneers of the 

6273
05:36:28,500 --> 05:36:31,300
past, the Golden Age of 
witnessed was golden. 

6274
05:36:31,300 --> 05:36:34,700
Not because it was Flawless, but
because it was the first time 

6275
05:36:34,700 --> 05:36:37,700
that Humanity had successfully 
attempted to build sophisticated

6276
05:36:37,700 --> 05:36:41,900
societies that boosted rather 
than depleted human potential. 

6277
05:36:42,800 --> 05:36:46,200
With creativity teamwork and an 
incredible belief in human 

6278
05:36:46,200 --> 05:36:48,500
potential. 
These individuals overcame 

6279
05:36:48,500 --> 05:36:50,700
obstacles that. 
No other generation had ever 

6280
05:36:50,700 --> 05:36:53,900
faced their Solutions. 
Weren't coincidental or short 

6281
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:56,800
term fixes. 
Thousands of years later, we are

6282
05:36:56,800 --> 05:37:00,200
still using modified versions of
the institutions systems and 

6283
05:37:00,200 --> 05:37:02,400
ways of thinking, they 
established because they were so

6284
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:04,400
successful. 
You are building on the 

6285
05:37:04,400 --> 05:37:08,000
foundations established by these
ancient Pioneers each time you 

6286
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:12,000
use mathematics reader written 
contract engage in Democratic 

6287
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:15,200
governance or profit from 
specialization and trade, 

6288
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:18,600
perhaps most significantly. 
However, they Illustrated a 

6289
05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:21,800
feature of human nature that 
still holds true today When 

6290
05:37:21,800 --> 05:37:24,300
people are confident enough to 
look beyond their immediate 

6291
05:37:24,300 --> 05:37:27,000
survival, when they have 
incentives to work together, 

6292
05:37:27,000 --> 05:37:29,200
rather than engaging destructive
competition. 

6293
05:37:29,200 --> 05:37:31,800
And when they have faith, that 
their efforts will be fairly 

6294
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:35,200
rewarded, they collaborate to 
create amazing things, the 

6295
05:37:35,200 --> 05:37:38,300
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves
as a reminder that the greatest 

6296
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:41,500
human civilization is about 
fostering an environment in 

6297
05:37:41,500 --> 05:37:44,900
which each person can use their 
special gifts to promote the 

6298
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:48,200
well-being of the group. 
Not about controlling nature or 

6299
05:37:48,200 --> 05:37:51,500
outperforming Rivals. 
It involves creating systems 

6300
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:54,700
that are both robust enough to 
offer security and adaptable 

6301
05:37:54,700 --> 05:37:58,300
enough to Foster creativity. 
It involves figuring out how to 

6302
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:01,400
respect both individual success 
and the well-being of the 

6303
05:38:01,400 --> 05:38:05,400
community as you fall asleep, 
consider how human advancement 

6304
05:38:05,400 --> 05:38:08,500
is still fueled by the same 
Cooperative impulses, that 

6305
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:10,900
created ziggurats and cuneiform 
writing. 

6306
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:14,900
The spirit of ancient 
Mesopotamia endures every time 

6307
05:38:14,900 --> 05:38:17,700
individuals decide to work 
together, rather than fight 

6308
05:38:17,700 --> 05:38:21,000
every time someone lends their 
expertise to projects bigger 

6309
05:38:21,000 --> 05:38:23,700
than themselves. 
And every time communities make 

6310
05:38:23,700 --> 05:38:26,300
investments in infrastructure 
that will benefit coming 

6311
05:38:26,300 --> 05:38:29,400
Generations, even though the 
cities are now covered in desert

6312
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:32,800
sand and the irrigation channels
are dry, the human ability to 

6313
05:38:32,800 --> 05:38:36,400
bring order out of chaos, 
abundance out of scarcity and 

6314
05:38:36,400 --> 05:38:39,200
meaning out of life's. 
Basic materials, still flows 

6315
05:38:39,200 --> 05:38:41,400
like those ancient Rivers 
between the Tigris and 

6316
05:38:41,400 --> 05:38:44,500
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 
that you're a part of a story 

6317
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,700
that started with the first 
cities and goes on with every 

6318
05:38:47,700 --> 05:38:51,800
technological advancement, Every
Act of human cooperation and 

6319
05:38:51,800 --> 05:38:54,800
every instance in which people 
decide to build rather than 

6320
05:38:54,800 --> 05:38:57,800
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age
serves. 

6321
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:00,100
As a reminder that our best 
times are never truly over. 

6322
05:39:00,900 --> 05:39:02,500
Rather. 
They are always just getting 

6323
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:05,900
started and awaiting to be 
shaped by the next generation of

6324
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,900
people who prepared to cooperate
in order to achieve common 

6325
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:12,100
goals, the same mathematical 
patterns that the ancient 

6326
05:39:12,100 --> 05:39:14,900
astronomers found still govern 
the way the Stars wheel 

6327
05:39:14,900 --> 05:39:17,700
overhead. 
The human urge to create 

6328
05:39:17,700 --> 05:39:21,300
collaborate and strive for 
something bigger than personal 

6329
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:25,000
survival is still as strong as 
the fires in those old bronze 

6330
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:27,900
workshops and tomorrow, we carry
on the work. 

6331
05:39:27,900 --> 05:39:30,600
They started. 
The never-ending optimistic 

6332
05:39:30,600 --> 05:39:33,500
Endeavor of creating 
civilizations deserving of human

6333
05:39:33,500 --> 05:39:36,300
potential in both minor and 
major ways. 

6334
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:39,700
Sweet dreams fellow time 
traveler take comfort. 

6335
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,300
In the fact that you are a part 
of the greatest success story in

6336
05:39:42,300 --> 05:39:46,000
human history, one that is still
being written one day at a time 

6337
05:39:46,008 --> 05:39:49,600
by people who recognize that the
greatest monuments we can erect.

6338
05:39:49,600 --> 05:39:53,000
Are those that enable others to 
rise just a little bit of their 

6339
05:39:53,000 --> 05:39:55,900
own potential. 
Imagine those old voices carried

6340
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:59,200
on the Wind during The Quiet 
Moments before sleep really sets

6341
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:01,100
in. 
Farmers in Mesopotamia 

6342
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:04,000
discovered that a flood plain 
could become a paradise if they 

6343
05:40:04,000 --> 05:40:06,900
banded together. 
The Artisans who realized that. 

6344
05:40:06,900 --> 05:40:10,000
Specialized work, could Elevate,
simple, survival to creative 

6345
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:12,700
success. 
The administrators demonstrated 

6346
05:40:12,700 --> 05:40:16,500
that at its best bureaucracy is 
just structured to serve the 

6347
05:40:16,500 --> 05:40:19,600
interests of the community, even
though their ziggurat has fallen

6348
05:40:19,608 --> 05:40:21,500
apart. 
Their wisdom can still be heard 

6349
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:24,900
in every Public Library, 
contemporary hospital and 

6350
05:40:24,900 --> 05:40:27,800
infrastructure project that 
enhances the lives of people. 

6351
05:40:27,800 --> 05:40:31,800
The builders have never met. 
Even though their cuneiform 

6352
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:35,300
tablets are now Museum artifacts
their belief that knowledge 

6353
05:40:35,300 --> 05:40:39,000
should be shared and preserved 
in every book website and 

6354
05:40:39,000 --> 05:40:40,700
classroom. 
Where new information is 

6355
05:40:40,700 --> 05:40:42,700
learned. 
There are understanding that 

6356
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:44,800
abundance comes from 
cooperation, rather than 

6357
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:48,600
competition is evident in every 
successful Business, Partnership

6358
05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:52,500
community garden and incidents 
where neighbors choose to 

6359
05:40:52,500 --> 05:40:54,800
support one another rather than 
compete. 

6360
05:40:56,100 --> 05:40:59,200
The irrigation channels they dug
of long since filled with sand 

6361
05:40:59,200 --> 05:41:02,400
above all, they introduced us to
the radical notion that people 

6362
05:41:02,400 --> 05:41:05,200
can build societies that are 
superior to the sum of their 

6363
05:41:05,200 --> 05:41:08,300
parts. 
That chaos conflict and scarcity

6364
05:41:08,300 --> 05:41:11,300
are not necessary for human 
existence that we can create 

6365
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:14,800
worlds where everyone has enough
enough food, and enough, 

6366
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:18,800
security enough, purpose, enough
Beauty to make life worth while 

6367
05:41:18,800 --> 05:41:22,600
if we are patient creative and 
willing to trust one another, 

6368
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:25,600
therefore, as you drift off to 
sleep, remember not only the 

6369
05:41:25,600 --> 05:41:28,600
accomplishments of these ancient
people but also the quiet 

6370
05:41:28,600 --> 05:41:32,200
assurance that the same 
inventive collaborative spirit, 

6371
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:35,700
that created the first cities is
still creating a better world 

6372
05:41:35,700 --> 05:41:38,300
today. 
Every tiny deed of compassion. 

6373
05:41:38,300 --> 05:41:42,100
Every instant of putting empathy
ahead of judgement and every 

6374
05:41:42,100 --> 05:41:44,900
contribution to a cause greater 
than yourself keeps the good 

6375
05:41:44,900 --> 05:41:47,500
work going. 
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 

6376
05:41:47,508 --> 05:41:49,100
beginning rather than a 
destination. 

6377
05:41:50,100 --> 05:41:53,500
The story is mostly aspect is 
that it isn't yet over it, 

6378
05:41:53,500 --> 05:41:56,200
persists, in every heart, that 
selects cooperation over 

6379
05:41:56,200 --> 05:42:00,700
rivalry, hope over fear and 
building over destruction, rest 

6380
05:42:00,700 --> 05:42:02,100
easy. 
Knowing that you are both the 

6381
05:42:02,100 --> 05:42:05,100
inheritor of their wisdom and a 
part of its continuous 

6382
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:07,700
development. 
Maybe you will hear the soft 

6383
05:42:07,700 --> 05:42:10,500
splatter of old irrigation 
channels in your dreams, 

6384
05:42:10,500 --> 05:42:13,600
delivering vital water to 
Garden, that will reopen 

6385
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:15,600
tomorrow. 
Good night, civilisation 

6386
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:19,200
Builder, good night. 
Ancient dream are Good night 

6387
05:42:19,200 --> 05:42:21,900
participant in the world's 
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 

6388
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:25,500
The patient optimistic Endeavor 
to build a world that lives up 

6389
05:42:25,500 --> 05:42:28,800
to our highest hopes as a 
reminder, that some things 

6390
05:42:28,800 --> 05:42:33,000
beauty truth and the human 
capacity for Wonder really are 

6391
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:35,700
Eternal. 
The stars that led those earlier

6392
05:42:35,700 --> 05:42:39,300
astronomers continue to shine 
down on you in the same Timeless

6393
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:41,300
patterns. 
They found get enough. 

6394
05:42:41,300 --> 05:42:45,200
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 

6395
05:42:45,208 --> 05:42:48,200
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful
task of bringing the world 

6396
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:51,500
closer to the paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

6397
05:42:51,500 --> 05:42:52,000
long ago.